Caliope's cabinet opened wherein gentlemen may be informed how to adorn themselves for funerals, feastings, and other heroick meetings : also, here they may know their place and worth with all the degrees and distinctions of honour in the realm, shewing how every one ought to take place with the titles due to them, with other things of antiquity very observable / by James Salter.

CALIOPE'S Cabinet Opened.

The Kings Crown with its Twelve Stones therein.

IN the King of England; Crown are these ensuing Precious Stones.

1. Topazion, it contains the colour of most Precious Stones, and by which the King is warned to exercise all vertues.

2. Smaragd or Emrdud, so green as it ex∣ceedeth all Herbs. It representeth Justice in the King.

3. Sardique, it is in colour like unto red Clay, which is in the top of the Diadem; for the King to consider though he is the highest yet he is but Clay.

4. Cryselith, it shineth like Gold, sending as it were, forth flames; this exhorteth the King to shine in Wisdom and Prudence.

5. Calcedon, being strong and hard by na∣ture;

sheweth that the King should be of For∣titude and Courage of mind in the Regiment of his people.

6. Hiacinth; It sheweth like water the Sun shining upon it, it teacheth Temperance and Sobriety.

7. Jasper, it is like a dark or Grasse-green colour; This teacheth the King to provide for the Diet and plenty of his people more then for his own.

8. Crisopalle, of the colour of Gold some∣what mixed with green; the Gold admonish∣eth Wisdom; the green warneth him to aspire Heavenly things.

9. Berill, green and pale; this perswadeth Heavenly Contemplation, and that he ought not to be Corpulent by Epicurism.

10. A Saphire is of a light blew; This in∣structeth the King to Continency.

11. Amatist, it is decked with Purple and Violet; the Purple biddeth the King to dif∣charge his Regal Function; the Violet to give a good Savour.

12. Sardonax, is black in the bottom, red in the midst, and white above; and instruct∣eth the King to Humbleness, Charity, and Sincerity.

His Ensigns.

• 1. A Mound or Ball of Gold with a Cross on it sheweth to him that the Reli∣gion of Christ ought to be reverenced through all his Dominions.
• 2. Scepter, shews Justice.
• 3. Sword, denotes Vengeance.
• 4. Ring, noting Faithfulness.
• 5. Bracelet, which is for good Works.
• 6. Purple Robe, is for Reverence.
• 7. Diadem, which is for Triumph.

The Coronation of the King.

• FIrst goes the Kings Messengers two and two.
• Gentlemen two and two.
• Trumpeerts on both sides.
• Esquires of the Body.
• Knights Bachelors.
• Greater Chaplains.
• Younger Sons of Noblemen.
• Mdermen of London.
• Clerks of the Counsel.
• Secretaries to the King.
• Master of the Rolls.
• Knights of the Bath.

• Counsellours to the King.
• Knights Baronets and Bannorets.
• Knights of the Garter, no Barons.
• Sons of Viscounts.
• Younger Sons of Earls and Marquesses.
• Barons.
• Earls eldest Sons.
• Viscounts.
• Bishops.
• Marquesses eldest Sons.
• Dukes younger Sons.
• Earls.
• Dukes eldest Sons.
• Marquesses.
• Dukes.
• Controuler of the House.
• Treasurer of the House.
• Almoner.
• Secretary of State.
• Lord Admiral.
• Keeper of the Privy Seas.
• Lord Great Master.
• Lord Chancellour.
• Two representing the Dukes of Normandy and Aquitaine.
• Garter and the Lord Mayor with the Mace of his Majesty.
• Serjeants at Arms and Heraulds on both sides.
• The Constable of England, the great Cham∣berlain and Marshall on each side of the King.

• The King under a Canope born by six Knights.
• The Master of the Horse leading a Rich Horse.
• Nine Pages on Horseback with their Captain following.
• Gentlemen Pentioners with their Partisans.
• The Captain of the Guard with the Yeomen.
• Servants of Noblemen and Gentlemen.

A Royal Feast, the King Fresent.

FIrst at the Head of the Table the King himself sits.

2. At the lower end of the same Table are placed Embassadours of divers Princes.

3. Before him stand the Carver, Sewer, and Cupbearer, with a great number of Gentle∣men-waiters attending his Person; the Ushers making place to strangers that come to be∣hold his Person.

4. At a side Table on the right hand near adjoyning to the King, are placed the Lord Chancellour, Chamberlain, Steward, Trea∣surer, and Keeper of the Seal, with Divers Honourable Persons.

5. At another Table at the left hand are placed the Treasurer of the Houshold, Se∣cretaries, the Kings Serjants at Law, the Ma∣ster

of the Revels, the King at Arms, the Dean of the Chappel, and divers Gentlemen Pen∣tioners to furnish the same.

6. At the other Table at the other side are set the Master of the Game and his chief Ranger, Masters of the Houshold, Clerks of the Green Cloath and Chequer, with stran∣gers to furnish the same.

7. At another Table over against them is placed the Lieutenant of the Tower, accom∣panied with divers Captains of foot.

8. At the lower end of the Hall begins the high Butler and Panther, Clerks of the Kitchin furnished, throughout with the Kings Guard.

At every course the Trumpets with other Musick are to sound.

Going to the Parliament in State.

• FIrst the Messengers of the Court.
• Gentlemen of lesser note,
• Esquires.
• Esquires of the Body.
• Clerks of the Chancery.
• Clerks of the Signet.
• Clerks of the Privy Seal.
• Clerks of the Counsel.
• Masters of the Chancery.

• Knights Bachelours.
• Knights Baronets and Bannorets.
• Serjeants at Law.
• The Kings Serjeants.
• Two Heraulds.
• Judges of the Exchequer.
• Judges of both Benches.
• Chief Justice of the Pleas and chief Baron.
• Chief Justice of the Kings Bench and Master of the Roll.
• Younger Sons of Noblemen.
• Treasurer of the Kings Chamber.
• Knights of the Bath.
• Eldest Sons of Noblemen.
• Knights of the Privy Counsel.
• Knights of the Garter.
• Principal Secretary.
• Treasurer and Comptroler of the House.
• Two Heraulds.
• Barons.
• Two Heraulds.
• Bishops.
• The Bishop of Winchester, Prelate of the Gar∣ter.
• Bishop of London, Durham, and Lord Chancel∣lour to the Archbishop of Canterbury, go next before the Archbishop by Act of Par∣liament.
• Viscounts.
• Two Heraulds.

• Earles.
• Herauld King at Armes.
• Marquesses.
• Dukes.
• Lord Chancelour.
• Arch-Bishops.
• Clarenceaux King at Arms.
• Two Serjeants at Arms.
• Garter with the chief Gentleman.
• Usher at his right hand.
• The Earle Marshal.
• Great Chamberlain and Steward of the House.
• The King in a Chair carried.
• Four Esquires and Footmen in rich Coats.
• Pentioners with Partisans ranked on each side.
• Master of the Horse leading a spare Horse.
• Vice-Chamberlain.

Who are to be admitted Gentlemen.

In Ecclesiastical.

• Vicars Generals.
• Guardians of Spirit.
• Deans of Cathedrals.
• Arch Deacons.
• Chancellors.
• Treasurers.
• Chaunters.
• Doctors.
• Provosts.
• Deans.
• Governours of Col∣ledges.

In Military.

• The high Constable.
• Lieutenant General
• Marshal.
• Admiral.
• Major General.
• Quartermaster Ge∣neral.
• Treasurer.
• Guardians of Fron∣teers.
• Grand Esquires
• Mr. of Artillery.
• Collonels.
• Serjeant Major.
• Captain and all that receive Commis∣sion.

In Civil State.

• The Chancelor.
• President.
• Treasurer.
• Judges.
• Justices.
• Chief Officer of the Palace Royal.
• Secretary of State.
• Mayors.
• Provosts.
• Bayliffs of incorpo∣rate Towns and Cities.

Of Doctors.

The Doctor of Divi∣nity is to be prefer∣red next the Knight

The Doctor of Law next.

The Doctor of Phy∣sick next.

To these professions, is admitted the bear∣ing of armes; but the Herauld ought to have a special care and regard in the designment Genti∣lity obtained by learning is honor∣able.

Professions not Gentlemen.

• 1. Viliny which is the Countreyman.
• 2. Shop-keepers commonly na∣med Merchants, whose condition of life is ungentlle, in regard of the doubleness of their tongue, without which they cannot live.
• 3. Craftsmen.
• 4. Bondmen.

Seven more, but Laudable.

• 1. Agriculture.
• 2. Cloathing.
• 3. Architecture.

• 4. Merchandizing beyond Sea:
• 5. Armatura, working of metal.
• 6. Arsvenatoria, the art of Hunting.
• 7. Theatoria, the Arts of Playes.

These seven are correspondent to seven Sciences, which may be admitted Gentle∣men and bear armes, they are as followeth.

Seven Sciences Gentile, with the Arms they may bear.

Doctor of Physick.

[illustration] serpent and tree

MAy bear Argent, a∣bout a Laurel Tree a Serpent inwrap∣ped.

The Orator.

[illustration] three roses

May bear Azure on a chief gules three Roses Or

The Mathematician.

[illustration] globe

May bear Azure a Globe Or

Geometrician.

[illustration] carpenter's square

May bear Vert, a Carpenters Square Ar∣gent.

Astronomer.

[illustration] ouroboros

May bare Azure a Serpent biting his Tail Or

Musician.

[illustration] grasshopper

May have Vert a Gras∣hopper Or

Poet.

[illustration] depiction of swan

May bear Azure, a Swan proper.

Precedencies of Kings and Kingdoms.

GReat debates have been concerning the preheminance of Kings and King∣doms.

How their Embassadors and Bishops were placed at the Council of Constance, is as fol∣loweth.

1. First was placed the German ranck, to whom was united Bohemia, Hungaria, Polonia, Dalmatia, Gretia, and Croatia.

2. The French had place alone as a Nation absolute.

3. Next was the English, to whom was united Scotland, Norway, Denmark Sweeden, and Cyprus.

4. Then the Italians, who had all the Kingdoms subject to Rome, as Scicily, Naples, &c.

5. Lastly, the Spaniards who were there hardly allowed a Nation, but in the end to be the fifth and last, to whom were joyned Ca∣stilia, Arragon, Majorca, Navarra, Portugal, and Granado.

Officers of State how to take place.

THose of the Crown are to precede and take place of all other Nobility that are not (except of the Blood Royal.

Of the Crown are

• Lord Chancelor.

• Lord Treasurer.
• Lord President of the privy Councel
• Lord Privy Seal.

These six are next. If he be a Baron to sit above all Barons, or an Earle above all Earls, as,

• 1. Lord great Chamberlain of England.
• 2. Lord high Constable of England.
• 3. Lord Marshal of England.
• 4. Lord Admiral of England.
• 5. Lord great Master or Steward of the Kings House.
• 6. Lord Chamberlain of the Kings House.

The principal Secretary, if a Baron, above all Barons.

How Gentlemen of a Civil or Military State are to take place.

DUkes, Marquesses, Earles, Viscounts, and Barons, are to take their places ac∣cording to the antiquity of their Title, and their Ancestors Creation, and their Wives accordingly.

A Dukes eldest Son takes place as a Mar∣quess, but beneath him his Wife, beneath a Marchioness; if she be the Daughter and Heir of a Duke, she shall go before all Dukes eldest Sons Wives, but beneath a Marchio∣ness.

The youngest Sons of Dukes are in equal degree with an Earle, but to go beneath him.

So the eldest Sonne of a Marqness, as an Earle, and the younger as Viscounts, their Ladies and Sisters to take place accordingly.

An Earles eldest Son takes place as a youn∣ger Viscount, and a younger as a Baron, their Wives and Sisters accordingly.

Viscounts eldest Sons, as Barons, and their youngest Sons to take place with Barons el∣dest Sons, above all Knights.

Taking of place from a Slave to a Baron.

Rom. 12. v. 10.

AS men here in England do and ought to precede and take place is as followeth.

Workmen and Labourers of no substance are to precede a Bondman.

Masons before Workmen.

Watermen and Ferrymen before Masons.

Fishermen before Watermen.

Marriners and Sea Souldiers before Fisher∣men.

Victuallers, Retailers of wares, and Chapmen, before them.

Artificors occupied in Arts either necessary or pleasing, before Victuallers, &c.

Husbandmen, whose endeavours are imploy∣ed about the fruits of the Earth before Ar∣tificers.

A Gentleman is to precede a Husbandman, a Gentleman that has Title shall go before others, as a Doctor, being a Gentle man, before others.

A Gentleman Graduate before a graduate tantum.

A Gentleman qualified with learning and ver∣tue is before a Gentleman rich onely.

A Gentleman advanced for vertue shall be preferred before a Gentleman by Office.

An Esquire by Office is to precede a Gentle∣man.

An Esquire by creation to precede him.

An Esquire by Birth him.

A Knight Batchelor is to go before an Es∣quire.

A Baronet before a Knight.

A Knight Bannorer before him.

A Baron before him.

If a man of wealth, as a Merchant, &c. pur∣chase a Barony, he ought not to have place amongst Barons.

A Father that hath a Son that beareth Office shall give place to his Son in publick meet∣ing, except in private.

Between two equals, he that is in his own Ju∣risdiction shall precede.

A Citizen of a chief City is to take place of a Citizen of a meaner City in any place in∣different, unless in their own precincts.

Inferior Justices, Collonels, Captains in the Field, are to precede Captains of particular Castles, Judges in Towns Corporate, where no action is triable above 15. l The first are right Worshipful, the second only Worshipful.

Judges, Governours, or Lieutenants Gene∣rals of Provinces, Cities, &c. are to take place of inferiour Justices, Collonels, &c. These are honourable.

Orders of Knighthood in England and the Chri∣stian World.

FOr the incouraging of vertuous mindes and generous spirits, Princes and Estates thought good to erect several orders of Knighthood; here in England are onely these, viz.

1. Knights of the Garter, or St. George, whose Ensign is Argent, a plain Cross gules.

This Order was instituted by Edward the Third, after a return from the Wars against the French and Scots with victory; but o∣thers affirm it was from the Kings wearing the Countess of Satisburyes Garter, which

caused jealousie in the Queen: whereupon the Motto is risen, Honi soit qui male pense. But that fable may probably be risen by the French to abate the honour of the Victory.

The Patron of this Order is St. George, the Sovereign, the King, the number 26.

The Officers, Bishop of Winchester, a Chancelor, Register, a King at Arms, called Garter, and an Usher called the Black Rod.

Knight of the Bath.

The Creation of the Knight of the Bath is with much Ceremony, Sir William Seager fully declares it in his Book.

The Title is very ancient, for Sir Albane a Brittain was at Rome, by Dioclesian the Emper∣our, made Knight of the Bath.

They are distinguished by wearing a red Ribband cross the left shoulder, as the Knights of the Garter are by wearing a blue one.

Knights of the Round Table.

This Order was most noble in the world heretofore: it was erected here in England by King Arthur: their place of convention was at Winchester, where they had their round Table at the Feast of Pentecost: But others

are of opinion it was at Windsor, which wa∣built by King Arthur. They remain at Wind for.

Orders of Knighthood in Forreign Parts.

Knight, of the Toizon or Golden Fleece.

THis Order was instituted by Philip Duke of Burgundy, Anno 1429. Being mo∣ved thereunto with a zeal he had to conquer the Holy Land. He elected for Patron St. Andrew.

Knights of St. Michael.

This Order was erected by Lewis the 11th. French King, 1469. The reason that moved him to this Order (as is reported) was the memory of an apparition of St. Michael up∣on the Bridge of Orleance, when it was be∣sieged by the English.

Knights of the Annuntiation.

This order was about the same time also begun by Amedo Count of Savoy, in memory of Amedo the first Earl, who valourously defended the Island of the Roads against the Turks, and won

the Armes from them, which is now borne by the Dukes of Savoy, viz. gu. a Cross Ar∣gent.

Knights of St. Elprit.

This Order was instituted by Henry the third, King of France and Poland, Anno 1578. Because on that day which is Penticost the Polands and Lutivanians elected him for their King.

Knights Templers.

This Order was first set out on foot in the Year 1117. By nine Gentlemen who hap∣pened to meet in the holy Land. Their first imployment was to secure the way for Pil∣grims against Robbers, but afterwards they grew potent all the world over.

Knights of St. James.

It was erected in Spain, Anno 1030. By certain Spanish Gentlemen that fled to the Mountains, when the Arabians had well near conquered that Nation, who not induring to live under that barbarous government asso∣ciated, and in time relieved their Nation.

Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, now called Knights of Malta.

It was erected first at Jerusalem somewhat before the Christians conquered Jerusalem, they had leave of Sarazens to build them a house near the Sepulchre of Christ, calling it St. John Baptist. The great Master Reynoldus commanded all Knights of this Order where∣ever dispersed. Their first atchievement was the conquering of the Island of Roads, which afterwards being lost, they since have remain∣ed in the Island Malia.

Knights of Calatrava.

This Order was begun Anno 1130 in imita∣tion of the Order of St. Jago: they were so named of the Province where they were made and settled, where was the Chief Church of the Templers, who being not of power sufficient to resist the Sarazens, were forced to give place to these Knights. Their founder was Don Santio King of Toledo.

Knights of the Band.

This Order was first erected by Alphouso. King of Spain, 1268. The reason that moved

the King to name them Knights of the Band, was, he commanded every man of the Order to wear a red Scarf.

Knights of the Order of Alcantara.

These Knights lived in effect under the Order of Calatrava; they wear a green Cross; near unto the City of Alcantara they have a Church of great beauty.

Knights of Montelio.

These Knights do wear a red Cross. Their Order began near about the time that the Knights of Calatrava took beginning. They live in Valentia.

Knights of Redemption.

These Knights were erected in the King∣dom of Aragon, by King James who conquer∣ed the Islands Mojorca in the year 1212. Their Office is to redeem Prisoners. The chief Go∣vernour remains at Barcellona.

Knights Teutonici.

The beginner of this Knighthood was a certain Allmaine; who after the taking of Je∣rusalem

by the Christians; remained there, and kept a liberal house for Pilgrims; at last they entred into association: they wore a black Cross voided with a cross patonce. None were to be of the order but those of the Dutch Nation. At length Jerusalem being taken by the Sarazens, they returned to Ger∣many, where their Order was confirmed by the Emperor.

Knights of St. Mary.

In Pope Urbane the 4th's time, certain Gentlemen of Bolognia and Modona desired of the Pope leave to erect a new Order of Re∣ligious Knighthood, which for money they obtained.

Knights of St. Lazero.

These Knights do plead great antiquity, as that they lived in the time of St. Basil. The Emperor Barbarosa gave them great posses∣sions: The Order was well near extinct, till of late Pius Quartus the Pope did revive it, and made a noble Gentleman of Millan their great Master. They wear a green Cross.

Knights of St. Stephano.

In the year 1561, Cosmo Duke of Florence, living in peaceable estate, erected this order. They wear a red Cross bordered with Gold.

Degrees of Gentlemen.

THe Civil Law has formerly been so se∣vere in preserving this distinction, that the Gentile or Noble were prohibited to mar∣ry with the Ungentile or ignoble.

Who are Gentlemen.

1. He is a Gentleman which is one of An∣cestry; for certainly the honour atchieved by the Ancestor lives in his Family as his, which ought to oblige them with care to keep that tenderly which there predecessors got so difficultly.

2. A Gentleman of Coat Armour and not of Blood, being made a Gentleman by a Badge from the King of Coat Armour.

3. A Gentleman by atchievement in law∣ful wars, proclaimed by the King in matters of Religion, or for the Kingdoms good, which is the best.

A Gentleman.

In the Saxon language they were called Aedels, which signifieth Elder, or Chief; but we have since from the French Borrowed the Roman word Gentilehome, which imports men of Nations.

The word Gentiles was given to the Nor∣thern people during the Government of the Romans over them; they then taking it to be a glory to them, though otherwise meant by the Romans.

The priviledges that belongs to a Gentle∣man: Read Sir Will. Seager.

For the Helmets that belongs to each de∣gree of Gentlemen: Look on Guillianus.

And for their Crowns: See Carter.

Their degrees in England are divided, viz.

• 1. An Esquire.
• 2. A Knight.
• 3. A Baron.

These three are esteemed noble; besides there are five which are excellent, to whom belongs Crowns and Coronets: as

• 1. A Viscount.
• 2. An Earle.
• 3. A Marquess.
• 4. A Duke.

• 5. A Prince.

Our gracious King Charles the Second has allowed Crowns to Barons.

In Latine he is called Scutiger; of these each Knight in times past had two to attend him in Wars, and to bear his Helmet and Shield before him: forasmuch as they did hold certain Lands of him in Scutage, as the Knight did hold of the King by Military ser∣vice,

This title came not in honorary amongst us till the Reign of Richard the Second; though the Title, as to the Office, is far more ancient. The ancient Saxon word is Scyld∣knappa, which is a Shield Serviture.

Degrees of an Esquire.

1. There is an Esquire by Birth, as the eldest Son of a Knight, and his eldest Sonne successively.

2. By Creation, to whom belongs the silver Spurs, whence they are called white Spurs,

3. By Office; as Serjeants at Law, She∣riffs, &c. But to them the Title dyes with them.

A Knight Batchelor.

The word Knight cometh from the Saxon word Cnight, which signifieth puer, or ser∣vus.

The French calls them Chaveleers, the Ger∣man Rutter, both of riding or lusty young men.

Since the Conquest, those that held Estates to serve on horse-back in the Wars, are by the Lawyers stiled Milites.

Coming to be a reward and degree of Ho∣nour is thought to be in imitation of the Equestres Order in Rome.

The first using of Ceremonies at the crea∣ting a Knight was done by King Alfred, Knighting his Grand-son Ethelston; after it grew more precise and customary.

Knights Titles.

• 1. Knight Bannoret.
• 2. Knight Baronet.

A Knight Bannoret.

This was anciently an Order in France.

At his Creation he is led to the King or General, with his Penon of Arms in his

hand and there the Herauld declares his me∣rit, and the King or General causeth the point of his Penon to be rent off, and he re∣turns with Trumpet sounding.

Under the degree of a Knight Bannoret Supporters may not be born.

A Knight Barronet.

This Title was erected by King James, for the propagation of a Plantation in Ulster in Ireland.

It is hereditary, they are to take place before all Knights Batchelors, or Knight of the Bath.

Their Augmentation is on a Canton Argent a Senister ••and couped gules.

A Baron.

This word is variously interpreted, as from the word Baria, which signifies grave authority; or Baro which in Latine is the same with Vir, which imports force.

The Danes were the first which brought in the use of this word.

The Saxons called the next to the King Thane, as Thane of such a Castle, Town, &c.

A Viscount.

The word in Latine is Vice Comes, which is interpreted from the Office of the person: he is one to whom an Earle or his Lord com∣mitteth his Towns, or Government of a Ca∣stle.

The title is derived from the same Order in France, where they were onely substitutes to Earles, till getting in power, got also to have the power honorary and hereditary.

It is the same word which is for our She∣riff, and began with us not till about the 18. of Henry the Sixth, who then created John Lord Beamont Viscount by Letter Patent.

An Earle.

An Earle or Count is called Comes: The reason for that denomination is uncertain.

The word Earle we had from the Danes from the word Earlick, which signifieth ho∣nourable,

They were stiled Ealdermen, till Cannius time the Dane.

Their Dignity and power heretofore was far more large then now. Selden is of opini∣on they are in Latine called Comes of the so∣ciety the King has with them.

A Marquess.

This word was first used to Earles and Ba∣rons, that were Lord Marches, or Lords of Fronteers, and came afterwards into a Title of special Dignity above an Earle.

The title began in the time of Richard the Second.

The French and Germans prefer an Earle before a Marquess, which is preposterous.

A Duke.

The word at first was a title of Office, af∣terwards honorary, and since hereditary.

The word comes à Ducendo, from leading forch an Army Royal: The Saxons called them, Hertshog.

The first we finde in England was Edward the Black Prince.

A Prince.

In the Saxons time they were called Clitons, from Klutos in Greek, which is illustrious.

The first that was created in England was Edward, the eldest Son of Henry the 3d.

There are degrees of Nobility, as of Na∣tions, and Cities.

For the Ceremonies at the Creating of the aforesaid Gentlemen, read Sir William Sea∣ger and Fern.

And for their priviledges read likewise Seager and Selden.

Ancient form of Government.

'TIs upon good grounds concluded that the ancient Form of Government was, viz. Under the King was substituted ten Dukes, under one Arch-Bishop ten Bishops, under one Duke ten Earles, under an Earle ten Barons, under a Baron ten Chatellanes or Constables, unto whom was committed the keeping of some Castle, or Fort; under every Constable fifty men.

Significations of Charges and Devises in Coats.

A Helmet, signifies Direction and Com∣mand.

A side-long Helmet denotes Attention and Obedience.

A Helmet full forward and open fac'd; be∣tokeneth Authority, Direction, and Com∣mand.

A Cross, it was first bestowed on such as

had performed, or at least undertaken some service for Christ or Christian profession.

A Chief, signifies a Senator, or honoura∣ble Man.

A Pale, denotes the first bearer to have de∣served well by some Stratagem of Mining.

A Bend, it signifies the bearer to have been one of the first which mounted upon the enemies wall.

Escutcheon, 'tis ancient bearing. Burley in the time of Richard the Second bore an Eschutcheon.

A Cheveron, it betokeneth to the bearer the atchieving of some business of moment, or the finishing of some chargeable or me∣morable work.

Saltire, befits rich and covetous people, such as would not willingly go from their substance.

A Bar, may be implied to him whose in∣vention, industry, and labour has so fenced or forfeited the Camp, City, or Fort, that the Enemies thereby receiveth a damage.

A Mascle, In Armory it signifieth the Bearer thereof in a Field Gules to have been most prudent and politick in stratagems of War.

A Hart, denotes a man wise and politick, that foreseeth his time, and stands to his own guard honestly, then annoy rashly or wrong∣fully.

A Lion. A Lion in a Field Sables in Armory betokeneth fortitude, a vertue that signteth in defence of equity.

Salient is honourable for some egregious service done for his Countrey.

Charges and Devices, their significations in Armory.

An Adder. THe bearing of Serpents, Adders, or Snakes, de∣notes the bearer to be very prudent and subtle, which he improves and makes use of to compass his own ends, though never so base.

A Bore. He betokeneth in Herauldry a man of a bold spirit, skilful and politick in War, and one of that resolution that he will dye valorously in the Field, rather then se∣cure himself by ignominous flight.

A Uniconn. He signifieth strength and cou∣rage, and likewise denotes a valient Souldi∣er that contemneth death, and rather then he will be compelled to undergo any base servi∣tude or bondage he will lose his life.

A Wolf. This befits them in Parliaments and places of great assembly, who are ac∣customed to wrangle and shew themselves comentious.

A Sphinx. It denotes a man of a cunning genius, full of inventions, but tyrannical and monstrous in his actings.

Heads, &c. The bearing of the Head (next to the whole bearing) is most honour∣able; it shews that the owner of such Coat Armour was not forced to stand to the face of his enemy. It betokeneth likewise juris∣diction and justice.

A Goat. This shews that the bearer used more policy then valour in atchieving a Vi∣ctory, and got his honour by some such means.

A Hedge.-Hog. He denotes a man expert in gathering of substance, and one that providently layeth hold upon proffered op∣portunities.

A Toad. The bearing of Toads doth sig∣nifie a hasty chollerick man, that is easily stirred up to anger, whereunto he is natu∣rally prone, proceeding from his Birth.

An Eagle. He signifies in Herauldry true Magnanimity, and fortitude of minde, which never seeks to combate with small ones, but his equal.

Wings of Birds. In Armory betokeneth pro∣jection.

Swallow. Denotes one that is industrious, prompt, and ready to dispatch business.

A Stork. Signifies one that is grateful and dutiful children.

An Owl. Denotes prudence, vigilance, and watchfulness; and it shews also a me∣lancholly temper, shunning company, and losing solitariness.

A Faulcon. Shews that he that bore him first was such a one as did eagerly persue, vex, and molest poor and silly creatures, and may likewise be taken for speedy perfor∣mance in any business.

A Cock. Signifieth one that rejoyceth for his Victory.

Military Instruments. Any Military insteu∣ment either defensive, or offensive, or other accidents of War is very honourable.

Escallop. 'Tis recorded in the Office of Arms, that the bearing of Escollops signifi∣eth, the first bearer to have been a Com∣mander, who by his vertues and valour had so gained the hearts and love of his Soul∣diers, and companions in Arms, that they desired much to follow him, even into dan∣gers mouth.

A Moon decressant. This shews a man to do something, whereby he is advanced to honour in his old age.

A Star. A Star denotes the inconstancy of high fortune, and unsure footing of ambi∣tious aspirers; which are famous for a time, but fall headlong from their high hopes.

A Mulles. A Mullet in Herauldry has a

noble signification; it denotes some divine quality bestowed from above, whereby men do shine in vertue, learning, and works of piety.

A Garb or Sheaf. It signifieth plenty, or abundance, and that the first bearer did de∣serve well for his hospitality.

A Cinquefoil. Denotes a man that masters his affections; and conquers his sences, and one that has overcome his enemy, not onely by valour but wisdom; 'tis ancient bear∣ing.

Shakblot. It signifies the detaining his E∣nemy prisoner which he took; also 'tis gi∣ven to such a brave spirit, who by his prow∣ess can fetch off with strength, or by his charity redeem his fellow Souldier from pri∣son.

A Swan. Denotes a learned man, and one that knows best how to contemn this life, and to dye with resolution and com∣fort.

A Horse. A Horse signifieth one that vannteth after victory, and dejected if con∣quered.

A Turnip. Denotes a man of a good dis∣position, whose vertuous demeanour flou∣risheth prosperously, even where envy most abounds.

Conies. The first bearer of this Beast seem∣ed

to be very skilful in pyoning, and lucky in undermining and subverting of Cities, &c.

Castles and Towers. The bearing of Castles and Towers shews that the hearer stood care∣fully upon his guard, though continually af∣failed with spiritual and corporeal enemies, that ceased not to plot his destruction.

Observe that when the Architecture ex∣tendeth it self from one side of the Field, then it must be named a Castle. If Turrited, name how many.

Bridges. The bearing of Bridges and Ar∣ches signifies the cares, and patient stability of men in Magistracy, who must endure the taunts, assaults and envy of the discontent∣ed vulgar.

Squirrel. The bearing of a Squirrel shews that the bearer of this was careful in keep∣ing the love and affection of his followers, and retainers, and is sure they will stick to him in time of need.

Pellican. The Pellican denotes that the bearer was diligent in the education and in∣structing his Children in learning.

A Peacock. The bearing of this Bird shew∣eth that the bearer admired himself, though he was of a dirty condition.

Leopard. This Beast shews that the bear∣er was of a violent spirit, but subtle: and to prevent one bearing of his Superiours for

want of strength, used policy for the com∣passing of his ends.

Reremouse. The bearing of this creature shews that the bearer having small means, and weak power, either of nobility or for∣tune, or yet stored with pregnancy of wit, hath nevertheless stepped up so suddenly as he seems not to be supported by the earth, but to be elevated above the same.

Panther. This denotes that the bearer was of that sweet disposition, as that he drew all men to love him.

Dragon. This shews that the bearer was of that violent spirit, and so imperious in his carriage, as that most men did fear him.

Elephant. The Elephant shews that the bearer was of great strength, but of great∣er wit, and greatest ambition.

An Asse. The Asse shews that the bearer had, and ought to have much patience.

Camel. This Beast denotes that the bear∣er was obedient and swift in the dispatch of his business.

A Bear. The Bear denotes that the bearer used no less pollicy then strength in fighting.

A Dog. He shews that the bearer not only loved his pleasure abroad, but minded his profit at home.

A Fox. Foxes become Lawyers, who when they have done, and well spunged their Cli∣ents, laugh at them.

A Plough. The bearing of a Plough with their mechanical instruments of husbandry shews that the bearer by his industry had been beneficial to the Common-wealth.

A Pickax. This acquaints the bearer, though of noblest and ancient blood, hath lit∣tle cause to be proud, if he looks unto the pit whence he was first digged.

A Square. This instrument shews that the bearer did nothing rashly, or at adventure, but by moderation and rules in perfor∣mance.

An Ape, The bearing of this Beast shews that the bearer took more delight in ridicu∣lous jeastings then serious actings.

A Rose. The bearing of the Rose shews that the bearer in joyed some good, though environed on all sides with evil.

Observe if you see any Beast, Bird, Flow∣er, &c. in its proper colour, you must bla∣zon it by no colour, but say proper.

Likewise observe, when you see any quick thing born in Arms, it is most commendable to bear it, according to the most noblest and worthiest action of the Creature; as a Lion passant, a Grayhound running, a Fish nay∣ant, any Fowl volant, &c.

The Names of the Parties and Nations that In∣vented Instruments Military and Mechanical, &c. Mentioned in this Book.

Lacedemonians. THey invented the Hel∣met, as Heroditus af∣firmeth.

Moses. Did first ordain Crowns, but Pliny ascribes it to Liber Bacchus.

Petrus and Acrisius. They did first devise Shields as they fought together.

Tuscans, Invented Mantles of Estate, Em∣broidered Gowns, &c. Tarquinus superbus brought their use to Rome,

Tyrants against Christians. Invented, as Fern sayes, the Saltire, which they used as an Engine to torture, to rend in pieces the Chri∣stians.

Dionisius. He invented first the tilling of ground; but Virgil sayes it was Ceres.

Bellerophon. Found out the riding and re∣claiming of Horses.

Dedalus. Was the first inventer of Squares.

Rome. They first used Rings on their fin∣gers, and Male Coats.

A Nation in Thesaly. Found out the Bar∣nacle, and other instruments for riding and taming of Horses.

Dedalus. He first found out the Plummet.

Lamech. He first invented Tents.

Moses. Made use first of Lamps.

Aeolus. First found the Sails of Ships.

Epeus. He invented the Ram of Troy.

Copians. They first found out the Helm or Rudder of a Ship.

Funerals, and Rules to be observed therein.

SPecial heed is to be taken that no indigni∣ty be offered to a Mourner; they are by the Herauld to be marshalled according to their titles and worth.

If an Officer of Armes be present, he ought to wear the Kings Coat, to the intent that the defunct may be known to have died honourable in the King, Allegiance without spot or infamy.

His Heir (which is the Chief Mourner) is to receive in the presence of all the Mourn∣ers the Coat, Armour. Helme, and Crest, &c. belonging to the defunct, whereof the King at Arms of the Province is to make re∣cord, with the defuncts, Match, Issue, and decease.

Earles must have their great Banner two Yards. If of the Garter, his Garter instead of Compartments. Supporters, Crown, Sword, and Target, Gantler and Spurs.

Earle Marshals orders commanded, Anno 1618. For Funerals and Fees, &c.

ALL Noblemen, Barronets, Knights, Es∣quires, and Gentlemen of eminent place, birth, and quality that shall be either silently buried in the night, or by day, without at∣tendance of an Officer of Arms, shall never∣theless immediately after the death and bu∣rial of such Defunct return a true certificate of the Matches, issues, and times of their de∣cease, with their Armes. For which they are to pay into the Officers of Armes these Fees.

	l.	s.	d.
A Gentleman using Escutcheons	3	6	8
Using none	2	0	0
An Esquire of Coat Armor	6	13	4
A Knight	10	0	0
A Bannoret and Baronet	13	6	8
A Baron or Baroness that ought to have a great Banner and Bannerols	20	0	0
A Bishop	25	0	0
A Viscount and Viscountess	30	0	0
An Earle or Countess	35	0	0
A Marquess or Marchoness	40	0	0
A Duke and Arch-Bishop	45	0	0

Which faid sums are to be payed to the Of∣ficers at Arms, except it appears the defunct was not worth a 1000l Then to enter without Fee.

Funerals. The proceeding of the Funeral of a Gentleman.

• FIrst Children of the Hospital.
• Two Conductors.
• Poor Men.
• Gentlemens Servants in Cloaks.
• Gentlemen in Cloaks.
• Gentlemen in Gowns.
• Aldermen in Black.
• The Preacher.
• A Penon of his own Arms.
• Helme and Crest.
• The Coat of Arms.
• Chief Mourner.
• Two Assistants.
• Aldermen not in Black.
• Master of the Company if, &c.
• Master of the Hospital.
• Then all Gentlemen not in black.
• Neighboues and others.

Funerals. The proceedings to it, to a Duke from a Bannoret.

• TWo Conductors with black Staves.
• Servants in Cloaks two and two.
• The great Banner by.

• Gentlemen in Cloaks two and two.
• Two Banners by.
• Gentlemen in Cloaks two and two.
• Steward Controuler, &c.
• Herauld.
• Ministers.
• Gentlemen bareheaded with the Escutche∣on.
• The Chariot with four Banners carried about it by Gentlemen of Kindred.
• Four Footmen bareheaded.
• Mourners next of Kindred two and two.
• The Neighbours.

England when first Inhabited, by whom, how and why named; its Governments, &c.

BErosus saith that Samothes (called also Me∣sech, brother to Gomer, the sixth Son of Japhet the Son of Noah came into this Land about 252. years after the Flood 3632 years past, and called it Samothea; in which name it continued until Albion the Son of Neptune (who descended of Cham) entred the same; and named it Albion. This Albion reigned a∣bout 562. years after the Flood, in the year of the worlds creation, 2219. and 3370. years since. It continued in the name of Albion 608 years, until Brutus Julius arrived, who con∣quered

the same Anno mundi, 2828. and 2764. years since he changed the name of it into Brittain.

It is at this day called England, from the Angli, with which inhabited part of Germany. Ptolomy calleth them Angeli in the Heptarchy. They inhabited Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, Norfolk, and Suffolk, long named East An∣glia.

These Angles and Saxons, Anno Dom. 620. having driven the Brittons into Wales and Cornwal, &c. In some time after Egbert ha∣ving reduced the Heptarchy into a Monar∣chy, and ruling absolute, called it England, from his own Countrey in Germany

The former Heptarchy of seven Kingdoms, now a Monarchy, was divided into Provinces, Shiercs, and Counties, by Aluredus, brother to Etheldred, who reigned Anno Dom. 872. Wales was divided by Henry the 8th.

The Shires were divided into parts or hun∣dreds, in every of which was contained ten Tythings, containing ten men. The Officer of this Tything the Saxons called Techingman, we Tythingman. In some places they are cal∣led Headboroughs. Ten of these Tythings yielded a hundred men: the number now is uncertain. York-shire is divided into Ridings. And in Kent they have Wapentaches instead

of Tythings, which took that name from viewing of Weapons.

The word Shiere cometh of the Saxon word Scyran, which signifieth to cut, or di∣vide. Every one of these Shieres in times past was governed per Comitem, whom we call Earle, Quali praefectus regins; therefore it took the name of a County, à Comite. Of latter time, and still is chosen yearly in every County, an Officer by the King, which in La∣tine is named Ure comes, as one appointed in the Earles stead: We call him Sheriff, the Sax∣ons called him Scyregegrapa, which is as much as an Officer to collect Rents and Revenues under, and for another.

The Heraulds Duty.

THe giving of Coats of Arms belongeth to the Prince, or else licensed by his Letters Pattents, the Herauld onely deviseth; in which Device he ought to have these consi∣derations to the party that is to have Arms, and to give such Coats as suits with the par∣ties qualifications, viz.

1. He is to enquire whether he that shall bear them desires it, and honours Gentility, and will keep them from dishonour.

2. Whether he be able to declare his pede∣gree.

3. He much search for his pedigree, and see whether in right he may bear, and whe∣ther his Ancestors were Gentlemen, and to give the same with augmentation, which is a congruent difference.

4. His condition, whether clean of life, just in promise; whether cunning in all, or any one of the liberal Sciences, or in Divini∣ty, Philosophy, &c.

5. Of whom he had praise of good works done, or of acts performed, whether of men of wit or women.

6. To whom he had done service, either to King, Prince, &c. And what service.

7. How he had served, whether in War, or as an Embassador, or as a Counsellor at Carpet.

There are likewise several things belongs to the Herauld, as to be ready in his apparel, at all Coronations to be expert, in betrothing of Princes, and not to disclose the secrets of Ladies. There are many secrets in Herauldry which they ought not to disclose.

It is to be conceived, that in Charges the bearer hath his own device, and sometime Coats of Devices.

Coats of Armes were invented

• 1. To adorn and honour the Family.
• 2. To shew him more worthy then others.
• 3. To differ out the several Lines and Is∣sues.

Heraulds of Armes were first instituted by Ascanius, and renewed by King Numa; they were called Feciales.

Sirnames agreeing with Charges in Coat Armor.

IT is objected, that when Armes are born consonant to the name, it doth note new∣ness of Gentry, or else that the Herauld knew no special desert in the person, that he might thereof trick him something in Device to signifie so much, and therefore the Signs are set down as agree most aptly with the name.

'Tis answered, That of the like Coats there be many in this Land of notable anti∣quity; it extendeth the glory of his name.

Hugh the first Earle of Chester was named De Loupe, because he bore a Wolfes head in his Shield.

So of Lord Roch. Lucy, and many others.

Sirnames ending in Fitz. were Normans.

They whose names end in Sone are either Saxons, Picts, or Scots originally.

Nine Precious Stones used in Blazoning for No∣bility, and their vertues.

1 Topas, which is for Yellow.

THis Stone swageth wrath, sorrow, and evil thoughts, and helpeth the wearer thereof of Frenzy, and sudden death.

2. Pearle. And is for Argent.

The Pearle hath vertue confortative, and is restorative, and is food to man. Josephus reporteth, that when Jerusalem was besieged by Titus, the Jews lived long upon Pearle.

3. Ruby. For red.

'Tis a St••••e of Dignity, and of the kinde of Carbuncles. This stone neither fire wa∣steth, nor changeth his colour. This was one of the precious Stones that was set in the breast lap of Aaron.

4. Saphire. And is for Blue.

This Stone accords people in strife, and abates extream heat of burning Feavers, bound to the pulse it helpeth against melan∣cholly, and stayeth bleeding that cometh of anguish, and is a remedy against venome, and preserveth the sight.

5. Diamond. And is for black.

This Stone will not be daunted, it warneth the wearer thereof to eschew venome; it withstandeth Witchcraft, and born on the left shoulder hath vertue against chiding, and strife of enemies.

6. Emraud. And is for Green.

This stone comforteth the vital spirits, it comforteth the sight, whereby the heart re∣ceiveth joy: also it represseth motions of lust, and helpeth against illusions; it increa∣seth riches, and prevaileth in play likewise; it ceaseth tempest, and stencheth Blood.

7. Amatist.

This Stone is an enemy to Drunkenness, and giddy brains, it causeth a man to have a good forecast and a quick minde, removeth idle thoughts, and increaseth good under∣standing.

8. Jacinth.

It putteth away sorrow, and increaseth mirth; being bound next unto the skin of either man or woman, putteth away pestilent aire, and giveth strength to the members.

9. Sardonax.

This stone putteth away Letchery, and im∣braceth chastity.

The price of Gold, Pearle, and Diamonds. &c.

	l.	s.	d.
Of Gold.
BArbary Gold, as Chickens, &c. The ounce is	3	12	0
The penny weight	0	3	7
The Kings Coin	3	6	8
The penny weight	0	3	4
French Crowns, Flemish Crowns, Spanish Pistolets, and our own Coin is the same good∣ness.
Spanish Silver.
Being Silver per ounce is worth per ounce	0	5	3
Saffron Gold which is a baser coine, and little used in trading is worth the ounce	3	0	0
There is a little Coin about the bigness of a French Crown, worth by the ounce but	2	0	0
Price of Pearl.
One grain	0	0	6
Two Grains	0	1	0
Three Grains	0	2	0
Four Grains	0	4	0
Five Grains	0	6	0
Six Grains	0	8	0
Seven Grains	0	10	0
Eight Grains	0	12	0

For Two Caracks	2	0	0
Three Caracks	5	0	0
Four Caracks	7	0	0
Five Caracks	10	0	0
Six Caracks	20	0	0
Seven Caracks	40	0	0
Eight Caracks	50	0	0
'Tis to be understood they must be fair and clear.
For a Pearle of seven or eight grains, if any of that bigness) is worth	500	0	0
Price of Diamonds.
If fair and clear without blemish, one Grain is worth	1	10	0
Two Grains	3	0	0
Three Grains	6	0	0
Four Grains	10	0	0
Five Grains	15	0	0
Six Grains	20	0	0
Eight Grains	40	0	0

An Explanation of difficult Words used in Herauldry.

• A.
  • ARgent. White
  • Azure. Blue
  • Annulet. A Ring of a Maile Coat

• B.
  • Blazoning. Expressing
  • Bevile. Broken, or a Carpenters Square mo∣ving upon a Joynt
  • Billet. A piece of paper folded like a Letter
  • ...Battone.
• C.
  • Cheveron. A Barge couple.
  • Cost. A Rib
  • Canton. A Corner
  • Cheque. Composition
  • Crenelle. Dented or notched
  • Chaplet. A Garland
  • Componed. Compounded
  • Couped. Cut off
• D.
  • Dance. Dented or notched more deep.
  • Delf. A pit or den.
  • Displayed. Wings abroad.
• E.
  • Eschucheon. A Shield
  • Erased. Rended, or torn
  • Ean. Water.
• F.
  • Fesse. A Girdle
  • Fillet. That which women wear in making up their hair,
  • Flasque. A Bow bent
  • Files. Plaits of Garments
  • Flanch. Flanck of a man.

• ...
  • Fussils. Skins of yarn on slippers
  • Forme. Broad
  • Fitchee. Sharp to fasten
  • Frinbrated. Hemmed
• G.
  • Gules. Red
  • Gerone. The Lap, or the space between the Thigh, which we call Groine
  • Gussets. Belonging to shifts
  • Gabonated. Cut in morsels
  • Gore. Belonging to womens Smocks
  • Gemmews. Twins
  • Gutte. Drops
• H.
  • Humet. Guillianus calls it a Table. Foswel a Coffin
• I.
  • Invected. Carried in
  • Ingrailed. Entred or gone in
  • Indented. Full of Teeth.
• L.
  • Lambeaux. Plaits of a Garment
  • L••rmes. Tears
• M
  • Mascle. A marsh of a net
  • Mullet. A Meotor or Star
• N.
  • Nombrel. The Navel
  • Nowed. Folded or knotted
• O.
  • Or. Yellow

• ...
  • Orle. A pillow
  • Ogresses. Pellets of Guns
• P.
  • Purpure. Much red and a little black
  • Pile. A Wedge
  • Purflu. A border of Furrs
  • Patonce. A Crutch
  • Patte. Broad
  • Po••x. Pitch
• S.
  • Sable. Black
  • Sanguine. Of the colour of blood
  • Saltire. An instrument to scale Walls
  • Shaporne. A Hoad
  • Scarpe. A Scarf.
• T.
  • Tenne. Red and yellow
  • Torteaux. A Cake
• V.
  • Vert. Green
  • Verday. Of Flowers
  • Voider. A Looking-glass
  • Versied. Turned up-side down

An account of several Cities, Castles, and other notable places, when they were built, by whom, and in what Year, before and after Christs Nativity; besides things of Antiquity observable.

London.

BRute after a long and weary journey with his Trojans arrived in this Island; and as the common received opinion is, builded Lon∣don, and named it New Troy. The first build∣ing lay joyning to Thames, from the Tower to White Fryers. It was first begun to be built in the year before Christ, one thousand, one hundred and eight.

York.

York nine hundred eighty seven years be∣fore Christ was builded by Ebrank, then King of Brittain, and was first named Kairbranck; he builded Edenborough.

Carlisle.

It was by King Leil, in the year before Christ nine hundred and seventeen, builded.

Bath.

Bath was builded by King Bladud, eight hundred sixty three years before Christ; the said King had long studied at Athens, and brought Philosophers to keep School here in Brittain.

Leicester.

That City was builded by King Laire eight hundred forty four years before Christ.

Billingsgate in London.

King Belinus four hundred and one year before Christ made it a Haven, and called it Billingsgate.

Grantham.

It was builded by King Gorbamanus, three hundred and three years before Christ.

Ludgate.

King Lud seventy years before Christ buil∣ded

Ludgate, and builded much on the west part of London.

Julius Caesar.

In the said King Luds reign, and fifty four years before Christ, he entred this Island.

Jesus Christ Born.

Cunobelinus reigned here in Brittain when Christ was born.

Southampton.

Was so named in respect of one Hamon a Roman, slain and thrown into the Sea there by Aviragus, then King of the Brittans, forty four years after Christs Nativity.

Colchester.

Coilus one hundred twenty four years after Christs Nativity builded it.

Lucius the first Christian King.

One hundrrd seventy nine years after Christs Nativity Lucius King here in Brittain, became a Christian, and was the first Christi∣an King in the world.

Stonehedge, being the great Stones erected on Sa∣lisbury Plairs.

Aurelius Ambrosius, King of the Brittans, four hundred sixty six years after Christ ere∣cted that Monument over the bodies of the Brittish Nobility there slain (and buried) where they met in a treaty with the Saxons, and were massacred traiterously by them.

University of Oxford.

Eight hundred seventy two years after Christs Nativity, Alfred a Saxon King here ordained common Schools of divers Sciences at Oxford.

Hertford and Witham in Essex.

In the year nine hundred, Edward, sirna∣med Senior, King of the West Saxons builded Hertford, and another Town at Witham in Essex.

Worcester.

By means of King Edgars erecting a Mona∣nastery there it became a place of note; it was nine hundred fifty nine years after Christ.

Leeds Castle.

Creneken, a noble man in King William the Conquerors Reign, builded that Castle.

Oxford Castle.

In the year of Christ, one thousand seventy one, Robert de Olley a Nobleman, that came in with William the Conqueror, builded it.

Durham Castle.

In the year of Christ one thousand seventy five, King William the Conquerour caused that Castle to be built.

Carlisle Castle and Town.

The Town was re-builded by King William Rufus, after it was destroyed by the Danes; he likewise builded the Castle there.

New Castle upon Tine.

Was likewise builded by King William Ru∣fus, in the year of Christ one thousand ninety one.

Westminster Hall.

It was builded by King William Rufus, in the year of Christ one thousand ninety nine.

Bristol Castle and Cardiffe.

Was builded by Robert, Bastard Sonne to Henry the first, who likewise builded Cardiffe.

The Temple in London.

Hereclius Patriarch of Jerusalem coming to King Henry the Second for aid against the Turks, dedicated the Temple then new buil∣ded.

The first Mayor and Sheriffs in London.

In the year of Christ one thousand one hundred and ninety, the Citizens of London obtained to be governed by two Bayliffs, or Sheriffs, and a Mayor.

Tower Ditch, and the outer Wall of the Tower of London.

In the Reign of Richard the first, William Bishop of Ely builded the said Wall and made the said Ditch.

Mayors of London Yearly chosen.

In the Reign of King John, and in the year of Christ one thousand two hundred and eight was granted to the Citizens of London by Letters Patents, that they should yearly choose a Mayor.

London Bridge.

The same year London Bridge was finished of Stone, it was before of Timber.

Chartly and Besten Castles.

These Castles were builded by Ralph Earle of Chester, in King Henry the Third's Reign, and in the year of Christ one thousand two hundred and twenty.

Flint Castle.

It was built by Edward the First in the year of Christ one thousand two hundred seventy five.

Guild-Hall in London.

Was built in the Reign of Henry the fourth, and in the year of Christ one thousand four

hundred and eleven. Sir Thomas Knowles, Mayor.

Newgate in London.

In the Reign of Henry the sixth, the Execu∣tors of William Whittington builded Newgate.

First payment of Custome.

By a Parliament in the year of Christ one thousand four hundred twenty five, and in the Reign of Henry the sixth, was granted to the King one shilling a pound of all Merchan∣dize brought in or carried out of England, and three shillings of every tun of Wine, which was called Tunnage and Poundage.

Royal Exchange, London.

Was builded by Sir Thomas Gresham in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth.

University of Cambridge.

Cambridge as 'tis affirmed was first frequen∣ted with Philosophers and Astronomers pro∣cured from Athens in the Reign of Gurguntius King of Brittain, and before the birth of Christ three hundred seventy five years.

Of other Cities, &c.

Other Cities and Towns now considerable in England not here mentioned, had their be∣ginning by means of some Cathedral Mona∣stery or Abbey there built, which moved and drew people to inhabit near to it; as Sa∣lisbury by reason of a Cathedral there built, and a Bishoprick there erected, came to the perfection as now it is; and Exeter in regard of a Monckery anciently being there where now the Cathedral stands; people after their being converted to the Christian Religion en∣deavoured to live and inhabit as near the said Monckery as they could: It was walled round by King Athelstane. The Castle is of a great antiquity.