Nine books of physick and chirurgery written by that great and learned physitian, Dr Sennertus. The first five being his Institutions of the whole body of physick: the other four of fevers and agues: with their differences, signs, and cures.

Book. III. (Book 3)

PART. I.

SECT. I. OF SIGNES In General. Of the Difference and Heads of Signs.

CHAP. I. Of the necessity and benefit of the Method of Signs.

SInce we have hitherto explained what health is, * 1.1 and wherein it consists, and what is the diffe∣rence of things contrary to nature; we now rightly come to the Method of healing and pre∣serving health, and are to teach by what means health may

be preserved, and diseases taken away, * 1.2 but neverthelesse since arts are conversant about individuals, and a Physi∣tian doth not cure in general man, but Peter and Paul, &c. The Method and way is first to be explained whereby the present constitution of every man, both sick and well may be known, which now lies hid in indivi∣duals, they may be found out by the signs of a disease, and what may be known and hoped for, of the event and end of diseases, and the Method of signs are to go before. Moreover there is that benefit of this Method, that whilest the sick, see those things that may happen to them, being known to the Physitian, they may trust the more to him, and obey him; for the Physitian when he foresees those things which shall happen to the sick may have time to prevent them, and avoid the reproaches of the vulgar, whilest he foretells those things which shall come to passs, and that they may not rail against the best Medicines, being given to those that are desperately sick

By the name of Signs we do understand all those things which signifie any thing, * 1.3 or all evident things which lay open a hidden matter, or as the Author of Physical de∣finitions speaks, A sign is a manifestation of somewhat hidden, or every thing that shews any of those things which are in the Method of healing, and can demonstrate them, and make them manifest.

CHAP. II. Of the differences of Signs.

OF Signs of this kind there are certain differences; * 1.4 first according to varieties of Bodies, some Signes are counted wholesome, which shew soundnesse and health; others unwholesome, which shew unsound∣nesse, others are neutral, which shew a disposition to neither.

Secondly, certain Signs are called Diagnosticks and Deloticks demonstrating, and demonstrative, * 1.5 which demonstrate those things which shew the present constitu∣tion of the body, whether it be according to nature, or contrary to nature; certain are Prognosticks, * 1.6 which

foreshew what shall come to passe; * 1.7 certain are Anamne∣sticks which call to memory the state of the body which is newly past.

Thirdly, * 1.8 some signs are proper, others common, pro∣per are such as agree to one disease onely, Common are such as are found in many diseases. Galen, in the first of the differences of Fevers appoints three kinds of proper Signs, and the one he calls unfeparable, another proper in its kind, a third proper and inseparable; also he calls those unseparable, which cannot be separated from the effect which they shew, and agrees to every such effect, but not onely proper, are such as agree to those alone, but not to all, Proper and inseparable are such as agree to such an effect alone, and to all.

Out of this division there ariseth other differences of Signs, they are called by the Greeks Pathognomonick, Synedruors, Epiginomens, Epephanomens; in English ••••separable, sociable, concomitant, subservient, and such as appear afterwards.

Pathognomonicks are such as follow the disease also and necessary inhere in it, * 1.9 and therefore prefently in the beginning of a disease is present and cannot be sepa∣rated from it, and agrees to every such disease, and al∣wayes where they are, they shew the disease that must ne∣cessarily be there present, yet it seldom happens that there is one Pathognomonick sign, but for the most part the Pathognomonick signs are constituted of more joyned together, which if they are taken severally are not Pa∣thognomonicks.

Synedruons, * 1.10 that is sociable ones, are such as are not inseparable from a disease, nor do they necessarily cohere to the essence of a disease, nor are alwayes present, but besides the Pathognomonicks, sometimes they appear presently at the beginning, sometimes they follow afterwards, and sometimes they are not present at any time of the disease; and therefore they do not shew the disease it selfe, or its kind, but signifie some condition thereof.

Epiphanomenaes and Epiginomenaes are such as neither shew the kind of a disease, * 1.11 nor the condition thereof, but shew onely its mutation, and they are threefold; some signs are of concoction, and crudity, o∣thers signifie health and death, others are Critick,

or decretory which foretell the termination of a dis∣ease.

CHAP III. Of the heads of Signs.

OF the heads of Signes, although there are many, * 1.12 yet they seem to be reduced to theee; the first are taken from the nature and essence its selfe of the thing, or as Galen speaks from things essentially enhering in the substance; whether it be a disease, or a cause of a disease, or a Symptome; namely, when a thing in its own nature is so manifest to the sen∣ses that there needs no other signes.

Secondly, signs are sought from diseases, that is, [unspec 2] * 1.13 from all things which follow health; a disease and the causes of diseases, accidents and Symptomes, whether they be actions, or excrements, and reten∣tions, or qualities of the body.

Thirdly, from causes whether they be external, [unspec 3] * 1.14 or internal, by themselves, or by accident, or what other soever.

Whereunto belongs ability and disposition of bo∣dy, and from hence tis easie, or difficult to fall into this, or that disease, for this shewes alike temper, that a contrary, such as helpe also, and such as hinder; as those which encrease a disease are an argument that the disease hath an agree∣ment with the thing, which increases it, but that which delights, and profits is a token that there is in nature something contrary to the dis∣ease.

To these heads of signes some adde such as are alike and disalike, understanding by those things, * 1.15 either a body which is compared to another body, or a part, which is compared with another part, or with it selfe, yet others think that similitude and dissimilitude is not a peculiar head of signes, but rather a reason of fitly c••mparing other signes a∣mong themselves, but the comparison may be right

the manners properly, and nature of the sick should be known, wandring diseases commonly belong to these; when if many happen to be sick of one common infirmity, and he which is sick begins to be so as the rest were, it is to be suspected that he hath the same disease.

Sect. 2. Of knowing the Tempera∣ture of Mans Body, and of his Principal Parts.

CHAP. I. Of the Signs of a wholesome Body.

AFter we have spoken of the Signs in general, we come now to handle the several kinds; and be∣cause bodies are two-fold, Sound, and Sick, and there is a certain difference and latitude of a sound body, which embraces neither of these; first we are to speak in what manner the various constitutions of a sound Body, and of its parts are to be known; and go∣ing back from thence, even from a natural state may be understood how a diseased, and 'tis not difficult to discern a sound from a sick: and all those that are to be accounted for sound, who can perform all those actions

which belong to a man. Yet how such counterfeit diseases are to be found out. Galen teaches in a peculiar Book; but since there is a great latitude of health, first of all the signs are to be proposed of the best constitution of body, which is, as it were, a rule for the rest, and to which, as to the statue of Polycletus, the natures of men of all of Ages, Sexes, Countries, and Conditions are to be com∣pared. The signs of such a Constitution, as also of o∣thers differing from it, Galen in his art of Healing, and fifth Chapter draws from two heads; first from those which essentially inhere, and which according to the na∣ture of the essence are in them. Secondly, from those which necessarily follow those in their operations and ac∣cidents.

First, * 1.16 therefore it is necessary that a sound body may obtain the most convenient temperature and constitution of the simular parts, fittest for all actions. Secondly, a convenient number it ought to have of organick parts, and likewise magnitude, figure, scituation, connexion with others, and all things in all respects, which are re∣quired to the constitution of a part, as it is organick. Thirdly, all the parts in order ought to be united and joined, but in respect of actions, a man that is very sound doth very well perform all the actions convenient for a man, natural, vital, and animal; So that there is no defect in them, and observes moderation in them all, and is very little subject to diseases, and withstands all the causes of diseases, violent excepted: the excrements observe their natural substance, quality, quantity, time, and convenient part on't; which to be ejected, the qua∣lities which follow the best constitution of a Body, are a rosie colour of the face, nay and of the whole body, ca∣lidity, frigidity, softnesse and hardnesse, smoothnesss and roughnesse; a sound body well constituted observes medi∣ocrity, the body is neither bald, nor too rough, but the hairs themselves keep mediocrity, and in youthfull age tend to yellownesse, in manly to blacknesse; the habit of the body is the middle betwixt too corpulent, and too slender, good flesh, and good stature, out of all which the handsomenesse of the body proceeds; yet all these most e∣vidently appear in the middle and flourishing age.

CHAP. II. Of the Signs of Bodies differing from the best con∣stitution.

BUt Bodies which differ from the best constitutions, either are sick, which are d••scerned from sound Bo∣dies, by the hurting of the actions; and the sign which distinguishes betwixt a sound and sick body, is sensible hurt of the actions; Or they are hitherto sound, which have not their actions hitherto sensibly hurt, whereof there is a great latitude, and some in the tempe∣rature of the simular parts, some in the composition of the organick parts,, some of them both deviating from the best constitution.

And first those bodies which are too hot, * 1.17 yet mode∣rate in drinesse and humidity, such discover themselves to the touch, hair abounds in the whole body, and is yellow and thick. They are thinner, as to matter of fat: they are swift and strong for motion, prone to an∣ger, the colour of the face is redder then of a temperate body, they are easily hurt by hot causes.

If drynesse be joined to the heat, * 1.18 which they call chol∣le••ick, the body shall be hot, hard, thin, and lean, hairy, and the hairs are black, cu••led, the Puise of the Arteries are great, and the Veins great, they are angry persons, which are endued with such a temperature, obstinate le∣vers of brawlings, they desire few things, they are fit for the generation of Males.

If moisture be joyned to the heat, * 1.19 which temperament they call Sanguine, the bodies shall be hot, and soft, a∣bounding with much blood, fleshy, endued with large Veins, and those which are so in their youth, often have the Hemorrhoides of the Nose; and if the humidity somewhat abound, they are apt from their youth to dis∣cases of putrifaction.

If the body be too cold, * 1.20 such a body is perceived by the touch, 'tis white, at, slow, soft and baid, 'tis easily hurt by cold things, it hath a narrow brest, and without hair, and narrow veins scarcely appearing, the hairs are thin

and of small increase for the most part, they are fearfull that are of that temperament.

If moisture be joined to the cold, * 1.21 not much, nor that coldnesse great, the body shall be white in colour, fat, thick, soft, red hair, inclining to palenesse; but if the fri∣gidity with the humidity be more intense, the body shall be thick, coloured yellow, exceeding bald, the hair smooth, the veins lying hid, such temperaments are dull and slow of apprehension, and for the most part altogether idle, no wayes ready, simple, and not prone to anger.

If frigidity is joined to drinesse, * 1.22 such a body is discer∣ned by the touch, those shall be lean, bald, pale, which are of such a constitution they are slow in going on, de∣jected in countenance with their eyes fixed.

And for what belongs to Melancholians in particular, * 1.23 not onely whom the vulgar, but whom Aristotle in the thirtieth Section, and first Probleme accounts ingenious; wherein the said Aristotle writes that much and cold choller is black; these are foolish, and idle, wherein there is much and hot choller, those are quick-sighted, and ingenious, apt to love, propense to anger and lust, and some greater bablers: but those whose heat is more remiss, more temperate, and as it were reduced to mediocrity, those are much more prudent, and although they less exceed in some matters; yet in others they are far better then the others, some in the study of Literature, others in Arts, others in Common-wealths; namely, those Melancholians are ingenious, who by nature abound with good and plenty of blood, wherewith some part thicker and dryer is mingled, which adds, as it were, strength to the blood, and when attenuated, and, as it were, poured, it is spiritual.

And whereas the differences of bodies are constituted according to Astrologers, * 1.24 and according to the num∣ber of Planets. Those that are born under Saturn have a dry skin, black hair, and are delighted with those black things; they have little eyes, small pulse, a slow and dull gate, they are fearful, sad, love solitude, they are busie∣bodies, covetous, slow of endeavouring, silent, laborious, they have terrible and obscure dreams.

Those under Jupiter are fair, * 1.25 and have rosie counte∣nances, with a pleasant and venerable aspect, they have

black eyes, are of a fit stature, and handsome composure of all the parts, their habit of body is good, flesh, blood and spirits, pure and in great plenty; hence they are milde, joyful, ingenious, bountiful, moderate lovers of friends, just, and all their manners composed with come∣liness, and their gate is moderate.

Those under Mars abound with choller, * 1.26 have a lean body, rather then a fat, have red faces and shadowed, bur∣ning and threatning eyes, a broad brest, an upright neck, they are propense to anger, contentious, bold, and often precipitate, contemners of danger, seditious,

Those under Sol are of a yellowish, * 1.27 or a Saffron colour tending to red, they have yellow hair, golden, and cur∣led, black eyes, swelling, full faces, moderate garbs, and have hotter blood and spirits; hence they are courteous, wise, open hearted, honest, strong, magnificent, and aspi∣ring to high things, and sometimes proud.

Those under Venus are faire, * 1.28 coming nigh to the fe∣minine beauty, and softness, delicate colour is red, or of white, inclining to red, their eyes shining, sparkling, and casting lacivious looks, the brows and lips thin, they are quiet, joyful, pleasant in conversation, delighted with jests, company, singing, delighted with Musick, lacivious and principally love neatness, and ornaments of the body,

Those under Mercury are rather little in body then great, in face somewhat pale, they have little eyes, * 1.29 and those buried within their orbs, thin lips and nose, and youthful face in manly years, very thin beard, quick voice, light spirits, whence they are wise, subtile, studi∣ous of sects, and subtile things; prevalent in memory, eloquent, but unconstant, and sometimes also crafty, de∣ceitful, witty lyars.

Those under the Moon are great in body, fat, thick, * 1.30 white, unstable, and sometimes delighted with one thing, and sometimes with another.

CHAP. III. Of the signs of the constitution of the brain.

NOw follows that which belongs to the constitu∣tion or parts, and first of the Brain; although a just constitution of the Brain be necessary to per∣form animal actions proper to the Brain, yet to perform them, a right composition and conformation of the head, and of the brain depending thereon, do much avail; wherefore following Galen in the art of Physick, we will propound in the first place certain signs of the constituti∣on of the brain, drawn from the figure and magnitude of the head.

A little head if the body be great is an ill sign, * 1.31 for the brain also in such a head is little, because it will generate but few animal spirits, or if it doth generate animal spirits enough, yet they cannot be moved well enough in so narrow a ••oom, but either being pen'd in they stick, or being stir'd up they move too violent, whence the animal actions are the weaker; and those that have such a body are unstable, and do many things inconsiderately; the brain also in a little head for the most part is intemperate and dry, and it argues unaptness, and debility of hear, and of matter in their formation, and especially a little head is naught, if it also have an ill shape.

A great head if it be well shaped, * 1.32 and have the joining parts, as, to wit, the neck, the spine of the back, and all the Nerves correspondent, it signifies the brain is well constituted, and is a token that the formative ver∣tue is powerful, which can rightly inform and elaborate plentiful matter; but if that be wanting, it signifies only plenty of matter: but weak power, which is unfit for such matter, and therefore is no token of a good consti∣tution of the head, and such for the most part are dull and unapt.

The natural and best figure of the head is most like to a sphear, * 1.33 gently prest on each side, so that that com∣pression may be lengthned from the ears towards the fore∣part, and those which have that excell in wit, judgment,

and memory, are strong in body, but those which differ from that best figure are generally accounted Phoxa, that is, vitious; figure, namely, to wit, wherein the anteri∣or part, or posterior, or both of them are deficient in their excellency, so that either behind, or before, or up∣ward, such heads seem ugly; but if some excellency be deficient, and the rest well raised up, or grows narrow at top, Galen calls it a••••itious formation of growing sharp. and those which have this figure of the head, are the most unwise, impudent, fraudulent, and most basely cor∣rupted with other vices, that there be a rising up of the hinder part of the head, and the other bones answer to it, is a good sign, for much good matter is present, if it have a handsome figure also, not else: but if in a thin, too long, and a weak neck, the hinder part onely riseth up in greatnesse, or is deformed; 'tis an ill sign, and sig∣nifies onely plenty of unprofitable matter, and weaknesse of the formative faculty. The former part of the head, the hinder part not being altogether deficient in rising up, if it be more lifted up is a good figure, and all the senses are well; and therefore 'tis no ill sign, but on the contrary, if that magnitude be joyned with a deformed figure, and the senses are weak, it signifies imbecility of the formative faculty; those whose fore-heads are low, have weak senses, and are stupid, yet they often have good memories, and strength of body; on the other side, those whose hinder parts of the head are not raised enough up, have all their senses whole, but are destitute of me∣mory and strength of body; but those that lack raising up before and behind, and the head riseth much in the middle, are called Oxucephaloi, sharp pointed, those are unfit for all animal actions, and weak through the nar∣rownesse of the brain; if the head grow great neer the ears on each side, it is a token of unfit matter, and of a weak motive faculty.

But for what belongs to the constitution of the brain, * 1.34 they manifestly shew themselves by their animal actions, and those things that follow them; namely, a temperate brain, doth perform all animal actions well; unlesse there be any fault in the organs of the external senses, it easily resists external hurts, and injuries. Its excrements are moderate in all, and are cast out at convenient places,

especially the Palate, their sleep is moderate, their hair in Infants are yellowish, in Boyes more yellow, in young Men yellow; in figure indifferent betwixt curled and strait, nor doth it soon fall off, nor they become bald.

Those which have a hot brain are changeable in their opinions, * 1.35 swift in motion, ripe in their wits, they use lit∣tle sleep, and not very sound, the excrements of their heads are few and concocted, so that no error be com∣mitted in their dyet, they are easily offended by hot things, their face is redder, and veins apparent in their eyes, their hair soone grows, and soon falls away, 'tis strong, thick, and curled, and for the most part tends to blacknesse.

These which have a cold brain, * 1.36 their senses are slower and weaker, and their apprehension, memory, and wit dull, and the motion of their body, not so lively and quick; They are moderately inclined to sleep, they a∣bound with excrements of the brain, although they are not full of braines; from without they are easily offend∣ed by cold things, which easily occur, especially by the north wind: those parts which are neer their heads are neither so warm to those that touch them, nor so red to those that behold them, and the veins which are in their eyes are not so discernable, their hair is strait and reddish at middle age, bred more slowly, yet they are lasting; first they are thin, but age coming on they are more burley.

Those which have a dry brain have sharp senses, * 1.37 pier∣cing and subtile, they are very watchful, and have very few excrements, strong hair, and often curled, which do so soon grow, and soon fall away, and are hurt by dry∣ing things.

Those which have moist braines their senses are duller and more turbulent, * 1.38 they are accustomed to much and profound sleep, they have store of excrements, thin hair, soft, whitish, and durable; and they are seldome or never bald, they are comforted by dry things, and offended by moi••t.

Those who have a hot and dry braine, * 1.39 are ingenious, and industrious in taking in hand, and performing of business, the force of apprehension is most exquisite in

them, and they are fit for motion, yet more active for the most part, then behooves them to be, they are also most vigilant and sleep very little, and have few excre∣ments of the brain; to those that touch them, their head appears hot, their face until they come to full ripeness of years is red, afterwards the heat decaying more pale, they are offended with air, and other hot and dry things.

Those which have a hot and moist brain, * 1.40 if either qua∣lity a little exceed, the excrements of their heads are ma∣ny, the colour of the head is white, mingled with red, the veins in the eyes great, the hair strait and yellowish, and do not easily fall away; they are easily hurt by heating things, and are pained in the head, and many excrements are collected to the other especially, if they are moist, but if both qualities abound, the senses are not so sharp, they cannot watch long, yet their sleep is not pleasing and continued, they have divers dreams, and strange ones, their heads are obnoxious to many diseases; since it col∣lects more excrements then it can discusse, they are easily hurt by heating, and moistning things, and principally by the South Wind; but if one quality overcome the other, there shall be more evident signs of the one, and more obscure of the other, which is to be taken notice of in the other temperaments also.

Those which have a cold and dry brain are too ripe witted, but in process of time, * 1.41 sharpness of the wit and senses abateth, and they grow old and dye before their time; especially if a distemper of the Heart and Liver concur with that of the Brain; the same are unhealthy, and are easily offended by external causes, by cold aire, and error in their dyet; the head to the touch is cold, nor have they good complexions, unless they have the better colour, from the hot distemper of the Heart and Liver, the Veins of the Eyes do not appear, their hair grows slow, and is thin and reddish, and if the dryness overcome the cold they are well,

Lastly, whosoever have cold and moist brains, * 1.42 are slow and dull of apprehension, and their senses not so sharp; they collect many excrements, they sleep much and sound, they are easily offended with the coldness and moi∣sture of the air, and are apt to cold distillations; they have long and soft hair, and whitish from their child∣hood, they are never bald.

CHAP. IV. Of the signs of the constitution of the heart.

IF the heatt be temperate, * 1.43 mediocrity is observed in its motion, the Pulse of the Arteries and respiration, and those who have such a heart, they are endued with good manners, not effeminate, nor mad headed, or an∣gry, but humane, not covetous, nor prodigal, but liberal, not dissemblers, nor proud, but candid, without haugh∣tiness of mind, benigne, temperate, not precipitate, nor medlers; nor busie-bodies, but mature in counsels, not envious, but desirous of others good.

Those who have a hot heart, * 1.44 their whole body is hot, the motion of the heart, the pulse, respiration, through urgent use, exceeds all mediocrity in magnitude, celeri∣ty, and frequency, they are couragious, and swift, and unweary of undertaking enterprises, and bold in under∣going dangers: they are rough, and full of brisilely hairs in their brest, and the brest in comparison of the head is great.

The signs of a cold heart, * 1.45 are contrary to those which are of a hot, the whole body is less hot, unless the liver be hotter, the motion of the heart, puise, and respiration when custome doth not so require it, is not so great, and sometimes small and slow, if there be a greater recesse to frigidity; and such a heart argues slowness to anger, fear, distrust, slothfulness, and lingering; whence such are ef∣feminare, contemners of glory and honour, their brests are without hairs, and in comparison of their heads little.

Whose heart soever is dry, * 1.46 their pulse is hard, they are not prompt to anger, but being stin'd up to anger are implacable and mad, and they can dissemble their anger, they are obstinate, and covetous, the whole body for the most part is too dry, unlesse the moisture of the liver cor∣rect it.

Moreover be whose heart is too moist, * 1.47 his pulse is soft, they are apt to an••e, but easily pleased, the habit of the body is dryer, except the dryness of the liver resist it.

The signs of a hot and dry heart are a hard pulse, * 1.48 great swift, frequent, great respiration, swift and frequent, those who have such a heart are fit to take in hand and perform actions, couragious and bold, apt to anger, and unplacable, envious, proud, and if there be excess of heat, and drouth, are mad, cruel, unmerciful, and sparing none; the same are hairy, especially in the Brests and Hypocon∣dries, the whole body is hot and dry, unlesse the consti∣tution of the Liver hinder it, the Brest broad and wide.

The signs of a hot and moist heart, are soft pulses, * 1.49 great, swift, and frequent, and the respiration answers to the pulse, so that the brest answers to the heat of the heart, and those who have such a constitution of the heart, are industrious, and prompt to actions, and not wild, they are apt to be angry, yet it is not sharp and durable, but placable, and this temperature, so that humidity do not too much exceed, most fit to prolong life, but if the hu∣midity doth much overcome the heat, putrifaction is ea∣sily caused, and putted fevers are generated.

Those who are cold and moist in the heart, * 1.50 bring forth a soft pulse, little, slow, thin, those which have such a temperament, are not bold, but fearfull, and distrustfull, effeminate, slow, and not apt to anger, and if they are stirred up to anger, it is not violent, but easily appeased, they are also gentle, shame-faced, desperate in adversity, and altogether endued with a soft and effeminate mind, their brests are bare, and the whole body, and the brest answers to simple constitutions in amplitude.

Moreover in those who have a cold and dry heart, there is found in the pulse hardness, smallness, thinness, * 1.51 and slowness, and such is their breathing, if their breasts be ample, they are no ways propense to anger, but being stirr'd up, and as it were forced to anger, retaine it very long, they are also covetous, and of all others most naked in the brest.

Yet here you are to be admonished, * 1.52 that those things which are spoken of signes, of the moral actions by Phy∣sitians, are not of acquired manners, and such as are com∣pleated by education, discipline, and custome, but are to be understood of the native and congenite manners, which Galen calls Hormas,; and when Physitians tell us that manners follow the constitution of the body, that

is to be taken of the native and ingenite manners, not such as are acquired.

CHAP. V. Of the signs of the constitution of the Liver.

IF the Liver be temperate, * 1.53 the habit of the whole body is in the middle, betwixt being too fat, and too lean, the colour of the body is rosie, and for the most part, the rest of the signs appear, which are found in a tempe∣rate body, the Urine is excellent.

If the Liver be too hot, * 1.54 yellow Choller abounds, and in middle age black, or chollerick, and adust blood, the Veins are broad, and ample, the whole body more hot, the Belly and Hypocondries rough and hairy; and those which have such a constitution of Liver, are carried away by pleasures, especially by meat and drink, they are of∣fended with hot meats and drinks, and hot air; but cold air and cold meat and drink help them; their Panch is dry, they are thirsty, unless the coldness and moisture of the stomach hinder it, and they are very obnoxious to het diseases.

In a cold Liver all things are contrary, the veins are strait, * 1.55 the blood colder; and hence the whole body col∣der, except the heat of the Heart hinder it, the belly smooth.

The signs of a dry Liver, * 1.56 are little blood, and thick hard veins, and the habit of the whole body thin or lean.

The signs of a moist Liver, * 1.57 are abundance of blood, and that thin and watrish, and the whole body more moist.

The signs of a hot and dry are amplitude and hard∣ness of veins, * 1.58 and hotter blood, thicker, and dryer; the Hypocondris are exceeding rough, and the whole body hotter and dryer.

But if the Liver be hot and moist, * 1.59 more store of blood is generated, and that of an indifferent consistence, the veins are great and broad, and soft, and the habit of the whole body moister and softer, the Hypocondries hairy

enough, and if either quality do much exceed, those who have such a constitution fall into many diseases, which proceed from putrefaction.

If the Liver be more cold and moist, * 1.60 crude and pitui∣tous blood is generated, the veins are narrow, and the whole body, if the heart hinder it not, is colder and moi∣ster, and the Hypocondries are void of hair.

Moreover the signs of a cold and dry Liver are little blood, and so the nutrition not so happy, * 1.61 less store of hair, and the whole body is colder and dryer, unless per∣chance the heart do correct the frigidity of the Liver.

CHAP. VI. Of the signs of the temperature of the Testicles.

THose whose Testicles are in good temper are fruit∣ful; those whose Stones are too hot, are lecherous, * 1.62 and apt for Venus betimes, and fruitful also, and beget boyes, and they also have hair in their privy parts betimes, and have beards also very young.

Those who have cold Stones are not apt for Venus, * 1.63 nor fruitful; and if they do generate, they rather procreate Females then Males, and their genital parts are more bald, and have lesse hair, and they slowly, or never put forth a beard.

Those who have moist abound with much seed, * 1.64 but watry, and have broad beards.

Those who have dry ones, generate little seed, * 1.65 and that indifferent thick, and are apt to have little beards.

Those who have hot and dry Testicles generate thick seed, and are fruitful, and are timely stirr'd up to Venus, * 1.66 and yet are easily hurt by Venue, they beget Males, unless the sluggish nature of the woman hinder it; hair comes betimes in the genitalls, and plentifully, and in all the parts neer, upwards in the parts nigh the Navel, down∣wards to the middle of the Thighs.

Those who have heat and moisture, * 1.67 do more abound with seed, they affect Venus moderately, and can easily brook it, if the constitution of the rest of the body agree, nay sometimes they are offended by retaining of the seed, they generate as well Males as Females, and are no so rough about the Genitals.

Those whose Testicles are cold and moist begin to use Venus late, * 1.68 neither are they prone to Venus, and they are also unfruitful, or if they generate fruitful seed, 'tis more fit to procreate Females then Males, and the seed is thin and watry.

Lastly, * 1.69 those that have cold and dry Stones, Generate thick seed, and but little, and are more hurt after Coition then cold and moist ones.

CHAP. VII. Of the signs of the constitution of the stomach.

A Temperate Stomach shews it selfe moderate in all things, * 1.70 it desires so much as it can concoct, and concoct it well, and neither corrupts soft meats, which are easie to be digested, no•• leaves hard meats unconcocted, and crude, nor is it easily hurt by meat that overwhelms it.

But a hot Stomach concocts better then it desires, * 1.71 it digesteth meat hard and difficult to be concocted, happi∣ly, bur on the other side, it corrupts soft meats, and such as are easie to be digested, and brings forth a nitrous cru∣dity; 'tis delighted with hot meats and drink, and that so powerfully, that it is not hurt by the moderate use of cold things, but is preserved from the farthest decay, which will be preserved by heat; Thirst is greater then the de∣sire of meat.

A colder Stomach more greedily desires then it can concoct, * 1.72 and principally cold meats, and such as are hard to be digested, are not easily well concocted by it, but ea∣sily grow sower in it, and a little after eating pleantifully, a sense of heaviness is perceived about the Stomach, and floating, and loathing, and sometimes vomit.

A moist Stomach doth not easily thirst, * 1.73 it is not easily hurt by much drinking, 'tis-delighted with moist food, and easily brooks hunger.

A dryer Stomach is more thirsty, * 1.74 yet unless the thirst arise from some part neer thereunto; it is hurt by too much drink, it desires dry meat.

From these signs of the simple constitutions of the Sto∣mach,

may easily be collected, the signs of the mixt con∣strutions.

CHAP. VIII. Of the signs of the constitution of the Lungs.

THose who have hot Lungs do much dilate their brests in breathing, they are thirsty, * 1.75 and the thirst is not allayed unless it be in long time, and with cold things.

Cold Lungs are much hurt by breathing in of cold air, * 1.76 the respiration in those who have cold Lungs is little hot, that is less cold, and is a friend to breathing; also in cold Lungs many excrements are gathered together, which are sometimes cast out by coughing, sometimes by spitting only.

Dry Lungs-collect not many excrements, * 1.77 and there∣fore hath no need to cast up any by cough or spittle.

Moist Lungs on the contrary gather many excrements and therefore between whiles in speaking, * 1.78 'tis necessary to spit often.

The woice also is shewen by the constitution of the Lungs and Wind-pipe, * 1.79 a great voice and vehemency of efflation shews a wide Wind-pipe, and heat of the Lungs; a small voice shews the contrary; the Wind-pipe rightly constituted, causeth a smooth even voice; a sharp voice but joined with clearnesse, signifies driness of the Wind∣pipe, a sharp voice with hoarsness, and obscurity proceeds from a plentiful humor moistning the Arteries, and ra∣ther belongs to a preter-natural constitution then a na∣tural; a sharp voice shewes narrowness of the throat, and consequently coldness of the Wind pipe; on the contra∣ry a great voice shewes wideness of the top of the Wind∣pipe, and therefore signifies heat strong from their infancy.

Book. III. PART. I. SECT. I. OF URINES.

CHAP. I. Of the abuse of inspection of Ʋrines.

AFter we have spoken of those things which are to be known about the constitution of a sound body, * 1.80 now we are to speak of the knowledge of things contrary to nature; but because amongst signes Urine, and Pulse do arise from the fountain, we will speak of them in the first place: and first for what belongs to Urine, although a false opinion is deeply seated in the minds of many, that by the inspection of Urine alone, and wholly, the state and condition of the sick, and what ill he suffers, either within or without, from what cause soever may be known, and whether the sick be a man, or woman, whether a woman be great with child or not: yet such like are beyond the power of the Art of Phy∣sick, by the Urine to divine. In the mean time the In∣spection of Urine is profitable, but as Hypocrates also 1. Aphor. 12. teacheth that Urine may teach many

things of the condition of a disease; but that there may be a right judgment of Urine, the differences and cau∣ses of the differences are to be known.

CHAP. II. Of the differences of Urine, and first of the substance of Urine.

FIrst in Urine too things are to be considered, * 1.81 in re∣gard of the substance thereof, the liquor, and that which is contained in the liquor. In the liquor a∣gain two things, the Consistence and the Choller.

First for the Consistence, some are thick, * 1.82 some are thin, others indifferent.

That Urine is thin, which for the most part consists of watry and potulent matter, but of serous and salt matter, that which is separated in the Veins and Liver; or of another humor, which hath little or no mixture with it.

On the contrary, * 1.83 a thick Urine is that which contains much mixture of serous and salt humidity, or also of other humors. * 1.84 The middle is that which hath so much of that serous excrement, and aqueous humidity mixt with it, as for the most part is wont to be in a natural consti∣tution of the body.

Moreover some Urines are clear, others troubled, * 1.85 or foul; those are troubled, through which the sight cannot passe; but 'tis not the same thing for Urine to be thick and troubled, when as other liquors; so Urines also are accounted thick, which neverthelesle are cleare, and per∣spicuous; but a clear Urine is either made clear and so remains, or else 'tis made clear, and afterwards is trou∣bled, which is properly called troubled Urine; but trou∣bled Urine, properly so called, is that which is made so, and either remains such, which Urine commonly is cal∣led subjugal, which is like the contents of the U∣rine, or is made foul, or troubled, and afterwards become cleare, and becomes so afterwards, as is spoken. Moreover in respect of the colour, there are accounted several differences, but the principal colours, according to which the Urines differ are six.

First white; secondly, pale; thirdly, flame colour; fourthly, yellow; fifthly red; sixthly, black.

First to the white Urines belong the aqueous, * 1.86 which bare the colour of pure water, then those which represent thin wine, or fair water, into which is cast a little Oker, or Choller, as also snowy Urine, which represents the whiteness of snow, as also milkey and light gray, or such as represents the colour of clear horn.

The second is pale like the colour of Oker, * 1.87 or sub∣pallid, which is seen in water tinckted with Oker, but some call these Urines spicious, or the colour of ears of corn, * 1.88 and subspicious, and compare this colour to the colour which is seen in chaff that is old, or in straw.

The third colour is flame colour, such as is that of a Citron, and in fire burning clear, which if it be more remiss, 'tis called subfulgent; Actuarius calls these golden Urines, and subaureous, because they are like gold.

Fourthly, * 1.89 the next and neerest to this fulgent is yel∣low, yet so differing from it, that this inclines more to white, * 1.90 that is more shining and splendid, or neer to the colour and splendor of the Stars; that which is not so deep but clearer, then yellow is called subflavous; Actua∣rius calls these colours croceous, or saffron colours, or subcroceous, such as are in waters wherein saffron, or whilde saffron flowers are mixed.

The fifth colour, or red, whereof Galen makes three sorts, * 1.91 and places red in the middle, extream red, the highest, and reddish the lowest, and those he places in Bole-Almonack, and Vermilion, and red, in Cherries and Apples; others make four differences, and first they place the colour that is a mixt red, such as is the hair of those who are said to be red hair'd, which again is distingui∣shed into red, and reddish; the second is Rosie; the third purpurious; the forth sanguineous.

To these Actuarius joines a vine coloured Urine, * 1.92 which represents the colour of a red Urine inclinable to black, to this be addes the colour of dry grapes, like new Wine (out of doubt of red Wine) boiled to the third part, * 1.93 or which is prest out of dried Grapes, or of Cher∣ries, inclining to a black colour.

Moreover there is a black Urine, * 1.94 under which some-Physitians

comprehend more colours, green, yellow, black, and such like; although there be innumerable dif∣ferences of green plants, yet two here are the chiefe, Leek-colour, which is seen in the blades of Leeks; * 1.95 and Eru∣ginous which is like Verdy-grease, and yellow, which represents the colour of red Lead, and therefore called plumbeous.

To these differences they refer Oleagenous Urine, * 1.96 which represents the colour and consistence of Oyl.

Now these differences which are taken from the sub∣stance and colour are complicate, and constitute, * 1.97 com∣pound differences, amongst which the chief are seaven, Urine thin and white, thin, pale, thin flame colour, or fulgent, thick white, thick red, thick black

Moreover besides these there are other differences less principal, which are taken from other qualities and cir∣cumstances; first from the smell, for some Urines smell little, others very little, and have that odour which is natural to Urine, others stink exceedingly, and others smell pleasant.

From the sound, for some Urines whilest they are poured out make no noise, others make a noise.

From the quantity, for some Urines are made in an indifferent quantity, others more sparingly, others more plentifully.

From the manner, for some are made without difficul∣ty and pain, others with pain, some drop by drop, and others altogether.

CHAP. III. Of the Contents in Urine.

A Content in a Urine is every corpulent and visible thing which is mingled with the liquor of the U∣rine; some Contents are essential, * 1.98 others acciden∣tal; the essential are those which appear for the most part in all the Urines of sound persons, and most of sick, but the accidental are those which neither alwayes nor most frequently are discerned in Urines.

Essential in respect of scite or place, in which they a∣bide there are three; the sediment, the suspension, and

the clouds, the altitude of the whole Urine is to be divi∣ded, as it were, into three parts, into the bottome of the Urinal, and the highest region of the Urine, and the medium betwixt these two extreams.

The subsidence or sediment of Urine, * 1.99 is that in Urine which descends towards the bottome, and settles in the bottome.

Suspension, or subliment is that which is contained in the middle, and is, as it were, suspended.

The clouds and little clouds is that which hangs in the higher part of the Urine like a cloud, yet suspension in Urine is sometimes taken by Hypocrates by the names of a cloud, as in the second of his Prognosticks, in the 29. Title is manifest.

Yet these Contents do not alwayes exactly keep their natural place, for the sediment sometimes plainly sticks in the bottom, and sometimes ascends higher, and tends to suspension, and sometimes suspension also ascends a little higher from the middle sometimes descends lower; so also Clouds plainly overspread the extremi∣ties, sometimes incline towards the middle.

In these three Contents, * 1.100 other differences moreover are to be considered from the substance; a Content is said to be thick, or thin, equal, or unequal, plain and smooth, or rugged; equal is when all the parts of the Content are of the same thinness or thickness; unequal is when one part is thick and another thin; plain and smooth is that which observes continuity of parts divulsed, or rugged, is when there is no continuity for the colour, A Content is either white, red, or black, or tinctured with a colour neer to one of these. In respect of quantity 'tis either little, much, or indifferent, out of which com∣plicated divers other differences again do arise.

Concerning the accidental differences which are con∣tained in the Urine contrary to nature, * 1.101 some settle in the bottome, others in the middle, others in the superficies, some stick to the fides of the Vrinal, others are confused∣ly mixt with the Vrine.

Of the first kind are farenacious sediments, * 1.102 which re∣present thick bran••, little flakes which are like leaves, grainem, which represent a kind of pulse, or corn, besides these sometimes in a Vrine, there are clots of blood, small sands, stones, little rags of flesh, quitture, worms.

In the middle of the Vrine there sometimes swims little bodies like Attomes, threds, or rags, and haires, * 1.103 and sometimes small sands, cleave to the sides of the Vrinal, representing the substance of Tartar.

But in the superficies there appears principally four things preter-natural, bubbles and those various, froth, * 1.104 a crown accor∣ding to the common opinion; when notwithstanding 'tis no∣thing else then a shadow, or light, passing through the circum∣ference of the Vrinal, received within the compass of the Vrine, and so is not properly called a Content, and Fat, yet besides these sometimes fine Sand swimming in the superficies of the Vrine

CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the various consistence of Vrines.

AFter we have mentioned the differences of Vrine, * 1.105 next we must find the causes of all those differences; and first the cause of a Vrine of an indifferent consistence is a se∣rous excrement of blood, mingled with an indifferent quanti∣ty of water which happens when the faculty concocting is well.

The cause of a thin Vrine which hath little of that serous ex∣crement mixt with it, is debility of concoction, especially in the Liver and Veins, which coldness of the Stomach may oc∣casion, but principally store of drink, also a cold distemper of the Reins. Thirdly, obstruction, and straitness of the ves∣sels through which thick humors cannot flow with the Vrine. Fourthly, the changing and converting of the matter in ano∣ther part.

Thick Vrine is made by the mixture of any thick matter which happens when crude humors, * 1.106 which are cumulated in the Veins, are expelled by nature this way, or when any obstructi∣on is opened out of the Spleen, Liver, Reins, and other parts, or an imposthumation is broken, or ulcer, the thick matter is mingled with the Vrine, or if there be store of serous and salt humors.

If the Vrine be made clear and remain so, * 1.107 and be of good consistence, it is a token that such clearness proceeds from the natural heat rightly elaborating the matter, for nature elabo∣rates not only aliment, but excrements also, as much as it can, * 1.108 and impresses convenient qualities in them; but if Veine be thin and clear, also 'tis a token of crudity; neither hath na∣ture then begun concoction of humors, and if Vrines have any other colour, then such waterish, they obtain it from collerick humors mixt therewith.

But if the Vrine be made clear, * 1.109 and afterwards be troubled, and that be in a sound body, it is a sign that he declines from his best health, and is prone to some disease, especially a Fever, and it signifies the humors in the Veins to be indigested, which nature now hath endeavoured, yet hitherto hath not perfectly concocted: but if the same happen to those that are sick, it sig∣nifies that some concoction is now to be made, and something of the peccant matter to be mingled with the watty substance; but that mixture not to be so exact; and happening by some oc∣casion from the external air, or the heat vanishing of its own accord; the vitious matter is separated from the other humors.

But if Vrine be made thick, * 1.110 and afterwards become thin, that happens because the natural heat begins to perform and concoct the matter, and to stir it, and mingle it, which notwithstan∣ding since it is not exactly mingled, the heat afterwards cea∣sing, the Heterogeneal parts are separated of their own accord, and the thicker reside in the bottome. The same comes to pass if the Vrine be thin, but some matter may be mingled therewith in its passage; but since it is not exactly mingled with it, but on∣ly confused afterward of its own accord, it settles in the bottom.

Lastly, * 1.111 if the Vrine be made thick and remain so, it signi∣fies great confusion of humors is made in the Veins by the heat stirring the humors, but not rightly concocting them, nor is there good concoction made, which the excrements elaborate to make after their manner, and indeed if such a Vrine appear in the beginning of such a disease, wherein no concoction seems hitherto to be made by the natural heat; it is a token that 'tis caused by the fiery heat contrary to nature agitating and troubling the humors in the veins; but if the Vrine in the beginning is not made thick, but clear, and afterwards becomes turbulent, it is a sign that the disease grows worse, and that the heat acting upon the matter contrary to nature is encreased, yet always this and also other signs must have regard to the rest of the conditions of the Vrine, and hence it is to be collected, whether such signs be made by the strength of nature working upon the vitious humors, or by the encrease of the preter-natu∣ral heat, and putrifaction, or debility of strength.

CHAP. V. Of the causes of colours in Vrines.

COncerning the causes of colours in Vrine, * 1.112 a golden colour, which agrees to the Vrines of sound men proceeds according to the vulgar opinion from some portion of yellow choller, or

rather from a serous and salt excrement, yet that also something tinctured with choller, which is mixt with the Vrine.

A white Water is made, * 1.113 either because nothing is mingled with it which may colour it, which is properly called aqueous, or because some white body is mixed therewith.

The first cause of aqueous Vrine is Crudity and weakness of the native heat, by reason whereof this excrement is left, * 1.114 as it were imperfect. Secondly, obstructions of the passages through which the matter useth to flow to the Vrine. Thirdly, if chol∣ler, and therewith that salt humor be carried to another place, as happens for the most part in acute Fevers, and Phren∣sies with them. Fourthly, much drink. Fifthly, heat of the Reins and Liver, which plentifully draw drink to them, but do not concoct it. Sixthly, Gravel in the Reins, or Bladder, too much of that which is salt, and thick adheres, but the aqueous flows out.

Vrines of another kind are made by the mixture of some white substance, whether it be flegm, or quitture, or seed, * 1.115 and these Vrines we call milky, yet for the most part they are made thick, and afterwards become clear, and the matter setling in the bottome of what kind it is, may be easily discerned.

A Vrine is somewhat pale, * 1.116 when pale choller in a sufficient quantity, or a little of yellow is mingled with the Urine, but if much pale choller, or yellow in an indifferent quantity be mingled with the Vrine a pale colour ariseth.

If yellow be mixed in greater quantity, * 1.117 the Vrine becomes yellow, yet some times other causes besides internal, external may give a tincture to the Vrine, as Rhubarb, Saffron, the leaves of Senna, and such like.

A ruddy colour in Vrine is caused by choller and blood, * 1.118 and indeed if the Vrine be coloured with blood it doth not look clear, and is properly called Vrine dyed with blood, and has a colour like water, wherein the flesh of animals newly slain have been washed, and is made either in some open vessel for what cause soever, or by the weakness of the Liver and Reins, by reason whereof they cannot contain blood and assimulate it to themselves, or because nature at set times evacuates the blood a∣bounding in the whole body with Vrine; but the blood which is mingled with the Vrine, is either thin, and the Vrine is made red or reddish, or thick, which if much be mingled, the Vrine is made exceeding red, but if little either simply red, or of a pale red, but that Vrine which is coloured by store of choller, the choller colouring it and and making it redder, it

shineth, and is as it were like flame, sometimes also it is made red and thick by plentiful mixture of adust choller, like wine of a blackish, or deep red.

Wine like Vrine is made by the mixture of ceruleous choller, * 1.119 or representing the colour of Woad, as also by the mixture of plenty of red choller: Grapy by the mixture of yellow choller exceedingly dryed, and as it were changed into a Violet colour and degenerating towards black.

A green Vrine is caused by plenty of Aeruginous, * 1.120 and Leck-like colour.

Yellow and black Vrine are sometimes caused by the mixture of external things; * 1.121 as for what belongs to the internal causes, the Vrine is made black when either the melancholy humour is evacuated with it, which happens in those which cumulate melancholy humours in the Spleen, or black choller is mixed with the Urine, or when the heat and spirits are extinguished in the veins, the blood is corrupted and becomes black.

CHAP. VI. Of the causes of an oyly Vrine, and of other differences.

O Leaginous Urines either have only fat swimming in the superficies, * 1.122 or represent Oyl in substance and colour: the first difference proceeds from a melting of the fat, and is rather to be referred to the differences in the Contents; but that Vrine which seems like Oyl in substance and colour, and yet is nor truly fat, hath its beginning from the mixture of ex∣crementitious humours, especially of pale and black Choller, as also of Flegm, from whence proceeds a crudity with a certain greenness like Oyl; * 1.123 but when the difference in substance and colour are joined, a black Urine cannot be thin, but if the black humor makes it black, it is necessary that there is so great plenty thereof mixt with the Vrine, that the Vrine must be∣come thick.

A light red Vrine is thin from the small portion of blood mingled therewith, * 1.124 but if it be made of a pale red, 'tis by choller which cannot happen unless there be so great plenty thereof, as may render the Vrine thick.

A pale and thin Vrine is made when a small portion of chol∣ler is mingled with an aqueous Urine, * 1.125 but a pale red and thick, when choller is mixt in greater plenty, but if any choller be mingled with a thick white Vrine, the Vrine is dyed pale.

CHAP. VII. Of the causes of smell, quantity, and such like accidents.

THe Urine which obtains the natural and usual smell, * 1.126 sig∣nifies that the natural heat is right, and concoction is well performed; but if the Vrine smell not, or lesse then the Vrines of those that are well use to do, it is a token that the native heat is weak, and almost no concoction performed, * 1.127 nor is the serous and excrementitious humour mingled therewith.

Sweet Vrine, * 1.128 or that which smells well doth not proceed from any internal natural causes, but if any such be found it hath acquired that smell from meats, or medicines taken in∣wardly.

Stinking Vrines are caused first from meat and drink, * 1.129 and certain medicines taken, also from crudity and corruption of meats, erosion, and especially from putrifaction, Fourthly, from daily retention of Vrine in the Bladder.

Vrine naturally ought to answer to the drink, * 1.130 but it is made more plentiful then is fit: First, if meats are administred which are full of aqueous humidity. Secondly, if the aqueous and serous excrements, which use to be discussed by motion, or e∣vacuated other wayes be retained in the body. Thirdly, if na∣ture from the other parts, or the whole body expels the vitious humours through the passages of Vrine, which useth to hap∣pen in Critick, and Symptomatick evacuations, as in a Dia∣betes, or incontinence of Vrine, Fourthly, if Dyuretick me∣dicine be taken.

On the contrary, little Vrine is caused by contrary causes, * 1.131 namely, not only by reason of small quantity of drink taken, but of dry meats, moreover if the aqueous matter be consu∣med which useth to be in burning fevers, as also by motion and too much exercise. Thirdly, if the Vrine be converted to o∣ther parts. Fourthly, by reason of the straitness of the passages, by which the Vrine ought to be expelled.

CHAP. VIII. Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sound.

THe matter of a Content, * 1.132 or Sediment in the Vrines of such as are sound (for in Vrines of those that are exactly well, there is scarce any Content save onely a sediment) is some part of aliment which escaped concoction; for since it neither

can be changed into perfect blood, nor into the nutriment of any part, after the third concoction it is sent to the Reins and cast cut through the Bladder, and there is scarce found a Vrine of a sound man, * 1.133 wherein the natural sediment doth not appear; because scarce any body is so exactly sound which doth not ge∣nerate some such excrement; and no nourishment is to be found which cannot afford matter for such an excrement. Whence according to the diversity of meats, and natures there∣of there ariseth diversity of Contents: For although the Con∣tents settle in the bottome, and in those that are exactly sound; yet in those which do not enjoy most perfect health, * 1.134 or do not eat the best meats, it doth not enjoy its natural place; but in some, and those which eat grosser food more then is convenient, it doth settle in the bottome; in others it ascends higher then is fit, by reason of the heat which cannot subdue it.

A Sediment is naturally white and takes this colour from the veins and parts which are wont to impress a white colour on those things which they change: Equal and continued is not divided by reason of heat rightly concocting and rendring this excrement equal, and obtains the figure of a Pyramid, which although all parts seem to the senses to be equally thick; yet in truth some are thicker, which settle underneath, others thinner which consist in the superiour part.

A great sediment is through plenty of crude juice which af∣fords matter for a sediment; * 1.135 whence boyes through much ea∣ting, and those that live in idleness, and those whose accu∣stomed evacuations are suppressed, and females also have a more plentiful sediment; but men because they are hotter, and have not so many crude humors, have less sediment: the same hap∣pens in Summer through fasting, too great evacuations, and o∣ther causes consuming the humors, also obstructions, and much and thin drinks, which are distributed and cast forth before it can receive any mixture, or digestion with meat.

CHAP. IX. Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sick.

AGain in sick people the sediment consists of the more crude part of the aliment which cannot turn into nourishment ••f the parts; * 1.136 with which notwithstanding other vitious humors also are mingled, nay sometimes vitious humors onely may afford matter for a sediment, but by how much the more the Contents of those that are sick are like to those that are

well, by so much they are the better, and shew great concoction, but by how much the more they recede from those either in co∣lour, or other qualities, by so much they are the worse, and indeed the differences of colours of Contents are borrowed from the humour whereof they consist; but as for what belongs to the diversity of substance, that proceeds from the variety os burning heat and various disposition of matter: a farenacious sediment, as Galen teacheth, is made from thick dried blood, * 1.137 or flesh unequally consumed by a fiery heat, but rough or sca∣ly, when the solid parts are unequally consumed, and scaly par∣ticles are cast forth with the Vrine, and bran-like sediment pro∣ceeds from a flamy and consuming heat of a Fever, and a sore in the bladder or veins: a sediment that represents pulse pro∣ceeds from melting, as Actuarius teacheth, when a Fever comes to the flesh and melts it, but it is not thought credible by the late Physitians, that by the melting or flesh any thing so thick can be mixed with the Vrine; and moreover those sedi∣ments they account do proceed from a scabby, and exulcerated bladder, or from a crude and melancholy humor.

Small Sand and Gravel proceed from thick and feculent mat∣ter which sometimes contains in it selfe a principle of coagula∣tion, and a light occasion being offered, * 1.138 it concreates of its own accord.

Clods of blood are discerned when either from an ulcer, * 1.139 or otherwise from a hurt, broken or open vessel in a part through which the Veine passeth, blood is cast out.

Quitture appears in the Vrine when an imposthume, * 1.140 or ul∣cer lyeth hid in the Reins, Bladder, or otherwise through which the Vrine passeth; or when from the superiour parts, as the Brests, or Lungs, nature evacutates matter through the Vrinary passages.

Small pustles of flesh called Caruncles in the Vrine of exul∣cerated Reins, are aprts of the substance. * 1.141

Slimy, thick, and tough flegm like the snot of the nose, if it be made with the Urine, and be voided with pain, for the most part it is a token of the Stone in the Bladder, but that which is made without pain Fernelius saith doth proceed from a crude ulcer of the Reins, or parts thereabout, or from an imposthume; and truely for the most part, such matter being present in the bladder as it is the beginning, so it is a sign of the Stone of the Bladder; and moreover being sent out it coagulates into a lapidious hardness; but sometimes flegm which is cast forth in great plenty, is the off-spring of crude matter, and ill digestion in the parts beyond the Reins.

Worms if they appear in the Urine proceed from corrupt and sordid matter, * 1.142 as in other parts.

Small strings and little bodies like hairs, * 1.143 and cobwebs, if they are put forth with the Urine have their original from a thick humour, either in the veins, or in the reins, or dryed in the ureters, and reduced into this form by the longitude of the ves∣sel.

Bubbles and froth are generated from wind included in vis∣cous matter, * 1.144 which when it cannot exhale extends the matter into a tumor, and those bubbles may be of divers colours ac∣cording to the nature of the humour in which the inclosed wind stirs them up.

A Crown shews what kind of humors are contained in the greater vessels, * 1.145 and according to the diversity of humors hath divers colours, and is seated in the upper part of the Urine, and in that circle many things are obvious to our eyes, which cannot be discerned in the rest of the humors, because the light in the superficies of the liquor is otherwise divided and received then in the middle.

Lastly, * 1.146 if fat swim upon the top of the Vrine it proceeds from melting of the grease, but this proceeds from heat, therefore if the fat continually swim in Urine like cobwebs, it shews con∣sumption and melting of the body; yet Fernelius writes that he would advise you of Oyl taken inwardly, least any small bo∣dies of Oyl swim in the Urine by that means.

CHAP. X. Of the causes of changes in Vrines.

BUt Urines vary also in those that are sound, * 1.147 in regard of temperaments, sex, age, time of the year, sleep, watching, exercises, passions of the mind, and such like, which are called the causes of variations of Urines.

As for the temperaments, * 1.148 hot temperaments have higher co∣loured Urines, and thinner and less sediment, or in stead of a sediment a cloud, or Nubecula; but colder have Urines paler coloured, and few Contents also, unless raw juice, which pro∣ceeds from weaker concoction be mingled with the Urine.

In respect of age, * 1.149 Boyes have white Urines, thicker, with a plentiful sediment; youths thinner with few Contents, but higher coloured; old men have white Urines, but thin and without Contents, unless many excrements meet together, which if they are mingled with the Urines, it happens that the Urine is made thick, and full of Contents; those that are of a middle age have indifferet Urines,

In regard of the Sex, the Urines of men are far higher, * 1.150 or deeper coloured then the Urines of women, thinner, and have fewer Contents, but the Urines of women are paler, and by reason of crude humors, thicker with more plentiful sediment; yet nevertheless the Urines of men and women do not so vary, that they can be known by certain signs, whether it be a mans or womans water, * 1.151 for reasons may be given also in men which produce such Urines, as otherwise are familiar to women; although as in such as are great with child there may be some change of Urine, when the Menstruous blood is retained in them, and from thence no small change is made in the body; yet that change doth not afford a certain sign whether a woman be great, when the same causes of change may be shewen in o∣ther women which are not great, but in some which are more lively, there is little change of Urine.

As for the time of the year, * 1.152 the Urines of every kind in the middle of the spring are moderate, as also in the middle of au∣tumn, but by how much the more the year goes on towards Summer, by so much the more the colour of Vrine is encreased, and the thickness, and Contents are diminuished: in the Sum∣mer also the Vrines are higher coloured, thinner, and have less sediments; in autumn the colour of Vrines and tenuity are lessened: the Urines in the Winter come neerest the best state.

In hot Regions, * 1.153 and under the hotter degrees of Heaven Urines are made deeper coloured; thinner, and of little sediment. In colder Climates they are neerer to the best state.

Those which exercise and labour moderately make well con∣cocted Urines, and in colour, substance, and contents mode∣rate, but those that exercise and labour immoderately, in those first the colour is encreased, and the thickness and contents di∣minuished; but if the exercise continue long, the colour and tenuity is lessened, when the streng this weakned, but those that live idly make Vrines not much coloured, and moreover thick and with many sediments.

In immoderate watchings, first the colour is encreased, * 1.154 but if they continue long 'tis abated: sleep if it be moderate cau∣seth Vrine to be good in all, but if it be immoderate, it encrea∣seth the colour of the Vrine, but abateth the contents and sub∣stance, but if it be protracted longer, it becomes crude.

The passions of the mind, since some encrease the heat, * 1.155 some diminish it, according to the calidity and frigidity which they bring upon the body, they alter the Vrines.

Lastly, * 1.156 Meats, Drinks, and Medicines change the Vrine, and Meat taken moderately causeth a moderate sediment; more plen∣tifully, a more plentiful; thin causeth none; Meats, also Drinks and Medicines have a power of changing colour and smel lof V∣rines.

CHAP. XI. VVhat is to be observed in the Inspection of Vrines.

SInce all these things are spoken of Vrines for that end that from thence diseases & the causes of diseases maybe known, and the events foretold, that this may be rightly done, we are to admonish you what things are to be observed in the In∣spection of Vrine.

First the time in making water is to be observed, those V∣rines which are made presently after eating and drinking, * 1.157 sig∣nifie nothing certainly, especially if much drink be taken, since the decoction is not performed, Vrine is rather to be lookt up∣on after a perfect concoction, and about the morning. In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits, because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way.

Secondly, it is to be weighed whether any meat, drink, or medicine, be taken which may change the Vrine.

Thirdly, * 1.158 the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken, not to be mingled with waters made at several times.

Fourthly, judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled, and the Contents enjoy their proper place.

Fifthly, you must beware least the Urine by cold air, or winds especially in an open vessel, being exposed thereunto, should be changed, or corrupted, yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold.

Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire, or rather warm water, that they may return to their former state; yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again, since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear, and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike, when troubled they differ exceedingly; and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self, which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 'twas clear.

Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet, and not to be stirred, only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents.

Eighthly, the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear, perspicuous and void of all colour.

Ninthly, the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light, yet the colours in a small shade, so not too dark, may be discerned best, but the Contents in a lighter place.

CHAP. XII. What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine.

ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only, since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine, * 1.159 but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines; since the Vrine is an Ex∣crement of the Veins, of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows, and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew; for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature; 'tis easily mingled with the Vrine: more∣over the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins, may be dscerned by the Vrine. Whence if any peculiar part be affected, and the Vrine changed also; if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change, it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder. On the contrary, also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s, and causeth vari∣ous Symptomes; the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines, especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine. Lastly, when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts, although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part; yet 'tis not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines, and to ob∣serve the signs from thence of life and death.

And thus what may be known, and foretold of every Vrine is manifest, from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine.

Book. III. PART. I. SECT. IV. OF PULSES.

CHAP. I. What a Pulse is.

A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis, * 1.160 is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty, consisting of dilatation and contraction, and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat. * 1.161 Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries, and the Heart is the Fountain, Chimny, and E∣laboratory of heat and vital Spirits; but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart, as from a Fountain, and disperst through the whole body, which work that they may rightly perform, power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion, * 1.162 by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits, is diffused through the whole body, the va∣pors are expelled, and cold air is drawn in; neither is the mo∣tion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits; nor is this motion to be accounted ac∣cidental, * 1.163 and, as it were, violent, but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self, which they call Vital and Pul∣sisique is moved; neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated, because they are filled, but they are filled because dilated. Nei∣ther is this faculty denied to the Arteries, although in its own manner, it depends on the heart,

The vse of the Heart and Arteries, * 1.164 and the end of their mo∣tion is the preservation of the native heat, the generation of vital spirits, and the distribution of them through the whole bo∣by; but the native heat is preserved (as being hotter) whilest 'tis cooled and fanned, and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn, but the fuligenous vapors are expelled. The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion, out of the which as of parts it is composed, namely by Sistole and Dyastole, or dilatation and contraction.

But because these two motions are opposite, and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet. It is ne∣cessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between; the one is that which follows the Systole, the other the Dyastole. And indeed attraction is made by dilatation; for the cooling and fanning of the heat, and the generation of spirits. But con∣traction is made for expulsion; for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood, the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood, and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins; But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins, especi∣ally they draw aire through their small orifices, opening to the Pores of the Skin: by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors, and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries, but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements, and to∣gether communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts.

CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses.

THe differences of Pulses are either absolute, or relative; * 1.165 absolute differences are when a Pulse hath any difference absolute, and in its own nature, when we consider it with∣out comparing it with any other. Respective are those which a∣rise from comparing of the Pulses amongst themselves. Absolute again are twofold, simple and compound.

But seeing to the Pulse, as also to every local motion, * 1.166 five things are required. 1. The thing moving. 2. The space through which the motion is made. 3. Time. 4. The rest between the two opposite motions. 5. The instrument: according to these also the simple differences of Pulses are constituted, and every simple dif∣ference regards one of these, and so there are ten simple Pulses, a great and smal in respect of space, swift and slow in respect of time, thick and thin in respect of rest between, vehement and weak in respect of moving, hard and soft in respect of the instru∣ment. And if amongst the opposit motions we account a medio∣crity, or moderate in every kind, there will arise 15. simple Pulses And if there may be added to these other differences, either they are not comprehensible by the touch, or they are unprofitable.

A great Pulse is that which exceeds the space, * 1.167 which by na∣ture is granted for the motion of the Artery. A little Pulse is that which doth not wholly keep that space. A moderate Pulse is that which doth observe its definite space for its motion; but where∣as in space, longitude, latitude, profunditude may be consider∣ed, some divide a great and small Pulse into other differences, to

wit, long and short, high and deep, narrow and broad, to which if a moderate Pulse be added, then there will be made five kinds, all which kinds if they are joined together, amongst themselves make twenty seven differences, which comprehend eighty one Pulses; of which Galen in the first of the differences of Pulses, Cap. 5.

A swift Pulse is when an Artery runs through his space in a short time, * 1.168 a slow when in a long time moderate, when in an indifferent time.

A thick, * 1.169 or frequent Pulse is performed, little rest interpo∣sing between. A thin when long; an indifferent is performed in the middle of those extreams; but that a frequent and thin Pulse may be rightly perceived, The Pulses are to be divided into the stroak, and the intervall; the stroak is the motion of the Artery resisting the touch; but the interval is the time in∣terposed betwixt two stroaks, whereby the Artery is contracted and dilated, which by how much the shorter or longer it is by so much the Pulse is said to be more frequent or thin.

A vehement pulse is that which strikes the hand of him that feels it, * 1.170 and resists it: and as it were reverberates. Weak is that which gently strikes the hand. Moderate is the middle betwixt these two.

A hard Pulse is when the Artery is hard, * 1.171 and resisteth the touch. A soft is when the Artery is soft and fainty, and gives way to the touch.

CHAP. III. Of the compound differences of Pulses.

OUt of these differences of simple Pulses, compound differen∣ces are easily to be found, which although they are very ma∣ny, yet these are the chief.

Great.	Swift.	Frequent.	Vehement.	Soft.
Great.	Swift.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.
Great.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.
Moderate.	Swift.	Frequent.	Vehement.	Hard.
Moderate.	Swift.	Thin.	Weak.	Soft.
Moderate.	Moderate.	Frequent.	Vehement.	Soft.
Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Vehement.	Hard.
Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.
Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Weak.	Soft.
Moderate.	Moderate.	Thin.	Weak.	Soft.
Moderate.	Slow.	Thin.	Weak.	Soft.
Little.	Swift.	Frequent.	Vehement.	Hard.
Little.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.
Little.	Slow.	Moderate.	Moderate.	Moderate.
Little.	Slow.	Thin.	Weak.	Hard.

CHAP. IV. Of an equall and unequall Pulse.

REspectively or Relatively, * 1.172 for either respect is had to the equality and inequality, or to order, or to proportion or number; equal∣lity and inequality of the Pulse is nothing else but a con∣gruity or difference of one thing in pulses when compared with another.

Equality and inequality is either simply and absolutely such; or Secundum quid, * 1.173 and which is at least in a certaine kinde such.

Absolutely and simply, a Pulse is said to be equall which neither changed in magnitude nor in swiftness, nor in fre∣quency nor in vehemency, nor in swiftness, and if equali∣ty be observed in neither of these, it is called a Pulse abso∣lutely and simply unequall; but if a Pulse keeps not equal∣lity in all these, neither is made unequall in all these; it is said according to something, and in some respect to be un∣equall, the denomination is to be taken from that wherein it observes not equality.

Moreover these unequalities againe are divided into sy∣stematicall or collective, * 1.174 which is observed in more stroaks, and singular, which is in one stroake; collective, againe is double, unequality equally, and unequality un∣equally; unequall Pulses are equally when the first is so to the second, as the second is to the third, the third to the fourth, and so forward, unequall; unequall unequally are those which are not alike in their change, neither is the first so to the second as the second is to the third.

We call an unequal Pulse equally Myouron, * 1.175 from the simi∣litude of the tayle of a Mouse, which as the taile of a Mouse from some thickness by little and little and equally tends to sharpness, so these Pulses in magnitude are lessened by de∣grees and equally, and the following stroake is alwayes less then the former, which some call maimed Pulses.

These againe are either deficient Myourn which perpetu∣ally are lessoned till at length they plainly cease to strike a∣ny more; or such as at length cease to be lesned, * 1.176 and do not plainly give off and rest; and both of them againe are vari∣ous, for some keepe that pravity to which they are come

others do not persevere therein; but returne againe to mag∣nitude, * 1.177 which the Greekes call maimed Pulses running a∣gain, reciprocall shortned, or running Pulses, and these again either return to their former magnitude, or to lesser, or to a greater.

Unequally, unequall Pulses also are various according to all the simple differences of Pulses, but the chief, and those which the Ancients gave names unto, are the intermittent, deficient, the intercedent, or intercurrent.

The name of intermittent is attributed to that in∣equality which is in pravity and rarity, * 1.178 or only rarity, namely when the arterie is so hindered in cessation, that one pulsation seems to have two or three, between two which seeme to be deficient, and after one or more stroakes, * 1.179 the intermittent begins to beat againe.

Intercurrent, or such as go between, are opposite to inter∣mittent, and amongst them after certain stroakes, one or more stroakes intervene, which causeth inequality of fre∣quency.

A deficient Pulse is when an artery after it hath made un∣equall stroakes, * 1.180 plainly seemes to be defective in motion and to cease; which if it returne to its former motion, it is called a reciprocall deficiency, * 1.181 and this is the difference between an intermitting and deficient Pulse, that a deficient reci∣procall after a long space between, whereby the man seemes to be destitute of a Pulse, returnes, but an intermit∣ting at the highest returns after intermission of five Pulses.

A singular inequality is either in one part of an artery, * 1.182 or under one finger, or more, or all; inequality under one finger is, when in dilatation and contraction a certaine diversity in celerity is observed, so that one part of one motion is swif∣ter, another part is found slower, and this inequallity Authors divide into three parts, namely an intermitting Pulse, an uneven Pulse, and a hasty Pulse, or striking double.

Intermitting in one Pulse is when the dilatation of the artery before it can come to its terme and externall rest, * 1.183 is interrupted in the middle of its motion, and is refreshed in its rest, yet so that it cannot remaine in rest but performes motion, and comes to its accustomed terme and Externall rest.

Of this kind some Authors make many differences, * 1.184 a∣mongst which the cheife is an uneven Pulse, when in the Diostile as it were in the middle of its rest tis interrupted, yet so that after rest the faculty ariseth higher and perfects motion, whence in an uneven Pulse in one dilatation there is as were a double stroke, and indeed the latter swister then the former. * 1.185

An even hasty Pulse is when the motion is continuall and interrupted by no rest, * 1.186 but the part of the distending one is slower, another swifter, as if the motion of distention begins slowly and afterwards ends swiftly, or the contrary. * 1.187

Dicrotus or a double striking Pulse is when the Artery be∣gins to be moved, but before it perfects its motion it goes back and a small contraction being made it riseth againe to perfect its motion, and strikes the second time, so that a double Pulsation seemes to be made, which neverthelesse consists of one distention or dilatation.

In equality in one Pulse, but under more parts of the Ar∣tery happens, when in one dilatation the Pulse strikes two, three, or foure fingers, but those unequally, so that in one finger the Pulse is otherwise perceived then in another, and that in a twofold manner, for either the motion is interrup∣ted, so that some fingers perceive motion, others not, or it is a continued motion, when the Artery is otherwise moved un∣der other fingers; * 1.188 and indeed those which are made unequall in magnitude in one Pulse are called Myourus, namely when the Pulse under the fore finger is greater, lesse under the second, lesse then that under the third, but if the Pulse under the middle fingers be greater, under both extreame fingers lesse, they are called prominent Pulses or Myouroy, changing about unto every part.

Out of these simple differences of inequality other com∣pound do arise, * 1.189 for either a Systematicall inequality is com∣plicat with a simple, or a Systematicall with a Systematicall, or a singular with a singular; out of which compound differ∣ences the cheife are first, a rugged or uneven, second full of surges, third when it bears as if a worme did creep under ones finger, foure that feeles as if it were a Pismire, five a serrate Pulse, six a hectick, seaven a trembling.

In an uneven Pulse whereof we have spoken before in e∣quality is twofold in swiftnesse and violence, * 1.190 for one part of the motion is swifter the other, more vehement then the for∣mer.

In a Pulse full of waves there are two inequalities, * 1.191 in magnitude and frequeney, namely when the Artery is moved, the motion not interrupted, but unequall, so that magnitude may appeare first under the fore finger, afterunder the second, then under the third, hence under the fourth; according to the manner of the waves.

The Pulses like the moving of a Worme or Pismire, * 1.192 differ from a surging Pulse only in magnitude, for there is the same inequality in that Vermicular as in the waving, but the Ar∣tery is lesse and slower lifted up, and it renders the Artery as it were into the forme of a creeping worme.

This Vermicular Pulse being lesse and slower, * 1.193 but very fre∣quent is a Formicant motion, so called from the creeping of a Pismire, which indeed makes quick steps, but goes lesse way in longer time.

A Serrat Pulse is when one part of the Artery is more lif∣ted up and strikes the fingers more, * 1.194 the other is lesse lifted up, and strikes the fingers lesse.

A Hectick Pulse is so called from the similitude of a Hectick-Feaver, * 1.195 it alwayes persists in the same in equality what ever the inequality be.

Lastly a trembling or fainting Pulse hath inequality in many Pulses, * 1.196 in magnitude, frequency, and vehemency, in the same manner, as you may observe in the panting of the heart,

CHAP V. Of the order and Harmony amongst Pulses.

THe second difference of relative Pulses is constituted in respect of order, * 1.197 and it agrees at least to unequall Pulses, for equall Pulses are alwayes ordinate, but that is an ordi∣nate Pulse, which although it be unequall, yet it keeps some order in striking, but an Inordinate is that, which is unequall and keeps no order in striking; * 1.198 as if it should happen that an Artery should make foure equall Pulses, and the fift dif∣fers from equality; and againe an Artery makes foure equall Pulses, but the sift differs againe from equality, it is called an Ordinate Pulse, but if the first and second be equall, but the third lesse, the fourth fifth and sixth againe equall, the seaventh unequall, it is an Inordinate Pulse.

Inordinate Pulses againe either are absolutely so or not, absolute inordinate are, if whilst more circuits are conside∣red, those that follow no way answer to the first; not absolute Inordinate are, if the latter circuits, although amongst them∣selves they are not alike, answer to the first.

The last differences of relative Pulses is constituted in re∣spect of proportion or harmony now concord is nothing else but a proportion of the time of dilatation to the time of con∣traction. Harmony is either equall or unequall; * 1.199 equall ac∣cording to the opinion of Ancient Physitiansis when the time of contraction is equall to the time of distention; unequall is when the time of Diastole is greater or lesse then the time of Sistole, and a Pulse according to the opinion of the Anci∣ents is harmonious, which observes a proper meeter, * 1.200 to the age, temperament, and sex: Incongruous is that which dif∣fers from the proper Harmony of age, temperament and sex; but since a dilatation can scarcely be fully known, Galen doth not constitute a Harmony by comparing of the time of contraction with the time of dilatation, but rather by com∣paring of the quality of motion, as of swiftnessc and slow∣nesse, so that to him a meeter or Harmony is nothing else but proportion of dilations amongst themselves, and a congruous Pulse is that, wherein the Sistole and Diastole are equally swift; but an irregular is that, wherein the celerity of dilata∣tion and contraction is unequall, the inequality of which irregularities or discords may againe be divided into nine differences, according to the variety of dilatation and con∣traction in celerity and tardity.

CHAP VI. Of certaine things necessarily requisite to dis∣tinguish Pulses by.

BUt that a Pulse may be rightly perceived certaine things are required in the Physitian, certaine in the sich; * 1.201 in the Physitian first there is required that he have an exquisite sence of feeling, and a soft hand, especially in the Pulse of the outmost joynt of the fingers, not very hot, nor too cold, but temperate; secondly that presently after his commig in he may not touch the Artery, least perhaps the sick being troubled by the comming of the Physitian, the Pulse be changed, but let him wait a little while, untill he understands

that the sick is quiet, thirdly let him touch the Artery of the wrist of either Arme.

For the fingers rightly are to be applyed to the Artery, namely the first foure or three fingers, are to be put to the Ar∣tery that the more differences of Pulses may be apprehended; moreover since there is a threefold application of the hand to the Artery, compression, when the fingers do as it were presse the Artery, softly when the hand is gently applyed to the Artery, the medium when in an indifferent manner or with some small pressure it is put to the Artery; pressing is most convenient for the knowledge of contraction, if it may be, and for vehement pulses, but in languishing pulses it takes away the greatest part of the Pulse••by handling fearfully and softly, the vehement Pulses are not enough perceived; thirdly the medium is betwixt these two, and neither lightnesse of feeling is observed in vehement, nor compression in languish∣ing.

In the sick is required first what time the Physitian touch the Pulse, * 1.202 that he be free from all passions and preturbations of the mind, lest those mutations, which happen through the passion of the mind to the Pulses should hinder the Physiti∣an. Also neither is the Pulse to be tryed presently after mo∣tion of the body; lastly the hand of the sick ought to be placed right and free from all voluntary motion, and the sick may not bend his fingers much or distend them, but keep them in their middle and naturall forme, and the sick also may not lift up his hand with his strength, least he trem∣ble and causeth the Pulse to vary.

CHAP. VII How to know the differences of simple Pulses.

FOrasmuch as what belongs to the knowledge of Pulses, * 1.203 if we observe the Artery to be dilated and extended more then naturally it ought, and by reason of its great extending doth as it were resist the fingers or make them pit in, we account it a great Pulse, but if they resist but a little we ac∣count it but a small Pulse.

If it be considered that the Artery is moved by violence from terme to terme, * 1.204 nimbler and swifter then in a tempe∣rate or sound man, that is called a swift pulse, but if the space

is compleated by the Artery by a slower stroake, tis called a slow Pulse.

If the intervall between each stroake be longer then in a temperate or sound man, that is a thin Pulse, if shorter, * 1.205 a fre∣quent Pulse.

If the Pulse strive against, * 1.206 and as it were opposes it selfe to the application of the hand that presses it, tis a vehement Pulse, and if not, tis a weake Pulse.

A hard Pulse, if the Artery be gently touched, * 1.207 doth not resist the finger, as a vehement one; but if it be pressed harder, it doth not so strongly resist as a vehement Pulse, hardnesse also is never joyned with magnitude, nor vehemency with smallnesse.

CHAP. VIII. How to know the Respective differences of Pulses.

WHen we know the simple differences of Pulses, by that means we may know the compound, therefore the Physitian should first of all diligently exercise himselfe about the knowledge of simple differences: it is very difficult and almost impossible to find out the inequality of Pulses in one Pulsation and under one finger, but yet if it may be known, it is known onely in the greatest and most vehe∣ment Pulses, which resist compression; afterwards slack∣ing, and sometimes the middle betwixt both is to be used, sometimes one, sometimes two, now three, then foure fingers are to be applyed, so that if happily that inequality be not perceived under one or more fingers, yet it may be found under some or other.

But if the inequality of one stroke be to be tryed under severall fingers, you ought to apply foure fingers to the Arteries,

To know the order and preturbation of order, * 1.208 tis neces∣sary dayly to apply the hand; but if in a long Series of Pulses there be some diversity observed but keeping order it, is called an orderly Pulse; but if no order be observed amongst divers Pulses, it is an Inordinate Pulse.

The knowledge of Harmony, * 1.209 since the whole depends upon the knowledge of contraction and dilatation, and the comparing of these motions amongst themselves:

but to know the Systole in all pulses, if it be not impossible, yet it is very difficult; hence it appeares that the know∣ledge of meeter is not easie; and for the knowledge thereof nothing is more necessary then those things which are re∣quired of, or the knowledge of swift pulses.

CHAP. IX. Of the causes of Pulses in generall.

THe causes of pulses are divided by Physitians, * 1.210 into cau∣ses of generation, or immediate and proximate; and causes of mutation or remote; or into primary or secundary; those they call primary which make the pulse, and which being put there is a pulse, and being taken away there is none; * 1.211 those which do not make a pulse but alter and change it are three, the faculty, or use or end; these are many, whereof some belong tonaturall things, as tempera∣ments, sex, age, habite of body; others to things not natu∣rall, as aire, meate and drinke, exercise, rest, sleeping, weaking, excretions, retentions, passions of the minde; others to preter-naturall namely, diseases, causes of diseases, and symptomes.

The causes of pulses containing, each of them have two differences, * 1.212 for the faculty is either strong or weake, the use is increased or diminished, the instruments are soft or hard, hence some pulses do perpetually arise of one cause onely, which Gallen calls the necessary consequent, others call proper, and unseparable; and such like pulses only follow the faculty and iustruments, but not the use, and of necessitie a strong pulse necessary followes a strong faculty, a weake pulse, a weak faculty; hard arteries, make a hard pulse, soft arteries make a soft pulse, some although they are made more from one cause containing then another, yet they do not arise from that only, * 1.213 but tis necessary that others concur also, which they call familiar; the familiar pulses of a strong facultie, are great, swift, thin, weake small, slow, frequent; the use increased, great, swift, frequent; diminished, little, slow, thin; a soft arte∣ry, great, swift, thin; hard artery, little, slow, thick.

Compound causes make compound differences, and some∣times

two, sometimes three causes, are complicate; first, * 1.214 a strong faculty, and the use increased; the instruments obtaining a naturall constitution make pulses, great, swift, frequent, and moreover vrhement, a strong faculty and the use lessened brings forth pulses, moderate in mag∣nitude, slower, thinness, yet vohement; from an infirme faculty and the use moderately increased comes a pulse moderate in magnitude and celerity, frequent, languishing; but if the force be very weake, the pulse is little, slow, very frequent, weake; from a faculty weakned and use dimi∣shed ariseth small pulses, flow, thick, fainty; and if there be very great debility, the very least intermittent and defi∣rent pulses arise.

Secondly, if the use and instrument be joyned together, * 1.215 the use increased with a soft instrument, makes great pulses, swift, moderate in frequency; or if there shall be great excess, frequent, and soft; the use increased, and in∣struments hard, bring forth lesser pulses, swifter, more fre∣quent; if hardness abound; but if use, greater; if indiffe∣rent, there is excess of them both; if moderate in magni∣tude, they are swift, frequent; the use diminished with a soft instrument, causeth moderate pulses, in magnitude, slow, thin, soft; the use diminished with a hard instru∣ment renders the pulses less, slow, hard: and the instru∣ment exceeding in hardness inclines the pulse to smalness, rather then to slowness, contrariwise it happens when re∣frigeration exceeds.

Thirdly, if the faculty and instrument be complicate, * 1.216 and the faculty be strong, the instrument soft, the pulses are manifestly made greater, somewhat duller, thinner, and softer; a strong faculty, and hatd instruments bring forth small pulses, frequent, and for the most part swif∣ter, namely if hardness abound, but in an equall recess of them both, the pulses are moderate in all, yet harder; a weake faculty with soft instruments makes for the most part pulses in magnitude, and swiftness moderate and soft, but in an immoderate recess, they shall be little, slow, frequent. And if the faculty be very infirme, the pulses be come small, dull, and frequent; Lastly, if the faculty be infirme with the instrument hard, pulses that are little, slow, thicke, and hard do arise.

But sometimes all these three are complicate, * 1.217 and indeed, first the faculty strong, the use increased, the instruments soft make great Pulses; swift, moderate, in frequency, ve∣hement, soft.

Secondly, if these should be complicate, a strong fa∣culty, the use increased, and the instruments hard; and that hardness be little, but the use very much increased, the pulses are made greater then is fit, swifter, and more frequent; but if the hardness be not great nor the use much increa∣sed, the pulses are moderate in magnitude, and become more swift and frequent.

Thirdly, if the faculty be more strong, the use diminished and the instrument soft, the pulses are moderate in magni∣tude, slower, thinner, vehement and soft, and if the use be much diminished, are plainly less, slow and thin.

Fourthly, If the faculty be strong, the use diminished, and instruments hard, the pulses are lesser, In celerity and frequency moderate, or also if the use be great, and that there be a recess of the instrument from mediocrity, the pulses are slower and thinner, but the hardness of the instrument abounding, there is a great recess of the use from Nature, and the pulses are small, slow, and more frequent.

Fifthly, If the faculty be weake, the use increased, and in∣struments soft, the pulses are become moderate in magni∣tude and celerity, yet more frequent, but if the power be ex∣ceedingly weakned, it makes a small pulse, slow and most frequent.

Sixthly, If the faculty be weake, the use increased, and the instruments hard, the pulses are made little, slow, and frequent.

Seventhly, If the faculty be weake, the use diminished, and the instrument soft, the pulses are lesser, moderate in frequency, or rather thin.

Lastly, if the faculty be weake, the use diminished, and the instruments hard, pulses are made small, slow, frequent, but yet not alwayes of the same smallness, slowness and fre∣quency, but according to the excess of the causes are, lesser, slower, or more frequent.

But here it is to be noted, first, that the force and power of causes are more to be valued then nuthe mber, fince one more potent cause can do more in changing pulses then many weaker; secondly, the hardness of the Artery alwayes

doth resist the magnitude of the pulse, but not the celerity and frequency; thirdly, there is no more efficacious cause of small pnlses then weakness of strength and vertue.

CHAP. X. Of the causes of the simple differences of Pulses.

ALthough it may be easily collected from these things what the causes are of every pulse, * 1.218 yet because cer∣taine familiar causes concurre, which may afford some be∣nefit to the generation of pulses, namely grosness of body, leanness, an empty place about the artery, weight of the bo∣dy lying next above the artery, and propriety of formation of parts, let us joyne those to the rest, and let us here adde some to these.

The causes of a great pulse containing, are strong force, * 1.219 the use increased, the artery soft; a little pulse is made espe∣cially by the weakness of power, as also diminution of use as also diminution of use and hardness of the artery.

The causes of a high pulse are, strong force, the use increa∣sed, and when an indifferent grosness of body happens, and the place is straight and narrow about the artery; * 1.220 a low pulse proceeds from a languishing faculty, to which happens groseness of body, as being the concomitant cause; somtimes also, the arterie is buried deeper by the naturall framing of the body, whence the pulse is lower.

A broad Pulse is made from a power not altogether so weake, * 1.221 Accidents as being complicate causes are joyned therewith, the place wide, and the bodyes next over it are heavy; * 1.222 the cause of a thin pulse is a weake faculty and a hard artery, the concomitant causes are leanness of body, and thinness and driness of the skin.

The cause of a swift pulse is the use increased, * 1.223 the vertue indifferently strong, and the instrument soft; the cause of a slow pulse is weake power, or the use diminished, * 1.224 or the joyning of both these together.

The cause of a frequent pulse is the use increased with de∣bility of vertue, or hardness of the arterie; * 1.225 of a thin pulse, strength of vertue with use diminished, is the cause.

Of a vehement pulse, * 1.226 strength of vertue is the cause, of a weake pulse languishing strength, proceeding from what cause soever.

A soft pulse proceeds from the softnesse of the Artery, * 1.227 a hard from the hardnesse of the same, from what cause soever it come.

CHAP, XI. Of the causes of the respective differences of Pulses.

NOw followes what belongs to the respective differences of pulses, * 1.228 and first for inequality, the cause thereof is a weake faculty, and an Artery either obtruded, or pressed or too hard, or too soft.

The reason of an intermitting pulse is because the use re∣quires dilatation, and the faculty is ready and prepared that it may satisfie the use, but either tis loaden with plenty of humours, or it is hindred by obstructions or compressure of in∣struments; the same causes of inequality in motion, of swiftnesse and slownesse are rendred, but they are lighter.

The cause of Dicrotus or double striking pulse is an une∣quall distemper of the heart and Arteries, * 1.229 or the facul∣ty varied by reason of an unequall distemper which stri∣ving by a contrary cause in the middle of its Journy, is compelled as it were to begin a contrary mo∣tion.

Unequall pulses under many fingers do proceed either from weaknesse of the faculty, or plenty of humours, or soft∣nesse of Arteries.

Declining pulses which are called Myouroi, * 1.230 proceed from weaknesse of the faculty, whose action by how much the more remore it is from the heart, by so much it is the weaker, or from the placing of the artery, part whereof is more remote from the heart, and is placed more in the out∣side.

The cause of a congregation of many in equalities together are weaknesse of the faculty whither is oppressed, * 1.231 or dis∣tracted, or irritated, and the fault of the instrument, when the artery is either compressed or obstructed, or filled; pulses are made unequallyunequall, from the faculty not weake by its

selfe, but rather burthened, and oppressed, * 1.232 and moreover from the ill disposition of the artery, and tis either pressed by some body that lyeth on it, or some humour, or tumour, but une∣qual equally are made by an infirme faculty; and indeed reci∣procall Myouroi do proceed from a faculty not so weake as those which are deficient.

Intermitting and intercurrent pulses proceed from the same weakness of the faculty, * 1.233 and the instruments compressed and obstructed, yet the faculty; labours more in an in∣termitting, then an intercurrent, and in it doth almost lye still.

Concerning the causes of unequall compound pulses, * 1.234 the cause of an uneven pulses is when the faculty, otherwise strong enough, but now is oppressed by too great plenty of humours, or is hindered by obstruction.

The causes of surging pulses are weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours, or exceeding softnesse of instruments, * 1.235 and the faculty is so burthened, and oppressed with its load that it staggers and becomes unconstant.

From the same causes proceeds a vermicular pulse, * 1.236 only that in a vermicular the faculty is not oppressed, but is weak of its selfe but in a formicant, tis very faint, and the use striving, and softnesse of the instrument being joyned therewith.

The causes of a serrine or serrate pulse is a strong faculty and the use increased, * 1.237 together with hardnesse of the arte∣rie; and this pulse is familiar in inflamations of the inter∣nall membrances. * 1.238

A trembling pulse is made, whilst either the pulse is not perceived by reason of the trembling of the part, or it goeth out trembling, or when the heart trembles, and communicates that affect to the artery.

The cause of a hectick pulse is somewhat that is fixed and stable, and sticks to the solid parts, also weaknesse of strength. * 1.239

The harmony is not changed, unlesse the magnitude and celerity of the dilatation and contraction, be altered, but these are not changed except the use be changed, so all the causes of Harmony depend upon the use, for if the Diastole be swifter then the systole, there is a great heate present then, and a great necessity of refrigeration or expulsion of fuligi∣nous excrements, but if the systole be swifter and greater then the Diastole, there is more necessity of protrusion of fuligi∣nous vapours then of cooling.

CHAP. XIII Of the causes of varying of Pulses.

ANd in like manner divers differences of Pulses pro∣ceed from causes containing, * 1.240 which are secundary causes, and first naturall things, those which are hot by nature have a hotter Pulse, and that comes from the use increased; those which are cold, the contrary; the Pulses of such as are dry and leane are greater and thinner by much, and some∣what more vehement, but in grosser bodyes when the Arte∣ry is covered with much flesh, and cannot be freely dis∣tended, the Pulse is made somewhat smaller and more fre∣quent.

Men have a greater Pulse for the most part then women, * 1.241 a little duller, and thinner; women on the contrary have lesse Pulses, swifter and more frequent, but if a woman be hotter then a man, she will have a greater and more vehe∣ment Pulse.

The Pulses of boyes are great, * 1.242 very swift, frequent, in ve∣hemency moderate; of youth they are very great, and vehe∣ment, in celerity and frequency moderate; Pulses of old men are the least, slowest, thinest, and weakest.

As for the times of the yeare, * 1.243 in the Spring Pulses are greater, more vehement in celerity and frequency, mode∣rate; in the Summer they are fainter, small, swift, frequent; in Autumne weake, in magnitude unequall in celerity and frequency; in Winter, small and moderate, slow, thin, and weake.

Meate and drink immoderatly taken cause great, * 1.244 swift, frequent, too vehement, unequall, and Inordinate Pulses; moderate lesser and weaker, and in the beginnings swifter and more frequent, afterwards slow and thin, the use of wine especially makes great Pulses, swift, frequent, and vehement, and mutations which proceed from wines suddenly comes, and suddenly goes.

Naturall rest in the beginning make the pulses lesser, * 1.245 weaker, slower, and thinner, afterwards greater, and more vehement, and the slownesse and thinnesse, by little and little is increased; moreover if the sleep be too long, they re∣turne againe to pravity and debility, and retaine their sloath and thinnesse; when a man is stirred, up or awakned, the

Pulses begin to be greater, more vehement, swifter, more fre∣quent; equally indeed if a man be awakned by degrees, but unequally and troubled if he be suddenly awakned, yet a little afterwards the pulse againe becomes moderate: long watchings cause little and weake pulses, yet swift, and fre∣quent, at length the faculty being weakned, they become dull and thin.

Exercise and motion moderate, cause great pulses, * 1.246 vche∣ment, swift, frequent, but overmuch exercise cause little, faint, swift, frequent, when the use may be increased, and the faculty debilitated, at length they are little, slow and thin.

Moderate use of baths make great pulses, swift, frequent, * 1.247 and vehement, but if they exceed measure, little, faint, swift∣er, and more frequent. * 1.248

As for the passions of the mind, anger causeth great pulses, swift, frequent, vehement; joy makes great pulses, thin, and slow, moderately vehement, but if it be overmuch it renders them unequall and inordinate; In sadnesse they are little, languishing, slow, thin; feare soone makes the swift, pulse vehement, Inordinate, unequall, but they are of as long con∣tinuance as those are in sadnesse.

Immoderate evacuations, * 1.249 because they debilltate the fa∣culty bring forth pulses like to those caused by a weake faculty.

But as for those things which happen contrary to nature, * 1.250 although they are various, yet they change the pulse, because either they change the use, or affect the instruments, or faculty; in the first place when the faculty is affected, many changes are made of the pulses, for whether the faculty be diffolved, and weakned by those things which dissolve the Spirits and sollid parts, such as are soule diseases, great dis∣tempers, vehement and diurnall greifs, fastings, too great Evacuations, or whether they are burthened, or oppressed by plenty of humours, or by diseases of instruments, inflamations, or other tumours, the pulses are made lesse in the first place, and swift, frequent, feeble, afterwards the least, most slow, most frequent, most faint, and at length the faculty being almost prostrated, intermittent, deficient, declining, vermi∣culant, formicant, all which running through the various kind of affects contrary to nature, and principally out of the doctrine of feavers are made more manifest.

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CHAP. XIII. What the simple differences of Pulses signifie and presage.

ALthough from the causes of pulses, * 1.251 it easily appeares what every pulse signifies, and portends: yet that we may add something of each in particular, a great pulse although principally its familiar use be in increasing, a strong faculty, and a soft instrument; in those which are sick it signifies a hot disease, and a great pulse, unlesse it be hindered, followes all feavers, and it cannot be much dilated with the Artery, unlesse the power be strong, or at least not weake; a great pulse in all feavers is good signe.

A small pulse argues either debility of the faculty, or remis∣nesse of the use, or hardnesse of the instruments; and indeed if a small pulse shall be also faint tis a token that its weakness proceeds from a weake faculty, if small and hard, from the Artery; if neither debility; nor hardnesse be perceived in the pulse; it is an argument that it comes from the diminution of the use: whence little pulses with a weake faculty foretell death; the rest of pulses that are small for the most part presage long and difficult diseases.

A swift pulse signifies that the use is increased and the vigour stronge, * 1.252 or certainly not very weake, whence in those that are sound, a swife pulse signifies heate, stirred up by motion, exercises, baths and such like causes, which if it be also great, the strength is not yet debilitated, but in those which are sick, a swift pulse signi∣fies a hot disease, and is proper to those which are fea∣verish, and if magnitude be joyned therewith itshewes that the use is increased, with strength of nature, but if frequen∣cy be adjoyned without magnitude, it shews that the pow∣ers are weakned; if hardnesse of the instrument, the use being increased, hinders dilatation, that hardnesse is to be percei∣ved by the touch.

A slow pulse shews, * 1.253 the contrary, to wit, little heate and the use diminished, and then it is onely thin, and the vigour not firme enough, and withall it is feeble.

A frequent pulse signifies the use to be increased, * 1.254 or the faculty weakned, or the instrument hard; if it proceed only from the use increased, it is not faint, nor hard, and magni∣tude, frequently goes before, and then extraordinary great heat is discovered in those that are sick; if it proceed from debility, or hardness of the artery, that is discerned by the pulse.

Thin pulses are made, either through a strong faculty, * 1.255 and a soft instrument, or from the use diminished; in sound bo∣dies it signifies a cold constitution, but in sidk a cold dis∣ease, and coldness of the heart, and that which is contained therein, and therefore 'tis accounted an ill signe.

A strong and vehement pulse, shews a strong faculty, * 1.256 and if its vehemency exceed the bounds of nature, it signifies also great irritation.

A faint pulse on the contrary, * 1.257 signifies powers to be de∣jected, and that either by dissipation of spirits and resoluti∣on, and then it is also smal, and if use hinder not, slow, or by oppression, occasioned by plenty of humours, and then the pulse also is inordinate, and unequal.

A soft pulse shews softness of the arterie, * 1.258 and moreover in a sound body, signifies immoderate drinking, or dyet over moistning, or a bath, or idleness, but in a sick a moist habit of the body.

On the contrary hard pulses, * 1.259 shew the hardness of the ar∣terie, and indeed either by extending in convulsions, Tu∣mours, or by repletion of vessels, with humours and wind, or by drying as in burning Feavers, Hecticks, consuming Fea∣vers, Quartans, and other drying causes.

CHAP. IV. What the other differences of Pulses signifie & presage.

NOw for the other differences of pulses; and first, * 1.260 of that of equality, and inequality, equality although it shew a fixed disposition of matter, yet it signifies firmness of na∣ture, and therefore affords the better hope, but all inequali∣ties are worse, and either signifie obstructions of vessels or compressions, or aboundance of humours, hindring the force, and indeed a single inequality, is more dan∣gerous then systematick, or mixed: whence intermitting

pulses in one pulse, are more dangerous, then intermitting in many, if both of them proceed from debility of the faculty.

Uneven pulses, * 1.261 therefore being stirred up, and Myouri, and such, as striking double, are very evil, yet in an uneven pulse, that is quickned is less evil, then an intermitting; be∣cause although it signifie the faculty declining, yet it shews not it to be extreamly weak.

A Sistematick inequality, * 1.262 or complication of inequali∣ties unequally made is less dangerous then an equality equally made, because that for the most part is caused by, default of the instrument, but this happens by the imbe∣cility of the faculty.

Intermitting pulses with imbecility, * 1.263 fince they proceed from the debility of the faculty, are altogether dangerous, and indeed the longer they are quiet, and the more stroaks they intermit, by so much they are the more dangerous, yet old men and boyes are in lesse danger in this pulse, then young men in whom the faculty is weak, and offended by a smal occasion, but where the faculty is strong, not without a great cause.

A deficient Pulse is yet more dangerous, * 1.264 because it shews great imbecility.

An intercurrent pulse is the most secure of all unequal pulses, * 1.265 which indeed signifies the strength to be loaden, yet hitherto strong and whole, and promiseth victory.

Deficient reciprocal pulses shew great imbecillity of the saculty, * 1.266 yet with striving against the preter-natural causes.

Adescending or a declining pulse, * 1.267 & a vermicular, shew the faculty to be much weakned, but the formicant pulse is a token that the faculty is yet more dejected, and if it be perceived in Feavers, and quotidian diseases, it is a certain token of death.

A surging pulse signifies that the faculty is burthened, * 1.268 and weakned, and tis an ill signe if it be changed into a vermi∣cular, yet sometimes it signifies, that the strength is great, and the arteries moistned with the humour, and moreover with decretory sweat

A serrate pulse is ill token, * 1.269 and signifies an internal great, and dangerous inflamation.

But as for Order since it signifies a fixed, * 1.270 a perpetual cause, the perturbation of order being troubled; if the

pulse be otherwise profitable, order signifies firmness of power, but inordinate shew that the faculty is oppressed by fuliginous excrements, but if the order of the pulse be together unprofitable with the inequality, it signifies the highest weakness, and is a very ill signe.

Lastly, change of harmony signifies variation of the use. * 1.271

CHAP. XV. What Pulses presage health, or death.

ALthough it easily appears from hence what pulses signifie safety, or death, yet that we may handle them singly; * 1.272 great pulses, swift, vehement, double striking, surging, sig∣nifie that the faculty is strong, and indeed amongst those the vehement is in the first place, afterwards the great; hence the swift, and surging. Lastly the double striking. But smal pulses, languishing, intermitting, declining, * 1.273 ver∣micular, formicant, and all pulses which descend from me∣diocrity, to the extrcame (in defect) except the most ve∣hement; signifie that the strength is failing, and weak: and these pulses of themselves do shew that the faculty is weak, if they are equal, but if they proceed from the faculty bur∣thened they are unequal; hence the vermicular, formicant, intermitting, and declining, are deficient evils, by how much the pulse is fainter and lesser, by so much it argues the greater debility of strength.

Hence it plainly appears that the pulses which promise health, * 1.274 are those which little decline from the pulses of sound men, and are equal, ordinate, great, vehement; but amongst the fainting ones, little, eunqual, & inordinate, those which are least, these (so that malignity be absent) are least dangerous.

On the contrary seeble pulses, little, slow, and such like, * 1.275 indicating the faculty weak, portend danger or death; if to∣gether other ill signes also do appear; also all those pulses are evil, which come to extremity, except the most vehe∣ment, and amongst those, the least, most faint, most slow, and most thin, are the worst of all, but of the unequal, those are less dangerous, wherein are many great, and vehement

stroakes, the dangerous are the declining, intermitting, in∣tercurrent, vermicular, and formicant as is said before.

Lastly, * 1.276 pulses conduce to the knowledg of the manner of the event, for pulses which are weaker; duller, and thinner to the Judgement, signifie, that the disease will not give off, but rather by solution wear away by little and little; but unequal pulses, vehement, great, swift, and frequent in∣forme the Judgement, that the disease will soon be at an end, and in a critical day (or day when there is a conflict of nature, and a disease, and a change expected) the pulses are inordinate, and unequal, and if they become strong from weak, and become great from little, it shews the next Crisis, or judgement, and they presage good; if in unequal pulses there are more great then little, swift, then slow, mode∣rate, then frequent, vehement, then faint.

CHAP. XVI. Of signes to be observed from the Tongue.

BVt besides the urines, * 1.277 and pulses, the Physitian also shal consider sweats, excrements of the paunch, spittle, the Tongue other things, but since we have spoken before of the former, and hereafter I shall speak again, here we will only add something of the tongue, which shew certain signes, es∣pecially in Feavers, and as often as any change happens of its own accord, either of colour or taste in the tongue, it is certain that so often there is some change made in the body.

But why the tongue should change its natural constitu∣tion, * 1.278 there are two principal causes, humors, exhaling out of the veins and arteries of the tongue, and principally affe∣cting the coat of the tongue; moreover, vapours and humors ascending from the inferior parts, to which notwithstanding sometimes humours flowing from the head are added.

The colour of the tongue is changed, and is become white with the spittle wherewith it is moistned, * 1.279 and it is dried by heat, which often comes to pass in Feavers, a white colour is often changed into a yellow, mud colour, or black, whilst other humors are communicated to the tongue, and that external skin is changed by the fùliginous feaverish vapours. Whence the colour of the tongue may shew both

the nature, and the time of the Feaver, for as Hiprocrate; saith, in the beginning the tongue is white or yellow (in his Third Book of diseases) in progress of time it grows black, and if it grow black in the beginning of a disease, the disease wil the sooner be over; but if in the latter end, 'twil endure the longer nay oftentimes the tunicle of the tongue, is so polluted with fuliginous vapours ascending, that some∣times it rots away; but when the Feaver declines the co∣lour of the tongue returns to its natural condition; and the humour which is spread about the Tongue, is taken away, and that which was corrupted is separated, and that change first appears in the top of the tongue: hence that other pa••t towards the chops also by little and little becomes pure. Lastly, the root, and if any one daily do diligently observe the tongue of the sick, the declination of these may be known no less from thence then by the urine.

The taste of the Tong••e being changed, * 1.280 signifies abundance of humours; from choler the taste is bitter; from sweet flegme sweete; from a salt, salt; from an acid humor, sour or sharp.

The tongue is made rough and dry by defect of the humi∣dity, which was consumed by the feaverish heat, yet in roughness there is a greater defect of humidity then in driness only.

THE THIRD BOOK. THE SECOND PART. Of the Diagnostick Signes.

CHAP. I. Of the Signes of Causes in generall.

BUt now that we may come to the Kinds, * 1.281 and that we may explaine the Anamnestick, Dia∣gnostick, and Prognostick signes: concerning the Anamnestick signes we only admonish you of this; that the causes which have gone before are known either by the effects which are left, or they are known by some profitable, or hurtful thing, which they occasioned.

As for the Diagnosticks, * 1.282 they are either of a disease neer at hand, or present: Of the signes of diseases neer at hand this is a general rule, that every mutation in actions, accidents, and excrements, after what manner soever hapning contrary to custome, and without any externall cause, * 1.283 threatens a disease; for when all these things are right according to the natural constitution, they are signes of health; as soon as any thing in them begins to change from its natural state, it signifies a falling from health into a dis∣ease, and the same signes, if they are gathered together, and increased, indicate a disease to be now present.

But since it doth not satissie a man to know that a dis∣ease is imminent, or that it is present, but it is necessary to know what the disease is, the signes are to be propounded severally, both of Morbifique causes, and places affected of diseases, as also of symptomes: and that we may begin from the signes of causes, which lead us unto the knowledg of

diseases; concerning the necessary signes of causes, and by which any thing may be known certainly; some are pro∣per, others common, but collected together by a race or current, and are limited within their proper subject. * 1.284 The proper signes are savour, colour, and motion of humors, as to tast, blood is sweet, flegme, watrish and unsavory, chol∣ler, bitter, salt flegme, causeth a salt taste, flegme and me∣lancholy an acid, a sharp adust melancholy causeth a brack∣ish taste.

The blood is red, as also choler is red; * 1.285 flegme that is white hath a white colour, pale choler, a pale; yellow a yellow; Leek colour a greene, an Aeruginous, is like Verde∣grease; melancholy hath a black hew, troubled; black chol∣er black, splendid, and when one savour, or colour agrees with two humors, we may know the humour from the taste and collour joyned together, so that when acid flegme and melancholy are joyned, 'tis acid by the white colour, acid flegme is known, by the black melancholy.

Moreover the humors have their determinate motions se∣veral daies; the flegme is moved, the day between each, * 1.286 chol∣er; Melancholy is moved the fourth day, if such a motion be wanting the blood offends, choler also for the most part is moved about noon-day, melancholy in the evening, flegme in the night, the swiftnesse also, and slowness of motion, indicate the humours of a disease, for a swift disease depends on a thin humor, hot and cholerick; a slow, on a dull and thick.

But because those signes lie hid in the innermost parts of the body, so that the humours cannot be known, * 1.287 a current of common signes then ought to suffice: the causes and af∣fects, or the antecedents and consequences supply us with such signes; antecedents are supplied by two fountains, namely external, and evident causes, or things not natural, and the disposition of the body; but the consequences are all symptomes, and whatsoever help, or hurt.

Non-natural things dispose the body and bowels to the generation of this or that humour, * 1.288 according as they either heat the body, or cool it, or make other changes in it, of which is spoken before, Lib: 1, Part 2. Chap: 2.

Moreover, the dispositions of the body have great power in generating humors, without which those evident causes can do little in producing them. Now these dispositions may be reduced to four heads. First, there is an hereditary

disposition of the body. 2ly. age: 3ly. Constitution of the body. 4ly. Intermission of some accustomed evacuations fit to generate this or that humour.

The consequences are symptomes, * 1.289 namely actions hurt, excretions, and retentions, and the qualities of the body changed; also diseases arising from humours. Lastly, all things helping, and hurting.

CHAP. II. Of the Signes of Causes, and of Humours in par∣ticular.

AS for what belongs to the signes of every humour in particular gone before, * 1.290 signifies that blood doth a∣bound, and a plethory as to the vessels is present, as is ex∣pressed before in the Lib: 2. Part 2. chap: 3. The habit of the body is fleshly and firm, overspread with an habituous vapour, the veins are fuller, and especially after exercise and heat swel; the muscles are extended, the strength of Na∣ture is increased, with a certain proportion of blood, and if the blood fil the veins so ful that they cannot be cooled, or fanned enough, it grows thick, and seeks to weigh down the inferior parts, hence the muscles of the leggs being filled with blood are moved with paine, and wearisomness ariseth. Re∣spiration is more difficult after labour, in their behaviour they are merry and pleasant, and their discourse and memo∣ry duller, their sleep is profound, and more durable and pleasing, with flattering dreams, and of red things, and blood; the pulse is great and strong, all natural actions are excel∣lently performed; the urine is more plentiful, and moderate in substance, and colour, and the contents therein are plen∣tiful, the colour of the whole body, and especially of the face is red, and rosie, the reins of the cies are red, the skin being touched is hot, yet that heat is gentle, they easily to∣lerate evacuations of blood, by what means soever made, sparing diet takes away the wearisomness, and quencheth thirst, but they are offended by hot and moist things, and all things which increase heat; idleness and food, increasing blood hurts them, but a plethorick constitution is known as to its strength, by gravity of body, an unequal pulse, signes of crudity, and oftentimes by signes of putrifaction; begin

Sweet flegme abounding is known from the causes which conduce to the generation of flegme, if they have preceded, * 1.291 of which above Lib: 2. part 2. ch: 4. Moreover, those which abound with flegme are dul, flow, lazy, and unapt for moti∣on, more stupid in their senses, dullet of apprehension, pro∣pense to sleep, and sleep more soundly, they dream of wa∣ters, and raine, snow, haile, ice, and of drowning, their manners are unbeseeming, they are not easily angry, the pulse is little, dul, thin, and soft; they are not troubled with thirst, their desire is weaker, they are affected with cold diseases, moist, and durable; they send forth many flegmatick excrements, and abound with spittle, their urine is white, pale, sometimes thin, sometimes thick and troubled; their dejected ordure is crude, & pituitous; the whole body is thick, white, soft, and more cold to the touch; heating and drying things, cutting and atenuating, and eva∣cuating flegme advantage them, they easily indure fasting. On the other side all cooling, and moistning things, and thickning, and those which retaine and increase Flegme, of∣fend them; if the Flegme be sour, all those signes are the more vehement, but salt Flegme is known from the prece∣ding causes, of which is spoken before, thirst is present, a salt taste, those things which are cast out are crude, but withall biting. Moderate salt things delight them; too much drying and heating things hurt them.

Choler is known to abound if the causes, * 1.292 and dispositions of the body have gone before, which conduce to the gene∣ration of Choler, proposed before, lib: 2. part 2. chap: 9 as if a man be not drowsie, but watchful; if he dreame of fire, thunder, and lightning, and contentions, and is ful of activi∣ty in motion, and rash or precipitate in consultation, is easi∣ly angry, the pulse vehement, swift, frequent, hard; if his concoction be depraved, and turned into a nitrous crudity, if the appetite of meat be less then the appetite of drink, hot and dry diseases afflict him, and those which have a swift motion, and symptomes arising from choler; if the u∣rine be yellow, and splendid; the excrements coloured with cholour, the habit of the body is dry and leane, and carries with it lively heat, the colour of the body is yellow; cold and moist things, and such as purge choller, as also acid things delight them; hot and dry things, as also fasting hurts them.

Melancholy is known to abound from the causes and dispositions going before, * 1.293 propounded aboue lib: 2. part 2. chap: 6. For what belongs to the consequences, those which abound with a melancholy humour are silent, full of thoughts, stable, and pertinacious, and slow to anger, who nevertheless are not easily pacified; their sleep is turbulent, perplext with horrid and terrible dreams, they are sad and fearful without any manifest cause, they have a little pulse, dul, thin, and indifferent hard, their colour is yel∣low, dun or duskie, almost black, they desire meat and Venery moderately, they are void of thirst, and abound with spittle, they make much Urine, and if none of the me∣lancholy be evacuated therewith, it is thin and white, or if some of it flow with it, it is thick and black, and they sweat plentifully in their sleep, the Hemorhoids either flow, or are suppressed, much wind is in the body, and they are apt to four belchings, the habit of the body is lean, sharp, and hard, the colour yellow, the spleen sometimes swels, and grows hard within them; tubercles appear in the veins, and they are affected with other melancholy diseases.

Black choler is a signe of yellow choler and melancho∣ly mixed together, * 1.294 and the indications of melancholy ap∣pear, but joyned with manifest signes of heat, whence mad∣ness, a canker, a Leaprosie, and such like diseases arise.

Aboundance of serous Humours are collected, * 1.295 not only from the antecedent causes, whereof we have spoken be∣fore, but also from a somewhat moist and pale body, and the Urine is crude and aqueous.

Moreover, * 1.296 winds discover themselves by those signes which are reckned above in the lib: 2, part 2, chap: 7, more∣over fluctuations, & rumblings & tumblings in the guts, and Hypochondrias are perceived, and switching pains without gravity, & wandring, & such as suddenly arise, & suddenly va∣nish; also a humming and buzzing in the ears, pantings of some parts of the body, belching, breaking wind backward, or in the paunch are discovered, and the Urines are frothy.

Malignant and pestilent humors, * 1.297 how they may be known is spoken amongst fevers, but the signes that poison is drank are, if any biting happen in the stomack, or guts, to any sound man, after eating and drinking, and if the belly or stomack be moved to expel, and their colour within six hours turn yellow, and spottie; if the extream parts of the body grow cold, and swounding, palpitation of the heart, and

swelling happens, but if one be hurt by the biting of any living creature, or with a prick, or sting, or froth, and the offended part should mortifie, become putred, should be inflamed and swel, and the paine be great, and those symp∣tomes before mentioned appear, it is a token that the li∣ving creature was venemous.

CHAP. III. Of the Signes of Diseases.

SOme signes of diseases indicate the kind of diseases; * 1.298 o∣thers the magnitude, others the manner, and they are taken from those three fountains, the causes, those things which necessarily inhere, and the effects of the causes, and what force each hath is spoken of in lib: 2. part 2, * 1.299 and there∣fore if any causes are present, or hath gone before, it is a signe of a disease which that cause is apt to produce, but a∣mongst the causes, the dispositions, or inclinations of the body are to be weighed, which are apt to produce this, or that kinde of disease; for every body either fals into a disease like its own constitution, sooner then contrary to it; and that disposition depends on the age, sex, course of life, and manner of dyet.

Neither are those things to be past over, which help and hinder, for if hot things are advantagious, cold things are mischeivous, and a cold disease is understood; the contra∣ry comes to pass if the disease be hot: the same reason is of other tempers also.

Out of those things essentially inhering, * 1.300 or in the pro∣per essence, diseases are easily known in the external parts, and are obvious to the senses, but diseases of the internal parts, although they may be known by those things which essentially inhere, yet not immediatly; but others coming between; so a tumour of the bowels is known by the skin mediating, which is lifted up, by the subjacent parts, and it self is become swolne.

As for what belongs to the effects and symptomes, * 1.301 an action that is hurt, if it be not by some external error, it signifies that a disease is present in that part whence the action is hindred, and indeed an action abolished, and di∣minished, signifies a cold distemper, that a greater, this a

lesser; but depraved actions signifie for the most part a hot distemper, and since an alteration cannot be made sudden∣ly, nor doth the distemper suddenly cease when the altera∣tion is introduced, if the action be suddenly taken away, and suddenly restored, it doth not indicate a disease of in∣temperature, * 1.302 but an organnick: but if the actions are pre∣sently taken away, and remain absent long, either obstru∣ctions occasioned by thick matter, or a cold intemperature is signified; the excrements too much coloured, signifies a hot disease, as also doth dry ordure, but clammy, thick and white dreggs shew a cold distemper, * 1.303 qualities also changed indicate diseases; softness signifies a moist distemper, a pale colour of the body signifies a cold distemper; but a red co∣lour a hot.

As for the magnitude of a disease, * 1.304 if a great cause, and that which hath great force of acting hath gone before in what kind of disease soever, without doubt 'twil generate a great disease, the proper nature of a disease wil easily be∣tray it self, for by how much the more the pathognomick signes (or the signes that discover a disease) shal be grea∣ter, or lesser, by so much it shews a greater or lesser disease; hither to belongs also the worthiness of the part affected, for by how much the part affected is more noble, or can draw more noble parts into consent, by so much the disease is counted the greater moreover the symptomes by how much the more and greater they shal be, to which this hap∣pens, that if the disease do not give way to exquisite, and great remedies, by so much the greater the disease shal be, it is deservedly accounted great.

A malignant disease is likewise known by malignant ve∣nemous causes preceding. * 1.305 Moreover, 'tis the nature of cer∣tain diseases, that in the same manner is they are known, they indicate malignity, such are the Morbus Gallicus, Leaprosie, and such like. Thirdly, malignity discovers it self by the effects, for when no dangerous, or vehement symptome is present which might trouble, the sick nevertheless is un∣quiet and weak, and the disease after smal remisness is swiftly, and vehemently exasperated by sweats, and other excrements, and the sick perceives no manner of ease, es∣pecially if frigidity of the extream parts, or watchings should happen, if in the beginning of sleep, sleep seeme∣troublesome; if the sick without a cause be afraid, waxeth exceeding hot, drops blood, and the other ill signes be pre∣sent, which are spoken of amongst malignant feavers, it argues amalignant disease.

Acute diseases are known from hence, * 1.306 that they are sud∣denly moved, and immediatly after the beginning afford grievous symptomes.

CHAP. IIII. How to know the parts affected.

The fountains of the signes whereby the parts affected are known, * 1.307 Galen in his first Book of the places affe∣cted, Chap: the 5th: accounts five, the actions hurt, excre∣rions, scituation, proper accidents, and propriety of paine; which notwithstnding are comprehended under those foundations before proposed.

Amongst the causes the first are those things which are ta∣ken in, whereof some have power of hurting this, * 1.308 others of offending that part; moreover to those things which are carried about us, belong arts, and course of life, from whence it happens, that sometimes this, sometimes that part is more hurt, as sleeping, and watchings, which princi∣pally offend the braine; anger which principally hurts the heart; as also other passions of the mind.

Thirdly, those things which are retained, they more of∣fend that part wherein they are detained. 4ly. Those things which happen and befal us externally, they also shew the part affected: if any one use mercuriall vunctions, it is probable that the nervous parts are hurt, that evil which commonly overspreads signifies that part to be hurt, which is manifest, doth labour in other sick persons. By things essentially inhearing, here are understood both the propri∣eties of the parts, and the diseases themselves inhearing, for although diseases are not of the essence, of a part as it is a part; yet as it is an effect centrary to nature: diseases them∣selves seem to be in a part essentially; inherent diseases therefore indicate parts affected, a tumour appearing any where signfies either that part is affected, or the part which is placed above it; and the scituation and figure of the Tumour, and the motions hurt will shew it in its kinde; a falling of the guts into the codds

signifies a rupture of the peritoneum, or rim of the belly; gibbosity signifies hurt of the spine, or marrow; the propri∣ety of parts shews places affected as they are proper to those parts, so if we see stones come forth with Urine, with∣out doubt we conjecture the veines or bladder to be affe∣cted.

As for the effect, * 1.309 first an action hurt shews that member by which it is offended, unless it be hurt by some external error; so ratiocination being hurt, imagination, memory, they signifie the brain to be affected; as likewise by sleep, watchfulness, exercise of the whole body; The visive fa∣culty is hurt by an affect of the eye; the hearing, of the ear; the smelling of the nose; the taste spoiled is a token of a disease of the tongue; if the urine be suppressed, the cause is to be sought in the reines, uriters, bladder, or urina∣ry passages, if yellow choller be not purged from the blood, blood, it is a token that the bladder of the gall is di∣stempered. * 1.310

Hitherto belongs paines, which shews that some sensible part is affected, yet a differing paine may be a signe of di∣vers parts; a pricking paine is proper to inflamations of membranes; a striking paine, is caused by parts sensible which are inflamed, containing arteries; a burthensome paine agrees to the whole substance of the bowels, lungs, liver, spleen, reines; inward, deep and profound paines, as it were breaking the part, signifies the membrances of the bones to be affected; a broad paine, & spreading it self eve∣ry way about, is a token that the membrances are affected; streightness shews somewhat belonging to the extending of the nerves.

The vital actions being hurt shews that the heart la∣bours. Lastly, natural actions hurt in what part soe∣ver, shew a signe of that part which is affected, but more manifestly in publick parts, more obscurely in private parts. * 1.311

Secondly, in excrements which also afford signes, more things are to be considered, namely the kinds, qualities, manner of casting them out, quantity, order; the kinds of excrements are two-fold, for either something is cast out of the substance of some part, & signifies that part to be affect∣ed, as if a little skin orflake, or little peece of flesh should be cast out of the mouth, it shews the lungs, the wind-pipe,

the Epiglotis, the gullet or ventricle, to be corroded; and if it be cast out by a cough, it is a signe that it comes from the brest, but if it be cast out by vomit, it is a signe it comes from the stomack; or that it is not the substance it self, but that which it contained in it, and is familiar to it, that is so ejected, so meat, drink, or chile cast out by reason of a wound, shews that the stomack is proforated, or that the guts are too thin, and if the stomack be hurt, the sick wil belch much; if the guts, the wind goes out by the seat; u∣rine flowing out through an Ulcer or wound, shews that the bladder, uriters, or reins are hurt; but which of these parts are affected, the scituation of the wound discovers. The dreggs of the belly ejected through a wound, or the smel of the dung perceived in the wound, shews that the guts, especially the thick, are hurt. So also of other parts.

But seeing that the same things may often come forth from many parts; the quality of the excrement, and man∣ner of its coming out, shews which is the part affected: if the blood be thinner, hotter, more florid, and comes out leaping, it shews that the arterie is cut; but if it be thick∣er, and comes out without leaping, or dauncing, it shews that the veins are hurt; blood that comes from the paunch, shewing like that wherein meat hath been washed, shews that the liver is affected; if any come forth only by spit∣ting it shews that the mouth, or parts next to it are affe∣cted, unless perhaps it flow from the head into the mouth; if by spittle, the chaps or larynx are affected; if by cough the wind-pipe, or lungs, so that it doth not raise a cough by defluxion from the head; if by vomit, the throat and stomack, so that it come not into the stomack from the liver, or spleene, or other parts adjacent.

The quantity also of excrements afford signes; if much blood is cast out, it is a Token of an affect of the lungs; if little, of the wind pipe.

That blood which flows from the reins is more; from the bladder less.

Moreover, order in excrements is a token of the place affected; if first blood, and afterwards dreggs are cast out, it signifies that the fundament, or some gut is affected within; if first dreggs come forth, afterwards blood, it shews the guts are thin, or the parts above them are affected; so if quitture which is brought forth in the Urine come before, it shews

there is an ulcer in the gut colon, if it follow it shews that the superior parts are ulcerated.

Thirdly, * 1.312 qualities changed also affords signes of places affected, red colour of the cheeks signifies inflamation of the lungs, the colour of the body, but principally of the face, pale or yellow shews that the bladder of the gall is not right, the flesh and skin being yellow, in dicate the bones that are under them to be corrupted, a filthy smel exha∣ling from the nostrils, shews that the parts within the no∣strils are affected; if from the mouth, it shews that the teeth, chops, lungs, or stomack are affected; if from a wound of the paunch, it signifies that the guts are wounded; hardness of the right Hypocondrie is a signe that the liver is affected, of the left that the spleen is affected.

Lastly, certain diseases pertain to effects following, other diseases of the place affected, which are therefore called symptomatick, or familiar, and are discoverers of the prima∣ry disease. * 1.313

But least that we should erre in knowing the place affe∣cted, by the actions hurt, and should take the part which is hurt by consent, for the primary affects; First the anatomy and functions of mans body, and the use and consent of all the parts ought to be known whence a part receives its nerves, arteries, and veins, and from what parts it can send any thing to them, and receive any thing through them, therefore if in a member sense, or motion be hindred, and the part suffer no ill, we must observe what nerves are in∣serted therein, what muscles move it, and whence those muscles take the nerves, and tis to be enquired, whether those parts have suffered any evil; so a nerve being hurt, tis easily communicated to the braine, the evils of the arte∣ries to the heart, the hurts of the veins to the liver, and a∣gain, the braine being affected, sence and motion is hurt; the heart, the vital actions are hurt, nutrition is weakned through default of the liver,

Moreover it is to be enquired whether a part be primarily hurt, or by consent of other parts; that is known first from ••he precedent causes. Namely if a part which is affected be hurt by no evident cause, but a part with which it hath consent, hath suffered some evil, tis probable that that part is affected by consent. Secondly, if any hurt coheres with the hurt of another member, that by increasing of the one the other increased, and by the decrease thereof it be

diminished, and that ceasing, it caseth; it is a token that such an affect is stird up by consent: but from that part where the disease first declined, it shews that to be the part affected by consent; but by essence that wherein the disease remained longest; thirdly an affect by consent doth not presently infect, but for the most part by in∣tervals; fourthly if two parts are together affected, and by applying things that are helpfull to the one, or hurtfull, the other be helpt or hurt; tis an argument that tis an af∣fect by consent. * 1.314

But although any one from these Fountaines of signes may come to the knowledge of all parts affected, yet that for ex∣ample sake we may add some in particular, first Animall actions hurt, afford signes of diseases of the head and braine, whither they are diminished or depraved, yet this is to be noted of the externall senses, and motion hurt; since that the braine is not the immediate Organ of those actions, but only supplyes animall Spirits, tis to be inquired whether the cause of these actions hindred be in the brain, or in the proper Or∣gan; the excrements also of the braine sent forth through the Emunctories indicate the braine to be affected.

The signes of diseases of the heart, * 1.315 for the most part are taken from vitall actions, and the qualities changed of the body: Actions hurt are respiration which the preternaturall heat of the heart changeth, palpitation of the heart, the pulses much changed; for according as the heart is, so is the heate and colour in the whole body.

The signes of the liver affected, * 1.316 are first when its action is hurt, which is Sanguification, a token whereof the urine and dregs of the paunch afford; moreover when the habit of the body is changed, and their is an ill colour of the the whole body, and penury of blood is in the veins; some∣times also by default of the spleen, or by reason of excre∣ments regurgitating from elsewhere into the veins, the co∣lour of the whole body is changed; thirdly distribution of blood is hindred, which is known by the leannesse of the bo∣dy and flux of the belly; fourthly a perception of gravity in the right Hypocondrie, as also a tumour encompassing the liver.

When the stomach is ill disposed tis known by its * 1.317

actions hindred, such are the appetite hurt, the concoction vitiated, which is perceived, because those that are sick either are sensible of paine after meate, or the stomach is blown up with wind, or are troubled with belching, loathing, vomiting; also if the dejection be slower or swifter, without any fault of the liver, then is fit, the stomach is to be suspected. * 1.318

The first signe that the brest is affected, is difficulty of breathing; the second, a cough; the third, paine; lastly those things which come out by coughing, as blood, quitture.

Lastly, * 1.319 the signes of the affects of the Windpipe are the same, but principally they are taken from the change of the voice, somtimes also a cough is joyned, more may be read of these things in the practicall part.

CHAP V. How to know Symptomes.

ALthough Symptomes for the most part are obvious to the senses, * 1.320 yet somtimes they lye hid, and had need have signes, which are taken from causes, and effects: nutri∣tion, if it be not rightly performed, the body is extenuated and growes leane: if augmentation be not rightly per∣fected, the body is lesse nourished; if the generative fa∣culty be hurt, either none, or weake Children are generated; attraction and retention being hurt, are known from their effects, especially digestion is known by the excrements of its concoction; so that which is in the stomach, by the dregs of the belly; that which is in the liver and veines, by the urine; those excrements which are in the brest, by the spittle; lastly the expulsive faculty is known to be hurt, if those things are retained which ought to be ex∣pelled.

The vitall faculty is known to be hurt by the changed pulse of the heart and Arteries. * 1.321

As for the animall faculty, the Physitian knows the de∣pravation of the principall faculties from the words and deeds which are different from comlinesse and congruity. In the same manner also other animall actions may be known to be hurt from their effects.

THE THIRD BOOK, PART THE THIRD: Of the Prognostick SIGNS.

CHAP. I. Of the severall kinds of Prognostick Signes.

YEt there remains the Prognostick Signs by which we may know those things which are to come, * 1.322 which may happen to thesick: For the Physitian ought especially to know before hand three things concerning the Patient.

First, what the event or the end of the disease will be.

Secondly, at, or about what time the disease will have an end.

Thirdly, how, or by what means. * 1.323 Of each of these before we speak in particular, we must speak in generall of the Prog∣nostick Signs: and we will premise some things of knowing the times of diseases; Namely, some signs are of crudity and concoction, others of life and death, others criticall, or judi∣catory.

The signs of concoction and crudity, are Urines, * 1.324 Excre∣ments of the Paunch, spirtings, and spaulings, and cathar∣rous matter; The signs of life and death are those which are sent forth with Urine and Excrements of the Paunch; also swears, easie and difficult respiration, easie or difficult induring of the disease, the pulse, the face, and comly lying down, like unto what they were wont, and the contrary to these: Moreover, criticall signs are such as shew sudden mu∣tation and perturbation, and some of these are both signs

and causes as Vomit, Excrements of the Paunch, much Urinc, blood flowing from the Nose, the Parotides, or swel∣ling of the Gumms, or about the Chops, setling of hu∣mours in one place, and then in another, which are called dissolving by Hippocrates, because they put away the dis∣ease; some are only signes of a Delirium, watching, stupidity, paine of the head, difficulty of perception, out of quiet, dif∣ficulty of breathing, and darkness arising, and appearing before the eyes, a noise of the eares, shinings before the eyes, unvoluntary teares, a troublesome night, without any reason, agitation of the lower lip, great stifness, the face and eyes looking red, a retraction of the Hypocondries, a loa∣thing, but there is not the same force and reason of all these signes; the signes of concoction are never ill at what time soever they appeare, nay the sooner they appear the betterr: but judicatory Signes are not accounted good, unless in the height or state of a Disease; so neither are those good which are wont to indicate those in the beginning of a Dis∣ease.

Signes of concoction, some are proper to one sort of disea∣ses, as spittle to the diseases of the breast, others are common to many kind of diseases, such as Hyppocrates, 1. Aphor. 12. reckons, the Urine, excrements of the Paunch, sweats. The excrements of the belly are signes of that concoction which is perfected in the belly, but the Urine of the concoction which is made in the Liver and arterious vein.

For when the Urines afford proper signes of the parts through which they pass, as of the Reines, Arteries, Blad∣der, Yard, we must have a care least we are deceived in u∣niverfall and acute diseases, by those particular and proper signes of those parts; and what is spoken of Urines may al∣so be said of excrements of the Paunch.

CHAP. II. Of those kinds of Signes by which the times of Dis∣eases may be known.

IT is exceeding profitable to know the times of diseases, * 1.325 but especially the state, but the signes of times are taken first from the form, and Idea, secondly from the time of the year, and other such like things: Thirdly from the comings (or

fits) and circuits, increasing and decreasing. Fourthly, from the Symptomes of diseases, or from the Essence, and Idea, the causes, and those things that precede the disease, and by the Symptomes, and those things that accompany a Dis∣ease.

As to the form of a Disease, * 1.326 by how much the motion of a Disease is swifter, by so much it is nigher to its height, and is a token that the Disease will be shorter, but by how much the flower the Disease is moved, by so much the more remote it is from the state.

Secondly, * 1.327 that Disease which happens in the Summer is neerer to its height, that which happens in the Winter is more remote: In hot Regions, Diseases are more acute and short, but in cold, longer; those that are hotter by na∣ture, are subject to hotter Diseases, and so shorter; those that are colder, to more cold, and consequently more la∣sting; hotter, and dryer Victuals, generate hot humours, and thereby shorter Diseases; colder, and moister dyet generates pituitous humours, and so more lasting Diseases; great strength of nature in a Disease that is not mortall, * 1.328 shewes that the Disease is short, but weaknesse shewes it will conti∣nue longer; but strength in a disease that is mortall, shewes that it will continue longer, but weakness signifies that it will be shorter.

Thirdly, * 1.329 in the fits the houre is to be considered in which the Paroxysme returnes, the time of duration, and the vehemency of Symptomes, for if the fits returne soo∣ner, and the latter be longer then the former, and more vehement, it is a token the disease is increased: on the contrary, if the latter fits return slower, and endure a shorter time, and are not so violent, it is a signe the disease abates; but sometimes Paroxysmes, enveigh equally and all of them return at the same houre, which most commonly is a sign of a long disease, but sometimes they come not e∣qually, but at severall houres, which shewes that the disease will be shorter, and is neerer to the state.

Moreover, if the fits come sooner, and that equally, the signs of concoction not appearing, it is the beginning, but if they anticipate more hours then before, it is in the in∣crease; when they observe equality again a good while, it is the state; when lastly the omitting or abating of the fits happens to be various, it is the declination: If the order of

the fits, so that sometimes they come too soon, sometimes too late, and sometimes equally, and at certain times. When the fits do equally invade without the signes of concoction, tis the beginning, but when they anticipate not, tis the aug∣mentation; when they observe equality, it is the estate: And lastly when the coming late happens again, tis the de∣clination; but if the order of fits be various, so that some∣times the Paroxysmes invade equally, sometimes anticipate, and sometimes come later; when the fits equally invade without signes of concoction, the beginning is; when they come too soon no more, the state is; but when they come too late, the declination is.

As for the longitude and magnitude of fits, * 1.330 if the time of intermission or declination be short, and they are neither plainly intollerable, nor altogether free from Symptomes, it is a signe of the increase. On the other side, if the abating or the intermission be long, easie to be indured, and free from all Symptomes absent, declination is shewn.

But the most certain signes of the times of diseases, are di∣gestion and crudity, for whensoever a sign of concoction ap∣pears suddenly, it shews the disease will be short and termi∣nate in health, but a signe of crudity shews the disease will continue long, or even prove deadly; and if grievous Symptomes grow upon the sick, so that they come with signes of concoction, they need to trouble no man, but if they happen without signes of concoction and with crudi∣ty, they portend danger.

CHAP. III Of the signes of times of Diseases in particular.

ANd that we may speak something peculiarly of knowing of the times of Diseases, the beginning of a disease is as long as the disease is crude; * 1.331 An evident and manifest con∣coction is a most certain signe that the beginning is finished: And in the beginning the Symptomes are hitherto more mild, but in the augmentation all of them increase, and in the state, when the greatest contention is betwixt the matter and the disease, all of them are most vehement: but this comes to passe sometimes soon, sometimes late; for in very acute diseases immediatly they have extream pains, 1. Apho. 7 but in Chronick the times are extended longer.

CHAP IV. Of the signes by which we may foretell the event of a disease.

ANd these things are spoken of Prognosticks in gene∣rall, now we are to speak of those three, * 1.332 which use to be presaged, namely the event of a disease, the time of the end, and the manner: but the event of a disease is fourfold, for some diseases kill the diseased, others plainly leave them off, so that the sick returne to their perfect health; others neither kill the sick, nor leave them off, but accompany them even to deaths doore; others are changed into other diseases, and somtimes into worse, somtimes into milder.

The event of a disease is known by comparing the strength of nature with the disease, and by the longitude of a disease, * 1.333 or the state with the time to come; for if the sick passe over the state, there is no need, that he should any more feare the danger of death by that disease; because after the state no man dyeth in the declination by the power of that disease.

The signes of strength and weaknesse of nature are sought principally from causes, and effects: * 1.334 the proximate cause of the strength of nature is a natural constitution of the parts. And this, by how much the neerer it is to the naturall tempe∣rature, constitution and naturalll unity, by so much it signifies the firmerstrength; by how much the more remote, by so much the weaker. For strength of nature principally depends upon a naturall temperament, whereunto belongs age also and sex; for in men and youths the strength is firmer; in women, old men and boyes, weaker. Remote causes are all those things, which by whose intervening the strength of a naturall con∣stitution is increased, or preserved, or diminished; such are those things, that are taken in, which are carried about, which happen externally, and that are evacuated, and retain∣ed; for if all these things have been moderate heretofore, and are moderate, it shewes strength of nature; if immode∣rate, imbecility. Amongst the effects are first, actions, which, by how much the more they are observed according to nature, by so much the more they signifie health: on the contrary, by how much the more or more noble they are, or by how much the more they are hurt, by so much the more

they shew the strength to be weakned: Secondly, Excre∣ments signifie nature to be powerfull, when in their substance, quantity, and quality they are most like to na∣turall, but they signifie the contrary, if they are contrary. Lastly, qualities changed, by how much the neerer they shall be to the qualities of sound men, by so much they shew the greater strength in the diseased; by how much they differ from them, by so much the more imbecillity.

The strength of a Disease is known from things essen∣tiall, * 1.335 inhering causes, and effects, or consequent Symp∣tomes.

As for what belongs to a constitution contrary to nature, the difference which follows the form of a Disease, or the causes, or the subject, afford signes of the event; if the Dif∣ease be great it indicates danger and death, if little health, and by how much the fewer and more gentle those Symp∣tomes are that shew what the disease is, by so much the lesse the strength of the disease is shewn; but by how much the more or greater they are, by so much the more vehement is the Disease: but principally malignity ought to be suspe∣cted alwaies; a disease also, by how much the more it resides in a noble part, or may draw in a noble part by consent, by so much the more dangerous; but that which is in an igno∣ble part is out of danger.

The causes are such, as either bring forth a disease, or dis∣positions which have gone before it. or such as are helpers and supporters of a Disease.

The efficients are either Internall or Externall, internall are either solid bodies, or fluid; Diseases therefore which proceed from solid matter, as from stones, gravell, especially such as is great, for the most part are incurable; Diseases which arise from humours are dangerous, if they offend in the whole substance, and are malignant, if they are very purred, if plentifull, endued with mischievous qualities, and inhere in a noble part, and are crude; those which are contrary indicate the Disease to be less dangerous: Dis∣eases which arise from blood for the most part are whol∣some, from yellow and pale choller not very dangerous, from leek coloured choller, and the colour of the Yolk of an Egge, for the most part deadly.

The Aeruginous for the most part all are mortall, as those from black. A Disease also from an humour perversly thin, is more dangerous then if it be mingled with some o∣ther more mild.

Diseases also which proceed from many vitious humours mixed together, are more dangerous then those that arise from a single humour, regard neverthelesse being had to the nature of the peccant humour.

Diseases also are more dangerous which proceed from a humour causing a tumour, then from a quiet, so that it doth not adhere quietly to a noble part. As for the exter∣nall and evident causes, this is to be noted of them in gene∣rall, if they trouble the body long and violently, and are withall malignant, and continue long in the body, they sig∣nifie a dangerous Disease; those which are contrary tend more to health, and are lesse dangerous. Of the dispositions of bodies, Hippocrates 2. Apho. 34. writes thus.

Those are lesse dangerously sick, whose disease is sutable to nature, or age, or custome, or time of the year, then they whose diseases are agreeable to none of these.

Moreover, if Adjuvants, * 1.336 whether they are externall or internall, or from nature, or from art, help, they signifie a healthy Disease, and not a dangerous; but hurtfull things, if they hurt not, shew that nature is well: On the contrary, if those things which ought to help, do not help, they shew that the Disease is dangerous and deadly.

Thirdly, for what belongs to effects and Symptomes, by how much the Symptomes are lighter, by so much the Dis∣ease is more gentle, by how much they are greater, by so much the Disease is more violent.

The plurality of Signes are not only to be handled here, * 1.337 but the gravity and dignity of good and evill signes are to be considered and compared amongst themselves, and with the strength of the Sick; for the dignity of signes is principally to be valued in respect of life, and alwaies those are counted most worthy which indicate the force or imbecility of the vitall faculty.

CHAP. V. How to presage of life and death from the error and faults of actions.

AFter that we have spoken those things in generall of knowing the event, we will speak something in particu∣lar of what may be foretold by Symptomes, whereof this is the summe: Those things which are most like or agreeable to nature are healthy, those which are most unlike, or diffe∣rent, * 1.338 are deadly,

And first for actions hurt, and what belongs to the ani∣mall faculty, in what disease whatsoever, to have the right use of ones reason, and to be well in respect of those things which are taken in, is a good signe, but the contrary is an ill signe, Hypocrates 2. Apho. 33. and to do any thing contrary to custome, and to will something formerly not accustomed, or the contrary, that is, either to speak little or much, or mad∣ly, or absurdly, or obsceencly, to move the hands untoward∣ly, to read wanton things, to uncover the body, and denu∣date the privy parts, not to be sensible of pain, untoward, and next to being frantick, * 1.339 2. Coac. Sect. 1. Apho. 10. But prin∣cipally to continue well in understanding, is good in those diseases wherein the brain is affected, or is drawn into con∣sent: But although to be well in mind, in diseases of other parts, be a good signe, yet it is not sufficient to signifie health, for many dye that are perfect in their understand∣ings.

Although no ravening be safe, yet that which is with laughter, and good signes, and is light, and not continuall, is more safe, but that which is with violence, continuall and vehement, is more dangerous, but that which is with bold∣ness and rashness, is the worst of all; yet other things which are joyned therewith are to be considered; first, the Pulse, respiration, and appetite, which if they remain safe, it is a good signe, as also if sleep follow; but on the contrary, if ill signes are joyned with ravening or madness, they threaten death, for deadly signes denote certaine destru∣ction.

Ignorance with shaking fit is evill, * 1.340 tis hurtfull also with oblivion, 1. Prorrh. Com. 2. Apho. 30. yet that oblivion which comes with a Delirium is less dangerous, so that the Delirium wherwith it appears be not dangerous.

Sleeping and waking if they are customary, * 1.341 and from a na∣turall course, tis good, but sleep and watchings if they are eccessive evill, 2, Apho. 3. but yet if watching happen before a Crisis, the matter being concocted, it denotes no hurt; a Coma or Disease that causes long sleep, in the beginning of a Disease, signifies the Disease to be dangerous, as also that which happens in the height of a Disease, and by so much the more dangerous is the Coma, by how much the more grievous Symptomes are joyned with it.

As for the mischiefs of the externall Senses, if the sight, * 1.342 the time of judicature being instant, be hurt with the signes of concoction, it indicates no evill, but that sight which is hurt without the signes of concoction, and after an ill Crisis, wants no danger, Cal. 4. Aphorisme 49.

The hinderance of hearing also, if it happen during a good Crisis, is not evill, but if without a Crisis, it is evill; and in acute Diseases for the most part it denotes the braine to be affected: And in the first place, that is mortall which is made by reason of decaying of the strength and extingui∣shing the faculty; those evils also which proceed from evill evacuations, 3 Prorrh. 37. The sound also and continuall humming of the eares, if it happen with signes of crudity, and in a day that is not judicatory, and the strength langui∣shed, it signifies a mortall or deadly Phrensie; when it happens otherwise in the vigour of a disease, and decretory daies, it indicates the Hemerodes of the Nose.

The mell and tast being offended, * 1.343 is a certain signe rather of the peccant humour, then of the event of a disease, but yet if the sick, the faculty being extinct, should be deprived of tast, it is a deadly signe.

The sudden want of the sence of feeling, * 1.344 which happers in diseases, is an ill signe, since it is a token, either of the dilating of the vitious humors so sar as to the brain, or of the extinguishing of the native heat.

If inflaming paines which presently appeare in the be∣ginning, * 1.345 and are not too vehement, nor continuall, and are taken away in a short time, or are abated, especially, after a plentifull evacuation, occasioned by nature, or art, and no dangerous signe be joyned, tis good; but those which continue long, presage an impostumation, but those which happen, the disease increaseing, are not evill, because they denounce a Crisis. It is good also if when a concoct∣ion appears, the paines invade the remote parts from the bowels, and that principally on the criticall day, but all those diseases are evill which afflict the principall parts, es∣pecially if they are joyned with a continued feaver, and other ill Symptomes; but diseases of the noble parts are good, if they happen after concoction, and doe not vanish in a short time, and the sick are other wayes the better by that means; but if they happen in the beginning, the mat∣ter being hither to crude, and the disease not abated thereby, or if shortly they vanish without any manifest cause, or be∣ginning from a more ignoble part, and ascend to a more noble tis an ill token: also it is evill not to be sensible of paine in any part.

The same reason for the most part is from wearisomnesse, * 1.346 for that lassitude which is promoted by the humours, flowing from the noble parts to the externall, with signes of concoction, is a good signe, and especially if it vanish after some evacuation, but if it happen without the signes of concoction, and with other perverse Symptomes, and is not abated by evacuation, it pretends evill.

As to the Symptomes of motion; * 1.347 if bodies are moved aright and easily, tis good, but not afight, or with difficulty, tis ill 2. prog. text. 6.7.

Hitherto we may refert the decubiture, * 1.348 for it is good for the sick to lye on either side with his hands neck, and legs, a little bent, his body streight, not bending towards his feet 1. prog. text. 13. for it is evill to lye supine, with the hands, and feet stretched and dejected, but it is worst of all to slide downe the body to the feet, to observe no order of lying in one's bed, nor to be quiet in one place, raving and striving to fly out of the bed, to uncover his hands, fecte, and nakednesse, ib. textu. 14. and seq. but if a

criticall anxiety or trouble, tis not so hurtfull, all the rest are evill 2. prog. 27.

That convulsion is most dangerous wherein it appeares that the motion is most depraved, * 1.349 and the contraction more vehement, and lasting, and which occupyeth more parts, and neerer to the braine, which renders respiration diffi∣cult, interrupted, and sighing, or from a flux of blood, or which happens from much purging, which happens in acute feavers, which succeeds a Phrenfie, as also in the iliack, passion and watchings, but the convulsion which happens to Children is lesse dangerous, Galen 1. Epid. comm. 4.24. and that which is caused by too much motion of matter to the head or stock of nerves, or that which is occasioned through the mordication of the ventrilcle by the sharpnesse of the humour, or a medi∣cine, or by straining in vomiting, and doth not last long.

A Hiccock is like to a convulsion which if it come with∣our a feaver or any disease; * 1.350 and be occasioned by meate or drinke it portends nothing of eminent danger, but after too much purging, and with inflamations and feavers, hiccocks are allwayes dangerous, especially if they happen to old men; unlesse a Crisis of vomiting afterwards be present, especially if other dangers and deadly signes joyn∣ed therewith.

Trembling is evill if it happen in the beginning of diseases without an evident cause, * 1.351 and indicates the diseases to be dangerous, especially if it shall be longer and more grevious, and other weighty Symptomes are joyned therewith, as those which happen in an Apoplexy and Lethargie, but that trembling which happens after∣wards, and is occasioned by the critick expulsion of hu∣mours, from the interior to the externall parts, is a token of no evill, nor is that trembling evill which succeeds a palsie, since it is a token that nature overcomes the disease.

A shaking fit which incontinued feavers happens in that houre wherein the paine useth to gripe, * 1.352 when the signes of concoction go before, tis a token of a future Crsis, and ther∣fore accounted good, if some good evacuation follow; otherwise if it happen in the beginning of a disease, or with an ill and difficult crisis tis adjudged evill.

Cold fits which happen at certain times in intermitting feavers, * 1.353 signifies no evill; nor are they ill signes in con∣tinued feavers, which happen after signes of concoction, and are tokens of criticall evacuations; and after which the body growes hot again, and some criticall evacuation follow∣eth. But those which are occasioned whilst the matter is crude, by reason whereof the body cannot grow hot with e∣vill evacuations, or when no evacuation followeth, and which happens with ill signes, are all evill.

Sloath of apprehension, * 1.354 specially of the body caused by cold, is perpetually evill, and without a feaver or Apoplexy, it pretends manifest danger in feavers, by reason of the ex∣tinguishing of the native heat.

Moreover the signes of defaults of speech are to be obser∣ved; * 1.355 a shrill voice threatens danger, since it denotes excee∣ding drinesse of the instruments of the voice; dumbnesse, al∣though it be never good, nor without danger, yet it is not al∣wayes deadly, namely when the judicatory evacuation fol∣lows, and when it doth not continue long; the rest that are dumbe, are all for the most part mortall; and so much the worse, how many the more perilous signes are ioyned.

Secondly, * 1.356 the strength and weaknesse of the vitall faculty, which are of greatest force in foreshewing safty, or death, we observed principally from the pulse and respiration. Of the pulse tis spoken already, onely we repeate this, that the most languishing, most dull, and most thin, are the worst of all; after these the least and softest, and hardest; next the most frequent, but not swift, nor great; only amongst extreames the most vehement is the best, yet we must diligently observe alwayes, whither the change of the pulse arise from the dis∣ease, or come from externall causes.

Hereunto belongs the Palpitation of the heart, swounding and falling downe, as it were dead, which indicate dejection of the vitall faculty, and great danger, if they happen through some disease of the heart it selfe.

Respiration, * 1.357 of it be naturall, signifies neither the brest, nor heart, not midriffe to be any way affected with paine, nor any adjacent parts Galen 1. prog. Apho. 25. and moreover it hath great force in signifying tokens of health, when one is sick in a feaver, especially if other good signes are present Hip. ib. on the contrary preternaturally respiration, although it be not allwayes mortall, yet tis alwayes evill, but worst of all if it be joyned with other ill signes; great and swift brea∣things

signifie great store of fuliginous vapours, yet the organs apt, and the faculty hitherto strong, a great and slow pulse happens only to those that are disturbed in mind; a great and frequent pulse snew pain or inflamation of the part serving for breathing; little and swift respiration shews plenty of fuligi∣nous excrements, but with paine, or inflamation of some of the organs appointed for breathing; a little, and slow pulse shews not many vapours, with paine or inflamation of some instrument of respiration, and with other ill signes portends not a little danger; little and obscure respiration is perpetu∣ally evill, and signifies dissolution of strength; but little and thin is the worst of all, because it indicates the greatest debility of the faculty, and if a cold breath proceed from the mouth and nostrills, it is very destructive; but the worst of all, and the nearest to death, is when it extends & is obscure, and sublime, wherein the brest is much dilated, and some∣times the Shoulders, and grisly part of the nostrills, but that which is inspired is very thick, and most frequent; but the worst respiration of all, is that which is made with ordure.

Moreover for what belongs to the Symptomes of the natu∣rall faculty, * 1.358 their perfection is known by their operations, of which it shall be spoken hereafter, but that we may speak here something of the desire of meate and drink; to have a good appetite to meat, and that proceding from a naturall cause, and as Hippo. 2. Apho. 33. writes, in every disease to take easily whatsoever is offered, is a good signe; on the con∣trary an ill appetite of meate is bad 7. Apho 6. not to thirst also in hot and burning feavers, wherein the tongue is filthy and black, perpetually signifies mischeif, and a delirium, or dissolution of the desiring faculty, or of them both; but as it is an ill signe not to thirst, so tis a good signe to thirst in hot diseases, also to thirst immoderatly and over much, is notgood,

CHAP. VI. Of the signes of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions.

AMongst exerements, urines principaly use to be observed, * 1.359 but although it is spoken of already, what they shew, above, part the first See. 2. cap. 21. yet here we may breifly comprehend those things which portend to death or life, namely, that urine is best which is most like that of a sound

person from this the rest differ in substance, colour, quantity, and contents. As to the substance, the goodnesse of the sub∣stance with a good colour, promiseth health; thin urines with a good colour promise health, yet they shew a disease which re∣quires longer time for concoction. Thin and red urins signi∣fy a crude disease 2. prog. 30. but thick, which are made so after the beginning of a disease are also good, if they were thin before, much urine if it be made on a criticall day is good, which somtimes is profitably made with sharpnesse, and paine.

Troubled urine, not setling in the bottome, because the strength of the diseased persists, argues for the most part the disease to continue long; if imbecility of the fick be present, it denotes their death, but those which grow cleare are bet∣ter. As for the colours of waters, a pale red, a light safron co∣lour, and a kind of cleer clay colour are good, neither is a red∣dish colour with a reddish and light sediment to be found fault with, but on the other side bright shinning urines, and white are evill; and especially if they appeare such, in Phrensies, 4. Agho. 72. principally, if they are so in the be∣ginning of a disease, and continue so long; thin, and red, signify the disease is crude, and moreover tis dangerous if they continue so long; black urine in acute diseases, unlesse they are emitted on a criticall day, allwayes denote great danger; after black, the oyly are the worst, yellow, and green also are nought, and green urines if they appeare so suddenly in men that are in other respects sound, with biting of the heart, tis a signe they have drank poison, and they are in dan∣ger of death, but in feavers they are mortall signes; es∣pecially if they appeare in the beginning of the dis∣case.

As for the quanity Hippo. 3. Epid. com. 3. tom 4. condemnes thin urins made in great quantity; as also much urine, thick, not residing and no way helping; and all urines are made in great quantity in the beginning, are disliked; small quantities of urines in acute feavers are also nought.

As to the contents, those urins are evill which have no se∣diment, and nothing that swimmeth in the urinall in the mid∣dest of the urine, nor a little cloud; unlesse the sick hath fasted long, or watched, or laboured: or because the body is exceeding full of choler; thick waters also without a sediment are dan∣gerous, and a sediment representing, the forme of thick brain, is evill, but worst of all, if it reside in a manner like scales of

Fish, but if it be thin and white tis vitious; but that which is furfuraceous or like Bran is worst of all, Hippo. 2. prog. 28. a nubecula, or little cloud, which is carried in the Urine, if it be white tis good, if black tis nonght; tis evill also for the sick to make water and not know of it.

Secondly, * 1.360 the dejections of the belly afford us signes two manner of waies; first, as they shew the concoction of the stomack and guts, also as they manifest the humours flowing from other parts to the guts; As for the first kind, that ejection is best if it be gentle and constant; and sent forth at that time when it is wont to be in the best health, if quantity be according to what hath been eaten, 2. Apho. 13. The latter is good if it be criticall, and with signes of concoction in the state of a disease, and happen on a cri∣ticall day, and ease the sick, 1. Apho. 2. On the other side ill dejections, and those which portend destruction, derogate from the good in substance, colour, smell, time wherein they appear, nor are they voided with ease.

As to their substance and quantity, dry excrement and rolled up in clods are signes of fiery heat, and if be∣sides they shall be black, they declare a burning disease to be in the middle of the body, and for that reason are evill: On the contrary liquid excretion is not evill, if it have other good notes; but the watry ordure is worse, and proceeds from greater crudity; and moreover in chole∣rick diseases, with ill Urines tis deadly, but in more milde it signifies the disease will continue long. A glutinous, white, light, fat, and foetid ordure, and little, are condemned, 2. Prog. 21, 22. Cleare dejections also in acute diseases are condemned, 2. Prorrh. 15. and froathy, and cholerick ejections in acute cholerick diseases are accounted evill, ibid. Apho. 18.

As to the colour, excrements which differ from the naturall colour, are white; red, bloody, watry, green, yellow, black, full of mixt colours, unlesse they are emitted cri∣tically they portend danger: Yet in all these ejections in judging of them, regard is to be had of the meat, and to take heed you observe whether that quality hath its rise from dyet that hath been taken; for they become white either by the obstructing of the passages through which choler descends to the guts, or through the motion of the choler to some superiour and more noble part,

Red are also of themselves dangerous, yet if they are extru∣ded after the victory of nature, they rather shew hope of pre∣sent health, then portend any thing of evill.

Black Excrements since they proceed either from blood or melancholy humours, or from black choler, that blacknesse which comes from concrete blood, or a melancholy humour, is not alwaies evill: but pure black choler can never be sent out of the body without destruction of the sick.

Green and aeruginous ordure which proceeds from aerugi∣nous choler tending to black, is an argument of a pernicious disease, if it be cast out from any principall part, and the bowels be affected with an Erysipelous; if the Excrements are yellow, they signifie vehement cold in the internall parts, and as it were a certain mortification: Ejections also of di∣vers colours are evill, 2. Prog. 23.

Faetid Excrements are evill also, and the worst of all, and few are preserved whose excrements in acute feavers are foetid, yellow, fat, black, and blew, or lead colour.

Those vomitings are good which truly purge the causes of diseases, * 1.361 or which are made critically, and when concocted matter appears on the criticall daies, and are suitable to the nature of the disease, and take away or abate the same; but on the contrary, all those are evill which happen in the be∣ginning, when the matter is not yet concocted, and which take not away the morbifique matter, and the disease; and they are so much the worse if other pernitious signes be pre∣sent, such as are sincere Vomits, leek coloured, lead coloured, black, stinking, and foetid, from the guts, Ileon, and very lit∣tle.

Sweats are good which happen after decoction is made, * 1.362 and on a criticall day, and coldnesse, and stifnesse, proceeding & flowes out hot and plentifully from the whole body, and lessen and abate the disease: on the other side, those are evill which happen whilest the matter is crude, which are too much, or too little, and those which are cold, or flow not from the whole body, and neither diminish nor take away the disease.

The Hemorodes of the nose are good which happen in the state of a disease, * 1.363 with signes of concoction, nor is that al∣waies to be condemned which happens in the augmentation, and also in the beginning, seeing the blood wants no other preparation, neither do the other humours. Good Hemerodes ought to be large, but yet not over much, but to be made with

ease, and the symptomes of the Feaver to be abated, and to happen in a criticall day, and in those diseases, wherin blee∣ding is proper to their nature and condition; and moreover the blood ought to flow from a part opposite to the part affe∣cted: on the contrary, those are ill Hemerodes which hap∣pen in the beginning, unlesse other good signes are present, and if they appear with dangerous signes, and those which are too large, or too little.

Dropping of blood from the Nose is evill, if it be caused by pervernesse of matter, multitude, imbecility of force, or all these, especially in the beginning, or on the fourth day, if the blood be black, sincere, and without mixture: But it be a token of a future Crisis, tis no ill signe, which happens when the signes of concoction have been before, and the disease is not dangerous.

Spittle is of great use in shewing of diseases of the breast, * 1.364 and that is good which is concocted, white and equall, and is spit out conveniently, and easily in a short space of time, without great pain, and a great cough: on the contrary, tis evill if it be crude, yellow; worse, if it be green, worst of all if black, especially if it be without mixture, if it appears more dull, and is spit out with great difficulty, tis also evill; when the spittle is bloody, for it proceedeth from erosion, or from breaking of Vessels.

Lastly, decretory Imposthumations are good, * 1.365 if they happen with signes of concoction, and other good signes, and break on a judicatory day; they are good by nature which are re∣moved from the bowels and more noble parts, which perse∣vere, are suppurated, and help the sick: On the contrary, those are evill which break forth without signes of conco∣ction, the matter as yet being crude, and on a day that is not criticall, if they are too great, or too little, or happen to be in the fingers, or toes, if they are lead colour, or too red, inclining to black, and those which decrease and vanish, without any reason, and without any precedent evacuation, those which are not well suppurated, which are corrupted, and they bring either that part where they are, or the whole body into danger.

CHAP. II. Of the signes of health and of death which are taken from the mutations of the qualities of the body.

MOreover to the mutation of the qualities of the body, * 1.366 and first concerning the whole body, tis a good signe if it be rendred not much unlike to a sound body in habit and colour.

Tis no good signe for the most part in a great Disease, when nothing is changed, 2. Apho. 28. Tis also an ill signe when bodies are extenuated in the declination of a Disease, and although they take food are not thereby refreshed. For in acute Diseases, tis an ill signe when the body is puft up and swelled, unlesse criticall humours are then remitted.

The colour of the body when changed contrary to na∣ture, * 1.367 and especially in the yellow Jaundice, is a good signe. In Feavers if it come to passe by natures driving the cholerick humours critically to the out side of the body, and the skin; but that which is contrary is to be adjudged evill.

Those signes which are in the face are of great force, * 1.368 but that face is best which is like to theirs which are in health, but if it be contrary tis vitious, Hip. 1. Prog. 5. but a face may be unlike to their faces that are well many waies, and by how much the more it recedeth from the face of sound people, by so much the greater evill it denotes.

All which signes Hippocrates in his description of a face, * 1.369 which differs from a face of a sound person produceth, which therefore is called an Hippocraticall face, 2. Prog. 6, & 7. sharp Nose, hollow Eyes, the Temples streightned, or nar∣row, the Eares cold and contracted, and their fibres in∣verted, the skin also about the Forehead hard, fixed, and dry, and the colour of the whole countenance green, or black, which change of the countenance is very deadly, especially in the beginning of a disease, unlesse it so hap∣pen to be from some evident cause, and mends night and

day, but that face which is of a purple colour, mixt with blew, unlesse the Hemerodes of the Nose, or an Imposthu∣mation behind the Eares be to follow after, is an ill figne, and denotes a very hot disease of the brain.

As the eyes are affected, so the body, * 1.370 and principally the head, 6. Edip. Comm. 4. tom. 28. for if the eyes are like to theirs that are well, have a naturall colour, are full, splen∣did, and indure the light without trouble, if they open their eye lids well, and shut them without teares, and without excrements, they are good signes.

But there are divers mutations in the eyes, and as Hippo. 1. Prog 10. writes, if the eyes avoid the light, or shed tears against the will of the sick, or are perverted, or one shall be lesse then the other, and the white become reddish, or of the colour of lead, or black Veines, or phlegme appears a∣bout the sight, or look divinely upward, or are hollow, or the colour of the whole countenance varies, all these are to be accounted evill and destructive, but worst of all if the sick see not, hear not, and if this happen in a weak body, death is nigh at hand.

A sharp Nose, and a Nose that is turned, or wreathed, * 1.371 after what manner soever, is an ill signe; if the Nose itch contrary to custome, unlesse it indicate a flux of blood imminent, it shewes that a Delirium will fol∣low.

The Eares if they are of a wan colour, * 1.372 black contracted and cold, tis a signe of death.

The grinding of the teeth is an ill signe, * 1.373 tis an ill signe also when any glutinous humours sticks to the teeth.

When the Tongue is like theirs who are in health, * 1.374 tis a very good signe, but tis very evill if it be green, black and exceeding dry, cleaved, or chopped, rough, and as it were burnt: But principally dry, hard, and black Tongues indi∣cate danger, if they appeare with other ill signs, & most of all if when the Tongue is rough and dry, the sick be not thirsty.

The Chops ulcerated with a Feaver is hard to be cured, * 1.375 3. Prog 15. and if in acute diseases of the Chops, if paines, and abjectnesse, and stoppings, without a tumour happen, they are pernitious, 1. Prorrh. 11. and if the Feaver being de∣tained, he suddenly turn his neck awry, and can scarce swal∣low, no tumour being present, tis mortiferous, 4. A∣pho. 35.

Tis a good signe if the Hypocondries are without paine, * 1.376 if they are soft and equall, on either part if they are not exte∣nuated; yet somtimes when the Hypocondries are stretched it shewes a crisis to come, but then also other criticall signes are present; on the contrary tis an ill signe, if the Hypocon∣dries are troubled with inflamation, or paine, or are stretched, or unequally affected, on the right, or left part; also when extenuated, * 1.377 and beating, unlesse a Crisis be present.

Lastly as to the extremities of the body, if in intermitting feavers, the extreame parts grow cold, and the internall burne, and they thirst, tis mortall 7. Apho. 1. but tis very good if all the body be equally hot, and soft; it is evill also, and for the most part deadly if all the body be heavy, and es∣pecially if the nailes and fingers are black and blue, or black, if the genitalls, and stones are drawn up together, also filthy smells indicate great putrifaction and danger.

CHAP. VIII. Of knowing the time, longitude, brevity and event of a disease.

THe length, * 1.378 brevity, time, and event, of a disease are known principally by the signes of concoction and crudi∣ty, and the vehemency of a disease, by the celerity, and tar∣dity; for if in the first day in an acute feaver, the signes of concoction are present in the urine, and no danger be per∣ceived, it argues the disease will end about the first quartarna∣ry, third, fourth, or fifth day, if the disease be contrary to this, and presently after the beginning have the worst Symptomes, * 1.379 the fifth day, or before, he will dye.

But if signes of concoction appeare the first and second dayes, and the disease be neither benigne nor vehement, the disease may be extended, to the second quarternary, but as long as such seavers can continue the first day, it can scarce be known, but afterwards each quartarnary are to be conside∣red, and the signes of concoction in them are to be wieghed & compared with the vehemency of the disease, towit, if in the fourth day signes of concoction appear in the urine, tis a signe that the matter is apt to be concocted, and that the disease will terminate on the seventh day; on the contrary, if in such a feaver, on the fourth day there appeare no signes of con∣coction but ill signes are also increased, tis an argument that

the sick growes worse, and may dye about the seventh day; unlesse some error be committed, or some other cause of change be present.

But if the signes of crudity, remaine till the fourth or: * 1.380 se∣venth day, the disease shall indure beyond the third quartarnary, but if on the fourteenth day, it shall have an end, the eleventh, which is the index of the fourteenth will shew it, for if then signes of concoction appeare, either be∣fore the fourteenth day judgment may be given, or on the seventeenth day; but if on the eleventh day there appeare not as yet sufficient signes of concoction, there is no hopes that the disease will be judicatory on the fourteenth, and therefore the signes of concoction are to be sought in the following quartarnaries, for if the signes of concoction appear about the twentieth day, there is hopes on the first quartina∣ry, after the twentieth day, that the disease may be judged of, but if no mutation hitherto appeares it may be extended to the fourth week, and those diseases which retaine all the signes of crudity to the foure and twentieth day, cannot be decreed, before the fourtieth day, and those which are exten∣ded beyond the fourtieth are not ended with a Crisis, but with slow concoctions.

Sometimes not only the day but also the houre of the end of a disease may be foretold, * 1.381 namely if we consider particu∣lar fits, for if we think any one will dye on any day, tis pro∣bable he will dye in the worst time of his fit, or in a particu∣lar declination, when the strength, in the height of a dis∣case is dejected, by the cruelty and vehemency of Symp∣tomes.

CHAP. IX. How many mutations there are of diseases, and the manners, and what a crisis is.

THe third thing which ought to before known by Phy∣sitians is the manner of event, and end of diseases: * 1.382 they are terminated six severall wayes, as well to health, as to death, for either the disease is suddenly fully dissolved, and the sick recovers immediatly his firme health, or there is a sudden change to better, and the sick is transferred from a worse state into a better, after which, at length also he re∣covers to be well, or there is a conversion of the disease by

little and little to health, or contrary the sick suddenly dies, or the disease is suddenly become more dangerous, which change at length ends him.

That mutation which is made by degrees, tending to death, is called a Marasme, or Wasting; that mutation of a disease which is made by little and little, and tends to health, is called a loosing, but that sudden and hasty change which is made in Feavers, especially acute and tend to health, * 1.383 or death, is called a Crisis; but that change can∣not be made unlesse vitious humours which oppresse nature are moved, which indeed cannot happen without great perturbations of the body, and vehement symptomes, a Ca∣talogue whereof Galen recites in his 1. of criticall daies, Cap. 1.

CHAP. X. Of the causes, differences, manner, and time of Judg∣ment.

SInce that in Judgments many things happen, * 1.384 contur∣bation, evacuation, and sudden mutation, tending to safety or death, that conturbation which is a heap of those judicatory symptomes, which proceed from agitation and molestation of humours which the body affords, and this comes to passe either from an externall cause, as influence of Stars, or an internall, irritating and provoking as well nature as the matter.

The cause of evacuation is the expulsive faculty, * 1.385 which ei∣ther is stird up by the plenty or the quality of matter, yet critically expels that which doth molest.

There are four differences of Crises, * 1.386 according as nature is sometimes stronger, sometimes weaker, and sometimes op∣pressed more by v••tious matter, sometimes lesse, for either the sick forthwith recover their former health, or sud∣denly dye, or undergo some change, tending to safety or death, * 1.387 yet immediatly they neither recover, nor dye: From whence afterwards other differences will arise, for some Cri∣ses are good, some evill; those are good which tend to the recovery of the sick, those are evill which discover the death of the sick.

Again some are perfect and very good, * 1.388 which free the sick perfectly and wholly from the disease, and leave none of the morbifique matter, but the imperfect leave some of the morbifique matter behind.

Again, some are faithfull and secure, * 1.389 which so take away the disease, that there is no feare of a relapse; unfaithfull is that which leaves a doubt of falling into it again.

Moreover tis called a safe Crisis which happens without danger of Symptomes; * 1.390 but a dangerous which is joyned with perilous Symptomes.

Some Crises are with good signes, * 1.391 and have their indi∣cations from the daies going before them, and are called good signes; but that which happens without signes, and is, * 1.392 as it were, unseperated, is said to be an ill signe.

But all these differences depend on three things, * 1.393 the strength of nature, the nature of a disease, and the conditi∣on of the matter which ought to be expelled; and that a good and perfect Crisis be made, tis requisite that nature be strong, and Heaven favourable, the disease not dangerous, and the matter benigne and facill; in all other Crises one, or more of these are wanting.

All Crises are made two waies, either by excretion, * 1.394 or e∣mitting, or else by removing the matter: By excretion a Crisis is made when peccant humours are expelled by vo∣mit, Seidgs, sweat, plenty of Urine, Hemerodes of the Nose, flowing of the months, and Hemerodes: A Crisis is made by translation, when the matter is not expelled out of the body, but is removed into another place, and that either into internall parts, or externall, the for∣mer Crisis is the better, because the matter for the most part is throughly cast out from the center of the body; by so much also a Crisis is the better, that is made by translation, by how much the matter is transferred to a more ignoble and remote place; so much the worse, by how much the place is more noble and nigher to the seat of the former disease: An Im∣posthumation also, or Ulcer ought to be out of the region of the part affected, and to have the other notes of a good Impo∣sthumation; an abscesse also ought not to vanish suddenly, but to remain untill either it be turned into quitture, or till it be dissipated by degrees.

But the best Crisis never happens unlesse it be towards the end of the height, when the concoction is perfected, * 1.395 for that which happens in the augmentation before the state, is im∣perfect, and is so much the worse, by how much tis longer di∣stant from the end of the state; sometimes also evacuation which is made in the beginning of diseases, and is sympto∣maticall, is not to be accounted evill, especially if those hu∣mours

are evacuated, from whence the disease had its origi∣nall, and the strength of nature can endure it.

CHAP. XI. Of Criticall daies.

WHereas the Crises are made more frequently and bet∣ter on certain determinate daies then other daies, * 1.396 those dales therefore are called criticall; but other daies wherein a Crisis seldome happens, or such a one as is not good does happen, are called not criticall.

Criticall daies are of three kinds, some are those which are simply, and according to preheminency called criticall, wherein Judgments are made better and more frequently, all which are bounded within the circuit of a septinary number, and are these, the 7.14.20.27.34.40. for daies are not taken whole, but shorter.

Moreover, there are some which are called indicant and contemplable, from whence the Crisis to come is shewn, and they are the middles, or quarternaries of every seventh morn∣ing, as 4.11.17.24.

Others are such as come between, * 1.397 which the Greeks call Parempiptontes, others call them provocatory, wherein from some accident contrary to nature, or by the violence of a fit, or by reason of some externall cause, nature is provoked to hasten to untimely expulsion, such are the 3.5.9.13.19. and according to some 15.18.

Vacant or not criticall daies are those wherein no crisis happens, * 1.398 or very seldome, and unperfect, and evill, such are the 6.8.10.12.16.18. to which some add 22, 23.25.29, 30.32, 33.35.38.39. which daies are also called medicinall, because the Physitian on those daies may safely administer purging Medicines.

After the 40. day diseases languish, and by a slow conco∣ction, and by Imposthumations, rather then Crisis are termi∣nated; after these some diseases are judged by months, o∣thers by years, and especially in climactericall years, when changes are made even of diseases which have been contra∣cted from their Mothers Womb.

From this doctrine neverthelesse of Hippocrates, and Ga∣len, which Galen reduceth, as it were, in brief, in the 1. of decretory diseases, cap. 5. the ancients now long since have de∣parted; Asclepiades, Archigenes, Celsus, and others, which accounted the third criticall year not the twentieth, but

the one and twentieth, the fourth, not the twenty seventh, but the twenty eighth.

The Astrologers also do not simply observe daies and num∣bers, * 1.399 but referring all the reason of criticall daies to the mo∣tion of the Moon, note those daies wherein the Moon comes to every quadrangle, or fourth corner, and comes to the dia∣meter in respect of place wherein she was found when the disease began, as now in the causes of criticall daies shall be shewn.

CHAP. XII. Of the causes of Criticall daies.

THat we may omit the opinions of others, * 1.400 of the causes of criticall daies, no offence to any other judgments, we appoint criticall daies to depend on the Moon, and the con∣dition and disposition of peccant humours, and the expul∣sive faculty, for what mutations soever the Moon in her con∣junctions, oppositions, and quadrangles makes in these inferi∣or bodies is very well known, and therefore that power which is attributed to quaternaries, and septinaries do all depend on the motion of the Moon, yet neverthelesse that this, or that Crisis may be made betwixt those, the motion of the Moon alone is not sufficient, since not alwaies the seventh or fourteenth day is not alwaies criticall, and somtimes a good and an ill Crisis is made on the same day, and therfore the condition and disposition of peccant humours are to be joyned; and lastly, the expulsive faculty is to be added, which being stimulated by the motion of the Moon and disposition of humours, is the next and immediate cause of a Crisis.

First seeing the order of criticall daies cannot proceed on∣ly from the faculty of the body, nor from morbifique matter, * 1.401 but a coelestiall cause is to be joyned therwith, and the Moon in every quarternary, and septinary, and according as it takes up one and another place of the Zodiack in its motions, and by reason of the light from the Sun varying, shews to us vari∣ous lights or representations, it may make great alterations in sublunary things, tis not therfore without a cause deter∣mined, that great mutations arise in diseases in those places which have regard to the place wherin the Moon was in the beginning of the disease, with a quadrate or opposite ray; and when she is come so far as that she hath a new shape, and manifest mutation of light; for the motion of the Moon and her progresse to the quadrate, and opposite signes, and the

changings of the shape of the Moon are to be joyned what∣soever they are; yet the crises are stronger when the Septina∣ries exactly fall into the quadrates of the Moone.

But in the computing of the criticall dayes, * 1.402 the month of wandring or travelling is to be observed as being naturall and according to which many changes are made in this in∣ferior orbe, which for the most part is made in twenty seven dayes and eight hours, which if they are divided into foure weekes, the first will be ended, in six dayes and twenty hours, the second in thrirteen dayes, and sixteen hours, the third in twenty dayes and twelve hours.

Therefore on what day soever any one fall sick at the first onset of the disease, a conjunction as it were is made of the Moone and the disease, hence when the Moone hath measu∣red three fignes, or past over ninty degrees, and comes to the first quadrate, the first criticall day is made; when she hath past through six signes, or an 180. degrees she comes to the opposite signe, and the second criticall day begins; when from the opposite signeshe passeth to the second quadrate, the third crisis begins, if the disease be prolonged till then, lastly when she returns again to the place where she was at the beginning of the disease the fourth crisis begins, and she shews as she did at first. * 1.403

The same reason is of indicatory dayes, for when the Moone hath passed over two signes or 60. degrees from the signe wherein she was when any one began to fall sick, and is said to come to a sextile, the first indicatory is begun; when she hath past over foure signes, or a 120 degrees, and becomes triangular, the second indicatory is made; and when from the opposite signe againe she comes to be triangular, then is the third indicatory; lastly when she hath gone from the second quadrate to the second sextile, the fourth indicatory is.

But here the dayes are not to be numbered according to the diurnall indifferent motion of the Moone, * 1.404 which is thir∣teen degrees, ten minutes, 35 sec. but according to the true motion of the Moone, for the Moone is sometimes swift, some∣times slow in motion, nor doth she passe through alike num∣ber of degrees each day, whence it comes to passe that she arrives sometimes sooner, sometimes later, to the quadrate and opposite signe, and hence without all doubt it comes to passe, that most admirable Physitians vary in defining of criti∣call dayes, and Hippocrates as also Galen account the twenti∣eth, and seven and twentieth: Arch••genes, as also Diacles count

the one and twentieth and eight and twentieth for criticall dayes; neither are allwayes distinct aspects to be observed, but often times, plarick are sufficient.

Secondly besides the motion of the Moon, * 1.405 ••the disposition and motion of humours are to be considered and which is the cause that the crisis happens sometimes sooner, sometimes later.

Lastly the nature of the body is to be adjoyned, which being assisted by the motion of the Moone, and stirred up by the humours, begins a combate with the morbifique matter, and expels the same, and makes a crisis.

CHAP XIII. Of the signes of crisis in generall.

BUt crises are made as it is also said before, only in acute, * 1.406 and violent diseases, arising from hot, thin, and acrid mat∣ter which may tire out nature; but if sometimes in durable or chronick diseases also, criticall evacuations as it were, are made, it is necessary, that ther be certain periods of time be∣fore the disease become vehement and become of the same nature with acutes: Moreover that the crisis may be made, tis requisite that there be strength of nature, according as ought to be: thirdly, to the foreknowledge of a crisis certain pertur∣bations in the body conduce, which use to arise before a crisis, * 1.407 and signes which Galen in the third of crisis Cep. second at large describes, and, he breifly comprehends in the same book Cap. the tenth when he writes, that when a crisis is to come there is some new alteration, either about respiration, or concerning the mind, or the sight, or hearing, or about some of those which we call breifly, by one name, criticall ac∣cidents or signes.

CHAP. XIIII. Of the signes of differences in Crisis.

A Good crisis is thus known. * 1.408 First because critick signes have precedes. Second, because the signes of concoction have gon before especially in urins and other excrements. Third, be∣cause it is shewn on the judicatory day. Fourth, because it hap∣pens on the judicatory day. Fifth, because convenient excre∣tion is made according to the nature of the disease. Sixth, be∣cause the sick after the Crisis is almost freed from the feaver, the Symptomes abate, and the face is of a better colour.

But these Crises that differ from the best are known thus; * 1.409 because the signes of exquisite concoction have not gone be∣fore, nor have they happened in the state, nor a little before, but in the augmentation, they are not made on a criticall day, the evacuation doth not plainly answer to the nature of the disease, the sick doth not well endure that evacuation, the Pulses are not better, the sick is not eased of his disease, and in the night which followeth the crisis he is not more lightsome, yet amongst the other evacuations which are went to happen before an absolute concoction, the best of them is the Hemerhodes.

An evill crisis is known by the signes which are contrary to the best crisis, * 1.410 namely because such a crisis first doth not expect the time of concoction; secondly in the judicatory day it was judicated by il•• signes, or it suddenly grew upon him without preceding signes; thirdly it is not made on a decre∣torie day, but for the most part on the sixth or eigth day; fourthly the evacuation doth not answer to the nature of the disease and the excretion of it selfe is evill, fifthly the sick is not eased, the pulse is become worse, the strength decayes, and the sick doth totally fall into a worse condition.

CHAP. XV. The signes of a crisis to come by excretion and Impos∣thumation.

BUt whether a crisis be to be made by emission of morbi∣fique matter, * 1.411 or by transposition of it into another place, or by imposthumation, the kindes of diseases, and the motion,

time of the yeare, nature and age of the sick do shew; for if the disease be very acute ariseing from thin and acrid matter, and the crisis be to come after, the first periods, if nature be strong, the pulse high, the passages open, and nature accusto∣med to sweate or some other evacuation, if it be Summer time, tis a signe that there will be a crisis by excrements. * 1.412

But on the contrary if the disease be not so acute and the matter be thick, nature weaker, especially if the urines come forth thin and crude for a long space, if their be debility of the externall parts, and propensity of nature to thrust out hu∣mours, to these places; if the time of the year be cold, tis a token that there will be a crisis occasioned by imposthuma∣tion.

And indeed excretions are good when they are evacuated as they ought, and such as ought, * 1.413 and in such manner as they ought, and when, and as much as is expedient; namely when the humour which offendeth is evacuated, and concocted in due quantiry, in a criticall day, in a right manner, together, and through places sending them out together; evill evacua∣tions are contrary.

Good imposthumations are those which are made when the matter is concocted, have laudable substance, * 1.414 namely a figure swelling externally, and sharpned, do equally ripen, and are not hard round about, and are of a good colour, red, yel∣low, or white, indifferent bignesse, when they continue and go not away untill they are suppurated, and are soon ripened; on the contrary, ill imposthumations swell not enough with∣out, and are not pointed, they suppurate not all alike, they are hard about, and cloven into two, their colour inclining to red, yellow, or black, they are greater then is convenient, and they vanish before they are suppurated, or are ripened very slowly.

CHAP XVI. Through what places there will be excretion and where there will be impostumation.

THrough what place there will be excretion the inclina∣tion of the humour teacheth, and about those parts to which the humour to be expelled is moved, or through which it is moved, a certain change is perceived.

When a Crifis is to come by the Hemerodes of the Nose, * 1.415 the Hypocondries are wont first to be extended without pain, then when the blood finds the way to the superior parts, it causeth difficulty of respiration, but not long continuing; afterwards followes the paine of the head and neck, and the pulse becomes more vehement, and at times the Arteries are discerned to beat and pant, and the face and eyes become redder, and the eyes shed involuntary teares, and shinings, or glistrings are observed in them, or dimnesse ariseth, the imagination is also hurt, and a Delirium happens, and cer∣tain red apparitions seem to be before the eyes; and moreo∣ver the Hemerodes being now nigh, the sick begin to scratch their Nose with their fingers: and these signes are the more certain, if the age of the sick, and nature, and the time of the year, and the present constitution of the aire consent.

If by reason of sweat which happens very often, * 1.416 a Crisis be to come, there happens•• suppression of Urine for the most part, and a cold fit hinders it: but the signes of Hemerods are absent, as also the signes of Vomits, and monthly courses, and when the sweat comes forth the pulse is soft, waving and flowing, the exterior parts grow hot, and red, the skin is soft, and a certain hot vapour breaks out through the skin.

That there will be a Crisis by vomit, the motion of the hu∣mours to the stomack shew, * 1.417 from whence ariseth biting of the stomack with paine of the head, a giddinesse and dark cloudy shadowes or mists before the eyes, agitation of the lower lip, much and thin spittle flowing out of the mouth, loathing and disdaining, a cold chill fit, or trembling, and frigidity of the Hypocondries, a hard and unequal pulse, and difficulty of breathing.

If a Crisis be to follow by reason of excrements from the Paunch, * 1.418 there is no proper and exact rule to know it, but only thus, because signes of a Crisis are present, but signes of a Vomit, or slux of blood, or sweat, or of courses are wanting, therefore we may conjecture there will be a Cri∣sis of the belly, and especially if belching wind, rumbling, or breaking wind in the ••elly be present; also paine of the loynes, heavinesse of the knees use to happen, and the Vrine is sometimes suppressed, or made more sparingly.

That there will be a Crisis in the same manner, * 1.419 is knowne by the absence of signes, which use to shew the manners of other Crises, and the sick are not much tossed up and down, nor are they much out of quiet, but there is present a cer∣taine

gravity of the Hypocondries, and a perception of windi∣nesse about the bladder, and afterwards the Urines begin to be increased, the dregs of the belly to be retained, and the sick when he makes water is sensible of certain paine.

Tis a signe that there will be a Crisis by the courses if signes of other evacuations be absent, * 1.420 but when the time when the tearmes are wont to flow, is present; and moreo∣ver the heat and gravity of the loynes concur, when there is paine and stretching out of the Hypocondries, and other Symptomes which familiarly happen when the courses are present.

By the Hemerodes that there will be a Crisis is collected, * 1.421 If this flux be not otherwise familiar to the sick, and the signes of other criticall evacuations be absent, and the sick perceive some heat about the marrow of the back, or paine or extending of the loynes, or some paine in the belly.

If criticall excretions are to come through more places, * 1.422 the signes of more excretions wil give you notice thereof.

Lastly, if it be conjectured that nature will remove the morbifique matter into another place, that place where the Impostumation will be, is known by the inclination of the matter to those parts whether inferior or superior, although the matter be thin, it shall rather be moved to the superior then the inferior parts, and if nature be strong, it rather drives the matter towards the inferior, then the superior parts.

CHAP XVII. Of the time of the Crisis.

LAstly, it is to be known at what time the Crisis will be, * 1.423 but that fore-knowledge depends upon the fore-know∣ledge of the State, of which we have spoken before, but the chief signes are those of concoction and crudity. If therefore on the first day a manifest signe of concoction appear, and all the rest portend nothing of evill, the Crisis of the disease is to be hoped for on the fourth day; but if on the first day there doth not appeare a manifest figne of concoction, other daies are to be consulted on; and if a signe appeare, in any of the decretory daies, or the next quarternary the Crisis is to be expected.

Moreover those things are to be joyned with the signes of

concoction; which the Ideas, magnitude, motion, and man∣ner of a disease affordeth; for of acute diseases, some at the most are judged in foure daies, some are extended to the seventh, some to the fourteenth, others longer: The altera∣tion of a disease also shewes the Crisis, since it shewes whe∣ther the Crisis will be on an even day, or an odd: Also the times of diseases are to be considered, for in noisome diseases the crisis appeareth not perfectly before the state, only an im∣perfect crisis in the augmentation; but destructive are made either in the beginning, especially if the disease be vehement and the strength weak: To these signes also is to be adjoined the consideration of the time of the yeare, region, age, tem∣parature of the sick, and such like, of which Galen speaketh in the third of Crisis, cap. 4.

But that a Crisis is now present, * 1.424 the criticall signes spoken of and enumerated before, do shew, namely, the night wher∣in the Crisis is to come, which precedes the fit, useth to be more grievous, 3. Aphor. 13. but various perturbations pre∣cede in the body, according as nature is to expell matter through this or that part: Of which before cap. 13. and Galen 3. of Crises, c. 2.

But oftentimes not only the day but houre of Crises may be fore-told, for if we know the day of the Crisis which is to come, we ought to consider in what houre of the day the fit useth to come, and what time of the Paroxysme the sick is most grieved, and that is principally to be observed.

Instead of a conclusion also, it is to be observed what cer∣tain, perfect, and best crises may be known, and the rest to know no otherwise then by the most probable conjectures, wherefore unlesse we can presage somewhat certainly before hand, it is more safe to hold our peace, then rashly pronoun∣cing to be deceived.

Lastly, * 1.425 concerning the Crisis, the stability and instability of the event is to be weighed, but stability of the event and certain health is to be hoped for, if nature be strong, and no Symptome remaine over and above; if all the rules of a good Crisis be present, if the humours are thin and hot, which are easily evacuated, but if nature be weak, and some Symp∣tomes abound, as loathing, and such like: all the good rules of a Crisis are not present, and the humour be colder and thicker, tis lawfull to presage unconstant health, and such may fall into relapse.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Necessity of the Se∣miotick Method.
• * 1.2

  The benefit of it.
• * 1.3

  A Sign what 'tis.
• * 1.4

  Differen∣ces of signs wholesome and un∣wholesome.
• * 1.5

  Diagno∣stick.
• * 1.6

  Progno∣stick.
• * 1.7

  Anamne∣stick.
• * 1.8

  Proper. Common.
• * 1.9

  Pathogno∣monicks.
• * 1.10

  Synedru∣ons.
• * 1.11

  Epiphano∣menaes and Epigino∣menaes.
• * 1.12

  Fountains of signs. 1 Essentially inhering.
• * 1.13

  From the effects.
• * 1.14

  From the cause.
• * 1.15

  Things a∣like and unlike
• * 1.16

  Signs of a sound body.
• * 1.17

  Signs of a hot body.
• * 1.18

  Of a ho•• and dry.
• * 1.19

  Of hot and moist.
• * 1.20

  Of a cold.
• * 1.21

  Of a cold and moist.
• * 1.22

  Of a cold dry.
• * 1.23

  Of Melan∣cholians.
• * 1.24

  Saturnines
• * 1.25

  Jovials.
• * 1.26

  Martial.
• * 1.27

  Solares.
• * 1.28

  Venereus.
• * 1.29

  Mercuri∣ans.
• * 1.30

  Lunar.
• * 1.31

  A little head.
• * 1.32

  A great head.
• * 1.33

  The best figure of the hea••.
• * 1.34

  Signs of •• temperate brain.
• * 1.35

  Of a hot.
• * 1.36

  Of a cold.
• * 1.37

  Of a dry.
• * 1.38

  Of a moist.
• * 1.39

  Of a hot and dry.
• * 1.40

  Of a hot moist.
• * 1.41

  Of a cold and dry.
• * 1.42

  Of a cold and moist.
• * 1.43

  Signs of a temperate heart.
• * 1.44

  Of a hot.
• * 1.45

  Of a cold.
• * 1.46

  Of a dry.
• * 1.47

  Of a moist.
• * 1.48

  Of a hot and dry.
• * 1.49

  Of a hot and moist.
• * 1.50

  Of a cold and moist.
• * 1.51

  Of a cold and dry.
• * 1.52

  Whether mens man∣ners are ac∣cording to their tem∣perature.
• * 1.53

  Signs of a temperate Liver.
• * 1.54

  Of a hot.
• * 1.55

  Of a cold.
• * 1.56

  Of a dry.
• * 1.57

  Of a moist.
• * 1.58

  Of a hot and dry.
• * 1.59

  Hot and moist.
• * 1.60

  Cold and moist.
• * 1.61

  Cold and dry.
• * 1.62

  Signs of temperate Testicles. Hot.
• * 1.63

  Cold.
• * 1.64

  Moist.
• * 1.65

  Dry.
• * 1.66

  Hot and dry.
• * 1.67

  Hot and moist.
• * 1.68

  Cold and moist.
• * 1.69

  Cold and dry.
• * 1.70

  Signs of a temperate Stomach.
• * 1.71

  Of a hot.
• * 1.72

  Cold.
• * 1.73

  Scoist.
• * 1.74

  Dry
• * 1.75

  Signs of hot Lungs.
• * 1.76

  Of cold.
• * 1.77

  Dry.
• * 1.78

  Moist.
• * 1.79

  Signs by the voice.
• * 1.80

  The vulgar opinion of Inspection of Urine.
• * 1.81

  The sub∣stance af Vrine.
• * 1.82

  Consistence of Vrine. Thin Vrine.
• * 1.83

  Thick.
• * 1.84

  Indiffe∣rent.
• * 1.85

  Troubled and thick Vrine no the same. Troubled.
• * 1.86

  White U∣rine.
• * 1.87

  Pale.
• * 1.88

  Straw colour. Flame co∣lour.
• * 1.89

  Yellow.
• * 1.90

  Brighter yellow.
• * 1.91

  Red.
• * 1.92

  Vine co∣lour.
• * 1.93

  Blakish.
• * 1.94

  Black Urine.
• * 1.95

  Eruginous
• * 1.96

  Oyly Vrine
• * 1.97

  The smell of Vrines.
• * 1.98

  Contents what, how many fold.
• * 1.99

  The sedi∣ment of Vrine. The suspen∣sion of Vrine. The nube∣cula.
• * 1.100

  The diffe∣rence of Contents.
• * 1.101

  Acciden∣tal diffe∣rences.
• * 1.102

  Farenaci∣ous sedi∣ment like leaves, like Pulse.
• * 1.103

  Hairs in Vrine.
• * 1.104

  Bubbles. Froth. A crown.
• * 1.105

  Causes of Vrine of an indif∣ferent con∣sistence. Thin.
• * 1.106

  Thick.
• * 1.107

  Clear.
• * 1.108

  Thin and clear.
• * 1.109

  Troubled.
• * 1.110

  Troubled, which grows clear.
• * 1.111

  Troubled which re∣mains so.
• * 1.112

  The causes of a golden colour in Vrine.
• * 1.113

  Of a whit.
• * 1.114

  Of an a∣queous.
• * 1.115

  Of milky
• * 1.116

  Of palish. Of pale.
• * 1.117

  Of yellow.
• * 1.118

  Of blood red.
• * 1.119

  Of Vine colour. Of grape colour.
• * 1.120

  Of green.
• * 1.121

  Of yellow and black.
• * 1.122

  Of oyly Vrines.
• * 1.123

  Black V∣rine al∣ways thick.
• * 1.124

  A light, red, thin.
• * 1.125

  A pale and thin. A pale, red, thick.
• * 1.126

  Cause of the smell of Vrine.
• * 1.127

  Of no smel.
• * 1.128

  Of smel∣ling well.
• * 1.129

  Of Faetid.
• * 1.130

  Of store of Vrine.
• * 1.131

  Of little Vrine.
• * 1.132

  The matter of a sedi∣ment in sound men.
• * 1.133

  The causes of diversity of Contents
• * 1.134

  The cause of the qua∣lity of the sediment.
• * 1.135

  Quantity.
• * 1.136

  The cause of a sedi∣ment in the Urines of the sick.
• * 1.137

  Causes of a fernacious sediment. Frothy. Bran-lik. Pulse-like
• * 1.138

  Of sand and gravel.
• * 1.139

  Of Clods of blood.
• * 1.140

  Of quit∣ture in Urine.
• * 1.141

  Of Carun∣cles. Of slimy Ecrements.
• * 1.142

  Of worms.
• * 1.143

  Of fibres and hairs.
• * 1.144

  Of bubbles and froth.
• * 1.145

  Of a crown
• * 1.146

  Of fat.
• * 1.147

  Causes of changing of Vrines.
• * 1.148

  Vrine of those that are hot and cold.
• * 1.149

  Of Boyes. Youths. Old men. Of middle age.
• * 1.150

  Of men.
• * 1.151

  Of women great.
• * 1.152

  Change of Vrine ac∣cording to the time of the year.
• * 1.153

  According to the Re∣gion, and degrees of Heaven. To exercise and rest.
• * 1.154

  According to sleeping and wak∣ing.
• * 1.155

  Passions of the mind.
• * 1.156

  Meat, Drink, and Medicines.
• * 1.157

  When V∣rine is to be received.
• * 1.158

  The whole Vrine to be taken. It should first settle. In what place should be kept. Inspection of troubled Vrines.
• * 1.159

  What can be known by Urine.
• * 1.160

  A Pulse what.
• * 1.161

  Instru∣ments of a Pulse.
• * 1.162

  Efficient cause.
• * 1.163

  Vital fa∣culty.
• * 1.164

  The use of the motion of the heart and arte∣ries.
• * 1.165

  The diffe∣rences of Pulses. Absolute. Respective.
• * 1.166

  Simple.
• * 1.167

  A great and a small Pulse.
• * 1.168

  A swift and slow.
• * 1.169

  Frequent and thin.
• * 1.170

  Vehement weak.
• * 1.171

  Hard. Soft.
• * 1.172

  Respective differences of pulses, e∣quality and inequali∣ty.
• * 1.173

  How ma∣nifold e∣quall. Absolutely equall. Absolutely unequall.
• * 1.174

  Systemati∣que ine∣quality. An une∣quall pulse equally. unequall.
• * 1.175

  Myoures.
• * 1.176

  Deficient Myouroi.
• * 1.177

  Maimed reciprocall.
• * 1.178

  Intermit∣ting.
• * 1.179

  Intercur∣rent.
• * 1.180

  Deficient.
• * 1.181

  Reciprocall defictent.
• * 1.182

  A singular nequallity.
• * 1.183

  Intermit∣ting in one Pulse.
• * 1.184

  Caprisons.
• * 1.185

  Ʋneven.
• * 1.186

  stirred up.
• * 1.187

  Dicrotus.
• * 1.188

  Myourus on Pulse.
• * 1.189

  Prominent.
• * 1.190

  Caprisons.
• * 1.191

  A surging pulse.
• * 1.192

  Virmicall.
• * 1.193

  Formicant.
• * 1.194

  A serrate.
• * 1.195

  A hectick
• * 1.196

  A trem∣bling.
• * 1.197

  ••nordi∣nate pulse.
• * 1.198

  Inordinate.
• * 1.199

  Rythmus. in pulses.
• * 1.200

  Good or∣der. no order.
• * 1.201

  Those things that are requi∣site in a Physi••ian that he may know pul∣ses.
• * 1.202

  In the sick
• * 1.203

  The know∣ledge of a great and small Pulse.
• * 1.204

  Of a swift and flow.
• * 1.205

  Of a fre∣quent thin.
• * 1.206

  Of a vehe∣ment and weak.
• * 1.207

  Of a hard and soft.
• * 1.208

  Order how it may be known.
• * 1.209

  Rhythmus.
• * 1.210

  Causes of pulses of generation.
• * 1.211

  Of commu∣tation.
• * 1.212

  Proper and unsepera∣rable pul∣ses.
• * 1.213

  Familiar.
• * 1.214

  The sacul∣ty with the use chan∣ged; what pulses it makes.
• * 1.215

  The use changed and instru∣ment.
• * 1.216

  Faculty and influ∣ment.
• * 1.217

  Faculties, instruments and use.
• * 1.218

  Concomi∣tant causes of pulses.
• * 1.219

  The causes of a great pulse, of a little. Of a high.
• * 1.220

  Of a low.
• * 1.221

  Of a broad.
• * 1.222

  Of a thin.
• * 1.223

  Of a swist.
• * 1.224

  Of a slow.
• * 1.225

  Of a fre∣quent. Thin.
• * 1.226

  Of a vehe∣ment, weak.
• * 1.227

  Soft, hard.
• * 1.228

  The causes of inequal∣lity of pulses. Of a sin∣gular ine∣quality and of an intermit∣ting pulse.
• * 1.229

  Of a Dicro∣tus.
• * 1.230

  Of Myou∣rey.
• * 1.231

  A Sistema∣ticall ine∣quality.
• * 1.232

  Myourei Reciproci. Of a defi∣cient.
• * 1.233

  Of the in∣termittent intercur∣rent.
• * 1.234

  Caprizan∣tes.
• * 1.235

  Like waves.
• * 1.236

  Vermicu∣lar, formi∣cant.
• * 1.237

  Serrate.
• * 1.238

  Trembling.
• * 1.239

  Hectick. Rhythmo∣rum.
• * 1.240

  Of the Tempe∣rants of a Pulse.
• * 1.241

  Sex.
• * 1.242

  Of age.
• * 1.243

  Time of the yeare.
• * 1.244

  Meat and drink how to change the pulse.
• * 1.245

  Sleep.
• * 1.246

  Exercise.
• * 1.247

  Baths.
• * 1.248

  Passions of the mind.
• * 1.249

  Evacua∣tions.
• * 1.250

  Preterna∣turall things how they alter the pulse.
• * 1.251

  Great pulses what they signify.
• * 1.252

  A swift.
• * 1.253

  Slow.
• * 1.254

  Frequent.
• * 1.255

  Thin.
• * 1.256

  Vehement.
• * 1.257

  Faint.
• * 1.258

  Soft.
• * 1.259

  Hard.
• * 1.260

  Equality, and inequa∣lity,
• * 1.261

  Ʋnalike stirred up Myouri Di∣croti.
• * 1.262

  Systemati∣cal inequa∣lity.
• * 1.263

  Intermit∣ting.
• * 1.264

  Deficient.
• * 1.265

  Intercur∣rent.
• * 1.266

  Reciprocal, deficient.
• * 1.267

  Miourus vern••i∣ou••ar for∣micant.
• * 1.268

  Surging.
• * 1.269

  Serrate.
• * 1.270

  Order of pulse what it shews.
• * 1.271

  Rhythmes
• * 1.272

  What pul∣ses shew a strong fa∣culty.
• * 1.273

  Languish∣ing.
• * 1.274

  Health,
• * 1.275

  Death,
• * 1.276

  Manner of event.
• * 1.277

  The tongue a figne of diseases.
• * 1.278

  Causes of the change∣ing the tongue,
• * 1.279

  The colour of the tongue changed.
• * 1.280

  Savour.
• * 1.281

  Antecedent Signes.
• * 1.282

  Diagnostick signes of a disease at hand.
• * 1.283

  Of a present.
• * 1.284

  Proper signes of humours from the tast••
• * 1.285

  From the co∣lour:
• * 1.286

  From the motion
• * 1.287

  Of the com∣mon signes. Current.
• * 1.288

  Antecedents.
• * 1.289

  Conse∣quence.
• * 1.290

  Signes of Plethory.
• * 1.291

  Flegme.
• * 1.292

  Of Choller.
• * 1.293

  Melancho∣ly.
• * 1.294

  Black Choler.
• * 1.295

  Of the se∣rous humor
• * 1.296

  Winde.
• * 1.297

  Poysons.
• * 1.298

  Causes, what disea∣ses they shew.
• * 1.299

  Disposition of the body.
• * 1.300

  Essentially inhering.
• * 1.301

  Effects and symptomes.
• * 1.302

  Excretion and retenti∣ons.
• * 1.303

  Qualities changed.
• * 1.304

  Signes of a great dis∣ease.
• * 1.305

  Of a Malig∣nant,
• * 1.306

  Of Acute diseases.
• * 1.307

  Signes of places affect∣ed.
• * 1.308

  Causes.
• * 1.309

  Effects. actions hurt.
• * 1.310

  Paine,
• * 1.311

  Excretions
• * 1.312

  Qualities changed.
• * 1.313

  Signes of parts affe∣cted by con∣sent.
• * 1.314

  Signe that the head is affected.
• * 1.315

  Of the heart.
• * 1.316

  Of the li∣ver.
• * 1.317

  Of the Stomach.
• * 1.318

  Of the brest
• * 1.319

  Of the windpipe.
• * 1.320

  Signes of Symptomes. Of the na∣turall fa∣culty lying hid.
• * 1.321

  Of the vi∣tall. Of the ani∣mall.
• * 1.322

  Of what things are to be fore∣known in the sick.
• * 1.323

  Of Prog∣nostick signs.
• * 1.324

  Of conce∣ction of crudity, of life and death. Criticall.
• * 1.325

  Signs of the times of diseases.
• * 1.326

  From the Idea of a disease.
• * 1.327

  Time of the year. Region. Temperant of bodies. In respect of dyet.
• * 1.328

  Strength of nature.
• * 1.329

  From the course of fits.
• * 1.330

  In longi∣tude.
• * 1.331

  Signes of the begin∣ning of a disease, of augmenta∣tion, of the height.
• * 1.332

  The event of a dis∣ease foure∣fold.
• * 1.333

  When it may be known.
• * 1.334

  Signes of strength and debi∣lity of na∣ture.
• * 1.335

  Signs of a strong dis∣case.
• * 1.336

  Effects and Symptomes.
• * 1.337

  Dignity of signes.
• * 1.338

  The third Book, and part of the fourth. Animall a∣ctions hurt what they presage.
• * 1.339

  Delirium.
• * 1.340

  The me••••∣ry hurt.
• * 1.341

  Sleeping and wa∣king.
• * 1.342

  Hurt in of the exter∣nall senses. Of sight.
• * 1.343

  Of Hearing
• * 1.344

  Of Touch∣ing.
• * 1.345

  Paine.
• * 1.346

  Lasinesse.
• * 1.347

  Motion.
• * 1.348

  Lying downe.
• * 1.349

  Convulsion.
• * 1.350

  Hiccock
• * 1.351

  Trembling.
• * 1.352

  A partx∣isme.
• * 1.353

  Cold fit.
• * 1.354

  Torpor.
• * 1.355

  Hurt in the voice.
• * 1.356

  The strength of the vitall faculty.
• * 1.357

  Respira∣tion.
• * 1.358

  Symptomes of the na∣turall fa∣culty what they pre∣sage.
• * 1.359

  Prognost∣ick from vrine.
• * 1.360

  Of dejecti∣on of the helly.
• * 1.361

  Of vomi∣tings.
• * 1.362

  Os sweats.
• * 1.363

  From the Hemerodes of the nose.
• * 1.364

  From spit∣tle.
• * 1.365

  Ʋlcers.
• * 1.366

  What may be fore-told by the habit of the body.
• * 1.367

  From the colour.
• * 1.368

  From the face.
• * 1.369

  Hippo. face.
• * 1.370

  By the eyes
• * 1.371

  By the No∣strill.
• * 1.372

  By the ears.
• * 1.373

  By the teeth
• * 1.374

  By the Tongue.
• * 1.375

  By the Cheps.
• * 1.376

  By the Hy∣pocondries
• * 1.377

  By the ex∣tremities of the body.
• * 1.378

  Which dis∣eases are ended in the fi st quartar∣nary.
• * 1.379

  Which are exten∣ded to the second.
• * 1.380

  Which to the third.
• * 1.381

  The houre of the event of a disease how to be known.
• * 1.382

  Changes of diseases how many.
• * 1.383

  Crisis.
• * 1.384

  The cause of a crisis. Conturbat••∣on.
• * 1.385

  Evacuati∣on.
• * 1.386

  Differences of Crisis.
• * 1.387

  Good Evill.
• * 1.388

  Persect. Impersect.
• * 1.389

  Secure. Not secure.
• * 1.390

  A safe. Dangerous.
• * 1.391

  Eusemes.
• * 1.392

  Asemos.
• * 1.393

  The diffe∣rences of Crisis whereon they depend
• * 1.394

  Crisis, how many waies made. By excreti∣on, by tran∣slation.
• * 1.395

  A good cri∣sis, when it happens.
• * 1.396

  Criticall daies.
• * 1.397

  Interve∣ning.
• * 1.398

  Vacant.
• * 1.399

  The opini∣on of Astro∣logers.
• * 1.400

  The cause of criticall daies.
• * 1.401

  The Mo••n.
• * 1.402

  A periodi∣call month in criticall dayes to be observed.
• * 1.403

  Prognosti∣call diseas∣es.
• * 1.404

  Which motion of the Moone is to be ob∣served in critiball dayes.
• * 1.405

  The dispo∣sition and motion of humours. The nature of a body.
• * 1.406

  In what diseases crists are made.
• * 1.407

  Signes of crisis.
• * 1.408

  The best signe of cri∣sis.
• * 1.409

  Of the de∣clining from the best.
• * 1.410

  Evill.
• * 1.411

  Sgnes of a crisis to come by excretion.
• * 1.412

  By an vlcer or impost∣humation.
• * 1.413

  Signes of good or evill ex. cretions.
• * 1.414

  Imposthu∣mations good or evill.
• * 1.415

  Signes of Hemerodes of the nose.
• * 1.416

  Of a critick sweat.
• * 1.417

  Vomit.
• * 1.418

  Excretion of the ••el∣ly.
• * 1.419

  By Ʋrine.
• * 1.420

  By courses.
• * 1.421

  By Heme∣rodes.
• * 1.422

  By more parts. In What place an Impostume will hap∣pen.
• * 1.423

  Signes of the time of Crisis.
• * 1.424

  Signe that of a present Crisis.
• * 1.425

  Signes of sttable and unstable change of diseas••s.