Nine books of physick and chirurgery written by that great and learned physitian, Dr Sennertus. The first five being his Institutions of the whole body of physick: the other four of fevers and agues: with their differences, signs, and cures.

THE THIRD BOOK, PART THE THIRD: Of the Prognostick SIGNS.

CHAP. I. Of the severall kinds of Prognostick Signes.

YEt there remains the Prognostick Signs by which we may know those things which are to come, * 1.1 which may happen to thesick: For the Physitian ought especially to know before hand three things concerning the Patient.

First, what the event or the end of the disease will be.

Secondly, at, or about what time the disease will have an end.

Thirdly, how, or by what means. * 1.2 Of each of these before we speak in particular, we must speak in generall of the Prog∣nostick Signs: and we will premise some things of knowing the times of diseases; Namely, some signs are of crudity and concoction, others of life and death, others criticall, or judi∣catory.

The signs of concoction and crudity, are Urines, * 1.3 Excre∣ments of the Paunch, spirtings, and spaulings, and cathar∣rous matter; The signs of life and death are those which are sent forth with Urine and Excrements of the Paunch; also swears, easie and difficult respiration, easie or difficult induring of the disease, the pulse, the face, and comly lying down, like unto what they were wont, and the contrary to these: Moreover, criticall signs are such as shew sudden mu∣tation and perturbation, and some of these are both signs

and causes as Vomit, Excrements of the Paunch, much Urinc, blood flowing from the Nose, the Parotides, or swel∣ling of the Gumms, or about the Chops, setling of hu∣mours in one place, and then in another, which are called dissolving by Hippocrates, because they put away the dis∣ease; some are only signes of a Delirium, watching, stupidity, paine of the head, difficulty of perception, out of quiet, dif∣ficulty of breathing, and darkness arising, and appearing before the eyes, a noise of the eares, shinings before the eyes, unvoluntary teares, a troublesome night, without any reason, agitation of the lower lip, great stifness, the face and eyes looking red, a retraction of the Hypocondries, a loa∣thing, but there is not the same force and reason of all these signes; the signes of concoction are never ill at what time soever they appeare, nay the sooner they appear the betterr: but judicatory Signes are not accounted good, unless in the height or state of a Disease; so neither are those good which are wont to indicate those in the beginning of a Dis∣ease.

Signes of concoction, some are proper to one sort of disea∣ses, as spittle to the diseases of the breast, others are common to many kind of diseases, such as Hyppocrates, 1. Aphor. 12. reckons, the Urine, excrements of the Paunch, sweats. The excrements of the belly are signes of that concoction which is perfected in the belly, but the Urine of the concoction which is made in the Liver and arterious vein.

For when the Urines afford proper signes of the parts through which they pass, as of the Reines, Arteries, Blad∣der, Yard, we must have a care least we are deceived in u∣niverfall and acute diseases, by those particular and proper signes of those parts; and what is spoken of Urines may al∣so be said of excrements of the Paunch.

CHAP. II. Of those kinds of Signes by which the times of Dis∣eases may be known.

IT is exceeding profitable to know the times of diseases, * 1.4 but especially the state, but the signes of times are taken first from the form, and Idea, secondly from the time of the year, and other such like things: Thirdly from the comings (or

fits) and circuits, increasing and decreasing. Fourthly, from the Symptomes of diseases, or from the Essence, and Idea, the causes, and those things that precede the disease, and by the Symptomes, and those things that accompany a Dis∣ease.

As to the form of a Disease, * 1.5 by how much the motion of a Disease is swifter, by so much it is nigher to its height, and is a token that the Disease will be shorter, but by how much the flower the Disease is moved, by so much the more remote it is from the state.

Secondly, * 1.6 that Disease which happens in the Summer is neerer to its height, that which happens in the Winter is more remote: In hot Regions, Diseases are more acute and short, but in cold, longer; those that are hotter by na∣ture, are subject to hotter Diseases, and so shorter; those that are colder, to more cold, and consequently more la∣sting; hotter, and dryer Victuals, generate hot humours, and thereby shorter Diseases; colder, and moister dyet generates pituitous humours, and so more lasting Diseases; great strength of nature in a Disease that is not mortall, * 1.7 shewes that the Disease is short, but weaknesse shewes it will conti∣nue longer; but strength in a disease that is mortall, shewes that it will continue longer, but weakness signifies that it will be shorter.

Thirdly, * 1.8 in the fits the houre is to be considered in which the Paroxysme returnes, the time of duration, and the vehemency of Symptomes, for if the fits returne soo∣ner, and the latter be longer then the former, and more vehement, it is a token the disease is increased: on the contrary, if the latter fits return slower, and endure a shorter time, and are not so violent, it is a signe the disease abates; but sometimes Paroxysmes, enveigh equally and all of them return at the same houre, which most commonly is a sign of a long disease, but sometimes they come not e∣qually, but at severall houres, which shewes that the disease will be shorter, and is neerer to the state.

Moreover, if the fits come sooner, and that equally, the signs of concoction not appearing, it is the beginning, but if they anticipate more hours then before, it is in the in∣crease; when they observe equality again a good while, it is the state; when lastly the omitting or abating of the fits happens to be various, it is the declination: If the order of

the fits, so that sometimes they come too soon, sometimes too late, and sometimes equally, and at certain times. When the fits do equally invade without the signes of concoction, tis the beginning, but when they anticipate not, tis the aug∣mentation; when they observe equality, it is the estate: And lastly when the coming late happens again, tis the de∣clination; but if the order of fits be various, so that some∣times the Paroxysmes invade equally, sometimes anticipate, and sometimes come later; when the fits equally invade without signes of concoction, the beginning is; when they come too soon no more, the state is; but when they come too late, the declination is.

As for the longitude and magnitude of fits, * 1.9 if the time of intermission or declination be short, and they are neither plainly intollerable, nor altogether free from Symptomes, it is a signe of the increase. On the other side, if the abating or the intermission be long, easie to be indured, and free from all Symptomes absent, declination is shewn.

But the most certain signes of the times of diseases, are di∣gestion and crudity, for whensoever a sign of concoction ap∣pears suddenly, it shews the disease will be short and termi∣nate in health, but a signe of crudity shews the disease will continue long, or even prove deadly; and if grievous Symptomes grow upon the sick, so that they come with signes of concoction, they need to trouble no man, but if they happen without signes of concoction and with crudi∣ty, they portend danger.

CHAP. III Of the signes of times of Diseases in particular.

ANd that we may speak something peculiarly of knowing of the times of Diseases, the beginning of a disease is as long as the disease is crude; * 1.10 An evident and manifest con∣coction is a most certain signe that the beginning is finished: And in the beginning the Symptomes are hitherto more mild, but in the augmentation all of them increase, and in the state, when the greatest contention is betwixt the matter and the disease, all of them are most vehement: but this comes to passe sometimes soon, sometimes late; for in very acute diseases immediatly they have extream pains, 1. Apho. 7 but in Chronick the times are extended longer.

CHAP IV. Of the signes by which we may foretell the event of a disease.

ANd these things are spoken of Prognosticks in gene∣rall, now we are to speak of those three, * 1.11 which use to be presaged, namely the event of a disease, the time of the end, and the manner: but the event of a disease is fourfold, for some diseases kill the diseased, others plainly leave them off, so that the sick returne to their perfect health; others neither kill the sick, nor leave them off, but accompany them even to deaths doore; others are changed into other diseases, and somtimes into worse, somtimes into milder.

The event of a disease is known by comparing the strength of nature with the disease, and by the longitude of a disease, * 1.12 or the state with the time to come; for if the sick passe over the state, there is no need, that he should any more feare the danger of death by that disease; because after the state no man dyeth in the declination by the power of that disease.

The signes of strength and weaknesse of nature are sought principally from causes, and effects: * 1.13 the proximate cause of the strength of nature is a natural constitution of the parts. And this, by how much the neerer it is to the naturall tempe∣rature, constitution and naturalll unity, by so much it signifies the firmerstrength; by how much the more remote, by so much the weaker. For strength of nature principally depends upon a naturall temperament, whereunto belongs age also and sex; for in men and youths the strength is firmer; in women, old men and boyes, weaker. Remote causes are all those things, which by whose intervening the strength of a naturall con∣stitution is increased, or preserved, or diminished; such are those things, that are taken in, which are carried about, which happen externally, and that are evacuated, and retain∣ed; for if all these things have been moderate heretofore, and are moderate, it shewes strength of nature; if immode∣rate, imbecility. Amongst the effects are first, actions, which, by how much the more they are observed according to nature, by so much the more they signifie health: on the contrary, by how much the more or more noble they are, or by how much the more they are hurt, by so much the more

they shew the strength to be weakned: Secondly, Excre∣ments signifie nature to be powerfull, when in their substance, quantity, and quality they are most like to na∣turall, but they signifie the contrary, if they are contrary. Lastly, qualities changed, by how much the neerer they shall be to the qualities of sound men, by so much they shew the greater strength in the diseased; by how much they differ from them, by so much the more imbecillity.

The strength of a Disease is known from things essen∣tiall, * 1.14 inhering causes, and effects, or consequent Symp∣tomes.

As for what belongs to a constitution contrary to nature, the difference which follows the form of a Disease, or the causes, or the subject, afford signes of the event; if the Dif∣ease be great it indicates danger and death, if little health, and by how much the fewer and more gentle those Symp∣tomes are that shew what the disease is, by so much the lesse the strength of the disease is shewn; but by how much the more or greater they are, by so much the more vehement is the Disease: but principally malignity ought to be suspe∣cted alwaies; a disease also, by how much the more it resides in a noble part, or may draw in a noble part by consent, by so much the more dangerous; but that which is in an igno∣ble part is out of danger.

The causes are such, as either bring forth a disease, or dis∣positions which have gone before it. or such as are helpers and supporters of a Disease.

The efficients are either Internall or Externall, internall are either solid bodies, or fluid; Diseases therefore which proceed from solid matter, as from stones, gravell, especially such as is great, for the most part are incurable; Diseases which arise from humours are dangerous, if they offend in the whole substance, and are malignant, if they are very purred, if plentifull, endued with mischievous qualities, and inhere in a noble part, and are crude; those which are contrary indicate the Disease to be less dangerous: Dis∣eases which arise from blood for the most part are whol∣some, from yellow and pale choller not very dangerous, from leek coloured choller, and the colour of the Yolk of an Egge, for the most part deadly.

The Aeruginous for the most part all are mortall, as those from black. A Disease also from an humour perversly thin, is more dangerous then if it be mingled with some o∣ther more mild.

Diseases also which proceed from many vitious humours mixed together, are more dangerous then those that arise from a single humour, regard neverthelesse being had to the nature of the peccant humour.

Diseases also are more dangerous which proceed from a humour causing a tumour, then from a quiet, so that it doth not adhere quietly to a noble part. As for the exter∣nall and evident causes, this is to be noted of them in gene∣rall, if they trouble the body long and violently, and are withall malignant, and continue long in the body, they sig∣nifie a dangerous Disease; those which are contrary tend more to health, and are lesse dangerous. Of the dispositions of bodies, Hippocrates 2. Apho. 34. writes thus.

Those are lesse dangerously sick, whose disease is sutable to nature, or age, or custome, or time of the year, then they whose diseases are agreeable to none of these.

Moreover, if Adjuvants, * 1.15 whether they are externall or internall, or from nature, or from art, help, they signifie a healthy Disease, and not a dangerous; but hurtfull things, if they hurt not, shew that nature is well: On the contrary, if those things which ought to help, do not help, they shew that the Disease is dangerous and deadly.

Thirdly, for what belongs to effects and Symptomes, by how much the Symptomes are lighter, by so much the Dis∣ease is more gentle, by how much they are greater, by so much the Disease is more violent.

The plurality of Signes are not only to be handled here, * 1.16 but the gravity and dignity of good and evill signes are to be considered and compared amongst themselves, and with the strength of the Sick; for the dignity of signes is principally to be valued in respect of life, and alwaies those are counted most worthy which indicate the force or imbecility of the vitall faculty.

CHAP. V. How to presage of life and death from the error and faults of actions.

AFter that we have spoken those things in generall of knowing the event, we will speak something in particu∣lar of what may be foretold by Symptomes, whereof this is the summe: Those things which are most like or agreeable to nature are healthy, those which are most unlike, or diffe∣rent, * 1.17 are deadly,

And first for actions hurt, and what belongs to the ani∣mall faculty, in what disease whatsoever, to have the right use of ones reason, and to be well in respect of those things which are taken in, is a good signe, but the contrary is an ill signe, Hypocrates 2. Apho. 33. and to do any thing contrary to custome, and to will something formerly not accustomed, or the contrary, that is, either to speak little or much, or mad∣ly, or absurdly, or obsceencly, to move the hands untoward∣ly, to read wanton things, to uncover the body, and denu∣date the privy parts, not to be sensible of pain, untoward, and next to being frantick, * 1.18 2. Coac. Sect. 1. Apho. 10. But prin∣cipally to continue well in understanding, is good in those diseases wherein the brain is affected, or is drawn into con∣sent: But although to be well in mind, in diseases of other parts, be a good signe, yet it is not sufficient to signifie health, for many dye that are perfect in their understand∣ings.

Although no ravening be safe, yet that which is with laughter, and good signes, and is light, and not continuall, is more safe, but that which is with violence, continuall and vehement, is more dangerous, but that which is with bold∣ness and rashness, is the worst of all; yet other things which are joyned therewith are to be considered; first, the Pulse, respiration, and appetite, which if they remain safe, it is a good signe, as also if sleep follow; but on the contrary, if ill signes are joyned with ravening or madness, they threaten death, for deadly signes denote certaine destru∣ction.

Ignorance with shaking fit is evill, * 1.19 tis hurtfull also with oblivion, 1. Prorrh. Com. 2. Apho. 30. yet that oblivion which comes with a Delirium is less dangerous, so that the Delirium wherwith it appears be not dangerous.

Sleeping and waking if they are customary, * 1.20 and from a na∣turall course, tis good, but sleep and watchings if they are eccessive evill, 2, Apho. 3. but yet if watching happen before a Crisis, the matter being concocted, it denotes no hurt; a Coma or Disease that causes long sleep, in the beginning of a Disease, signifies the Disease to be dangerous, as also that which happens in the height of a Disease, and by so much the more dangerous is the Coma, by how much the more grievous Symptomes are joyned with it.

As for the mischiefs of the externall Senses, if the sight, * 1.21 the time of judicature being instant, be hurt with the signes of concoction, it indicates no evill, but that sight which is hurt without the signes of concoction, and after an ill Crisis, wants no danger, Cal. 4. Aphorisme 49.

The hinderance of hearing also, if it happen during a good Crisis, is not evill, but if without a Crisis, it is evill; and in acute Diseases for the most part it denotes the braine to be affected: And in the first place, that is mortall which is made by reason of decaying of the strength and extingui∣shing the faculty; those evils also which proceed from evill evacuations, 3 Prorrh. 37. The sound also and continuall humming of the eares, if it happen with signes of crudity, and in a day that is not judicatory, and the strength langui∣shed, it signifies a mortall or deadly Phrensie; when it happens otherwise in the vigour of a disease, and decretory daies, it indicates the Hemerodes of the Nose.

The mell and tast being offended, * 1.22 is a certain signe rather of the peccant humour, then of the event of a disease, but yet if the sick, the faculty being extinct, should be deprived of tast, it is a deadly signe.

The sudden want of the sence of feeling, * 1.23 which happers in diseases, is an ill signe, since it is a token, either of the dilating of the vitious humors so sar as to the brain, or of the extinguishing of the native heat.

If inflaming paines which presently appeare in the be∣ginning, * 1.24 and are not too vehement, nor continuall, and are taken away in a short time, or are abated, especially, after a plentifull evacuation, occasioned by nature, or art, and no dangerous signe be joyned, tis good; but those which continue long, presage an impostumation, but those which happen, the disease increaseing, are not evill, because they denounce a Crisis. It is good also if when a concoct∣ion appears, the paines invade the remote parts from the bowels, and that principally on the criticall day, but all those diseases are evill which afflict the principall parts, es∣pecially if they are joyned with a continued feaver, and other ill Symptomes; but diseases of the noble parts are good, if they happen after concoction, and doe not vanish in a short time, and the sick are other wayes the better by that means; but if they happen in the beginning, the mat∣ter being hither to crude, and the disease not abated thereby, or if shortly they vanish without any manifest cause, or be∣ginning from a more ignoble part, and ascend to a more noble tis an ill token: also it is evill not to be sensible of paine in any part.

The same reason for the most part is from wearisomnesse, * 1.25 for that lassitude which is promoted by the humours, flowing from the noble parts to the externall, with signes of concoction, is a good signe, and especially if it vanish after some evacuation, but if it happen without the signes of concoction, and with other perverse Symptomes, and is not abated by evacuation, it pretends evill.

As to the Symptomes of motion; * 1.26 if bodies are moved aright and easily, tis good, but not afight, or with difficulty, tis ill 2. prog. text. 6.7.

Hitherto we may refert the decubiture, * 1.27 for it is good for the sick to lye on either side with his hands neck, and legs, a little bent, his body streight, not bending towards his feet 1. prog. text. 13. for it is evill to lye supine, with the hands, and feet stretched and dejected, but it is worst of all to slide downe the body to the feet, to observe no order of lying in one's bed, nor to be quiet in one place, raving and striving to fly out of the bed, to uncover his hands, fecte, and nakednesse, ib. textu. 14. and seq. but if a

criticall anxiety or trouble, tis not so hurtfull, all the rest are evill 2. prog. 27.

That convulsion is most dangerous wherein it appeares that the motion is most depraved, * 1.28 and the contraction more vehement, and lasting, and which occupyeth more parts, and neerer to the braine, which renders respiration diffi∣cult, interrupted, and sighing, or from a flux of blood, or which happens from much purging, which happens in acute feavers, which succeeds a Phrenfie, as also in the iliack, passion and watchings, but the convulsion which happens to Children is lesse dangerous, Galen 1. Epid. comm. 4.24. and that which is caused by too much motion of matter to the head or stock of nerves, or that which is occasioned through the mordication of the ventrilcle by the sharpnesse of the humour, or a medi∣cine, or by straining in vomiting, and doth not last long.

A Hiccock is like to a convulsion which if it come with∣our a feaver or any disease; * 1.29 and be occasioned by meate or drinke it portends nothing of eminent danger, but after too much purging, and with inflamations and feavers, hiccocks are allwayes dangerous, especially if they happen to old men; unlesse a Crisis of vomiting afterwards be present, especially if other dangers and deadly signes joyn∣ed therewith.

Trembling is evill if it happen in the beginning of diseases without an evident cause, * 1.30 and indicates the diseases to be dangerous, especially if it shall be longer and more grevious, and other weighty Symptomes are joyned therewith, as those which happen in an Apoplexy and Lethargie, but that trembling which happens after∣wards, and is occasioned by the critick expulsion of hu∣mours, from the interior to the externall parts, is a token of no evill, nor is that trembling evill which succeeds a palsie, since it is a token that nature overcomes the disease.

A shaking fit which incontinued feavers happens in that houre wherein the paine useth to gripe, * 1.31 when the signes of concoction go before, tis a token of a future Crsis, and ther∣fore accounted good, if some good evacuation follow; otherwise if it happen in the beginning of a disease, or with an ill and difficult crisis tis adjudged evill.

Cold fits which happen at certain times in intermitting feavers, * 1.32 signifies no evill; nor are they ill signes in con∣tinued feavers, which happen after signes of concoction, and are tokens of criticall evacuations; and after which the body growes hot again, and some criticall evacuation follow∣eth. But those which are occasioned whilst the matter is crude, by reason whereof the body cannot grow hot with e∣vill evacuations, or when no evacuation followeth, and which happens with ill signes, are all evill.

Sloath of apprehension, * 1.33 specially of the body caused by cold, is perpetually evill, and without a feaver or Apoplexy, it pretends manifest danger in feavers, by reason of the ex∣tinguishing of the native heat.

Moreover the signes of defaults of speech are to be obser∣ved; * 1.34 a shrill voice threatens danger, since it denotes excee∣ding drinesse of the instruments of the voice; dumbnesse, al∣though it be never good, nor without danger, yet it is not al∣wayes deadly, namely when the judicatory evacuation fol∣lows, and when it doth not continue long; the rest that are dumbe, are all for the most part mortall; and so much the worse, how many the more perilous signes are ioyned.

Secondly, * 1.35 the strength and weaknesse of the vitall faculty, which are of greatest force in foreshewing safty, or death, we observed principally from the pulse and respiration. Of the pulse tis spoken already, onely we repeate this, that the most languishing, most dull, and most thin, are the worst of all; after these the least and softest, and hardest; next the most frequent, but not swift, nor great; only amongst extreames the most vehement is the best, yet we must diligently observe alwayes, whither the change of the pulse arise from the dis∣ease, or come from externall causes.

Hereunto belongs the Palpitation of the heart, swounding and falling downe, as it were dead, which indicate dejection of the vitall faculty, and great danger, if they happen through some disease of the heart it selfe.

Respiration, * 1.36 of it be naturall, signifies neither the brest, nor heart, not midriffe to be any way affected with paine, nor any adjacent parts Galen 1. prog. Apho. 25. and moreover it hath great force in signifying tokens of health, when one is sick in a feaver, especially if other good signes are present Hip. ib. on the contrary preternaturally respiration, although it be not allwayes mortall, yet tis alwayes evill, but worst of all if it be joyned with other ill signes; great and swift brea∣things

signifie great store of fuliginous vapours, yet the organs apt, and the faculty hitherto strong, a great and slow pulse happens only to those that are disturbed in mind; a great and frequent pulse snew pain or inflamation of the part serving for breathing; little and swift respiration shews plenty of fuligi∣nous excrements, but with paine, or inflamation of some of the organs appointed for breathing; a little, and slow pulse shews not many vapours, with paine or inflamation of some instrument of respiration, and with other ill signes portends not a little danger; little and obscure respiration is perpetu∣ally evill, and signifies dissolution of strength; but little and thin is the worst of all, because it indicates the greatest debility of the faculty, and if a cold breath proceed from the mouth and nostrills, it is very destructive; but the worst of all, and the nearest to death, is when it extends & is obscure, and sublime, wherein the brest is much dilated, and some∣times the Shoulders, and grisly part of the nostrills, but that which is inspired is very thick, and most frequent; but the worst respiration of all, is that which is made with ordure.

Moreover for what belongs to the Symptomes of the natu∣rall faculty, * 1.37 their perfection is known by their operations, of which it shall be spoken hereafter, but that we may speak here something of the desire of meate and drink; to have a good appetite to meat, and that proceding from a naturall cause, and as Hippo. 2. Apho. 33. writes, in every disease to take easily whatsoever is offered, is a good signe; on the con∣trary an ill appetite of meate is bad 7. Apho 6. not to thirst also in hot and burning feavers, wherein the tongue is filthy and black, perpetually signifies mischeif, and a delirium, or dissolution of the desiring faculty, or of them both; but as it is an ill signe not to thirst, so tis a good signe to thirst in hot diseases, also to thirst immoderatly and over much, is notgood,

CHAP. VI. Of the signes of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions.

AMongst exerements, urines principaly use to be observed, * 1.38 but although it is spoken of already, what they shew, above, part the first See. 2. cap. 21. yet here we may breifly comprehend those things which portend to death or life, namely, that urine is best which is most like that of a sound

person from this the rest differ in substance, colour, quantity, and contents. As to the substance, the goodnesse of the sub∣stance with a good colour, promiseth health; thin urines with a good colour promise health, yet they shew a disease which re∣quires longer time for concoction. Thin and red urins signi∣fy a crude disease 2. prog. 30. but thick, which are made so after the beginning of a disease are also good, if they were thin before, much urine if it be made on a criticall day is good, which somtimes is profitably made with sharpnesse, and paine.

Troubled urine, not setling in the bottome, because the strength of the diseased persists, argues for the most part the disease to continue long; if imbecility of the fick be present, it denotes their death, but those which grow cleare are bet∣ter. As for the colours of waters, a pale red, a light safron co∣lour, and a kind of cleer clay colour are good, neither is a red∣dish colour with a reddish and light sediment to be found fault with, but on the other side bright shinning urines, and white are evill; and especially if they appeare such, in Phrensies, 4. Agho. 72. principally, if they are so in the be∣ginning of a disease, and continue so long; thin, and red, signify the disease is crude, and moreover tis dangerous if they continue so long; black urine in acute diseases, unlesse they are emitted on a criticall day, allwayes denote great danger; after black, the oyly are the worst, yellow, and green also are nought, and green urines if they appeare so suddenly in men that are in other respects sound, with biting of the heart, tis a signe they have drank poison, and they are in dan∣ger of death, but in feavers they are mortall signes; es∣pecially if they appeare in the beginning of the dis∣case.

As for the quanity Hippo. 3. Epid. com. 3. tom 4. condemnes thin urins made in great quantity; as also much urine, thick, not residing and no way helping; and all urines are made in great quantity in the beginning, are disliked; small quantities of urines in acute feavers are also nought.

As to the contents, those urins are evill which have no se∣diment, and nothing that swimmeth in the urinall in the mid∣dest of the urine, nor a little cloud; unlesse the sick hath fasted long, or watched, or laboured: or because the body is exceeding full of choler; thick waters also without a sediment are dan∣gerous, and a sediment representing, the forme of thick brain, is evill, but worst of all, if it reside in a manner like scales of

Fish, but if it be thin and white tis vitious; but that which is furfuraceous or like Bran is worst of all, Hippo. 2. prog. 28. a nubecula, or little cloud, which is carried in the Urine, if it be white tis good, if black tis nonght; tis evill also for the sick to make water and not know of it.

Secondly, * 1.39 the dejections of the belly afford us signes two manner of waies; first, as they shew the concoction of the stomack and guts, also as they manifest the humours flowing from other parts to the guts; As for the first kind, that ejection is best if it be gentle and constant; and sent forth at that time when it is wont to be in the best health, if quantity be according to what hath been eaten, 2. Apho. 13. The latter is good if it be criticall, and with signes of concoction in the state of a disease, and happen on a cri∣ticall day, and ease the sick, 1. Apho. 2. On the other side ill dejections, and those which portend destruction, derogate from the good in substance, colour, smell, time wherein they appear, nor are they voided with ease.

As to their substance and quantity, dry excrement and rolled up in clods are signes of fiery heat, and if be∣sides they shall be black, they declare a burning disease to be in the middle of the body, and for that reason are evill: On the contrary liquid excretion is not evill, if it have other good notes; but the watry ordure is worse, and proceeds from greater crudity; and moreover in chole∣rick diseases, with ill Urines tis deadly, but in more milde it signifies the disease will continue long. A glutinous, white, light, fat, and foetid ordure, and little, are condemned, 2. Prog. 21, 22. Cleare dejections also in acute diseases are condemned, 2. Prorrh. 15. and froathy, and cholerick ejections in acute cholerick diseases are accounted evill, ibid. Apho. 18.

As to the colour, excrements which differ from the naturall colour, are white; red, bloody, watry, green, yellow, black, full of mixt colours, unlesse they are emitted cri∣tically they portend danger: Yet in all these ejections in judging of them, regard is to be had of the meat, and to take heed you observe whether that quality hath its rise from dyet that hath been taken; for they become white either by the obstructing of the passages through which choler descends to the guts, or through the motion of the choler to some superiour and more noble part,

Red are also of themselves dangerous, yet if they are extru∣ded after the victory of nature, they rather shew hope of pre∣sent health, then portend any thing of evill.

Black Excrements since they proceed either from blood or melancholy humours, or from black choler, that blacknesse which comes from concrete blood, or a melancholy humour, is not alwaies evill: but pure black choler can never be sent out of the body without destruction of the sick.

Green and aeruginous ordure which proceeds from aerugi∣nous choler tending to black, is an argument of a pernicious disease, if it be cast out from any principall part, and the bowels be affected with an Erysipelous; if the Excrements are yellow, they signifie vehement cold in the internall parts, and as it were a certain mortification: Ejections also of di∣vers colours are evill, 2. Prog. 23.

Faetid Excrements are evill also, and the worst of all, and few are preserved whose excrements in acute feavers are foetid, yellow, fat, black, and blew, or lead colour.

Those vomitings are good which truly purge the causes of diseases, * 1.40 or which are made critically, and when concocted matter appears on the criticall daies, and are suitable to the nature of the disease, and take away or abate the same; but on the contrary, all those are evill which happen in the be∣ginning, when the matter is not yet concocted, and which take not away the morbifique matter, and the disease; and they are so much the worse if other pernitious signes be pre∣sent, such as are sincere Vomits, leek coloured, lead coloured, black, stinking, and foetid, from the guts, Ileon, and very lit∣tle.

Sweats are good which happen after decoction is made, * 1.41 and on a criticall day, and coldnesse, and stifnesse, proceeding & flowes out hot and plentifully from the whole body, and lessen and abate the disease: on the other side, those are evill which happen whilest the matter is crude, which are too much, or too little, and those which are cold, or flow not from the whole body, and neither diminish nor take away the disease.

The Hemorodes of the nose are good which happen in the state of a disease, * 1.42 with signes of concoction, nor is that al∣waies to be condemned which happens in the augmentation, and also in the beginning, seeing the blood wants no other preparation, neither do the other humours. Good Hemerodes ought to be large, but yet not over much, but to be made with

ease, and the symptomes of the Feaver to be abated, and to happen in a criticall day, and in those diseases, wherin blee∣ding is proper to their nature and condition; and moreover the blood ought to flow from a part opposite to the part affe∣cted: on the contrary, those are ill Hemerodes which hap∣pen in the beginning, unlesse other good signes are present, and if they appear with dangerous signes, and those which are too large, or too little.

Dropping of blood from the Nose is evill, if it be caused by pervernesse of matter, multitude, imbecility of force, or all these, especially in the beginning, or on the fourth day, if the blood be black, sincere, and without mixture: But it be a token of a future Crisis, tis no ill signe, which happens when the signes of concoction have been before, and the disease is not dangerous.

Spittle is of great use in shewing of diseases of the breast, * 1.43 and that is good which is concocted, white and equall, and is spit out conveniently, and easily in a short space of time, without great pain, and a great cough: on the contrary, tis evill if it be crude, yellow; worse, if it be green, worst of all if black, especially if it be without mixture, if it appears more dull, and is spit out with great difficulty, tis also evill; when the spittle is bloody, for it proceedeth from erosion, or from breaking of Vessels.

Lastly, decretory Imposthumations are good, * 1.44 if they happen with signes of concoction, and other good signes, and break on a judicatory day; they are good by nature which are re∣moved from the bowels and more noble parts, which perse∣vere, are suppurated, and help the sick: On the contrary, those are evill which break forth without signes of conco∣ction, the matter as yet being crude, and on a day that is not criticall, if they are too great, or too little, or happen to be in the fingers, or toes, if they are lead colour, or too red, inclining to black, and those which decrease and vanish, without any reason, and without any precedent evacuation, those which are not well suppurated, which are corrupted, and they bring either that part where they are, or the whole body into danger.

CHAP. II. Of the signes of health and of death which are taken from the mutations of the qualities of the body.

MOreover to the mutation of the qualities of the body, * 1.45 and first concerning the whole body, tis a good signe if it be rendred not much unlike to a sound body in habit and colour.

Tis no good signe for the most part in a great Disease, when nothing is changed, 2. Apho. 28. Tis also an ill signe when bodies are extenuated in the declination of a Disease, and although they take food are not thereby refreshed. For in acute Diseases, tis an ill signe when the body is puft up and swelled, unlesse criticall humours are then remitted.

The colour of the body when changed contrary to na∣ture, * 1.46 and especially in the yellow Jaundice, is a good signe. In Feavers if it come to passe by natures driving the cholerick humours critically to the out side of the body, and the skin; but that which is contrary is to be adjudged evill.

Those signes which are in the face are of great force, * 1.47 but that face is best which is like to theirs which are in health, but if it be contrary tis vitious, Hip. 1. Prog. 5. but a face may be unlike to their faces that are well many waies, and by how much the more it recedeth from the face of sound people, by so much the greater evill it denotes.

All which signes Hippocrates in his description of a face, * 1.48 which differs from a face of a sound person produceth, which therefore is called an Hippocraticall face, 2. Prog. 6, & 7. sharp Nose, hollow Eyes, the Temples streightned, or nar∣row, the Eares cold and contracted, and their fibres in∣verted, the skin also about the Forehead hard, fixed, and dry, and the colour of the whole countenance green, or black, which change of the countenance is very deadly, especially in the beginning of a disease, unlesse it so hap∣pen to be from some evident cause, and mends night and

day, but that face which is of a purple colour, mixt with blew, unlesse the Hemerodes of the Nose, or an Imposthu∣mation behind the Eares be to follow after, is an ill figne, and denotes a very hot disease of the brain.

As the eyes are affected, so the body, * 1.49 and principally the head, 6. Edip. Comm. 4. tom. 28. for if the eyes are like to theirs that are well, have a naturall colour, are full, splen∣did, and indure the light without trouble, if they open their eye lids well, and shut them without teares, and without excrements, they are good signes.

But there are divers mutations in the eyes, and as Hippo. 1. Prog 10. writes, if the eyes avoid the light, or shed tears against the will of the sick, or are perverted, or one shall be lesse then the other, and the white become reddish, or of the colour of lead, or black Veines, or phlegme appears a∣bout the sight, or look divinely upward, or are hollow, or the colour of the whole countenance varies, all these are to be accounted evill and destructive, but worst of all if the sick see not, hear not, and if this happen in a weak body, death is nigh at hand.

A sharp Nose, and a Nose that is turned, or wreathed, * 1.50 after what manner soever, is an ill signe; if the Nose itch contrary to custome, unlesse it indicate a flux of blood imminent, it shewes that a Delirium will fol∣low.

The Eares if they are of a wan colour, * 1.51 black contracted and cold, tis a signe of death.

The grinding of the teeth is an ill signe, * 1.52 tis an ill signe also when any glutinous humours sticks to the teeth.

When the Tongue is like theirs who are in health, * 1.53 tis a very good signe, but tis very evill if it be green, black and exceeding dry, cleaved, or chopped, rough, and as it were burnt: But principally dry, hard, and black Tongues indi∣cate danger, if they appeare with other ill signs, & most of all if when the Tongue is rough and dry, the sick be not thirsty.

The Chops ulcerated with a Feaver is hard to be cured, * 1.54 3. Prog 15. and if in acute diseases of the Chops, if paines, and abjectnesse, and stoppings, without a tumour happen, they are pernitious, 1. Prorrh. 11. and if the Feaver being de∣tained, he suddenly turn his neck awry, and can scarce swal∣low, no tumour being present, tis mortiferous, 4. A∣pho. 35.

Tis a good signe if the Hypocondries are without paine, * 1.55 if they are soft and equall, on either part if they are not exte∣nuated; yet somtimes when the Hypocondries are stretched it shewes a crisis to come, but then also other criticall signes are present; on the contrary tis an ill signe, if the Hypocon∣dries are troubled with inflamation, or paine, or are stretched, or unequally affected, on the right, or left part; also when extenuated, * 1.56 and beating, unlesse a Crisis be present.

Lastly as to the extremities of the body, if in intermitting feavers, the extreame parts grow cold, and the internall burne, and they thirst, tis mortall 7. Apho. 1. but tis very good if all the body be equally hot, and soft; it is evill also, and for the most part deadly if all the body be heavy, and es∣pecially if the nailes and fingers are black and blue, or black, if the genitalls, and stones are drawn up together, also filthy smells indicate great putrifaction and danger.

CHAP. VIII. Of knowing the time, longitude, brevity and event of a disease.

THe length, * 1.57 brevity, time, and event, of a disease are known principally by the signes of concoction and crudi∣ty, and the vehemency of a disease, by the celerity, and tar∣dity; for if in the first day in an acute feaver, the signes of concoction are present in the urine, and no danger be per∣ceived, it argues the disease will end about the first quartarna∣ry, third, fourth, or fifth day, if the disease be contrary to this, and presently after the beginning have the worst Symptomes, * 1.58 the fifth day, or before, he will dye.

But if signes of concoction appeare the first and second dayes, and the disease be neither benigne nor vehement, the disease may be extended, to the second quarternary, but as long as such seavers can continue the first day, it can scarce be known, but afterwards each quartarnary are to be conside∣red, and the signes of concoction in them are to be wieghed & compared with the vehemency of the disease, towit, if in the fourth day signes of concoction appear in the urine, tis a signe that the matter is apt to be concocted, and that the disease will terminate on the seventh day; on the contrary, if in such a feaver, on the fourth day there appeare no signes of con∣coction but ill signes are also increased, tis an argument that

the sick growes worse, and may dye about the seventh day; unlesse some error be committed, or some other cause of change be present.

But if the signes of crudity, remaine till the fourth or: * 1.59 se∣venth day, the disease shall indure beyond the third quartarnary, but if on the fourteenth day, it shall have an end, the eleventh, which is the index of the fourteenth will shew it, for if then signes of concoction appeare, either be∣fore the fourteenth day judgment may be given, or on the seventeenth day; but if on the eleventh day there appeare not as yet sufficient signes of concoction, there is no hopes that the disease will be judicatory on the fourteenth, and therefore the signes of concoction are to be sought in the following quartarnaries, for if the signes of concoction appear about the twentieth day, there is hopes on the first quartina∣ry, after the twentieth day, that the disease may be judged of, but if no mutation hitherto appeares it may be extended to the fourth week, and those diseases which retaine all the signes of crudity to the foure and twentieth day, cannot be decreed, before the fourtieth day, and those which are exten∣ded beyond the fourtieth are not ended with a Crisis, but with slow concoctions.

Sometimes not only the day but also the houre of the end of a disease may be foretold, * 1.60 namely if we consider particu∣lar fits, for if we think any one will dye on any day, tis pro∣bable he will dye in the worst time of his fit, or in a particu∣lar declination, when the strength, in the height of a dis∣case is dejected, by the cruelty and vehemency of Symp∣tomes.

CHAP. IX. How many mutations there are of diseases, and the manners, and what a crisis is.

THe third thing which ought to before known by Phy∣sitians is the manner of event, and end of diseases: * 1.61 they are terminated six severall wayes, as well to health, as to death, for either the disease is suddenly fully dissolved, and the sick recovers immediatly his firme health, or there is a sudden change to better, and the sick is transferred from a worse state into a better, after which, at length also he re∣covers to be well, or there is a conversion of the disease by

little and little to health, or contrary the sick suddenly dies, or the disease is suddenly become more dangerous, which change at length ends him.

That mutation which is made by degrees, tending to death, is called a Marasme, or Wasting; that mutation of a disease which is made by little and little, and tends to health, is called a loosing, but that sudden and hasty change which is made in Feavers, especially acute and tend to health, * 1.62 or death, is called a Crisis; but that change can∣not be made unlesse vitious humours which oppresse nature are moved, which indeed cannot happen without great perturbations of the body, and vehement symptomes, a Ca∣talogue whereof Galen recites in his 1. of criticall daies, Cap. 1.

CHAP. X. Of the causes, differences, manner, and time of Judg∣ment.

SInce that in Judgments many things happen, * 1.63 contur∣bation, evacuation, and sudden mutation, tending to safety or death, that conturbation which is a heap of those judicatory symptomes, which proceed from agitation and molestation of humours which the body affords, and this comes to passe either from an externall cause, as influence of Stars, or an internall, irritating and provoking as well nature as the matter.

The cause of evacuation is the expulsive faculty, * 1.64 which ei∣ther is stird up by the plenty or the quality of matter, yet critically expels that which doth molest.

There are four differences of Crises, * 1.65 according as nature is sometimes stronger, sometimes weaker, and sometimes op∣pressed more by v••tious matter, sometimes lesse, for either the sick forthwith recover their former health, or sud∣denly dye, or undergo some change, tending to safety or death, * 1.66 yet immediatly they neither recover, nor dye: From whence afterwards other differences will arise, for some Cri∣ses are good, some evill; those are good which tend to the recovery of the sick, those are evill which discover the death of the sick.

Again some are perfect and very good, * 1.67 which free the sick perfectly and wholly from the disease, and leave none of the morbifique matter, but the imperfect leave some of the morbifique matter behind.

Again, some are faithfull and secure, * 1.68 which so take away the disease, that there is no feare of a relapse; unfaithfull is that which leaves a doubt of falling into it again.

Moreover tis called a safe Crisis which happens without danger of Symptomes; * 1.69 but a dangerous which is joyned with perilous Symptomes.

Some Crises are with good signes, * 1.70 and have their indi∣cations from the daies going before them, and are called good signes; but that which happens without signes, and is, * 1.71 as it were, unseperated, is said to be an ill signe.

But all these differences depend on three things, * 1.72 the strength of nature, the nature of a disease, and the conditi∣on of the matter which ought to be expelled; and that a good and perfect Crisis be made, tis requisite that nature be strong, and Heaven favourable, the disease not dangerous, and the matter benigne and facill; in all other Crises one, or more of these are wanting.

All Crises are made two waies, either by excretion, * 1.73 or e∣mitting, or else by removing the matter: By excretion a Crisis is made when peccant humours are expelled by vo∣mit, Seidgs, sweat, plenty of Urine, Hemerodes of the Nose, flowing of the months, and Hemerodes: A Crisis is made by translation, when the matter is not expelled out of the body, but is removed into another place, and that either into internall parts, or externall, the for∣mer Crisis is the better, because the matter for the most part is throughly cast out from the center of the body; by so much also a Crisis is the better, that is made by translation, by how much the matter is transferred to a more ignoble and remote place; so much the worse, by how much the place is more noble and nigher to the seat of the former disease: An Im∣posthumation also, or Ulcer ought to be out of the region of the part affected, and to have the other notes of a good Impo∣sthumation; an abscesse also ought not to vanish suddenly, but to remain untill either it be turned into quitture, or till it be dissipated by degrees.

But the best Crisis never happens unlesse it be towards the end of the height, when the concoction is perfected, * 1.74 for that which happens in the augmentation before the state, is im∣perfect, and is so much the worse, by how much tis longer di∣stant from the end of the state; sometimes also evacuation which is made in the beginning of diseases, and is sympto∣maticall, is not to be accounted evill, especially if those hu∣mours

are evacuated, from whence the disease had its origi∣nall, and the strength of nature can endure it.

CHAP. XI. Of Criticall daies.

WHereas the Crises are made more frequently and bet∣ter on certain determinate daies then other daies, * 1.75 those dales therefore are called criticall; but other daies wherein a Crisis seldome happens, or such a one as is not good does happen, are called not criticall.

Criticall daies are of three kinds, some are those which are simply, and according to preheminency called criticall, wherein Judgments are made better and more frequently, all which are bounded within the circuit of a septinary number, and are these, the 7.14.20.27.34.40. for daies are not taken whole, but shorter.

Moreover, there are some which are called indicant and contemplable, from whence the Crisis to come is shewn, and they are the middles, or quarternaries of every seventh morn∣ing, as 4.11.17.24.

Others are such as come between, * 1.76 which the Greeks call Parempiptontes, others call them provocatory, wherein from some accident contrary to nature, or by the violence of a fit, or by reason of some externall cause, nature is provoked to hasten to untimely expulsion, such are the 3.5.9.13.19. and according to some 15.18.

Vacant or not criticall daies are those wherein no crisis happens, * 1.77 or very seldome, and unperfect, and evill, such are the 6.8.10.12.16.18. to which some add 22, 23.25.29, 30.32, 33.35.38.39. which daies are also called medicinall, because the Physitian on those daies may safely administer purging Medicines.

After the 40. day diseases languish, and by a slow conco∣ction, and by Imposthumations, rather then Crisis are termi∣nated; after these some diseases are judged by months, o∣thers by years, and especially in climactericall years, when changes are made even of diseases which have been contra∣cted from their Mothers Womb.

From this doctrine neverthelesse of Hippocrates, and Ga∣len, which Galen reduceth, as it were, in brief, in the 1. of decretory diseases, cap. 5. the ancients now long since have de∣parted; Asclepiades, Archigenes, Celsus, and others, which accounted the third criticall year not the twentieth, but

the one and twentieth, the fourth, not the twenty seventh, but the twenty eighth.

The Astrologers also do not simply observe daies and num∣bers, * 1.78 but referring all the reason of criticall daies to the mo∣tion of the Moon, note those daies wherein the Moon comes to every quadrangle, or fourth corner, and comes to the dia∣meter in respect of place wherein she was found when the disease began, as now in the causes of criticall daies shall be shewn.

CHAP. XII. Of the causes of Criticall daies.

THat we may omit the opinions of others, * 1.79 of the causes of criticall daies, no offence to any other judgments, we appoint criticall daies to depend on the Moon, and the con∣dition and disposition of peccant humours, and the expul∣sive faculty, for what mutations soever the Moon in her con∣junctions, oppositions, and quadrangles makes in these inferi∣or bodies is very well known, and therefore that power which is attributed to quaternaries, and septinaries do all depend on the motion of the Moon, yet neverthelesse that this, or that Crisis may be made betwixt those, the motion of the Moon alone is not sufficient, since not alwaies the seventh or fourteenth day is not alwaies criticall, and somtimes a good and an ill Crisis is made on the same day, and therfore the condition and disposition of peccant humours are to be joyned; and lastly, the expulsive faculty is to be added, which being stimulated by the motion of the Moon and disposition of humours, is the next and immediate cause of a Crisis.

First seeing the order of criticall daies cannot proceed on∣ly from the faculty of the body, nor from morbifique matter, * 1.80 but a coelestiall cause is to be joyned therwith, and the Moon in every quarternary, and septinary, and according as it takes up one and another place of the Zodiack in its motions, and by reason of the light from the Sun varying, shews to us vari∣ous lights or representations, it may make great alterations in sublunary things, tis not therfore without a cause deter∣mined, that great mutations arise in diseases in those places which have regard to the place wherin the Moon was in the beginning of the disease, with a quadrate or opposite ray; and when she is come so far as that she hath a new shape, and manifest mutation of light; for the motion of the Moon and her progresse to the quadrate, and opposite signes, and the

changings of the shape of the Moon are to be joyned what∣soever they are; yet the crises are stronger when the Septina∣ries exactly fall into the quadrates of the Moone.

But in the computing of the criticall dayes, * 1.81 the month of wandring or travelling is to be observed as being naturall and according to which many changes are made in this in∣ferior orbe, which for the most part is made in twenty seven dayes and eight hours, which if they are divided into foure weekes, the first will be ended, in six dayes and twenty hours, the second in thrirteen dayes, and sixteen hours, the third in twenty dayes and twelve hours.

Therefore on what day soever any one fall sick at the first onset of the disease, a conjunction as it were is made of the Moone and the disease, hence when the Moone hath measu∣red three fignes, or past over ninty degrees, and comes to the first quadrate, the first criticall day is made; when she hath past through six signes, or an 180. degrees she comes to the opposite signe, and the second criticall day begins; when from the opposite signeshe passeth to the second quadrate, the third crisis begins, if the disease be prolonged till then, lastly when she returns again to the place where she was at the beginning of the disease the fourth crisis begins, and she shews as she did at first. * 1.82

The same reason is of indicatory dayes, for when the Moone hath passed over two signes or 60. degrees from the signe wherein she was when any one began to fall sick, and is said to come to a sextile, the first indicatory is begun; when she hath past over foure signes, or a 120 degrees, and becomes triangular, the second indicatory is made; and when from the opposite signe againe she comes to be triangular, then is the third indicatory; lastly when she hath gone from the second quadrate to the second sextile, the fourth indicatory is.

But here the dayes are not to be numbered according to the diurnall indifferent motion of the Moone, * 1.83 which is thir∣teen degrees, ten minutes, 35 sec. but according to the true motion of the Moone, for the Moone is sometimes swift, some∣times slow in motion, nor doth she passe through alike num∣ber of degrees each day, whence it comes to passe that she arrives sometimes sooner, sometimes later, to the quadrate and opposite signe, and hence without all doubt it comes to passe, that most admirable Physitians vary in defining of criti∣call dayes, and Hippocrates as also Galen account the twenti∣eth, and seven and twentieth: Arch••genes, as also Diacles count

the one and twentieth and eight and twentieth for criticall dayes; neither are allwayes distinct aspects to be observed, but often times, plarick are sufficient.

Secondly besides the motion of the Moon, * 1.84 ••the disposition and motion of humours are to be considered and which is the cause that the crisis happens sometimes sooner, sometimes later.

Lastly the nature of the body is to be adjoyned, which being assisted by the motion of the Moone, and stirred up by the humours, begins a combate with the morbifique matter, and expels the same, and makes a crisis.

CHAP XIII. Of the signes of crisis in generall.

BUt crises are made as it is also said before, only in acute, * 1.85 and violent diseases, arising from hot, thin, and acrid mat∣ter which may tire out nature; but if sometimes in durable or chronick diseases also, criticall evacuations as it were, are made, it is necessary, that ther be certain periods of time be∣fore the disease become vehement and become of the same nature with acutes: Moreover that the crisis may be made, tis requisite that there be strength of nature, according as ought to be: thirdly, to the foreknowledge of a crisis certain pertur∣bations in the body conduce, which use to arise before a crisis, * 1.86 and signes which Galen in the third of crisis Cep. second at large describes, and, he breifly comprehends in the same book Cap. the tenth when he writes, that when a crisis is to come there is some new alteration, either about respiration, or concerning the mind, or the sight, or hearing, or about some of those which we call breifly, by one name, criticall ac∣cidents or signes.

CHAP. XIIII. Of the signes of differences in Crisis.

A Good crisis is thus known. * 1.87 First because critick signes have precedes. Second, because the signes of concoction have gon before especially in urins and other excrements. Third, be∣cause it is shewn on the judicatory day. Fourth, because it hap∣pens on the judicatory day. Fifth, because convenient excre∣tion is made according to the nature of the disease. Sixth, be∣cause the sick after the Crisis is almost freed from the feaver, the Symptomes abate, and the face is of a better colour.

But these Crises that differ from the best are known thus; * 1.88 because the signes of exquisite concoction have not gone be∣fore, nor have they happened in the state, nor a little before, but in the augmentation, they are not made on a criticall day, the evacuation doth not plainly answer to the nature of the disease, the sick doth not well endure that evacuation, the Pulses are not better, the sick is not eased of his disease, and in the night which followeth the crisis he is not more lightsome, yet amongst the other evacuations which are went to happen before an absolute concoction, the best of them is the Hemerhodes.

An evill crisis is known by the signes which are contrary to the best crisis, * 1.89 namely because such a crisis first doth not expect the time of concoction; secondly in the judicatory day it was judicated by il•• signes, or it suddenly grew upon him without preceding signes; thirdly it is not made on a decre∣torie day, but for the most part on the sixth or eigth day; fourthly the evacuation doth not answer to the nature of the disease and the excretion of it selfe is evill, fifthly the sick is not eased, the pulse is become worse, the strength decayes, and the sick doth totally fall into a worse condition.

CHAP. XV. The signes of a crisis to come by excretion and Impos∣thumation.

BUt whether a crisis be to be made by emission of morbi∣fique matter, * 1.90 or by transposition of it into another place, or by imposthumation, the kindes of diseases, and the motion,

time of the yeare, nature and age of the sick do shew; for if the disease be very acute ariseing from thin and acrid matter, and the crisis be to come after, the first periods, if nature be strong, the pulse high, the passages open, and nature accusto∣med to sweate or some other evacuation, if it be Summer time, tis a signe that there will be a crisis by excrements. * 1.91

But on the contrary if the disease be not so acute and the matter be thick, nature weaker, especially if the urines come forth thin and crude for a long space, if their be debility of the externall parts, and propensity of nature to thrust out hu∣mours, to these places; if the time of the year be cold, tis a token that there will be a crisis occasioned by imposthuma∣tion.

And indeed excretions are good when they are evacuated as they ought, and such as ought, * 1.92 and in such manner as they ought, and when, and as much as is expedient; namely when the humour which offendeth is evacuated, and concocted in due quantiry, in a criticall day, in a right manner, together, and through places sending them out together; evill evacua∣tions are contrary.

Good imposthumations are those which are made when the matter is concocted, have laudable substance, * 1.93 namely a figure swelling externally, and sharpned, do equally ripen, and are not hard round about, and are of a good colour, red, yel∣low, or white, indifferent bignesse, when they continue and go not away untill they are suppurated, and are soon ripened; on the contrary, ill imposthumations swell not enough with∣out, and are not pointed, they suppurate not all alike, they are hard about, and cloven into two, their colour inclining to red, yellow, or black, they are greater then is convenient, and they vanish before they are suppurated, or are ripened very slowly.

CHAP XVI. Through what places there will be excretion and where there will be impostumation.

THrough what place there will be excretion the inclina∣tion of the humour teacheth, and about those parts to which the humour to be expelled is moved, or through which it is moved, a certain change is perceived.

When a Crifis is to come by the Hemerodes of the Nose, * 1.94 the Hypocondries are wont first to be extended without pain, then when the blood finds the way to the superior parts, it causeth difficulty of respiration, but not long continuing; afterwards followes the paine of the head and neck, and the pulse becomes more vehement, and at times the Arteries are discerned to beat and pant, and the face and eyes become redder, and the eyes shed involuntary teares, and shinings, or glistrings are observed in them, or dimnesse ariseth, the imagination is also hurt, and a Delirium happens, and cer∣tain red apparitions seem to be before the eyes; and moreo∣ver the Hemerodes being now nigh, the sick begin to scratch their Nose with their fingers: and these signes are the more certain, if the age of the sick, and nature, and the time of the year, and the present constitution of the aire consent.

If by reason of sweat which happens very often, * 1.95 a Crisis be to come, there happens•• suppression of Urine for the most part, and a cold fit hinders it: but the signes of Hemerods are absent, as also the signes of Vomits, and monthly courses, and when the sweat comes forth the pulse is soft, waving and flowing, the exterior parts grow hot, and red, the skin is soft, and a certain hot vapour breaks out through the skin.

That there will be a Crisis by vomit, the motion of the hu∣mours to the stomack shew, * 1.96 from whence ariseth biting of the stomack with paine of the head, a giddinesse and dark cloudy shadowes or mists before the eyes, agitation of the lower lip, much and thin spittle flowing out of the mouth, loathing and disdaining, a cold chill fit, or trembling, and frigidity of the Hypocondries, a hard and unequal pulse, and difficulty of breathing.

If a Crisis be to follow by reason of excrements from the Paunch, * 1.97 there is no proper and exact rule to know it, but only thus, because signes of a Crisis are present, but signes of a Vomit, or slux of blood, or sweat, or of courses are wanting, therefore we may conjecture there will be a Cri∣sis of the belly, and especially if belching wind, rumbling, or breaking wind in the ••elly be present; also paine of the loynes, heavinesse of the knees use to happen, and the Vrine is sometimes suppressed, or made more sparingly.

That there will be a Crisis in the same manner, * 1.98 is knowne by the absence of signes, which use to shew the manners of other Crises, and the sick are not much tossed up and down, nor are they much out of quiet, but there is present a cer∣taine

gravity of the Hypocondries, and a perception of windi∣nesse about the bladder, and afterwards the Urines begin to be increased, the dregs of the belly to be retained, and the sick when he makes water is sensible of certain paine.

Tis a signe that there will be a Crisis by the courses if signes of other evacuations be absent, * 1.99 but when the time when the tearmes are wont to flow, is present; and moreo∣ver the heat and gravity of the loynes concur, when there is paine and stretching out of the Hypocondries, and other Symptomes which familiarly happen when the courses are present.

By the Hemerodes that there will be a Crisis is collected, * 1.100 If this flux be not otherwise familiar to the sick, and the signes of other criticall evacuations be absent, and the sick perceive some heat about the marrow of the back, or paine or extending of the loynes, or some paine in the belly.

If criticall excretions are to come through more places, * 1.101 the signes of more excretions wil give you notice thereof.

Lastly, if it be conjectured that nature will remove the morbifique matter into another place, that place where the Impostumation will be, is known by the inclination of the matter to those parts whether inferior or superior, although the matter be thin, it shall rather be moved to the superior then the inferior parts, and if nature be strong, it rather drives the matter towards the inferior, then the superior parts.

CHAP XVII. Of the time of the Crisis.

LAstly, it is to be known at what time the Crisis will be, * 1.102 but that fore-knowledge depends upon the fore-know∣ledge of the State, of which we have spoken before, but the chief signes are those of concoction and crudity. If therefore on the first day a manifest signe of concoction appear, and all the rest portend nothing of evill, the Crisis of the disease is to be hoped for on the fourth day; but if on the first day there doth not appeare a manifest figne of concoction, other daies are to be consulted on; and if a signe appeare, in any of the decretory daies, or the next quarternary the Crisis is to be expected.

Moreover those things are to be joyned with the signes of

concoction; which the Ideas, magnitude, motion, and man∣ner of a disease affordeth; for of acute diseases, some at the most are judged in foure daies, some are extended to the seventh, some to the fourteenth, others longer: The altera∣tion of a disease also shewes the Crisis, since it shewes whe∣ther the Crisis will be on an even day, or an odd: Also the times of diseases are to be considered, for in noisome diseases the crisis appeareth not perfectly before the state, only an im∣perfect crisis in the augmentation; but destructive are made either in the beginning, especially if the disease be vehement and the strength weak: To these signes also is to be adjoined the consideration of the time of the yeare, region, age, tem∣parature of the sick, and such like, of which Galen speaketh in the third of Crisis, cap. 4.

But that a Crisis is now present, * 1.103 the criticall signes spoken of and enumerated before, do shew, namely, the night wher∣in the Crisis is to come, which precedes the fit, useth to be more grievous, 3. Aphor. 13. but various perturbations pre∣cede in the body, according as nature is to expell matter through this or that part: Of which before cap. 13. and Galen 3. of Crises, c. 2.

But oftentimes not only the day but houre of Crises may be fore-told, for if we know the day of the Crisis which is to come, we ought to consider in what houre of the day the fit useth to come, and what time of the Paroxysme the sick is most grieved, and that is principally to be observed.

Instead of a conclusion also, it is to be observed what cer∣tain, perfect, and best crises may be known, and the rest to know no otherwise then by the most probable conjectures, wherefore unlesse we can presage somewhat certainly before hand, it is more safe to hold our peace, then rashly pronoun∣cing to be deceived.

Lastly, * 1.104 concerning the Crisis, the stability and instability of the event is to be weighed, but stability of the event and certain health is to be hoped for, if nature be strong, and no Symptome remaine over and above; if all the rules of a good Crisis be present, if the humours are thin and hot, which are easily evacuated, but if nature be weak, and some Symp∣tomes abound, as loathing, and such like: all the good rules of a Crisis are not present, and the humour be colder and thicker, tis lawfull to presage unconstant health, and such may fall into relapse.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Of what things are to be fore∣known in the sick.
• * 1.2

  Of Prog∣nostick signs.
• * 1.3

  Of conce∣ction of crudity, of life and death. Criticall.
• * 1.4

  Signs of the times of diseases.
• * 1.5

  From the Idea of a disease.
• * 1.6

  Time of the year. Region. Temperant of bodies. In respect of dyet.
• * 1.7

  Strength of nature.
• * 1.8

  From the course of fits.
• * 1.9

  In longi∣tude.
• * 1.10

  Signes of the begin∣ning of a disease, of augmenta∣tion, of the height.
• * 1.11

  The event of a dis∣ease foure∣fold.
• * 1.12

  When it may be known.
• * 1.13

  Signes of strength and debi∣lity of na∣ture.
• * 1.14

  Signs of a strong dis∣case.
• * 1.15

  Effects and Symptomes.
• * 1.16

  Dignity of signes.
• * 1.17

  The third Book, and part of the fourth. Animall a∣ctions hurt what they presage.
• * 1.18

  Delirium.
• * 1.19

  The me••••∣ry hurt.
• * 1.20

  Sleeping and wa∣king.
• * 1.21

  Hurt in of the exter∣nall senses. Of sight.
• * 1.22

  Of Hearing
• * 1.23

  Of Touch∣ing.
• * 1.24

  Paine.
• * 1.25

  Lasinesse.
• * 1.26

  Motion.
• * 1.27

  Lying downe.
• * 1.28

  Convulsion.
• * 1.29

  Hiccock
• * 1.30

  Trembling.
• * 1.31

  A partx∣isme.
• * 1.32

  Cold fit.
• * 1.33

  Torpor.
• * 1.34

  Hurt in the voice.
• * 1.35

  The strength of the vitall faculty.
• * 1.36

  Respira∣tion.
• * 1.37

  Symptomes of the na∣turall fa∣culty what they pre∣sage.
• * 1.38

  Prognost∣ick from vrine.
• * 1.39

  Of dejecti∣on of the helly.
• * 1.40

  Of vomi∣tings.
• * 1.41

  Os sweats.
• * 1.42

  From the Hemerodes of the nose.
• * 1.43

  From spit∣tle.
• * 1.44

  Ʋlcers.
• * 1.45

  What may be fore-told by the habit of the body.
• * 1.46

  From the colour.
• * 1.47

  From the face.
• * 1.48

  Hippo. face.
• * 1.49

  By the eyes
• * 1.50

  By the No∣strill.
• * 1.51

  By the ears.
• * 1.52

  By the teeth
• * 1.53

  By the Tongue.
• * 1.54

  By the Cheps.
• * 1.55

  By the Hy∣pocondries
• * 1.56

  By the ex∣tremities of the body.
• * 1.57

  Which dis∣eases are ended in the fi st quartar∣nary.
• * 1.58

  Which are exten∣ded to the second.
• * 1.59

  Which to the third.
• * 1.60

  The houre of the event of a disease how to be known.
• * 1.61

  Changes of diseases how many.
• * 1.62

  Crisis.
• * 1.63

  The cause of a crisis. Conturbat••∣on.
• * 1.64

  Evacuati∣on.
• * 1.65

  Differences of Crisis.
• * 1.66

  Good Evill.
• * 1.67

  Persect. Impersect.
• * 1.68

  Secure. Not secure.
• * 1.69

  A safe. Dangerous.
• * 1.70

  Eusemes.
• * 1.71

  Asemos.
• * 1.72

  The diffe∣rences of Crisis whereon they depend
• * 1.73

  Crisis, how many waies made. By excreti∣on, by tran∣slation.
• * 1.74

  A good cri∣sis, when it happens.
• * 1.75

  Criticall daies.
• * 1.76

  Interve∣ning.
• * 1.77

  Vacant.
• * 1.78

  The opini∣on of Astro∣logers.
• * 1.79

  The cause of criticall daies.
• * 1.80

  The Mo••n.
• * 1.81

  A periodi∣call month in criticall dayes to be observed.
• * 1.82

  Prognosti∣call diseas∣es.
• * 1.83

  Which motion of the Moone is to be ob∣served in critiball dayes.
• * 1.84

  The dispo∣sition and motion of humours. The nature of a body.
• * 1.85

  In what diseases crists are made.
• * 1.86

  Signes of crisis.
• * 1.87

  The best signe of cri∣sis.
• * 1.88

  Of the de∣clining from the best.
• * 1.89

  Evill.
• * 1.90

  Sgnes of a crisis to come by excretion.
• * 1.91

  By an vlcer or impost∣humation.
• * 1.92

  Signes of good or evill ex. cretions.
• * 1.93

  Imposthu∣mations good or evill.
• * 1.94

  Signes of Hemerodes of the nose.
• * 1.95

  Of a critick sweat.
• * 1.96

  Vomit.
• * 1.97

  Excretion of the ••el∣ly.
• * 1.98

  By Ʋrine.
• * 1.99

  By courses.
• * 1.100

  By Heme∣rodes.
• * 1.101

  By more parts. In What place an Impostume will hap∣pen.
• * 1.102

  Signes of the time of Crisis.
• * 1.103

  Signe that of a present Crisis.
• * 1.104

  Signes of sttable and unstable change of diseas••s.