Nine books of physick and chirurgery written by that great and learned physitian, Dr Sennertus. The first five being his Institutions of the whole body of physick: the other four of fevers and agues: with their differences, signs, and cures.

THE SECOND BOOK. (Book 2)

PART I. OF DISEASES.

CHAP. I. Of the nature of a Disease.

WHereas we have hither treated of those things that are incident to the body according to Nature, * 1.1 and so have discoursed about health; now I will speake of those things that are preter-natural or contrary to Nature, (for I do not intend to make any distinction betwixt these) They are in number three, a Disease, the cause of a Disease, and Symptomes: in the handling whereof the Pathological part of Physick is delivered.

And first for what belongs to a disease; Although as the name of health is generally attributed to all things that happen to a man ac∣cording to nature, so the name of a disease is given to all things that befal a man contrary to nature, and those are said to be morbi∣fick: yet if we may speak properly, these three, a Disease, the cause of a Disease, and Symptomes, as they differ in the thing, so they may be discerned by their names also.

But whereas a disease is conrrary to nature; * 1.2 but health is that power of acting which is to be performed according to nature: a dis∣ease is an impotency of performing natural actions; and as those who are apt to do those things which are according to nature, are said to be sound; so those are deservedly said to be sick, who are un∣apt to perform those actions.

Moreover the Subject of a disease, as also of health, * 1.3 is only the living parts of a body, as being those to which alone a power of un∣dergoing natural actions is given; But all those things which are not in the number of the living, as humors and other things, which are not able to perform natural actions in a man, cannot be the subject of a disease.

The cause of a Disease or of impotency to perform actions, is an

ill constitution of the parts, * 1.4 as the cause of health is a right disposi∣tion of the same.

Hence a Disease is defined to be an impotency of the living parts of man to perform natural actions, arising from their constitution contrary to nature.

Although according to Galen also to be sick, is not to be able to operate, and so this definition is not contrary to the sense of Galen: yet that out of the definition of diseases, differences, and profitable observations may the better be drawn, Galen retains the same terms of the definition, but places them otherwise, and in the second Chap∣ter of the differences of Diseases, defining a Disease saith; That a constitution of a vitious function contrary to nature is the cause thereof, and in his first Chapter of the differences of Symptomes calls it a disposition contrary to nature, by which action is hurt. Namely as health is a certain quality, or harmony in the qualities in magnitude, number, figure, and other things neceslary for the constitution of each part, by reason whereof the body is disposed, and made fit to perform natural actions. So a Disease is such a qua∣lity by reason of which the same body is rendred unfit to perform the same actions. * 1.5 For the word Diathesis taken generally signifies every quality according to which a man is well and ill disposed, whether it be easily or difficultly taken away. And therefore as certain later Physicians will have it, * 1.6 a Disease is not simply the want of health, and nothing positive, but such a want as proceedeth from a disposition contrary to that disposition, on which health de∣pends, which is wholly something positive, and when a part is wounded or diminished, a quality and disposition is brought into it contrary to that which was present there before in time of health: as a hand that is wounded, is otherwise difposed then that which is well, and that which hath four fingers, otherwise then that which hath five. In brief; a Disease consisteth not only in privation of a good constitution, but in a contrary and vitious constitution.

CHAP. II. Of the differences of Diseases.

THE differences of Diseases are two-fold; * 1.7 Essential or Proper, which are taken from the essence it self of a disease, and so agree to one kind that they cannot be common to another; or accidental, which are taken from those things which follow the essence of a dis∣ease, and from other circumstances. But because as 'tis said be∣fore, there is one natural constitution of the similar parts, as they

are such and another of the organick, and a common Unity in them both: the regression from that natural constitution of every one affords several kinds of Diseases.

First therefore, * 1.8 the proper Diseases of the similar parts are Dis∣eases of Intemperature, when that due proportion of the primary qualities is not observed, but when one doth excell the other three, or two overrule the other two, contrary to nature.

Moreover there are found in similar parts Diseases of hidden qualities, or of the whole substance, as they call them; when there is not only in the constitution of the similar parts, a due con∣gruity of the primary qualities, but a certain disposition also of the occult qualities is requisite.

Secondly, * 1.9 there are so many signes of Organick Diseases as we have said, are requisite for the composition, and constitution of an Organ; namely four, Diseases of Confirmation, of Number, Magnitude and Composition.

Lastly, the third kind of Diseases, * 1.10 which are common to them both; They call solution of Unity, or continuity.

CHAP. III. Of Diseases of Intemperature.

DIseases of Intemperature, as is said, * 1.11 are when that due pro∣portion of primary qualities is not observed, which ought to be, but either one overcomes the other three, or two the other two. Whence one distemper is said to be simple, another com∣pound. Simple is that wherein one quality exceedeth, and this ac∣cording to the number of the four qualities is quadruple, hot, cold, moist, dry. Compound is that wherein two qualities exceed, and this according to the quadruple mixture of the primary qualities is four-fold, hot and moist, hot and dry, cold and moist, and cold and dry. And so in the whole there are eight Diseases of Intempe∣rature.

But these distempers are again distinguished divers wayes, * 1.12 which distinctions neverthelesse produce not new kinds but differences, which are found in many differing in kind. For first, one distemper is with matter, another without matter. Intemperature with mat∣ter is when it hath a humour joyned with it, and is cherished by it; Distemper without matter, is that which is cherished by no preter∣natural humour, as when heat is sent into any part from the fire or heat of the Sun.

Moreover one distemper is equal, another unequal: * 1.13 equal is that which is a little and equal in all living parts, and affects them all a∣like,

* 1.14 and equally: Unequal, is that which is more intense in one part, and more remisle in another, and affects one more, another lesse. For since that the members of our body are constituted of many particles, it may come to passe, that all may not be equally affected by the altering cause, but some more, others lesse, whence an unequal distemper ariseth. But if the action thereof proceed so far, until that all are altered and affected equally, that is an equal distemper; Whence an unequal distemper is joyned with pain and trouble, as being that wherein the part is as yet to be altered; but in an equal distemper no pain, nor molestation is perceived, as be∣ing that wherein the part is already altered, and the Intemperature becomes as it were familiar and domestick.

CHAP. IV. Of Diseases of the whole substance or of hidden qualities.

IT is a controversie amongst Physitians, whether there are any other. * 1.15 Diseases in the similar parts, besides those of Intempera∣ture. Truly the ancient Physitians make no mention of them; but the Moderne do and principally Fernelius in Lib. 1. Pathol. Cap. 2. and Lib. 2. of the Hidden causes of things, Cap 9. and afterwards he largely endeavours to prove that there is yet another kind of Dis∣ease besides Intemperature in the similar parts, and that is two∣fold: the one is of the whole substance; the other in the matter, which may be seen in the fore-quoted places. But 'tis not our pur∣pose largely to reckon up the opinions of others, for this Epitome will not permit it.

But that we may briefly propound our opinion, * 1.16 we determine that there is another kind of Disease in the similar parts, besides Diseases of Intemperature, being so perswaded for these reasons; first, because every agent which acteth, desires to make the patient like it self. But there are agents from the whole substance or such things, whose actions can be reduced into no manifest quality, and which are be∣yond the power of Elements, as elsewhere is proved: It necessarily follows that those agents from the whole substance, whilst they bring in Diseases, and act in our bodies, do not change the primary, but Occult qualities, and introduce Diseases agreeable, and correspon∣dent to their nature. Also because contraries may be cured and re∣sisted by their contraries: But the whole substance, or things acting in Occult qualities cure many Diseases; It necessarily follows that their are such Diseases to which such Medicines are opposed: and un∣lesse there should be certain Occult Diseases, in vain are Medicines

invented which act in the whole substance. Thirdly, since there are actions hindred or hurt which neither can be referred to any Disease commonly known, nor to any external error, as may ap∣pear in the plague and other Venemous Diseases, hence we may well conclude that there are other Diseases of Intemperature, from whence these kind of mischiefs happen.

But which and what those Diseases are is likewise controverted. We setting aside the opinions of others determine, * 1.17 those Diseases of the whole substance, or of hidden quality, to be those which consist in a certain occult, and malignant disposition of the simi∣lar parts, and to be no other then such whose mischiefs cannot be re∣ferred to the primary, qualities, and such as the agent cause excites, which is endued with a malignant, venemous and occult quality, and which are cured not by primary qualities, but by those things which are said to act in the whole substance.

But Diseases of matter which Fernelius brings there, * 1.18 are no new Diseases of similar parts, but either Organick Diseases, as softnesse and hardnesse in parts, wherein they ought not to be such, or Symp∣tomes, or causes of Diseases.

CHAP. V. Of Organick Diseases.

THE second kind of Diseases, are of the Organick parts, * 1.19 which in general are called Evil composition; namely when the natural constitution of the parts, as they are Organick is vitiated, which although it may agree also to the similar repears, yet it happeneth to them not as they are such, * 1.20 but as they are Or∣ganick. Again the differences hereof are so many, as there are qua∣lities belonging the natural constitution of an Organick part; Ne∣mely, first a definite number of the parts constituting, then a con∣venient magnitude of the same; Thirdly a due framing, or confor∣mation; which comprehends a decent figure, cavity, or solidity, and smoothnesse and roughnesse, and such like qualities. Lastly, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is also necessary that every part may enjoy its own natural place, and be joyned with those which it ought.

Therefore from all and every of these things, which belong to the constitution of an Organick part, sithence a regression may be made to the state that is contrary to nature, there ariseth so many kinds of Organick Diseases also, namely Diseases of Number, ••••••∣nitude, conformation and composition; But if you would divide Diseases of conformation into those three or more, which belong unto them: namely Diseases of figuration, of cavities, and of super∣ficies,

and secundary qualities, there will arise six kinds of Organick Diseases; which moreover, if you are pleased to divide Diseases 〈◊〉〈◊〉 composition into those of situation and of connexion, there wi•••• arise seven kinds of Organick Diseases.

CHAP. VI. Of Diseases of Conformation.

A Digression from the natural conformation causeth Disease of conformation, * 1.21 but seeing that three things are require•• to the natnral conformation of an Organick part, a conve∣nient figure, hollownesse of passages, smoothnesse and roughnesse of the superficies, there are also three kinds of Diseases of conforma∣tion constituted in figure, cavity, and superficies: But because other qualities are required also in some Organick parts, besides smooth∣nesse, and roughnesse; namely that some may be soft, others hard some thin, and full of pores, others thick, some coloured; other void of colour, some dark, others perspicuous, and the change 〈◊〉〈◊〉 these qualities breed Diseases, because when these qualities a•••• changed, the Actions of those parts are hindred.

A Disease in regard of figure is when the natural figure of a part is so vitiated, * 1.22 that by reason of it the action of the part is hurt; na∣mely when those, which are straight are made crooked, or other∣wayes disposed contrary to nature; those are affected with such Dis∣eases which we call crook legged, when the legs bend inward, crook∣legged outward; such as are disfigured with the small pox, splay∣footed; to these belong crook backed, and flat-nosed persons.

Moreover Diseases of conformation are when the passage, * 1.23 through which matter passeth from one place to another, such as are the throat, wind pipe, Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Ureters, Guts, Pores o•• the Skin, Cavities, and Receptacles, such as are the stomack, blad∣der, womb, when they are affected. As for Diseases of the passages, they consist either in number, or multitude, or differ from the na∣tural condition in magnitude; * 1.24 and again both of them either in ex∣cesse or in defect.

Excesse in multitude of passages, is when there are more pores, o•• wayes then there ought to be according to nature. Defect in num∣ber is, when they are Fewer then they ought. Excesse in magni∣tude is when any way or passage is dilated more then it ought; De∣fect in magnitude is when tis become straiter then is fit.

To excesse belong those infirmities which are called Anastomasis, Diapedesis, and Diairesis.

Anastomasis is when the mouths of the vessels are opened and dilated too much. * 1.25 Diapedesis is when the Tunicles of the vessels are become so thin, that the humours may as it were sweat through them; Diairesis is when from some cause that happens by Ero∣sion or by breaking, some passage is opened which ought not. That Diairesis, which is made from some incident cause, or by breaking, is called (in Greek) Rexis, that which happens by Erosion is called Diabrosis.

Defect on the other side according to the variety of causes that occasion it, is five-fold, Obstruction, Constipation, Coalescence, * 1.26 Compression, Descension. All which in general are called strait∣ness of passage.

Obstruction, which the Greeks call Emphraxis, is when some passage is stopped either by plenty of humours, or thickness of them, or clotted blood, or Gravel, or such like. Constipation which the Greeks call Stenochoria, is when a passage is stopped by some tumour in it, Compressure which the Greeks call Thlipsis is when a part is pressed together by some external matter.

Coalescence is when (after an Ulter) the sides of the passage grow together. * 1.27

Subsidence in the Greek Sunizesis, is, * 1.28 when the parts of the vessels consent as it were in pressure and squeezing of themselves together, to which no constriction is added, when from some ex∣ternal causes, or by reason of cold the passages are contracted.

Diseases of cavity are either in multitude, or magnitude: * 1.29 in mul∣titude it seldome happens unless from ones nativity, there happen more or less passages in the body then there ought. In Magnitude passages offend either in excess or defect: excess of magnitude is too great dilatation of the receptacle, or cavity; defect in magnitude is when they are too strait, which is either from our first original, or afterwards, from repletion, compression, subsidence or con∣striction.

Thirdly, Diseases of the superficies, * 1.30 are ruggedness and smooth∣ness, for when according to nature, some parts are rougher, and others smoother; if those which should be more rough become smoother, or those that should be smoother become more rugged, and so any action be thereby hindred from thence, ariseth Diseases of the superficies.

Softnes and hardnes, as we said before, * 1.31 may be referred to these Diseases, as when the bones which ought to be hard are become soft, or the tendons are so hardned, that they cannot be contracted. Also Rarity and Density, when a part which ought to be full of pores lose them, and become thick.

Hitherto belongeth colour in the eye, * 1.32 for although colour be not necessary for the conformation of other parts, yet that the eye may become the fit instrument for sight, it is necessary that it be so fashioned, that it may be fit to receive (for such there are) visible species▪ Therefore it is requisite that the horny coat, and the watry, crystal, and glassy humors of the eye be not only cleer and transpa∣rent, * 1.33 but without colour. If the eye lose this natural constitu∣tion, and that those parts which ought to be perspicuous and void of colour, are darkened or coloured, the sight is hindred, and visi∣ble species either are not received, or are received in a colour differing from their own.

CHAP. VII. Of Diseases in Number.

THE second sort of Diseases of Composition or Organick Diseases are Diseases in number; * 1.34 for when there is a certain number of the parts compounding to make up the natural composition of every organ, how often soever that is not observed a Disease in number doth arise.

A Disease in number is two-fold, * 1.35 either in defect, when that is wanting which should be present, or in excesse, when that is present which should be wanting.

That which aboundeth is either to nature, as the sixth finger, or preter-natural, as stones, and Worms are according to Galen; which nevertheless is disputable. Nor indeed are such things, since they are substances, as such Diseases; but as some conclude causes, by which an aptness and a certain disposition against nature is brought into the part, whether it be in respect of number, or passages, about which authors disagree.

Deficiency in number, * 1.36 is when there is a Disease by which either a whole part perisheth, or is wasted: those which are wholly want∣ing are cleerly according to nature, nor can it be a defect against nature; such a Disease may they be said to have who want their number of fingers, or of teeth.

CHAP. VIII. Of Diseases of Magnitude.

THirdly, * 1.37 amongst Organick Diseases, are Diseases of Magni∣tude, when the natural bignes of the part is so altered, that for that reason it cannot perform its natural action.

Diseases of Magnitude are two-fold, either when there is an in∣crease or a Diminution of Magnitude, according as the whole or

part be increased or diminished. To the increasing of magnitude belong all tumors, and growth of parts contrary to nature; to di∣minition belongs leanness and wasting of parts.

But because Diseases in Magnitude, and in Number, are some∣times complicate, therefore they are thus to be distinguished; If a whole part be wanting or abound, it is properly called a Disease in number. But if only some particles of a part be wanting, or that it be bigger then it ought, it is called a Disease in magnitude. Se∣condly, if with a portion of any organ many particles are taken away, a Disease is deficient in number, and diminished in Mag∣nitude.

CHAP. IX. Of Diseases of Composition.

THE last kind of Organick Diseases are Synthetical, * 1.38 common∣ly called Diseases of Composition; but although Avicen doth account all Organick Diseases, Diseases of composition, yet in this place we do not, we only take them for a peculiar kind of Orga∣nick Diseases.

Since that two things are to be considered in Diseases of compo∣sition, situation and connexion; * 1.39 Diseases of composition are of two kinds, the one is when the parts do change their situation, * 1.40 which is called a Disease of place: The other is when they are not knit together as they ought, but they are separated which ought to be joyned together, and the contrary, as when the eyebrowes grow together, which are called Diseases of connexion or vicinity, others call them Diseases of consent, society, colle, iate.

The most common Disease in place, is a loosing of a joynt, * 1.41 the Greeks call it Exarthrosis, when the joynts or heads of the bones go out of their hollow places or cavities. Yet other parts besides the bones go out of their places, which happeneth in ruptures, when the paunch or guts fall down into the Cods, or when by great wounds the guts come forth: also in the falling out of the womb, or of an eye.

Another kinde of Disease of composition is, when the parts are separated, that ought to be joyned together; which happeneth if the bonds by whose intervene they are linked together are loosened, made longer or broken, which happeneth sometimes in the womb and other parts of the body; or it happens if those are joyned toge∣ther, that should be parted a sunder; as when one is tongue-tyed, or the eye-lids grow together, or two fingers grow together, or the fundament be closed.

CHAP. X. Of Diseases of Solution of Unity.

THE third kind of Disease is common to similar and Orga∣nick parts, * 1.42 and is called Solution of Unity, when the parts which ought to be one, and continued, lose their continuity and are divided.

There are many differences of Diseases of Unity, principally taken from the part affected, * 1.43 and the causes dissolving Unity. Those things which dissolve Unity, some of them cut and prick, others erode, others bow and break, others beat in pieces. But the parts which are dissolved are either soft or hard; if a soft part be dissolved by a thing that cutteth, * 1.44 it is called by the Greeks Trauma, by the Latines Vulnus, i. e. a wound.

But if a soft part be dissolved by a sharp instrument pricking, * 1.45 it is called a Puncture.

But if a soft part be offended by a blunt weapon and a hard one, and be straitned within it self, it is called a Confusion, the Greek Thlasis and Thlasma.

If a soft part be broken by any thing that bendeth it, * 1.46 'tis called a Rupture, and in the nervous parts peculiarly, it is called a Spasme.

But if there be solution of continuity in a hard part or bone from any other cause then Erosion, * 1.47 namely from cutting or contusion, it is called a fracture, * 1.48 in Greek Agma and Catagma; but if by Ero∣sion it is called Caries, in Greek Teredon, i. e. rottenness in bones.

If continuity be dissolved in soft parts by Erosion, * 1.49 it is called Elkos in Greek, in Latin Ulcus (Anglice an Ulcer.)

Lastly, * 1.50 if there be solution of Unity of compound parts, and those which naturally are different from each other in kind are nourished and grow together, they are called Apospasmes, as when the skin from a membrane, the membranes from the muscles, and a muscle from a muscle are separated.

CHAP. XI. Of the Accidental and common differences of Diseases.

HItherto we have spoken of the effential differences of Dis∣eases: * 1.51 there remains the accidental differences, which are taken from those things which follow the essence of a Dis∣ease,

or from the subject, and causes, and other circumstances, and are also common to many.

First, a body sometimes is sick of one disease, * 1.52 sometimes of an∣ther: and that is said to be one disease which onely seizeth on one part, and offends its actions, or when one disease afflicts the whole body; but there are many diseases, * 1.53 which in a different manner affect many and different parts of the body.

A disease which occupieth one part of a body, is either simple, * 1.54 or compound. Simple, is when no other disease is joyned with it. Compound, is when it is coupled with one, or more other diseases, in the same part, whether they are of the same nature, or of some other; but diseases which are knit together, not with other dis∣eases, but with some grievous symptoms, are not properly called complicate diseases; Fernelius calleth them diseases of fellowship, * 1.55 even as he calleth those that are neither joyned with any other dis∣ease, nor with any grievous symptom Solitary diseases. As for diseases that are not joyned together in one part, there are many, they are divided by Fernelius into separated, and implicite; con∣nexed and consequent.

Separated are such as consist in divers parts, * 1.56 which neither have common use, nor action, neither do they communicate the af∣fect by turnes from one part to another: as, the Podagra, or Gout in the foot, the Ophthalmie, or Inflamed Eye.

Those are called implicite diseases which afflict divers parts which have one common use, and action, * 1.57 as if divers parts of the breasts are afflicted.

Moreover, he calleth them connexed and consequent diseases, * 1.58 when one disease is the cause of another, which principally com∣eth to pass when one part communicates its effects to an∣other.

Secondly, from the manner of generation and subsistence, * 1.59 some are called diseases Making, others Made.

Diseases Making are such, * 1.60 that although they are produced out of their cause, and now are; yet they cannot subsist without their efficient cause, but their cause retreating, they also withdraw from their subject.

Made diseases may continue, though their efficient cause be ta∣ken away.

Thirdly, in respect of the subject, * 1.61 one disease is called Univer∣sall, which afflicts the whole, another particular, which affects any part of the body, another externall which occupieth the out∣ward parts of the body; another internall which possesseth the in∣ward parts thereof. Some diseases also are congruous, such as are

agreeable to the Temperament and constitution of the body; O∣thers are Incongruous, and disagreeable to the Temperament, and constitution thereof. * 1.62

Fourthly, in respect of age, some are diseases of Infants, others of children, * 1.63 others of boyes, others of youths, others of young men, others of middle aged men, and others of old men: as also in Relation to sex, some of Males, others of Fe∣males.

Fifthly, * 1.64 diseases some are by Idiopathy, or Essence, others by sympathy, or consent. A disease by essence is that which hath its beginning, from a cause begotten in that place wherein the disease is stirred up. By sympathy, or consent is that which is stirred up by matter severed from the part, where the disease is.

Sixthly, * 1.65 some diseases are legitimate, others Spurious, Legiti∣mate are such as proceed from one simple and onely cause; Spuri∣ous are such as proceed from mixt humours.

Seventhly, some diseases are inherent to man from his first be∣ginning, others happen to him after he is begotten. Those which come from our first beginning, * 1.66 are twofold; first, hereditary whose causes, and dispositions are derived from the seed and menstruous blood of the parents to their children; and cause a disease, in them which they were troubled with; secondly, from ill conformity some evill may happen to the child, * 1.67 from its first beginning, although the parents ware not troubled therewith; and therefore all diseases communicated to man from his generation are not Hereditary. They seek a knot in a bull-rush, who think such recess from the naturall state and condition, * 1.68 ought not to be called a Disease, but a sault; and they conceive that not every defect, and regression from the naturall state; but those onely they think, ought to be called diseases of defect, which are defects of perfections which they once had. But a Disease is not only a privation of perfection once had, but to be had, which agreeth to every one of the Species: and as a man is said to be sound, which hath that perfection in all the parts of the body, which ought to be in mankinde; so he may be said to be born sick, to whom any of those perfections are wanting.

Eighthly, * 1.69 some diseases are Infectious which transfuse their seed, and pullution into other bodies, and affect them with the same disease. Not Infectious, are such as cannot infect others with their venom.

Ninethly, some diseases are spread, as when many diseases of divers kinds invade. Some are common, wherewith many are af∣fected at the same time, with the same disease. These again are di∣vided

into Endemiall, and Epidemicall. * 1.70 Endemiall are (as it were) native, and genuine diseases, which often frequent one place, and afflict the inhabitants of one region by reason of their common and domestick cause: such is the Scurvy to the inhabitants of the Baltick Seas.

Epidemicall, are such as infect many from one cause, * 1.71 but not genuine to that people at the same time.

Tenthly, in respect of the time of the year, some are Vernall, some Estivall; some Autumnall, and others Hibernall, namely, such as are agreeable to this or that season of the year. In respect of the time of the day, some are called Diurnall, others Noctur∣nall.

In the Eleventh place, some diseases are called great, * 1.72 others small. A great disease is said to be such, either by its self, or by accident. A disease is said to be great by it self three wayes; first, * 1.73 in regard of dignity, when it hurteth the organs, and instruments, that are most necessary for the preservation of life, and in this sense, Diseases of Intemperature, amongst Diseases are of greatest digni∣ty; Next those Diseases of solution of continuity; next to them diseases of composition: 2. By it self a disease is said to be great, in respect of its going back from its naturall state, for by how much the more it recedes from that, by so much is it the more ve∣nement: 3. It is said to be great in respect of ill Manners, as when an ill quallity is joyned with it. By accident it is said to be great, in respect of the best part which it possesseth, in which regard a disease which otherwise was small, is said to be great, as a wound in the heart, or in the brain, which in musculous flesh, were not dange∣rous. 2. When it hurts the faculty that governs our body.

In the twelfth place from the manner, a disease is benigne, * 1.74 or maligne: Benigne is when besides its own nature, no grievous symptom is joyned. Maligne, * 1.75 is when it hath worse symptomes joyned with it, then the nature of the disease affords of it self, from some occult qualities.

Thirteenthly, in respect of duration, some diseases are short, * 1.76 some long, which soon terminate, or continue long, before they come to amend.

Fourteenthly, some are acute, others not acute, * 1.77 and all acute diseases are short, but all short diseases are not acute. That a disease may be said to be acute, tis requisite that it may not onely be terminated in a short time, but may have some grievous symptoms joyned with it, * 1.78 that may speedily not without danger end it in health or death; For an acute disease is that which swiftly with violence, and danger comes to its height. Acute diseases are again

distinguished into very acute, * 1.79 simply acute, and such as degenerate from acute. The very acute terminate by the seventh day; the simply acute end by the twentieth day; such as degenerate from acute are extended beyond the twentieth, even to the fourtieth day; But all those diseases that are extended beyond the fourtieth day, are Diurnall, and Chronicall.

Fifteenthly, * 1.80 in regard of the end, some diseases are salutary, which terminate with the health of the sick, others mortall, which destroy the sick; and both either absolutely, or secundum quid. Simply and absolutely, those are Salutary that terminate with the perfect health of the sick; Mortall, are such as kill the sick; on the other side, salutary and deadly may be such, secundum quid, when they terminate in health; but not sound and perfect health.

Sixteenthly, * 1.81 some diseases are continuall, which continually afflict, and intermit not, in the whole term of their duration.

Intermitting, * 1.82 are such as have certain periods, and do sometimes intermit, or cease between while.

Seventeenthly, some are ordinate, which afflict at certain times, which the Greeks call at Periods, as Tertian, Quartan Feavers: Inordinate, are such as observe no certain periods.

CHAP. XII. Of the Times of Diseases.

SUch as age is said to be in living creatures, time is said to be in diseases. * 1.83 For as animals are first generated, thence increased, and come to their perfection and state, and then waste, and lastly dye, so diseases have their beginnings, encrease, vigour, after∣wards they decline, are lessened, and at length vanish.

The times of diseases are two-fold, * 1.84 Universall, and Particular. Universall times are said to be such wherein the course of the whole disease is included; for since there are diseases which have certain Intervals, * 1.85 and again new fits, or certain extentions, and remis∣sions; Particular times are limited by the end of the fit.

The Universall times are four. * 1.86 The beginning, The augmen∣tation, The state, and Declination.

The beginning is that time, when the morbifique matter of the disease is yet crude, and no signes of concoction appear.

The augmentation is when the symptomes become grievous, and the signes of concoction begin to appear in such diseases, as tend to recovery of the sick, or contrary signs in those that are mortall.

The state is when the greatest contention is betwixt * 1.87 a disease,

and nature, and when all the symptomes are most vehe∣ment.

The Declination is, when a disease beginneth to abate, * 1.88 being conquer'd by nature.

But all diseases have not these four times, but such as tend to health onely; in deadly diseases, the sick (nature being overcome) may dye either in the beginning, increase, or state, for such come not to the declination, for no man ever dyed in the declination of a disease.

In the same manner Particular times may be limited, * 1.89 and every course hath its fit, which course Remissness, or an Intervall fol∣lows. A fit hath its beginning, increase, state, and declination, which Particular times may happen during the Universall times.

The end of the first part of the second Book.

THE SECOND BOOK. PART. II. Of the Causes of DISEASES.

CHAP. I. Of the Causes of Diseases.

SEeing that nothing can perfectly be known unless the causes thereof are known whither can diseases be avoided unless the causes are shun'd; neither can the same be taken away, unless the causes if they are present, be first taken away: We will now treat of the cau∣ses of Diseases.

Although by the Philosophers there are rightly constituted four kinds of causes, * 1.90 the Materiall, Formall, Finall, and Efficient; yet here we are to speak onely of the Efficient causes of diseases; for the form, such as accidents have, is already explained. Diseases have not matter unless it be the subject wherein they are inherent; * 1.91 the end also is not since they arise from the want of perfection, and therefore Physitians when they handle the cause of diseases under∣stand the efficient cause onely.

But Efficient causes of Diseases are considered either in respect had to a disease and a body, or absolutely, and as they are things which can take upon them the nature of mortifique causes. If cau∣ses as they are referred to a disease, or its effects, they are considered thus; first, one cause is proximate and immediate, another remote. The proximate is that cause betwixt which and the disease nothing intercedes. The remote is that betwixt which and the disease there comes another neerer cause. The proximate (since nothing

can come to pass without a cause) is in all diseases; but the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is not so.

Secondly, since that of those causes which conduce to the gene∣ration of a disease, and indeed such as some matter doth exeite, * 1.92 some are neerer, others more remote, and oftentimes there is a long rank of them: Physicians call some causes containing, others antecedent, others primitive.

A cause containing, which is also named consummative, [unspec 2] * 1.93 is that which proximately adheres to a disease in a body, and cherisheth it, and which being put the disease is, being taken away, the disease is taken away: so a stone is the cause containing of ob∣struction of the bladder. A humour in a turnour is the cause of increasing of Magnitude, but a cause containing and immediate, is not absolutely the same, for as much as all diseases have a proxi∣mate cause, since nothing can be done without a cause, but they have not all the cause containing; namely, thes•• oke of a sword is the proximate cause of a wound, but not the cause containing. And those diseases only have a cause containing, which are joyned with matter, and are cherished by it as tumours, obstructions, pu∣trid Feavers. Yet you are here to be admonished that these things which are here spoken of a cause containing, as also of the differences of other causes, are all spoken of in respect of a disease, defined by Galen, per dispositionem, or casually as they say; for in respect or this, not all but some diseases only have a cause containing. But if a disease be defined formally and through impotency, all diseases whatsoever have a cause containing, namely some vitious disp••si∣tion of body. * 1.94

The antecedent causes are certain dispositions lying hid in the body which go before a disease, and out of which a disease may arise. For although that be most properly called a cause which doth now act; yet Physitians call those things causes which as yet pro∣duce not any disease, so that they may produce them. Antecedent causes are defined not by the act, but by the power of effecting, so some vitious humour which lyeth lurking in the body, produ∣ceth not a disease as yet; yet it may gonerate one, * 1.95 that is called the antecedent cause thereof.

The primitive causes which anciently they called Prophasis, are such as move the antecedent in a body, and give occasion that they may become proximate causes; such are watchings, cares, ange, too much exercise, and motion, and such like. But primitive causes and evident are not the same, for every Pro••atarcktick is evident or manifest, but every evident and manifest is not a Primitive, as a sword is the evident cause of a wound, but not the primary; for an

evident or manifest cause is whatsoever produceth a disease in a ma∣nifest manner, whether it be immediate or remote, but the primi∣tive can never be the proximate, but alwayes requires preceding preparation of the body, and a neerer cause in the body which it may move.

Nor is the primitive cause the same with the external; for ex∣ternall is only in respect of the body, and every thing which is with∣out the body, after what manner soever, it produceth a disease, it is called an externall cause, but Primitive is spoken in respect to other causes, and is that which stirreth up and moveth the hidden causes of the body, either within the body or out of the body; whence Sleep, Watchings, Passions of the mind, and other causes which are in the body, are named primitive, not externall.

Thirdly, [unspec 3] * 1.96 some causes are evident, others hidden, and obscure: evident and manifest are such as are obvious to the senses, neither is there need of any other signes to know them by. Occult and hid∣den are such as lurk in the body, and require signes to be known by.

Fourthly, [unspec 4] * 1.97 some causes are internall, others externall; internall are such as are within the body, externall are such as are without the body.

Fifthly, [unspec 5] * 1.98 some causes are by themselves, others by accident. Causes by themselves are such as produce dieases by their own proper force and violence, and not by the assistance of other causes; so fire heateth, water cooleth. A cause by accident is when it per∣forms ought by the intervening of another cause, and not by its own force; so cold water by accident is the cause of heat, whilst by its binding, and closing the pores of the skin, the hot exhalati∣ons are detained within, which otherwise would evaporate by in∣sensible transpiration.

Also some causes are common, * 1.99 as Air, Meat and drink, when many use them in one place; others are proper which are peculiar to certain men.

Lastly, some causes are positive, others privative; positive are such as by their presence produce an effect like themselves, * 1.100 after which sort water cooleth. Privative are such as by their absence pro∣duce an effect like themselves; so heat returning to the internall parts, and leaving the externall, is the cause of refrigeration of the outward parts.

CHAP. II. Of things which are the Causes of a Disease, and first of Non-naturals.

MOreover the efficient causes of Diseases considered absolutly, or as they are such; all things are the causes of Diseases, which can hurt the natural constitution, and turn it into a preternatural: and such things are either without the body, or within it.

Things that are without our bodies, are either necessary, * 1.101 and to be suffered by all, and none can avoid them; or not necessa∣ry, but may be avoided. Of the first sort are those things cal∣led non-naturals, and are in number six, Air, Meat and Drink, * 1.102 Sleeping and Waking, Exercise and Rest, Repletion and Inani∣nation, and the Passions of the Mind; whereof the four latter are rather to be called evident then external. Things befalling us not necessary, are those that wound us, knock us, or in such like manner hurt our bodies, which befall us by chance, which are not included within a certain number.

But both those, as well necessary as unnecessary, * 1.103 may be re∣duced to four heads; those things which are taken in, those which are carried; those that are put out and retained; and lastly, those that befal us externally.

Under the notion of those things which are taken, are com∣prehended Air by breathing, Meat and Drink, and Medicine in∣wardly taken.

By those things that are carried about, we comprehend all the motions of the body and mind, of what kind soever; such as the perturbations of the minde, anger, griefe, joy, sleep, wa∣king, rubbing the body, navigation, the course of our lives, and such like.

By Excretion and Retention is understood whatever is thrown out of the body; such are the Ordure, Urine, * 1.104 all sorts of Hu∣mors, Seed, Menstruis; for these as those that are emitted, alter the constitution of the body, belong to those which are called Excretions; and the same when they are deteined, are referred to Retentions.

Moreover those things that externally happen to us, * 1.105 compre∣hend them that encompasse us, as the Air, Baths, and those things that are applyed to our bodies; as Garments and Cove∣rings, Oyls, Unctions, and such like. Lastly, those things that by force and impulsion befal us, as Wounds, Contusions, and

such like; but since there is no certain number of them, we will onely speak of non-naturals, as they are the causes of Disea∣ses.

First from the air is made a great alteration, * 1.106 as being that wher∣in we continually live, and without which we cannot live a mo∣ment; for it alters us in a twofold manner; namely, as we draw it in by breathing, and as it encompasseth us, and by the Pores penetrates us, and communicates that distemper which it hath to our bodies; * 1.107 for the hot Air heats our bodies, dissolv•• humours, melts, attenuates, increaseth choler, and whets, in∣flames the spirits, so begets hot Diseases; for by calling forth and dissipating the natural heat, it weakens the concoction. The cold Air, * 1.108 on the contrary, cooleth, condenseth, closeth the Pores, thickens the humours. The moist moistens the body, hapeth up superfluous humours, drives out the natural heat, generates crude distillations, especially joyned with cold. But if joyned with heat, * 1.109 it is the greatest cause of putrefaction. Dry Air dries our bodies, and being joyned with heat, burns them.

First the constitution of the Air depends upon the season of the year, * 1.110 whereof the Spring is temperate, the Summer hot and dry, Autumn cold and dry, Winter cold and moist; and hence several Diseases happen at the several seasons of the year; of which Hypocrates in the third of his Aphorismes, 4, 5, 6.7, 8, 9.10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23. The winds also conduce to the alteration of Air; so do Countries and Situati∣ons, of which Hypocrates 3. Aphorisme, 15, 17. And in his Book of Air, Water, and Places; and it doth not onely affect our bodies with primary qualities, but impresseth in us a ma∣lignant and pestilent disposition (if it be infected therewith) and can communicate to us those effects which it hath, and so ex∣cite malignant and epidemical Diseases in us; of which is spo∣ken in the doctrine of malignant and pestilent Fevers.

Secondly, [unspec 2] * 1.111 Meat and Drink, if either it be taken in too great measure, or be unwholsome, or if any fault be committed in the taking of it, may be the occasion of many diseases. Dyet then offendeth in quantity, manner of taking it, and quality; for if too great a quantity of meat stuff the stomach, it cannot be well concocted, but sendeth aboundance of vapours to the braine, which offend it, and is the cause of divers fluxes of Rhumes; and when the error of the first concoction is not cor∣rected in the second, that Crudity is the occasion of many Dis∣eases which arise afterwards in the whole body; and as an im∣moderate

quantity of meat and drink, is the occasion of many Diseases. So the want of them is hurtful; for thereby the good humours of the body are wasted, and the body dryed, 1. Aphor. 14. In an impure body it stirs up ill humours, * 1.112 whence divers parts are ill affected; for it is hurtful to eat meat whilest any is unconcocted in the stomach: variety of meats is also hurt∣ful.

As for the qualities of meats, * 1.113 those which have in them cer∣tain qualities, by which they can alter our bodies, are called medicamental, and they are changed into humours of a like qua∣lities with them, and in a sound body cause a like distemper; and in a sick body may introduce an unlike and contrary di∣stemper; to wit, if they are contrary to the preternatural di∣stemper, but if they agree with it, they encrease it. Meats dif∣fer not onely in the first qualities, but also in others, nay in the whole substance; some thick, others thin; some much, others little; some cause good Asiment, some bad; of which Galen in his books of the faculties of the Aliments, and in his book of good and evil Juice treateth; and we shall speak more in our fourth Book.

Thirdly, sleeping and waking moderately preserve health, [unspec 3] * 1.114 im∣moderately destroy it, 2. Aphor. 3. For too much sleep hindreth the natural evacuations and excrements, and dulls the heat of the body, and so is the occasion of cold diseases, and principally of Distillations. On the other side, too much waking dissi∣pates the Spirits, dryes the body, and whilest the humours are kindled and become adust, they are of themselves the causes of hot distempers; and whilest they dissipate the Spirits, the na∣tive heat is weakned, and the radical moisture is consumed, and by accident are the causes of cold diseases.

Fourthly, there is the same reason of exercise and rest; [unspec 4] * 1.115 for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements, dulls the native heat, and renders the body slow and feeble; on the other side, too much exercise dissipates the Spirits, consumes the body, and by consequence cooles the whole body, hinders concoction; the veins and vessels often break, stirs up untimely humours, heats them, and causeth fevers; and especially if the body be full of vitious humours, they being stirred are carried through the whole body, and stir up fevers and other distem∣pers and symptomes.

Fifthly, [unspec 5] * 1.116 the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body; in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot, and are hurried to the external parts from the internal, whence

they inflame the whole body, and often kindle Fevers, and raise other Symptomes. Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits, that it is observed one may die therewith; in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts, and fly to the heart, and suffocate the heart; sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits, cooleth the Body, dryes, spoils concoction, causes watch∣ings, and begets melancholly diseases.

Lastly, * 1.117 those things that are reteined in, and sent out of our bodies, are the causes of Diseases; for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out, it debilitates the body, and consumes it; but if the excrements are retained, diseases are bred that are like unto them.

CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases, and first of fulnesse of Blood.

INternal things which are the causes of diseases, * 1.118 either are gene∣rated in the body according to nature, or are found in the be∣dy contrary to nature; those which are generated according to nature, are those three of Hypocrates, conteining, conteined, and doing violence; or as others would have it solid, humid, and spirituous; those are called preternatural humours, which are found in the body contrary to nature; as stones, gravel, wormes, and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural; whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body, and there stick and remain, as darts, bullets of lead, and such like.

But these things are made to be the causes of diseases, * 1.119 either as they are in their whole kind, contrary to nature; or as they of∣fend in qùantity, quality, motion, or place.

The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick; * 1.120 for humours are either apt to nourish the be∣dy, or not fit: plenty of the one ••s called Plethorick, of the o∣ther Cacochimick; for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound, * 1.121 and are be∣yond mediocrity. This plenitude is twofold, either as to the vessels when blood so abounds, as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness; the other as to the strength, when there is more blood then the strength can bear; to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both, to wit, when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins, and so great pains, that the strength cannot bear it,

Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood, * 1.122 namely, when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty, or preternatural excrementious humours abound, and whilest either these or those putrifie, and bring in a strange nature. * 1.123

The seat of Plethory is only in the veins; but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins, but also out of them, and in the whole body, or some parts, especially the bowels.

But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed, whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate; pure Plethory is, when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours, with∣out any vitious ones. Pure Chacochimy is, when there is too great plenty of ill humours, and no good blood with them; but when good juyce aboundeth, and ill humours are mixed there∣with, it is called a spurious Plethory, or Chacochimy, accor∣ding as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound.

There are many causes of Plethory, as plenty of Dyet sup∣plies matter to cause it; nourishment of good juyce, and great plenty of such nourishment: the Efficient causes are Constitu∣tion of the Body, and principally of the Heart and Liver, hot and moist, and youthful age, which may be occasioned in the Spring time, and a temperate constitution of the Air, idlenesse, moderate sleep, a life without care and paines, suppression of ac∣customary evacuations of blood,

Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious hu∣mours is manifold; * 1.124 for sometimes phlegm, sometimes choller, sometimes melancholly, and adust melancholly, and sometimes serous humours abound; of which humorsthere are again various differences.

CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm.

THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly di∣vided into natural and preternatural. * 1.125 Natural is a cold and moist juyce, or blood not perfectly concocted; but if we rightly observe the matter, this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours, because the blood is crude, and may be turned into the aliment of the parts.

Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds, unsavory, * 1.126 sharp, vitreous, salt.

Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour, which for want of concoction hath not ac∣quired that perfection which it ought in the stomach; and

therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good sub∣stance.

Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it re∣lishes of to them that void it, * 1.127 and proceeds from the defect of heat.

These two kinds proceed from the same causes, which accor∣ding to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity; so sometimes this, sometimes that kind is genera∣ted: such are cold meates, hard to be digested; too great plenty of meat and drink, and taken at unseasonable times, a cold constitution of the stomach, and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned.

Salt Phlegm, * 1.128 so called from the savour, and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity, and a salt with Phlegm: whence it is not simply cold, but mixed with heat and drinesse; and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed, so is it more or lesse hot.

Lastly, * 1.129 Phlegm is vitreous, so called by Praxagorus, because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse; this is exceeding cold, clammy, and thick.

CHAP. V. Of Choller.

CHoller is threefold, * 1.130 Alimentary, Natural, and Contrary to Nature; but the first is not an Excrement, but the hot∣ter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood, of a different na∣ture, from that which is in the bladder of the Gall. Excremen∣tious Choller is twofold, Natural, and Contrary to Nature.

Natural is yellow, * 1.131 and is generated by Nature; and that onely is properly called Choller: it is an Excrement of the second con∣coction, and generated in the Liver, and collected into the Bladder of the Gall; it is generated out of the hotter and dryer parts of nutriment.

Preternatural is that which is not generated in our bodies ac∣cording to the law of Nature, * 1.132 whereof for the most part we ac∣count four kinds, Vitelline, Leekeblade colour, Verdegrease co∣lour, and Woad colour, or a blewish green.

The Vitelline is so called from the yolk of an Egge; * 1.133 it is yel∣low, hotter and thicker; it is generated of yellow and burnt Choller, whence it is sometimes called rosted Choller: And there is another kind of Vitelline Choller, but not so properly so called, which is neither so hot nor so yellow, which is com∣pounded of Phlegm and yellow Choller.

Leekgreen Choller, so called, * 1.134 because it represents their green∣nesse, which is often voided with the Excrements of children by the panch, and is often generated in the stomach by corrupt nu∣triment, and sometimes also in the Veins, and about the Liver, out of the Vitelline, from the great heat of the Liver, and 'tis of a venemous nature, and it is hot and very biting, the likest to Verdegrease.

The Aeruginous which comes neer to the colour of rusty gree∣nish Brasse, is generated out of corrupt aliment, * 1.135 when the heat is more vehement in the Stomach, in the Liver and Veins from the inflamation of the Liver, and the too great heat of the Veins.

Lastly, Woad colour, * 1.136 or a blewish green Choller is more deep in sense then the Leek colour, and is caused by more adust Aeru∣ginous Choller.

Aliment hot and dry, * 1.137 affords matter fit for all the kinds of Choller, and especially sweet and fat things. A constitution hot and dry, hath regard to the Efficient cause, and those things that adde to it are youth full age, Ait that is hot and dry, watch∣ing, anger, too much exercise of the body.

CHAP. VI. Of Melancholly.

THe third is the Melancholly humour, * 1.138 which commonly is distinguished into Alimentary and Excrementitious; but Alimentary is nothing else then the colder and dryer part of the Masse of Blood.

The Excrementious is twofold, Natural and Preternatural; * 1.139 Natural is that thick and feculent Excrement, which in sangui∣fication which is made in the Spleen, as is abovesaid, is collected and separated for the generation, whereof much meat conduceth, 'Tis of a terrestrious and thick juyce of every sort, especially be∣ing hardned with salt and fuliginous vapours, old Cheese, Cab∣bage, all sorts of pulse, as Pease, &c. a cold and dry constitution of air, cares, fear, sorrow.

The black Melancholly which is generated contrary to nature, * 1.140 although it be sometimes also called by the name of melancholly; yet Physitians for the most part call that Excrement which is na∣turally generated, black Juyce, not black Melancholly; but that which proceeds from adustion is called black Melancholly; and that Excrement is naturally cold and dry; but this Preternatural hot and dry, the worst of all humours.

But adust Melancholly is commonly accounted threefold, * 1.141 One is that which is occasioned by adust blood, and is coun∣ted the least; the second is that which is generated of Melan∣cholly humours if they are burnt. The third is that which pro∣ceeds from adust colour, which is of all the worst. Hence it is manifest, that although all which can generate Melancholly hu∣mours, or yellow Choller, conduce to the generation of black Choller: yet the generation of black Choller, principally de∣pends upon the too great heat burning the humours.

CHAP. VII. Of the Serous Humour, and of Wind.

AMongst the humours that are the causes of diseases, * 1.142 we are not to slight Serous Humours and Wind; by Serous Humours we sometimes understand all thin humours and watery: sometimes peculiarly we mean not those onely which are watery, but have a saltnesse joyned therewith, which Galen calls A salt serous moisture: the greatest part of this serous humour turns to Urine, and is ejected by it; yet some part thereof is mingled with the Blood to clarifie it, and make it more easie to be distributed: and lastly, through the Pores of the skin, or insensible transpiration, or sweat is emitted. Of this serous humour there is found but small quantity in the Veins in sound bodies; yet sometimes for some causes Preter∣natural, there is found greater quantity. The matter that breeds it, are Meats that contein much Whey in, and watery juyce in them, * 1.143 much Drink, Obstructions and Distempers of the Bow∣els, by reason whereof this serous matteris not rightly separated, it is deteined and gathered together, because the reins do not draw enough, and by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive fa∣culty, and the suppression of its passages by Sweat and Urine. Of humours oftentimes are generated Vapours and Wind, * 1.144 which are the causes of many evils; windy meats afford matter for wind; so doth much drink, especially when yellow and black Choller is spread over the stomach. Also wind is generated from debility of heat, which rusheth out of the abundance of matter, that it cannot overcome it all; and that is such, either simply and in its own nature, or in respect of the matter, from the plen∣ty whereof, although it be otherwise strong enough, it breaks out.

CHAP. VIII. Of humours according to the opinion of latter Physitians, and of Chymists.

ALthough some Chymists plainly reject these things that have hitherto been said, * 1.145 according to the opinion of the Galenists; and having rejected them, they have in their stead and place put the names of Salt, Sulpher, and Mercury; yet they have no reason for it; for as Galen in his first Book of Places affected, and second Chapter writeth, That that which put, we are diseased; and which taken away, we are freed; 'Tis taken for granted by all to be the cause of a disease; but we see the hu∣mours being present we are diseased; and being taken away, we are freed; therefore humours are the causes of diseases. Yet this we grant, that humours are not confined to the first quali∣ties, but that they have in them secondary qualities; such are, bitter, acide, salt, sharp, which may offend and hurt the body no lesse then the primary, as Hypocrates of anci∣ent Physick teacheth, which he calleth the Powers and Efficacies; also the force and strength of humours. Whence Galen also, and o∣ther Physitians, call them Salt, Nitrous, Aluminent Humors, which plainly manifest themselves in many diseases, as the Gout, Scurvy, Cankers and others. * 1.146 And so such humours are not to be rejected, but to be explained by the principles of Chymists; and such things as have affinity with themselves: and hence ve∣nenate humours bred of poyson and poysonous matter, do not seem so properly to be referred to Choller, Phlegm, Melancholly; although in colour it seems to have some affinity with some of these, yet their nature is far different, and therefore are to be described by their Powers Hyppocratically. * 1.147

Lastly, of the Melancholly and black humour. It is to be noted, that by it selfe it is thick, earthy, feculent, or salt, and for the most part 'tis so much moystened by many serous and wate∣ry humours, that it becomes like unto Lee, which consist of wa∣tery adust, and salt parts; and therefore it is called by some Water.

CHAP. IX. Of the generation of Stones and Worms.

BEsides Wormes there are other things found and generated in the body, * 1.148 which are the causes of diseases: as stones and worms; that Stones for the most part are generated in all bodies; experience and the observations of Physitians do ma∣nifest.

They are generated of feculent matter, earthy, slimy, muddy, and of moisture apt to putrifie; which when the passages are straiter and narrower in the body, sticks, and of its own accord tends to coagulation and concretion.

Wormes also may be generated in most parts of the body, * 1.149 out of corrupt and putred matter, containing in it Seed, or some proportionable principle to Seed, namely, some vital principle.

CHAP. X. Of the causes of Diseases, of Intemperature without Matter.

HItherto we have explained the causes of Diseases general, * 1.150 now we will handle them severally. And First, for Dis∣eases of Intemperature: Galen accounts five sorts of Diseases of distemperature by heat; [unspec 1] Motion of the body and mind, * 1.151 which causes heat by too much stirring of the humours and spirits. [unspec 2] Putrefaction which is the cause of heat, because in putrefaction the internal heat, * 1.152 is called forth by the external, and being outward, [unspec 3] is more sensibly hot. Hot things touching our body, * 1.153 and impressing their qualities on our bodies. Co∣stivenesse of body, and Retention of the hot steeme which should passe through our Pores. Lastly, mixture with some hot thing, or hot things taken into our bodies, as Air, Meat, Drink, hot Medicines. [unspec 4] Galen in his fourth Book of the Causes of Diseases of Distemperature by cold, * 1.154 reckons these. The presence of cold things, [unspec 5] the quantity and quality of meats and drinks condense∣ing & rarifying, * 1.155 idleness and immoderate exercise: all which, and if there be any other, may conveniently be reduced into four ranks. For, whatsoever brings a cold distemper to the body, do it either by altering, and by its proper force cooling the bo∣dy; such are cold things, whether outwardly applyed to the body, or taken inwardly, or suffocating the innate heat; such are those things that prohibit the ventilation and blowing of the

fuliginous vapours; [unspec 3] or extinguish the heat by their too great a∣boundance, * 1.156 or dissipate the same by overmuch exercise of the body or mind, a hot constitution of Air, and such like, or through want of food, which poverty may occasion, or by let∣ting too much blood.

Hence it is manifest, [unspec 4] that the causes of hot Distempers when they are in excesse, become the causes of cold Distempers, * 1.157 by dis∣sipating, extinguishing, or suffocating the innate heat.

The causes of overmoist Distempers, may be reduced unto two, the proximity to moist things, or those things that hinder transpitation, and so retain the cold steem of the body.

Dry distemper is occasioned by the contrary causes, to wit, * 1.158 by alteration of drying things, and want of aliment.

Compound distempers are from compound causes; * 1.159 and if the causes of simple distempers are joyned together, there ariseth a compound distemper: yet complication of causes is not always necessary for production of compound distempers; since there are many causes which have in them double qualities, which therefore, if they have equal strength and force, cause a com∣pound distemper; so that the body be so disposed, as it be fit to receive the actions of them both alike.

CHAP. XI. Of the causes of distemper with matter.

SInce every humour hath its peculiar Temperature, * 1.160 and com∣municates it, and impresseth the part which it adheres to, The blood which is hot and moist, heats and moistens; yellow Choller which is hot and dry, heats and dryes; Phlegm which is cold and moist, causeth a cold and moist distemper; Melancholly which is cold and dry, causeth a cold and dry di∣stemper.

The matter which is the cause of distemper in the affected, * 1.161 either is collected by degrees, or else falls on it on a suddain; 'Tis collected either through the error of the Aliment, or default of the part; through the fault of the part it is collected, when ei∣ther the faculty of concoction is weak, and doth not rightly ela∣borate the Aliment, and from thence causes excrements, which either the expulsive faculty can expel, or the weaknesse of expul∣sion is such, that it cannot expel; that too great quantity, or some disease of conformation, and straitnesse of the passages, suf∣fers not the Excrements to be cost forth; But by default of the Aliment the matter is collected, when that is not good, but

such, by reason whereof great store of excrements are generated, or slimy and viscious humours are produced, that the expulsive faculty cannot expel them.

A flux is either when humours are drawn to a part, * 1.162 or sent to a part. Attraction is principally through heat and pain; not because they draw, but because they afford occasion for humours to flow to the part, to which you may adde, for the supply of vacuity.

But humours flow to the parts affected, * 1.163 though they are not drawn for two reasons; first because the humours collected in the vessels, by their own violence begin to flow into some part, ac∣cording to its situation, and its respect to the vessels. Secondly, because the parts which have strong expulsive power, tire, or de∣cay in their strength, or quality, or being burthened with plen∣ty of humours; unlade themselves, and lend that which is trou∣blesome to another part; either the whole body sends forth venc∣mous humours, or else some parts.

Yet that there be made a flux, there is required not onely the part flowing, but the part receiving, which is either weak, or apt and disposed to receive fluxions.

CHAP. XII. Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance.

DIseases of the whole Body, * 1.164 or of Occult qualities which are in the similar parts, besides diseases of intemperature, are all produced from causes of the whole substance, or acting in a hidden manner; such are all venomous, malignant things, and such as act in a hidden manner: Of such causes some are produced in the Body, some happen to it from without.

Those which are in the body are humours and excrements, * 1.165 if they contein in them malignant and venomous qualities; as pu∣trified Blood, Seed, and other corrupt humours.

As for external causes, * 1.166 First venomous and malignant Aire. Secondly, Virulent and contagious Diseases. Thirdly, Poyson drunk, or after what manner soever taken into the Body. Fourthly, Poysons which come by the smitings, or bitings of venomous creatures, or some other way communicated to the body externally.

Venom is either generated in the Air, or else the Air receives it from some other thing; * 1.167 It receives it from some other thing by malignant exhalations and vapours, from Cattel, Marish grounds, dead Carkasses, and other such like exhalations. Poyson is

generated in the Aire, by reason of its hot and moist constituti∣on, or the occult influences of stars.

Contagion is a Granary, or if you please, * 1.168 an Affect contrary to nature, which is communicated to another body, from a body affected likewise contrary to nature. This Infection is twofold, either by touch, when the body which is infected tou∣cheth that body which is next to it; or at distance, when a bo∣dy far distant from another, by that which it emits, it infects the distant body.

Poysons taken into the body, are either Plants, * 1.169 or living Crea∣tures, or Minerals, or poysonous Metals.

Poysons which happen externally to the body, are the biting of venomous Creatures, Stroakes, Exhalations, or venomous Unguents and Powders.

CHAP. XII. Of the causes of Organick Diseases.

NOw for the causes of Organick Diseases, and first the figure of Conformation is vitiated either by it selfe, or by acci∣dent.

By it selfe it is vitiated first in the womb, * 1.170 through some error of the formative faculty. Secondly, out of the womb through vi∣olent motion, either of those things that happen externally, or those which are with us, or in us, or by the errors of our Mid∣wives, Nurses, or Chyrurgions. Thirdly, by too great repletion and encrease, and on the contrary, by Inanition, or Defect of Aliment, and lesning the due magnitude, or in default in num∣ber. By accident the figure is hurt, when any parts grow not, as they ought, but another way, through loosening of Nerves, Convulsion, Inflammation, or swelling, a Scyrrhus or hard bunch on the Liver, the cutting of a Nerve or Tendon, or by some hard skin growing in them.

Moreover to what belongs to Diseases in the Channels of the Body. Diseases in the Channel, are either in excesse or defect; * 1.171 in excesse the passages are too much dilated by something, filling them contrary to nature, and stretching them sometimes too much; But straitness of the passages is either from our first forma∣tion when our stomachs are narrower then they ought, or by re∣pletion, or when in an Empyema, an Impostumation or Ulcer is generated in the brest, and there broken, and flowes, and makes it narrower; or whilest a stone groweth in some hollow part; or by compressure, when from what cause soever a hollow member

lying under its Cavity is pressed too close, or by the closing of its outsides, or by constriction, when by too much use of binding things the stomach is contracted.

Diseases of the passages since they are in excess or in defect; * 1.172 An Anastomasis is caused first by the too great quantity, or the quality of humours initating the expulsive faculty, or the mouth, of the vessels opening themselves; moreover sometimes by Medicines, and other things which have power to relax and loosen the mouths of the vessels. A Devision is made by some gnawing or cutting cause, such may be sharp humours, or fretting Medicines, either stretching them too much, as too great store of humours, * 1.173 or else breaking them, as violent motion, clamours, heavy burthens, knocking. An opening the Tunicles of the ves∣sels is by moistning and rarefying things. * 1.174

The causes of the defect of passages, or of narrownesse of them are five; Obstruction, Constipation, Cealescence, Compres∣sure, Subsidence. The cause of obstruction is, first, that which is conteined in a passage, and is not generated, for such are thick or viscide humours, clots of blood, quitture, hard dung, stones, worms, and too great abouncance of humours.

The cause of Constipation is hard flesh; as when there is a Tumour, the flesh growes in the passage; Coalescence is cau∣sed when after a wound the walls of the passages grow toge∣ther.

Compression is made by things externally hapning, which have power by weight and violence, or otherwise, to p••esse the passages, and have strength to force them inward, as divers tumours and bones out of joynt, are amongst the internal causes; amongst the external, Bones, Con••usions, Stroakes, and such like; * 1.175 Subsidence is when the outsides of the passages, by too much moisture are made looser then they ought: to which some adde Constriction, by cooling and astringent things.

The causes of Diseases on the outside, * 1.176 or extremities of the body, are such as make it rough or smooth; rugged things make it rough, so does gnawing things, and such as dry overmuch, as sharp humours, and medicines endued with such qualities, sharp vapours, Wind, Smoak; sharp Meates, things endued with contrary qualities make the body smooth. Moist••ning things make the body soft, contrary to nature; drying things make it harder, the mixture of black humours, and such as give a tincture, spoyles the clearnesse of comple∣xion.

The cause of Diseases of defect, * 1.177 in number are either from a mans birth; namely defect of matter, or imbecillity of the facul∣ty, drawing matter, being not able to retain and elaborate the same, or error of formation: Or else after one is born, by out∣ting, burning, gnawing, putrefying, and too much cooling; either natural things abound contrary to nature, and that from our beginning, the cause whereof is either too great plenty of profitable matter, and the strength and error of the formative faculty; or after our birth, as is a Membrane, a Tubercle, the cause whereof is plenty of good matter, and by it occasion is gi∣ven of breeding an Ulcer; or somewhat contrary to nature a∣boundeth, as Warts, Stones, and such like; the cause whereof is peccant matter.

Magnitude is encreased contrary to nature, * 1.178 either accor∣ding to some dimensions only, or according to all. First, it is encreased by things contrary to nature; as by wind, as in a Timpany, and a windy Tumour; or by water, as in a Dropsie; or by the falling of one part into another, as when one is bur∣sten. Augmentation is made according to all the dimensions, by the spreading of humours over all the substance of the body, which comes to passe either by reason of profitable humours, which happens to fat people, and in the encrease of certain parts; or from an unprofitable and Excrementitious, which happens in divers kinds of tumours.

Magnitude is lessened by weakness of virtue, * 1.179 and want of suste∣nance, or by cutting, burning, gnawing, putrefaction, refrige∣ration.

Lastly, parts change their places by reason of the loosenesse, * 1.180 or solution of unity of those parts wherein they are conteined, or contraction of ligaments, or when they are violently put out of their places.

The vicinity and connexion for the most part is hurt by the same means; namely, * 1.181 if the parts by whose intervening they are knit together, are loosened, broken, or wounded.

CHAP. XIIII. Of the causes of Diseases of Solution of Unity.

THe causes of Diseases of Solution of Unity, * 1.182 although they are very many, yet all may be reduced into five ranks; for all things that dissolve the continuity of any part, either cut, or gnaw, or knock, or bend and break, or burn: those that cut are all sharp bodies, which whether edglings, or wound with the

point, as all kinds of weapons and darts, thorns, the biting of living Creatures, and such like. All sharp things erode, as hu∣mours, * 1.183 and all sharp, eroding, putrifying, burning medicines. Those that are heavy, and great, and blunt, knock, as stones, woods, * 1.184 dashing the body against hard things; which if they happen to a part that can give way to it, they bruise it; if they happen to a hard part which cannot yeild, they break it; they knock and break those things that fill the part, as plenty of hu∣mours, and store of wind, or they powerfully dry or violently di∣late the part, as dancing, and all loud singing, and heavy bur∣then oppressing, to which belong immoderate cold. Lastly, hot Irons burnt, * 1.185 and other mettals, and hot and fiery things.

The end of the Second Part of the Second Book.

Book. II. PART. III. OF SYMPTOMES.

SECT. I. Of the Differences of Symp∣tomes.

CHAP. I. What a Symptome is.

THE name of Symptome, * 1.186 although sometimes it be taken generally for every thing which befals the body contrary to nature; so that both Diseases, and causes of Diseases are comprehended under the notion of Symp∣tomes. Yet Physitians take not this name so generally; But by Symptome understand something different from a Dis∣ease, and a cause of a Disease,; and so a Symptome is an affect, or accident contrary to nature in those things which are necessa∣ry to perform natural actions, without the constitution of the parts, some other thing contrary to nature following: * 1.187 or 'tis an accident different from natural, and changing the natural con∣stitution

of the body, which to perform natural actions, is no necessary; whether the action it selfe be hindered, or some acci∣dent contrary to nature in the humours and excrements, or e∣ven in the living parts, so that it hinder not their actions; for a Symptome may consist even in the living parts. For example heat caused by a Bath, or exercise, so that there be not any effect which can hinder action.

CHAP. II. Of the causes and differences of Symptomes in general.

SO that in respect of the causes, * 1.188 a Symptome is properly divi∣ded into a Symptome of a Disease, a Symptome of a Cause, and a Symptome of a Symptome; for they labour in vain•• who endeavour to draw all Symptomes from Diseases.

A Symptome of a Disease is that which immediately fol∣lows a Disease, * 1.189 no other affect contrary to nature comming be∣tween, as when an ill concoction follows a distemper of the sto∣mach, which is called in Greek Cylosis. A Symptome of a cause is when the action is hurt, although the faculty, and its organ be well; the faculty being hindered by an external fault, as when the Liver, though sound, cannot sanguifie, by reason of vitious chyle; * 1.190 they trouble themselves exceedingly here, who endea∣vour to deduce every Symptome from a Disease, and actions hindred, which happen without a Disease, no way worthy the name of a Symptome, but think them worthy to be called certain natural differences, or imbecilities, since that they are accoun∣ted to perform nothing beyond their own strength: but they plainly erre in the matter, for that any work: may be perfected, not onely the agent, and that rightly disposed, but also the pa∣tient which receives the operation of the agent, is required: For as in voluntary actions; as for example, in gesture, or lifting of a weight, the businesse is in the free will of man, but that some work may be performed in the body; as for example, Sangui∣fication, Nourishment. It is necessary that the patient be joyn∣ed and coupled with the agent, but since the action of him that moves, and the patient moveable is but one motion, and dif∣fer onely in reason, as Aristotle teacheth, in the second Book of his natural Philosophy, Chap. 3. Title 23. Diservedly there∣fore in natural actions, when that is not performed which ought to be, especially in natural concoctions, all that which either is hurt, or frustrated, is deservedly called a Symptome, whether it be done by reason of the agent, or of the patient; for although,

in respect of the agent, it be impotent. Yet some fault doth happen by reason of the patient; and therefore it is the office of a Physitian if he will govern a mans body aright, to govern as well the patient, as agent in such actions.

A Symptome of a Symptome is that which follows another preceding Symptome, * 1.191 no other affect contrary to nature com∣ming between.

Moreover there is a common division of Symptomes into an action hurt, errours of excretion, and retention, and qualities changed, namely such as doe not hinder the actions of our bodies.

Actions hurt are of two kinds, * 1.192 the one is so called when the faculty is hurt; The other by reason of some external fault, as is said.

When the faculty is hurt, the action is said to be hurt; * 1.193 since the agent is not right, or since the instrument (for the faculties of the mind cannot be hurt) is affected contrary to nature. That the natural constitution of the part, which is the next instru∣ment of the faculty is vitiated, which being spoyled, the mind cannot perform its actions. Again, some divide the faculty hurt into the faculty hurt alone by its selfe, and into certain actions hindred. The faculty hurt by it selfe they say is, when the next instrument which it useth, in performing whereof that action is ill affected: as for example, when the Bladder doth not expel Urine, by reason that the Fibers which are used in expelling, are ill disposed. Again, to the good constitution of the instrument is required not only as abovesaid, constitution of the part, as it is mixed, temperatenesse, and innate heat, but spirits, and influent heat, which being deficient, the faculty cannot rightly perform its actions, as most plainly appears in the senses. But they then say the faculty is hindered, when the next instrument of the fa∣culty is well, yet the faculty is hindered in its action, by some Organick Disease; as when the expulsive faculty in the Bla••∣der will not send forth Urine, though it be well, by reason of ob∣structions of the Uriters, occasioned by the Stone.

On the other side, if the agent and instrument are in all re∣spects sound, and they be well constituted; * 1.194 yet neverthelesse for some other cause, which is without the constitution of the part, the faculty is frustrated in acting, and is hindred that it cannot perform its action. The action is said to be hindered by some external error.

To external error first belongs the patient or object, betwixt which and the agent, there ought to be a proportion; for if

the patient be not fit to receive the operation of the agent, a perfect action is not brought forth. Hitherto belong all these things by which actions are performed, or without which they cannot be performed, as time, place, and order in some, and moreover the use and necessity of actions.

The other two kinds of Symptomes, * 1.195 to wit, the fault of ex∣cretion and retention, and the qualities changed by hurting of the natural actions, depends on them, and the humours procee∣ding from them; for from evil concoction proceeds ill excre∣ments: and hence also the qualities of the body are changed; for such as the humours are in the body, such colours, smells, tasts, and such like qualities the body sends forth.

CHAP. III. Of the differences in general of actions hindered.

MOreover of actions hindered, * 1.196 there are accounted common∣ly three differences; namely, actions abolished, dimini∣shed and depraved; an action is said to be Abolished when it ceaseth: to be lessened when nature acts weakly, and imperfectly, and performes its actions either in longer time then is fit, or else never acquires that perfection which it ought, or if there be any other manner whereby it may deviate from its perfection; but an action is said to be depraved as often as it is performed otherwise then it ought to be, and erroneously.

But not undeservedly ought we to adde to these; * 1.197 Action en∣creased, which is performed more strongly and violently, then ought to be in its kind; such are too much watchings, strong breathings, and pulsations, much hunger and thirst, and other such like, which exceed mediocrity.

CHAP. IV. Of the Symptomes of the Natural faculty.

BUt that we may handle the kinds of Symptomes severally, * 1.198 first the Symptomes of the natural faculty respect nutriti∣on, augmentation, or generation; which again have their servants, attraction, retention, concoction, and evacuation, and indeed every action is abolished, or weakned, or made worse, or encreased. Whence arise great variety of the Symptomes of the natural faculty,

First, * 1.199 for what belongs to the action abolished, which they call the third; nutrition is taken away to our senses, or rather

it is diminished in an A trophy, when it will not nourish well, * 1.200 and in leanness either of the whole body, or some parts thereof, but the nutriment is depraved in a Cachexy, or ill habit of the body, Itch, Scabs, Leprosie, and such like affects thereof. * 1.201

Those Symptomes which happen in the first & publike conco∣ction, which is in the Stomach, are first appetite, and truely first when the appetite is dejected,; when a man desires not meat, whereunto belongs also daily abstinence from meat. Secondly, appetite is lessened. Thirdly, encreased, as in a Boulomia, or insatiable desire to meat. Fourthly, Depraved, as in a Mala∣lachia.

As the desire of Meat, so desire of Drink is either encrea∣sed, diminished, depraved, or abolished.

Secondly, the Symptomes of swallowing are, when it is taken away, as when a man can swallow nothing; or 'tis lessened, when one swalloweth with difficulty; or depraved, when we swallow with panting, trembling, twitching.

Thirdly, the fault of the retentive faculty, is when the Sto∣mach cannot retain meat as it ought, or cannot retain it at all, or not long enough, when occasion requires; or offends in all these: the Stomach doth not rightly retain meat, when it em∣braceth it, with panting, or with twitching, or with trembling, or shaking. If meat be not retained, or not long enough retar∣ned, it turneth into corruption, or is distributed with uncon∣cocted meat, or ejected by ordure, as in a Lyentary. If the embracing of the meat be weak, swimmings, or flatulencies are occasioned.

Fourthly, the errors of concoction in the Stomach, * 1.202 or the er∣rors of the Chyle are Crudity, slow, or dull concoction, or cor∣ruption of the meat.

Lastly, the Symptomes of expulsion are Hiccock, mutation in the uppermost parts of the Stomach, whereby it strives to put and cast out that which is offensive, and sticks in the orifice thereof.

Disposition to vomit, or loathing, or abhorring of meates is a depraved mutation in the Stomach, when it is streightned in the lower part of it, and dilated in the upper, and stirs to cast forth upwards what offends it, but cannot cast it forth.

Vomiting is a depraved motion in the Stomach, * 1.203 whereby the things which are contained in the Ventricle of the Stomach are cast out at the mouth of it.

Choller is a depraved motion in the Stomack, * 1.204 whereby the peccant matter is evacuated by both Orifices.

Belching is an excression of Wind from the Stomach out of the Mouth, * 1.205 with noise.

To the expulsion which is made by this concoction; those vitious Symptomes belong which happen to the guts. * 1.206 Alienta∣ry, which is a flux of the panch contrary to nature, whereby meat and drink is cast out unchanged.

A Caeliack affect, * 1.207 which also is a Flux of the Belly, is, when Crude and unconcocted Chyle is ejected.

A Diarhaea, is a plentiful and often emission of excrementiti∣cus humours by the panch.

A Dysentary is an avoiding of the excrements of the Belly con∣trary to nature, * 1.208 wherein the biting matter is cast forth with blood, twitching and pinching of the Guts.

A Tenesme, * 1.209 which is an immoderate and continual desire, yet in vain, of going to stool, where nothing is ejected from the body, but a little slimy matter and blood.

The contrary fault is the suppression of the panch when it is dull, * 1.210 and putteth forth nothing in a long time.

To these belong the Illiak, which is, when the dung, which ought to be ejected by the panch, that being closed, 'tis cast out of the mouth with the meat.

For the other publike concoction, * 1.211 which is made in the Li∣ver, Sanguification is either abolished, when for the most part there is no change of the Chyle, and in stead of good blood, se∣rous, and Petuitous is generated, or else it is diminished, when halfe raw blood is elaborated; or it is depraved, when hot and a∣dust blood is generated.

The Symptomes which belong to the evacuation of the ex∣crements of the second concoction, * 1.212 are an Iscury, or suppression of Urine, or stopping of Water, or a Dusury, or difficulty in ma∣king Water, a Strangury, or dropping of Urine, when it comes away drop by drop, and that there is a continual irritation to expel Urine.

Incontinence of Urine, is when it goeth from us against our wills; Diabetes, or plentiful making Water, is when whatsoe∣ver is drunk cometh away by Urine, not changed at all, or alter∣ed very little.

Hitherto belong the Symptomes which belong to the genera∣tion of milk, when too much, or none, or not enough is gene∣rated, or it proves scurvey, and is coagulated and curd∣led.

Hitherto we refer the Symptomes, * 1.213 which belong to the other concoctions, as the running of the Reins, suppressions of

Courses, diminishing, dropping, flowing in too great plenty, the Flux of the Womb.

Increasing is hindered, when either the whole body, * 1.214 or some part is not encreased enough, and ceaseth to encrease before it comes to its just magnitude, or it encreaseth too much, and grows to too great a bigness.

Lastly, there are some hurts of the generative faculty, * 1.215 for ge∣neration is either taken away when no Children are generated, or diminished when few and weak ones are begotten, or depraved when Monsters, or a Cripple, or any way an imperfect thing is begotten: and because to the generation of mankind, there is re∣quired male and female joyned; hitherto belongs impotency in men, extinction of lust in women, barrennesse and other Symptomes of this kind.

CHAP. V. Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty.

FOr the Symptomes of the vital faculty there is a palpitation of the heart (a Lypothymy, * 1.216 or an absence of Spirits for a short time) or an Aphyxy, or no Pulse. Palpitation of the heart is when there is a depraved motion of it, swifter then it ought to be, when the heart leaps and strives to fly from that which troubles it.

A Lypothymy, * 1.217 or want of vital spirits is when the Pulse beats swift on a sudden, and then ceaseth to beat at all, or is suddenly taken away with a small, slow and weak Pulse, to which some add an Eclusie, or absense of the vital soule.

A Syncope again is a motion depraved, * 1.218 when the Pulse is much lesser, slower, and weaker then a Lypothymy.

An Asphuxy is a total absence, as it were, of the Pulse, and the highest degree of swooning, and neerest to death: of the other preternatural differences of Pulses we will speak in another place.

Respiration, which is caused by the heart, * 1.219 either is wholly ta∣ken away, Which Symptome the Greeks call Apnoia, or is de∣praved, which they call Dyspnoia; besides these, the respiration is either too great, or too small; too often, or too seldome; too swift, or too slow; equal, or unequal. And lasty, of swift and slow breathings, there are some differences, according to more and lesse; for the first degree is a Dusopme, the second is an Asthma, the third is an Orthopnie, when the sick are forced to fit upright to breath.

Of the Symptomes of the external senses.

FOr as much as belongs to the external senses, * 1.220 first of the sight, that either is wholly lost, as in blindness, & the Disease called Amagrosis, or it is diminished in the disease, which is called Ambluopia and dimnesse of sight, or Muopia which is to see as Mice do; that is, to discern objects which are neer us, and seeming lesse to us then they are. * 1.221 Nutolopea is when any one sees well by day, but very bad in the evening and not by night, or the sight is depraved. When these things which are white seem red, or yellow, those things which are strait, crooked, those things which are whole, seem halfe, and perforated, those things which are single, double; when Cobwebs appear before the eyes, and Flyes, and Gnats, when shinings and glistnings appear, which the Greeks call Marmarugase.

The hearing is either taken away, * 1.222 which disease is called Deaf∣ness, when the diseased can neither hear a great nor smal sound, or it is diminished when loud sounds are heard, but with diffi∣culty, small sounds not at all; which disease is called hardnesse of hearing; the Greek name Barucoia, Ducecoia, Hypocopho∣sis; or it is depraved when there is a hiding in the ears, which disease the Greeks call Ecos and Sorigmos, i. c. a hiding, a whist∣ling, a hissing.

The smel is hurt when it is abolished, * 1.223 diminished, or depraved; when things seem to stink, have in them no ill smell.

Moreover the taste is either plainly taken away, or else dimi∣nished or depraved, * 1.224 when a thing seems to taste otherwise then it doth.

The touch is either wholly lost and can feel nothing, or is di∣minished, * 1.225 which is called Numness, or 'tis depraved, as in pain, or itching, hitherto also belongs want of sense in the teeth.

CHAP. VII. Of the Symptomes of the Internal senses.

THe Symptomes of the Internal senses are watchings and slee∣pings, when either of them are contrary to nature; * 1.226 as like∣wise dreams; the error in watchings are when men either sleep not at all for a long time, or if they do, they sleep too little.

Sleep is opposite to watching, if it be too much, which comes to passe when it is natural, but not absolutely such; but lon∣ger either from the repletion of the head by vapours, and exhala∣tions, as in drunkenness, or by the consuming of the heat and spirits through too much labour.

But preternatural sleep is such as doth proceed from a morbi∣fique cause, which is a Cataphora, or a Co••na, that is, a dimi∣nution of the action of the common sense, which, as it were, a wreathing, neither suffers the Animal Spirits to be diffused into the external senses; nor being entertained by them, doth know, and judge aright of other objects. A Coma is two-fold, * 1.227 somnolent and vigilant; somnolent is that which is oftentimes called an absolute Coma; with which disease those that are affe∣cted, the eyes being shut, do sleep sound and too much: but a vigil is when the sick have a propensity to sleep, yet nevertheless they cannot; but onely shutting their eyes and winking, they are possessed with too great a desire of sleep.

In sleep there oftentimes happens dreams, wherein the action of the phantasie doth concur; * 1.228 for dreames are nothing else but the deliriums of the brains of sleepers, although dreams happen to those which are well, yet contrary to cu••••ome, they often remain longer, and during the whole night, or are terrible, and trouble the mind exceedingly, and bring great anxiety in sleep, and wearisomness when one is awake.

To these kind of Symptomes belongs an extasie, * 1.229 and that na∣tural, which is nothing else but a heavy sleep, with heavy dreams, and hence sometimes cometh a delirium therewith.

As also the affects of Sleep-walkers, who whilest they sleep, * 1.230 arise out of their beds, walk, and perform certain works, as w••∣king people do, at that time when they ought to rest; yet if the imagination be together offended, these Symptomes may be re∣ferred to that rank wherein many internal senses are hurt.

As for what belongs to the offending of the rest of the Inter∣nal senses, * 1.231 sometimes one of them is offended, sometimes ma∣ny together; for the most part the Phantasie and Ratiocination are offended together, yet not alwayes; for although the un∣derstanding be busied about Phantasms, yet the understanding acting, illustrates the Phantasms, and frees them from their sup∣posed matter, and runs from one thing to another, and is busied about the Idea's retained by the memory, by which the errour of the Phantasie may often be known, sometimes also the memory is together offended; yet sometimes remains safe from the errors of the phantasie, and the reasonable faculty.

But those actions are either abolished, * 1.232 or diminished, or depra∣ved; neverthelesse the memory whose office it is not to judge, but only to receive representations, may be so much debilitated and a∣bolished, namely when it does not receive, and retain those things which it ought, or it receives nothing, and retains nothing, and so a man forgets all things: it cannot be depraved, but if sometimes it receives and retains false objects that is not to be ascribed to it, but to that faculty which discovers absurd and false representations, the memory seems then to be depraved to some, when it doth not render things in that order which it re∣ceived them, but errs in order; but this seems to happen onely by reason of the weaknesse of the memory.

The principal actions are abolished and diminished in the imbecility and dulnesse of the mind, * 1.233 slownesse of the Wit, stupi∣dity, when a man hath a certain knowledge of the chief things, and draws some conclusions from them, but with great la∣bour.

The greatest fault, and the greatest hurt of the Phantasie, and Ratiocination, yet without delirium, is fatuity.

But when a man is so destitute of all ingenuity, and the phanta∣sie and Ratiocination are so hurt that they can neither know the first principles, and can beget no conceits, it is called foolishnesse, and madnesse; especially if the action depraved concurre, and a man judgeth not only a little but false.

But the imagination and reasonable faculty is depraved in deliriums, * 1.234 whereof there are several kinds; for a deliri um is either with a Fever, or without a Fever; with or without a Fe∣ver, * 1.235 is either simple, viz. A moderate delirium, and without madnesse stirred up by hot vapours in a Fever, or by watching, or drinking too much Wine, which the Greeks call Paraphrosune, or Paraphrora.

A Frenzy is with a Fever, which is a continued delirium,

arising from the inflammation of the Brain and its Mem∣branes.

But a delirium without a Fever is Melancholy, and madnesse; Melancholy is a Delirium without a Fever, with sorrow and sadness, as it is commonly defined; or a failing of the Phantasie and reasonable Faculty about one certain thing: and indeed the Phantasie is principally offended, but the reasonable Faculty not alwayes nor in all, but the memory for the most part is safe.

To melancholy Deliriums also is referred Mad Love, wherein concur various passions, * 1.236 now they conceive joy with hope of ob∣taining the thing beloved; where they do many things, and speak beyond decency, and now sorrow and anger when they despaire of obtaining the thing beloved.

Madnesse is a delirium without a Fever, with Fury, Fear, * 1.237 Au∣dacity, Anger, Quarrels, and Ferosity.

To madnesse are referred Wolf-madnesse, Dog-madnesse, Bad∣ger-madnesse, fear of Water, viz. a Disease wherein if one be bitten with a Dog, a Wolfe, a Badger, or any other ravenous A∣nimal, he becomes altogether averse to all liquid and potulent drinks, although as for other things, they do not shun them; also those that are bitten by a Tarantula, leap and dance, and a Corea or company of S. Viti, which is a kind of delirium and madness, with which those that are affected strive to dance night and day.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Symptomes of the motive Faculty.

ANimal motion is either abolished, diminished, * 1.238 or depra∣ved; motion is abolished, not onely in the Palsey, which is impotency of motion, wherein the next instruments of motion are relaxed, and ceased from their action, and are not contracted, but cannot be moved by reason of putting out of joynt, fractures of bones, wounds of the muscles, * 1.239 drynesse and induration of the parts serving for motion. It is diminished in the green sickness, or in lazinesse when the motion is become weak.

It is depraved in trembling, which the Greeks cal Tremos, * 1.240 wher∣in the part cannot move freely, but is now elevated, and anon depressed: for although in respect of the motive faculty, trembling is onely imbecility of the motive faculty; yet because the mo∣tive

faculty doth not wholly faile, but the member which contra∣ry to the dictate of the will is depressed by its own weight, it en∣deavours in some measure to elevate it selfe; here is made a de∣praved motion, where in the smallest intervals of time the mem∣ber is lifted up, and depressed in a continual course.

As also in the Convulsion, * 1.241 which is a preter-natural contra∣ction of a Muscle, towards its beginning, contrary to the will; and a violent stretching out of the part, into which a Tendon is inserted. A Convulsion is either Universal or Particular, U∣niversal is three-fold, Emprosthotonos, i. e. when the Neck and the rest of the Body is bowed forward, so that the diseased can∣not set himselfe upright. Opisthotonos, when the body is bent backward. Tetanos, when the body is so stiff that it cannot bend any way. A particular Convulsion in regard of several particular parts, hath divers names, Aspasmos Cynicus, a Con∣vulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth. Trismos, a Convulsion of the Muscles of the Jaws, with grating and grinding of the Teeth. Strabismes, a Convulsion of the Muscles of the Eye.

To these belong Convulsive Motions, * 1.242 wherein is made a Contraction of the Muscle towards his beginning, but conti∣nues not in one difference of Location; but it happens with va∣rious concussions and agitations of the Member, as in an Epe∣lepsie.

Sometimes also a Palsie and a Spasme are complicate, * 1.243 so that by changes and turnes they afflict, and so the part is sometimes con∣tracted, and sometimes dilated.

Hitherto is to be referred the error of the voice, which either is abolished, as in Aphonia, or dumbnesse, or diminished, as in an inward and obscure, or small and low voice, or it is depraved, being broken in a shrill, sharp, hoarse, or trembling voice.

The speech also is hurt, * 1.244 which is either taken away, as in those which are called mute, or else it is difficult, as in those who pronounce certain Letters, especially R, with great difficul∣ty; or it is depraved, as in those who in speaking now stop, and anon precipitate their speech, which evil, the Greeks call Trau∣lates and Psellotes, the English, Stammering.

Amongst these errors of Motion, those Symptomes are to be reckoned wherein the natural expulsive Motion, being stimula∣ted by a preternatural cause, ariseth up to expel; it cannot per∣form motion without the help of the animal vertue, and Organ, such as are a cough, sneezing, yawning, quaking, stretching.

A Cough is a depraved motion, * 1.245 and vehement efflation occa∣sioned

from the sudden constriction of the Lungs, and Brest, whereby that may be expelled, which was troublesome, and be sent forth by the instruments of breathing.

Sneezing is a motion of the Muscles, primarily of the Brain, * 1.246 secondarily of the Brest, and inferiour Muscles, whereby that may be expelled, which is troublesome to the Brain.

Yawning, or Gaping, * 1.247 is that motion whereby nature endea∣vours to expel the flatuous vapours by breathing them out of the mouth.

Stretching is a distention of the members in the whole Body, * 1.248 discussing the vapours in them.

Shaking fits, that is a concussion of the skin of the whole body, * 1.249 to shake off some troublesome thing.

Cold fits, that is a shaking of the whole body, * 1.250 to put off that which offends it.

CHAP. IX. Of the Symptomes wherein all, or most part of the animal actions are hurt.

BUt sometimes it happens that either all, or most of the ani∣mal functions are offended together: amongst these Symp∣tomes, a Vertigo is the first, the Greek Dinos and Iliggos, * 1.251 'tis such a mischief, and depravation of the imagination, some∣times of the common sense, that all things seem to run round in a circle, and for the most part, the motion is so hurt, that a man falls down. Sometimes the external senses are affected likewise, which if it happen at the same time, the eyes are ob∣scured by a fuliginous mist; the Greeks call it Scotoma, and Scotodinos, i. e. a shady disease. Sometimes the hearing is somewhat depraved, or some certain swimming ariseth, or some other senses are affected.

Moreover an Incubus, or a riding of the Mare, [unspec 2] * 1.252 or an hindrance of breathing, and interruption of speech, and hindrance of mo∣tion, as it were, an oppression of the body, with a false dream of a weight lying upon the brest.

A Lethargy, which is a perpetual desire of sleeping, [unspec 3] * 1.253 with a giddinesse of the head, with forgetfulnesse of all things, or it is a continual Delirium, with a weak Fever, heavinesse to sleep, and destruction of memory.

A Carus, which is a profound, or dead sleep, [unspec 4] * 1.254 wherein the sick hear not, and being pricked, scarce perceive it, or a deep sleep

with diminution, or taking away of sense, motion, and imagi∣nation, the breathing being gone.

A Catoch, [unspec 5] * 1.255 or Catolepsis is a Diminution of the principal functions, or external senses, especially of feeling, and volun∣tary motion by abolition; or 'tis a sudden apprehending, where∣by those which are affected being stiff, remain in the same place and gesture of body as they were in when they were taken, and opening, and not moving their eyes, they neither see nor hear, nor perceive; the breath and pulse onely remaining safe.

An Epelepsie is an ablation of the principal actions, [unspec 6] * 1.256 and of sense and voluntary motion, with a preternatural Convulsion, or Convulsive motion of the whole body.

To the Epelepsie also are referred certain Diseases, as it were, smal Epelepsies, wherein the sick are not velified in the whol body, neither do they fall down, but some parts onely are twitched, as either the head is shaken, or the eyes are drawn, or the hands and feet are snatched this way and that way, or the hands are held shut, or the diseased is turned round, or runs up and down, and in the mean time speaks nothing, hears nothing, perceives nothing.

Lastly, * 1.257 an Apoplexy, which is an abolition of all animal actions, to wit, of motion and sense, in which the whole body, with the hurt of the principal faculty of the mind, respiration after a sort being safe.

CHAP. X. Of the Symptome of the changeable qualities of the Body.

THe second kind of Symptomes are those which consist in a simple affect of the body, * 1.258 or the qualities of the body changed; namely, when some natural quality of the bo∣dy is changed, by reason of which change, there follows no hurt of the actions; their differences are to be sought out of the number of the external senses.

The visible qualities changed are colours contrary to na∣ture, * 1.259 either in the whole body, as in the yellow Jaundice, or in a Cachochimy, or ill habit of the body, or in some part, as in the Face, Tongue, an inflammation, black Teeth, yellow Nailes, and such like.

Smells contrary to nature are changed, * 1.260 when a man breaths

forth an ill smell, either out of the whole body, or from some part, as the Mouth, Nose, hollow of the Arm-pits, or soals of the Feet.

Tasts or Savours are changed when the spittle, * 1.261 or any thing else which swims in the Mouth is spit out, and gives a sharp, salt, bitter, or other taste; but since these qualities are not the parts of the Body, but Excrements; they may be more fitly referred to the third kind of Symptomes.

To the fourth belong Tactil qualities onely, * 1.262 as they are con∣trary to nature, and troublesome, but do not hinder actions, as Heat, Cold, Softnesse, Hardnesse. Hoarsenesse.

To Hearing may be referred, sounds, warbling, crackling, grinding of Teeth, and such like, which are perceived by hea∣ring.

Lastly, hitherto are to be referred common sensible things, as Figure, Magnitude; if they are preternatural, and all those things which are spoken of in the Hypocratical Face, and are described in his First Booke of Progno∣sticks.

CHAP. XI. Of the Symptomes of Excretions and Retentions.

THe third sort of Symptomes comprehend the errors of those things which we ought to be cast out of the body, * 1.263 or use to be retained in it, contrary to nature; in which kind of Symptomes regard is not to be had to the excression it selfe, or action of casting forth, whose faults are the Symp∣tomes of actions hurt, but onely to the matter which is cast out, which as it recedes from the natural state, constitutes this or that sort of Symptomes.

Retentions and Excretions offend either in the whole sub∣stance, or in quality, or in quantity. First, * 1.264 in the whole sub∣stance they offend, which ought never to be found in the whole body, in the stead of an Excrement; such are Stones, and di∣vers sorts of Wormes, little Hairs, and such like. Secondly, those which in their whole substance are not contrary to nature, but are cast forth in this or that manner, or place, contrary to nature; such are the Courses out of the Nose, Eys, or Teats, the Ordure by the Mouth. Thirdly, those things which are plainly na∣tural, yet ought rather to be retained then evacuated, as too much profusion of blood by the Mouth, Panch, Nose, Bladder,

Pores of the Skin, which happens in a bloody swear. To these belongs particular ejections out of the Lungs, and other parts. In quality they offend many wayes, in heat and cold, moisture and drinesse; In colour, smell, and taste, in quantity, excreti∣ons offend, when either more or lesse then ought to be are cast forth, which often happen in the dregs of the Panch, Urine, and Courses.

The end of the third Part and first Section; of the second Book.

Book. II. PART. III. SECT. II. OF THE CAUSES OF SYMPTOMES.

CHAP. I. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty.

SIthence we have reckoned all the differences of Symp∣tomes, * 1.265 order now requires that we may shew their Causes in the same order we have set down them; and as for the Symptomes of the Natural Faculty, amongst them the first is Atrophy, or want of nourishment; and that is either in the whole, or in some part. * 1.266 Atrophy in the whole is occasioned through the debility of the faculty, or default of the nourishment; the vertne is weakned through a

dry distemper, and sometimes hot, which principally proceeds from the Heart, labouring with the like distemper, as in Hek∣ticks, and other Fevers; yet sometimes from the defect of other parts which may communicate their affects also with the Heart, diseases may perform the same. Atrophy is occasioned through defect of Aliment, when either it is not communicated in suf∣ficient quantity, or when it is affected with some ill quality: 'Tis wanting when too small a quantity is received, or although sufficient quantity be taken, yet 'tis not concocted through the weaknesse of the bowels; or being concocted, 'tis not distributed by reason of the narrownesse of the Veines about the Liver; or it is disperst, or not conglutinated, by reason of distempers of the parts, especially hot and dry. Atrophy is made through the pravity of nutriment, when ill blood by reason of the distemper of the bowels is generated, especially hot and dry, and not so profitable. * 1.267 Atrophy is in some part whilest its force is weak, through cold distemper and defect of native heat, or through want of nourishment, by reason of the straitnesse of the passages, by which it should be communicated to the part, or occasioned by what cause soever.

The immediate cause of depravation of nutrition, * 1.268 and of ill habit, is vitious and raw nourishment in the bowels, appointed for publike concoctions, arising from the vitious disposition there; to which sometimes a cold and moist dsstemper, and ha∣bit of the body is added.

The Scabs, * 1.269 the Leprosie and other known cutanious diseases have their original from ill nourishment, but not crude, but sharp, salt nitrous, or having some other pravity which since it is various, various diseases from thence do arise.

But amonst the Symptomes which happen to the concoction which is made in the stomach. * 1.270 The first is when the appetite is hurt, and the reason of abolishing or diminishing of the appe∣tite is, because either little or no juice is made, or else is not perceived; juice is not made, or very little is made, when ma∣ny crude and watery humours comp••ess the mouth of the sto∣mach, or the chyle hither to sticks in the stomach, or because aliment abounds in the body, which may be when it is not e∣vacuated, by reason of the thicknesse of the skin, or idlenesse, or weak heat, or because it is not attracted, through some distem∣per of the Veins, or straitnesse of the Meseraick veins, and of the hollow Vein of the Liver, or because concoction and distributi∣is hindred in the stomach. The sucking is not perceived either through the error of the sensitive faculty, when the animal spirits

which should flow are desicient, or when the action is conver∣ted another way, as in such as are out of their wits, or when the nerves of the conjugation are defective, or when the mouth of the stomach is ill with some distemper, as swelling, or ulcer, or by the dulnesse of the stomach occasioned by some stupefactive Medicines, * 1.271

Hitherto belongs the daily abstinence of those men who ab∣stained not onely some dayes and months, but years also from all meats; of which wonderful Symptome, although it be not easie to render a reason, yet it is probable that all such had not need of restoring, and that because nothing is taken away, or not in a long time wasted, because of the humours which pre∣serves our bodies, is so disposed, and proportioned to the heat of the same, that it could not be destroyed by it.

On the contrary, * 1.272 the cause of the encrease of the appetite is too much sucking, which comes to passe either from some hu∣mour sticking in the stomach; such is Melancholly, which by its sharpnesse and austereness binds the stomach, or through want of nourishment, which happens by reason of Wormes, which consumes the Chyle, or by too much labour and exercise, watch∣ings, long fastings, evacuations of blood, vomiting, or from some old distemper, binding the stomach.

But the appetite is depraved by a vitious humour peculiarly corrupted and fixed to the Tunicles of the stomach, which is either generated in the stomach by ill food, or else flowes from some other part, especially the Womb, into the stomach.

Thirst is abolished, or diminished, either from cold, sweat, * 1.273 unsavory, petuitous, aqueous, many humours generated in the stomach, want of meat and drink, or flowing from some other parts, continually moistening the stomach, or because the sto∣mach doth not perceive its want of drink, as it often comes to passe in Frensies and burning Fevers.

Again the Thirst is encreased through want, * 1.274 and drinesse of humours, which proceed from those things which have drying faculties, and such as consume the primogenial humidity of the stomach; such are all drying and heating things, as hot hu∣mours, sharp and salt, a hot and dry distemper in the mouth of the stomach, proceeding either from the whole, which is in Fe∣vers, or in some part neer to the stomack, which either sends hot and dry vapours and humours to the stomach; or by reason of the communion of the Tunicles and Membranes which cover the stomach, the orifice of the stomach, the Wind-pipe, and the neighbouring parts, communicating a hot and d••y distemper

to the O••fice of the stomach: external causes which are evident perform the same as those which have a power of heating, drying, and consuming the humidity in the O••ifice of the Ventricle.

Vitious thirst is caused by some vitious humour in its whole kinde contrary to nature, * 1.275 sticking in the mouth of the sto∣mach,

The swal owing is hurt either when the faculty is offended, * 1.276 or through some external error; and indeed the faculty either natural, or animal may be hurt: the natural is hurt whilest ei∣ther the attractive faculty cannot draw meat through the strait fibres of the internal Pannicle into the parts; or the expulsive through the Transuerse fibers inserted into the external Tunicle, cannot thrust food which is drawn into the mouth of the sto∣mach, farther down into the stomach; which is caused through the relaxation of the fibers of the Orifice of the stomach, by rea∣son of a cold and moist distemper, when the matter flows from the head to the chops; or by reason of their driness occasioned by some Tumour, Ulcer, or Excoriation.

The animal faculty is hindered when the Muscle which is be∣fore the gullet, either is inflamed, which use to be in the Quin∣sie; or 'tis contracted either by Convulsion, or Palsie; it is hindered also by reason of the straitness of the entrance into the stomach, which proceeds from divers causes, as Tumours in the Throat, Relaxation of the Vertebraes of the Neck, and Back: external things being swallowed, as when Fish-bones, Pins, and other things stick in the mouth of the stomach, as also Wormes.

The swallowing is hindered by some external error when any thing, hard, dry, sharp, rough, viscid, or ungrateful is swallow∣ed.

The retention of meat swallowed is hindered, when it is abo∣lished, * 1.277 diminished, or depraved. Retention taken away and di∣minished proceed from the same causes, the one from the greater, the other from the lesser: and this comes to pass if the Reten∣trix be weak. The Oblique fibres loosned by a cold and moist distempers, or if any Tumour, as an Inflammation or Ulcer be present. The cause of windiness in the stomach, is windy meats, and a stomach not cold enough, but the cause of floating with a noise, is when the stomach is freed from that which might be turned into wind, yet still remaining full of drink, or extreamly cooled.

But the retentive faculty is depraved when the stomach doth not ••ightly infold the meat, * 1.278 and indeed a Palpitation with

floating and noise happens through the weakness of retention and thick winds pen'd into the stomach, * 1.279 which arise either from the causes or crudity, or from flatulent meat, or yellow, or black choller spread over the stomach; But a constriction, and a cer∣tain sighing, or Hiccock happens, when after emptinesse and de∣fect of aliment, the stomach too violently contracts it self, having newly received meat.

T••embling is caused by the imbecility of the retentive facul∣ty from a cold distemper, and the wait of the meat oppressing: * 1.280 and a certain Quavering when the Ventricle is molested by any biting thing, especially choller.

For as much, as what belongs to the concoction hurt, is ei∣ther abolished or diminished in the stomach, they both proceed from the same causes, they onely differ according to Major and Minor, and the concoction is hindered, either primarily and by it selfe, when it cannot do its office withour the hurt of the rest of the faculties. Or secondarily, and by accident, when it is vitiated by the retentive or expulsive faculty. For unlesse meat can be retained so long as it ought. The concoction cannot be rightly performed. The concoction is hurt by its self, either when the faculty is hindered, or by some external error, the fa∣culty being hurt is hindered through some distemper of the sto∣mach, from what cause soever ariseth, or other diseases of the stomach, tumours, ulcers, and such like which hinder concocti∣on; the concoction is hindered through external errors; first, by reason of Excrements, which if they abound in the stomach and offend with cold, they are the cause of abolition, and di∣minition thereof. Secondly, by meats which offend either in quantity, or else divers and various kinds are taken, or in qua∣lity, if the meats are cold, or hard, and clammy, and hard to be concocted. Thirdly, by reason of the time of taking food; namely, if meat raw betaken before it is boyled. Fourthly, after the taking of meat, if a man watch the whole night, or sleep very little, or exercise himselfe violently, or suffer the pas∣sions of the mind.

The corruption of meat is two-fold, the one nitrous, * 1.281 the other acide; the nitrous hath its beginning from a hot distem∣per of the stomach, the chollerick excrements being collected in the ventricle by hot aliments which are obnoxious to corrupti∣ons; such as are sharp, oyly, pinguious things, Milk, Mush∣rooms, garden Fruit, and such like; but crudity produceth aci∣dity, through the cold distempers abounding with cold aliments; cold, pituitous, and melancholy humours in the stomach.

We have said the Symptomes of the expulsive faculty of the stomach, are Hiccock, Loathing, Vomiting, Choller, Bel∣ching.

The immediate cause of Hiccock is something trouble∣some to the superiour part of the stomach, * 1.282 especially to the Ori∣fice thereof, which it endeavours by that motion to put away and expell, but the causes which trouble the stomack on this manner, are either in the Stomach it selfe, or in the parts which can draw the Ventricle by consent. The cause of Hiccock in the Stomach it selfe, is matter either oppessing by its plenty, or of∣fending in quality, as sharp meats, and biting, and such like hu∣mours, sharp medicines, malignant and foul vapours, either generated in the stomach, or sent thither from elsewhere, Worms, an immoderate cold distemper, and those things which outward∣ly press the stomach, which may happen by the pressing and ben∣ding the extremities of the ribs to the stomach. But Hiccock by consent happens when the nerves of the sixth conjugation suf∣fer together, in an inflammation and percussion of the braine; as also inflammations of the Midriff, the Eungs, the Liver, the Gutflion.

Loathing and Vomiting have their rise from the same causes differing according to Major and Minor, * 1.283 either in the stomach it selfe ill affected and weak, or from something contrary to na∣ture, tearing the stomach. The stomach is ill affected by a cold and moist distemper; or by conformation thereof, or by a cer∣tain native straitnesse thereof, by reason of drynesse and lean∣nesse, swelling an Ulcer, whereunto belongs frequent vomiting, which indeed it selfe disposeth the stomach to more frequent vo∣miting: as also the shutting of the inferiour Orifice of the Ven∣tricle by some tumour, as an obstruction also of the Guts and mesentary, and inverted motion of the fibres of the Guts. The diseases called the Chollick and Stone, by the communion of the Membranes; and lastly, wounds and hurts of the Braine and its Membranes. But the matter which Irrirates the stomach to ex∣pel, either loading it with its plenty, or twitching it with its sharpnesse, or moilifying the superior Orifice, or by stimulating it with a malignant quality it doth it; whether it be meat and drink, or medicines, poysons, worms, blood, quitture; choller effused into the stomach, which happens to those which have a vitious implantation of the Pores or the Vessel that carries the Choller into the bottom of the stomach. The evident external causes are too much exercise of the body, and the sight of loath∣some things.

The cause of Choller is offensive, * 1.284 and sharp matter irritating the expulsive faculty of the stomach by its plenty, and its quali∣ty to expulsion, and stimulating it to evacuate, upwards and downwards. Such is Choller collected about the Liver, Pan∣creas, and parts adjacent, also sharp adust humours, salt, ni∣trous, and other peccant humours bred of corrupt food, as Mush∣rooms, Garden-fruits, and such like strong purging Medi∣cines and Poysons do the same, and stir up this matter.

As for the difference betwixt the other Choller and this, * 1.285 which we have newly explained, that is dry, this is moist, the cause is a flatuous and sharp spirit stirred up by yellow, black, and adust Choller spread over the stomach.

Belching is occasioned by thick and fuming vapours breaking out upward, and stimulating the stomach to expulsion. * 1.286

Concerning a loosenesse, * 1.287 the causes of a Lyentary and Coeli∣ack affects are for the most part the same, differing onely in mag∣nitude; And in this also that a Coeliack is rather a Disease of the Guts, then of the Stomach, although its name seems to signifie otherwise; For in a Lyentary, as hath been said, the meat is cast forth crude.

In a Coeliack the Chyle is ejected contrary to nature; and therefore the cause of a Lyentary is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Ventricle and Intestines, by reason whereof the meat before it be perfectly concocted, descends into the Guts and is cast out, And indeed in a Lyentary the retentive faculty of the stomach is principally hurt. Nor can it be that meat un∣concocted can be cast forth out of the Panch, unless it be sent too soon into the Guts, by reason of some fault of the retentive faculty of the stomach; but the Coeliack is occasioned rather by some hurt of the retentive faculty of the Intestines, because Chyle generated in the stomach, ought to remain some time in the Guts; that it might there be in some manner elaborated, and be conveniently drawn by the meseraik veines, and the or∣dure should be throughly elaborated: If the retentive faculty of the Intestines be hurt, all these things cannot be performed, but the Chyle untimely, and in some, as measure crude is cast out of the Panch, but the retentive faculty of the Stomach and Guts is hurt either of its selfe, or by accident: of it selfe through a cold and moist distemper, and that either alone, or joyned with a phlegmatick humour, as also by cicatrising after a disentary, and the immoderate use of fat things, and such as cause Lubri∣city. By accident it is hurt when the expultrix being stirr'd up exceedingly, drives the meat presently downward, by reason of

the ulcerous disposition of the Stomach and Guts caused by bi∣ting and sharp humours, sometimes also by a hidden quality, or from hurtful and poisonous meats, or ill disposition of air.

A Diarhaea proceeds from the expultrix of the Guts stirr'd up by plenty of humours, * 1.288 crudity, or pravity, whether they pro∣ceed from corruption in the stomach, and guts, or flow from the wholebody, or any part to the guts, from what cause soever they are generated and collected, The more remote caus••s of Diar∣hae a are imbecility of concoction, and distribution, through the distemper of the stomach, and parts adjacent; ill diet, untem∣perate air, omitting exercises of the body, or taking a strong purge.

The cause of a Dysentery improperly so called, or of voiding of blood without exulceration of the Guts are the opening of the mouths of the Mesentary Veines, * 1.289 either by too great plenty of this blood, or by crudity, by reason of the concoction of the Liver, or being retained too long in the Liver Veines, and by a burning with a preternatural heat. But as for Dysentery pro∣perly called, the causes are sharp and biting humours, whether they flow from the whole, or from some part to the Guts, or are generated in them, and are peculiarly troublesome to them, of which kind also are sharp gnawing drugs, ••speciplly violent purges, sharp quitture and poysons,

A Tenesmus, or desire to go to stoole and cannot void any thing but blood, * 1.290 comes for the most part from the same cause, yet principally, salt phlegm, and a sharp humour, clammy, thick, closely sticking to the skin of the Gut, called Rectum.

The Belly on the contrary is suppressed either because the ex∣pulsive faculty of the Intestines is hurt, * 1.291 or because the Muscles of the belly do not help to expel, or because the ordure doth not stimulate, or because the Guts are not alwayes sensible of prick∣ing and stirring up: the expulsive faculty doth not expel, either because it is hurt or frustrated by some external error, or fault in the object. 'Tis hurt either because it is weakened by a cold and dry distemper, or it is hindered by the strength and driness of the retentive faculty, or by the narrownesse of the Guts which proceed, first from astringent and drying things. Se∣condly from their inflammation, or a Tumor bred in them. Thirdly, from growing together, especially of the Fundament. Fourthly, from the going out and turning of them which hap∣pens in a Rupture. Fifthly, from obstruction, by reason of the hardnesse of the siedge, Worms, Stones, viscous Phlegm. Sixthly,

from the Muscles refrigerated and straitned, shutting the Gut Rectum.

The belly is supprest through default of the object when the Ordure is too thick, viscid and hard, the Muscles of the Panch do not help to expel, either because they are weak, or be∣cause they, or the parts under them endure pain; the Ordure doth not stimulate when either there is but little, or when there is no mordication, or it hath no sharpnesse, or by reason of eat∣ing of cold meats, or because yellow Choller is not mingled therewith.

The Guts are not sensible of stimulation, either because their preception is dull, or becavse through long retention they are accustomed to, and become familiar with the Ordure, or because they are stopt with phlegm.

The Illiack passion hath its original from the inverted moti∣on of the fibres of the Intestines, * 1.292 which proceed from some in∣flammation, or obstruction, from hard dung, or from a Rup∣ture, or from Exulceration, or a Canker, or from a high flowing of humours.

Moreover for what belongs to elaboration of blood, * 1.293 that is hindered either primarily, and by its selfe, or secondarily, and by accident; Primarily it is offended either when the faculty is hindered, or by some external accident; when the faculty is offended, 'tis done by reason of some diseases of the Liver, di∣stemper (by reason of which alone, without any other manifest disease of the Liver; those which are troubled with its imbecili∣ty are called Hepaticks) obstructions, tumors, ulcers. But it is hurt by some external error, when either the Chyle is not right∣ly elaborated in the stomach, or when it is throughly elabora∣ted, some peccant matter is mingled therewith. Secondarily, or by accident it is hurt, either when the attractive faculty is hindered, by reason of diseases of the Liver, or obst••uction of the Mesentary, or because the retentive faculty in like man∣ner is hindered through some disease of the Liver, and especially through its moist distemper, opening and gnawing of the ressels, and thinnesse of Chyle, or by the expulsive faculty; principal∣ly by cold distemper, and obstructions of the gibbous parts of the Liver, by reason whereof the blood cannot be distribu∣ted.

But as for the Symptomes which happen in making of Urine, * 1.294 the first is an Iscury, or suppression of Urine, and making of lesse Urine: 'tis properly to called when the Urine is in the Bladder, and is not ejected, or very little is cast ou••; which

Symptomes arise from the same causes, differing only according to Major and Minor; but the Urine is suppressed, or little is made, because the xepulsive faculty is either hurt and weakened, or hindered. It is hurt whilest either the sensitive faculty o•• the Bladder being hurt, doth not perceive the pricking of the Urine; namely, when the proper Nerves of the Bladder are affected ei∣ther by some stroak, sliding, loosening of the Vertebraes in that part, wounds of the spinal Marrow and Tumors, as also stupe∣factive Medicines being applied thereto, or it may happen when the expulsive faculty is hurt, and the transverse fibres of the Bladder appointed for expulsion, or affected with some cold moist distemper: or are extended over much, that they lose their tune or note; so that afterwards they cannot be contracted, which comes to passe when the Urine is too long retained, or the Muscles which help and assist the Bladder to expel Urine, are af∣fected so that they cannot be contracted. But the expulsive fa∣culty is hindered whilest the Neck of the Bladder and Urinary Passages are not open, and is either stopt by a little Flesh or Callous Substance in the passages, or is obstructed by Gravel, clotted Blood, Quitture, or thick humours; or it is comprest by a Tumour in compassing the Neck of the Muscle of the Bladder, or of the neighbouring parts, or it is shut by contra∣cting of the Muscle of the Neck, or it is pressed and wreathed by the falling of the Bladder out of its place. Urine also is not made when too great plenty thereof is long retained, too much dilating the fibres of the Bladder, so that afterwards they cannot contract themselves, nor cannot squeeze out, nor expel Urine, which comes to passe either when the Urine (mens businesse be∣ing urgent) of its own accord is retained long; or when the pricking of the Urine, as is said before, is not perceived. Lastly, Urine is not cast out through its accustomed passage, if by some Wound, Ulcer, Fistula of the Bladder and Urinary passages, the Urine which ought to passe through them, goes out by a way o∣pened elsewhere.

There is another Iscury lesse properly so called, or suppression of Urine, when little or no Urine is sent, and comes into the Bladder, which happens when the attractive faculty of the Reins is hurt through distemper, especially cold, or is hindered by obstruction and straitnesse of the emulgent vessels, or when the Urine is carried to another place, and is cast out of the Panch, or by Sweats, or is collected in the Panch, and stayes in the first passages, as in a Dropsie,

But a Dusury properly so called, * 1.295 or difficulty of making U∣rine, is when the time of making water, and the quantity, is a little altered, yet in the very making water, the Urine doth not passe out freely, but is made with great striving, pain, and burning, which comes to passe by some fault of the Urinary pas∣sage; namely, whilest it is affected with some Ulcer, and is ero∣ded, or the Vrine it self being sharp doth it, or the passage was formerly ulcerated.

The cause of a Strangury is either some sharp thing which stimulates nature continually to expel, * 1.296 but because nature is sensible of pain, it hinders free emission, the Urine is made drop by drop, and dribling, which is caused by crude Urine unconcocted, or having a sharp humour mixt with it, by Gra∣vel sticking in the neck of the Bladder, or some fault of the Uri∣nary passage: whereunto belongs Intemperature of the Bladder, and inflammations of the same, and of the parts neer thereunto: hot humours, also exulceration of the neck of the Bladder and Urinary passage.

Involuntary pissing, * 1.297 which happens both to those that are slee∣ping and waking, is caused for the most part when the contra∣ctive power of the Muscle Sphincter of the bladder is taken away, which is occasioned by a Palsie, proceeding either from a cold and moist distemper of the same, or by hurting of the Nerves which come to this Muscle, by compression in loosening the turning joynts of the back neer the Hucklebone by a stroak, a fall, or some tumor, or obstruction, or by hurting of the same Muscle, or certain fibres, in cutting the stone of the bladder; yet sometimes Urine is made against our wills, when the Muscles of the Panch are exceedingly drawn together, so that the Urine by reason of their constriction and compression of the belly is, as it were forced out of the bladder, as also sometimes it happens to those that are great with Child in their last months. For the same reason they cannot contain their Urine.

But if a man contain his Urine waking, * 1.298 and in his sleep let it go from him. That happens by a certain imbecility of the Sphincter of the Bladder: Yet there concurs a more deep sleep, and a certain negligence of the superiour faculty, as also cu∣stome.

It is not easie to explain from what cause a Diabetes doth proceed; To this obscure matter I say, * 1.299 It seems probable that the immediate cause is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Reines, by too great plenty of Urine; which when the Reines cannot endure, they suffer it to flow into the bladder, This

plenty of Urine seems to be occasioned by the heat of the bowels, liver, and spleen, and the veins, drawing drink very powerfully, and melting of the humours in the veins, to which for the most part there happens imbecility and relaxation of those parts which carry the watry humour from the Stomack to the Liver, and Spleen; by reason whereof the drink is suddenly carried to the Reins.

The causes of those Symptomes which are deservedly joyned to these, * 1.300 and belong to the generation of milk, seed, and courses of women; milk either is wanting, or corrupt, it is wanting either when it is generated in too small quantity, or through some distemper of the Paps, or some disease or straitnesse of pas∣sages, by reason whereof they cannot draw and elaborate suffiti∣ent quantity of blood.

Vitious and corrupt milk is generated either through the pra∣vity of the matter, * 1.301 and fault of the blood, or by some distem∣per of the b••ests.

Lastly, * 1.302 Milk grows thick, and coagulates whilest either it is burnt by too much heat, or if it abound in quantity, and is re∣tained 100 long in the brests, or if any vitious humour be min∣gled the ewith, which hath a power to coagulate.

A Gonorliaea, * 1.303 or emission of Sperm against ones will, happens without erection of the Ya••d; and desire of Venery; 'tis occa∣sioned either by the hurting of the retentive faculty, or some ex∣rernal error; the faculty is weakned through distemper, princi∣pally moist, rendring the spermatick vessels more loose: whe∣ther it proceed from too great a flux of flegmatick humours, or too much coition, or other causes. But from external hurt, or fault of the seed, whether it be too cold, watry, thin, or crude, sometimes also a Gonorhaea happens by convulsion, as in such as have the falling sicknesse.

The cause of Nocturnal pollution is too great plenty of seed, * 1.304 heat and sharpnesse, stimulating the expulsiye faculty; and therefore this infirmity principally happens to those whose Reins and parts adjacent are very hot, and to those who have sharp humour flowing to the spermatick vessels, and then especi∣aliy, when nature in venereal dreams is irritated to ejaculate seed, or their loyns are become hot, by lying on their backs.

But the cause of a Venereal Gonorhaea is poysonous seed, * 1.305 cor∣rupt, sharp and foul stirring up, and stimalating the expulsive faculty:

The cause of suppression of Courses, * 1.306 is the narrownesse of the veines belonging to the Womb, and the foulnesse of the Blood, as for the straitnefle of the veins, they are most frequently the cause of suppression of Menstrues, by reason of thick blood, and dull humours; sometimes they grow together with the vessels after abortion, or compression of the same, by some Tumours of the parts neer the cunto, or from condensation, contraction, and driness of the ••••••tance of the Womb, but by default of the blond, the Courses are supprest whilest that is thick, viscid and unapt to move.

The same cause, * 1.307 but more gently occas••oneth small evacuati∣on of Cou••ses, viz. They eith•• flow in lesse quantity, or else more slowly.

The comming down of Courses when they come out drep by drop, and with pain is occasioned through default of the blood when there is too much, and is thick, viscid, biting, and sharp, and flowing down to the Womb with too great violence, some way obstructs the passages, and extends them, and stirs up pain, or else through default of the passages, or veins about the Womb, and in the Womb when they are become narrower then they ought.

Too much slowing of the monthly Terms, * 1.308 a••iseth when the vessels are opened, either by an Anastomasis, when the mouths of the veins are opened, or a Diair••sis, when they are divided, or when the blood being hotter, thinner, more moveable, sharp, and troublesome to narure, stimulates the expulsive faculty to expel.

Now for the Causes of encreasing vitiated Terms; * 1.309 'tis mani∣fest what things shew the causes of diminution thereof, from what is spoken of want of nourishment. But the cause of too much encrease is too great plenty of blood, from too plentiful use of meat and drink, full of nourishment, an idle life, much sleep, too frequent use of baths, of fair water, and manly strength, which converts the blood into the substance of the parts.

And these are the causes of the Symptomes of the natural fa∣culty so far, * 1.310 as they belong to the preservation of individuals. Now follows the causes of Generation hurt, and that either t••∣ken away, or depraved, there is no generation made; and bar∣tennesle happens either in respect of the Man, or of the Wo∣man.

In regard of the Man, * 1.311 it is hurt either through default of the seed, or by vitious ejaculation of the same: unfruitful seed, or not sufficient, is generated, or the faculty is hurt through some

distemper of the Stones, especially cold and moist; whence un∣ripened, thin, and lesse spirituous is generated, or else some hot, whence too sharp seed proceeds; or through default of matter, whilest the blood and spirits necessary for the generation of seed, or by old age, or some disease drying the body, or its principal parts, or by fasting are defective, or when the vessels which are necessary for generating, and carrying of the seed be wanting, or when the nutriment turns into fat, or when the blood is vitious. The emission of the seed into the Womans Womb is vitiated by the Yard, either shorter, whether by nature or by a disease, or crowded through the shortnesse of the ligament.

The action is hurt by default of the Woman, * 1.312 either when no seed, or unfruitful seed, is generated and emitted for the reasons lately mentioned, Secondly, if she do not draw and receive the mans seed, by reason of her cold and moist distemper of the Womb; or by reason of a Tumor, Ulcer, or Straitnesse of the neck of the Womb. Thirdly, if she cannot retain the seed received, because of the moist distemper of the Womb; an Ul∣cer, opening of the mouth of the Womb, a flux of Courses, and other humours. Fourthly, if the Seed be not well tempered by the womb, or being some other way affected, is not rightly che∣rished. Fifthly, if the blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient, or very little.

Generation is depraved when the young are very weak, or when monsters are generated, which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father, or the•• imagination of the Mo∣ther.

Lastly, * 1.313 the causes of abortion, are either too great bignesse of fruit, or defect of necessary nourishment; or humours which are contained in the Membranes; which when they are broken, are poured into the Womb, putrifie, and become sharp, and sti∣mulate the expultrix, or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb.

CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty, and of the hindrance of respiration.

THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty, * 1.314 or as hath been said Palpitation of heart, swooning and sud∣den deprivation of the senses; the causes of the Palpitati∣on of the heart are, first, things troublesome to the heart, meet∣ing with it which it desires to remove from it; namely, vapours, either in plenty, or quality, either manifest, or occult, or both; troubling the heart: putrid humours, sharp, hot, abundantly rushing into the heart, or pressing it, also tumours, and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart, or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof; moreover some moderate de∣fect of the vital Spirits, through want, too great evacuations, passions of the mind, vehement griefe, too much exercise, which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation, to restore and strengthen. Thirdly, preternatural heat encreased, not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits, but also enflames them, which that nature may restore temperate and coole; it appointeth this motion of the heart.

The causes of Sypothymy, are defect and want of vital Spirits, * 1.315 which either are not generated, whether by defect of matter, namely, of air and blood, or the debility of the generative facul∣ty, and from disease of the heart, or being generated, or taken away and destroyed, whilest either they are suffocated, or dis∣persed, or corrupted by some occult, or malignant qualities.

These causes if they are very grievous, produce swooning. The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place.

Respiration is hurt, first when the moving faculty is hurt, * 1.316 and that either of the Lungs, or Brests; the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe, when its temperament is destroyed, and the innate heat is deficient, as in such as are dying, or it is hin∣dered, and hurt by accident, when the brest by what means soe∣ver becomes straiter, and the Lungs have not space wherein to di∣late themselves. The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self, or by accident; by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting, or because it decayes, as in such as are dying, or its influx is not made, as in an Apoplexy; or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the a∣nimal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff; but 'tis

hurt by accident, when by reason of the pain of the side, or parts adjacent, or matter and blood contained in the Brest, or Wind, or Tumours, or something in the Panch, the Brests, and Mid∣riff cannot freely be moved; or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly, and swell so that by their weight between breathing, the Midriff suffers not them to move freely.

Secondly, * 1.317 Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs, when there is any Organick Disease, or solution of continuity in the Lungs, Midriff, Muscles of the Brest and Panch, the Wind-pipe.

Thirdly, * 1.318 when the custome of breathing is changed; namely, when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart.

Lastly, * 1.319 Respiration is hindered, by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing, if it be not fit for cooling, and fanning of the heat.

The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae, * 1.320 which are pe∣culiar diseases of shortness of breath, is this, when a man con∣stantly breaths with great difficulty, without a Fever, such as do, those who after a violent ••ace and exercise stop, The im∣mediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs, or the use encreased, by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs; but that straitness is caused by stoppages, or pressure of the Lungs, or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs; and both obstruction and compression are caused fi••st by thick and viscid humours; but sometimes by thin and serous humours, but in great plenty: Moreover a Crude Tumour, or by some swelling, or gravel stick∣ing in the ••ungs, which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs, but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs, or its Veins, and Arteries. This mat∣ter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weak∣nesse, sometimes it flows from elsewhere, and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar; but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins, from the Liver into the Lungs, whilest crude humours are generated therein, or abound in a venemous kind, which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present, which ne∣verthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh, and because these that are troubled with an Astma, have always an ill habit of body, and the signs of debility of the Liver.

A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes, but without it; which when it happens, and consisteth about

the smooth Arteries, yet it presses the rough Arteries, and respiration is thereby hurt, and the Heart is drawn into consent, and an uneven pulse is produced.

CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses.

SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty; first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes, and the default of the optique and spirits.

The Tunicle called Cornea, which comes in the fi••st place, since it is transparent, and void of colour, that it may permit the passing through of visible species, if it lose its transparency, * 1.321 or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight: it loseth its diaphanity if it be thick∣er, and become more dense, or be moistned, or pustu∣les, or little skins cover it. It grows thicker, and more dense by drying, and that either the whole, which disease is called Caligo, or else some part, is be∣come white, which is called an Albugo, * 1.322 which spot if it be perfectly white, and darkning, so that it permit no passage for visible species, and cover the whole Pupil; it causeth blindness; but if it be not perfectly white, nor hinders all the passage for visible species; it cavseth onely debility of sight, or brings forth some depravation, and deception: If it doth not cover the whole Pupil, so that things seem as if they were divided; the same comes to pass by reason of cicatrizing left after wounds, and ul∣cers. By its moisture it loseth its transparency in an inflammation of the eye: Moreover by pustules bred therein; and the naile of the eye which the Greeks call Pterugion, or a Tunicle. But if the Cornea be affected with any strange colour which very seldome happens, the sight is depraved, and represents visible species in other colours, not their own.

Secondly the Aqueous humour offendeth either in quantity, or manner of substance, or colour. * 1.323

It offends in quantity if it be wanting, or lessoned by a wound or ulcer, when the Cornea being cut, or eroded by a sharp humour it flies out, or by quotidian diseases, or extream old age, and as it is waming more, or less: it causeth blindness, or diminution, or depravation of ••ght. Sometimes it offends in substance, when it is

become thick or impure, or any thing is mingled with it of a different substance; if it onely become thick, the sight is made duller, and those things which are obvi∣ous to the sight are seen, as it were, through a cloud; and if they are remote, they could not be discerned; but if they are neer, they are not exactly seen.

But if the mucous and thick matter be mingled there∣with, * 1.324 and be so thickened, that it loseth all transparency, and fills up the hollowness of the Pupil, it causeth blind∣ness, and that disease is called vulgarly a Suffusion, or a Cataract; but if the whole aqueous humor be not ob∣scure and dark, but onely some part thereof obscure and dark, if through that part which is dark, visi∣ble species are not received, but onely through that which is perspicuous at once not more, but fewer things are discerned; but if in the center and middle of the Pu∣pil onely a particle of such a thick and dark humour be present, and all the parts round about of the aqueous humour be transparent, whatsoever is beheld seems not to be whole, but perforated and hollow in the middle; but if the little dark bodies are not continuous, but divided and many of them stick in the aqueous humor, Gnats, Flies, Cobwebs, and such like, seem to appear in the air; but i•• the extremities are obscured with such a humour, the object is not discerned whole: when you look fore∣right. The same also may happen in a disease which is called Hypopuon, * 1.325 when there is purulent matter collected under the Cornea

There is also another Suffufion, * 1.326 which is called No∣tha, or a bastard Cataract, which is when vapours are carried to the eyes from the rest of the body, through the A teries and Veins, the aqueous humor being safe, which happens to those which are drunk, and in burning Fevers. Lastly, if the aqueous humour be affected with some strange colour, there ariseth the same depravation of sight, as when the Cornea is discoloured, and all those things which are brought before the eyes, represent that colour, wherewith that humour is died.

The Pupil which is as it were the window of the eye, * 1.327 four ways recedes from its natural state. 1. Whilest ei∣ther it is dilated, or contracted, or closed, or is removed into another part, or broken, or obstructed. The Pu∣pil is dilated by the extending of the Unca, when it is

stretched, or through dry distempers, or by a Tumor, or by wind included, or some spirit or humor, for those which have a broad Pupil; in the night time, * 1.328 and in an obscure place see best; but in the day time, and a light place see worst; but it is become narrower, when by its moisture it is loosned, and falls as it were into its selfe: moreover when the aqueous humor is wanting. 3. When some thick matter sticks in the aqueous humor, for those who have a narrow Pupil discern more clearly in the day, not so well in the night: * 1.329 the Pupil is dislocated and bro∣ken, which when it happens, and changes its place, those things are seen better, which are set on the sides of the eye; then those that are set opposite to it, and those which are opposite seem not to be so, until the sight shall be moved thither where it may be opposed to the visible things, * 1.330 which affect is called a Strabismos, in English squint∣eyed.

The Christal humor recedes from its natural state, * 1.331 ei∣ther according to the manner of its substance, and quali∣ty, or according to its situation. As for the manner and quality of the substance; If it be somewhat more solid, thicker, more obscure, so that it wants greater il∣lumination night-blindness ariseth; but if in some part, * 1.332 or altogether, it loseth its clearness, there follows debili∣ty of sight, or blindness. If it contracts a grey colour, it is called Glaucoma, * 1.333 with which disease those that are affected seem to see through a cloud, as it were, and through smoak, but if the same humour change its place and decline downward, or ascend upward, all things seem double, if towards the sides, things seem more to the right hand, or the left, then they are; It is recedes to∣wards the middle, or center, things nigh are ••ightly, sar off are not distinctly seen: if it should go back beyond the middle and center towards the Nerve Optique, things remote would seem lesser, and those which would discern them truely, must needs put them close to their eyes, which disease is called Mouse-sight and Pu••-blind; * 1.334 but if the contrary happen towards the fore part of the Pupil those who have the Christaline so placed, things nigh seem less, and things a far off bigger, which happens to old men, and especially to those who were employed all their life times in reading, and other businesses where their eyes were continually busied.

If the vitreous humour either change its place by some contusion, * 1.335 and some part of it is carried before the Chri∣stal humour, and puts the Christal besides its place, o∣changes its clearness and perspicuity, or is become thick∣er, divers diseases of the eye do happen.

But if the whole eye, * 1.336 or most of its parts are not right∣ly placed, the sight is diversly hurt, and is either plainly abolished, and blindness follows, or it is weakned, or depraved; namely, when the whole eye wants nourish∣ment, or changes its situation in coming out too forward, by what means soever occasioned, as also in a Strabis∣mos, or Convulsion of the Muscles of the Eye, or it is not moved as in a Palsie, or more humors are fallen out of the eye, by reason of its wide wounds, inflammations, and ulcers.

The sight is hurt by default of the Optique Spirits (where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Ne••ves) if they are deficient in the brain, * 1.337 being hurt through cold distemper, compression, obstruction, and then for the most part, the other senses both internal and external are affected, or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their o••iginal, and then the sight onely is taken away, or by default of the Nerve Optique it self, which is its narrow∣ness, or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves, compression, percussion, a stroak by chance, contorsion, or by any violent motion what∣soever.

Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light, * 1.338 by reason of the Object, a more thick body or vapours, or thick humours, if they are mingled with the Christaline, or vi∣trious, humours, or cover them.

The hearing is hindered through default of the Or∣gan of hearing, * 1.339 or of the spirits; and first of all if the external eares are wanting, sounds, and articulate voi∣ces seem like the warbling, or purling of Waters, or sing∣ing of Grashoppers. Secondly, if the auditory passage either wholly, or in part br hindered, either from an ex∣ternal cause, as a little Stone, a Kernel, Water; or an internal cause, as a Tubercle, an Ulcer, and such like; and so either deafnesse is occasioned, or hearing diminish∣ed, or depraved. Thirdly, if the Membrane which they

call the Drum is too thick, or moistened too much, or is loosened, whether it be from the first birth, or after∣wards from internal, or external causes the hearing is hurt. Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases, or old age, deafness doth arise; But if it be broken either by internal force, as by the violent putting in of an ear∣picker, or by an extream shrill sound, or is eroded by an Ulcer, deafness is occasioned. Fourthly, if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted, and the air implanted be impure, or deficient, or the Nerve being di∣lated is cooled, or is made thicker, or affected with a Tumor, or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature, or are moved by some violence out of their places, or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature, or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit, and heat, and too much agitated; or lastly, the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first begin∣ning, or is obstructed and compressed by a humor, ac∣cording to the diversity of the disease, the hearing is sometimes abolished, sometimes diminished, or depraved. Lastly, the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine, as in an Apoplexy, or through its perturbation, as in an Epilepsie. or through cold distemper, by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned.

The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs, * 1.340 or Spirits, or some external error; the faults of the Or∣gans are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses, and ex∣ternal Nostrils, whether from compression, or constipa∣tion, or obstruction of the Scive-like bone, and its Mem∣brane, as happens in such as are great, or by the distem∣per of the chief Organ of smelling, the mammillary pre∣cess; but especially moist distemper, or obstruction of the same, from matter flowing, which happens in Ca∣tarrhs, and according to the variety of these diseases, the smelling is sometimes abolished, sometimes diminished; the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits, if either they are deficient, which are in those which are ready to dye, or are hindered from flowing, as in an A∣poplexy, an Epilepsie, and such like diseases of the brain. Lastly, the smelling is depraved through some external errors, whilest a vapour, or some filthy and stinking

matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell pas∣ses, for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof, to that things having no ill smell, seem to the sense of smelling to stink.

The taste also is hurt through default of spirits, * 1.341 or by some disease of the Organs, or some external error: The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are defi∣cient, which useth to happen to such as are dying; or the taste cannot flow to the Organ, either through strait∣ness of that part of the brain, from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise, or from obstruction, com∣pression, or wounds of the said Nerves. The taste is hurt through default of the tongue, as of an instrument, whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper, or cold and moist matter is poured on it, or whilest it is dryed, or is troubled with Pustuls, or an Ulcer, and ac∣cording to the magnitude of diseases, the taste is either wholly abolished, or diminished. Lastly, the taste is depraved by external error, or from external causes; as from something taken into the mouth, whose savour is not easily taken away, or from an internal cause, as a humour, or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued, being communicated from the stomach, the Lungs, the Brain, and other parts to the tongue.

Lastly, * 1.342 for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch, insensibility and dulness happens through de∣fect and diminition of the animal spirits of the O••gan touching; this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat, which happen to them in years, or defect of mat∣ter, by reason of great evacuation, or whilest they are re∣solved, or scattered, or cooled, or stupified by a Narcot∣tique Medicine, or when they cannot flow to it, through the narrowness of the Nerves, obstruction, constipulation, compression, solution of continuity of the same.

The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part, * 1.343 whether it be occasioned by some primary quality, or secondary, whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest, but rather con∣templable, by reason; but that is manifest, which there∣fore is properly called solution of Unity.

Lastly, * 1.344 itching is stirred up from thi••, salt, and sharp Exerements, collected in the skin, moving man to scratch.

CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses.

OVer much watching is occasioned by too much ef∣fusion of the animal spirits, * 1.345 to the Organs of the senses: through defect of restraint of the first sense, and too much irritation of the common sense, the bond of the first sense, or sweet exhalations are defective, either because they are not generated in the body, which comes to pass by long fasting, or the use of meats, which do not produce such exhalations, or because they are consumed, scattered, and called away from the brain, which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper, either of the whole body, or of the brain, and when hot humors and vapors are elevated in the brain, which often happens in Fevers and Delitiums.

The same causes also, for the most part have a power of stirring up the common sense, and besides those, princi∣pally grief, which in what part of the body soever it is, when it violently affects the sense of touching; it also stirs up the common sense, which once moved irritates also the rest of the senses, and so it is necessary that over much watchfulness must ensue. * 1.346

The causes of too much sleep, and first the cau••es of non-natural, are all those things that hinder the spirits from being sent forth to the external parts, * 1.347 in due man∣ner and season; such are those which dissipate and con∣su••ne the heat of the spirits beyond measure, or they are called back too much into the internal parts, or hinder the spirits that they cannot go out to the remote parts, as too much exercise, paines taking, too much watching, baths, and such like, which fill the braine with halituous vapours.

Moreover the causes of a preter-natural and diseased sleep so called, are also against nature; namely, * 1.348 those things which detaine the spirits against nature, so that they cannot freely passe to the Organs of the senses.

The cause of a Coma, * 1.349 or a dead sleep is a plentiful vapor, whether cold and moist, or hot and moist, either

generated in the brain, or sent thither out of the whole body, or part of it; but principally stupifactive, ren∣dring the animal spirits heavy and drowsie.

When there is too greedy desire of sleep, * 1.350 the same stu∣pifactive vapor is the cause, but because hot and sharp vapours are mingled with it, and many various and ab∣surd imaginations are brought to the fancy, the sleep is troubled and interrupted.

The causes of immoderate dreams are impure vapours, * 1.351 black and melancholy, arising from food and humors, causing exhalations of the same nature, and stirring up the animal spirits, or a distemper of the brain, stirring the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and spirits in the brain.

A natural extasie hath for the most part the same cau∣ses, * 1.352 for those which are troubled therewith, have in their deep sleep various shapes and images represented to their fantafie, about which, the imagination being too much busied and fixed, the rest of the senses ceasing: when they awake they account those dreams by reason of the too much intentiveness of the fantasie for truths; and think and say to themselves that those things did really hap∣pen.

The cause of such as walk in their sleep, * 1.353 is a stronger imagination from an internal object, represented by a dream, the fantasie being violently affected, stimulates the desire, and thence the motive faculty, to perform something; the senses for the most part being bound, and the rational faculty obscured, but the imagination doth depend either on some vehement diurnal disease, which hath gone before, or on the disposition of the spi∣rits, which the vapours thicken, which are not onely mingled with the spirits, but also have force of binding all the spirits, and set before you many cleare dreames.

The memory, * 1.354 as the imagination, is either abolished, or diminished, principally through the fault of the in∣strument, which is the brain: through its too cool a di∣stemper thereof, whereunto belongs, not onely innate heat, but default of spirits: the default of innate heat is either native, and contracted from our birth, or happen∣ing afterwards from our birth. Heat is deficient to those who have too great heads, or a brain weak, and cold by

nature, and mixt with too much moisture, or a head too little, and therefore little brains, or a figure, too concise, the figure also it self of the head, may hinder these acti∣ons. After a mans birth the native heat is deficient through old age, and what other causes soever, which may destroy and debilitate the innate heat, and may cause foul spirits, whether they be internal, and diseases and vitious humors, or external, as cold meat, moist, thick, corrupt and impure air, over-much watching, stroaks and wounds of the head. Besides the defect and cold distemper of the native heat, the memory also is weakned, yea and taken away, sometimes by too much moisture of the brain; the same also is hurt sometimes by external error, namely through the fault of objects, whilest in certain diseases it is confounded, and distra∣cted, by almost innumerable objects, which may likewise happen to such as are well; who whilest they are busied in telling any story, by reason of some object happening by chance, they are so called aside, that they cannot make an end of their story.

But the reasonable faculty is not diminished nor abo∣lished of its self, nor by reason of its instrument, but because the fantasie is hurt, and sometimes the memory, and sometimes both.

The depravation of the imagination and ratiocinati∣nation happens in divers kinds of Deliriums, and all have their rise from some default of the animal spirits, which being ill disposed, represent objects so disposed to the fantasie, and whereas for the most part, the imagina∣tion, and ratiocination are both affected in a Delirium; and the imagination useth a corporeal Organ with its Spirits, but the rati••••ination useth none, but onely be∣holdeth fantasms. In every Delirium, the next cause of the hurt of the imagination, is the vitiousnesse of the a∣nimal spirits, but the depravation of the rational fa∣culty is caused by the fantasms.

The imagination and understanding hurt, called Para∣phrosune hath its beginning from hot vapours, which in burning F••ve s and inflammations of the interiour parts are elevated to the brain, and disturb the animal spirits, yet moderately, which thing also may happen if any one should take in his meat or drink that which may trou∣ble the spirits. On this manner commeth sottishness, and

such as is caused by Wine, the weed Darnel, Hops, and such like.

A Frensie is caused by a hot Tumor of the Brain and its Membranes from whence the hot vapours being ad∣vanced continually trouble and stir the spirits in the brain. * 1.355

The cause of offending the imagination in Melancho∣ly, * 1.356 is dark animal spirits, but the causes of depraving of the rational faculty, are dusky fantasms, but the ani∣mal spirits are become dark and black two ways; first when the spirits themselves are pure in their own nature; but some strange foul and blackish matter is mingled with them. Secondly, when the spirits themselves are darkish in their own nature, and gene••ate such; the for∣mer is caused three wayes; the first is when the matter dark and impure clouding the spirits is contained in the vessels in the head. Secondly, when the matter is com∣municated to the brain from the whole body, and princi∣pally from the greater veins. Thirdly, when it is trans∣mitted principally from the Hypocondries, which is thence named Hypocondriacal Melancholy: the latter is occasioned two wayes, either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart, which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine, 'tis necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine, or because although the vital spirit be good and pure; neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious, which changeth the pure vital spirit in∣to a black animal spirit.

The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual soli∣tation, * 1.357 to which anger is often joined, arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so, or seem so to be; for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust, yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person, nor can the mind of a man be com∣pelled to love that which he is unwilling to love, and that Philtra doth not cause love, but madnesse also, as ex∣perience often teacheth.

The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits; * 1.358 such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine, or hot vapours mingled therewith, which black Choller will set foreward, some∣times in the veins of the head only, other times in the

whole body, especially in those that are great with child, and when it resides about the womb, whether they are ge∣nerated of fervent blood, or adust colour, or dryed Melan∣choly.

The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves, is called Lycanthropie, * 1.359 if it proceed from a natural cause; and not from the Devil; It ari∣seth from the depravation of the imagination and ratio∣cination, and the blood of living creatures being drunk, may be very powerful to cause the same, yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature, or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us, by spittle, by receiving their breath with our mouths, by eating the flesh of rave∣nous animals, whence Wolf-madness, also Dog∣madness, and Badger-madness do arise, as Hydrophobie, which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters, which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body, but prin∣cipally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Phy∣sitians do witness, and then the disease is not to be re∣ferred to madness, because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures, do not appear in these, but onely the di••eased are adverse to all liquid things, and neither can swallow liquid things, but also at the sight and noise of them, they fall in dan∣ger of swooning and death, which nature is peculiar to this poyson, nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities.

But the disease of Tarantators, * 1.360 occasioned by the ve∣nemous biting of a Tarantula, and the Chorea of S. Viti. so called, hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Ta••antula, be∣gotten in mans body, and indeed is the cause of the Symp∣tomes of the rest of the poysons in general, but because they dance in this manner, that is proper to this poyson onely, neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof, but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance; and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occu•••• manner by the force of musick, and this little crea∣ture is harmoneous, and delights in musick.

CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty.

IN the first place the cause of a Palsie, * 1.361 or deprivation of motion in one part, or more, is the defect of ani∣mal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion; the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine, as happens in an Apoplexy, sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie; for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion, and sense therein; they are not admitted through default of the Nerves, and spi∣nal Marrow; namely, when they endure some cold di∣stemper and moist, especially; yet sometimes hot and dry, or are dull, or are cut, or knockt, or beaten, or are made narrower, or by obstruction, or compression, by reason of some humor, or tumor, or tubercle, whether they are in the Nerves themselves, as after wounds of the Nerves, and contusions of the same, scars do arise, or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion, by a stroak or a fall, by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres, or being bound.

Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion, * 1.362 the cause whereof, besides that of the Nerves, even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion, a vitious disposition and disease, namely, if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move, o•• cannot rightly be removed out of their place, through ill conformation, fracture, relaxation, if the li∣gaments which come about the joints, and continue in motion in a natural state are broken, cut asunder, eroded, attenuated, or become softer, or on the contrary are dryed, hardned, and filled witk a hard and knoty substance, if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much, and their native heat be, as it were, dulled, or moistned by some humour contrary to nature; or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned, if any tumor, knot, bunch, hard flesh ariseth in them, if they are wounded, if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion, that they become longer then they were, or wont to be, or as

it were broken with bonds, or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle.

The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles, and parts appointed for animal motion, * 1.363 but since this slownesse is two-fold, voluntary, and against our wills, the one comes without much exercise, and la∣bour from vitious humours, burning the parts appoin∣ted for motion; the other which is also called Excicra∣tive, comes after too much labour and motion, the parts serving for motion, being dried and the spirits con∣sumed.

The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty, * 1.364 which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed. The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength, and some defect of animal spirits, whether they are not generated, by reason of some distemper of the brain, or defect of the vital spirits, either scattered, or consumed, both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations, long fasting, watchings, long and tedious sicknesse, too much Venery, or through di∣seases of the Nerves, as distemper, especially cold contra∣cted by what meanes soever, or want, or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives, or by straitnesse, but lesse then in a Palsie.

The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the ex∣pulsive faculty, * 1.365 of the Fibres and nervous parts in the Muscles, by reason of something troublesome, which draws the part joined to it into consent, and stirs it up to this motion, whereby the Fibres being contracted, the Muscle is drawn back to its original. Emprosthotonos, * 1.366 is made in the Muscles, which bends the body of such as are affected, forwards. Opisthotonos by the Muscles affected, bends the body backward. Tetanos is from an equal contraction of the Muscles. * 1.367 The Spasmus Cyni∣chus, or troublesome Cramp ariseth from a convulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth; Trismos from contraction of the Muscles of the Jaws.

Also the cause of convulsive motions is a humor, * 1.368 or a vapor, an enemy to the whole generation of Nerves, ir∣ritating the expulsive faculty in them, and stimulating them to expulsion, yet is not fixed, but hath various mo∣tions through all nervous parts, and so the member is a∣gitated in various motions, and for the most part it hap∣pens

that the braine is affected, and matter is se•••• from thence into all the Nerves.

When the Cramp and Palsie are complicate, * 1.369 the ••••∣mour is of a mixt nature, which hath force partly o•• loosening Nerves, partly of vellicating and twitchi•••• them.

Privation of speech happens through default either 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Spirits and Nerves which carry them, or of the par•• which are necessary for the bringing forth of a word. The spirits are deficient in an Apoplexy, Epilepsie, an•••• Dumnesse, properly so called. Men are become du•••• through the fault of the Nerves when either the Nerve•••• of third pair are affected, from whence the tongue also re∣ceives its Nerve; which defect if it be native, for the most part the hearing is abolished, by reason of the com∣munion of the Nerves of the tongue and the ear, that fe∣lowship is hurt, or when the Nerves of the sixth and se∣venth conjugations, and those going back, and voc•• Nerves are either cut, or stretched, or cooled, or inter∣cepted, or hurt by what means soever. The voice is hurt through organick diseases thereof, if either the Mem∣branes of the Larinx, or top of the Wind-pipe are filled with some humour, and grow soft, or some chink there∣of be shut, by what means soever, or if the tongue be cut about, or maimed, or the Muscles which move the La∣rinx, Tongue, or Throat are hurt, or relaxed, or knock••, or wounded, or any other way affected contrary to nature or lastly through desault of the wind-pipe, if that be cut, exulcerated, or closed.

The same causes are if they are lesse, * 1.370 diminution of voice and speech is occasioned, yet more frequently the cause remains in the tongue, namely, if the ligament be too long from one birth, so that it extends to the ex∣tremity of the tongue, or if after a childs birth it be wounded, exulcerated, swoolen, or be affected with a Pal∣sie on the other side.

The cause of depravation of voice and speech, * 1.371 and first of stuttering, and stammering is principally a moist di∣stemper of the instruments of voice and speaking, and sometimes a dry; also an ill framing of the Tongue and its Muscles, a Tumor borne under it, as also the fault of a swelling at the entrance into the Throat, and want of the fore teeth.

Hoarsenesse ariseth from over much humidity of the outsides or the instruments for speech, * 1.372 whether that mat∣ter flow from the head, or be cast out of the brest, from loosenesse and inflammation of the Columella, or a fleshy substance in the entrance into the throat, as also from external and evident causes, first from air violently straining the voice daily, which causeth inequality of the Wind-pipe.

All the causes of the Cough are those which hinder the instruments of breathing, whether they be internal, * 1.373 or external causes, either by Idiopathy, or by Symptothy stir up the Cough by Idiopathy, an unequal distemper, principally cold causeth the Cough, which is the greatest enemy to the brest, sometimes also distempers hot and dry; moreover the roughnesse of the Wind-pipe which happens either through distemper, or through biting hu∣mors flowing from the head, or by Medicines, or sharp drinks, or obstruction by a humour, thick, or thin, a pimple, gravel, worms, a little hard swelling, clod of blood. By Sympathy the Cough is raised, if the other parts which can draw the Organs of respiration into con∣sent be affected, namely the Midriff, Liver, Spleen, Sto∣mach, which by reason of the common Tunicle, they have vellicate the instruments of breathing, or send va∣pors to them, or presse the Midriffe, by reason of some Tumor, ot obstruction. But the external causes are cold air, dry, cold water, too much desire of drink, cold medicines applied to the brest, dust, smoak, sharp vapors, soure aliment, sharp things, and whatsoever contrary to the order of nature slide into the wind-pipe, straying, or wandring in the gullet, if it intercept the way, or stop it, or exasperate the Artery, or any way molest the Wind∣pipe.

Those things cause sneezing whatsoever doth stimu∣late the Nost••ils, * 1.374 and the fore part of the Brain to excre∣tion, whether generated in the body, as humours flow∣ing from the Brain, or those things which affect the No∣strils by communion with the interior skins by Sympa∣thy, which comes to passe when worms stick in the Guts, or whether they happen from without, as whatsoever sharp things are d••awn by the nose, smells also and sharp vapours, the splendor of the Sun, and over much light.

Gaping, * 1.375 or Yawning is when ••alitious vapours stick in the Muscles appointed for chewing, and moving the lower chop, which nature endeavours by this motion to cast off, but some times imagination is the cause there∣of.

Stretching ariseth from such vapors as may be emitted through the Pores, * 1.376 which neverthelesse are not sharp, but being store of them they cause trouble, in the spaces of the Muscles of the whole body stirring up the expultive fa∣culty to expel, which the nature may discusse, it useth such a motion of the Muscles by constriction of them.

Lastly, * 1.377 Horror and Trembling, which are Symptomes neer alike, as also are vehemency, and greatnesse of mo∣tion; and so is the difference of the cause, they are stirred up by something that offend in the circumference of the body suddenly vellicates the sensitive parts, and stimu∣lates them to expulsion, which it strives to perform by a natural concussion. But the causes which bring forth that twitching, are either external and evident, as what∣soever befalls the body, or vellicates the sensitive parts, or cause the sharp humours contained in the circumfe∣rence of the body to be stirred and moved as a spark of sire cast on, scalding water thrown upon, a biting medi∣cine applyed to an Ulcer; piercing cold, and such like for internal, as humors, or sharp vapors, either generated in the parts themselves, or drawn, or sent from else∣where.

CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt.

THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain; * 1.378 but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal, or external; internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit, moving the animal spirits cir∣cularly, and exhibiting a false representation of the mo∣ving of external things, and of its own body; but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion, either from its selfe, seeing that every spirit by nature is move∣able and fluid, especially if it be hotter, and more fervent then ordinary, or moved by somewhat else, whereas here∣after shall be shewen, which the straitness of the vessels, or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth; for if both the flatulent spirits, and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed, they return back and move circularly, they are generated either in the brain, whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth, or are sent from elsewhere upward, either from the whole body, as in some Fevers, or from some part, as the Stomach, Spleen, Womb, whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy, the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours, or stir up an inordinate and circu∣lar motion, with winds, and spirits; such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered, immoderate and untimely exercise, emptinesse, baths, anger, turning round of the body, the beholding of bodies swiftly tur∣ning round, or otherwise moving with violence, looking down from a high place, shaking of the head, a fall and such like.

The cause of an Incubus, or riding of the Mare, * 1.379 is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow, and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest, whence respiration is hindered, which when a man perceives in his sleep, considering various causes, he faineth and adviseth with himselfe, and even from this

or that, he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffo∣cated in his dream. This vapor is, elevated from thick flegm, or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocon∣dries, or proceeds from surfetting, or swelling by lying supine, or flat on the back: in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms.

A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain; * 1.380 and so the matter of its selfe is cold, yet by accident it happens to be hot, but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified, both a fever and a deep sleep should arise; for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction, especially in the head, neither if it should admit of it, can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body, and kindle a Fever, and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain, or its vessels in its bo∣somes and turnings; but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain, but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous va∣pors rendring the animal spirits dull, and are the Symp∣tomes of a Fever, which are called companions; namely, of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian, and Semi∣tertian, or if it be a primary disease of the Brain, it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm, but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain, or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm. In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse, and hurt of memory, by reason of stupi∣factive, and pituitous vapors, but a delirium, by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits.

The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression, * 1.381 or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors, or a moistning, cooling, and repletion of the Brain from a c••ld and pituitous humor, and an alteration of the spirits by the same, or a stupefa∣ctive power, rendring the animal spirits unfit for the acti∣ons of the senses and motions; wherewith not ••nly stupe∣factive medicines are endued, but also some poysons, hu∣mors in certain Fevers, Smoaks, and Vapors of Coals, new Wine, and new strong Beer, &c.

A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry va∣pour, * 1.382 endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal

spirits rushing into the brain, and in some sort stopping the spirits, rendring them immovable, and, as it were, con∣gealing them, which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor; such also is the force in a Thunder∣bolt, and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake, and breaking out of their cells, but the spirits serving for imagination, and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body, which is apparent from hence, that although those that are Ca∣taleptick move no member, yet if they are moved by an∣other the power of moving exerciseth its selfe, and being struck they fall down, and moreover spreading their eye∣lids they keep their eyes open.

The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body, * 1.383 hindering sense and motion; but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion, or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves, or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves, or by too great a quantity, or perturbation of the same. The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut, that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external sen∣ses are intercepted; a few onely resisting, which flow from the Cerebellum, which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration. The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse, first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction, or compression, which the Antients took for the principal, nay some for the only cause of an Apo∣plexy. Secondly, blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak, or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain, and pressing the beginning of the Nerves. Third∣ly, placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine, their being plenty of blood, are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed, and the Pores and passages being made narrower, a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered. Fourthly, a blow, or fall violently pressing the Brain it self, and so the begin∣ning of the Nerves, rendring the animal spirits slow,

as it were degenerated from their nature, and are made altogether unfit to perform animal actions, bring forth vapors which contain in them a stupefactive power; more∣over the effusion of animal spirits by deep wounds, and troubling of them by a stroak, and by a great fal and com∣motion of the Brain may take away all sense and motion from a man, but that Apoplexy which ariseth from a pi∣tuitous and stupefactive power is the chief, and is under∣stood for the most part when mention is made of a per∣fect Apoplexy, to wit, which is occasioned by its sefe, when the other Apoplexies by reason of the differences of causes, either are occasioned by some external and vio∣lent cause, as by a stroak, by a fall, or they follow other diseases.

An Epilepsie is occasioned from a vaporous and thin matter, * 1.384 whether by its acrimony, or venomous and malig∣nant quality vellicating and molesting the Brain and all the Nerves, and together afflicting the animal spirits, darkning and troubling of them: and there are to help this matter forward not onely certain humours corrup∣ted in a peculiar manner, and fit for an Epileptical dis∣position, but also parts of the body corrupted in like man∣ner, as Worms, After-birth, and such like.

An imperfect Epilepsie hath the same cause with the perfect Epilesie, but mote gentle and less store of hu∣mours, which otherwise could not vellicate all the Nerves, yet may trouble them all, but cannot trouble and darken the animal spirits in the Brain.

CHAP. VII. Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed.

ANd these are the causes of the actions hurt, * 1.385 or of the first kind of Symptomes which con••ist in the actions hurt: the second kind, or colour of the whole body, or of its parts changed, contrary to nature are humors of the body, such are the colours of the whole body, or its parts, as are the humors in them, so in the yellow Jaundice, by reason of yellow choller effused in∣to the body, the whole body is coloured with the yellow choller in a Dropsie by stegm it waxeth pale.

The teeth grow black either through default of ali∣ment, * 1.386 or when any slimy matter flowing from the Sto∣mach, Brain, or elsewhere, or also from meat left behind sticks to the teeth; and putrifying corrupts and make them black.

The Nailes change their colour through peccant mat∣ter nourishing them. * 1.387

Fifthly, * 1.388 smells and exhalations are breathed out of the whole body, when hot and moist bodies produce plenty of crude humours, which when they cannot be overcome by heat, become putrid, and send forth a stinck from the whole body.

A stink is sent out of the mouth, * 1.389 when either many crudities are heaped together in the Stomack, which are corrupted, and send forth putrid and stinking exhalati∣ons by the Pallate, or when filthy vapours exhale, from the putrifaction in the Lungs, or when such matter cleaves to the Teeth, Gums, or Pallate, and infects the air which is breathed out with its stink.

The smell of the Arm-pits which they call Goats smel, * 1.390 proceeds from excrementitious humors, which are sent from the heart, and internal parts in such aboundance to these places and emunctories, that all of them cannot easily be discussed, but corrupt, and send forth filthy smells.

The faetid smell of the Groin comes from the same cause, namely, * 1.391 too great plenty of excrements which are sent out from the Liver and Veins to those emunctories.

The foul smell of the Nostrils is caused by excremen∣titious humours there collected and putrifying by a Poli∣pus, a Canker, or an Ulcer in the Nostrils. * 1.392

The ears stink by an Imposthume and Ulcer in the in∣ternal Ear, or by vitious humours sent out of the Brain. * 1.393

Lastly, * 1.394 the Feet send forth an ill smell, when the moist excrements in them, which are of a hot and moist con∣stitution, and given to surfeit, are collected and putrifie in the Feet, being drawn thither by their motion, espe∣cially when they are covered with such garments, that they cannot freely expire vapours.

The c••uses of tactil qualities changed, * 1.395 appears by those things which are spoken of the Causes of Diseases when sometimes they are referred to the rank of Diseases, some∣times to the number of Symptomes; namely, as some∣times

the actions are hindered by them, sometimes they hinder not the actions, but onely cause trouble to the touch.

CHAP. VIII. Of the causes of Symptomes in those things that are sent forth and retained.

AS for what belongs to excretion, and those things which in their whole kind are contrary to nature, * 1.396 and may be generated in the body, as stones, worms, since the same belongs to the causes of Diseases they are spoken of before in the second Part, and the ninth Chapter; but artificial things, as instruments of Iron, Knives, and such like cannot be generated in mans body, but by the inchantments of the Devil are insinuated into the body, or are fitted to parts without, through which they cannot come back, and are there shewen, as it were, going back.

If those things which are wont to be cast forth naturally are cast out another way, * 1.397 which comes to passe because the accustomed ways either are grown together, or ob∣structed, or some way or other shut, for then nature by reason of plenty of matter, which it was wont to evacu∣ate through the usual ways, they being shut, it wearied seeks new ways, either more open, or otherwise, to which some pricking humor leads it, or which it chuseth of its own accord.

Thirdly, the effusion of blood contrary to nature through what place soever happens because the Veins and Arteries are opened contrary to nature, * 1.398 for those reasons which before in the Second part and thirteenth Chapter are explained; and particularly sweating of Blood hap∣pens through the thinnesse of the Blood, rarity and laxi∣ty of the skin, and debility of the retentive faculty. Small pa••cels are cast out of the body, when from any internal part which was wont to be evacuated that way, or in that way by an Ulcer, Putrifaction, and eroded by a sharp humour, and separated from the body.

As for the causes of excretions offending in quality hot ordure is cast out, if choller and hot humours are min∣gled.

If the Liver and Guts are too hot, if hot meats are used. The siege is cold by the extinguishing of the na∣tive heat, the use of cold meats and the mixture of cold humours.

Moist Excrements are cast out either through crudity, when the meat is not concocted, or by obstruction of the Meseraik Veins, * 1.399 by reason whereof the Chyle cannot passe to the Liver, and therefore being mingled with the or∣dure sends it out moist, or by taking of meats that loosen the belly, or by defluctions from the Head to the Guts, or by the effusion of Choller, and other thin humours to the Guts.

But the ordure is become hard by too much heat which consumes almost all the humidity, whether it be that internal heat of the Liver, or of other parts neer there∣unto, or of the whole body, either natural, or preter-na∣tural; moreover from the drinesse of the Guts, or of the whole body. Thirdly, if there be too much Urine, or if there be a continued sweat. Fourthly, by thickning and astringent meats. Fifthly, by long stay in the Guts, by reason whereof the moisture is sucked out. Sixthly, through want of aliment in the parts, * 1.400 and too much at∣traction of the members. The dung is sharp through the mixture of sharp homours, & use of sower meats; 'Tis be∣come faetid through the use of stinking meats, and ill con∣coction, especially by the mixture of divers sorts of meats, as also by the humidity and heat of the body, which dis∣poseth it to putrifaction. Ordure is cast forth with a noise through the mixture of much wind violently break∣ing forth. It becomes white, * 1.401 when choller is not min∣gled therewith, as in the yellow Jaundice, through the use of meats that are whitening, being mixt with plenty of flegm also. * 1.402 It becomes yellow through much much mixture of yellow Choller. It becomes green through aeruginous choller. It grows black by reason of a black humor, by the use of Cassia, and such like. * 1.403 It becomes red by the mixture of blood, or adust yellow choller. It becomes frothy by reason of slimy flegm and a defluxion of windy matter from the head, and mixture of wind.

The causes of the the changed qualities of Urine shall be explained in the following b••ok.

Hot sweats proceed from hot humors either whilest the humors wax hot, * 1.404 or especially when the matter is

overcome, is attenuated and concocted, cold are caused through plenty of cold matter, which cannot be so easily overcome as heat, or by the resolution of spirits and ex∣tinction of the native heat, or through the malignancy of the matter ••he sweat smels by reason of too great plenty of stinking filth, they are yellow in the yellow Jaundice by the mixture of yellow choller. Green by mixture of leek-colou∣red choller, red and bloody by the watrishness and thinness of the blood, loosenesse of the skin, and weaknesse of the retentive faculty, yet there are administred Wines, which being drunk in some discolour their sweat. They are salt for the most part, which consist of a salt and serous excrement. Bitter by the mixture of Choller, sharp by the mixture of sharp humours.

The menstruous blood offendeth in quality whilest it is white, * 1.405 yellow, black, or has any ill colour; moreover whilest it smells foul, and is too watry, which comes to passe whilest the like humors are gathered together in the body, or about the womb, and goes out through it with the menstruous blood.

The spittle is too thick if it be contained too long in the Mouth, * 1.406 and its thinner parts consumed; or if thick matter distil from the head, or be mingled with it, or if it be thickned by heat, which happens in Fevers. It be∣comes frothy through the mixture of spirit, and much air. Spittle borrows its tastes from salt, bitter, sower, hu∣mours, especially cleaving to the Stomach. It receives its colour from humours in the bowels, and the vapours going out of them. 'Tis become white from flegm; Yellow from Choller; Red from Blood; Black from Melancholy, or thick dryed Blood; Green from aerugi∣nous Choller; it acquires a foul smell from inward putrifaction, especially from an Ulcer of the Lungs,

At length the excressions erre in quantity, * 1.407 the excre∣ments of the belly are cast forth in greater quantity then is convenient; First by reason of moist food, especially if after the use thereof store of drink be taken. Secondly, by reason of meats containing little alimentary juice, but much excrementitious. Thirdly, through the ill distribu∣tion of Chyle. Fourthly, by conflux of Excrements from the other parts to the Guts. But fewer then is con∣venient are ejected for contrary reasons; namely, if the meat be hard, and principally if little drink be taken after

it, if the meat be of good juice and nourishment, and be taken in small quantity; if the Chyle be greedily snatch∣ed from the Meseraik Veines; and if Choller, (which is, as it were, the Goad to stimulate and expel dregs) come not much into the Guts.

The quantity of Urine ought to answer likewise to the quantity of drink, but that also is sometimes made in greater or lesse quantity, the causes whereof shall be shew∣ed in the following Book.

The causes of plenty of sweat are rarity of body, * 1.408 strength of the expulsive faculty, aboundancy, and tenui∣ty of Excrements; and therefore in the Crysis of a dis∣ease great sweats arise, whilest all the excrementitious matter together, and at once is put forth. Little sweat is occasioned by contrary causes; namely, by the smal∣nesse, or thicknesse of Excrements, straitnesse of passages, weaknesse of expulsion, by the vehemency of the matter which destroyes heat.

Lastly why Courses sometimes flow more plentifully, * 1.409 sometimes more sparingly then is convenient; above in the Third Part, Second Section, and First Chapter, where we have spoken of suppression, diminution, and flowing of Months.

The end of all the Second Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Thingspr••∣ter-natural how many.
• * 1.2

  The formal reason of a disease.
• * 1.3

  The Sub∣ject of a disease.
• * 1.4

  The causes of a dis∣ease. The defini∣tion of a disease. The Galeni∣call defini∣tion of a disease.
• * 1.5

  Diathesis what it is.
• * 1.6

  A Disease is not only a privati∣on.
• * 1.7

  The Essen∣tiall diffe∣rences of diseases.
• * 1.8

  Diseases of the similar parts.
• * 1.9

  Diseases of Organick parts.
• * 1.10

  Common to both.
• * 1.11

  Diseases of Distemper.
• * 1.12

  Distemper without and with matter.
• * 1.13

  Equal in∣tempera∣ture.
• * 1.14

  Unequal.
• * 1.15

  Whether there are any Disea∣ses besides those of In∣tempera∣ture.
• * 1.16

  There are Diseases of hidden qua. lities. The reoson.
• * 1.17

  Which are Diseases of the whole substance.
• * 1.18

  Whether there be ary Diseases of matter.
• * 1.19

  Organick Diseases.
• * 1.20

  The diffe∣rence of Organick Diseases.
• * 1.21

  How many Diseases of Conforma∣tion.
• * 1.22

  Diseases in figure.
• * 1.23

  How many Diseases ••f Jassages.
• * 1.24

  Excess and Defect in multitude, in magni∣tude. The diffe∣rence of opening of Vessels.
• * 1.25

  Anastom Diaped. Diairesis.
• * 1.26

  The diffe∣rences of narrowness of Vessels. Obstruction Constipa∣tion.
• * 1.27

  Coalescence
• * 1.28

  Conjuncti∣on and Con∣striction.
• * 1.29

  Diseases of Cavity.
• * 1.30

  Diseases of Superficies.
• * 1.31

  Softness and Hard∣ness. Rarity, Density.
• * 1.32

  Colour in the face.
• * 1.33

  Darknesse.
• * 1.34

  Of Disea∣ses in num∣ber.
• * 1.35

  The diffe∣rence of a Disease of number. Abound∣ing.
• * 1.36

  Wanting.
• * 1.37

  Diseases of magnitude.
• * 1.38

  Diseases of Compositi∣on.
• * 1.39

  Twofold.
• * 1.40

  Diseases in site. In Con∣nexion.
• * 1.41

  Luxation.
• * 1.42

  Diseases of Solution of continuity.
• * 1.43

  Their dif∣ferences.
• * 1.44

  A wound.
• * 1.45

  A pun∣cture. Contusion.
• * 1.46

  Rupture.
• * 1.47

  Fracture.
• * 1.48

  Caries.
• * 1.49

  An Ulcer.
• * 1.50

  An Apo∣spasme.
• * 1.51

  The acci∣dental differen∣ces of Dis∣eases.
• * 1.52

  One dis∣ease.
• * 1.53

  Many dis∣eases.
• * 1.54

  A disease simple; compound.
• * 1.55

  Diseases of fellowship. Solitary.
• * 1.56

  Separated.
• * 1.57

  Im plicite.
• * 1.58

  Connexed.
• * 1.59

  Making.
• * 1.60

  Made.
• * 1.61

  Univer∣sall. Particular.
• * 1.62

  Of Age.
• * 1.63

  Sex.
• * 1.64

  By the be∣ing of a thing. By consent.
• * 1.65

  L••giti∣mate. Spurious.
• * 1.66

  Hereditary
• * 1.67

  Congenite.
• * 1.68

  Whether a Congenite deformity he a dis∣ease.
• * 1.69

  Contagi∣ous. Not con∣tagious. Common.
• * 1.70

  Endemiall
• * 1.71

  Epidemi∣cal. Diseases of the severll times of the year.
• * 1.72

  Great.
• * 1.73

  How ma∣nifold.
• * 1.74

  Benigne.
• * 1.75

  Maligne.
• * 1.76

  Short. Long.
• * 1.77

  Acute. Not acute.
• * 1.78

  Which a∣cute.
• * 1.79

  How ma∣nifold.
• * 1.80

  Salutary. Deadly.
• * 1.81

  Continual.
• * 1.82

  Intermis∣sive. Ordinate. Inordi∣nate.
• * 1.83

  The times of dis∣cases.
• * 1.84

  Universal.
• * 1.85

  Particular.
• * 1.86

  Universal times how many. Begin∣ning. Increase
• * 1.87

  Height.
• * 1.88

  Declina∣tion.
• * 1.89

  Particular times.
• * 1.90

  The sorts of causes.
• * 1.91

  The Phy∣sitian treats of efficient cause. The causes of diseases are four∣fold. The prox∣imate. The remote
• * 1.92

  Contain∣ing.
• * 1.93

  Contain∣ing.
• * 1.94

  The ante∣dent.
• * 1.95

  The pri∣mitive. How cau∣ses differ. The mani∣fest evi∣dent. The mani∣fest exter∣nall.
• * 1.96

  Evident causes. Occult.
• * 1.97

  Internall. Externall.
• * 1.98

  Perse By acci∣dent.
• * 1.99

  Common. Proper. Positive.
• * 1.100

  Privative.
• * 1.101

  External Causes.
• * 1.102

  Necessary. Unnecessa∣ry. Non-natu∣ral things.
• * 1.103

  Four ranks of things non-natu∣ral. Those which are taken. Which are carried.
• * 1.104

  Which are retained and reje∣cted.
• * 1.105

  Those which hap∣pen out∣wardly.
• * 1.106

  Air.
• * 1.107

  The effect of hot Air.
• * 1.108

  Of Cold. Of moist.
• * 1.109

  Of dry.
• * 1.110

  The con∣stitution of the Sea∣sons of the year. Of Wind and of Si∣tuation. Pestilent Air.
• * 1.111

  Meat and Drink. It offends in quanti∣ty.
• * 1.112

  Manner of using.
• * 1.113

  Quality.
• * 1.114

  Sleeping and wa∣king.
• * 1.115

  Exercise
• * 1.116

  Passions of the mind,
• * 1.117

  Excreti∣ons and retentions.
• * 1.118

  Internal things, the causes of diseases.
• * 1.119

  How many wayes.
• * 1.120

  The fault of humors twofold. Plethorie.
• * 1.121

  Plethorie towfold. To the vessels. To the strength.
• * 1.122

  Chachochi∣my.
• * 1.123

  The seat of Plethory and Chaco∣chimy. Both pure and spuri∣ous. Pure Ple∣thory. Pure Cha∣cochimy. Spurious. The causes of Pletho∣ry.
• * 1.124

  The kinds of Chaco∣chimy.
• * 1.125

  The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm.
• * 1.126

  The kinds of preter∣natural Plegm. Unsavory.
• * 1.127

  Acride.
• * 1.128

  Salt.
• * 1.129

  Vitreous.
• * 1.130

  The kinds of Choller.
• * 1.131

  Yellow Choller.
• * 1.132

  Preterna∣tural.
• * 1.133

  Vitelline.
• * 1.134

  Leekgreen
• * 1.135

  Aerugi∣nous.
• * 1.136

  Blewish green.
• * 1.137

  Causes of Choller.
• * 1.138

  Melan∣cholly.
• * 1.139

  Twofold. Natural.
• * 1.140

  Preterna∣tural.
• * 1.141

  Its kinds.
• * 1.142

  Serous what.
• * 1.143

  Its cause.
• * 1.144

  Wind.
• * 1.145

  The opini∣on of Chy∣mists about humours.
• * 1.146

  Venemous humours.
• * 1.147

  The Me∣lancholly humour explained.
• * 1.148

  Stones.
• * 1.149

  Worms.
• * 1.150

  The eauses of hot di∣stemoen.
• * 1.151

  Exercise.
• * 1.152

  Putrefa∣ction.
• * 1.153

  The proxi∣mity of a hot thing.
• * 1.154

  Costive∣ness.
• * 1.155

  Mixtures of a hot thing. Causes of a cold di∣stemper.
• * 1.156

  Dissipation
• * 1.157

  Drawing away food. Moist.
• * 1.158

  Dry,
• * 1.159

  Of com∣pound di∣stempers.
• * 1.160

  The causes of distem∣per, with matter.
• * 1.161

  A collecti∣on of mat∣ter.
• * 1.162

  A flux made by drawing.
• * 1.163

  Transmis∣mission.
• * 1.164

  Causes of diseases of the whole substance.
• * 1.165

  Internal.
• * 1.166

  External.
• * 1.167

  Aire.
• * 1.168

  Contagion
• * 1.169

  Poysons taken. Poysons from with∣out.
• * 1.170

  The causes of the fi∣gure viti∣ated,
• * 1.171

  Diseases of the pas∣sages.
• * 1.172

  The causes of Diseases of passages Anastoma∣sis. Diaresis.
• * 1.173

  Diapedesis.
• * 1.174

  The causes of defect and strait∣nesse of passages. Obstructi∣on. Constipa∣tion. Coales∣cence. Compres∣sion.
• * 1.175

  Subsidence.
• * 1.176

  The causes of Disea∣ses in the Superfici∣es.
• * 1.177

  Causes of Diseases in number.
• * 1.178

  Of Mag∣nitude en∣creased.
• * 1.179

  Diminish∣ed.
• * 1.180

  Of chan∣ging place.
• * 1.181

  Of Con∣nexion.
• * 1.182

  Causes of Diseases of Solution of Unity. Of cutting
• * 1.183

  Eroding.
• * 1.184

  Knocking and break∣ing. Eating.
• * 1.185

  Burning.
• * 1.186

  The word Symptome.
• * 1.187

  Its defini∣tion.
• * 1.188

  Its divisi∣on.
• * 1.189

  A Symp∣tome of a Disease. A Symp∣tome of a Cause.
• * 1.190

  Whether hurt by ex∣ternal meanes be Symptomes
• * 1.191

  A Symp∣tome of a Symptome. A division of Symp∣tomes.
• * 1.192

  Manner of actions hurt.
• * 1.193

  How many ways are actions hart when the facul∣ty is hurt.
• * 1.194

  Through some exter∣nal error.
• * 1.195

  The cause of excreti∣ons, and retentions, and of qua∣lities chan∣ged.
• * 1.196

  The diffe∣rences of actions. Abolished. Diminish∣ed. Depraved.
• * 1.197

  Increased.
• * 1.198

  The diffe∣rences of Symptomes of natural faculty.
• * 1.199

  Nutrition taken a∣way.
• * 1.200

  Depraved.
• * 1.201

  Symp∣tomes of concoction of the Sto∣mach. The appe∣tite en∣creased and depraved. Thirst. Symp∣tomes of swal∣lowing. Symp∣tomes of retention.
• * 1.202

  The errors of conco∣ction. Symptomes of expulsi∣on. The Hic∣cock. Loathing.
• * 1.203

  Vomiting.
• * 1.204

  Choller.
• * 1.205

  Belching.
• * 1.206

  Alientary.
• * 1.207

  A Caeliak affect. A Diarhaea.
• * 1.208

  A Dysen∣tary.
• * 1.209

  A Tenes∣mus.
• * 1.210

  A slow panch and shut. An Illiak.
• * 1.211

  Symptomes of Sangui∣fication.
• * 1.212

  Symptomes about ma∣king Wa∣ter. Iscury. Dusury. A Stran∣gury. Inconti∣nency of Urin. Diabetes. Bad milk.
• * 1.213

  Gonorhaea. Flux of Months.
• * 1.214

  Symptomes of encrea∣sing.
• * 1.215

  Symptomes of genera∣tion.
• * 1.216

  Palpitati∣on of heart
• * 1.217

  A Lypo∣thymy.
• * 1.218

  A swoon∣ing. Absence of Pulse.
• * 1.219

  Respirati∣on hurt. Taken a∣way. Depraved. Shortbrea∣thing. Shorter. Shortest.
• * 1.220

  Symptomes of sight:
• * 1.221

  Deprava∣tion of sight.
• * 1.222

  Symptomes of hearing.
• * 1.223

  Symptomes of smelling
• * 1.224

  Of tast∣ing.
• * 1.225

  Of feeling
• * 1.226

  Symptomes of the com∣mon sense. Too much watching. Too much sleep.
• * 1.227

  Coma two-fold. Somnolent Vigilant.
• * 1.228

  Dreams.
• * 1.229

  An Exta∣sie.
• * 1.230

  Sleep-wal∣kers.
• * 1.231

  Whether the Phan∣tafie, and reasonable faculty be always hurt toge∣ther.
• * 1.232

  The Me∣mory abo∣lished and diminish∣ed.
• * 1.233

  The Phan∣tasie, and rational faculty di∣minished and abo∣lished. Folly. Foolish∣nesse. Madness.
• * 1.234

  A Deliri∣um.
• * 1.235

  Melancho∣ly.
• * 1.236

  Mad love.
• * 1.237

  Madnesse.
• * 1.238

  Symptomes about mo∣tion. Palsie.
• * 1.239

  Lassitude.
• * 1.240

  Trembling
• * 1.241

  Kinds of Convulsion fits.
• * 1.242

  Convulsive motions.
• * 1.243

  A Palsie. Cramp. Complicate Voice hurt.
• * 1.244

  Hurt of speech.
• * 1.245

  A Cough.
• * 1.246

  Sneezing.
• * 1.247

  Yawning.
• * 1.248

  Stretching
• * 1.249

  Horror.
• * 1.250

  Cold fits.
• * 1.251

  A Vertigo.
• * 1.252

  An Incu∣bus.
• * 1.253

  A Lethar∣gy.
• * 1.254

  A Carus.
• * 1.255

  A Catoch.
• * 1.256

  An Epe∣lepsie. An imper∣fect Epe∣lepsie.
• * 1.257

  An Apo∣plexie.
• * 1.258

  The diffe∣rence of qualities changed.
• * 1.259

  Colours changed.
• * 1.260

  Smells changed.
• * 1.261

  Taste changed.
• * 1.262

  Change of Tactil qu••∣lities.
• * 1.263

  Errors of Emission and Reten∣tion.
• * 1.264

  Excression and Reten∣tion offend in sub∣stance.
• * 1.265

  The cause of want of nourish∣ment.
• * 1.266

  In the whole.
• * 1.267

  In part.
• * 1.268

  The cause of ill habit of Body.
• * 1.269

  Of the scab, lea∣prosie. &c.
• * 1.270

  The cause of the ap∣petite ta∣ken away and dimi∣nished.
• * 1.271

  The cause of daily abstinence.
• * 1.272

  The cause of the ap∣pet ite en∣creased.
• * 1.273

  The cause of dimini∣shing of thirst.
• * 1.274

  Of encrea∣sed.
• * 1.275

  Vitious thirst.
• * 1.276

  Of swal∣lowing hurt.
• * 1.277

  The causes of Reten∣tion of meat hurt.
• * 1.278

  Of Palpi∣tation.
• * 1.279

  Of Con∣vulsion.
• * 1.280

  Of trem∣bling. Of Shak∣ing. The cause of abolish∣ing and diminish∣of con∣coction in the sto∣ma••h. Faculty hurt. External error.
• * 1.281

  Depraved.
• * 1.282

  Hiccock.
• * 1.283

  Causes of loathing and vomi∣ting.
• * 1.284

  Moist Choller.
• * 1.285

  Dry Chol∣ler.
• * 1.286

  Belching.
• * 1.287

  Alientary and Celi∣ack affects.
• * 1.288

  A Diar∣haea.
• * 1.289

  A Dysen∣tary.
• * 1.290

  A Tenesm.
• * 1.291

  Suppressi∣on of the helly.
• * 1.292

  Illiack.
• * 1.293

  Sanguifi∣cation hurt.
• * 1.294

  The cause of an Is∣cury, and of little Uria
• * 1.295

  Difficulty of making Urine.
• * 1.296

  Of a Strangury.
• * 1.297

  Of Invo∣luntary pissing.
• * 1.298

  Of pissing in ones sleep.
• * 1.299

  Diabetes.
• * 1.300

  The cause of defect of milk.
• * 1.301

  Vitious.
• * 1.302

  Coagula∣ted.
• * 1.303

  Gonorhaea
• * 1.304

  Of noctur∣nal polu∣tion.
• * 1.305

  A Venc∣real Go∣uorhae••.
• * 1.306

  The cause of suppres∣sions of Courses.
• * 1.307

  Causes of diminish∣ing of Courses. The drop∣ling of Courses.
• * 1.308

  Of too much flow∣ing.
• * 1.309

  Causes of encreasing vittated.
• * 1.310

  The causes of genera∣tion hurt.
• * 1.311

  In respect of the man.
• * 1.312

  In respect of the Wo∣man.
• * 1.313

  Abortion.
• * 1.314

  Causes of the Palpi∣tation of the heart.
• * 1.315

  Of Sypo∣thymy.
• * 1.316

  The cause of Respi∣ration hurt. Faculty of Lu••gs hurt. Of the Brest.
• * 1.317

  Of Instru∣ments.
• * 1.318

  In regard of use.
• * 1.319

  Of Air.
• * 1.320

  The causes of an Ast∣ma, and shortnesse of breath.
• * 1.321

  Faults of the Cor∣nea.
• * 1.322

  Caligo. Albugo.
• * 1.323

  Defects of the Aque∣ous hu∣mour.
• * 1.324

  A perfect Cataract.
• * 1.325

  Hypopuon.
• * 1.326

  A spurious Cataract.
• * 1.327

  Diseases of the Pu∣pil.
• * 1.328

  Contracted
• * 1.329

  Dislocated and broken
• * 1.330

  A strabis∣mos.
• * 1.331

  Diseases of the Christal humor.
• * 1.332

  Nyctalo∣nia.
• * 1.333

  Glaucoma.
• * 1.334

  Myopia. Lusciositas
• * 1.335

  Diseases of the vitre∣ous humor.
• * 1.336

  Diseases of the whole eye.
• * 1.337

  Diseases of the vi∣sive spirits and of the Optique Nerve.
• * 1.338

  Causes of glittering eyes.
• * 1.339

  Causes of deafness.
• * 1.340

  Causes of smelling hurt.
• * 1.341

  Cause of taste hurt.
• * 1.342

  Cause of fieling hurt.
• * 1.343

  Cause of pain.
• * 1.344

  Itching.
• * 1.345

  Causes of too much watching.
• * 1.346

  Cause of too much sleep.
• * 1.347

  Non-na∣tural.
• * 1.348

  Preter∣natural.
• * 1.349

  Coma and Cataphora.
• * 1.350

  Coma vigil.
• * 1.351

  Of immo∣derate dreams.
• * 1.352

  Of an ex∣tasic.
• * 1.353

  Sleep walkers.
• * 1.354

  Abolish∣ing and diminish∣ing of the mentory & fantasie.
• * 1.355

  A Frenzy.
• * 1.356

  Of Melan∣choly.
• * 1.357

  Of mad Love.
• * 1.358

  Madnss••e.
• * 1.359

  Lycan∣thropie.
• * 1.360

  Of Taran∣tulas and a company of S. Viti.
• * 1.361

  Cause of the Palsie.
• * 1.362

  Cause of taking a∣way moti∣on.
• * 1.363

  Of Lazi∣ness.
• * 1.364

  Of Trem∣bling.
• * 1.365

  Of Con∣vulsion.
• * 1.366

  Empro∣sthoton••s. Opisthoto∣nos.
• * 1.367

  T••tanos Spasmus Cynious.
• * 1.368

  Of grind∣ing Teeth. Of convul∣sive moti∣ons.
• * 1.369

  Of the complica∣tion of the Crump and Palsie. Privation of speech.
• * 1.370

  Of the voice and speech di∣minished.
• * 1.371

  Of stam∣mering.
• * 1.372

  Of hoarse∣nesse.
• * 1.373

  Of a cough.
• * 1.374

  Of sneez∣ing.
• * 1.375

  Of yawn∣ing.
• * 1.376

  Of stretch∣ing.
• * 1.377

  Shaking fits and trembling.
• * 1.378

  Of a ver∣tigo.
• * 1.379

  Of an In∣cubus.
• * 1.380

  Of a Le∣thargy.
• * 1.381

  Of a Carus.
• * 1.382

  A Caroche.
• * 1.383

  Of an A∣poplexy.
• * 1.384

  Of an Epi∣lepsie.
• * 1.385

  Causes of colour changed.
• * 1.386

  Causes of change of the colour of teeth.
• * 1.387

  Of Nails.
• * 1.388

  Of stink∣ing smells.
• * 1.389

  Of stink∣ing breath.
• * 1.390

  Stink of the Arm∣pits.
• * 1.391

  Of the Groin.
• * 1.392

  Of the No∣strils.
• * 1.393

  Of the Ears.
• * 1.394

  Of the Feet.
• * 1.395

  Of tactil qualities changed.
• * 1.396

  Causes of excrements contrary to nature.
• * 1.397

  ••••eressions through un∣accustomed passages.
• * 1.398

  Of bleed∣ing con∣trary to na∣ture.
• * 1.399

  Causes of excretions peccant in quality. Hot. Cold. Moist. Hard.
• * 1.400

  Of sharp. Faetid.
• * 1.401

  White.
• * 1.402

  Yellow.
• * 1.403

  Red. Black. Frothy.
• * 1.404

  Causes of sweat pre∣ter 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.405

  Of viti∣ous Courses
• * 1.406

  Of the spittle changed.
• * 1.407

  Causes of excrements changed
• * 1.408

  Cause of store of sweat.
• * 1.409

  Of Courses