Nine books of physick and chirurgery written by that great and learned physitian, Dr Sennertus. The first five being his Institutions of the whole body of physick: the other four of fevers and agues: with their differences, signs, and cures.

Book. II. PART. III. SECT. II. OF THE CAUSES OF SYMPTOMES.

CHAP. I. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty.

SIthence we have reckoned all the differences of Symp∣tomes, * 1.1 order now requires that we may shew their Causes in the same order we have set down them; and as for the Symptomes of the Natural Faculty, amongst them the first is Atrophy, or want of nourishment; and that is either in the whole, or in some part. * 1.2 Atrophy in the whole is occasioned through the debility of the faculty, or default of the nourishment; the vertne is weakned through a

dry distemper, and sometimes hot, which principally proceeds from the Heart, labouring with the like distemper, as in Hek∣ticks, and other Fevers; yet sometimes from the defect of other parts which may communicate their affects also with the Heart, diseases may perform the same. Atrophy is occasioned through defect of Aliment, when either it is not communicated in suf∣ficient quantity, or when it is affected with some ill quality: 'Tis wanting when too small a quantity is received, or although sufficient quantity be taken, yet 'tis not concocted through the weaknesse of the bowels; or being concocted, 'tis not distributed by reason of the narrownesse of the Veines about the Liver; or it is disperst, or not conglutinated, by reason of distempers of the parts, especially hot and dry. Atrophy is made through the pravity of nutriment, when ill blood by reason of the distemper of the bowels is generated, especially hot and dry, and not so profitable. * 1.3 Atrophy is in some part whilest its force is weak, through cold distemper and defect of native heat, or through want of nourishment, by reason of the straitnesse of the passages, by which it should be communicated to the part, or occasioned by what cause soever.

The immediate cause of depravation of nutrition, * 1.4 and of ill habit, is vitious and raw nourishment in the bowels, appointed for publike concoctions, arising from the vitious disposition there; to which sometimes a cold and moist dsstemper, and ha∣bit of the body is added.

The Scabs, * 1.5 the Leprosie and other known cutanious diseases have their original from ill nourishment, but not crude, but sharp, salt nitrous, or having some other pravity which since it is various, various diseases from thence do arise.

But amonst the Symptomes which happen to the concoction which is made in the stomach. * 1.6 The first is when the appetite is hurt, and the reason of abolishing or diminishing of the appe∣tite is, because either little or no juice is made, or else is not perceived; juice is not made, or very little is made, when ma∣ny crude and watery humours comp••ess the mouth of the sto∣mach, or the chyle hither to sticks in the stomach, or because aliment abounds in the body, which may be when it is not e∣vacuated, by reason of the thicknesse of the skin, or idlenesse, or weak heat, or because it is not attracted, through some distem∣per of the Veins, or straitnesse of the Meseraick veins, and of the hollow Vein of the Liver, or because concoction and distributi∣is hindred in the stomach. The sucking is not perceived either through the error of the sensitive faculty, when the animal spirits

which should flow are desicient, or when the action is conver∣ted another way, as in such as are out of their wits, or when the nerves of the conjugation are defective, or when the mouth of the stomach is ill with some distemper, as swelling, or ulcer, or by the dulnesse of the stomach occasioned by some stupefactive Medicines, * 1.7

Hitherto belongs the daily abstinence of those men who ab∣stained not onely some dayes and months, but years also from all meats; of which wonderful Symptome, although it be not easie to render a reason, yet it is probable that all such had not need of restoring, and that because nothing is taken away, or not in a long time wasted, because of the humours which pre∣serves our bodies, is so disposed, and proportioned to the heat of the same, that it could not be destroyed by it.

On the contrary, * 1.8 the cause of the encrease of the appetite is too much sucking, which comes to passe either from some hu∣mour sticking in the stomach; such is Melancholly, which by its sharpnesse and austereness binds the stomach, or through want of nourishment, which happens by reason of Wormes, which consumes the Chyle, or by too much labour and exercise, watch∣ings, long fastings, evacuations of blood, vomiting, or from some old distemper, binding the stomach.

But the appetite is depraved by a vitious humour peculiarly corrupted and fixed to the Tunicles of the stomach, which is either generated in the stomach by ill food, or else flowes from some other part, especially the Womb, into the stomach.

Thirst is abolished, or diminished, either from cold, sweat, * 1.9 unsavory, petuitous, aqueous, many humours generated in the stomach, want of meat and drink, or flowing from some other parts, continually moistening the stomach, or because the sto∣mach doth not perceive its want of drink, as it often comes to passe in Frensies and burning Fevers.

Again the Thirst is encreased through want, * 1.10 and drinesse of humours, which proceed from those things which have drying faculties, and such as consume the primogenial humidity of the stomach; such are all drying and heating things, as hot hu∣mours, sharp and salt, a hot and dry distemper in the mouth of the stomach, proceeding either from the whole, which is in Fe∣vers, or in some part neer to the stomack, which either sends hot and dry vapours and humours to the stomach; or by reason of the communion of the Tunicles and Membranes which cover the stomach, the orifice of the stomach, the Wind-pipe, and the neighbouring parts, communicating a hot and d••y distemper

to the O••fice of the stomach: external causes which are evident perform the same as those which have a power of heating, drying, and consuming the humidity in the O••ifice of the Ventricle.

Vitious thirst is caused by some vitious humour in its whole kinde contrary to nature, * 1.11 sticking in the mouth of the sto∣mach,

The swal owing is hurt either when the faculty is offended, * 1.12 or through some external error; and indeed the faculty either natural, or animal may be hurt: the natural is hurt whilest ei∣ther the attractive faculty cannot draw meat through the strait fibres of the internal Pannicle into the parts; or the expulsive through the Transuerse fibers inserted into the external Tunicle, cannot thrust food which is drawn into the mouth of the sto∣mach, farther down into the stomach; which is caused through the relaxation of the fibers of the Orifice of the stomach, by rea∣son of a cold and moist distemper, when the matter flows from the head to the chops; or by reason of their driness occasioned by some Tumour, Ulcer, or Excoriation.

The animal faculty is hindered when the Muscle which is be∣fore the gullet, either is inflamed, which use to be in the Quin∣sie; or 'tis contracted either by Convulsion, or Palsie; it is hindered also by reason of the straitness of the entrance into the stomach, which proceeds from divers causes, as Tumours in the Throat, Relaxation of the Vertebraes of the Neck, and Back: external things being swallowed, as when Fish-bones, Pins, and other things stick in the mouth of the stomach, as also Wormes.

The swallowing is hindered by some external error when any thing, hard, dry, sharp, rough, viscid, or ungrateful is swallow∣ed.

The retention of meat swallowed is hindered, when it is abo∣lished, * 1.13 diminished, or depraved. Retention taken away and di∣minished proceed from the same causes, the one from the greater, the other from the lesser: and this comes to pass if the Reten∣trix be weak. The Oblique fibres loosned by a cold and moist distempers, or if any Tumour, as an Inflammation or Ulcer be present. The cause of windiness in the stomach, is windy meats, and a stomach not cold enough, but the cause of floating with a noise, is when the stomach is freed from that which might be turned into wind, yet still remaining full of drink, or extreamly cooled.

But the retentive faculty is depraved when the stomach doth not ••ightly infold the meat, * 1.14 and indeed a Palpitation with

floating and noise happens through the weakness of retention and thick winds pen'd into the stomach, * 1.15 which arise either from the causes or crudity, or from flatulent meat, or yellow, or black choller spread over the stomach; But a constriction, and a cer∣tain sighing, or Hiccock happens, when after emptinesse and de∣fect of aliment, the stomach too violently contracts it self, having newly received meat.

T••embling is caused by the imbecility of the retentive facul∣ty from a cold distemper, and the wait of the meat oppressing: * 1.16 and a certain Quavering when the Ventricle is molested by any biting thing, especially choller.

For as much, as what belongs to the concoction hurt, is ei∣ther abolished or diminished in the stomach, they both proceed from the same causes, they onely differ according to Major and Minor, and the concoction is hindered, either primarily and by it selfe, when it cannot do its office withour the hurt of the rest of the faculties. Or secondarily, and by accident, when it is vitiated by the retentive or expulsive faculty. For unlesse meat can be retained so long as it ought. The concoction cannot be rightly performed. The concoction is hurt by its self, either when the faculty is hindered, or by some external error, the fa∣culty being hurt is hindered through some distemper of the sto∣mach, from what cause soever ariseth, or other diseases of the stomach, tumours, ulcers, and such like which hinder concocti∣on; the concoction is hindered through external errors; first, by reason of Excrements, which if they abound in the stomach and offend with cold, they are the cause of abolition, and di∣minition thereof. Secondly, by meats which offend either in quantity, or else divers and various kinds are taken, or in qua∣lity, if the meats are cold, or hard, and clammy, and hard to be concocted. Thirdly, by reason of the time of taking food; namely, if meat raw betaken before it is boyled. Fourthly, after the taking of meat, if a man watch the whole night, or sleep very little, or exercise himselfe violently, or suffer the pas∣sions of the mind.

The corruption of meat is two-fold, the one nitrous, * 1.17 the other acide; the nitrous hath its beginning from a hot distem∣per of the stomach, the chollerick excrements being collected in the ventricle by hot aliments which are obnoxious to corrupti∣ons; such as are sharp, oyly, pinguious things, Milk, Mush∣rooms, garden Fruit, and such like; but crudity produceth aci∣dity, through the cold distempers abounding with cold aliments; cold, pituitous, and melancholy humours in the stomach.

We have said the Symptomes of the expulsive faculty of the stomach, are Hiccock, Loathing, Vomiting, Choller, Bel∣ching.

The immediate cause of Hiccock is something trouble∣some to the superiour part of the stomach, * 1.18 especially to the Ori∣fice thereof, which it endeavours by that motion to put away and expell, but the causes which trouble the stomack on this manner, are either in the Stomach it selfe, or in the parts which can draw the Ventricle by consent. The cause of Hiccock in the Stomach it selfe, is matter either oppessing by its plenty, or of∣fending in quality, as sharp meats, and biting, and such like hu∣mours, sharp medicines, malignant and foul vapours, either generated in the stomach, or sent thither from elsewhere, Worms, an immoderate cold distemper, and those things which outward∣ly press the stomach, which may happen by the pressing and ben∣ding the extremities of the ribs to the stomach. But Hiccock by consent happens when the nerves of the sixth conjugation suf∣fer together, in an inflammation and percussion of the braine; as also inflammations of the Midriff, the Eungs, the Liver, the Gutflion.

Loathing and Vomiting have their rise from the same causes differing according to Major and Minor, * 1.19 either in the stomach it selfe ill affected and weak, or from something contrary to na∣ture, tearing the stomach. The stomach is ill affected by a cold and moist distemper; or by conformation thereof, or by a cer∣tain native straitnesse thereof, by reason of drynesse and lean∣nesse, swelling an Ulcer, whereunto belongs frequent vomiting, which indeed it selfe disposeth the stomach to more frequent vo∣miting: as also the shutting of the inferiour Orifice of the Ven∣tricle by some tumour, as an obstruction also of the Guts and mesentary, and inverted motion of the fibres of the Guts. The diseases called the Chollick and Stone, by the communion of the Membranes; and lastly, wounds and hurts of the Braine and its Membranes. But the matter which Irrirates the stomach to ex∣pel, either loading it with its plenty, or twitching it with its sharpnesse, or moilifying the superior Orifice, or by stimulating it with a malignant quality it doth it; whether it be meat and drink, or medicines, poysons, worms, blood, quitture; choller effused into the stomach, which happens to those which have a vitious implantation of the Pores or the Vessel that carries the Choller into the bottom of the stomach. The evident external causes are too much exercise of the body, and the sight of loath∣some things.

The cause of Choller is offensive, * 1.20 and sharp matter irritating the expulsive faculty of the stomach by its plenty, and its quali∣ty to expulsion, and stimulating it to evacuate, upwards and downwards. Such is Choller collected about the Liver, Pan∣creas, and parts adjacent, also sharp adust humours, salt, ni∣trous, and other peccant humours bred of corrupt food, as Mush∣rooms, Garden-fruits, and such like strong purging Medi∣cines and Poysons do the same, and stir up this matter.

As for the difference betwixt the other Choller and this, * 1.21 which we have newly explained, that is dry, this is moist, the cause is a flatuous and sharp spirit stirred up by yellow, black, and adust Choller spread over the stomach.

Belching is occasioned by thick and fuming vapours breaking out upward, and stimulating the stomach to expulsion. * 1.22

Concerning a loosenesse, * 1.23 the causes of a Lyentary and Coeli∣ack affects are for the most part the same, differing onely in mag∣nitude; And in this also that a Coeliack is rather a Disease of the Guts, then of the Stomach, although its name seems to signifie otherwise; For in a Lyentary, as hath been said, the meat is cast forth crude.

In a Coeliack the Chyle is ejected contrary to nature; and therefore the cause of a Lyentary is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Ventricle and Intestines, by reason whereof the meat before it be perfectly concocted, descends into the Guts and is cast out, And indeed in a Lyentary the retentive faculty of the stomach is principally hurt. Nor can it be that meat un∣concocted can be cast forth out of the Panch, unless it be sent too soon into the Guts, by reason of some fault of the retentive faculty of the stomach; but the Coeliack is occasioned rather by some hurt of the retentive faculty of the Intestines, because Chyle generated in the stomach, ought to remain some time in the Guts; that it might there be in some manner elaborated, and be conveniently drawn by the meseraik veines, and the or∣dure should be throughly elaborated: If the retentive faculty of the Intestines be hurt, all these things cannot be performed, but the Chyle untimely, and in some, as measure crude is cast out of the Panch, but the retentive faculty of the Stomach and Guts is hurt either of its selfe, or by accident: of it selfe through a cold and moist distemper, and that either alone, or joyned with a phlegmatick humour, as also by cicatrising after a disentary, and the immoderate use of fat things, and such as cause Lubri∣city. By accident it is hurt when the expultrix being stirr'd up exceedingly, drives the meat presently downward, by reason of

the ulcerous disposition of the Stomach and Guts caused by bi∣ting and sharp humours, sometimes also by a hidden quality, or from hurtful and poisonous meats, or ill disposition of air.

A Diarhaea proceeds from the expultrix of the Guts stirr'd up by plenty of humours, * 1.24 crudity, or pravity, whether they pro∣ceed from corruption in the stomach, and guts, or flow from the wholebody, or any part to the guts, from what cause soever they are generated and collected, The more remote caus••s of Diar∣hae a are imbecility of concoction, and distribution, through the distemper of the stomach, and parts adjacent; ill diet, untem∣perate air, omitting exercises of the body, or taking a strong purge.

The cause of a Dysentery improperly so called, or of voiding of blood without exulceration of the Guts are the opening of the mouths of the Mesentary Veines, * 1.25 either by too great plenty of this blood, or by crudity, by reason of the concoction of the Liver, or being retained too long in the Liver Veines, and by a burning with a preternatural heat. But as for Dysentery pro∣perly called, the causes are sharp and biting humours, whether they flow from the whole, or from some part to the Guts, or are generated in them, and are peculiarly troublesome to them, of which kind also are sharp gnawing drugs, ••speciplly violent purges, sharp quitture and poysons,

A Tenesmus, or desire to go to stoole and cannot void any thing but blood, * 1.26 comes for the most part from the same cause, yet principally, salt phlegm, and a sharp humour, clammy, thick, closely sticking to the skin of the Gut, called Rectum.

The Belly on the contrary is suppressed either because the ex∣pulsive faculty of the Intestines is hurt, * 1.27 or because the Muscles of the belly do not help to expel, or because the ordure doth not stimulate, or because the Guts are not alwayes sensible of prick∣ing and stirring up: the expulsive faculty doth not expel, either because it is hurt or frustrated by some external error, or fault in the object. 'Tis hurt either because it is weakened by a cold and dry distemper, or it is hindered by the strength and driness of the retentive faculty, or by the narrownesse of the Guts which proceed, first from astringent and drying things. Se∣condly from their inflammation, or a Tumor bred in them. Thirdly, from growing together, especially of the Fundament. Fourthly, from the going out and turning of them which hap∣pens in a Rupture. Fifthly, from obstruction, by reason of the hardnesse of the siedge, Worms, Stones, viscous Phlegm. Sixthly,

from the Muscles refrigerated and straitned, shutting the Gut Rectum.

The belly is supprest through default of the object when the Ordure is too thick, viscid and hard, the Muscles of the Panch do not help to expel, either because they are weak, or be∣cause they, or the parts under them endure pain; the Ordure doth not stimulate when either there is but little, or when there is no mordication, or it hath no sharpnesse, or by reason of eat∣ing of cold meats, or because yellow Choller is not mingled therewith.

The Guts are not sensible of stimulation, either because their preception is dull, or becavse through long retention they are accustomed to, and become familiar with the Ordure, or because they are stopt with phlegm.

The Illiack passion hath its original from the inverted moti∣on of the fibres of the Intestines, * 1.28 which proceed from some in∣flammation, or obstruction, from hard dung, or from a Rup∣ture, or from Exulceration, or a Canker, or from a high flowing of humours.

Moreover for what belongs to elaboration of blood, * 1.29 that is hindered either primarily, and by its selfe, or secondarily, and by accident; Primarily it is offended either when the faculty is hindered, or by some external accident; when the faculty is offended, 'tis done by reason of some diseases of the Liver, di∣stemper (by reason of which alone, without any other manifest disease of the Liver; those which are troubled with its imbecili∣ty are called Hepaticks) obstructions, tumors, ulcers. But it is hurt by some external error, when either the Chyle is not right∣ly elaborated in the stomach, or when it is throughly elabora∣ted, some peccant matter is mingled therewith. Secondarily, or by accident it is hurt, either when the attractive faculty is hindered, by reason of diseases of the Liver, or obst••uction of the Mesentary, or because the retentive faculty in like man∣ner is hindered through some disease of the Liver, and especially through its moist distemper, opening and gnawing of the ressels, and thinnesse of Chyle, or by the expulsive faculty; principal∣ly by cold distemper, and obstructions of the gibbous parts of the Liver, by reason whereof the blood cannot be distribu∣ted.

But as for the Symptomes which happen in making of Urine, * 1.30 the first is an Iscury, or suppression of Urine, and making of lesse Urine: 'tis properly to called when the Urine is in the Bladder, and is not ejected, or very little is cast ou••; which

Symptomes arise from the same causes, differing only according to Major and Minor; but the Urine is suppressed, or little is made, because the xepulsive faculty is either hurt and weakened, or hindered. It is hurt whilest either the sensitive faculty o•• the Bladder being hurt, doth not perceive the pricking of the Urine; namely, when the proper Nerves of the Bladder are affected ei∣ther by some stroak, sliding, loosening of the Vertebraes in that part, wounds of the spinal Marrow and Tumors, as also stupe∣factive Medicines being applied thereto, or it may happen when the expulsive faculty is hurt, and the transverse fibres of the Bladder appointed for expulsion, or affected with some cold moist distemper: or are extended over much, that they lose their tune or note; so that afterwards they cannot be contracted, which comes to passe when the Urine is too long retained, or the Muscles which help and assist the Bladder to expel Urine, are af∣fected so that they cannot be contracted. But the expulsive fa∣culty is hindered whilest the Neck of the Bladder and Urinary Passages are not open, and is either stopt by a little Flesh or Callous Substance in the passages, or is obstructed by Gravel, clotted Blood, Quitture, or thick humours; or it is comprest by a Tumour in compassing the Neck of the Muscle of the Bladder, or of the neighbouring parts, or it is shut by contra∣cting of the Muscle of the Neck, or it is pressed and wreathed by the falling of the Bladder out of its place. Urine also is not made when too great plenty thereof is long retained, too much dilating the fibres of the Bladder, so that afterwards they cannot contract themselves, nor cannot squeeze out, nor expel Urine, which comes to passe either when the Urine (mens businesse be∣ing urgent) of its own accord is retained long; or when the pricking of the Urine, as is said before, is not perceived. Lastly, Urine is not cast out through its accustomed passage, if by some Wound, Ulcer, Fistula of the Bladder and Urinary passages, the Urine which ought to passe through them, goes out by a way o∣pened elsewhere.

There is another Iscury lesse properly so called, or suppression of Urine, when little or no Urine is sent, and comes into the Bladder, which happens when the attractive faculty of the Reins is hurt through distemper, especially cold, or is hindered by obstruction and straitnesse of the emulgent vessels, or when the Urine is carried to another place, and is cast out of the Panch, or by Sweats, or is collected in the Panch, and stayes in the first passages, as in a Dropsie,

But a Dusury properly so called, * 1.31 or difficulty of making U∣rine, is when the time of making water, and the quantity, is a little altered, yet in the very making water, the Urine doth not passe out freely, but is made with great striving, pain, and burning, which comes to passe by some fault of the Urinary pas∣sage; namely, whilest it is affected with some Ulcer, and is ero∣ded, or the Vrine it self being sharp doth it, or the passage was formerly ulcerated.

The cause of a Strangury is either some sharp thing which stimulates nature continually to expel, * 1.32 but because nature is sensible of pain, it hinders free emission, the Urine is made drop by drop, and dribling, which is caused by crude Urine unconcocted, or having a sharp humour mixt with it, by Gra∣vel sticking in the neck of the Bladder, or some fault of the Uri∣nary passage: whereunto belongs Intemperature of the Bladder, and inflammations of the same, and of the parts neer thereunto: hot humours, also exulceration of the neck of the Bladder and Urinary passage.

Involuntary pissing, * 1.33 which happens both to those that are slee∣ping and waking, is caused for the most part when the contra∣ctive power of the Muscle Sphincter of the bladder is taken away, which is occasioned by a Palsie, proceeding either from a cold and moist distemper of the same, or by hurting of the Nerves which come to this Muscle, by compression in loosening the turning joynts of the back neer the Hucklebone by a stroak, a fall, or some tumor, or obstruction, or by hurting of the same Muscle, or certain fibres, in cutting the stone of the bladder; yet sometimes Urine is made against our wills, when the Muscles of the Panch are exceedingly drawn together, so that the Urine by reason of their constriction and compression of the belly is, as it were forced out of the bladder, as also sometimes it happens to those that are great with Child in their last months. For the same reason they cannot contain their Urine.

But if a man contain his Urine waking, * 1.34 and in his sleep let it go from him. That happens by a certain imbecility of the Sphincter of the Bladder: Yet there concurs a more deep sleep, and a certain negligence of the superiour faculty, as also cu∣stome.

It is not easie to explain from what cause a Diabetes doth proceed; To this obscure matter I say, * 1.35 It seems probable that the immediate cause is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Reines, by too great plenty of Urine; which when the Reines cannot endure, they suffer it to flow into the bladder, This

plenty of Urine seems to be occasioned by the heat of the bowels, liver, and spleen, and the veins, drawing drink very powerfully, and melting of the humours in the veins, to which for the most part there happens imbecility and relaxation of those parts which carry the watry humour from the Stomack to the Liver, and Spleen; by reason whereof the drink is suddenly carried to the Reins.

The causes of those Symptomes which are deservedly joyned to these, * 1.36 and belong to the generation of milk, seed, and courses of women; milk either is wanting, or corrupt, it is wanting either when it is generated in too small quantity, or through some distemper of the Paps, or some disease or straitnesse of pas∣sages, by reason whereof they cannot draw and elaborate suffiti∣ent quantity of blood.

Vitious and corrupt milk is generated either through the pra∣vity of the matter, * 1.37 and fault of the blood, or by some distem∣per of the b••ests.

Lastly, * 1.38 Milk grows thick, and coagulates whilest either it is burnt by too much heat, or if it abound in quantity, and is re∣tained 100 long in the brests, or if any vitious humour be min∣gled the ewith, which hath a power to coagulate.

A Gonorliaea, * 1.39 or emission of Sperm against ones will, happens without erection of the Ya••d; and desire of Venery; 'tis occa∣sioned either by the hurting of the retentive faculty, or some ex∣rernal error; the faculty is weakned through distemper, princi∣pally moist, rendring the spermatick vessels more loose: whe∣ther it proceed from too great a flux of flegmatick humours, or too much coition, or other causes. But from external hurt, or fault of the seed, whether it be too cold, watry, thin, or crude, sometimes also a Gonorhaea happens by convulsion, as in such as have the falling sicknesse.

The cause of Nocturnal pollution is too great plenty of seed, * 1.40 heat and sharpnesse, stimulating the expulsiye faculty; and therefore this infirmity principally happens to those whose Reins and parts adjacent are very hot, and to those who have sharp humour flowing to the spermatick vessels, and then especi∣aliy, when nature in venereal dreams is irritated to ejaculate seed, or their loyns are become hot, by lying on their backs.

But the cause of a Venereal Gonorhaea is poysonous seed, * 1.41 cor∣rupt, sharp and foul stirring up, and stimalating the expulsive faculty:

The cause of suppression of Courses, * 1.42 is the narrownesse of the veines belonging to the Womb, and the foulnesse of the Blood, as for the straitnefle of the veins, they are most frequently the cause of suppression of Menstrues, by reason of thick blood, and dull humours; sometimes they grow together with the vessels after abortion, or compression of the same, by some Tumours of the parts neer the cunto, or from condensation, contraction, and driness of the ••••••tance of the Womb, but by default of the blond, the Courses are supprest whilest that is thick, viscid and unapt to move.

The same cause, * 1.43 but more gently occas••oneth small evacuati∣on of Cou••ses, viz. They eith•• flow in lesse quantity, or else more slowly.

The comming down of Courses when they come out drep by drop, and with pain is occasioned through default of the blood when there is too much, and is thick, viscid, biting, and sharp, and flowing down to the Womb with too great violence, some way obstructs the passages, and extends them, and stirs up pain, or else through default of the passages, or veins about the Womb, and in the Womb when they are become narrower then they ought.

Too much slowing of the monthly Terms, * 1.44 a••iseth when the vessels are opened, either by an Anastomasis, when the mouths of the veins are opened, or a Diair••sis, when they are divided, or when the blood being hotter, thinner, more moveable, sharp, and troublesome to narure, stimulates the expulsive faculty to expel.

Now for the Causes of encreasing vitiated Terms; * 1.45 'tis mani∣fest what things shew the causes of diminution thereof, from what is spoken of want of nourishment. But the cause of too much encrease is too great plenty of blood, from too plentiful use of meat and drink, full of nourishment, an idle life, much sleep, too frequent use of baths, of fair water, and manly strength, which converts the blood into the substance of the parts.

And these are the causes of the Symptomes of the natural fa∣culty so far, * 1.46 as they belong to the preservation of individuals. Now follows the causes of Generation hurt, and that either t••∣ken away, or depraved, there is no generation made; and bar∣tennesle happens either in respect of the Man, or of the Wo∣man.

In regard of the Man, * 1.47 it is hurt either through default of the seed, or by vitious ejaculation of the same: unfruitful seed, or not sufficient, is generated, or the faculty is hurt through some

distemper of the Stones, especially cold and moist; whence un∣ripened, thin, and lesse spirituous is generated, or else some hot, whence too sharp seed proceeds; or through default of matter, whilest the blood and spirits necessary for the generation of seed, or by old age, or some disease drying the body, or its principal parts, or by fasting are defective, or when the vessels which are necessary for generating, and carrying of the seed be wanting, or when the nutriment turns into fat, or when the blood is vitious. The emission of the seed into the Womans Womb is vitiated by the Yard, either shorter, whether by nature or by a disease, or crowded through the shortnesse of the ligament.

The action is hurt by default of the Woman, * 1.48 either when no seed, or unfruitful seed, is generated and emitted for the reasons lately mentioned, Secondly, if she do not draw and receive the mans seed, by reason of her cold and moist distemper of the Womb; or by reason of a Tumor, Ulcer, or Straitnesse of the neck of the Womb. Thirdly, if she cannot retain the seed received, because of the moist distemper of the Womb; an Ul∣cer, opening of the mouth of the Womb, a flux of Courses, and other humours. Fourthly, if the Seed be not well tempered by the womb, or being some other way affected, is not rightly che∣rished. Fifthly, if the blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient, or very little.

Generation is depraved when the young are very weak, or when monsters are generated, which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father, or the•• imagination of the Mo∣ther.

Lastly, * 1.49 the causes of abortion, are either too great bignesse of fruit, or defect of necessary nourishment; or humours which are contained in the Membranes; which when they are broken, are poured into the Womb, putrifie, and become sharp, and sti∣mulate the expultrix, or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb.

CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty, and of the hindrance of respiration.

THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty, * 1.50 or as hath been said Palpitation of heart, swooning and sud∣den deprivation of the senses; the causes of the Palpitati∣on of the heart are, first, things troublesome to the heart, meet∣ing with it which it desires to remove from it; namely, vapours, either in plenty, or quality, either manifest, or occult, or both; troubling the heart: putrid humours, sharp, hot, abundantly rushing into the heart, or pressing it, also tumours, and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart, or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof; moreover some moderate de∣fect of the vital Spirits, through want, too great evacuations, passions of the mind, vehement griefe, too much exercise, which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation, to restore and strengthen. Thirdly, preternatural heat encreased, not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits, but also enflames them, which that nature may restore temperate and coole; it appointeth this motion of the heart.

The causes of Sypothymy, are defect and want of vital Spirits, * 1.51 which either are not generated, whether by defect of matter, namely, of air and blood, or the debility of the generative facul∣ty, and from disease of the heart, or being generated, or taken away and destroyed, whilest either they are suffocated, or dis∣persed, or corrupted by some occult, or malignant qualities.

These causes if they are very grievous, produce swooning. The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place.

Respiration is hurt, first when the moving faculty is hurt, * 1.52 and that either of the Lungs, or Brests; the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe, when its temperament is destroyed, and the innate heat is deficient, as in such as are dying, or it is hin∣dered, and hurt by accident, when the brest by what means soe∣ver becomes straiter, and the Lungs have not space wherein to di∣late themselves. The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self, or by accident; by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting, or because it decayes, as in such as are dying, or its influx is not made, as in an Apoplexy; or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the a∣nimal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff; but 'tis

hurt by accident, when by reason of the pain of the side, or parts adjacent, or matter and blood contained in the Brest, or Wind, or Tumours, or something in the Panch, the Brests, and Mid∣riff cannot freely be moved; or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly, and swell so that by their weight between breathing, the Midriff suffers not them to move freely.

Secondly, * 1.53 Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs, when there is any Organick Disease, or solution of continuity in the Lungs, Midriff, Muscles of the Brest and Panch, the Wind-pipe.

Thirdly, * 1.54 when the custome of breathing is changed; namely, when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart.

Lastly, * 1.55 Respiration is hindered, by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing, if it be not fit for cooling, and fanning of the heat.

The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae, * 1.56 which are pe∣culiar diseases of shortness of breath, is this, when a man con∣stantly breaths with great difficulty, without a Fever, such as do, those who after a violent ••ace and exercise stop, The im∣mediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs, or the use encreased, by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs; but that straitness is caused by stoppages, or pressure of the Lungs, or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs; and both obstruction and compression are caused fi••st by thick and viscid humours; but sometimes by thin and serous humours, but in great plenty: Moreover a Crude Tumour, or by some swelling, or gravel stick∣ing in the ••ungs, which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs, but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs, or its Veins, and Arteries. This mat∣ter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weak∣nesse, sometimes it flows from elsewhere, and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar; but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins, from the Liver into the Lungs, whilest crude humours are generated therein, or abound in a venemous kind, which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present, which ne∣verthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh, and because these that are troubled with an Astma, have always an ill habit of body, and the signs of debility of the Liver.

A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes, but without it; which when it happens, and consisteth about

the smooth Arteries, yet it presses the rough Arteries, and respiration is thereby hurt, and the Heart is drawn into consent, and an uneven pulse is produced.

CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses.

SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty; first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes, and the default of the optique and spirits.

The Tunicle called Cornea, which comes in the fi••st place, since it is transparent, and void of colour, that it may permit the passing through of visible species, if it lose its transparency, * 1.57 or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight: it loseth its diaphanity if it be thick∣er, and become more dense, or be moistned, or pustu∣les, or little skins cover it. It grows thicker, and more dense by drying, and that either the whole, which disease is called Caligo, or else some part, is be∣come white, which is called an Albugo, * 1.58 which spot if it be perfectly white, and darkning, so that it permit no passage for visible species, and cover the whole Pupil; it causeth blindness; but if it be not perfectly white, nor hinders all the passage for visible species; it cavseth onely debility of sight, or brings forth some depravation, and deception: If it doth not cover the whole Pupil, so that things seem as if they were divided; the same comes to pass by reason of cicatrizing left after wounds, and ul∣cers. By its moisture it loseth its transparency in an inflammation of the eye: Moreover by pustules bred therein; and the naile of the eye which the Greeks call Pterugion, or a Tunicle. But if the Cornea be affected with any strange colour which very seldome happens, the sight is depraved, and represents visible species in other colours, not their own.

Secondly the Aqueous humour offendeth either in quantity, or manner of substance, or colour. * 1.59

It offends in quantity if it be wanting, or lessoned by a wound or ulcer, when the Cornea being cut, or eroded by a sharp humour it flies out, or by quotidian diseases, or extream old age, and as it is waming more, or less: it causeth blindness, or diminution, or depravation of ••ght. Sometimes it offends in substance, when it is

become thick or impure, or any thing is mingled with it of a different substance; if it onely become thick, the sight is made duller, and those things which are obvi∣ous to the sight are seen, as it were, through a cloud; and if they are remote, they could not be discerned; but if they are neer, they are not exactly seen.

But if the mucous and thick matter be mingled there∣with, * 1.60 and be so thickened, that it loseth all transparency, and fills up the hollowness of the Pupil, it causeth blind∣ness, and that disease is called vulgarly a Suffusion, or a Cataract; but if the whole aqueous humor be not ob∣scure and dark, but onely some part thereof obscure and dark, if through that part which is dark, visi∣ble species are not received, but onely through that which is perspicuous at once not more, but fewer things are discerned; but if in the center and middle of the Pu∣pil onely a particle of such a thick and dark humour be present, and all the parts round about of the aqueous humour be transparent, whatsoever is beheld seems not to be whole, but perforated and hollow in the middle; but if the little dark bodies are not continuous, but divided and many of them stick in the aqueous humor, Gnats, Flies, Cobwebs, and such like, seem to appear in the air; but i•• the extremities are obscured with such a humour, the object is not discerned whole: when you look fore∣right. The same also may happen in a disease which is called Hypopuon, * 1.61 when there is purulent matter collected under the Cornea

There is also another Suffufion, * 1.62 which is called No∣tha, or a bastard Cataract, which is when vapours are carried to the eyes from the rest of the body, through the A teries and Veins, the aqueous humor being safe, which happens to those which are drunk, and in burning Fevers. Lastly, if the aqueous humour be affected with some strange colour, there ariseth the same depravation of sight, as when the Cornea is discoloured, and all those things which are brought before the eyes, represent that colour, wherewith that humour is died.

The Pupil which is as it were the window of the eye, * 1.63 four ways recedes from its natural state. 1. Whilest ei∣ther it is dilated, or contracted, or closed, or is removed into another part, or broken, or obstructed. The Pu∣pil is dilated by the extending of the Unca, when it is

stretched, or through dry distempers, or by a Tumor, or by wind included, or some spirit or humor, for those which have a broad Pupil; in the night time, * 1.64 and in an obscure place see best; but in the day time, and a light place see worst; but it is become narrower, when by its moisture it is loosned, and falls as it were into its selfe: moreover when the aqueous humor is wanting. 3. When some thick matter sticks in the aqueous humor, for those who have a narrow Pupil discern more clearly in the day, not so well in the night: * 1.65 the Pupil is dislocated and bro∣ken, which when it happens, and changes its place, those things are seen better, which are set on the sides of the eye; then those that are set opposite to it, and those which are opposite seem not to be so, until the sight shall be moved thither where it may be opposed to the visible things, * 1.66 which affect is called a Strabismos, in English squint∣eyed.

The Christal humor recedes from its natural state, * 1.67 ei∣ther according to the manner of its substance, and quali∣ty, or according to its situation. As for the manner and quality of the substance; If it be somewhat more solid, thicker, more obscure, so that it wants greater il∣lumination night-blindness ariseth; but if in some part, * 1.68 or altogether, it loseth its clearness, there follows debili∣ty of sight, or blindness. If it contracts a grey colour, it is called Glaucoma, * 1.69 with which disease those that are affected seem to see through a cloud, as it were, and through smoak, but if the same humour change its place and decline downward, or ascend upward, all things seem double, if towards the sides, things seem more to the right hand, or the left, then they are; It is recedes to∣wards the middle, or center, things nigh are ••ightly, sar off are not distinctly seen: if it should go back beyond the middle and center towards the Nerve Optique, things remote would seem lesser, and those which would discern them truely, must needs put them close to their eyes, which disease is called Mouse-sight and Pu••-blind; * 1.70 but if the contrary happen towards the fore part of the Pupil those who have the Christaline so placed, things nigh seem less, and things a far off bigger, which happens to old men, and especially to those who were employed all their life times in reading, and other businesses where their eyes were continually busied.

If the vitreous humour either change its place by some contusion, * 1.71 and some part of it is carried before the Chri∣stal humour, and puts the Christal besides its place, o∣changes its clearness and perspicuity, or is become thick∣er, divers diseases of the eye do happen.

But if the whole eye, * 1.72 or most of its parts are not right∣ly placed, the sight is diversly hurt, and is either plainly abolished, and blindness follows, or it is weakned, or depraved; namely, when the whole eye wants nourish∣ment, or changes its situation in coming out too forward, by what means soever occasioned, as also in a Strabis∣mos, or Convulsion of the Muscles of the Eye, or it is not moved as in a Palsie, or more humors are fallen out of the eye, by reason of its wide wounds, inflammations, and ulcers.

The sight is hurt by default of the Optique Spirits (where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Ne••ves) if they are deficient in the brain, * 1.73 being hurt through cold distemper, compression, obstruction, and then for the most part, the other senses both internal and external are affected, or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their o••iginal, and then the sight onely is taken away, or by default of the Nerve Optique it self, which is its narrow∣ness, or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves, compression, percussion, a stroak by chance, contorsion, or by any violent motion what∣soever.

Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light, * 1.74 by reason of the Object, a more thick body or vapours, or thick humours, if they are mingled with the Christaline, or vi∣trious, humours, or cover them.

The hearing is hindered through default of the Or∣gan of hearing, * 1.75 or of the spirits; and first of all if the external eares are wanting, sounds, and articulate voi∣ces seem like the warbling, or purling of Waters, or sing∣ing of Grashoppers. Secondly, if the auditory passage either wholly, or in part br hindered, either from an ex∣ternal cause, as a little Stone, a Kernel, Water; or an internal cause, as a Tubercle, an Ulcer, and such like; and so either deafnesse is occasioned, or hearing diminish∣ed, or depraved. Thirdly, if the Membrane which they

call the Drum is too thick, or moistened too much, or is loosened, whether it be from the first birth, or after∣wards from internal, or external causes the hearing is hurt. Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases, or old age, deafness doth arise; But if it be broken either by internal force, as by the violent putting in of an ear∣picker, or by an extream shrill sound, or is eroded by an Ulcer, deafness is occasioned. Fourthly, if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted, and the air implanted be impure, or deficient, or the Nerve being di∣lated is cooled, or is made thicker, or affected with a Tumor, or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature, or are moved by some violence out of their places, or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature, or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit, and heat, and too much agitated; or lastly, the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first begin∣ning, or is obstructed and compressed by a humor, ac∣cording to the diversity of the disease, the hearing is sometimes abolished, sometimes diminished, or depraved. Lastly, the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine, as in an Apoplexy, or through its perturbation, as in an Epilepsie. or through cold distemper, by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned.

The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs, * 1.76 or Spirits, or some external error; the faults of the Or∣gans are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses, and ex∣ternal Nostrils, whether from compression, or constipa∣tion, or obstruction of the Scive-like bone, and its Mem∣brane, as happens in such as are great, or by the distem∣per of the chief Organ of smelling, the mammillary pre∣cess; but especially moist distemper, or obstruction of the same, from matter flowing, which happens in Ca∣tarrhs, and according to the variety of these diseases, the smelling is sometimes abolished, sometimes diminished; the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits, if either they are deficient, which are in those which are ready to dye, or are hindered from flowing, as in an A∣poplexy, an Epilepsie, and such like diseases of the brain. Lastly, the smelling is depraved through some external errors, whilest a vapour, or some filthy and stinking

matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell pas∣ses, for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof, to that things having no ill smell, seem to the sense of smelling to stink.

The taste also is hurt through default of spirits, * 1.77 or by some disease of the Organs, or some external error: The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are defi∣cient, which useth to happen to such as are dying; or the taste cannot flow to the Organ, either through strait∣ness of that part of the brain, from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise, or from obstruction, com∣pression, or wounds of the said Nerves. The taste is hurt through default of the tongue, as of an instrument, whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper, or cold and moist matter is poured on it, or whilest it is dryed, or is troubled with Pustuls, or an Ulcer, and ac∣cording to the magnitude of diseases, the taste is either wholly abolished, or diminished. Lastly, the taste is depraved by external error, or from external causes; as from something taken into the mouth, whose savour is not easily taken away, or from an internal cause, as a humour, or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued, being communicated from the stomach, the Lungs, the Brain, and other parts to the tongue.

Lastly, * 1.78 for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch, insensibility and dulness happens through de∣fect and diminition of the animal spirits of the O••gan touching; this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat, which happen to them in years, or defect of mat∣ter, by reason of great evacuation, or whilest they are re∣solved, or scattered, or cooled, or stupified by a Narcot∣tique Medicine, or when they cannot flow to it, through the narrowness of the Nerves, obstruction, constipulation, compression, solution of continuity of the same.

The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part, * 1.79 whether it be occasioned by some primary quality, or secondary, whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest, but rather con∣templable, by reason; but that is manifest, which there∣fore is properly called solution of Unity.

Lastly, * 1.80 itching is stirred up from thi••, salt, and sharp Exerements, collected in the skin, moving man to scratch.

CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses.

OVer much watching is occasioned by too much ef∣fusion of the animal spirits, * 1.81 to the Organs of the senses: through defect of restraint of the first sense, and too much irritation of the common sense, the bond of the first sense, or sweet exhalations are defective, either because they are not generated in the body, which comes to pass by long fasting, or the use of meats, which do not produce such exhalations, or because they are consumed, scattered, and called away from the brain, which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper, either of the whole body, or of the brain, and when hot humors and vapors are elevated in the brain, which often happens in Fevers and Delitiums.

The same causes also, for the most part have a power of stirring up the common sense, and besides those, princi∣pally grief, which in what part of the body soever it is, when it violently affects the sense of touching; it also stirs up the common sense, which once moved irritates also the rest of the senses, and so it is necessary that over much watchfulness must ensue. * 1.82

The causes of too much sleep, and first the cau••es of non-natural, are all those things that hinder the spirits from being sent forth to the external parts, * 1.83 in due man∣ner and season; such are those which dissipate and con∣su••ne the heat of the spirits beyond measure, or they are called back too much into the internal parts, or hinder the spirits that they cannot go out to the remote parts, as too much exercise, paines taking, too much watching, baths, and such like, which fill the braine with halituous vapours.

Moreover the causes of a preter-natural and diseased sleep so called, are also against nature; namely, * 1.84 those things which detaine the spirits against nature, so that they cannot freely passe to the Organs of the senses.

The cause of a Coma, * 1.85 or a dead sleep is a plentiful vapor, whether cold and moist, or hot and moist, either

generated in the brain, or sent thither out of the whole body, or part of it; but principally stupifactive, ren∣dring the animal spirits heavy and drowsie.

When there is too greedy desire of sleep, * 1.86 the same stu∣pifactive vapor is the cause, but because hot and sharp vapours are mingled with it, and many various and ab∣surd imaginations are brought to the fancy, the sleep is troubled and interrupted.

The causes of immoderate dreams are impure vapours, * 1.87 black and melancholy, arising from food and humors, causing exhalations of the same nature, and stirring up the animal spirits, or a distemper of the brain, stirring the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and spirits in the brain.

A natural extasie hath for the most part the same cau∣ses, * 1.88 for those which are troubled therewith, have in their deep sleep various shapes and images represented to their fantafie, about which, the imagination being too much busied and fixed, the rest of the senses ceasing: when they awake they account those dreams by reason of the too much intentiveness of the fantasie for truths; and think and say to themselves that those things did really hap∣pen.

The cause of such as walk in their sleep, * 1.89 is a stronger imagination from an internal object, represented by a dream, the fantasie being violently affected, stimulates the desire, and thence the motive faculty, to perform something; the senses for the most part being bound, and the rational faculty obscured, but the imagination doth depend either on some vehement diurnal disease, which hath gone before, or on the disposition of the spi∣rits, which the vapours thicken, which are not onely mingled with the spirits, but also have force of binding all the spirits, and set before you many cleare dreames.

The memory, * 1.90 as the imagination, is either abolished, or diminished, principally through the fault of the in∣strument, which is the brain: through its too cool a di∣stemper thereof, whereunto belongs, not onely innate heat, but default of spirits: the default of innate heat is either native, and contracted from our birth, or happen∣ing afterwards from our birth. Heat is deficient to those who have too great heads, or a brain weak, and cold by

nature, and mixt with too much moisture, or a head too little, and therefore little brains, or a figure, too concise, the figure also it self of the head, may hinder these acti∣ons. After a mans birth the native heat is deficient through old age, and what other causes soever, which may destroy and debilitate the innate heat, and may cause foul spirits, whether they be internal, and diseases and vitious humors, or external, as cold meat, moist, thick, corrupt and impure air, over-much watching, stroaks and wounds of the head. Besides the defect and cold distemper of the native heat, the memory also is weakned, yea and taken away, sometimes by too much moisture of the brain; the same also is hurt sometimes by external error, namely through the fault of objects, whilest in certain diseases it is confounded, and distra∣cted, by almost innumerable objects, which may likewise happen to such as are well; who whilest they are busied in telling any story, by reason of some object happening by chance, they are so called aside, that they cannot make an end of their story.

But the reasonable faculty is not diminished nor abo∣lished of its self, nor by reason of its instrument, but because the fantasie is hurt, and sometimes the memory, and sometimes both.

The depravation of the imagination and ratiocinati∣nation happens in divers kinds of Deliriums, and all have their rise from some default of the animal spirits, which being ill disposed, represent objects so disposed to the fantasie, and whereas for the most part, the imagina∣tion, and ratiocination are both affected in a Delirium; and the imagination useth a corporeal Organ with its Spirits, but the rati••••ination useth none, but onely be∣holdeth fantasms. In every Delirium, the next cause of the hurt of the imagination, is the vitiousnesse of the a∣nimal spirits, but the depravation of the rational fa∣culty is caused by the fantasms.

The imagination and understanding hurt, called Para∣phrosune hath its beginning from hot vapours, which in burning F••ve s and inflammations of the interiour parts are elevated to the brain, and disturb the animal spirits, yet moderately, which thing also may happen if any one should take in his meat or drink that which may trou∣ble the spirits. On this manner commeth sottishness, and

such as is caused by Wine, the weed Darnel, Hops, and such like.

A Frensie is caused by a hot Tumor of the Brain and its Membranes from whence the hot vapours being ad∣vanced continually trouble and stir the spirits in the brain. * 1.91

The cause of offending the imagination in Melancho∣ly, * 1.92 is dark animal spirits, but the causes of depraving of the rational faculty, are dusky fantasms, but the ani∣mal spirits are become dark and black two ways; first when the spirits themselves are pure in their own nature; but some strange foul and blackish matter is mingled with them. Secondly, when the spirits themselves are darkish in their own nature, and gene••ate such; the for∣mer is caused three wayes; the first is when the matter dark and impure clouding the spirits is contained in the vessels in the head. Secondly, when the matter is com∣municated to the brain from the whole body, and princi∣pally from the greater veins. Thirdly, when it is trans∣mitted principally from the Hypocondries, which is thence named Hypocondriacal Melancholy: the latter is occasioned two wayes, either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart, which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine, 'tis necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine, or because although the vital spirit be good and pure; neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious, which changeth the pure vital spirit in∣to a black animal spirit.

The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual soli∣tation, * 1.93 to which anger is often joined, arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so, or seem so to be; for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust, yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person, nor can the mind of a man be com∣pelled to love that which he is unwilling to love, and that Philtra doth not cause love, but madnesse also, as ex∣perience often teacheth.

The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits; * 1.94 such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine, or hot vapours mingled therewith, which black Choller will set foreward, some∣times in the veins of the head only, other times in the

whole body, especially in those that are great with child, and when it resides about the womb, whether they are ge∣nerated of fervent blood, or adust colour, or dryed Melan∣choly.

The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves, is called Lycanthropie, * 1.95 if it proceed from a natural cause; and not from the Devil; It ari∣seth from the depravation of the imagination and ratio∣cination, and the blood of living creatures being drunk, may be very powerful to cause the same, yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature, or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us, by spittle, by receiving their breath with our mouths, by eating the flesh of rave∣nous animals, whence Wolf-madness, also Dog∣madness, and Badger-madness do arise, as Hydrophobie, which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters, which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body, but prin∣cipally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Phy∣sitians do witness, and then the disease is not to be re∣ferred to madness, because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures, do not appear in these, but onely the di••eased are adverse to all liquid things, and neither can swallow liquid things, but also at the sight and noise of them, they fall in dan∣ger of swooning and death, which nature is peculiar to this poyson, nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities.

But the disease of Tarantators, * 1.96 occasioned by the ve∣nemous biting of a Tarantula, and the Chorea of S. Viti. so called, hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Ta••antula, be∣gotten in mans body, and indeed is the cause of the Symp∣tomes of the rest of the poysons in general, but because they dance in this manner, that is proper to this poyson onely, neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof, but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance; and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occu•••• manner by the force of musick, and this little crea∣ture is harmoneous, and delights in musick.

CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty.

IN the first place the cause of a Palsie, * 1.97 or deprivation of motion in one part, or more, is the defect of ani∣mal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion; the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine, as happens in an Apoplexy, sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie; for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion, and sense therein; they are not admitted through default of the Nerves, and spi∣nal Marrow; namely, when they endure some cold di∣stemper and moist, especially; yet sometimes hot and dry, or are dull, or are cut, or knockt, or beaten, or are made narrower, or by obstruction, or compression, by reason of some humor, or tumor, or tubercle, whether they are in the Nerves themselves, as after wounds of the Nerves, and contusions of the same, scars do arise, or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion, by a stroak or a fall, by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres, or being bound.

Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion, * 1.98 the cause whereof, besides that of the Nerves, even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion, a vitious disposition and disease, namely, if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move, o•• cannot rightly be removed out of their place, through ill conformation, fracture, relaxation, if the li∣gaments which come about the joints, and continue in motion in a natural state are broken, cut asunder, eroded, attenuated, or become softer, or on the contrary are dryed, hardned, and filled witk a hard and knoty substance, if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much, and their native heat be, as it were, dulled, or moistned by some humour contrary to nature; or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned, if any tumor, knot, bunch, hard flesh ariseth in them, if they are wounded, if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion, that they become longer then they were, or wont to be, or as

it were broken with bonds, or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle.

The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles, and parts appointed for animal motion, * 1.99 but since this slownesse is two-fold, voluntary, and against our wills, the one comes without much exercise, and la∣bour from vitious humours, burning the parts appoin∣ted for motion; the other which is also called Excicra∣tive, comes after too much labour and motion, the parts serving for motion, being dried and the spirits con∣sumed.

The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty, * 1.100 which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed. The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength, and some defect of animal spirits, whether they are not generated, by reason of some distemper of the brain, or defect of the vital spirits, either scattered, or consumed, both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations, long fasting, watchings, long and tedious sicknesse, too much Venery, or through di∣seases of the Nerves, as distemper, especially cold contra∣cted by what meanes soever, or want, or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives, or by straitnesse, but lesse then in a Palsie.

The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the ex∣pulsive faculty, * 1.101 of the Fibres and nervous parts in the Muscles, by reason of something troublesome, which draws the part joined to it into consent, and stirs it up to this motion, whereby the Fibres being contracted, the Muscle is drawn back to its original. Emprosthotonos, * 1.102 is made in the Muscles, which bends the body of such as are affected, forwards. Opisthotonos by the Muscles affected, bends the body backward. Tetanos is from an equal contraction of the Muscles. * 1.103 The Spasmus Cyni∣chus, or troublesome Cramp ariseth from a convulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth; Trismos from contraction of the Muscles of the Jaws.

Also the cause of convulsive motions is a humor, * 1.104 or a vapor, an enemy to the whole generation of Nerves, ir∣ritating the expulsive faculty in them, and stimulating them to expulsion, yet is not fixed, but hath various mo∣tions through all nervous parts, and so the member is a∣gitated in various motions, and for the most part it hap∣pens

that the braine is affected, and matter is se•••• from thence into all the Nerves.

When the Cramp and Palsie are complicate, * 1.105 the ••••∣mour is of a mixt nature, which hath force partly o•• loosening Nerves, partly of vellicating and twitchi•••• them.

Privation of speech happens through default either 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Spirits and Nerves which carry them, or of the par•• which are necessary for the bringing forth of a word. The spirits are deficient in an Apoplexy, Epilepsie, an•••• Dumnesse, properly so called. Men are become du•••• through the fault of the Nerves when either the Nerve•••• of third pair are affected, from whence the tongue also re∣ceives its Nerve; which defect if it be native, for the most part the hearing is abolished, by reason of the com∣munion of the Nerves of the tongue and the ear, that fe∣lowship is hurt, or when the Nerves of the sixth and se∣venth conjugations, and those going back, and voc•• Nerves are either cut, or stretched, or cooled, or inter∣cepted, or hurt by what means soever. The voice is hurt through organick diseases thereof, if either the Mem∣branes of the Larinx, or top of the Wind-pipe are filled with some humour, and grow soft, or some chink there∣of be shut, by what means soever, or if the tongue be cut about, or maimed, or the Muscles which move the La∣rinx, Tongue, or Throat are hurt, or relaxed, or knock••, or wounded, or any other way affected contrary to nature or lastly through desault of the wind-pipe, if that be cut, exulcerated, or closed.

The same causes are if they are lesse, * 1.106 diminution of voice and speech is occasioned, yet more frequently the cause remains in the tongue, namely, if the ligament be too long from one birth, so that it extends to the ex∣tremity of the tongue, or if after a childs birth it be wounded, exulcerated, swoolen, or be affected with a Pal∣sie on the other side.

The cause of depravation of voice and speech, * 1.107 and first of stuttering, and stammering is principally a moist di∣stemper of the instruments of voice and speaking, and sometimes a dry; also an ill framing of the Tongue and its Muscles, a Tumor borne under it, as also the fault of a swelling at the entrance into the Throat, and want of the fore teeth.

Hoarsenesse ariseth from over much humidity of the outsides or the instruments for speech, * 1.108 whether that mat∣ter flow from the head, or be cast out of the brest, from loosenesse and inflammation of the Columella, or a fleshy substance in the entrance into the throat, as also from external and evident causes, first from air violently straining the voice daily, which causeth inequality of the Wind-pipe.

All the causes of the Cough are those which hinder the instruments of breathing, whether they be internal, * 1.109 or external causes, either by Idiopathy, or by Symptothy stir up the Cough by Idiopathy, an unequal distemper, principally cold causeth the Cough, which is the greatest enemy to the brest, sometimes also distempers hot and dry; moreover the roughnesse of the Wind-pipe which happens either through distemper, or through biting hu∣mors flowing from the head, or by Medicines, or sharp drinks, or obstruction by a humour, thick, or thin, a pimple, gravel, worms, a little hard swelling, clod of blood. By Sympathy the Cough is raised, if the other parts which can draw the Organs of respiration into con∣sent be affected, namely the Midriff, Liver, Spleen, Sto∣mach, which by reason of the common Tunicle, they have vellicate the instruments of breathing, or send va∣pors to them, or presse the Midriffe, by reason of some Tumor, ot obstruction. But the external causes are cold air, dry, cold water, too much desire of drink, cold medicines applied to the brest, dust, smoak, sharp vapors, soure aliment, sharp things, and whatsoever contrary to the order of nature slide into the wind-pipe, straying, or wandring in the gullet, if it intercept the way, or stop it, or exasperate the Artery, or any way molest the Wind∣pipe.

Those things cause sneezing whatsoever doth stimu∣late the Nost••ils, * 1.110 and the fore part of the Brain to excre∣tion, whether generated in the body, as humours flow∣ing from the Brain, or those things which affect the No∣strils by communion with the interior skins by Sympa∣thy, which comes to passe when worms stick in the Guts, or whether they happen from without, as whatsoever sharp things are d••awn by the nose, smells also and sharp vapours, the splendor of the Sun, and over much light.

Gaping, * 1.111 or Yawning is when ••alitious vapours stick in the Muscles appointed for chewing, and moving the lower chop, which nature endeavours by this motion to cast off, but some times imagination is the cause there∣of.

Stretching ariseth from such vapors as may be emitted through the Pores, * 1.112 which neverthelesse are not sharp, but being store of them they cause trouble, in the spaces of the Muscles of the whole body stirring up the expultive fa∣culty to expel, which the nature may discusse, it useth such a motion of the Muscles by constriction of them.

Lastly, * 1.113 Horror and Trembling, which are Symptomes neer alike, as also are vehemency, and greatnesse of mo∣tion; and so is the difference of the cause, they are stirred up by something that offend in the circumference of the body suddenly vellicates the sensitive parts, and stimu∣lates them to expulsion, which it strives to perform by a natural concussion. But the causes which bring forth that twitching, are either external and evident, as what∣soever befalls the body, or vellicates the sensitive parts, or cause the sharp humours contained in the circumfe∣rence of the body to be stirred and moved as a spark of sire cast on, scalding water thrown upon, a biting medi∣cine applyed to an Ulcer; piercing cold, and such like for internal, as humors, or sharp vapors, either generated in the parts themselves, or drawn, or sent from else∣where.

CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt.

THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain; * 1.114 but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal, or external; internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit, moving the animal spirits cir∣cularly, and exhibiting a false representation of the mo∣ving of external things, and of its own body; but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion, either from its selfe, seeing that every spirit by nature is move∣able and fluid, especially if it be hotter, and more fervent then ordinary, or moved by somewhat else, whereas here∣after shall be shewen, which the straitness of the vessels, or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth; for if both the flatulent spirits, and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed, they return back and move circularly, they are generated either in the brain, whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth, or are sent from elsewhere upward, either from the whole body, as in some Fevers, or from some part, as the Stomach, Spleen, Womb, whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy, the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours, or stir up an inordinate and circu∣lar motion, with winds, and spirits; such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered, immoderate and untimely exercise, emptinesse, baths, anger, turning round of the body, the beholding of bodies swiftly tur∣ning round, or otherwise moving with violence, looking down from a high place, shaking of the head, a fall and such like.

The cause of an Incubus, or riding of the Mare, * 1.115 is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow, and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest, whence respiration is hindered, which when a man perceives in his sleep, considering various causes, he faineth and adviseth with himselfe, and even from this

or that, he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffo∣cated in his dream. This vapor is, elevated from thick flegm, or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocon∣dries, or proceeds from surfetting, or swelling by lying supine, or flat on the back: in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms.

A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain; * 1.116 and so the matter of its selfe is cold, yet by accident it happens to be hot, but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified, both a fever and a deep sleep should arise; for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction, especially in the head, neither if it should admit of it, can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body, and kindle a Fever, and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain, or its vessels in its bo∣somes and turnings; but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain, but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous va∣pors rendring the animal spirits dull, and are the Symp∣tomes of a Fever, which are called companions; namely, of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian, and Semi∣tertian, or if it be a primary disease of the Brain, it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm, but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain, or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm. In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse, and hurt of memory, by reason of stupi∣factive, and pituitous vapors, but a delirium, by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits.

The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression, * 1.117 or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors, or a moistning, cooling, and repletion of the Brain from a c••ld and pituitous humor, and an alteration of the spirits by the same, or a stupefa∣ctive power, rendring the animal spirits unfit for the acti∣ons of the senses and motions; wherewith not ••nly stupe∣factive medicines are endued, but also some poysons, hu∣mors in certain Fevers, Smoaks, and Vapors of Coals, new Wine, and new strong Beer, &c.

A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry va∣pour, * 1.118 endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal

spirits rushing into the brain, and in some sort stopping the spirits, rendring them immovable, and, as it were, con∣gealing them, which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor; such also is the force in a Thunder∣bolt, and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake, and breaking out of their cells, but the spirits serving for imagination, and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body, which is apparent from hence, that although those that are Ca∣taleptick move no member, yet if they are moved by an∣other the power of moving exerciseth its selfe, and being struck they fall down, and moreover spreading their eye∣lids they keep their eyes open.

The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body, * 1.119 hindering sense and motion; but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion, or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves, or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves, or by too great a quantity, or perturbation of the same. The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut, that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external sen∣ses are intercepted; a few onely resisting, which flow from the Cerebellum, which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration. The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse, first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction, or compression, which the Antients took for the principal, nay some for the only cause of an Apo∣plexy. Secondly, blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak, or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain, and pressing the beginning of the Nerves. Third∣ly, placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine, their being plenty of blood, are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed, and the Pores and passages being made narrower, a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered. Fourthly, a blow, or fall violently pressing the Brain it self, and so the begin∣ning of the Nerves, rendring the animal spirits slow,

as it were degenerated from their nature, and are made altogether unfit to perform animal actions, bring forth vapors which contain in them a stupefactive power; more∣over the effusion of animal spirits by deep wounds, and troubling of them by a stroak, and by a great fal and com∣motion of the Brain may take away all sense and motion from a man, but that Apoplexy which ariseth from a pi∣tuitous and stupefactive power is the chief, and is under∣stood for the most part when mention is made of a per∣fect Apoplexy, to wit, which is occasioned by its sefe, when the other Apoplexies by reason of the differences of causes, either are occasioned by some external and vio∣lent cause, as by a stroak, by a fall, or they follow other diseases.

An Epilepsie is occasioned from a vaporous and thin matter, * 1.120 whether by its acrimony, or venomous and malig∣nant quality vellicating and molesting the Brain and all the Nerves, and together afflicting the animal spirits, darkning and troubling of them: and there are to help this matter forward not onely certain humours corrup∣ted in a peculiar manner, and fit for an Epileptical dis∣position, but also parts of the body corrupted in like man∣ner, as Worms, After-birth, and such like.

An imperfect Epilepsie hath the same cause with the perfect Epilesie, but mote gentle and less store of hu∣mours, which otherwise could not vellicate all the Nerves, yet may trouble them all, but cannot trouble and darken the animal spirits in the Brain.

CHAP. VII. Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed.

ANd these are the causes of the actions hurt, * 1.121 or of the first kind of Symptomes which con••ist in the actions hurt: the second kind, or colour of the whole body, or of its parts changed, contrary to nature are humors of the body, such are the colours of the whole body, or its parts, as are the humors in them, so in the yellow Jaundice, by reason of yellow choller effused in∣to the body, the whole body is coloured with the yellow choller in a Dropsie by stegm it waxeth pale.

The teeth grow black either through default of ali∣ment, * 1.122 or when any slimy matter flowing from the Sto∣mach, Brain, or elsewhere, or also from meat left behind sticks to the teeth; and putrifying corrupts and make them black.

The Nailes change their colour through peccant mat∣ter nourishing them. * 1.123

Fifthly, * 1.124 smells and exhalations are breathed out of the whole body, when hot and moist bodies produce plenty of crude humours, which when they cannot be overcome by heat, become putrid, and send forth a stinck from the whole body.

A stink is sent out of the mouth, * 1.125 when either many crudities are heaped together in the Stomack, which are corrupted, and send forth putrid and stinking exhalati∣ons by the Pallate, or when filthy vapours exhale, from the putrifaction in the Lungs, or when such matter cleaves to the Teeth, Gums, or Pallate, and infects the air which is breathed out with its stink.

The smell of the Arm-pits which they call Goats smel, * 1.126 proceeds from excrementitious humors, which are sent from the heart, and internal parts in such aboundance to these places and emunctories, that all of them cannot easily be discussed, but corrupt, and send forth filthy smells.

The faetid smell of the Groin comes from the same cause, namely, * 1.127 too great plenty of excrements which are sent out from the Liver and Veins to those emunctories.

The foul smell of the Nostrils is caused by excremen∣titious humours there collected and putrifying by a Poli∣pus, a Canker, or an Ulcer in the Nostrils. * 1.128

The ears stink by an Imposthume and Ulcer in the in∣ternal Ear, or by vitious humours sent out of the Brain. * 1.129

Lastly, * 1.130 the Feet send forth an ill smell, when the moist excrements in them, which are of a hot and moist con∣stitution, and given to surfeit, are collected and putrifie in the Feet, being drawn thither by their motion, espe∣cially when they are covered with such garments, that they cannot freely expire vapours.

The c••uses of tactil qualities changed, * 1.131 appears by those things which are spoken of the Causes of Diseases when sometimes they are referred to the rank of Diseases, some∣times to the number of Symptomes; namely, as some∣times

the actions are hindered by them, sometimes they hinder not the actions, but onely cause trouble to the touch.

CHAP. VIII. Of the causes of Symptomes in those things that are sent forth and retained.

AS for what belongs to excretion, and those things which in their whole kind are contrary to nature, * 1.132 and may be generated in the body, as stones, worms, since the same belongs to the causes of Diseases they are spoken of before in the second Part, and the ninth Chapter; but artificial things, as instruments of Iron, Knives, and such like cannot be generated in mans body, but by the inchantments of the Devil are insinuated into the body, or are fitted to parts without, through which they cannot come back, and are there shewen, as it were, going back.

If those things which are wont to be cast forth naturally are cast out another way, * 1.133 which comes to passe because the accustomed ways either are grown together, or ob∣structed, or some way or other shut, for then nature by reason of plenty of matter, which it was wont to evacu∣ate through the usual ways, they being shut, it wearied seeks new ways, either more open, or otherwise, to which some pricking humor leads it, or which it chuseth of its own accord.

Thirdly, the effusion of blood contrary to nature through what place soever happens because the Veins and Arteries are opened contrary to nature, * 1.134 for those reasons which before in the Second part and thirteenth Chapter are explained; and particularly sweating of Blood hap∣pens through the thinnesse of the Blood, rarity and laxi∣ty of the skin, and debility of the retentive faculty. Small pa••cels are cast out of the body, when from any internal part which was wont to be evacuated that way, or in that way by an Ulcer, Putrifaction, and eroded by a sharp humour, and separated from the body.

As for the causes of excretions offending in quality hot ordure is cast out, if choller and hot humours are min∣gled.

If the Liver and Guts are too hot, if hot meats are used. The siege is cold by the extinguishing of the na∣tive heat, the use of cold meats and the mixture of cold humours.

Moist Excrements are cast out either through crudity, when the meat is not concocted, or by obstruction of the Meseraik Veins, * 1.135 by reason whereof the Chyle cannot passe to the Liver, and therefore being mingled with the or∣dure sends it out moist, or by taking of meats that loosen the belly, or by defluctions from the Head to the Guts, or by the effusion of Choller, and other thin humours to the Guts.

But the ordure is become hard by too much heat which consumes almost all the humidity, whether it be that internal heat of the Liver, or of other parts neer there∣unto, or of the whole body, either natural, or preter-na∣tural; moreover from the drinesse of the Guts, or of the whole body. Thirdly, if there be too much Urine, or if there be a continued sweat. Fourthly, by thickning and astringent meats. Fifthly, by long stay in the Guts, by reason whereof the moisture is sucked out. Sixthly, through want of aliment in the parts, * 1.136 and too much at∣traction of the members. The dung is sharp through the mixture of sharp homours, & use of sower meats; 'Tis be∣come faetid through the use of stinking meats, and ill con∣coction, especially by the mixture of divers sorts of meats, as also by the humidity and heat of the body, which dis∣poseth it to putrifaction. Ordure is cast forth with a noise through the mixture of much wind violently break∣ing forth. It becomes white, * 1.137 when choller is not min∣gled therewith, as in the yellow Jaundice, through the use of meats that are whitening, being mixt with plenty of flegm also. * 1.138 It becomes yellow through much much mixture of yellow Choller. It becomes green through aeruginous choller. It grows black by reason of a black humor, by the use of Cassia, and such like. * 1.139 It becomes red by the mixture of blood, or adust yellow choller. It becomes frothy by reason of slimy flegm and a defluxion of windy matter from the head, and mixture of wind.

The causes of the the changed qualities of Urine shall be explained in the following b••ok.

Hot sweats proceed from hot humors either whilest the humors wax hot, * 1.140 or especially when the matter is

overcome, is attenuated and concocted, cold are caused through plenty of cold matter, which cannot be so easily overcome as heat, or by the resolution of spirits and ex∣tinction of the native heat, or through the malignancy of the matter ••he sweat smels by reason of too great plenty of stinking filth, they are yellow in the yellow Jaundice by the mixture of yellow choller. Green by mixture of leek-colou∣red choller, red and bloody by the watrishness and thinness of the blood, loosenesse of the skin, and weaknesse of the retentive faculty, yet there are administred Wines, which being drunk in some discolour their sweat. They are salt for the most part, which consist of a salt and serous excrement. Bitter by the mixture of Choller, sharp by the mixture of sharp humours.

The menstruous blood offendeth in quality whilest it is white, * 1.141 yellow, black, or has any ill colour; moreover whilest it smells foul, and is too watry, which comes to passe whilest the like humors are gathered together in the body, or about the womb, and goes out through it with the menstruous blood.

The spittle is too thick if it be contained too long in the Mouth, * 1.142 and its thinner parts consumed; or if thick matter distil from the head, or be mingled with it, or if it be thickned by heat, which happens in Fevers. It be∣comes frothy through the mixture of spirit, and much air. Spittle borrows its tastes from salt, bitter, sower, hu∣mours, especially cleaving to the Stomach. It receives its colour from humours in the bowels, and the vapours going out of them. 'Tis become white from flegm; Yellow from Choller; Red from Blood; Black from Melancholy, or thick dryed Blood; Green from aerugi∣nous Choller; it acquires a foul smell from inward putrifaction, especially from an Ulcer of the Lungs,

At length the excressions erre in quantity, * 1.143 the excre∣ments of the belly are cast forth in greater quantity then is convenient; First by reason of moist food, especially if after the use thereof store of drink be taken. Secondly, by reason of meats containing little alimentary juice, but much excrementitious. Thirdly, through the ill distribu∣tion of Chyle. Fourthly, by conflux of Excrements from the other parts to the Guts. But fewer then is con∣venient are ejected for contrary reasons; namely, if the meat be hard, and principally if little drink be taken after

it, if the meat be of good juice and nourishment, and be taken in small quantity; if the Chyle be greedily snatch∣ed from the Meseraik Veines; and if Choller, (which is, as it were, the Goad to stimulate and expel dregs) come not much into the Guts.

The quantity of Urine ought to answer likewise to the quantity of drink, but that also is sometimes made in greater or lesse quantity, the causes whereof shall be shew∣ed in the following Book.

The causes of plenty of sweat are rarity of body, * 1.144 strength of the expulsive faculty, aboundancy, and tenui∣ty of Excrements; and therefore in the Crysis of a dis∣ease great sweats arise, whilest all the excrementitious matter together, and at once is put forth. Little sweat is occasioned by contrary causes; namely, by the smal∣nesse, or thicknesse of Excrements, straitnesse of passages, weaknesse of expulsion, by the vehemency of the matter which destroyes heat.

Lastly why Courses sometimes flow more plentifully, * 1.145 sometimes more sparingly then is convenient; above in the Third Part, Second Section, and First Chapter, where we have spoken of suppression, diminution, and flowing of Months.

The end of all the Second Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The cause of want of nourish∣ment.
• * 1.2

  In the whole.
• * 1.3

  In part.
• * 1.4

  The cause of ill habit of Body.
• * 1.5

  Of the scab, lea∣prosie. &c.
• * 1.6

  The cause of the ap∣petite ta∣ken away and dimi∣nished.
• * 1.7

  The cause of daily abstinence.
• * 1.8

  The cause of the ap∣pet ite en∣creased.
• * 1.9

  The cause of dimini∣shing of thirst.
• * 1.10

  Of encrea∣sed.
• * 1.11

  Vitious thirst.
• * 1.12

  Of swal∣lowing hurt.
• * 1.13

  The causes of Reten∣tion of meat hurt.
• * 1.14

  Of Palpi∣tation.
• * 1.15

  Of Con∣vulsion.
• * 1.16

  Of trem∣bling. Of Shak∣ing. The cause of abolish∣ing and diminish∣of con∣coction in the sto∣ma••h. Faculty hurt. External error.
• * 1.17

  Depraved.
• * 1.18

  Hiccock.
• * 1.19

  Causes of loathing and vomi∣ting.
• * 1.20

  Moist Choller.
• * 1.21

  Dry Chol∣ler.
• * 1.22

  Belching.
• * 1.23

  Alientary and Celi∣ack affects.
• * 1.24

  A Diar∣haea.
• * 1.25

  A Dysen∣tary.
• * 1.26

  A Tenesm.
• * 1.27

  Suppressi∣on of the helly.
• * 1.28

  Illiack.
• * 1.29

  Sanguifi∣cation hurt.
• * 1.30

  The cause of an Is∣cury, and of little Uria
• * 1.31

  Difficulty of making Urine.
• * 1.32

  Of a Strangury.
• * 1.33

  Of Invo∣luntary pissing.
• * 1.34

  Of pissing in ones sleep.
• * 1.35

  Diabetes.
• * 1.36

  The cause of defect of milk.
• * 1.37

  Vitious.
• * 1.38

  Coagula∣ted.
• * 1.39

  Gonorhaea
• * 1.40

  Of noctur∣nal polu∣tion.
• * 1.41

  A Venc∣real Go∣uorhae••.
• * 1.42

  The cause of suppres∣sions of Courses.
• * 1.43

  Causes of diminish∣ing of Courses. The drop∣ling of Courses.
• * 1.44

  Of too much flow∣ing.
• * 1.45

  Causes of encreasing vittated.
• * 1.46

  The causes of genera∣tion hurt.
• * 1.47

  In respect of the man.
• * 1.48

  In respect of the Wo∣man.
• * 1.49

  Abortion.
• * 1.50

  Causes of the Palpi∣tation of the heart.
• * 1.51

  Of Sypo∣thymy.
• * 1.52

  The cause of Respi∣ration hurt. Faculty of Lu••gs hurt. Of the Brest.
• * 1.53

  Of Instru∣ments.
• * 1.54

  In regard of use.
• * 1.55

  Of Air.
• * 1.56

  The causes of an Ast∣ma, and shortnesse of breath.
• * 1.57

  Faults of the Cor∣nea.
• * 1.58

  Caligo. Albugo.
• * 1.59

  Defects of the Aque∣ous hu∣mour.
• * 1.60

  A perfect Cataract.
• * 1.61

  Hypopuon.
• * 1.62

  A spurious Cataract.
• * 1.63

  Diseases of the Pu∣pil.
• * 1.64

  Contracted
• * 1.65

  Dislocated and broken
• * 1.66

  A strabis∣mos.
• * 1.67

  Diseases of the Christal humor.
• * 1.68

  Nyctalo∣nia.
• * 1.69

  Glaucoma.
• * 1.70

  Myopia. Lusciositas
• * 1.71

  Diseases of the vitre∣ous humor.
• * 1.72

  Diseases of the whole eye.
• * 1.73

  Diseases of the vi∣sive spirits and of the Optique Nerve.
• * 1.74

  Causes of glittering eyes.
• * 1.75

  Causes of deafness.
• * 1.76

  Causes of smelling hurt.
• * 1.77

  Cause of taste hurt.
• * 1.78

  Cause of fieling hurt.
• * 1.79

  Cause of pain.
• * 1.80

  Itching.
• * 1.81

  Causes of too much watching.
• * 1.82

  Cause of too much sleep.
• * 1.83

  Non-na∣tural.
• * 1.84

  Preter∣natural.
• * 1.85

  Coma and Cataphora.
• * 1.86

  Coma vigil.
• * 1.87

  Of immo∣derate dreams.
• * 1.88

  Of an ex∣tasic.
• * 1.89

  Sleep walkers.
• * 1.90

  Abolish∣ing and diminish∣ing of the mentory & fantasie.
• * 1.91

  A Frenzy.
• * 1.92

  Of Melan∣choly.
• * 1.93

  Of mad Love.
• * 1.94

  Madnss••e.
• * 1.95

  Lycan∣thropie.
• * 1.96

  Of Taran∣tulas and a company of S. Viti.
• * 1.97

  Cause of the Palsie.
• * 1.98

  Cause of taking a∣way moti∣on.
• * 1.99

  Of Lazi∣ness.
• * 1.100

  Of Trem∣bling.
• * 1.101

  Of Con∣vulsion.
• * 1.102

  Empro∣sthoton••s. Opisthoto∣nos.
• * 1.103

  T••tanos Spasmus Cynious.
• * 1.104

  Of grind∣ing Teeth. Of convul∣sive moti∣ons.
• * 1.105

  Of the complica∣tion of the Crump and Palsie. Privation of speech.
• * 1.106

  Of the voice and speech di∣minished.
• * 1.107

  Of stam∣mering.
• * 1.108

  Of hoarse∣nesse.
• * 1.109

  Of a cough.
• * 1.110

  Of sneez∣ing.
• * 1.111

  Of yawn∣ing.
• * 1.112

  Of stretch∣ing.
• * 1.113

  Shaking fits and trembling.
• * 1.114

  Of a ver∣tigo.
• * 1.115

  Of an In∣cubus.
• * 1.116

  Of a Le∣thargy.
• * 1.117

  Of a Carus.
• * 1.118

  A Caroche.
• * 1.119

  Of an A∣poplexy.
• * 1.120

  Of an Epi∣lepsie.
• * 1.121

  Causes of colour changed.
• * 1.122

  Causes of change of the colour of teeth.
• * 1.123

  Of Nails.
• * 1.124

  Of stink∣ing smells.
• * 1.125

  Of stink∣ing breath.
• * 1.126

  Stink of the Arm∣pits.
• * 1.127

  Of the Groin.
• * 1.128

  Of the No∣strils.
• * 1.129

  Of the Ears.
• * 1.130

  Of the Feet.
• * 1.131

  Of tactil qualities changed.
• * 1.132

  Causes of excrements contrary to nature.
• * 1.133

  ••••eressions through un∣accustomed passages.
• * 1.134

  Of bleed∣ing con∣trary to na∣ture.
• * 1.135

  Causes of excretions peccant in quality. Hot. Cold. Moist. Hard.
• * 1.136

  Of sharp. Faetid.
• * 1.137

  White.
• * 1.138

  Yellow.
• * 1.139

  Red. Black. Frothy.
• * 1.140

  Causes of sweat pre∣ter 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.141

  Of viti∣ous Courses
• * 1.142

  Of the spittle changed.
• * 1.143

  Causes of excrements changed
• * 1.144

  Cause of store of sweat.
• * 1.145

  Of Courses