The merchants map of commerce wherein the universal manner and matter relating to trade and merchandize are fully treated of, the standard and current coins of most princes and republicks observ'd, the real and imaginary coins of accounts and exchanges express'd, the natural products and artificial commodities and manufactures for transportation declar'd, the weights and measures of all eminent cities and towns of traffick in the universe, collected one into another, and all reduc'd to the meridian of commerce practis'd in the famous city of London / by Lewis Roberts, merchant.

EXCHANGES.

CHAP. CCLXXIV. Of Exchanges in general, and of the Method and Manner thereof, and how calculated in any Place in Christendom.

* 1.1I Have in the Tenth Chapter of this Map of Commerce shewed, That to make this Trea∣tise absolute and compleat, the Method and Manner how all Exchanges are framed and calculated is perfectly to be known and learned; and there also declared the Necessity of this Knowledge, with all Circumstances depending thereupon.

Now, by reason that I have in all the afore-mentioned Cities of this Map (wherein either Custom, Time, or Commodiousness of Trade, Exchanges of Monies have been setled, and where the said Exchanges are daily used and practised) omitted the Form, Manner and Cal∣culation thereof, together with all the particular Circumstances requisite and necessary to the Explanation of this Mystery of Exchanging; I have in this place thought good to allot i•• (as worthily meriting) a peculiar Discourse at large by it self, which here I conceive it most proper to be inserted: and because that my Experience in the Exactness required may not be peradventure sufficient, to lead me through in every particular Point and needful Circum∣stance: I have therefore judged it no blemish to my Knowledge to be instructed by those excellent and judicious Bankers, Geo. Baptista Zucetta, a Merchant of Genoua, and Claudio Boiero, a Merchant of Lions; whose Endeavours herein are worthy Commendations, and whose la∣borious Presidents and preceding Labours, where I find my self defective in this Task and Labyrinth, I willingly follow.

* 1.2Places in use, and those as are apt for Exchanges, are such where Merchants, in some fit and competent number, do meet and are assembled for the Benefit and Behoof of Trade and Negatintion, which at this present day are observed to be many, yet withal are noted not to be so firmly setled, but that the same admits sometimes an Alteration and Change, varying according as the due occasions of Commerce and Traffick in that place requires, either by the Decay of Trade there, or by the Increase of the Trade of another Place more fit and proper thereunto.

* 1.3Some Places again are observed to be (if I may so term it) the Staples of Exchanges, and yet notwithstanding have their dependence upon the Exchanges of other places, and which else are not found to comprehend any other manner of Traffick, having only certain Times or Fairs setled and confirmed by the custom of Exchangers, in which and to which Bills of Exchange are either dated, expired or renewed; in which nature, and of which sort Placentia is accounted the most notable for all Italy and other places, where indeed Exchanges are found to have a certain kind of Being, yet acknowledgeth its real Existence from other Places and Cities, Besansin in Burgundy, Spossa in the River of Genoua, Camberay in Piedmont, and some others were in former times observed to be of this kind, whose Exchanges did totally depend upon the Partidos of Exchanges made in other Countries, and these sometimes of such as had the same Concordancy in the Current Coins of the Exchange, and sometimes a Discrepancy.

* 1.4And for as much as it is observed, That some other Cities where no set Exchanges are sound, sometimes challenge by the necessity of Traffick and Commerce, a Course of Exchan∣ging with these or the like places, and yet have none setled therein, then and in such cases is it seen, that the Metropolis or principal Cities of these Countries prescribes both the Rule, Rate and Condition thereto, as if Vicentia, Verona or Padua would frame an Exchange with Placentia; it is observable, That the Rate of Venice, in which Estate these said Places are sound to be, and who have their Moneys of one and the self same Goodness and Value, give the Rule, Rate and Condition thereto. So in Pavia, Como, and other Towns in Eng∣land, as in the City of London, the principal of that Island; so have the Cities of France, their Rule from Lions, all Places of Flanders from Antwerp, and so have the like in other Places and Countries.

* 1.5Now for as much as Exchanges are not found current in all places, Exchangers, Bankers and Merchants have setled a common Course of Euchanging, in some certain particular and prin∣cipal places, which are observed in these days chiefly to be these,

For Italy 13.	...Rome. ...Genand. ...Millan. ...Naples. ...Barry. ...Messina. ...Bollonia. ...Venice. ...Florence. ...Lucca. ...Lechy. ...Palermo. ...Bergamo. &c.
For France 3.	...Paris. ...Lions. ...Rouen, &c.
For Spain 6.	...Valencia. ...Barcelona. ...Alcala. ...Saragosa. ...Sevil. ...Medina del Campo.
For Portugal	Lisbon only.
For Flanders	Antwerp only.
For England	London only.
For Germany 5.	...Vienna. ...Neremberg. ...Colonia. ...Augusta. ...Frankfort, &c.

Besides which, some others of lesser note are observed to have an Exchange current, but by reason that, in most of the principal Points, they have a dependency upon some of these, and a concordance with them; they are by most Authors neglected, and therefore shall be by me here wholly omitted.

* 1.6In the next place it is considerable, That many of these before-mentioned Cities are found to practise their Exchanges in one and the self-same Moneys, Coins and Denominations, as do La∣chy and Barry, which are included in Naples, as Naples it self; Palermo and Messina compre∣hended in Sicilia; Valencia, Saragosa and Barcelona in Catalonia; Sevil, Alcala and Medina del Campo in Castilia; Frankfort, Noremberg, Colonia and Augusta in Germany, and some others.

* 1.7What thing this Exchanging is properly in it self found to be, as also what a Bill of Exchange is, and the due Ceremonies and strict Rules thereof, together with the Commodiousness, Necessity and first real Intent of the same, I have shewed in the 10 Chapter, which briefly here may not unproperly be defined by the Word it self, as it is aptly expressed in our English Tongue, which extends it self into two parts; 1. An Exchanging of one sort of Moneys for another: and 2. An Exchanging from one City or Country to another; * 1.8in which is also con∣siderable both a Rate and Term, wherein and whereby this is brought to perfection, which are principally performed by certain Fairs or Usances, accustomed in the Art of Exchanging, and which are set down by Merchants, Bankers and Exchangers at their Assemblies and Meet∣ings in a fair and regular Order, by a certain Course of Justice, and by peculiar Laws and Ordinances amongst themselves; both which Fairs and the Rates and Terms thereof, have a constant expiration within certain months, as the Usances have, that are likewise included within the Rules of the said Fairs, which are found to end within certain prefixt days, accor∣ding to the received Custom of those two Cities, wherein the said Exchanges are found mu∣tually and respectively to be setled and placed.

* 1.9Moreover, in the Practice of Exchanging, Bankers and Exchangers are found to observe this Custom amongst themselves, in the usual manner of Exchanging from one place to another, that is, One propounds his Money in a whole Number or Denomination, and the Other con∣sequently and necessarily in a Fraction, broken Number, or lesser Denomination, in which Contract or Bargain, it is imagined that these two, either Persons or Places, would negotiate

one and the self same thing, so that the one would be the Seller, and the other the Buyer thereof; to perform which, it is questionless needful, that he that hath the thing, makes the Rate and Price, the which shall happen without any Contract, or difference of much or little; and as it chanceth in the sale of any Commodity, so falleth it out by the Exchanges of Moneys; for of the two places that would exchange, the one propounds a gross Sum, and the other the Condition and Price in a lesser Sum, which may admit either an increase or decrease in estima∣tion or value, according as they fall to agreement, upon the lesser or greater esteem of the said Sum propounded; the use of which is exemplified thus:

* 1.10If Placmtia would exchange with any other place, the said Placentia, or as Exchangers term it, the said Fair, or Fiera, propounds and gives always the entire Sum or greater denomina∣tion, and by consequence, the other that would exchange therewith, gives the other which is the lesser denomination.

This Sum which I thus term an entire or whole Denomination, falls in some places to be, sometimes one Crown, and in other places, sometimes 100 Crowns, Florins or Ducats, the same is likewise found to be practised between any two places; Exchanging, for each place giveth either a Denomination entire of one to another, or of one Hundred to another Hundred, or else of a lesser Divident than one, or than one Hundred, which I here term the Fraction, broken Number, or smallest Denomination, as shall be more plainly expressed in the calcula∣ted Table following.

* 1.11Now as touching the Moneys which are thus given as entire or whole Sums, viz. One or one hundred, these are either found to be Crowns, Ducats, Pounds, Florins, &c. according to the received quality of the gross and whole Moneys which that place is found to have current, that would give; so in like manner it falleth out in the smaller or lesser Denomination, in the places that would take, which in themselves is also various, and consequently of divers sorts, as Pence, Sols, Deniers, &c, as shall also appear by the said Table.

* 1.12And though it fall out to be the Custom, that one place giveth an Exchange in gross Moneys, and another place in small, (as is before related) and that this gross and small Moneys must be of such or such a quality and kind, this Observation and Rule prescribed notwithstand∣ing is not always necessary, but that Exchangers may (though I confess it is seldom seen) at their pleasure propound, the one or the other differing or contrary hereunto, and that the wise and judicious Exchanger may for his Profit, Ease, or Commodity, propound his own inten∣tions, and thereby (if he can) obtain a beneficial Bargain or Issue, according to his Design and Plot. As for Example,

* 1.13If it should be said, that Exchanges may be made in a method differing from this or the common Rule, or contrary to that way that hath been received and taken, some would soon censure him of folly that should be of that Opinion, and conceive such a one to be little versed in exchanging Affairs, that should either propound or seek to perform such a thing, but yet no great heed is to be taken to the raw Conceits and childish Opinions of such self-will'd Mer∣•…•…nts, which may for the most part be said to be either drench'd in ignorance, or drown'd in cary; because that a skilful Merchant may (as I have alledged) frame his Exchanges as he sees good, and to his own Commodity, the which very oftentimes is observed to be done by others, and practised daily by those of this City of excellent judgments.

* 1.14In Example whereof, posito I would exchange Genoua with Naples, between which two places the use and custom is, that Genoua giveth the entire Sum, or greater denomination, which is the Crown of Gold, for the which Naples gives the Grain 135, a little more or less: I demand why may not Genoua give that whole Sum, which is the Crown of 4 Livres, as it is accustomed to give with other places, and estimating the same by 120 Grains Naples, and thereby the Exchange will prove to be equal with the first manner before mentioned. And further, why may not the contrary be practised, Naples giving the whole Denomination, which may be Decats one, for Sold. 66 8 d. and so vary in as many forms as they please, wherein I confess I never yet found any Exchanges made, neither do know any true reason that the common Cu∣•…•…oms should be altered, tho' I have thought good to note the same here, that each knowing Merchant may boldly use which he please; for to him that truly understands the value and course of both the places Exchanging, there will appear no difficulty therein; and I wish that those which know no other ways but their own, content themselves within the limits of their own manner and understanding, and suffer others of better Judgments, without their censure, to follow their own, when it is to their Benefit or Commodity.

CHAP. CCLXXV. The Declaration of the Table of Exchanges following.

* 1.15THE Table of Exchanges of the Cities here following, are formed and disposed in this na∣ture, first, in the front thereof there is placed the Name of the Town or City exchanging, and in what Region or Country seated; Secondly, the Manner and Method wherein the Ac∣counts in that City is kept by Exchangers; Thirdly, the Quality of the Moneys in use is obser∣ved, and in what Coin imaginary or real that City is accustomed to make its Exchange, with the others there mentioned; Fourthly, underneath that, is orderly set down the Names of all the other Places, the which by a Line are found to be joyned and knit together; and lastly, in the midst of the Line is written the Name of the Place and City it self, for which the said Table in the said Leaf is made. As for Example, in the first Leaf, which is for Placentia in Italy, where besides the Name of the Place it self is found these words (Placentia exchangeth with) the which words, by reason of the including Line drawn from the highest to the lowest, hath refe∣rence to every one of the Names of the other Places which are so included together; so that it is to be understood, as that Placentia exchangeth with Lions, Placentia exchangeth with Re••e, with Genoua, &c. and so in the rest from one to another. Next to every one of the said Names of Places, followeth the Species or Moneys exchanged either by an entire and whole Sum, or by a broken and lesser denomination, which the place in the Table giveth in exchange by propor∣tion with the other, to whose Name the said Moneys are placed and put unto, as to say, Pla∣centia exchangeth with Lions 100 Crowns, that is understood, that in Exchanging between Placentia and Lions, 100 Crowns of Placentia are supposed and put by an equivalency or in value to that quantity or sum of Money, which is found to be noted in Lions following: As in the said Example, Placentia exchangeth with Lions Crowns 100, for Crowns 97¾: so likewise is it to be understood, that in the said Exchanges that for every 100 Crowns of Placentia, or of Fiera, or of Mark, it is as much as to say, as Lions counter-payeth or giveth 97¾ of his Crowns, that is, of the Sun. Also Placentia exchangeth with Genoua Crown 1. for Sol. 67. 10 d. that is to say, that Placentia Exchanging with Genoua it giveth (or as I said before, it selleth) Crown••, of Mark to have in Genoua, Sol. 67. 10 d. of Gold; and in the same manner the rest of the said places are to be understood; * 1.16and whereas the Rates and Prices of these Exchanges may here be sound to disagree from the current Rates of the same in sundry places, as at this very day and time, yet that cannot take away the Benefit that may redound to Merchants by the use there∣of, nor prejudice the Labour or Judgment of him that calculated the said Table; because we see by experience, that the Rates of Exchanges do hourly differ, and the Moneys also are found to rise and fall daily in sundry places, upon which these Exchanges have their Ground work and Foundation; and though a Table were calculated precisely to this present day and time, yet e'er the same could be published, it would find a disagreement in divers places.

CHAP. CCLXXVI. The Use of the Table of Exchanges.

* 1.17THE method being thus understood, the use thereof is easily comprehended, which by three Examples I shall illustrate and make plain; where by the way it is to be noted, that in Exchanging of any Sum of Moneys whatsoever, the Rates mentioned in this Table are not observable, save only for the Examples sake, and for Instruction in the Contract, that may be made thereupon; but the Rate agreed upon, and by which the Exchange is conditioned by both the Giver and Taker, is the true and firm Rule, whereby the question is to be wrought; * 1.18notwithstanding for the first Example, we will propound a Question by a contracted Price, according to the current Rates mentioned in this said Table, and that from Naples a Mer∣chant would exchange Ducats 738. 4. 10. with Placentia, and the Price of the Exchange shu•• be that which is mentioned in the Table of Naples with the Town of Placentia, where it is found, that Naples exchangeth with Placentia at Grains 133 for a Crown.

By these three Numbers in the Tables mentioned, I work thus then by the Rule of Thres, saying, If 133 Grains give 1 Crown, how many do 738 Ducats, 4. 10. give? and working Arithmetically according to the said Rule, it makes 555 Crowns 11. 3. of Mark in Credit to be given in •…•…era of the said Placentia.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.19For a second Example, I will propound, that Naples would exchange 500 Ducats with Placentia at Sold. 18. 2 d. &c. This Example considered, will not be found to differ from the former; save that in the former, Naples gave the lesser or broken Number, and in this, Naples gives the whole and entire Number, notwithstanding which the Rule is not found to differ, as in other the like Questions in simple Exchanges; wherein it is to be observed, that Sol. 18. and Den. 2. of Valentia, are paid for 1 Ducat of Naples, and by that Price and Rate, I would know how many Livres of that Money of Valentia the proposed Sum of 500 Ducats in Naples come into? and by that which we find in the Table by the same Rule of Three, I say, if one Ducat is worth 18 Sol. 2 Den. how many shall 500 be worth? and by working the Question, it makes 454 Livr••s, 3 s. 4 d. and so much Credit will 500 Ducats of Naples give at the Price afore∣mentioned, thus. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.20All other Exchanges have their Resolutions as these two former, but yet sometimes it is true, some accidents may interpose, which may cause the Question to have a double working, as if I should say that Genoua would exchange with Venetia Crowns 1000 of Livres 4. to Livres 7 l. 10 Sol of that Money, and the Credit is required in Ducats. Now then because the simple Exchange gives the Money in Livres, you must make another reckoning to reduce the same into Ducats; but yet for all this, neither in this, nor in any other case, would I have but one ac∣count made, the which may be done by the Rule multiplied: I say then, if 1 Crown be worth 7. 100. Den. and that 6 s. 4 Den. is worth one Ducat, how many Ducats will a 1000 Crowns make? and by working the Question, it will be found to make 1209 Ducats 13. 6 d. for Credit, which from Genoua will be produced by a thousand Crowns in Venice: the Question being well observed, it will be found to be wrought in this manner. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

It is to be noted, that in what place soever the Moneys are accounted by Livres, Sols, and Den. or as we say in England, by Pounds, Shillings and Pence, it is accounted by 20, and by 12, because that Sol. or Shill. 20 make a Livre or Pound, and 12 Deniers or Pence makes a Soldo, or Shilling: the same Rule also holds in those places, whose greatest Moneys are imaginary and feigned, or who keep not this orderly Succession, as are the Ducats of Catalonia, of Castilia, of Rome, and of Pertugal; also those Crowns who have no proper parts, also the Ducatoons in what Country so∣ever, and the Florms in Germany; all these I say, which ought to succeed in 20 and 12, that is, in Solds and Den. or Shillings and Pence, and each of the other sorts of Moneys shall be accounted

according to the property of that Country, and as shall be signified in the front of the follow∣ing Table of that place, amongst which there are some which are commonly resolved by the more principal of their own Moneys, as the Exchange of Sicily with Catalonia, Castilia Portugal, Brabant, and England; and howsoever they make their Exchange, either by the Sicilian Florin, or by the Ducat, notwithstanding the parcel is resolved in Ounces, Tarins, Grains, and Pichols, which is throughly declared in the following Tables.

And lastly, forasmuch as the terms and days of Bills of Exchange are found in many Countries to differ in length of time, and are limited of divers days, and that the Rates •…•…sing and falling of Exchanges have a course set by a continual meeting of Exchangers, and their Opinions in equality of value, I have thought good to insert the same with some other needful Circumstances of this Art of Exchanging, at the end of the Tables, to which I refer the Learne, where also he shall find at large, how most of these Exchanges are cast up, and reckoned from one place to another; and now I will proceed to the Tables themselves, as I find them cal∣culated by the said Geo, Bapt. Zuletta, and others following him.

CHAP. CCLXXVII. Of the Exchanges of Placentia, a Place of Fairs, or Fiera of Exchanges in Italy.

* 1.21THis Town is considered as a Fair or Staple of Exchanges, and not as a City of Trafficle; and therefore there is no esteem made of the current Money of the place, but only of that which is made by Exchanging, which are Crowns of Mark; in which Moneys, Bankers and Exchangers do only treat and account in; and the same is held by Crowns, Sold, and Deniers of Mark. And in the Custom of Exchanges here in use, it giveth the entire and whole Sum to all other places, being either Crowns one, or Crowns one Hundred.

Placentia doth ex∣change with	Lions	Crowns	100	for	96¾ Crowns
Rome	Crowns	100	99½ Ducats
Genoua	Crown	1	67. 10 Sol. of Gold.
Millan	Crown	1	134. 9 Sol.
Venice	Crowns	100	130 Ducats
Florence	Crowns	100	109½ Crowns
Lucca	Crowns	100	116¾ Ducatoons
Naples	Crown	1	134 Grains
Lechi	Crown	1	135½ Grains
Bari	Crown	1	135 Grains
Palermo	Crown	1	29 Carlins
Mesina.	Crown	1	29¼ Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Crown	1	128 Grosses
London	Crown	1	81½ d. sterl.
Valentia.	Crown	1	24 Sold.
Saragosa	Crown	1	24 Sol. 6 Den.
Barcelona	Crown	1	24 Sol. 4 Den.
Siv. al. Med.	Crown	1	432 Marvedes
Lisbon	Crown	1	482 Rais
Bollonia	Crown	1	119 Ducatoons
Bergamo	Crown	1	118¾ Ducatoons
Frankford	Crown	1	103½ Quarentins

In the 382. Chapter, the Reader may find how these Exchanges are cast up and calculated.

CHAP. CCLXXVIII. Of the Exchanges of Lions, Paris, and Rouen in France.

* 1.22IN Lions, Paris, Rouen, and through all France, they keep their Accounts in Livres, Sols, Deniers and Turnois, and they here do exchange in Crowns of the Sun, and Deniers of the Sun; this Livre is also called in some places of France, a Frank, and 3 Livres or Franks is ac∣counted for the said Crown of the Sun, and the Crown of Italy by a Decree and Standard of the Country passeth at 58 Sol. of the said Crown.

And in the Custom of Exchanging, it giveth the entire and whole Sum or Number, either one Crown, or one hundred Crowns of the Sol.

Lions doth exchange with	Placentia	Crowns	100	for	103½ Crowns
Rome	Crowns	100	99½ Ducat
Genoua	Crown	1	66½ Sol. of Gold
Millan	Crown	1	115 Sol.
Venice	Crowns	100	116¾ Duc. Bank.
Florence	Crowns	100	106½ Crown
Lucca	Crowns	100	117½ Ducatoons
Naples	Crown	1	124 Grains
Lechi	Crown	1	122½ Grains
Bari	Crown	1	123 Grains.
Palermo	Crown	1	29½ Carlins
Mesina	Crown	1	29½ Carlins
Antw & Col.	Crown	1	96 Gross
London	Crown	1	62 Pence sterl.
Valentia	Crown	1	23 Sol. 10 Den.
Saragosa	Crown	1	23 Sol. 8 Den.
Barcelona	Crown	1	24 Sol.
Siv. al. Med.	Crown	1	436 Marvedes
Lisbon	Crown	1	485 Rais
Bollonia	Crowns	100	119½ Ducatoons
Bergamo	Crowns	100	119⅕ Ducatoons
Franckford	Crown	1	104 Quarentins

Vide Chap. 302. and so following, of the Calculation of the Exchanges of this place.

CHAP. CCLXXIX. Of the Exchanges of Rome in Italy.

* 1.23IN Rome, the Bankers and Exchangers keep their Accounts in Crowns, Julios, Bacochs, and Quatrins, and they Exchange in Ducats, Sols and Deniers of Camera. The Crown of the abovesard Money is worth 10 Julios, or 100 Bacochs, or else 400 Quatrins; the Julio is 10 Bacochs, or else 40 Quatrins, and the Bacoch is 4 Quatrins.

The Ducat of Camera, according to the old Value, is worth 2½ per Cent. more than the Crown of Gold, so that 100 Ducats are 102½ Crowns.

In the Custom of Exchange amongst Merchants, the place giveth the broken Number to all Italy, excepting to the Kingdom of Naples, to Sicilia, Bollonia, and Bergamo, and to all others 〈◊〉〈◊〉 giveth the whole Number, which is either one Ducat, or by a 100 Ducats.

Rome doth exchange with	Placentia	Ducats	97¾	for	100 Crowns
Lions	Ducats	97½	100 Crowns
Genoa	Ducats	97⅛	100 Crowns of Gold
Millan	Ducats	97¼	100 Crowns of Gold
Venice	Ducats	85⅓	100 Ducates
Florence	Ducats	91¾	100 Crowns
Lucca	Ducats	84	100 Ducatoons
Naples	Ducats	100	135 Ducats
Lechi	Ducats	100	134⅔ Ducats
Bari	Ducats	100	134½ Ducats
Palermo	Ducat	1	14 15 Tarins
Mesina	Ducat	1	14 17 Tarins
Antw. & Col.	Ducat	1	125 Grosses
London	Ducat	1	87½ d. sterling.
Valentia	Ducat	1	24 2 Sol.
Saragosa	Ducat	1	23 Sol. 8 Deniers
Barcellona	Ducat	1	23 Sol. 10 Deniers
Siv. al. Med.	Ducat	1	440 Marvedes
Lisbon	Ducat	1	482 Raies
Bollonia	Ducats	100	119 Ducatoons
Bergamo	Ducats	100	119½ Ducatoons
Frankford	Ducat	1	103 Quarentins

Vide how these are calculated, Chap. 326. and so following.

CHAP. CCLXXX. Of the Exchanges of Genoua, the Metropolis of Liguria.

* 1.24IN Genoua, Exchangers keep their Accounts in Livres, Sols and Deniers current, and they exchange in Livres, Sols and Deniers of Gold. The Moneys current, is it that is the com∣mon in use; of which, the Crown of Gold is worth Sol. 90. and in times past was worth less: The Moneys of Gold are imaginary, and valued according as the Fairs of Exchanges permit, of which the Crown of Gold is always worth 68 Sol.

In the Custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the whole Sum to all, excepting Placentis and Lions, the which are either one Crown, or 100 Crowns; the which Crowns are accounted of Gold for all the Places, excepting Millan, Venice and Germany, to which they are accustomed to give the Crown of 4 Livres current.

Genoua doth exchange with	Placentia	Sold. 66	of Gold	for	1 Crown
Lions	Sol. 664	of Gold	1 Crown
Rome	Crown	100	of Gold	98½ Ducats
Millan	Cro. 1 of 4 Liv. cor.	119 Sold
Venice	Cro. 1 of 4 Liv. cor.	7 Liv. 10 Sol. Pico
Florence	Crown	100	of Gold	106¼ Crowns
Lucca	Crown	100	of Gold	118 Ducats
Naples	Crown	1	of Gold	134 Grains
Lechi	Crown	1	of Gold	135 Grains
Bari	Crown	1	of Gold	134½ Grains
Palermo	Crown	1	of Gold	29⅓ Carlins
Mesina	Crown	1	of Gold	29½ Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Crown	1	of Gold	124 Grosses
London	Crown	1	of Gold	83 d. sterling.
Valentia	Crown	1	of Gold	Sol. 23. 9.
Saragosa	Crown	1	of Gold	Sol. 23. 10.
Barcellona	Crown	1	of Gold	Sol. 23. 8.
Siv. al. Med.	Crown	1	of Gold	Marved. 436.
Lisbon	Crown	1	of Gold	Raies 470.
Bollonia	Crown	101	of Gold	Ducat. 118½.
Bergamo	Crown	110	of Gold	Ducat. 118⅓.
Frankford	Cro. 1 of 4 Liv. cor.	Quarentin 92.

Vide Chap. 360. how the Exchanges of this place are calculated.

CHAP. CCLXXXI. Of the Exchanges of Millan in Lombardy.

* 1.25IN Millan Exchangers keep their Accounts in Livres, Solds and Deniers Imperial, and some in Crowns, Sols, and Deniers of Gold. The Moneys current is accounted the Imperial Moneys: there is also the Crown of Gold, of no settled Price, but now worth Sol. 135. The Crown of 6 Livres, is it which some do use in Exchange with Genoua. The Crown of 117 Sol, is in use for the Exchange of Venetia.

In the Custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken Number to Placentia, Lions, and sometimes to Genoua, and to all the other the whole Number, which is either one or 100 Crowns of Gold, excepting only to Venetia, which is of Sol. 117 as aforesaid.

Millan doth exchange with	Placentia	Sold. 134	for	1	Crown
Lions	Sold. 135½	1 Crown
Rome	Gold Crowns	100	98¼ Ducats
Genoua	Gold Crown	1	Liv. 4. 10 current
Venice	Cro. 1 of 117 Sol. 1	Liv. 7. 6.
Florence	Gold Crowns	100	Crowns 105.
Lucca	Gold Crowns	100	117 Ducats
Naples	Gold Crowns	100	133 Ducats
Lechi	Gold Crowns	100	134 Ducats
Bari	Gold Crowns	100	133½ Ducats
Palermo	Gold Crown	1	29¼ Carlins
Mesina	Gold Crown	1	29⅓ Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Gold Crown	1	124 Grosses
London	Gold Crown	1	84½ d. sterl.
Valentia	Gold Crown	1	24 Sol.
Barcelona	Gold Crown	1	23. 9 Sol.
Siv. al. Med.	Gold Crown	1	434 Marvedes
Lisbon	Gold Crown	1	465 Raies
Bollonia	Gold Crowns	100	118 Ducatoons
Saragosa	Gold Crown	1	23. 10 Sol.
Bergamo	Gold Crowns	100	118 Ducatoons
Franckford	Gold Crown	1	103 Quarentins

Vide Chap. 440. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCLXXXIII. Of the Exchanges of Venice in the Adriatick Seas.

* 1.26IN Venetia they keep their Accounts in Livres, Sols, and Deniers of Picol, and some in Livres, Sols, and Deniers gross, and others in Ducats and Grosses. The Moneys which here is called Picoli, is the current Moneys of the place. The Moneys which we here call Gross, is worth 1 Livre, Sol. 62 of Picols, or 10 Ducats. The Ducat is always worth Livres 6. Sol. 4. of Picol, or else accounted 24 Grosses. The Gross is worth Sol. 5. 2 d. of Picol, and in the Livre of Grosses it is accounted and reckoned as in Deniers.

In the Custom of Exchanging it giveth the broken Number only to Placentia, Lions, Genoua, Millan and Bollonia, and to all the rest, the whole Number, either by one Ducat, or by 100 Ducats.

Venetia doth exchange with	Placentia	Ducats	129	for	100 Crowns
Lions	Ducats	129½	100 Crowns
Rome	Ducats	100	77½ Ducats
Geno.	Liv. Pic. Ducats 7. 10	1 Crown of 4 Liv. current
Mill.	Liv. Pic. 7. 6 5	1 Crown of 117 Sol.
Florence	Ducats	100	82 Crowns
Naples	Ducats	100	100 Ducates
Lechi	Ducats	100	100¼ Ducats
Bari	Ducats	100	99¼ Ducats
Palermo	Ducat	1	Tarins 11. 2
Mesina	Ducat	1	Tarins 10. 18.
Antw. & Col.	Ducat	1	91 Grosses
London	Ducat	1	60 d. sterling.
Valentia	Ducat	1	Sol. 7 6.
Saragosa	Ducat	1	Sol. 17 8.
Barcellona	Ducat	1	Sol. 17 10.
Siv. al. Med.	Ducat	1	Marvedes 320.
Lisbon	Ducat	1	Rates 350.
Bollonia	Ducats	115	Ducatoons 100.
Bergamo	Ducats	100	Ducatoons 117.
Frankford	Ducats	100	Florins 127.
Lucca	Ducats	100	Ducatoons 91.

Vide Chap. 368. how these are calculated

CHAP. CCLXXXIII. Of the Exchanges of Florence, the Ducal City of Tuscany.

* 1.27IN Florence the Exchangers keep their Accounts in Livres, Solds, and Deniers, Picoli, and Exchange in Crowns, Sols, and Deniers.

The Moneys which is here called Picol, is the Money current of the place; the Crown is always worth Livres 7. Sol. 10. of Picol, wherein the Custom of other places is divers, in which the Crown of Gold, with the current Moneys, and here the variety is accorded by the Exchange.

They use also a Ducat, which is worth Livres 7. or else Bolonini 70.

In the use of Exchanging it giveth the broken Number to Lions, Placentia, Genoua Millan, and Venice, and to all others the entire or whole Number found to be either one Crown, or 100 Crowns.

Florence doth exchange with	Placentia	Crowns	105	for	100 Crowns
Lions	Crowns	105½	100 Crowns
Rome	Crowns	100	96 Ducats
Genoua	Crowns	106	100 Crowns of Gold
Millan	Crowns	106½	100 Crowns of Gold
Venetia	Crowns	82½	100 Ducates
Lucca	Crowns	100	112 Ducatoons
Naples	Crowns	100	130 Ducats
Lechi	Crowns	100	129 Ducats
Bari	Crowns	100	129¼ Ducats
Palermo	Crown	1	28½ Carlins
Mesina	Crown	1	28⅓ Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Crown	1	118 Gross
London	Crown	1	80 Pence sterl.
Valentia	Crown	1	23 4 Sold.
Saragosa	Crown	1	23 6 Sol.
Barcelona	Crown	1	23 2 Sol.
Siv. al. Med.	Crown	1	432 Marvedes
Lisbon	Crown	1	460 Rais
Bollonia	Crowns	100	115½ Ducatoons
Bergamo	Crowns	100	115 Ducatoons
Franckford	Crown	1	89 Quarentins

Vide Chap. 400 how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCLXXXIV. Of the Exchanges of Lucca, a Republick in Tuscany.

* 1.28IN Lucca, Exchangers do keep their Accounts in Livres, Sol. and Deniers of Picols, and do change in Ducatoons, Sol. and Deniers: the Moneys here called Picols, is the current C•…•… of the place. The Crown of Gold is always worth Liv. 7. Sol. 10. of Picols: as in Florence, the Ducatoon is worth 7 Livres of Picol, and is commonly called the Crown of Silver.

In the Custom of Exchanging, it giveth the broken Number to Placentia, Lions, Genous, Millan and Venetia, and to all other, the entire or whole, which is one Ducatoon or 100 Ducatoons.

Lucca doth Exchange with	Placentia	Ducate.	117¼	for	100 Crowns
Lions	Ducat.	118¼	100 Crowns
Rome	Ducat.	119	100 Duc.
Genoa	Ducat.	118	100 Crowns of Gold
Millan	Ducat.	118½	100 Crowns of Gold
Venetia	Ducat.	92	100 Ducates
Florence	Ducat.	113	100 Crowns
Naples	Ducat.	100	114 Ducates
Lucca	Ducat.	100	114⅔ Ducates
Bary	Ducat.	100	115 Ducates
Palermo	Ducat.	1	24½ Carlins
Mesina	Ducat.	1	24½ Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Ducat.	1	102 Grosses
London	Ducat.	1	67 Pence Sterling
Valentia	Ducat.	1	20 Sol.
Saragosa	Ducat.	1	19. 10 Sol.
Barselona	Ducat.	1	19. 11 Sol.
Siv. al. Med.	Ducat.	1	365 Marvedes
Lisbon	Ducat.	1	35 Raies
Bollonia	Ducat.	100	Ducatoons 100¼.
Bergamo	Ducat.	100	Ducatoons 99½
Francfort	Ducat.	1	85 Quarentins

CHAP. CCLXXXV. Of the Exchanges of Naples, the Metropolis of that Kingdom.

* 1.29IN Naples, the Exchangers keep their Accompts in Ducates, Tarins, Grains, and Cavals, which are accounted in 5, 10, and 12 fol. The Ducate is 5 Tarins, or 100 Grains, or else 1200 Cavalles; the Tarine is accounted 20 Grains, or 240 Cavalles, and the Grain is 12 Cavalles. Besides which, there is in use another sort of Monies current, which are Carlins, Cinquins, and Torneses. The Carlin is 10 Grains, or half a Tarine; from whence 10 Car∣lius malteth the Ducate. The Cinque is 2½ Grains, of which, 4 maketh the Carline, and 40 the Ducate. The Tornese is 6 Cavalles, of which, 5 makes a Cinquine, 20 makes a Carline, 40 the Tarine, and 200 the Ducate.

In the Custom of Exchanging, it gives the broken number to all Italy and Lions, Palermo only excepted, and to all others it giveth the whole number, which is either one Ducate, or 100 Ducates.

Naples doth Exchange with	Placentia	Grains	133	for	1 Crown
Rome	Ducat.	136	100 Duc.
Lions	Grains	135½	1 Crown
Genoa	Grains	135	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Duc.	134½	100 Crowns of Gold
Venetia	Duc.	100½	100 Duc.
Florence	Duc.	131	100 Crowns
Lucca	Duc.	113½	100 Ducatoons
Lechi	Duc.	100	100¼ Ducates
Bary	Duc.	100	99¼ Ducate
Palermo	Duc.	1	174 Gra. of 8 Pic.
Mesina	Duc. 96 of 6 Tar.	100 Ducates
Antw. & Col.	Ducate	1	88 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	66½ Pence Sterling
Valentia	Ducate	1	18. 2 Sols
Saragosa	Ducate	1	18 Sols
Barselona	Ducate	1	17. 10 Sols
Siv. al. Med.	Ducate	1	330 Marvedes
Lisbon	Ducate	1	346 Raies
Bolonia	Duc.	114	100 Ducatoons
Bergamo	Duc.	100	88 Ducatoons
Francfort	Duc.	1	76 Quarentins.

Vide Chap. 342. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCLXXXVI. Of the Exchanges of Lechy in Calabria.

* 1.30IN Lechy the Exchangers keep their Accompts, and have their Moneys as in Naples, the Me∣polis of that Kingdom, which is in Ducates, Tarins, Grains, and Cavalies accounted in 5, 20 and 12, and in Exchanging it differs not much from the Custom of Naples, specified in the former Leaf.

Lechy doth Exchange with	Placentia	Grains	134	for	1 Crown
Lions	Grains	136	1 Crown
Rome	Grains	135	1 Ducate
Genoa	Grains	135	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Grains	134	1 Crown of Gold
Venetia	Duc.	101½	100 Ducates
Florence	Duc.	131	100 Crowns
Lucca	Duc.	116	100 Ducatoons
Naples	Duc.	102	100 Ducates
Bary	Duc.	100	100½ Ducates
Palermo	Duccate	1	22¼ Carlins
Mesina	Duccate	1	23 Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Ducate	1	87 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	61 Pence Sterl.
Valentia	Ducate	1	17. 10 Sols
Saragosa	Ducate	1	18 Sol.
Barselona	Ducate	1	18. 1 Sol.
Siv. al. Med.	Ducate	1	328 Marvedies
Lisbon	Ducate	1	348 Raies
Bollonia	Grains	115	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Grains	114	1 Ducatoon
Francfort	Ducate	1	75½ Quarentins.

CHAP. CCLXXXVII. Of the Exchanges of Bary in Puglia.

* 1.31IN Bary their Accompts and Moneys are the same as are in use in Naples, mentioned in the former Leaf, and the Custom in Exchanging also, is near comformable thereto.

Bary doth Exchange with	Placentia	Grains	133	for	1 Crown
Lions	Grains	135	1 Crown
Rome	Grains	137	1 Ducate
Genoa	Grains	134	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Grains	134½	1 Crown of Gold
Venice	Duc,	101	100 Ducates
Florence	Dac.	130	100 Crowns
Lucca	Duc.	115½	100 Ducatoons
Naples	Duc.	101½	100 Ducates
Lechi	Duc.	100	99½ Ducates
Palermo	Ducate	1	22⅘ Carlins
Mesina	Ducate	1	23 Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Ducate	1	88 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	62 Pence Sterling
Valentia	Ducate	1	Sol. 18
Saragosa	Ducate	1	Sol. 17. 10
Barselona	Ducate	1	Sol. 18. 2
Siv. al. Med.	Ducate	1	330 Marved.
Lisbon	Ducate	1	345 Raies
Bolonia	Grains	114	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Grains	112	1 Ducatoon
Francfort	Ducate	1	75 Quarentines.

CHAP. CCLXXXVIII. Of the Exchanges of Palermo, in Sicilia.

* 1.32IN Falermo Exchangers keep their Accompts in Ounces, Tarins, Grains, and Pichols, the which is successively accounted in 30, 20, and 6; and others there be that keep their Ac∣compts in Crown of Monies, in Tarins, Grains, and Pichols, and these account it by 12, 20, ann 6. The Ounce is 30 Tarins, or 600 Grains, or 3600 Pichols; the Tarin is 20 Grains, or 120 Pichols, and the Grain is 6 Pichols. Besides which there is a Crown in Monies, which is 12 Tarins or 2••0 Grains, or 440 Pichols, the Ducate is 13 Tarins or else 260 Grains, or 1560 Pichols; the Florin is 6 Tarins, or 120 Grains, or 720 Pichols; the Carlin is ½ a Tarin, or 10 Grains, or 60 Pichol. In the Custom of Exchanging it giveth the broken number to all Italy, and to Lions, and to all other places it giveth the whole number, which is sometimes one Du∣cate, or one Florin, or 1 Ounce, or one hundred Ounces.

Palermo doth Exchange with	Placentia	Carl.	29⅓	for	1 Crown
Lions	Carl.	29½	1 Crown
Rome	Carl.	29¼	1 Ducate
Genoa	Carl.	29½	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Carl.	29⅗	1 Crown of Gold
Venetia	Carl.	24¼	1 Ducate
Florence	Carl.	28	1 Crown
Lucca	Carl.	25	1 Ducatoon
Naples gra. di. pic.	172	1 Ducate
Lechy	Carl.	23	1 Ducate
Bari	Tarin.	118	1 Ducate
Mesina	Ounce	100	101½ Ounces
Antw, & Col.	Ducate	1	106 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	73 Pence Sterling
Valentia	Florin	1	9. 8 Sols.
Saragosa	Florin	1	9. 10 Sol.
Barselona	Florin	1	Sol. 9. 7
Siv. al. Med.	Florin	1	185 Marved.
Lisbon	Florin	1	196 Raies
Bolonia	Carl.	25	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Carl.	25¼	1 Ducatoon
Frankfort	Ducate	1	89 Quarentines.

Vide Chap. 419. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCLXXXIX. Of the Exchanges of Mesina, in the Fair of Sicilia.

* 1.33IN Mesina, the Accompts are kept, and the Monies that are current are the same as in Paler∣mo aforementioned, only excepting in the Exchange thereof with Naples, it giveth a whole Number, which are found to be of 100 Ducates.

This place and Palermo are accounted to Exchange with Placentia or Lions, to give more one Carlin per Ounce, by the name of making good the Monies; so that he that here is to pay Money by Exchange for the said places, must pay 61 Carlins per Ounce.

Mesina doth Exchange with	Placentia	Carl.	29¼	for	1 Crown
Lions	Carl.	29½	1 Crown
Rome	Carl.	29⅜	1 Ducate
Genoa	Carl.	29½	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Carl.	29½	1 Crown of Gold
Venetia	Carl.	22½	1 Ducate
Florence	Carl.	28¼	1 Crown
Lucca	Carl.	25½	1 Ducatoon
Naples	Duc.	100	96½ Duc. of 6 Tarins
Lechy	Turin.	11. 14	1 Ducate
Bary	Carl.	23½	1 Ducate
Palermo	Ounce	100	102 Ounces
Antw. & Col.	Ducate	1	107 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	72 Pence Sterling.
Valentia	Florin	1	Sol 9. 9 D.
Saragosa	Florin	1	Sol 9. 10 D.
Barselona	Florin	1	Sol 9. 8 D.
Siv. al. Med.	Florin	1	190 Marved.
Lisbon	Florin	1	200 Raies
Bollonia	Carlins	25¼	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Carlins	25	1 Ducatoon.
Francfort	Ducate	1	90 Quarentins

Vide Chap. 419. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCXC. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp in Brabant, and Collen in Germany the Lower.

* 1.34IN both these places the Exchangers keep their Accompts in Livres, Sols, and Deniers of Gros∣ses, so that their Grosses are there accounted, as their Deniers or Pefening

And in the Custom of the Exchanges of these two places, they give the broken number to all other places, London only excepted, which they give not by the Gross, but by the Sol. or Shillings.

Antwerp and Colonia doth Ex∣change with	Placentia	Gross	125	for	1 Crown
Lions	Gross	128	1 Crown
Rome	Gross	130	1 Ducate
Genoa	Gross	129	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Gross	127	1 Crown of Gold
Venetia	Gross	94½	1 Ducate
Florence	Gross	112	1 Crown
Lucca	Gross	104	1 Ducatoon
Naples	Gross	91	1 Ducate
Lecchi	Gross	90½	1 Ducate
Bary	Gross	91	1 Ducate
Palermo	Gross	107½	1 Ducate
Mesina	Gross	107	1 Ducate
London	Sold.	34½	1 Pound Sterling
Valentia	Gross	107	1 Ducate
Saragosa	Gross	109	1 Ducate
Barselona	Gross	112	1 Ducate
Siv. al. Med.	Gross	106¼	1 Ducate
Lisbon	Gross	102	1 Ducate
Bolonia	Gross	104	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Gross	105	1 Ducatoon
Francfort	Gross	78	1 Floren of 65 quar.

Vide Chap. 435. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCXCI. Of the Exchanges of London, the Metropolis of England.

* 1.35IN London, and throughout all England, Exchangers keep their Accompts in Pounds, Shil∣lings, and Pence Sterling, and cast it up, as in other places, by Livres, Sols, and Deniers by 12 and 20. And in the custom of Exchanging, it giveth the Exchange to all places by the broken number of Pence Sterling, Antwerp and Colonia only excepted, with which two places it Exchangeth by the Pound of Sterling Money, above specified.

London doth Exchange with	Placentia	Sterl. Pence	64	for	1 Crown
Lions	Pence	64	1 Crown
Rome	Pence	66	1 Ducate
Genoa	Pence	65	1 Crown of Gold
Milan	Pence	64¾	1 Crown of Gold
Venetia	Pence	50	1 Duc. in Banco
Florence	Pence	61	1 Crown
Lucca	Pence	53½	1 Ducatoon
Naples	Pence	50	1 Ducate
Lechy	Pence	50½	1 Ducate
Bary	Pence	51	1 Ducate
Palermo	Pence	57½	1 Ducate
Mesina	Pence	56½	1 Ducate
Antw. & Col.	Poun. Sterl.	1	34½ Shill. Flem.
Valentia	Pence	57½	1 Ducate
Saragosa	Pence	59	1 Ducate
Barselona	Pence	64	1 Ducate
Siv. al. Med.	Pence	58½	1 Ducate
Lisbon	Pence	53½	1 Ducate
Bolonia	Pence	53⅓	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Pence	52	1 Ducatoon
Francfort	Pence	59½	1 Florin

Vide Chap. 443. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCXCII. Of the Exchanges of Valentia, the Metropolis of Valentia.

* 1.36IN Valentia, and in all the Kingdoms of Valentia, in Spain Merchants do keep their Ac∣compts in Livres, Solds, and Deniers; the current Moneys of the place, are Rials and Deniers, and Ricls ten are accounted for a Livre, so that half a Rial is a Soldo; the Ducate is here imaginary, and accounted for 10½ Rials, and accounted 21 Sols.

In the custom of Exchanges of this place, it giveth the broken number to all Italy, Spain, and Germany, and to all other places the intire number, either of one Ducate or 100 Ducates.

The Castiliano is also here found in use for an imaginary Coin, in the ancient custom of Exchanging with Sevil, and accounted worth 27 Sol. 4 Deniers.

Valentia doth Ex∣change with	Placentia	Sol.	23. 6	for	1 Crown
Lions	Sol.	23. 8	1 Crown
Rome	Sol.	24. 2	1 Ducate
Genoa	Sol.	23 10	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Sol.	23. 9	1 Crown of Gold
Venice	Sol.	17. 10	1 Ducate
Florence	Sol.	23. 0	1 Crown
Lucca	Sol.	20. 2	1 Ducatoon
Naples	Sol.	18. 0	1 Ducate
Lechy	Sol.	18. 2	1 Ducate
Bary	Sol.	18. 1	1 Ducate
Palermo	Sol.	9. 6	1 Florin.
Mesina	Sol.	9. 7	1 Florin.
Antw. & Col.	Ducate	1	106 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	72½ Pence Sterl.
Saragosa	Ducat.	100	102 Ducates
Barselona	Ducat.	100	101½ Ducates
Siv. al. Med.	Sol.	20. 3	1 Ducate
Lisbon	Ducate.	100	100⅓ Ducates
Bollonia	Sol.	20. 3	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Sol.	20. 4	1 Ducatoon
Francfort	Sol.	14	1 Florin

Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCXCIII. Of the Exchanges of Saragosa, in Catalonia.

* 1.37IN Saragosa, Merchants keep their Accompts as in Valentia aforementioned, and have the same Monies, saving that the Ducate passeth here in account for 22 Sols, or 11 Rials.

In the Custom of Exchanging, it giveth the broken number to all Italy, and to all the rest the whole number, which is found to be either one Ducate or 100 Ducates.

Saragosa doth Ex∣change with	Placentia	Sol.	23. 8	for	1 Crown
Lions	Sol.	23. 11	1 Crown
Rome	Sol.	24. 3	1 Ducate
Genoa	Sol.	23. 9	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Sol.	23. 8	1 Crown of Gold
Venetia	Sol.	17. 9	1 Ducate
Florence	Sol.	22. 10	1 Crown
Lucca	Sol.	20. 1	1 Ducatoon
Naples	Sol.	17. 10	1 Ducate
Lechi	Sol.	18. 1	1 Ducate
Bary	Sol.	18. 0	1 Ducate
Palermo	Sol.	9. 8	1 Florin
Mesina	Sol.	9. 9	1 Florin.
Antw. & Col.	Duc.	1	105 Grosses
London	Duc.	1	73 Pence Sterling
Valentia	Duc.	100	103 Ducates
Barselona	Duc.	100	102 Ducates
Siv. al. Med.	Duc.	100	105 Ducates
Lisbon	Duc.	100	108 Ducates
Belonia	Sol.	20. 2	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Sol.	20. 1	1 Ducatoon
Francfort	Duc.	1	95 Quarentins.

Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCXCIV. Of the Exchanges of Barselona the Metropolis of Catalonia.

* 1.38IN Barselona, the use of Accompt keeping, and the Monies are the same as is specified in Valentia, excepting, that the Ducate is here accounted Sol. 24, which is twelve single Rials.

In the Custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken number to all other places, ex∣cepting to Antwerp, Colonia, London, Lisbon, and Germany, to which it giveth the whole num∣ber, which is found to be either one Ducate or 100 Ducates.

Barselona doth Ex∣change with	Placentia	Sold.	23. 10	for	1 Crown
Lions	Sol.	24	1 Crown
Rome	Sol.	24. 4	1 Ducate
Genoa	Sol.	24. 2	1 Crown of Gold
Milan	Sol.	24. 1	1 Crown of Gold
Venice	Sol.	18. 2	1 Ducate
Florence	Sol.	23. 0	1 Crown
Lucca	Sol.	20. 2	1 Ducatoon
Naples	Sol.	18. 3	1 Ducat.
Lechy	Sol.	18. 2	1 Ducat.
Bary	Sol.	18. 1	1 Ducat.
Palermo	Sol.	9. 10	1 Florin
Mesina.	Sol.	9. 9	1 Florin
Antw. & Col.	Ducate	1	103 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	72 Pence Sterling.
Valentia	Duc.	103	100 Ducates
Saragosa	Duc.	104	100 Ducates
Siv. al. & Med.	Duc.	106	100 Ducates
Lisbon	Duc.	100	104 Ducates
Bolonia	Sol.	20	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Sol.	20. 2	1 Ducatoon
Francfort	Ducate	1	9 Quarentins.

Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCXCV. Of the Exchanges of Sevil, Alcala, Medina del Campo, and other places in Castilia.

* 1.39IN these parts, and generally throughout Spain, Merchants do keep their Accompts in Mar∣vedies; yet notwithstanding, for the benefit of Exchanging, they have an imaginary Ducate, which Ducate is accounted 375 Marvedies. The Crown of Gold is ever worth 400 Marve∣dies, and the single Rial ever worth 34 Marvedies.

In the Custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken number to all Italy and Liens, but to all other places the whole number, found to be either simply the single Ducate, or 100 Ducates.

There is also of old in use an imaginary Coin called the Castiliano, wherewith these places do Exchange with Valentia, and is 485 Marvedies.

Sevil, Alca∣la, and Me∣dina doth Exchange with.	Placentia	Marued.	440	for	1 Crown
Lions	Marved.	445	1 Crown
Rome	Marved.	450	1 Ducate
Genoa	Marved.	442	1 Crown of Gold
Millan	Marved.	438	1 Crown of Gold
Venice	Marved.	330	1 Ducate
Florence	Marved.	430	1 Crown
Lucca	Marved.	370	1 Ducatoon
Naples	Marved.	337	1 Ducat.
Lechy	Marved.	334	1 Ducat.
Bari	Marved.	333	1 Ducat.
Palermo	Marved.	180	1 Florin.
Mesina	Marved.	175	1 Florin.
Antw, & Col.	Ducate	1	105 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	72 Pence Sterl.
Valentia	Ducate	1	Sol 19. 8.
Saragosa	Ducates	100	104½ 1 Ducat.
Barselona	Ducates	100	108 Ducat.
Lisbon	Ducates	100	109 Ducat.
Belonia	Marved.	372	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Marved.	368	1 Ducatoon
Frankfort	Ducate	1	88 Quarentins.

Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated.

CHAP. CCXCVI. Of the Exchanges of Lisbon in Portugal.

* 1.40IN Lisbon and throughout Portugal, Merchants Accounts are kept in Raies, beside which, they have an imaginary Ducate, which is accounted for four hundred Raies.

In the Custom of Exchanging, this place giveth a whole number to Anvers, Colonia, Lon∣don, and Germany, which is only upon the said one Ducate, and to all other places it giveth on Exchange by a broken number.

Lisbon doth Exchange with	Placentia	Res	472	for	1 Crown
Lions	Res	480	1 Crown
Rome	Res	483	1 Ducate
Genoa	Res	476	1 Crown of Gold
Milan	Res	495	1 Crown of Gold
Venetia	Res	354	1 Ducate
Florence	Res	465	1 Crown
Lucca	Res	397	1 Ducatoon
Naples	Res	350	1 Ducate
Lechy	Res	352	1 Ducate
Bary	Res	348	1 Ducate
Palermo	Res	190	1 Florin
Mesina	Res	193	1 Florin
Antw. & Col.	Ducate	1	104 Grosses
London	Ducate	1	69 d. sterl.
Valentia	Duc.	105	100 Ducates
Saragosa	Duc.	104¼	100 Ducates
Barselona	Duc.	103⅓	100 Ducates
Siv. al. & Med.	Duc.	106	100 Ducates
Bolonia	Res	400	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Res	388	1 Ducatoon
Francfort	Duc.	1	89 Quarentines.

CHAP. CCXCVII. Of the Exchanges of Bolonia in Italy.

* 1.41IN Bolonia some are found to keep their Accompts in Livres, Sols, and Deniers, and others in Ducatoons, Sols, and Deniers. And in the Custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken number to Placentia, Lions, Rome, Genoa, Millan, Florence, and Lucca, and to all the others the whole number, which is the Ducatoon, either one or one hundred.

Bollonia doth exchange with	Placentia	Ducat.	117	for	100 Crowns
Lions	Ducat.	119¼	100 Crowns
Rome	Ducat.	120	100 Ducats
Genoua	Ducat.	118	100 Crowns of Gold
Millan	Ducat.	117	100 Crowns of Gold
Venetia	Ducat.	100	114½ Ducats
Florence	Ducat.	116	100 Crowns
Lucca	Ducat.	101	100 Ducatoons
Naples	Ducat.	100	113½ Ducats
Lechi	Ducat.	1	112 Grains
Bari	Ducat.	100	112½ Ducats
Palermo	Ducat.	1	24½ Carlins
Mesina	Ducat.	1	24⅓ Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Ducat.	1	103 Grosses
London	Ducat.	1	67 d. sterling.
Valentia	Ducat.	1	Sol. 20. 2 d.
Saragosa	Ducat.	1	Sol. 20. 0.
Barcellona	Ducat.	1	Sol. 20. 1 d.
Siv. al. Med.	Ducat.	1	370 Marvedes
Lisbon	Ducat.	1	395 Raies
Bergamo	Ducat.	100	101 Ducatoons
Frankford	Ducat.	1	87 Quarentins

CHAP. CCXCVIII. Of the Exchanges of Bergamo in Lombardy.

* 1.42IN Bergamo, Merchants Accounts are kept in Livres, Sols, and Deniers of Picolis, and the Exchanges in Ducatoens, Sols, and Deniers. The Money of Picoli is the current Coin of the place, and the same as is in use in Venetia. The Ducatoon is worth 7 Livres of Picolis, so that 1 Sol of Ducatoon, is worth 7 Sol of Picolis; so likewise the Denier of Ducatoon, is worth 7 Deniers of Picoli.

In the Custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken Number to Placentia, Lions, Rome, Gencua, Millan, Venetia, Florence, Lucca, Naples, and Bollonia, and all other places the whole Number which is found to be the Ducatoon.

Bergamo doth ex∣change with	Placentia	Ducat.	117¼	for	100 Crowns
Lions	Ducat.	117½	100 Crowns
Rome	Ducat.	118	100 Ducats
Genoua	Ducat.	117¾	100 Crowns of Gold
Millan	Ducat.	117¾	100 Crowns of Gold
Venetia	Ducat.	87	100 Ducat.
Florence	Ducat.	111½	100 Crowns
Lucca	Ducat.	100¾	100 Ducat.
Naples	Ducat.	88½	100 Ducat.
Lechi	Ducatoon	1	112 Grains
Bari	Ducatoon	1	110 Grains
Palermo	Ducatoon	1	25 Carlins
Mesina	Ducatoon	1	24½ Carlins
Antw. & Col.	Ducatoon	1	104 Grosses
London	Ducatoon	1	67 d. sterl.
Valentia	Ducatoon	1	Sol. 20
Saragosa	Ducatoon	1	Sol. 20. 1 d.
Barcelona	Ducatoon	1	Sol. 20. 2 d.
Siv. al. Med.	Ducatoon	1	370 Marvedes
Lisbon	Ducatoon	1	390 Raies
Bollonia	Ducat.	100⅛	100 Ducatoons
Franckford	Ducatoon	1	86 Quarentins

CHAP. CCXCIX. Of the Exchanges of Franckford, Norimberg, Augusta, and Vienna in Germany.

* 1.43IN these places, Merchant are found to keep their Accounts in Florins, Sols, and Deniers, as by 20 and 12, the Florins being 20 Sols, or 60 Quarentins. The Quarentin is in some places called the Craizer, which is 4 Pfenings, so that 12 Pfenings makes one Sol.

In the Custom of Exchanging, these places give the whole Number, which is the Florin, to London, Antwerp, Colonia, and Valentia, and to all others gives the broken Number, which is the Quarentin.

Franckford, Norimberg, Augusta and Vienna, do exchange with	Placentia	Quarentins	102	for	1 Crown
Lions	Quarentins	103	1 Crown
Rome	Quarentins	104	1 Ducat
Genoua	Quarentins	101	100 Ducats
Millan	Quarentins	102½	1 Crown of 4 l. current.
Venice	Flor.	126	1 Crown of Gold
Florence	Quarentins	96	100 Ducats
Lucca	Quarentins	86	1 Crown
Naples	Quarentins	77	1 Ducatoon
Lechi	Quarentins	77	1 Ducat
Bari	Quarentins	78	1 Ducat
Palermo	Quarentins	90	1 Ducat
Mesina	Quarentins	89	1 Ducat.
Antw. & Col.	Flor. of 65 quar.	1	80 Grosses
London	Florin	1	50 Pence sterling.
Valentia	Florin	1	Sol. 13. 8 d.
Saragosa	Quarentins	96	1 Ducat.
Barcelona	Quarentins	97	1 Ducat.
Siv. al. Med.	Quarentins	87	1 Ducat.
Lubon	Quarentins	86	1 Ducat.
Bollonia	Quarentins	88	1 Ducatoon
Bergamo	Quarentins	87	1 Ducatoon.

CHAP. CCC. Of the Terms of Payments in general of Bills of Exchange.

* 1.44TO make these Tables compleat, and the Rules of these Exchanges to be truly and rightly understood, it is observable, that as all Exchanges have a settled Rate and Price, by which the Taker taketh, and the Giver by Covenant giveth it; so is there likewise a certain positive term and time limited, wherein, and at which day expired, the Factor of the Taker, or his Assign, repayeth the covenanted Sum to the Factor or Assign of the Giver thereof, which term o•• time is of differing space of days prefixed. The common term or times by which all Bills in Ex∣changes are made, are found usually to be five; which is, first, at sight of the Bill; secondly, at Usance; thirdly at double Usance; fourthly, at half Usance; fifthly, at Marts, Fairs, &c. which five Terms in Exchanges are thus understood.

* 1.45First then, at sight, or so many days after sight, is understood to be so long a term or time, as the Bill of Exchange will be after the delivery going to that place, where it is covenanted that the same should be paid; and upon the shew and sight thereof, or at so many days after, as is specified therein, it must be paid and answered accordingly.

* 1.46Secondly, at Usance, is understood to be of a different term and space of time, sometimes consisting of 8 days, as from Rome to Naples; sometimes of 10 days, as from Genoua to Rome; sometimes of 30 days, as from London to Rouen, to Antwerp, to Middleburgh, to Amsterdam, and so to other places; sometimes of 60 days, or two months, as from London to Hamburgh, from Antwerp to Rome, and to Venice, and to Florence, to Naples, to Palermo, and so to other places: Sometimes again, Usance is understood to be 90 days, or three months, as from London to Venice, Florence, Naples, &c. according to the several Customs of the said distant several places, where the Bills of Exchanges are made, and ever accounted from the date of the said Bill.

* 1.47Thirdly, at double Usance; which considering the said places, is understood to be double; the former spaces of single Usance, being either of 8, 10, 30, 60, or 90 days doubled, accor∣ding to the Custom of the place where the Bill is made, and accounted also from the date of the said Bill.

* 1.48Fourthly, at half Usance; this is understood to be half the abovesaid limited term or time, according as (as I said before) to the common Custom of that place where the Bill is made, and accounted also from the date of the Bill.

* 1.49Fifthly, at Marts or Fairs, which by Italians and Spaniards is called La Fiera and this space of time for payment of Bills is understood to be at some certain days, accounted for Fairs in the said places where the Bills are made to be payable, as is found in Placentia quar∣terly four times of the year; the like observed generally in Lions, and in Castile at three times of the year, accounted as in three Banks, 1. I' las Fieras de Vilaleon, 2. de Medina del Campo, 3. de Medina del Rio Sicco, which places are as publick Marts whereunto Merchants do use to give and take, sometimes to benefit themselves by Exchanges, as in the abovesaid places, and sometimes to buy Commodities, and supply their occasions, as is used twice a year for some Marts in Germany, as I have touched more largely in the Description of the Trade of the said Cities.

CHAP. CCCI. How the Rates and Prices in Exchanges are settled.

* 1.50THE next thing considerable yet to be handled, for the explanation of these Tables of Exchanges, is the Rate and Price it self; for seeing that so many Merchants of great eminence, whose Estates are continually traversed from one Country to another, and from one Coin to another, do daily and constantly give and take as their occasion, and the Rates of the Exchanges conduce to their Profit, it may be conceived, that their great Purses should prescribe the Rule and Rate thereto, which is seen so variously to alter, and daily to rise and fall by the continual current of those and others that use this Mystery, yet notwithstand∣ing, not found that they have any determinate Power or Stroke in giving the Price thereto: though it must be confessed, that such have a conducing hand, so far forth as it may be ••ound that their Opinion concurs with the universal Opinions of the rest, interessed in this mystical body of Exchanges. And therefore to explain my self, it may fitly here be demanded, how those Rates and Prices of Exchanges come to be set, and then continued, or how it comes to pass that the same are seen so frequently to vary and alter in forein Parts? Whereto I answer, That the Bankers in Italy, Spain and France, being now a days found to be the only great takers and deliverers of Moneys, have at the times of Payments of Exchanges in the principal places aforesaid, (as namely, a•• Lions in France, Madrid, and in other places of Spain, Florence, Genoua, Venetia, and such other places in Italy) a constant meeting, and there by certain Tickets in writing, deliver every Man his Opinion, what the Price of the Exchange ought to be for all places: Then exchanging for the next Fair or time of payment in every the said places, and according to the same, the Calculation is cast up by the Medium; that is to say, if there be seven or more Voices or Tickets, the said seven are added together, and the seventh part is the medium; and if there be ten, then the ten being cast up, the tenth part is the medium, and so for greater or lesser numbers accordingly: wherein it is to be noted, that these Bankers do observe how the plenty of Moneys lieth by Exchange, how the occa∣sions of Princes may help or hinder, either by great Receipts, or great Disbursements; how the Trade and Commerce of the Negotiators and Merchants is concurrent and effective; and therein they are found to concur in setting the said Rates and Prices for their own Commo∣dity and Advantage: And from this Spring is observed to rise the main Ocean of all the Ex∣changes of Christendom, in which this our Country of England hath but a small share, as being only a Branch derived from the principal Channel.

CHAP. CCCII. Of the Par in Exchanges.

* 1.51THE next thing observable here, is the Loss and Gain accruing by these Exchanges practi∣sed amongst Merchants: To distinguish which, and for the finding out the reality there∣of, every Giver or Taker applieth his study to find out the true and real Par of Exchanges; whereby it is manifested, both what the Gain and Loss is, and who is Gainer, and who is the

Loser. Now this Par in Exchanges may be here properly (in the general) said to be of two distinct kinds; the one as appertaining to the State and Prince, and belonging to the Profit and Loss of the Kingdom; and the other to the Merchant or Exchanger, and appertaining to the Profit and Loss of his private Estate and Interest: The first I hold proper, and fit the knowledge of Counsellors and Statesmen; and the other is proper and fit the knowledge of the Trading-Merchant, the finding out of both which Pars in Exchanges, is thus.

* 1.52The first Par in Exchanges, which I term here the Prince's Par, or the Sovereign's Value for Value, is grounded upon the weight, fineness and valuation of the Moneys of each several Kingdom, City, or Place; the several Standards thereof so equally, proportioned, so truly and justly by the Art of the Mint rectified, that each Prince his Coin in Exchanges may have its due allowance, according to the goodness and fineness, coarsness and badness thereof: and therefore herein to make and to settle this above-named Par exactly betwixt one Kingdom and another, we are to examine and compare, not only the weight and fineness of our own Coins as they are in themselves, but also the weight and fineness of those of other Princes and Countries, with the real proportion that happeneth therein, not only between our own Gold and Silver, but also between the Gold and Silver of other Countries. This examination, com∣parison and proportion, duly, rightly and really examined, compared and proportioned, and no difference, inequality or disproportion, found or admitted therein, then may our Exchanges run at one and the same Price and Rate both for Gold and Silver, taking the denomination accor∣ding to the valuation of the Money of each Country and Kingdom, hereby finding how much fine Silver or Gold our own Pound sterling containeth, and what quantity of other Moneys, either of France, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Eastland, &c. this Kingdom is to have in Exchange, to countervail the same in the weight and fineness, answerable to our own, be it by the Pound, Dollar, Ducat, Crown, or any other real or imaginary Coin, giving always a Value for Value, and receiving the like; which, by reason of the great Consequence depending thereon, I here call the Prince his Par, in the Exchanges of his Moneys by Bills of Exchange with other Countries and Kingdoms.

* 1.53The second Par, I call the Merchants or Exchangers Par in Bills of Exchange, and is grounded partly upon the Sovereign or Prince's Par above-mentioned, but principally upon the current value of the said Coins, the plenty and scarcity thereof, the rising and falling, in∣hansement and debasement of the same: and therefore such Merchants as are Exchangers, do endeavour by certain Rules of Exchanges to equalize the valuation of the Moneys of one Prince or Country with another. And therefore every Man that delivereth his Money in one Country or Place, to have it in another, is, and ought to be ever curious, to understand either the Loss or Gain that cometh thereof, which is only and properly distinguished by the knowledge and finding out this Par afore-mentioned. For finding out of which, it is requi∣site for him that remitteth, to know either by his own Advice, Judgment, or otherwise, how much the Crown, Dollar, Ducat, or Pound whence he remitteth, is worth in the place whither he would make his remittance unto. As for Example, having Money in Lions in France, which I would remit for Antwerp, I ought to know how much the Crown of France is really worth in Antwerp: as presuppose, that the Crown of France, of 67 Sols, or 3 l. 7 Sols Turn•…•…, is worth by Exchange, according to the course thereof, 100 Grosses there; I would then know, what a real Crown of 60 Sols or 3 l. Turnois (the Crown wherein Exchanges are made) is worth? multiplying and dividing as the Rule requireth it, it will appear to be Sols 89 •…•…/67 Gross, which is indeed the true value of the Crown: if then the Bill of Exchange be made for less than 89 •…•…/67 Gross per Crown of 3 l. Turnois, there is a loss thereby; and if for more, there is a Gain thereby: so that it is hereby evident, that 89 ••7/67 Gross is the Par in Exchanges between these two Countries, in the Crown of France, and in the Gross of Antwerp; the which Rule may serve as an Example in Remittances for all other places: for it is not otherwise to be ima∣gined, that any positive Rule can be set down herein, considering the diversity of species, which, as I said before, daily riseth and falleth, and the Price of the Exchanges, which every day, ac∣cording to presenting occasions, likewise altereth, found to be sometimes at one Rate, and sometimes at another. And this Par is the matter whereupon all Merchants Exchanges for Profit and Loss is grounded, and is the Par, or Value for Value, which in this following Tract I principally and fundamentally aim at.

Now the last thing considerable in this place, and now to be observed, is the method, form and manner, how the Accounts of these divers Exchanges from one Country to ano∣ther, is between one Merchant and another cast up and calculated; which indeed princi∣pally is the work of the Pen and Hand of the A••ithmetician, which as a necessary adjunct, and needful furtherance to the mystery of Exchanging, I have hereto inserted, and have herein pitched upon the principal places here mentioned, willingly omitted the least and rest of them, having fitted (to such as I have conceived the most worthy) apt Questions and their Solutions, from one Town or City to another, with the denomination of their

several Accounts and Species, the manner of the brief calculations thereof, and the short proof of each prescribed Rule and Position, adding for conclusion to each general City of Exchanges, some Examples of Orders and Commissions, given and received, in Draughts and Remittances, made according to the common Custom and use of the place, omitting some other principal Points wherein I might have enlarged both this Matter and Subject, that the ingedious Head and Hand of the Learner may have room and scope to work upon, ac∣cording either to his Desire, Capacity, or Inclination.

CHAP CCCIII. Of Examples upon the Exchanges practised at Lions, and how the the same are calculated.

* 1.54I Have formerly noted, that the payments of Bills of Exchanges at Lions is only in use four times a year, which are, first,

• 1. The payment of Roys, beginneth the 6th. of March after their Stile, and continueth the rest of that Month.
• 2. The payments of Pasques, or Easter, the 6th. of June.
• 4. The payments of August, the 6th. of September.
• 4. The payments of All-Saints, the 6th. of December.

* 1.55The Acceptance of all Bills of Exchange here, is always made the first day of the Month of each payment, which Acceptances hold in themselves both a promise and assurance of the payment of the Sum included in the said Bills so accepted: And because there is no other time accustomed wherein Bills of Exchange are accepted, the Merchants here resident have invent∣ed, by means of a little Book, a way of registring their several Bills, which they commonly call in French a Bilan; * 1.56in which Book or Bilan, they accustomarily use to make a little Cross or Mark upon each Bill there registred, and thus orderly accepted. But if the Party to whom the same is presented, make a Question whether he shall accept it or not, and demandeth time to think upon it, then they place upon that Bill so there registred the letter V. signify∣ing in French, Voir la lettre, or the Bill seen; or if in conclusion he refuse the same, either because he holdeth not the Party that chargeth the same sufficient, or solvent, or for any other just occasion, they commonly note the same in their Bilan with S and P, signifying that the same is Soubs Protest, that is, under Protest: The which Bilan of Acceptations, Draughts, and Remittances, thus quoted and thus registred, I observed at my residence in that City, to carry so much Credit amongst the Merchants of the place, as if the same had been done with Witnesses by a Publick Notary.

* 1.57The third day of the Month of the said payments, the price of the said Exchange is cut and settled, as well for the succeeding course of Lions it self, as for all the principal exchanging places of Christendom; in all which it is found, that Lions gives the Law and Rule, ordering in some sort the price of all other places, excepting for Placentia.

* 1.58The sixth day all the Merchants residing upon the place, appear in certain publick Rooms near the Burse, or place of daily meeting with their Book or Bilan, containing both their Debit and Credit, of both Debts and Bills of Exchanges, and there address themselves to one another, and to whom they are indebted, intimating unto them, to transfer Parcels, or as they term it, V•…•…er partie, and give for Debtor one or more, who doth owe, and stands indebted unto them the like Sum or Parcel, the which being accepted by the Creditors, the Sum is respectively registred, and noted in the Bilan abovesaid; and after that time, that Parcel is understood to be transferr'd and remaineth entirely upon the Risgoe, peril and fortune of the Party that did accept the same: And in this manner here I have observed a Million of Crowns hath in a morning been paid and satisfied without the disbursement of a Denier in Money, and therefore to this purpose all Mer∣chants resident here, or their Servants for them, are compelled in this manner to appear with their Bilan, thus to satisfie Accounts with their Creditors, and make good their payments, or in default of this appearance are by the Custom of the place declared as Bankrupts; and this in brief is the remarkable Custom of Lions in matters of Exchanges upon every payment.

* 1.59It now remaineth I should shew the Rules how the Exchanges are made in this place; for at every payment the current Moneys of the place are found increasing or decreasing, being sometimes worth from one payment to another 2 per Cent. or 2¼ more or less: to understand then there Rules, I will first lay down some Examples for the help of those that are not well acquainted with the Custom of this City.

Presuppose that a Merchant hath taken in Banco 455 Livres at 2½ per Cent. from the pay∣ments of Roys as they call it, or Kings, until the payment of Pasques or Easter, and to know what the Exchange may amount unto, at the rate abovesaid, do this briefly: the ½ of the said

* 1.60 455 l. is first to be taken, and the ¼ of the said tenth, shall be the Exchange, forasmuch as the tenth of an hundred is ten, and the ¼ of ten is 2½, which is the Exchange aforementioned, and therefore ¼ of the tenth is to be taken, as for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.61Again, a Debtor oweth unto his Creditor l. 3141. 16 s. 6 d. to pay at the rate of 2⅓ per Cent. for Exchange, the which most facile and briefly is thus performed: Take the 1/1•• of the said Sum, and of the proceed ½, and of the ½ the ••/3, adding the said fifth to the ⅔. And thus the value of the Exchange is found out, as here followeth. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The reason of this brevity is, that if from 100 one taketh as is before said ⅕ of 1/10 and ⅓ of the said ⅕, the product of the said ••/5 with the ⅓, gives just 2⅔, as is above specified.

Again, at 2 ••/4 per Cent. how much amounteth the Exchange of l. 842. 17. 6. you must here take ••/3 of a 1/10, and a ••/10 of the said, adding the two last products the Exchange will appear, as 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.62Again, a Debtor oweth to his Creditor l. 1435. 17. 8 d. to be paid at the rate of 2½ per Cent. for the Exchange: To do this, take the 1/10 parts of the said Sum, and of his Product ⅕, and of the ½ the ⅛, adding the said ⅕ to the said ⅛, and the Exchange will appear. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.63Again, at 2¼ per Cent. what will the Exchange of 7661 l. 17 Sols amount unto? To do which, the ⅕ of 1/10, and the ⅛ of the said ⅕ is to be taken, adding the ⅕ and the ⅛, and it giveth the Exchange. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.64Again, at 3 per Cent. I would know the Exchange of 7000 l. herein take ¼ of 1/10 and ⅕ of the said ¼, adding the two last products, it giveth the Exchange: as for Example; 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.65Also presuppose, that a Merchant hath sold some Goods for the value of 5312 l. 10 s. at a years time, conditionally to have the allowance of 2½ per Cent. for every payment, what ought the Buyer to give the Seller at the said term? In this case consider, that 2½ per Cent. for a pay∣ment, is 10 per Cent. for the year; and therefore the 1/10 is to be taken, and to be added to the Total, and it giveth l. 5843. 15. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

But I have stayed upon this Point too long, and therefore will omit further Examples, and will only insert a brief method of these forms of Exchanges in this place, because the inge∣nious may make it serve his occasions in any Country where Moneys are either given or taken at Interest, serving as compendious Tables for casting up of any Exchange here, or of Interest elsewhere, for any space and term of time whatsoever, and fitly serveth as a necessary intro∣duction to what I shall here further insert, as concerning the Exchanges made by Lions for other Countries.

CHAP. CCCIV. Brief Rates of Exchanges in Lions, which may serve for the Rates of Interest in many other places.

• * 1.66FIrst, at ½ per Cent. take 1/10 of a 1/10, and the ½ of the last 1/10 shall be the Rate and Sum of the Exchange propounded and demanded.
• At ⅓ per Cent. take a 1/10 of a 1/10, and a ⅓ of the last 1/10, is the Exchange.
• At ⅔ per Cent. take a 1/10 of a 1/10, and ⅔ of the last 1/10 is the Exchange.
• At ¼ per Cent. take a 1/10 of a 1/10, and ¼ of the last 1/10 is the Exchange.
• At ¾ per Cent. take ¾ of a 1/10, and the 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At ⅕ per Cent. take a ⅕ of the 1/10 of a 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At ⅖ per Cent. take a ⅖ of the 1/10 of a 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At 1 per Cent. take a 1/10 of a 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At 1½ per Cent. take a 1/10 of a 1/10 and ½ of the last 1/10, adding the two last.
• At 1½ per Cent. take a 1/10 of a 1/10 and ⅓ of the last 1/10, adding the ⅓ and 1/10.
• At 1⅔ per Cent. take a ½ of a 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At 1¼ per Cent. take a ⅛ of a 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At 1¾ per Cent. take ½ and ¼ of the 1/10 of a 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At 1⅜ per Cent. take a 1/10 of a 1/10 and ⅜ of the last 1/10.
• At 2 per Cent. take a ⅕ of a 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At 2⅛ per Cent. take a ⅕ of a 1/10 and ⅙ of the said ⅕, adding the ⅓ and ⅕.
• At 2⅔ per Cent. take a ⅕ of a 1/10 and ½ of the said ⅕.
• At 2½ per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1/10 shall be the Exchange.
• At 2¼ per Cent. take a ⅕ of a 1/10 and ⅛ of the said ⅕, adding the ⅕ and ⅛.
• At 2¾ per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1/10 and the 1/10 of the said ¼.
• At 3 per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1/10 and ⅓ of the said ¼, adding the ¼ and the ⅕.
• At 3⅓ per Cent. take a ⅓ of a 1/10.
• At 3½ per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1/10 and ⅔ of the said ¼, adding the ¼ and ⅖.
• At 3¾ per Cent. take a ¼ of a 1/10 and ⅓ of the said ¼, adding the ¼ and the ½.
• At 4 per Cent. take a ⅕ of a ⅕.
• At 4½ per Cent. take ¼ and ⅕ of
• At 5 per Cent. take a ½ of a 1/10.
• At 5½ per Cent. take a ½ of a 1/10 and 1/10 of the said ½, adding the ½ and the 1/10.
• At 6 per Cent. take a ½ of a 1/10 and ⅕ of the said ½, shall be the Exchange.
• At 6¼ per Cent. take a 1/10 of a ¼ of a ¼ shall be the Exchange.
• At 6⅔ per Cent. take a 1/10 of a ⅓ of one ⅓.
• At 7⅕ per Cent. take a ½ of 1/10 and ½ of the said ½.
• At 8⅓ per Cent. take a 1/11.
• At 10 per Cent. take a 1/10.
• At 12½ per Cent. take a ⅛.
• At 15 per Cent. take a 1/10 and ½ of the said 1/10, adding the whole.
• At 16⅔ per Cent. take a 1/10.

• At 17½ per Cent. — 1/10 and twice the ½ the one of the other of the said 1/10.
• At 20 per Cent. — ⅕.
• At 22½ per Cent. — ⅕ and of ⅛ the said ⅕ adding giveth the Exchange.
• At 25 per Cent. taking the ¼.

* 1.67The reason why I have been induced to set down the brief method of calculating the Ex∣changes here, is, that as it is to be understood, that the rate of the Exchange at the payment is regulated for the next ensuing payment for that day; so must it also be understood, that the nearer the time is to the day of the next ensuing, the lesser consequently is the rate of the Exchange for that payment to be accounted; and because in many Contracts that are made there in private Bargains between Merchant and Merchant, it is oftentimes found, that the time of payment prefixed by agreement is sometimes 2, 3, or 4, or more Fairs or Payments to come and succeed, and thereto is oftentimes to be considered, the remaining time running to the first payment ensuing: Therefore in this case, I have for the easier and better reckon∣ing of him that sells a Commodity, and of him that doth buy the same, set down the easiest and briefest way how to make his Account of the time to run, which here I have set down to the common term of ten payments, which at 2½ per Cent. makes 25 per Cent.

CHAP. CCCV. Examples of the Exchanges of Lions, with the Profit of the Profits thereof.

* 1.68THE declaration of these Rules is best demonstrated by Examples, which here following my intended method, for the better understanding thereof, I here purpose to insert, the Question being, That if a Creditor receiveth not each payment, the Exchange that is due to him, the Debtor ought to make him good the same as if it were the principal. For Example:

I would know what shall l. 1560. 15 Ounces give for profit at the rate of two ½ per Cent. for three payments, valuing the said Exchange with the Principal at the price above-named.

First it is to be noted, That if by the Rules above mentioned, the Profits of the said Sum at 2½ per Cent. for one payment comes to l. 39. 0. 4 d. that Sum is to be added to the Principal, and then it doth amount unto l. 1599. 15 s. 4 d. out of which must be drawn the Exchange of the second payment, and add that likewise to the principal, and out of that the Exchange of the third, and adding that in the same manner, and it giveth 1680. l. 15 s. As by Example following doth appear. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And in this manner the account of the Profits of the Exchange of Lions may be made for any time whatsoever; and forasmuch as the rate of the Exchange, for a payment in a continued Sum, may alter, therefore I will lay down one Example more, which pesus may be 7450 put out by the Exchange of Lions for a year, or four payments: The first payment falling to be at 2¼, the second at 2⅓, the third at 2½ and the fourth payment at ⅜, which accordingly cast up, and continued with the Profit of the Profit added to the principal, it will amount to 8203 l. 6 s. 6 d. as following shall appear by the Example.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.69Now forasmuch as these Rules have affinity with the interest used in many Countries, conti∣nued by the year from one to another, called by us, interest upon interest, it will be needless fur∣ther to insist thereupon; and therefore before I proceed to the Exchange of Lions, I must not omit to shew one particular circumstance much in use upon this place, which is the account of dis∣counting, which falls out in many occasions, but principally when a Merchant doth here sell his commodities at 4, 9, or 10 payments time, and that he would pay the same at any payment, before the prefixed time, at a covenanted rate; an example or two in this kind I will also show, ser∣ving for other Countries also, where the like manner of discounting is used, with a brief manner how the same is easily cast up, contrary to the method of many of our common Arithmeticians.

CHAP. CCCVI. Of the Account of Discounts or Rebates, and the manner thereof, used as well in Lions, as in many other places of Trade.

* 1.70AMerchant selleth a commodity for l. 3709, 12, 9, payable at a year, to discount at plea∣sure at 2 per cent. for a payment or Fair, now if the buyer pay the same content, or in rea∣dy mony, how much ought the seller to rebate him for a discount for the 4 payment or fairs at the said price?

To do this succinctly and briefly, I first draw the discount of the said l. 3709, 12, 9 at 108 per cent. and then multiply the said sum by 2, and of the product take 1/•• of a 1/9 or more facilely, 3 thirds, the one of the other, the last whereof, shall be the discount of the said parcel, and so much must the seller rebate to the buyer, the which discount deducted from 3709. 12, d. 9. there resteth 343 ••/•• l. 17. 0 d. which the buyer ought to pay in ready mony; the which for bet∣ter declaration, I will lay down by example, with the proof of the rule, for the trial of the cer∣tainty thereof. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.71Now the reason why out of 108 per cent. there must three thirds be taken one out of the other, is, because that 8 (which is the discount or Rebate) is contained 13½ times in 108, the which is 13½ doubled, are 27, and therefore must be divided by 27 or for the briefer and rea∣dier way, take ⅓ of a ⅓, or three thirds one out of the other, and therefore to make the proof, take ⅛, of the said 3434, 17. 0. and in drawing ⅕ of the said ⅓., the rest giveth 274. 15. 9 l. which declareth that the rule is well and rightly made.

Because that in this manner of discounting, or as we term it, of rebating, the time and price is found diversly to alter, I will set down a brief Table for the casting up of any sum, for any Fair or Payment, and an example or two for the understanding thereof, thereby the better to come to the main and principal point of our account of Exchanges.

CHAP. CCCVII. The Table of casting the Accounts of Discounts, or Rebatements.

• * 1.72IMprimis, At 101 per cent. divide by 101.
• At 101¼ per cent. divide by 81, or take 1/9 of a 1/9.
• At 102 per cent. divide by 51.
• At 102½ per cent. divide by 41.
• At 102⅔ per cent. for 38½ divide by 77, or take 1/7 of one ••.
• At 104 per cent. divide by 26, or take ½ of a ••.
• At 105 per cent. divide by 21, or take •• of a 1/7.
• At 106 per cent. for 17⅔ divide by 53.
• At 106¼ per cent. divide by 17.
• At 107½ per cent. for 14⅔ divide by 43.
• At 108 per cent. for 13½ divide by 27, or take ⅓ of a 3/9.
• At 108⅓ per cent. divide by 13.
• At 100 per cent. divide by 11, or take ••.
• At 112 per cent. for 9⅓ divide by 28, or take •• of one 1/7.
• At 112½ per cent. divide by 9, or take 1/9.
• At 113½ per cent. for 8½ divide by 17.
• At 114 per cent. for 8½ divide by 57.
• At 115 per cent. for 7⅔ divide by 23.
• At 116 per cent. for 7¼ divide by 29.
• At 116⅔ per cent. divide by 7, or take 1/7.
• At 117½ per cent. for 6 5/7 divide by 47.
• At 118 per cent. for 6 9/5 divide by 59.
• At 120 per cent. divide by 6, or take ⅙.
• At 122½ per cent. for 5 4/9 divide by 49, or take a 1/7 of a 1/7.
• At 125 per cent. divide by 5 or take ⅓.

* 1.73For the better understanding of the precedent Table, note, that for Example, to take the discount at 122½, I divide the 22½, in 2, which make 45, and the like of the 100, making 200, which divided by 45, the product giveth 4 4/9, and so many times 22½ are contained in 100, and because that the Discount or Rebate is always upon the 100, one more is to be added thereto, which makes 5 4/9, so that the said 22½ are contained 5 4/9 in 122½, and therefore it must be divided by 4 4/9, the which to do, it is needful, that all the same be put into ninths, multiply∣ing by 9, as well the sum out of which the discount is to be made, as the said 5 4/9, amounting to 49 for Divisor; and for to divide, by 49, as the briefest and shortest way, take the 1/7 of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be∣cause that 7 times 7 makes 49.

* 1.74Again, to draw the discount at 105 per cent. I divide a 100 by 5, taking ⅓ which is 20, to the which number, I always add one for the reason before-mentioned, making thereby 21 for di∣visor, and for to divide by 21, you must take ⅔ of the sum, which the discount is to be made of, and the ⅓ of the said 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shall be the discount.

* 1.75Again, for to make the discount at 107 〈◊〉〈◊〉, I double 7½ in two parts, which making 15, and so of the 100, making 200, which I divide by 15, taking ⅕ of ⅕, his product giving 13 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to which I add 〈◊〉〈◊〉, making thereby 14⅓, and so many times 7½ are contained in 107⅓, and therefore you must divide the sum, of which the discount must be made, by 14⅛, and thus do in all other sums and parcels.

CHAP. CCCVIII. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Rome.

* 1.76I Have declared before in the general Chapter of the Exchanges of Lions, how many Cities Lions is found to Exchange with, and there also shewed the common rates how the same doth govern, which notwithstanding is found at every Fair, and payment, to alter, yet it standeth the Merchant so far in stead, that thereby he is able to make the account, both of his draughts and remittances, though otherwise altering from their noted prices, which is the thing now resteth to be handled, that it may be discerned, how the Exchange at Lions is cast up with any other place whatsoever: * 1.77and there likewise it is observed, how the Merchants Exchangers do keep their accounts, which for the most part is in Livers, Tournois, Sols and Deniers, 12 De∣niers making a Sol, and 20 Sols a Liver; and yet some there be, that keep their accounts in Crowns of Exchange, called Crowns of the Sun, and is as the Liver distinguished into Sols and Deniers of Gold, accounted by 12 and 20 as the former, this Crown being accounted worth 3 Livers, upon which the Exchange of the place is made and marked with Crowns, Livers, Sols and Deniers; the question then upon the Exchange of Lions with Rome is thus: 100 Crowns of Gold of 3 l. is gi∣ven in Lions to have in Rome 85 Crowns of Gold, Estampe or de Camera, more or less, as the Exchange passeth, I demand for Crowns 4520. 12. 6 d. of Gold of the Sun, how many Crowns of Estampe shall Lions have at Rome? To know which, you must multiply the said Crowns of the Sun, by 85, and from the Product cut the two last figures, the which must multiply by 20, to make them Sols, and then by 12 to make them Deniers, which will come to be 3842. 10. 7 of Gold of Estampe which Lions ought to have in Rome for the said sum of Crowns of Gold, which this calculation following maketh more apparent. Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.78The proof of the said account will appear in the same question propounded, where Rome Ex∣changeth at the same terms with Lions.

CHAP. CCCIX. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Florence.

* 1.79LIms Exchangeth with Florence, and giveth 100 Crowns to have in the said place 954 Crowns of Gold more or less, I demand for Crowns 1324. 15. 0, of Gold of the Sun, how ma∣ny Crowns of Gold I shall have in Florence, to know which, I multiply the said Crowns of Gold by 95¾ in cutting the two last figures of the Product, as I did in the precedent account, the which are to be multiplied by 20 and 12, to make the same Sols and Deniers, and I find I must have in Florence, Crowns 1268. 8. 11 of Gold, for the said Crowns of the Sun; as in the follow∣ing Example.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.80Facit Crowns 1268—8—11 which shall appear, when Florence Exchangeth with Lions.

CHAP. CCCX. Of the Exchange of Lions with Lucca.

* 1.81LIons Exchangeth with Lucca, and taketh Crowns 100 to pay in Lucca posito 103⅙ of Livers 7½ the Crown: I demand for Crowns 1234—5—6 of Gold of the Sun, how much must I pay in the said City of Lucca: To know which, I multiply the said sum of Crowns of the Sun by Crowns 103⅙ and from its Product cut off the two last figures, the which I multiply by 20 to come to Sols, and then by 12 to come to Deniers, and it will make Crowns 1273—7—2, which I must pay in the said place of Lucca: Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.82Note, that if in Lions it be paid in mony, there is one per cent. given more, so that receiving in the said place of Lucca, the said Crowns 1273—7—2 in mony of the said place, the Debt•…•… shall be bound to pay more Crowns 12. 14 8, which is in all Crowns 1286—1—10; as for Exam∣ple thus cast up. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The proof of the said Exchange, you shall find in the account when Lucca doth Exchange with Lions, made by the Rule of Three, saying, If Crowns 103⅙ give 100, how many shall the abovesaid 1273—7—2 d. give, which will be Crowns 1234—5—6. of Gold of the Sun.

CHAP. CCCXI. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Naples.

* 1.83LIons Exchanges with Naples, and giveth Crowns 100 of the Sun to have in that place Duc. 127½ more or less of Taries, 5 per Ducate. I would know for Crowns 2584. 9. 6. of Gold of the Sun, how much Lions shall have credit for in Naples: The which to do, you must mul∣tiply the said sum of Crowns by the said 127½ Duc. cutting the two last figures of the Product, the which must be multiplied by 5, to make them Taries, and then by 20, to make them Grains, because that the Ducate is worth 5 Taries; and the Tarie 20 Grains, so that it will give in Na∣ples, Duc: 3295, Tarie 1. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The proof of the said Rule shall appear in the Exchange of Naples with Lions.

CHAP. CCCXII. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Palermo or Mesina.

* 1.84LIons exchangeth for Palermo or Messina, and giveth 1 Crown of Gold of the Sun, to have in the said place posito 38 Carlins. I would know, for Crowns 4692. 11. 3. of the Sun, how many Ounces shall Lions have credit in Palermo or Messina: first multiply the said Crown of the Sun by the said 38 Carlins, the value of the Crown, and taking the rest of the multiplication for parts of 10, because the Carlin is worth 10 Grains, and the product shall be Carlins and Grains, to make the which Ounces, you must take ⅙ in cutting the last figure, because that 60 Carlins make an Ounce, and of that which resteth cut off, add with the last figure, you must take ½ to make Taries, one whereof being 2 Carlins, and 30 worth one Ounce, and if you find a rest of the said Taries, you must take ½ which is 10 Grains, because that one Tary is worth 10 Grains, and ½ of 20 which is 10, to the which must be added the resting Grains, if any be, so that the said sum of Carlins will make Ounces 2189 Tar. 25, Grains 17, and so many Ounces will Palermo or Messina give, and over and above the said sum of Ounces, one Carlin per Ounce is given for to make it good mony; and to add the said Carlin per Ounce in the shortest way, it is to be considered, that for the said Ounces 2189 is given the same sum of Carlins for the Laggio of the monies as they term it, which reduced into Ounces, cutting the last figure, and taking ⅙ of the rest, as hath been said before, will give Ounces 36. resting two 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Carlins, which is twenty, to which must be added the last figure cut off, and it will be 29 Carlins, which is 14 Taries, and there will rest 1 Carlin, which is 10 Grains, to which must be added 8 Grains for 25 Taries which are with the Ounces, seeing that for 3 Taries cometh one Grain, for Laggio of the said mony, and they will be Ounces 2226. 10. 15. and so much will the credit of Lions be in Palermo, and because that the said Carlin per Ounce comes to 1⅓ per cent. the account may be made in taking 〈◊〉〈◊〉 per cent. of the said sum of Ounces, and it will make the same sum; as Example.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.85The proof of the said account shall appear in the Exchange of Palermo and Mesina back to Lions.

CHAP. CCCXIII. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Genoa.

* 1.86LIons exchangeth with Genoa, and giveth one Crown of the Sun, have in that place, posit•• of mony in Gold 59 s. 9 d. I demand for Cro. 9432. 9 of the Sun, how much credit shall Lions have in Genoa in current mony? To do which, first multiply the said Crown of the Sun by Sol. 59. 9 d. and it maketh Sol. 563588. 10 d. which reduced into Livers, makes Lib. 28179. 8. 10 M••∣ny of Gold, which divided by 68 Sol, which is the price of a Crown of Gold in mony of Gold, and that which resteth of the division, you must multiply by 20, to make them Sols of Gold, and then by 12 to make them Deniers, and they will be Crowns 8288. 1. 5 of Gold, the which mul∣tiply by 4½ which is the price at present of the Crown of Gold in current mony, and of its prod••ct will come Lib. 37296. 6. 4 of mony current, and so much credit shall Lions have in Genoa, for the said Crown 9432. 9. of the Sun. And you must note, That the Livers, of the mony of Gold cann••e be reduced into current mony, unless first it be reduced to Crowns of Exchange. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.87The proof of this Rule is seen, when that Genoa doth Exchange for Lions.

CHAP. CCCXIV. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Millan.

* 1.88LIONS Exchangeth with Millan, and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in Millan posito 118⅓ s. I would know how many Livers makes Crowns 1564. 15. 6. of Gold of the Sun in Milla••t? To do which, you must multiply the said, sum of Crowns by 5 l. 18. 4. which are the Sols 118••, beginning to multiply the l 5 by the 6 Den. and then by the 15 which are with the Crown of the Sun, the proceed of the multiplication shall be l. 9258. 5. which shall be had in Millan for the said Crown of the Sun: as for Example, 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.89The proof of the said account shall be manifest in the Example of Millan with Lions.

CHAP. CCCXV. Of the Exchange of Lions with Venetia.

* 1.90LIONS Exchangeth with Venice, and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold, to have their D••cates posito 119⅔ of Livers 6⅙ per Ducat; I demand, for Crowns 3549. 10. of the Sun, how much credit shall Lions have in Venice? To know which, multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said 119•• Ducats, and the remainder produced by the said multiplication, shall be divided by 24, because that the Ducat is worth 24 Gross, and out of that product cut the two last figures, the which being multiplied by 24, to make them Grosses, they will make Da∣c••t. 48 38 1/12, which Lions shall have credit in Venice for the said Crowns of the Sun: as Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Facit, 4238 Ducat. 2 Gross. And the proof of this account shall be manifested by Example,* 1.91 in the Exchanges of Venetia back for Lion.

CHAP. CCCXVI. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia.

* 1.92LIONS Exchangeth with Bolonia, and giveth 100 Crowns of the Sun to have in Bolonia Crowns 113 of Livers 4¾ per Crown; I demand then, for Crowns 3879. 13. 4. of the Sun, how much credit shall Lions have in Bolonia: To do which, multiply the said Crowns of the Sun by 113, and from the product cut the two last figures, then multiply them by 20. and 12. to make them Sols and Deniers, and it will come to Crowns 4282. 6. 5. in Bolonia, the which you must bring into Livers, by multiplying them by l. 4. 15. which is the value of the Crown in Bolonia, and they make l. 20341. 0. 5. which Lions shall have credit for in Bolonia.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The proof hereof serveth to know how to make the account, when Bolonia exchangeth for Lions, and is done by the Rule of 3 saying, If Crowns 213 give 100 Crowns, how many shall 4282 Crowns 5. s. 6 d. give?

CHAP. CCCXVII. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Placentia.

* 1.93LIONS Exchangeth with Placentia, and giveth 119⅔ posito Crowns of the Sun, to have in Pla∣centia Crowns 100 of Marc. I demand for Crowns 3489. 15 of Gold of the Sun, how many Crowns shall be due to me in Placentia? To find which, I say by the Rule of three, If Crowas 119⅔ give 100 Crowns of Marc. how many will Crowns 3489. 15. give? the product of which Rule, giveth Crowns 2916. 4. 6. d. of Marc. and so much shall be due to me in the said place of Placentia, for the said sum of Crowns of the Sun: for example, 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

The proof of this rule is seen, when that Placentia shall exchange with Lions.

CHAP. CCCXVIII. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp.

* 1.94LIONS Exchangeth with Antwerp, and giveth one Crown of the Sun to have in Antwerp posito 121⅓ Gross; I demand then, how many Livers of Grosses I shall have there, for Cro. 6895. 11. 3. To do which, I multiply the said sum by the said 121⅓ Gross, and it giveth Grosses 836661, out of which take 1/12, to make them Sols, and they make Sols 69721. 9. which to make into Livers, you must cut the two last figures, and take the ½ of the others, and it will come to l. 3486. 1. 9. of Grosses, which I should have in the said place of Antwerp, for the a∣bove-mentioned sum of Crowns of the Sun: as by Example,

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.95The proof of the said account will appear, when that Antwerp exchangeth with Lions: and therein is to be noted, that in the manner of the Exchange that Lions maketh with Antwerp, the Calculation will serve in the same manner with Colonia; because the same Moneys are used in Exchanges in the said City of Colonia as in Antwerp, and the same also is in use in Amsterdam, and throughout the Netherlands.

CHAP. CCCXIX. Of the Exchanges of Lions with London.

* 1.96LIons exchangeth with London, and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in London posito Pence sterling 58; I then demand, for Crowns 7693. 10. 0. Crowns of the Sun, how many Li∣ens of Pounds sterling shall I have in London; working the same as in the precedent Rule, and accoun•• from Lions to Antwerp, and it will make sterling Pounds 1859. 5. 3. d. And so much Credit shall the same give me in London, as shall appear by Example following: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.97The proof of this account shall appear, when I come to the Exchanges of London with this place of Lions.

* 1.98Here also is to be noted, That the account is calculated in the same manner, when either P••ris, Rouen, or any other part of France doth exchange for the City of London, or for any other City in England.

CHAP. CCCXX. Of the Exchange of Lions with Francfort.

* 1.99LIons exchangeth with Francfort, and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in the said place Qua∣rentines posito 95¼ I demand, for 1500 Crowns of the Sun, how many Florins shall Lions have in Francfort: to do which, multiply the said Crowns of the Sun by 95¾, and it maketh Qua∣rendines 143625; to reduce which into Florins, you must cut off the two last figures, and then take ⅙ of the others, or else divide them by 60, because that 60 Quarentines make a Florin, and it givet 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Florins 2393, and 4 overplus, which is to be understood for 40, and with the figure cut off, makes 45, of which ⅓ is to be taken to make Sols, because that 3 Quarentines is a Sol, and then it makes Florins 2393. Sol. 15. which Lions ought to have Credit for in Francfort.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.100Desiring for proof the said account, to exchange from Francfort to Lions, the said Florins 2393. 15. at Quarent. 95¾ per Crown, I first put the said Florins into Quarentines, multiply∣ing them by 60, and they will be Quarentines 143625, which divided by 95¾ makes just Crowns 1500 of the Sun, as abovesaid.

Note also, that in Francfort is only accounted two Fairs; the first in Mid-Lent, and the other in Mid-September; and if the Remittance be out of the Fair you may stay for the said Fair, and the Money must stay half a Year, which is here two Fairs, in satisfaction whereof, is sometimes made good 6, sometimes 7 per cent. as Merchants can agree, more or less.

Note also, that when Lions is found to exchange with Norimberg, the account thereof is made as above is said, with Francfort.

CHAP. CCCXXI. Of the Exchange of Lions with Sevil.

* 1.101LIons exchangeth with Sevil, and giveth Crowns 1 of the Sun, to have in the said place pos•…•… 396 Marvedes; I demand then, what Credit I shall have in Sevil, for Crowns 6792—16—6 d. delivered in Lions, at the said price? To do which, multiply the said Crowns by 396, and they will make Marvedes 2689958, to which must be added ½ per cent. for the Lagi•• of the money, which is 5 per 1000, and then they will make Marvedes 2703407, and so much shall Lions have Credit in Sevil; as in Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.102Note that when Lions doth exchange with Alcala, the account is made as the precede••t with Sevil, and that the proof of the said calculation is found true by the Exchange of Se∣vil or Alcala with Lions.

CHAP. CCCXXII. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Lisbon.

* 1.103LIons exchangeth with Lisbon, and giveth 1 Crown of the Sun, to have their posito 528 Raes, I demand then for Crowns 7893. 4. 6. of the Sun, how many Raes Lions shall have Credit in the said place of Lisbon; and to know which, I multiply the said Crowns by 528, and find that it giveth in Raes 4167622, which Lions shall have Credit in Lisbon: as for Example; 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.104The proof of this Rule is manifested, when that Lisbon shall exchange with Lions.

CHAP. CCCXXIII. Of the Exchanges of Lions with Barselona.

* 1.105LIons exchangeth with Barselona, and giveth one Crown of the Sun, to have in the said place posito 22. 8. Sols: I demand for 7822. 12. 6. Crowns of the Sun, which Lions doth remit to Barselona, how many Livers shall I have? To do which, you must multiply the abovesaid sum of Crowns, by l. 1. 2. 8. which is 22. 8 d. beginning to multiply by the Deniers, and then by the Sols, which are annexed to the Crowns, and the sum will come to 8865. 12. 10. which you shall have in Barselona for the said sum of Crowns of the Sun. For Example; 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.106The proof of the said account will appear, when Barselona exchangeth back with Lions.

* 1.107It will not be needful I should propound here any Examples when Lions exchangeth with Valentia and Saragosa, seeing that the account is the same as with Barselona abovesaid, and this is as much as I conceive requisite concerning the Exchanges of Lions with other places, to which I could add sundry Remittances and Draughts in Exchange hence made to other places, with other such circumstances: but here being matter enough set down, to exercise the Pen and Head of the Ingenious, and of him that will study the Art and Mystery of the Exchanges of this place, I will only add a word of the Orders and Commissions, given and received here in Exchanges, and an Example for Explanation thereof, and leave the rest to the considera∣tion of the studious.

CHAP. CCCXXIV. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances by Exchanges in Lions.

* 1.108BEfore I enter this vast subject of Orders and Commissions, I will briefly shew how the ac∣counts of these Orders and Commissions are made, being only given by the expert and sub∣tle beads of Bankers and Exchangers, conversant in the course of Exchanging, which sorts of Com∣mission

or Orders, are wrought partly by the Rule of Three Direct, and partly by the same Rule backward; and the better to distinguish those that are made Direct, and those that are made backward, it is requisite, that the course and manner of Exchanging from one place to another be precisely known and learned, and how that place to which the Commission is sent and given, draw or remit either by a certain or uncertain rate, and such Commissions ought to be made by the Rule of Three backward, taking one of the prices, which are found, for Divisor, and the other two, which are the order'd prices, take for the sum to divide by; and it is to be noted, that the first price, which is taken for Divisor, be of the same place as the last: and to know wherein what is meant by this word certain and incertain, I shall now declare it.

* 1.109A Certain Exchange is no other, than to give a settled price, which varieth not in Exchanging, and hath no change or alteration, as it is seen in Lions, or in Placentia, which gives always Crowns 100, or Crown 1, to have in Naples Ducats 130 more or less, and this 100 Crowns, or 1 Crown is never found to alter, and therefore term'd by Exchangers to be the certain price.

* 1.110Incertain Exchanges is a price that is observed unconstant, and which admits of variation, which shall be when the place which exchangeth, giveth a number of Crowns, Ducats, or Sols, or of any other money which cometh not to the just sum of 100, or else exceedeth the same, and therefore the same not being firm and stable, are named incertain Exchanges, as subject to alteration, sometimes more or sometimes less, which is rightly and well to be considered and understood in Orders and Commissions of Exchanges given.

When the place then wherein the Commission is to be effected, giveth to the places whereto it ought to remit, and draw, to both of them the Incertain, the account must be made by the Rule of Three Forward or Direct, taking for first and second number the prices that have been orde∣red, and for the last number of the said Rule take one of the prices that are found in such a manner, that the first Exchange of the said Rule be of the same place as the latter. Likewise, when the said place where the Commission is essected, giveth to the places that it ought to remit, and to draw to both of them the certain, the account thereof is made by the said Rule of …Three forward; as by Example;

* 1.111Order and Commission is given for a Merchant to his friend at Lions, to remit to Naples at Ducaes 126½, and to prevail for Rome at 85 Crowns, or at another price differing therefrom, provided that it may be done without loss, it is found to remit to Naples at 125⅓ Ducats, I would now know at how much might the same be drawn for Rome, to the end that this Commission be fully and justly effected.

It is here first to be considered, that Lions giveth the price certain to the said two places of Naples and Rome, and therefore by that account it must be made by the Rule of Three for∣ward, saying, If Ducats 126½ give Crowns 85, the inordered price, how many will Ducas 125⅓ give, the price found for Naples, and it will come to Crowns 84. 4. 4, and at that price you must draw for Rome.

By this Commission then it is to be understood, that those of Naples will have Ducats 126½ in Remittance, in that place, and be Debitors in Rome Crowns 85; who finding to remit at Da∣cats 125⅓, it giveth loss, receiving less than that which is inordered; and making the ac∣count in this abovesaid manner, it is found, that the Draught ought to be made at Crowns 84. 4. 4. which is to profit, becoming this way a less Debitor than that which was inordered, which c•…•…th to recompence the loss which is made in the Remittance; as for Example shall appear; 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

To prove this account, by which may be clearly known how this Commission remaineth per∣fectly effected, do in this manner.

Presuppose, that those of Naples have given the Commission for Crowns 2000 of Gold of Estampe, or de Camera, which they would draw for Rome, and remit the value for Naples: you must first see how much the said Crowns of Estampe are worth in Crowns of the Sun, at Crowns 85 per cent. the inordered price, and it will come to Crowns 2352. 18. 9. of Gold of the Sun, out of which you must take ⅔ per cent. for provision, and there will remain Crowns 2343. 10. 7. the which must be remitted to Naples at the price inordered of Ducats 126½ per cent. and it will come to Ducats 2964½, or thereabout.

So that it doth appear, the said Crowns 2000 of debt in Rome, are made by Remittance to Naples, Ducats 2964½.

Now then it is to be observed in the prices (different from the order given) which are found that is to say at Crowns 84. 4. 4. for Rome, and at Ducats 125⅓ for Naples, if for the said Crowns 2000 by Draught to Rome, a Remittance may be made of the abovesaid Ducats 2964½; and the better to know it, it must be seen, how much the said sum of Crowns of Estampe are worth in Crowns of Gold of the Sun, at Crowns 84. 4. 4. per cent. which will come to Crowns 2374. 16. 6 Crowns of the Sun; out of which, taking the provision at ⅖ per cent. there will re∣main Crowns 2365. 6. 7. which must be remitted to Naples at the said price, which is found of 125⅓ per cent. and it will make in Ducats 2964½, or thereabouts by Remittance to Naples; the which sheweth the said Commission is perfectly accomplished, in conformity of the order given. For Example; 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

I could add many of these Examples for the illustration of this point of Commissions, but I forbear to do it, because the Examples might prove tedious and intricate, and the rather be∣cause I may publish in this kind some things that I have already roughly drawn, if I find that my labours this way prove grateful; and therefore touching other circumstances and questions that may arise in the Exchanges practised in Lions, I will refer the same to the ingenious lover of this Art and Mystery, having set down sufficient to exercise both the head and the hand of the sludious, and which may afford matter for greater variety in the next place; therefore I will in the next place survey the Exchanges practised in Rome, after the same manner.

CHAP. CCCXXV. Of the Fairs of Lions, wherein all Bills of Exchange are thence drawn, and are there satisfied.

* 1.112LIons is noted to have four Fairs: the manner of accepting of Bills of Exchange therein, I have observed in the 275 Chapter; the times of the said Bills now resteth to be shewed.

* 1.113The first Fair beginneth in Lions the first Monday after the Epiphany; and if the same fall upon a Monday, the Fair doth then begin the Monday following; the which lasteth fifteen working days, excluding and excepting Sundays and Holy-days; the which is designed for Merchants to do their affairs: at the end whereof (which oftentimes happens at Candlemas) all parties are made by Exchanges, and all former Remittances are paid and discharged.

* 1.114The second is the Fair of Easter, which beginneth the Monday following the Octaves after Easter-day, and lasteth 15 working days, Sundays and Holy-days excepted: at the end whereof, all former Draughts, payable in this Fair, are satisfied, and all new Remittances and Draughts for other places are made and framed from one Man to another.

* 1.115The third, is the Fair of August, and beginneth the fourth of the said Month, and continueth as the rest 15 working days, which oftentimes happeneth not till the beginning of September; wherein, as above is noted, the Draughts made hither, and Remittances are discharged, and new parties by Exchange for other places framed, and perfected from one Man to another.

* 1.116The fourth, is the Fair of All-Saints, beginning the third of November, continuing as the former 15 working days, which sometimes happeneth on the beginning of December; and therein the Merchants use to discharge all former Bills that come hither from other places, and frame new Remittances and Draughts hence to other Cities between Man and Man. For it is here to be noted, That all Bills of Exchanges, and for the most part all Bills of Debt have is this City no other time of Payment, Receipt, or Discharge, but during these four principal aforementioned Times or Fairs.

CHAP. CCCXXVI. Of Examples of the Exchanges practised in Rome, and how the same are calculated.

* 1.117I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Rome, with how many places the same is found to exchange; and there also shewed the common Rates how the same doth govern, which every day is observed to alter, that no set Rule can be Peremptorily laid down for the same; yet is in it self so beneficial, that thereby the ignorant may make his calculation, either in his Draughts, or Remittances: the way of making which account now remaineth to be hand∣led, observing the same with so many other places, as may be fit to understand the ground thereof.

It is also there noted, for the understanding of what is to follow, That Bankers and Ex∣changers in Rome do keep their accounts in Crowns of Stampe or Camera, Sols, and Deniers of Gold named of the Eight Stampe, which are numbered by 20 and 12, because that 20 Sols of Gold makes a Crown, and 12 Deniers a Sol.

The Crown of Stampe being worth	12	Julio's
The Crown in Money worth	10
And the Julio•• worth	10	Baio's.

CHAP. CCCXXVII. Of the Exchanges of Rome with Lions.

* 1.118FIrst then, Rome exchangeth with Lions, and giveth Cro. 85 of Gold of the Eight Stampe, to have in the said City of Lions Crowns 100 of the Sun; I demand for Crowns 3842. 10. 7. of E∣stampe, how many Crowns of the Sun shall Rome have in Lions? To know which, you must say by the Rule of Three, If Crowns 85 give 100 Crowns of the Sun, how much will 3842. 10. 7. Crowns give? and it will come to Crowns 4520. and the Remainder of the Divident multiply by 20 and by 12, to make Sols and Deniers of Gold, and it will be Crowns 4520. 12. 5. of the S•…•… that Rome ought to have in Lions for the said sum: as may be seen by the following Example.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.119The proof of this account is seen, when Lions doth exchange with Rome.

CHAP CCCXXVIII. Of the Exchange of Rome with Placentia

* 1.120ROme exchangeth with Placentia, and giveth posito 99¼ Crowns of Gold of Estampe, to have here Crowns 100 of Marc. I demand, for Crowns 1382. 5. 8. of Estampe, how many Crowns of Marc. Placentia shall have? You must reduce the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers, multiplying the same by 20 and by 12, and adding 15 for the ¼ of a Crown, then say by the Rule of Three, if the Deniers come of the said price, give Crowns 100 of Marc. how many will the Deniers come of the said sum of Crowns give? and multiplying the remain∣der of the division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold; in doing which, they will amount to Crowns 1385. 14. 11. of Marc. which must be had in the said place of Placentia for the said sum of Crowns of Estampe, as may be seen by the following Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.121The proof of this account is seen when Placentia doth exchange with Rome.

CHAP. CCCXXIX. Of the Exchange of Rome with Florence.

* 1.122ROme exchangeth with Florence, and giveth posito Crowns 92¼ of Gold of Estampe, to have in this place 100 Crowns of Gold? I demand for Crowns 1476. 2. 3. of Estampe, what Credit shall Rome have in the said Florence? To know which, you must reduce (as afore is said) the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers of Gold, multiplying by 20 and by 12, and adding 5 Sol for the ¼ Crown; then say by the Rule of Three, If the Deniers come of the said price, give Crowns 100 of Gold, how many will the Deniers of the abovesaid sum of Crowns give? and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12, to have Sols and Deniers of Gold, it will appear to come to Crowns 1600. 5. 2. of Gold: and so much Credit must Rome have in Florence. As for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.123The proof of this account is seen, when as Florence doth exchange with Rome.

CHAP. CCCXXX. Of the Exchange of Rome with Venetia.

* 1.124ROme exchangeth with Venice, and giveth Crowns 73½ posito of Estampe, to have in that place Ducats 100 de Banco of Livers 6⅕ per Ducat. I demand for Crowns 850. 15. 8. of Estampe, what Credit in Banco shall I have at Venice? To do which, I must reduce as in the precedent accounts, the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers of Gold, multiplying the same by 20 and by 12, and add 10 Sols for the ½ Crown, and then say by The Rule of Three, If the Deniers come of the price, give Ducats 100, how many will the Deniers give me that come of the abovesaid sum of Crowns? and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 24, to bring them into Gross, because that 24 Grosses are worth in the said City of Venice 1 Ducat of l. 6⅕, then it will make Ducats 1157½, which Rome hath Credit at Venice: as for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.125The proof of this account may be discerned, when as Venetia doth exchange with Rome back.

CHAP. CCCXXXXI. Of the Exchanges of Rome with Millan.

* 1.126ROme exchangeth with Millan, and giveth posito Crown. 87⅘ of Estampe, to have in that place Crowns 100 of Livers 5. Sol. 17 per Crown; I demand, for Crowns 2140. 16 of Estampe, how many Livers of Millan shall I have?

First, reduce the price and the Crowns into Sols of Gold, multiplying them by 20, and to the multiplication add 16 Sol. ⅘ of a Crown, and then say by the Rule of Three, If the Sols coming of the price, give Crowns 100, how many will the Sols coming of the abovesaid sum of Crowns give? and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, they will make Crowns 2438. 5. 4 d. the which you must reduce into Livers, by multiplying them by l. 5. 17. and they will make l. 14263. 17. 2 d. which I must have at Millan for the said sum of Crowns of Estampe; as appeareth plainly by this Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.127The proof of this Rule is apparent, when Millan shall exchange with Rome.

CHAP. CCCXXXII. Of the Exchanges of Rome with Naples.

* 1.128Rome Exchangeth with Naples, and giveth Crowns 100 of Gold of Estampe, to have in that place, posito Ducates 135⅔, I demand for Crowns 2346. 15. 4 of Estampe, how ma∣ny Ducates shall I have? To do which, you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by Grains 135⅔ per Crown, seeing it is the same grains 135⅔ per Crown, as in Ducates 135⅔ per cent. be∣cause the Ducate is worth in Naples grains 100, and of the product will come Grains 318377, off the which you must cut the two last figures to make them Ducates, and then it maketh Du∣cates 3183, Taries 3, Grains 17, and these Taries and Grains make Grains 77, because that the Tarie is worth Grains 20, and so much you are to have in Naples for the said Crow. of Estamp, as ap∣pears by this Example following. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.129The proof of the said account is seen when Naples doth exchange this sum back with Rome.

CHAP. CCCXXXIII. Of the Exchanges of Rome with Genoa.

* 1.130ROme exchangeth with Genoa, and giveth posito Crowns 101 of Gold of Estampe to have i•• the said place Crowns 100 of Gold of Italy. I demand for Crowns 4000. 10. of Gold of Estampe, what Credit shall Rome have at Genoa? You must first reduce the said Crowns of Estampe into Crowns of Gold of Italy, at the rate of Crowns 100 of Estampe, for Crowns 102½ of Gold, and therefore you must multiply by 102½ in cutting the two last figures, the which you must multiply by 20, and by 12, and they will make Crowns 4100. 10. 3. of Gold of Italy; then say by the Rule of Three, If 101 Cro. give 100 Crowns, what shall 4100 Crowns 10. 3 give? And it will come to Crowns 4059. 18. 3 of Gold in Gold of Italy; and for to reduce them into Livers, you must multiply them by Livers 4 3/2 (the value of a Crown of Gold) and in so doing, it will come to l. 18269. 12. 1 current money, that Rome shall have Credit in Genoa for the said Crowes of Estampe; as for Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.131The proof of the said rule is more apparently demonstrated, when Genoa doth Exchange this parcel back with Rome.

CHAP. CCCXXXIV. Of the Exchanges of Rome with Palermo or Mesina.

* 1.132ROme Exchangeth with Palermo or Mesina, and giveth 1 Crown of Gold of Estampe to have in one of the two said places posito Carl. 29⅕, I would know then for Crowns 4000. 10. 6, what Credit in Ounces shall Rome have in Palermo or Mesina: To do which, you must multiply the said Crowns by 29⅓, and the Product will be Carlins 117348. 7. 2. the which must be reduced into Ounces, by cutting the last sigure, and by taking the ⅙ of the rest, and the 48 remaining are Ca••∣lins, of which take the ½ and they shall be Taries, and in this working it will make Ounces 1955, Taries 24, Grains 7, and Picolies 2, which Rome must have Credit for in one of the aforesaid places, for the above-mentioned Crowns of Estempe, as is apparent by the following Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.133The proof of this account is seen when Palermo or Mesina shall exchange back with Rome.

CHAP. CCCXXXV. Of the Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp.

* 1.134ROme Exchangeth with Antwerp, and giveth one Crown to have in the said City of Ant∣werp posito 114 gross; I demand then, for Crowns 2000. 17. 8, how many pounds in gross, or gresses, shall Rome have Credit in Antwerp? To do this, you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by 114, and of the Product will come grosses 228100, the which reduced into Pounds Flemish will make l. 950. 8. 4. and for so much shall Rome have Credit in the said City of Ant∣werp, as for Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.135The Proof of this account is demonstrated when this parcel is Exchanged back from Ant∣werp to Rome: And Note, That when Rome shall Exchange with Frankfort, Amsterdam, or any other part of the Netherlands, the account is made as in the abovesaid manner of Rome with Antwerp.

CHAP. CCCXXXVI. Of the Exchanges of Rome with London.

* 1.136ROme Exchangeth with London, and giveth one Crown there to have in the said City posito 65 pence sterling. I demand then for Crowns 4000. 14. 8. of Estamp, how many pouads ster∣ling shall Rome have Credit in London, which must be wrought as in the precedent account of Rome with Antwerp, and it will be found, that it will amount unto 1083. 10. 8. den. which lought to have in the said City of London, for the said sum of Crowns of Estamp, as may appear by the Example following. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.137The Proof of this Rule will more evidently appear, when the sum of 1083 l. 10 s. 8¼ den. Sterl. is remitted from London to Rome, which I hope is not in these days used in England.

CHAP. CCCXXXVII. Of the Exchanges of Rome with the Cities of Valentia, Saragosa, or Barselona.

* 1.138ROme doth exchange with Valentia, Saragosa, and Barselona, and giveth 1 Crown of Estam•…•… to have in one of the said places Sols posito 25. den. 6. I demand then for Crowns 6000 14. 4. of Estampe, what Credit shall Rome have in one of the said places? To know which, you must multiply the said sum of Crowns of Estampe, by l. 1. 5. 6. and they will make l. 7650. 18. 3 d. which Rome shall have in Credit in one of the said places, for the said sum of Crowns of Estampe, as shall appear by this Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.139The Proof this Rule is best seen, when this sum shall be remitted back from these Cities to Rome; and because that the Calculation to all these three places is made in one and the same manner, I have put them thus together, the price only giving the alteration in Exchange more or less in each City.

CHAP. CCCXXXVIII. Of the Exchanges of Rome with Sevil.

* 1.140ROme Exchangeth with Sevil, and giveth 1 Crown of Estampe to have in Sevil posito 456 Marvedes; I demand then for 400 Crowns of Estampe, how many Marvedes shall Ro•…•… have in Sevil? To do which, you must multiply the said sum of Crowns of Estampe by 456 M•…•…∣evedes, and they make 182400, which Rome must have Credit in the said Place: And it is hereto be noted, That throughout all Castilia the Exchanges are made in the same manner as at Sev••l, and they likewise keep their accounts in the denomination of Marvedes, and when as they amount to a million, they term it in Spanish a Quintos. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.141At Alcala, and other places in Spain, the Account is as above made, and the further Proof thereof is seen, when that Sevil shall Exchange with Rome.

CHAP. CCCXXXIX. Of the Exchanges of Rome with Lisbon.

* 1.142ROme doth Exchange with Lisbon, and delivereth one Crown of Estampe, to have in the said place posito 513 Raes. I demand what Credit in Raes shall Rome have in Lisbon for 325 Crowns 9. 6. d. this question is to be wrought, as in the precedent account is shewed, and it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 appear, that Rome shall have Credit in Lisbon for Raes 166968, as shall be seen by the wor••∣ing thereof following.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.143The proof of this Account is apparent, when that Lisbon shall Exchange back Raes 166968 with Rome at 513 Raes per Ducat.

CHAP. CCCXL. Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Rome.

* 1.144From Rome the Terms are

• To Naples at 8 days sight, and from thence back at 10 days.
• To Bruges and Antwerp at 8 days sight.
• To Palermo at 15 days sight, and from thence back at 10 days.
• To Florence at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Venice at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Avignon at 45 days sight, and thence at 10 days back.
• To Valentia at 1 month from the date, and 10 days sight back.
• To Barselona at 2 months from the date, and 10 days sight back.
• To Lions on the Fair, and thence 10 days sight back.
• To Genoa at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Pisa at 10 days, and the same back thence.

CHAP. CCCXLI. Of the Aggio of Moneys practised in the Exchanges and Payments of Rome.

* 1.145THis Term Aggio, common in divers parts of Italy, is as much as the Valuable consideration, in the species of sundry Moneys, that are made in payments, either for Merchandize or in Exchanges by Bills, and is accounted the difference between the best Money, used in Terms of Exchanges, and the worst used in payments of Goods; and therefore for the declaration and manifestation thereof, I have made this Question and Chapter, by way of Proposition and De∣mand. A certain Merchant in Rome, finding himself to have received for Merchandize sold by him to another, Crowns 3441, and Baiocs 97, of Julio's 10 per Crown, which he desires to reduce into Crowns of the Fstampe, or as some Term them de Camera, thereby to make them fit to be re∣mitted into any other place, the Aggio of the Moneys being considered, as commonly is seen at 45 Julio's; I demand then how many Crowns of Estampe the same will produce? To know which, you must first see how much the 100 Destampe are worth in Julio's at Julio's 12 the Crown, which will be Julio's 1200, to which must be added 45 Julio's for the Aggio thereof, because that the Crown of Estampe is worth 12 Julio's, and then the Aggio, which comes to be 12 Julio's and Baiocs 4½ per Crown, or else 45 Julio's for Crowns 100, and they will be 1245 Julio's, and so much shall 100 Crowns Destampe be worth the Aggio of the Money comprised; likewise in the same manner you must reduce the said Sum of Crowns of money into Julio's, and they make Julio's 34419 and Baiocs 7, comprehending 9 Julio's and 7 Baiocs, for 97 Baiocs, and this being done, then work by the Rule of Three, and say, If Julio's 1245 give Crowns of Gold of Estampe 100 Crowns, how much shall the said Julio's 34419. 7 give? Then to multiply the said Julio's by 100, there is only a Cypher to be added after the 7 Baiocs, and prosecuting thus the working of the question, it will amount unto Crowns 2764. 12. 8. of Estamp. * 1.146Now to prove the said account, you must multiply the said Crowns of Estampe by Julio's 1245 per cent. in cutting the two last figures, and of the Product, there will remain Crowns 3441, and Baiocs 96⅘, and so the account will appear to be well made, saving a small broken number lost, and in this manner must be wrought all like accounts, though the Aggio of the money be either augmented or lessened, still by adding the Aggio, such as it shall be found to be, with or to the

Julio's 1200, which is the price of 100 Crowns of Gold Destamp. The whole question I shall for Explanation demonstrate by the working thereof in this Example: And first, 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

CHAP. CCCXLII. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances by Exchanges in Rome.

* 1.147I Will herein, following my first intended method, give you also a Proposition or two of a Draught and Remittance by Commissio•…•… and Order, the manner whereof largely explained by Example, will be full and sufficient for reglement for the like Draught or Remittance from this City to any another place.

From Rome then is remitted to Venice, at Crowns 97¼ posito, and from thence is remitted to Placentia, at Ducates 136⅔; I would now know at how much cometh the Remittance from Rome for Placentia? To do which, work thus:

You must first multiply the said Duc. 139⅔, being the price of 100 Crowns of Mark by Crowns 72¼ per cent. cutting the two last figures, the which being multiplied by 20 and by 12, to reduce them into Sols and Den. of Gold, and in thus working it will come to Crowns 98, 14. 9. to the which must be added ⅓ per cent. for the provision, paid at Venice, which is 6 Sols, 7 De∣niers, and they make Crowns 99 1/15, and so many Crowns Destampe disbursed in Rome, for 100 Crowns of Marc. of Credit at Placentia, as doth appear by Example following. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.148To prove this account, you must see how much the sum of Crowns Destamp that you would remit, are worth in Ducates in Venice, at the said price of Crowns 72¼ for Duc. 100, out of which to make the Remittance to Placentia, the provision is to be taken out at ⅔ per cent. then

see, how many will the Crowns of Mark give at Duc. 136⅓ for 100 Crowns of Mark, and the Crowns of Mark, which come thereof, must be multiplied by the said price of 99 1/15 per cent. and in thus working will come to the self-same sum of Crowns of Estampe, which are disbursed in Rome for the Remittance made to Venice, and by the Rule may the proof be made of all other accounts of the self-same subject.

But it is to be noted, that the said account cannot serve in any other occasion, but where the Remittance is made from Rome to Placentia, and that the Exchange is at 100⅓ Crown of Estampe, for 100 Crown of Mark thereby to discern, if it be the more profitable, to remit, as they te••m it, a dritura, or straight, or else to make Remittance to Venice, and from Venice to Placentia, as is beforesaid at the abovesaid prices, the Remittance coming to be at 99 1/15 Crowns of Estampe, so that as it is apparent, it is more beneficial to remit to Placentia by the way of Venice, for as much as it is seen by this Example, that for 100 Crowns of Mark in that place, there is no more paid and disbursed, but Crowns 99 1/15 in Rome, and making the Remittance straight, and a dri∣tura, 100⅓ Crowns is to be disbursed. And moreover it is to be noted, that their Exchange is made sometimes at a greater or less price, according to the abundance or scarcity of the moneys current, and therefore these accounts serve only but for instruction sake, and to shew how the Rules thereof are to be reckoned and cast up.

Another Example of a Commission given to enlighten this point, I will add hereunto.

There is Order and Commission given at Rome to remit to Venice at 73⅔ Crowns, and to prevail for the same from Placentia at Crow. 93⅓, but there is found Bills of Exchange for Venice at Crowns 74⅓, and money for Florence at Crowns 94⅔, the question is then; If at these prices the said Commission and Order may be effected? The which to accomplish and know, I must say by the Rule of Three, seeing that Rome giveth the uncertain to both those said places, If Crowns 73⅔ give 93⅓ Crowns, what will Crowns 74⅓ give? And it will give by the said Rule, Crowns 94. 3. 6 d. so that this Order and Commission may be accomplished and performed with benefit, be∣cause that remitting to Venice at Crowns 74⅓, it ought to be drawn to Florence at Crowns 94. 3. 6, and there it is found at more, videlicet at Crowns 94⅔: As for Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And thus much shall serve for instruction and method to the Exchanges and Commissions pra∣ctised at Rome, and now I will proceed to the next eminent place of Exchanges, according to my intended method, which is Naples.

CHAP. CCCXLIII. Examples of the Exchanges practised in Naples, and how the same are to be calculated.

* 1.149I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Naples, with how many other places this City is found to Exchange, and there also shewed the common rates, how the same doth govern, which every day is so found to alter, that no set rule can peremptorily be set down for the same, yet it is in it self so beneficial, that thereby the Learner may know how to make his account, ei∣ther in his Draughts or Remittances; the way of making which account now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with so many other places, as may be fittest to understand the ground thereof.

* 1.150It is also there observed, that the Bankers and Exchangers of the place do keep their account in Ducats, Taries and Grains, the which are cast up by 5, and by 20, because that 5 Taries do

make a Ducate, and 20 grains a Tarie; also that the Crown of Gold, in Gold of this Kingdom, is 13 Carlins, or 6½ Taries, and the Crown of money or Silver is 11 Carlins or 5½ Taries, the Ducute of Gold being worth 6 Taries, and the Ducate current is worth 5 Taries.

CHAP. CCCXLIV. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lions.

* 1.151NAples then Exchangeth with Lions, and giveth posito Ducates 127½ to have in this place 100 Crowns of Gold of the Sun, I demand then, for Ducates 3295 and 1 Tarie, how many Crowns of Gold shall I have in Lions? To know which you must say, by the Rule of Three, If Ducates 127½ give 100 Crowns, how many will Ducates 3295⅕ give? Multiplying the re∣mainder of the Division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers, and it will make Crowns 2584. 9. 4. of Gold of the Sun, which I should have at Lions. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.152The proof of this account is seen, when Lions exchangeth back either for Naples, Bery, Lechy, or any other City of that Kingdom.

CHAP. CCCXLV. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Placentia.

* 1.153NAples Exchangeth with Placentia, and giveth posito Ducates 132¼ to have in this place Crow. 100 of Mark; I demand then for Duc. 3416, Taries 2, and Grains 8, how many Crowns of Mark shall I have at Placentia? To do which, I must first reduce the said sum of Duc. into Grains; and if there were neither Taries nor Grains, it were done by the only addition of two Cyphers, because that the Ducate is worth 100 Grains; and because that there is in this Question 2 Taries and 8 Grains, 48 Grains is to be added, and take Grains 132¼ for Divisor of the said sum, seeing it is as much at Grains 132¼ per Crown, as at Duc. 132¼ per Crown 100, multiplying as well the one part as the other by 4 to bring them into quar∣ters of Grains, and after Division by multiplying the rest of the Divisor by 20 and 12 to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold; and all this done, it will come to Crow. 2573. 12. 4 of Mark, which I must have in the said place of Placentia for the said sum of Ducates above-men∣tioned; as for Example.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.154The proof of this Account is more apparently demonstrated, when this sum or parcel is exchanged back from Placentia to Naples, Bary, Lechy, or other Cities of this Kingdom.

CHAP. CCCXLVI. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Rome.

* 1.155NAples doth exchange with Rome, and giveth posito. Ducats 135⅔ in this place, to have in Rome 100 Crowns of Gold of Estampe: I demand then for Ducats 3183. 3. 17. what credit in Crowns shall Naples have in the said City of Rome? To know which, the question is wrought as is before mentioned in the precedent Exchange of Naples with Placentia, and it com∣eth to Crowns 2346. 15. 2. of Gold of Estampe or de Camera, and for so much shall Naples have credit in Rome, as for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.156The proof of this Rule is manifested, when this parcel is Exchanged back from Rome to Naples, Bary, Lechy, or to any other City of this Kingdom.

CHAP. CCCXLVII. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Florence.

* 1.157Naples exchangeth with Florence, and giveth Duc. posita 119⅔ to have in Florence 100 Crowns of Gold: I demand then for Duc. 934. 1. 10. how much shall Naples have Credit in the said City of Florence? This must be wrought as the precedent question of the Exchange of Naples

for the City of Rome, and it will come to Crowns 780. 15. 0 of Gold, and so much shall Naples have credit in the said place of Florence, as appeareth by this Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.158The proof of this Account is declared, when this parcel is Exchanged back from Florence to Naples.

CHAP. CCCXLVIII. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Venice.

* 1.159NAples Exchangeth with Venice, and giveth posito Ducats 97¼ to have in Venice Ducas 100 of Livers 6⅕ of this Money (which now is termed in Banco) I demand then for Ducats 1799. 1. 13 of Naples, how many Ducats shall I have in the place of Venetia? This is to be wrought as the precedent, multiplying the remainder of the division by 24, to bring the same into gross, because that the Ducats of Livers 6. 4 s. maketh 24 gross, and it will come to Ducats 1850 5/24, and so many Ducats shall Naples have in the said place of Venice, as by the Example following. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.160The proof of the said Account appears when this parcel of 1850 3/24 is exchanged ba•…•… from Venice, to the aforesaid place of Naples.

CHAP. CCCXLIX. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Millan.

* 1.161NAples exchangeth with Millan and giveth posito Duc. 98½ to have in Millan Crow. 100 of Livers 5 per Crow. of the money of this place; I demand then for Duc. 850, how many Crow. shall I have in Millan? To know which, I must do as in the precedent exchanges, mul∣tiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and 12, to bring the same into Sols and Deniers, and by this working it will make Crow. 862. 18. 10. and to know how many Livers they are, they must be multiplied by 5 Livers, beginning to multiply the Den. then the Sols, and af∣terward's the Crow. calculating for 12 Den. one Sols, and for 20 Sols in Money one Liver, and it

will make l. 4314. 14. 2, which one shall have in the said place of Millan for the said Ducates 850. As for Example, 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.162The proof of this account is manifested, when this parcel is Exchanged back from Millan to Naples, as aforesaid.

CHAP. CCCL. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lechy and Bary.

* 1.163NAples exchangeth with Lechy and Bary, Cities within that Kingdom, and giveth posito 98½ Ducates to have in the said places Ducates 100. I demand then for Ducates 3850. 1. 15 of Naples, how many Ducates shall I have in these two places. This Rule must be cast up as in the precedent Exchange for Millan, and multiplying the remainder of the division by 100, to bring it into grains, and thereof will come 98 which are 4 Taries, and grains 18, and in all Ducates 3908, Taries 4, grains 18, which Naples shall have credit in the said places; And note, That when Naples exchangeth with Montetion, with Cosense, or any other part of this Kingdom, the account is made as above: As for Example, 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.164The proof of this Rule and Account is thus made up. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

CHAP. CCCLI. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Mesina.

* 1.165NAples exchangeth with Mesina, and giveth posito Duc. 115⅛ to have in Mesina Crowns 100 of Tar. 13 of that money, I demand how many Crowns of Taries 13 shall I have there for Duc. 2348. 3. 8. To do which, working, as by the precedent Rules, I say: If Grains 115⅜ make one Crown of 13 Taries, what will Grains 234868 make? And multi∣plying the remainder of the division by 52, to bring them into half Carlines, because that 13 Ta∣ries are worth 26 Carlins, and by this working it maketh Crowns 2035 36/32, which abridged are 9/13, or otherwise multiplying the remainder of the division by 13, and then by 20, to bring them into Taries and Grains, which will be the easier to comprehend; but the reason why I have o∣therwise demonstrated it, is because herein I would follow the method and manner of the Mer∣chants of Naples, who in their accounts are accustomed to do as above is shewed, and to reduce the said Crowns 2035 9/13 into ounces, you must multiply by 13 to bring them into Taries, adding to the multiplication 9 for 9/13 and they will be Taries 26464, from which cutting the last figure, and take ⅓ of the rest to make them Ounces, because that 30 Taries is an ounce, and the remainder of these thirds are tens of Taries, to the which adding the figure cut off, which are so many Taries, as must be placed after the ounces, and it will make ounces 882. 4, and for so much shall Naples have credit in the said place of Mesina for Duc. 2348. 3. 8. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.166The proof of this Rule is manifested, when that Mesina shall be found to Exchange for Naples.

CHAP. CCCLII. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Palermo.

* 1.167NAples exchangeth with Palermo, and giveth one Ducate to have in the said place posit•• 166½ Pontos, I demand for Duc. 2846. 2. 10. what credit shall I have in ounces in Pa∣lermo; to do which, multiply the said sum of Duc. by 166½ Pontos per Ducates, and it makes Pontos 473942, to which add ⅓, to make them Grains, because that 1 Pontos is 1 Grain and ⅓, and for as much as one Grain is worth 6 Piccolis, and 1 Pontos is 8 Piccolis, and it maketh Grains 631922, to reduce which into ounces, you must cut off the two last figures, and take ⅙ of the rest, because that 600 Grains make an ounce, which in all make ounces 1035, and there remain∣eth 1, which is worth with the two figures cut off 122 grains, which are 6 Taries and 2 grains, because that 20 grains is 1 Tarie, and they will be ounces 1053, Taries 6 and Grains 2, and so many ounces by the said Exchange shall you have in Palermo; * 1.168 And note, That over and above, they give credit 1 Carl. per ounce for good money, to add which said Carl. per ounce, do thus, consi∣dering that for the said ounces 1053, will come the same sum of Carlins, for the Aggio of the money; and to make the said Carlin into ounces, you must cut the last figure, and take ⅙ of the rest, will make ounces 17, and there will remain 3 tens of Carlins, which are 30 in value, to which adding the figure cut, and it is 33 Carlins, for which taking ⅓ to make them Taries, (a Carlin being ½ a Tarie) which are 16 Taries, and the remainder is 1 Carl. in worth 10 grains, and adding 2 grains for the 6 Taries, which is with the ounce, because that for 3 Taries, which

are 60 gra. the Aggio will be 1 grain, and it will be in all ounc. 17, tar. 16, and gra. 12. which added to the abovesaid ounces, it makes 1070 Tar. 22, and gra. 14, and so much credit you shall have in Palermo for Duc. 2846, 2. 10. in Naples at Pont. 166½ per Duc. Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.169The Proof of this account is shewed, when Palermo doth exchange back with Naples this same parcel.

CHAP. CCCLIII. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Genoa.

* 1.170NAples exchangeth with Genoa, and giveth one Ducate to have posito in Genoa 66⅔ Sols, I demand for Duc. 1345. 4. 5, how many Livers current money shall I have in Genoa, the which is done by Multiplication in taking of grains 85, which are the 4 Taries, and grains 5. the ⅓: Seeing that it may be calculated for one grain of Naples ⅔ of a Sols, and it will come to Sol. 89723, and Deniers 4, which to reduce into Livers you must cut the last figure, and take the ⅓ of the rest, and if any rest, it will be a tenth, to which must be added the figure cut off, and it will be Sols, and thus it will appear to be Livers 4486. 3. 4. and so much will your credit be in the said place of Genoa, as by this Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.171The proof of the said Rule is more evident, when this sum cometh to be rechanged from Genoa to Naples, as is aforesaid.

CHAP. CCCLIV. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp.

* 1.172NAples exchangeth with Antwerp, and giveth one Ducate, to have in Antwerp posito 90 gross. I demand then by this Exchange, what credit shall Naples have in Antwerp for 3200 Duc. to do which, you must multiply the said sum of Duc. by 90, and it maketh 288000 gra. which reduced to pounds Flemish, will make 1200 l. 00. 0 d. and so much credit shall Naples have in Antwerp for the said sum of Duc. 3200. As in the following Example.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.173The proof of this Rule is more apparent, when this sum of 1200 l. Flem. is rechanged from Antwerp to Naples.

CHAP. CCCLV. Of the Exchanges of Naples with London.

* 1.174NAples doth exchange with London, and giveth one Ducate to have in London posite 52 pence sterling, I demand then for 1528 Duc. how many pounds sterling shall Naples have credit in London: this must be done as in the precedent account, of Naples and Antwerp, and it will be found that the same will give in London 331 l. 1 s. 4 d. which is the sum that Naples shall have credit there for 1528 Duc. delivered: As for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.175The proof of this Rule will appear, when as 331 l. 1 s. 4 d. shall be rechanged from London to Naples.

CHAP. CCCLVI. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Valentia.

* 1.176NAples doth exchange with Valentia, and giveth one Ducate for posito 21 Sols in Valentia, I demand then for Duc. 2306 of Naples, how much shall I have credit in Valentia; to know which, you must do as in the Exchange preceding, multiplying the said sum by 21 Sols, and they will make 2421 l. 6 s. which Naples shall have answered in Valentia at the price a∣bove shewed; the like is to be observed in the Exchanges of Saragosa and Barselona, which I here omit for brevity, to which this Example shall suffice. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.177The Proof of this Rule is seen, when this sum shall be rechanged from Valentia to Naples.

CHAP. CCCLVII. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Sevil.

* 1.178NAples doth exchange with Sevil, and giveth one Ducat, to have in Sevil posito 402 Marvedes; I demand then for 2634 Ducats in Naples, how many Marvedes shall I have in Sevil? To do which, you must multiply the said sum of Ducats by 402 Marvedes, and they make Marvedes 1058 868, which Naples must have credit in the said place. And moreover it is here to be noted, That throughout all Castilia the Exchanges are made in the same manner as at Sevil, and they likewise keep their Account in the same denomination of Marvedes, which when amounting to one million, they term it in Spanish a Quinto, marked. thus V. Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.179And accounted 1058 V. or Quintos 868 mar. The proof whereof is seen when Sevil re∣changeth with Naples.

CHAP. CCCLVIII. Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lisbon.

* 1.180NAples doth exchange with Lisbon, and giveth one Ducat to have in Lisbon, posito 498 Res; I demand for 1200 Ducats in Naples delivered, how many Res I shall have credit in Lisbon? This question is wrought as in the precedent with Sevil, and it will appear that Naples hall have in Lisbon the Sum of 597 V. 600, as by the following working thereof. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.181The proof of this Rule is manifested, when that Lisbon shall have occasion to rechange for Naples.

CHAP. CCCLIX. Of the Terms of the Payment of Bills of Exchange in Naples.

* 1.182From Na∣ples the Terms are

• TO Rome at 10 days sight, and at 8 days back.
• To all other places of that Kingdom at 8 days sight, and so back.
• To Florence at 20 days after date, and thence at 10 days back.
• To Venice at 15 days sight, and the like thence.
• To Avignon at 60 days from the date, and thence at 20 days sight.
• To Valentia at 40 days sight.
• To Genoa at 10 days sight and thence at 15 days sight.
• To Pisa at 10 days sight, and so thence.
• To Palermo at 10 days sight, and the same back.

CHAP. CCCLX. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Naples.

* 1.183ACcording to my intended method, I will here add an Example or two of Draughts and Remittances, by Commission and Order, performed in this place of Naples, posito.

* 1.184To Naples cometh Order from Venice, that the Remittance is made to the said place at Duc. 98⅓, in drawing from Placentia at Duc. 135½, but there do Bills present for Venice, at Duc. 99⅓: I demand then, (considering the loss that falleth out in the Remittance) at how much ought I to draw for Placentia? To know which, you must say by the Rule of Three, If Duc. 98⅓, give Duc. 135½, what will 99⅔ Duc. give? and it will come to 137⅓ Duc. and at that rate the draught must be made for Placentia, in the Remittance for Venice at Duc. 99⅔ and th•…•… the Commission will remain effected according to the order given: As for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.185Again, presuppose that at Naples cometh Order from Florence, to remit to Rome, at 134•• and to prevail for Naples at 121⅕, there is found Bills for Rome at 136⅕, and money for Fa∣rence, at 122⅗ I demand then, if at these presenting prices the Commission may be acco••∣plished? To know which, work by the Rule of Three, and say, If Duc. 134⅖ give Duc. 121•• what will Ducates 136⅕ give? and it will come to Ducats 122 and grains 58, so that as it is apparent, the Commission may be effected, because that Remitting to Rome 136⅖, the dr•…•…s for Florence must be made at Duc. 122, grains 58, and it is found at 122⅗, which is 60 grains more; as by the following Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.186Again, at Naples cometh Order from Palermo, to draw to the said Palermo, at Pont. 168 and to remit to Placentia at 134½. Now there is found Money for Palermo, at 166⅓, a•…•…

Bills for Placentia, at 136. I demand then, if the said Commissions may be effected, at the Rates presented? To do which, you must work by the Rule of Three, taking one of the prices which are found for the Divisor, as hath been shewed by the instruction given upon Commissions, and say, If Pontos 166½ give 134½, what will 168¼ give? And it will make Ducats 135 9/10, or there∣abouts. So that it appears this Order and Commission may not be performed, seeing that drawing to Palermo at 168¼, the remittance cannot be made for Placentia at more then 135 8/10, and there is found Bills but at 136; as by this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.187Again, at Naples cometh Order from Genoa, to remit for Placentia at 133, and to prevail from Mesuia at 114, clear of charge: There are found Bills for Placentia, at 131⅓. I demand (consi∣dering the benefit which is given in the remittance) at what price may the parcel be made? To know which, say by the Rule of Three; If 133 give 114, what shall 131⅓? And it will come to Duc. 112, and 57 Gr. To the which must be added 44 Grains, for the provision which is there taken at ⅖ per cent. and it will be Ducats 113; And at a lesser price, may not be taken for Mesina. The Example will make it evident: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And this is as much as I conceive sitting to have said of the Exchanges, Orders and Com∣missions practised in the City of Naples; And next to Genoa.

CHAP. CCCLXI. Examples of the Exchanges practised at Genoa, and how the same are concluded.

* 1.188I Have shewed elsewhere, the general Exchanges of Genoa, and with how many other places this City is found to Exchange, and there also declared the common rates and prices, how the same is found to govern, which notwithstanding is found so subject to altera∣tion, that it cannot admit of any great certainty, yet so far it is conducible to this know∣ledge, that it may serve as a certain rule for the calculation thereof, either in the Draughts, Remittances, or Orders, that may happen to fall within the limit of this City, the forming of which accounts now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with

some other principal places, which being well understood, will enlighten the way to what is here by me for brevity sake willingly omitted.

* 1.189To give then Introduction thereto, it is to be noted, that Exchangers do here keep their ac∣counts several ways, as some in Livers, Sols and Deniers of current money, and others by Li∣vers, Sols and Deniers money of Gold, and both these accounted and summed up by 20 and 12, because 20 Sols make a Liver, and 12 Deniers do make a Sol.

Moreover, it is to be noted, that the Crown of Italy of Gold, in Gold, is worth here in cur∣rent Money 90 Sols of Genoa, though it is found sometimes to be worth more, and sometimes less, as Moneys are requested: Notwithstanding, the said Crown is always given for 68 Sols Money of Gold.

Again it is to be observed, that in Genoa all, or the most part of Exchanges that are practised, are effectively for Placentia, Lions, Millan, Venice, Naples and Rome; and therefore in the handling thereof, I shall, to avoid tediousness, be the briefer.

CHAP. CCCLXII. Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Placentia.

* 1.190GEnoa doth Exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito Sol. 87¾ current money, to have there 1 Crow. of Mark. I would know then, for Livers 10269. 19. 3 d. current money, how many Crow. of Mark I shall have in Placentia?

* 1.191First then multiply the said Sol. 87¾ by 4, to bring them into 4/4, adding the ••/4, and they make 351 quarters; and then multiply the said sum of Livers by 20, to make them Sols, and then by 4, to make them quarters of Sols, adding to the multiplication ¼ for the 3 Deniers, and it will be in all 821 597, which divide by 331 the price of the Crown of Mark and the division will be 2340, multiplying the rest by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers, and they will be in all Crow. 2340. 14. 7. of Gold of Mark, which you must have in Placentia, as by Example will be more evident: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

To prove this account, you must multiply the said Crowns of Mark by Lib. 4. 7. 9. beginning to multiply by the Deniers, and then by Sols, calculating it by 12 Deniers for one Sol, and by 2•• for one Liver, and of the product will come l. 10269-18-11. so that it is evident, that the account is just, the difference being in some small parts of the division which is lost, as by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.192At Genoa it is oftentimes seen that the Exchange is made for Placentia in Sols of Money of Gold, and the difference of this money is, that the Crown of Gold, by decree of the estate, is worth Sols money of Gold, and in current money 90 Sols, and though that the said price of the current money rise and fall, the money of Gold, never varieth from the said price of 68 Sol. If then I would know for Livers 2816. 13. 4. money of Gold, which one exchangeth at 66 5 d. money of Gold per Crown, how many Crowns of mark, shall one have? Do thus: Reduce the abovesaid Livers into Deniers, multiplying them by 20, and the Sols resting by 12; likewise reduce the said Sols 66. 5 Deniers, into Deniers, multiplying them by 12, and that which will come thereof shall be the Divisor of the sum of Deniers, come of the said Liv. the which divided, will be 848 Cro. 3. 7. of Mark. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.193To prove this Rule, multiply this by 5 d. and the product will be 2186. 13. 3. which shews the account to be just cast.

* 1.194In Genoa I would deliver for Placentia lib. 3248. 15. of current money, which is exchanged at 67 Sol. 10 d. of money of Gold, I demand how many Crowns of Mark they will be? First re∣duce the said sum of Livers of current money, into Livers of money of Gold, dividing the same by 90 Sols, the price of the Crown of Gold in current money, and they will be Crowns 721. 18. 10, which must be multiplyed by 3 l. 8 s. the price of the Crown in money of Gold, and it will come to lib. 2454. 12. money of Gold, which divided by 67. 10, to see what the Crowns of Mark are worth, and they will make Crowns 723. 14. 3. of Mark, and so much shall Genoa have medit in Placentia for the said l. 3248. 15 of current money, as the example shall more evi∣dently demonstrate: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.195If in Genoa you would reduce any sum of current money, into Livers of money of Gold by a short rule, because that the Crow. of Gold in current money is 90 s. and in money of Gold 68 s. you must take of the current money twice ⅓ placing them the one under the other, and out of

one of the said ⅓ take ⅕, and of that which cometh of the said ⅕ you must take ⅓, and adding these 4 parcels together, will come Money of Gold, as will appear by this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.196For proof of the said account, if by the same method you would reduce Livers of Money of Gold into Livers of current Money, you must add to the said Livers of Money of Gold the ¼, and of that which will come thereof, take 1/17, adding the said two parcels together, and they will make Livers of current Money: Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And thus much shall serve for the Exchange of Genoa with Placentia; wherein I have thought fit thus far to enlarge my self by reason of the great Exchanges continually practised between the said two places.

CHAP. CCCLXIII. Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Lions.

* 1.197GEnoa Exchangeth with Lions, and giveth posito Sols 59. 9. Money of Gold, to have in Li∣ons a Crown of the Sun; I would know then, for Livers 37296. 6. 0 of current Money in Genoa, how many Crowns of the Sun I shall have in Livers? First reduce the said sum of Livers of current Money into Livers of Money of Gold, by the former Rules, dividing by Sol. 90. the price of the Crown of Gold in current Money, and they will make Crowns 8288. 1. 4. which must be multiplyed by l. 3. 8. 5. the price of the Crown in Money of Gold, and it will come to l. 28179. 8. 6. the which divided by Sol. 59. 9. the price of the Crown of the Sun, it will be Crowns 9432. 8. 10. And so many Crowns of the Sun will Lions give for those Livers of c•…•…∣rent Money, as above propounded. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.198The proof of this rule will appear, when this parcel shall be rechanged back from Lions to Genoa.

CHAP. CCCLXIV. Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Millan.

* 1.199GEnoa doth Exchange with Millan and giveth 1 Crown of Livers 4 of current Money to have in this place posito Sol. 118½; I would know then for Livers 3850. 14. 8. of current Meney, what credit shall Genoa have in Millan? First, take the quarter of the said sum of Livers, to make the same into Crowns of Livers 4, and they will make Crowns 962. 13. 8, the which must be multiplied by Livers 5. 18. 6. per Crown which are the said Sol. 118½, and they will make l. 5703. 17. 11 d. And so much shall the said credit be in Millan, as doth appear by the Example in the work following: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.200The proof of this account will more evidently appear, when this parcel is rechanged for Genoa from Millan.

CHAP. CCCLXV. Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Venice.

* 1.201GEnoa doth Exchange with Venice, and giveth one Crown of Livers 4 current money, to have in Venice posito 146½. Sol de Banco and of that money: I demand for l. 8340. 12. 0. turrent Money of Genoa, how many Ducats de Banco of l. 6⅕ per Duc. shall one have credit in Venice? To do this then, first take the ¼ of the said sum of Livers to reduce them into Crowns of 4 l. and they will make Crowns 2085. 3. 0. the which by l. 7. 6. 6. per Crowns, which are the said Sol. 146½, and of the Product thereof will come l. 15273. 14. 6. which must be re∣duced to Ducats, dividing them by 124, the price of the Ducat of 6 l. 4 Sol. and multiplying the rest of the Division by 24, to bring them into Grosses, because that 24 Grosses maketh one Ducat; and by thus working, the same will be Ducats 2463. ½ and so many Ducats of lib. 6⅕ shall you have credit in Banco for at Venice; as for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.202The proof of this rule is seen, when Venice doth Exchange back for Genoa this said sum.

CHAP. CCCLXVI. Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Naples.

* 1.203GEnoa doth Exchange with Naples, and giveth posito 66⅔ Sols of current money, to have in this place one Ducat of 5 Taries, I demand then for liv. 4486. 3. 4. current Money how many Ducats in credit shall I have in Naples?

First reduce all the said sum of Livers with the said l. 66⅔ of current Money into Deniers, multiplying the Livers by 20, and the Sols that come thereof by 12, doing the same by the Sols, of the price of the Exchange, multiplying the same by 12, and by the Division thereof it will make Ducats 1345, and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 100, by reason that 100 Grains doth make one Ducat, and there will come Grains 85, which are worth 4 Taries, and Grains 5, seeing, as hath been before remembred, that 1 Tary is in Naples 20 Grains: And by thus working, it will make Ducats 1345. 4. 5. and so much shall the credit be in Naples, as by the Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.204The proof of this account is seen, when Naples shall Exchange back with Genoa. I could much more inlarge the Exchanges practised at Genoa with other places, but for brevity I wil∣lingly omit the same, and therefore now come to the Commissions and Orders given in matters of Exchanges at Genoa.

CHAP. CCCLXVII. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Genoa.

* 1.205ACcording to my proposed method, I will here add one or two Examples of the Orders and Commissions, given and thereby received in Draughts and Remittances at Genoa.

First the posito from Venice, there is order given to Genoa, to remit to Venice, and to pre∣vail for Millan, at such a Price that the Draught from Millan to Venice, comes but to 148 l. clear of all charges; now then there do present Bills for Venice, at 149, and money for Millan at 148. I demand if at these prices, the said Commission may be performed? To do which, say by the Rule of Three, If Sols 148 of Venice give at Millan, Sols 117, being the price of the Crown of the said Millan, what will Sols 149 give, the price of the Crown of Livers 4 l. at Genoal And it will come to 117¼ Sol. the which without deduction of provision, is apparent that the Commission cannot be performed, because that the remitting to Venice at 149, the Draught can∣not be made for Millan at more then 117¾ besides the provision, and the patido is found at 118 Sols, as the Example sheweth:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.206Again to Genoa cometh order from Antwerp to buy some Velvets, and to prevail for the same by Placentia, at such a price, that the Palm of Velvets in Genoa, amount not (being bought) to more than Sol 8½ money of Gross, and the Draught for Placentia at Gross 123. Now there is found Velvets at 72¼ Sols the Palm, and Money for Placentia at Sol 88. in current Money I demand then, if at these prices the said Commissions may be effected? To know which, say by the Rule of Three, if Gross. 123 the price of the Crowns of Mark, give at Genoa, Sol. 88. what will Gross 102. which are the said Sol. of 8½ of Grosses, give? and it will come to Sol. 72. 11 so that as it will appear, the said Commissions may be performed to benefit, because that in drawing for Placentia at 88. Sol the Velvets may be bought at 72 Sol. 11 Den. the Palm, and i•• is found at 72 1/•• Sol. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

CHAP. CCCLXVIII. Of the terms of payment of Bills of Exchanges in Genoa.

* 1.207From Genoa the terms of Bills are.

• TO Venetia at 15 days sight, and at 16 dayes back.
• To Avignon at 15 days sight, and so back.
• To Barselona at 20 days sight, and so back.
• To Valentia at 20 days sight, and so back.
• To London at 3 months from the date, and so back.
• To Millan at 5 days sight, and so back.
• To Rome at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Pisa at 5 days sight, and so back.
• To Gaietta at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Bridges and Antwerp at 10 days sight, and thence at two months from the date.
• To Paris the same as to Bridges and Antwerp.
• To Naples and Palermo at 15 days sight, and back at 20 days sight;

And thus much shall serve for Exchanges practised at Genoa together with the Com∣nissions given and received there, and so proceed to the next eminent place of Exchanges. Venetia.

CHAP. CCCLXIX. Examples of the Exchanges practised at Venice, and how the same are to be calculated.

* 1.208I Have shewed the general Exchanges used in Venice, and with how many other places this City is found to Exchange, and there also shewed at large the common rates and prices the same is found there to govern, which notwithstanding is so subject to alteration, that the prices there mentioned, cannot be admitted for a settled rule, and certain rate; yet so far it is conducible in it self to the understanding hereof, that the same may serve as an un∣doubted method in the culculation thereof, either in the Draughts or Remittances, Orders or Commissions, that may fall within the limit of the Exchanges of this City: the working of which rules now remaineth to be handled, observing the same only with such principal places as are most notable, which being well understood, will serve as guides to find out what else is here by me for brevity willingly omitted.

* 1.209To give first then an introduction thereunto, it is to be noted, That Merchants and Bankers here do keep their accounts by several methods, and denominations; some in Ducats and Grosses of Livers 6⅕ the Ducat, the which they sum by 24, because that 24 Grosses are worth one Ducat: and others keep the same by Livers, Sols, and Gross, which are worth ten Lucats the Liver, which is summed up by 20 and by 12, making 20 Sols of Gross to be one Li∣ver, and 12 Deniers one Sol.

Again it is to be noted, that some few years past, the Money current paid in payment of Merchandise, and the Money current paid upon Bills of Exchange, was of one and the self-same goodness in value, or little in difference; but now the moneys paid upon Bills of Ex∣change, is found to exceed the former 20 in 21 per cent. and is commonly now called in Ban∣co, as the other is called the current Money, and therefore when moneys by Exchange is men∣tioned, it is understood to be in Banco, as the best and principal.

CHAP. CCCLXX. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Lions.

* 1.210VEnice doth Exchange with Lions, and giveth posito Ducats 119⅖ of Livers 6⅕ to have in Lions, Crow. 100 of Gold of the Sun: I demand for Duc. 4238 1/12, how many Crowns of the Sun shall I have in Lions? To do this, say by the Rule of Three, If Duc. 119⅖ give 100 Cro. of the Sun of Gold, what will Duc. 4328 1/12 give me? which being done, accordingly as I have heretofore often mentioned, it will come to Crow. 3459, and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 to make them Sols of Gold, and then by 12 to make them Deniers, it will come in all to Crow. 3549. 9. 8. of Gold of the Sun, and so much shall you have credit in Li∣ons for the said sum of Ducats 4238 1/12 of Livers 6. 4. Sols per Ducat, as may be seen by the following Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.211The proof of this Rule is seen when that Lions doth Exchange back with Venice.

CHAP. CCCLXXI. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Placentia.

* 1.212VEnice doth Exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito Duc. 134½ of Livers 6⅕ to have in Placentia 100 Crow. of mark: I demand for Ducats 1450 17/24, how many Crowns of Mark? First reduce the said Duc. 134½ into grosses, multiply them by 24, and adding 12 grosses for the half Ducat, and it will make gross. 3228. in like manner you must reduce the said Ducats into grosses in multiplying them by 24, and adding of 17 gross. for the 17/24, (it being the same to say one gross, as 1/24) and it will be grosses 34817; saying then by the Rule of Three, If grosses 3228 give Crow. 100. what will grosses 34817 give? And it will come to Crow. 1078: and multiplying the rest of the division by 20 to make them Sols of Gold, and by 12 to make them Deniers, it will be found to make in all Crowns 1078. 11. 10. of Gold of mark, and so much you shall have in Placentia for the said Duc. 1450 17/24 of l. 6. 4. s. as by the Example follow∣ing: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.213The proof of this Rule is more apparent when Placentia doth Exchange back with Venice.

CHAP. CCCLXXII. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Rome.

* 1.214VEnice doth Exchange with Rome, and giveth Ducats 100 of 6 l. 4 s. to have in that place posito Cro. 73½ of Gold de Camera for Duc. 1157½, I would know how many Crow. shall Venice have in Rome: you must multiply the said sum of duc. at the said price of Crow. 73½ per cent. and out of its product cut off the two last figures, the which multiplyed by 20 and by 12, to make them sols and deniers of gold, and it will make Crowns 850. 15. 3. of gold of estampe, and so much credit shall Venice have in Rome, as is apparent by this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.215The proof of the said account is more apparent, when this parcel is Exchanged from Rome back to Venice.

CHAP. CCCLXXIII. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Naples.

* 1.216VEnice doth Exchange with Naples, and giveth Ducats 100 of lib. ⅓ to have in the said place posito Duc. 97¼ of Taries 5 per Ducat. I demand then for Ducats 1850 5/24 of Ve∣nice, how many Ducats credit shall I have in Naples? Multiply the said sum of Ducats by Grains 97¼ per Duc. and of the Product will come grains, out of which cut off the two last Fi∣gures, to make them Ducats because (as hath been said before) one Ducat is worth 100 grains, and it will make Ducats, 1799, and grains 32, which are one Tarie and grains 12, and so much credit shall you have in Naples, for the said sum of Duc. of Venice, as by Example shall appear: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.217The Proof of this account will appear when this is rechanged from Naples to Venice: and note, That when Venice doth Exchange with Bary, Lechy, Lausano, or other parts of the Kingdom of Naples, the account is made as above with Naples it self.

CHAP. CCCLXXIV. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Florence.

* 1.218VEnice doth Exchange with Florence, and giveth Duc. 100 of l. 6⅕ to have in Florence Po∣sito 81½ Crow. of Gold, I demand then for Ducats 2500 what credit shall Venice have in Florence? To do this, multiply the said sum of Duc. at the abovesaid Price of Crow 81½ per cent. and from the Product cut the two last sigures, multiplying the same by 20 and by 12, to make the same Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they make Crow. 2037. 10 Sols of Gold of Florence, as by Example will manifestly appear: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.219The proof of this account is seen, when this Sum is rechanged from Florence to Venice.

CHAP. CCCLXXV. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Millan.

* 1.220VEnice doth exchange with Millan, and giveth posito Sols 148½, to have in Millan one Crown of Livers 5, and 17 Sols of that Money: I demand, for Duc. 1486⅕ of Liv. 6¼, what credit in Livers shall Venice have in Millan? First multiply the said sum of Duc. by 124. Sol. the value of the Duc. of Li. 6⅕, and it will make Sol. 184295. the which divided by Sol 148½, to see how much the Crowns of Millan are worth, and multiplying the remainder of the di∣vision by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they will make Crowns 1241, and 10 Deniers, the which multiplyed by Li. 5. 17. the price of the Crown to make them Livers, beginning to multiply the Livers 5 by the 10 Deniers, which are worth the Crown, and then with the Sols, if any be, calculating for 12 Deniers 1 Sol, and for 20 Sols 1 Liver, and of the product thereof will come Li. 7260. 1. 10. And so much Credit shall Venice have in Millan, for the said Ducats 1486¼ of Livers 6⅕ of Venice; as by the Example following: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.221The proof of this rule is seen, when Millan doth exchange with Venice.

CHAP. CCCLXXVI. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Antwerp.

* 1.222VEnice doth exchange with Antwerp and giveth one Ducat of Livers 6⅕ to have in that place posito Grosse 92½, I demand then for Duc. 3810¾, how many Livers Grosse shall Venice have credit in Antwerp? You must multiply the said sum of Ducats by the said Gross 92½, and it will make Gross 352494, out of which, take 1/12 to make the same Sols of Gross, and they will be Sels 29374, and Gross 6, the which must be reduced into Livers, by cutting the last figure, and by taking the ½ of the rest, and it will come to be Livers 1468, and the tenth that is remaining is ten Sols, and adding 4, the figure cut off, shall be 14 Sol. so in all 1468. 14. 6, which Ant∣werp will give; As for Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.223The proof of this rule is seen when Antwerp rechangeth this sum with Venice: And here it is to be noted, that Venice doth exchange with Colonia, and Amsterdam and the Nethe∣lands after the same manner as with Antwerp, and the account is made up as the pre∣cedent, whereto needeth no further example for Illustration.

CHAP. CCCLXXVII. Of the Exchanges of Venice with London.

* 1.224VEnice doth exchange with London, and giveth one Ducat of Liv. 6⅕ to have there posite 56¼ pence sterling: I demand then for Ducats 740, how many Livers of Sterling shall Venice have credit in London? This must be done as in the precedent account is shewed of Venice with Antwerp, and it will come to pounds 173. s. 8. and pence 9, which Venice shall have credit in London, as by the Example more at large appeareth: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.225The proof of this account is manifested, when London doth rechange this sum of 173. 8. 9 d. for Venice; and here note, that Ʋsance from Venice to London is 3 months, or 90 days, and double Ʋsance the said time doubled; and the like accounted back from London to Venice.

CHAP. CCCLXXVIII. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Genoa.

* 1.226VEnice doth Exchange with Genoa, and giveth posito Sols 146½ to have in Genoa one Crown of 4 Livers money of Genoa. I demand then for Duc. 2463½ of Livers 6⅕ how many Li∣vers of current money shall I have credit in Genoa? First reduce the said sum of Duc. into Sols, multiplying them by 124, the value of the Ducat, and divide the Sols that shall rest of the said multiplication by 146½ to make them Crow. of 4 Livers, and multiply the remainder of the Division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they shall be Crow. 2085. 2. 11, which must be multiplied by l. 4 per Crown, beginning the multiplication by De∣niers, and then by Sols, calculating for 12 Deniers 1 Sol, and for 20 Sols 1 Liver, and of the product will come Livers 8340. 11. 8 current Money, and so much will the credit be in Genoa; as in the following Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.227The proof of this account is seen, when Genoa doth rechange this parcel for Venice.

CHAP. CCCLXXIX. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Norimberg.

* 1.228VEnice doth exchange with Norimberg, and giveth Duc. 100 of lib. 6⅕, to have in the said place posito Florins 130¼ of 60 Quarent. per Florin. I demand then, for Duc. 2645 5/14, what credit in Florins must I have in the said place?

Multiply the said sum of Ducats by Florins 130¼ per cent. and the broken numbers of the multiplication divide by 20, to have an account of the Sols, and of the remainder cut off the two last figures, the which being multiplied by 20, to bring the same into Sols, and then by 12, to bring them into Deniers; and in doing thus, there will be found Florins 3210. 18. 8. which must be had in credit at Norimberg, for the said Duc. in Venice remitted: As by this Example following appears: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.229The proof of this account is manifest, when Norimberg shall exchange this sum back with Venice: And note, That for Augusta and Francfort, the Exchange from Venice is made as with Norimberg, whereto needs no other Examples.

CHAP. CCCLXXX. Of the Exchanges of Venice with Bergamo.

* 1.230VEnice doth Exchange with Bergamo, and giveth one Crown of 7 Lib: to have in Bergamo Sols 145½ posito, I demand then for Duc. 4220⅔, how many Livers will it amount un∣to? Multiply the said sum of Ducats by 6 l. ⅕, and it will amount to lib. 26168. 2. 8, of which take the 1/7 to make them Crowns, and the remainders divide by 20 and 12, and they will be Crowns 3738. 6. 1. the which must be multiplied by lib. 7. 5. 6. which are the said lib. 145½ Sols, and of the multiplication will come lib. 27196. 3. 2. which must be had in credit in the said place of Bergamo, as by this Example following: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.231The proof of the said Rule is discerned when this parcel is Remitted back from Bergans to Venice: And thus much shall serve to have said of the Exchanges of Venice, a word of the Orders and Commissions here practised in matters of Exchanges.

CHAP. CCCLXXXI. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Venice.

* 1.232ACcording to my proposed method, I will here add an Example or two of Draughts and Remittances, ordered by Commission in the City of Venice, posito: * 1.233Into Venice cometh Or∣der from Francfort, that they may draw thither at Florins 130, and remit thence to London at 56 pence, not of charges or provision, the partido being for Ducats 3500: Now there is Bills found for London at 57¼ pence, and money for Francfort at Florins 132⅕, I demand then at these rates, whether this Commission without breach of Order may be performed? To do which, say by the Rule of Three, (seeing that Venice giveth the certain price to both those said two places) If 56 pence sterl. give 130 Florins the limited price, what shall 57¼ pence give (the price found) and it will make Flor. 132 9/10, from which deduct 10 s. 7 Den. for the provision that is taken at ⅖ per cent there will remain Flor. 132. 7. 5, so that thereby the said Commission may be per∣formed with benefit, because that remitting to London at 57¼ pence sterl. the draught may be made for Francfort, at Florins 132. 7. 5, and the money that is found is at Flor. 132⅕, as ap∣peareth by this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.234Again, a Merchant of Florence is creditor in Venice posito 2000 Ducats of banco, who ordereth that the same be remitted unto him at Crow. 81½ thence; or by the way of Antwerp at gross 91¼, and to take the most beneficial way of the two; and finding a remittance by both to profit, according to the limited prices, the order is to take the most prositable of the two; and finding the remit tances produce loss, to accept of the least. Now then, there are Bills found for Florence, as I said, at 82½ Crow. and for Antwerp at 92 7/10 gro. I would know by which the remittance ought to be made, seeing that by both the remittance may be made to profit; and desirous to find out the most profitable, you must say by the Rule of Three, If Crow. 81½ give gross. 91¼ the price limited, what shall 82½ Crow. give, which is the price found? And it will make grosses 92 7/10 or there∣abouts; so that the remittance must be made by Florence straight, because that remitting by that way at 82½ Crow. to make the price, you should remit to Antwerp at 92 7/10 gross. and there are no Bills found but at gross 92 9/10, as it is seen wrought by this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.235Again, posito from Lions the Exchange goeth for Venice at Duc. 117⅖, and for Naples at Duc. 125, I demand giving order to Lions, that at these prices they make draught to Venice, and remit 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Naples, at what price then will the remittance come out to be from Venice to Naples? To know ••aich, say by the Rule of Three, If Ducats 117⅖ of Venice, the price of 100 Crow. of Sol. of Gold of Lions, give at Naples Duc. 125, how many will Duc. 100 give of the said place of Venice? and it will make Duc. 106½ or thereabouts, and so much credit must be had in Naples for Duc. 100 of lib. 6⅕ which are disbursed in Venice, out of which must be deducted ⅖ per cent. for the provision that is paid in Lions. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.236Again, in the said place of Venice, cometh order from Florence to remit to Placentia at Duc. 136, and to prevail on them at Crow. 80 not of charges, the partido being made for 5000 Crowns of Mark: Now the said 5000 Crow. of Mark, is found for Placentia at Duc. 135, and for Flo∣rence may be drawn Duc. 2000 at Crowns 80¼: I would know at what price must the rest be dawn? To know which, I must first see for remittance of the said Crew. 5000 of Mark, at the price inordered, how many Crow. of Gold it is at Florence, and to do this, multiply the said sum of Crowns by Duc. 136 per cent. and they make Duc. 6000, without calculation of provisi∣•…•…, seeing that the order is not of charges, you must multiply them by Crowns 80 per cent. and they will be Crow. 5440 of Gold, and so much the draught will appear to be for the said Crow. 5000 of Mark by remittance, and afterwards multiplying the said Crowns 5000 by Duc. 135 per cent. the price that is found, it maketh Duc. 6750. to which adding Duc. 27. for the provision at ⅖ per cent. seeing that the draught must be made for Florence, and they will be Duc. 6777, out of which deduct Duc. 2000 which were found to be drawn at Crowns 80¼, there will rest Duc. 4777, and for the said Duc. 2000. there disbursement is at Florence Crowns 1605•• which must be deducted out of Crow. 5440, which must be drawn; there will remain Crowns

3835 of Gold, which must be drawn, for the which I must be imbursed at Venice, Ducats 4777: and to know at what price, say by the Rule of Three, If Duc. 4777 give by disbursment at Florence Crowns 3835 of Gold, what will Duc. 100 give? And it will make Crow. 80. 5. 7. of Gold, and at this price the said partido of Duc. 4777 may be drawn, and the other Duc. 2000 at 80¼ Crow. and so for both these parcels must be drawn, Crown 5440, as is inordered, and there is imbursed Duc. 6777, there being per contra disbursed Duc. 6750 for the remittance of the said Crown. 5000 of Mark, at Duc. 135. per cent. and Duc. 27; which is imbursed over and above, proceeding from the provision, and in this manner this said Commission will remain performed, as it was by the Committees, inordered, as by example the same will appear evident, following: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.237And note, when the said City of Venice exchangeth for Naples, Rome, Antwerp, and London, and that you would know at how much cometh the Money of any one of the said places for Li∣ons or Placentia, the account is made as in the precedent rule of Florence and Placentia, alway multiplying the price by which the Exchange goeth for Lions, with the price of the other place from whence it is remitted or drawn: And therefore, for brevity sake it is needless to propound here any further example.

CHAP. CCCLXXXII. Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Venice.

* 1.238The Terms from Venice.

• TO Naples and Gaietta at 15 days sight, and so back.
• To Palermo and Mesina at 30 days sight, and so back.
• To Rome at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Florence and Lucca, at 20 after date, and 5 days sight back.
• To Avignon at 45 days after date, and thence 2 months after date.
• To Barselona at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Valentia at 75 days after date, and so back.
• To Sevil at 90 days after date, and so back.
• To Lions for the Fair, and from Fair to Fair.
• To Bridges and Antwerp at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To London at 3 months after date, and so back.
• To Paris at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Genoa at 10 days sight, and 15 days back.
• To Millan at 12 days sight, and 20 days thence after date.
• To Constantinople 5 months after date, and so back.

CHAP. CCCLXXXIII. Examples of the Exchanges that are practised in Placentia, and how the same are to be calculated.

* 1.239I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Placentia with how many other places Placentia is found to Exchange, and there also set down the common rates how the same is for the most part found to govern, which every day is so subject to alteration, that no positive rules can be set down for the same; yet it is in it self so beneficial, that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make up the account thereof, at what rate soever the same be found to be, either in Remittances or Draughts, the which only now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with so many other Towns, as may be fittest to understand the ground thereof.

* 1.240It is then first to be noted, that all Bankers and Exchangers here do keep their Accounts in Crowns, Sols, and Deniers of Gold of Mark, which are cast up by 20 and 12, because that 20 Sels of Gold make a Crown, and 12 Deniers make a Sol.

CHAP. CCCLXXXIV. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Lions.

* 1.241ANd first then Placentia is found to Exchange with Lions, and giveth posito Crowns 85½, to have at Lions 100 Crowns of the Sun of Gold; I demand then, for Crowns 1516. 12. of Mark, what will be due to me in Lions? To do which, say by the Rule of Three, If Crowns 85½ of Mark give 100 Crowns of the Sun, what will the said Crowns 1516. 12. give? And it will come to Crowns 1773. 16. 0. of Gold of the Sun: And so much will be due to me in Lions, for the said sum of Crowns of Mark; as by Example following: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.242The proof of this Rule is seen, when that Lions doth Exchange with Placentia.

CHAP. CCCLXXXV. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Genoa.

* 1.243PLacentia Exchangeth for Genoa, and giveth one Crown of Mark to have posito Sols 67. 10 Money of Gold in Genoa; I demand then, for Crow. 723. 14. 3. of Mark how many Livers of current money shall I have in Genoa? First multiply the said Crow. of Mark by Li. 3. 7. 10 per Crow. which are the said 67 Sols. 12 Den. beginning to multiply the said Li. 3. by 3 Den. and afterwards by Sols 14, which are with the Crow. calculating for 12 Den. one Sol. and for 20 Sols one Liver, and the product will come Li. 2454. 11. 9. Money of Gold, which must be divided by 68 Sols, the price of the Crown of Gold, in Money of Gold, to bring them into Crowns, multiplying the rest of the division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers and they will make Crow. 721. 18. 9. of Gold, which must be multiplied by Li. 4½ per Crow. the present price of the Crow. of Gold in current Money, and it will make Li. 3248. 14. 4. And so much in current Money I shall have in Genoa for the said Crow. 723. 14. 3. of Mark. As by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.244The proof of the said Account is seen, when Genoa exchangeth for Placentia.

CHAP. CCCLXXXVI. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Rome.

* 1.245PLacentia Exchangeth with Rome, and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold of Mark to have in that place posito Crown 99¾ of Gold of Estampe; I demand then, for Crowns 1385. 15. of Mark how many Crowns of Estampe shall Placentia have credit for in Rome? To do which, multiply the said sum of Crowns of Mark by 99¾ per cent. and taking the remainder of the multiplication, to be divided by 20 Sols, cutting off the two last figures of the production, the which multiplyed by 20 to make them Sols of Gold, and then by 12, to make them De∣niers, and they will make Crowns 1382 5. 9. of Gold. And so much will the credit be in Rome: as by the Example following:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.246The proof of the said account is seen, when that Rome doth Exchange back for Placentia.

CHAP. CCCLXXXVII. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Florence.

* 1.247PLacentia doth Exchange with Florence, and giveth 100 Crowns of Mark to have in that place posito Crowns 110½ of Gold: I demand, for Crowns 4500. 10 of Mark, how many Crowns of Gold shall I have in Florence? To know which, working according to the preceeding Ex∣ample, and Rule of Placentia with Rome, and I find it giveth Crowns 4973. 1. 0. of Gold, which Flacentia must have Credit for in Florence: As for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.248The proof of this account is discerned, when Florence doth rechange for Placentia.

CHAP. CCCLXXXVIII. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Palermo.

* 1.249PLecentia doth Exchange with Palermo, and giveth Crow. 100 of Mark to have in Palermo posito Duc. 132¼ of Taries 5 per Duc. I demand then, for Crow. 2573. 12. 4. of Mark what credit shall Placentia have in Palermo? To do which, you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by Grains 132¾ per crow. seeing as hath been said, it is alike so many Grains per Crow. as so many Ducats per 100 Crowns, and of the product will come Grains; the which to turn to Ducats you must cut off the two last figures, and there will remain Duc. 3416. and the Grains 47, which are the two last cut figures, which are 2 Taries and 7 Grains: So that for the said Crow. 2573: 12. 4 of Mark, Placentia shall have Credit in Palermo Duc. 3416. 2. 7 d. As for Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.250The proof of the said Account is discerned, when that Palermo is seen to rechange for Pla∣centia. * 1.251And note, that when the said place doth exchange with Mesina in this Kingdom, the Account is made as above with Palermo, the price and rate is only found to differ, and to be either higher or lower.

CHAP. CCCLXXXIX. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Venice.

* 1.252PLacentia doth Exchange for Venice, and giveth Crowns 100 of Mark to have in the said place Duc. 134½ more or less, of Livers 6⅕ per Duc. I say in Banco, I demand, for Crow. 1078. 12 of Mark, how many Ducats shall it make in Venice? Multiply the said sum of Crowns by Duc. 134½ per cent. and the remainders of the multiplication are to be divided by 24, to bring them into Grosses, and from the product cut off the two last figures, which are to be multiplied by 24, to make them Grosses, and it will make Duc. 1450 17/24 of Livers 6⅕ per Duc. And so much will Placentia have in Venetia, for the said sum of Crowns of Mark. As by this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.253The proof of the said Account is discerned, when that Venetia is found to rechange for Pla∣centia.

CHAP. CCCXC. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Millan.

* 1.254PLacentia doth Exchange with Millan, and is found to give one Cro. of Mark, to have in the said place posito Sols 133⅔, I demand then, for Crow. 1450. 15. 6 of Mark, how many Livers ought I to have in Millan? Multiply the said Crowns by Livers 6. 13. 4. per Crow. which are the said Sols 133⅔, beginning to multiply the 6 Livers by the 6 Deniers, and then by the 15 Sols which are with the Crow. of Mark, calculating for 12 Deniers one Sol, and for 20 Sols one Liver, and they will make l. 9671. 16. 8. which Placentia must have in Millan: As by Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.255The proof the said account is seen, when Millan doth Exchange back with Placentia.

CHAP. CCCXCI. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Naples.

* 1.256PLacentia doth Exchange with Naples, and giveth one Crown of Mark to have in Naples Car∣lins posito 29½; I demand, for Crowns 2400. 10. 10. of Mark, what credit in Ounces shall I have in Naples? Multiply the said Crowns by 29½ Carlins per Crown, and take the rest of the multiplication to be divided by 10, to the end to make them Grains, and they will make Carlins 70815, Grains 9. the which to reduce to Ounces, you must cut off the last figure, and take ⅙ of the rest, and it will be Ounces 1180 and the tenth of the remaining Carlins is to be added to the 5 Carlins, which is the figure cut off, and they are Carlins 15, which are Taries 7, and there will remain 1 Carlin, with the 9 Grains, which are Grains 19, and in all are Ounces 1180. 7. 19. to which add one Carlin per Ounce for the good Money, which done as hath been before shewed, when Naples doth exchange with Palermo, and it will make Ounces 1199. 28. 1. And that is the credit that shall be due in the said Naples, good Money being therein comprised; as by this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.257The proof of this account is seen, when Naples doth Exchange with Placentia. * 1.258And note, the account is the same, when Placentia doth Exchange with Barry and Lechy in this Kingdom, the rates only altering.

CHAP. CCCXCII. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Sevil.

* 1.259PLacentia is found to Exchange with Sevil, and giveth one Crown of Mark to have in that place posito 428 Marvedes; I demand then, for Crow. 815. 5. 6 of Mark, what credit in Marve∣des shall Placentia have in Sevil? Multiply the said sum of Crowns by 428 Marvedes the Crown, and it will make Marvedes 348937, and adding ½ per cent. for the Aggio of the Moneys, at 5 Mervedes per Mill, and they make Marvedes 350681. and so much Credit shall Placentia have in Sevil: As for Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.260The proof of this Account is seen, when that Sevil doth rechange for Placentia.

CHAP. CCCXCIII. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Valentia.

* 1.261PLacentia doth exchange with Valentia, and is found to give one Crown of Mark, to have in Valentia 23⅓ Sols posito: I demand, for Crowns 926. 19. 2 of Mark, how many Livers shall I have in Valentia? To do this, multiply the said sum of Crowns by Lavers 1, 3, 4 d. per Crown, which are the said 23⅓ Sols, beginning the multiplication by the Deniers, and then by the Sols which are with the Crowns, and they will make Livers 848. 2. 4 d. And so much shall Placentia have Credit in Valentia. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.262Note, That when Placentia doth exchange with Barselona and Saragosa, the account thereof is made up, as the above-mentioned exchange from Placentia to Valentia. * 1.263And the proof of the said Rule is apparent, when that Valentia shall exchange back for Placentia.

CHAP. CCCXCIV. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Antwerp.

* 1.264PLacentia doth exchange with Antwerp, and giveth one Crown of Mark, to have in Antwerp posito 124½ Grosses; I demand, for Crow. 700. 15. 0. of Mark, how many Livers of Grosses shall I have in Antwerp? You must multiply the said sum of Crowns by 124½ Grosses per Crown, and it maketh Grosses 87243, from which you must take 1½, to make them Sols, and then it is 7270, and Gross. 3. which reduced to Livers, cutting off the last figure, and by taking ½ of rest, and it will make Livers 363, and the tenth that remaineth is worth 10 Sols, and the 3 Gross. And so much will the Credit appear to be in Antwerp: As by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.265The proof of this Rule is seen, when Antwerp doth rechange for Placentia.

CHAP. CCCXCV. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Bergamo.

* 1.266PLacentia doth exchange with Bergamo, and giveth 100 Crowns of Mark to have Crowns 123¼ posito, more or less, of Livers 7 per Crown. I demand for Crowns 740. 4. 8. how many Livers credit shall I have in Bergamo? To do which, first multiply the said sum of Crowns of Mark by the said Crowns 123¼, and the remainders divide by 20, to keep account of the Sols, and from the product cut off the two last figures, which must be multiplyed by 20 and by 12, to make them Deniers and Sols of Gold, and they shall be Crowns, 912. 6. 8. which to re∣duce into Livers, multiply by 7 Livers, the value of the Crowns, beginning to multiply the said 7 Livers by the Deniers 8, and then by the Sols 6, which are with the Crowns, calculating for 12 Deniers one Sol, and for 20 Sols one Liver, and it maketh l. 6386. 6. 8. which must be had in credit at Bergamo. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.267The proof of this Account is seen, when Bergamo doth rechange this parcel for Placentia.

CHAP. CCCXCVI. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Lucca.

* 1.268PLacentia doth exchange with Lucca, and giveth 100 Crowns of Mark, to have in Lucca po∣sito 117½ Crowns of Livers 7½ per Crown; I demand then, at this rate, for Crowns 406. 10. 10. of Mark how many Crowns of li. 7½ shall I have credit in Lucca? First multiply the said sum of Crowns of Mark by Crowns 117½ per cent. and of the product cut off the two last Figures, which multiplyed by 20, and by 12, to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold, they will make Crowns 477. 13. 8. And so many Crowns of Livers 7½ per Crown shall I have at Lucca•• Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.269The proof of this Exchange serveth to know how to make the account, when Lucca exchangeth with Placentia, being done by the Rule of Three, saying, If Crow. 177½ give 100 Crow. of Mark, how much will 477. 13. 8. Crow. give? And it will be 406. 10. 10 Crow. of Mark. And this is to be observed in the proof of the rest, according to former mentioned rules.

CHAP. CCCXCVII. Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Francfort.

* 1.270PLacentia doth Exchange with Francfort, and giveth Crowns 100 of Mark to have here Crow. 110½ of 93 Quarentines per Crown: I demand then for 800 Crowns of Mark, how many Flo∣rins of 60 Quarentines per Flor. shall I have in Francfort? Multiply the said Crow. 800 by Crow. 110½ per cent. cutting off the two last figures, the which multiply by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and it comes to 884 Crowns of Quarentines 93, the which to make Florins, must be multiplied by 93 Quarentines, and they are 82212 Quarentines, from which cut off the last figure, and take ⅙ of the rest, and they then do make Florins 1370, and the tenth remaining, with the 2 Quarentines, which is the figure cut off, and it maketh 12, from which taking ⅓ to make them Sols, by reason that 3 Quarentines make one Sol, and they are Florins 1370, and Sols 4, which is the credit that must be rendred in Francfort, as shall appear by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.271The proof hereof appeareth when Francfort Exchangeth for Placentia. And thus much shall serve for the Exchanges practised à Dritura from Placentia.

CHAP. CCCXCVIII. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Placentia.

* 1.272ACcording to my method proposed, I will here add some examples of Draughts and Remit∣tances made by Order and Commission, in this place of Placentia, wherein I will some∣what enlarge my self, by reason that it is the most noted and eminent place of Exchanges at this day practised in the World.

* 1.273To Placentia then is order given, to remit to Venice at Duc. 134, or to Florence at Crowns 110½ where the benefit shall appear to be most, that is to say, that finding to remit to one of the said two places, with benefit of the limited prices, the remittance be made thither where most will be given, and if the Remittance be found to be made with loss, to that which will give the least: For Florence then there is found at Crow. 111⅖, and for Venice at Duc. 135: I de∣mand whither ought the Remittance to be made? for to both the Remittance is found to be with profit: And to know where the greatest gain will be, I say by the Rule of Three, If Duc. 134 give 110½ the inordered price, what will 135 Duc. give? The price found, it will make Crow. 111⅓, or circa, so that there is more profit to make the Remittance to Florence, because that remitting at Duc. 135, to make the Par, the Remittance should be for Florence at Crow. 111⅓, and the partido found is 111⅖ Crow. As in the following Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.274Again, at Placentia there is order received to remit to Antwerp at Grosses 123, or to Bar∣selona at Sol ½, where the most advantage shall be found; there is found a parcel for Antwerp at Grosse 120⅔, and for Barselona at Sol 24, I would know to which must the Remittance be made, seeing that in both places there is loss given upon the prices that are inordered: and to know where is the least, I say by the Rule of Three, If Sols 24½ give Grosses 123, the price •…•…ordered, what will 24 Sols give, the price that is found? And it maketh Grosses 120½; so that the Remittance must be made for Antwerp, by reason that remitting to Barselona at Sols 24, to make the Par, the Remittance should be made to Antwerp at Grosse 120½; and it is found at 120 ••/3: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

CHAP. CCCXCIX. Questions upon the Exchanges practised at Placentia.

* 1.275AT Florence there is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of the Fair, posito at Crow. 109½, and for Venice at Crow. 81½, I would know by the said Exchanges, at what price Placentia doth hereby exchange for Venice? To do which say by the Rule of Three, If 81½ Cro. of Gold of Florence give at Venice 100 Duc. of Livers 6⅕, how many will 109½ Crow. give, the price of 100 Crow. of Mark? and it will make Duc. 134½ of l. 6⅕, and at that price should Placentia exchange for Venice: Where by the way it is to be noted, That it is a thing evident, that Exchanges are here made at greater or lesser prices, according to the plenty or scarcity of money to be found, and the rates uncertain, these rules only serving for instructi∣on to make up the accounts thereof.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.276Again, at Naples is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of a Fair there, at Duc. 136½, and for Venice at Duc. 101½, I would know by the said Exchanges at what prices should Placentia Exchange with Venice? I say by the Rule of Three, If Duc. 101½ of Naples give at Venice Duc. 100 at l. 6⅕, how many will 136½ Duc. give, the price of 100 Crowns of Mark? and it will appear to make Duc. 134 11/24, and at that price should Placentia Exchange for Venice; As by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.277Again, at Venice there is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of a Fair, at Duc. 133⅔, and for Naples at Duc. 102⅔, I demand by the said parties, at what price should Pla∣centia Exchange for Naples? You must multiply the said Duc. 133⅔, which is the value of 100 Crow. of Mark, by Duc. 102⅔ per cent. by reason that the said Duc. 102⅔ are the value of 100 Duc. of Venice, and thus wrought, it will make Duc. 137⅕ or thereabout, and at that price should Placentia Exchange with Naples: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.278Again, at Naples is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of a Fair, at Duc. 136••, and for Rome at Duc. 137, I demand by the said Exchanges, at what price should Placentia Exchange with Rome? I say then by the Rule of Three, If Duc. 137 of Naples give at Rome Crow. 100 of Gold of Estampe, how many will Duc. 136½ give, the price of 100 Crow. of Mark? and thus it will come to Crow. 99⅝ or Circa of Gold of Estampe, and at that price should Placentia Exchange with Rome.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.279Again, at Rome is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of a Fair there, at Crow. 99, and for Florence at Crow. 90. I demand by the said Exchanges, at what price should Placentia Ex∣change with Florence? I say then by the Rule of Three, If Crow. 90. of Gold of Estampe, give in Florence Crow. 100 of Gold, what will Crow. 99. of Estampe, the value of Crow. 100 of Mark, give? It will be Crow. 100, and at that price should Placentia exchange for Florence. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.280Again, at Rome is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of a Fair there, at Crow. 99, and for Millan at Crow. 86, I demand by the said Exchanges at what prices should Placentia Ex∣change with Millan? I say by the Rule of Three, If Cro. 86 of Gold of Estampe give at Millan Cro. 100 of l. 5. 17. 0. what will Crowns 99, the price of 100 Crow. of Mark, give? It will be Crow. 115. 2, 3. which being multiplied by Sol. 117, the price of the Crown in cutting the two last figures off its product, to reduce the Exchange to the value of the Crown of Mark, there will remain Sol. 134⅔, and at that price should Placentia Exchange with, or for Millan: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.281Again, at Millan is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of a Fair there, at Sol 133½, and for Genoa at Sol 118⅔, I demand by the said Exchanges, at what price should Placentia Ex∣change for Genoa? I say by the Rule of Three, If Sols 118⅔ of Millan (the price of the Crown of 4 l. of Genoa) give Sols 80, what will Sols 133½ give (the price of the Crown of Mark in money of Millan? and it will be 90 Sols of current money, the which without making the reduction into money of Gold, seeing it hath been already said, that 90 Sols of current money is worth 68 Sol. of Gold, and at this price should Placentia exchange with, and for Genoa. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.282Again, at Venice is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of a Fair there, at Duc. 141. and for Lions at 116½, I demand by the said Exchanges, at what price should Placentia ex∣change for Lions? I say by the Rule of Three, If Duc. 141. of l. 6. ⅓ of Venice give in Pla∣centia Crow. 100. how many will Duc. 116½ give (the value of the Crow. 100 of Gold of the Sun of Lions?) and it will be Crow. 82⅝ or circa, and at that price should Placcntia exchange with Lions. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.283At Placentia there is Exchange made for Lions at Crow. 83½, and for Florence at Crow. 113, and from that place we have advice, that they exchange for Lions at Crow. 95⅓, I would know by the said Exchanges, if it be beneficial to remit from Placentia to Lions, and to draw from Florence, by inordering my Factors at Florence to prevail upon Lions at the said price of Crow. 95⅓. To know which, you must multiply the said Crow. 83½ of Mark, being the price of Crow. 100 of the Sun of Gold, by Crow. 113. of Gold per cent. seeing that the said Crowns of Gold are the value of 100 Crowns of Mark, and from the product cut off the two last figures, and there will remain Crow. 94. 7. 1. to which adding ⅖ per cent. for the provisions which are paid, the one at Florence, the other at Lions, and they will be Crow. 94. 19. 8. so that it will be profitable to draw and to remit according to the abovesaid order and manner, because that at Florence may be taken by Exchange for Lions at Crow. 95 or circa, and finding Crow. 95½, upon which consideration is to be had, what the moneys of Florence may do by Exchange for Lions; which thus I work by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Now for the terms of payments of Bills of Exchanges in Placentia, it is expressed in the Trade of that City, in Chapter 383.

And this shall suffice to have said of the Exchanges practised at Placentia, where by reason of the great and continued practises here daily made for vast sums, I have somewhat more than ordinarily inlarged my self, and so I proceed to the next place of Exchanges, which is Florence.

CHAP. CCCC. Examples of Exchanges practised at Florence, and how the same are to be calculated.

* 1.284I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Florence, with how many other places the said City is found to Exchange with, and there also shewed the common rates, how the same is observed to rule, which every day is so subject to alter, that no set price can be peremptorily set down for the same, yet in it self it is so beneficial, that thereby the ignorant may be fur∣thered to make his Accounts either in Draughts or Remittances: The way of making which Accounts, upon this place, now remaineth here to be handled, observing the same with so many other places, as may make a man capable to understand the same, with any of the rest here omitted.

* 1.285And by the way it is observable here, That all Exchangers here do keep their Accounts in Crowns, Sols and Deniers of Gold, or Lire or Livers 7½ of that money per Crown, the which are cast up by 20 and by 12, because that 20 Sols of Gold do make one Crown, and 12 Den. one Sol.

CHAP. CCCCI. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Lions.

* 1.286FLorence then is found to Exchange with Lions, and giveth posito Crow. 95¾ of Gold, to have in Lions 100 Crowns of the Sun of Gold, I demand for Crow. 1268. 9. of Gold, how many Crowns of the Sun shall I have in Lions? I say by the Rule of Three, If Crow. 95¾ give Crowns 100, what will Crowns 1268. 9. give? And it comes to Crowns 1324, and the remainder of the division being multiplied by 20 and by 12, to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold, they will make in all Crowns 1324. 15. of Gold of the Sun, which I should have Credit in Lions for the said sum of Crowns of Florence: The calculation thereof here followeth: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.287The proof of this Rule is seen, when Lions doth Exchange with Florence.

CHAP. CCCCII. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Placentia.

* 1.288FLorence doth Exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito 110½ Crowns of Gold, to have there 100 Crowns of Mark, I demand then for Crowns 4973. 1. 0. of Gold, how many Crowns of Mark is due to me? First reduce the said Crowns 110½ into Sols of Gold, multiplying them by 20, adding to the multiplication 10 Sols for the half Crown, and they make Sol. 2210: like∣wise reduce the said sum of Crowns of Gold into Sols, and it will be 99461: Then say by the Rule of Three, If Sols 2210 give Crow. 100 of Mark, what will Sol. 99461 give? To which adding two cyphers for the 100, and then dividing it, will come to Crowns of Mark, and multiplying the rest of the division by 20, and then by 12, to make the same Sols and De∣niers of Gold, and they will make Crowns 4500. 9. 11. of Mark, and so much must I have Cre∣dit in Placentia for the said Crow. 4973. 1. 0. of Gold of Florence, as by Example calculated: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.289The proof of this Account is seen, when the Exchange is made from Placentia to Florence, &c.

CHAP. CCCCIII. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Venetia.

* 1.290FLorence doth Exchange with Venice, and giveth posito Crow. 81½ of Gold, to have Duc. in Banco 100 of Livers 6⅓ I demand then, for Crow. 2037. 10. of Gold, how many Duc. shall Florence have credit in Venice? To do which, bring the Crow. 81½ into half Crowns, mul∣tiplying them by 2, and so in the same manner the said sum of Crow. of Gold, adding half a Crown for the 10 Sols: then say by the Rule of Three, If the half Crowns produced of the price of the Exchange, give at Venice Duc. 100, what will the half Crowns give, proceeding from the said sum of Crow. of Gold? and so by adding two cyphers for the 100, and dividing the same, it will make Duc. 2500, which Florence is to have in Venice; and if there were any remaining of the division, they must be multiplied by 24, to make them Grosses, because that 24 Gross. make a Duc. of Lib. 6. 4 Sols. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.291The proof of the said Account is more evident, when Venice doth rechange for Florence.

CHAP. CCCCIV. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Rome.

* 1.292FLorence is said to Exchange with Rome, and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold to have in the said place posito Crowns 92¼ of Gold of Estampe; I demand then, for Crow. 1600, 2 Sols 5 Den. of Gold of Florence, how many Crowns of Gold of Estampe shall Florence have credit for in Rome? First multiply the said Sum of Crowns of Gold at 92¼ per cent. and multiply the remainder by 20 and by 12, to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they make Crowns 1476, 2 Sols, 2 Den. of Gold, which should be had in Rome: As for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.293The Proof of the said Rule is evident, when this parcel is rechanged from Rome to Flo∣unce.

CHAP. CCCCV. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Naples.

* 1.294FLorence Exchangeth with Naples, and giveth Crow. 100 of Gold, to have in Naples posito Duc. 119⅔ of Taries 5 per Duc. I demand then, for Crow. 780. 15 of Gold, what credit in Duc. shall Florence have in Naples? To do which, first multiply the said sum of Crow. of Gold by Grains 119⅔ per Crown, because it is so many Grains per Crow. as it comes to be Duc. for Crow. 100. and they make Grains 93429. of which cut off the two last figures, to make them Ducats, saying that the Duc. is worth 100 Grains, and they make Duc. 934. and for the Grains 29, Taries 1, and Grains 9. And so much Credit shall Florence have in Naples, as by this Example is shewed: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.295The proof of this Rule is manifested, when Naples is seen to exchange with Florence.

CHAP. CCCCVI. Of the Exchanges of Florence with Antwerp.

* 1.296FLorence doth Exchange with Antwerp, and giveth one Crown of Gold, to have in the said place Groff. 112½ posito. I demand then, for Crowns 1400. 12. 8. of Gold how many pounds of Groff. am I to have in Antwerp? To do this, multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said price of Gross. 112½, and it maketh Grosses 157571. of which, take the 1½, to make them Sols, and they make Sols 13130, and Gross. 11. which to reduce to pounds, cut off the last figure of the said Sols or Shillings, and take ½ of the rest, and it maketh pounds 656, and for the tenth that is remaining, it is to be accounted 10 Sols; and if the figure cut off had been any number, it should have been added to the 10 Sols: and it thus makes pounds, 656. 10. 11. Money of Antwerp. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.297The proof of the said Account is seen, when that Antwerp doth exchange with Florence.

* 1.298Note, That when Florence doth Exchange for London, which is seldom in use, the rule of casting up the same in sterling Money, is this as above with Antwerp in Flemish Pounds.

CHAP. CCCCVII. To Reduce Crowns of 7 l. in Florence into Crowns of Gold of Lire, 7½.

IF in Florence you would reduce any sum of Crowns of money of Lire 7 l. per Crow. into Crowns of Gold of Lire 7 l. ½, you must take the 1⅕ of the Crow. of money, and the remain∣der will be Crowns of Gold.

And if again you would reduce Crowns of Gold into Crowns of Money, you must add con∣trarily to the Crow. of Gold 1¼, and they will be so many Crowns of Money: As for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

CHAP. CCCCVIII. Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Florence.

THE Term of Payment of Bills of Exchange is found to be from Florence.

• To Naples at 10 days sight, and from thence at 15 days sight.
• To Rome at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Venice at 5 days sight, and thence at 20 days after date.
• To Bollonia at 3 days sight, and so back, and so for Pisa.

• To Ferrara at 5 days sight, and so back.
• To Perugia and Sciena at 2 days sight, and so back.
• To Genoa at 8 days sight, and so back.
• To Avignon at 30 days after date, and thence 45 days after date.
• To Gaietta at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Paris 2 months after sight, and so back.
• To Padua at 5 days sight, and so back.
• To Palermo and Mesina at 15 days sight, and so back.
• To Ancona at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Barselona at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Valentia at 40 days sight, and so back.
• To Bruges and Antwerp at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To London at 3 months after date, and so back.
• To Genoa at the Fairs, and thence 15 days sight back.
• To Lions to the Fair, and from Fair to Fair.
• To Millan at 10 days fight, and so back.
• To Aquila and Sermona at 11 days sight.
• To Comerino at 8 days sight, and so back.

CHAP. CCCCIX. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances by Exchanges in the City of Florence in Tuscany.

* 1.299ACcording to my proposed method, I will here set down an Example or two of Draughts and Remittances, made by Order and Commission in Florence.

* 1.300To Florence then cometh advice from Venice, that the Exchange for the said place of Flo∣rence cometh at Crow. 80½ and for Placentia at Duc. 135½, they inorder in the said place of Venice, That at this rate they make a Remittance to Florence, and draw from Placentia, at how much then will the Draught of Florence for Placentia come unto? To do this,

Multiply Duc. 135½, which is the value of 100 Crow. of Mark by Crow. 80½ of Gold per cent. because the said Crow. of Gold is the rate of the Duc. 100 of Venice, and it will be Crow. 109. 19. from which take 2/•• per cent. for the provision payed at Venice, and there will rest Crow. 108. 12. 10. and so many Crow. of Gold is imbursed at Florence for 100 Crow. of Mark for a debt at Placentia; As thus for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.301Again, one of Venice is Creditor in Florence Crow. 3000 of Gold, who inordereth that the same be remitted unto him at Crow. 81½, or by Placentia at Crow. 110, where the most advance and profit shall appear to be, that is to say, That finding a Remittance in both places to bene∣fit of the price limited, the Remittance should be where the profit and benefit is greatest, and finding the Remittance to loss, the Remittance be made where the damage is least, there is then Bills found for Venice at Crow. 82¼, and for Placentia at Crow. 110⅚, I demand by which of the two should the Remittance be made?

By both the said places there is found a delivery to loss, and to know which of the two is the least, say by the Rule of Three, If Crow. 81½ give Crow. 110 the price limited, what will Crow. 82¼ the price found give? and it will come to Crow. 111. 0. 2. So that the Remittance should be made by Placentia, because that remitting to Venice; at Crow. 82¼, to run at the Par, the delivery should be for Placentia at Crow. 114. and the Bills is at Crow. 110⅙, As in the following Example.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.302Again, one of Rome is debitor in Florence in Crow. 2500, who inordereth that the draught be made at Crow. 91, or by Placentia at Crow. 110½ where the most profit shall appear to be, now there is found money for Rome at Crow. 92•• l. for Placentia, at 109⅙ Crow. I demand, whither should this draught be made, seeing that to both the places the draughts happen to be to loss in both the limited prices? And to know which is the least of both, say by the Rule of Three, If Crow. 92⅕ the price found for Rome (seeing that Placentia receiveth the uncertain rate from Florence) give Crow. 110½, what will Crow. 91 the price inordered give? It will make Crow. 109. 1. 2. so that the draught shall be made for Placentia, seeing that drawing for Rome at Crow. 92••, to run upon a Par, should be taken for Placentia at the said price at Crow. 109½, or thereabout, and there is found at more, that is at Crow. 109⅙: As by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And so much shall suffice to have said of the Orders and Commissions in Draughts and Re∣mittances by Exchange of Florence.

CHAP. CCCCX. Examples of Exchanges practised at Millan, and how the same are to be calculated.

* 1.303I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Millan, with how many other places this City is found to Exchange, and there also set down the common current rates thereof, which every day is found so to alter, and no positive rule can be observed in the same; yet is in it self so beneficial, that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make his Accounts, either in his Draughts or Remittances; the way of framing these Accounts now remaineth, observing the same with some few other, the principal needful hereunto.

* 1.304It is also to be noted, That Exchangers do there keep their Accounts in Lire, Sols, and Deniers, and cast up by 20 and 12, because that 20 Sols do make a Lire, and 12 Deniers a Sol.

CHAP. CCCCXI. Of the Exchanges of Millan with Lions.

* 1.305MIllan then exchanges with Lions, and giveth posito Sols 118⅓ to have in the said place, one Crown of the Sun of Gold, I demand then for l. 9258. Sol. 5 of Millan, how many Crowns shall I have credit in Lions? First reduce into Sols the said sum of Livers, of Millan, and they make Sols 185165, the which must be multiplied by 3 to make them thirds of Sols; likewise bring the Sols 118⅓ into thirds, multiplying them by 3, and they make 355, for division of the said sum, and by division it will come to be Crowns, and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they will be Crowns 1564. 15. 5. of Gold of the Sun, and so much will be had in Lions for the said sum of li. 9258. 5 of Millan Money, as by this Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.306The Proof of the said Account is seen when that Lions exchangeth with Millan, as before.

CHAP. CCCCXII. Of the Exchanges of Millan with Placentia.

* 1.307MIllan doth exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito Sols 133⅓, to have in Placentia one Crown of Mark; I demand then for Livers 9671. 16. 8. of Millan, how many Crowns of Mark must I have in Placentia?

First, reduce into Deniers the said 133⅓ Sols, multiplying them by 12, and adding 4 De∣niers for the ⅓ of a Sol. and they make Deniers 1600, and then to reduce into Deniers the said sum of Lire, multiply them by 20 and by 12, adding to the multiplication Sol. 16. and De∣niers 8, which account with the Livers, and they make Deniers 2321240, the which must be divided by Deniers 1600, the price of the Crown of Mark, and by division they will come to be Crowns, multiplying the rest of the division by 20 and then by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they make Crow. 1450. 15. 6. of Mark, and so much will the said sum be in Placentia. Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.308The Proof of the said Rule is manifested when that Placentia exchangeth for Millan.

CHAP. CCCCXIII. Of the Exchanges of Millan with Venice.

* 1.309MIllan exchangeth with Venice, and giveth a Crown of Livers of 5. 17 s. to have in that place, posito 148 l. ½ Sols, money of Piccoli, I demand for l. 7260. 10. 0. of Millan, how many Ducats of l. 6⅕ shall I have in Venice?

You must divide the said sum of Livers, by Livers 5. 17. reducing them, and the other price into Deniers, and it will be Crow. 1241. 0. 9. the which must be multiplied by l. 7. 8. 6. the Crown, which are the abovesaid 148. 6, beginning to multiply the l. 7. by the Den. 9. 4. then by the Sols, if there were any with the said Crowns, calculating for Deniers 12 one Sol, and for Sols 20 one Lire, and they will be l. 9214. 14. money of Piccoli of Venice; which to be re∣duced into Ducats, must be divided by l. 6⅕, the value of the Ducat, and it will make Duc. 1486 ••/24 of l. 6••, and so much shall I have in Venice for the sum above mentioned in Livers of Millan, as by Example is more apparent: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.310The proof of the said account is seen when Venice doth exchange for Millan.

CHAP. CCCCXIV. Of the Exchanges of Millan with Rome.

* 1.311MIllan exchangeth with Rome, and giveth posito Crow. 115½ of l. 5. 17. per Crow. to have in the said place Crow. 100 of Gold of Estampe, I demand then for l. 7820. 18 of Mil∣lan, how many Crowns of Gold of Estampe shall I have in Rome?

You must first see for the said sum of Millan Livers, how many Crowns they will be, divi∣ding them by l. 5. 17 per Crown, and they make Crown. 1336. 18. 1, then say by the Rule of Three, If Crow. 115½ of Millan give in Rome Crowns 100 of Estampe, how many Crowns will the said Crow. 1336. 18. 1. give? and it will amount to Crowns 1157. 9. 9. of Gold of Estampe, which will be given in Rome for the said sum of Millan Livers as abovesaid. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.312The Proof of this Rule is seen when that Rome doth exchange with Millan.

CHAP. CCCCXV. Of the Exchanges of Millan with Naples.

* 1.313MIllan doth exchange with Naples, and giveth Crow. 100 of l. 5 per Crow. to have in Naples posito 98½ Ducats, I demand for l. 4314—14—2 of Millan, how many Ducats shall I have in Naples? First take ⅕ of the said sum of Livers to reduce them into Crow. of 5 l. and they make Crow. 862. 18. 10. which must be multiplied by grains 98½ per Crow. seeing it is the same as at Ducats 98½ per 100 Crow. and it makes grains 84999, and cutting off the two last figures, there will remain Ducats 849; and for the two figures cut off, which are grains 99, will be Livers 4, grains 19, in all Ducats 849. 4. 19. which is to be had in Naples for the said sum of Livers of Millan; As for Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.314The Proof of the said Account is seen when Naples shall exchange with Millan.

CHAP. CCCCXVI. Of the Exchanges of Millan for Genoa.

* 1.315MIllan exchangeth with Genoa, and giveth posito Sols 118½ to have in Genoa one Crown for 4 l. of that money, I demand for l. 5703. 18. 0 of Millan, how many Livers of current Money shall I have in Genoa? First, reduce the said sum into Sols, multiplying them by 20, and adding to the multiplication the 18 Sols, which account with the Livers, and then of the Sols produced, and of the said Sols 118½ taken for division, bring into ½ Sols, and divi∣ding the same will become Crowns, and the remainder of the Division multiply by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they will make Crowns 962. 13. 8. of l. 4. money of Genoa, the which to bring into Livers, must be multiplied by l. 4. per Crow. begin∣ning to multiply the said l. 4. by Deniers 8, and by the Sols 13, which are with the Crowns, calculating for 12 Deniers 1 Sol, and for 20 Sols one Liver, it will come to l. 3850. 14. 8. and so many Livers of money current shall you have in Genoa for the said Livers 5703. 18. of Millan. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.316The Proof of the said Rule is seen when that Genoa doth exchange for Millan.

CHAP. CCCCXVII. Of Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Millan.

* 1.317THE Terms of Payment found to be in Millan, are observed to be from thence

• To Genoa at 5 days sight, and so back.
• To Pisa at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Florence at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Venice at 10 days sight, and so back.
• To Paris at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Bruges and Antwerp at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Barselona at 20 days sight, and so back.
• To Montpellier at 20 days sight, and so back.
• To Lions for a Fair, and so from Fair to Fair.

And thus much shall serve to have spoken of the Exchanges of Millan: and now to Or∣ders and Commissions in use in the said place.

CHAP. CCCCXVIII. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances.

* 1.318ACcording to my proposed method, I will here briefly insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made here by Order and Commission from other places.

* 1.319From Naples then cometh Order to Millan, to remit for Placentia at 133 Sol. and to prevail for Genoa at Sol. 118½, the parcel being for 3000 Crowns of Mark. Now there are Bills found for Placentia at Sols 131. considering then the benefit, which is found in the Remittance, at how much may the Draught be for Genoa? Say by the Rule of Three, If Sol. 133 give 118½, the price inordered, what will 131 give, the price found for Placentia? And it will be Sol. 116⅔, and at this price the Draught must be made for Genoa, in remitting to Placentia at Sol. 131, and the Commission will remain effected according to the Order given. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.320Again, from Lions is order given to Millan, that they may draw for Lions at Sol. 118, and re∣••it to Venice at Sol. 145, the parcel being for Duc. 5500 of l. 6⅓ per Duc. there is money for Lions at Sol. 119, and Bills for Venice at Sol. 144⅓, I demand if at these prices the order may be per∣formed? Say by the Rule of Three, taking one of the prices which is found for divisor, by reason that Millan giveth (according to my former method) the certain price to Venice, and the uncer∣tain to Lions; and say, If 144⅓, the price found for Venice, give Sol. 118, what will 145 the price inordered give? And it will make 118½, so that the said Commission at the prices found, may be effected to benefit, because that remitting to Venice, at the said price of 144⅓, the Draught may be made for Lions at 118½, and there is money found at Sol. 119. As by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.321Again, from Rome cometh Order to Millan, to draw on them at Crow. 115, and remit to Pla∣•…•…ntia at 132 Sol, the party being for Crow. 4000, there is Bills found for Placentia at Sol. 133½, and mo. for Rome at Crow. 11. 6⅔, I demand if at these rates the Commission may be performed without loss? Say by the Rule of Three, If Sol. 132 give Cro. 11. 5. tho price limited, what will 133½

give, the price found for Placentia? And it will come to Crow. 116. 6. 1. so that the Commission may be performed to benefit, because that remitting to Placentia at the said price of Sol. 133½ the Draught may be made for Rome at Crow. 116 3/18, and there is found at more, that is to say, at Crow. 116⅖; as per Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And thus much shall serve for the Exchanges of Millan, next is Palermo and Mesina.

CHAP. CCCCXIX. Of Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina, and how the same are to be calculated.

* 1.322I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina, with how many other places these Cities in Sicilia are observed to Exchange, and there also set down the common cur∣rent Rates thereof, which every day are found so subject to alteration, that no positive rule can be observed in the same, yet it is in it self so beneficial, that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make his calculation both in his Draughts and Remittances. The way of cast∣ing the sum up is now to be handled, observing the same here with some few principal places, which is sufficient for instruction to those others omitted.

* 1.323First, it is to be noted, that in Palermo and Mesina, and generally throught the Island of Sicilia the Exchangers keep their Accounts in Ounces, Taries and Grains, which are cast up by 30 and 20, because that 30 Taries do make an Ounce, and 20 Grains make a Tarie: And also it is to be observed, That the Ducat is worth Taries 13, which is Carlins 26; the Crown of money is worth Taries 12, which is Carlins 24. The Florin is worth Taries 6, which is Carlins 12.

• So that the Tarie is — 2 Carlins.
• The Carlin is — 10 Grains.
• The Grain is — 6 Picolis.

CHAP. CCCCXX. Of the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Lions.

* 1.324PAlermo and Mesina doth Exchange with Lions, and giveth posito 28 Carlins to have in Lions a Crown of the Sun, I demand then for ounces 2189. 25. 17, how many Crowns must I have in Lions? First, multiply the ounces by 30, to make them Taries, adding thereto the 25 Taries, and multiply the Taries that will come thereof by 20 to bring them into Grains, and add there∣to 17 which are with the ounces, and then they will be Grains 1313917; do the same likewise with the 28 Carlins, multiplying them by 10, because the Carlin is worth 10 Grains, and they will be 280 Grains, the which must be taken for divisor against the said Grains come from the ounces 2189. 25. 17, and from the division will come Crowns of the Sun, and multiplying the remainder by 20, and then by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they will be Crow. 4692. 11. 2; As for Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.325The proof of this account is seen when that Lions shall Exchange back with Palermo and Mesina.

CHAP. CCCCXXI. Of the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Placentia.

* 1.326PAlermo and Mesina Exchange for Placentia, and give posito Carlins 29½ to have in the said place one Crown of Mark, I demand then for ounces 1180, Taries 7, and Grains 19, how many Crowns of Mark shall I have in Placentia? Herein do as in the precedent account, mul∣tiplying the said ounces by 30, to make them Taries, and add the 7, which are with the ounces, and then multiply the said Taries by 20, to make them Grains, and add the 19, and they will be Grains 7081. 59. do the same with the 29½ Carlins, multiplying them by 10 to being them into Grains, adding 5 for the ½ Carlin, and they make 295 grains, the which taken for divisor, against the sum of Grains come of the ounces 1180. 7. 19, and of the division will come Crow. of Mark; multiplying the remainder by 20, and then by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they make Crow. 2400. 10. 9. and so many Crow. of Mark shall I have in Placentia for the said sum of Ounces. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.327The Proof of the said Rule is seen when that Placentia doth exchange either for Palermo or Mesina.

CHAP. CCCCXXII. Of the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Naples.

* 1.328PAlermo and Mesina doth Exchange with Naples, and gives posito Pomitos 166½ of 8 Picolis to have one Ducat of 5 Taries, I demand then, for Ounces 1053, Taries 6, and 2 Grains how many Ducats must I have? First multiply the said sum of Ounces by 30, to make them Taries, and then by 20 to make them Grains, adding to the multiplication 6 Taries, and 2 Grains which accompany the Ounces, and then they make Grains 631922, out of which to make them Pomitos take out the ¼, because that the Grain is worth 6 Picolis, and the Pomito is worth 8 Picolis, of which the 2 Picols overplus is the ¼ of 8, and then they make Pomitos 473942, which must be divided by the said 166½ the price of the Exchange, reducing them into ½ Picolis both on the one and on the other side, and by division they will make Ducats of Naples, multiplying the remainder by 100, and adding of two Cyphers, to bring them into Grains, because that the Ducat is 100 Grains, and the same will be Ducats 2846; and for the Grains 49, Tarics 2, and Grains 9, of Taries 5 per Ducat, which is to be rendred at Naples for the said sum of Ounces of money of Palermo; Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.329The proof of this account is seen when that Nuples doth Exchange for either Palermo or Mesina.

CHAP. CCCCXXIII. Of the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Venice.

* 1.330PAlermo and Mesina doth Exchange with Venice, and giveth one Crown of 12 Taries, to have in Venice l. 6. 18 posito, I demand for ounces 1486 26. 10, what credit in Ducats shall I have in Venice of l. 6⅕ per Ducat? First reduce the said Ounces into Crowns of 12 Taries, mul∣tiplying them by 30, to make them Taries, adding to the multiplication the 26 Taries which are with the ounces, and they make Taries 44606, out of which take 1/12, and they then make Cro. 3717, Taries 2, and Grains 10, which must be multiplyed by 138 Sol per crow. which are the said l. 61. 8, and they make Sols 512974¼, which must be divided by 124 the price of the Ducat, and it will make Ducats 4136⅞; and so much shall I have in Venice for the said sum of ounces in Palermo or Mesina. Example:

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.331The proof of this Rule is to see if 4136 21/24 Duc. of l. 6⅕ of Venice make the said sum of Ounces 1486. 26. 10. of l. 6. 18 money of Venice, for one Crown of 12 Taries in Palermo, or Mesina, as abovesaid.

CHAP. CCCCXXIV. Of the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Barselona.

* 1.332PAlermo and Mesina Exchanges with Barselona, and giveth one Florin of 6 Taries, money of Palermo, to have in Barselona posito 10½ Sols, money current of Barselona; I demand then for 300 ounces what credit in Livers is due for the same? First, multiply the said ounces by 5 to make them Florins, the ounce being accounted 5 Florins, and it makes 1500 Florins, the which mul∣tiplied by 10½ Sols per Florin, make Sols 15750, which to reduce to Livers, you must cut off the last figure, and take ½ of the rest, and it will be l 787. 10, which is due at Barselona. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.333For the proof of the said Rule, as above divide the said Livers l. 787. 10 by 10½ Sol. to make them Florins, and it is 1500 Flor. and if there were any remainders, they should be multiplied by 6 and then by 20, to bring them into Taries and Grains: and for to reduce the said 1500 Flor. into ounces, you must take ⅕, for that 5 Flor. make one ounce, and it will come to 300 ounces, the Rule thus appearing right and just.

* 1.334And for the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina, with Valentia and Saragosa, it is cast up as above, we therefore need not insist further, as being easily comprehended.

CHAP. CCCCXXV. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Palermo and Mesina.

* 1.335ACcording to my proposed method, I will here briefly insert some examples of Draughts and Remittances made by Order and Commission in Palermo and Mesina from other places: At Mesina, the Exchange for Lions is found to go at Carlins 28, and for Placentia at Carlins 33, and from hence there is an exchange for Lions at Crow. 81½, I demand if at these prices there will be a benefit to remit from Mesina to Placentia, and draw for Lions, to remit from Placentia to the said Lions at the said price of Cro. 81½? Say by the Rule of Three, If Carlins 33

the value of a Crown of Mark (to reduce the exchange to the value of 100 Crow.) give 100 Crow. of Mark, what will 28 Carlins give, the value of the Crown of the Sun? And it will be Crow. 84 11/20, out of which must be abated ⅔ per cent. for provision payable ⅓ at Lions, and another ⅓ at Placentia, and there will remain Crow. 84 3/10, and at this price the remittance may be made from Placentia to Lions, to satisfie that debt, and finding to remit at less, that is at Crow. 81½, it appeareth plainly to be to profit to draw and to remit according to the aforesaid Order, in which also lies this consideration, that the money of Placentia for Lions may also vary from the said price. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.336Again, from Venice there is Order given to Mesina, to draw upon them at l. 6. 14, and to re∣mit to Placentia at Carlins 29, the partido being for Crowns 2000 of Mark. Now there are Bills for Placentia found at Carlins 29½, and money for Venice at l. 6. 12. 6, I demand if at these prices the said Commission may be effected? Say by the Rule of Three, taking one of the prices that is found for divisor, because that from Mesina to Venice it giveth the price certain, and to Pla∣centia the incertain, saying thus, If Carlins 29½ the price found for Placentia, give Sol. 134, which are the said l. 6. 14. what will Carlins 29 give, the price inordered? And it will make Sol. 131¼, or thereabout, so that the said Commission may not be effected but to loss, seeing that remitting to Placentia at the said price of 29½ Carl the draught, cannot be made to Venice at more than Sol. 131¼, and money is not found but at Sol. 132½, which are the said l. 6. 12. 6 d. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.337Again, from Naples there is an exchange made for Mesina at Duc. 118 1/31, and for Placentia at Duc. 132⅓. Now there is order given in Naples, that at these rates, they draw for Mesina, and that they remit to Placentia, I demand then at how much will the remittance be from Mesina to Pla∣centia? Say by the Rule of Three, If grains 118⅓ make disbursed in Mesina Carl. 26, the price of the Crow. of Taries 13, how many will 132⅓ grains disbursed be, the value of the Crow. of Mark? It will make Carlins 29, and ⅔ of a grain, and so many Carlins (and then ⅖ per cent. for

the provision that is paid at Naples) comes to be disbursed in Mesina for one Crown of Mark of credit in Placentia. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And thus much shall serve to have said of the Exchanges that are practised in Palermo and Mesina, to which the whole Island of Sicilia hath reference.

CHAP. CCCCXXVI. Of Examples upon the Exchanges that are practised in Barselona, and how the same are calculated.

* 1.338I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of Barselona, how many other places Barselona is found to Exchange with, and there also set down the common rates how the same for the most part is found to govern, which every day is so subject to alter, that no positive Rules can be set down for the same, howbeit the same is in it self so available, that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make the account thereof, at what rate soever the Exchange is found to be, either in remittance or draughts, the which only now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with so many other Towns, as may be fittest to understand the ground thereof.

* 1.339It is then to be noted, That Bankers and Exchangers here do keep their accounts in Lire, Sold, and Deniers, which are cast up in 20 and 12, because that 20 Sols makes a Liver, and 12 De∣niers make a Soldo, and it is to be noted that;

• The Ducat is worth — sold. 24
• The Crown is worth — sold. 22
• The Rial is worth — sold. 02

* 1.340Note also here, that the same order which is observed in the Exchanges which are made in this City of Barselona, with the other places of Spain, should be observed in the Exchanges which are made in Saragosa, Valentia, Sevil and Lisbon, seeing that when the said places of Spain Exchange the one with the other, always that place which Exchangeth, giveth Duc. 100, to have the more or the less, and therefore the money of the place where the Exchange is made, must first be reduced into Ducats, and multiplying the Ducats which come thereof, (which are of the place to which it Exchang••th) by the price it is worth, for to reduce the same into the mo∣ney wherein their accounts are there kept, and this considered to abreviate my labour, the rules being easie, I shall forbear to trouble my self with any further particulars concerning the said place; of Valentia, Saragossa, Sevil and Lisbon.

CHAP. CCCCXXVII. Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Lions.

* 1.341BArselona doth Exchange with Lions, and giveth posito Sols 22. 8 to have in Lions one Crown of the Sun of 3 l. I demand for l. 8865. 12. 10, how many Crow. am I to have in Lions? First reduce the said sum of Livers into Deniers, multiplying the same by 20, and adding of 12 Sols, and then by 12 and adding 10 Deniers; then reduce into Deniers the said Sol. 22. 8. d. and they make 272, for divisor, against the sum of Deniers come of

the said Livers; and multiplying the rest of the divisor by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they make Crowns 7822. 12. 6, Of Gold of the Sun, which is due to have in Lions. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.342The proof of this account is manifested when that Lions doth Exchange for Barselona.

CHAP. CCCCXXVIII. Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Placentia.

* 1.343BArselona doth Exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito Sols 23 2/12 to have there a Cro•…•… of Mark, I demand for Livers 1850. 12. 0. how many Crow. of Mark shall I have?

First reduce the said sum of Livers into Deniers, multiplying them by 20, to make them Sold and add the 12, and then by 12 to make them Deniers, and do the same with the Sols 23 ••/12 multiplying them by 12, and adding thereto 7 Deniers; the Deniers come thereof are to be taken for divisor against the Deniers come of the said Livers, and by division they will come to Crow. of Mark, multiplying the rest by 20 and by 12 to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and then they make Crow. 1569. 8. 3 of Mark, which is due to be had in Placentia for the said sum of Barselona: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.344The proof of this Rule is apparent when that Placentia doth Exchange for Barselona.

CHAP. CCCCXXIX. Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Saragosa.

* 1.345BArsclona exchangeth with Saragosa, and giveth 10 Ducats of 24 Sol. per Ducat, to have in this place posito 104 Ducats of Sols 22 per Ducat of that money, I demand for Livers 6000 of Barselona, how many Livers shall I have in Saragosa? First reduce into Sols the said sum of Livers, multiplying them by 20, and divide the Sols coming thereof by Sol. 24. the price of the Ducat, and it will be Ducats 5000, the which Duc. 5000 of Barselona must be multiplied at the said price of Duc. 104 per cent. and from the sum cut off the two last sigures the which multiplied by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, will be Duc. 5200 of S••ragosa, which must be multiplyed by l. 1. 2 Sol. the price of the Ducat, and they make Livers 5720, which should be rendred in Saragosa for the said 6000 l. money of Barselona. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.346The proof of this Rule is manifest when that Saragosa doth again rechange back for Bar∣selona.

CHAP. CCCCXXX. Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Valentia.

* 1.347BArselona doth Exchange with Valentia, and giveth Duc. 100 of 24 Sols, to have in Valentia posito Duc. 108 of Sols 21 per Duc. of that money, I demand for l. 7000 money of Bar∣selona, how many l. shall I have in Valentia?

In this you must do as in the preceding account of Barselona for Saragosa, multiplying the Ducats of Valentia which shall come thereof by Livers 1, 1 the price of the Ducat, and it will be Livers 16615, and so much will be due in Valentia for 7000 l. delivered in Barselona. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.348The proof of this Rule is apparent when that Valentia doth rechange for Barselona.

CHAP. CCCCXXXI. Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Sevil.

* 1.349BArselona doth exchange with Sevil, and giveth Duc. 100 of 24 Sol. per Duc. to have in this place Duc. 108 posito more or less, of Marvedes 375 per Ducat. I demand for l. 7500 how many Marvedes must I have in Sevil?

You must do as in the precedent Rule of Barselona for Valentia, multiplying the Ducats of

Sevil which come thereof, by Marvedes 375, the price of the Duc. and it will make Marvedes 2531250, which is due to have in Sevil for the said sum of 7500 l. in Barselona. Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.350The proof of this Rule is manifested when that Sevil doth rechange for Barselona.

CHAP. CCCCXXXII. Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Lisbon.

* 1.351BArselona doth exchange for Lisbon, and giveth Duc. 100 of 24 Sols per Duc. to have in Lis∣bon Ducats posito 113, of 400 Raes per Duc. I demand for 4000 l. of Barselona, how many Racs shall I have in Lisbon? Here you must do as in the account precedent of Barselona for Sevil, multiplying the Ducats of Lisbon which shall come thereof by 400 Raes per Duc. and they make Raes 1506666, which is due to be had in Lisbon for l. 4000. in Barselona. Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.352The proof of this Rule is apparent when that Lisbon doth rechange back for Barselona.

CHAP. CCCCXXXIII. Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Barselona.

* 1.353ACcording to my proposed method, I will here briefly insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made in this City by Order and Commission from other places.

* 1.354To Sevil then cometh Order from Barselona to draw upon them at Duc. 93½, and remit to Placentia at Marvedes 413, clear of all charges, the partido being for Crow. 3000 of Mark. Now there is found money for Barselona at duc. 93, and Bills for Placentia at Marvedes 413, I demand if at these rates the Commission may be accomplished and performed? You must say by the Rule of Three, taking one of the prices which are found for divisor, because that Sevil giveth to Barselona the certain, and to Placentia the incertain price, saying, If duc. 93 the price found for Barselona give Marvedes 413, what will duc. 93½ give the price inordered? and it maketh

vedes 415⅕, out of which deduct ⅖ per cent. for Provision which is taken, there will remain Marvedes 413 11/20 incirca; so that the said Commission may be effected to profit, seeing that drawing to Barselona at the said price of Duc. 93, it may be delivered for Placentia at Mar. 413 20/21, and there present Bills at less, that is, at 413 Marvedes: as by Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.355Again in Barselona cometh Order from Valentia, that Remittance may be made to them at Duc, 108¼, and to prevail from Placentia at Sol. 23, the Partido made for 3000 Crow. Mark, Now there is Bills found for Valentia at Duc. 107, I demand then for the loss that is given by the Remittance, at what price may the Draught be made for Placentia? Say by the Rule of Three, taking one, of the prices found for Divisor, because then Barselona giveth the certain to Valenria, and the uncertain price to Placentia, saying if Duc. 107 the price found for Valentia give Sol. 23. what will Duc. 108¼ give, being the price inordered? and it will come to Sols 23¼, and at less price cannot be drawn for Placentia, remitting to Valentia at Duc. 107. Examples: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

CHAP. CCCCXXXIV. Of the Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange in Barselona.

* 1.356THE Terms of Payment found accustom'd in Barselona, is noted to be thence,

• To Venice at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Florence at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Avignon at 18 days sight, and so back.
• To Bruges and Antwerp at 50 days after date, and so back.
• To Genoa at 20 days after date, and so back.
• To Lisbon at
• To Sevil at
• To Saragosa at
• To Ʋalentia at
• To Lions for the Fair, and so from Fair to Fair,
• To Placentia, and from Fair to Fair.

And thus much shall serve to have said of the Exchanges in general practised in Barselona Ʋalentia, Saragosa, Sevil, and Lisbon in Portugal.

CHAP. CCCCXXXV. Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp, and how the same are to be calculated.

* 1.357I Have shewed before in the general Exchanges of Antwerp, with how many other places this City is found to exchange, and there also observed the common current rates thereof, which in it self is found every day so subject to alteration, that no positive rule can be set down therein; however the same is so beneficial to the unexperienced, that he may easily make his calculation thereby either in his Draughts or his Remittances: there resteth now to be handled the way and method how the same is cast up, which I shall only observe with such other principal places as may be sufficient for instruction, and as a guide to rule that which is here omitted.

* 1.358And the better to understand what shall ensue, it is to be noted, that in Antwerp, Bankers and Exchangers do keep their accounts in pounds, shillings, and pence Flemish or gross, which are cast up by 20, and by 12, because that 20 Sols or shillings make a pound, and 12 pence or gross makes shilling.

CHAP. CCCCXXXVI. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions.

* 1.359ANtwerp doth exchange with Lions, and giveth posito 121⅓ gros. to have in Lions one Crown of the Sun of Gold of 3 l. I demand then for l. 3486. 1. 9. money of Antwerp, how many Crowns must I have in Lions? First reduce the said sum of Livers into grosses, multiplying the same by 20 and then by 12, adding to the multiplications 1 Sol. and 9 pence, which are with the pounds, and divide by 121⅓ gros. the sum of Grosses which shall come of the said Li∣vers, reducing both them and others into thirds of Grosses, and of the Division will come Crowns, and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 and 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, they will make Crow. 6895. 11. 1. of Gold of the Sun, which you shall have in Lions for the said sum delivered in Antwerp. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.360the Proof of the said Rule is seen when that Lions doth exchange for Antwerp.

CHAP. CCCCXXXVII. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Placentia.

* 1.361ANtwerp doth exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito Gros. 124½ to have in Placentia one Crown of Mark; I demand for l. 363. 10. 3. money of Antwerp, how many Crowns of Mark shall I have in Placentia? First, reduce the said sum of Livers into Gros. multiplying the sum by 20 and by 12, adding to the Multiplication 10 s. and 3 d. which are with the pounds, and divide the Grosses that come thereof by the said Gros. 124½ the price of the Crown of Mark, bringing both the one and the other into half Grosses, and by division it will come to Crow. mul∣tiplying the remainder by 20 and by 12, to bring the same into pence, and then they will be Crow. 700. 14. 11 of Mark, which will be due at Placentia for the said sum of Livers or pounds in Grosses. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.362The Proof of the said Account is seen when that Placentia shall exchange with Antwerp.

CHAP. CCCCXXXVIII. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Florence.

* 1.363ANntwerp doth exchange with Florence, and giveth posito 112½ gross. to have in that place one Crown of Gold, I demand for l. 656. 10. 11. money of Antwerp, how many Crow. of Gold do they make? and doing as in the precedent Rule, it will appear to be Crow. 1400. 12. 7. of Gold, which I shall have in Florence for the said pounds Flemish. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.364The Proof of the said Account is seen when that Florence shall be found to exchange with Antwerp.

CHAP. CCCCXXXIX. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Venice.

* 1.365ANtwerp doth exchange with Venice, and giveth posito 92½ Grosses to have in that place one Ducat of l. 6⅕ money of Venice, I demand for l. 1468 14 6, money of Antwerp, how many Ducats shall I have in Venice? and doing as in the precedent Ac∣counts, it will come to Ducats 3810 17/24; and so many Ducats of l. 6⅕ will be due in Venice. Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.366The Proof of this Account is seen when that Venice shall exchange for Antwerp.

CHAP. CCCCXL. Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with London.

* 1.367ANtwerp doth exchange for London, and giveth posito Shillings 33⅓ to have in that place one pound sterling, I demand for l. 748 18 6 money of Antwerp, how many pounds sterling shall I have in London? First reduce as well the said sum of pounds sterling as the said sum of pounds Flemish into Grosse and Pence, multiplying the pounds by 20, and then by 12, adding the shillings 18, 6 d. which are with the pounds Flemish, and the shil∣lings Flemish 33⅓ multiplied by 12, adding 4 Gross for ⅓ of a shilling Flemish, and the Gross. which shall come thereof must be taken for Divisor, against the sum of Grosses come of the said pounds, and dividing the sum will come pounds sterling, multiplying the remainder of the division by 20, and then 12 to make them shillings and pence sterling, they will make pounds sterling 449 7 1, due in London for the said sum of pounds Flemish 748 18 6. * 1.368And for proof of the said Exchange, multiply the said pounds sterling 449 7 1 by 1 l. 13 shillings, 4 d. with the said 33⅓ shillings, and it will make the abovesaid l. 748 18 5 pounds Flemish; so that the account will appear to be just cast up.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And thus much shall serve to have said here of Exchanges. Now to the Terms of Pay∣ments of Bills in Antwerp.

CHAP. CCCCXLI. Of the Terms of Payment of Bills of Exchange in Antwerp.

* 1.369THE Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange observed in Antwerp, and to go from thence to other Cities, is:

• To Venice 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Florence at two months after date, and back the same.
• To Genoa at 2 months after date, and thence the same.
• To Avignon at 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Barselona at 50 days after date, and so back.
• To Valentia one month after sight, and back 30 days after date.
• To London one month after date, and so back.
• To Pisa 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Millan 2 months after date, and so back.
• To Paris one month after date, and so back.
• To Montpellier 20 days after sight, and so back.
• To Lions for the succeeding Fair.
• To Placentia for the next succeeding Fair.
• To Rouen one month after date, and so back.

Now for the Orders and Commissions given in Antwerp, I will here insert a word also, ac∣cording to my method.

CHAP. CCCCXLII. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Antwerp.

* 1.370ACcording to my proposed method, for the better understanding of what is said, I will insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made by Order and Commission in the City of Antwerp.

* 1.371At Venice then is found an Exchange for Antwerp posito at Gross. 90, and for Placentia at Duc. 135, Order being given to Venice that at these prices they draw to Antwerp, and remit to Placentia; I demand at how much will come the Remittance from Antwerp to Placentia? First you must multiply the said Ducats 135, the value of 100 Crow. of Mark, at the said price of 90 Gross. per Ducat, and of the Grosses which shall come thereof, you must cut off the two last sigures, and there will remain Gross. 121½, and so many Gross. and ⅖ more per cent. for provision, which is payable in Venice, is disbursable in Antwerp for one Crown of Mark in credit in Placentia.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.372Again, at Venice is Exchange found for Antwerp at gro. 90⅓, and for London at 56 pence sterling, there is hereupon Order given to Venice, that at these prices they draw for Antwerp, and remit to London, the question is, At what price will the Remittance be from Antwerp to London? To do this, say by the Rule of Three, If 56 pence sterling give gros. 90⅓ (seeing that the one and the other is the value of a Ducat of Venice) what will 240 pence sterling give, be∣ing the price of the pound sterling of London? It will be gros. 387, which reducing to shil∣lings in taking the 1/12, and it will be 32¼ shillings; and so many shillings Flemish, and ⅖ more per cent. for the provision payable in Venice, comes to be disbursed in Antwerp, for one pound sterling money Credit in London. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.373Again, a Merchant of London is Creditor in Antwerp 2000 l. Flemish, who inordereth that it be remitted him at Shillings 33¼, or to Placentia at 121 gro. where the most profit shall be found, that is, to that place which shall be most beneficial, or to least loss of the prices limited: Now there are found Bills for London at Shillings 33½, and for Placentia at gro. 121¼, I demand to which of the said places should the Remittance be made, seeing that by both there is found Remittance to loss? And to know where is the least, say by the Rule of Three, If shil. 33¼ give gros. 121 the price inordered, what will shil. 33½ give, being the price found for London? It will come to gros. 121 9/10; so that the Remittance should be made to Placentia, because that remitting to London at shil. 33½ to go to the Par, should be delivered for Placentia at gro. 121 9/10, and there is found Bills for loss, that is at 121¼ gross. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And thus much for the Exchanges practised in Antwerp.

CHAP. CCCCXLIII. Of the Exchanges practisd in London, and how the same are to be calculated.

* 1.374I Have shewed in the general Exchanges of London, with how many other places this City is found to Exchange and there also set down the common current prices and rates thereof, which every day is found to be so subject to alteration, that no positive rule can be observed rightly to set down the same, yet it is in it self so beneficial, that thereby the unex∣perienced may know how to make his calculation thereof, and that as well in his Draughts as in his Remittances. Now only there resteth to conclude this Tract of Exchanges and this Map of Commerce, to handle the way how the same is cast up, and how by Arithmetick it is per∣formed, which I will observe here with some other principal places, which may serve for a sufficient ground and instruction to those here omitted.

* 1.375It is here to be noted for the better understanding of what ensueth, That all Bankers or Exchangers do keep their Accounts in London in pounds, shillings, and pence, commonly called sterling, and cast up by 20 and by 12, for 20 Shillings make a pound, and 12 pence make a shilling.

And morcover that London exchangeth in the Denominator of pence sterling with all other Countreys, Antwerp, and those Countrys neighbouring of Flanders and Holland excepted, with which it exchangeth by the entire pound of 20 shillings sterling.

CHAP. CCCCXLIV. Of the Exchanges of London with Lions.

* 1.376LOndon exchangeth with Lions, and giveth posito 61 pence more or less to have in Lions a Crown of Gold of the Sun of 3 l. piece I demand then for 348 l. 15 shillings sterling, how many Crowns of the Sun shall I have Credit for in Lions? First reduce the said sum of pounds sterling into shillings, multiplying the same by 20, and adding thereto 15 shillings, and then by 12 pence, adding thereto the pence if any were, and then divide the same by 61 pence, and the Divident will make Crowns, multiplying the remainder of the Division by 20 to make them Sols, and by 12 to make them Den. of Gold, and then they make in all Crow. 1372008 Pence of the Sun of Gold, that I shall have in Credit at Lions for the said sum of 348 l. 15 sterling delivered in London. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.377The proof of this rule is manifested when that Lions shall exchange the said sum of 1372⅛ Crowns for London: * 1.378And here also it is to be noted, that the rule is the same when London shall exchange with either Paris or Rouen, or any other City of the Kingdom of France.

CHAP. CCCCXLV. Of the Exchanges of London with Florence.

* 1.379LOndon doth exchange with Florence, and giveth posito 70 pence ster. more or less to have in Florence a Crow. of Gold, I demand then for pounds 656 10 6 d. ster. how many Crowns shall I have Credit in Florence? This is to be cast up as in the precedent rule of London with Lions, and it will appear, That for the said 656 10 6 sterling I am to have Credit in Florence the sum of Crow. 2250⅛ — as per Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.380Note, That this Exchange is seldom practised from London, and therefore not in use in these days, but when many Florentine Merchants resided in London it was much in use; yet the Rule is right, and the proof thereof is evident, when Florence rechangeth again for London.

CHAP. CCCCXLVI. Of the Exchanges of London with Venice.

* 1.381LOndon is found to Exchange for great Sums with Venice, and giveth posito 50 d. sterling to have in the said place one Ducat in Banco of l. 6⅕ money of Venice, I demand then for 555 l. 17 6 d. sterling, how many Ducats shall I have Credit for in Venice? This is done as in the precedent rule, reducing the pounds sterling into shillings, by the multiplication of 20, and adding 17, and then multiplying that again by 12, to bring it into pence, and adding thereto 6 d. and it will make Duc. (2668⅕) which should be rendred in Venice for 555 l. 17 6 d. sterling in London, as per Example: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.382Note, that for distinction of the current money in Venice, which is 21 per cent. at present worse than the money payable by Exchange, it is termed in Banco, in which all Bills of Ex∣change are payable, and the proof of this rule is apparent when that the said sum of 2668⅕ Ducats is rechanged for London.

CHAP. CCCCXLVII. Of the Exchanges of London with Antwerp.

* 1.383LOndon doth exchange with Antwerp, and giveth one pound sterling, to have in Antwerp posito Shillings 35. 6 pence or gross, money of Antwerp, I demand then for 445 l. 15 and six pence sterling, how many pounds Flemish shall I have in Antwerp? First, multiply the pounds sterling by 20, and bring them into shillings, and then by 12 to bring them into pence sterling, do also the same with the pounds Flemish, bringing them first into shillings Flemish, by a multi∣plication of 20, and then to pence or gross by multiplication of 12 d. accounting the 35 s. 6 d. for l. Flem. 1. 15. 6 d. and say then by the Rule of Three, If one pound sterling give 35. 6 d Flemish, the price proposed, what will 445 l. 15. 6 sterling give? which will make l. 791. 5. 0 d. Flemish, for which you must have credit in Antwerp. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.384The proof of the Rule is more apparent when that Antwerp doth Exchange for London; * 1.385and note, That the account is the same when that London doth exchange for Colonia, Amster∣d••m, and other places in the Low-Countries.

CHAP. CCCCXLVIII. Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in London.

* 1.386ACcording to my proposed method I will here for conclusion of the Exchanges practised in London, briefly insert some Examples of Draughts and Remittances made by Com∣mission and Order in the City of London.

* 1.387To London then cometh Order from Venice to remit to them at 60 pence, and to draw for Pla∣centia at 82 per sterling, the partido being for Crow. 40000 of Mark. I find then Bills for Venice at 61 pence, I would know, considering the loss that presenteth in the Remittance, at how much should I draw my Draughts for Placentia; you must say by the Rule of Three, If pence 60 give pence 82, the price inordered, how many will pence 61 give the price found for Venice? and it will be pence 83⅓ sterling, or thereabouts, and at less must not the Draught be for Placentia. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.388Again, posito, Florence is found to exchange for London at pence 83 sterling, and say for Placen∣tia at Crow. 108, and that there is Order given to Florence, that at these rates they draw for Lon∣don and remit to Placentia, at how much then will the remittance come from London to Placentia?

to do this, I multiply the said Crow. of Florence, which properly are to the value of Crowns 100 of Mark by pence sterling 83, as is above-mentioned, and out of the pence that are thence pro∣duced, I cut off the two last figures, and there will remain pence sterling 89⅔ incirca, and so many pence together with ⅖ per cent. for the provision that is commonly paid in Florence, comes to be disbursed in London, for one Crown of Mark credit in Placentia. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.389Again, to Antwerp cometh Order from London, to draw thither, and to remit to Venice, at such a price, that the remittance from London for Venice, come but to 55 pence sterling clear of charges, the partido being 1000 pound sterling, now there is found money for London at s. 33⅓, and Bills for Venice at gro 90⅔, I demand if at this price the said Commission may be essected? First reduce the said s. 33½ into gros. and they make 400, then say by the Rule of Three, if pence 240, (the value of the pound sterling) give 400 gro. what will 55 pence sterl•…•…g give being the price of the Ducats of Venice, it will make gross. 91⅔ from whence mull be de∣ducted ⅖ per cent. for provision taken, and there will remain gro. 91 3/10, so that the said Commission may be effected to profit, because that drawing for London at s. 33 ••/••, may be de∣livered for Venice at gross. 91 3/10, and there present Bills at less, that is at gross. ⅖ 90; Exam∣ple. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

And this is as much as I conceive needful at this time to insert concerning the Exchanges practised in London, now there only resteth Terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Lon∣don.

CHAP. CCCCXLIX. Of the Terms of Payments of Bills of Exchange in London.

* 1.390THE Terms for the Payment of Bills of Exchange in London are observed to be with other Cities thus:

• To Venice at 3 months after date, and so back.
• To Antwerp at one month after date, and so back.
• To Genoa at 3 months after date, and so back.
• To Florence at 3 months after date, and so back.
• To Pisa at 3 months after date, and so back.
• To Lions for the Fair, and so from Fair to Fair.
• To Placentia the same as Lions.
• To Rouen and Paris at one month after date, and so back.

CHAP. CCCCL. Of the Abreviation of Division and Multiplication after the Italian and foreign manner and method.

* 1.391FOr as much as I have in many parts of this particular Tract of Exchanges, followed the Arithmetical method and manner of those rules practised in the calculation of these Ex∣changes by the Bankers and Exchangers of Italy, it will be here needful for the better enlightning of the same, and the easier casting up and calculation thereof, that I shew how the Italian Bro∣kers and Exchangers do abreviate their labour, and shorten their task therein, and the rather I have presumed to add the same here, and in this place, partly in regard that I have not found it published by any of our English Arithmeticians, but princinally to shew the learner the ways how the same are there wrought and Arithmetically calculated.

It is generally confest by all Arithmeticians, that the whole Art of Arithmetick depends upon five principal Rules, now commonly in all Countreys received and taught, that is, by Numerati∣on, Addition, Substraction, Multiplication, and Division, and that no one proposed question in Arith∣metick can be perfected without the help of some of these; for the three former, I find not any disagreement in the common received manner by them and us, and therefore I will omit to speak any thing thereof; but of the two latter, whereby is observed that most Rules and Questions of all Exchanges are perfected and performed, I will here insist upon, induced prin∣cipally, as I said before, to enlighten thereby the precedent Examples that I have handled in the calculations of the Exchanges before-mentioned.

I will then in the first place, contrary to the custom of our English Masters in this Science, begin with that part of Arithmetick which we call Division, and by an example or two of the working thereof, explain the same to such as either shall be desirous to learn it, or such as shall desire to make use of the before-mention'd Tables.

* 1.392A certain Merchant then bought 46 Cloths, which cost him 673 l. and desireth by a brief way to know what one Cloth doth stand him in; To do which, I dispose of the question af∣ter the manner of the Rule of Three, and say, If 46 Clothes cost 673 l. how much doth one Cloth cost?

Now for as much as it would prove to be too dissicult, at first sight after the common man∣ner, to find how often 46 the Divisor is found in 673, it will be more facile and commodious, to take it after their method thus, Take then the first figure, which is 4, and see how often the same is included in the figure 6, which is once, the which 1 I write then under the Divisor, drawing a line between them, and then multiply it by the whole Divisor 46, beginning at 6, saying once 6 is 6, and next coming to the sum that is to be divided 673, I chuse the second figure 7, from whence I take 6 and there remains one, which I place under the said 7, and re∣turning again to the Divisor, I multiply 1 by 4, which giveth 4, which I deduct from the o∣ther figure 6, of the sum to be divided, and there remains 2, the which I write under the 6; so that 46 taken by this means out of 67, there remains 21, from whence I proceed and put this before the figure 3 remaining, which thereby makes 213, for the sum that now remains to be divided by 46, saying in 21, how many times 4? which cannot be but 4 times, for in taking 5 there will remain but 1, which with the following figure doth make 13, (the which number cannot pay 5 times 6, and for this cause I can take but 4,) multiplying the Divisor as at first, saying (beginning always by the last figure of the Divisor) 4 times 6 is 24, and taking the last figure 3 from the sum to be divided 213, the which for payment, of 24 I borrow 3 tens, which I bear in mind, and say 24 from 33 there rests 9, the which I place under the 3, and then come to multiply the other figure 4 of the divisor by 4, and it makes 16, which with 3 tens born in mind, makes 19, which must be deducted from the sum to be divided 21, so there will rest 2, the which I place under the 1; as by the Example appeareth more at large.

So that 673 l. divided by 46 Cloths, the quotient giveth 14 l. and the rest is 29 l. which now is to be divided by 46, which cannot be done, and therefore the same to be reduced to shillings, which multiplied by 20 come to 580 s. which must now be divided by 46, in the manner before shewed, saying, how many times 4 in 5? which is once, the which I write in the quotient at the side of 14 l. proceeding from the first division, multiplying it by 6, and it giveth 6, which taken from 8 the rest is 2, which I put under the 8, and multiply the other figure of the divisor 4 by 1, which giveth 4 taken from 5, there rests 1, then 46 substracted from 58 there rests 12, right with which I put the other figure 0, resting of the sum to be divided, and return to say, how many times 6 in 12, the which I can take but 2, and I place it in the quotient, and multiply it by the last figure of the divisor, saying 2 times 6 is 12, which I deduct from 120, the which to do, I say (borrowing 2 tens, which I bear in mind) 12 from 20 rests 8, which I place under the 0, and multiply the other figure of the Divisor 4 by, making 8 with the 2 born in mind, comes

to be 10, taken from 12 there rests 2, so that 580 s. divided by 46, the product is 12 s. and there remaineth yet 28 s. which must be brought into pence, multiplied by 12, and it makes 336, the which must be divided by 46, saying in 33, how many times 4? which is 7 times, the which I place in the quotient by the shillings, multiplying 7 by 6, which makes 42 from 46, there rests 4, the which I place under the 6, and keep 4 in mind borrowed, adding them with 4 times 7, they make 32, which deducted from 33, there rests 1, the which I place un∣der the 3, so that 336 divided by 46, the product giveth 7, and there rests 14 d. to divide, which is a thing of a small value.

So that if 46 pieces of Cloth cost 673 l. the one will cost 14 l. 12 s. 7 d. as may be seen by the Example here under wrought. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.393To shew the brevity of this manner of dividing, I will shew here another Example, which cannot without much difficulty be performed by the common manner of division in cancelling the figures. and yet is very easily and compendiously performed this way, by observing the order which is before prescribed, and therefore to avoid prolixity, I shall not need here to put down any particular Explication, the Example shall be thus then, to divide 19999100007 by 99999, which by the Product doth give 199993 without any Remainder, as shall appear by the working here underneath: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.394Division which is wrought by the Rule of Practise, is done in this manner by the help of the parts found therein, as for Example, if 72 pieces of Serges cost 169 l. 12 s. how much will the piece stand in, then dividing by 72, I find first the parts thereof; and observe that 8 times 9 makes 72, I take then the ⅛ of the sum to be divided, saying the eighth part of 16 is 2, which I place under a line drawn, and the ⅛ of 9 is 1, there remains one pound, which is 20 s. which, with the 12. makes 32, the ⅛ whereof is 4, so that the eighth of the said 169 l. 12 s. is 21 l. 4 s. of which number I take the 1/9 (which shall be the price of the piece) in this manner, saying, the 1/9 of 21 is 2, the rest is 3 l. which is 60 s. and with the 4 maketh 64 s. of which the 1/9 is 7, then there rests 1, which is 12 pence, and the 1/9 of 12 is 1, so that the ninth part of 21 l. 4 s. is 2 l. 7 s. 1 d. the price of the piece; as by this Example is shewed: 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.395But when it happens that any broken numbers fall in the Divisor, the Divisor and the sun•• to be divided, must then be reduced to one and the self same denominator; as for Example, If 13½ pieces should cost 264 l. 17 s. 6 d. what would the piece stand in? to do which I reduce into halfs the pieces 13½ multiplying the same by 2 making 27 halfs, doing the same with the sum to be divided, multiplying it by 2, which comes to be l. 529. 15, which to be divided by 27, must be considered that 3 times 9 is 27, therefore must be taken ⅓ and 1/9 of the said third in this manner, saying ⅓ of 5 is 1, of 22 is 7, and of 19 is 6, and there remains 1 l. which is 20 s. which with the 15 makes 35, the ⅓, of which is 11, and there rests 2 s. which are 24 d.

the ⅓ whereof is 8, and afterward taking of the 1/9 the said ⅓ saying, the 1/9 of 17 is 1, and of 86 is 9, and there rests 5 l. which with the 11 s. is 111 s. the 1/9 whereof is 12, then rests 3 s. which with the 8 d. remaining is 44 d. the 1/9 whereof is 4, so that the product of the said 1/9 giveth 19 l. 12 s. 4 d. the value of the said piece, as by Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.396Again, at 34 l. 16s. the 21⅓ yard, how much will the yard amount to? Do this as the preceding rule, putting the yard into thirds, in multiplying them by 3 they make 64 for divisor to 34l. 16 also multiplyed by 3, which make 104 l. 8 s. which to divide by 64, is to be considered that 8 times 8 is 64, and therefore the 1/8 of an eight is the price of a yard, as Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Many other divisions are resolved in the same manner as the preceding, which I willingly here omit, and refer them to the occurrences of Traffick that shall happen herein, and now I will proceed to Multiplication abreviated, by which two rules both the Golden Rule of Three, and many other in Arithmetick are wrought and performed, commodious and necessary to this Tract of Exchanges, and this Map of Commerce, as being indeed the proper rules, by which the Exchanges in this Book are cast up and calculated.

* 1.397The method that hath been shewed in Division, may in some sort serve also in Multiplication in this manner, suppose you were to multiply 56 yards by 4l. 18s. 9d. you must consider that 56 is composed of 7 times 8, and therefore you must multiply the said 4. 18. 9. by 7, and its product by 8, beginning with the pence, and saying 7 times 9 is 63, I write 3 pence, and retain 5 s. which I add with 7 times 8, which make 61, write then 1 and retain 6, which added to 1 time 7 makes 13, which is 6 l. 10s. and following the common method of Addition, I put down one ten, and retain 6l. which I add with 4 times 7, and they make 34l. the which product I multiply again by 8, beginning to multiply by the pence which are with the pounds, and then by the s. calculating for 12 d. one s. and for 20 s. 1 pound, they then make 276l. 10s. for the value of 56 yards, as shall be more plainly demonstrated by this Example fol∣lowing 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.398Many other questions may be answered as the abovesaid, but yet note, that to multiply by an uneven number, such as is 31, 43, and the like, then do in this manner, posito I demand at 5l. 9 s. 3 d. the Yard what will 43 Yards come unto? Now for as much as 43, hath no dividable parts, I take 42, multiplying it by 6 and by 7, as hath been shewed, and for the Yard that doth remain, I add the last Multiplication 5 l. 9 s. 3 d. which is the cost of 1 Yard and it makes 23 l. 17. 9. d. the cost of 43 Yards, as may be observed by the following Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.399But when there is any broken number in the Yards or pieces, do thus by Example at l. 7. 14. 6 the piece what will 81½ cost? Then for 81 I multiply by 9 the cost of the piece, and its product again by 9, because that 9 times 9 is 81, and I find l. 625. 14. 6 for the value of the said 18 pieces; and for the ½ piece I take the ½ of 7 l. 14. 6 d. and adding it thereto, the same comes to be l. 629. 11. s. 9 d. and so much the 81½ cost. Example. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.400But for as much as this may seem difficult, I will here note another way of Multiplication abreviated, serving as well in Exchanges or in Merchandizing posito; I would know what comes 154 Yards unto, at 56 shillings the Yard: To do this, multiply the said Yards, by the half of the said money, which is 28 s and in adding its product, double the last figure, taking that for so many s. and the rest for pounds, as doth appear by this Example following, which I add in this manner, saying, 2. 4. and 9 makes 15, and after the ordinary manner, you must set down 5, and bear 1 ten; but in this method, you must double it, setting down 10 for 5; the which doubled, you must hold as so many shillings, and so proceed in the addition of the rest, and adding the tenth born of 15, it will come to l. 431. 4. s the value of 154 Yards; and this note is to be observed in all other questions of this nature, as by example doth appear. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.401There is yet another brief way of Multiplication, used in France and many parts beyond the Seas, which is done by taking the parts of 10 or of 100 in this manner, I would multiply 113 Yards by 1¼, I note what part 1¼ is in 10, and find it to be ⅛ therefore is 113 Yards to be multiplyed by 10, or else more brief by adding an o, and in taking the ⅛, which shall be the value of the said 113 Yards, and for to multiply by 1⅔ you must take the ⅙ of the sum to be multiplyed, after you have

added thereunto an 0 because that 1 ••/•• is the ⅙ of 10, and for to multiply by 3⅓ you must add an 0 and take ⅓, because that 3⅓ is the ⅓ of 10, and so in many others, in taking always the parts of 10; and note, that the same may be done in taking the parts of 100, as to multiply 137 Yards by 8⅓, you must add two 00 to the sum, then take 1/12 because that 8⅓ is the 2/12 part of 100, and for to multiply by 12½, you must add two 00 and take the ⅛, because that the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 100 is 12½, as may be seen by these following Examples. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.402Again, at 3 s. the pound, what will the 100l. come to? to do this in brief, a cypher is to be added to the cost of the pound which is 3 s. and it makes 30, of which sum take the ½ and it makes 15 l. which makes the cost of the hundred, and so for others by these Examples following. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.403Again, at 3 d. the pound, I would know how much 100 l. comes to? multiply the pence (which the pound is worth) by 5, and out of its product take 1/12 which shall be the cost of the quin∣tal; and to find the cost of the pound, you must multiply the value of the hundred by 12, and the ⅕ of the product is the cost of the pound, as followeth by these Examples. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

But I have wandered too far, and proceeded farther in this subject than I intended, therefore here will conclude both the calcuations of Exchanges, and these methods of abreviating the rules of Division and Multiplication, referring what is here by me omitted in both the said subjects to the ingenious hand and head of the mysterious Exchanger.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Exchanges in general.
• * 1.2

  What are pla∣ces of Exchan∣ges.
• * 1.3

  Some Cities are the Staples of Exchanges.
• * 1.4

  The Exchanges of some Cities depend upon the Exchanges of some others
• * 1.5

  The chief Ci∣ties of Exchan∣ges.
• * 1.6

  Many Cities practice Ex∣changes by one and the same Monies, &c.
• * 1.7

  What Ex∣change is, &c.
• * 1.8

  Rates, Terms, Fairs, and Usances of Exchange.
• * 1.9

  What is obser∣ved in Exchan∣ging in the usual manner thereof.
• * 1.10

  Example.
• * 1.11

  What an En∣tire Sum in Exchanges is, and what a broken Num∣ber or Fra∣ction.
• * 1.12

  Liberty of Ex∣changing to the judicious.
• * 1.13

  Ignorant Ex∣changers con∣sure the judi∣cious of vary∣ing from the Custom of Ex∣changing.
• * 1.14

  Example.
• * 1.15

  Declaration of the Tables of Exchanges.
• * 1.16

  Though the Tables of Ex∣changes differ from the pre∣sent Rates, yet the use thereof is not any way lessened.
• * 1.17

  The use of the Table of Ex∣changes by three Exam∣ples.
• * 1.18

  First Example.
• * 1.19

  Second Ex∣ample.
• * 1.20

  Third Ex∣ample.
• * 1.21

  The Exchanges of Placentia.
• * 1.22

  The Exchanges of Lions, &c.
• * 1.23

  The Exchan∣ges of Rome.
• * 1.24

  The Exchanges of Genoua.
• * 1.25

  The Exchanges of Millan.
• * 1.26

  The Exchan∣ges of Venice.
• * 1.27

  The Exchanges of Florence.
• * 1.28

  The Exchanges of Lucca.
• * 1.29

  The Exchan∣ges of Naples.
• * 1.30

  The Exchan∣ges of Lechy.
• * 1.31

  The Exchan∣ges of Bary.
• * 1.32

  The Exchan∣ges of Paler∣mo.
• * 1.33

  The Exchan∣ges of Mesina.
• * 1.34

  The Exchan∣ges of An∣twerp and Co∣lonia.
• * 1.35

  The Exchan∣ges of London.
• * 1.36

  The Exchan∣ges of Valen∣tia.
• * 1.37

  The Exchan∣ges of Sarago∣sa.
• * 1.38

  The Exchan∣ges of Barse∣lona.
• * 1.39

  The Exchan∣ges of Sevil, Alcala, Medi∣na del Campo, &c.
• * 1.40

  The Exchan∣ges of Lisbon.
• * 1.41

  The Exchan∣ges of Bolo∣nia.
• * 1.42

  The Exchan∣ges of Bergamo
• * 1.43

  The Exchan∣ges of Franck∣ford, Norim∣berg, Augusta, and Vienna.
• * 1.44

  The terms of payment of Bills of Ex∣change, five.
• * 1.45

  1. At Sight.
• * 1.46

  2. At Usance.
• * 1.47

  3. At double Usance.
• * 1.48

  4. At half Usance
• * 1.49

  5. At Fairs and Marts.
• * 1.50

  How the Rates and Prices of Exchangers are settled.
• * 1.51

  Of the Par in Exchanges, which is two.
• * 1.52

  1. Princes Par.
• * 1.53

  2. Merchants Par.
• * 1.54

  Examples up∣on Exchanges in Lions.
• * 1.55

  The Custom of acceptation of Bills of Ex∣change in Li∣ons.
• * 1.56

  A Bilan.
• * 1.57

  The price set∣led for the suc∣ceeding Fairs.
• * 1.58

  Discounters or transferring of Bills of Ex∣change, and Debts in Lions.
• * 1.59

  Rules of cast∣ing up the Ex∣changes in Li∣ons.
• * 1.60

  At 2½ per Cent.
• * 1.61

  At 2 ••/3.
• * 1.62

  At 2⅓.
• * 1.63

  At 2¼
• * 1.64

  At 3 per Cent.
• * 1.65

  At 2½.
• * 1.66

  Rates of Ex∣change in Li∣ons, and may serve for Rates of Interest in many other Cities.
• * 1.67

  The reason and benefit of these Rules, as well in Lions as elsewhere.
• * 1.68

  Example of Exchange, with the Pro∣fit of the Pro∣fit thereof, in the nature of Interest upon Interest.
• * 1.69

  Interest paid upon Rebate.
• * 1.70

  Accounts of Discounts or Rebates in Li∣ons, and else∣where.
• * 1.71

  Example proved.
• * 1.72

  A Table for ca∣sting up all ac∣counts of dis∣counts or re∣batements.
• * 1.73

  Example of Discounting or Rebate.
• * 1.74

  Another Ex∣ample of Dis∣counting at 105.
• * 1.75

  Another Ex∣ample at 107½.
• * 1.76

  Exchanges of Lions with Rome.
• * 1.77

  Accounts kept in Lions.
• * 1.78

  Proof.
• * 1.79

  Exchanges of Lions with Florence.
• * 1.80

  Proof.
• * 1.81

  Exchanges of Lions with Lucca,
• * 1.82

  Payment made in Mony.
• * 1.83

  Exchanges of Lions with Naples.
• * 1.84

  Exchanges of Lions with Palermo and Mesina.
• * 1.85

  Proof.
• * 1.86

  Exchanges of Lions with Genoa.
• * 1.87

  Proof.
• * 1.88

  Exchanges of Lions with Millan.
• * 1.89

  Proof.
• * 1.90

  Exchanges of Lions with Venetia.
• * 1.91

  Proof.
• * 1.92

  Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia.
• * 1.93

  Exchanges of Lions with Placentia.
• * 1.94

  Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp.
• * 1.95

  Proof.
• * 1.96

  Exchanges of Lions with London.
• * 1.97

  Proof.
• * 1.98

  Paris, Rouen.
• * 1.99

  Exchanges of Lions with Francfort.
• * 1.100

  Proof.
• * 1.101

  Exchanges of Lions with Sevil
• * 1.102

  Alcala.
• * 1.103

  Exchanges of Lions with Lisbon.
• * 1.104

  Proof.
• * 1.105

  Exchanges of Lions with Barselona.
• * 1.106

  Proof.
• * 1.107

  Valentia and Saragosa.
• * 1.108

  Of Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in Lions.
• * 1.109

  Certain price in Exchanges.
• * 1.110

  Incertain price in •…•…¦changes.
• * 1.111

  Example of a certain and incertain Ex∣change.
• * 1.112

  The four Fairs of Lions.
• * 1.113

  1. Foir des Rois.
• * 1.114

  2. Foir des Pasque.
• * 1.115

  3. Foir d' Aust.
• * 1.116

  4. Foir des toutes Saints.
• * 1.117

  Exchanges practised in Rome, and first with Lions.
• * 1.118

  Exchanges of Rome with Lions
• * 1.119

  Proof.
• * 1.120

  Exchanges of Rome with Placentia.
• * 1.121

  Proof.
• * 1.122

  Exchanges of Rome with Florence.
• * 1.123

  Proof.
• * 1.124

  Exchanges of Rome with Ve∣nice.
• * 1.125

  Proof.
• * 1.126

  Exchanges of Rome with Millan.
• * 1.127

  Proof.
• * 1.128

  Exchanges of Rome with Naples.
• * 1.129

  Proof.
• * 1.130

  Exchanges of Rome with Genoa.
• * 1.131

  Proof.
• * 1.132

  Exchanges of Rome with Paelermo and Mesina.
• * 1.133

  Proof.
• * 1.134

  Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp.
• * 1.135

  Proof.
• * 1.136

  Exchanges of Rome with London.
• * 1.137

  Proof.
• * 1.138

  Exchanges of Rome with Va∣lentia, Sarago∣sa, and Barce∣lona.
• * 1.139

  Proof.
• * 1.140

  Exchanges of Rome with Se∣vil.
• * 1.141

  Proof.
• * 1.142

  Exchanges of Rome with Lis∣bon.
• * 1.143

  Proof.
• * 1.144

  Terms of pay∣ment of Bills of Exchange in Rome.
• * 1.145

  The Aggio of money paid to Rome by Ex∣changes.
• * 1.146

  Proof of the Aggios ac∣count.
• * 1.147

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for draughts and remittances in Rome.
• * 1.148

  Proof.
• * 1.149

  Examples of Exchanges practised in Naples.
• * 1.150

  Accounts in Naples.
• * 1.151

  Exchanges of Naples with Lions.
• * 1.152

  Proof.
• * 1.153

  Exchanges of Naples with Placentia.
• * 1.154

  Proof.
• * 1.155

  Exchanges of Naples with Rome.
• * 1.156

  Proof.
• * 1.157

  Exchanges of Naples with Florence.
• * 1.158

  Proof.
• * 1.159

  Exchanges of Naples with Venice.
• * 1.160

  Proof.
• * 1.161

  Exchanges of Naples with Millan.
• * 1.162

  Proof.
• * 1.163

  Exchanges of Naples with Lechy and Ba∣ry.
• * 1.164

  Proof.
• * 1.165

  Exchanges of Naples with Mesina.
• * 1.166

  Proof.
• * 1.167

  Exchanges of Naples with Palermo.
• * 1.168

  Aggio allow'd in Palermo.
• * 1.169

  Proof.
• * 1.170

  Naples Ex∣changeth with Genoa.
• * 1.171

  Proof.
• * 1.172

  Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp.
• * 1.173

  Proof.
• * 1.174

  Exchanges of Naples with London.
• * 1.175

  Proof.
• * 1.176

  Exchanges of Naples with Valentia.
• * 1.177

  Proof.
• * 1.178

  Exchanges of Naples with Sevil.
• * 1.179

  Proof.
• * 1.180

  Exchanges of Naples with Lisbon.
• * 1.181

  Proof.
• * 1.182

  Terms of Bills of Exchange in Naples.
• * 1.183

  Orders and Commissions gi∣ven and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in Naples.
• * 1.184

  1 Example.
• * 1.185

  2 Example.
• * 1.186

  3 Example.
• * 1.187

  4. Example.
• * 1.188

  Exchanges practised at Genoa.
• * 1.189

  Accounts in Genoa.
• * 1.190

  Exchange of Genoa with Placentia.
• * 1.191

  1. Example.
• * 1.192

  Another Ex∣ample of the said Ex∣changes.
• * 1.193

  Proof.
• * 1.194

  Third Exam∣ple.
• * 1.195

  To reduce Li∣vers of cur∣rent money into Livers of Gold in Geona.
• * 1.196

  Proof.
• * 1.197

  Exchanges of Genoa with Lions.
• * 1.198

  Proof.
• * 1.199

  Exchanges of Genoa with Millan.
• * 1.200

  Proof.
• * 1.201

  Exchanges of Genoa with Venice.
• * 1.202

  Proof.
• * 1.203

  Exchange of Genoa with Naples.
• * 1.204

  Proof.
• * 1.205

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances. in Genoa. 1. Example.
• * 1.206

  See Example
• * 1.207

  Of the terms of payment of Bills in Genoa.
• * 1.208

  Exchanges practised at Venice.
• * 1.209

  Accounts kept in Venice.
• * 1.210

  Exchanges of Venice with Lions.
• * 1.211

  Proof.
• * 1.212

  Exchanges of Venice with Placentia.
• * 1.213

  Proof.
• * 1.214

  Exchanges of Venice with Rome.
• * 1.215

  Proof.
• * 1.216

  Exchanges of Venice with Naples.
• * 1.217

  Proof.
• * 1.218

  Exchanges of Venice with Florence.
• * 1.219

  Proof.
• * 1.220

  Exchanges of Venice with Millan.
• * 1.221

  Proof
• * 1.222

  Exchanges of Venice with Antwerp.
• * 1.223

  Proof.
• * 1.224

  Exchanges of Venice with London.
• * 1.225

  Proof.
• * 1.226

  Exchanges of Venice with Genoa.
• * 1.227

  Proof.
• * 1.228

  Exchanges of Venice with Norimberg.
• * 1.229

  Proof.
• * 1.230

  Exchanges of Venice with Bergamo.
• * 1.231

  Proof.
• * 1.232

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in Venice.
• * 1.233

  1. Example.
• * 1.234

  2. Example.
• * 1.235

  3. Example.
• * 1.236

  4. Example.
• * 1.237

  Note.
• * 1.238

  Terms of pay∣ments of Bills of Exchange in Venice.
• * 1.239

  Of Exchanges practised at Placentia.
• * 1.240

  Accounts kept in Placentia.
• * 1.241

  Exchanges of Placentia with Lions.
• * 1.242

  Proof.
• * 1.243

  Exchanges of Placentia with Genoa.
• * 1.244

  Proof.
• * 1.245

  Exchanges of Placentia with Rome.
• * 1.246

  Proof.
• * 1.247

  Exchanges of Placentia with Florence.
• * 1.248

  Proof.
• * 1.249

  Exchanges of Placentia with Palermo.
• * 1.250

  Proof.
• * 1.251

  Exchanges with Mesina, the same as with Palermo.
• * 1.252

  Exchanges of Placentia with Venice.
• * 1.253

  Proof.
• * 1.254

  Exchanges of Placentia with Millan.
• * 1.255

  Proof.
• * 1.256

  Exchanges of Placentia with Naples.
• * 1.257

  Proof.
• * 1.258

  Note Barry and Lechy.
• * 1.259

  Exchanges of Placentia with Sevil.
• * 1.260

  Proof.
• * 1.261

  Exchanges of Placentia with Valentia.
• * 1.262

  Note, Saragosa and Barselona the same as Valentia.
• * 1.263

  Proof.
• * 1.264

  Exchanges of Placentia with Antwerp.
• * 1.265

  Proof.
• * 1.266

  Exchanges of Placentia with Bergamo.
• * 1.267

  Proof.
• * 1.268

  Exchanges of Placentia with Lucca.
• * 1.269

  Proof.
• * 1.270

  Exchanges of Placentia with Francfort.
• * 1.271

  Proof.
• * 1.272

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in Placentia.
• * 1.273

  1. Example.
• * 1.274

  See Example.
• * 1.275

  Questions up∣on the Ex∣changes practi∣sed at Placen∣tia.
• * 1.276

  Question for Venetia.
• * 1.277

  Question for Naples.
• * 1.278

  Question for Rome.
• * 1.279

  Question for Florence.
• * 1.280

  Question for Millan.
• * 1.281

  Question for Genoa.
• * 1.282

  Question for Lions.
• * 1.283

  Another.
• * 1.284

  Exchanges pra∣ctised in Flo∣rence.
• * 1.285

  Accounts kept in Florence.
• * 1.286

  Exchanges of Florence with Lions.
• * 1.287

  Proof.
• * 1.288

  Exchanges of Florence with Placentia.
• * 1.289

  Proof.
• * 1.290

  Exchanges of Florence with Venice.
• * 1.291

  Proof.
• * 1.292

  Exchanges of Florence with Rome.
• * 1.293

  Proof.
• * 1.294

  Exchanges of Florence with Naples.
• * 1.295

  Proof.
• * 1.296

  Exchanges of Florence with Antwerp.
• * 1.297

  Proof.
• * 1.298

  Note Florence with London.
• * 1.299

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances by exchange in Florence.
• * 1.300

  1 Example.
• * 1.301

  2 Example.
• * 1.302

  3. Example.
• * 1.303

  Exchanges practised at Millan.
• * 1.304

  Accounts kept in Millan.
• * 1.305

  Exchanges of Millan with Lions.
• * 1.306

  Proof.
• * 1.307

  Exchanges of Millan with Placentia.
• * 1.308

  Proof.
• * 1.309

  Exchanges of Millan with Venice.
• * 1.310

  Proof.
• * 1.311

  Exchanges of Millan with Rome.
• * 1.312

  Proof.
• * 1.313

  Exchanges of Millan with Naples.
• * 1.314

  Proof.
• * 1.315

  Exchanges of Millan with Genoa.
• * 1.316

  Proof.
• * 1.317

  Terms of pay∣ments of Bills of Exchange in Millan.
• * 1.318

  Orders and Commission•• given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in Millan.
• * 1.319

  1 Example.
• * 1.320

  2 Example.
• * 1.321

  2 Example.
• * 1.322

  Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina.
• * 1.323

  Accounts kept in Sicilia.
• * 1.324

  Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Lions.
• * 1.325

  Proof.
• * 1.326

  Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Placentia.
• * 1.327

  Proof.
• * 1.328

  Exchanges of Palermo, &c. with Naples.
• * 1.329

  Proof.
• * 1.330

  Exchanges of Palermo, &c. with Venice.
• * 1.331

  Proof.
• * 1.332

  Exchanges of Palermo, &c. with Barselo∣na.
• * 1.333

  Proof.
• * 1.334

  Palermo and Mesina, with Saragosa and Valentia.
• * 1.335

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in Palermo and Mesina.
• * 1.336

  1 Example.
• * 1.337

  2 Example.
• * 1.338

  Exchanges practised in Barselona.
• * 1.339

  Accounts kept in Barselona.
• * 1.340

  Note, concer∣ning the ex∣changes pra∣ctised in Va∣lentia and Sa∣ragossa, Sevil and Lisbon.
• * 1.341

  Exchanges of Barselona with Lions.
• * 1.342

  Proof.
• * 1.343

  Exchanges of Barselona with Placienta.
• * 1.344

  Proof.
• * 1.345

  Exchanges of Barselona with Saragosa.
• * 1.346

  Proof.
• * 1.347

  Exchanges of Barselona with Valentia.
• * 1.348

  Proof.
• * 1.349

  Exchanges of Barselona with Sevil.
• * 1.350

  Proof.
• * 1.351

  Exchanges of Barselona with Lisbon.
• * 1.352

  Proof.
• * 1.353

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in Barselona.
• * 1.354

  1 Example.
• * 1.355

  2 Example.
• * 1.356

  Terms of pay∣ment of Bills of Exchange in Barselona, &c.
• * 1.357

  Exchanges practised in Antwerp.
• * 1.358

  Accounts kept in Antwerp.
• * 1.359

  Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions.
• * 1.360

  Proof.
• * 1.361

  Exchanges of Antwerp with Placentia.
• * 1.362

  Proof.
• * 1.363

  Exchanges of Antwerp with Florence.
• * 1.364

  Proof.
• * 1.365

  Exchanges of Antwerp with Venice.
• * 1.366

  Proof.
• * 1.367

  Exchanges of Antwerp with London.
• * 1.368

  Proof.
• * 1.369

  Terms of pay∣ment of Bills of Exchange in Antwerp.
• * 1.370

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in Antwerp.
• * 1.371

  1 Example.
• * 1.372

  2 Example.
• * 1.373

  2 Example.
• * 1.374

  Exchanges practised in London.
• * 1.375

  Accounts kept in London.
• * 1.376

  Exchanges of London with Lions.
• * 1.377

  Proof.
• * 1.378

  Exchanges of London with Paris, Rouen &c, in France.
• * 1.379

  Exchanges of London with Florence.
• * 1.380

  Proof.
• * 1.381

  Exchanges of London with Venice.
• * 1.382

  Proof. Difference be∣tween money in Banco, and current mo∣ney in Venice.
• * 1.383

  Exchanges of London with Antwerp.
• * 1.384

  Proof.
• * 1.385

  London Ex∣change with Amster•…•… C••olond•…•…
• * 1.386

  Orders and Commissions given and re∣ceived for Draughts and Remittances in London.
• * 1.387

  Example 1.
• * 1.388

  Example 2.
• * 1.389

  3 Example.
• * 1.390

  Terms of pay∣ment of Bills of Exchange in London.
• * 1.391

  Of Division and Multipli∣cation abrevi∣ated after the Italian man∣ner.
• * 1.392

  Division abre∣viated in Cal∣culations of Accounts.
• * 1.393

  Another Ex∣ample.
• * 1.394

  Another me∣thod of divi∣ding by the Rule of Pra∣ctise.
• * 1.395

  Note, another Example.
• * 1.396

  Another.
• * 1.397

  Multiplication abreviated.
• * 1.398

  Another Ex∣ample.
• * 1.399

  Another Ex∣ample.
• * 1.400

  Another way of Multipica∣tion abrevia∣ted.
• * 1.401

  Another way of abreviated Multiplicati∣on.
• * 1.402

  Another Ex∣ample.
• * 1.403

  Another.