The merchants map of commerce wherein the universal manner and matter relating to trade and merchandize are fully treated of, the standard and current coins of most princes and republicks observ'd, the real and imaginary coins of accounts and exchanges express'd, the natural products and artificial commodities and manufactures for transportation declar'd, the weights and measures of all eminent cities and towns of traffick in the universe, collected one into another, and all reduc'd to the meridian of commerce practis'd in the famous city of London / by Lewis Roberts, merchant.

OF EUROPE, AND THE Provinces and Cities of Trade THEREOF.

CHAP. CX. Of EUROPE the last Division of the World here handled, and the Kingdoms thereof.

* 1.1EUROPE, which I have willingly omitted as last and principal, cometh now to be surveyed, that the Trade thereof may the better appear in her particular Provinces and Cities, should be in prerogative of worth the chief and first; but following the custom of Merchants, I shew the best last, and the worst first.

Europe then is divided into these Provinces and Islands.

• 1 Spain.
• 2 France.
• 3 Italy.
• 4 Belgia.
• 5 Germany.
• 6 Denmark.
• 7 Norway.
• 8 Sweden.
• 9 Muscovia.
• 10 Poland.
• 11 Hungary.
• 12 Dacia.
• 13 Slavonia.
• 14 Graecia.

The Islands of Europe are dispersed through these Seas.

• 1 Greek Seas.
• 2 Egean Seas.
• 3 Cretan Seas.
• 4 Ionian Seas.
• 5 Adriatick Seas.
• 6 Mediterranean Seas.
• 7 British Seas.
• 8 Northern Seas.

Of all which in order, and of each of these Divisions in order.

CHAP. CXI. Of SPAIN, and the Cities thereof.

* 1.2SPAIN, the most Western Continent of Europe, is invironed on all sides with the Seas, ex∣cept towards France, from which it is separated by the Pyrenaean Mountains, and the For∣tress of Pampelona on the North-west, and Perpignan on the South-east.

* 1.3The Commodities that this Countrey yields for Merchandise, are Wines, Sugars, Oils, Metals, Liquorish, Rice, Silks, Wooll, Cork, Rosin, Steel, Oranges, Limons, Raisins, Almonds, &c. Anni∣seeds, Anchoves, Soda, Barillia, Figs, Tunny-fish, Iron, Shumack, Saffron, Soap, Coriander, Hony, Wax, &c.

Spain is found at this day to be divided into twelve Provinces, which formerly were petty Kingdoms, viz. 1. Leon & Oviedo, 2. Navarre, 3. Corduba, 4. Gallicia, 5. Biscay, 6. Toledo, 7. Mur••ia, 8. Castile, 9. Portugal, 10 Valentia, 11. Catalonia, 12. Aragon. Of which in order, with their Cities of note and traffick.

* 1.4In Leon and Oviedo I find no City of Trade memorable, the City of Leon being the principal, and is the Principality belonging to the Princes of Spain, under the name of Asturia••.

* 1.5In Navarre is of note, the City of Pampelona, famous for her Fortification, and not for her Negotiation.

* 1.6Corduba is accounted the most fertile soil of all Spain, and hath Corduba for a principal City, from whence cometh that excellent Cordovant Leather known to us. 2. Marchena, a princi∣pal breeder of the best Genets in Spain: also 3. Medina Sidonia, whose Duke was principal Commander of that pretended Invincible Armado 1588. Also Lucardi Barameda, a great Haven-town, Xeres, which yields the Wines known, Sherry Sacks, because the Spaniards are found to pronounce x as sh in English: and also Sevil, which requireth (according to my Method) for her worth and eminency of Trade a Chapter by it self.

CHAP. XCIII. Of SEVIL, and the Trade thereof,

SEVIL is accounted the fairest City of all Spain, in compass six miles, invironed with beautiful Walls, and adorned with many stately buildings; as Palaces, Churches, and Monasteries; one whereof is endowed with 25000 Crowns annual rent. The River Baetis di∣vides it into two parts, yet joyned by a stately Bridge: from hence the Spaniards set out to∣wards the Western India, and hither return again to unlade the riches of those Western parts of the World, which principally are found to be Silver, Tobacco, Ginger, Cottons, Sugars, Brasil, and Ferinand Bucquewood, and some Drugs. Here is 30000 Gene••s maintained continually for the King of Spain his service; and the Trade of this place is of that greatness, that some are of opinion, the Customs of this Town only is worth unto the King half a million of Gold yearly; and the Archbishop of Sevil is held so rich, that his rent amounts to 100000 Crowns yearly, and hath under his Jurisdiction 2000 small Villages, and consequently in his whole Diocese 2000 Benefices, besides Frieries, Nunneries and Hospitals, and esteemed the next in degree to him of Toledo: The rarities of this place I willingly omit as well known to out Nation.

* 1.7In Sevil, Madera, &c. the Merchants keep their Accounts by Marvedies, of which 375 are esteemed to make a Ducate of Exx^o 11 Rials, every Rial being 37 Mal. and so is but 374 Mal. But our English there resident keep their Accounts in Rials of 34. Mal. the Rial.

* 1.8Their current monies are these.

A Ducate of Gold of Sevil is worth 375 Marvedies accounted 5 s. 6 d. sterl.

A Rial of Castile is worth in Sevil 34 Marvedies, and is so worth throughout all Spain, which is accounted 6 d. sterling money.

A Dobra current is worth of Carlin money ••1/••7 Marvedies; every 1000 Dobras are 80 V. 883 Marvedies, and is accounted in Merchandise 71 Mar. and is worth in Valentia at even hand 4 Sold. 7. Den. 1/10 of Valentia money without charges of Exch.

A Dobra of Castile is worth 375 Marvedies, or is above a Ducate of Gold.

A Castilian of Merchandize is worth 485 Marvedies, about 7 s. ster. Vide monies in Castile current in all Spain.

* 1.9Their Exx^o are made upon the imaginary Ducate of 375 Mar. payable in Banco with five per centum, which is the Banco's salary, or without the Banco to be paid without the same; and this Ducate is commonly termed Ducato de Oro, or de Peso; and is worth, as above, 375 Marvedies. In Sevil they make their payments as following, if you say in Ducate di Oro, o•• de Castilia upon Banco, those are then paid in Banco without loss at all; but if you say to be paid in so many Ducates Doro in Pistolets forth of Banco, they will pay in the said money; but if it be said to pay in Carlins, it will cost ½, and sometime ¾ per centum loss. But because I have at large in the Tract of Exchanges in the Chapters 294 and 426 treated of the Exchange of this place, therefore I will (to avoid repetition) refer the Reader thereunto for further and ampler satisfaction.

* 1.10There is used in Sevil three Weights or Kintars: As first, the smaller which comprehends 112 l. of four Roves of 28 pound a Rove.

The next is of 120 l. of four Roves of 30 l. to a Rove.

The last is the great, of 144 l of 4 Roves of 30 l. a Rove, which last is accounted the com∣mon Kintar of Sevil, upon which these observations have been made; which for the certain∣ty I refer to trial:

100 l. in Sevil have been found to make in	London	102	l.
Marselia	113
Venetia Sotile	152
Venetia Gross	96
Steilia	56½
Lisbon	90½

Florence	129½
Antwerp	98
Lion	97
Dantzick	117
Genoa Gross	100

* 1.11Wooll of Sevil is commonly here bought about Michaelmas, and they pay 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ready money, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at Christmas, and have from March to May for payment of the rest, of which here is great quan∣tity provided.

* 1.12Silk is bought at Almeria, commonly worth 28 Pesanti the l. Morisco, which is 18 s. Florence, for which place it is bought, and this it will cost 1020 Mar. the said pound which is 30 Rials, which is performed between June and October, the best time being from July to August by reason of the heat; for after that the weight of Silk will increase.

And as for other Commodities here found besides Wooll and Silk, it cannot properly be said to be the Commodities of the place, but for the most are comprehended under the natural Com∣modities imported from the West-Indies, of which this is the principal Port and Scale in Europe, and as a Countrey entirely challenged by the Spaniards.

* 1.13Their common Measure in Sevil is the Vare, which hath been observed,

The 100 Vares to make in	London	ells	74
Anvers		123
Frankford		154
Dantzick		102
Vienna		107
Lions	a.	75
Paris	al.	70
Genoav	Pal.	336
Rouen	al	74
Lisbon	V.	74
Madera	Br.	76
Venetia		133
Lucca		148
Florence		151
Millan		170

* 1.14Oyl is bought here by the Rove, 64 Roves is in Venetia one Miaria, 40 or 41 Roves make a Pipe, a Rove is 8 Somer, a Somer is 4 Quartiles, and a Quartile is ⅛ of a Stoop of Antwerp, and 2 Pipes or 81 Roves is 25 or 26 Florence Barrels, or 252 Gall. Gallons of English measure, but Sevil Gage is accounted but of these Pipes 236 Gallons, at 118 Gallons the Pipe.

* 1.15Corn is measured and sold by the Cassise, which is 28 Staos of Florence, and makes Bushels English (…)

* 1.16Note, that St. Lucar is the Sea-Port of this City, whereto all Ships of burthen do first come and there lade and unlade, and where the Officers of the Custom-house do come aboard to take notice of the Goodsboth landed and laden for the City of Sevil, where the Custom∣house is.

* 1.17The Customs of Sevil are great, and arise upon some Goods to 10, 15, 20, and upon most to 25 per cent. which I must refer to the better experienced; only it is noted by some, that have treated of the Kings of Spain's Revenues, that the Custom-house yearly of this City doth yield him, as I said before, half a Million of Gold.

* 1.18To proceed, in the precinct of Corduba lies Andalusia, wherein I find Sevil to be seated. Secondly Granado, wherein the City of Granado, Malaga, and Almeria, principal Cities are situated: And lastly, Estremadura, wherein I find only Merida for a City of note, but not of Trade: * 1.19therefore a word of the two former, Granada and Malaga, better known to the English.

CHAP. CXIII. Of Granado, and the Trade thereof.

GRanado is the ordinary Parliament and Court of Justice for all the Southern parts of Spain, as Valladolid is for the North; and therefore it may be imagined, Where Law∣yers are found to abound, little Trade is commonly concurrent; it is of it self a stately Town, and curiously built all of Free-stone; it is fenced with a strong Wall, having twelve Gates, and 130 Turrets; the Palace of the late Moorish Kings is the prime and most magnificent building of this City, it it seated within the Land, and hath Motril for the next Port, the neighbour∣hood of Almeria and Malaga, both Maritime Ports, hinder much the Trade thereof, therefore I shall insist the lesser upon the Trade of this City, which principally depends upon the R•…•… Silk made here, and upon the Fabricks wrought thereof.

* 1.20The Weight here used is the Cantar, of 100 l. which hath been observed by some English to make 118 l. Averdupois, and by some Venetians to have made there 111 l. Gross, and 175 l. Sotile.

The Measure is as at Malaga.

CHAP. CXIV. Of Malaga, and the Trade thereof.

MAlaga is seated on the Mediterranean shore, abounding in Raisins and Wines that are known by that name, and thence vented to our colder Climate, which makes this Town famous for its plenty therein; where touching Anno 1617. I noted this observation, * 1.21Their Moneys are general with all Spain, the principal being

A Rial, which is 34 Marvedies, and is 6 d. sterl.

A Pistolet of Gold is 23½ Rials, and the double being 47 Rials.

* 1.22Their Customs upon Merchandise here differ; for Sugar, Almonds, Wine, and Oyls are found to pay Custom outwards — 7½ per cent.

Cochineal, and other such fine Commodities — 10.

All Commodities which are found to issue out else — 5.

All Commodities transported from Port to Port — 2.

* 1.23Their Weight is the 100 l. divided into four parts of 25 l. which they call the Rove, and every pound is 16 ounces, and 1 ounce makes 16 drams, and each dram 28 grains: and this 100 l. or Kintar hath been found to make 112 l. 5 ounces English; but yet I find some the have made observations upon this place alledge, That the 100 l. of Malaga will yield i•• London 105 l

* 1.24Their measure of length is a Vare, which is 27⅞ inches by Rule.

Their liquid Measure for Wine and Oyl is a Rove, and divided into 8 Sombres: 25 Ro•• makes a Pipe; and is 100 Gallons English.

* 1.25Their Grain Measure is a Hanock, and is divided into twelve Almodes; this Hand is ¼ of a Bushel and twelve Gallons English, which weigheth by heap 144 l. and by str•…•… 29 l. English.

* 1.26Note, That Almeria agreeth in Weights and Measures with Malaga above-named.

* 1.27In Galicia, I find only St. James of Compostella famous for the Sepulchre of St. James, which is worshipped with incredible devotion; * 1.28Baiona, commonly called the Groine, whereto some Trade is driven by the Merchants of England, principally of Bristol, which I briefly thus anatomize.

The Coins are the same, as used throughout Spain.

Here is in use two Quintals, the one proper to Iron, which is London 122 l. and the other called the Sutle Quintal, which is 108 l. and the Measure here in use is as in Bi•…•… following.

* 1.29In Biscay, I find Bilboa and St. Sebastians, two noted Towns for Trading, much frequen∣ted by Merchants, whereupon I have gathered these Observations of the Trade of these places.

The Coins are here current with all Spain, which is a Spanish Rial, distinguished into white Quarties, four to a Rial, and 4½ black Quartiles to a single Rial, and accounted by 34 Mar•…•…∣dies to the said Rial.

* 1.30There is here in use two Quintars, the one proper to the Iron here made, which produceth in London 158 l. and the other being the Sutle 100 l. produceth here about 111 to 112 l.

* 1.31Their Measure here of length is the Vare; 100 yards is here 109 Vares, and the 100 Flemish Ells, whereby Bays are bought in England, is here 80 Vares.

Corn is here sold by the Hanega, and five Hanegaes have been observed to make a Quarter English.

* 1.32The Customs here are 2½ per centum, and valued as they shall be sold, and not paid till sold: but note, That no Commodities pay here any Custom but what is either to be eaten, drunken, or burned: and if a Merchant hap to make a bad debt of above 500 l. the Custom thereof is not paid all.

* 1.33In Toledo is the City of Toledo, famous for its Archbishoprick, whose Rents look as high as 300000 Crowns yearly; it is seated in the centre of Spain, but of no great consequence in mat∣ter of Trade, known to us, as improper for the same by its situation, being an In-land City, and over-traded by Shurchmen.

In Murcia there are three Towns of note, * 1.34Murcia the first, as principal of the Province; * 1.35Cartagena the second, as having a most excellent Haven, and agreeing in Weights and Mea∣sures with Alicant; that is the third, that hath choice Wines and good Trading by its com∣modious situation. Of the two former I cannot say much: in the latter having lived some years, I observed these Rules in the course and Trade of the place.

CHAP. CXV. Of Alicant, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.36ALicant, seated on the Mediterranean Shore, as Malaga, Almeria, and Cartagena are, is of late years become (by reason of its commodious Road) to be the Scale of the City of Va∣lentia, where the principal Merchants thereof reside, and have here their Factors and Respon∣dents that negotiate their Affairs for them: it affords Wines, Raisins, Licoris, Soda Barillia, Basse ropes, Soaps, hence called Alicant Soaps, Aniseeds, and such.

* 1.37The Moneys are those of Valentia, see there farther.

* 1.38Merchants keep their Accounts here in Livers, Solds and Deniers; twelve Deniers make a Soldo, twenty shillings a Liver, which is accounted to be five shillings ster•• as the Soldo three-pence, and the Denier a farthing.

* 1.39Their known great Weight is a Cargo, which is 10 Roves of 24 l. and of 36 l. to the Rove: the Rove of 24 l. being 18 ounces, and the Rove of 36 l. being twelve ounces, by which is sold Pepper, Rice, Almonds, Cloves, Spices and other Commodities of value.

All gross Commodities are weighed by 24. l. to the Rove, and four to the Quintal, the Cargo making 280 l. Averdupois, and the Quintal making 96 l. in England.

All Sugars, Drugs, and Tin, is weighed by a small Quintal, which is 120 l. of twelve oun∣ces to the pound, which is about 18 or 20 per centum less than the English 112 l.

Soda Barillia carried hence to Venetia to make Glasses, and to Marselia to make hard Shap, hath been found to make a Cantar 133 lib. of Provence: * 1.40but because this diversity of Weights may seem troublesome to be understood, observe this general Rule, 96 l. of 18 ounces is 144 l. of 12 ounces, and is the great Quintal; 80 l. of 18 ounces is 120 l. of twelve ounces, and is the small Quintal; the difference found is 16 l. of 18 ounces per libram, and 24 l. of twelve ounces l. from the great to the small Quintal.

* 1.41Their common Measure is the Vare, which is ⅙ less than the English yard.

Their Wine Measure is a Cantaro, which is about 12 quarts English.

Their Corn Measure is a Cassise, about 3 bushels English.

* 1.42Their Custom is 11 Deniers per centum Liver, which is 4½ per cent. and is payable 8 Deniers to the Duana, and 3 Deniers Sisa, which is paid as well by the buyer as the seller, and as often as any goods are either bought, sold, or bartered, so often is the said Custom paid by buyer and seller 9 per cent. see Valentia farther.

* 1.43The next is Castile, the most prevalent Province of all Spain, and whence the Spainiards entitle themselves Castilians, and to which all the other are united, either by conquest or intermarriages; it is divided into the New and Old, * 1.44in which is first the City of Segovia, whence comes our fine Segovia Cloth, made by Woolls that first had their original from our English Sheep. * 1.45Secondly, Valladolid, an University, which yields no Commodity but English Papistical Fugitives. * 1.46Next Burges, famous as contending with Toledo for the Primateship of Spain. * 1.47Next Salamanca, the most Famous Academy of all Spain; these are in Old Castile. In New Castile are found these Cities; * 1.48first Madrid, the Seat of the Kings of Spain, and from a little Village become a populous and large City: * 1.49Secondly, Alcala: Thirdly, Alcantara: * 1.50And lastly the Escurial, built by Philip the Second, and which cost four Millions the Sructure. In

this Tract, I have not observed any eminent City of Trading, yet because the whole Coun∣trey of Spain in general hath in many things a dependency upon the rules and orders in matter of Trade belonging hereunto; I will therefore, to shorten my work, as well in the succeed∣ing as in some precedings Towns, give you a Touch of the Trade hereof under the Title of Madrid or Castile.

CHAP. CXVI. Of Madrid in Castile and the Trade thereof.

* 1.51THE general Coins of Castile I account as the general Coins passing throughout Spain, which is to be considered when I treat of the Trade of any City under the subjection of the Key of Spain.

In the then Court of Spain, being commonly in Madrid in Castilia, the Ducate is worth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Marvedies, and is called by some a Dobra of Castile.

A Castiliano is worth 485 Marvedies.

A Florin of Castile is worth 265 Marvedies, almost four shillings sterling.

* 1.52A Ducate Count or Quento of Marvedies is a million,

A Count or Quento of Marvedies is Ducates 2666⅓, and at Dobra it is worth 2739 57/78 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which is sterling 733 l. 6. 8 d.

A Rial single of Castile is worth 34 Marvedies, which is 6 d. sterling.

A Quento of Marvedies is worth 3258 Rials and 3 Marvedies.

A Crown of Castile is worth 323 Marvedies, but of them you need not make payment but of 600 only.

The Ducate of Spain hath 11 Rials of Plate, and every Rial, as I said before, 34 Marve•…•…, and every Ducate 374 Marvedies, which is 5 s. 6 d. English, the Rial 6 d. and the Mar•…•… less than our farthing: the single Pistolet of Gold 11 Rials ¾ being 400 Marvedies which is ac∣cording to 6 d. a Rial 5. s. 10⅛ Esterling.

* 1.53In Castilia they that give money upon Exchange, do agree to be paid in Ducates of Gold, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their worth in Gold or Silver; for if they should not do so, they should be paid in base 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ney, which would prove to be more than five per cent. loss. The orders of the Fairs in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are thus.

* 1.54The first is the Fair of May, and is made in Medino del Campo, and begins the first of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and lasteth 50 days.

The second is the Fair of August, and is made in Medina di Riosecco, and begins the first 〈◊〉〈◊〉 August, and lasteth 30 days.

The third is the Fair of October, made in Medina del Campo, and begins the first of Novem∣ber, lasting 50 days.

The fourth is the Fair of Villa Lion, begins the first day of Lent, and lasteth twenty day•• but is no Fair of Exchange; the time expired, there may no Goods be sold, nor payment made upon pain of forfeiture of the Goods and Moneys. And it is to be noted, that the L••∣ters be there fifteen days before the time.

* 1.55The payments upon all the Fairs they make in Banco, not saying forth, and they are to rec•…•…∣in Ducates de Oro, in Oro largo, and forth of Banco; where they say forth of Banco and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ready money, there is gotten thereby one per cent. and when they say Ducates of Gold, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 worth, it is understood in Marvedies, 375 for a Ducate, and when they say forth of the Fair, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 understood for ready money; and this shall suffice to have said of Castilia in general: and a for the custom and manner of their Exchanges here practised, see the Chapter 426, of the fa∣change of Spain, at the end of this Tract.

* 1.56In Portugal, once a Famous Kingdom, (and the rather for the fortunate discoveries made in the Eastern Indies by the Inhabitants there is many fair Towns of Trading, but all of the•• giving precedency to Lisbon, the Metropolis of this Kingdom; I shall willingly therefore 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the rest, and inlarge my self thereupon: * 1.57The general commodities this Countrey abounds is are these, Honey, Wine, Oyl, Allum, Fruits, Fish, white Marble, Salt, &c. and those many other Commodities, that it is now in great abundance found to yield, are the proper Commodi∣ties of the East-Indies such as are Pepper, Cloves, Sugars, Nutmegs, Ginger, Cottons, Calli•…•…, the Gems of India, the Spices and Drugs of Arabia, and the Silks and Fabricks of Persia and China, which though here to be had, yet I have here omitted the mentioning, as not being the native Commodities of Portugal.

CHAP. CXVII. Of Libon, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.58LIsbon is accounted to be seven miles in compass, and to contain 20000 families, having 67 Towers upon the Walls, and 22 Gates to the Sea-ward, and 16 to the Continent: it is seated upon the River Tagus, accounted most famous and commodious for Traffick and Commerce, from hence the Portugals set out to the East Indies, and hither do return again with all those Spices, Drugs, and other the rich Merchandize, which East-India, Arabia, Persia and China do afford: at the entrance of the River Duero stands Porto also, a Town of good Trade, where the Galiies used in times past to land the Merchandise, and therefore is called Porta Gal∣lorum, by which means some Authors do infer the whole Countrey took its name of Portugal. But to proceed to Lisbon, I will note what I have observed thereupon in matter of Traffick according to my proposed Theme.

* 1.59The Coins in Portugal found current are these:

A Croisado of Gold, is worth 400 Reas.

A Ducate of Portugal is 10 Reals, which is 400 Reas, which is five shillings sterl.

A Rial is 40 Res or 6 d. sterling, a mill Reas is 22 Rials.

A Testoon is 2½ Rials, or 100 Res, or 15 d. sterl.

A Vintin is 20 Res, or 3 d. sterling.

A Mirle of Gold is 1000 Res, which is 2½ Ducates.

A single Rial Spanish, is 2 Vintins, or 4 Res.

* 1.60Their Weights are these, a small and a great, the great Cantar is divided into four Roves, and each Root is 32 Reals, which is 128 l. at 14 ounces per l. which hath been found to make in Florence 149 l. their small Quintar for Pepper and Ginger is near 112 l. English, the Rove or Qua∣tern is 2•• l. the great Quintal holdeth 15 in 16 per cent. more than the English 112 l.

The King hath a Quintar for his Contractation house to sell the Spices of India, by which is 150 l. of Florence, and is about 114 l. English, the great Cantar of Lisbon making in Florence 170⅓ or 130 l. English, but all fine Goods is by custom of the place to be sold by the said Kings-Beam.

These Observations upon 100 l. small of Lisbon, have been made in and yield.

The 100 l. small of Lisbon doth yield in	London	113½	li.
Marselia	126½	l.
Venetia sotile	168½.
Venetia gross	106 3/••.
Sicilia	63¼.
Florence	149¼.
Antwerp	107¾.
Lions	119 ••/••.
Sevil	110¾.
Dantzick	130½.
Genoa	162.
Aleppo	23	Rials.
Aleppo Silk	24, 6.
Irip. Soria.	27, 6.
Irip. Barbaria	98	l.
Baruti	22.
Alex. Zera	51, 3.
Alex. Forsia	117, 6.
Seio.	102, 10.
Constantinople	93, 6.
Rhodes	20, 7.
Acria	18, 3.
Babilonia	15, 10	Ma.
Balsera	4, 5½	Ma.
Ormus	113.

Which for trial I refer to the experienced.

* 1.61Their Measures of length, dry and liquid here used are these; first their Measure of Cloth is the Coveda, which is near ¾ of an English Yard; the Measure Linnen is the Vare, and i•• an Ell, less nail of the English measure, by which may be made the computation for other Countreys, and by some found to be 8 per centum less.

* 1.62The Measure of Corn, is the Alquier, three Alquiers is a bushel, 1½ is 8 Gallons Winchester Measure, and five Alquiers is a Hannep of Spanish Measure.

* 1.63The Measure of Salt is called the Muy, and 60 Alquiers makes a Muy, and 2 Muyes and 15 Alquiers is a Tun of Bristol water-measure, which is 10 Gallons Winchester, and 40 of those Mea∣sures do make a Tun.

Note, that 4½ Alquiers of Lisbon make a Fanega, or Hannep in Andalusia, by some observa∣tions, which Fanega is 2 Staios and somewhat more of Florence, in such manner that a Sta•…•… o•• Florence may be accounted half a Fanega, and an Alquier of Lisbon may be accounted half a Staio of Florence, which makes (…) Gal. Eng.

* 1.64The Customs is inwards 23 per centum, that is, to the Dechima 10 per cent. to the Si••e 10 per cent. and to the Consolado 3 per cent. and the Customs outwards is onely 3 per centum.

* 1.65These observations have been also made upon Measures of this place; 22 Alquiers of Lis∣bon have made in Sicilia upon Corn 1 general Salmo, Alquiers 3⅛ have made in Marselia one Mina; and it is to be understood, that the Muy of Corn and Salt are all alike, but that there is given one in 24 more upon Salt, because the Salt loseth and not the Corn. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Wine in Lisbon is 52 Almudin, and one Almudin is 13 Chanate, &c. which is in E••g∣land (…) Gallons.

* 1.66The next Province is Valentia, giving name, or taking it from a City of the same name, the principal of this Province which is seated some two miles from the Sea, where there a found an open Road called La Grevo, and not capable of great Ships, nor indeed safe for Ships of any noted burthen, therefore is Alicant become the principal Scale for this City; i•• which place having resided for some time Anno 1617. I shall touch the Trade thereof as ob∣served by me in those days.

CHAP. CXVIII. Of Valentia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.67VALENTIA, the principal City of the Province of Valentia, giveth Rules to all the adjoyning places, as well for matter of Trade as Judicature, wherein is vented yearly great quantity of Pepper, Tin, Lead, Baies, Linnens, Fish, as Pilchards, Herrings, and Ne••∣land fish, and such other like Commodities, having their Moneys current, Weights and Measur•…•… as followeth.

* 1.68A Liver of Valentia is worth 20 Sold. of that money, and is 5 s. Sterling.

A Ducate of Gold is 21 Sold. of the said money.

A Castiliano is 27 Sold. and 4 Deniers of the same money.

A Liver of Valentia is worth 365 Marvedies of Castilia, and changing them at Naples for Valentia 18 sold. 4 Deniers, which with the charges comes even, because a Ducate of Carlins is worth at Naples after the rate of sold. 18 Den. 3½, and this because your money is at 15 pe•• centum.

Their greatest money is a piece of 6 sold. which is three Rials Castile, then have they three sold. which •…•… Rials, and the half of three sold. which is 18 Deniers, which is 1½ sold. every soldo is 12 Deniers, and 24 Deniers is a Rial Castiliano, which is 6. d. sterl.

* 1.69Their Accounts are kept by Liver, Sold. and Deniers. 12 Deniers accounted to a sold. and 20 sold. to a Liver, which is 10 Rials Castile, 50 souls French and 5. s. sterl.

* 1.70The Weights are these and thus distinguished.

The greatest Weight is a Cargo or Load, which is 360 l. of Valentia, and hath been sound to encrease 3 or 4 per centum after the Weight of Florence. * 1.71This Cargo is accounted to be 12 Re∣ves as well of sine as gross goods; a Rove suttle being 30 l. and by this Weight is weighed Corn, Sugar, Oyl, Spice, and other fine goods.

A Rove Gross is 36 l. and by this is weighed Wool, and such other gross goods.

A Quintar as well the small as great is four Roves, which makes 120 l. of fine goods and 144 l. of gross goods, in which observe this true Rule for all the Weights of Va∣lentia.

* 1.7298 l. of 18 ounces to the l. is 144 l. of 12 ounces to a pound, and is accounted the great Kintar, and

80 l. of 11 ounces to the l. is 120 l. of 12 ounces per. l. the small Cantar: so that the diffe∣rence is 16 l. of 18 ounces, and 24 l. of twelve ounces from the great to the small; and these two Weights have been observed to yield in other Cities of Trade after this manner.

		Suttle l.		Gross l.
100 l. Suttle doth produce the first Row. 100 l. Gross doth produce in the second	London	96½		115¼
Marselia	107		128
Venetia sotile	140		168
Sicilia	54		64
Lisbon	84		102
Florence	122		147
Antwerp	92		110
Lions	101		122
Sevil	94		113
Dantzick	110		133
Malage	26	Rials	31	Rials.
Barcelona	104	l.	125	l.
Majorque	102		124
Paris	102		124
St. Maloes	105		128
Aleppo	196	Rials	234
Tripoli Syria	234	Rials	249
Baruti	188		224
Alexand. zera	445		532
Scio	876		105
Constantinople	79		95
Rhodes	17		21
Genoa	133		163

* 1.73Their Measures are these following:

Four Palms of Valentia make a Vare, which is 1⅔ Braces of Florence, and is 1⅚ parts of an English Yard; 100 Vares after this account may be in London 83 in 85 Yards.

* 1.74Corn is sold by the Caffiso in Valentia, which is twelve Barsellas which weigh 10½ Roves of 36 l. la Rove of twelve ounces per l. which is in Florence 7½ Staios, and 37 Barsellas is there 24 Staios, which is a Mayo, Barsellas 17 making a general Salmo in Sicilia; and is of the measure of Corn in England (…) Gallons.

* 1.75Salt is also sold by the Caffiso, which weighs 18 l. of the Gross weight of Valentia, eight Caffises making one Modino in Juice, and one Caffise making 3 bushels English.

* 1.76Wine is sold by the Cantaro, which is a pitcher, and contains twelve quarts of Eng∣lish Measures. Note, that 1480 Salms of Wheat in Sicilia have made in Valentia 1480 Saffici.

* 1.77This Country affords, as I said before, hard Soap commonly worth 80 Rials a Kintar, rising and falling as Oyls are in request.

Aniseeds are worth 24 Rials the Rove, and daily is transported for France and Eng∣land.

Barillia is used in making Glasses, and hard Soaps; and worth 16 to 18 Rials per centum.

* 1.78Raisins of Denia, a small Village, anciently a famous Town of this Province; not so well esteemed as Malaga Fruit, is sold here at 18 Rials per cent. and I have paid here for a whole Ships lading of 200 Tuns, Anno 1618. 24 Rials per cent. proving commonly best when dearest.

Almonds are here also plenty, worth commonly 12 Ducates a Cargo, which is 220 l. English which 280 l.

* 1.79Customs here paid is 9 per cent. 4½ by the buyer, and 4½ by the seller, and as often as any Commodity is bought or sold, so often is this Custom paid, being 8 Deniers Du∣ana and 3 Deniers Sisa; and if any Goods come in to be shipped out again (com∣monly called a Transito) the general Duty of four Deniers per l. is only paid and no more.

Their payments in Customs and all other ways are in Valentia money, and worth 3 per cent. to be converted into Spanish Rials.

There is also a Duty called a Mottahecos, which is a pound of Pepper on each Quintar, and so upon other fine Goods: And this is as much as I remember needful in this Argument, and so I will proceed to the next Province which is Catalonia; and as for the Exchanges here practised, see farther in the 291 and 426 Chapters.

* 1.80In Catalonia is only famous, the City of Barcelona the principal of this Province, where having good cause of the remembrance of my being here, by reason of my imprisonment in

the Inquisition, Anno 1618. I must according to my Method afford the Cities Traffick, a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of observation, in acknowledgment of their love and pains in my Release; moved thereto, partly by the affection I had gained with many the chief Merchants, but especially left the same might deter other English from coming to traffick and inhabit amongst them, and furnish their necessities with English Commodities which they seem much to desire, and oftentime much stand in need of.

CHAP. CXIX. Of Barcelona, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.81BArcelona is seated on the Mediterranean shore, and entring into that Gulph which is so terrible to Navigators, in these parts called The Gulph of Lions. It hath a reasonable commodious and safe Harbour, and the Citizens do winterly enlarge and lengthen the same by adding to their Mould, that Ships of burthen may come within the same: what I obserred here Anno 1618. I will briefly declare.

* 1.82Their Moneys current in Merchandize, besides the Rial of Castile, is a Liver which passe•• here at 20 sold. and a Ducate of Gold of Castile is worth 24 sold. of the said money, and the soldo is twelve Deniers of that money, wherein they are found to keep their Accounts.

* 1.83Their Cantar is a 100 l. which is English 92 l. or thereabouts, and hath made by obser∣vation

In	Florence	123	l.
Genoa	130	l.
Valentia	106	l.
Marselia	104	l.
Venetia Sotle	140	l.

* 1.84Their Measure is a Can consisting of eight Palms, and hath been found to make th•…•… Braces in Florence, and in England found to produce 1⅜ Yards English, and in Naples 〈◊〉〈◊〉 been found to make 6⅜ Palms.

* 1.85Corn is sold by a Measure called the Quarter, one Salmo is four Quarters, sold always 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of all Customs, 2⅓ Quarters making a Cargo or load, which is accounted 360 l. as is that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 mentioned aforegoing in Valentia.

Woolls are sold by the Rove, which is 30 l. making 26 l. of Venetia gross, whither the same is commonly transported, and in Florence 36 l.

All gross Goods are sold by the Cargo, accounted 3 Kintars, which is 440 l. Sutle of Ven•…•… and 278 l. gross there, which is 372 l. in Florence, and hath been found to make English 3000•• Averdupois.

* 1.86In this Province lieth also Tortosa a fine small City, but the principal of the Inhabitants •…•…∣ing accounted as Moors, were some years before my being here banished this Country, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 therefore most places lie waste, and many Villages are here along found without Inhabit•…•… and the Grounds to want Labourers.

* 1.87The next Province is Aragon, wherein is Tarragon, a fine and handsome City, but 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the banishment of many of the Inhabitants, as above is said, now made poor: in my 〈◊〉〈◊〉 there in 1618. I found it most to consist in making of Silk, here bought and carried to Ir∣lentia to be wrought: * 1.88The principal City hereof is Saragosa, which should challenge a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 particular relation, as being commodiously seated for Traffick on the banks of the River 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ebro, but being an University, it were too great an honour for an inland Town to prod•• famous Scholars and eminent Merchants; yet in the current Coins, it is observed to rule as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 V••dentia: and because there is found practised here a great Exchange, I have inserted 〈◊〉〈◊〉 same by it self, Chapter 292 in the end of this Tract, with all circumstances thereunto appe••∣taining. And these are all the principal Cities of Traffick found at this day comprised 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Kingdom of Spain.

CHAP. CXX. Of the Weights and Measures of Spain reduced to the English hundred.

* 1.89THE principal Cities of Spain and Portugal thus surveyed; it will not be unworthy our observation, first to see how the Weights and Measures of some other lesser Cities here omitted concur with the Weights and Measures of England, and then take a general view of the Trade which is in general found in the compass of those Kingdoms, now united and subject to the Crown of Castilia. First then, to begin with the weights of Spain and Portugal, I will reduce them to the suttle 100 l. of London, which by observation hath been found to make in.

• Sevil 108 l. by
  • great Quintar of 144 l. of four Roves of 36 l.
  • smaller Quintar of 112 l. of 4 Roves of 28 l.
  • by lesser Quintar of 120 l. of 4 Roves of 30 l.
• Granado and Almeria bona
  • 104 l. is the pound of 16 ounces.
  • 89 l. is of Silk and Copper of 18 ounces.
  • 52 l. great weight for Flesh 32 ounces.
• Castilia Medina del Campo 98 l.
• Burgos 89 Rot.
• Aragon and Barcelona
  • 102 l.
  • 92 l. great weight for Woollen.
  • 126 l. small weight for Saffron.
• ...Valentia
  • 102 l. by Quintar of 4 Roves of 30 l. for Spices.
  • 129 l. by Quintar of 4 Roves of 36 l. the Cargo, is those Quintars of 360 l. and the greater of 432 l.* 1.90
• Leon 105 l.
• Saragos•…•… 108 l. and by the small Quintar 126 l.
• Savalon•…•… and Salanico 126 l.
• Viliaco 77 l.

Note here, that the Islands of the Canaries, and all the Islands of Spain use the weights of Sevil as foresaid; now for the Kingdom of Portugal 100 l. London makes in.

• Portugal Rot. 104 l.
  • the great Quintar of 128 l.
  • the small Quintar of 112 l. containing each 4 Roves of 32 l. and 28 l.

Note here, that there is allowance made four upon the hundred upon Sugars, and two and 3 per cent. upon Cotton Woolls, and such like, the small Quintar is the weight of the Contractation-house of the Indies: All Spice is weighed thereby, but all are weighed by the great Quintal, and reduced upon the lesser Quintar, one Quintar of Wax is one Quintar, and half of 112 l. is 168 l.

• • Madera 104 Rotolos.
  • Cape Verd. 104 Rot.
  • Saint Thomas 104 Rot.
  • Guinea 104 Rot.
  • Maroc•…•… in Barbary 104 Rot.
  or Pounds by the Quintar of 128 l.
• Feas and Suus in Barbary 92 l.
• Calicut 77 Aracoles.

Note here, they sell by the Baccar or Bahar, being at Lisbon four Quin∣tars of 112 l. and observe, That the Bahar is 4 Quintars for 120 Aracoles.

• The Bahar or Bahor is
  • 20 Faracoles of 32 l. per Rove, which at Lisbon is 5 Quintals great.
  • 480 Aracoles.

Whereby it may be discerned, that as Sevil hath given the weight to the West-Indies discovered by the Spaniard, so hath not Lisbon but in part given the weight to the East-Indies, who had amongst themselves there an eminent Trade, and consequently their Weight and Measure pecu∣liar to themselves, before the Portugal discovered the same.

* 1.91As for the Measures of both these Kingdoms, as I have done with the Weight in reducing it to the London 100 l. suttle, so will I reduce the Measures thereof to the 100 yards of London which rendereth in

The 100 Yards of London is in Castilia	111	Vares	of 4 quartos, and every quarte 2 Palms.
Toledo	111	Vares
Cades	108	Vares.
Ditto for Silk	148	Ells.
Andalusia	109	Vares,
Aragon	57	Canes.
Saragosa	44	Canes.
Morocco	181	Covad.	Both these of 12 to o•…•… Cove.
Cap dalgier	141	Covad.
Sivilia	109	Vares.
Granado	109	Vares.
Barcelona	57	Canes.
Valentia	97	Canes.
Lisbon	82	Vares.
Ditto for	109	Vares.
Ditto for Silk	96	Covades.

CHAP. CXXI. Of the Trade in general of Portugal, and the Kingdom of Spain.

* 1.92THE Navigations and discoveries of the Spaniards and Portugals into the East and West-In∣dies, though they carried to the world at first the specious colours of Piety and Religion, by planting their Superstition in these Heathen Countreys; yet Ambition and Profit was doubt∣less the secret design of their intendments. Portugal, whose Kings first sought those unknown Regions of the East-Indies, and seeking discovered, and discovering in part conquered, pre∣sently made strict Laws and Prohibitions for any of his Subjects to trade for certain the riche•• Commodities thereof but himself, and thereupon settled his Contrataction-house in Lisbon, where those Commodities should be sold, weighed, and delivered, and these bargains being made by Commissioners appointed by him, were first from them called Royal Contracts; and thus for a long time it continued, till his Subjects having made further and ampler discoveries of those Regions, for their better incouragement, and to induce his People to those Navigations, be permitted them afterward an ampler and larger liberty of that Trade, reserving certain partic••∣lar Commodities only to his own use and benefit; neither did it otherwise appear in the cam∣age of those who were discoverers of the West-Indies, which we find to be the Spaniards; see though there wanted not fair and plausible demonstrations of winning the Souls of those pooe People, yet by millions they were slaughtered, butchered, and slain, making a devastation in th•• Countrey of those innocent Inhabitants, as if there had been no way to the eternal life of the So•• but by a present death of the body, aiming thereby, as may be conjectured, particularly at the possession only of their Estates, which by many deaths and torments was drawn from the•…•… and converted to their own and their Soverains Treasury, as appears (to the scandal of their Religion and of their King) in sundry of their own Authors published in many Languages These two Countreys then thus discovered, and thus by rapine gotten and settled, and since united together under one King, have afforded the present matter of Trade of all Spain and Por∣tugal, which before that time afforded not any Commodities almost whereby Trade might be as much as discerned, much less maintained; and now Lisbon for the East, and Sevil for the West-Indies, is become the Staple for all the rich Commodities those two Countreys do afford, and so continued till England and Holland by their late Navigation shared with them in the •…•…∣fick and riches thereof, which yet are seen to be but as petty branches coming from the princi∣pal channel; but the West-Indies affording to them great quantity of Silver by the Mines thereof, which now is found so abundantly plentiful in the world, may be called indeed and in effect their best Commodity, which ever since its first coinage, they have maintained in its prime weight and sineness, which many of their Politicians have gone about at several times to inhanse, as if it would have proved a great benefit to their Common-wealth; but wiser judgments have disco∣vered, that the raising of these moneys in Spain would prove altogether prejudicial to that State; for all these Commodities that are brought to them, which for the most part they stand in great need of, being necessary either for back or belly, would soon vanish, did not these their moneys allure and attract them; and contrariwise it may be hence imagined, and I think granted, that what other Princes soever doth inhanse his Silver, or the moneys of his Countrey, it must needs prove to his own proper prejudice and the Spaniards gain, because they raise and inhanse a Commodity which is not theirs really, but transported to them at second hand by Merchants and

others, and of which though happily possessing some small Silver Mines of their own, yet the gross is still his, so far forth as his quantity and abundance exceedeth theirs.

As for the other Commodities which those Countreys afford, ours and many other Nations were with the same from Alexandria and Venice at first supplyed, and then hence, but now ha∣ving found the way to the Spring head, we daign not to buy of them at the second hand, ex∣cept such, of which their Princes reserve to themselves a peculiar interest, either by farming the same to their Subjects, or keeping the same in their own hands, or by excluding all other Nation from the Trade thereof, and these we and others are constrained to have from them, in which number may be accounted Sugars, Tobacco, Ginger, and some other Drugs, and the Com∣modities of the West-Indies in general.

Now for the Inhabitants both of Spain and Portugal, they are in general lovers of Merchan∣dizing and Traffick, neither so much despising it as the French, nor yet so much addicted thereto as the Italians, yet more willingly adventuring their Estates at Sea than them, who herein are found to distrust the Providence of Almighty God in a lawful calling, and prefer their own wisdom and providence on Land before the protection of the Almighty at Sea. And as they are well-wishers to Trade, so are they found in a large measure to practise it in such Ci∣ties as occasion and Commodities do either present or permit; for both in Sevil and Lisbon are found Merchants of great eminency, but yet are such as for the most part bend their Traffick into both the Indies and no where else, except peradventure a little to Antwerp in Flanders, and into Naples, and Sicilia in the Mediterranean Seas, and which seldom are noted to ad∣venture their estates, or have any. Factors resident but where their King is Chief and Sovereign. The Raw Silks, Wines; and Fruits of this Kingdom are the prime Commodities of import it now yields, as also Olives, Raisins, Figs, Almonds, &c. which the English fetch from them in great abundance; so that it is of late years observed, that the Planters of these Fruits, and their Wine Merchants, have by our over-greedy purchasing of these Commodities, raised to themselves fair Estates.

Two things I observed during my abode here, that are great lets and impediments to the Trade of this Nation, the one is the banishment of the Moors that here in great numbers Inha∣bited, who painfully and industriously manured their land, and by their labour and thrifty living reised to their Landlords and to themselves good and great estates, the which now for many thousand thousand Acres lie wast and desolate, whole Towns and Villages being depo∣pulate, and the Lords Castles and Mannors appearing ruined and decayed, want the pains of these poor People that gave their Lords and Lordships means of subsistency. The second is the residence of many Genoa Merchants amongst them, who are found in good number to abide in every good City, especially on the Sea coasts, whose skill and acuteness in Trade far surpassing the natural Spaniards or Portugals, and who by means of their wealth and continual practice of Exchanges are found to devour that bread which the Inhabitants might otherwise be suffi∣ciently sed with; and by reason that the King of Spain is ever engaged to their Common-wealth for great and vast Sums at interest, he is their Debtor not only for their moneys, but a so for their favour, which by many immunities throughout his Kingdom, he is found continually to requite them: and amongst the rest it is observed, That there is no Genoa Merchant resident in Spain in any part, but hath a particular Licence to export the Rials and Plate of this King∣dom to a certain round Sum yearly, which they seldom use really to do, but sell the same to other Nations, that are constrained to make their returns in Plate for want of other more bene∣ficial commodities; which for the certain profit it is found ever to yield in other Countreys, is often preferred before all the other Commodities of this Kingdom. A third reason of hinder∣ance I might add hereto, which is tho current Coin wherein all Commodities are sold and bought; for in many parts of this Kingdom, being for the most part base and of Copper and Brass, which to convert into Rials and good money is found to cost the change in some places 5, in some 10, in some 15, in some 20 per cent. which is the first penny. The great Customs also paid in many parts of this Kingdom, is likewise a great let and hinderer of Trading in general; which wherefoever the same is by the Sovereign levied, will in a short time and insensibly devour and con••ume a flourishing Traffick, and enforce the suffering Merchant either totally to give over, or bend his Trade where he shall find the burthen thereof lighter and more easily to be born and endured. Now as for Commodities which other Nations are found to bring unto them, and of which they stand in need partly to supply their own necessities, and partly to maintain their West-In∣dia Traffick; as this England brings them great store of Newlandish fish, Irish Salmon, Pilchards, Herrings, Lead, Tin, Calves-skins, Baies, Saies, Serges, and other English Manufactures; and in return have only thence Wines, Fruits, Oyls, some Indico and Sugars, Ginger, and the like India Commodities. East Countrey furnisheth them with Corn, Cordage Masts, Pitch, Tar, Rosin, Fir-boards, and other Timber, and only return thence the Commodities above-named; only it is ever lawful to him that brings Corn to carry out Rials of Plate in return thereof. France sends them Corn, Linnens, Paper, and some petty Manufactures, and returns thence

Plate, Wine, Fruits, and some India Spices. Italy affords them some Manufactures of Silk, and hath in return some raw Silk, Segovia Woolls, Barillia, and such like: and herein is comprehended the general Traffick of Spain at this time: so passing the Pyrenaeans, I will enter into France.

CHAP. CXXII. Of FRANCE, and the Provinces and Cities thereof,

* 1.93FRANCE is accounted one of the most Eminent Kingdoms of Europe, and it is the best that can subsist without the help of others; it is bounded on the North with the British Ocean, on the West with the Aquitain Sea, on the South with the Mediterranean Sea, on the South. East with the Alpes, on the East with the River Rhine, and an imaginary line drawn from Strasburg to Callais.

* 1.94This Countrey affordeth for Merchandise to her Neighbours three natural notable Commo∣dities, Corn, Wine, and Salt; the Farm of Salt onely yearly bringing into the King's coffen 100000 Crowns, besides which it yieldeth Oyls, Almonds, Soaps, Canvas, Coral, Paper, Wool, Linnen fine and course, Nuts, Beefs, and of late some Stuffs and Cloth made of Woollen, &c.

There is reckoned in this Kingdom 25 Provinces; the notable Cities of Traffick found the∣rein, I shall orderly handle.

* 1.95The first Province is Aquitain, wherein are sound the noted Cities of Tholousa, Bourdea•…•…, and Rochel, of which a word in brief.

CHAP. CXXIII. Of Tholousa, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.96THolousa is the Parliament seat of Aquitain, and standeth on the banks of the River Gur•…•…, which hence runneth to the Walls of Burdeaux and Blay, and so to the Sea: It is very plentiful in Pastil or Woad, which hence is dispersed into several Countreys, the Countrey 〈◊〉〈◊〉 affording any other notable Commodity worth mentioning.

* 1.97Their Moneys is the same as throughout all France, which in Parts the principal City of this Kingdom, I shall handle; their Accounts also here kept, are as through all France in general, in Livers or Franks, Souls, and Deniers, 12 Deniers to a Soul, 20 Souls to a Live or Frank.

* 1.98The 100 l. or Kintar of Tholousa hath been observed in Woad for Diers to make in England 124 l. and the Cargo by which the same is commonly sold to be 372 l.

* 1.99The Measure of this Countrey is called the Aulin, and maketh in England 42 inches by the Rule.

* 1.100Note, That in Tholousa there is a Cantar also of 112 l. which is in use in all other Commodities, Woad excepted, sold by the Cargo, as above is mentioned, and is hence sent to Narbon, and thence dispersed into sundry parts of the Mediterranean Seas.

CHAP. CXXIV. Of Burdeaux, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.101BUrdeaux is seated upon the Banks of the River Geronde before mentioned, plentifully abounding in those Wines, which being White and Claret, are known by the names of this City: here is also near this City the little Village of le Greve, which gives name to those Grave Wines, which we esteem so excellent; and between this Town and Tholousa lie those rich grounds which yield those sweet Wines by us known by the name of High Countrey, which the Inhabi∣tants of Burdeaux knowing their worth, would hinder the sale and exportation of theirs of that growth, do therefore prohibit the same to be landed, or sold in their Town till Christmas day in the morning, and then these High Countrey Merchants are more busie in landing their Wines, than they are in attending their Mass; that Gabor or Lighter being ever accounted free of Tax and Custom that first setteth her head aground, when their Mass Bell ringeth, and then it is lawful for any man for that day to come aboard her, and be drunk gratis.

Here our English have had many priviledges, and been esteemed as fellow Citizens before all other strangers, but our last Wars to the Isle of Rhee have made them here inferiour to all others,

and now pay double their former Customs upon Wines, which in courtesie to the Dutch is abated them, and laid on the English shoulders, which may be remedied if his Majesty please; it is otherwise then for Prunes and Wines, a Town of no great Trade, for little Traffick is here else driven; Moneys only are hither remitted to provide the same, but no Commodities else ven∣dible of import. In Anno 1611. I here learned the French Tongue: after I had been for a while in Rochel, so I will note in brief, what I observed thereupon in those my younger days.

* 1.102The Moneys current and Accounts kept are in Livers, Sold. Deniers, as throughout all the Do∣minions of the French King.

* 1.103Their Weights and Measures are as followeth:

The Weight of Burdeaux is the Pound 100 whereof is the Quintar which hath been found to be 110 l. English, and the 100 l. in London is 90¾ l. here.

* 1.104Their common Measure is an Auln, which is about English.

* 1.105From Burdeaux I will pass by Blay, where I will onely note a subjection of our English Ships, which here at their going up to Burdeaux, unlade all their Artillery and Arms, which by ma∣ny treaties between the Kings of England and France hath been covenanted to be disused, yet the insolency of the Captain of Blay, scorning the commandments of his Soveraign and his treaties, holds still the same in use to the great prejudice of our Merchants trading to Burdeaux. And now to Rochel, the place of my first Education beyond Seas.

CHAP. CXXV. Of Rochel, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.106ROchel hath been long time accounted the strongest and best fortified City in France, and was till of late years in possession of the Protestants, and was ever found as a Sanctuary for them in their greatest dangers; it is commodiously seated for Trade on the Aquitain Ocean, the Sea every tide flowing into the City, and carrying thereinto Ships of a reasonable burthen: within these late years the French King hath besieged it, and after a long Siege starved the Inhabitants, and by that means enforced the reduction, therefore what Trade it now hath I am ignorant of, but Anno 1611. there was a great concourse of Merchants, as being the staple for all English Commodities for these parts of France.

Their Coins current and form of Accounts are the same as throughout all France, and their Weights are these.

* 1.107The 100 l. of Rochel hath made in London 96 l. English, and by observation in Lions of poids de la ville 94 l.

* 1.108The Measure is the Auln, common in name with all France, but in many places is found to differ, roaking here 44 inches English.

From England is sent hither Butter, Calves-skins, Herrings, New-found land-fish, and some English Manufactures of Cloth, &c. and hence is returned a small Wine, called a Rochel Wine, but more properly Cogniacke; also Salt from the Isle of Rhee, Oleron, &c. and some Prunes and other Commodities.

* 1.109Poictou is the next Province, the principal City hereof is Poictiers, famous for the study of the Civil Law, and next to Paris for greatness in all France, but of no note in matter of Trade.

* 1.110Anjou is the next, yielding the best Wines in France, the principal Town is Angiers and Sau∣mar, the only Protestant University in France.

* 1.111Main is the next, the principal Town is Mans.

* 1.112Tourain is the next, the principal Cities are Blois, Ambois, and Tours, famous for giving a be∣ginning to the Protestants of France, and which is noted for many excellent Fabricks and Manu∣factures of Silks here daily made, known to us by the names of Taffaties, Plushes, and Tabies of Tours.

* 1.113Britany is the next, wherein is found Nants for the situation pleasant, Rhemes a Parliament Seat; and lastly, St. Malo, seated commodiously for Trade upon the British Ocean.

* 1.114Giberoy a great Fair for these Countries, and Morlais affording that Linnen in great quantity known to us by the name of Locrams.

* 1.115St. Maloes and Morlais comprehending these three known sorts of Dowlas, Tregar, and Grass∣cloth, also Noials for Sail-cloth, and some of other sorts here daily bought up for ready moneys, and hence dispersed into Spain, England, Scotland, and Ireland.

* 1.116The next is Normandy, in which are found many principal Towns of Trade as being com∣modiously seated by the neighbourhood of the British Ocean; the chief is Caen, Diep, New∣haven, Constance, and lastly, Rouen, under the Title whereof I shall comprehend the Trade of the rest.

CHAP. CXXVI. Of Rouen, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.117ROuen seated on the Banks of the River Sein, and the Seat of the Parliament of Normandy is one of the principal Cities of Traffick and Commerce in France, having a great concourse of Merchants of all these Northern Kingdoms, and is one of the three principal in France when Exchanges are used.

* 1.118The Commodities that are hence, and out of Normandy exported, are Linnens course and fine, Buckrams, Paper, Cards, some Wines, and other petty Manufactures.

The Commodities sent thither from England, principally Cloaths of sundry Countries, a Kerseys of Devonshire and Yorkshire, Bayes of Coxal, Cotton of Wales and Yorkshire; and of late, Pepper, Galls, Cotton, Yarn, and other Turkey Commodities, also Lead, Tin, Fish, and some India Commodities.

The Notes of Trade observed there at my residence therein 1614. I shall briefly touch as then noted the same.

* 1.119The Monyes current and Accounts kept are the same as in general used throughout France see farther in Paris.

* 1.120The Kings Beam is here called the Viconte, which is 14 per Cent. greater than our English 112 l. and some have found it to be 10 or 12 l. by which is weighed all Commodities whatsoever; but I have often found that the 112 l. English hath made by Viconte 98 l. and by commce beam 101 l.

* 1.121The Measure is here an Auln, by which all Commodities of Woollen and Linnen is mea∣sured, and is accounted 1¼ yards English, but those that have made tryal thereof find it is be 46 inches; but it is here to de noted, that in buying of Linnen Cloth of this Country, there is allowed in the account of Measure 24 Aulns for 20, and is called the Merchants Auln or measure, and by the same is oftentimes here again sold in England, and it is found that Diep, Caen, and some other Cities of Normandy afford also this over-measure in the sale of Normandy Canvas here made, so that it may be said this place hath a great and a small Auln the one exceeding the other 20 per Cent. or 120 for 100, and the smaller agreeing with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 English Ells. * 1.122Rouen is found to have 3 Fairs in a year, at two whereof there is liberty given for fifteen days to buy and transport any Commodities in this City free of all Customs and Ta•…•… provided the said Goods be laden and departed down the said River to a certain limited 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stance below the City, by fifteen days after, otherwise to pay the Custom as is accustomed.

The Fair beginneth the 3d of February, and lasteth fifteen days.

The second beginneth the morrow after Whitsunday, and lasteth fifteen days.

The third is not accounted a free Fair for Customs as the former, and beginneth the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 day of October, and continueth only eight days; where note, that these days are accounted so many working days, Sundays and Holy-days according to the Church of Rome excepted.

* 1.123Here is in this City a publick Hall granted to the English for the Sale of all English Woolls Cloath, whereto they are enjoyned to carry the same, and have certain set days to lay open and sell the same, and for the hire and custody they pay a Duty of Halledge or Warehousdo•• they have had formerly here many Immunities and Priviledges, and were accounted as h•• Citizens; but the civil wars of France, the insolency of the Inhabitants, and the great Au∣thority of their Court of Parliament, daily give new fashions and new Laws to the English Merchants here resident.

This City is the prime of Trade in this part of France, and is accounted the principal Nor∣thern Scale of Traffick in the French Dominions; for from hence are exported great quantity, as I said before, of Buckrams, Canvas, fine and course, playing Cards, Box Combs, Paper, Threal, Teasles for Clothworkers, and some Plushes, and other Stuffs lately here made, and in fine all the principal Commodities of Normandy, Paris, and those parts adjoyning to the River Sein; * 1.124as for the Exchanges here used, see Lions in the Tract of Exchanges following, which gives Rules thereto in Chapter 277 and Chapter 302.

* 1.125The next division of this Kingdom is the Isle of France, which is in the heart of the Frend Dominions, the principal City Paris, being the Metropolis of the Kingdom here situated, wh•…•… though it consist not much in Trade, save what may serve happily to feed and clothe the Court and Inhabitants, yet all the other Cities taking hence the Rule of Government for Traf∣fick, may challenge justly a Chapter by it self.

CHAP. CXXVII. Of Paris and the Trade thereof.

* 1.126PAris, being the principal City of France, and the ordinary residence of the King, is esteemed to be ten miles in compass, through which the River of Sein doth gently run, and so to Rouen, thence to the New-Haven or Haure de Grace, and thence to our British Oceam It is not of great consequence in matter of Trade, as neither affording Commodities to be ex∣ported, nor yet venting store of Commodities imported; though an ignorant French-man, which had not seen further than this City, calls it the greatest in the world for the Trade found therein, and for the multitude of Merchants, which I imagine he understood Shop-keepers; some Cloth, Lend, Tin Baies, and Stockings it venteth from England; Satins and other Silk; and Plushes from Italy; some small wares from Germany, and that is all the most important: It is one of the three Cities in France where Exchanges have been placed, Rouen and Lions being the other two; and though I have divers times been here, yet I could never find any remarkable observations in Trade, which incleed is no where in France much practised, be∣cause of the base esteem the French Nation do hold of Merchants and Merchandising, every Cob∣ler honouring his old Shooes with the Title of sa Merchandise, with as great confidence as he that never handled any Commodity but Silks or Jewels; in which foolish humour I will leave them, and come to my purpose.

Paris giving rule in the matter of Coin to all other Cities of France, I have purposely referred it here, to avoid the reiteration in any other City of this Kingdom.

* 1.127The least piece then of Coin Current in France is a Denier, two whereof makes a Double, and twelve thereof is a Souls, and Souls twenty make a Liver, which some call a Frank, and thus in Livers, Souls, and Deniers their Accounts are kept.

* 1.128Their common Coins are pieces of 8 Sol, which is the ⅜ of a French Crown in Silver: a piece of 16 Sold. which is the quarter Crown, 4 of which makes 64 Sold. accounted for a French Crown, and 4 Solds which is of 3 Livers Turnois. They have also pieces of 21 Sold. 4 Deniers being the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the said Crown, called by some Testons, and the ½ and ¼ thereof, and as the quarter Crowns were at first raised from 15 Sold to 16 Sold, and thereby the 60 Sold to 64 Sold, so were the said Testons also in proportion raised accordingly. The Gold Coins are only two, which is the common Crown, of 3 Livers or 60 Sold. and the Crown of the Sun, being 3 Livers 16 Sold, or 76 Sol.

All which Coins in their first coinage, bare this true worth and value, and then were con∣ceived to hold equality with England: thus 10 Sold to make 12 pence sterling.

23 Sold to make 2 shillings sterling, which is their Liver.

60 Sold. to make 6 shillings, or 72 pence, which is the French Crown.

* 1.129But these inhansed to such rates as the necessities of the Prince or Commerce inforce them, find net now any settled rate, but according to the will of the payer and receiver, for he that sells, his Commodities in France now for ready moneys, must contract it if he be wise at what rate he must have these Coins in payment, lest he imagine he sell to good profit, and yet by experience find he sells the same to a great loss and disadvantage.

And note, That since the writing of the abovesaid, the piece of 16 Sol. is raised to 20 Sol. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 on the whole, which I place here as a Caveat for such as shall have occasion to traffick in these Kingdoms, that he be inquisitive and circumspect to inform himself in the true worth and value thereofere he part with his Commodities.

* 1.130The Quintal of Paris is 100 l. which hath been found to produce in London near 100 l. suttle 2 per cent. more or less, which

In Lions renders of 16 ounces	116 l.
In Venetia sotile	144 l.

100 l. sotile in Venetia making in Paris 62½ l. of 15 ounces per l. The Cargo or great Quintal in Paris is 300 l. of 12 ounces per l, which makes in Florence 487 l. but the ordinary Quintal of 100 l. before-named is of 15 ounces to a pound.

Wine is sold by the Cistern, 96 making a Tun, and each Cistern contains 8 Pints, so that it may be accounted two Cones of Florence, which is (…) Gallons English, see London.

* 1.131They have two Measures in length, one for Silks, and another for Linnens, the which are (…)

But note, that all Merchants selling Silk Stuffs in gross in Paris, the same is sold by the Pound weight, which is better for the buyer, for thereby he discerneth the weight of the Silk he hath for his Money.

* 1.132Paris doth exchange with many places, which I here omit, and place the same amongst the Exchanges in general in the Tract following at the end of this Book in the Chapters 277 and 302.

* 1.133It may be imagined, that this Kingdom, considering the Riches thereof, should abound i•• Trade and Navigation; but the better sort of Men medling not with Traffick, as conceiving the same to be both ignoble and base, and consequently unfit for them, leave the same to such whose spirits are elevated to that ripeness, that they can but only be sorry for their erroneo•• opinions. Their Navigation also is not far, the Marselicans greatest Voyage being to Turk•…•…; and the Inhabitants of Rochel, Saint Malo and Rochel, seldom sailing into any Regions fur∣ther than Spain, their ill success in America's Plantations peradventure disswading them; b•…•… he that shall wisely look into the beauty of their In-land Towns, the Riches of the Countrey it self, and especially the plenty of Corn, Wines, Linnens and Salt that France produceth, and how much these Commodities are prized and sought after by other Nations, will be more willing to excuse the French for their so little desire to traffick into remove Regions.

* 1.134The next Province is la Beause, * 1.135wherein is Orleans a pleasant City, and where the neatest and most Elegant French Tongue is conceived to be spoken, seated on the Loire, but affording little matter of Trade or Commerce, save that it is found to be a great Through-Fair for all such Commodities as do enter into the heart of the Countrey, as to Lions and other Cities, upon the River of Loire, and by this way; and hath a growth of good Wines about it,

* 1.136The next is Berry, * 1.137wherein is Bourges seated as the prime and principal Town, who are much addicted to Clothing, and where great abundance of Sheep are found to pasture and feed.

The next is Bourbon, wherein is contained * 1.138Bourbon, Nevers, and Mollins, wherein I never saw any Commodities worth relation, save those excellent Instruments of Iron in small Cases here made in great abundance, called Estuus, and dispersed thence over all Chri∣stendom.

* 1.139The next is Beavois, the chief Town is Villa Franche.

* 1.140The next is Avergne, the principal City is Cleremont.

* 1.141The next is Limosin, the principal City is Limoges.

* 1.142The next is Perigort, the chief Town is Perigeux.

* 1.143The next is Quercu, the chief Town is Montalbon, one of the Cautionary Towns in the In∣testants possession, and now lately by the French King reduced to his subjection.

* 1.144The next is Dauphine, honoured with the Title of the Princes of France, * 1.145wherein is found Vienna, excelling in the Art of making Sword-blades. * 1.146Valentia, a fine City, watered with the Rhone; and lastly, Lions, once the principal Town of Traffick in all these parts, where having occasion of residence 1616. I noted these particulars following in Trade.

CHAP. CXXVIII. Of Lions and the Trade thereof.

* 1.147LIons hath ever been accounted a Fanious Mart-Town, and doubtless before Navigation had its perfection, a City of great Trade and Commerce; but for as much as all In-land Towns must submit in this point to Maritime Cities, by reason of the commodiousness of the Sea, which is the greatest furtherer of all Traffick, so must this Town now give place to many others that exceed her in the point of Traffick.

* 1.148There Mart for Trade here setled was formerly holden in Geneva, and by Lewis the Ele∣venth removed hither, for the enriching of his own Kingdom; and when Pope Julius the Second had excommunicated Lewis the Twelfth, he commanded by his Apostolical Authority that the same should be again removed to Geneva; but his Holiness herein was not obeyed; for Trade must not be constrained, but entreated, though by Popes which would command all things; and therefore stirred not from hence, where yet it continueth.

The Town is watered with the streams of Rhoane and Soane, which furthers it much for carriage; it is most famous now for the many Fabricks of Silks here wrought and hence disper∣sed through all France, and the Citizens to this end have their Factors in Marselia, who trade for them to Aleppo in Syria, to furnish them with that Commodity by land; also they trade for Florence, Lucca, Millan, Mesina, and other parts of Italy, but it is only for raw Silks, and some such Commodities as these places do afford. I resided here some years, and found the greatest of their Trade to consist in Exchanges as the principal and most proper Town of France, thereto the Bankers of Florence, Venetia, Lucca, and Naples, have here their Factors purposely for this occasion.

From England is here vended some Bays, Tin, Lead, Cony-skins, and but few Commodities else: and to our Countrey it affordeth not any commodity worth mentioning; what I have obser∣ved, I shall only touch, and no more.

* 1.149As for Coins current, and Accounts keeping, it is the same as throughout France.

There hath been of long time in use an imaginary Coin here current in Exchanges, called the Mark, which briefly to explain, is

* 1.150A Mark of Gold is 65 Crowns of Mark, or 63 Crowns 11 s. 9 d. of Gold in Gold, or 62 Crowns of Camera Vechia, of Rome; or 68, 14, 3 Ducates current of Venetia.

And they did use here to keep their Accounts by Crowns of Marks, Sold. and Deniers, advising one Crown de Mark to be 20 Solds of Mark, but is 45 Sold Turnois, by which Crown of Mark they did exchange by, as briefly for example.

They gave in Lions one Crown in Mark to have in Florence 57 or 58 Crowns, according to the Cambio.

To have in Rome 56 Ducates of Camera more or less, as the Exchange went.

To have in Naples 72 Ducates of Carlins more or less, &c.

To have in Palermo or Messina 25 or 26 Carlins, &c.

To have in Spain 400 Marvedies, according to the rate of Exchange.

To have in Anvers so many gross as the Exchange did permit.

* 1.151But this custom being now lost by the expulsion of the great Bankers out of this Town in the days of Lewis the Twelfth, it is since reduced to Crowns of the Sun of three Livers, by which imaginary (for so I call it now, as having none to be found of that value and rate) Coin there is now made, and the common and ordinary pieces thereof I will willingly here omit, as ha∣ving mentioned the same at the end of this Work in the Chapters 277 and 302, and other following, where all the due circumstances of Exchanges and payments of moneys are observed, whereto I refer the Reader.

* 1.152It is to be noted, That here is observed four Fairs, in which all payments either By Ex∣change or for Merchandize are made, which run still from three months to three months, wherein for so many days rescounters of payments are made without any Money seen stirring from Man to Man, which is done in a publick place or Burse appointed to this purpose, as I have touched in the Chapter of transferring of Bills of Debts and Specialties in my Factors Adviso: the times and terms of which Fairs are these.

First, the Fair of Easter after the Octaves of Easter.

The second is the Fair of August, being the first Munday after our Ladies day in August.

The third is the Fair of All Saints, the day after All Souls.

The fourth is the Fair of le Roys, the day after Epiphany, and every Fair lasteth fifteen days that are not Holy-days; all business is done in these Fairs, and all Bills of Exchange are made and dated in one day, and two days after they make the rate of the Exchange, which Fairs are counted by their payments.

* 1.153The terms of their Bills of Exchange hence are these.

From Lions to Florence, Rome, and Venice, about 30 days, little more or less, according as the Merchant maketh the agreement every Fair, but all the aforesaid places for one and the same day.

From Lions to Naples and Valentia, 5 days later than Florence.

From Lions to Anvers as Florence.

From Lions to Spain, that is, to Medina in Villalion, the Fair of All Saints, and of the appa∣rition of Lions, they exchange for the Fair of Villalion of Middle-Lent, and the Fair of Easter of Lions for the Fair of May in Medina del Campo, as you shall see more at large in the days of payment of Bills dated in Lions, in the said place of the Exchanges of this place.

* 1.154They have in Lions three Beams, one used in the Custom-house, which is the King's-Beam, which contains 100 l. the Quintal, and is greater than the second, which is the Town weight by 8 per cent. by which all Goods pay Custom that are ponderous.

The second is the Town-weight, and is 100 l. the cent. the pound thereof containing sixteen ounces per l. upon which all Calculations are made.

The third is only the weight used for Silk and is 100 l. the cent. and the Pound containing fif∣teen ounces per l. and called The Pound of Mark.

The 100 l. of the Town-weight is it whereby the Observations have been made with other Countreys, and which by trial hath been found to render thus in these places following.

In	London	96	l.
Marselia	104
Venetia sot.	143
Ditto gross	89
Sicilia	53
Lisbon	83
Florence	125
Antwerp	90
Sevil	92
Dantzick	109
Malaga	28	R.
Rome	122	l.
Millain	131
Paris	80
Genoa	135
Almeria	120
Bruges	114
Rochel	104
Diep	94
Rouen	92

And in Asia have made these.

In	Aleppo	19	R.
Silk R.	20,9
Tripoli	22¼
Ditto Barbar	81	l.
Baruti	18¼
Alex. Zera.	43¾
Ditto Forfor.	96
Scios	86	Lod.
Constantinople	78
Rhodes	17,2	R.
Acria	15½
Babylonia	13⅓
Balsara	3,9¼	M.
Ormus	93¾	l.

CHAP. CXXIX. How foreign Measures and Weights are compared with Lions.

I Find a French Merchant to have made these Observations upon the Trade of Lions, which I refer to trial.

* 1.155100 l. in Millain to have made by tryal in Lions 69 l. Silk-weight, the Silk-brace in Mill•…•… to render in Lions ••/9 of an Auln.

The Cloth-brace there to render in Lions 4/7 of an Auln.

And 20 Sols of Millain caculated for 10 Sols Turnois.

* 1.156100 l. in Turin to render in Lions — 77 l. Silk-weight.

The Ras, which is the Measure, to be ½ of an Auln.

The Florin in money calculated for three Sols Turnois.

* 1.157The 100 l. of Genoa to render in Lions 72 l. Silk-weight; 9 Palms of Genoa making a C•…•…, 1 Palm 1/24 of an Auln.

The Spanish Pistolet worth in Genoa then 11 l. 12 s. in Lions 7 l. 7 s.

The Crown of Gold in Gold of Italy worth in Genoa 1 l. 5 s.

* 1.158The 100 l. of Florence to be in Lions — 76¼ Silk-weight, 4 Braces being there a Cane, 100 Braces being 49 Aulns Lions.

The Crown of Gold of Florence calculated at 3 l. Turnois.

* 1.159100 l. of Lucca suttle weight hath rendred in Lioas 72 3/2 l. Silk weight.

100 l. of Lucca of Custom-house weight made — 81 l.

The Pound of which place being composed of 12 ounces.

And 2 Braces of the said place made in Lions 1 Auln.

* 1.160100 l. of Bolonia have rendred in Lions 77 l Silk-weight,

The Brace of Bolonia hath rendred 8/23 of an Auln of Lions.

The Liver thereof 20 Sols may be esteemed at 11 s. 3 d. Turnois.

* 1.161100 l. of Naples have made in Lions 68 l. of Silk weight.

8 Palnts make a Cane, and multiply the Palms by 4, to make them quarters, and divide by 17, for 17 quarters is an Auln in Lions, which reduced into London measure is.

The Ducate may be calculated for 48 s. Turnois, which is 4, 10 sterling.

* 1.162The 100 l. Suttle of Venetia made in Lions 63½ l. Silk-weight.

80 Braces of that place Silk make in Lions 43 Aulns.

The Ducate may be calculated at 50 Sol. Turnois, which is 5 s. sterling.

* 1.163The 100 l. of Mesina renders at Lions ½ l. of Silk-weight.

The 100 Braces of Mesina give in Lions Aulns.

The ounce of Mesina gives by calculation in Lions.

* 1.164The 100 l. of Bergamo is in Lions 68 l. Silk-weight.

The Brace of Bergamo is 5/3 of an Auln, mult. by 5. divid. by 9.

The Liver of Bergamo is 6 s. 6 dr. tur. which is ster. 7½ d.

* 1.165The 100 l. of Mantua are in Lions 65 l. Silk-weight.

The Brace is 8/25 of an Auln, multiply by 8, and divide by 15.

The Liver of Mantua is in Lions.

* 1.166The 100 l. of Modena are in Lions 77½ l. Silk-weight.

The Braces are the same as in Mantua.

* 1.167The 100 l. of Antwerp are in Lions 102 l. Silk-weight.

The Ells of Antwerp is 7/•• of an Auln, which is done by taking the ⅓ and ••/4 of the Sum, and add them, they make Aulns.

The Liver of gross may be calculated at 6 l. tur. 12 s. sterl.

The 100 l. of Suttle have made in Lions — 96½ l. Silk-weight.

* 1.168The 9 Yards in London make in Lions 7 Aulns, so that the Auln of Lions is 46 inches Eng∣lish.

The Liver or pound of London sterl. is 10 Livers Turnois.

* 1.169The Oak of Constantinople makes in Lions l. Silk-weight.

The Pico of Constantinople is 5/9 of an Auln, mult. by 5 div. by 9.

The Piastre of Doller may be calculated at 45 s. tur. 4 s. 6 d. sterling.

* 1.170The Rotolo of Aleppo hath rendred in Lions 4½ l. Silk-weight.

The Rotolo of Tripoli in Syria hath made 4 l.

* 1.171The 100 l. of	Valencia in Spain hath made in Lions	73½	l. Silk-weight.
Almeria	117
Tortosa	72
Saragosa	73½

And 130 Vares of Valentia hath made in Lions 100 Aulns.

* 1.172100 l. of	Paris have made in Lions of Town-weight	116	l.
Rouen have made in Lions ditto	120
Thoulousa have made in Lions ditto	96
Marselia have made in Lions ditto	94
Montpelier have made in Lions ditto	96
Rochel have made in Lions ditto	94
Geneva have made in Lions ditto	130
Besanson have made in Lions ditto	116
Bourge in Bress make in Lions ditto	115
Avignion have made in Lions ditto	96

The Measure of Languedoc is a Cane, divided into 8 Palms, which Cane is 1 ⅔; to reduce Canes into Auins, you must add ⅔, and they make Aulns.

Now for as much as many other places that traffick in Silk, are found to correspond with this Town; it will not be improper I should insert them briefly here, as shewing what the 100 l. of these several places make Silk weight, or as they term it poids de mare in Lions of 15 ounces.

Padua	100	l.	gives in Lions	73	l.
Regio	100		78
Calabria	100		69
Cosensa	100		70
Raconis	100		66½

Bavearre	100		gives	90
Aleppo Rotol.			gives	4½
Tripoli Rotol.			gives	4
Ancona	100		gives	73
Placio	100		gives	72
Marselia	100		gives	85
Avignion	100		gives	68

* 1.173Note that the 100 l. of Marc or Silk weight in the payment at Lions makes 108 l. of the Town-weight of Lions, the former being fifteen Ounces to a Pound, and the latter being of 16 Ounces to a Pound.

For the Measure of the length at Lions, I find this Observation to have been made, that

The 100 Aulns in Lions makes in	London	98⅓	ells.
Anvers	163⅝.
Frankford	204⅝
Dantzick	136
Vienna	142
Paris	93 2/••
Rouen	85¼
Lisbon	98⅓
Sevil	132¼
Madera	101⅖
Venetia	177
Lucca	196
Florence	200¾
Millan	226⅕
Genoa	472⅞.	palm.
Spain	135	Var.
Rome	130	Braces.
Naples	50	Canes.

Which I refer to Trial of the experienced; and thus much shall serve to have said 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Lions.

* 1.174The next Province is Languedoc; wherein is found Narbone, Nismes, and Montpelier, three good Cities, and which afford of late days, by the industry of the Inhabitants, some Serges, Says, and some fine Cloth, of this Countrey making; and here also grows that excellent W•…•… which takes his name from the Town of Frontiniack: * 1.175and here also is that small Village Beveaire, having in July a Fair or Mart famous in these parts, and resembled at my there being 1618. our Sturbridge, besides which they have yearly there other Fairs, but of no grea•• consequence.

* 1.176The next Province is Provence, wherein is Arles, in times past the Seat of some Roman E∣perours. Brignol, whence our Prunes of Brignol come, known to us by the name Prunels from Brignol, whereas in the Language of this Countrey the g is not pronounced. Aix the Parle∣ment Seat; and lastly, Thollon, the best Haven in France, and most capacious, and Mars•…•… famous in Trade for these Countreys, of which a word in passing, and first of Thollon.

CHAP. CXXX. Of Thollon, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.177THollon, enjoying a fair and capacious Haven, and esteemed the best, largest, and safe•• in the Mediterranean Sea, is seated ten Leagues to the Eastward of Marselia, where•…•… the King doth keep a Custom-house for Provence, as having not so much power to settle one i•• Marselia, by the priviledge or insolency of the Inhabitants, who endeavour still thus to maintain that little liberty they have. It aboundeth only in Oyls, which are hence laden i•• great abundance, and dispersed into other Countreys, as England, Holland; and some Al∣monds, which we call Provence Almonds: Some Salt is here laden and brought from the Is•• of Eres, about three leagues hence, being the proper Merchandize of the King, who ha•…•… Factors for the Sale thereof in every City and Town in France. In this place the Moneys are the same as through all France, and the Weights and Measures not much differing from those of Marselia, which I will there more succinctly handle, and only will shew the man∣ner

of buying and providing here of Oyls, as I have observed my self here at divers times during my abode in this Town and Countrey.

* 1.178Oyls of Provence are here and throughout all Provence bought by the Milrowl or Milroe, fourteen of which are accounted to a Tun of Oyl of 252 Gallons, yet if carefully looked unto at the buying, and the same truly measured, 13 ½ Milroes will make the said Tun; the same is sold commonly here by the Florin an Imaginary Coin, and in value 12 Sol Turnois; the Milroe of Oyl is commonly worth 26 to 30 Florins; the Cask of this place cost ordi∣narily 18 Sold per Milroe, and the Custom outward is 10 Sol per Milroe, and the Custom of the place gives 3 per 100 provision; and 1 per cent. for brokerage thereof. Now to re∣duce all charges to a constant rate, it hath been observed and found true by my self and others, that if 18 shillings 6 pence sterling be accounted for every Florin, * 1.179that a Milroe of Oyl shall cost the first penny; so much will the Tun of Oyl stand in clear aboard of all accustomed charges.

But for as much as this Rule holds only in Thollon, I will insert the particulars there∣of, how it is found to accord with our Measure and Weight in England, because it is a Sta∣ple and most requested Commodity, and the principal Commodity that this Countrey doth afford.

The common measure then is a Scandal, and of which it is found that 4 Scandals make 1 Milroe, every Scandal being 4¼ Gallons English, and 31½ l. Averdupois.

1 Milroe is 17 Gallons English, and is 126 l. English.

2 Milroes is a Charge, which is 34 Gallons, or 252 l. English.

4 Charges makes a Butt, which is ½ a Tun, or 126 Gallons English, and hath been found to make 1008 l. Averdupois.

The Custom hereof is a Crown of 3 l. Tur, upon every 100 Milroes, and every Crown is accoun∣ted 5 Florius, or 60 Sols.

* 1.180Wine is here sold by the same Milroe, as above is said.

Almonds are sold by the Cargo of 300 l. Marselia Weight.

* 1.181Corn is sold by the Muyd and Mynots, 24 Mynots make a Muyd, and 1 Muyd is about 8½ quarters English.

* 1.182Provence doth afford many Commodities for Merchandising, which hence is transported into several Countries; as first Oyl, as above, made and gathered in November and December, shipt for England, Spain, and Italy.

Also great quantity of Wools for Clothing, bought up in May, June, and July, by Mi∣lanois, Ginoese, Piedmontois and Montpelerians, which commonly bears 14 in 16 the 100 foul, and being washed and cleansed, there is lost in the cleansing and clearing sometimes the one half thereof.

Also great quantity of Scarlet-grain, and powder of Grain, gathered in the Heaths and Fields by the poor people, and brought by them to the Lords of their Territories, from the month of May to the month of August, and is worth green about 5 in 6 l. tur. per l, but being dried di∣minisheth at least ⅔ thereof.

Also Almonds are here in great abundance found growing, gathered in September and Octo∣ber, called (as is before noted) Provence Almonds for distinction sake, and are commonly worth from 12 to 15 Crowns the Cargo.

Also here is yellow Wax in good quantity, bought in October and November, worth common∣ly from 40 to 50 l. per cent.

Also here is Honey bought in November and December, worth commonly about 22 in 23 Cro, the Cantar. besides which, here are many Bed-Coverlets, and Wastcoats made and quilted of Sattin, Taffeta, and Callico, and hence dispersed into several Countries. To conclude, there may be laden in Thollon, Marsclia, and generally throughout all Provence, from 1500 to 2000 Tuns of Oyl yearly, about 400 Quintals of Almonds, about 1800 to 2000 Quintals of Wooll, about 200 Quintals of Honey, and but little Wax, as being for the most part spent in their own Countrey, principally in their Churches.

* 1.183The Customs upon all Commodities of the growth of France, pay in the Exportation but a small acknowledgement, but all other Commodities pay 5 per cent. but for Spices and all other Commodities that are brought in from the Levant, there is lately placed thereon throughout all Provence a Custom of ten per cent. and thus much for Thollon.

CHAP. CXXXI. Of Marselia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.184THE principal seat of Trade in Provence is Marselia, famous for the great concourse of Merchants, and for the Commerce that it maintaineth with Turkie, Barbary, Spain, France, Italy, Flanders, and England; it is commodiously situated on the Mediterranean Sea, enjoy∣ing an excellent Haven, and a reasonable Road for Shipping of all sorts; it wanteth to make it a perfect course for Exchanges, which here is supplied by the current of Lions, and governed only thereby, to which place each Fair some Partidoes are made, not by the rules of other places, but by the rule of interest from the date of the Bill, to the time of the next succeding Fair there.

It vents from England some Baies, Clothes, Lead and Tin, Pilchars, Herring, white and red, and yearly about 2000 in 3000 Tuns of Newland-fish which the English bring thither, and they also supply it with Muscovia Commodities, as African Hides, above ten thousand pair yearly, Tallow 2000 Quintals, Wax 1000 Quintals, besides other Commodities of England, as Calve-skins, Hides, Salmon, and some fish. It affordeth not any Commodity to be sent abroad, save some Oyls, Wines, Woolls, Almonds, and Verdigreece, and all others are hither imported from other Countries, as such as Alexandria, Aleppo, Acria, Constantinople, Naples, •…•…∣gorn, or the Coasts of Spain do yield; the main support of their Trade is the plenty of Spanish Rials, and the licence here for Exportation, which is the only means whereby the Trade of Turkie is preserved to them; for from hence I have seen 100 thousand Rials of ••. ship•• publickly upon a small Vessel of 160 Tuns for Scanderoone, which hath been thence returned in rich Silks, Drugs, and Spices. But of late days their success in Trade hath proved so bad, and their losses by Pirats so great and so many, that the Town and Merchants have lost much of their former splendour and same, their great Vessels are now become small Barks, and the great Merchants of Lions, Paris, Limoges, Taures, and other parts of France, who had here their Factors for to continue this Trade, have recalled them after the sustentation of great losse••, the payment of great Sums, for the maintenance of their Ambassadour in Constantinople; and especially the late inhansement of their Moneys, which is the ruine and overthrow of all C•…•…∣merce whatsoever.

In this place I resided for some years, and therefore will note briefly what I observed need∣ful to my present subject.

* 1.185The Moneys current, and the Accounts kept accord in all particulars with Paris, sometim•• alteration is found in Coins by means of the great Trade, and that because both Italian and Spanish Coins are here current; these become sometimes a Merchandize, and are requested and inhansed according as occasion for Transportation doth require, which is more in Winter that in Summer, by reason of their general voyages made into Turkie, from September to Match, and commonly not after.

* 1.186The Pound of Marselia is 16 ounces, and 100 l. is the Quintal, 300 l. or three Quintals make with them a Cargo.

The 100 l. in Marselia hath been found to produce in these Cities following:

In London	88½	l.
Venetia sotile	134	l.
Venetia gro.	84¾
Sicilia	50	l.
Lisbon	79	l.
Florence	114	l.
Anvers	86	l.
Lions	95	l.
Sevil	88	l.
Malaga	24	Roves.
Dantzick	104	l.
Aleppo	18½	R.
Ditto Silk	19¾
Tripoli	211
Ditto Barbar.	762
Baruti	175
Alex. Zera	416
Scio	1110
Constantinople	745

Acria	146½.
Babylonia	125½.	M.
Balsara	36

* 1.187These Observations I have found true by my own experience.

Rotolo of Aleppo, gave in Marselia	5	l. 6 ounces.
Rotolo of Damasco gave	4½	l.
Rotolo of Tripoli in Syria	4½	l.
Rotolo of Mantua	5½	l.
Cantaro of Genoa	118	l.
Cantaro of Civita Veccia in Allom	130	l.
Cantaro of Alicant in Barsilia	133½	l.
Rotolos 100 l. Malta in Olives	200	l.
Loderos 100 l. of Constantinople	135	l.
Cantaro of Sardinia in Cheese	100	l.
Cantaro of Zant in Currans	116	l.
Cargo of Valentia in Pepper	320	l.
Cantaro of Argier	150	l.
Rotolo of Cyprus in Cottons	5¼	l.
Cantaro of Valentia in Cochineal	88	l.
Hundred of London, 112 l. gave in Tin	125	l.
And the 120 l. English, Stannery in Tin made	134	l.

These Towns are said to agree with Marselia in their Quintal.

* 1.188First, Lepanto 100 l. Arches 100 l. Candia Sotile 100 l. Petras 100 l. Rochel 100 l. Tholosa 100 l. Montpelier 100 l. Avignion 100 l. which I refer to trial of him that shall have occasion, because I question the truth of some of them.

The Measures of length is the Cane, which is divided into eight Palms, the Cane making 2⅛ yards English.

Corn is sold by the Mine, the Sack of Pisa and Legorn is found to be 1⅘ Mines of Mar∣selia.

* 1.189The Customs here out and in are 1½ per cent. but the City by reason of cleansing the Har∣bour, and some Ships set out against Pyrats, have made the 1½ inwards 3¼ per cent. and only 1¼ out, this is meant of Commodities of the growth of the Countrey; but in Spices brought in, as Pepper, Ginger, Indico, or such as come not out of the Levant, but, as they call it, out of the Ponent, or out of the West-Seas, it pays the King's Custom, which is now about 15 per cent. besides the City's Custom above named; and thus much for Marselia.

* 1.190The next Province is that of Avignion, the principal City thereof called by that name, it is, a fair Town, and seated upon the River of Rhone, but hath no Trade that I could observe though I have often been there; it is subject to the Pope, and he permitting Jews to inhabit here, are found the principal Pedlers, for Merchants I cannot call them. The City is said to have 7 Palaces, 7 Parishes, 7 Monasteries, 7 Nunneries, 7 Inns, and 7 Gates, and other things of note I observe not; and as for Commerce, the Weights and Measures differ not much from Marselia, and the great Custom here paid is some prejudice to Passengers and Merchan∣dise that passeth from Provence to Lions, or from Lions to Marselia

* 1.191The next Province is Orange, the capital City here bearing that name, belonging to the Prince of Orange; a strong Town, and sweetly seated near upon the Rhone; here all Protestant Passengers are really welcomed, and Papists narrowly lookt unto, in requital of the contrary courtesie practised at Avignion, not above six leagues off.

* 1.192The next is Picardy, wherein I find Amiens and Abbeville for fair Towns, but of little or no Traffick: * 1.193Calais also the In-let of France is strong, but hath sent away its Trading with the Staple, which by the English was planted and continued here for 200 years; whilst it was in possession of the English, the French Kings were accustomed to have the same put daily into their remembrance till it was regained; and were it not, that the Merchant Adventurers make mention thereof, in their Oath taken at the entrance into that Brotherhood, it is almost forgot that ever it was English; which I the rather mention here, that some noble English heart would daily put our Sovereign in mind thereof till it return again to be English; in the mean time a word of the Trade thereof.

CHAP. CXXXII. Of Calais, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.194CAlais formerly was the great Staple for the Woolls of England, and settled here A•…•… 1347. by Edward the Third, to make good his Conquest after eleven months siege, b•…•… afterward it was hence removed, and this place lost by Queen Mary, Anno 1557. after 20•• years possession of the English, and was by our then Kings of England ever called the Key th•…•… gave their Armies entrance into France; the place is not now of any great noted Traffick, though it and Bullen be accounted the best Maritime Ports in Picardy, opposite to Dover, from whence this is seven leagues distant.

The Coins here current are those in general of France.

* 1.195The Weights here in use are three.

First is the Weights proper of the Town, the 100 l. whereof is in London about 92 l.

The second is called the Merchants Weight, the 100 l. whereof make in London 113 l. and the 100 suttle of London is here 88 l.

The third is called the English Wooll hundred, or Staple hundred, 100 l. whereof is in Lon∣don about 89 l. or 90 l. about 3 per cent. different from the Town-weight.

The Measures used here is the Auln, and makes in London (…) inches.

* 1.196The next is Champaign, wherein is Rhemes the principal City, where the Kings of France are anointed, and where there is a College for the entertainment of the English Fugitives, Jesuits I mean.

* 1.197The next is Burgundy, famous for Dijon, which is notable through France for good Mustard, a note worthy our Tukesbury.

* 1.198The next is Bress, Chastilion being the principal City, and the last that I shall handle appe••∣taining to the King of France, or under his Government.

* 1.199The next in order according to my Method is the Franche Comte, the principal City thereof is Besanson, which in time past strove for precedency of Trade with Lions, but being an In∣land Town she hath lost that honour, the Inhabitants of this Countrey bringing home great and more honourable Titles, as famoused abroad for good Soldiers, known by the name of Walloons, and now is under the command of Spain. The Exchanges of Placentia was once here seated from Cambray, but the Merchants being not well used, returned to Placentia.

100 l. Besanson is 112 l. English.

* 1.200The next is Lorain, the principal City is Nants, yielding plenty of Corn and Wine, store of fresh-water Fish and Salt, and famous in that it was the Dukedom of Godfrey, Surnamed of Bulloign, which won Jerusalem from the Saracens, and was the first Christian Crowned Kitz of that Kingdom: And now to Savoy, as partaking with the French in the Trade as well as in their Garb.

CHAP. CXXXIII. Of Savoy, and the Provinces thereof.

* 1.201THE Dukedom of Savoy comprehends only this Dutchy and the Principality of Piedmont; in the former is Cambray, the residency of the Duke, when he is in these parts: in the latter is Nisa and Villa-Franca, two Sea-Ports, but not capacious nor safe for Ships of burthen; next Aste, a great Mart for all Italian Commodities: and lastly, Turin, the principal City where the Duke of Savoy holds his Court and Residence; and because in these latter years of War between England and France, our English Factors from Marselia fled hither for succour, enter∣tainment and protection, which they bountifully had of the late Duke; I must not pass over the Trade thereof without remembrance, nor be unmindful of that bounteous welcome they found at his Highness hands.

CHAP. CXXXIV. Of Turin, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.202TUrin being the capital City of Piedmont, having Nisa, and Villa-Franca for Sea-ports, hath had many furtherances to make it a great City of Traffick: for the Duke at several times, but lastly at the coming of the English hither from Marselia, made a Cavidal, or stock for Trade of 300000 Crowns, wherein he caused many of his Nobles to enter and become Partners, but when the Stock was made, and published in England and in other Countries, this Dukedom was not found to give vent to any Commodities of consequence, some Fish and Calve-skins excepted, wherewith to invest the said Stock: notwithstanding he gave command∣ment that the English should be kindly entertained both at Nisa and Villa-Franca, and appoint∣ed certain Lodgings and Ware-houses for them and their Wares; but Peace ensuing shortly after with France, the Factors again returned to Marselia with due acknowledgment of their Royal entertainment: the main obstacle in Trade here being the too near neighbourhood of Genoa the rich, and of Legorn the free, which neither of the two Towns formerly mentioned can equalize.

* 1.203The Moneys commonly current in Savoy are the Moneys of Italy and France, as neighbouring, and the Florin of the Countrey, accounted three Sold. Turnois, which is 3½ d. English.

Their 100 l. makes in London about 82 l. and 77 l. in Lions, and in Venetia gross 66. in 67 l. in Florence or Pisa 135 l.

* 1.204Their Accounts are kept in Livers Sold. and Deniers, as in France; but in Nisa they account by Florins and Grosses, a Crown of Sold. of France is 4 flor. 2 gross.

Their Measure is a Ras both of Cloth and Silk, which is half an Auln of Lions, and 23 in∣ches English by the Rule.

This Country affordeth for Merchandize, Rice and Corn, in abundance, and some Silk wrought here, and some other Commodities, but of no great consequence, nor worthy mentioning; therefore I will forbear to treat further of this Dukedom, and end my French Commerce.

* 1.205Before I leave France, and therewith Savoy, who do in all things partake with the Garb and manner of the French, and till I enter into Italy, having thus surveyed some particular Towns of eminency therein; It will be worthy notice to collect the Weights and Measures of such as we have omitted, and so view the general Trade of France; which I will begin in the Weights, and reduce the same to the 100 l. suttle of London, which is observed.

The 100 l. of London hath made in	Paris	by Kings-beam	89	l.
Diep		91
Burgoin		91
Roan	by Vicount	88
	by ordinary weight	92
	weighed by the same and account 4 l. per cent. over.
Avignion		312	l.
Calais		107
	by Merchants weight	88
	English Wooll weight	110
Marselia		112
Aquimort		98
Mirabel		98
Abbeville		91
Bourdeaux		91
Lions	by ordinary weight	107
	by Silk-weight	98
	by Customers weight	90
Tholouse		112
Montpelier		112
Rochel		112
Ditto	by small weight	115
Genoa		98
	by great weight	82
S. Anthony		123
Calsada		98

For further instruction, here I may refer the ingenious to the large Work of Monsieur Sav••∣na, who hath comprized all the Trading of France into a Volume of too great a bu••k for me to peruse it more accurately.

* 1.206In like manner, to abbreviate my labour, you will see that the 100 Yards of London make in these Towns following;

In	Rouen	77½	Aulns.
Avignion	80
Orleans	48	Canes.
Marselia Silk	48
Ditto for woollen	44¼
Paris, Rochel	78	Aulns.
Lions for Linnen	80
Ditto for Silk	115	Aulns.
Provence	48	Canes.
Geneva	80	Stabs.
Nants, Abbeville	110	Aulns.

And so for the most part the same are found through all France, the abovesaid places only excepted.

CHAP. CXXXV. Of the Trade in general of France.

* 1.207FRom the particular Trade of the Cities of France, let us view the Trade in general of this Kingdom, and we shall not find it of any great consequence, for here it is found that the Gentlemen do not meddle with Traffick because they think such Traffick, ignoble and base, and so unfit for them; which error the French no less dearly buy than do some English, to which Kingdom of late days they have in some sort blowed over that opinion, though some of the better judgments of England are reformed in that point, and find it a most worthy, Excellent and profitable Calling: but as the French are found to neglect Merchandizing, so a•…•… they less studious in their Navigations than their neighbours, either Spaniards, Dutch, or En¦glish; which I imagine proceeds not out of a desire to attempt, or courage to perform, but be¦cause they abound with all things both for plentiful food, and rich attire; and if they want any thing, strangers gladly bring it to them, allured by four principal Commodities which do much enrich the Inhabitants, which is Wines, Linnens, Salt, and Corn, being the prime Com∣modities of that Kingdom; yet it is found that the Marselians Trade and Navigate in Egypt, Aleppo, and Constantinople, and the Normans and Britains, into England, Spain, Ireland, and Netherland: in time of Wars they have also some small Vessels at Sea, more fit for piracy and theft than for any great War of moment; and their success hath been so ill in their Colonies in America, that it hath quite disheartned them from seconding their attempts.

Three Cities here carry the greatest fame in Trade, Marselia, for the Levant, Rouen for the English Channel, and Rochel for he Ocean, this last subsisting by the growth of their White and Claret Wines of Bourdeaux: Roan by their petty manufactures of Cards, Pins, Combs, Paper, and Canvas: and Marselia by the Trade of Turky, wherein are found Factors that do imploy the Estates of many Merchants resident within Lions, and other inland Towns of France, which gives life to most of their Traffick and Navigation in these parts. Now it is to be observed, that England brings them Newland fish, Herrings, Pilchers, Lead, Tin, Cloths, Kersies, Cottons, or F•…•…∣zes; and have in return Wines from Bourdeaux, Oils, and Almonds, from Marselia, and Pepper, Canvas, Buckrams, from Rouen and Locrams from Morlais; the East Countrey and Holland brings them Cordage, Tar, Pitch, Rosin, Masts, and Fir-Timber, and returns Wines from Bourdeaux, and Paper, Canvas from Rouen, and Salt from Eres: Spain brings them fome Spices, and they re∣turn them Corn, and Linnens: Italy brings them some Silk fabricks, &c. and they return them Oils, Cloth, Linnen, and the like: Turky affords them Cotton Wooll, Raw Silk, Cotton Yarn, Hides, Sheep woolls, &c. and they send thither Rials of Plate, Woollen Cloth, and little else; and this is the gross of the present Trade of France.

CHAP. CXXXVI. Of Geneva, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.208GEneva being a fair City, and wholly in possession of Protestants, is a Nursery of Learning, and withal no stepdame to Trade: It is seated commodiously, to that end upon the River Rhme, which within 16 leagues after saluteth the Walls of Lions, and serveth out of Switzerland to convey many sorts of Merchandize to it, and to transport the same thence to Lions, Valence, Avignion, Arles, to Provence, and Languedoc.

* 1.209Their Moneys are as in France, and keep their Accounts in Livers Sold. and Deniers Turnois, and here also is current the Coins of the United Cantons of Switzers, and the Coins of Savoy.

* 1.210The 100 l. here renders in London 107 l. and by some is found to agree with the gross of Ve∣nice, and making of Venice sotile 158⅔ l. incirca.

* 1.211The Stab renders in London (…) and 60 Ells here hath been found to make in Venetia 100 braces Cloth-measure, and 106 braces Silk-measure.

But it is time that I should forsake these petty Provinces and Travel over the Alps, and come into Italy, which is my next Task.

CHAP. CXXXVII. Of Italy, and the Provinces thereof.

* 1.212ITaly is girded round with the Ionian, Tyrrhenian, and Adriatick Seas, except it be toward France and Germany, from which it is parted by the Alps.

The Countrey in general for Merchandizing yields Rice, Silks, Velvets, Sattins, Taffeties, Gro∣grams, Rashes, Bustians, Armour, Allom, Glasses of all sorts, as I shall mention in the particular Kingdoms and Provinces thereof.

Italy hath ever afforded eminent and ingenious Merchants, yet such as merit not really in all things that Title, because that their Trade consisteth more in Exchanges, which is a branch of Merchandizing, than in Adventures, which is the principal point which gives the Title to all Bargainers, it being a common speech, though unmerchant-like, yea unchristian-like among them, That they are loth to trust God with their Estates at Sea, when they may have the same safe on shore; as if then it were out of his reach or Protection.

Italy is now divided into 10 Provinces, which afford many principal Cities of Trade, which following my intended Method, I will handle in order.

• 1. The Kingdom of Naples.
• 2. The Papacy.
• 3. The Common-wealth of Venetia.
• 4. The Dukedom of Florence.
• 5. The Dukedom of Milan.
• 6. The Dukedom of Mantua.
• 7. The Dukedom of Urbin.
• 8. The Principality of Parma.
• 9. The State of Genoa.
• 10. The State of Lucca.

In each of which are found many notable Towns of Traffick, which as belonging unto several Princes, will require a more particular Survey, than if otherwise it were commanded by one sole Soveraign; and first of the Kingdom of Naples.

CHAP. CXXXVIII. Of Naples and the Cities thereof.

* 1.213THe Kingdom of Naples is accounted the richest of Italy, abounding in several Commodities for Merchandizing, as in Mines of divers Metals, in choice and rich Wines, in Saffron, Silks, raw and wrought, in Oils, Brimstone, Anniseeds, Argals, &c. Here I have seen one field yield∣ing at one and the same time three several crops, the ground bearing Corn, having Mulberry

trees intermixed, and Vines planted at the foot of each Mulberry, which have made ex∣cellent Wines, and this I have observed for twenty miles riding together on each ha••d of the way, which must needs be pleasant to the beholders, and profitable to the enjoye•• and owners.

The Kingdom of Naples is divided into sundry Provinces, which I will only nominate: as first,

* 1.214Terra di Lavoro, wherein is found Capua, whose pleasures did effeminate Hannibal, C•…•…, where one of the Sybills resided, near which is Lacus Avernus, the stink whereof killed Birds as they flie over it, Baca, Nola and Puteilo; famous in times past for many Antiquite and Baths, which in Anno 1619. I curiously visited for divers days, in search of shado•• * 1.215The next principal Town is Gaeta, well fortified by the Spaniards, and where Buth•• that ransacked Rome lieth interred; but the principle of this Kingdom is Naples, of which,

CHAP. CXXXIX. Of Naples, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.216NAPLES the Metropolis of this Kingdom, once called Parthenope, and now Neapolis, fortified with fo•• strong Castles in possession of the Spaniards, Castle Capedna, Castle Ermo, Castle Ov••, a•…•… Castle Novo. It venteth out of England, Baies, Saies, Serges, Fustians, Lead, Tin, Pilchu•• Newland-fish, red and white Herring, some Cloth and other Commodities; it consisteth m•…•… of Gentry, few eminent Merchants Natives are here found; the Taxes laid upon Merch••∣dises being so great, that it ruines all Commerce, yet what I observed here in Anno 1619. I shal•• relate.

* 1.217The current Coins of Naples where then,

A Ducate of Gold large is worth in Naples 11½ Carlins.

A Ducate of Carlins is worth only ten Carlins, so that 100 Ducates of Gold, are worth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ducates of Carlins.

One Ounce is worth six Ducates.

A Ducate of Carlins is worth five Tarries.

A Tarrie is worth 20 grains

A Carlin is worth 10 grains.

* 1.218Their accounts are kept in Naples by Ducates, Tarries and Grains, five Tarries making a Du∣cate, and twenty Grains a Tarrie; but these are accounted Ducates current, every 110 Duc•• current, make 100 Ducates of Gold.

* 1.219The Weights of Naples are the Cantar and the 100. Their Cantar of Naples is 100 R••∣tolos, which is 2 l. 9⅔ ounces Naples, and by which they weigh all their gross goods, which is in Florence 32 ounces, and 285 l. and is 196 l. Averdupois. But the 100 l. hath been obse•…•… to produce.

in Florence	90	l.
in Rome	93	l.
in London	71	l.
in Lions	68	l.
in Venetia	106	l.
Ditto gross	82	l.
1. l. suttle is in Venice suttle	15¼	ounces.
1. l. suttle is in Venice gross.	9	ounces. 58

Note, That in Gaeta is used another Quintar for some Commodities gross goods, which hath been found to render in Legorn 254 l. and in Naples all gross goods are weighed by the great Cantar, and all fine goods by the hundred.

* 1.220Their Measure is a Cone divided into 8 Palms, which is in Florence after the opinion of some 3⅜ Braces just, and it hath been observed in the measure of these two places, That 46 Braces of Sattin made at Naples: 12¼ Canes, so that in Stuffs the Cane of Florence, makes in Naples 8 ••/32 Palms, and consequently Braces 48⅔ made in Naples 13 Canes 3 Palms.

Nine Palms of Naples are in Lions just two Aulns, so that of the Cane makes English 81½ inches by rule, which is somewhat more then 2¾ yards English, without the inch, and some have sound it to be 2½ yards: 12 Canes in Naples have made in Lions 21 Aulns, so that 1¾ Aulns have made a Cane in Naples.

* 1.221Many Commodities are sold by the Salmo, and 16 Tomolos is a Salmo, which Tomolo is two Statios of Florence, and in England (…) Gallons.

* 1.222Oyl in Calabria is sold by the Migliot, which is 132 ounces or 11 l. and it requires 2¾ Mig∣liots to make a Staio of Naples.

Note, that four Salmo in Oyl in Naples have made 40 Staios, which are in Venice 40 Mars, which are in England (…) Gallons.

But Naples is more famous amongst Bankers for Exchanges, than amongst Merchants for any eminent Trade, therefore it is needful I annex the Exchanges thereof, according to the custom practised in this place, which you shall find in the 284 and 343 Chapters at large, with all circumstances thereunto belonging.

* 1.223The Customs of this Kingdom do differ upon several Commodities, as some pay 2½, some 4½ per cent. and some more and some less, according to the will of the Vice-King here, commanding for the King of Spain, which by the Merchants is more precisely to be learned.

* 1.224The next Province is Abdruzzo, wherein is Salerne, famous for Physick here taught; next Rhegium, opposite to Messina, and in that Vare; * 1.225the next Tarento, where grow great quantities of Olives, and whereof Oyl in abundance is made.

* 1.226The next is the Province of Otranto, wherein is found Brandusie, the most famous Havens in these Seas Otranto and Gallipoli, affording great abundance of Oyls and Cattel; which last pay for Tribute to the Spaniards 100 thousand Ducates yearly; and for the Oyls they are known to us by the name of Apulia Oyls, being the last Province comprised in this Countrey, and the former Cities standing in Calabria, it will not be amiss to insert two or three words of the Trade thereof.

CHAP. CXL. Of Calabria and the Trade thereof.

* 1.227IN Calabria is seated Tarento, Brandusie, and Rhegium, which abounding in Oyls and Cattel, especially Oyls, which many English Ships do lade in these parts yearly, I will note what I observed therein.

* 1.228Their Moneys are the same as in Naples, and current throughout the Kingdom.

* 1.229Their Weight is the Quintal of 100 l. which hath made

In	Venetia sot.	106	l.
Venetia gro.	82
London	73

100 l. in Calabria hath made in Venetia sot l. 12¾ ounces.

The Cantar of Naples is also sometimes used for gross Goods, and is found to be in Venice gross 186 l. and observed to have made in London, 196 l.

* 1.230Their Measures of length is a Cane divided into 8 Palms, and hath made cloth-measure in Ve∣nice 3 Bra. and in London (…) Inches.

* 1.231Millioto, of Oyl here is 132 ounces, which is 11 l. abovesaid, and it wanteth 2¾ l. of making a Staio in Naples

The But of Oyl in Calabria is 5500 Rot. which makes in Naples 43 in 44 Sta. which is about 25 Caf. and thus much shall serve for Calabria; a word for Apulia.

CHAP. CXLI. Of Apulia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.232APulia, comprehending some of the aforesaid Cities, also Lechi, Barri, and Manfredonia the principel, abounding in Corn, Oyl, Almonds, Olives, Galls, Wines, and other Commodi∣ties are sold thus.

* 1.233Corn is sold by the Tomolo, which is two Staios of Florence, a Cargo of Corn being 36 Tomolos makes in Flor. 72 Sta. and English (…) Gallons

Barley is also sold by the Tomolo, but of a lesser size, as containing 1½ Staio, a Cargo making also 36 Tomolos, which reduced to Florence measure is 48 Staios, and is English (…) Gallons.

Their Tomolo of Wheat is 36 Rotolos, which are 2 l. 9½ ou. per Rotolo of Naples; which To∣molo comes to be in Flor. 100 l. 6 ou.

But the Tomolo of Barley is 48 Rotolos, which is ⅓ more than that of Wheat, the Cargo make∣ing 3 Moyas of Florence.

* 1.234Almonds are sometimes sold by the Cantaro, and commonly worth here 26 Taries the Con∣tar, and sometimes by the Tomolo; and of the Abrogino Almonds there goes 20 Tomolos to a Can∣tar, and of the common sort of Almonds 22 Tomolos.

* 1.235A But of Oyl or Wine of Apulia holds here 12 Barrels, which have been found to make in Florence 10 Barrels, and is in England (…) Gallons.

Oyls in Apulia are sold by the 1000 l. which commonly cost about 20 Tar. and yet some∣times found to be measured by the Salmo, accounted for 10 Staios, each Staio weighing 18 R••∣tolos, so that this way the Salmo of Oyl comes to be 180 Rotolos, which reckoned in Florence, at 2 l. ••ou. per Rotolo, makes Florence weight 465 l. and English (…) Pounds, commonly worth from 18 to 22 Tares a Measure, which comes to produce about 5¼ or 5½ Barrels in Florence.

This Staio of Oyl weighs 49 l of the weight of Apulia.

Galls are here sold by the Cantaro, and is 196 l. of Averdupois.

* 1.236Olives are sold by the Tomolo, about 5 Carl. a Tomolo, in the time of gathering, which is in June and July, which are put in Sacks of 6 or 6½ Tomolos, and each Tomolo of Olive weighs about 16 Rotolos.

* 1.237A Salmo of Wine is accounted to make 3½ Barr. of Florence, and is commonly worth to Carlins a Salmo, and held to be incirca 14 ser. of Venice measure.

A Car. or Cargo of Corn of Apulia, hath been observed to make 34½ Fanegs in Calais, and in Lisbon 145 Alquiers of Tomolos, 36 of Naples per Car. and 57 Chilos of Constantino∣ple.

But I have staid too long here, I will pass to the next Principality, which is the Pa∣pacy.

CHAP. CXLII. Of the Papacy, and the Cities of Trade therein

* 1.238THE Papacy contains four Provinces: First Romandiola; Secondly, Marca Anconitana; Thirdly, Ducato Spoletano; and fourthly, St. Peter's Patrimony. And first then in R••∣mandiola, are many principal Cities, and great Towns, of which the first is Bollonia the chief University of Italy; Ferrara, famous for the Iron Mines about it, and within whose ju∣risdiction stands Modena and Rhegium, two fair Cities; and last, Ravenna, once beau∣tified with a fair Haven, now choaked by Age and Rubbish: Of the Trade of these a word and in order.

CHAP. CXLIII. Of Bollonia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.239BOllonia, under the command of the Pope, is an University much frequented by Students of the Civil Law; it is seated within Land, and is well known in matters of Ex∣changes, as I shall shew in due place, and hath those Moneys current that acknowledge the Pop••'s Stamp, as I shall declare in Rome.

* 1.240Their Accounts are kept in Livers Sold. and Deniers, 12 Deniers to a Sol, and 20 Sols to a Liver, the Liver may be accounted to be incirca 13½ d. Sterling Money, and some are found to keep their Accounts in Duccatons, Sols, and Deniers, cast up by 12 and by 20 as above is said.

* 1.241Their Weights common in use are these.

Their Quintal is 100 l. which makes

In	London	80	l.
Rome	100
Milan	106
Florence	104
Genoa	133
Lions	77
Venetia sot	120
Venetia gr.	75

1000 l. in Bollonia have given in Venetia suttle 1320 l. gross 750 l. so that the 1 l. hath ren∣dred their gross 9 Ounces, suttle 14 Ounces 2½ Sach.

* 1.242The Measure is a Brace, and is found to be about 25 inches English, 100 Braces here have made in Venetia Cloth-measure 96 Braces, and of Silk 90 Braces.

* 1.243Corn is here sold by the Corbe, 100 whereof makes 92 Staios in Venetia, and 100 Corbes in Wine make Amfora Venetiana 12 and 2 Quarters, and in dry Measures 17 Quarters, and in London (…) Gallons.

* 1.244From hence are accustomed to come to other parts, Corn, Almonds, Oyls, raw Silks, and sundry sorts of wrought Satins, Taffetaes, and other, called hence Bollonia Silk, and of Bollonia making; and to conclude this place, here are found many eminent Exchanges, the course of which Exchanging, you shall find in the general Exchanges here practised, vide Chapter 296.

CHAP. CXLIV. Of Ferrara, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.245FErrara is the next principal City of Trade in this Circuit, famous for the Iron mines about it, seated on the Banks of the River Po, and accounted one of the pleasantest Cities in Italy; for in the midst thereof is a fair Green, into which open about twenty Streets, of half a Mile in length, and so even and uniform, that thence the utmost ends thereof may be discerned; it affordeth Wines, Oyls, Olives, Iron, Steel, and some Manu∣factures of Silk.

The Monies are as at Rome, to which this City appertaineth, admitting but of very little difference in the Rates current thereof.

* 1.246The Quintal of Ferrara is 100 l. which makes Venetia sot. 112½ l. and Venetia gr. 72 l. in London incirca 75 l. Averdupois, and the 100 l. sutt. Venice makes here 87 l. and the 100 l. gr. 138 l.

* 1.247The Measure is a Brace, 100 Braces makes in London 72 yards.

Their Wine Measure is a Mastello, 11 whereof make an Amfora of Venetia, and is in England (…) vide London.

Their Corn Measure is a Stare, 100 Stares makes in Venetia 37 Star. and so much shall serve for Ferrara and the Trade thereof.

CHAP. CXLV. Of Modena, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.248MOdena is the next City seated in this Tract, yielding many Fabricks of Silks, which it disperseth to its neighbouring Towns.

* 1.249Their Accounts are kept in Livres, Sold, Deniers, 12 Deniers to a Sold, and 20 Sol to a Livre.

* 1.250Their Quintal is 100 l. which renders

In	Lions	77	l.
London	72	l.
Venetia sotile	109	l.
Venetia gross	72	l.
Florence	98	l.

* 1.251The Measure is the Brace, the same as in Mantua, and 1 per Cent. longer than the Brace of Ferr••ra, and by observation it hath been found that the 100 Braces of Modena have made 118 in Florence. Corn is here sold by the Staro, 100 whereof makes 93 or 94 Stares in Venetia, and one Staio of Modena hath made 2½ Staios in Florence, and hath made in Venice three Quarts, and six Quarterols.

CHAP. CXLVI. Of Rimno, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.252RImno, anciently Ariminum, seated on the Mouth of the River Rubicon, affords much Silk, which it partly sends abroad, and partly converts here into Stuffs, also some Wines, Oyls, Corn: The Coins current as in Rome, as being subject to the Papacy, and the Accounts are kept in their same denomination.

* 1.253The Quintal is the 100 l. which makes in London 81 l. and some have made Experience, that it makes in Venice gross 76.

* 1.254Their Measure is the Brace, and is in London 27 inches bare.

Their Corn Measure is a Stare, 100 making 210 in Venetia, and their Wine Measure is a Some, which makes in London 10 Gallons.

CHAP. CXLVII. Of Ravenna, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.255RAvenna is seated on the Adriatick Sea, and once beautified with one of the fairest Hav•…•… in the World, where Augustus Caesar always kept a Navy man'd, to defend these parts of the Empire, now choaked up with mud and rubbish: The Neighbourhood of Venetia, which Senators have as well followed Mercury by Merchandizing, as Mars by Arms, keeps this City from any notable Commerce, yet I will note what I have observed hereupon both in matter of Weights and Measures.

* 1.256The Quintal of Ravenna is 100 l. which gives Venetia sotile 118 l. in London 78 l. and the gross 100 l. of Venetia, made here 133 l.

* 1.257The Measure is a Brace, 100 Braces of Cloth in Venice, is here 112, 100 Braces of Silk in Venice is here 106.

Corn is sold by the Stare, 100 whereof makes in Venice 66⅔ Staio, so that 3 Staros Rave•…•… have made the two Staios of Venetia; and these are the chief Cities of Romandiola.

* 1.258The next Province is Marco Anconitana, wherein is famous, first Loretto, for the Pilm∣mage to our Lady Church, brought hither, if you will believe it, through the Air from Palest•• whereunto, a great Trade is driven by the superstitious Papists; next is Adria, which gave name to those Seas; next Recanti and Ancona, two fair Cities, and of great Concourse of Merchant of which first.

CHAP. CXLVIII. Of Recanti, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.259REcanti, olim Aelia Recina, as some Authors alledge, is a fair City, affording Corn, Oyl, and some Silk for Merchandise.

* 1.260The Weights thereof being 100 l. gives in London 75 l.

And in Florence	96½	l.
In Venetia sotile	112	l.
In Venetia gross	72	l.

* 1.261Their Measure is a Brace, 94 whereof make Venetia Brace 100 l. Oyl is sold here by the Miare, which is the same as that in Venetia.

CHAP. CXLIX. Of Ancona, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.262ANcona is a fair City, seated on the Hill Cinerius, which shooteth into the Adriatick Sea, like a Promontory, having a commodious Haven built by Trajanus the Emperor, it is fruit∣ful as the rest of this Country, affording principally, Corns, Wines and Oyls.

* 1.263The Quintal of Ancona is 100 l. and makes in London — 78 l.

In Venetia gross	73	l.
In Venetia sotile	116	l.
In Florence	98	l.

* 1.264Their Measure here is a Brace, 106 whereof have made in Venice 100 Braces, 10 Cones of Cloth in Florence have made here 37½ Braces.

Corn is here sold by the Staro, 6½ have made a sum in Florence.

* 1.265The next Province is the Dutchy of Spoleto, the principal City bearing the Name of Spalata, whereof is not any thing in Merchandizing worthy the note that I find; and their Weights and Measures do in all points agree with Venetia.

* 1.266The last part of this Country is Saint Peter's Patrimony, wherein are principal Cities of Commerce, Civitaveccia, which hath a pretty Harbour, and near which the Allum is made, which we call Romish or Roche, and here the Pope doth for Trade sake, allow a Gentleman the Title of Causul for the English Nation, to see that the Mariners, who are apt enough to give Offence, be not wronged or abused, at whose hands in Anno 1619. going thence as a Merchant to Rome, I sound all Courtesies and Friendship, and passing through Pollidor, a pretty Town in the Christmas Hely-days, I came to Rome, where what I did observe in matter of Trade, besides the Devotion of the season and time, I shall in the next Chapter declare.

CHAP. CL. Of Rome, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.267THis City in her antient Splendor, was fifty Miles in circuit, and had 750 Towers, that beautified her Walls, and inhabited by 463000 Families, but now the compass exceeds not ten Miles, and a third part thereof is also waste Ground, and hath two third parts of the Inhabitants Clergy men and Courtesans, which latter are here accounted to be 40000, and pay 30000 Ducats, yearly Tribute, which doth maintain Civitaveccia two Gallies furnished, known by the Names of the Saburrahs, as the place of their abode in Rome; but leaving this private Trade to the Virgin Friers, I come to the publick Commerce of this City, which accor∣ding to my observation is following.

Rome and the Territory thereof affordeth for Merchandize, Corn, Wine, Oyl, Silk, Gloves, Allum, Lute-strings, Kid-skins, and some Fabricks made of Silk: And from England, it receiveth Lead, Tin, Bays Says, Stuffs, Pilchards, Herrings white and red, Newland fish, Calves-skins, Salt, Salmon, Tallow, Wax, &c. which are landed at Civitaveccia and thence transported by Boats and Birks to Rome, along the so much famoused River of Tiber, which passeth through the same.

* 1.268The Coins of all Italy pass here current, but the principal of this Country that are current is the Ducat, or as they call it, the Crown of Gold, which is worth 11 Julios or Paulos.

The Crown of Silver is worth 10 Julios or Paulos, which is 100 Baioches, or 400 Quatrins.

The Julio is worth 10 Baioches or 40 Quatrins.

The Baioche is worth 10 Quatrins, or 1 Sold. 4 Den. small Money of Rome.

* 1.269Their Accounts are kept in Crowns, Julios, Baioches and Quatrins as above, and sorne in Ducats of Camera or Destampe, of which 97, 11, 3. make 100 of Gold.

* 1.270Their Quintal in Rome is 100, and makes in London — 80 l. and with other Countries is found to be in Venetia sotile — 119 l.

In	Naples	106	l.
Venetia gross	75	l.
Florence	102	l.
Genoa	110	l.

But note, that of these Quintars of 100 l. is framed two different Weights, with allowances given thereupon, as in sale of Spices and such like.

The Quintar thereof is accounted to be of the abovesaid Weight 160 l. And the second for the Weight of gross Goods accounted to be 250 l. to the Quintar, which is to be observed in the sale of a Commodity, and therefore the Commodity and the Weight whereby it is sold is to be observed.

* 1.271They use also two Measures in length, the one for Linnen and Woollen, called the Cane, divided into 8 Palms, and 30 Canes is 100 Braces, Venetia; the other which they call the Brace, which is 3⅓ Palms of the said Cane, which Brace renders in Flerence 1½ Brace, the first making in London (…) inches, and the latter (…) inches.

Corn is sold by a Measure, called the Rugio, which renders in Genoa 1⅞ Mins, and in Florence 8¼ St••ios, and is 412 l. of Rome, and is in England (…) gallons.

But by reason of the great occasion that Clergy-men from most parts of Europe have to use Money in this City, the Exchanges thereof are most worthy observation, therefore I have handled the same in the 278 and 326 Chapters, with all circumstances thereunto belonging, to which I refer you.

From Rome I will take my way to Venetia, and to that Republick, and see what is there more worthy in matters of Commerce.

CHAP. CLI. Of the Commonwealth of Venetia, and the Cities of Trade therein.

* 1.272THE Commonwealth of Venetia, containeth these Provinces, La Marca Trevigiana, Fri•…•… Histria, part of Dalmatia, and the Islands of Candy, Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaca, Z•…•…, Lucaia, Cythera, &c. In which I find these principal Cities of Trade, first Treviso, next Pal•…•… a famous University for Physick; next Vicentia, next Bressia, which is accounted the second for greatness in Lombardy; next Verona, also a fair City of Crema, a strong Fort, Aquilegia, once of great circuit, now devoured by the Neighbourhood of Venetia, Parma a modern Town built by the Venetians within these late years, next is Cape de Istria, Pola, and some others, of lesser Note; and last of all, the Metropolis of all this Commonwealth, which is Venice it self of these, or as many as have gathered any Observation, I shall declare.

CHAP. CLII. Of Treviso, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.273TREVISO is the principal City of that Province, which to the Venetians is known by Marca Trevigiana, and commodiously seated for an Inland-Trade, the chief City Venetians depriving all the rest of any eminent Honour in matter of Traffick, therefore herein I shall be the briefer; and first,

For their Coins current, and their Accounts kept, I willingly omit the same, as to be found more at large under the Title of Venetia.

As for the Weights and Measures thereof, it will not be improper that I set here the agree ments thereof with Venetia, as being seated within that Commonwealth.

* 1.274Treviso is found then to have two several Weights, a gross and suttle, in the same mann•• as Venetia, which thus agree together.

100 l. gross in Treviso, makes gross in Venetia 92½ l.

100 l. suttle in Treviso, makes suttle in Venetia 112 l.

100 l. suttle Venetia, gives in Treviso suttle 89½ l.

100 l. suttle Venetia, gives in Treviso gross 58⅓ l.

100 l. suttle Treviso, makes gross in Venetia 70 l.

All which considered, the thousands are found thus to accord.

* 1.2751000 l. suttle Treviso, is 1125 l. suttle Venetia.

1000 l. gross Treviso, is 1080 l. gross Venetia, and backward.

1000 l. gross Venetia, is 926 l. gross Treviso.

1000 l. suttle Venetia, is 890 l. suttle Treviso.

1 l. suttle Treviso, is suttle Venetia 13½ Ounces.

1 l. gross Treviso, is gross Venetia 13 Ounces.

1 l. suttle Venetia, is suttle in Treviso 10⅔ Ounces.

1 l. gross Venetia, is gross in Treviso 11 Ounces.

The Measures of length in Treviso is only the Brace.

The 100 Cloth Braces in Venetia, is 100 Braces in Treviso.

The 100 Silk Braces in Venetia, is 94 Braces in Treviso.

Oil is sold here by the Miare.

Corn by the Staio, the 100 here are 109 in Venetia.

Wine is sold by the Cara, which consists of 10 Consi, which according to the Measure of Venetia is 17½ Quarts, the next is Padua.

CHAP. CLIII. Of Padua, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.276PADUA is a famous University, especially for Physick, which affords not much matter of Trade; yet observing my intended Method, I will place here the Concordancy of their Weights and Measures with the Capital City Venetia.

* 1.277Padua is found to have a gross Quintal, and a sotile Quintal, as the City of Venetia hath, and found thus to agree together.

The 100 l. suttle of Padua, is 112½ suttle in Venetia.

The 1000 l. gross of Padua, is 1020 l. gross in Venetia.

The 1000 l. suttle in Padua, is 1125 suttle in Venetia.

The 1000 l. suttle in Venetia, is 889 suttle in Padua.

* 1.278The Brace in Padua, is the same as at Treviso aforesaid.

Corn is sold by the Stare, three here makes one Stare in Venetia.

Wine is sold by the Cara, one whereof here is 18 Quarts in Venetia.

Oyl by the Miaro, which is here 1185 l. gross in Padua; for other occurrences it is to be reserred to Venice.

CHAP. CLIV. Of Vicentia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.279VICENTIA would be in matter of Trade of greater Note, were she not so near neighbour to, and under the Authority of Venetia, for which cause I shall be the briefer, and thus is found to agree therewith.

* 1.280The Weights hereof do precisely accord with Padua above-mentioned.

* 1.281The Measures of Vicentia are only one which is the Brace, which is thus found to accord.

100 Braces of Silk in Venice, is in Vicentia 92 Braces.

100 Braces of Cloth make in Vicentia 98 Braces.

Corn is sold by the Staio, 100 whereof do make in Venetia 33½ Staio.

Wine is sold by the Caro, which in Venetia is 18½ Quarts.

Oyl is sold by the Miaro, which are 40 Miri, which makes gross weight in Venetia 1210 l. and gross of Vicentia 1185 l.

Here is made a fine kind of Raw Silk, and dispersed abroad, fit for Silk Stuffs, called by the name of Vicentia Silk, 100 l. thereof is 93 l. in Florence.

CHAP. CLV. Of Bressia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.282THE next is Bressia, seated likewise in this Province, more famous in her Archbishop, who is an Earl, Marquess, and a Duke, than in any matter of Trade, yet according to my in∣tended Method begun, I will compare the Weights and Measures thereof with Venice.

* 1.283Bressia hath but one Quintal, which contains 100 l. of the said place.

The 100 l. of Bress, is suttle Venetia 108 l. and gross 66⅔ l.

The 100 l. gross Venetia, is 147 l. and 1000 l. suttle, is 92 l. here.

The 1 l. of Bressia, is suttle Venetia 13 Ounces.

* 1.284The Brace of Bressia, agrees with the Cloth Brace of Venice.

Con•• is here sold by the Soma, and makes two Staio in Venetia.

CHAP. CLVI. Of Verona, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.285VErona is a fair City, and famous in times past for many notable things here performed, which I willingly omit, but in matters of Commerce, I find the Weights and Measures thus to accord with Venetia.

* 1.286Verona is found to have two Quinta••s, a gross and suttle. The 100 gross in Verona, is 108 l. gross in Venetia. The 100 l. suttle in Verona is 110 l. suttle in Venetia. So that the 100 suttle in Venetia, makes suttle Verona 90½ l. And the 100 l. gross in Venetia, makes suttle in Verona 145½ l.

* 1.287The Brace of Verona agrees with the Silk Brace in Venetia.

Corn is sold by the Minali, 100 whereof is in Venice 45½ Staios.

Wine is sold by the Brenta, which is in Venetia, 6 Sechi, and a Cara of Wine, is in Venetia 17½ Quarts.

Oyl is sold by the Miaro, which is 1210 l. gross, and 1738 l. suttle in Venetia, making 139 Basses, which are 8 Brentas and 11 Basses: where it is to be noted, that 3½ Basses of Verena, is 1 Miri in Venetia.

CHAP. CLVII. Of Crema, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.288CRema, is a strong Fort, bordering upon Millan, where the State of Venetia hold a Custom-House for the collection of their Customs upon such Goods as go from these parts either 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Millan it self, or thence by transit•• to Lions, or other places.

* 1.289The Quintal of Crema, is the 100 l. thus agreeing with Venice, 100 l. suttle Venice, is in Crema 92 l. and 100 l. gross 147 l. in 150 l. 100 l. in Crema, is suttle Venetia 108 l. and gros Venetia 66 in 67 l.

* 1.290The Measure for length is the Brace, which is found to be two per Cent. less than the Clo•…•… Brace in Venetia: whither now it is now high time I should repair to, and survey the Traffick thereof, as at this day it is found and observed.

CHAP. CLVIII. Of Venice, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.291VEnice is the Principal City of this Republick, and is seated in the bottom of the Adriatick Sea, or Venetian Gulf, upon 72 Islands, and distant from the main Land five Miles, defen∣ded against the Fury of the Sea, by a Bank extending 20 Leagues in length, thro which there is passage broken in seven places for Boats, but no ways for Ships, but at Mallamecco, and the Ca∣stles of Lio, which are found to be strongly fortified: it is accounted to be eight Miles in com∣pass, and hath for convenience of passage near 4000 Bridges, and 12000 Boats, as some of oct modern Travellers have observed. It is the only place where Policy, Warfare, and Mercha•…•…∣zing have kiss'd together, for the most part of those Clarissimos which here boast of their Qu••∣lity, Greatness, or Wisdom, have either in themselves, or in their Ancestors, had their Original from Traffick and Merchandizing, many of whom injoying this Title of Noble Families, I have known in Constantinople and other parts as Merchants and Factors, who in their Youth exercising this Art, do afterward, as their genius leads them, either become Captains and Proveditors in Castles, Forts, or Cities, or Ambassadors, and so imployed into Foreign States, or lastly, Sen•…•… at home governing the Commonwealth; but their worth being in it self sufficiently known to the World, I shall descend to the subject in hand.

This City then hath for many years had the sole Commerce and Traffick of all the Mediter••∣nean Seas, and not content therewith, have made that City the common Mart of all the Con∣modities of Arabia, Persia, India, and those Eastern rich Countries by their great Trade to Ale∣xandria and Cairo, which continued for many years; and when the Grecian Empire was both in its heighth, and in its descent, they managed the sole Trade thereof, till the State of Genoa did look thereinto, and by their Power and Might at Sea, shared with them therein: but the P••∣tugal finding the way to India by the Cape of Bona Speransa, and the English and Dutch Mo∣chants following those Leaders, now bring those rich Commodities that way straight to their own homes, which in former times they were constrained to have from this City at a far dearer rate,

and at a second hand, since which times their Customs have been decayed, their Ships rotted, and their Mariners, the pride of their Commonwealth, were all become Poltrones, and the worst accounted in all those Seas, until the Turks Wars with Candy have made them again expert in Sea Affairs; as may appear by the many Fights, and several considerable Overthrows given to the Grand Seignior's Navies, as lately in the year 1656, and their keeping of the City and Port of Candy, for the space of so many years, against all the Opposition the Turk hath made against it.

This City now serves in matters of Trade, for an Inlet into Austria, and Upper Germany, which this way it yet fits with some Spice, Drugs, and other Arabian Commodities, which in part is brought thither from Alexandria, Aleppo, and Constantinople, where they still have Consuls and Factors, and partly by a second hand from England, now thereby bringing to them those Commodities which a few years past we had and fetched from them, as from the only City and prime Merchants of Europe.

* 1.292The Commodities here found and afforded are not many, nor of much worth, as some Cloth of Gold and Silver, Corns, Wines, Oyls, Rice, VVoollen-Cloth, Paper, Anniseeds, Argal, Glasses for looking and for drinking, Quick-Silver which they have from Germany, some Silks raw and wrought.

The Commodities sent hither from England is Lead, Tin, Baies, Furrs, Perpetuanos, Serges, Saies, and some Cleth, Indico, Pepper, Ginger, Maces, Cloves, Nutmegs, &c Herrings, white and red, Pilchards, Newland Fish, salted Salmon, and such like. It serves in these days for a Mart for the Commodities of Istria, Dalmatia, Sclavonia, Austria, Upper Germania, and the Adriatick Seas, and serves these Parts again with such Commodities as are either brought hither by the English, Dutch, and French from their several Countries, or from Alexandria, Aleppo, Smyrna, the Archipelago, and Constantinople, where they also drive a considerable Trade.

* 1.293There is found to be in Venetia four kinds of Weights, which thus are distinguished and found to accord.

The greatest is called the Gross Pound, and 100 l. wherewith all Wooll, Brass, Metals, Fish, Flesh, and other gross Goods are weighed.

The second is the Gold Weight, used for Gold, Silver, and Jewels only, called the Mark, which contains 8 Ounces, every Ounce contains 144 Carats, every Carat is 4 Grains.

The third is used in Gold and Silver Thread, and in nothing else.

The fourth is the Pound, and the 100 l. suttle, wherewith all Silks, Spices, Drugs, Cottons, Cotton yarn, and such like fine Goods are weighed by, which thus are amongst them found to accord and agree.

100 l. gross, is 158 suttle; 633 l. gross, is 1000 l. suttle.

100 l. suttle, is 63⅓ gross; 1000 l. gross, is 1580 l. suttle.

1 l. gross, is suttle 1 l. 6 Ounces; 5 Sazi, 18 Carats.

1 l. sotile, is gross 7 Ounces, 2 Sazi, 16 Carats.

1 l. sotile, is 12 Ounces; the 1 Ounce, is 6 Sazi; and 1 Sazi, is 1½ Dram, which is 3 Sec.

100 l. of Silver or Gold Thread, is suttle 116 l. 8 Ounces.

1 Mark of Gold, is suttle 9 Ounces; Sazi 2.

Where note, That a Mark of Gold, is 8 Ounces; 1 Ounce, is 4 Quarters; 1 Quarter, is 36 Carats; and 1 Carats, is 4 Grains, so that 144 Carats, is 1 Mark.

Also note, That in Venetia there is bought and sold divers Commodities, some by Balance, and some by Stalero, as well in the gross, as in the suttle Weight; and that the Balance Weight, is greater than the Stalero Weight 2 l. per Cent. by the Hundred, more than by the Pound; and the suttle Weight of the Balance, is greater than of the Stalero suttle two Pound per Cent. by the Hundred, than by the Pound Weight.

* 1.294Now let us observe how these two Weights, the sotile and gross, respond with the Weight of other Countries.

The 100 l. suttle have been observed to make the first Row to the left hand, and the 100 l. gross the next Row.

The 100 l. suttle makes in the first row, and the 100 l. gross makes in the second row thus.	Alexandria Zera	31	Rot.	50	Rot.
Alexandria Forf.	71	R.	112	R.
Aleppo	14	R.	21	R.
Archipelago	77	l.	121	l.
Anvers	64	l.	102	l.
Almeria	55	R.	90	R.
Ancona	86	l.	136	l.
Bergamo	90	l.	145	l.
Bollonia	83	l.	132	l.
Baruti	13	R.	20	R.
Cyprus	13½	R.	21	R.
Constantinople	56	R.	84	R.
Candia	l.	l.
Corfu	75	l.	117	l.
Cremona	96	l.	151	l.
Damascus	16⅔	R.	26⅓	R.
Ferrara	102	l.	139	l.
Florence	87	l.	138.	l.
Lions	70	l.	110	l.
London	64	l.	106	l.
Lisbon	59	l.	92	l.
Millan	92	l.	150	l.
Mantua	93	l.	150	l.
Marselia	70	l.	112	l.
Malleca	57	l.	90	l.
Naples Rema	94	l.	149	l.
Naples Romania	78	l.	121	l.
Parma	90	l.	148	l.
Placentia	92	l.	150	l.
Paris	70	l.	112	l.
Roma	84	l.	132	l.
Ravenna	84	l.	133	l.
Ragusa	83	l.	131	l.
Scio and Smyrna	62	R.	98	R.
Sevilia	63	l.	98	l.
Tripoli Barbaria	59½	R.	93½	R.
Turin	92	l.	148	l.
Verona	90	l.	145	l.
Zant	63	l.	100	l.

How far these may come near to truth, I must refer to trial, therefore I deliver them ha•…•… as I received them upon trust.

* 1.295The Measures of Venetia are two, and both called the Brace.

The first is the Silk Brace, by which is measured all Stuffs of Silk, Damasks, Sattins, Clothed Gold, of Silver, &c.

The second is the Cloth-Brace, by which is measured all Cloths and Stuffs made of W•…•… which is greater than the former 6¼ per Centum.

Upon which last Braces 100 hath been made this Concordance with the Measures of other Countries.

100 Braces in Venice	London	55½	Ells.
Antwerp	92½.
Frankford	115¾.
Dantzick	76⅘.
Vienna	80½.
Lions	56½	Aulns.
Paris	52¾.
Rouen	48¼.
Lisbon	55½.	Var.
Sevil	75
Madera	57 v.
Lucques	111	Br.
Florence	113⅔.
Millan	124¾.
Genoa	267⅞	Pal.

The liquid Measures are these:

* 1.296Wines are sold in Venetia two ways, either in gross, or by retail; the gross by the Amphora and Bigonsa, and by retail, by the Quart, the Sachio, and Lire; where note, That the Am∣phora is four Bigonsa, and the Bigonsa is 4 Quarts, and 1 Quart is 4 Sachi, and 1 Sachi is 4 Liras or pounds, but buying the same in gross, that is by the Amphora and the Sachi, 1 Am∣phora is ••4 Quarts, and 1 Bigonsa is 3 Quarts and half.

* 1.297Oyl is here also sold two ways, first by Measures, and next by the Weight of the Staliero; the Measure is called the Miaro, and is 40 Mire, and by the gross Weight is 120 l. and 1 Mira makes by measure 25 l. and by weight makes 30 l. 3 ounces.

* 1.298Corn is sold by the Staio, which is 132 l. gross Venetia, and in Florence 175 l. which is divided to 4/4; and to 8/8, and to 16/16 parts, by which is made the Scandalios, the ¼ being 32 l. the ⅛ 16 l. the 1/16 8 l. of gross.

* 1.299Their Accounts are kept in Venetia divers ways, as by some in Ducates and Grosses, at Livers 6 and 4 sold per Ducate, accounting 24 Gross to a Ducate.

Others again by Livers, Sols, and Gross, which are valued at 10 Ducates the Liver, account∣ing 20 Sold. to the Liver, and 12 Deniers gross to a Sold.

* 1.300The Exchanges made in Venice I have inserted in the 281 and 368 Chapters, together with all circumstances thereto belonging; where by the way it is to be noted, That in time past the goodness of their Moneys both in payment for Merchandise, and in payment for Bills of Exchange, was alike and of equal goodness and value; but these wise Senators fearing to lose what they cannot keep, I mean, that little Trade they yet hold, in comparison of what they had lost, by their providence and circumspection, set a distinction between the Moneys payable for commodities, * 1.301which they term their current Moneys and out of banco, and between their Moneys paid by Bills of Exchange, which they term in banco, which hath had its original upon such unfit grounds, that the very naming thereof, and the particular circumstances of this difference is dishonourable to this Republick; which therefore I will omit, only thus far the necessity thereof is to be remembred, and to be well known and understood by all Merchants and Exchangers that Trade and Traffick to this City, that the difference now at this time holds in proportion between 20 and 21 per cent. so that it doth appear to all men that reside here, or have any commerce into this City, that their payment made in banco, and by Bills of Exchange, is accounted better by near 21 per cent. than the payments made for Commodities bought and sold between Merchant and Merchant.

* 1.302The Customs of Venice are several, altering upon many Commodities; and though the wisdom of this Republick do manifestly discern a great diminution of their Customs in general, yet it so falls out that they impose still greater, as it were endeavouring thus to make up the annual rents thereof, as of late they have done upon Currans, under pretence, that if the English will come and lade them in the Port of Venice, or otherwise come thither laden, they are then freed of a new Impost, which is lately levied in Zant upon a Commodity: but they being of the condition of many Princes, that finding their Countrey enriched with an eminent commerce and a plentiful Trade, never leave imposing new Customs and Imposts thereon, till the Trade, and Customs, and Imposts, and all other the benefits thereof are slipt out of their fingers, and fled for protection to some other more friendly and neighbouring State, or place, where the same finds a greater ease, and a lesser charge; and that have Venice, An∣vers, Lions, and Genoa, lost that famous Trade, which for many years hath made those Ci∣ties renowned; and by their fall and easie Customs have Leghorn, Marselia, Amsterdam, and London risen to that height wherein they are now found to be, which if the Prince thereof do wisely cherish, and content themselves with a reasonable Duty, such as Trade in it self may well bear, and the Trader live, and ceherfully proceed in his Negotiations, they may see their Countreies daily to flourish, and grow both rich and renowned thereby; otherwise Trad•• will insensibly she from them, the Merchants will give it over, or find out new paths and divert it into some other place; Shipping will in an Age rot and perish, and Navigation will quickly be forgotten, and these Kingdoms must have other Nations to supply them at the second hand, and by strangers Shipping, with those necessary Commodities which the Countrey stands in need of, and the same both at dear rates, and to the too late Repentance of the State it self, as may now be verified by this of Venetia, who would with many Mil∣lions redeem that lost Trade, and would with free liberty of Customs entertain that Commerce, which themselves peradventure by their too great Customs and Imposts levied thereon by little and little in times past, have of their own accord wilfully or willingly lost, and thrust from them, as I shall declare further in the Trade of Leghorn, and other places which have of themselves no commodity to maintain a Traffick, yet have all things, and want nothing that all other Countreies can afford, only by the benefit and commodity of an easie light duty of Custom imposed upon Merchandise by the liberty and freedom of the place and Traders thereinto; and forasmuch as this State have by their wisdom made of

late days divers subtle Decrees for the benefit of their own Traffick, and for the regaining of their lost Trade, which are in themselves prejudicial to many other Nations, but prin∣cipally to the English, I hold it not improper in this place to mention some of the prin∣cipal thereof, that thereby if any the able furtherers of the English Traffick shall happen 〈◊〉〈◊〉 peruse this Tract, fit remedies may be enacted to meet these Decrees, * 1.303which I may call par∣ticularly injurious to the English Subject and Merchant, and tending to draw the whole Trade of the Levant Seas to the City of Venice only, to the general prejudice of the Shipping of his Majesty of England, Trafficking in those Seas, which I conclude under 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Points.

1. First, they have considered the late great Exportation of Currans out of Zant and Zeffalonia (two Islands of their Signiory) into England, and that the principal Trade of the English into their Signiory, is only for this Fruit, therefore they have of late levied a•• Imposition of ten Ducates upon every thousand of Currans bought and shipped from the said Islands, and of later times have also inforced the payment of the said Impost at Venice, which formerly and at first was free, and have discharged their own Subjects thereof, to the special damage and prejudice of the English.

2. Secondly, they have to burthen the Trade of the English thither, or rather seeing a•• the Trade of that Fruit wholly sought out and coveted by the English, to which end they use to vent in those Islands some few English Commodities; they have I say, of late, bur∣thened the Native Commodities of England brought into these Islands with new Impost, a levying upon an English Cloth 7 Ducates, upon 100 weight of Tin 2 Ducates, and upon a Kersey 2 Ducates, and so upon all other English Commodities, thereby to inforce all Comm∣dities of England to be brought into the City of Venice; and though sometimes English Merchants find it necessary in those Seas to transfer some English Goods out of one English Vessel into another, and yet not land the same, when as Ships do happen to meet together and to be bound for several Ports, yet the same is not permitted them unless they pay the said Impost abovementioned, as if the said Goods were there really landed and sold, contrary to the common Custom of the Mediterranean Seas.

3. Thirdly, they have prohibited, that any Turkey Commodities should be landed their out of English Shipping, or any other Commodities that are afterward to be shipped for the Kingdom of England, which for the conveniency of English Shipping, the English Mercha•…•… Trading in those Seas have often occasion of: but they do compel the English first to send such Goods and Wares to the City of Venice, purposely there to pay the duty of Custom and the duty of Cottimo, before they will suffer them to ship the same for England.

4. They have made an Act for the imployment of their own Shipping and Mariners, and for the restraint of all Foreiners, that no Commodities of the parts of Turkey may be brought into any the Seigniory of the State of Venice, but only in Venetian Shipping; wherein they have been found to have been so strict and severe, that if any English Ships happen to be Fraighted either by their own Subjects, or by the Merchants of any other Nation when any of their own Shipping are in Port, or happen to come into the Port, or within the space of twenty days after, upon the firming of a bare Protest against the said Ship so Fraighted, they have no law nor remedy left them in Law to recover any Fraight-Money, due for the said Goods so laden by them.

5. Fifthly, they will not permit nor suffer any English Ship to relade at Venice, except they come first fully laden thither, neither will they suffer freedom of Trade from Venice to any parts of the Levant for the English Nation, neither in their own nor yet in the Shipping be∣longing to the Venetians, but do straightly prohibit and forbid it, as also they do prohibit the bringing of some particular Commodities by any whatsoever, themselves and their Subjects only excepted.

6. To these I might add some others, but I will conclude it with this last point of slight and fallacious subtilty some years past, when as the Seigniory of Venice had here a per∣mission from His Majesty of England to contract with divers Merchants for their Ships to serve against the Spaniards in the Gulf of Venice; when the said service was performed, and that they came to receive their contracted payment; they raised their Moneys 12 per centum above the rate of the same at the time of their agreement; by which rate His Majesty's Subjects came to lose a great Sum of Money by the said service, to their great prejudice, and to the great dishonour of that so Honourable Seigniory.

Having by these few particulars given the ingenious Reader a taste of these present poli∣cies Enacted by this State of late for the support of their decaying Trade, and also given a touch of the Subtilties used by them to preserve that little that is yet remaining, and their Endeavours to augment the same, I will now in a word view the State of the present Traffick of this City.

* 1.304It is not to be questioned, but that this City hath in all Ages afforded many eminent Mer∣chants, and hath not been ashamed to make Merchandizing a prop and supportation to their Nobility, who amongst them are intitled Clarissimi, so that this their School of Commerce hath afforded such apt Scholars, and which have so notably profited therein, that they have with as much honour worn the Gown, as valiantly handled the Sword; and he that shall heedfully peruse their Histories, shall find that not a few of them, have with general appro∣bation both of their Subjects and Neighbours, struct the principal stroke in the Government of that Dukedom. The fit situation of their City, the large extent of their maritim Coasts, the common aptness and addiction of the Citizens, have much furthered the great Traffick of the same; what it hath been in times past, when their Potency and Opulency was at the highest and when they set out and gave imployment both in War and Peace to 300 Sail of Gallies, besides all other sort of Vessels; I refer to their own Histories. Their then rich Trade to Egypt for the Commodities of India, Arabia, and to Constantinople and Aleppo for the Commodities of Grecia, Armenia and Persia, to Germany, France, Flanders and England, for the Commodities of those Countries, must needs make this City famous for the Traffick thereof; but their covetous Appetite, that could not be satisfied with this Fame, and the great Wealth, each in particular drew thereby, envied to themselves that Honour, which all other Cities of the World was constrained to give them; for their great Customs imposed, joyned with the accidents of that age and time, brought them to the present State of Traffick wherein now they are found to be, which is at present comprehended within a narrow scantling, for their Trade to Egypt is vanished, and seen only in the relicks thereof, for tho' in Alexandria and Cairo they main∣tain Consuls, serving in outward appearance for the protection of their Merchants, yet indeed they serve to little purpose, as having lost the former famous Trade of Alexandria and Cairo in Sidon, Acria, Smyrna, and other places of Turkey; they have their Consuls, as also their Agent in Constantinople, and Consul in Aleppo, which now are the principal who give Life to their De∣signs, as indeed the places where their Trade is of greatest Eminency, yet it is not so great but may be fathomed within a small Line: and as many things have notably concurred in the loss of their former Traffick abroad and in other Kingdoms (as the discovery of India by the Portugal, the subversion of the Greek Empire by the Turks, and the favourable Countenance of some of the late Kings of England to their own Subjects, for their incouragement in Trade, and their general inclinations thereto) so they in themselves have been chiefly wanting to themselves, and have suffered a loss to fall insensibly upon them; that hath been the greatest Ruin of their Traffick, comprised within Mystery the of these their new Imposts, and the decay of the Shipping and Na∣vigators, which that Prince must ever carefully avoid, that would have his Country and Subjects thrive thereby; and having now lost all their Trade to all other places (the Dominions of the Great Turk only excepted) their Ships and Gallies are decayed, and their Mariners fled from them, some sparks are seen yet to remain; but the great Fire of their mighty Traffick being extinguished, it will not be needful for me to rake the Ashes, and observe further that little Coal that is yet resting unconsumed amongst them.

CHAP. CLIX. Of Florence, and the Cities of that Kingdom.

* 1.305THE Dukedom of Florence containeth the greater part of Tuscany, and now may be said to be comprehended under the Signiory of the Great Duke, with the Republick of Pisa and Siena, the principal marine Port whereof is Leghorn, which may be accounted the best and one of the greatest Towns of Trade in all the Mediterranean Seas, not only thus continued and preserved by the Industry of the Inhabitants alone, but of other Nations, which by reason of the great Immunities and Privileges of this place, and the freedom given to Strangers and Mer∣chants, and principally because all sorts of Merchandize may be here landed free of all Customs, Duties and Imposts, this Scale is grown to that height, that it is famous throughout all the Mediterranean and Ocean Seas.

In this Republick, I find only four Cities of Consequence that challenge in matter of Commerce my Observation, which is, Florence it self the principal City of this Dukedom; next Siena, then Pisa, and lastly the above mentioned Town of Leghorn.

* 1.306These Countries afford for Merchandize, some Marble, Rice, Wines, Oils, quantity of Silks, both raw and wrought in Stuffs, famous for their Fabricks throughout Europe, as Satins, Taffa∣ties, Velvets, Grograms, Plushes, and the like, called commonly of Florence. From England is here vended, Pepper, Cloves, Maces, Indico, Callicoes, as being East-India Commodities, and Lead, Tin, Cloth••, Bays, Serges, Perpetuanos, as Native, and the English also bring hither

Herrings white and red, pickled Salmon, Newland Fish, Pilchards, Calves-Skins, and many other Commodities.

* 1.307The Duke of Florence hath ever been found to be a great lover of Merchants and Merchan∣dizing, and is conceived to be at this day the greatest Merchant in Europe, forgetting not that his Ancestors did raise themselves by Traffick to the greatness and height he now doth hold; and to this end is found in Leghorn a Stock properly running in Trade for his Account, which is imployed in Traffick, as occasion of Profit upon Merchandize doth present it self.

The Estate of the Great Duke of Tuscany, and the Trade thereof.

Cosmi the Second, was the first Duke of Florence that had the Title of Great Duke of Tusca••y conferred upon him, being crowned in the Court of Rome, with that Title given to him and his Heirs for ever, by Pope Pius the Fifth, in the year 1570. Since which, the Great Dukes Successors have desired of succeeding Popes, the Title of King, but it hath been always ob∣structed by the Kings of Spain, who would indure no King in Italy but himself, and refused by the Pope as too Lordly a Title.

This Duke and his Predecessors, have ever been found to be great Lovers of Merchants and Merchandizing, knowing that his Predecessors raised themselves by Traffick to the greatness he now doth hold.

His Territories are separated on the East, from the Lands of the Church by the River Pisco, on the West, from the Commonwealth of Genoa by the River Macra; on the North, from Romandiola, and Marca Anconitano by the Appenine Hills; are bounded on the South, by the Tyrrhenian Sea, being about 260 Miles in length, and in some places as much in breadth. The Country between Florence and Leghorn (being about fifty Miles) is full of spacious Fields, and fruitful Valleys, here and there a pleasant Mountain equalizing them for fertility, abundantly furnished with all sorts of delicious Wines, and beautified with many delicate Cities and Towns, and in a word, plentifully stored with all the Benedictions of Nature: The Inhabitants profess the Reman Catholick Religion, and are governed by the Civil Law. The Great Duke•• Dominions may be fitly divided into four Parts, viz. The Cities and Territories; first of Florence, 2. Pisa, 3. Siena, 4. and lastly, the Islands situated in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

The Estate of Florence, taketh up the North Part of the Great Duke's Dominions, being bounded on the South by the Territories of Pisa and Siena, and on the North with the Appenine Hills, so called from Florence, the principal City for Beauty and Trade within this Territory. Nicholas Machiavel (that unhappy Man) was once Secretary to the Duke of Florence; who but for publishing that which was frequently practised by Princes, hath intailed an edium upon his Name (for ought any knows) to all Posterity. But to our Business next to be handled, which is the Description and Trade of Florence.

CHAP. CLX. Of Florence, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.308THE City of Florence is seated near the confluence of the two Rivers, Arne and Chian, and is a very fair City, and abounding with publick and private Buildings of great Beauty, and therefore by some supposed to be called Florentia à situ Florenti; it is in compass six Miles, and is the Residence of the Duke, who here hath a sumptuous Palace: the greatest part of the Trade thereof doth consist in Fabricks of Silks that here are made, and are hence properly call'd, and in the Exchanges here are used and practised by Bankers, for all Parts of Europe, the Inhabitants having lost the honour of Merchandizing, which anciently they had, when eminent Factors from hence were sent into Flanders and England, and to other Countries to reside, who managed a very great Trade, now totally decayed. What I have found from others, or observed my self 1619. when I was here, I shall set down for the present occur∣rences of the place.

* 1.309The Merchants do here keep their Accounts in Livres, Sold and Deniers, 12 Deniers making a Sol, and 20 Sol a Livre; and others again in Crowns, Sol and Deniers of Gold, of Livres 7½ per Crown, accounting 12 Deniers to a Sol, and 20 Sol to a Crown, but all their Commodities are sold by Lavres, Sold, and Deniers of their Moneys, and to reduce Livres into Crowns, multiplied by 2, and divided by 15, because 15 half Livres make a Crown, and to reduce the said Livres into Ducats, 1/7 is to be taken.

* 1.310The Coins current, are the Ducats of Florence and the Picols.

The Ducat is worth 7 Livres, or 70 Bolognini.

The Crown is worth 7½ Livres in Picholi, whereas the Custom is different from other

Countries, wherein the Crown of Gold is not found to have any constant Rate with the current Money of the place, and is adjusted therewith according to the Rate of the Exchange.

The Livre is 20 Sold, and accounted to be 9 d. sterling.

The Ducat being 7 Livres, is accounted there 5 s. 3 d. sterling.

The Seudo, or Crown of 7½ Livres, is consequently 5 s. 7½ sterling.

The Livre is also divided to 12 Craches, whereof 8 is a Julio, which is 6 d. sterling; 5 Quatrins is a Crach, and 60 Craches makes a Livre.

* 1.311Divers Observations have been made upon the Weights of Florence, which is 100 l. or Quintel of 12 Ounces to a Pound; the most noted I will here insert, and refer the truth to him that hath a cause of trial, because I have received them upon trust.

The 100 l. then hath been found to produce in these places.

The 100 l. of Florence hath ren∣dred in	Anvers	73	l.
Lions	76
Dantzick	88
Venetia sotile	114
Venetia gross	71
Siena	103
Pulia	104
Lucca	102
Bollonia	95
Farrara	101
Padua	117
Millan	103
Cremona	113
Roma	98
Genoa	108
Marselia	91
Barcellona	71
Valentia	96
Granado.	66
Sevil	75
Lisbon	92
Paris suttle	90
Paris gross	112
Brussia	78
London	78
Ancona	98
Majorca	92
Sicilia sotile Rot.	44
and gross R.	48
Tunis	100
Aleppo — R.	15¾	R.
Ditto Silk	16¾
Tripoli Soria	19
Ditto Barbaria	67¾
Baruti	152
Alex. Zera	162
Alex. Forfori	81 6
Scio and Smyrna	71
Constantinople	64
Rhodes	14 3
Acria	12 8
Babylonia	10 10
Balsara	500½	M.
Ormus	75 10

* 1.312As of Weights formerly compared, so do I find the Brace of this place whereby all Com∣modities are measured, and upon the 100 Braces of Florence hath been made these Observa∣tions, and to make

The Cane is 4 Braces, and the 100 Bra∣ces are in	London	49	Ells
Anvers	81
Frankford	102
Dantzick	67
Vienna	71
Lions	49
Paris	46	Aulns
Rouen	42
Lisbon	49	Vares
Sevil	24
Madera	50
Venice	88	Braces
Lucca	97
Millan	112
Genoa	235

Note, that all Wrought Silks are here bought by the pound weight, and not by the Cane no•• Brace above-mentioned.

* 1.313Wine is sold by the Cogno, which are 10 Barrels, and 1 Barrel is 40 Metadels, or 20 Bottles, or Flasks, each Bottle being 2 Metadels, the Barrel is to weigh 120 l.

* 1.314Oyl is sold by the Orcio, which is a Barrel, and contains 32 Metadels, which ought to weigh 85 l.

* 1.315Grain is sold by the Moggio, and is Staio 24, and the Staio is 50 l.

* 1.316Salt is also sold by the Staio, which weighs 72 l.

* 1.317The agreement of the Staio of Corn, I find thus computed with other Cities.

Staios 3¾ of Corn in Florence, is 1 Sache of Venetia.

Staios 3 in Florence, make 1 Sache in Pisa.

Staios 2⅘ in Florence, make in Plombino 1 Staio.

Staios 8¾ in Florence, make in Rome 1 Rotulo.

Staios 10½ in Florence, make in Palermo a general Salmo.

Staios 13 in Florence, make in Misnia a gross Salmo.

Staios 1½ in Florennce, is in Naples 1 Tomolo, 16 Tom. is a Salm. there.

Staios 6½ in Florence, is in Ancona 1 Somo of Corn.

Moggio 1 in Florence, is in Arles 10½ Sesterces.

Staios 3 in Florence, is in Marselia 2 Mines.

Staios 60 in Florence, is in Britany a Tun of Corn.

I have been the larger in the Weights and Measures of Florence, because I shall have occasion to accord other Cities to this; and therefore to make this the more absolute, I have added the following concordancy of the dry Measures of this place with other Countries following which I refer to the better experienced for due trial.

CHAP. CLXI. Of the dry Measures of several Cities in Italy, with other Cities in the Mediterranean Seas.

* 1.318NOW forasmuch as I find it very difficult to accord so many Cities in the Measures of Corn, Salt, Wine, &c. I will here add what I have collected therein, which properly may best follow the preceeding agreement of the dry Measure of Florence.

First then, a Mine of Corn in Avignon, is 1 Staio of Pisa.

An Anne of Lions, is 8 Staios of Florence, which Anne of Lions is there accounted 6 Buccets.

A Quarter of England, is 11 Staios of Florence.

A Moggio of Grain in Florence, is 3 Annes in Lions, which Moggio is accounted 10 Sesterce there, and the same in Provence.

Alquiers, 104 of Portugal, are 40 Buccets of Lions.

1 Muy of Orleans, and 12 in 13 Mines, makes 13 Buccets of Lions.

1 Tun of Grain either in Picardy or Normandy to be laden aboard their Ships, is 16 Mines. which are 2⅔ in Moggios, which are 24 Mines, and the 24 Mines there, are 3⅓ Moggio of Florence, and 1 Mine of the said places is 3½ Staios incirca of Florence.

1 Tun of Corn laden in Britany, is accounted to hold and make 60 Staios of Florence.

1 Fanega in Calais, is 2⅛ Staios of Florence.

1 Salmo, general of Sicilia, is in Portugal Alquiers 22½.

The said Salmo of Sicilia, is 11¼ Staios in Florence.

The gross Salmo of Sicilia, is 17 per Cent. greater than the general.

The Salmo of Calabria, is 6 Tumelles of Naples.

The Tomolo of Naples, is 2 Staios of Florence.

The Carro of Apulia, is 3 Moggio of Florence.

Alquiers 4½ of Lisbon, are 1 Fanega in Andalusia.

1 Fanega, is 2 Staios of Florence, and a little more; so that the Staio of Florence may be accounted the Fanaga and Alquier of Lisbon 2⅙ Staio.

One Moggio of Florence, makes in Arles 4⅓ Sesterces.

And in Marselia doth make 2 Sesterces.

The Staio of Venice comes to make one Sack of Pica, or little less.

The Mine of Corn of Genoua, are 4½ Staio of Florence.

The Sesterces 5 of Grain in Avignon, are one Salmo of Sicilia.

A Car of Corn in Padua, is in Calais 34½ Fanega, and makes in Lisbon 145 Alquiers of 36 Tomolos of Naples the Carro.

The 500 Retibe of Corn in Alexandria, is in Leghorn 1090 Sacks.

The Staio 63 of Corn of Ferrara, makes just a Carro, and this Carro makes in Constantinople 57 Cassise.

The Retibe of Alexandria, is in Legborn 6⅕ Staios.

The Cill••a of Chavella, is 3 Staios of Florence.

1 Tun of Grain in Britany, is 60 Staios of Florence.

The Cassise of Corn in Valentia in Spain, is ⅔ of a general Salm of Sicilia.

Sesterces 10½ of Arles, is in Florence one Moggio.

And as for the Tomilo of Naples, I find this Observation in the agreement thereof.

36 Tomolos of Naples, which is 1 Carr, have made in	Venice	22½	Stai.
Istria	22¾.
Segnia	68¾	Quart.
In all Dalmatia	22¼	Stai.
Ragusa	19¼.
Catarro	22½.
Fermo Marca	9 ••/1	Somo.
Corfu	14¾	Mosa.
Candia	97	Mesn.
Canea	14¼	Moza.
Alexandria	7	Rob.
Tripoli Barbaria	5
Cassise and 3 Jubes
Zerbe	5¼	Caf.
Millan	3	Mos.
Parma	45½	Sta.
Modena	26
Rimene	10⅙.
Cesena	13
Ravenna	34
Forli	21½.
Ferrara	62½.
Mantua	56½.
Bollonia	24¾	Corbe.
Florence	80	Stai.
Genoua	16½	Mine.
Padua	34⅜	Stai.
Treviso	20⅞.
Vicentia	34⅛.
Verona	50	Min.
Bressia	12½	Som.
Bergamo	19	Stai.
Cremona	11⅜	Som.
Mirandela	26	Stai.

For other particulars of these Measures, I have observed the same in such other place as my Collections permitted.

As for the Exchanges of Florence, which are here found daily practised for great Sums, I refer the particulars thereof to the 282 and 400 Chapters of this Tract, with all the Circumstances thereunto belonging, and therefore hence come to Pisa, the second City of Trade in Tuscany.

CHAP. CLXII. Of Pisa, and the Trade thereof.

THE Second Part of the Great Duke's Dominions, is the City and Territory of Pisa, bounded on the South by the Sea-Coast, on the East, by Siena, and on the West by the Genoese. The Pisans were in former times very considerable, having under them the Islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and the Baleares, and did at once War with the Venetians and Genoese; they were at last conquered by the Duke of Millan, and the Duke of Genoa; the first taking the City of Pisa, and sold it to the Florentines about the year 1410. and the latter seized upon the Town of Leghorn, and sold it to the same Customers for 120000 Ducats about the same time. These two being the only places of Trade within this Territory worthy taking notice of, and chiefly the Town of Leghorn. But first of the City of Pisa.

* 1.319Pisa is the second City in the Dukedom of Tuscany, seated in the entrance of the River Ar•…•… into the Sea, which cometh down from Florence, and watereth the Walls thereof.

Here is the Custom-house, placed by the Florentine for all Goods that are landed at Leghorn, and enter into his Country, or laden in Florence, and going this way out of his Country; so that though Leghorn be free of all Customs, yet the Duke losing little thereby save what the Town it self can vent, which is but small, for it is but as a Scale and Port-Town to this City, and the rest of his Territories.

Here is also kept his Principal Courts of Justice, and the Knights of Saint Stephen have here their Alberge, thereby keeping his Subjects from going to Malta to be there enrolled; the Duke by these means using his best Art to make this City to have some splendour, which by the strict subjection of the Inhabitants the City otherwise is wholly deprived of.

Those goodly Buildings which it yet sheweth, testifies its ancient Magnificence, and many things Anno 1619. I observed therein of Note, though improper to the subject, which bears in many places the Relicks of that Greatness it once had, by its Command over divers Provinces, and the Wars it maintained for a long time together against both the Venetians and Genoese; but to my Business.

* 1.320The Moneys, Weights, and Measures, and Accounts of Florence, are here only in use, and therefore I shall not need to reiterate.

* 1.321Only the Corn Measure is a Sacco, which is 3 Staios of Florence.

The Wine Measure is a Barrel Cornuto, which is 1½ Bar. Florence, so that 7 Bar. Cornuto, is 10½ Bar. in Florence, which is in Candia 45 Mistate, and makes in Naples Cogno 1, which 1 1½ But.

For Custom of the place, this hath been observed, that a Bag of Pepper from landing at Leghorn to the dispatch in the Custom-House here, is about a Crown of Gold, per Bale, and Herrings, English, have Charges from the arrival at Leghorn, until dispatched in the Custom-House of Pisa, 15 Sold of Gold the Bar. of 4000 Herrings; and the like for other Commodities in general.

The Customs of this place is ordinarily 4 Cratches per Liver.

CHAP. CLXIII. Of Siena, and the Trade thereof.

THE third Part of the Great Duke's Dominions is the City and Territory of Siena, sit••∣ated between the Lands of the Church, and the Territory of Pisa. They were sometimes under the Command of the Emperour, then a free Commonwealth; and after that under the Spaniards, then in the hands of the French, and again in possession of the Spaniards, by whom it was made over unto Cosmi Duke of Florence (all but the Port-Towns, which he thought good to keep in his own possession) about the year 1558. whose Successors have been since very careful in keeping thereof, as a place of great Concernment, beside they being a good addition to the Greatness and Strength of his Territories; and once looked on a rival to Florence it self in the

Government of Tuscany. The chief and only place of Trade within that part of this Ter∣ritory under the great Duke, is the City of Siena; of which briefly followeth.

* 1.322This City hath been of more note and greater consequence in times past, but falling un∣der the command of the Florentine, they deprived them of all their Trade and ancient glory; it is an Inland-Town, adorned with beautiful both Publick and Private Buildings, their great Church hath the Monuments reserved of all the Popes, and of our famous Country-man Sir John Hawkwood, who did the Florentine such good and valiant service, that they have here honoured his memory with a stately Monument: here is observed to be spoken the best Tuscan Language in Italy; and further I could not note material, Anno 1619.

Accompts here and the Monies Current are the same as in Florence.

* 1.323In Siena they have two Quintals, the one of 100 l. wherewith all fine Goods are weighed, being incirca 3 per cent. less than 100 l. of Florence.

The other is for Woolls and some gross Commodities, which containeth 150 l. of the for∣mer 100.

* 1.324The Braces and Measures agree with Florence formerly mentioned, other Notes of Trade in this Dukedom I have not met withal, therefore will pass hence to the Dukedom of Millan, and will omit the rest to Legorn, the only Sea-Port of note belonging hereunto.

The Port-Towns within the Territory of Siena are 1. Plombino. 2. Port Tellamon. 3. Or∣bitelo. 4. Monte Argentoriana. 5. Porta Herculis. 6. Porta Longone. These are only worth taking notice of for Trading.

The fourth and last part of the Great Duke's Dominions are the Islands in the Tuscan or Tyrrhenian Seas. 1. Elba. 2. Giglio. 3. Capraria. 4. Galienaria. 5. Gorgona. 6. Troja. These are only worth the mentioning as to our business of Trade.

CHAP. CXLIV. Of the Dukedom of Millan.

* 1.325THE Dukedom of Millan being under the command of the Spaniard, is rich in Natures gifts, as esteemed the Garden of Italy, affording plenty of Corn, Rice, Wines, Oils, Silks Raw and Wrought, and sundry other Commodities; it hath therein also many fair Cities, the principal whereof are,

First, Millan the principal of the whole Dutchy. Secondly, Pavia. Thirdly, Alexandria de la Pallia. Fourthly, Cremona. And fifthly, Como: of as many of which as is needful, I shall touch the particulars.

CHAP. CXLV. Of Millan, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.326MIllan is a fair City, and the greatest of Lombardy, the Castle whereof is accounted im∣pregnable; it is very populous, and contains seven Miles in Circuit: it is furnished in matter of Trade with many great Merchants, or rather, as I may more properly call them, Shop-keepers, abounding in many rich Manufactures of Silks and Iron for Sword-blades, for Cannons, Muskets, and Pistols, &c. as Silk-Stockings, Chamlet, Fustians, Gold-Thread, and sundry other Commodities here dispersed into Savoy, France, and other adjoyning Countries.

* 1.327Their Accompts are kept in Millan by Pounds, Shillings, and Pence.

Or as they call them, Livres, Sol, and Deniers; 12 Deniers make a Sol, and 20 Sols a Livre, which Livre may be sterl. 12 pence, as I shall shew in the Tract of Exchanges, in 280 and 410 Chapters.

* 1.328The Coins Current in Millan are these:

A Ducate of Gold of Millan is incirca 100 Sol of that Money.

A Crown of Gold of the Sun is worth about 96 or 98 Sol.

A Crown of Gold Italian is 5 Livres, and 6 Sol Imperial.

A Ducate of Gold of Livres 5 and 18 Sol is Livres 6 Imperial.

A Ducace Imperial is esteemed 4 Livres.

A Ducate of Millan, or Imperial of Livres 4 per Duc. and so they count it in Exchange, the which they pay in Crowns of Italy at 101 Sol per Duc.

Note, that the Crown in Millan runs in Merchandise for Sol 110 and the Ducate for the same.

Note also, that the Imperial Coins are the current of this Country, but French, Italian, and Spanish, pass here also in Merchandise, as being placed between the two former, and subject to the last.

* 1.329The Weight of Millan is the Pound, and the 100 l. which is the Quintal, which 100 l. is

In	Venetia sotile	108	l.
Venetia gross	66
Florentia	97
Genoua	106
Lions	69
London	70

* 1.330In Millan they have two Braces, the Cloth, and the Silk, upon the 100 Braces Silk hath been made these Observations, and to have made

In London	43	Ells.
Antwerp	72
Frankfort	90
Dantzick	60
Vienna	63
Lions	44	Aulns.
Paris	41
Genoua	207	Palm.
Rouen	37	Auln.
Lisbon	43	Var.
Sevil	58
Madera	44
Venetia	78	Brac.
Lucques	86
Florence	88

* 1.331Which I refer to the experience of him that shall have occasion to make trial herein far∣ther, and so I will proceed to Cremona; as for the Exchanges here practised I refer you to the general Chapter thereof in the end of this Tract, viz. 280 and 410 Chapters.

CHAP. CLXVI. Of Cremona, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.332CRemona is the second City of Trade in this Dutchy, which endeavoureth by the Industry of the Inhabitants to imitate and second Millan in her Manufactures of Silk, Gold-Thread, &c.

* 1.333Their common Weight is the Pound and the 100 l. which hath by tryal been found to make in Venctia Sotile 104 l. and by the Gross of Venetia 65 in 66 l. in Florence 86 l.

* 1.334Their Measure is the Brace, agreeing the same as that of Florence.

Oil is sold by the Carigas, 18 thereof is 1000 l. Venetia in Oil, Carrigas 15 are accounted for a 1000 l. of Cheese in Venetia.

Carigas 11 are accounted of Honey 8¼ Staios of Venetia.

CHAP. CLXVII. Of Como, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.335COmo is made more famous by the Lake whereon it is seated, being 50 Miles about, than by the Trade thereof, though it may well be imagined the same doth add a good fur∣therance thereto by the benefit and commodity thereof, and by Transporting Wares to Neighbouring places seated thereabout.

* 1.336The Weight thereof is the Pound, and 100 l. which hath been observed to produce in Ve∣nice Suttle 108, and Gross 67 l. which in London is 72 l. Averdupois, or thereabout.

* 1.337Their Measure is a Brace accounted to be,

Corn is sold by the Mosa, which are here 14 Pesos, and every Peso is 10 l. at ••0 oun. per l. which in Venetia is 378 l. Suttle, which is 305 l. Gross, so that the said 14 Pesos is in Venetia 1⅛ Staios; And thus have I done with the Dutchy of Millan, and proceed to Mantua, and the Dukedom.

CHAP. CLXVIII. Of Mantua, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.338MAntua hath some other Cities of quality subject thereto, but being debarred from the Sea, and environed with potent Neighbours that hinder the Commerce thereof; I will therefore reduce what I have collected more-worthy to the City of Mantua it self, which is a very fair and strong Town, environed on three parts with a Lake of good breadth, and with a strong Wall on the rest; through this Lake runneth a River that leadeth into the Po, which is a famous stream in these parts, and much enricheth this Country, and furthers the Trade of this Dutchy.

* 1.339The chief Commodities of this Dukedom are certain Fabricks of Silks, such as are Taffetaes, Sattins, Camlets watered, and the like.

* 1.340Their Accompts are kept in Livres, Sols, and Deniers, 12 Deniers make a Sol, and 20 Sols a Livre, 5 of which Livres make a Ducate of Gold large 9. 12 Sol making a Ducatoon of Man∣tua, or 115 Sols of Millan, which is accounted (…) Sterl.

* 1.341They weigh in Mantua by a Peso, and by the 1000 l. 25 l. being the Peso, and 100 l. the Quintal, which hath made in Venice Suttle 108 l. and Venice Gross 66⅔ l. in Florence 98 l. and in London by Observation of some, 71 l. Averdupois.

* 1.342Their Measure of length is the Brace, which doth agree with the Cloth-brace of Venice within a small matter.

Corn is sold by the Staio, 100 whereof are in Venetia 40 Staios, and 1 Staios weighs about 80 l. of Mantua weight.

* 1.343In this Dukedom is also Aste, where is yearly kept a great and notable Fair for many sorts of Merchandise, where many Immunities are granted to Merchants, during the time that the said Fair doth continue, and is held in the beginning of September: and thus much I have observed of this Dutchy.

CHAP. CLXIX. Of Urbin, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.344URbin is a fair City, seated on the bottom of the Appennine, where it hath for Sea-Ports Pisauro and Fano, the English here do enjoy many Immunities, and sundry Privileges, the original whereof did arise in the Reign of Henry VI. of England, who created the Duke of this place a Knight of the Noble Order of the Garter; and he to requite the Honour to him∣self done, returned it thus to the said King his Subjects. It now affordeth the common Com∣modities of other parts of Italy, which it also followeth in matter of Trade.

* 1.345Their Accompts are here kept in Livres, Sols, and Deniers, 12 Deniers making a Soldo, and 20 Sols a Livre.

The Current Coins of this place are the Romaine, and do as in most parts of these Italian Prin∣cipalities partake one anothers Coins, which passeth Current with some small distinction from one City to another.

* 1.346The weight is here the Pound, and the Quintal being 100 l. which produceth in Venetia Suttle 112½, and Gross 72 l. and hath produced in London 77 l. Averdupois.

* 1.347Their Measure of length is the Brace, the 100 Braces of Cloth in Venice rendring here 94 Braces, and the 100 Braces of Silk rendring here 102 in 103 Braces, which is in England (…) Inches.

CHAP. CLXX. Of Parma, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.348PArma, the chief City of this Principality, affording the Commodities common with the rest of Italy, doth over and above afford that excellent Cheese known through Europe by the name of Parmesane; it is not noted for any eminency in Trade, the greatest fame that of late it obtained, was by being subject to that Alexander Farnese who was Duke there∣of, and made such a noise in the Netherlands, during his Regency there, to his Masters great Expence, but to little purpose. * 1.349For Trade, observe, That their Accounts are kept in Li∣vres, Sols and Deniers, 12 Deniers to the Sold, and 20 Sols to the Livre, which is (…) Sterling.

The Coins current of Parma are;

* 1.350The Weight is the Pound of 12 Ounces, and 100 l. to a Quintal, which is in England a∣bout 60 l. and in Venice sotile.

* 1.351Their Measure is the Brace, agreeing with the Brace of Florence; and now to Placentia, al∣so subject to this Principality.

CHAP. CLXXI. Of Placentia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.352PLacentia is a commodious City for Trade, and seated properly to that end upon the River Po, affording the ordinary Commodities of Italy, but in nothing so famous as for the Fairs in Exchanges here quarterly hept, to which place all Italy, Germany, and other Coun∣tries do make their Exchanges, rather for the Fairs, than for any Commodities wherein they intend to have the said Monies invested, and for the Monies of the Country there is no ac∣count had therein thereof, but only of that wherein the Exchanges is made, which is called the Crown of Marque, wherein only Bankers and Exchangers do keep the account of this City, and of those Crowns, * 1.353their Accompts are framed in Crowns, Sols and Deniers of Marque, as I have more at large treated of in several Chapters of Exchanges, vide 276 and 382, and others following, which by reason of the great concurrency I have there amply specified, and to which I refer you.

* 1.354The weight of Placentia is the Pound, and 100 l. the Quintal, which 100 l. is in Venice gross, 66 l. Venice suttle, 108 l. and by that computation in London suttle, Pound 72 l. incirce.

* 1.355The Measure is a Brace, which is 27 Inches English; in this Principality is Mirandola ac∣counted, of which a word passando.

CHAP. CLXXII. Of Mirandola, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.356MIrandola, being a City also belonging to this Principality, I thought good to insert in my way what I have observed in the Weights and the Measures thereof.

* 1.357The Weight of Mirandola is the l. 12 Ounces, 100 l. whereof is a Quintal, and found to be Averdupois 75 l.

* 1.358The Measure is the Brace, found to be 26½ Inches English, and so much for Mirandole, and now to Legorn, therewith to finish the Trade and Commerce of Tuscany, and of these petty Dukedoms.

CHAP. CLXXIII. Of Legorn, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.359LEgorn is situated on a sandy Plain, close to the Sea-side, it hath an inward Mould where the Grand Duke of Tuscany's Gallies are kept, and some small Vessels permitted to Ride, and is accounted the strongest modern City in the Mediterranean Seas, purchased not many years past for 120000 Ducates of the Genoese, by the Duke of Tuscany, who re∣edifying, or rather building a new City to the old, new fortified and walled the same, giving safe Conduct to all Men of what quality and degree soever to live here, so that at the first it was a Sanctuary for all Thieves, Pirats, Murtherers, and wicked Rascals; and because here was also granted a liberty in Conscience, the Town was also stored with all Religions: but as the City became populous, and Merchants being granted a freedom in Customs, the place became in a short time to be filled with Inhabitants; and to add to these Immunities, there were Dwellings for seven years given to any that would come hither to reside, and all such should be free from all Arrests or Punishments for Acts committed in all other Countries, of what nature soever they were found to be; and by these means at first, and since by the incouragement of the Great Duke of Tuscany, it is become one of the principal Towns of Trade in all those Seas, and is properly accounted the Scale of the Florentine Dominions. In matters of Commerce it is ruled by Pisa and Florence, which are the principal Cities of this Dutchy, and which yield the Commodities that drives the Traffick of this place; the principal Notes that I observed at my being in this place in several Voyages, are as followeth.

* 1.360Their Accompts are kept in Livres, Sols and Deniers, 12 Denters to a Soldo, and 20 Soldo accounted to a Livre, which is Nine Pence Sterling.

* 1.361Their Monies are those of Florence, which current is the Ducate of 10½ Julios, or of seven Livres, which is five Shillings three Pence Sterling, and a Scudo or Crown of Gold is 7½ Li∣vres, and one Crown of Gold, in Gold, or as they say, De Oro in Oro, is 8 Livres.

Also Note, That 12 Craches make a Livre, which is 9 d.

8 Craches make a Julio, which is 6 d. Sterling.

5 Quadrins make a Crache, ••0 Quadrins a Livre.

3 Quadrins make a Sol.

Mote, That the Craches are ½ Silver, and the Quadrine Copper.

To bring Ducates of Florence of seven Livres the Ducate into Crowns of Gold of Florence of 7½ Jul. per Crown, Divide by 15, and Subtract the Quotient from the sum divided, and the remainder is your demand.

Again, to bring Crowns of Gold of Florence of 7½ Jul. into Ducates of 7 Livres, divide by 4, and the Quotient added to the sum divided will answer your desire.

There is ever found between the Monies of Florence and the Money of Legorn, a Lagio, which being both subject to one Prince is conceived by some, that the same may be removed by Merchants if they would endeavour it, but they that are well versed in the Trade of this place hold the contrary Opinion, therefore I will omit the Reasons given on both sides, and advise him that hath Monies in Florence, and is resident in Legorn, to make the best use there∣of, and take the benefit of the Lagio as the current rate will permit him, till the business may be better rectified, and the Controversie by an equality may be decided and determined.

* 1.362The Weights are the same as in Florence, the Pound 12 Ounces, and the Quintal is 100 l. which is English 75 l. but some Commodities are found to be sold by the Quintal of 150 l. which is 113 l. English, and some by a Quintal of 160 l. as Fish, Woolls, and which is 121 l. English, the English 112 l. making about 147½ l. of this place.* 1.363

Note that 150 l. is here a Kintar of Allom, and is 113⅞ l.

151 l. makes a Kintar of Sugar, is 114⅓ l. English.

1••0 l. makes a Kintar of Fish, is 121½ l. English.

100 l. is a Kintar of all other Commodities, and is 75 11/12 l. English, and is 108 l. in Genoua.

* 1.364The Measure of this place is the Brace, 4 Braces making a Cane, 50 Canes is 200 Braces, and found to agree with the English; 1 Brace of Florence is 23 Inches English (of 12 to a Foot) so that 100 Braces makes ••0 Yards, 48 Ells.

Their Corn and Salt measure is a Stare, 3 Stares is a Sack, and 3⅔ Sacks is a Salmo: or 41 Stares is a Salmo, and this Salmo i•• accounted a London Quarter.

Also they have another Measure called a Maggio, which is 8 Sacks or 24 Stares is a Maggio, and a Stare of good Corn hath been noted to weigh 50 l. in Legorn.

* 1.365From England is vended here Bays, Says, Serges, Cloths, Perpetuanoes, Lead, Tin, Calves-Skins, Hides, Oistracan-Hides, Salt, Salmon, Pilchards, Cavear, Herrings, Tallow, also Pep∣per, Ginger, Mace, Cloves, Nutmegs, Indico, and such Indian Commodities.

* 1.366This place being the greatest Scale of Trade in Tuscany, is found hence to be sent into other parts, Oils, Wines, Silks Raw and Wrought, Rice, Anniseeds, Argal, and all other Italian and Turkish Commodities.

* 1.367All Goods entring here to be Sold are not liable to the payment of Custom for a year, but if kept a full year, do then pay a Custom; and if Sale present not in that time, the Merchant may Ship the same out again without Charges: but if for the advance of his Commodity he send the same into other parts of the Dutchy of Tuscany, then the Custom is to be paid at Pisa, as is there mentioned, to which I refer the Inquirer; and leaving Tuscany, I will pass over to Genoua.

CHAP. CLXXIV. Of Genoua, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.368THE State of Genoua comprehends Finali, Sarasena, and Noli, Cities of small import, the Metropolis Genoua being the Mistress of this Republick, being accounted eight Miles in Compass, and inhabited by the greatest Money-Mongers or Usurers in the World, who if they would not distrust God with their Wealth by Sea, would easily become and be accounted famous Merchants; their Usury is excessive, and hath more than once brought the King of Spain into their Books for vast sums of Money; but he having the trick of failing in his Pay∣ments, and performance, hath been observed to have satisfied them in blanco, in lieu of be∣ing paid in banco; but I refer this to them that are constrained to suffer, and to draw to my Observations, being such as I have gathered upon this City.

This City would prove the most Famous in all these Seas for Trading, were not the Inha∣bitants such noted Politicians, and great biters by Exchange, that no Strangers can live among them, for they envy the great Commerce practised in Legorn, their Neighbour, and yet may exceed Legorn, would their greedy Covetousness permit them, and suffer Merchants to bring their Goods thither upon small Charges: but that Sovereign must not expect a plentiful Trade, that will have also a great Custom paid upon all Goods; and he that desires to lose the Traffick of his Country, needs no other way to do it, but by imposing heavy Customs upon Merchants, and their Commodities: but to their better considerations I refer this point, and publish to the World their own common Proverb, which admits hardly any Merchants to live or theire amongst them, Genoua fatta per noi, their City is only made for themselves.

* 1.369In Genoua they keep their Accompts in Livres, Sols, and Deniers current, the Denier being 12 to a Sol, and 20 Sol to a Livre; which is 120 Rays of Portugal, and 16 d. Sterling.

* 1.370Their Current Monies are divers, as bordering upon so many Neighbours, the most Cur∣rent is the Deniers, 12 to a Soldo.

• Soldo 4 make a Cavalet.
• ... Cavalets 5, or Sols 20 make a Livre, which is 16 d. Sterling.
• ... Livres 4, Sold 8 is a Crown.
• ... Sold 7 Den. 6 is a Spanish Rial of 6. d. Sterling.
• ... Sold 90 is a Crown of Gold.
• ... Ducate in Silver is 4 Livres, 16 S. l. being 6 s. 5 d. Sterling.
• ... Ducate Current is 4 Livres, Sterling 5 s. 4 d. circa.
• ... Ducate of Gold is 68 Sold of Gold.
• ... Lire 3 Sols 1 makes a Rial of Eight.
• ... Lire 4, 13, 4 of Genoua hath made 1 Ducate in Legorn.

* 1.371Their Weight is the Pound of 12 Ounces, and the Quintal is 100 l. ditto, which is called the Suttle Quintar, and the Gross Quintar is 150 l. thereof is 157½ l. suttle Venice, and this Gross Quintar agrees with the Gross Weight of Venice, between which two places these Notes have been observed, that 100 l. Suttle Genoua makes Suttle in Venetia 105 l.

100 l. Gross Genoua is Gross Venetia 100 l. Suttle 157½ l.

The said 100 l. hath made in London 71 l. circa, and 92½ Legorn.

And the 150 l. their Gross Quintar is London 105 l. circa.

And the 112 l. London hath made here 143 l.

And by proof 100 l. in Florence hath made here 109 l.

The Gross Quintar is 150 l. of 18 Ounces per l. by which is sold Cottons, and Cotton-Yar••, Cummin, and Anniseeds, Honey, Rice, Brass, Lead, Tin, Soap, and Woolls, and some other Commodities.

* 1.372Their Measure of length is the Cane containing 9 Palms, which 9 Palms have made 4 Braces of Florence, and the Measure is for Silks and Stuffs, but 10 Palms in Linen makes a Cane, and is in Florence 4 Braces, and the said Cane by observation hath made in Venice 3½ Braces of Cloth, and 3 11/16 of Silk Braces, and upon the 100 Palms have been made these ob∣servations, and to have rendred

In	London	27	Yards.
Anvers	34	Ells.
Frankford	43
Dantzick	23¾
Vienna	30½
Lions	21	Aulns.
Paris	19
Rouen	18
Lisbon	20¾	Vares.
Sevil	28
Madera	21
Venice	37	Braces.
Lucca	41 1/20
Florence	42
Millan	47

1 Cane is in Barcelona 1⅗ Canes.

9 Palms in Genoua is in Florence 1 1/16 Canes.

1 Cane in Genoua is in London 2⅞ Yards.

Note that it hath been observed, that five Palms hath made almost an Ell English, or 25 Palms 6 Ells and ½, and 100 Palms thus is 26¼ Ells, and 50 Yards have made here 17 Canes.

* 1.373Corn is here sold by the Mine, whereof 64 make the 100 Saches at Pisa, and 100 Mines make 137½ Staios in Venetia, and the Mine pays 6½ Sols for Custom in Genoua, and weighs 170 l. and half a Mine is called a Corno, the quarter of Harwich measure hath made here 2½ Mines, but the London quarter not so much.

* 1.374Oil is sold by the Barrel, 7½ Barrels making a Neapolitan But, called here Botta dimena.

* 1.375Wine is sold by the Meserole, and 5 Meseroles is a Botta dimena, and 2 barr. make 1 Meserole, which is also 100 Pints, so that 500 Pints of Wine make a Botta dimena.

All Goods entring into Genoua pays for Consolato of the River 6 Deniers per Livre, and is by the Buyer, according to the price bought, if a Contract be not made with the Seller for discharging of it.

And he that Lands Commodities here in his own name, and cannot make sale thereof, hath had formerly leave to carry the same out again without paying any Charges; but this Privilege is now disannulled.

Many Silk Fabricks are here made common with all Italy, the principal being Velvets, wa∣tred Chamlets, &c. sold by the Pound weight, as is usual through Italy.

* 1.376This City is famous for the Exchanges here practised, as doth more fully appear in the Chapter of the Exchanges here in use, vide Chapter 279, and so forward, where all Cir∣cumstances are inserted. And now to Lucca.

CHAP. CLXXV. Of Lucca, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.377LUcca is the principal City of this Republick, and is pleasantly seated on the River Ser∣chio, in compass about three Miles in a Plain, the Walls being adorned with Trees, make the City appear to the Travellers to be in a Wood, till approaching near, the Bulwarks give testimony of her strength, and that these Trees are planted on the Walls, where the Citizens in Summer walk for shade▪ It doth wholly consist upon the Fabricks here made of Silk, such as is Damasks, Satins, Tassaties, &c. which hence is vended in Forein Countries, which are all sold by the Pound weight, according as it is accustomed in Italy, and as for other matters in Trade, what I observed in 1619. is thus.

* 1.378Their Accompts are kept divers ways, some in Livres, Sols, and Deniers of Picoli, as in Flo∣rence 12 Deniers to a Sol, and 20 Sols to a Livre; some again in Crowns, Sols and Deniers of Gold, of Livres 7½ per Crown, accounted by 12 and 20, as is abovesaid, but Silks are sold by so many Ducates the Pound; so that to reduce Ducates into Crowns, the number of Ducates is

to be multiplied by four, and divide the Product by 71, adding what may rest with the Du∣cates, and they shall be Crowns of 7½ Livres.

Note, that to bring Ducates of Florence, or as they term them, Piastres, of seven Livres the Ducate, into Crowns of Gold of Florence, of 7½ per Crown, divide by 15, and subtract the Quotient from the sum divided, and the remainder is the demand.

Again, to bring Crowns of Gold of Florence, of 7½ into Ducates of 7 Livres, divide by 14, and the Quotient added to the sum divided will answer your desire.

Again, to bring Livres of Lucca into Crowns of Lucca or Ducates of Florence; take the sum of Livres, and add as many more unto them, the Product being divided by 15, then the same are Crowns of Lucca of 7½ Livres; I say, Livres for Crowns and Ducates of Florence, of 7 Livres per Ducate, for that the Crown of Lucca and Ducate of Florence are all one in value, but in the Livre of Lucca and in that of Florence is some difference, because the Livre of Florence is 7½ per cent. greater than that of Lucca. Note also, that 75 Bolonins make a Florence Ducate of 7 Livres, and 79 Bolonins make a Lucca Ducate, by which they account in sale of Silk.

The Crown is commonly thus charactered	C.
The Piastre or Ducate is thus	D.
The Livre is thus	L.
The Sol is thus, and the Denier	d.

* 1.379Their Monies common is that of Florence Current, called Bolonini, the Crown of Gold is 7 Livres, 10 Sol in Picoli as at Florence.

The Ducatoon is worth 7 Livres, and is called the Crown of Silver, but the Exchanges are made by Ducatoons, Sols, Deniers, as more fully doth appear in the 283 Chapter of Exchanges practised in this City, to which in that particular I refer you.

* 1.380They have in Lucca two weights, one of the Ballance weight, whereby all Goods are bought and sold, and the other whereby Merchants do pay the Customs, wherein is about 12 per cent. difference. The Ballance pound is 12 ounces, 100 l. whereof hath made in Lins 72½ l. The Customers pound is also 12 ounces, 100 l. thereof hath rendred in Lions by tryal 81 l.

The Ballance 100 hath made in Florence 97 l.

* 1.381The Measure of Lucca is a Brace, which is 23 Inches of London, and two Braces hath made an Auln of Lions, and upon this 100 Braces have been made these Observations, that it rendreth

In	London	50	Ells.
Antwerp	83⅓
Frankford	104⅙
Dantzick	69⅙
Vienna	72½
Lions	50⅚	Aulns.
Paris	47½
Rouen	43½
Lisbon	50	Vare.
Sevil	67½	Vare.
Madera	51½	Vare.
Venetia	90	Braces.
Florence	102	Braces.
Millan	115	Braces.
Genoua	240⅓	Palms.

* 1.382Silks have been thus sold in Lucca.

Damasks were sold at 4 Ducates and 18 Sold the Pound.

Sattins were sold at 4 Ducates, and 14 Sold the Pound.

Rich Taffeta sold at 4 Ducates 16 Sols the Pound.

It is here to be noted, That in Lucca there is paid ¼ more for the colours than for Blacks, therefore the Custom is to add for the colours that are in the parcel ¼ to the Weight, reducing them all to one Weight and Price, as if they were all Blacks: where also is to be observed, That Crimsons and Carnations pay to ½ Livres over and above the ¼ before mentioned, but being mixt with other colours, and that either the Ground or the Flower (as in Damath) be of another colour, then they pay but the half of 10 Livres besides the above-mentioned ¼ or fourth in Weight.

Moreover for the most part of those Silks made here, they are generally reduced to 7 Braces per l. either Sattins, Double-Taffataes, or Damasks, and if they pass 7 Braces, they are held advantageous to the Buyer in the Measure; if under 7 Braces, they are held the richer, and of less advantage to the Buyer; the principal observations may be collected to lie in the richness of the colour, and the goodnes of the Silk.

CHAP. CLXXVI. Of the Weights of Italy reduced to the Weight of London.

* 1.383HAving thus run through many particular Cities of Trade in Italy, and therewith noted the particular observations that have come into my Hands, appertaining to the Trade of those places, I judge it expedient ere I leave it, to Collect herein the Weights and Measures of these and other Cities, as I find them observed by industrious Hands; and because they are there calculated to the Stadard of sundry places one of another, I hold it fitting to re∣duce them to the English, wherefore I will take the London 100 l. Suttle for the denomination which I intended here to make use of, which I have noted to make according to these Ob∣servations:

The 100 l. of London hath made in	Rome	227	l.
Florence	121	of 12 Ounces.
Bollonia	51	of 30 Ounces.
Millan	137	of 12 Ounces most used.
Pavia	137	of 12 Ounces being 13 of the other.
Cremona	58	of 28 Ounces for Flesh.
Recanti	132
Ditto Gold-Thread	108
Verona	86	for Gold-thread 137 l.
Bressia	177	for Venice-Gold 131
Naples	115	for Venice-Gold 129
Savoy	132	by small Weight 188
Carpi, Mirandola	141	l. incirca.
Parma, Placentia
Lucca, Mantua
Friuli, Carmia
Aquilla, Crema
Como, Piedmont
Raviano	127	l.
Fuensa
Modena
Rimno
Ravenna
Ragusa
Candia	123	l. for Gold-thread.
Or else	81	Rot. the 100 is a Cantar.

* 1.384The Weights thus reduced, I will also in the same method reduce the Measures of Italy to the English-Yard, the 100 whereof is found to answer in these places thus.

The 100 Yards of London are in	Venetia Woollen		135	brac.
Istria		135
Piran Silk		142
Florence Silk		163
	For Woollen	155	Ells.
Rome		44	canes.
Ditto for Woollen		140	bra.
Lucca		160
Ragusa		160
Ferrara		142
Mantua		142
Ancona		142
Bolognia		142
Modena		142
Parato		142
Cesena		142
Carpi		142
Mirandola		142
Verona		139
	Ditto Cloth Gold	144
	Ditto Cloth	115
Trevira		135
Bergamo		135
Urbino		135
Pesaro		137
	Ditto for Cloth	142
Calabria		44½	canes.
Candia		144	pich.
Parma		145	br.
	Ditto for Cloth	121
Ravenna		155
Corfu		155
Genes		163
	Ditto for Silk	384	pal.
	Wollen at 9 pal.	81½	can.
	Linnen at 10 pal.	38½
Vicentia Woollen		131	bra.
	Ditto for Silk	107
Naples		145	canes.
	Ditto for Silk	44⅓
Padua Cloth		135	bra.
	Ditto for Silk	109
Millan for Linen		160
	Ditto for Silk	188
Ravenna		149
Bressia		135
Croma		135
Recanti		135
Cremona		135
Lacaia		135
Palermo		45½	canes.
Puglia for Cloth		41
	Ditto for Silks	44
Zara		149

These are such as I have collected, the truth whereof I must refer to the better Experi∣enced; for I am not ignorant, that some of these agree not with the particular recited Chap∣ters of the Trade of the said places, yet notwithstanding, finding a reasonable ground of the said Observations by other Judgments, I have willingly passed them here in the same manner, which I reser to better tryal.

CHAP. CLXXVII. Of the Trade in general of Italy.

* 1.385NOw having run through the principal places of Traffick in Italy, in the particular, let us note a word or two in the general, concerning not only the Traders, but also Navi∣gatioa, which is seen in many places to be a means whereby Trade it self is preserved and performed.

In Italy then not only the Gentlemen, but even the Princes entitled do profess themselves to be Merchants, without any indignity to their quality or place, which many of our Country Gentiles and Nobles (with leave may I speak it) foolishly disdain, and only permit retailing of Goods to Men of the inferior sort, and Shop keepers, but retain yet the gross ever in their own and Servants hands, and by this course they are found not only to keep the Patrimonies descended to them by their Ancestors, but also are daily found to encrease the same, while our Gentlemen prodigal in Expence, and ashamed to make honest Gain, and exercise an honest Calling, oftentimes not only destroy their Families, but ruin themselves, and not sel∣dom their Posterities. Among the Merchants of Italy then, the Venetians are the chief, who in times past enjoyned every Ship thence departing in Trade to carry one of their Gentlemen or Clarissimo, who was allowed him his Diet and Passage; but this wisdom of their Ancestors is now laid aside, and the charges thereof which is still collected, is in every such Vessel beg∣ged by some poor Clarissimo or other, so that their Traffick and Navigation is thereby much de∣cayed, and the Mariners and most expert of their Seamen imployed in their shipping are for the most part Grecians.

The Florentine is the next, the Duke whereof is here to be remembred, who is the most emi∣nent Merchant, and here not seldom imploys his own and others Ships for Corn, Salt, or other necessary Provisions for his Dukedom and his own store, thereby incouraging his Sub∣jects to Trade and adventure abroad: two principal things are observed which do much en∣rich the Merchants of Italy, the first is their frequent Exchanging, wherein they are the best versed in the World, the other is the Trade of their Silks, wrought by the industry of the Silk-worm, which wrought into fabricks are thence dispersed throughout Europe, and some parts of Asia, but these are fetched from them by others, and not Exported by themselves, partly by the over great affection that they have to their native Homes, and the little de∣fire they have to Travel abroad, but principally for want of good Ships of burthen, for ex∣cepting some few Vessels in Venetia, Naples, and Legorn, all the Merchants of Italy cannot shew a Ship of 100 Tuns.

Naples is a large and rich Country, and Genoa rich, though of little extent, yet the great number of Nobility in the former, and the great Usury practised in the latter, hath reduced them to a neglect of all Trade, except what the bosom of their Country doth naturally vend, that they Traffick with; and these being in themselves rich, induce other Nations to bring them those few things they want; for though Italy as it now stands, acknowledgeth many Soveraigns, yet one Country supplying another, stands in need of little from Foreigners, so that it may be said, while they have Peace they have Plenty; some Provisions of Fish, Corn, and Cloth, England doth furnish them, and in return have only their Silk Fabricks, Oils, and some few other Commodities, so that putting aside the Trade driven thither by the English, as being of greatest consequence, the Trade of the Spaniard, French, or Dutch, is but small, and but of little moment amongst them; which in particular may be thus surveyed; for Venice I have given you the Anatomy of the Trade thereof, now in the wane, and almost at the last breath, save where it is preserved by their new devised Edicts, and the natural grow∣ing Currans, and by their small Trade to Constantinople, Cairo, and Aleppo by Sea, and to Austria, Dalmatia, Istria, Italy, and into the upper Germany by Land: The next part of this Trade of Italy is challenged by Naples, which in it self affords rich Silks, Corn, Oil, and Wines, with which they seem to be contented, for they covet not much to Traffick among themselves, nor yet with others further than for their meat, and drink, and clothing, which to the poorer sort is most wanting.

The Papacy. Her share in the Trade of Italy is not worth the nomination, no more is Man∣tua, Urbin, and those other petty Signiories. The Tuscans rightly demand a part, and it shall be granted them, both in their Florentine Fabricks, and in their privileged Town of Legorn, but I may fear it will not last long, for the Dukes growing both rich and covetous, and daily encroaching upon those Liberties, at first liberally given to Strangers Merchants in Legorn, and who every day are seen to lay some new petty Duties upon the Goods there: as for Genoa, were they as truly wise for the good of their Common-wealth as they are found to be to themselves, they are of ability to do better, and to have that Trade their Neighbours now deprive them of.

Milan likewise struggles for interest herein; and shall have it by my consent, but it shall be only in their Iron works, which the Cantons serve themselves with, and in their Fabricks of Silk, which Lions doth help them to vend. Lucca may be offended in my silence, but this Cities Peace may further that Trade, which otherwise her own or her Neighbours Wars would utterly ruin, you may see then of how many parts and members this rich and pleasant Italy is composed, and how the Trade thereof stands at this instant; it enjoyeth a general peaceable and quiet inland Traffick, consisting for the most part more of branches bred within her own Bowels, than of forein helps; their natural growing Corn, Silk, Grain, and Oil, induce them thereto, and the benefit practised by Exchangers induce the rich to use that Trade only and no other, wherein I will for this time leave them, and in the next place turn my Head and Hand to the Surveying of the Netherlands.

CHAP. CLXXVIII. Of Flanders, and the Netherlands, or the Seventeen Provinces, and their Cities.

* 1.386I Will here for good Method sake in the first place take a view of the 17 Provinces, which are found this Day to contain 4 Dukedoms, 1. Limburg, 2. Luxenburg, 3. Gelderland, 4. Brabant; then 1. Marquisate, which is of the Holy Empire; next 7 Earldoms, which are 1. Flanders, 2. Artois, 3. Heinault, 4, Nemurs, 5. Zutphen, 6. Holland, 7. Zeland; and lastly 5 Baronies, 1. Westfriezland, 2. Utrecht, 3. Overysel, 4. Machlin, and 5. Groning, of all which briefly.

* 1.387In the Dutchy of Limburg, * 1.388which I account the first Province, is Liege or Luyck as the principal City, whose Trade I must refer to the better experienced in these Countries, and the like for the City of Limburg seated on the River Weser.

* 1.389In the Dutchy of Luxenburg, the chief City being Luxenburg, seated on the River of Elze, in this Country is the famous Waters of Spaw, where many sick Men are found to drive a great healthful but costly Traffick: * 1.390here is also Sedan, the Seat of the Duke of Bulloin, but of small Commerce.

* 1.391In the Dutchy of Gelderland * 1.392the chief City is Nimeguen, seated on the Branch of the Rhine, called the Whale, and doth much abound in Cattel, as affording fit Pasturage thereto.

* 1.393In the Dutchy of Brabant, I find noted many principal Cities, * 1.394as first Lovain, * 1.395the second Bruxels, the third is Bergen ap Zome, * 1.396the fourth Mastricht, * 1.397the fifth Breda, in all which is found by the industry of the Inhabitants a reasonable Traffick; but being ignorant in many necessary particulars, I will also refer it to the more learned and better experienced,

* 1.398In the Marquisate is found Antwerp, by which all the former Cities are governed in Trade, which by reason of the greatness of the Traffick in times past, was therein accounted the first and principal of the known World, wherein I shall observe according to my for∣mer method, these necessary particulars of Traffick following.

CHAP. CLXXIX. Of Antwerp, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.399ANtwerp is accounted the principal City of Trade that is subject to the Arch-Duke in all these parts, and having had the Prerogative above all others in times past; neither yet to this Day, being so decayed, but that in many particulars it giveth Rule to all, or the most of the neighbouring Cities round about, which considered, to abbreviate my task, I think it will not be improper that I comprehend the Trade of all those Provinces that are under the Government in this Circuit to this particular City.

Antwerp then being seated upon the River of Scheld, which by eight Channels cut, runneth through this City, is conceived to be eight Miles in compass; some of these Channels being able to hold 100 great Ships, which made the same more commodious for the Transport and Carriage of Wares to any part thereof. The former and ancient Trade of this City was great and eminent, and occasioned, as some have observed, by three means, and had its decays also by three occasions. First, by reason of two free Marts holden yearly, continuing five and forty days, during which time, no Man either in his Person or in his Goods could be Arrested or molested for either Debt or otherwise. Secondly, by reason that the King of Por∣tugal having discovered the East-Indies in Anno 1500, and diverted the course of Trade driven by the Venetians from Alexandria, and the Red-Sea to his Port of Lisbon, kept here his Factors, and sent hither those Indian Commodities to seek their vent, and this first drew the English Mer∣chant-Adventurers

from Bruges hither to reside. The third was the Wars that fell between the French and Charles the Fifth, which brought hither many Gentlemen from Villages and petty Towns for safety sake here to reside and build. Now as the causes of her rising have been noted to be three, so the causes of the loss of that Trade may be reduced also to three.

First, the Wars here, and in general in these Provinces between the Spaniards and the Dutch Nation, wherein this City suffered pillaging, and indured the command of new Laws.

Secondly, the abrogation of part of those Privileges that were granted here to the English Merchant-Adventurers and others, that the new and great Customs imposed upon their Goods and Merchandize.

Thirdly, the Navigation of the English and Dutch to the East-Indies, whereby the Portugal Factors decreasing thereby, and the City of London in England, and Amsterdam in Holland in∣creasing thereby, were also sharers in the India Trade and Commodities, leaving by this means this City bare, and to subsist upon the Traffick of her own Inhabitants, in that nature as now the same is found to be.

* 1.400Their Accounts are here kept by Livers, Sol and Deniers, which they term Pounds, Shil∣lings and Pence of grosses, 12 grosses making a Sol, and 20 Sol a Liver or Pound Flemish, which may be accounted 12 Shillings Sterling, or by their computation 240 grosses, by which Species they do make their Exchanges with all other Cities.

* 1.401The Current Moneys here, and in general, through all the Arch-Duke's Countries are, be∣sides the Spanish and Imperial, these current are Doits, four makes a Stiver, and ten Stivers a Shillings Sterling, two Blanks makes a Stiver and half.

Stivers 6 makes a Shilling Flemish.

Stivers 28 makes a Guilder, which is three Shillings four Pence Flemish.

Shillings 20 makes a Pound, which is 6 Guilders.

Pounds 100 Flemish makes 60 Pound English, so that 20 Stivers is or may be computed for two Shillings Sterling, and one Pound Flemish for 12 Shillings Sterling, and then 20 Shillings Sterling is 33 Shillings 4 Pence Flemish.

* 1.402The Weight of this Country is the Pound of 16 Ounces, and the 100 l. of that Pound which is their Quintar, which rendereth in London 104 l. * 1.403and thereupon it comes as some imagine that upon Spices the tret of 4 l. upon 104 l. was allowed here to the Buyer; for the English being supplyed hence in those days with their Spices, found the 100 l. there to give here in the City of London 104 l. and made that allowance here willingly, as desiring the 100 l. there, would yield them a neat 100 l. here, and take the same by the Factory without further allowance or garble, which was not then in use.

Many observations have been made upon the weight and measure of this City, which being reduced into a general Table by Mr. Malines, and the same being there accorded with all the principal Cities in the World, I will refer you thereunto for larger satisfaction, and con∣tent my self according to my method to insert the same as I find it, with some other particular places, because I have found some errors in the said Concordance.

* 1.404The Weights then in use in Antwerp, being the 160 l. neat, have been observed to have ren∣dred thus,

In	London	104	l.
Marselia	115¾.
Venice sotile	155
Ditto gross	97¾
Sicilia	68
Lisbon	84½
Florence	132½
Lions	110
Sevil	101⅞
Dantzick	120
Ormus	108	Rot.
Aleppo common	228	R.
Ditto silk weight	240	R.
Tripoly Soria	272	R.
Tripoly Barbaria	97	R.
Baruti	219	R.
Alexandria Zeroi	519	R.
Alexandria Forsia	1165	R.
Constantinople	92	R.
Rhodes	201	R.
Acria	181	R.
Babylon	156	R.

And what other inlargements are here wanting, I willingly omit, and refer the same to Lex Mercatoria.

* 1.405Now in the same manner it will be needful I do calculate the Measures of Antwerp, which is the Ell, which also by observation hath made in these places.

Acria	115	pico.
Aleppo	108	pico.
Argier	136	covad.
Alexandria	124	pico.
Amsterdam	101	ells.
Barcelona	43	canes.
Bruges	98⅔	ells.
Candia	108	pico.
Castile	78	vares.
Constantinople	113	pico.
Corfu	116	braces.
Damasco	111	pico.
Dantzick	122	ells.
Florence Cloth	116	ells.
Ditto for Silk	102½	braces.
Genoa	122	braces.
Hamburgh	122	ells.
Holland	103½	ells.
Lisbon long	63	vares.
London for Linnen	60	ells.
Ditto for Wollen	75	yards.
Ditto for Frises	59	goads.
Lucca	120	braces.
Millan for Silk	141	braces.
Naples for Silk	33½	can.
Paris	59	aulns.
Rouen	58	aulns.
Sevil	83½	vares.
Venice for Woollen	101⅔	braces.
Ditto for Silk	108
Valentia	73	canes.
Urbin	101	braces.

Note that this is for the common Measure of Antwerp, besides which they use another El for Silk, and these Ells make of that but 98½ Ells. The other Measure of sundry Commo∣dities here in use are these.

* 1.406Beer is sold in Antwerp by the Barrel, which is accounted throughout Flanders and Brabant to be 54 Stoops, the 81 whereof is in Dantzick a Fat, and contains there 180 Stoops; but 50 Stoops of Antwerp make the Barrel of Lubeck, and the English Gallon of Beer is 2 Stoops of Flanders, and 1⅔ Stoops of Amsterdam.

* 1.407Corn is here sold by a Measure called the Vertule, and 37½ Vertules is a Last of Corn in An∣sterdam, and 10¼ Quarters in London; vide there further.

* 1.408Wine is sold by the Ame, the Stoop and the But, and is found thus to accord together; 1 A•…•… is 50 Stoops, and one Stoop is six Pound, and a But is 152 Stoops; so that by this Rule 6 Ame which is 300 Stoops, or 1800 l. is in London 252 Gallons, so that the Ame is by this Calculation found to be 42 Gallons, and the Stoop is about 3⅓ quarters of London Wine-measure, or as some account it about 7 Pints; vide London for more certainty.

* 1.409The Exchanges practised in this place are great, and for very great sums of Money, espe∣cially when as the King of Spain hath any general disbursements in this Country, by reason of his continual Armies here in Action, maintained against the Dutch, the particulars where∣of I have inserted in the end of this Tract, in the Chapter 289 and in the Chapter 435, and some others following, where I have at large declared the Practice and Use among the Ma∣chants of that place, in the Calculation thereof, whereto I refer the inquisitive.

As for the general present Trade of this Country, I shall comprise it with the Trade of the Netherlands, in the 181 Chapter following.

The first Earldom accounted one of the Seventeen Provinces is Flanders, so called perad∣venture, à flando, as lying open to the Winds, divided into Imperialem Gallicam, and T•…•…∣t••nicam.

* 1.410The chief City of Trade therein is first Gaunt, whose Wall is seven Miles in Compass, the two Rivers of Scheld and Ley running through the same; and makes in it 26 Islands, which are joyned together by an hundred Bridges, and had not her often Seditions ruinated her Beauties, she might have been Queen of all the Cities of Europe; and here John Duke of Lancaster was born, commonly in Histories called John of Gaunt.

* 1.411The second City is Bruges, once the most famous Mart-Town of Europe, where sundry Nations for many years kept both their Magazines and Factors, for the sale and providing of all the principal Commodities of the World, now much decayed of its former Splendour by reason of the removal of the English Merchant Adventurers, and of other Nations to An∣twerp, about the year 1503. It is seated about three Leagues from the Sea upon a fair and deep artificial Channel, filled with the Waters of all the neighbouring and adjoyning Streams and Fountains, which Channels in this Country are very frequent by reason of the level of the ground in general, which doth both further the Traffick of the Cities, and enricheth the Inhabitants.

There is in this Country accounted four principal Sea-Ports, which giveth entrance by Sea into this part of Flanders.

* 1.412The first is Dunkirk, the Inhabitants whereof do in times of War infest the Seas by the name of Freebooters, and because most of their Wars are with the Dutch, whom they ac∣count Hereticks, the Jesuits and other the Romish religious rabblement of this place, joyn with these Pirats, and bestow thus the Charity of the ignorant Secular towards the Ruin and Ra∣pine of their fellow Countrymen and Christians, an evident testimony of the goodness and zeal of their devout Orders. Possessed by the English, and fortified Anno 1657 and 58. Com∣manded by Lockhart, who published his Declaration as followeth:

• Old Jacobus's at 15 Guilders.
• The new ones or Carolus's 14 Guilders.
• English Shillings 13 Stivers or Pence.
• half Crowns 32 Stivers and 1 half.
• Gold Spanish Pistols 11 Guilders.
• Gold Rials 8 Guilders.
• Gold Soveraigns 18 Guilders.
• Gold double Ducates 12 Guilders.
• Gold French Crowns 5 Guilders 10 Stivers or Pence.
• Gold Hungary Ducates 6 Guilders.
• Gold Albertine 7 Guilders 10 Stivers.
• Gold Reinis-Guilders 3 Guilders 15 Stivers.
• Gold Riders of Zealand 7 Guilders 10 Stivers.
• The double ones and half accordingly.
• Gold Flemish Crowns 4 Guilders 16 Stivers.
• Italian Pistols 9 Guilders 12 Stivers.
• Gold Crown of Liege 3 Guilders 10 Stivers.
• Silver Ducatoons 3 Guilders 15 Stivers.
• Flemish or sealed Pattacoons 3 Guilders.
• Silver Lewis's 3 Guilders.
• Holland Rix-Dollars 3 Guilders.
• The half, &c. accordingly.
• Cardicues of weight 1 Guilder.
• French Testoons of weight 19 Stivers.
• French Silver Franks or Livres of weight 1 Guilder, 7 Stivers.
• The half and quarter accordingly.
• Flemish Shillings 7 Stivers and ½, the ½ Shilling accordingly.
• Zealand Shillings 7 Stivers.
• Flemish Stooters 2 Stivers and ½.
• Flemish ten Stuyvers 12 Stivers.
• Flemish 5 Stuyvers 6 Stivers.
• Flemish Stivers and marked pieces at 1 Stiver, or 4 Farthings.

As also all Flemish and French Farthings are hereby declared to be good; but those of Liege, and all others for Bullion, provided that no Man be obliged to take more of the said. Flemish and French Farthings, than after the proportion of five Pence in ten Shillings, or six Guilders.

And whosoever shall presume either to pay out, or receive the fore-mentioned pieces of Monies at higher rates than those here exprest, shall forfeit the said pieces of Monies, and four times the value thereof.

* 1.413The second is Scluse, seated at the Mouth of the Channel of Bruges, commanding a fair Haven capable of 500 Sail of good Ships, and is now subject to the States, and was taken from the Arch-Duke Anno Dom. 1604. with whose welfare it cannot stand to suffer the King of Spain to enjoy any safe and large Harbour in those Seas, or adjoining Coasts.

* 1.414The third Port is Nieuport, famoused in these our days by the great Battle fought near it Anno Dom. 1600. between the Arch-Duke Albertus and the States, the Victory being ac∣knowledged to be gotten next under God, by the Valour and Courage of the English and their valiant Commanders.

* 1.415The fourth Sea-Port of this Country is Ostend, which held out a Siege against the Arch-Duke of three Years and three Months, which hath made it for ever famous to Posterity.

* 1.416In this Country of Flanders, properly belonging to the French, and whose Language is therein still used, is found the Cities of Lisle, accounted the third Town of Traffick in all the Netherlands, and to the Inhabitants thereof, some infer the first Invention of laying of Colours with Oil, of making of Worsted-Says, and many other Stuffs, which to this day are seen to come thence.

Next is Doway an University.

* 1.417Then Tournay, which was surprized and taken by our Henry VIII. Anno Dom. 1513. to whom the Citizens paid 100000 Crowns for their Ransom, and it was restored afterward to the French for the same 600000 Crowns, and from him finally taken by Charles V.

Besides these, there are accounted in Flanders 35 Towns, and 1178 Villages of lesse•• note, which I willingly pass over briefly, as intending to comprehend the Trade thereof in a Chapter by it self.

* 1.418The second Earld om is Artois, containing twelve Towns of consequence, and 750 Villages, the chief whereof is,

The Town of Arras, whence our Tapestry and Cloths of Arras have had their Invention and first Original.

* 1.419Then Saint Paul, the Earl thereof, Lewis of Luxenburg, played so often fast and loose with Lewis XI. of France, with Edward IV. of England, and with Charles of Burgundy, that he kept them for many Years at continual strife, which Duke Charles at length requited with the loss of his Head and Earldom.

* 1.420The next Earldom is Heinault, comprehending 950 Villages, and 24 Towns of Note.

* 1.421The most eminent being Cambray, taken by the Spaniards from the French by the Earl of Fuentes, Anno 1595. accounted a Free Town. Then Mons.

* 1.422The next is Beauvais, at a Pillar whereof begin all the ways leading into France, made all of paved Stone by Brunhault the French Queen.

* 1.423The next Earldom is Namure containing 180 Villages, and but 4 Towns of Note.

Namure is the Principal: this Country hath for Merchandize great store of Grain of all sorts, and is inriched with Mines of Jasper, and all sorts of Marble, and so abundant in Iron that it is incredible, making the Inhabitants thereby both Wealthy and Laborious, and it is found moreover to produce a Coal wonderful in Nature, as kindled by Water, and quenched by Oil.

* 1.424Zutphen is the next Earldom, being only a Town seated on the River Issel, of good strength, taken from the Spaniard, Anno Dom. 1590. at the Siege whereof was slain that Honourable Knight, Sir Philip Sidney, of whom was said,

Digna legi scribis, facis & dignissima scribi: Scripta probant doctum te tua, facta probum.

Thou writ'st things worthy reading, and didst do Things that are even most worthy writing too: Thy Works thy learning praise, Thy Deeds thy goodness raise.

* 1.425The next Earldom is Holland, in Circuit 180 Miles, no part of which is distant from the Seas three Hours Journey, and comprehendeth 400 Villages, and 23 Towns.

* 1.426The chief whereof is Dort, where Anno 1618. was held a National Synod against the Ar∣minians.

* 1.427Secondly, Harlem, where Printing was invented.

Thirdly, Leyden, an University consisting of 41 Islands, to which there is passage, partly by Boats, but principally by 40 wooden Bridges, and by 110 of Stone, the rarity whereof, being the first City of consequence I noted in these parts Anno 1625. I could not chuse then but admire; and here in this Town is a Castle said to be built by Hengist the Saxon at his re∣turn out of England, if their Stories may be credited.

* 1.428The next Town is Delph, a place of Residence for the Merchant-Adventurers of England, where I was, Anno 1625, admitted into that Society, whose Welfare I am bound to desire, and whose Prosperity I wish may still increase: and tho these Citizens have since upon some discon∣tent forc'd them to remove to Roterdam; yet considering the Town is composed altogether of Brewers, and that Men so qualified are apt to forget themselves, it may be imagined they have since slept upon it, and would peradventure regain their Companies at a greater Charge than can by any but by their Wisdoms be imagined.

* 1.429The next is Alkmer, famous for the Defeat which the Duke d'Alva received before it, to his great Loss of Reputation, and to this City's Honour.

* 1.430The next is Roterdam, famous for the Birth of Erasmus, and noted for Lovers of the English Traffck, in giving lately free and worthy Privileges to the Merchant-Adventurers of England, who from Delph lately removed hither to reside, to the future Prejudice of those Brewers.

* 1.431Lastly, Amsterdam has now the Honour of all these Countries for matter of Commerce and Traffick; it hath raised it self to that height of Trade by the Industry, Policy and Wealth of the Inhabitants, that 1000 Sail of Ships have been seen at one Tide to go in and out, and as one of their own hath it,

Quod Tagus atque Hemus vehit & Pactolus, in unum Vere, hunc congestum, dixeris esse locum.

What Tagus, Hemus and Pactolus bear, You would conjecture to be heap'd up here.

Now for the Manner and Matter of their Traffick, I shall note the same, such as I have observed it at my Residency there, in 1625, above-mentioned.

CHAP. CLXIII. Of Amsterdam, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.432AMsterdam is now, by the late Addition of the New to the Old, a fair City, strong and beautiful, the River Tay flowing like a large and calm Sea on the North-side thereof, and the River Amster, of which and the Word Dam this City is named, running from the South through three Lakes entreth this City, and passing through it, falleth into the River Tay on the North-side.

This Town doth consist of 5 principal Streets, through which the Water doth run, and are divided therewith, in which Ships, Barges and Boats of all kinds are found both to come and go continually either to lade or unlade, which is not only beneficial to the Inhabitants, but also commodious and beautiful.

The Trade of this City is much inlarged since the Passage of Antwerp was stopt; and the Trade of the Inhabitants to the East and West-Indies, occasioned by their Industry, their Love to Navigation, and not the least by a great Plenty of Moneys, which they deliver out at easie rates at Interest, as wanting Land or other means to put out the same to better Benefit, nothing being loft them but Commerce and Navigation to imploy the same; and of late days England and other neighbouring Countries are found to have their Estate going at Interest, according to the Custom of the place, which is 8 per cent. whereas in their own Countries 4 and 5 per cent. is as much as the same will yield them.

But for the Coins, Weights and Measures, as I observed them I shall here insert, and refer the rest to the better experienced.

* 1.433They keep their Accounts as in Antwerp, by which all these Parts were regulated in former times for what concerned Traffick.

* 1.434Their Moneys have also a Correspondency with Antwerp Coins, but inhansed or debased as they see occasion, by reason of their great yearly Disbursments, and ordinarily the same is found to be as in the Account of Antwerp; so as that their Livre or Pound, which is twenty shillings Flemish, may be accounted twelve shillings sterling.

Florins 6 make that Pound of 20 stivers per Florin.

Stivers 120 make a Pound of Gross.

6 Stivers a Flemish shilling.

Stivers 5 are accounted as much as 6 d. sterling, or 5 Sold Turnois.

Stiver 1 is a Sold Turnois.

A Gross is 6 Deniers Turnois.

Carolus gulden is 20 stivers, 2 shillings sterling, or 20 sols Turnois.

Besides these, as the Current Moneys of the Countrey, All Coins of Europe do pass here cur∣rently for their Value, and are received and paid in Payments for Merchandise accordingly.

* 1.435Their Weight is the Pound, 100 whereof makes their Quintal, which 100 or Quintal is held in London to be incirca 111 l. English; yet some allege that the same truly calculated will not produce above 108 l. suttle, and for the Concordancy see further.

* 1.436Their Measure is the Ell, which reduced to Yards English, is found to be 134 Ells for 100 Yards of London, and the 100 Ells of London are here 167½ Ells; so that the 100 El•• here, makes in London about 74 Yards, or 60½ Ells incirca, and 40 Flemish Ells make in England 24 Ells.

* 1.437In the Exchanges this place is governed by Antwerp, rising and falling according to their present Occasions and the Value Current of their Moneys, which is often inhansed and deba∣sed, it being very frequently observed in this City, and the rest subject to the Netherlands or to the United Provinces, that when they have occasion of great Receipts, they are decryed in value, and raised again where they have occasions by their Wars or otherwise, of great Disbursements, according to which diversity of needful Occasions, the Exchange of the place is observed to alter, therefore therein cannot be prescribed any direct Rules, tho for the most part it is found by common Difference to be about 3 per cent. worse than the Exchanges pra∣ctised in Antwerp.

* 1.438Now for the 100 l. weight here in use, I find the same thus, by observation of some Friends, to answer and agree with these Places, as

In	Antwerp	107	l.
Conixburgh	132
Constantinople	93	Rot.
Copenhagen	102	l.
Dantzick	126
Flanders in general	117
Florence	133
Hamburgh	102
London	110
Lions ordinary	118
Mantua	155
Marselia	119
Melvin	131
Millan of 12 ounces	151
Stockholm	127
Venice suttle	167
Venice gross	103
Vienna	90
Naples	128
Noremberg	99
Paris	98
Portugal	113
Prague	93
Ragusa	140
Revel	126
Rouen by Viconte	97
Rochel small	118
Rome	139
Santomer	117
Saragosa	119
Sevil small weight	113
Sicilia 1•• ounces	161
Stralsont	98
Tholouse	118
Verona	95
Urbin	144

And thus much shall serve for the Concordancy of the Weights here used.

* 1.439The Measure of Length here in use is an Ell, which thus is found to make with other places, I say the 100 Ells do yield

In	Aleppo	106	Pico.
Argier	135	Covad.
Alexandria	122	Pico.
Antwerp	99	Ells.
Conixburg	123
Constantinople	111½	Pico.
Florence for Silk	101	Brac.
Genoua	120	Brace.
Granado	82	Vares.
Hamburgh	121	Ells.
Lisbon short	82	Vares.
Rome	33	Canes.
Valentia	72	Can.
London	59	Ells.
Ditto Woollen	73½	Yards.
Lions Linen	59	Auln••.
Marselia Woollen	33	Can.
Middleburgh	99	Ells.
Millan Linen	118	Bra.
Noremberg	118	Ells.
Paris	58	Auln••.
Prague Cloth	109	Ells.
Ragusa	118	Bra.
Rouen	57	Aulns.
Sevil	82	Vares.
Stockholm	123	Ells.

Besides these Measures of Length, the Concave Measures are in use.

Corn is here sold by the Last, which contains 24 small Barrels, each Barrel 1½ Muydens, or each Muyden contains 1 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sacks, each Sack being three Archetelings, which is 3 ••1/29 Shepels; so that the Last of Corn contains 108 Shepels, and this last is observed to make

In	Antwerp	37½	Vertules
Bourdeaux	38	Boiseaux.
Bruges	17½	Hoots.
Cyprus	40	Medinos.
Emden	55	Werps.
Hamburgh	83	Shepels.
Lisbon	225	Alquiers.
London	10	Quarters.
Pulia	36	Timans.
Rhegium	42	Loops.
Rouen	40	Mines.
Rochel	128	Boiseax.
Roterdam	87	Archetelings.
Sevil	54	Henegas.
Sicilia	38	Medinos.
Venice	32	Stares.
Sweden	23	Measures.
Copenhagen	23	Barrels.

For the Measures of Wine, Oyl, Beer, and other Liquid Commodities, I refer you to Malines and others better experienced therein, and proceed forward to the Description of the Re∣mainder of the United Provinces.

* 1.440Zealand is the next and last Earldom of the seventeen Provinces, consisting of seven Islands, the remainder of 15 which the Seas are said to have devoured.

The chiefest Cities of the seven are these,

* 1.441First Middleburgh, which from nothing grew great by the residence of the English Merchant-Adventurers, and now, by their removal hence, is almost come to nothing again; by this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Stoad, and many other places, may easily be discern'd the Benefit that a Trade brings to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 City or Country; therefore my Prayers shall ever be, That London may never lose that great R•…•…utation it hath gained by Commerce throughout the VVorld.

* 1.442The next, City is Flushing, famous in that it was the first that the Low-Country Men got from the Spaniard, and being cautionary to the English, Sir Philip Sidney was the first Gover∣nour thereof.

Then Brill, Tergouse, Brever-haven, to all which my Curiosity led me in 1625. in that my Northern Voyage.

* 1.443West-Friesland is the first Barony, and accounted one of the seventeen Provinces, wherein is found for principal Towns Lewardin.

Next Harlingham, then Zeutsen, and some other Sea-Ports.

* 1.444Utrecht is the next Barony, containing therein the Towns of Rhenen, Wicket, Amsford, Montford, and Utrecht, the principal City, and a pleasant Bishoprick; it is accounted the most excellent Seat in all these Countries, whereto are found many Ferries for Passages; for it is said, that a Man may easily go hence in one day to any of 59 walled Towns equally distant from this City, or to any of 26 Towns to dinner, and return again at night to bed, which is both strange and true.

* 1.445Overissel is the next, from whence come our Linens bearing this Name; the chief 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are Swall, Campen and Daventer.

* 1.446Mailin is the next, famous in her famous Nunnery, where are sometimes found 1600 Nuns, who may, at their Pleasure, leave the Cloister and marry, as indeed it is fittest for them.

* 1.447The last Province is Groining, The chief Towns being those of Old Haven and Keykirk, and these be all the principal Cities of Traffick in the said seventeen Provinces.

Now for the abbreviating of my Work, I have comprised in short the Weight, Measures and Trade of this populous and rich Countrey thus according to my intended Method.

* 1.448The particular Weights and Measures of the chief Cities of these seventeen Provinces for brevity sake I have thought good hereby themselves to reduce to the Weight and Measure of London.

And first for the 100 l. Averdupois of England what it produceth in these Cities.

In	Bruges	98	l.
Gaunt	104
Audmarte	106
Amsterdam-	90
Ypres	104
Dixmude	104
Lisle or Lile	106
Flanders in general	106
Abbevil	90
Alder	87
Lovain	96
Malmes	95
Halste	104
Popperin	104
Doway	106
Holland	95
Tournay	104
St. Maur	106
Guelderland	95
Zeland	95
Walsond	95
Arschet	96
Barow ap Some	94
Brussels	96
Corterick	106
Hartegen bosh	96

* 1.449The Reduction of their Measures to the English 100 Yards is thus found to accord therewith, as the 100 Yards in London make.

In	Bruges	126	Ells.
Dunkirk	135
Gaunt	130
Honsooten	135
Audemarte	130
Ysingham	130
Bolduc	135
Damme	130
Brussels	135
Ypres	130
Lovain	135
Sluse	130
Liege	135
Mastricht	139
Covin	93
Lisle or Lile	125
Cambray	125
Amsterdam	134
Doway	125
Harlem	125
Henalt	126
Guelderland	139
Overissel	139
Middleburg	135
Flushing	138
Vere	125
Romerswald	132
Artois in general	131
Tourney	144
Holland in general	138

CHAP. CLXXXI. Of the Trade in general of Flanders, and of the Netherlands.

* 1.450NOW let us consider the general Trade and Navigation of Flanders, I mean first that part thereof as is subject to the States, and called the Netherlands, and then the Trade of Flanders, as at this day it is observed and found in obedience to the Archduke. First then, these Netherlanders, or Dutchmen, are of late years become notable Mariners, and have un∣dertaken and fortunately atchieved many dangerous and long Navigations; every particular City having both many and great Ships belonging thereunto: And in some places, where Houses are dear and scarce, I have seen whole Families live in Lighters, and such Vessels, wherein they eat, drink, and sleep, and have their continual Habitation, their Children, like Water-Rats, seen continually dabling in the Water, of which Element, for the most part, their Country is subsistent. They are accounted better for Northern Designs and Voyages, by reason of their Country's cold situation, than for Southern; yet their late Trade to the East and West-Indies, and their good Successes there, demonstrate they can also accommo∣date themselves to the hotter Climates.

Their Trade is generally throughout the World, in imitation of their Neighbours, the English, whose steps for many Years they have followed; only in Turkey they have but small Traffick, by reason their Countrey wants those Commodities that are fit and proper for that Empire, such as Cloths, Lead, Tin, the main Staple of the English Trade thither.

As for their Judgment in Traffick it is singular, by reason their want of many Necessaries both for Back and Belly, enforceth them to pry nearer into Commerce than other Nations that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a more fruitful and fertile Country: and the easie Rates that Money is to be found at interest, addeth some help to their Inventions. They were few Years past accounted of a heavy and duller temper; but the Italians, who in foreseeing Wisdom and Providence, would be throughout the World accounted for Promethei, were by them made Epimethei, as wise after the deed, too late repenting. For when they came first to settle their Trade in Flanders, they took young Youths of that Nation to be their Cashters, and to copy their Letters, whereby they came to learn the Secrets of their Trade, and afterwards, to the Italians great Prejudice,

exercised it themselves, and not contented therewith, as it were thus depriving them of the Trade of Flanders, but they follow'd them into Italy, and there living as sparingly as they, and dispersing themselves into sundry Provinces and principal Towns, have given a great blow to their great Traffick in Italy; and that which adds much to their Knowledge and Gain, is, that they covet still to buy all Commodities at the Well-head (as Merchants say) and where that Com∣modity hath its first original, and where the same is cheapest, and then transport them not so much to their own homes as elsewhere, where the same is dearest, and not shaming to retail any Commodity by small Parts and Parcels, which both English Merchants and Italians disdain to do in any Countrey whatsoever; by which means they are come now to that height, that tho by nature they want all things, yet by Industry and Merchandising, they not only supply their own Defects, but also many of their Neighbours Wants and Necessities, as I could in∣stance in sundry particulars. Neither must I omit one Custom here used, and not found, I think, elsewhere in the World, that whilst the Husband sports idly at home, their Women are oft-times seen to be the Merchants, and, in some Provinces here, sail from City to City, to compass their Affairs abroad, as they for the most part are found to manage it at home: for in their Shops they sell all, and take account of all; and it is no reproach to the Men to be never enquired after in these Businesses of Trade, who take Moneys of their Wives for daily Expence, and gladly so pass their time over in Idleness. Now for as much as Bruges hath been the City where in time past this great Traffick was cohabitant, it will not be amiss a little to look back upon it and those Times, and see the Glory of it in its Lustre then, and the Decay thereof in its Ruine now.

* 1.451It is recorded by Jabobus Marchantius, That Lud••vicus Crossus, Anno 1323, granted a Staple to Bruges, which his Son Malanus confirmed: which Staple was a Privilege of staying all Fo∣rein Commodities in the place, except the Seller and Bringer chose rather to return whence they caine. * 1.452This City hath an eminent Market place, with a publick House for the meeting of all Merchants at Noon and Evening; which House was called the Burse, of the Houses of the •…•…∣tinct Family Bursa, bearing three Purses for their Arms, ingraven upon their Houses, from whence these Meeting places to this day are called Burses in many Countries, which in London we know by the name of the Royal-Exchange and of Britains Burse. Fifteen Nations in the height of this Trade, had each their several Houses or Colleges here, namely the Merchants of Eng∣land, Scotland, France, Castilia, Portugal, Arragon, Navar, Catalonia, Biscaia, the Hans Towns of Germany, as Lubeck, Hamburg, Rostock, Dantzick, Riga, Revel, and divers other Cities. Then the Merchants of Venetia, Florence, Genoua, Lucca, Millan, and others.

Now then, these Nations having by this means each here a Residence, supplied this City of Bruges with the particular Commodities of their Countries, as first, the Italians they brought Camlets, Grograms, Thread of Silk, Silver and Gold, and Cloths made thereof; also Jewels, Wines of Candia, Allom, Brimstone, Oyls, Spices, and Drugs of all sorts, which they had by their Trade of Egypt, India, Arabia and Grecia. 2. The French brought Salt, Wines White and Red, Paper, Linens, and some Oyls. The English, Wool, Lead, Tin, Beer, and some Woollen Cloths, for Veils for Women used in those days. 4. The Scots brought Skins of Sheep and Conies, and such like. 5. The Spaniards and Portuguese brought Grain for Scarlet Die, Gold, Silver, Raw Silk, some Drugs and Spices. 6. The Germans, Danes and Pollacks brought Honey, Wax, Corn, Sa•…•…∣petre, Wools, Glass, Furs, Quick-silver, Rhemsh Wines, Timber for building, and the like. And 7. Flanders yielded to these Horse, Cattel, Butter, Cheese, Herrings, and other Sea fish, VVoolles and Linen Cloths, Tapestry of great Beauty and Variety, excellent Pictures, and other Manufa∣ctures. And by this great Concourse of Nations, Flanders gave the name to all the Netherlands. To increase yet this Trade, Bruges Anno. 1414. got a Privilege, That they who were Free of that City by Gift, Buying, Birth, or Marriage, should be free from all Confiscation of their Goods, which exceedeth the Privileges of any other City in the Netherlands: for those of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 having the like, yet lose it upon any Force offer'd to the Prince. This Trade thus continued till the year 1485. when it began to decay, partly by the Narrowness and Unsafety of the Port of Sluce, and the River leading from thence to Bruges; and partly by the Fame of the large and commodious River Sceldis at Antwerp, and partly by the Civil Wars then afoot in this Coun∣trey: First then the Portuguese having taken Calicut in the East-Indies, carried the Spices of In∣dia to the Fairs of Antwerp, Anno 1503. and contracting with that City drew the Fuggers and VVelfars, two potent German Families of Merchants, thither. After which the Merchants of Florence, Lucca, and the Spinolas of Genoua seated themselves there, as also the Merchant Ad∣venturers of England, Anno 1510. and many other Nations were invited thither by the Privi∣lege of Marriage Dowries, which became Shadows to many Frauds, for when Husbands either brake in their life-time, or be found Bankrupt at death, the Wives are preferr'd to all Debtors in the Recovery of their Dowry. And thus far he sheweth the Rising and Falling of the Trade of Bruges, and how it came to be removed and settled in Antwerp; and how since also it hath been lost and departed thence, I have shewed in another place: and this is as

much as I have thought good to insert of the Trade in general of Netherland, concluding, that though the Country be of small extent, and be barren of rich Commodities either to preserve or ma••ntain a Trade; yet the Industry of the Inhabitants hath made them potent, wealthy, and great Merchants; and now at this day they traffick to all parts of the habitable World, with the Commodities of their own Countries, which by their Endeavours and Pains they make and purchase to be as if naturally and really the same were their own.

Now for the general Trade of Flanders, so far forth as it is in obedience to the Archduke, or more properly to the Kings of Spain, it must be granted, that it holds not any equality at this day with that part in subjection to the States. Antwerp as the principal City, of which the Flemings did, and might justly boast, is now, as then the chiefest; but the former Splendor is now and long ago lost; for it had the Preheminence, and was one of the chief Cities of Traffick in the World, but is now only the chief of this Jurisdiction. What it could formerly herein challenge, it hath now lost: For if the Trade thereof be well observed, it will be dis∣cerned, it looks not so high by many Millions as it did then, the Merchants, the Inhabitants, partal••e of one of the Qualities of the Spaniard-Merchant, which they have since their reduction to that Scepter, learned thence, and this is never or very seldom to traffick or adventure their Estates into any other Princes Dominions, but where their Lord is Sovereign. Which Rule found here, as in all Spain for the most part true, and granted, it must be confessed their Trade cannot possbly be of any great consequence: For such is the nature of a free and uncon∣trouled Commerce, that no Country or Nation how remote or distant soever, can give limit or bound thereto. Whereupon it may be inferred, and as by proof at this day it is found obser∣vable, their general Traffick is small, and consisteth more by a laborious Industry of the Inha∣b••tants at home, than by their great Adventures by Sea abroad, their greatest Navigation ex∣tending but to Spain, and in some second Adventures thence to India, and that for no great matter, and otherwise they trouble not neither the East nor West, neither the North nor the South parts of the World, no nor hardly as far as into France, England, or into the Netherlands, the nearest Neighbours (when at Amity) for any great matter of moment.

The principal means whereby their small Traffick is now maintained to them, is by their several sorts of cunning and artificial Fabricks and Manufactures, which every Town of any note is notable for, such as are Hangings of Arras, Tapestry, some sorts of Stuffs of Silk, and of Woollen and Linnen; and in Exchanges to purchase which, the English, French, and other the neighbouring Nations bring them Woollen Cloths, and Wines, and some other needful Pro∣visio is which they want to supply their Occasions, and the Necessities of those Armies as are for the most part seen to be sed, maintained and clothed in this Country. Dunkirk their only and best Sea-Port, affords some Shipping, and so poorly set on work by way of merchandising, that they find their best Traffick to consist of Thievery and Boothalling against both their Friends and their Enemies the Netherlanders, which yet they are so far unable really to set out to any competency of strength, that the Jesuits and other the devouter Orders of Friers, are often∣times induced to set their helping hand thereto, this way oftentimes spending in uncharitable Actions and Blood-shed the charitable Alms of the poor and deluded Multitude: and how well this Trade hath thriven with these irreligious Ecclesiastical Orders, their great Losses by their Reports sufficiently witness to the World.

So leaving the Antwerpians to endeavour the regaining of their lost Traffick, and the Dun∣kirk Free-booters and their holy Partners to the recovery of their late Damage by some more ho∣nest Commerce, I will here leave Flanders, and hence travel further into this Continent, and survey the particular Trade of the famous Empire of Germany.

CHAP. CLXXXII. Of Germany, and the Provinces thereof.

* 1.453HAving briefly run through Flanders, and the United Provinces, and reduced the Trade thereof into two principal Cities, that is to Antwerp for Flanders, and the other Pro∣vin••es subject to the Spaniards; and to Amsterdam for Holland, and the other Cities subject to the States. I must be constrained in a manner to use the same method in the Survey of the Trade of Germany, reducing their Traffick of the lesser to the greater Cities; the greatest being also not much known to our Nation for any Eminency this way, as being in-land, to which our English (whose Traffick principally consists at Sea, and consequently in Maritime Towns) have but little knowledg of, though otherwise eminent, as being far distant from it. * 1.454Ger∣many then is bounded on the West with France and Belgium, on the North with Demnark and her Seas, on the East with Prussia, Poland, and Hungary, and on the South with the Alpes.

* 1.455This Country doth afford to the Merchant for Transportation many notable Commodities, as Silver, Copper, Tin, Iron and Lead, by their Mines; Corn, Wines, Allom, Quick-silver; Arms of all sorts, divers Manufactures, as Linen, Woollen, Silks, &c. and sundry other Commodities.

* 1.456Three sorts of Cities are said to be contained in this Empire; the first are those that are called Hans-Towns, which are such as enjoy large Privileges and Immunities, and are thought to be about 72 in number, and for the most part are found either to border upon the Seas, or be seated upon great and navigable Rivers, being for the most part rich, and of reasonable Commerce and Trade, or famous and noted for some one particular Art, Fabrick or Manu∣facture.

* 1.457The second sort are called Imperial Cities, and accounted free in respect of their great Prerogatives, as in coining of Moneys, and knowing no Lord, but ruled by the Imperial Laws; for which they acknowledge and pay a Contribution yearly to the Emperour, whom they ac∣count their Protector, and these are found to be about 60 in number.

* 1.458The third are such as are held by inheritance by some Princes, as are Heidelberg, Vienna, and others, of which are accounted in this Empire incirca (…) and may be called Princi∣palities.

There is also found in this Empire conducing to Traffick (besides the lesser) four great na∣vigable Rivers, that enrich these Hans-Towns, Imperials and Principalities, communicating the Commodities of one City to another, and at last to the Sea-Ports, where the same is last of all vended into forein Kingdoms.

* 1.459The prime whereof is Danubius, which in running 1500 Miles, doth receive above 60 na∣vigable Rivers, and disgorgeth it self into the Euxine or Black-Sea.

* 1.460The second is the Rhyne, running 800 Miles through Germany and Belgia, disgorgeth i•• self into the German Ocean; * 1.461taking in Albis, which is accounted navigable for 400 Miles, (and some others) and is the third River of this Countrey.

* 1.462The fourth is Odera, running 300 Miles in length, issueth out in the Baltick-Sea. Besides which there are many others of note, as Weser, Emse and others, in themselves found to be great Rivers, enriching divers parts of this Countrey, tho far inferiour to the former.

* 1.463Lastly, this Empire is found to contain 20 large Provinces, which by reason of my little Insight therein, I will cursorily pass over, and refer the same wherein I am defective to the better learned. East-Frisland is accounted the first Province, wherein are found the Cities of Oldenberg, Ammerdam, and lastly Emden, which, for its former eminency in Trade I cannot so slightly pass over without a word of the Trade thereof.

CHAP. CLXXXIII. Of Emden, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.464EMden hath been in times past of far greater Trade than now it is: It was for some years the Seat of the English Merchant-Adventurers, but the Civil Wars about Religion, raised between the Citizens and their Count, was in part the cause of the Decay of the Trade thereof. This City lies in the utmost border of the Empire, and only divided by the River Emse from the Netherland: and by an Inland Sea from West-Frisland, being one of those Provinces. In Summer it is found a pleasant City, but in Winter as if drowned in the Seas, and all the Fields cover'd with Water, makes it to appear as an Island in the Waters. As for the Moneys cur∣rent, and Form of Accounts kept here by Merchants, I omit that to the place of the Coins and Accounts of Germany in general, but noted hereafter. In the mean time it is to be observed, that the Weights and Measures in use are these,

* 1.465The common Weight of Emden is the Pound of (…) the Quintal or 100 l. makes in London.

* 1.466Their common Measure of Length is an Ell, wherewith they measure Linnen, Woollen, and Silks in general, the 100 whereof hath been observed to make in London 48½ Ells, and the 100 yards of London to have made there about 162 or 163 Ells.

Corn is here measured by the Werp, 55 Werps make 10 Quarters of London, or a Last of Am∣sterdam; but 61 Werps is here a Last, consisting of 4 Werps great of 15½ Barrels the Werp.

* 1.467Westphalia is next, containing in it self a large Tract, and producing those Acorns in abun∣dance which feed their Swine, and which affords those Gammons which are accounted so excel∣lent a Dish. The Northern part of this Country is Bremen, wherein is found the Town of Breme as the principal: then Clappenburgh, Exenburgh belonging to the Duke of Saxony. Then Collonia, wherein is said to be the Bodies of the three wise Men which came from the East to worship our Saviour. And this belongs to the Bishoprick of Collen. Here is also Warendorp, and some others belonging to the Bishop of Munster, and Boport, Engers, Coblents, and Triers, belonging to the Bishop of Triers: of the principal of which a word passando.

CHAP. CLXXXIV. Of Breme, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.468BReme is one of the Hans-Towns, so called for the Freedom of the Traffick here practised, strongly fortified, five miles distant from the Sea, the River Visurge serving to convey all Commodities hither, as running through the City, * 1.469near which lies that small but well known Town of Ossenbridge, noted for the great quantities of narrow Linen Cloth that is hence con∣veyed to England and other Countries. It is reported that in this City the Custom was first raised in swearing and inhansing new Comers by Bread and Salt, and of infranchising them into their City, by paying a certain Mulct or Fine in good Liquor to the rest of the Compa∣ny, which is now a general received Custom in all the Hans-Towns of Germany, and become part of the Traffick thereof.

* 1.470The common Weight of Breme is the Pound of (…) ounces, the 100 l. whereof hath rendred in London (…) pound.

* 1.471The common Measure for Length is the Ell, which agrees with the Ell above mentioned in Emden. But in Ossenbridge it is found, that the 100 yards London make 84 Ells there incirea, and the 100 Ells of London is here in Ossenbridge about 105 Ells.

CHAP. CLXXXV. Of Collen, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.472COllen, commonly for distinction called in Latin, Colonia Agrippina, is a very fair City, whereto is found great Concourse of Merchants; near to this City did Caesar, with incre∣dible Expedition, make a Bridg over the River Rhyne, near which the Town is at present si∣tuate, which more terrified the barbarous Enemy than the Report of his Valour. The Arch∣bishop of this City is the second Especial Elector of the Empire and Chancellour of Italy. Here, 'us said, are the Bodies of the three Wise-men which came from the East to worship our Saviour, vulgarly called the three Kings of Collen, whose Bodies were translated, by Helena the Mother of Constantine, unto Constantinople; and from thence, by Eustorfius Bishop of Millan, trans∣ported to Millan, finally brought hither by Rinoldus Bishop of this place.

* 1.473The common Weight of Collen is the Pound of (…) the 100 l. whereof hath been observed to have made in London 110 l.

* 1.474The common Measure of Length is the Ell here in use; the 100 Ells whereof have been ob∣served to make in London 60 Ells.

* 1.475Here are great Exchanges practised in this City as proper and fit thereunto, by reason of the rich Bankers and Merchants that are found here to reside, the which I have largely decla∣red in Chap. 290. of Exchanges of this place, in the end of this Work: wherefore it will be here needless to insert the same.

* 1.476The third Province is Cleveland, containing the Earldom of Cleve, the Dutchies of Gulick and Berge; wherein are found the fair Cities of Cleve, Calker, Wesel, Emrick, Aken, Gulick, Dulkins, and others, which I omit for Brevity.

* 1.477The fourth Province is Alsatia, wherein are found the Towns of Psaltberg, Wesenberg, Col∣mar, and principally the famous City of Strasburg: of which a Word.

CHAP. CLXXXVI. Of Strasburg, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.478STra••burg is one of the Imperial Cities before-mentioned, seated a Musket-shot from the Rhine, whereto there is a Channel cut for conveyance of all Commodities. There is here also a wooden Bridge over the Rhine, but of no great Strength. The Circuit of the City may be a∣bo••t 8 miles, well fortified, and is famous for many Rarities, the principal being their Clock, which cost so many years Labour to perfect, and the Steeple of the Cathedral Church is num∣bred amongst the Seven Miracles of the World, for its excellent Structure and Beauty. The Courtesie of the Inhabitants to Strangers is not to be forgotten: And here they are accustom∣ed at the City's cost to give all Handicrafts entertainment, that they may either teach if ex∣pert, or learn if ignorant; by which means they are found to have confluence of Artisans, which doth both much further their City's Stock, and inrich the Inhabitants.

* 1.479In Strasburg are found two Weights, gross and suttle, and by observation it hath been found, that the 100 l. suttle of London hath made here incirca 70 in 71 l. of the gross weight for gross Goods of 16 ounces the Pound: and 107 l. suttle weight of 12 ounces the Pound, by which they use to weigh all fine Commodities, as Drugs and Spices, as Sugars, Pepper, Cloves, Mace, Cin∣namon, Almonds, Dates, and the like.

* 1.480The Measure of Length of Strasburg is the Ell, which is in London (…) inches.

The Coins current are the Bohemico gross or Blaphace, whichis three Crusters, one Cruster is two Pence, and one Penny is two Hellers, and one Heller is two Orchins, by which Coins they keep their Account. Vide further Chap. 206.

* 1.481The fifth Province is Franconia, divided into eight Parts, the lower Palatine is the first part, wherein are found Worms, Spiers and Heidelberg, the chief City belonging to those Princes. * 1.482Bacarac, famous for the excellent Rhenish Wines here growing, Coub, Openham, Frankendak, and others.

* 1.483The second part is Wittenberg; the chief Towns are Toubing. * 1.4842 Stutgard the Duke's Seat. 3 Marlach, and others.

* 1.485The third part is Auspach, Haibram, and others.

* 1.486The fourth is Baden, wherein the City Baden, Durlach, and others.

* 1.487The fifth is Mentz, wherein Lantsem, Beinge, and others.

* 1.488The sixth is Bainberg, a fair City, and some others.

* 1.489The seventh is Westberg, a City, Arustine, and some others.

The eighth part belongs to the Emperour, * 1.490wherein is found Noremberg, the fairest and rich∣est City of Germany, and seated in the Centre thereof: * 1.491and also here is Frankfort, seated on the River Menus, famous for the two Book-marts here kept annually, in Mid-lent and Mid-Sep∣tember. A word of the most eminent of these, before I proceed to the next Province.

CHAP. CLXXXVII. Of Worms, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.492WOrms is a Town of great antiquity, and yet wanteth not Magnificence in her Buildings On the West-side thereof grow in great abundance those Wines known to us by the name of Rhenish. It is more famous for the many Imperial Parliaments held here of old, than it is for Trade, therefore I shall not have cause to insist much thereupon. Near to this City stands the City of Frankendale, a new, modern, strong, fair and beautiful Piece, which has made it self famous in the late Wars of these parts; these Coasts affording the most excellent Wines above-mentioned, here in great plenty abounding; and are sound to grow especially on the West-side of the River, which is the prime Commodity of the Inhabitants both of the City and Province. The Weights and Measures here are found to accord with Spiers, to which I refer the Inquirer.

CHAP. CLXXXVIII. Of Spiers, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.493SPiers is half a mile from the Rhyne, seated in a Plain on the west-side of the said River, having more Antiquity than Beauty, and yet more Beauty than Trade. Here the Impe∣rial Chamber is held, in which Court the Differences of the Empire are judged, and the Elect•…•…s themselves may be called hither to Trial of Law. The Weights and Measures are these,

* 1.494First for the Weights of this place, the common is the Pound of 16 ounces, or 32 loots, of which are made two several Quintals, one of 100 l. another of 120 l. and the 100 l. here, is in London 111 l. and the 100 l. of London is about 88 l. here of 32 loots per pound.

* 1.495The Measure of Length used, is the Ell, which is in London (…) inches.

CHAP. CLXXXIX. Of Heidelberg, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.496THE City of Heidelberg is seated in a Plain invironed on three parts with high Mountains, the fourth part open and beholding the River; from which it is a mile distant, and to which it conveyeth all Commodities by a small River that runs by the Walls thereof. This is an University, and the Seat of the Palsgraves, and hath not been much famoused for the Trade thereof. The Weights and Measures here in use are these,

* 1.497The Weight common in use here is the Pound of 16 ounces, of which are made three several Hundreds or Quintars, the first of 100 l. for fine Goods, the second of 120 l. for gross Goods, and the third of 132 l. for Provision of Food, as Butter, Flesh, &c. The 100 l. hath been found to make in London 108 l. and the 100 l. suttle makes then here about 92 or 93 l.

* 1.498The Measure of Length is an Ell, which makes in London (…) inches

CHAP. CXC. Of Noremberg, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.499NOremberg is seated in a barren Soil, yet this Defect is supplied by the Industry of the In∣habitants. It is absolute and of it self, and accounted one of the Imperial Cities of the Empire, and the richest of all the rest: the Inhabitants by their subtle Inventions in ma∣nual Works, and cunning Arts, with the Encouragement they daily give to Artificers, draw thereby the Riches of other Countries to them. Every Child, tho but seven or eight years old, is here put to work, and enabled thereby to get his own Livelihood; and by this means is all Europe filled with the trivial Commodities of this Town, known by the Name of Noremberg Ware, which makes this City rich, strong and powerful: their Trade is not great otherwise, and the Weights and Measures in use are these.

* 1.500There is here but one Pound in use, as in Spiers, of which are also composed two several Quintars agreeing with it, and, as there I mentioned, with London.

* 1.501Their Measure of Length is the Ell, both for Linen and Woollen, contrary to the Custom of most Cities of Germany, the 100 Ells whereof have been found to make in London 63. Ells, and the 100 Yards of London to have made here 138 Ells.

* 1.502The Place is famous also for the great Exchanges practised therein, which I have at large handled in Chapter 298, with all Circumstances thereto belonging.

CHAP. CXCI. Of Frankfort, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.503FRankfort is a Free City of the Empire, famous for the common Assemblies here of the Ele∣ctors for the choice of the Emperour, and for their two annual Fairs, as also for many Parliaments of the Empire held here. It is seated upon the Maene, which runneth through the same, dividing the City into two parts, which are united by a goodly Bridge. It is strong∣ly incompassed with a double Wall, and is seated in a large Plain, the Streets narrow, and the Houses built of Timber and Clay: here is in this Town Sanctuary for Bankrupts for the space of 14 days, which is never without some Guests and Company, from some one adjoin∣ing City or other: and if in those 14 days they cannot compound or escape, then by all wiles they will get out of the Privileges thereof, and entring in again, begin their 14 days over again; and thus are found to do for six Months or a Year together. There is found, in their Marts or Fairs, a great Trade and Concourse of Merchants, but it is principally famous for Books, which from all parts of Europe are brought hither, printed and dispersed hence, the Town consisting much upon Printing and other manual Arts. The VVeights and Measures in use are,

* 1.504The VVeight of this Place is the Pound of 16 ounces, of which are made 3 several Hundreds or Quintals, which agree with that of Heidelberg before-mentioned; and as that also with London, Lipsick, Friburg, Ulm, Iffan, Isuff, Basle, Costute and Domstetter, holding also in each of the said Towns the same Concordancy, therefore here needs no further Repetition.

* 1.505Frankfort is found to have two several Measures of Length, the Woollen and Linen Ell, differ∣ing about 2 per cent. so that the 100 Ells for Linen here, gives in London 48 Ells, and the 100 Ells in Woollen gives about 49 Ells London: and the 100 Yards of London renders here of Line•• 169 Ells, and of Wollen 168¼ incirca.

* 1.506The Exchanges here practised are great, which I have handled in Chapter 298. at large, with all due Circumstances.

* 1.507The sixth Province is Helvetia, wherein are contained the 13 Cantons of the warlike Switsers, preserving their Liberties by their Valour, notwithstanding their potent Neighbours. The chief of their Cities are Zurick. 2 Basil, an University. 3 Constance, famous for the Council here held Anno 1414. 4 Berne. 5 Upbaden, the ordinary place for the common Assembly of the said Cantons. 6 Lucern, and others, and of the Trade of the principal of these, a word in passing.

CHAP. CXCII. Of Zurick, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.508ZUrick is seated on the Lake Zeurisca, which divideth the same into two parts, which again is united by three fair Bridges, the middlemost serving as a Meeting-place for Merchants: which Lake runneth into the Brook Limachus, which passeth to Baden, and so into the Rhine, carrying Boats, by which Commodities are transportable: the Weights and Meas•…•… in use are.

* 1.509The Moneys currant in the Swiss Cantons, I shall note in the place of the Coins of the Em∣pire: the Weight then here is, the Pound of 17 ounces, of which is made the 100 l. and the 120 l. and it is found that the 100 l. suttle of London turns here 93¼ l.

* 1.510The Measure of Length is here an Ell, the 100 whereof renders in London 52 Ells, or there abouts.

CHAP. CXCIII. Of Basil, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.511BAsil lieth upon the River of Rhyne, which divideth it into the lesser and the greater Bas•…•…: it was once an Imperial City, but now is joined to the Cantons of Switserland. It is a fa∣mous University, and much frequented by Students; the Benefit of the Rhyne running hence through Germany, communicates the Commodities of this City to all others seated thereupon.

* 1.512Basil is found in Weights to have but one Pound, equal with Frankfort and Heidelburg, of which is composed three several Quintars, one of 100 l. another of 120 l. and the third of 132 l. and agrees with London, as you shall find in Heidelburg and Frankfort aforementioned.

* 1.513The Measure of Length of Basil is the Ell for Linen and Woollen, the 100 Ells whereof render in London 48 Ells, and the 100 Yards of London hath been observed to give here 167¼ Ells.

* 1.514The seventh Province is Valesia, seated wholly amongst the Alps. Sittin is the only walled Town of this Province.

* 1.515Boetia is the eighth, in which is Chur the Metropolis of the Grisons, and here is the Valtoli•…•… taken by the Spaniards 1622.

* 1.516Suevia is the ninth, wherein are found the Cities of Ulm, 2 Ausbourg, 3 Norlinghen, 4 Ra∣vensperg, and others, of some of which, as most notable, a word.

CHAP. CXCIV. Of Ausburg and the Trade thereof.

* 1.517AUsburg is a Free City of the Empire, governed by a Senate of Citizens: it is seated upon the Northern Mouth of the Alps, in a fruitful Plain of Corn and Pastures, it is strong and well fortified, and beautified with many Houses of Free-stone of six or seven stories high. In this City lived those famous Merchants of the Family of the Fuggers, who have built here many publick Buildings, and many private, which at a reasonable rate are let to the poorer Inhabitants. Here is also a magnificent Building for the meeting of Merchants, in manner of our Royal Exchange, called commonly the Berl. There are two small Rivers which run through the Suburbs, and are commodious for Transportation of Corn and VVines, which this Countrey of Schwaben or Suevia yieldeth in great Quantity. This City is also Famous for the Confession here made of their Faith by the Protestant Princes, and delivered the Emperour, Anno (…)

* 1.518The VVeight of Ausburg is the Pound of 16 ounces, the 100 l. being the Quintar, makes in London 109 l. and this agrees with Munchen, VVesel, Norlinghen, and some other places of Germany.

* 1.519The Measure of Length is here the Ell, found twofold, the one for VVoollen, the other for Linen and Silk, which because it very nearly agrees with Frankfort, of which I have made mention before, I pass the same over.

* 1.520Bavaria is the Tenth Province, the chief Towns are Munchen on the River Aser, and the Duke's Seat, 2 Ingolstat an University, 3 Ratisbona, 4 Passave, 5 Salsburgh, and many other great Cities.

* 1.521Northgoia, or the Upper Palatinate is the Eleventh, and belongeth totally to the Palatines of the Rhine, the chief Towns are Amberg, whose Silver Mines yield yearly 60000 Crowns rent to the Prince's Coffers. 2 Neuburg, and others.

* 1.522Austria is the Twelfth, wherein are found the famous Cities of Vienna seated on Danubius, one of the most beautiful Towns of Germany, and walled, as Stories say, with the Moneys that Leopold the Duke had for King Richard I. his Ransom, being by him taken in his Return through Palestine. * 1.5232 Gratse, from whence the present Emperors have their Name. 3 Santo Vitti the Metropolis of Carinthia. 4 Newark the chief of Carniolo, and in Triolis are found the Cities of Inspurg, Triol, Bolson, and Trent, famous for the Council here held and concluded, after 40 years lingring and politick Delays.

CHAP. CXCV. Of Vienna, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.524VIenna is at present the Seat of the German Emperors, and is now the Bulwark of this Coun∣try against the Incursions of the Turks, who have more than once in vain attempted it; on the North-side runneth the River Danow, which here divideth it self into three Arms, in∣compassing a good space of ground, and then meeting again; and all this is again united by three Stone Bridges, one containing 29 Arches, another 57 Arches, and a third 15 Arches, each Arch being 60 foot asunder. Here are many Merchants of great quality, who have their Factors in Venetia, Florence and other parts of Italy, to supply them with the Fabricks of Silks made there, such as are Sattins, Damasks, Taffeta, Velvets, Cloth of Gold, and such like.

* 1.525The Weight in use here is the Pound, which is in some Commodities divided into 32 Loots, in some into 128 Quints, and in somo into 512 Fennings, of which Pound the Quintar is made, which is 100 l. which doth render in London about 123 l. incirca, and therewith are found Idra and Erford to agree, the 100 l. of London making here 81 l. ½.

* 1.526Their Measure for Length is two, one in Linen, and the other in VVoollen: the 100 Yards in London make here in Linen 103 Ells, and in Cloth and Silk 113 Ells.

* 1.527There is here, as being the Court of the Emperor, a great Exchange in use, and they are found to account and exchange by Rix Dollars of 8 s. Flemish, and by Ducats of Gold of 12 s. Flemish.

* 1.528The Kingdom of Bohemia is the Thirteenth, wherein are accounted about 780 Cities, walled Towns and Castles, the chief whereof is Prague the Metropolis of this Kingdom, 2 Eger, 3 Buates, 4 Melmuke, Pilsen and others, * 1.529and in this Tract is found Preslau the chief City of Sile∣sia, * 1.530also Gorlitso the chief City of Lusatia, and Brin and * 1.531Olmuts the chief of Moravia; but the Trade of Bohemia I will comprise under the Title of Prague here following, as being the Me∣tropolis thereof.

CHAP. CXCVI. Of Prague, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.532THE City of Prague includeth three Towns, as new Prague, old Prague, and a City inha∣bited by Jews, incompassed with one Wall neither strong nor beautiful: the River Molda doth run through the same, but is not navigable nor commodious for Carriage or Trans∣portation of Merchandize, to which the Inhabitants are not much addicted, Corn and Wine being the prime Commodities the Country affordeth, and Timber abundance, of which the Walls of their Houses are for the most part made, and that in whole pieces as the same grow, and not so much as the Bark thereof taken away.

* 1.533The Weight of Prague is the Pound of 16 ounces; the 100 l. suttle of London hath made here about 83 l. Pasau and Regenborge agreeing also therewith, as doth also the most part of this Country.

* 1.534Their Measure is the Ell, of which they have two, one in Linen, and the other in Cloth and Silk; the 100 Yards of London hath made in Linen 148 Ells, and in Woollen 160 Ells.

Vide Coins current in Bohemia.

* 1.535Brandenburg is the fourteenth, wherein are reckon'd 50 Cities, and 64 walled Towns, the chief of which is Brandenburg, then Frankfort, for distinction called upon Oder: next Berlin, the residence of the Marquess, Havelburg seated upon Havel, and many others of consequence, whereof little is come to my Observation, therefore I will in silence pass them over.

* 1.536Pomerania is the fifteenth Province, wherein is found Statin the residence of the Prince, and Metropolis of this Country; * 1.537then Wallen, once the famous Mart-Town of all these Countries; the Russians, Danes, Saxons and Vandals had here their particular Streets of abode for Commence and Trade, but ruin'd by War, the Trade was removed to Lubeck, where yet in some measure it is found to continue still.

* 1.538Mecklenburg is the sixteenth Province, wherein are found the Cities of Malchan, Sternb•…•…g, Wismar, and some others.

* 1.539Saxony is the seventeenth Province, wherein are found many Cities of Note, the principal is first Erford, one of the fairest in Germany. 2 Irne, an University for Physicians. 3 Smalcald, famous for the Protestant League here made. 4 Dresden, seated on the Albis, and the Duke's Magazine for War, and Arms for 30000 Horse and Foot over in readiness at a days warning 5 Lipsick, an University, which yearly doth yield the Duke for Custom of Beer, drank and transported 20000 l. sterling. 6 Wittenberg, an University, and the chief Seat of the Elect•• of Saxony; and 7 Maidenburg, where it is said Luther studied Divinity. Of some of these a word.

CHAP. CXCVII. Of Lipsick, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.540LIpsick is seated in a Plain of most fruitful Corn ground, the Streets fair, and the chief Houses built of Free-stone of Roofs high: it is accounted also an University, but found to be of no great Note, by reason of the Neighbourhood of Wittenberg: they have for some trespass lost those great Privileges they formerly enjoyed, and therefore their Trade is not accounted great: they may now neither fortifie their Town, nor wind a Horn in the night∣watches, as other Cities in Germany do, nor yet use Red Wax in their publick Seals or Con∣tracts, which are all of them accounted in Germany Signs of Freedom. The Weights and Measures in use are these:

* 1.541The Weight is the Pound, of which are made three Quintars, one of 100 l. another of 120 l. and a third of 132 l. Vide more hereof in Frankfort and Heidelberg, with which it is found to accord.

* 1.542Lipsick hath two Measures, one for VVoollen and the other for Linen, 14 per cent. difference: For the 100 Yards of London doth make in VVoollen Commodities 100 Ells, and in Linen 140 Ells.

* 1.543The Merchants here account by Marks of 32 gross, and the gross being 12 heller; but they exchange by Florins of Breslow, 30 to have posito in Noremberg 32 Florins, and in Vienna 34 Florins.

CHAP. CXCVIII. Of Wittenberg, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.544WIttenberg is seated on a plain sandy Ground, accounted an University, wherein they proverbially say, A Man shall meet nothing but Whores, Scholars, and Swine: which shews, that the Inhabitants have little Trade, as living for the most part by the Students, and peradventure by the Flesh of Swine and Women; but by what Weight and Measure the same is propertioned to them, I am to seek, therefore refer the same to the next Merchant that shall have occasion to make his Observation thereupon.

CHAP. CXCIX. Of Dresden, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.545DResden is a fair Town, and strongly fortified, in which the Elector of Saxony keeps his Court; it is famous for the magnificent Stables and Armories which the Duke keeps here in a continual readiness: the River Elve divides the Town into two parts, the new and the old, which is very strong both by Art and Nature, and accounted the strongest modern City in Germany: the Inhabitants are much addicted to Trade, and the River doth much further their Endeavours; but Nature affording them a rich Soil, takes away much of their edg, for it is ever found that the barren Soil affords the Inhabitants the greatest encouragement. Their Weights and Measures are,

* 1.546Dresden, Misen and all Saxony are found to have three VVeights, and the 100 l. of London made of Zigostatica, or the Princes weight, 96 l. of 16 ounces made 92 l. of Merchonts weight of 16 ounces, and 144 l. of the common weight of 12 ounces.

* 1.547Their Measures of Length are two, agreeing with Lipsick above-mentioned, on which I need not further insist.

* 1.548Brunswick is the eighteenth Province, wherein is Brunswick the principal City; secondly, Wolfiabolt, where the Duke commonly resideth; thirdly, Alberstade, then Lunenberg, and some others of less note.

CHAP. CC. Of Brunswick, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.549BRunswick comprehends in one five several Cities, and is a Free Imperial Town, strongly fortified, in some Places with two and in others with three Walls, and incompassed with the River Ancor: the Inhabitants are found addicted to Trade in the Morning, but their Intemperance at Night takes away all Thoughts thereof; they are great Husband-men, the Earth answering their Labours, which yields them Plenty of Corn, both for their own and their Neighbours Wants, the Earth yielding them rich Reward to their Labours, and their Afternoons hours spent in Good-fellowship, makes me imagine there may be some Trade amongst them; which in particular I permit the Reader in silence to conceive.

CHAP. CCI. Of Lunenburg, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.550LUnenburg is a Free Imperial City, over which the Duke of Lunenburg challengeth a Superio∣rity: it is found to be fairly built of B••ick, and well and strongly fortified for its Safe∣guard and Defence, with deep Ditches and thick Mud Walls. * 1.551It is most famous for the na∣tural Fountain of Salt here found, over which is built a spacious House that contains fifty two Rooms, and every Room hath eight several Cauldrons of Lead, wherein is boiled eight Tun of Salt daily: the Profit whereof is divided into three several parts, one part to the City, one to the Duke of Lunenburg, and another to a Monastery, and some other adjoining Earls: their Trade is not otherwise of very great consequence.

* 1.552The nineteenth Province is Hassia, wherein are found the Cities of Dormstade, Marburg an University, and some others.

* 1.553Veteravia is the twentieth Province, wherein are the Cities of Friburg, Hanau, Dullinburg, Nassau, Catzenbogen, and some others of lesser note.

CHAP. CCII. Of Friburg, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.554FRiburg is of round Form, inviron'd altogether with high Mountains, * 1.555having within it many Vaults and Caves to go under ground, through which the Citizens go out of the City by night, to work in the Silver-Mines found in those adjoining Hills, and at certain hours are called back by the Sound of a Bell; their Work is for the most part by night, and their Rest is by day, and their Residence is noted to be more under ground than above in their Houses: the Profits thereof belong half to the Citizens, and half to the Elector to whom the Country appertaineth.

* 1.556The Weight in use in Friburg is the Pound, of which are made three several Quintars, one of 100 l. another of 120 l. and a third of 132 l. agreeing with Frankfort, Heidelberg, and Lipsick, as before.

* 1.557The long Measure is the Ell, which is (…) inches London.

In this Tract are also comprehended the three Imperial Cities of Stoad, Hamburgh and L••beck, which acknowledging no Sovereign, being Free and Hans-Towns, I shall here touch, and first of Stoad.

CHAP. CCIII. Of Stoad, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.558SToad is an antient City, and one of the Free Cities of the Empire, and one of those Sea-Towns, which, from the Privilege of Trassick with their Neighbours, are called Hans-Towns, it is commodiously seated for Traffick upon the River Elve, in which Stream they maintain certain Buoys to guide the entring Ships: the English Merchant-Adventurers had for a while their Residence here, forced thereto by the discourteous Usage of the Hamburghers; and before their Arrival this Town was so poor that they sold the Privilege of Coining Moneys, and some other such Rights to Hamburgh; by whose Company they grew rich, not without the Envy and Impoverishment of the Hamburghers, who often attempted, tho in vain, by Naval Force to forbid the arrival of the English at Stoad, whom as they had griev'd, having their Seat with them, as well by Exactions as prohibiting them the free Exercise of their Re∣ligion: so then having seen and smarted for their Error, they never left till partly by fair means, and partly by Threats, they labour'd their Return, which afterwards was performed, and where at this day they hold their principal Court and Residence. The present Trade of Stoad is but small, depending much upon the Privilege they have in Pre-emption and choice of the Rhenish Wines passing by their City.

They keep their Accounts by Pounds, Shillings and Pence, but they have Grashes, Ortals and Dollars, as I shall shew hereafter. * 1.559Their Coins current are these,

1 Stiver of their Money here and in Hamburgh is 2 pence.

32 Stivers make a Dollar, which is 5 s. 4 d. there.

4 Stivers, which are 8 d. make a Spanish Rial of 6 d. Sterling.

1 Rix Dollar is worth 33 Stivers, and is 4 s. 4 d. Sterling, or more.

1 Mark is 16 Stivers, or 2 s. 8 d. Flemish.

7½ Marks make 20 s. I say 20 s. Flemish.

* 1.560Their Weight is the Pound of 16 ounces, 100 l. is their Quintar, which hath made in London 107, and some have observed 109 l.

* 1.561Their Measure is the Ell, as in Hamburgh following.

CHAP. CCIV. Of Hamburg and the Trade thereof.

* 1.562HAMBURG is a Free City of the Empire, and one of them which enjoy the privilege of a Hans-Town, and for the building and populousness much to be praised: the Senate-House is a beautiful Fabrick, and the Exchange, where Merchants do meet together, is like∣wise as pleasant. The Haven is guarded and shut up with an Iron Chain, the City it self compassed with a deep ditch, and on the East and North sides with a double ditch and wall. Water is conveyed into the same from a hill distant some miles off; it is seated on a large plain, and sandy soyl, and adorned with nine Churcher, and six gates; on the South side it is washed with the River Elve, which also putteth a branch into the Town; but on the North-east the River Alster runneth by towards Stoad, from which it is five miles distant, and falleth into the Elve, the streets in general are narrow, excepting one, which hath the name of Broad∣street, and their buildings is all of Brick; and all the beauty of their houses is in the first entrance, which as in all the other Sea-bordering Cities, lying from these parts towards Flanders, have for the most part broad and fair gates into a large hall, the lower part whereof on both sides is used for a ware-house, and in the upper part, lying to the view of the door their chief houshould-stuff is placed, and especially their vessels of English Pewter, which being kept bright, make a glittering shew to them that pass by, so that their Houses promise more beauty outwardly than they have inwardly. The present Trade of this City is great, principally by reason of the residence of the English Merchants, and some quantity of shipping of reasonable burthen is found belonging to the Citizens.

* 1.563The weight of Hamburg is the pound, of which is made the 120 pound, their quintar divi∣ded into three denominations, the first of 12 stone, of 10 pound to the stone, 300 pound there∣of to the Skip pound, which is the second, and 20 Lispound of 15 pound to the said 300 pound, which is the third; so that it may be more properly said to be two quintars, one of 120 pound, another of 300 pound.

* 1.564Their measure of length is an Ell, wherewith they measure both Linen, Woollen, and Silk, the 100 whereof hath been found to make in London about 48½ ells for Linen, and the 100 yards of London hath been found to yeild here about 162 or 163 yards, agreeing with Embden and Brem•• before mentioned.

* 1.565The Merchants here are found to exchange for London by the pound sterling, and for all other places upon the Rix Dollar, of 54 s. Lapisto or 54 stivers.

* 1.566A Dollar is here noted to be worth three whitpence, one whitpenny to be 18 shillings, one shilling to be 12 pence, and one penny two hellers.

* 1.567Corn is here measured by the Schepel, ninety making a Last, and 83 Schepels making a Last of Corn in Amsterdam, or 10 quarters English.

CHAP. CCV. Of Lubeck, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.568LUBECK is an Imperial and free City, and one of those that are accounted Hans-Towns; it is seated on the top of a fair and spacious Hill, upon the very crown whereof is a beauti∣ful Church, from whence leadeth streets to all the gates of the City. It is incompassed with a double wall, one of Brick, and narrow, the other of earth and broad: In some parts there is also deep ditches where Ships of a 1000 tuns are brought up to winter from Tremuren the Maritime Port of this City, seated on the Baltick Sea, a mile distant from this Town; the buildings hereof are very beautiful of Brick, having many pleasant walks without the walls. The government of this Town is much commended for their neatness, pleasant gardens, courteous carriage to strangers, civility of manners, and strict execution of justice. Their water is con∣veyed hither by pipes; and have each of them a Cock of water in his own house: also all the poor inhabitants are constrained to live in a street by themselves, where they are set on work, and provided for. This City adorned with ten Churches, one whereof being a decayed Mona∣stery, they have converted to an Armory of all Ammunitions for war. S. Maries the Cathedral Church being the principal, and seated, as I said before, on the very summit of this hill, where∣on the City standeth.

* 1.569The Trade of this City at present is great, partly by the industry of the inhabitants, and partly by reason of the commodious situation of the place, and the neighbourhood of the

Baltick Sea: the place of it self is famous for the Beer made, and hence transported into other Regions, and by some used medicinally, for bruises of the body and such like ac∣cidents, though by them in use commonly both for their ordinary drink, and food and rayment.

* 1.570The common weight of Lubeck is a pound, of which is made a Centiner and a Skip-pound, for 112 pound is the centiner or quintar; the stone 10 pound and 32 stone to the Skip pound, which is 320 pound, and the 20 Lispound of 16 pound mark is also accounted for a Skip-pound, which is in London (…) pounds.

* 1.571The measure of length of Lubeck is the Ell, 120 ells whereof makes in London 60 ells, and the 100 yards London hath made here 160 ells incirca.

* 1.572In Lubeck Corn is measured by the Last, 96 Schepels making a Last which is 10¼ quarters of London, and 85 Schepels is found to make a Last in Amsterdam.

Lasts 7 of 18 Barrels in Lubeck is found to make 100 Sacks of Salt being 122 small Barrels for the 100 Sacks at Armuiden in Zeland, which is found to be 7½ Lasts of 18 Barrels of Salt in London, but accounted by the weight in London to make 11½ Weyes, and it is accounted 40 Bushels to a Wey, water measure of ten gallons.

* 1.573Beer is here sold by the Barrel, which is 50 Stoops of Antwerp, and every Stoop hath been observed to hold about 7 pints of Beer measure in England, which is about 44 Gallons.

CHAP. CCVI. Of the Coins current in general of Germany.

* 1.574COnsidering the privilege of coining of monies granted by the Emperors of Germany to divers Cities that are Imperial, and to sundry free Princes that are comprehended within this Empire, it will prove an impossible labour to my confessed ignorance, in particular to set down all the coins found current therein; besides which, the sundry accidents of war, necessities, Trade, or the like, inforceth an uncertainty in all certain Rules and Edicts pub∣lished and agreed upon for an uniform value to be conveyed in all monies stamped for current, through all this Empire; yet because I would not omit what I have in this point gathered, I will here insert the same, and leave the truth to tryal and experience: And before I enter upon this particular of Coins, it will not be amiss to see in what nature Accounts are kept in this country.

* 1.575First then, I find their Accounts are kept by three principal denominations, partly consisting of imaginary Coins: the first whereof is by Florins and Crutchers, whereof sixty is accounted to a Florin: the second is by florins, batches and crutchers, the Florin being accounted for 15 batches, and the batch for 4 crutchers: the third is by florins, sold and deniers, 12 deniers being a soldo, and 20 soldoes a florin; the florin may be valued at 3 shilliings 4 pence sterling, or 33 shillings 4 pence ta∣rine, and the batch at 2 shillings sterling; and in payments of Merchandise, note, that a florin is ac∣counted for a common silver guilden, of which there is no such Coin found, being meerly ima∣ginary, as is the same Coin of marks of Collen and Lubeck, likewise imaginary, or at least not now coined, nor in use.

* 1.576Now for the current Coins observe, that first in Stoad, Hamburg, and Lubeck before named, the gold Rhenish guilden was worth, when these notes were taken, 28⅝ silver misen gross, or worth 36½ Lubeck shillings, and the Imperial Dollar was worth 33 Lubeck shillings.

A common silver guilden was worth 28 Lubeck shillings.

A French Crown of gold was worth 44 Lubeck shillings.

An English Angel was worth two dollars and a quarter and 2 Lubeck shillings; or to say other∣wise, it was worth 12 Flemish shillings and 4 Lubeck shillings.

Lubeck s. 7½ made an English shilling sterl.

Lubeck s. 6 made a Flemish shilling, and likewise a shilling of Hamburg.

In Hamburg they coin a piece of Gold called a Portegue, which is worth 4 pound and 8 shillings of Hamburg, or 33 marks of Lubeck. Again.

* 1.577At Embden, upon the confines of the Empire and the Low Countries, a silver guilden of Em∣den was worth 20 stivers, an Imperial dollar 45 stivers, which since I understand is worth 48 stivers, a dollar was worth 30 stivers, a French Crown was worth 3 Flemish guild. and 6 stivers, and now 6 stivers as also 6 Lubeck shillings make one shilling Flemish, where by the way it is to be noted, that Princes and Cities do coin gold and silver guildens, which are found often in their value to differ from the Imperial guildens. Again,

* 1.578At Breme, Oldenburg, and in those parts, they have current coins called groats, and small pieces stamped, called copstacks, and a dollar was there worth 4½ copstacks or 55 groats, a French Crown was worth 6 copstacks, and one copstack 10 stivers or 12 groats, and this groat was

worth a little more than an English penny, a sesting was worth half a Lubeck shilling, and they have here half sestings.

* 1.579At Brunswick, a dollar was 36 mariagross, which are of equal weight with 24 silver misen gross, also 9 mariagross make 8 Lubecks, the same doller was worth 18 spitzgrossen, whereof each was worth two maria groshe.

* 1.580At Magdenberg, Lipsick, Misen and in all the Electorate of Saxony, and in the neighbouring Tenitories to the Confines of Bohemia, a doller was worth 24 silver grossen, which are the same at 18 Spitzgrossen, or 36 maria grossen.

A Rhemish Gold Guilden was worth 27 Silver gross, and the Philip Doller was of the same value.

A common Silver Guilden was esteemed at 21 Silver gross.

A French Crown at 33 Silver gross.

A Spanish Pistolet at 32 Silver gross.

A half Milres at 36 Sil. gros. the Hungarian Ducate at 3 ounces.

A short and long Crusado at 35 Silv. gross.

A Rosenoble at 3½ Dollers, the English Angel at 2¼ Dollers; the Silver gross was worth more than 2 pence, and about 2¼ pence sterling.

And for the small Coins, a gross was worth 4 driers, and 1 drier 2 dribellers, and 1 dribeller was worth a pfening and half, and 12 pfening made a gross, and two schwerd grossen made one Schneberger.

* 1.581In general through all the upper parts of Germany, a Doller was esteemed at 18 batsen, a silver guilden at 15, a Philip Doller at 20, a French Crown at 24½, a gold Crown of Italy at 24, a silver Italian Crown at 22½ batsen, a Rhemish Gold Guilden through higher Germany was worth 27 silver misen gross, a silver Guilden there as in Saxony at 21 gross, the bat∣son roay be accounted 3 pence English, and 4 cretzers makes a bats, 4 pfening make a cretzer, and three cretzers make a zwelver, and 20 zwelvers make 15 batsen, which is a common silver guilden.

But I have noted before how subject these Coins are to be hoised in common payment, which proceeds through divers and sundry occasions, and this being none of the least, that Merchant foreiners do carry out the Coins of the Empire more than they do the Commodities of the Em∣pire, and therefore to have good moneys, are oftentimes contented to receive them at a higher rate than they commonly do otherwise pass at.

* 1.582The Kingdom of Bohemia, as also that of Hungary, have used the Coins of the Empire in the same value as at first coined, by common consent of both those Nations, but it is to be un∣derstood, that as well in those free Cities, and by those free Princes, which have the privilege of coining, there is always stamped certain small brass mony that only passeth current in their Jurisdictions, and no farther; and those passing in the Kingdom of Bohemia are found to be these; First, 3 potchandles make one cretzer, nine cretzers and one potchandel make four wiss∣gross, and 30 gross of Moravia or wisgross make a Doller; also here Merchants reckon two hellers for a pfening, and six pfenings for a gross, and 60 gross for a shock, and 40 gross for a mark.

* 1.583In Switzerland it is found that divers of the Cantons do coyn monies, which pass current among themselves, the principal of which Mints are found to be in Basil, Zurich, and Schaphusen, the common and usual whereof I will only note.

Their common coin is the Rappen munts, whereon is stamped a Crow Six of these Rappens of Basil make a plapart, or three cretzers, and 20 plaparts, or 60 cretzers make a common guilden, and 3 pfening make a cretzer.

At Zurick it is found that 6 pfenings make a shilling, and may be worth a penny sterling, and 3 pfenings make a sickerling; two great finfers of Basil and one little finferlin makes a bats of Basil, and in like manner 5 finferlins make a bats, and 5 finfers 2 bats.

But my work were endless to run through the particular coins current, and stamped in every particular place of this Empire, therefore this shall suffice for a taste of the variety; and whoso∣ever carrieth any Merchandise into these Countries, let him be sure to know the true worth of the monies he receiveth for the same, lest he prove in conclusion a loser by his Trafick.

CHAP. CCVII. The Weights of Germany reduced to the 100 l. of London.

* 1.584THe next thing in order to be handled is the Weights and Measures of the Cities of Trade in this Empire, which I have in part touched already upon the principal Towns, the rest, or as many as have come in my collections, I shall here insert, the more ingenious and bet∣ter skill'd may add the rest. And first for the weight, which here I have reduced to the 100 l. suttle of London, the which is found to yeild in

		l.
The 100 l. of London doth make in	Noremberg	88
Collen	89½
Constance	88
Ausburg	91
Spiers	88
Heidelberg	92
Lipsick	92
Friburg	92
Silesia	116
Ʋlm	92
Vienna	81
Statin	91
Erford	81
Ipsburg	81
Salsburg gross	79
Ditto small	108
Lubeck	92
Botsen	133
Costuts	92
Misen of 16 ounces, l.	96
Of 12 ounces the l.	142
Of Merchants weight	92
Munchen	91
Wessel	91
Saxony in general	96
Norlingen	91
Frankfort	92
Breslow	116
Canoli	83
Domstreder	92
Regenberg	83
Loosen	141
Offen	92
Basil	92
Pastow	83
Hamburg	92
Copenhagen	92
Basil	92
Zurick	94
Walloons country	104

CHAP. CCVIII. Of Measures of Germany reduced to the Measures of London.

* 1.585HAving done with their Weights in general, I will do the same for their long Measures in general, which I will reduce to the 100 Yards of London, and note, that the same hath been observed to have produced in these Cities of Germany.

Embden	163	ells.
Lubeck	160	ells.
Munster	80	ells.
Collen	160	ells.
Erford	218	ells.
Frankfort	169	ells cloth.
Jenferr	80	stables.
Noremberg	160	ells.
For Silk	138	ells.
Vienna for linen	103	ells.
Ditto for Silk	113	ells.
Prague	148	ells.
Ditto for Silk	160	ells.
Ʋlm	160	ells.
Ditto for Woollen	128	ells.
Lipsick	160	ells cloth.
Ossenbrig•…•…	84	ells.
Breme	163	ells.
Hamburg	163	ells.
Basil	167	ells.
Bautson	148	ells.
Ditto for Silk	160	ells.
Halle	178	ells.
Misen	160	ells cloth.
Ditto for Silk	138	ells.
Offnes long measure	159	ells.
Ditto short measure	173	ells.
Zearech	155	ells.
Statin	141	ells.
Ocermond	141	ells.
Wismar	157	ells.
Gripswald	163	ells.

The rest I willingly omit for brevity sake, and refer these to the trial of the better expe∣rienced.

CHAP. CCIX. Of the Trade in general of Germany.

* 1.586THe particular Trading of several Cities being thus observed, it will not be amiss a little to look into the Trade in general of Germany, and therewith also the Navigation of this Nation, by which we find, that in all Countries almost the same is principally maintained. The Cities then found on the Sea-coast on the North-side of Germany, have very great ships; yet more fit for great stowage and burthen, than either for sail or defence; and therefore of∣tentimes to this end fraighted by the Netherlanders. Neither can I attribute much commenda∣tion to the German Mariner, for those Seas in good part, and the Baltick Sea altogether, are found free of pirates and piracies, which is the chief reason why their Ships are found in the ge∣neral to be so ill armed, either defensive or offensive, and in one thing they concur with the Dutch to the shame of the Christians profession, that their is never found any Prayers used aboard their Ships, neither morning or evening, contrary to the laudable custom and godly exercise of our English Mariners, who constantly use Prayer and Psalms, at least four times in four and twenty hours, which is at the setting of the four quarterly watches of the day and night. These Maritime Cities are for the most part either Hans-Towns or free Cities, because they en∣joyed of old in all neighbour Kingdoms, great priveleges of buying any Commodities, as well of Strangers as Citizens, and of selling their own to either at pleasure, and to bring in or carry out all Commodities by their own Ships, with like immunities equal to Citizens in all the said Do∣minions, and no less prejudicial to others, than advantageous to themselves; and in London they were wont to dwell together in the house called the Still yard, and there enjoyed these and many other privileges, which now for many years have lain dead; partly by reason the English found not these or the like privileges in these free Hans-towns; and partly, by reason they have found it more commodious to make use of their own shipping, as in these days it is found they do.

Notwithstanding all this, yet it is observed, that the Germans in general apply themselves very industriously to all Traffick by land, but the free Cities on the Sea coasts do but coldly exer∣cise it by Sea; Beer being found to be spent and exported amongst themselves in an incredible measure and quantity, with an extraordinary gain, and therefore noted for one of the prime commodities of this Empire, bringing profit not only to private men, but also to Princes and to free States, there being no Merchandize in the World that more easily finds a buyer in Germany, than this: for other Commodities, it is observable, that Germany sends into Italy Linens, Corn and Wax; it sends into England Bords, Iron, Diaper, Rhenish Wines and Noremberg wares, which can hardly be called commodities; into Spain they send Linens, Wax, Brass, Copper, Cordage, Mas••s, Gun-powder: and this is their principal Exportation. Now for their Importations, Italy returns them Silks of all kinds; England Lead, Tin, and woollen Cloths; and Spain returns them Spanish Wines, Fruits, Oils, Salt, some Woolls, and other commodities.

I formerly noted, That the English had their Staple at Embden, the Count whereof used them well and courteously, but Wars growing between England and Spain, the place grew danger∣ous for them: for their Goods were taken, and themselves made Prisoners, even in the mouth of the Harbour; whereupon they removed to Hamburg, where being oppressed with new impositi∣ons, and being denied the exercise of their Religion, they removed also thence, and setled their Staple at Stoad.

Then also our English had their Staple at Dantzick in Prusen, for the Kingdom of Poland, but when the Dantzickers under pretence of the Suevian war, exacted of them a Dollar for each woollen-cloth, and as much proportionably upon all other commodities; and afterwards, though the war being ended, yet would remit nothing of the same; and withal, forbad the English, by a law decreed, to live in Poland, the commodities whereof were only sold there, lest they should learn the language, and find out the mystery of that trade and Country: And lastly, when as they exacted as much weekly of an Englishman dwelling in their City, as they did of a Jew dwelling there amongst them, the English thereupon made agreement with the Senate of Melvin for a 11 years, to pay them six gross for each cloth brought in, and accordingly for all other goods, and to pay as much more in the City of Kettle to the Duke of Prusen, for his giving them free passage to Melvin; and so by this means they setled their Staple in Melvin: whereupon the Dantzickers being offended with the Citizens of Melvin, and the Hamburgers no less with those of Stoad, procured all the free Cities by a publick writing to out law not only Melvin and Stoad for receiving the English to the common prejudice of the rest, but also Ceningsberg, the seat of the Duke of Prusen, and the free City of Lubeck, for favouring the English in this their course, and for permitting them being strangers, to sell their goods to any other than the Citizens of each several City. But how these difference; came

afterward to be reconciled, and their Staples removed thence, I have shewed in other places.

* 1.587And being now entred to speak of the Trade of Prusen a German Province, but of late years annexed to the Crown of Poland, which of it self is of great importance, it will not be amiss to inlarge my self upon some particulars thereof. The English then are found to bring thither great quantity of Tin, Lead, and woollen cloths, and other commodities, and to bring thence hard and liquid Pitch, Hemp, Flax, Cables, Masts for Ships, Boards, and Timber for building Linen Cloth, Wax, Mineral Salt, which in Poland they dig out of pits like great Stones, and the same being put to the fire, is made pure, and being black his colour is more durable, and less subject to giving again than our boyled Salt. Also they bring thence Pine Ashes for making of Sope, commonly known to us by the name of Sope-Ashes, and Corn in great quantity; yet the English are found seldom to have need of their Corn for the use of England, which many times of their own they transport to other Nations; but they buy it as the free Cities do, to transport it to other Countries, which the Low country-men do also buy as well for themselves, as to serve Spain, and other Countries therewith, so great a quantity thereof is hence dispersed into all parts of Europe.

* 1.588Amber is also brought from thence, but not gathered neither at Melvin nor Dantzick, as some imagine, but on the Sea-side of Koningsperg, where, as I said, the Duke of Prusen holds his Court, and so all along the coast of Curland; where, howsoever it lies in great quantity on the sands of the Sea, it is as safe as if it were lockt up in Ware-houses, since it is death for any to take up the least piece thereof, and being only by the law accounted to be the proper commodity of the Duke, to whom the same appertaineth. And this being as much as I have thought requi∣site to handle concerning the Trade of Germany in general, or of the Imperial Cities and He•…•…-Tomns in particular, I will proceed to the next Kingdom, which in order is Denmark, and to the principal Cities, and particular Trade thereof.

CHAP. CCX. Of Denmark, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

* 1.589DEnmark hath on the East Mare Balticum, on the West the German Ocean, on the North Sweden, on the South Germany.

This Country doth afford for Merchandize, Fish, Tallow, Hides, and having abundance of Oxen, 50000 are said to be sent hence yearly to Germany; also Buck-skins, Armour of all so•…•…s, furniture for shipping, Boards, such as Wainscot, Fir-wood, &c.

This Kingdom now contains Cimbrick, Chersonese, the Islands of the Baltick, and part of S•…•…∣dia, and first this Chersonese is divided into four Provinces.

* 1.590Alsatia is the first, wherein are found the Cities Niemunster and Bramsted, and is the title of the second Son of Denmark.

* 1.591Dithmars is the second Province, wherein are found the Cities of Marn and Meld•…•…, the Inhabitants of this last is esteemed so wealthy, that they are said to cover their houses wich Copper.

* 1.592Slesia is the third, wherein are of note Sleswick, 2 Gottorp. and 3 Londen a Haven Town.

* 1.593Jutland is the fourth, the Towns of note are Rincopen, 2 Nicopen, 3 Holn, and 4 Ar∣hausen.

* 1.594The Baltick Islands are 35 in number, but of them 4 are sound to be of principal note 1 S••∣land, 2 Fionia, 3 Bornholm, and 4 Fimeria, of which a word.

* 1.595In Seeland is found thirteen Cities, * 1.596the chief whereof is Haffen the Kings Seat, and the only University in Denmark, known to other Nations by the name of Copenhagen, that is, Merca•…•…∣rum Portus, or the Merchants Haven: * 1.597Secondly, Elsinour, standing on the Sea-side, in which Town the Merchants that have passed, or are to pass the Sound, do pay their Customs to the King: And thirdly, Rochilt, the Sepulchre of the Danish Kings; between this Island and the firm land of Scandivonia is the passage called the Sound, towards Muscovia, which did for∣merly yield unto this King a great yearly profit, but now much decayed since the English found out the Northern passage into Russia. This Sound is in breadth 3 miles, and commanded o•• Scandia side by the Castle of Helsenburgh, and on this Island by that of Cronburg, both Castles of good defence.

* 1.598In Fionia is found eight Towns, the principal whereof Osel, Scomberg and others.

* 1.599In Bornholmia is a principal City Bornholm.

* 1.600In Fimeria is found the City of Peterborn, and is the Island in which that famous Mathemati∣cian Ticho Brabe built an artificial Tower, wherein he studied the Mathematicks, and wherein are still reserved many of his rare Mathematical Instruments.

* 1.601Scandia is the last part of this Kingdom lying part of it on this side, and part beyond the Ar∣tick Circle, so that the longest day in the more Northern part is about three months, the King∣doms of Norway, Swetland, and part of Denmark; the part of it belonging to Denmark is divi∣ded into three Provinces, 1 Halandia, 2 Schona, and Blesida.

* 1.602In Halandia is Halaneso.

* 1.603In Scania is the City of Londis a fair Haven, Falsgerbode and the Castle of Elsimbourg, one of the Keys of the Sound before mentioned; and the Seas are here said sometimes so to abound with Herrings, that Ships are scarce able with wind and Oar to break through them; and the Country is the pleasantest of all Denmark.

* 1.604In Blesida is found the City of Malmogia, and the strong Castle of Colmar against the Sweed∣lande••. The principal Trade of this Kingdom is contained in Copenhagen and Elsinour, therefore under the title of these two I will comprehend the Traffick of this Kingdom.

CHAP. CCXI. Of Copenhagen, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.605COPENHAGEN is the Seat of the Kings of Denmark in Winter, and may be in∣terpreted the Merchants Haven, on the East-side is the Kings Palace or Castle, which bordereth on the Sea shore, where the Haven is found to be, the Sea being not far distant from the North side thereof: the City is of a round form, affording little beauty, as being but meanly built of wood and clay, and the Castle of stone. Here are found some Merchants, yet for the mostipart of no great eminence: for the Country affordeth no rich commodities that may allure others thither, or serve to be transported to other regions, whereby a gain may be expected.

* 1.606The Monies of this Kingdom commonly current is the Dollar, and shilling; two Danish shil∣lings make one Lubeck shilling, and 66 Danish shillings accounted for a Rix Dollar, which is five shillings Sterling.

* 1.607Their accounts are kept by marks of 16 shillings Danish.

Their exchanges are here practised by the Rix Dollar above mentioned, the common current Coin of these Countries.

* 1.608Their Measures and Weights I will briefly observe by themselves, and therefore hasten to Elsinour.

CHAP. CCXII. Of Elsinour, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.609ELSINOƲR, of it self is but a poor Village, but much frequented by Sea-men by rea∣son of his neighbourhood to that straight Sea called the Sound, where the King of Den∣mark hath laid so great Impositions upon all Ships and Goods coming out or going into the Baltick Sea, as this sole profit surpasseth far all the Revenues of his Kingdom: the strong Castle of Cronburg lies in this Village upon the mouth of this straight, to which on the other side of this narrow Sea in the Kingdom of Norway, another Castle is opposite, called Elsburg, which two are the keepers of this Straight, that no Ship can pass in, or come out of the Baltick Sea without their leave; and consequently without due payment of this Imposition. On the South side of Cronburg Castle is the largest Road for Ships, toward the Baltick Sea, where the King is said to have his lodgings, which cannot choose but be a delectable prospect to all men, but especially to him: for Ships go in and out here by Fleets of a hundred, and he is certain, that none do pass either way but according to their burthen and loading, adds somewhat to his treasury. The Haven is able to contain a great Fleet, for it hath Cronburg Castle on the North side, the Castle of Elsburg on the East side, and Seeland, the chief Island of the Kingdom on the West side, and the Island Fimeria or Whern on the South side, in which I noted before, that Tycho Brahe, the samous Mathematician, had his residence. The Danes conceive this Island to be of such importance, as they have a Fable. That Henry the seventh of England offered for the possession of it, as much Scarlet Cloth as would cover the same, with a Rose Noble at the corner of each cloth. If any such offer were made, doubtless the wildom and judgment of that Prince, knew how to make that Island being fortified, peradventure to return him his charges again with good Interest; but it is not credible, by reason that it cannot benefit a foreign Prince, whole Territories heth out of the Sound, by

which he must needs enter, those before mentioned Castles commanding the entrance, though it might prove more beneficial to some Prince bordering upon the Baltick Seas, and to whom the Sea is open for passage.

CHAP. CCXIII. Weights in general of Denmark reduced to that of London.

* 1.610NOw for the Weights of this Kingdom, they are found to differ in many places; so many as have come to my hand, I have reduced to the suttle hundred of Lon∣don, which suttle hundred is found to produce in these Cities of Traffick and some others ad∣joyning,

	l.
Aldar	87
Copping ham	92
Cracou	119
Dantzick	116
Hamburg	92
Wilde	116
Elsinour	92
Lubeck	92
Melvin	120
Revel	116
Rhiga	116
Stacar	108
Stralsont	88
Bergen Norway	92

Where it is to be noted, that generally in Copenhagen, and in most parts of Denmark, they hare a great and small hundred, one of 112 pound to the hundred, and another of 120 pound to the hundred, accounted twelve stone of ten pound to the stone: Also they have a Skip-pound, 32 stone of ten pound the stone, or 20 Lispound of 16 mark pound is a Skip-pound, and 20 times 16 pound is 320 pound,

CHAP. CCXIV. Measures in general of Denmark reduced to London.

* 1.611AS I have done with their Weights, so I will proceed with their Measures, reducing then to the hundred yards English, and makes in

	Ells.
Arsnis	166⅔.
Breme	162½.
Breslow for cloth	148
Ditto for Silks	160
Connixborough	166
Lubeck	160
Munster	80
Ockermond	141½.
Revel	166
Rhostick	158⅓.
Wismar	157¾.
Dantzick	162½.
Doinin	163
Embden	163
Gripswould	163
Hamburg	163
Melvin	162
Narva	166
Ossenbrighs	84
Rhiga	166
Statin	141½.

And thus much shall serve to have said for the Measures of this Country, whereto I have added the Measures of some other the adjoyning eminent Cities of Trade and Com∣merce.

CHAP. CCXV. Of the Trade in general of Denmark.

* 1.612TO conclude, the Trade of Denmark driven by the Inhabitants, is not great, their Coun∣try partly not affording Commodities for Merchandize; and their Seas, I mean princi∣pally the Baltick, not being for many Months in the year navigable for Frost. The Inhabi∣tants are frugal in Food and Apparel, and therefore not much addicted either to Silks or Spi∣ces, and the great Traffick and Concourse of other Nations through the Sound, that furnish∣eth them with all Necessaries, makes the Inhabitants less desirous to sail abroad to fetch the same at the first hand. Stock-fish, and other Salted Fish they send into forein Countries, and so also they do their Oxen and Cattel in great Quantity, besides the Commodities which the Country doth naturally afford, mentioned in the former part of this Country's Descri∣ption; neither have I heard any great fame of their Navigations or Mariners which princi∣pally sail Northward, and little to the Southward, tho otherwise it is conceived that next to the English their Vessels are the strongest built to indure the Blasts of the colder Climates, and the Scorchings of the warmer Regions; yet of late days I have understood they have under∣taken some new Discoveries and Trade to the East-Indies, which they have since fully perfor∣med, to the great Encouragement of such as shall follow them.

CHAP. CCXVI. Of Norway, and the Cities thereof.

* 1.613NOrway is bounded on the North with Lappia, on the East with the Dofrine Mountains, on the other parts with the Seas.

The chief Commodities of this Country are Stock-Fish, Rich Furs, Train Oyl, and Tackling for Ships, as Masts, Cables, Deal-board, Fir, and the like.

Towns are here thin, and the Houses therein poor and miserable. * 1.614The chief of those that are, is Nidrosia, the Archbishops Seat of Norway, Iceland, and Groenland. * 1.615The second is Bergen, one of the four ancient Mart-Towns of Europe; the other three being London in England, No∣vograde in Moscovia, and Bruges in Flanders: and all these but London are decay'd, for this Bergen hath yielded to Wardhouse; Novograde, by reason of the Charge of Navigation through the Baltick into the Northern Passage, hath given way to St. Nicholas; and Bruges being de∣prived of her Traffick by Antwerp, it is now also removed to Amsterdam; for the Hollanders by blocking up the Haven, but especially by keeping of Bergen up Zome, have such a command over the River, that no Vessel can pass or repass without their License. * 1.616But to proceed, Fin∣march also appertaineth to this Kingdom and both to the Dane: the chief Cities are Saman, secondly Hielso, both Sea-towns, * 1.617but the principal is Wardhouse, seated in the very Northern End of all the Country, being a Town of little Trade, but great Concourso of Shipping that this way are bound for Moscovia, which must needs touch here, and it is so called, as seated in a little Island called Ward.

* 1.618In Bergen in Norway the Common Weight is a Pound, the 100 l. of London hath been found to make here 92 l. but weighing with a Sling, as they do, is found to be very uncertain.

The Measure is …

The particulars of the Trade of this Country, here necessarily to be handled, I am inforced to omit, by reason of my Ignorance, therefore intreat the better experienc'd to supply my Defect therein.

CHAP. CCXVII. Of Swethland, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.619SWethland is bounded on the East with Moscovia, on the West with the Dosrine Hills, on the North with the Frozen Seas, and on the South with the Baltick Seas.

* 1.620The Commodities that this Country affordeth for Merchandize, are Lead, Copper, and Silver, drawn out of their Mines, and it aboundeth also with Hides of Bucks, Goats and Oxen, Tallow, Tar, Malt, Barly, Rich Furs, and the like.

It containeth five Provinces, Lappia, Bodia, Finland, Gothland and Sweden; of all which a word.

* 1.621In Lappia I find not any City of note, being cold and comfortless.

* 1.622In Bodia are the Towns of Vireis and Helsinga.

* 1.623In Finland are many strong Towns, populous and rich, Albo and Narve, both of great Strength; also those two strong Cities of Veburg and Ruiallia, which cost the Swebes 100000 Crowns yearly the keeping, by nature defending his own, and offending his Ene∣mies Territories.

* 1.624In Gothland stands the chief City of this Kingdom, Stockholm, seated in the Waters, after the manner of Venice, and the Residence of the Swedish King; next Lodusia, a Town of great Traffick; then Waldburg and Colmar, two impregnable Cities.

* 1.625In Sweden are the chief Cities of Upsal a Bishoprick, Nicopea a Sea-town of good Strength, and Copperdole, most famous for its abundance of Brass, which is here in such plenty, that there are found 400 Brass Pieces in the Castle of Stockholm; under which I will comprehend the Trade of Sweden.

CHAP. CCXVIII. Of Stockholm, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.626BEcause I intend, upon the general Trade of Estland, to handle some particular Cities be∣longing to the Crown of Sweden, therefore I shall be the briefer upon the Trade of this City of Stockholm, the Metropolis of this Kingdom. Stockholm then being the Residence of this King, whose Arms of late were so prevalent in Germany, is accounted famous in these Northern Regions for the great Concourse of Merchants and Traffick here daily practified seated in watry Marshes, after the manner of Venice, and supposed to be built upon Piles, and therefore bears in their Language some Construction thereof, which not improperly may bear in our ancient English the same sense: It is situate in part upon the Lake of Meller, and in part upon the East-Sea, out of which the great Trade of Shipping to this place doth come and enter by a deep and narrow Channel, spacious and commodious for Ships of the greatest Burthen; but the Fort of Waxholm on one side of the Passage, and the Fort of Digne so fitly seated opposite to the same, in the narrowest of the Gut and Streight, command the whole Channel, and guard the Lake and City, and no Vessel is suffered either to go in or out, but here have their Congé and Admission. It is besides fortified with a strong Castle, wherein are found, for the Defence thereof, 400 Pieces of Brass Artillery; and for the Beauty thereof, it is adorned with many goodly private and publick Buildings, the King's Palace being more renowned for its Antiquity, than the stately Structure thereof.

* 1.627The Commodities for Transportation found in this City are principally Iron, Steel, Copper, Wire, all sorts of Grain, Lead, and other Minerals, also Honey, Wax, Tallow, Hides brought from Mosco, and the like: which is hence dispersed into all parts of these Northern Cli∣mates.

* 1.628The Moneys generally current throughout the Kingdom of Sweden, is the Dollar, which is divided into Marks, and 8 Marks make a Dollar; and this Mark is divided into Clippings, so that two Clippings make a Mark, and a Clipping is accounted for 9½ Stivers Flemish; and by this Dollar they exchange with other neighbouring Countries, and it is valued in sterling Money at (…)

* 1.629The Weight in use here is the Pound, and the 100 l. of London hath produced here 116 l. They have here also two Ship-pounds, one proper to this Place, which is 320 l. of this Weight, and the other is 340 l. The proper Ship-pound of Dantzick is 34 Stones, as in the Chapter of Dantzick appears; and this Quintar or Pound is found to agree with Narva, Riga, Revel, Danizeck, and some Towns of Trade in the Baltick Sea.

* 1.630The common Measure of Length here used is the Ell, and is the same in all Sweden, except some principal Towns of this Tract hereafter noted, and the 100 Yards of London doth pro∣duce 1••••½ Ells; but note, That in Barrow in Sweden this Ell is found to be very uncertain, for the Bigness of a Man's Head is measured about with a Rope, and this they account for an Ell; so that here a great Head may be some benefit to a Merchant, for by this Rule the greatest Loggerhead shall have consequently the largest Measure.

* 1.631Corn is here sold by a Measure called a Loop, 23 Loops make a Last in Amsterdam, or 10 Quarters in London.

CHAP. CCXIX. Of Moscovia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.632MOscovia is bounded on the East with Tartary, on the West with Livonia, Lituania, and part of Sweden; on the North with the Frozen Ocean, and on the South with the Ca∣spian Sea, the Turks, and Palus M•…•…otis.

* 1.633This Country affordeth for Merchandise, Furs of many sorts, Flax, Hemp, Whales-grease, Honey, Wax, Canvas, Ropes, Cables, Caveare, Astrican Hides, Tallow, Raw-hides and Bulgars.

* 1.634The many Rivers that are found to be in this Country do much further Trading in general: F••st Tanais, which disburtheneth it self into Palus Moeotis. Secondly, Dunia, which entreth into the Scythian Seas, at the Abby of St. Nicholas, where our English, since the Discovery of the Northern Passage, use to land and disperse themselves into all parts of this vast Empire. Thirdly, Boristhenes, that entreth into Pontus Euxinus. Fourthly, Onega, which openeth it self into the Bal•…•…k Sea. And lastly Volga, which with no less than 70 mouths disgorgeth it self into the Caspian.

This Empire is divided into nine principal Provinces, which together with the chief Towns thereof I shall only touch.

* 1.635Novogradia is first, the chief Town being Novograde, seated on the Dunia, and once one of the four ancient Mart-Towns of Europe, now of late decayed, since the Discovery of the new Passage unto the Town of St. Nicholas, by the River Obye.

* 1.636Plescovia is the second, wherein is the City Plescove, the only walled City in Moscovia, and yet of no great Eminence.

* 1.637Valadomira is the next, having also a Town of that Name.

* 1.638Rhesen is the fourth, wonderful plenty in Corn, that neither can Birds fly, nor Horses run through it for thickness; the chief Town Rhesen was the Metropolis of Russia, it is the first part of Moscovia, abounding in Grain, Honey, Fish, and Fowl without number.

* 1.639Servia is the fifth, the chief Towns are Staradab and Pativola.

* 1.640Permia is the sixth, the chief City ••s Sickwiardley, abounding in Stags.

* 1.641Candora is the seventh.

* 1.642Petrosa is the eighth: in both these Countries the Inhabitants do live under ground, and have for half the year together perpetual Day, and the other half perpetual Night, as situ∣ated beyond the Arctick.

* 1.643Moscovia is the ninth, * 1.644and so named of the principal City Mosco, being about five miles round, having therein 16 Churches, of which the one half are made of Wood and Dirt, as most of the Houses are: the Emperours Palace standeth in the midst, and is fortified with 3 Bulwarks, and 17 Turrets, continually guarded with 25000 Souldiers. This is the most populous Province of all this great Empire: for it extendeth 2000 miles in Length.

* 1.645Besides these, there are yet some petty Provinces wherein are found the Towns of Sma∣lensko, then Toropiers, next Colopigrod, Landiskron, and some others of lesser note, which I willingly omit, till my Observation be better.

The Trade of the English was begun here in the time of Queen Elizabeth of England, and Basiliades King of this Country, about the year 1575, and within 10 years after it was per∣fectly setled: and because the Trade of Moscovia is confined to a small Circuit in these vast Dominions, it will not be improper that I comprehend the same under the Title of the Me∣tropolis of this Kingdom, Mosco.

CHAP. CCXX. Of Mosco, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.646MOsco is the Metropolis of all this large Kingdom, to which the Emperour some years past repair'd, most fit for the Government of so large an Empire, as accounted the midst of all his Dominions. It is pleasantly seated on the River Mosca, running into Tanais, where it loseth its name; and passing Assaw, disgorgeth into the Palus Meotis, and so into the Euxinus. About fifty years past it was esteemed ten miles in circuit, and in its height of Greatness then burnt by the Tartars wherein 80000 Persons were consumed, and since reduced to five miles compass, beautified with 16 Churches, some of Stone, some of Timber and Earth, and with the Palace of the Great Duke situate in the very Heart thereof, enriched with the Branches of two Rivers for Use and Ornament, which water two strong Forts that defend the place. * 1.647At the Abby of St. Nicholas the Patron of this Country upon the River of Dunia, or Obby, the English Merchants use to land, and thence disperse themselves to Smalensko, Novograde, hi∣ther and into all other parts of this vast Empire, amongst whom they find kind entertainment, and by the Favour of the Prince have larger Immunities granted unto them than to any o∣ther Nation, their trafficking attributed to the never dying Fame of Queen Elizabeth, in whose days the Trade was here first settled, and to the plausible Behaviour of the English Merchants in general.

* 1.648The Merchants here are observed to keep their accounts in several manners; some as the English, by Rubbles and Pence, or as the Inhabitants term them, Muskofkins, 200 whereof making a Rubble, which is accounted two Rix Dollars. Some again, as the Dutch and other Nations, by Rubbles, Grevens, and Muskofkins or Pence, accounting 20 pence to a Greven, and 10 Grevens to a Rubble, which is most in use here, this Rubble being found an imaginary Coin, and not real.

* 1.649The Current Money here is a Capeck, in value a Stiver Flemish, and somewhat more than as English Penny; for 10 Capecks is a Greven, which the English call 12 pence sterling, because that 10 Grevens is a Rubble, which is 10 shillings sterling. Three Capecks they call an Altine, by which name all Receipts and Payments are made in bargaining and Contracts, 33 Altius and 1 Capeck making a Rubble.

* 1.650At Archangel is sound practised amongst the Merchants an Exchange for Moneys, rising and falling, according as the Russ Moneys are observed to be plentiful or scarce; the English some∣times among themselves giving 11 shillings, and 11 shillings 6 pence sterling in England for the Rubble here; and the Moneys commonly taken there in August to be paid in London the last of December following.

* 1.651The Weight of Moscovia common in use is the Pood for fine Goods, and the Bercovet for gross Goods, the one being derived from the other.

By the Pood is weighed Silk, Bever-wooll, Yefts, &c. and is accounted for 40 l. Russ weight: and 3 Pood hath been observed to make 112 l. English, which by this computation should make 37⅓ l. Averdupois, and all Goods there bought by the Pood is 10 per cent. Loss in Eng∣land.

By the Bercovet is weighed Tallow, Hemp, Cable, Yarn, Coil or Lard-ropes, and all gross Commodities, and is a Russ Ship pound: 10 Poods makes a Bercovet, which makes 300 l. suttle Averdupois, so that all Goods being bought there by the Bercovet or Ship pound is hell 10 per cent. Profit: for commonly the English Merchants reckon the over-weight to pay the Freight of some Goods so bought.

* 1.652The Measure in Length here generally used is called an Archin, being a Brabant Ell and ½ a Nail, or something more than ¼ of an English Yard, reckoned by the English Merchants there resident two per cent. more, and may be incirca 28 inches, so that the 100 Archins may produce in London 77 in 78 Yards, and the 100 Yards be here 128½ Archins, or there∣about.

* 1.653The Native Commodities of this Country in general I have already nominated, it will not be amiss I should particularly view them, and the ordinary Rates they carry in price, together with the Marks whereby their Goodness and Quality is discerned.

* 1.654Their most precious Commodities and Merchandize hence exported by forein Nations are their rich Furs; the principal is the Sables, bought commonly by the Timber, which contains 40 Skins, which must be large and well-colour'd, and are found of all Prices as in Goodness, from 15 to 200 Rubbles the Timber.

* 1.655Black Fox-Skins are known amongst all Northern Merchants for the richest Fur in the World, and is here found in great store, bearing a Price as in Largeness and Growth, from 5 to 200 Rubbles apiece.

* 1.656Oter-Skins are here found plenty, by reason of the many Rivers of this Country, accounted the Region of Springs and Streams, sold by the Timber of 40 Skins, from 5 to 40 Rubbles the Timber.

* 1.657Minikins are sold by the Timber of 40 Skins, and commonly sold about 6 Rubbles the Timber.

* 1.658Martins are also sold by the Timber of 40 Skins, about 15 Rubbles per Timber, rising as found in richness of Hair.

* 1.659Ermins sold also by the Timber of 40 Skins, about 2 Rubbles per Timber.

* 1.660Grawert or Squirrels sold by the thousand, as in Goodness, from 14 to 30 Rubbles the thou∣sand.

* 1.661Red Foxes by the 10 Skins, at 10 or 15 Nobles the 10 Skins.

White Foxes by the Piece, about 5 Altins the piece.

Dun Foxes by the Piece, about 40 Altins the Piece.

Sable Rands sold by the Pair, from 2 to 6 Rubbles the Pair.

* 1.662Bever-wooll is a Staple Commodity also of this Kingdom, and sold by the Pound about 2½ Rubbles per Pound.

Bever Wombs also by the Pound, being a thin Skin and well grown, is commonly worth 1½ Rubble per Pound.

These are the ordinary Furs which their Northern Climate affords for Merchandize, the next found are these.

* 1.663Yellow Wax is here found made by the Industry of the Bee and hands of Man, in great a∣bundance, sold by the Pood, which is 40 l. here; the hardest and best colourd bear Price here commonly about 4 in 5 Rubbles the Pood.

* 1.664Tallow is sold by the Berquet, which is 10 Pood, being clean, white and hard, about 7 in 8 Rubbles the Berquet.

* 1.665Tar is sold by the Hogshead, being thick, as the best is commonly worth (…) per Hogshead of (…) Gallons English.

* 1.666Train Oyl is sold by the Barrel, which is half a Hogshead, and discerned by its Clearness without Grounds, and of a whitish Colour, about 4 Rubbles per Barrel, of (…) Gallons English.

* 1.667Hemp is sold by the Berquet of 10 Poods, being clean and green, bears price commonly from 3 to 5 Rubbles the 10 Pood.

* 1.668Flax is sold by the Bercovet; the bright Silver-colour is held the best, commonly about 7 Rubbles the Bercovet.

* 1.669Cable Yarn is sold by the Bercovet, and being well spun round and not too much twisted, from 67½ Rubbles the Bercovet.

* 1.670Coyls or Tard Ropes by the Bercovet, about 7 Rubbles the Bercovet: where note, That the English and other Nations hither trading, buy here great quantity of Hemp, and spin it out here into Yarn, to save the charges of Fraight: every 1000 Poods do cost about 100 or 110 Rubbles Charges; and, if the Hemp prove good, there is found near ¼ Loss; if bad, so much more, and worth, being in Cable Yarn, as I said above, from 6 to 7½ Rubbles the Bercovet.

* 1.671Dried Cow-hides, being large and weighty, are sold by the 100 Hide, worth from 40 to 44 Rubbles the 100.

* 1.672Red Evits by the Pair, at 2½ Rubbles per Pair, and sometimes sold by the Pood, at 40 Rubbles per Pood: And note, That the White are commonly worst esteemed by ⅕ in price.

* 1.673Losh-hides are sold by the Piece, the largest and not worm-eaten is the best, from 6 Grevens to 5 Rubbles the Piece, as in Goodness.

* 1.674Duck-Feathers sold by the Pood, as in Goodness, from 3 to 5 Rubbles the Pood.

* 1.675Caviare is also a principal Commodity here sold by the Pood, and commonly worth 40 Altines the Pood.

* 1.676Coarse Linen is made here in great quantity, sold by the 1000 Archins of ½ Yard, and ¾ the broad from 15 to 20 Rubbles the 1000 Archins, as found in Fineness.

Some other Commodities this Country affordeth, which I omit, as of no great conse∣quence.

CHAP. CCXXI. Of the Trade in general of Moscovia.

* 1.677THE excellent Commodity of the great Rivers that in all places of this large Empire are found to water and enrich this Country, should much incite this Nation to the Trade of Merchandize; but it is often found, that where Nature is most liberal in her Furtherances, the Inhabitants prove most backward in their Endeavours; the natural Coldness of the Climate inclosing the People into their warm Stoves, and the Neighbourhood of the Tartars (who in some respect resembling Dogs, neither suffering the Moscovites to traffick, nor yet traffick themselves) by their continual harrying of the Country, and the often Incursions and Wars of the Swedes, may in some sort serve them for a reasonable Excuse; yet it is sound, that these Wars prove main Helps sometimes to their Traffick, especially in Furs, for their Bodies there∣by inured to Cold and Hardness, make the Pastime of Hunting a profitable Exercise in the worst Season of the year, the rest of their Merchandize come to them very near in the same kind: for it wholly depends upon Manufactures and Labour for Cordage; Linens and Yarn they have from the Earth, as their Hides, Tallow and Wax upon the same; the Caveare and Train Oyl, and some other such by Fishing: so that it may be supposed they are more addicted to Husbandry and Fishing than to Merchandising. The English about the year 1575 first discovered the Trade, and found here good Entertainment and great Privileges from the then reigning Prince, and the first Discoverers were in London incorporated into a Society of Merchants, by the name of the Moscovia Company, by Grant of Queen Elizabeth; which Company hath been sub∣ject to some Alterations and Contingencies of their Trade, by reason of some cross Accidents happening; * 1.678but being in England ordered by the Advice of a Governour, Deputy, and certain select Committee, and in Moscovia by an Agent, who regulate the same, by whose Wisdom they have of late so prudently setled their Trade in general, and reformed their past Errors, that it is now seen to flourish, and in likelihood to increase daily, to the particular Benefit of that Company, and the Good both of this and that Kingdom in general.

CHAP. CCXXII. Of Polonia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.679POland is limited on the East with Boristhenes, which parteth it from Germany, on the West with Vistula, which parteth it from Germany, on the North with the Baltick Sea, and Sinus Frinicus, on the South with Hungary.

* 1.680The chief Merchandize that this Country affordeth for Transportation, is Barly, Oats, An∣ber, Wax, Honey, Hemp, Pitch, Yar, Rosin, and some Cordage, with other Commodities.

* 1.681The chief Rivers are, first Vistula, navigable 400 miles, and endeth in the Baltick Sea, Ni∣ger, Reuben, Bog, Mimel, and others. The Provinces are accounted to be 11, and the prin∣cipal Towns are as followeth.

* 1.682Luconia is the first, in length 500 miles, in breadth 160; where are Riga an Archbishoprick, Derpt a Town of great Commerce, Ruialia and Narve two strong Towns.

* 1.683Lituania is the second, abounding with Beasts, which yield the Inhabitants Furs for Commo∣dities; the chief Cities are Vilna, Vilcomire and Brescia.

* 1.684Volinia is the third, wherein are found Kiovia and Circassia.

* 1.685Samogitia is the fourth, the chief Town is Camia.

* 1.686Podolia is the fifth, affording three Harvests of one Sowing; the chief City is Camiense, held invincible, seated on high Rocks, Orkacow, Wincecsa, and others.

* 1.687Russia Nigra is the sixth, wherein are found Leinburg, Grodeck, &c.

* 1.688Prussia or Spruce is the seventh, wherin upon the Sea-coast is Amber found; the chief Cities are Dantzick, a famous Mart, especially for all sorts of Grain, 1000 Measures whereof being here daily sold. 2. Regiomount or Conisberg, a famous University. 3. Heilsperg. 4. Manberg. 5. Angenberg. 6. Culne, and others.

* 1.689Podlasia is the eighth, wherein are Ticocksin, where the Royal Treasury is kept, Biesco, Kni∣sen, and others.

* 1.690Masovia is the ninth, the prime City being Marksow.

* 1.691Poland is the tenth, wherein is the Metropolis of Polonia which is Cracovia, seated pleasantly on the River Vistula; here are also the Cities of Lublins, Guisna, Siradia and others; and of the principal of these, or others seated in this Tract, as followeth.

CHAP. CCXXIII. Of Cracovia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.692CRacovia is the chief, and Metropolis of all the Kingdom of Poland, where the King and his Council have their continual Residence; it is seated in a Plain, having Mountains on all sides, but somewhat distant; it is compassed with two strong Walls of Stone, and a dry Ditch; the Building is very fair, of Free-stone, 4 stories high, but covered with Tiles of Wood or Shingles, it is of round Form, in the midst whereof stands a large quadrangular Market∣place, wherein is seated the Cathedral Church, and the Senate house for the City, about which are many Shops for Merchants: upon the East-side of the City is the King's Castle, fair and well built on a Hill, lying open on the South-side, without any Building above the Wall; on the East side are the King's and Queen's Lodgings, on the North-side Lodgings for Feasting, on the West a Chappel where the Kings are interred: it hath not received any great Fame for Merchandising, many Scotch-men have attained to some Estate here by Trading, but it may more properly be called Pedlarising than Merchandising, for they have a moveable Magazine which they transport by Horse from Town to Town, wherein their Commodities are inclosed; and not a few such are found to have begun this Traffick at first by their Backs, and after∣wards by Horses.

Their Coins current with their Weights and Measures I shall here insert.

* 1.693It is not above 300 years since the Polonians used Silver Coins stampt; for before that time they did traffick with little pieces of uncoined Silver, and by the Exchange of Skins, and other such Commodities; but at this day they make all Contracts by Silver Guildens, but have no such real Coin amongst them: the Coins current are these, a Gold Ducat, known by the name of Polander, is of the same value with the Hungarian Ducat, and worth 70 Polish Groshe; a Silver Guilden or Florin is worth 30 Polish Groshe, which is 2 s. sterling; a Dollar in specie is worth 40 Polish Groshe; but in all Contracts for buying and felling, the Dollar is accounted 36 Grosh; a Creitzer is worth 3 Potchanels; 18 Deniers make 1 Grosh; a Grosh of Poland or Bo∣benia, is worth 7 Potchanels; 16 Whites make 1 Ort, 4 Orts make a Dollar, valued at 4 s. 4 d. sterling.

* 1.694The common Weight of Cracovia is the Pound, 136 l. whereof is here acounted a Quintar, which makes in London 114 l. circa, and the 100 l. of London hath yielded here about 120 l. but the common Pound is reduced to a Stone, and to a Ship Pound, which is 10 of the said St•…•…es.

* 1.695The common Measure of Length is an Ell, which is ½ an English Ell, but they sell their Linen by Shocks, which produceth 57½ Ells English the Shock.

CHAP. CCXXIV. Of Dantzick, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.696DAntzick is a very fair City, standing at the foot of a great Mountain that hangs over it, the famous River Vistula passing by it on the East-side, and running towards the North falls into the Baltick Sea, a little Brook enters the City on the South-side, and runs through it toward the North, affording many Commodities to the City: as first a Fair Water Conduit, where by a Mill the Waters are drawn into a Cistern, and thence by Pipes serving every private Citizens House, then a Corn mill for the Senate (besides their private Mills.) which affords them in every hour a golden Guilden throughout the year to their publick Treasury; and besides many other Mills, it hath one for sawing of Boards and Timber, having an Iron Wheel, which not only drives the Saw, but hooks in and turns the Boards to the Saw without the help of Hands; the Corn Granaries of this Town are also fair, remarkable and many in number, wherein the Citizens do lay up the Corn coming out of Poland, and according to the Wants of Europe, carry it into many Kingdoms, and many times relieve fruitful Provinces in time of casual Dearth; into which Granaries, under a great Penalty, no Man may carry ei∣ther Fire or Candle lighted, by a Law enacted amongst them.

The City is compassed with one Wall, yet contains three several Cities, governed by three distinct Senates, out of which one chief Senate is chosen to govern the whole City; and ac∣cording to the Roman Superstition they have St. George for their Protector, whose Red Cross they carry in their Flags, as doth also England, Genoua in Italy, and the Island Saio in the Arches; the City is seated about one English mile from the Baltick Shore, the Port being call'd Dermind, where the Ships of Burthen do ride to lade and unlade their Commodities; and the

City being acknowledged a Free Town, is permitted to coin Moneys; which as I find observ'd I shall note here, together with the Weights and Measures here in use.

* 1.697Their Accounts are kept here in sundry manners; the common being by Polish Guilders, of 30 Gross, and 12 d. to a Grosh.

But Merchants buy Commodities here by the great Mark of 60 Gross, and by the lesser of 15, and also by the Dollar of 35 Gross, of 3 Stivers the Grosh.

* 1.698Their Moneys current being thus accounted; 1 great Mark is 2 Polish Guilders; 1 Polish Guilder is worth 2 lesser Marks; 1 lesser Mark worth 15 Grosh, and the Grosh 18 d. Besides which, they coin Hungarian Ducats of Gold as they do in Poland, and they have 2 Coins in Gold, called a Milres, and half a Milres; each Milres is 3 Dollars and 2 Soslins, 36 Polish Grosh are here a Dollar.

* 1.699The Weight in use here is the Pound for fine Goods, the 100 l. in London making here 116 l. Besides which they have a Skip pound and a Lis-pound thus distinguished, 16 Mark pound are a Lis-pound, and 20 Lis-pound make a Skip-pound, by the small Stone of 24 l. for Spices, &c.

But they have also a great Stone to weigh gross Wares, as Flax, Wax, and the like, of 34 l. whereof 10 l. to the Skip-pound of 340 l.

* 1.700The Measure for Length of this City is the Ell, the 100 whereof makes in London about 49 Ells, and the 100 yards of London do here make 162 or 163 Ells incirca.

The Measure of Beer is the Fat, which contains 180 Stoops, and is accounted 81 Stoops of Antwerp.

The Measure of Corn here is the Last, which contains 61 shepels, 56 whereof make a Last in Amsterdam, or 10¼ Quarters of London, 4 shepels make a Mud, which is the Ship-pound before∣mentioned of 34 l.

* 1.701Merchants for the most part throughout all Estland are found to keep their Accounts in Flori•…•… or Guilders, and in Groshes and Deniers, accounting 12 Deniers to the Grosh, and 20 Grosh to the Guilder or Florin.

CHAP. CCXXV. Of Elbin, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.702ELbin, a small yet a fair City, and of late days compassed with Walls, grown great and large by the Trade and Residence of the English Merchants, who since upon some Grie∣vance and Discontentment are hence removed. In this City lies the Gross of the Trade of Prussen, especially for all the gruff Goods of that Dukedom; it once appertained to the Tes∣tonick Knights, but now to the Kings of Poland, and whom for the present the Citizens acknow∣ledge for their Protector, and otherwise it yields him but little Obedience, being of it self a Free City: from this City towards the North-east is a Channel that runneth up to Conixburg, the Seat of the Dukes of Prusland, by which all Commodities are transported and conveyed from one to the other.

* 1.703The Coins current, and the manner of their Accounts here kept, I have touch'd before, and the Weight in use here is the Pound, 40 whereof make a stone, and 10 stone of 40 l. make the Ship pound, which is 400 l. and is 350 l. of their great Weight, and the 100 l. of London hath been found to make here 120 l.

The Last of Wheat is here accounted for 5200.

* 1.704The Measure of Length in use here is the Ell, and the 100 yards of London are found to make here 163 Ells. There are also in this Tract found for eminent Cities of Trade, Conixburg, Stetin, Straelsond, Reuel, Riga, of which a word or two, and first of Conixburg.

CHAP. CCXXVI. Of Conixburg, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.705COnixburg, vulgarly called Queensburg, and in Italian, Mount Royal, is the Metropolis of this Dutchy, seated upon an Inlet of the Baltick Sea, and washed with the pleasant River Fiegol; it is found to have an Academy for Sciences, and well stored with Merchants from all the Northern parts of the World; and here the Merchants of Prusen keep their Factors for the vending of their inland Commodities. Upon this shore is also found in some quantity that excellent Amber, which the Inhabitants call Berstein, which in English may be translated the Burning Stone, of which some Writers make three sorts, the first coming from certain Gummy Trees, the second made by Art of Gold and Silver, and other ingre∣dients; and the third, this sort coming naturally from the bottom of these Seas, which for six Months are frozen up, and deny the Sea-man and Merchant the use of Navigation.

* 1.706The Monies and Accounts here in use are mentioned before: and the common Weight used amongst Merchants is the Stone, containing 40 pound, and 10 Stone makes a Ship pound, of 400 pound, and the 100 l. Averdupois of London doth yield here about 120 l. or 112 l. besides which, they have also the Ship pound of Dantzick in use for some Commodities of 350 l. but this Weight is to be avoided by the Strangers as being ever accounted too favourable to the Citizens.

* 1.707The common Measure of length is the Ell here for all Commodities measureable: the 100 Yards of London, hath made here by Observation 166½ incirca. And thus much shall suffice to have said of this City; from whence proceeding, I come next to Rhiga and Revel, two eminent Cities in this Tract.

CHAP. CCXXVII. Of Rhiga, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.708RHiga is the principal City of Livonia, or Lissland, seated near the Embosure of the River Dunia, strengthened with an exceeding strong Wall, many Ordnance to desend it against all Enemies, and bordering upon the Lissland Sea: it was formerly the chief residence of the Teutonick Knights, and then and now reinforced by the Garrison of D•…•…mund, accounted one of the impregnable Forts of this Northern Climate, where all Ships entring, are searched, and pay a certain Toll or Duty: the Inhabitants curious for the preservation of their Liberty, acknowledge the King of Poland for their Protector, to whom they pay a yearly Contribution, but else are governed by their own ancient Laws and Privi∣leges, which they enjoyed from the Knights their old Masters, at the resignation of this Country to that King.

* 1.709The Commodities of this Country for Merchandizing and Exportation, is Corn, and Grain of all sorts, Hemp, Flax, Honey, Wax, Rosin, Tar, Horses, and all sorts of rich Furs, as Martins, Ermins, Sables, Bevers and the like, not wanting any necessary for nourishment save Wine and Oyl, which foreign Nations do bring them.

* 1.710The Weight in use is the Pound, 20 pound whereof makes a Lis-pound, and 20 Lis-pound makes a Ship-pound, and 12 Ship pound being 4000 pound, is accounted a Last of Rie both here and at Narva, and the 100 pound of London hath been observed to make here 116 pound.

* 1.711The Measure is the Ell, agreeing with the Ell in use in Kevel, Conixburg, and Narva, 100 yards London making 160½ incirca.

* 1.712The Coins and Accounts differ not much here in value from the others before-mentioned, yet found to differ in appellation: for the Rix-Dollar, and the Mark-Lups, is here all one, which makes two Swedens or common Marks, and one Sweden is eight Lups-shillings, one Lups is two Shillings, one Shilling is twelve Pence, and one Peny is two Hellers.

CHAP. CCXXVIII. Of Revel, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.713REvel is nothing inferiour for Trade to Rhiga, situated on the North of the Bal•…•… Seas, famoused in these Northern Countries for the safety and commodiousness of the Haven: it is well stored of Merchants that frequent the place for the Traffick of the Commo∣dities thereof, nominated in the aforegoing Chapter. The Inhabitants stand much upon the•• antient Privileges granted them by their old Masters the Teutonick Knights, and acknowledging the King of Swedeland for Protector, to whom they yield obedience, the keeping of which cost him 100000 Crowns yearly, as naturally defending his own, and offending his Neigh∣bours Territories. This City in one thing hath a larger freedom than Rhiga, and is the same as in Lubeck for coining of Moneys, which they do four square, yet are bound to stamp the same of the same worth and value as the current Coins of Poland, therefore I shall not need further to insist thereupon.

* 1.714Their common Weight is a pound, their Ship-pound is 400 l. and the 100 l. of London make here 116 l.

* 1.715There is found some Exchanges practised in these parts by the Mark Swedens of 16 s. and by the Mark-Lups of 32 s. &c.

* 1.716Their common Measure of length is the Ell, agreeing with that of Conixburg and R•…•…, the 100 Yards, London, making by computation incirca 166½ Ells here. Narva also seated 〈◊〉〈◊〉 this Tract, agreeth in Weight and Measures with Revel, therefore I shall not need to in•…•… further thereupon.

CHAP. CCXXIX. Of Stralsont, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.717STralsont lies also in this Tract, and is found seated on the Baltick Sea, opposite to the Island of Raugi, where the late King of Sweden first landed in his Invasion of the Empire: it is now subject to the Duke of Pomeran, and in whose cause it hath endured; long and streight Siege; but being well and strongly fortified, by suffering it overcame, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 now accounted a famous Mart in these Northern parts for Grain, Pitch, Tar, Rosin, Honey, Wax, Hides, Tallow, and the like. Here passeth in Merchandize the Moneys of Nor•…•…, Denmark, Sweden, and Germany, of all which I have spoken, and the Duke hath also a pecular Coin, which is stamped in equal value to the Imperial Dollar, as above is said.

* 1.718The Weight of Stralsont is the Pound, 10 whereof is accounted for a Stone, and 16 for a Lis-pound, and the 100 l. in London hath produced here about 88 in 89 pound.

* 1.719The Measure of length is the Ell, and is found to agree with the Ell of Statin, as is shewed hereafter.

* 1.720I must not here omit a word in memory of the antient City of Julin, seated in the Dutchy, and which once was the principal City of Trade in all this Sea: for here the Vand•…•…, Saxons, Muscovites, Polonians, Swedes, English, Danes, and Germans, had their several Quartes of residency for Commerce; and all the Commodities of these Countries were brought ••i∣ther by these Nations. It is noted, that the Inhabitants were the last of all these Northern People that imbraced the Christian Religion, by reason that being in the height of their pro∣sperity, perceiving the Gospel of Christ to thrive and increase in all their Neighbouring Ter∣ritories, strictly prohibited, that no Stranger whatsoever here resident should embrace the same, nor that any should as much as mention any new Religion unto them; but in these latter days their great Traffick is lost, and they are become Religious according to the Superstition of that Religion they use, and since have suffered much by the vexation of the continual Wa•• of the Danes, and appears now for the most part ruined, where I leave it, and pass thence to the next Town of Pomeran.

CHAP. CCXXX. Of Stetin, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.721THIS Stetin is the capital City of Pomerania, situate upon the River of Oder, in a pleasant and delightsome Soil, and carrieth in these Northern Regions that Renown, that from hence the Dukes of Stetin in Pomerland have their appellations. The City abounds in all Commodities for Merchandize that the Neighbouring Countries afford; and of it self it yield∣eth to Merehants the Commodities common to Prusen, Sweden, and Polonia. For its defence, it is strengthned on all sides with Ramparts, Ditches, and good Artillery; the River of Oder is bea••tified with many useful and necessary Bridges, the one whereof is purposely made to lead to the Granaries and Store-houses, where the Corn and Grain, either for Store or Exportation, is laid up, and where their Arsenals are seated, in which their warlike Provision is kept, and where Vessels of all sorts both for Sea and River is seen daily to be fabricated; beside the se∣veral Churches and Colleges that adorn this City, the Duke's Palace must be accounted as the principal Ornament, built of that Art and Sumptuousness, that it gives not place to the most excellent in Italy; in fine, Stetin is not to be accounted the least of the Hans-Towns and tho' the Prince be daily there Resident, yet it proveth no way prejudicial to the Privileges thereof.

* 1.722The Commodities of this City are for Merchandizing, such as all the East Country affordeth, viz. Tar, Pitch, Rosin, Honey, Wax, Hides, Grain, and all kind of Furs.

* 1.723The Weight of this City is divided into two kinds, derived from the Pound weight here in use, the Quintar is accounted 112 l. of this place, and that is the first, and the second is the Stone, which is also of two sorts; as a Stone of 10 l. being the small Stone, and a Stone of 21 l. ac∣counted the great Stone; and it hath been observed, that the 10 l. of London Averdupois, bath yielded here incirca 92 l.

* 1.724The common Measure in the use for length is called the Ell, as the usual denomination thereof in all the East parts, and the 100 Yards of London hath been observed to produce here about 141 Ells.

And thus much shall serve to have said of these Cities, which I have entitled under the Names of P••land and Eastland, though in themselves acknowledging several distinct Princes, having taken that liberty to my self in my first method, rather narrowly to observe the maritime Shores, and the principal Cities seated thereupon, though acknowledging divers Sovereigns, than precisely to follow the limits and bounds of Princes Dominions according to the large∣ness and extent of their Command and Power.

CHAP. CCXXXI. Of the Weights and Measures of Eastland to that of London.

NOW, forasmuch as there may be many other eminent Cities of Trade, which in parti∣cular, I have willingly omitted to handle, therefore according to my observed order, I will contract them here, and shew how the Weights and Measures of London do agree, and are found to accord together.

* 1.725And first, I find it observed, that the 100 l. of Averdupois in London doth make in these Towns following, viz. in

	l.
Straelsont as I said	88
Stetin	92
Revel	116
Dantzick	116
Conixburgh	120
Rhiga	116
Thoren and Narva	116
Cracovia	120
Elbin	120
Wild	116

* 1.726And thus much shall serve for the Weights in general of Eastland; and for the Measures take here the same Observations made upon 100 Yards of London, which produceth in

	Ells.
Embden	163
Hamburgh	162½
Bremen	163
Lubeck	160
Munster	86½
Ossenbridges	84
Wismar	156½
Conixburg	166½
Riga and Kevel	166½
Rostick	158
Gripswald	163
Donim	163
Stettin	141
Dantzick	163
Ocermond	141
Melluine	161
Narva	166 Ars•…•….

CHAP. CCXXXII. Of Corn-Measures of Eastland reduced to that of other Countries.

* 1.727THis Country is above all other Commodities abounding in Corn, which hence is tran∣sported into all parts of Europe; it will not be amiss to see what Observations have been made upon the Measure thereof, here in use, and concurrent with other places.

Schepels, 60 in Dantzick make a Last, and 4 makes a Mud, which is the Skip-pond of 340 l. as you find it there noted.

Werpes, 61 make a Last in Emden, or 15½ Barrels of 4 Werpes

Schepels, 90 make a Last in Hamburg.

Schepels, 96 make a Last in Lubeck.

Schepels, 96 make at Fameren a Last.

Schepels, 96 make a Last in Hileger-Haven in Denmark.

Barrels, 42 make a Last in Copenhagen.

Barrels, 36 make a Last in Ebeltorffe donie.

Quarters, 10½ make a Last in London; but in lading of Ships, Quarters five are accounted for one Tun lading.

* 1.728Now let us see how these respond together, and how these agree with the Last of Corn in Amsterdam, upon which I find these notes, and that the same maketh in

Danzick	56	Schepels.
Embden	55	Werps.
Hamburgh	85	Schepels.
Lubeck	85	Schepels.
Fameren	78	Schepels.
Hylegher	80	Schepels.
Copenhagen	23	small Barrels.
Eboltorff	23	Barrels.
Sweden	23	Barrels.
Conixburgh	6/7	of a Last, for the 6 Lasts are 7 at Amsterdam.
Melvin	17/21	of a Last.
Stetin	6/7	of a Last.
Rhiga	42	Loops, Rostick and Mechburgh, measures of Lubeck.
Antwerp	37½	Vertales.
Brussels	10½	Muden, and differing in all places of Brabant.
Middleburgh	40	Sacks, 41½ to the Last in Zealand.
Rotterdam, Delph.	87	Achtellins.
Gronninghen	33	Muddes.
London	10¼	Quarters, and 5 Quarters to a Tun.

CHAP. CCXXXIII. Of the Trade in general of Poland and Eastland.

* 1.729HAving thus surveyed the Trade of this Country in some particulars, it will not be amise to look upon it in the general. The Revenues both of the King and Gentlemen is here e∣steemed but moderate, and scarce sufficient to maintain a plentiful Table, and to exchange with Merchants for Wines and Spices, which they yet much covet, as also they do forein Stuffs of Silks

and Cloth: I have noted, that this Kingdom aboundeth with Beasts as well wild as tame, and yieldeth excellent Horses, not great but quick, nimble and stirring; it aboundeth also in Flesh, Fowl, and Water-Fish, and in all kind of Pulse and Grain; it is found also towards the Carpathian Mountains of Hungary to have some Mines of Gold and Silver, of Iron and Brimstone; it yieldeth also in abundance plenty of Honey found in hollow Trees, besides the Husband-man's Hives: it yieldeth moreover, Wax, Flax, and Linen Cloths made thereof, Hemp, Pitch of both kinds, Masts for Ships, Boards and Timber, rich Furs, Salt digged out of the Earth, Amber, Soap-ashes, and Rice in abundance, which hath made Dantzick famous throughout Europe.

No marvel then if Merchants bring unto them Silks from Italy, Cloth from England, Wines from France and Spain, and the very Spices and Drugs from India, since they not only sell then at good prices, but also bring thence such precious and staple Commodities. Poland it self is found within land, and Prussia with their immunities subject to this Kingdom, is sound to have the principal Traders therein inhabiting, yet have they but few Ships, using Strangers to export their Commodities. For the rest of the Polanders they are observed to live content with their own, and not by way of Merchandizing to stir much abroad; yet are they not rich, because they want the abovesaid Commodities, which the proud Gentlemen and Nobility of these Countries buy dear, and will have, though brought from far unto them, and they are noted to have so little Gold and Silver, as despising all in respect of it; they sell the rich Commodities of their Country at a low rate, especially those which are for daily Food, and thereby made unfit to be exported. The People themselves are not much addicted to Traffick into remote Regions, nor to travel far out of their own Countries; yet in imitation of other their Neighbours, they sometimes Trade with their rich Furs into other Countries, of whom I have observed some to come to Constantinople, rather making a ranging Voyage, than coming with intent to Trade and Reside. Wherein they cannot be much blamed, in regard that they have in plenty all things that naturally are wanting to mankind, if they can be contented therewith: but the Inhabitants of Pomerland, East Country, &c. are observed to be more ingenious, and far more addict to Traffick and Commerce, and have some Vessels sitter for transport and carriage than for warfare, but yet most proper for their gross Commodities and large Stowage, however their Winter-colds depriving them of almost half the years Traffick: the other half wherein their Seas are navigable, cannot make them any competent amends, and their Merchandize being altogether gross, cannot give them therefore the attribute of Eminent Merchants.

CHAP. CCXXXIV. Of Hungary, and the principal Cities thereof.

* 1.730HUngary is bounded on the East with Transilvania and Valachia, on the West with Austria, on the North with Poland, on the South with Sclavonia, &c.

This Kingdom now stands divided between the Grand Seignior and the Hungarians: * 1.731the Great Turk enjoys Buda, seated on Danubius, once the Metropolis of this Kingdom, and Court of the Kings; also Guilia Pest, Alba Regalis, called by them Wesenberg, next quinque Ecclesiae, Rab, and others of lesser note.

In the Hungarians possessions are these principal Cities, * 1.732Presberg the present Metropolis of this Country; 2. Strigonium, 3. Agraria, 4. Comara in an Island of that name, 5. Tertax, 6. Cimista, 7. Segith, before which Solyman the Great Turk ended his days, and some others of lesser consequence.

* 1.733This Country doth much abound in Cattel, sufficient to feed all Germany, the Store is so great, that they yearly sell to their Neighbours 80 or 100 Thousand Oxen; they have also some Copper and Tin, some quantity of Corn, Honey, Wax, and such like Commodities, and from hence to Constantinople, I have seen Hides, Butter, and Cheese, that in great abundance have come out of these parts through the Black-Sea. Further matter of Trade hath not remarkably faln into my hands; therefore for the current Coins of this Country, with their Weights and Measures in use, I must refer to the better experienced, and hence travel to Dacia, and the rest of those Provinces comprehended within that circuit.

CHAP. CCXXXV. Of Dacia, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

* 1.734DAcia is bounded on the East with the Euxine, on the West with Hungary, on the North with the Carpathian Mountains, on the South with Hemus, dividing it from Greece.

The Rivers that inrich this Country are Danubius, 2 Alata, 3. Salvata, 4. Cockle, 5. Mor•…•…, and some others.

* 1.735The Commodities that this Country affordeth for Merchandize, is Butter, Cheese, Honey, Wax, Hides, Oxen, Tallow, and Warlike Horses of great worth.

The Provinces are these, and are all under the command of the Grand Seignior.

* 1.736Transilvania, the chief Towns thereof are, 1 Wisenberg, 2. Clasenberg, 3. Bristitia, 4. Fogar•…•…, and others, and now in possession of Bethlem Gabar the Vaivode thereof.

* 1.737Moldavia is the next, the chief Cities are Saccania, the second is Falsing, 3. Kilim, 4. Cher∣mon, &c. under a Vavoide, who is Tributary to the Great Turk.

* 1.738Valachia is the third Province, the principal Towns whereof are, 1. Salnium, 2. Pracklabs, 3. Tergovista, the Vavoides Seat, who is Tributary to the Turk. This Country abounds in Mines of Gold, Silver, Salt-pits, Wines, Cattle, and Brimstone, and esteemed the richest of these Provinces.

* 1.739Servia is the fourth, and hath these Cities, 1. Stoneburg, the Seat of the Despot, Tributary to the Turk, 2. Samandria, 3. Belgrade, a famous Town, which cost the Great Turk much Blood and Money the getting, and was accounted before the Bulwark of Christendom on this side.

* 1.740Rasia is the fifth, the chief City is Bodin, a famous Mart.

* 1.741Bulgaria is the next, wherein is found Sophia, the Seat of the Beglerbeg of Greece, who hath under him 21 Sansacks. Next is Nicopolis, and some others of lesser note.

* 1.742Bosna is the last Province, wherein is Casachium, and Jasiga, the residence of their former Despots. All which afford not further matter of Trade: for where the Great Turk once commandeth, Traffick is accounted very rare, and is seldom found of import, and being ignorant in that little there is, I am constrained to omit it.

CHAP. CCXXXVI. Of Sclavonia, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

* 1.743SClavonia hath on the East the River of Drinus, and a line drawn from thence to the Sea, on the VVest part of Italy: on the North, Hungary; and on the South, the Adriatick Sea.

* 1.744The Commodities that this Country doth afford for Merchandize, are Horses for Service, Cattel, Oxon, Hides, Tallow, Butter, and Cheese, and hath some Mines of Silver and Gold, now in the Great Turk's possession. The Provinces and Cities of note in Sclavonia are these

* 1.745Illyria, now by the Turks called Windismark, hath in it Zatha, seated upon Dan•…•…, 2: Zackaoes, 3. Windisgreets, and others.

* 1.746Dalmatia is the second Province, the chief City is Ragusa, situated on the Adriatick Sea, formerly a Town of great Traffick and Riches, and now tributary to the Turk; next is Sci•…•…, 3. Zara, both seated on the Sea-shore, and subject to the Venetians; 4. Spalatta, a Sea-Town, from whence to Venice that State keepeth many Gallies for transportation of Merchant Goods, and by reason of an unreasonable Fraight by them taken, they stand to the hazard and adventures thereof, which they did to their Cost in Anno 1619. my self being in Nayle when as the Duke d' Ossuna then Vice-King took two of these their Galley grosses laden with a rich Booty, as was reported to the import of 300000 Crowns which the State of Venice were enforced to make good principally to Merchants Turks of Constantinople, to whom the greatest part thereof did at that time appertain, and who are found at this day to be the greatest Traders this way. The next Town is Scodra, famous for the Resistance it made against the Turks; and last, Lissa, famous here for the Sepulchre of Scanderbeg, whose Bones were digged up, and worn by the Turks at the taking of this City, as conceiving them to be of excellent Vertue to make them partake of his good Fortunes. This Province being now divided be∣tween the Venetians and the Turk.

* 1.747Croatia is the next, the chief Towns are Cardisca, seated on the River Savus, 2. Brumon, 3. Nivograde, 4. Sisgith, and lastly Petrovia; this Country is now subject in part to the Venetians, and in part to the Austrians; of the Trade of the most principal of this in brief, and first of Ragusa and Spallatta.

CHAP. CCXXXVII. Of Rhagusa and Spallatta, and the Trade thereof.

THE Trade of Sclavonia is at this day but of small Account, and little to our Mation: the two Cities of Spalatta and Rhagusa seated therein, merit the principal conside∣ration.

* 1.748Rhagusa then, formerly called Epidaurus, being situated on the Adriatick Sea, a Common∣wealth of great Traffick and Riches, was in times past of far greater Fame and Name, both in Trade and Navigation than now it is: for from hence was the Original of those great Ships here built, and in old times famous, as then vulgarly called Argoses, properly * 1.749Rhaguses; the last which they were noted to have, they lent Philip the Second King of Spain, in 1588 to invade England, and hath her burial in our British Seas, and may all others so thrive that envy the Prosperity of England; since which I hear not of any they have of any consequence. They now pay 12000 Ducats yearly to the Turk for Tribute of that Trade and Liberty they now enjoy, which notwithstanding is of no great consequence.

The Country affords not any Commodities of moment for our Nation, and we only send thither some blue Hampshire Kersies, some Lead, Tin, and little else.

* 1.750The Moneys thereof are such as pass current through the State of Venice and Turkey their Neighbours, and their own being in correspondence therewith, and accompted by Grosses.

Grosses	6	is a Livre
Grosses	59	is a Hungar
Grosses	38	is a Rial ⅜
Grosses	1	is 2 Gassets
A Gasset		is 2 Saldes
Grosses	62	is a Venice Chicquin
Grosses	40	is a Naples Ducat
Grosses	59	is also a Sultain, accounted in England for 8 s. sterl.

* 1.751The Weight is a pound of (…) ℥ and 100 l. is the Quintal.

The 100 l. is English 80 l.

and is Venice suttle 120 l.

and is Venice gross 76 l.

1 l. Rhagusa is 9 ℥ gross Ven.

1 l. Rhagusa is 14 ℥ sac. 2⅔ suttle.

* 1.752The Measure is the Brace, which agreeth with the Brace of Venice: thus the 100 Cloth Braces is in Rhagusa 124, and of Silk 116 Braces, and is in England (…) inches.

* 1.753Note that the Weights and Measures of Spallatta do wholly agree with those in Venetia, therefore I need not to say further thereof in this place; and by the way note, that for the Weights of Rhagusa, I find this observation made: the 100 Rot. of Alexandria Zero, is in Rhagusa 260 l. the 100 l. Forfori is in Rhagusa 116 l. the 100 Rot. Laidin, is in Rhagusa 165 l. the 100 Rot. of Damietta is in Rhagusa 120 l. the 100 Rot. of Roma is in Rhagusa 666 l. the 100 Rot. of Baruti is in Rhagusa 625 l. the 100 Rot. Damasco is in Rhagusa 600 l. the 100 Rot. of Tripoli in Soria is in Rhagusa 500 l. the 100 Rot. of Aleppo is in Rhagusa 600 l. the 100 Rot. of Rhodes and Gasa is in Rhagusa 666⅔ l. the 100 Rot. of Cyprus is in Rhagusa 625 l. the 100 Rot. of Bursie in Natolia is in Rhagusa 146 l. the 100 Rot. of Constantinople is in Rhagusa 146 l. and the 100 l. in Rhagusa doth make as followeth.

In	Puglia	39	Rot.
Puglia	110	l.
Roma	101
Florence	105
Perosa	95
Siena	108
Acquilla	107
Lansano	166
Urbino	106
Crema	111
Piemont	101
Forli	111
Faensa	110
Cesena	106
Ricanati	107
Camerino	108
Bollonia	110
Lucca	106
Millana	111
Verona	108
Bressia	111
Ferrara	106
Modena	109
Genoua	114
Fanno	106

Further matter worthy mentioning, that concerns either the Weight, Measure, or Trade of this place, I have not observed, therefore I pass it over; and hence take my Journey to Greci••, the next place which challengeth my survey.

CHAP. CCXXXVIII. Of Greece, and the Provinces thereof.

* 1.754GReece, accounted the Mother of Arts and Sciences, is bounded on the East with the Egean Sea, the Hellespont, Propontis, and Thracian Bosphorus, on the West with Italy and the Adriatick Sea, on the North with the Mountain Hemus, and on the South with the Ioni•…•… Sea, and is now entirely subject to the Grand Seignior.

* 1.755The general Commodities found here, and transported hence, are Wines, Oyls, Copper, Vitriol, Brimstone, Silks raw and wrought, as into Velvets, Damasks, Grograms of Goats-hair or Wooll; Cute, Anniseeds, Cominseeds, Currans, Soap, Carpets, Cottons, &c.

* 1.756The chief Rivers navigable are Cepheus, rising in Epirus, and setting in the Egean Sea, Erig•…•…, and Alicmon, rising both in Maccdonia, and issuing in Thermasius sinus, then Sirmon in Migd•…•…, Alicus and Nissus in Thracia, and some others.

* 1.757The principal Provinces are seven, and the Cities therein are as followeth; Peloponnes•• is the first, dividing it self into six lesser parts, wherein is found the Cities of Eliz, Olympia, now ruined, though once famous; then the Cities of Corona and Modena, the now flourishing Towns of this Province: here was also in times past Thebes, Lacedemon, Sparta, Argos, N•…•…s, Corinth, now a little Village called Crato, all now gone and ruined; and here is now of note in matter of Traffick in this circuit, found only Modena, Corona, before named, and Petr•…•…, and some others of lesser consequence, whereto Merchants do frequent for Traffick sake. Of the Trade whereof a word.

CHAP. CCXXXIX. Of Modena, Corona, and Petras, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.758THese three Cities are situated on the same Shores, and subject to the same Customs, and found abounding in Corn, Wines, and Currans, Galls, Anniseeds, Silk, and such like, which I have thought good to put into one Member, to abbreviate my Task.

* 1.759In Petras there hath been of many years a Trade maintained by the endeavours of the English, who here by Authority of the Grand Seignior have a protecting Consul resident, who hath the Title of the Consul of the Morea: * 1.760and here is vended from England some Cloths of Suffolk, Serges, Tin, Lead, &c. In exchange whereof, they transport hence these Commo∣dities afore-named, Corn and Oyl being by their Laws prohibited Transportation, but by the connivance of Officers, found permitted notwithstanding.

* 1.761The Moneys of these places is current with those of Turkey, and those of Venetia, as Pos∣sessors and Borderers, which they account by the Turkish Coins, as in Dollars and Aspers.

Aspers 80 accounted to a Dollar, or Rot. ⅜ which is the best Commodity: Aspers 120 ac∣counted to a Sultany Hungary or Checquin, which Coins are found to rise oftentimes 10, 20, or 30 per Cent. in Aspers, as the occasion of Trade or Misgovernment too oftentimes doth permit.

* 1.762The Weight of Petras is the Pound of 12 Ounces, ordinarily making 11 Drams to an Ounce, 3 l. making their Oak, which is 4 l. 2 Ounces English, or 400 Drams here.

132 l. makes their Quintal, which is 117 l. London; but their Silk is sold by a Pound of 15 Ounces, which is 1½ Pound abovesaid: and it hath been found, that 112 l. English have made in Petras 126 l. the Sack of Currans commonly weighing of their Weight 140 l. which is Zant hath produced incirca 118 l.

100 l. of Petrus hath been found to make in Venice sotile 130 l. and in the gross Weight of Venice 83½ l. which thus computed may be 88 in 90 l. Averdupois of London.

* 1.763The Measures of these places are two for distinction of length; first, the Silk Pico is found to be 25 inches English, and the Cloth Pico 27 inches by the Rule in England.

* 1.764Oyls are sold by a measure called the Liver, and weigheth 7½ l 20 whereof is found to make a Candy Barrel, which must hold 15 Gallons English, which should be 112½ l. Aver∣dupois.

* 1.765Corn is here sold by the Bachel, whereof 9 and ⅖ hath been noted to make in England 8 Bushels Winchester measure.

From Petras it will not be improper that I trace the Dalmatian shore, and survey the Ci∣ties seated on the Maritime Coast, and found in the Gulph of Venice, purposely omitted in the Chapter of Dalmatia, as more proper to this place; and then proceed to the rest of the Grecian Provinces.

CHAP. CCXL. Of Catarro, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.766THough in this Tract Rhagusa and Spalato be the principal Cities of Trade known to our Merchants of London, yet now coasting this Dalmatian shore, it will not be improper that I take a general view of such eminent Cities of note as are observable in this Tract, the next of consequence being Catarro, seated in a Gulph bearing the name of the City, enjoying a commodious Harbour and safe from all Winds, but not enjoying any great Trade, by rea∣son of the too near neighbourhood of Rhagusa; yet the place doth afford for Merchandise which is Exported to Venetia, and to other places in that Gulph, Wax, Honey, Tar, and Pitch or Rosin, some Minerals, or colours for Painters, Tallow and Candles, Cordovants and Sheep-skins, Figs, Almonds, Nuts, and some other Commodities for Victual.

* 1.767The Moneys here, and generally throughout all this Coast, are those current in the State of Venetia, and the Dominion of the great Turk, of which more is said in its due place.

* 1.768The Weight here used is the Pound, and the 100 l. here is in Venetia suttle 133 l. as hath been observed, and may be about 90 l. English, and the said Pound is 16 Ounces. And the said 100 Pound of Catarro hath made in Sicilia 127 Pound, and the 100 Pound of Sicilia hath made here 78 Pound, and the gross Salmo of Sicilia hath made here 4 Stares, the 100 Pound of Catarro hath been also observed to yield in Linsano, and other parts of Pulia 117 Pound.

* 1.769The Measures of Catarro are

From Catarro I will take my passage to the next City neighbouring, the most important being Sebenico.

CHAP. CCXLI. Of Sebenico, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.770SEbenico is also found on this Shore, and seated upon the River of Cherca, abutting on the Gulph of Venetia, and having a commodious Harbour lockt from all dangers of Winds by sundry small Islands, Caprano and Standica being the principal, Tina a fair City lies upon this River more into the Land, which adds to the Trade of this place, and were it not for the continual Piracy of Rovers upon this Coast, and especially amongst these Islands, the Trade thereof would doubtless increase daily, and grow, by reason of its commodious sicuation, to a great height; yet notwithstanding this difficulty, it affordeth for Merchandise exportable, Was, Honey, in great plenty, Tallow, Hides and Cheese, excellent Oil of Olives, and strong Waes, Figs, and some other Fruit.

* 1.771The City of Sebenico is found to have two several weights commonly in use; the one for the weighing of fine Goods, and the other for gross Goods.

The first being called the suttle Hundred, consisting of 100 Pound, is in England 80 Pound Averdupois.

The second called the gross Quintar of 100 Pound, doth also produce in London 128 Pound Averdupois.

* 1.772The measure of length in use is the Pico, which is accounted to be about 23 Inches English, and is about 10 per cent. less than the Cloth Brace of Venice.

This Note hath been made between the weight of Venice and Sebenico.

• 100 Pound suttle Sebenico is suttle in Venetia 120 Pound.
• 100 Pound gross Sebenico is gross in Venetia 120 Pound.
• 100 Pound suttle Venice is suttle in Sebenico 83 Pound.
• 100 Pound gross Venice is gross in Sebenico 83 Pound.
• 1 Pound suttle in Venice is in Sebenico 10 Ounces.
• 1 Pound suttle Sebenico is in Venetia suttle 14 Ounces 2⅖ Sases.

And so leaving Sebenico I come to Scutary.

CHAP. CCXLII. Of Scutary, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.773SCutary is accounted the Metropolis of Albania, and situated upon a Lake, called the Lake of Scutary, or Scodra, through which the River of Boiano runneth, and so to the Sea, near the Gulph of Lodrin, and includeth in the Gulph of Venetia; but being now as the other Cities of this Tract in subjection to the Grand Seignior, the Trade thereof is much decayed, and City ruin'd from its ancient splendour and beauty, yet the Industry of the Inhabitants doth afford some Silk; also Wax, Honey, Hides, Cordovants, and some other Skins for Mer∣chandise.

* 1.774In Scutary is used two sorts of Weights, a gross and a suttle; the gross hundred of 100 l. is in England 108 l. incirca Averdupois, by which all the gross Commodities are weighed, and the suttle hundred, by which all fine Commodities are weighed, is English 64 l. and it hath been observed, the 1000 l. suttle Venice hath made here gross 664 l. and the 1000 l. gross here in Scutary, hath made in Venice 1600 l.

* 1.775The measure of length here in use is the Pico, observed to accord with Venice thus. The 100 Braces of Cloth hath made here 112 Pico, and the 100 Braces of Silk in Venice hath made 106 Pico, which in England must be accounted for (27) Inches.

* 1.776All sort of Grain is sold by the Stare, not only in Scutary, but also in Boiano, seated on the mouth of this River, and the 100 Stares make in Venice 66⅜ Stares, which is in England (…) accounting by this Computation every three Stares of Scutary to make two Stares in Venice.

And thus leaving Scodra with this short Survey, with the applause due to it, for its excellent situation and strength, I hence pass to Valona, or Avalona.

CHAP. CCXLIII. Of Valona, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.777VAlona is also a fair commodious City, seated on the Shore, between the Cape of Lan∣guetta, and the Cape of Caurion, and is opposite to the Cape of Otranto, and accounted the entrance into the Gulph of Venice; and though it be in subjection to the Turks, who are not always found Friends to Traffick, yet by the Industry of the Inhabitants it affords for Merchandise to be Exported, Raw Silk, Powder of Berry or Grain, for dying of rich colours; Wax, Honey, Rosin, Cottons, Carpets, Cordovants, some Salt fish which they call Sarrache, and other such Commodies in good quantity.

* 1.778The Weight here is the Pound, of which the Quintar is composed, being 100 l. which hath been found to produce in England 88 in 90 l. Averdupois, and hath made in Venice, from whence I gather my Notes for these Towns, 133 l. suttle; so that the Pound of Valona makes suttle in Venice 16 Ounces, and the Pound suttle there makes in Valona but 9 Ounces.

* 1.779The Measure of length here in use is the Pico, common in name throughout all the Gr•…•… Seignior's Dominions; the 100 Braces Silk measure of Venice making in Valona 105 to 105 Pi∣co, which is in London (…) Yards English.

And the 100 Braces of Cloth in Venice makes here 112 Picos; and having done with A∣valona, I proceed in the next place to Survey the Trade of Larta.

CHAP. CCXLIV. Of Larta, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.780LArta is a pretty commodious Town for Traffick, seated on a Gulph, which bears the name of the Town, having two points of Land fortified, that commands the entrance into the said Gulph out of the Mediterranean Sea, and is seated also on this Shore, between the Islands of Corfu and Santa Maura; it is, as the rest of the Cities aforegoing, subject to the Grand Seignior, and doth afford for Merchandise to be Exported great store of Sheep-skins and Cordovants, Raw-Silk, by us known by the name of Morea Silk, Powder of Berry for Dyers: Cottons, Wax, Honey, Portagos in great abundance, being the Row of the Mullet in great quantity caught in this Gulph of Larta.

* 1.781The weight here in use is the Pound, 100 l. whereof doth make the Quintar, and is found to produce in London 88 l. in 89 l.

The measure of length is the Pico, agreeing with the Pico before-mentioned, used in Valona.

And now I come to Lepanto, the next Town of consequence.

CHAP. CCXLV. Of Lepanto, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.782LEpanto is seated in the entrance of the Gulf of Lepanto, made famous to Posterity by the Sea Victory obtained by the Christians over the Turks, and the overthrow of their Fleet here in 1571; it is here opposite to the City of Petras, which is seated on the right side of the entrance in this Gulph, as Lepanto is on the left. It is subject to the Grand Turk, whose Coins are here Current, as I shall have occasion to speak more at large, when I handle the Trade of Constantinople, the Metropolis of all his Dominions. This place affordeth for Mer∣chandise, which is hence exported into other parts, Silk-raw, called by us Morea-Silk, Pow∣der of Grain or Berry for Diers, Honey, Wax, Cottons, Currants, Cheese, Wines, Grain, O•…•…, Galls, Aniseeds, and some other Commodities.

* 1.783In Lepanto is used two several weights, the one called the gross weight, agreeing with the gross weight of Venice, which in England is about 107 l. the other agrees with the weight of Petras, by which is sold Silk, Grain, Wax, and some other Commodities; and by the gross-weight is sold Woolls, Cottons, Honey, Cheese, and all manducable Commodities; but the Currants here are usually sold by the Bag or Sack at so many Aspers a Sack or Bag, the which Bag ought to weigh 140 l. Petrasin, the which 140 l. is of Venice suttle 182 l. which is Averdupois 120 l. or 121 l. incirca: where it is to be noted, That 200 l. Petrasin makes 260 l. suttle Venice, which is 174 l. English, and is the Staro of Currants in Venice; Again note, That the 100 l. Patrasin, or the 100 l. in Lepanto of Petras weight, is about 86 l. Averdupois, which is 130 l. suttle in Venice, and 83 l. gross, and the Pound Petrasin, makes gross Venice 10 Ounces by observation.

The 100 l. suttle of Venetia, yields here Petrasin 77 l.

The 100 l. gross of Venetia, yields here Petrasin 121½.

* 1.784The Measure is here found to be the Pico, agreeing with the Pico of Larta and Valona afore∣mentioned.

Before I pass out of this Gulph, it will not be improper, that I view the bottom thereof, where Caranto a small Village now supplies the place of that ancient and famous Corinth, a City commodious for the command of a brave Trade, as enjoying two famous Ports into two different Seas, seated formerly on the Isthmus, enjoying a double Harbour, one of each side thereof, the one whereof regarding Asia, and the other beholding Italy, and by the commodiousness of which situation the City in a short time came to a great largeness. Acro-Corinth was but little distance thence, on the top of an adjoyning Mountain, upon which Mountain was seated the famous Temple of Venus, near which was that notable Fountain discovered by the impression of the Foot of Pegasus, as the Ancients did feign.

* 1.785This Corinth was destroyed and ruined by L. Mummius, because the Inhabitants had irre∣verently and unworthily handled the Ambassadours of the Romans, 952 years after the first building thereof, by Allettus the Son of Hypottes.

* 1.786In this Continent, if the memory thereof may not here be improper, was the City of Misene, the dwelling of Agamemnon, where the Temple of Juno stood, so much famoused both for the Antiquity and Devotion thereof, near which the Lake of Lerna, where Hercules slew the Lernian seven-headed-hidra: * 1.787Here was also Argos built, by that all ever-seeing Argos, so much celebrated by ancient Poets: * 1.788Likewise Epidaurus, renowned for the Temple of Escu∣lepius, filled with the Tables of those that had been healed by him; the Sick who entred into the Temple to be cured, were to sleep there a night, and imagined that Esculapius healed them, during that their repose and sleep.

* 1.789Here is also Lacedemon, by some called Sparta, now Misithie, formerly great and power∣ful, girt not with Walls but with the Virtue of the Inhabitants; not renowned for the mag∣nificency of Publick Works, but the Discipline, Instruction, and the manner of their living. * 1.790Here was also those pleasant Arcadian Plains, * 1.791and the places where the Olympian Games were solemnized; with divers other memorable Antiquities, which the injury of time hath eaten out and consumed, wherefore here I omit them, and return again to my purpose, and prosecute my method.

CHAP. CCXLVI. Of Salonica, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.792OF Modon, Coron, and Petras, the three prime Cities of Morea, I have already handled, now there rest a word of the Trade of this ancient and famous City of Salonica, an∣ciently called Thessalonica, to the Inhabitants whereof S. Paul writ one of his Epistles. It is yet a rich and large City, and the Residence of the Sangiac of Macedonia under the Grand Seignior. The present Inhabitants are Greeks, Turks, and principally Jews, who are here found to be very rich and eminent Merchants, 80 Synagogues of them being accounted to be in this Town, employing themselves in several Arts and Merchandising. It is seated in the bottom of a Gulph called by the Cities name; and by the demur that happened in the English Trade to Turky some years past, these Jews and Inhabitants, and some Moors ba∣nished out of Spain, have here set up some Looms, and made Cloth, in imitation of our English Suffolk Cloths, which hath proved a great detriment to the sale of Hampshire Ker∣sies, once vended in great quantity generally throughout Turky, and especially in these parts; besides which sort of Cloth now here made, and hence taking name; the place af∣fordeth the general Commodities of the Morea, as Powder of Berry Orgrame for Dyers, Woolls, Cottons, Wax, Honey, Cordovants, Aniseeds, and the like.

* 1.793The Weights here in use are two, the one called the Quintar Turcesco, and the other the Quintar Petrasin.

The Quintar Turcesco of 100 Pound makes in English Pounds 119 Pound to 120, in Ve∣nice gross 112 Pound, in Venice Suttle 176 in 178 Pound.

The Quintar or 100 Pound Petrasin makes English 88 l. as is before mentioned: by this all Silk, Powder of Grain, and other fine Goods are sold; and by the Quintar Turcesco is Wooll, Cottons, Caviere, Wax, Honey, and some other gross Commodities sold and weighed.

* 1.794The measures of length is the Pico, which is 27 Inches English, and the hundred Braces of Cloth in Venice holds here 112 Pico, and the hundred Braces of Silk in Venice holds here 106 Pico.

* 1.795Near this City is the Town of Siderocapse, so well known to the Turks for the rich Mines of Gold there adjoyning, from which the Great Turk doth monthly draw for his own share above 20000 Dollars, besides the Charges.

* 1.796Near the entrance of the Gulph of Salonica is found the high and craggy Hill of Athos, now the Holy Mountain; whereon is found four and twenty Monasteries of Colloires, or Re∣ligious Grecian Friars, with such Devotion and Zeal, that the Turks themselves not only ad∣mire their quiet living, but oftentimes Communicate to their Necessities, giving them Gifts and Alms. Here it is reported the Ancient Learning of many Greek Fathers lies buried, or at least immured, till by some Divine hand they may be freed and dispersed through Chri∣stendom.

And now to the rest of the Provinces of this fruitful and famous Country.

* 1.797The next Province is Achaia, * 1.798wherein was that famous Athens, now Salines; * 1.799also Mara∣thron, where Darius was overthrown.

* 1.800Then Megara, famous in times of old. * 1.801Thebes built upon the River Cephisus. * 1.802Here is also the Straights of Thermopile, 25 Foot in breadth, defended by 300 Spartans against Xer••es, to the loss of 30000 of his Men. * 1.803Here is also the Mount Helicon and Parnassus, famoused amongst Poets, and the Pythian City accounted the midst of all the World, and many other remarkable places, which were here in times past, all having yielded to Age, and there∣fore merit not a longer stay, or a more serious Survey of the Trade thereof.

* 1.804Epyrus is the next Province, wherein was found famous, 1. Antigonia. 2. Casiope. 3. An∣brasia, and others now ruined, and of no account.

* 1.805Albania is the next, wherein is 1. Albanopolis. 2. Sfetigrade. 3. Durazzo, a strong Town. 4. Croia, under whose Walls Amurath II. died; now affording little known Trade unto us.

* 1.806Macedonia is the next, wherein is Scidra, Adessa, Eribea, all fair Cities, but little known to the English for matter of Trade; only it is not to be forgotten, that this Country is fa∣mous for Philip and Alexander the Great his Son, who from hence had their original.

* 1.807Thessaly is the next Province, where the Cities of Tricca, Lomia, Demetria, Pharsalia, and others stood, now also ruin'd and forgot.

* 1.808Migdoma is the next Province, wherein was Stagira, next Apollonia, Nepolis, Antigons who also are now all ruin'd, giving preheminence to Thessalonica, now called Salonica, seated in a Bay of that name, as I have mentioned in the Chapter before going.

* 1.809Thracia is the last Province comprised in Grecia, wherein is found the City of Sestos op∣posite,

to Abydos upon the Hellespont, famous for the loves of Hero and Leander, and now the Castles or Keys of Constantinople. Abdera the birth-place of Democritus, who spent his life in Laughing, * 1.810Calipolis situated on the Northern Promontory of Chersonese, the first Town that ever the Turks took in Europe; Trajanopolis, founded by Trajanus, * 1.811and Adrianapolis built by Adrian the Emperor, and by Bajazet taken in 1362, and made the Seat of the Empire, till the taking of Constantinople about 90 years after; * 1.812and Pira, a City of the Genoways, opposite to Constantinople: and lastly, here is found the famous City of Constantinople it self, the Metro∣polis of Greece, and present Seat of the Emperors of the Turks, wherein having resided for some years, and finding that it comprehendeth most part of the Traffick of his European Dominions, it will not be amiss for me to observe it in a particular Chapter, as well meriting the same.

CHAP. CCXLVII. Of Constantinople, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.813COnstantinople, the Seat and Residence of the Great Turk, is situated upon the Stream that passeth from the Euxine Seas to the Mediterranean, and thereby reaping the benefit of all that the Winds can convey thither, both from the Black and White Seas, as they term them. It is no more commodious for Merchandise, than for to be the Head of an Empire, affronting Asia, and behind it Europe, whereof it is accounted the uttermost limit, esteemed to be to Miles in Circuit, and comprehending 700000 living Souls, as some have conceived, which would grow innumerable, did not the Grand Seigniors Armies yearly, and the Plague once in three or four years sweep away abundance of them.

It was first built by Pausanias, a Lacedemonian Captain, 660 years before Christ, and by him called Bisantium, afterwards ruined by Severus, and in Anno 313. re-edified by Constan∣tins the Great, and made the Seat of his Empire, and by him beautified and adorned with Magnificent Buildings and curious Ornaments, and called Constantinople; then it fell into the Hand; of the Latins, from them to the Grecians; and lastly, in 1453 to the Turks, who now command it, upon which some have made this observation: That the first Emperor of the La∣tins who commanded it was a Baldwin, and so was he also that lost it: also that it was built by a Constantine, the Son of a Helena, a Gregory being Patriarch, and lost by a Constantine, the Son of a Helena, a Gregory being Patriarch; and as it was gained by Mahomet, so have the Turks a Prophesie, that a Mahomet shall lose it.

The City is formed in manner of a Triangle, or more fitly, as we see the Composition of a Harp, having its two largest Angles bordering upon the Seas, upon a point that stretch∣eth it self into the Sea; and the third, which is the least part, incompassed with a strong tripled Wall, incompassed with dry deep Ditches for defence, and strengthned with sundry Towers now daily ruined, for the Turks hold but few Cities fortified either by Walls or Bul∣warks, save some principal places, Frontiers or such like.

It hath many goodly modern Buildings, * 1.814and amongst the rest many Canes for Merchants Strangers to abide; * 1.815and Besesternes, for them to make sales of their Commodities in; it hath also many goodly Mosques, or Turkish Churches, and that anciently of Santa Sophia, con∣verted to their irreligious Devotion, is not the least, though only the now standing Chan∣cel of the first Building, near which is the Grand Seignior's Place, in the very point of the Angle, incompassed for three-Miles in Circuit with a high Wall, and fortified with many hundred pieces of Ordnance: This City is the common Mart of all Commodities of this Em∣pire, receiving and distributing what either comes or goes; the Merchants of London about 1586 here began to have some Trade, and break the Ice by their Land-Travel hither through Hungary; afterwards it was settled by the benefit of the Sea, and the first English Ship that came hither, was about 1585, with an Embassadour to reside; who obtained here such favour by the recommendation of Queen Elizabeth, that her Subjects in their Treaty and Capitula∣tions had many Immunities and Privileges granted them, and amongst the rest a Toleration of their Religion, freedom to their Persons and Estates, and that their Customs should only be three in the hundred out, and three in, whereas all other Christians there Resident paid 5 per cent. Since which time the English have here driven a great Trade, under Protection of divers Embassadours, that have here resided, which have had their Election, Salary, and Main∣tenance from a society of Merchants Incorporated in England under the Great Seal; first, by the said Queen Elizabeth, and confirmed afterward with new Privileges by our deceased So∣veraign King James: and lastly, by our present King Charles under the Title of Merchants of England trading to the Levant Seas, wherein was at first comprehended the Eastern-Indies, the Dominions of the great Turk, and also the Seigniory of Venice; this Company deriving their

Original from the Company of Barbary Merchants, which about this time, by reason of the Civil-Wars of Morocco and Fesse, began to decay, and within a short time came to nothing, and who afterward searching more advisedly into the Trade of these Eastern-Coun∣tries, this Company settled a Consul in Aleppo, and a Vice-Consul in Tripoly, the then princi∣pal Seat of Syria, with the Titles of Syria and Cyprus: also they placed another Consul in Chios, intitled of Scio, Smyrna, and the Arches; as another Consul since in Argier, and another in Tunis, and the last in Petras in Morea, strengthned with command from the Port and Durane of the Grand Seignior, not only for their peaceable living, but also for the quiet enjoying of these Privileges granted unto them, as above is said.

* 1.816The Commodities that this place at first affordeth to our Nation, and which hence in those days were brought into England, were Grograms, Camlet, Mohair, Persia Silk, Gold in great quantity, Carpets, Anniseeds, Cottons, Galls, some Pepper, Indico, and other Spices, which now by the benefit of our East-India Trade, we send thither in far greater abundance than ever we had them thence; and those are yet the common Staple Commodities of this Country.

* 1.817The Commodities which at first this Company did send to Constantinople, were Lead, Tin, and principally a sort of blue Kersies, called Hampshire, and Stoplist, and some few Cloths of Suffolk, Furs of Martins, Coney, Fitches, Sables, and such: and now those Kersies are al∣together out of use, and converted into Cloths of Suffolk, Gloucesters, Coventries, and the like, which they send in colours died and drest, to the number of eight or ten thousand Cloths yearly; and now we also supply their Markets with Indico, Pepper, Cloves, Moces, Nutmegs, Ginger, Calicoes, and other East-India Commodities

* 1.818The Merchants here residing keep their Accompts as almost is accustomed over all Turkey, in Dollars and Aspers, whereof 80 Aspers is accounted a Dollar; and though in Merchandise it doth pass at 90, 100, or 110, or 115 Aspers, as I have known it, yet the standard of the Dollar in Accompts alter not of 80 Aspers to a Dollar, nor of the 120 Aspers to a Sultany.

* 1.819The Coins Current in Constantinople, are those proper to the whole Empire; which is prin∣cipally the Sultany in Gold, which agrees with the Hungar, Venice, Checquin, and Xeriff of Barbary, passing for 120 Aspers and the Dollar of Germany: the Rial of ⅜ Spanish passeth for 80 Aspers, so that the 1½ Rial of ⅜ is a Sultany of Gold; howbeit of late days Silver is found more plentiful, and Gold more scarce, so that the said Sultany Hungar or Checquin is worth 1½ Dollar, and 10, 12, or 13 Aspers more or less as the same is demanded and sought after: also here are found other Dollars, both of Italy and Germany, to pass for a consider∣able value, as the Lion Dollar at 75 Aspers, and the German Sesetine at 70 Aspers, &c. and in fine, most sort of Current Coins in the World, if found good Silver, find here a real price in payments of Merchandise.

* 1.820The Weights used amongst Merchants are these.

A Grain is the least, 4 makes a Quillat.

A Dram is 16 Grains, of which all the Weights of these Countries are Composed.

An Yusdrome is 100 Drams, and is 1 l. sotile Venice, or 72 Mitigales here.

A Lodero is 176 Drams, about 132 l. Averdupois 19½ Ounces.

An Oak is 400 Drams, which is near 2 l. 12 Ounces, or 10 Ounces.

Loderos 100 is accounted to be 42 Oaks, and called a Quintar; which Quintar is accounted to be 118 in 120 l. suttle English.

A Batman is 6 Oaks, which is 2400 Drams, or 16⅓ l. English. By which weight Silk is here bought, making 10 great l. ⅔ Ounces per Batman. Batman 7 and Oaks 2 makes a Quintal, which is 120 l. English. Loders 13 and Drams 112 makes a Batman: all Silk is sold by the Bat∣man, and yet weighed by the Lodero; so also is Grogram Yarn, and other Commonities sold by the Oak, yet weighed by the Lodero. * 1.821To bring therefore Loderos into Oaks, do thus, posite, you have 14 Loders, and would know how many Oaks it produceth: First, multiply your 14 Loderos by 44, which produceth 616; then cut off the two last Figures, for the C. will remain 6 which is Oaks; then multiplying the 16 you cut off by 4, and it makes 64, which is Drams, and so your 14 Loders is 6 Oaks 64 Drams: And so do of any other Sum given.

Drams	720	are accounted Rotolos of Silk and other Commodities in A∣leppo, according to the Custom in sale of that Commodity which is to be noted:
700
680

And this Dram is 16 Killats.

A Mitigal is 1½ Drams, which is 24 Killats, 20 Mitigals of Gold is 3 Ounces English.

A Checquin Sultain or Hungar is 18 Killats or Charats.

Rotolos 3½ and 20 Drams in Aleppo is a Batman in Constantinople, four hundred Drams making an Oak consisting of four Yusdromes or Pounds, ten Ounces to the Yus∣drome, and ten Drams to the Ounce; and hereby I have estimated near forty eight Drams to sixteen Ounces Averdupois. Where note, That here (as in Aleppo) several Commodities

are sold by a several Oak, as there by several Rotolo, as the Oak of Saffron is here 120 Drems, and no more: and so in others.

* 1.822Now having considered this weight in it self, let us consider it as it is found to agree with other Cities of Trade, which may best be done upon the 100 Loderos as the known Beam; here the Oak, and Batman and Rotolo being feigned and compounded thereof.

100 Loders in Constanti∣nople make in In Sergamo 160 l. In Cronia 163 l.	London	120 l. and found by often trial but to be 117 and 118 l.
Aleppo	242	℥
Ditto Silk Rot.	252	℥
Tripoli Suria	294	℥
Tripoli Barbaria	140	l.
Baruti	236	℥
Alex. Zera	56
Alex. Forfori	125	l.
Rhodes	22	℞
Acria	196
Babylonia	168¾
Balsora	48⅓
Millan, and Verona, and Man∣tua	163	l.
Lucca	157	l.
Genoa	160	l.
Florence	151	l.
Venice suttle	176	l.
Venice gross	112	l.
Cairo	123	Rot.
Cyprus	25½	Rot.
Corfu	112	l.
Larta and Cattaro	132	l.
Rhagusa and Spallato	146	l.
Messina gross	62	Rot.
Sicilia suttle	69	Rot.
Naples and Puglia	60	Rot.
Ancona	148	l.
Rome and Balonia	146½	l.

* 1.823The measures of length in Constantinople used in Trade are three, and are called Picos: the first is the Cloth Pico: four whereof hath been observed to make three Yards English, and is about 26½ Inches, and if heedfully noted, twenty seven Inches very near.

The second is the Grogram or Chamlet Pico, containing 24 Inches, and observed to make 24 Pico 16 Yards English.

The third is the Linen Pico, which is only the former doubled: and note, That in the mea∣s••ring here of all Commodities of length, here is no allowance made nor given in courtesie, as the Inch is Overplus in England; but the said Picos are found to be made of flat Iron, and to more allowance given than the thickness of the Pico at the end, which commonly exceeds not the thickness of an English Shilling.

* 1.824Corn's sold by a measure Concave, called the Killow, and weigheth about 20 Oaks; and it hath been observed, that 8⅔ of a Killow is a London Quarter, and doth make a Salmo in Legern, and 5 Killows in Zant make 6 Bushels English.

* 1.825Wine and Oil, and almost all liquid Commodities is sold by a Meter, which makes 8 Oaks, and is accounted ⅔ of a Gallon English.

Note, That in Constantinople all Fuel to burn, Fruit, Fish, Flesh, and for the most part all Commodities are sold by weight, and very few by the Concave measures, which is a good benefit to the Provident. Observe, That Scio doth agree with these Measures and Weights; and so also should Smyrna by the Observations of Merchants, some years past; but some dif∣ference is now found peradventure crept in by the abuse of the Weighers, and the falshood of Beams; and this difference is found more gross upon Cottons and Galls, than upon any other Commodity, which may proceed both from the foulness of the first, and the greenness of the latter, which I refer to the reformation of the more judicious.

* 1.826The Customs paid in Constantinople are divers: as the Italians, and other Franks and Jews pay upon all Commodities, both Outward and Inward, 5 per cent.

The Turks themselves are free from all Customs.

The English and Dutch pay 3 per cent. Inward, and as much Outward, upon all Commodi∣ties, and this is paid in Species, and not in Money, except that the Merchants do compound, as oftentimes they do with the Customer, that an indifferent rate be made upon the Commodi∣ties, and upon that rate is 3 per cent. taken accordingly.

* 1.827Note, That over and above this Custom paid by agreement and Capitulation of Forein Princes for their Subjects, there is paid upon all ponderous Commodities a Duty of 1½ per cent. and upon all measurable Commodities is paid 1 per cent. and these Customs are called Miseteries; and ever paid between the Buyer and the Seller; the Turk, if happening to be either, is ever exempted, which Duty, both by the Buyer and Seller is paid to the Brokers, who repay it to the Farmer thereof, and both ⅕ for the Collector, and is a Rent setled for the maintenance of an Hospital founded by Sultan Achmet, as hoping by this new Custom levied upon Strangers, and thus disposed of to charitable uses, to gain Heaven at the charges of Christians.

* 1.828Opposite to the City of Constantinople, is the City Gallatta, formerly Cornubisantum, and in times past belonging to the Genoese, who in the declining state of the Grecian Empire were Pos∣sessors of this City, and many other in this Empire both of great Trade and Consequence,

which are now in the possession of the Grand Seignior, between which a River now runneth, wherein all shipping find both a safe and convenient Harbour, and in which all the Wester•• Christians, either English, French, Dutch, or Venetian Merchants have their common Refi∣dency, intermixt with Grecians, Jews, Armenians, and some few Turks, where also is placed a Custom-house opposite to another on Constantinople side, * 1.829both commonly farmed by one and the self same Emine or Farmer, who is the Receiver of the Grand Seigniors Customs, which are found commonly payable, the one half in Aspers, of 80 Aspers to a Dollar, and the other half in Sultanies of Gold, or otherwise as the Farmer and Merchant can agree for, and compound the same.

* 1.830I have shewed before, how that the Company of English Merchants, incorporated by the name of the Society of the Levant Company in England, do elect and nominate an able and skilful well qualified man in Merchants affairs, who with his Majesty's consent and approba∣tion resideth here as Legier Embassador, to protect both the said Companies Factors, and their Estates here in matter of Trade, whose charges and salary is paid and defrayed wholly by the said Levant Company, and for the honour of the English Nation, and as necessary to his Port, and the said Companies Traffick through the Grand Seigniors Dominions, they are found also to maintain at present, and to pay Salary to 6 Consuls in six several places of this Empire; and to wait upon these and their Factors, they give pay to 40 Janizaries, 20 Druggermen, or •…•…∣terpreters, 6 Secretaries, 3 Ministers, besides sundry other needful Officers. * 1.831And for the go∣vernment of this Trade in England, they have a Governour, who is always yearly chosen in London, and is ever one of the most eminent of the said Company, then a Deputy, and third∣ly a Husband, in which last, the said Company have for some years honoured my imployment, and thought my pains worthy their acceptation: and these in consideration of their care have a yearly courtesie or gratuity for their pains: also to these are added a Secretary, Accomptant, and some other Officers receiving Salary; and for the better regulating of this Trade, and as Assistants to the abovesaid, they have a Treasurer, and 18 Committees yearly chosen, and are ever the greatest Traders, and the most eminent of the said Society, and commonly the deepest interessed in the general Trade; and in this nature hath it continued since the first Erection and Incorporation of this Society in Anno 1585, by Queen Elizabeth, whose love to her Merchants procured them in Turky many privileges, and granted them in England the Immunities aforesaid. Now for the levying and supportation of this charge annually this happening, and for the raising of the Present that is given to the Grand Seignor at the change of every Embassadour, there is levied a Lanto upon the Merchandise, either Imported or Er∣ported, in or out of Turky, upon the Members of the said Company, * 1.832which in England is called by the name of Impositions, and in Turky by the name of Consolage, which the said Company do impose upon themselves, and set the same either higher or lower, as their occasi∣ons and necessity of their charge doth require, and these are the most eminent of all the Mer∣chant Christians that Traffick bither.

* 1.833The second eminent Traders into this City are the Venetians, and the Subjects of that Seignory, to protect whom, and for reasons of State, because of their near Neighbourhood, that Common-wealth maintains here an Embassadour, commonly entitled the Bailo, together with 10 Consuls in sundry parts of the Grand Seignior's Dominions, together with 60 Janize∣ries, 30 Druggermen, and sundry other Officers, which are all paid and defraid out of the Office of Cottinio in Venice, from whence also issueth all avennues, and other losses and charges that happen for the preservation and maintenance of the Trade of Turky, or the Liberties and Immunities granted thereto throughout all the Grand Seignior's Dominions.

* 1.834The third eminent Traders into this City are the French, and the Subjects of that Crown: to protect whom, and also for preservation of Amity settled between them, that King main∣taineth here an Embassadour, together with twelve Consuls, dispersed into sundry parts of this Empire; together with 80 Janizaries, 34 Druggermen, and sundry other Officers, all paid and defraid out of the Coffers of the French King, who willingly contributeth the charge for the ease of his Merchants, and hath but small Leviations upon them for the same.

* 1.835The fourth and last is the Dutch Nation, who in some manner are found to have some Traffick hither; to which end that State maintaineth in this City an Embassadour, whom they intitle their Oratour, besides whom they have only three Consulships, twelve Janizaries, ••e•• Druggermen, and some other Officers dispersed through the Grand Seignior's Dominions, whose charge is born by the State of the Merchants of that Nation, trading hither at a tante per cent. and not by the Purse of the said Provinces.

Besides these, some small Trade is driven here by the Subjects of the King of Poland, as also by the Subjects of the King of Hungary, and by the Emperours Subjects; who each of them have here their Embassadours: but the Trade thereof is of so little consequence, and subject to such change and variation by reason of the War and Peace, which sometimes is truy observed, and sometimes again as little regarded, that it merits no great consideration in this place.

As for the Traffick driven here out of Armenia, Moscovia, Tartaria, Egypt, Georgia, Persia, and other Countries of Asia, and Africa, I pass them over in silence, having handled them par∣ticularly in those several Kingdoms, to which I refer the Reader.

* 1.836Now the Trade of other Nations hither, I have noted, it is not unproper I should give a touch of the Trade of the Inhabitants of this City into other places: Four sorts of People are found hence to use a Traffick; such as are the native Greeks, Turks, the Armenians and the Jews. The Jews bend much of their Trade into the Land, as to Adrianople, with English Cloths, Tin and Spices, brought hither by other Nations: To Angora for Gragrams, Mohairs, and Grogram Yarn: To Salonica and other Cities in Peloponnesus for Silks and other Manufactures. The Arenenians drive most of their Trade into Georgia, Armenia and Persia for raw Silks, Galls, and some Drugs; and carry thither Cloths, Tin, and other European Commodities, and Rials of Silver. The Turks bend their Traffick to Venice with Grograms and Camblets and other Commo∣dities of Dalmatia and Sclavonia; and thence return Sattins, Velvets, and some Wollen Cloths, and Venices Gold: thence to Meccn, Damasco, and Cairo, with European Commodities, some∣omes by Sea, but oftner by Land, and bring thence Gems, Spices, Drugs, and Callicoes, and other Indian Commodities. The Greeks for the most part found to be either Shop-keepers, and so cannot be termed Merchants; or else Mariners, which sail to Caipha, to Danubius, to the Arthes, Cyprus, and Alexandria; and these are noted to drive some Trade, that it merits not here any further observation.

Having thus as briefly and succinctly as I could, handled the Trade of the main Continent of Europe; and being come to this City of Constantinople, one of the most eminent and fairest Cities, not only of Europe, but also of the whole VVorld, whose Trade I have also duly and yet briefly related: It is now high time for me to look homewards; and so leaving this famous Ory, sail down the Thracian Bosphorus to the Hellespont, * 1.837leaving in view and sight on Europe side the once famous Galipolis, the late Station for the Grand Seignior's Gallies; whose materials either for the matter or for the manner of Traffick, differs not from this used in the City of Constantinople it self, tho' otherwise it yields to the Merchants for transportation good quantity of raw Hides, Sheeps-Wooll, Anniseeds, and some other Commodities; and taking aboard me one qualified here, who according to the Custom of the place supplies the room of general C•…•…sul for all Western Nations, I sail with him to the Castles of Sestos and Abydos, the now Keys of this Sea and said City, famoused by the Ancients for the sad and disastrous love of Hero and Leander; where staying three days to clear my Vessel, according to the manner of each that would depart hence, discharging 101 Dollers 6 Aspers to the Custom-houses of Constan∣tinople and Galatta, and to the Captain of these Castles, and here 124 Dollers 54 Aspers more, I and my Ship are cleared and discharged hence: and being freed, and my Sails flown, I begin to descry the Arches, and there survey what Islands of note and consequence I find in those Seas, leaving behind me the main Continent of Europe; and having thus performed my Land-Travel, and fully discovered and laid open the Traffick and Commerce thereof, I am called upon in the next place, to survey the Trade of the principal Islands comprehended under this part of the World, Europe.

CHAP. CCXLVIII. Of the Trade of the Isles seated in the Egean, Ionian, Mediterranean and Adriatick Seas.

* 1.838THE first Island falling in view, coming out of the Hellespont, is the Isle of Tenedos op∣posite to Troy, which hath a pretty Town in it, and inriched with excellent Wines.

* 1.839The next is Samothracia in the Egean Sea, affording at Samia a good Harbour for Ships, •…•…d nought else of consequence.

* 1.840Lemnos is the next in the said Seas, * 1.841affording that Soveraign Mineral against Infection called ••era Sigillata, the earth thereof is made into little Pellets, and sealed with the Turks Cha∣•…•…ter, and so dispersed over all Christendom for an excellent Antidote.

* 1.842Scio or Chios is the next of note, affording that excellent Gum, called Mastick, which in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and August the Inhabitants do force out of Trees, by making of deep Incisions into the •…•…k thereof with sharp Instruments, out of which the juyce dropping is afterward hardned like •…•…to a bright Gum, and in September following gathered; * 1.843which Mastick is farmed of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Signior, as his peculiar Commodity, and therefore ever maintained at a constant •…•…ce, and hence dispersed throughout the World.

CHAP. CCXLIX. Of Scio, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.844I Have already declared in the Trade of Smyrna, how that of late days the principal Seat of Traffick was in this Island in the Town of Scio, where a Consul for the English and other Nations did reside; but finding the Port of Smyrna seated on the Continent more proper for lading of Cottons and Cotton-Yarn, and other gross Goods, the principal Commodities of this Seat, they removed their habitation thither, and with them is that Trade that was here also removed; yet in that was found a place where great concourse of Merchants was found, we own it a touch of its Weight and Measures, &c.

* 1.845Accounts were, and are kept in Dollars of 80 Aspers, and of Aspers as in Constantinople.

The Moneys are the same in general mentioned in Constantinople, save that Commerce doth oftentimes make them be here two or three per Cent. better esteemed.

* 1.846The Weights here, are derived from the Dram of Turkey that I mentioned in Constantinople.

100 Drams make a Rotolo, which is 19⅔ Ounces Venice suttle, 400 Drams make an Oak, too Rotolos make a Quintar, accounted incirca 118 l. English, and should hold, as in Sinyrna 120 l. but daily experience findeth the contrary, both here and in Smyrna, not making above 118 l. suttle Averdupois.

* 1.847Their Measures are here two, the Linen Pico quarter 26 Inches, and the Cloth Pico usual in Constantinople of 27 inches: for other passages, vide further Constantinople and Smyrna.

* 1.848I will now proceed to the rest of those Islands in these Seas, which at first Lesbos, in which Mitylena is noted for the principal Town, where was born Sappho, the inventress of the Saphick Verse; Pittacus, one of the Sages of Greece; Arion, the Dolphin Harper, and which have sa∣moused this Island to posterity.

* 1.849Negroponte is the next, where the Sea ebbeth and floweth seven times a day, which because Aristotle could not unriddle, he here drowned himself: the chief is Colchis, Caristis and others.

* 1.850Here is also Seiros, Salamis, the 12 Sporades, * 1.851also Delos, where Oracles were given to the Petitioners, and the 35 Islands of Cyclades, which afford nothing note worthy: * 1.852also S•…•… the habitation of that fortunate infortunate Policrates; * 1.853and Coos the birth place of Apelles and Hippocrates, * 1.854then Pathmos where St. John wrote his Revelations, being confined hither by Domitian, which are now of small account, save only in their number; and so I come in the next place to Rhodes.

CHAP. CCL. Of Rhodes, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.855THE Fame of this Island and City is sufficiently known through Europe; and the Ya∣lour of the ancient Knights the Masters thereof sufficiently testified, in the desence thereof; it now (in matter of Traffick) by reason of the commodious Harbour and Sit••u∣tion, daily increaseth, and many Merchants Christians are found to frequent the place by day; but must by night get Lodgings in the Suburbs; so fearful are the Turks of the loss or surpri•…•… of this place, which cost them so much Blood in the gaining.

* 1.856This City is a Mart for most of the Commodities of the Arches, as of Corn, Wines, Oyls, Raisins, Wax, Honey, Cordivants, some Cotton-woolls, and Yarn and Stuffs made thereof, as Dimities, Vermillion, and also some Damasks and other Stuffs of Silk, &c.

* 1.857Their Accounts are kept in Aspers, only amounting by increase, after the manner of the Great Turks Treasures, to hundred and thousand, and so to Loads or Cargo, which is 10000 Aspers.

* 1.858Their Moneys is the same as throughout Turkey, all other Coins being rather esteemed here as a Commodity than a Coin: for they rise and fall according to Contract; so that in all Bargains here, the price of Money by the Buyer as well as the Price of the Commodity by the Seller, must be agreed upon.

* 1.859Their Weight is a Rotolo: the Quintar is 100 Rotolos; which Rotolos, 100 do make in Eng∣land 536 l. and by consequence the Rotolo is Averdupois 5 l. 6 Ounces incirca, and hath made in Venice 800 l. suttle, and 506 l. gross by observation; and in Genoua hath made 762 l. suttle in Florence 701 l. in Rome 676 l. in Rhagusa 666 l.

* 1.860Their Measure is a Cane, which is about 84 Inches English. Other notes have not come t•• my Hands, therefore from hence I will sail to Candia, anciently Creet.

CHAP. CCLI. Of Candia, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.861THis Island is situated in the mouth of the Egean Seas, * 1.862and is very fruitful in these Commo∣dities which it affordeth for Merchants; first, Muskadels, whereof there is above 2000 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yearly Exported, then in Sugars refin'd, and hence called Candid, in Gums, Honey, Wax, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Dates, Olives, Apples, Oranges, Lemons, Raisins, but desicient in Corn.

The chief Cities herein are Candia, the Metropolis, Canea, Rhetmio Sitta, * 1.863and Suda not to be ••gotten, being the best Harbour in all these Seas, and capable to receive 1000 Sail of Ships.

* 1.864The Coins of Venice is here current with little difference, and their Accounts kept as there, and ••nce a year the Gally grosses from Venice come hither to furnish the Inhabitants with all those Con•…•…ities which Nature hath denied them of, and which other, Germany, Italy, France or England can afford them.

* 1.865There is here used two Weights, or two Quintals, as in Venice, a suttle and a gross quintar, which is found thus to agree with the said City of Venice.

100 l. gross of Candia, is 110 l. gross Venice, and 118 l. English.

100 l. suttle of Candia, is 114 l. suttle Venice, and 76 l. English.

100 l. gross of Venice, make here about 90 l. gross.

100 l. suttle of Venice, make here about 86 in 87 l. suttle.

* 1.866There is here also used two Picos, a Cloth Pico, and a Silk Pico, 100 Braces Cloth in Venice is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Cloth 106 Picos, (…) 100 Braces Silk in Venice, is here also 100 Pico Silk, which by observation hath made in London (…) inches.

* 1.867Maska••els are here sold by a Measure called the Mestach, 100 Mestach, of clear Malvoise, makes 24 Quarts of the Begonso Measure in Venice, or 21 of the Sechio Measure, which is in England, (…) Gallons.

* 1.868To proceed then in the Ionian Isles, I find next Cerigo, which is plentiful in Marble, and out of the Castle of the chief Towns of this Isle, was Helena, the Wife of Menelaus, stoln by Paris, where during my abode here, the Castelan did shew me, and lodged me in the Chamber, whence, as be would have me believe, she was ravished; but if it were so, her Lodging I 〈◊〉〈◊〉 confident was better than mine, for a soft Board was my best Bed, and God knows with what sorty Coverings and Appurtenance.

* 1.869The Strophades or Strivali, are the next, giving only a poor livelihood to some few Greek 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Friers.

* 1.870And the Cursalari, noted only as silent Spectators to the Battel of Lepanto, fought in Anno 1571. near them.

* 1.871Then Corfu, the Key of the Venetian State, being in the centre of their Dominions by Sea, of which a word by the way.

CHAP. CCLII. Of Corfu, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.872THis Island having the principal Town of that name, is now reputed to be one of the Bulwarks of Christendom, and the Key of the Venetian State, and is a reasonable fruitful •…•…d, especially in Wax, Honey, Wine, Oyl, and some other Commodities.

Their Moneys and Accounts as in Venetia.

* 1.873Their Weights is two as in Venice, a suttle and a gross pound, and Quintar, which thus is found to agree together.

100 l. suttle of Corfu, makes suttle Venice 133 l. and 90 l. London.

100 l. gross of Corfu, makes gross Venice

* 1.874Their Measure in Corfu is a Brace, which is (…) English inches.

* 1.875Their Corn measure is a Moija, which is 4 Delegators, which is 1½ Staio of Venetia, and in England is (…) Gallons.

* 1.876Wine is sold by the Jar, 4 whereof makes a Quart in Corfu, which makes of the Sachio measure in Venetia, 6 Sechis, and Jars 2 and •• makes one Quart Venetian in Wine which is in England (…) Gallons.

* 1.877Salt is sold by the Moyetta, 1000 whereof makes in Venice 23 in 24 Moya incirca, and in London (…) Bushels.

* 1.878Then comes in view Saint Mauro, where stood a Temple, famous for curing unfortunate Lovers, but the Medicine was by casting themselves headlong into the Sea, and so I imagine they

may be cured in any Country else whatsoever: the chief Town is S. Mauro, inhabited 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Jews only.

There resteth yet of note in these Seas, * 1.879the Islands of Ithaca, now called Val de Cem•…•… being 50 miles in compass, * 1.880and North-East from the Island of Zephalonia, being 66 miles 〈◊〉〈◊〉 compass, and wherein are found the Towns and Havens of Argusto, Guiscardo and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 * 1.881and on the South-East thereof, is the Island of Zant or Zacynthus, about 40 miles 〈◊〉〈◊〉 compass, fortified with a strong Castle on the East-side, which commands the Town 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Zant, and the Harbour thereunto adjoyning, the Trade whereof I here for brevity 〈◊〉〈◊〉 comprise together.

CHAP. CCLIII. Of the Island of Zant, Zeffalonia, and Ithaca, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.882HAving before treated of these Islands, and their fituation, I now come to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof, as found at the times of my being there, which was in Anno 1619. and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 1624. with the needful Observations remarkable thereupon.

* 1.883The Commodities that these three Islands do yield for Merchandise, are Honey, Wax, Oyl•…•… Wines, and Currans, of which last here is found growing such abundance, that some year the English have laden here 3000 tuns and upwards, besides what the Dutch, French, and other Countries do export, and is computed to yield to the Inhabitants 300000 〈◊〉〈◊〉 incirca yearly, &c. and to the Seigniory of Venice for Custom, which is hereon very great 40000 Chequins.

* 1.884Of these Currants, Zeffalonia doth yield the greatest quantity, but is commonly the smallest•• and least esteemed: Zant doth next yield a lesser proportion, but a better and larger sort 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ithaca, vulgarly Theaca, doth commonly produce the best and fairest, but withal, the fewest 〈◊〉〈◊〉 quantity.

The Commodities that this place doth vent coming from England, is little, some Cl•…•… Perpetuanos, Serges, Lead and Tin, and some Fish of Newfound Land, also some Herrings, and Pilchards, but the principal Commodity brought hither is Rials Spanish, with which these Currans abovesaid are usually provided and bought, and no other Commodity is so wel∣come amongst them.

* 1.885Their Moneys current are those of the Seigniory of Venice, as being under their Government, and especially the Rials Spanish, which is hither by the English brought in great quantity, and also by all such other Nations as have occasion for this Fruit.

* 1.886Their Accounts are kept by the Islanders, as in Venice, but by the Merchants Strangers here resident, in Dollars, which are those Rials of 8/8 and Gassets 80 to a Dollar.

* 1.887Their Weight is the Pound of 12 Ounces, and the Quintar is 100 l. and found thus to agree with Venice and other places.

100 l. suttle of Venice, makes here 63½ l. in these Islands.

100 l. gross of Venice, agrees with the common 100 l. thereof.

The Pound suttle in Venice, makes here 7 Ounces, 1 Sac. 16 per Cent.

Currans are here bought by the 1000 l. which by the computation of Concordancy, spe∣cified in this Tract, should be suttle English 1070 l. which is gross of London 9 C. 26 l. b••t either by the deceit of Weights, the falshood of staying, or the fraud of Factors, it com∣monly produceth not so much by 2 or 3 per Cent. and this mischief is increased to that height of late years, that it is found oftentimes to produce but 9 C. gross, or about 1020 l. sutcle English; but let them that are herein guilty, endeavour to amend it in the future for their Credit sake: for the 100 l. gross Venice, is never found to yield less than 107 or 106 in England, and what is found wanting thereof to their principals, cometh by all probability by their default.

* 1.888Their Measure is the Brace, and found to be twofold in use, the long Brace being for Cloths, Linens, &c. agreeing with the Cloth Brace in Venice, and found to be 27 〈◊〉〈◊〉 English, and the short Brace for Silks to be 6 in 7 per Cent. * 1.889the lesser Oyl is sold by a Measure called the Liver, and should weigh 13 l. English, 10 whereof makes a Candis Barrel.

* 1.890Wine is sold by a measure called a Jar, 3½ is a Candia Barrel. * 1.891Corn is sold by the measure called a Bechelo, 3 whereof is a Staro, and weighth 44 l. and 5 Killows make 6 Bachellos, which Bachello hath been observed to be in England … Gallons, and a Moya of Corn here makes 2 Staro in Venetia, and 7 Jars of Wine here, makes 3 Quarts in Venetia.

* 1.892The Customs of these Islands some few years past upon Currans, were small, till the Venetians perceiving the Trade of that City to decay, thought to augment the Revenues by the Customs of the Fruit of these Islands, which accordingly they have effected; for seeing the English to cover the same unmeasurably, which at first the vulgar judged they used in the dye of their Clatbs, or which was worst, in the feeding of their Swine, and finding on a time, sundry Ships of burthen laden therewith, and ready to depart, their departure was stayed till the Merchants were compelled to pay 5 Ducats, which is 25 s. sterl. the 1000 l. upon which the English Merchants made complaint in England thereof to his Majesty deceased, and for the taking away that Custom, it was thought fit to put as much more here in England thereupon, by way of an imposition, which hath been found to be so far from gaining a remedy, that the same continues in England, contrary to the first intent, and the State of Venice hath added 10 Ducats more to the former, as imagining England cannot subsist without this Commodity, at what charge or discommodity whatsoever, yet it is now levied with this proviso, that the Currans be laden in a Vessel that doth come hither purposely to lade them; but if she landeth her outward fraight in Venice, or the ⅔ thereof, and then cometh hither, she is freed thereof, as I have shewed in the Trade of that City.

CHAP. CCLIV. Of the Islands of the Adriatick Seas, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.893THE Islands found in these Seas are many, as Absirtides; secondly, Cherso, Vegea, Grissa, Iaesica, Cursola, Brassia, Lissa, and Zara, all the rest are small, and appertaining to the Seigniony of Venice.

* 1.894The Commodities that hence are exported for Merchandise, is Wood for Fuel, Wines, Grain, Cattel, and some Oyls.

CHAP. CCLV. Zara, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.895ZARA being for the goodness of its Harbour, conceived one of the best of the abovesaid, though small in circumference, yet most commodious for Trading, therefore I will note what is observable therein, and make it the principal of the rest, to which the Trade of all the others may be reduced.

* 1.896Their Moneys I account the same as used in Venice, and the Dalmatian and Sclavonian Coins are here passable, by reason of their situation, which is bordering all along that Continent.

* 1.897Their Weights are two, a gross and suttle, as is used in Venetia, but found thus to agree together.

100 l. suttle of Zara, is Venetia suttle, 120 l. English, 80 l.

100 l. gross of Zara, is Venetia gross, 120 l. English, 128 l.

100 l. suttle Venetia, is gross 83 l. Zara.

100 l. gross Venetia, is gross 83 l. Zara.

* 1.898Their common Measures of length, is a Brace 29 inches London, the 100 Braces Cloth in Venice, makes here 112 Braces, and the 100 Braces Silk in Venice, is here 106 or 107 Braces, most of the other Islands concur with this in Weight and Measure. Now sailing hence, and getting out of these Islands into the Mediterranean Seas, in which surveying the most erninent of the European Isles therein contained; I find in the first rank the Islands of Sicilia, Malta, Cursice, Sardinia, Majorca, Minorca, and some others now coming to be handled, and first of Sicilia.

CHAP. CCLVI. Of Sicilia, and the Cities of Trade thereof.

* 1.899SICILIA, anciently for its fertility in Corn, accounted the Granary of Rome, is held to be 700 Miles in compass, and is beautified with sundry Rivers and Cities, which I shall handle in order as my method requireth. * 1.900The Commodities exported hence for Merchandise, and here abounding, are Wines, Oyls, Honey, Wax, Saffron, Sugars, Salt, Alloms, Coeals, Agats, and some other Gems, and wonderful fruitful in all sorts of Grain, also it hath some Mines of Gold and Silver, also good quantity of Silk is here made, which is exported, both raw and wrought, into divers Fabricks: * 1.901here is also famous the Hill Hibla for Bees and Honey, * 1.902and Mount Aetna for its continual burning and evaporating of Flames. * 1.903The Country is di∣vided into three Provinces, the first is Vall is de Notto, wherein the City of Syracusa stands, once containing 22 Miles in circuit, and the Metropolis of the Island, and some others. The second Province is Masara, wherein is the Cities of Montreal, second Gergenti and Palern••, now the chief Cities of Sicily, whereto I will reduce the Trade of this part of the Island.

CHAP. CCLVII. Of Palermo, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.904PALERMO, anciently Panormus, and a Colony of the Phoenicians, is now the chief City of Sicilia, and the Seat of the Spanish Viceroy, Don Ferdinando de Castro, being Viceroy at my being here in 1619 from whom I and my Company received so much honour, that I cannot without ingratitude, forget in this place to commemorate his Nobleness: the City is situate on the West Cape of the Island, and is beautified with large Streets, and delicate Build∣ings, strong Walls and magnificent Palaces and Temples: here I found a Dutch Gentleman attendant upon the said Viceroy, who was intitled the English Consul, from whom I gathered these my Observations in the Trade of this Place and Island.

* 1.905Their Accounts are here kept by Ounces, Taries and Grains.

One Ounce is 30 Taries.

One Tarie is 20 Grains.

* 1.906Their Moneys are also Ounces, Taries and Grains, accounted one Ounce to be 30 Tari••s which is 5 Florins, of Carlins 12 the Florin.

One Tari to be 20 Grains, and is 12 Sol. 6 Den. small Money.

One Tari to be two Carlins.

One Carlin to be 10 Grains, and is 12 Livres.

One Grain is 6 Picholies, and is 7½ Den. Money Siciliano.

One Poncto is 8 Picholis.

A Ducat of Gold is worth 13 Taries.

Note, that for the Money which they pay by Bills of Exchange, they give allowance 1½ per Cent. for bad Money.

* 1.907It is to be observed, that throughout all the Kingdom of Sicilia, there is but one Weight in use, only in Messina excepted, which I shall shew in its due place: now this Weight of Sicilia in general is the Rotolo (30) Ounces, which is 2½ l. Sicilian, 300 Rot. making the Cantar which 100 l. hath been observed to have made in London 173 l. circa, * 1.908 or properly in gross to say, 1 C. 2 Quarters 4 l. incirca, and in Venetia suttle, to have produced 260 l. or Venice gross 163 l. circa, and hath been found to render in Florence 225 in 230 l. but yet by the cal∣culation I made, it should be but 221 l. just, it is in Rhagusa 218 l. in Cattarro 78 l. Alexandris Zera, 83 Rot. ditto Forfori 185 Rot. in Damasco 43½ Rot. &c.

* 1.909Their Measure of length is the Cane, which is in London about 80 or 81 Inches by the Rule, which is 2¼ Yards English; this Cane is divided into 8 Palms, which is about 10 Inches, the Cane making 3 Cloth Braces in Venetia.

* 1.910Corn which is the prime Commodity of this Place and Kingdom, is sold by the Salmo, of which there is the gross Salmo, and the general Sicilian Salmo, which is the small Salmo, upon which general salmo, these Observations have been made, and that the same is found to agree thus with these Countries.

• In Rhagusa staro 3⅕.
• Dalmatia staro 3¼.

• Ancoma somma 1½.
• Ricanati somma 1⅔.
• Rimine staro 1½.
• Bolonia corbe 3½.
• In Andalusia 5 Fanegos.
• In Portugal 22½ Alquiers.
• In Florence 11¼ staios.
• In Avignon 5 sesteros.
• In Venetia 3 staros and 1 quarter.
• In Pisa 11 18 staros.
• Bergamo staro 13.
• Millan mesni 4⅛.
• Genoua measure 2⅓.
• In Ferrara staro 9.
• In Tripoli cafesie 15.
• In Tunis cafesie 15.
• Alexandria ribebe 1 l. 1.
• Candia measures 14.
• Corfu mosie 2⅓.
• Catarro staro 3¼.
• Verona minali 7 quastero.
• Vicentia staro 9¾.
• Padua staro 9¾.
• Treviso staro 3.
• Modena staro 3 5/7.
• Parma staro 6½.
• Mirandola staro 3 5/7.

The gross Salmo of Palermo and Sicilia hath been observed to make in

Spalatto	staro 4.
Rhagusa	staro 3⅓
Segnia	quart. 12.
Arbe	staro 4.
Istria	staro 4.
Padua	staro 12.
Vincentia	staro 12.
Ferrara	staro 11.
Forli	staro 3 quaterroli 14
Bollonia	corbe 4⅓.
Mantua	staro 10.
Cremona	sommas 2.
Bergamo	staro 16.
Verona minali	8 & 11½ quarteroli.
Brassia	sommas 2⅔.
Millan	Mesini 5 1/9.
Florentia	staro 14.

Wherein I have been somewhat the larger, by reason of the general use of this measure in the Lewant.

Note, that both the gross and general Salmo are divided into into 16 Tomelos, and that the gross Salmo is greater than the general Salmo about 17 per Cent. and observe, that the ordinary charge of Corn here bought is 3 Taries, and 15 Grains the Salmo; but if Corn be above 18 Taries per Salmo, it pays also a new impost, which is per Salmo.

* 1.911Salt is also sold by the Salmo, which in Trappano is made in great quantity, where at my being here I observed to be as great as 3 ordinary Salmos of Corn, divided also in 16 Tomelos, which made Sicilia weight about 7 Cantaros.

* 1.912Oyl is here sold by the Cantaro, which is 2¾ Barrels of Florence, and hath made 180 l. English.

* 1.913The Custom of the Island is commonly 9 and 10 per Cent. but Fish and other Commodities for food, pays 12 per Cent.

* 1.914Palermo is also a place of great Exchanges, which briefly at my being there, did run thus with other places, always noting, that all Bills coming from abroad, pay one Carlin per ounce to

make good Money: and they exchange by Ponctos, as I have noted elsewhere: * 1.915and they give in Palermo 160 Pomutos incirca, to have in Naples a Ducat current, and their Account is made as in the particular of Naples is expressed. * 1.916They give in Palermo 26 or 27 Carlins, to have in Rome a Ducat de Camera.

* 1.917They gave in Palermo 6 Taries accounted, and 1 Carlin per Ounce more, to have in Valentia 10 Sold. 3 Den. and a Crown of 12 Taries is 20 Solds, and a Ducat of 13 Taries, is there estimated for 21 Sold.

* 1.918With Messina and Syracusa, and other places of the Kingdom, they exchange with the Crown and the same Moneys.

This note of Equality or Par, I also learned here for current.

For Valentia Sold 9 dc. 10¾ per Florin.

For Barselona Sol. 11 d. 3⅖ per Florin.

For Majorca Sold 14 d. 10½ per Florin: and for the aforesaid places, they consider the in∣terest, to him that takes by Exchange at the rate of one Carlin per Ounce, which they recover accordingly: for the other particular Circumstances thereof, I refer the Reader to the end of this Tract, where the Exchanges of this Place and Messina, is largely handled, and as the same may more amply there appear in the Chapters 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, and 425. with all particular Circumstances, whereto I desire to be referred for better satisfaction.

And in the next place, survey the Trade of Messina, the second eminent City of Traffick in this Island.

CHAP. CCLVIII. Of Messina, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.919THE last Province of this Kingdom and Island is Mona, wherein are the Cities of Nicosia in the Midland, Milaso on the North Promontory, and Messina in the face opposite to Reggio in Calabria, which fare hath in times past been accounted to be very dangerous by reason of those anciently accounted perils, Scylla and Charybdis, the one a Sand, and the other a Rock, opposing each other at the entrance thereof; now not so much feared by our Sea-men by being more expert: this Town is the most eminent Town of Trade in all this Island, and inhabited by many Merchants, which the benefit of the Haven doth much further, and the commodiousness of the Situation, and the Privileges and Immunities of the yearly Fairs much augmenteth.

The Commodities proper hitherto, as also to the whole Island, as also the manner of keep∣ing their Accounts, I have noted; but Moneys finding some variation, and diversity, by rea∣son of Trade, I will briefly touch the same: First then,

• * 1.920A Crown of Gold of Italy is worth 14 Taries.
• A Crown of the place they account, 12 Taries.
• A Tarie as in Palermo, 20 grains, is 2 Carlins.
• An Ounce is as in Palermo, 30 Taries.
• A Grain is 5 Pecolies.
• A Florence Ducat did pass for 11 Taries, 4 gr.
• A Ducat of Camera of Rome, for 12 Taries, 6 gr.
• A Ducat of Carlins of Naples, for 10 Taries, 16⅔. gr.
• A Crown of Mark, is 12 Taries.
• A Livre of gross of Venice, is 3 Ounces 21 Taries, 1 gr.
• One Pound gross of Avers, is 1 Ounce and 10 Taries.
• Marvedies 29½ of Spain, is one Tarie.
• And a Pound Sterling is here (…

* 1.921The Weights of Messina are found to be two, the first being the gross Cantar, whereby is weighed all manner of Food, Flesh, Caveare, Fish, Tonnies, Cheese, &c. which is noted to be 10 per Cent. greater than the second Cantar, and hath produced by computation Pound English 196, in 198 Pound; and the smaller Cantar contains as the former 100 Rotolos of 30 Ounces, or 2½ Pound Siciliano, doth agree with the sum mentioned in Palermo, as being the common Weight of all the Island, and accounted (as I said before) to be 173 Pound, but found by ex∣perience of some English Merchants, 184 Pound, which I refer to trial, and they account 20 Pesos to make a suttle Cantar, and 22 Peso the Gross, which is the general Cantar of Palia.

* 1.922Their Measures is the same as mentioned in Palermo, which is the Cane divided into 8 Palms for length, and the Salmo divided into 16 Tomolos for Corn and so forth, as I have more at large

handled under the Chapter of Palermo, as serving for great use to the Merchants that traffick in the Mediterranean Seas.

* 1.923All Stuffs of Linen or Woollen (measurable) of this Kingdom, selling or not selling, pay at Messina 6½ per cent.

All Commodities of weight from without the Kingdom, selling or not selling, pay at Messina 3 per cent.

Removing from Ship to Ship pays 3 per cent. or 3¼, all Merchandise that is con∣veyed out of the Kingdom at the Port of Messina, pays 6⅓ per cent. * 1.924unless at the Fair∣•…•…, when as some Commodities pay less than some others, so that Silk then pays only 3 per cent.

I have noted an old printed observation between London and Messina to be thus, which I refer to the trial, That the 100l. of Palermo is in London 172 l. the 100 l. of Messina in Silk makes Silk weight in London 43½, and the Rotolo of Palermo hath made in London 1 l. 9 conces, the 100 Yards hath made 44½ Canes, and that the Cane hath made in London 2¼ Yards or Ells 1½ Goad of Freezes and Cottons; and thus I will leave this City and Island, and sail to Malta.

* 1.925Malta is the next Island of note in these Seas, famoused more by the Knights, the now posses∣sors, than by any Traffick that is found therein; it is the place where St. Paul suffered Ship∣wrack, and where he shook the Viper from his hand into the flame, which yet the Inhabitants would perswade Travellers hath left some virtue and reliques thereof behind him, which I refer to the relation of others; it aboundeth in Cotton-wooll, Oranges, Limons, Citrons, Honey, Wax, and some other fruits: the Towns of note are Valetta, Saint Hermes, and Malta, and some others.

* 1.926Corsica is the next, and seated opposite to Genoa to whom it belongeth, being 300 mile; in compass. Bastia is the chief City, and the residence of the Genoese Governour, with a commo∣dious Haven and a strong Garrison, the principal Ports for Shipping are Saint Florence in the Northern part, and Saint Boniface in the South; the Commodities thereof are Oyls, Figs, Rai∣•…•…s, Wates, Honey, Wax, Allum, Boxwood, Iron, good Horses and fierce Mastives, little other Com∣m••ities it affordeth not, their weights and measure agreeth with Genoa.

* 1.927Sardinia is the next, and accounted 550 miles in circuit, and subject to the Spaniard, divi∣ded into two parts, first, Cape Luggudory towards Corsica, and secondly Cape Cagliares towards Africk. * 1.928It affordeth for Merchandise Corn in good plenty, and Oyls in a reasonable manner, but abundance of all sorts of Cattle, as appeareth by the great abundance of Hides and Cheese, which in an homely manner is made here, and hence dispersed through Italy, Spain, and other Coun∣tries: there is here many Towns, such as is Bossa, Santa Reparata, Alquilastro, and lasty, Callary the Metropolis, of which a word, together with the Trade thereof.

CHAP. CCLIX. Of Callary, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.929CAllary is the principal City of this Island, opposite to Africk, the Seat of the Spanish Vice-Kings, enjoying a goodly Haven, and much frequented by Merchants, and is an Archbi∣•…•…p's See, and well stored with eminent Citizens.

* 1.930Their monies are generally the monies of Valentia in the Kingdom of Spain, but they have proper to the Island some Copper or black monies, to which the Ducates and Livers of Valentia are reduced, and their Accounts are kept in the same manner, as in that City.

* 1.931The common weight is the Pound, consisting of 12 ounces, 160 l. thereof being their Quin∣ter, is English 88 in 89 l. and in Marselia 101 l. in Florence 125 l. circa.

* 1.932Their common measure is a Vare and a Brace, the Vare found to agree with Valentia, and Brace with Florence, the first used in Cloth and Linen, and the latter in Silks, &c.

Further observations of the Trade of this Island have not come to my hand, therefore I will hence sail to the next Islands, which are those of Majorca and Minorca.

CHAP. CCLX. Of Majorca and Minorca, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.933MAjorca is seated also in these Seas, 300 miles in circuit, and 30 miles distant from the Continent of Spain; the principal City is Majorca, an University, and the Seat of the Spanish Viceroy.

Minorca is nine miles distant from Majorca, and 150 miles in compass, wherein is Minor∣ca and Java, the principal Towns; but Mahon therein is found to be an excellent Port, able to contain 500 Sail of very great Ships in safety from all weathers whatsoever. * 1.934This Country affordeth for Merchandise, Corn, Wines, Oyls, this last being the principal Commodity of this Coun∣try, which the English do here lade above 500 Tuns yearly, and sometimes more, and hence exported by them, if the Spaniard have not otherwise occasion for it for his own use, for from hence Provisions are made for all the Eastern and Western Navigators.

* 1.935Their Monies have reference to those current in Spain, and principally in Barcelona, and Ve∣lentia, and they account 7 Rials Spanish and two Marvedes to make a Liver, * 1.936by which their Accounts are kept, being in Livers, Sold, Deniers, 12 Deniers to the Sold, and 20 Sold to the Liver, which Liver is 3 s. 8 d. sterling; but all Commodities are here sold by the Sold, 20 making a Liver, which may be accounted 3 s. 8 d. sterling as aforesaid, and they account 17 Doublers is a Rial Span.

* 1.937Their Weight is in Majorca and Minorca two, the one the Rotolo, which 100 Rotolos make a Cantar, called the Cantar Barbaresco, which is 117 l. of the other weight, which they call a Cantar of Majorca or Majorina, and consists of 104 l.

The Cantar Barbaresco hath made in	Pisa and Florence	141	l.
Venetia suttle	163	l.
Venetia gross	103	l.
London	110	l.
The Cantar Majorca which is 104 l. hath made in	Valentia	116	l.
104 l. Cantar Majorca in	Florence	120	l.
Venetia suttle	140	l.
Venetia gross	110	l.
Genoa	130	l.
London	117	l.

* 1.938Some Commodities are also sold by the Cargo of three Cantars, but each Cantar contains 104l. by which Cargo is Pepper, Ginger, Cinnamon, Rice, Spices, and other things, and the Cargo hath made in Venice 420 l. suttle; by the Cantar Barbaresco is weighed Wooll, Hides, Skins, Metals, Lead, Tin, and such gross Goods, and fine Goods by the other Cuintar, or the Cargo aforesaid.

* 1.939Their measure of length is a Cane, which hath made in London 67 in 68 Inches, which is 1 ••/•• Yards London measure.

Their measure of Oyls is a quarter, or quartano, 12 whereof is contained in an Odor or skin of Oyl, and 212 Quartans I have found herein 1617; to be a Tun of 236 Gallons, and 214 a Tun of 252 Gallons or thereabouts, and 41 ••/4 Quartans hath made in Venice one Miara, and in Alexandria hath weighed 5 Cantars, and 20 Rotolos.

* 1.940Oyls are commonly laden at Porcupin, and were found in my time to have there these charges for Custom, 8 Doublers per Liver, which is 7 Rials, and 2 Marved. Spanish, and 17 Doublers, as I said before, being a Rial, for part 3 Doublers per Od••r for measuring, 3 Den. per Od••r for Pipes at 3 Livers the Pipe, for Sea Custom at 9 Doub. per Liver, brokered at 1 Den. per Liver, for Halledge of the Pipes at 5 s. the Pipe, Stowage at 8 Den. the Pipe, Barkage to Parcapin 2 Sol. 6 Den. the Pipe, Provision according to the custom of the place at 3 per cent. A brief of all which charges may be comprehended in this rule certainly: observe, That accounting 214 Quartans to a Tun, and for every Soldo that a Quartan doth cost here first peny, if you reckon 47 s. 6 d. sterling for every the said Soldo, so much infallibly will your Tun of Oyl stand you in clear aboard of all charges: And thus much out of my own trial I have thought good to insert in lading of Oyls in this place.

* 1.941Near unto these Islands are the Islands of Ivisa, 100 miles in circuit; the chief City is Ivisa, the chiefest Commodity that it affordeth is Salt, of the Trade of which a word.

CHAP. CCLXI. Of Ivisa, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.942THE Island of Ivisa, the chief City whereof being Ivisa, consisteth wholly in making of Salt, * 1.943which is here sold by a measure called the Modino, which weigheth in Summer by the weight of Valentia, which is here in use, is 33 Cantars, and in Winter 36 Cantars gross of the said place of Valentia, and corresponds with other places thus.

• In Majorca it maketh Cantars 38.
• In Florence Staros 50 in 52.
• In Genoa Mine. 9 in 9½.
• In Valentia Cassico 8.
• In Flanders 100 Lutos, which is in Ivisa 13 Modini.
• In London (…) Bushels.

Their measures and weights I must refer to the better skilled.

* 1.944Here is also Promentary, Pantcleria and Lipara Isles, with the Isles of Naples, as Caprae, Ischia, •…•…gitu, Elba, Gades, or Cales, and some others which I pass by, and so sail into the Ocean, and observe the Islands thereof.

CHAP. CCLXII. Of the Ocean Islands, and the Trade thereof.

BEing entred into these Seas, * 1.945I will begin with the most Northen Islands thereof, and so drawing towards England, the place of our abode, and there determinate my Traffick and pe∣regrination. In the North then the report is credible, that the end of Nature and of the world is, wherein by late discovery are found these Islands: * 1.946first, Sir Hugh Willoughbie's Island, who by his death gave life and knowledge to us of this Island, searching here a new way to China, Cathai, and Moluccos: * 1.947then there is Nova Zembla only discovered, else not famous for any thing. * 1.948Next, Frisland, subject to the King of Denmark, and much frequented by Dutch, Eng∣lish, and French, for fish here taken in great abundance in the Summer season only. * 1.949Then have we Island or Icieland, plentiful in Ling; the chief Towns are Hallen and Schasholton, and subject to the King of Sweden. * 1.950Then Gronland, seated under the Northern cold Zone, where their longest Summers day is three months and a half, abounding in fish, of which there is a Society now incorporated in London, by the name of Greenland Company: the Trade whereof principally consisteth in fishing of Whales for Fins and Oyls, and only lasteth the Summer Season, and no longer, and then they are inforced to return, by reason of the extremity of the cold and Frosts. Now to come out of those cold Seas to the Ocean, as into more temperate Regions, * 1.951I meet in my way with the Orcades, or Isles of Orkney, being 33 in number, * 1.952the principal of which is Pomonia, stored with Tin and Lead; next Hethie; then Shetland, anciently imagined the last Island of the World, and called Thule.

* 1.953Then the Hebrides, which are 44, the prime whereof is Ila, abounding in red Dear. 2. Iona, famous for the Sepulchers of the Scotish Kings. 3. Mula, whose Inhabitants are called the Red∣•…•…nks; the rest of as little note I omit.

* 1.954Then the Sorlings, which are 145. The Principal being Armath, Agnes, Samson, and Silly, the name given to the rest and others.

Here I meet also with 5 Islands, which cannot be comprised within the former account. * 1.955First the Isle of Man, which is ten miles in length, and ten in breadth, abounding in Flax, Hemp, Oats, Barly, and Wheat, and some Cattel; the chief Towns are Ballacuri and Russin, or Castletown.

* 1.956Then appears the Isle of Anglesey, which is accounted a Shire of Wales, in length 24 in bredth 10 miles, and for its abundant fertility in all things, is called by the neighbouring Shires, Mam Cimbri, the Mother of Wales, as having of all food and other provision necessary to preserve the life of man, out of which is yearly sent 3000 head of Cattel to supply the wants of other Countries adjoyning, together with a good quantity of Corn, Butter, Cheese, &c. the same had in times past 300 Towns and Villages, * 1.957now it hath but one of consequence remain∣ing, called Beaumares, commodious for Trade, as commanding a fair, safe, and capacious Haven and Road, to which as being the place of my birth, I owe this grateful remembrance. * 1.958Jarsey is the next, in compass 20 miles; the chief Towns are St. Hillary, and S. Mollo, abounding in sheep &c. * 1.959Then Garnsey, 20 miles distant from Jarsey, rich in good Harbours; the chief Town is St. Peters. * 1.960The last is the Isle of Wight, being 20 miles long, and 12 broad; the prin∣cipal

Towns being Yarmouth, Newport, and Bradring, it is well fortified and strengthned against all foreign attempts whatsoever. There be also some other petty Islands round about this Shore, but I will pass them to come to those of greater note and consequence, which are Ireland and Great Britain, the last Isle and place, both of this my Travel and Traffick.

CHAP. CCLXIII. Of Ireland, and the Provinces thereof.

* 1.961IReland standeth West of Britain, containing in length 400 miles, and in breadth 200 miles, enjoying this prerogative by nature, That no venomous Serpent will either live here if brought from other Regions, nor yet doth naturally breed here: It is divided into 5 Provinces, which according to my former method, I will in order touch, and see what Towns of Note they contain.

* 1.962Munster is the first, wherin is found the Cities of Limrick, seated on the banks of Shan•…•…, 2, Cork, 3. Kingsale, and 4. Waterford, the first ground that ever I trod on out of my native soyl, being about 13 or 14 years old, and then began to be employed by my Parents in trade of Mer∣chandising.

* 1.963Connaught is the second Province, the chief Cities are Dunratty and Galloway; the third City in Ireland both for fairness, largeness, and for pleasant dwellings and situation,

* 1.964Ulster is the third Province, the chief Towns are Dundale, 2. Dungannon, 3. Armagh, an Archbishoprick, 4. Dongal, and 5. London-Derry, lately built, and peopled by the City and Citi∣zens of London.

* 1.965Meth is the fourth; the chief Towns are Kelly, 2. Thim, and lastly Tredagh, a fine Town, where also I resided in these my younger years of Travel, and first employment in Traffick.

* 1.966Lempster is the last Province, wherein is found the Cities of Mareaburg, Philips-Town, Kildare, and Dublin, of the Trade whereof a word.

CHAP. CCLXIV. Of Dublin, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.967DUblin is seated on the Liffe, being the Metropolis of Ireland, and the residence of the Lord Deputy for the King of England, who is Sovereign here, it being also an Arch∣bishoprick and an University. * 1.968The Commodities the Country doth afford for Merchandise, are these: first, the Country abounds in Cattle, each affords Tallow and Hides in great abun∣dance, which is hence exported to Spain, France, and Italy; also Salmon is here caught good store in July, August, and September, which is salted and exported, and in Summer the quan∣tity is so great in some parts of this Island, that the Servants do covenant with their Masters, they must not feed thereon but certain days in the week. Herrings are here also caught, and accounted the best; as also Pilchards in August, September, and October, and thence vented to Spain, France, and into the Streights of Gibraltar; here is also some Butter, Cheese, Pipe-staves, Calves-skins, and other Commodities of late days prohibited to be exported by the Laws of the Kingdom.

* 1.969The Coins of this Kingdom in the standard, carrieth a concurrence with those of England, which also here are current for the value, as being subject to one and the same Scepter, yet in distinction of the true and real worth, are found thus entitled.

The pound of Ireland consisteth of 20 shillings Irish, yet in sterling is accounted but 15 shillings

The shillings by this account is but 9 d. sterling, and the 6 d. Irish is 4½ d. sterling.

* 1.970Here is also an Exchange found and practised, but not for any foreign part, saving England, and principally London and Bristol, commonly running at 8 d. upon the pound, and when most at 12 d. per l. which is 5 per cent.

* 1.971Dublin, and in general all Ireland, hath the Measures and Weights of England in use in their Traffick, and agreeing therewith in all particulars, I need not insist further therein.

Now a word of the Trade in general of Ireland, as it is found observable in these days.

* 1.972The daily conversation of the English Nation, and the late impartial and found admini∣stration of justice in this Country, hath redeemed this Island from the jaws of Barbarism, wherein it was ready to fall and suffer a ruin, and since by little and little peace being firmly established, hath brought the Inhabitants to a desire of inriching themselves, and this desire hath so well been seconded by their industry, that I may say it hath brought store and plenty into their dwellings, which hath hitherto met with so good a success, that whereas few years past this Country was with all necessaries supplied out of Englands and Scotlands abundance, it now returneth that courtesie, and contributeth some years not only to the wants of both, but to the wants of Spain, France, and some other adjoyning Countries; for now it is found that the Earth and Seas add to the Inhabitants labour and pains; as first, the Seas and Rivers in their season afford them great plenty of Cod-fish, Hake fish, Pitchards, Herrings, and these of both the largest, best, and in abundance, which they take, kill, and salt, and so disperse as a Merchandise into France, Spain, England, Scotland, and other Countries.

Then the Earth yeilds them a good breed of Cattel, especially Sheep and Oxen, in such store, that they have thereof in great abundance, as also of Hides, Woolls, Tallow, Butter, Cheese, and Beef; and the Wool, they by Manufactures convert into Cloth, Mantles, Ruggs, Frises, and Yarn, whereof it is reported that there cometh yearly to the Town of Manchester in Lancashire, to be there woven into Stuffs, at least two hundred thousand weight fine and coarse: besides which, the bowels of the Earth yeild them Lead, Iron, and Tin, and by their own industry they have many other Manufactures, as also Pipe-staves, Wax, Honey, Furs, Hemp, Linen Cloth, Salt, and some others: all this considered, what should want here to make them eminent Merchants, but shipping and skill in the Art of Navigation, and a de∣sire to imploy their Talents in foreign Countries, which yet is not seen to be perfected amongst them: Nature having to this end fitted them with many goodly Ports and navigable Rivers, and will in time I hope fit them with an inclination to second by their endeavours, what is so plentifully bestowed by her upon them, which by little and little may be brought to pass by the conversation and direction of the civiliz?d English, that daily are seen to come and reside amongst them: and thus leaving Ireland, and my good wishes to the increase of her Traffick, I hence pass over to Scotland (a part of Britain) and view the present Trade thereof.

CHAP. CCLXV. Of Scotland, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.

* 1.973SCotland is the Northern part of Britain, and separated from England by the River Tweed and Salway, and the Cheviot hills, extending from thence to the other, which being a Kingdom, and varying in the manner of Trade from England, I have thought good here to insert by it self.

* 1.974The Commodies that this Country affordeth for Merchandise are coarse Cloths, Freezes, Fish salted, Hides, Tallow, Lead Ore, some Grain, Feathers, and other Commodities, as Sea-coal, Allom, Iron, &c.

This Country is divided into two parts, the High-land and the Low-land, and the same into several Sheriffdoms, or Provinces, in which are found these Towns of consequence.

CHAP. CCLXVI. Of Edenburg and the Trade thereof.

* 1.975FIrst Edenburg, wherin is seated the King's Palace, and the Court of Justice, consisting principally of one street of a mile in length, whereto doth lead many other petty Lanes, making the whole near three miles in circuit; the second Town is Glascow, an Archbishops See, and an University; the third is Saint Andrews in Fife honour'd with many Prerogatives; fourthly, Sterling: then is Perth, Aberdeen, Dondes, Saint John's Town, and some others of lesser note.

* 1.976Their current monies in Merchandise is the proper Coins of that Kingdom both in Gold and Silver, which are usually found to be in Gold.

In	Pieces of	22	shill. sterl.
Pieces of	11	shill. sterl.
Pieces of	5. 6	d. sterl.
Pieces of	2. 9	d. sterl.
Pieces of	4. 4⅜	d. sterl.
Pieces of	1	shill. 1½ d. sterl.
Pieces of	½	the ¾ and ⅛ thereof.
Pieces of	9. 6	d. being ⅔ of the 13 d. ½ sterl.
One Mark.
Pieces of	½	which is 4½ d. being ⅓ of the abovesaid.

Again,

• 13½ d. sterl. is a Scotch Mark. or 13 shill. 4. d. Scotch.
• 6⅔ is a Scotch Noble, 6 shill. 8 d.
• 20 d. sterl. is 1½ Mark Scotch. or 1 Pound Scotch of 20 shill.
• 20 shill sterl. is 18 Scotch Marks.

Besides which, are here found current the Coins of England, and he that would see further into the intrinsic value and weight of these Coins either of Silver and Gold, must have recourse to a Proclamation set out by our Sovereign King James deceased, dated in 1609, which will al∣so shew their conformity to the Coins of England in weight and goodness, and the current value and estimation thereof through this Kingdom.

* 1.977Here is practised for England an Exchange for monies as is done upon the Scotch Mark for 12 pence sterling in London, &c.

* 1.978Their Accounts are now kept several ways, some following the custom of England, by sterling pounds, shillings, and pence, and some by their own ancient manner also in pounds, shillings, and pence Scottish, 20 pence sterling being their pound, 13½ being their Mark, and pence Scottish, of which they had some black or Copper Monies, as Babaes, esteemed by them for six pence, whereof two made a penny sterling; Placks, which they esteemed for four pence, and three of them made a penny sterling; and lastly, pieces called Hard-heads, esteemed by them at 1½ pence, but eight of them made a penny sterling mony, and some of these are yet current amongst them.

* 1.979They have in general (as is also the custom of England) but one weight for weighing of their Merchandise, and for buying and selling throughout the Kingdom, which is the Pound of 16 ounces, 100 of which pounds makes their Quintal, which is found to make in London and all throughout England 108 l. Averdupois, and the 100 l. London sotile is found to render here 92 l. incirca, or the 112 l. to give 103½ l. or thereabouts.

* 1.980Their common measure in length for Linens, Cloth, Silk, or Stuffs, is an Ell common in use throughout Scotland, which is about 4 per cent. differing from our English Yard, as being greater; so that whereas we allow 36 inches to the Yard by Rule, their Ell may make incirca 34½ inches, it having been observed by Traders hither, that 75 Yards in London or Ells, 60 Ells hath made here 72 Scotch Ells, but in their hundred by tale in measure they account six score or 120 for 100.

In other measures of Corn, Coal, Salt, or liquid measures of Beer, Ale, Wines, Oyls, and such like, imitate the better experienced to supply my defects therein, for I hasten now towards England, and so to London, the City of my abode, and the end of my present labours, and by the way will observe, That the Inhabitants of this Country are much addicted both to Trade and Navigation, and have many good helps and furtherances there both by the na∣tural and artificial Commodities of this Country, and the good Ports of the same; so that in brief I may conclude this Kingdom to be more addicted to Traffick and Navigation than the Irish, and yet not so much as the English, which yet by the gracious aspect of our Sovereign is seen daily to increase, and may in time come to a greater perfection.

CHAP. CCLXVII. Of Britain, and the Provinces thereof.

* 1.981HAving now set my foot upon the happy shore, and run through the Trade of most of the greatest known Cities of Commerce and Traffick in the World, give me leave to survey the distinct Ports of this Kingdom, that I may not do less to our own than in this Tract I have done to other foreign Countries. Britain then, the Queen of Islands, is found to be in circuit 1836 miles extending it self (comprehending England, Wales, and Scotland, as of one entire Island, which we now know by the name of Great Britain) 800 miles, being divided into 3 parts, as into England and Wales, whose Trade we have now in hand, and Scot∣land, whose Traffick we have already declared.

CHAP. CCLXVIII. Of Wales, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.982WAles then being the second part of this division, is bounded on all sides with the Seas, except the East, where it is separated from England by the River Dee, and a line drawn to the River Wie, but by some by Clauda Offa, or Offa's ditch, or more proper by interpretation, Offa's Hedge or Rampire, begining at the influx of Wie into Severn, reaching unto Chester for 84 miles, where the River of Dee entreth into the Sea.

The Country is in many places mountainous and barren, yet able of it self to subsist with∣out assistance of any neighbourhood, partly by the industry of the Inhabitants, and partly by the plenty of some of the shires thereof, the most fruitful affording supply to others that are found the most barren and deficient.

* 1.983The Commodities which this Country doth yeild and vent abroad for Merchandise, are first Cattel in abundance, bred in general through the whole Country, Wax, Honey, Herrings white and red, Butter and Cheese in great plenty, Woolls also in some measure; also this Country is well stored with Mines of Silver, Lead-Ore, Coal, and some Tin, Milstones, and good Quar∣ries of Free-stone for building, Hides, Calf skins, Frises, Bays, some Linens, and great quanti∣ty of Cottons, known by the name of Welch Cottons and Plains, which in Oswestry, seated in Sheep hire, is every Monday (as the common Emporie of all Wales) vented in great abundance, and thence dispersed throughout England, and so thence is shipped and conveyed to supply the defects of Normandy, Britain, and Picardy, and of late have found a current vent in Spain, Turkey, and other Countries: therefore I would incourage my Countrymen to go on in their Mansfactures of Woolls, seeing that Nature hath done her part to give them the materials, their in∣dustry must be added, and that will soon bring forward the Art, and all these conjoyned will bring a benefit for a reward of all, and to all of them.

* 1.984Wales is found at this day to contain 4 Circuits for the administration of Justice, 1 Flint, Denhigh, Montgomery shires being the first; Radnor, Glamorgan, and Brecknockshires being the second; Cardigan, Carmarthen, and Pembroke shires being the third; Merioneth, Carnarvan, and the Isle of Anglesey, the fourth; * 1.985also to contain 4 Dioceses for Ecclesiastical Discipline, * 1.986and these comprehended in twelve shires, wherein is also found 1 Chuse, 13 Forests, 36 Parks, 99 Bridges, 230 Rivers, 1016 Parishes, wherein are noted to be 56 Market Towns, being no Cities, and in them 41 Castles, and 4 Cities, being the Seats of so many Bishops, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Saint Davids in Pembrookshire, 2. Bangor in Carnarvonshire, 3. Asaph in Flintshire, 4 Landaffe in Glenorganshire: Lastly, the Inhabitants are accounted men of faithful carriage one to another, most especially in a strange Country, and to strangers in their own, and use a peculiar language that hath remained without alteration or commixture with any other in the world, from the original thereof to this day.

And lastly, to their everlasting praise and commendation, have for many years valiantly with∣stood all their Enemies by their own proper valour, and being joyned to the Crown of England, have been found to be true and loyal to the same, and have so continued in all amity, love, and faithfulness.

CHAP. CCLXIX. Of England, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.987ENGLAND is the principal part of Britain, and now the last in my labours, bounded on the East with the German, on the West with the Irish, on the South with the British Oceans, and on the North with Scotland, as is afore-mentioned. The ornaments of this Country hath in times past been expressed unto us by this verse,

Anglia, Mons, Pons, Fons, Ecclesia, Foemina, Lana.

England is stor'd with Mountains, Bridges, Wooll, With Churches, Rivers, Women beautiful.

But these are not the Commodities that Merchants look after, therefore I will shew you in his proper place, those Commodities which England doth naturally afford for Merchandise, and in the mean season it will not be improper that I run over the Provinces of this Kingdom, and therein see what particulars may be gathered out of each, conducing either to Traffick or to the honour and commodity of the Country, and thereto add also the Provinces of VVales, pur∣posely omitted for this place. The Provinces, or more properly the Shires of England and Wales, according to Cambden, whom I gladly follow in this description, are these.

* 1.988The first is Cornwal, in it self a barren and mountainous Country, but the bosom thereof incloseth rich Mines of Tin, which for the excellence thereof is famous throughout the world, also therewith is digged Gold and Silver, and a certain Stone is found upon the earth of it self transparent, and naturally formed into angles and points, which if found in foreign Countries, would be held admirable: here is also upon this Coast taken Pilchards and Herrings in great abundance, which the Inhabitants do salt and dry in the smoak, and so transport into France, Spain, and Italy, to good advantage: the Sea-coast is beautified with many Towns and Ha∣vens, capable of many Ships, Falmouth being the chief, and here is found that famous Mount Michael, by the Inhabitants called Cana, which hath for many ages been noted for its steepness and antiquity.

* 1.989The situation of the Town of St. Ives is on the the Sea-side, with a good Road before it for any Vessel whatsoever to ride in it within one league, half league, or quarter of a league of the Town, with a Peer or dry Key belonging unto it, which will admit the entring a Vessel of 200 Tuns bringing their Tide with them. The situation of the Road, and how it lies, and in what degrees, is in a Paper hereunto annexed. There may be a Mould made for the preservation of Vessels with small cost. That Ships of 50 Tuns, or 100 Tuns, may ride a float on a Neap-Tide within it in safety. The Town consists only of one Parish belonging to it, about some three miles round of it, with at least 500 Families, or above 3000 souls in it.

What the place naturally affords, is Pilchards, Herring, Congerdoust, Ray-fish, and other sorts of Summer-fish. The materials which they mostly use for it, is Salt supplied from France; The quantity it affords yearly more or less, as pleaseth God, may be 3, 4, or 5000 Hogsheads of Pilchards yearly, 3, 4, or 500 Barrels of Herring, good quantity of Congerdoust, 4 or 5 Barks loaden of about 20 or 30 Tuns, each Bark of Ray-fish yearly, some years more, some less.

These Commodities, as Pilchards, are sold by the Hogshead, four of them make a Tun: but commonly by the 1000; (1200 small tale they sell the Merchant in the Cask to the 1000) the Barrel of Herring about 30 Gallons, sold commonly at 18 s. 20 s. 22 s. per Barrel; a Conger∣doust by the Kintale, that is to say•• 112 l. to the Kintale. Ray fish constantly sold by the do∣zen fresh, at 2 s. 4 d. 2 s. 6 d. or 3 s. per dozen. They have to their dozen 20, 30, 40, 50, sometimes 60 fishes to the dozen, according to their custom the Merchant hath that buys it, per dozens.

Their Weight is 12 l. according to the Standard; likewise is their Yard or Ell, according to the Standard by Law.

Their Measure is a Bushel for all Grain and Salt to be measured, imported, containing 28 Gallons water-measure, their ancient standing measure. The places for venting these Commo∣dities are in the Straights, Spain, France, and other foreign parts beyond the Seas. The prices are commonly on Pilchards 7, 8, or 9 s. per thousand, 30, 35, or 45 s. per Hogshead.

The Measures used in the publick Market for Corn are a Bushel containing 20 Gallons, the half Bushel 10 Gallons, the Peek 5 Gallons, the Gallon agrees with the Winchester Gallon. Salt is sold in the publick Market by the Gallon; and it is a good Country for victualling of Ships.

The quantity of Shipping or Barks belonging to the place are but few, and in number seven,

they were many more, but are taken and lost. The Burthen of these are from 60 tuns to 20 Tuns: divers other Vessels of forein parts do frequent the Road yearly, and Port like∣wise.

The Trade they drive with forein Nations are the Commodities formerly expressed out of this Port exported; with great quantities of Tin, which this Country round about us affords, and that the best in England, which we usually export.

The Commodities imported, or usually expended on the place or parts adjacent, are great quantities of Salt, at least 10000 bushels of Salt yearly, with all other sorts of Commodities being small quantities.

The manner of taking Pilchards and Herrings is by Nets, the other Fish by Hooks: they likewise use great quantity of Netting and Rope yearly for their Fishing craft, which cost them great Sums of Money. The Season for taking of Pilchards is between the first day of July and the first of January following. The Herrings they take from Michaelmas to Christmas following. The other Fish are taken in the Summer. The quantity of Boats belonging to the place are about 60; the Men a great number imployed to Sea in Ships; and at least four hundred Men all the Fishing-season are imployed about the Pilchard-catching and Herring-fishing.

And for the better encouragement of Trade there might be a Mould erected from the Castle whereon the Colours stand in the Map towards the Church, which hath been profer'd to be done for 3000 l. which, if done, would be the preservation of many thousand pounds per Annon, and many Mens Lives, who by extremity of Weather and contrary Wind are forced this side the Lands-end, having no place else to preserve themselves, unless they can get the Harbour of Milford, which is 32 Leagues from this place, being the only place on this North side for preservation of Ships.

General Blake, when he beleaguer'd the Island of Scilly, which lies 13 Leagues from this place was put off by a Storm from the Island of Scilly with his Fleet which came into this Road, and here anchor'd with his Fleet till the Storm was over, which continued five days in Safety; it is a good Road, and with good Ground-tackle a Ship may safely ride with all Weather.

This Bay is from the Lands-end 5 Leagues, and from the Lands-end to Scilly is 8 Leagues:

The Inhabitants of this place are poor, and have often made it their Request to have a Mould erected for the greater Safety of Ships that come here. But by reason of the late Trou∣bles, and through the negligence of such as were intrusted for the prosecuting thereof, it has been neglected, which (if erected) Ships of 300 tuns might be secured within the Mould at any time, and then it would be one of the best dry Peers in England.

* 1.990The second is Devonshire, no less rich in Veins of Tin, and withal beautified with many more Towns and good Havens than the former, Exon being the principal Town, and an Inland City, but Datmouth and Plimouth the best Havens; this last being, from a poor fishing Village, become a fair Town, by reason of the Castle and Commodiousness of the Haven; and the rather it is to be mentioned, as giving birth to Sir Fruncis Droke Kt. who in our Fathers days accomplished so many notable Exploits at Sea, and was the chief Glory of that Age for Navigation.

* 1.991The third is Dorsetshire, Dorchester being the chief Town, and Weymouth the chief Haven.

* 1.992Somersetshire is the fourth, happy in the fruitful Soil, rich Pastures, Multitude of Inhabi∣tants, and Commodiousness of Havens: the chief Towns are Bridgwater, next Bath famous for those medicinal Baths there found; and lastly Bristol, incompassed with a double Wall feate•• on the River Severn, beautified with many fair private and publick Buildings, and next to London and York it is preferred to all other Cities of England, but in Amplitude of Traffick, Shipping, and Eminence of Merchants, next to London it self, and else in my opinion second to none.

* 1.993 [ 1] The Town of Taunton, being a Corporation governed by a Mayor and 24 of the Society, is situate in a very fruitful Valley between 2 Hills, one of the Hills is 4 miles off the Town on the South, the other 2 miles distant from the Town on the North. In the Town are 2 Pa∣rish Churches, St Mary Magdalen and St. James, and in these Parishes are 700 Dwelling-house; and upward, being fully inhabited and very populous: through which Parishes run∣neth a great River of Fresh-water called Tone, into which run divers small Rivulets before it comes to the Town; this Town is incompassed round; within 5 miles, with 32 Parishes, which are very populous. Market-towns near it are, Bridgwater a Haven Market-town 7 mil••s off, Chard a Market-town 8 miles, Wellington a Market-town 5 miles, Stoy a Mar∣ket town 9 miles, Wilvescome a Market-town 7 miles, Ilminster a Market-town 8 miles from this Town.

[ 2] In the Town there are 32 Mercers and Drapers, also Smiths, Shoe-makers, Wool combers, Weavers, Fullers, Goldsmiths, and Taylors, with others of manual Occupations, of which

there are a considerable Number: the chiefest Commodities that it affords for Merchandize, being at present mixt Serges and white Serges (in the Town and places adjacent) made of clean Wool, out of which are sent to London and other places every week 700 pieces and upward: the Town was furnish'd with Wool in former times from Ireland, but now little comes from thence by reason of the Wars: but at this instant (what this fruitful Valley, being full of Pa∣sture doth not afford) is supplied with Wool from the North, viz. Buckingham, Oxford, War∣wick and Leicester shires: Besides, here is made a sort of Bays called Taunton Bays, for making of which Serges and Bays aforesaid, are kept at work weekly 8500.

The Yard, Ell and Bushel, are according to the Standard and Measure of Winchester.

[ 3] The Measure in the Market for Corn is the Peck, 4 Pecks to the Bushel, which is 8 Gallons, agreeing with Winchester.

[ 4] In the Town is no Port, but 17 miles from the Town North is a Port called Minhead, with a sure Key, where may ride 30 Ships of 60 Tuns and downward: also another Port 12 miles off called Watchet of the same bigness, only the Key is ruined: and another Port 7 miles from the Town called Bridgwater, in which Town cometh a Salt-water River, in which may come in at a full Tide Vessels of 60 Tuns, and the River from the main of Severn is above 10 miles, by which you may judg how many Vessels may arrive to these Ports; there are but few Ships belonging to these Ports: their Trade is to Ireland, to Wales for Coals; and Bristol, and some∣times to France and Spain. The Ports he against the Sea that runs to Bristol, called the Se∣vern.

[ 5] What Trade they drive is set forth in the former Articles.

[ 6] As for Fishing there is very little, not worth mentioning.

* 1.994Wiltshire is the 5. altogether an inland Country; the chiefest Towns are Malmesbury, fa∣mours for the Cloths of Wool made here; Salisbury for the Bishoprick; and Wilton, of old the chief of this County, now a little Village.

* 1.995Hampshire is the 6. wherein are found the little fair City of Southampton, Winchester the plea∣sant, and Portsmouth the only now Garrison Town of England.

* 1.996Berkshire is the 7. wherein are found the Towns of Newbery famous for Clothing, and Windsor for the King's Castle, and where the Ceremony of the Knights of the Garter is solem∣nized.

* 1.997Surrey is the 8. wherein are seen Oatlands and Richmond, two beautiful and stately Palaces, belonging to the Kings of England.

* 1.998Sussex is the 9. Chichester being the chief City, and Rhy the chief Sea-Town.

* 1.999Kent is the next, rich in Meadows, Pastures, Groves, Apples and Cherries, wherein are found seated the Cinque-Ports, Deptford the King's Yard for building of his Ships, Rochester the Seat of a Bishop, Eltham and Greenwich two Palaces of the Kings, Dover a famous Sea-Port and one of the Keys of this Island; and lastly, Canterbury the prime of this County, and the Seat of the Archbishop and Metropolitan of all England.

* 1.1000Gloucestershire is the 11. the principal Towns are Tewksbury famous for Cloth-making, and Gloucester the chief of the County; here are also found the famous Hills of Cotswold, upon which great Flocks of Sheep are found to feed, yielding that excellent Wool so much esteemed amongst all Nations.

* 1.1001Oxfordshire is the 12. which is a fruitful County both in Corn and Pasture, and wherein is found Woodstock a House of the King's, an inclosed Park with a Stone Wall, imagined the the first of this Land, and Oxford an University famous through the World, and chief of this Island.

* 1.1002Buckinghamshire is the 13. wherein are found the good Towns of Ailsbury, Stony-stratford, and Buckingham the principal of the County.

* 1.1003Bedfordshire is the next, and shews the Town of Bedford for the first of the County.

* 1.1004Hertfordshire is the 15. wherein is the stately House of Theobalds, a House of the Kings, St. Albans, a fair Thorough-fare, and Hertford the principal of the County.

* 1.1005Middlesex is the 16. wherein are found the King's Palace, Hampton Court, and London, the prime City of this Kingdom, and the Chamber of the Kings of England, so famous abroad in fo∣rein Countries that it needs no Mans Commendation: it is beautified with sundry Colleges for the Study of the Municipal Laws, with the Churches of Westminster and London, besides divers others, with the Hall of Westminster, where the Parliaments extraordinary, and Courts of Chancery, Kings-Bench, and other Courts are ordinarily kept, with the 2 Palaces of White∣hall and St. James, with an Exchange or Burse for Merchants to meet in, with a sumptuous and wonderful Bridge of Free stone, besides many other excellent private and publick Edi∣fices.

* 1.1006Essex is the next, abounding in Pasturage, Corn and Saffron, and in which are found Chelms∣ford the chief Town, Colchester, Coxal, and others abounding with Bays, Says, and other new Drapery; and lastly, Harwich a safe Haven for Ships.

* 1.1007Suffolk is next, which affords quantity of Butter, Cheese and Cloths, known by the names of Suffolk-cloth, wherein is found St. Edmunds bury and Ipswich, which hath a commodious Haven.

* 1.1008Norfolk is the 19. a large champain Country, abounding in Conies and Sheep, affording the two good Haven Towns of Lin and Yarmouth, and Norwich, the first of the County, which deserves to be numbred amongst the chiefest Cities of England.

* 1.1009It is seated in the County of Norfolk, and is situate upon the River Yare, (which runs to Yarmouth, and gives name to that Town) passable for small Boats only, on which River are 5 Bridges; the City is well walled with many Turrets, and hath 12 Gates for Entrance, con∣taining 36 Parishes, in the midst whereof is a very fair Market-place, ••and Town-Hall for the City Courts and Elections, and one other Hall wherein the Citizens keep their great Feasts. This City is also beautified with a fair Cathedral and Cloister not much inferior to any in the World, tho now much ruinated by these unhappy Times. There is also in this City the Ru∣ines of an old Castle, 3 Palaces, viz. one belonging to the Dukes of Norfolk, one formerly belonging the Earls of Surrey, and one other for the Bishop of Norwich. Here are also 3 Hospitals, one for aged Persons, one for Boys, and one for Girls. The Government of this City is by a Mayor, 2 Sheriffs, 24 Aldermen, and 16 Common Council-Men. This City being an Inland Place, about 30 miles from the Sea by Water (tho not above 16 by Land) hath little forein Trade, save only with Holland, and that not considerable or worth taking no∣tice of, the chief Trade of this City being to London, and that in these two Commodities es∣pecially, viz. Stuffs and Stockings: the Stuffs here vended in a time of Free Trade, may be estimated at 100000 l. per annum, and upward; which said Stuffs are under the Government of two Companies, one called the Worsted Company, and the other the Russel Company; those Manusactures under the Government of the Worsted Company (and approved by the Wardens thereof) have a Seal affixed to each End thereof, the one Seal having this Word (Norwich) on one side, and certain Letters on the other, which stand for such of the Wardens Names as are present at the Sealing thereof: the other Seal hath on one side these Words (Worsted reformed,) and on the other side thereof (in Figures) the Quantity of Yards the Piece con∣tains; and those Manufactures under the Government of the Russel Company, and approved by them, have but one Seal, which hath on one side the Representation of a Castle, and on the other side these Words (Fidelitas Artes alit.) This Stuff Trade is chiefly managed in Partnership between the London and Norwich Merchants, great Quantities whereof have in for∣mertimes, in a Free Trade with other Nations, been exported beyond the Seas to several pla∣ces, but especially to Spain, and from thence to the West Indies. The Stockings here vended may, in time of Free Trade, be estimated at 60000 l. per annum, and are not under any Com∣pany or Government, but are here put out to knitting by certain Citizens brought up thereto, and so sent up to London to their Factors, which sell them to Merchants, who transport them to Spain, France, Portugal. The Advancement of these Manufactures is Peace and Free Trade with those Nations whither they are exported; and the chiefest Prejudice to the Makers of these Manufactures is the Decay of Sheep by the Rot and Casualties, and the suffering our Wools to be exported unwrought into Holland and other places. The Country hereabouts af∣fords great quantities of Sheep and Conies, and is well stored with Corn of all sorts, especially Barly which is here converted into Malt, whereof in former times great quantities have been lent to London and Scotland. All Grain, according to the Custom of the Country, is here sold by the Score (which is 20 Cooms, every Coom being 4 Bushels) and have 1 Coom allowed to every Score, as in Measure or Courtesie.

The Weights and Measures both dry and wet here used, and other things enquirable, accor∣ding to the Articles of Instruction not herein before expressed, are agreeable and do corre∣spond with London.

* 1.1010Cambridgeshire is the 20. which is found to abound in Corn, and wherein is seen the Univer∣sity of Cambridge, and Ely famous for being the Seat of a Bishop.

* 1.1011Huntingtonshire is the 21. the chief Town being Huntington.

* 1.1012Northamptonshire is the 22. abounding in Corn, Peterborough being here the Seat of a Bishop, and Northampton the chief City.

* 1.1013Leicestershire is the 23. abounding in Corn, Leicester the chief Town is more famous for the Antiquity than for the Beauty thereof.

* 1.1014Rutlandshire is the 24. and accounted the least County in this Kingdom, Uppinham being the chief Town.

* 1.1015Lincolnshire is the 25 rich in Corn and Pasture, abounding in Fish and Fowl; Lincoln, once a great City, is yet the greatest in this County.

* 1.1016Nottinghamshire is the 26. wherein is Nottingham the chief Town, and the Forest of Sherwood seeding many fallow and red Deer.

* 1.1017Darbyshire is the 27. the chief City is Darby, famous for the Ale thereof; in this County are many Mines of Lead and other Minerals:

* 1.1018Warwickshire is the 28. wherein is found Warwick the chief Town, and Coventry a fair walled City, and accounted the fairest Inland City of this Island, wherein no great quantity of Cloth is made.

* 1.1019Worcestershire is the 29. wherein is sound the City of Worcester, famous now for Clothing, and the Seat of a Bishop.

* 1.1020Staffordshire is the 30. which affords Salt-pits and Wells, and Coals taken out of the Earth, Stone and Lichfield being the principal Towns in this County.

* 1.1021Shropshire is the 31. wherein is found Ludlow, of more Beauty than Antiquity, honour'd with a Council and Court of Justice for Wales, and a Palace for the Princes thereof. Shrewsbury the chief of this County, much inriched by their Trade for Cottons and Frizes with their Neigh∣bours the Welsh, whom yet notwithstanding they greatly affect not.

* 1.1022Cheshire is the 32. abounding in Pastures and excellent Cheeses, hence transported through∣out England; it hath Chester for the chief City, seated on the River Dee.

* 1.1023Herefordshire is the 33. and boasteth to be, for its Fertility and Abundance of all things, the first Shire in England; Hereford is the chief City, and Lemster justly boasteth of the Sheeps Wool, feeding in those Grounds, with which no part of Europe can equalize.

* 1.1024Yorkshire is the 34. and largest County in all England, abounding in Corn, Pasture and Meadows, yielding Clothing, by the Industry of the Inhabitants, in abundance; York is the chief City, and the second in England, also the Seat of an Arch-bishop; here is a Court of Ju∣stice held for the neighbouring Marches, like that of Ludlow. In this County is also the Town of Hull, seated on the River Humber, where are found Merchants of good quality; and here is also the Castle of Scarborough, where, in the adjoining Sea, is the great Fishing found an∣nually for Herrings.

* 1.1025Richmond is the 35. in which are found Mountains to yield plentifully Lead, Pit Coals and some Brass, and the chief City is called Richmond.

* 1.1026The Bishoprick of Durham is the 36. pleasant in Meadows, Pastures and Groves, and a∣boundeth in Sea-Coal, which is dig'd out of the Earth. Durham is the chief City.

* 1.1027Lancashire is the 37. wherein is Manchester, an old Town, inriched by the Industry of the Inhabitants, by Cloth of Linen and Woollen, the City of Lancaster being the first of the Shire.

* 1.1028Westmerland is the 38. the chief Town whereof is Kendal, famous for making of Woollen Cloth.

* 1.1029Cumberland is the 39. affording Mines of Brass, and some Veins of Silver, and Black Lead in abundance: also there is made much Linen Cloth in this County. Carlisle is the principal Town, where they are lately set to the making of Dimities, which may in time prove a very considerable Manufacture. Here are found apparent Ruines of that Wall which the Romans built, to keep out the Picts from making incursions upon the Britains, being as it seems then so poor, that they cared not to subdue them.

* 1.1030Northumberland is the 40. wherein is found the Sea-Town of Newcastle, which affords such abundance of Sea-Coal, that the same is thence transported into many Kingdoms of the World: * 1.1031here is also Berwick one of the strongest fortified Towns of England, formerly strengthned against the Incursions of the Scots, by a strong Garrison of Souldiers, and now dismissed by the Happy Union of England and Scotland.

The Measures used in Morpeth, 12 miles beyond Newcastle for hard Corn (viz. Wheat, Rye, Pease and Beans) is the Bole, containing 2 Bushels, every Bushel makes 2 Canings; a Caning makes 2 Pecks, every Peck 2 Houps, each Houp 4 Fourth Parts. This Morpeth Bole makes 3 Bushels, or the Bole and half of the hard Corn Bole of Newcastle.

There is another Bole used for Barley, (there called Big) and Oats, which is bigger than the former Bole by one fifth part.

The Bole of Alnwick, 12 miles beyond Morpeth, for hard Corn contains a Morpeth Bole and a Houp or 1/10 part more. The Bole for Oats (with the Alnwick Charity, as they call it) which is a Houp, makes the Bole for Big and Oats of Morpeth. Their Bole for Big is less than the Morpeth Bole for Big 1/8 part. The Bole of Wooll, 20 miles beyond Alnwick for all Corn is big∣ger than that of Alnwick by ⅛ part, or a Peck. The Measure for Salt all the County over is the same.

* 1.1032Having thus briefly run over the Shires of England, it will be necessary I should here add the like cursory View of Wales, comprehended under the Government of England, and included within the same Limit, and omitted to this place, as having parts of the said Kingdom, which I find to be in number these.

* 1.1033Anglesey I account the first, which is toucht amongst the Islands, being esteemed a County of Wales, Beaumaries being the principal Town of the County.

* 1.1034Flintshire is the second, plentiful in Corn and Pasture, famous for the Spring of Holy Well, called here St. Winifreds Well, and Flint Town being the chiefest of the County.

* 1.1035Denbighshire is the next, affording some Mines of Lead, wherein are found Wrexham that boasts of its Holy Tower, and Musical Organs, and Denbigh the chief of the County.

* 1.1036Canarvanshire is the next, antiently called Snowden Forest, before that Wales was reduced to Counties, wherein are found the high Hills, the Alps of Britain; also Aberconway, a strong and fair little Town; Bangor, the Seat of a Bishop, and Canarvan, the chief of this Province, Famous for the Birth-place of Edward II. the first Prince of Wales of English Blood.

* 1.1037Merionethshire is the next, a mountainous Country, affording notwithstanding good Pasture for Cattel. The chief Town is Balla, tho poor yet principal of these Mountaincers.

* 1.1038Montgomeryshire is the next, having its chief Town of the same Name.

* 1.1039Cardiganshire is the seventh, and hath the Town of Cardigan for the chief of the County.

* 1.1040Pembrokeshire is the eighth, Pembr•…•… is the chief Town, and here a long Neck of Land makes a Haven, called Milford Haven, than which Europe hath not a more noble, more safe, and more large, with many Creeks and safe Roads, wherein 1000 Sail may ride out of sight one of another, and made more famous by the Landing of Henry VII.

* 1.1041Caermardenshire is the next, abounding in Corn, Sheep, and Pit-Coal, Caermarden being the chief Town.

* 1.1042Glamorganshire is the next, Cardiff is the chief Town, having a commodious Haven for Shipping.

* 1.1043Monmouthshire is the next, wherein are found Chepstow and Monmouth, the last is glorious in giving Birth to Henry V. Conqueror of France.

* 1.1044Brecknockshire is the next, Brecknock being the chief Town.

* 1.1045Radnorshire is the last, wherein is sound Radnor the chief. These are in brief the Shires of Wales.

* 1.1046To observe now my former Method, having thus particularly survey'd the Continent, let me now search into those Commodities which England in general affords for Merchandize, and is thence exported into forein Regions, as being the principal Motives of Trade in all King∣doms, which it produceth several ways. First, by Manufactures it yieldeth Woollen Cloths of all sorts, broad and narrow, known and called by the name of several Shires, also Perpetuanos, Bays, Says, Scrges, Cottons, Kersies, Buffins, Mocados, Grograms, Sattins, Calimancas, Velvets, Pl••shts, Worsteds, Fustians, Durances, Tukes, and infinite others: there is made in this Island yearly 250000 Cloths by computation, and by this may be guess'd the Quantity of the res•• of other sorts; also Furs and Skins, as Coney-skins, Squirrel-skins, Fitches, Calf-skins, Hides, and sundry others.

Also it produceth by Mines out of the Earth, 1. Tin 1200000 l. yearly, Lead 800 Foders yearly, Allom 800 Tuns yearly, Copper 500 Tuns yearly, Iron of all sorts, 800 Furnaces daily set on work, besides Ordnance of Iron and such like, Sea-coal yearly (…) Chaldrons, Salt (…) Tuns; also all manner of Grain, Oats, Pease, Barly, Rye and Wheat in great plenty; also Linen Cloth, all Iron Wares, Tallow, Leather, Glass, and Glasses of all sorts, Venice Gold and Bilver, Train-Oyl, Salmons, Pilchards and Herrings, Hake, Conger and Haberdine, Hops, Wood, Butter, Cheese, Beer, Salt-petre, Gun-powder, Honey, Wax, Alabaster, and some other Stones, Wools, Woolfels, Yern, Yernsey, &c. and to conclude, many other good and rich Commodities is here found.

* 1.1047The Beauty and Wealth of this Kingdom is demonstrated in 325 Rivers, 8 thereof being great and navigable for some Miles, whereon are found 857 Bridges, 30 Chases, 55 Forests, 745 Parks; here are also reckoned 26 Deanries, 60 Archdeaconries, 504 Dignities and Prebends, 5439 Parochial Benefices, besides Impropriations and Vicarages, and the whole divided into 6 Cir∣cuits for the Administration of Justice, into 22 Episcopal Dioceses for Ecclesiastical Discipline, and into 2 Archbishopricks under whom the rest are subordinate: and lastly, into 40 Shires, over each of which is yearly a Sheriff appointed, who is to assist the Itinerary Judges in execu∣ting Justice, and to gather in the King's Amercements: and these Shires are divided into Hundreds, and these Hundreds into Tithings; and to conclude, in England are found 145 Castles, 9527 Parishes besides Chappels, whereof 585 are Market Towns, and 22 Cities, the principal whereof are these, 1. Oxford, 2. Cambridge, both being Universities, 3. Exeter in Devonshire, 4. Norwich in Norfolk, 5. Bristol watered by Severn, accounted the second for Trade in this Country, 6. York, on the River Ure, accounted the second City for Beauty and Greatness in England; and lastly London, under which I will comprise the Trade of this whole Island.

CHAP. CCLXX. Of London, and the Trade thereof.

* 1.1048LOndon, the Metropolis of England, the prime City of Trading this day in the World, is pleasantly seated on the River Thames, which divideth it into two parts, her Circuit may be 8 miles, wherein are found 122 Parish Churches, with the Palace of the King, the Hou∣ses of the Nobility, Colleges for the Study of the Laws, and divers other stately publick E∣difices, and may contain 400000 People. * 1.1049Here have their Residence, the rich and most eminent Merchants of this Island, whom divers Princes of this Kingdom have incorporated into several Societies and Companies, partly to encourage their Endeavours, and partly in reward of the Discoveries of those Countries and Regions, whereof they take their Name, and by the Power and Immunities granted them, do make Acts and Orders for the Benefit of Commerce in general, and of their Companies in particular. * 1.1050The antientest of which Companies have had their Original and Continuance since Edward I. his Reign, called the Company of Mer∣chant Adventurers, grounded at first upon the Exportations of Wool only, as the prime and Staple Commodity of this Kingdom; since which it is grounded upon Clothing, into which this Wool is now converted; for he, at the request and being in league with the Cities and Towns in Flanders, made Bruges, which was then the greatest Mart of Christendom, the Staple for his Wools, where it continued for 15 years, whenas by some Discontent with the Flemings, and by experience seeing what the Benefit of these Staples were, removed them from Bruges to England; and for the ease, as well of his Subjects in bringing their Wools into those parts, as of such forein Merchants as came to buy the same, he placed his Staples at Exon, Bristal, Winchester, Westminster, Chichester, Canterbury, Norwich, Lincoln, York and Newcastle, for the Kingdom of England; Carmarden for Wales; at Dublin, Waterford, Cork and Tredagh for Ireland; and enacted, That no English, Irish or Welchman, should transport this stapled Com∣modity, (no not by Licenses, if any such should be granted) on pain of Confiscation, du∣ring the King's Pleasure.

Lastly, he allured over hither divers Flemings, which taught our Nation the making of Cloth, who are now grown the best Cloth workers in the World; and to encourage them in that Art, in the 27 of his Reign, it was by Statute enacted to be Felony, to transport hence Wools un∣wrought. Now when England had thus for some time enjoy'd the Benefit of these Staples, he removed the same to Callais, which he had then conquered, and which he desired to inrich: From hence they were at several times and occasions removed, now to one, now to another Town in Belgium, and still happy was that Town, in what Country soever where the said Company keep a House for their Traffick and Residence, the Confluence of all People thi∣ther to buy, infinitely enriching it. Antwerp for a long time enjoy'd their Company, till upon some Discontents between Henry VII. and Maximilian Arch-Duke, they removed thence, but at their Return again they were received by the Antwerpians with the Solemn Processions, Princely Triumph, sumptuous Feasts, rare Banquetings, and Expressions of much Joy, and more Love: here they continued till the Surprisal and Sack of this Town by the Spaniards, Anno (…) whence by reason of their Wrongs and hard Measure there received, they re∣moved into two places, one to Middleburgh, the other to Stoad, afterward from Middleburgh to Delph, and from Delph now to Rotterdam, where they have lately seated themselves, with many Immunities granted them, and a Palace appointed them for their Residence; the other from Stoad, by some Vicissitude of Change, is now placed at Hamburgh, where also they have many Privileges, and the said Company being now inlarged, and all new Drapery comprised therein, they intend to implant more Factories in other places; and this is the most antient of all our Societies, which is observed to be governed beyond Seas, in the said places, by a Deputy and certain Assistants, and in England by a Governour, Deputy, and certain Assistants, Sir Thomas Moulson Kt. and Alderman, being the present Governour, to whose Worth and Government I ow this Acknowledgment, as being a Member of this so antient and worthy a Society.

* 1.1051The next to these are the Barbary Merchants, which had their Original in Henry VII's time, being indeed the Age wherein our Nation did begin, by Imitation of the Portugals and Spa∣niards, to discover new Regions: and this flourished and continued till the End of Queen Elizabeths Reign, wherein it fell, whenas Civil Wars were hot in Morocco and Fez, amongst the Pretenders to that Empire.

* 1.1052Out of whose Ashes about that time did rise the Levant Company or Turky Merchants, and by their Discoveries and Trade first made the Traffick into the Seigntory of Venice, and then to the Dominions of the Great Turk, including as then within their Privileges the East-Indies Na∣vigation, which was then known to them only by Land, and to the Portugals by Sea, since

* 1.1053which the said Indies are raised to a great and eminent Company, and by themselves incorporated, imploying in a joint Stock a great Capitol, by which Trade and Stock they have built many warlike Ships, and brought all those Indian Commodities to our homes, which before were brought to us by other Nations; both which Companies now supply our Land, and by their second Transportation many other Countries with those rich Commodities, which Venetia, Tuuky, Arabia, Egypt, Persia, China and India yield, and is found governed in England by Sir Maurice Abbot Kt. and Alderman, and by Mr. Henry Garraway, Alderman; the former Governour of the East India Company, and the latter of the Turky Company, to which are joined certain Com∣mittees and Assistants, to whose Worth and Government I here ow this Acknowledgment, as being now both a Member, and intrusted with a particular Charge in both the said Com∣panies.

* 1.1054Other Countries and Companies, in the latter end of Queen Elizabeths Reign, and some in the beginning of King James's Reign have been discover'd, settled and continued; as to the Northward, the Moscovy Company, the Eastland Company, the Greenland Company, and of late days there is erected a Company for France, governed here by Sir James Cambel Kt. and Alder∣man, to whom also I ow this Acknowledgment as being a Member thereof; and now there is in agitation a Parent for a Company for Spain, of which also, when confirmed, I may intitle my self a Member.

These Companies then and Societies, besides others not at all incorporated, encouraged by sundry Privileges granted unto them, govern themselves by settled Acts and Orders, under certain chosen Governours, Deputies, and a select number of Assistants, which have been found to be so profitable to these Kingdoms by exporting the Native Commodities thereof by setting the Poor to work, by building of many brave Ships, and by importing of sundry Necessaries both for Use and Ornament, that the Benefit thereof cannot here be certainly expressed. But one particular in the Levant Merchants may in part demonstrate what great Benefit the rest do produce; for it was found, That in our last Voyage to Cales and to the Isle of Rhee, they were the Owners of 20 great Sail of Ships that served in both those Voyages, and it is probable that they are Owners of 30 Sail more, which one with the other may contain 12 or 13000 Tuns of Burthen, and which may have for further Defence 1200 pieces of Ordnance at the least, and imploy about 4 or 5000 Sailors yearly, besides Porters, Weighers, Bargemen, Lightermen, Car∣men, which cannot be less than 2 or 3000 Persons more; and they are found, if Report may gain credit, to pay his Majesty by way of Customs and Imposts 50000 l. yearly, partly outwards by their Exportation of Cloth, Tin and other Commodities; partly inwards by the Importation of Silks, Cottons, Galls, Grograms, Spices, Drugs, Currants, and other Levantine Commodities. This being then briefly to shew the Benefit of a well governed Trade, and the Profits arising thereby to the Common-wealth, I leave it to others to consider the general Good accruing to this Island, by all the rest of the said Companies and Societies of this Kingdom, and come in the next place, according to my Method, to handle the other principal Parts of Traffick compri∣sed in this City, and generally of all this Kingdom.

The Coins of this City and Kingdom are partly of Gold and partly of Silver, as in other Countries; the principal in use are these,

* 1.1055The Silver currant Coins are

Pieces of	5 s. sterl. Crown.
Pieces of	2 s. 6 d.
Pieces of	12 d. Shilling.
Pieces of	6 d. 4 d. 3 d. 2 d. 1 d. sterl.

Which are accounted 4 farthings to a peny sterl. 12 pence to a shilling, 5 shillings to a crown, 4 crowns or 20 shillings to a pound sterling.

* 1.1056The Gold current Coins are

Pieces of	22 s. sterl.
Pieces of	11 s.
Pieces of	5 s. 6 d.
Pieces of	2 s. 9 d. the ⅛ of 22 s.

Also

Pieces of	20 s.
Pieces of	10 s.
Pieces of	5 s.
Pieces of	2 s. 6 d. the ⅛ of 20 s.

Accounted also in former Accounts of pounds, shillings and pence sterling, the Goodness and Fineness, and intrinsick Value may be more particularly known by a Proclamation An. 1609. published by our deceased Sovereign King James, to which I refer the Reader, or otherwise to a Table inserted in the end of this Chapter, of the Equality and Valuation thereof with the Coins of sundry other Countries.

* 1.1057Their Accounts are kept throughout England by pounds, shillings and pence sterling, accounting 12 pence to the shilling, and 20 shillings to the pound; but the Accounts of the Revenues of the Kingdom have been, and yet are in some Offices kept in marks, containing 13 shillings 4 pence per mark.

CHAP. CCLXXI. Of Weights used in England.

* 1.1058THE Weights commonly used throughout England are two, the Troy-weight, and the Aver∣dupois-weight.

* 1.1059The Troy pound consists of 12 ••ounces, the ounce of 20 peny-weights, the penny-weight of 24 grains, and serveth only for Bread, Gold, Silver and Electuaries, 8 l. accounted to the gall•…•…, and by consequence 16 l. to the peck, 32 l. to the half-bushel, and 64 to the bushel, and here∣by Weight and Measure are reduced one into another.

* 1.1060Wet Measures are also derived from this pound Troy, both on Land and Shipboard, as also Corn and Grain, as above is specified; for first this pound of 12 ounces, made into a concave Measure is named a pint, 8 of the said pints or 8 l. make a gallon of either Wine, Ale, Beer or Corn, according to the Standard of the Exchequer, and the Acts of Parliament of 11 and 12 of Henry VII.

* 1.1061From hence is also drawn the Assize-Measure of all vendible Cask, each hogshead to contain 63 gallons, every terce 84, every pipe 126, and every tun 252 gallons.

From hence also the Measure for Fish, the Salmon-butt is to be 84 gallons, the Barrel 42 gal∣lons, the Herring-barrel to be 32 gallons, the Eel-barrel to be 42 gallons, the Soap-barrel to be 32½ gallons, and the Firkin of these to be accordingly.

* 1.1062The second Weight is the Averdupois-pound, which consisteth of 16 ounces, which are lesser than the former; for these 16 ounces make but 14½ ounces, and 2 peny weight of Troy, used in the Mint, where 136 l. Averdupois suttle is but 100 suttle Troy.

By the Averdupois-weight are all Commodities weighed, which bear the name of Garble, and whereof issueth a Garble or Waste; also Butter, Cheese, Tallow, Wax, and other Commodities, and 7 l. of this Weight is accounted to the gallon of Wheat, as is 14 l. the peck, 28 l. the half-••a∣shel, and 56 l. to the bushel.

* 1.1063The 7 l. Averdupois is 102 ounces Troy, according to which rate the quarter of Wheat must weigh 448 l. Averdupois, and so 14 l. Averdupois and 16 l. 11 ounces Troy do accord in one, or 56 l. Averdupois and 67 l. 8 ounces Troy: and note, That as 1 peny sterling is the ••/2•• part of an ounce Troy, so thereby is found that 7 l. 12 s. sterling, is 84½ and 2 peny-weight Troy, and 6 l. 18 s. sterling, is 82¾ ounces and 1 peny Troy, from which 2 Assizes the White, Wheaten and Houshold Breads are calculated and drawn.

* 1.1064From the Averdupois-weight is also drawn the true Weight of Cheese and Butter called the weigh, which is 112 l. Averdupois to the hundred, and the 2 hundred is 224 l. containing 32 cloves, and every clove is 7 l. the weigh of Suffolk Cheese being 256 l. and the weigh of Essex Cheese 336 l. Averdupois.

* 1.1065The Sack of Wool, formerly so famoused by the Staplers, did weigh 364 l. Averdupois; 2 waigh of Wool make a sack, and 12 sacks make a last.

* 1.1066The Last of Herrings containeth 10 thousand, and every thousand contains 10 hundred, and every hundred six score or 120.

* 1.1067Lead is sold by the foder, the Load being 175 l. and the foder maketh accordingly 19½ hun∣dred of 112 l. per cent.

* 1.1068It is also to be noted, that of this pound of 16 ounces Averdupois, are made in England 3 seve∣ral Quintars, for weighing of sundry sorts of Merchandize.

* 1.1069The first is an hundred of five score, or 10 l. just, and this is called the 100 suttle, by which are sold Spices, Drugs, and other fine Commodities, which are accounted by the pound, and to which is added by Seller an allowance of 4 l. upon 104 l. taken from the Overplus received from Antwerp weights in times past in Spices, as I have said elsewhere, and called by the name of Tret, yet by some alleged to be an allowance in garbled Commodities.

* 1.1070The second is an hundred of five score and twelve, 112 l. the half hundred being 56 l. the quarter 28 l. &c. to which all the aforesaid Weight is adjusted, and by which all Commodities are weighed, and all fine Commodities afterward reduced to the suttle hundred, and by this are sold all gross Goods, Grocery, Saltery, &c.

* 1.1071The third is an hundred of six score of the said Averdupois pounds, by which Tin is weighed to his Majesty's Farmers, and some few other Commodities, and is called the Stannery hundred. This pound Averdupois hath, in it self, a Division of 16 ounces, and thereof are formed

other weights, as sometimes a Stone of 8 l. 7 l. 10 l. 14 l. 16 l. 20 l. sometimes a Tod of 7 l. 8 l. 10 l. sometimes a Clove of 20 l. 28 l. 32 l. and such like, which is still found to be made out of this pound of Averdupois of 16 ounces, and every ounce of 8 drams, and every dram 60 grains. Raw Silk of Persia or Tuckey is also sold by this pound, but then it is ac∣counted a pound of 24 ounces, or a pound and a half of the abovesaid; all which is requisite his learning, that is either to buy or sell in England, that he may know not only the true weight of this Commodity, but also the denomination thereof, and how many pound or ounces is con∣tained therein.

Having now shewed the distinction of the Troy and Averdupois weight, and how they agree together, and having calculated most of the Weights of this Book to the hundred suttle, I will also shew here how the 112 l. is found to respound with some other Countries, as be∣ing the weight common in use amongst Merchants, and in notes of Commodities observed abroad.

Europa.

The 112 l. London	Marselia	125	l.
Venetia suttle	164	l.
Venetia gross	104	l.
Sicilia	62	l.
Lisbon	100	l.
Florence	143	l.
Anvers	106	l.
Lions	118	l.
Sevil	110	l.
Dantzick	129	l.
Bruges	112	l.

Asia, Africa.

The 112 l. London	Aleppo	22⅛	Rot.
Aleppo Silk	24	Rot.
Tripoli Suria	27½	Rot.
Tripoli Barbaria	97	Rot.
Alexandria Zata	519	Rot.
Alexandria Forfar	116	Rot.
Scio and Constantinople	101	Rot.
Rhodes	20. 4	Rot.
Acria	18. 1	Rot.
Babylonia	15. 6	M.
Balsola
Ormus	108. 7	l.

I need not further inlarge my self herein, by reason of the many Tables found in this Book, whereby the said weight of 112 l. may easily be reduced to any eminent place of the World; and forasmuch as our English Gold and Silver is weighed and valued by the pound Troy, I shall here following insert how the same concurs and agrees with most of the eminent Cities in the World, in their Coins both of Silver and Gold.

* 1.1072It is observed then in most Countries abroad as with us in England, that Gold and Silver is coined and minted by a peculiar weight only proper thereunto, which in many great Cities and Countries of Trade I have purposely omitted, that I might both facilitate this my labour, and in one place reduce them together to the Pound Troy used, especially to that purpose in England; therefore if I prove here somewhat the larger, it is but what the seriousness and due circum∣stances of the matter requireth.

The Weight then used in this case in England is the pound Troy, and that which is in use in most other Countries is the Mark, which as well as I can I will here abbreviate: now this pound Troy consisting of 12 ounces, and the ounce of 20 peny weights, and the peny weight of 24 grains, the 100 l. of these abovesaid pounds being used for the Standard of Gold and Silver in this King∣dom, hath been observed to make in

Antwerp	112	Marks	each Mark being 8 Ounces. 1 Ounce being 20 Peny weight. 1 Peny weight 32 Grains.
Alder	86	l.
Caire	105⅓	Besses.
Ancona	116	Marks.

Aquila	79½	l.
Ausburg	118	marks.
Bavaria	116	marks.
Bohemia	99	marks.
Catalonia	112½	marks.
Colen	118	marks.
Constantinople	99	marks.
Crema	116	marks.	1 mark is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 grosses. 1 gross is 3 Deniers. 1 Denier is 24 grains.
Dantzick	118½	marks.
Florence	158½	marks.
Frankford	118	marks.
Friburg	116	marks.
Genoa for Gold	130	marks.	1 mark is 8 ounces. 1 ounce 24 Deniers. 1 Denier is 24 grains
Genoa for Silver	86½	pounds.	1 pound is 12 ounces. 1 ounce is 24 Deniers. 1 Denier is 24 grains.
Hungary	99	marks.
Lipsick	118	marks.
Lions	126	marks.	1 mark in France is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 grosses. 1 gross is 3 Deniers. 1 Denier is 24 grains.
Paris idem	126	marks.
Millan	118	marks.
Narsigna	97	marks.
Naples	86½	pounds.	1 pound Naples is 12 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 Octavos.
Persia	98	Mains.
Peris	99½	Cillats.
Piemont	111	marks.
Mosen	118	marks.	A mark of Mesen is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 24 Deniers. 1 Denier, or peny, is found to be 24 Momenta, or Grains.
Saxony idem	118	marks.
Burgas	120	marks.
Franconia	116	marks.
Norimberg	116	marks.	1 mark Norimberg is 16 Loots. 1 Loot is 4 Quints. 1 Quint is 4 pence primes or numulies. 1 peny is 4 Sesterties.
Turkey	98	marks.
Turin	111	marks.
Vicentia	116	marks.
Vienna	98	marks.
New Spain, America,	98½	marks.
Spain in general	121	marks.	1 mark Spanish is 50 Castilianos. 1 Castiliano is 8 Tomines. 1 Tominos is 8 grains, and this mark is 29700 marks, or 873½ Rials, or 792 Ducates.
Treviso	117	marks.
Ulme	116	marks.
Weselburg	115
Venice	116½	marks.	1 mark Venice is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 4 quarts or Silices. 1 quarta 36 Carrats or Siliquas. 1 Carrat is 4 grains.
Verona
Rome	116½	marks.	1 mark Roman is 8 ounces. 1 ounce is 8 drams. 1 dram is 3 scruples. 1 scruple is a obolos. 1 obolo is 3 Siliquas. 1 Siliqua is 4 grains or Primi.

Lisbon

121

Mark

1 Mark Portugal is 8 Ounces. 1 Ounce is 8 Octavos. 1 Octavo is 4½ Grains.

These are all the Standards of the Coins both of Gold and Silver that I have met withal, and the particulars whereto the said Weights are distinguished, which may be so far needful to the Traffick of Countries, that thereby every Merchant Stranger may know of what goodness and real value those Coins are stamped and coined for, and what the same will yield and afford him in his own City or place of residence.

* 1.1073Upon this Troy-weight doth also depend in Physick all Drugs and Simples administred by way of Potions, which according to the custom practised amongst Physicians, is thus distin∣guished into parts.

• One Sesquilibra is 1½ pound, or 18 ounces.
• One pound is 2 Selibra, or 12 ounces.
• One Selibra is 2 Quadrans, or 6 ounces.
• One Quadran is a ¼ of a l. or 3 ounces.
• One Sescuntia is 1½ ounce, or 12 drams.
• One ounce is 8 drams.
• One dram is 3 scruples, or 60 grains.
• One scruple is 20 grains.
• One Obolus is ⅛ of a scruple or, 10 grains.

* 1.1074Now according to this agreement of the weights of Silver and Gold, I will here reduce the ralue of some foreign Coins to the English sterling.

The Crown of Camera of Rome is sterling	00 l.	07 s.	0 d.
The Sols of Genoa is sterling	00	01	6.
The Ducate of Venice of 6 l. 4 Sols is sterling		04	6.
The Ducate of Naples is sterling		04	9.
The Crown of Gold of Florence is sterling		06	0
The 20 Sols of Millan is sterling		01	0.
The Carlin of Cicilia is sterling		00	3.
The Sol of gross of Antwerp is sterling		00	7¼.
The Lire of Valentia, Barselona, and Saragosa is		05	6.
The Lire or Frank of France is sterling		02	0.
The Florin of Turin and Savoy is sterling		00	3⅜.
The 34 Marvedes or single Royal of Spain is sterling		06	0.
The 40 Res of Lisbon in Portugal is sterling		00	6.
The Lire of Bollonia is sterling		01	3½.
The Crown of Lucca is sterling		05	9.
The Florin of Noremberg and Frankford sterling		3	4.
The Chequin of Turkey is sterling		7	10.

Where note, That in Europe the Exchange ever maketh the accounted value of their Goins with us, which are seen sometimes to differ much from the abovesaid Rules, yet according to the estimation of our English Mint, this carrieth a near concordancy, and therefore I have the ra∣ther thought fit to insert it in this place.

* 1.1075I have in many places of this Book shewed how the 100 l. suttle doth agree with Lon∣lon; and in the leaf aforegoing, shewed how the 112 l. doth also respond with some of them: Now I will shew by a new invented Table out of the Works of Mr. Hunt the Arith∣••etician, a method reducing the pounds of foreign Counties to the pound of London, which I find thus.

	M	D
Ancona	13	10
Antwerp	24	25
Archipelago	497	448
Acquilla	143	100
Avignon	11	10
Ausburg	19	20
Barselona	9	10
Besenson	91	100
Bruges	1	1
Burgois	23	25
Calice	24	25
Castile	51	50
Cicilia	37	25
Colen	19	20
Corfu	497	448
Dantzick	29	24
Diep	359	400
Ferrara	133	100
Florence	131	100
Frankford	396	446
Genoa	141	100
Geneva	81	100
Lipsich	99	100
London Troy	29	24
London Averd.	127	120
Lubeck	389½	448
Lions	21	20
Lisbon	83	100
Marselia	497	448
Naples	71	50
Norimberg	396	448
Paris	19	20
Padua	33	25
Parma	34	25
Preslau	538½	448
Rochel	81	100
Roan	127	100
Sicilia	250¼	448
Sevil	439	448
Tholousa	491	448
Venice gross	423	448
Venice suttle	151	100
Vienna	256	448

For the understanding of this Table, note, That one pound of London is in Ancona 13/30 of a pound, and so in the rest 13/10 is 1 and 3/10 first then against the names of the places are two numbers; as against Avignon, you have 11 for to multiply, and 10 for Diviser, or 11 for Numerator, and 10 for Denominator: multiply then pounds of Avignon by 11, and divide it by 10, and they are pounds of London; so do for the other places, as the Table directs.

CHAP. CCLXII. Of Measures used in England.

* 1.1076HAving now done with the Weights of England, whereby all Merchandise of Weight is weighed, I come now to those Measures that are in use through the Kingdom of England, which are three; * 1.1077the first is the Yard, the common measure of all woollen Cloth, Stuffs, Silks, and such like, which is composed of three foot, every foot being 12 inches, and every inch 3 B•…•…ly corns; so that the Yard doth contain 36 inches, and there is in the measure of all Commodi∣ties given in measure an Inch, which doth make the Yard to be 37 Inches, when compoted with the measure of other Countries.

* 1.1078The second is an Ell, wherewith all Linens are measured, and it containeth 44⅔ inches, or 45 inches by the Rule, and herewith is allowed an inch, for measure by the custom of the Country.

* 1.1079The third is a Goad, only used in Welch Frizes, Frizadoes, and the like, being the ancient measure of Wales, and as some imagine, of England, before the setling of the Yard-wand, and by the Inch-Rule is found to be (55 inches) at this time.

* 1.1080In London there is found a custom both in weighing and measuring of some Commodities not found or practised in any other place, and called beyond Seas, the Courtesies of London; * 1.1081the which is first in Commodities weighed by 4 in 104 l. allowed and called Tret, which I have noted before; * 1.1082next by 2 l. allowed upon every Draught and Commodity, which exceedeth 336 l. or three hundred Gross, called Cloffe; * 1.1083and lastly in the measure of Broad-Cloth by retail in Drapers Shops, allowing to the Buyer a Shaftner upon each yard, in lieu of the inch before specified, which is as much as is in length at the yards end, from the bottom of the wrist to the end of the thumb, which commonly may be about 5 in 6 inches in length, according to the di∣mension of the hand. I have already shewed what agreement some of these measures, espe∣cially the yard hath with the measures of length of many other places: it is requisite I shou'd also here shew how our English Ell is found to respond with other Countries, which I find to be by tho observations of some ingenious Persons thus.

* 1.1084Antwerp	166⅔	Ells.
Franckfort	208⅔	Ells.
Dantzick	138⅓	Ells.
Vienna	145	Ells.
Lions	101⅔	Aln.
Paris	95	Aln.
Roan	103	Aln.
Lisbon	100	Vares.
Sevil	135	Vares.
Madera Isles	103 2/7	Braces.
Venice Linnen	180	Braces.
Venice Silk	196	Braces.
Lucques	200	Braces.
Florence	204	Braces.
Millan	230	Braces.
Genoa	480⅚	Pal.
Bruges	164	Ells.
Arras	165	Ells.
Callice	157	Alns.
Norimberg	174	Ells.
Rome	56	Canes.
Colen	208	Ells.
Lisle	166	Ells.
Mastricht	157	Ells.

How true these Observations are, I must refer to trial by experience; and forasmuch as I would not omit any material collection that might add to the perfection of this knowledg, which doth oftentimes so much concern Merchants in their Negotiations; I have here also in∣setted M. Hunt's Table of respondency of other Countries, measures of length to the abovesaid English Ell and Yard.

* 1.1085

	M	D
Antwerp	3	5
Arras	23	35
Bruges short	25	41
Castile	20	27
Calice	150	157
Colen	25	52
Franckfort	25	52
Flemish Ells	6	10
French Alns	6	5
Florence	25	47
Gant long	50	77
Gant short	25	41
Genoa	150	721
Lions		1
London yard	4	5
Lisbon and Lisle	50	83
Lucca	5	8
Malins	3	5
Mastricht	100	173
Madera	25	26
Millan	50	57
Norimberg	100	137
Paris	19	20
Roan	100	103
Rome	14	25
Sevil	20	27
Venice long	5	9
Venice short	25	49
Vienna	20	29
Vincentia	100	133

* 1.1086The use of the former Table is threefold, first, to know what proportion one of our London Ells will bear unto any of the measures of the aforesaid places, which is thus performed: Look the place in the Table posito Florence, against it you shall find these two numbers, 25. under the title of M. which signifieth Multiplicate, and 47 under the title of D. which signifieth Divi∣ser; divide then the greater by the lesser, viz. 47 by 25. the Quotient is 1, and 22 is the remain∣der, which is Numerator to 25. making the Fraction 〈◊〉〈◊〉, so that our Ell at London is at Florence 1 of their measures, 22/25 parts thereof, and so in the rest.

* 1.1087Secondly, it reduceth foreign measures to the London Ell thus; Posito the Question were, How many Ells are there in 387 of the measures of Dantzick? then look Dantzick, against which you shall find two numbers, the first is 20 your Multiplicate, the second 27 your Divisor, the order of the Question then is thus,

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

Further note ⅔ of 20 Nails of a Yard. 〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

* 1.1088Thirdly and lastly, it reduceth Ells of London to any of the aforesaid foreign Measures, po∣sito in 597 Ells of London, how many Lucca Braces do they contain? To do this, look Lucca in the Table, and right against it you have the two numbers of 5 and 8: and note by the way, That in questions of this nature, that you multiply by the second number under D. and divide by the first under M. multiply therefore 597 by 8, and divide by 5, and the Quotient is 955⅓ of the Braces or measures of Lucca. And this shall suffice concerning measures of length, the truth of which Tables I refer to the Inquisition of the Curious.

There is also in use in England divers Measures for several distinct Commodities, which or¦derly I will here observe.

* 1.1089First, a Measure whereby land is measured, and this hath some correspondence with all things that are measured by a square proportion in bredth and length, and this done also by the afore-mentioned Yard, which beginning from the least part, and is thus reckoned.

Grains 3	is an Inch.
Inches 12	a Foot.
Foot 3	a Yard.
Feet 3, Inches 9	an Ell.
Yards 5½ is	a Perch.
Perch 1 in breadth	a Farthingdole.
Perch 1 in breadth
Farthingdole 2	is half an Acre.
Farthingdole 4	is an Acre.

Of Furs.

Sables	40 skins the Timber
Martins
Minks
Jenits
Filches
Greys
Cony	100 the Hundred.
Kid
Lamb
Budge
Cat

One Acre contains	Half Acre	2
Roods	4
Rods or Land-yard Perches,	160
Square Yards	4804
Square Foot	43560

One Mile contains	Rod	40
Furlongs	8
Perches	320
Paces	1056
Ells	1408
Yards	1760
Feet	5280
Inches	63360

So that hereby it may be discerned, that a foot being Inches every way, as 12 in length,

and 12 in breadth, making 12 times 12, is 144 inches; and so in the yard, which is •• foot in breadth, and 3 foot in length, which is 9 foot, is 1286 inches, * 1.1090and thus is Board, Glass, Pave∣ment, Hangings, Wainscot, and the like commodities measured in England.

* 1.1091Next, let us observe dry Measures in themselves; for so far forth as they concur with Weight I have noted before, dry measure is principally for Grains

	Gallons.	Pottl.	Quarts	Pints.
The Gallon is found to be by the Statute of England	1	or 2	or 4	or 8
A Peck is	2	or 4	or 8	or 16
Half a Bushel is	4	or 8	or 16	or 32
A Bushel is	8	or 16	or 32	or 46
A Strike is	16	or 32	or 64	or 128
A Cornock is	32	or 64	or 28	or 256
A Quarter is	64	128	or 256	or 512
A Wey is	384	768	1530	3072
A Last is	640	1280	2560	5128

It is here to be noted, That several Commodities are measured by a several different measure: as for Example, Corn is measured by the Quarter, which contains 8 Bushels, as above is men∣tioned, five Quarters making a Tun lading, and 10 Quarters to a Last, but yet 10¼ or 10½ goes for a Last of Holland; so also in Salt, which is sold by the weight, which is 40 Bushels water mea∣sure of ten Gallons; yet note, That in Plimouth, and in some other Sea Ports of England, they measure by a Bushel alien measure, whereof 24 makes a Tun, and 8 doth make a Quarter; so three Quarters make one Tun, and every Bushel is 18 Gallons, so that a Tun of Salt at Plimouth, is greater than a Weigh of London by 32 Gallons. And note, That as in Salt, so also in Corn, they have 2 measures, the Water-measure, large for Shipboard, and the Land for Shop-measure, the difference in some places, as from 6 to 7, also from 3 to 4, which is to be observed.

* 1.1092The next measure observable is liquid measures, which in England are found to vary much, and to be of divers kinds, both in the quantity it self, and in the commodity or liquor, which I will here for method sake collect together thus.

		Gallons.	Potles.	Quart.	Pints.
Of Ale.	Ale the Firkin ought to be	8	or	16	or	32	or	64
Kilderkin of Ale ought to be	16	32	64	128
Barrel of Ale ought to be	32	64	128	256
Of Beer.	Beer the Firkin ought to be	9	or	18	or	36	or	72
Kilderkin of Beer	18	36	72	144
Barrel of Beer	36	72	144	288
Of Wine.	Kilderkin of Wine ought to be	18	or	36	or	72	or	144
Barrel of Wine to be	31	62	124	248
Hogshead of Wine to be	63	126	252	504
A Tertian of Wine	84	168	336	672
Butt or Pipe of Wine	126	252	504	1008
Tun of Wine	252	504	1008	2016
Of Soap.	A Firkin of Soap ought to be	8	or	16	or	32	or	64
A Kilderkin to be	16	32	64	128
A Barrel to be	32	64	128	256
Of Eels and Sal∣mon.	A Firkin of Salmon and Eels to be	10½	21	42	84
A Barrel ought to be	42	84	168	236
A Butt ought to be	84	168	236	572
Of Oyl.	A Tun of Oyl and Hony ought to be	252	504	1008	2016
A Pipe of Oyls to be	126	252	504	1008
A Hogshead to be	63	126	252	504
A Rundlet to be	18½	37	74	148

But note, That the custom of London sometimes is found to disagree with the Statute in the measures of some Commodities, as in Oyls it is observed, that 236 Gallons, which by Merchants is called the Civil Gauge, is sold ordinarily for a Tun, and not 252 Gallons, as above is mon∣tioned.

* 1.1093Now forasmuch as Cloth, Tin, Lead, and some other Commodities, are the Staple of the Trade of England, and that divers good Laws have been enacted for preservation of the said Commodities in their true nature: It will not be unproper that I mention here some heads of such Orders as have been made, and principally for the true making of Cloth, being the prime of the native Commodities of England. * 1.1094The Sack of Wooll then, of which our English Cloth is made, doth contain, as I said before, 364 l. the Tod of Wool is 28 l. 13 Tods making a Sack, every Tod being 4 Nails, and every Nail being 7 l. This Sack of Wool is accounted to make 4 Standard Cloths of clean Wool, called sorting Cloths, weighing 60 l. the Cloth, and being 24 yards long of 6½ quarters broad. Now in the Weight it is to be observed, that the Cloths be well scoured, thicked, milled, and fully dryed: and in the measure that the same be measured by the Yard and Inch, within the lift, concerning the bredth, all which I will for the benefit of Cloth traders insert this following collection.

* 1.1095

	Breadth.	Weight.	Measures.
Kent, York, and Reading cloths of	6½	quar.	86	l.	30 & 34	yards.
Suffolk, Norfolk, and Essex cloths of	7	quar.	80	l.	29 & 32	yards.
Worcester, Coventry, and Hereford cloths of	6½	quar.	78	l.	30 & 33	yards.
Wiltshire, Gloucester, Oxon, Somerset of	7	quar.	76	l.	29 & 32	yards.
Suffolk sorting cloths	6½	quar.	64	l.	23 & 26	yards.
All sorting cloths of divers Shires of	6½	quar.	60	l.	24 & 26	yards.
Broad-cloth, Taunton, Bridgwater, and Dunst.	7	quar.	30	l.	12 & 13	yards.
Broad and narrow of Yorkshire of	4	quar.	30	l.	24 & 25.
Devonshire Kersies and Dossens of	4	quar.	13	l.	12 & 13.
Check, Kersies, strait and plain Grays	4	quar.	24	l.	17 & 18.
Ordinary Penistens or Forests	5½	quar.	28	l.	12 & 13.
Sorting Penistons of	6½	quar.	35	l.	13 & 14.
Washers of Lancashire, and others			17	l.	17 & 18.

* 1.1096See further the said Statute for the manner of making of all the said woollen Cloths, and orders for Workmen, with the viewing, searching, and all other needful circumstances there and thereunto belonging, for further direction whereto I refer you. As for Tin, which is also one of the Staple Commodities of this Kingdom, many good orders are enacted for the true casting and assay thereof, and is accounted as the Princes peculiar Commodities, farmed to certain Merchants, who have the sole preemption thereof, and thereto belongeth a peculiar weight, called the Stannery weight, the hundred thereof making 120 l. suttle Averdupois, as I said before. * 1.1097Lead is also one of the Staples of this Island, known throughout all the parts of the World, and is in England sold likewise by a particular weight called the Foder, which is 19½ hundred of 112 l. to the hundred, and making suttle pounds 2184 l. For other the Staple Commodities of England, I need not further insist, referring the same to the search of the Inqui∣sitor at his own leisure.

I have already noted, that sundry Commodities are in England weighed and measured by sundry and distinct Weights and Measures, the principal thereof being of Silver and Gold. I have already shewed the Standard of our English Coins, and shewed how the same agreeth with other places, then of Salt, Wine, and Corn, which in the next place I mean here to shew, and withal demon∣strate how the same holdeth correspondency with other Countries, which in the most Cities I have omitted as purposely intended here to be inserted by it self, as reducing all others to the City of London.

* 1.1098Corn then, as the most necessary Commodity, is sold, as I have shewed before in England, by the Quarter, accounting 5 Quarters for one Tun lading ordinarily, though otherwise 10¼ Quarters is a Last of Corn, and this Last then of Corn doth make,

In Embden 55 Werpes, whereof 61 made a Last there, or 15½ Barrels of 4 Werpes.

In Hamburg 83 Schepels, whereof 90 make a Last there.

In Lubeck 85 Schepels, whereof 96 make a Last.

In Dantzick 56 Schepels, whereof 60 there make a Last, the 4 Schepels make one Muid, which is the the Skip-pound of 340 l.

In Fameran 78 Schepels, whereof 96 to the Last.

In Haleger haven in Denmark 80 Schepeli, 96 to the Last.

In Copenhagen 23 small Barrels, whereof 16 to the Last.

In Ebbetroffe Danick 23 Barrels, whereof 36 to the Last.

In Nelbogge 23 Barrels, whereof 42 to the Last.

In Sweden 23 Barrels.

In Conixburg 6/7 of a Last, the 6 Last are 7 at Amsterdam.

In Millan 17/21 of a Last.

In Statin in Pomerland, 6/7 of a last.

In Riga 42 loops.

In Antwerp 37½ vertules.

In Bruxels 10½ mudden, and differ in all places in Brabant.

In Gant 4 muds, 7 halsters of 12 to 1 mud is 55 halsters.

In Bruges 7½ hoots.

In Bunkirk 18 raisere water measure.

In Middleburg 40 sacks is 41½ to the last in all Holland.

In Dort 28 sacks.

In Rotterdam and Delf, 87 achtelings.

In Schoon haven 88 achtelings.

In Erchusen, Horn, Medenblick, 42 sacks.

In Groeningen 33 muds.

In Tenel 58 loops.

In Calais 18 rasiers.

In Rouers 20 to 30 mines, every mine is 4 bushels.

In Rachel 128 bushels, 4 to every sestier.

In Bourdeaux 38 boiseaux, whereof 33 to the last.

In Sevil 54 hanegas, a last is 4 cahis of 12 haneg as.

In Lisbon 225 alquieres, whereof 240 to the last, or 4 moyos of 60 alquiers to the moyo, and so in all the Islands of Portugal.

In Venice 32 stares.

In Genoua 23½ minas.

In Sicilia 38 medinos of 6 moyos.

In Paglia 32 cara 36 timans.

In Cyprus 40 medinos of 2 cipros.

In Amsterdam a last, and it is observable here, that Corn is found so far to differ in Goodness that the Measure of this place will weigh of East-land wheat 156 l. of French wheat 180 l. of Suilia wheat 224 l. and of Africa 236 l. and this last of Amsterdam is 27 moyos or muddens, each mudden is 4 schepels, or every last is 29 sacks, and each sack 3 achtelings, so that a last may be said to be 108 schepels or 87 achtelings.

* 1.1099Now for as much as Salt is not a native Commodity of our Country, we must borrow the Original of the Measure thereof from those places which produce the greatest quantity, or from those Cities which hold the principal Staple thereof. It will be necessary then we bring it to tho great hundred of Zealand, which is accounted for 4 small hundred, and because it is best known in all places, they measure their Salt with barrels, 18 barrels to a last, and 7 last to the b•…•…drea, which is 126 barrels.

In Armuyden in Zealand they reckon 8•• weighs for one hundred: every weigh is 11½ sacks, every sack 4 measures, and 15 weighs of Browage Salt make the great hundred. The sack of Salt of Armuyden, being 122 small barrels, for the 122 sacks shall be my Computation, and it maketh

In ••rew••ge 4/7 parts of one hundred of 28 moyos, and 12 sacks to the Moyo; also by charges or loads, ten loads to the hundred, and 48 moyos or moys to the last of 21 barrels.

In Lisbon 25 moyos.

In S•• Mary Port 28 moyos.

In Saintubal 20 cays.

In Calis 22 cays.

In Saintlucar 21 cays.

In Gant 108 sacks or barrels.

In Antwerp 144 vertels of 24 to the last, and 6 last to the hundred, and the white Salt is mea∣sured with a lesser measure of 12 upon 100.

In Dunkirk 92 water measures, or 104 land measures.

In Ostend 98 measures.

In Damme and Axiels 102 measures.

In Bruges 104 measures.

In Ypres 144 measures.

In Rotterdam 100, whereof 6 make 1 mud of 18 to the 100.

In Amsterdam, Utrecht, Druenter, 102 schepels.

In Calais 130 barrels, 19 to the last, but 20 by Fraighting.

In Rouen and almost all France 6½ muys.

In Hamburgh 7 lasts, whereof 80 barrels make 100.

In Denmark 6 •• lasts.

In Sweden 111 tuns or barrels, 16 to the last.

In Emden 100 barrels 14 to the last.

In Lubeck, 7 lasts of 18 barrels.

In London 7½ lasts of 18 herring-barrels, but by weight 11½.

In Venice and Prian 70 mose.

* 1.1100Pit-coal is a Commodity peculiar and native, and is sold by the Chalder, which must be ta∣ken from the Measure of Newcastle, where the greatest quantity of Coals is found, and they measure there by the Chalder filled up, whereof 7½ chalders make a last, and is measured in giving 21 for 20. the Correspondence thereof is;

The last of Newcastle of 7½ chalders is in	London and Yarmouth 10 chalers.
Rouen 100 barrels giving 104 for 100.
Bruges and Ostend 100 measures for Oats.
Dort 12 hort, also by weighs of 144 l. of 24 stone, of 6 l.
Gaunt 144 sacks, or 24 muds.
Alst 200 muds.
Antwerp 175 Vertils,
Condet 44 muys, 80 make a cherk.
Zealand 68 herring-barrels.
Middleburg by weigh of 108 l.
Amsterdam 13•• loots of 38 measures.

* 1.1101Wines are sold in England by the tun of 252 gallons, and by reason of the Diversity of W•…•… of the Growth of sundry Countries coming to England, it is fit I should set down how the tun of 252 gallons doth correspond with other places.

It then makes in Antwerp 6 ames, containing 300 stoops, every stoop weighing 6 l. called a stone, every ame being 50 stoops, or 42 gallons, and every stoop being 9½ pints English.

In Paris and Orleans 4 hogsheads making 10 stoops, every hogshead 312 stoops, and at Peris 36 sextiers, each sextier being 4 quarts, every quart 2 pints, is 288 pints, and each pint is a chapins.

In Bourdeaux 4½ hogsheads.

In Lisbon 5½ hogsheads.

In Auxere in Burgundy 3 puncheons.

In Poitou 2¼ pipes.

In Coniaque 2 pipes or 4 hogsheads.

In Ay and Artou, 4⅔ hogsheads.

In Seres or Canary 2 pipes of 150 stoops or 1 but and 9/20, every but is in Antwerp 158 stoopt, they measure by the rove of 30 l. is 5 stoops of Antwerp, which is about 5⅞ gallons, and every but containeth 30 roves, and the pipes contain 30 roves of 28 l.

In Candado is 2 buts.

In Madrid 2 pipes lacking 16 stoops, or about 19 gallons.

In Sevil 56 ••/4 rove of Romani, a rove is 8 somers, every somer is 4 quartils, every quartil is ••/8 of a stoop of Antwerp, which is about 1½ pints English, and they do deliver 27 and 28 roves in a pipe, but of Oyl measure by 40 and 41 roves in a pipe.

In Ansoy or Bastard 2 pipes, 16 stoops for the said 6 ames.

In Lisbon 37½ almudes of 1½ rove of Sevil, every Almudas is 12 covados, or somer at Sevil, a covade is 12 quarts Oyl measure by alqueri or cantar, every alqueri is 6 covados, every cantar is 4 stoops of Antwerp, or 4½ gallons English.

In Algorn 34 starre.

In Florence 16⅔ barrels of 20 fiaschi or 18 stoops of Antwerp, the 3 barrels is one starre, and each starre is 54 stoops of Antwerp, or 64 gallons English.

In Rome 7½ brontons, every bront is 96 bocals or 13½ rubes or stones of 10 l. of 30 ounces in one bront, or 42 stoops of Antwerp for Honey the pound being 44 ounces.

In Candia 80 mostaches in a but of 34 and 35 mostaches of 3¼ stoops of Antwerp or cirea 4 ••/•• gallons English.

In Bolonia 13 corbes incirca 19½ gallons English each corbe.

In Padua 1 and ••/25 cara, the Oyl is by the millier of 1185 l. is in Antwerp 1100 l. makes 152 stoops in a but.

In Venice 80 mostati, the 38 make a but, and 76 make an Amphora, 16 ••/3 quarti besonts measure the 4 bigonts, 1 bigout is a French hogshead, 1 quart 18 stoops of Antwerp, 15⅔ quarti measure, secchio or small measures of 4 tischaufer.

Amphera

• 4 bigots or bigantines.
• 16 quartibigots measure.
• 18½ quarti secchio.

Lagol is a puncheon, amphora is 2 ames, which is 84 gallons, and for Oyl they measure by am••hora also, and for Honey, but most by millier of 1210 l.

In Verona 1½ cara.

14 brents, every brent is 16 bases.

Oil by the millier of 1738 is 8 brenten and 11 bases.

In Ferrara 12 mastilli of 8 secchio, each mastilli is 21 gallons.

In Vicentia 1 ••/26 cara, and the Oyl by the millier of Venice.

In Treviso 11 consi, 10 consi make 1 cara.

In Corfu and Zante, 37 zare or sare, and each sare is near 6½ gallons.

In Istria 15 venas, near 17 gallons.

In Tunis 60 matali of 32 rotolos, every matali making about 4¼ gallons English.

In Tripoli in Barbary 45 metares of 42 rotolos, and each metara being somewhat more than ••2½ gall•…•…s English.

In Constantinople 180 alms, each alm being about 20 pints, and 96½ alms of Oyl here, make at Venice a millier.

In Calabria 8 salmes.

In Puglia 8 salmes are French barrels, Oyl also 8 salmes, every salm is 10 star, each star is 32 pignaroli.

Hereto it will not be unfit I should add Malines his Observation upon these Wet Measures in general.

The Romans in times past, called the Wet Measure by ounces, as we do now the Weight, ac∣counting 10 ounces ponderales, for 12 ounces mensurales; so Sestarius Bonianorum was 18 ounces weight-measure, and 21½ ounces mensurales or wet measure. Now this Custom of Measuring and Correspondency of Wet Measure and Weight is yet in use in sundry places:

As at Meyson in Saxony, 20 ounces ponderales, make 24 ounces mensurales.

Also at Lipsick, 32 ounces wet measure, goes to 16½ ounces weight measure, the Difference of Correspondence being of 5 to 6. This is further demonstrated in many Commodities.

As a hogshead of Wine weigheth 500 l. the cask 50 l. so that in net Wine there is 150 l.

Also a hogshead of Corn weigheth 400 l. the cask 50 l. the net Corn is 350 l. so that by this Computation, the tun of Wine weigheth 1800 l. and with the cask 2000 l. and the tun lading of Corn weigheth 1600 l. and with the cask 1800 l. So that for the Lading of a Ship, by Weight and Measure, these Observations are to be noted;

* 1.1102Two tuns are accounted for a last, so 2 tuns of Wine make 4000 l. and somewhat more, and in hogsheads there should be but ⅓ parts of a last.

At Dert in Holland they call a great Vessel a rod of Wine, which weighed 4500 l. as a last of Corn, comparing these 4500 l. mensurales by reduction of 6 to 5, as above noted, are 3750 l. perderales, is 12½ ames; now if you account the gallons of Wine of Antwerp to weigh 6 l. the Capacity of this Vessel is 15 ames, being 750 gallons.

The rod is a rod quadrant of 10 feet long, 10 broad, and 1 foot deep, every foot containing 7 1/•• gallons Antwerp Measure, or 4⅔ feet Cubic. And this is as much as I think fit to insert in this place concerning the Wine Measures of England, with other Countries, for other liquid Commodities, the Table aforegoing will more largely demonstrate.

* 1.1103The Exchanges practised in England, and principally in London, are confined within a nar∣row seantling, being but as a Rivnlet issuing out of the great Stream of those Exchanges that are used beyond the Seas, and therefore limited but to some few places, as to Antwerp for Flanders, to Rouen and Paris for France, to Amsterdam and Rotterdam for the Netherlands, to Dantzick for the East Country, to Venice for Italy, to Edinburgh for Scotland, to Dublin for Ire∣land; all the other parts of the Exchanges practised in England have their derivation hence, and he that would exchange for any other forein Country (these aforenamed excepted) must first have recourse hither, and by a secondary Exchange have his Desire fulfilled: all which Exchanges, and the manner how the same are calculated, and the places with which London hath in former time been seen to exchange, I have at large demonstrated in the 443, 444, 445, 446 and 447 Chapters of this ensuing Treatise: whereto for better satisfaction I will refer the Reader.

CHAP. CCLXXIII. Of the Trade in general of England.

* 1.1104WHen I consider the true dimensions of our English Traffick, as at this day to me it ap∣pears to be, together with the inbred Commodities that this Island affords to preserve and maintain the same, with the present Industry of the Natives, and the Ability of our Na∣vigators; I justly admire both the Height and Eminence thereof: but when again I survey every Kingdom and great City of the World, and every petty Port and Creek of the same, and find in each of these some English prying after the Trade and Commerce thereof, then again I am easily brought to imagine, that either this great Traffick of England is at its full perfection, or that it aims higher than can hitherto by my weak Sight be either seen or discerned. I must confess, England breeds in its own Womb, the principal Supporters of its present Splendor, and nourisheth with its own Milk the Commodities that give both Lustre and Life to the Con∣tinuance of this Trade, (which I pray may never either decay or suffer the least Diminution.) But England being naturally seated in a Northern Corner of the World, and herein bending un∣der the Weight of too too ponderous a Burthen, cannot possibly always and for ever find a Vent for all those Commodities that are seen to be daily exported and brought within the Compass of so narrow a Circuit, unless there can be (by the Policy and Government of the State) a Mean found out to make this Island either the common Emporium and Staple of all Europe, or at leastwise of all these our neighbouring Northern Regions.

* 1.1105The staple Commodities of England, are Cloths, Lead, Tin, some new late Draperies, and other English Real and Royal Commodities, shipped hence in former times, yielded by their Returns from forein parts, all those Necessaries and Wants we desired or stood in need of: but the late great Traffick of this Island hath been such, that it hath not only proved a bountiful Mother to the Inhabitants, but also a courteous Nurse to the adjoining Neighbours: for what in matter of Traffick they have lost, we have been found to have gained, and what they have wanted, we have been noted to have supplied them with.

Hath the proud and magnificent City of Venice lost her great Traffick and Commerce with India, Arabia and Persia? England hath got it, and now furnisheth her plenteously with the rich Commodities thereof. Hath all Italy lost Venice, that fed it with those Dainties? London now supplieth her place, and is found both to cloth and nourish it. Hath France almost lost the excellent Commodities of Constantinople, Alexandria and Aleppo, and generally of all Tarky? London can and doth furnish it. Nay, is Turky it self deprived of the precious Spices of Iudia? England can and doth plentifully afford them. Will you view Moscovia, survey Sweden, look upon Denmark, peruse the East Country, and those other colder Regions, there shall you find the English to have been; the Inhabitants from the Prince to the Peasant wear English woolle•• Livery, feed in English Pewter, sauced with English Indian Spices, and send to their Enemies sad English leaden Messengers of Death. Will you behold the Netherlands, whose Eyes and Hearts envy England's Traffick, yet they must perforce confess, that for all their great Boasts, they are indebted to London for most of their Syria Commodities, besides what other Wares else they have of English growth? Will you see France, and travel from Marselia to Calais? tho they stand least in need of us, yet they cannot last long without our Commodities. And for Spain, if you pry therein from the Prince's Palace to the Poor Mans Cottage, he will Voto a Dios, There is no Clothing comparable to our Bays, nor Pheasant excelling a seasonable English Red Herring.

* 1.1106The East India Company of London, are yearly seen to visit Persia, frequent India, and traf∣fick in Arabia and the Coasts thereof; and for our English Commodities, and some other expor∣ted hence, they are found to import Pepper, Cloves, Mace, Nutmegs, Cotton, Rice, Callicoe•• of sundry sorts, Bezoar Stones, Aloes, Borax, Calamus, Cassia, Mirabolans, Myrrh, Opium, Rhubarb, Cinamon, Sanders, Spikenard, Musk, Civit, Tamarinds, Precious Stones of all sorts, as Diamonds, Pearks, Carbuncles, Emeraulds, Jacinths, Saphirs, Spinals, Turquoises, Topazas, Indico, and Silks raw and wrought into sundry Fabricks, Benjamin, Camphire, Sandalwood, and infinite other Commodities; and tho, in India and these parts, their Trade equalleth not either the Portugals or the Dutch, yet in candid, fair and Merchant-like Dealing, these Pa∣gans, Mahumedans and Gentiles, hold them in esteem far before them, and deservedly have here the Epithet of far more current and square Dealers. And altho for the present this Trals and Company do suffer under some adverse Clouds, and groan under some unkind Losses, by the Falshood of the Netherlanders and sad Accidents at Sea, yet their Adventures and Acts are praise worthy, and their fair Endeavours for England's Honour, in point of Trade, merit due Commendations and just Applause.

* 1.1107The Turky Company of London, for its Height and Eminence is now second to none other of this Land, for not yearly, but monthly, nay almost weekly their Ships are observed to go to and fro, exporting hence the Cloths of Suffolk, Gloucester, Worcester and Coventry, dyed and dress'd, Kersies of Hampshire and York, Lead, Tin, and a great quantity of the abovesaid India Spices, Indico and Callicoes, and in return thereof, import from Turky the raw Silks of Persia, Damasco, Tripoly, &c. Galls of Mosolo and Toccat Camlets, Grograms and Mohairs of Angora, Cotton and Cotton Yarn of Cyprus and Smyrna, and sometimes the Gems of India, and Drugs of Egypt and Arabia, the Muscadines of Candia, the Currans and Oyls of Zant, Zeffalonia and Herta, with sundry others, and in all these Parts are accounted also second to none, nor give place to any Nation, either in the Greatness of their Traffick, or in their fair and Merchant like Perfor∣mances.

* 1.1108The antient Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, hold the same Proportion in the Iotegrity of their Dealings and in the Squareness of their Performance with both the afore∣named: their excellent Government, and their antient Orders preserved and maintained, is every where both applauded and commended. The Cities of Hamburgh, Rotterdam, and others in the Notherlands, by their submissive seeking for their Residence, and their Privile∣ges and Immunities granted them during that time, is a sure Testimony that speaks their Welcom every where, and an assured Token of that City's Decay, that with Leave from England, they furnish them with Cloths of sundry Shires, and some other Commodities month∣ly, as by the shortness of their Navigation they find it needful and proper to their Traffick, and from thence furnish England with Tapestry, Diaper, Cambrick, Holland, Lawn, Hops, Mather, Steel, Rhenish Wines, and many other Manufactures, as Blades, Stuffs, Soap, Latten Wire and Plates, and here also this Nation is accounted the most current and Merchant-like Nation that trafficks or hath any Commerce amongst them.

* 1.1109The East Country Merchants, and the Moscovia Company, do also challenge a part in this great Trade of England, and add some Perfection to the Traffick of the City of London; nor doth their fair Dealing there, come behind any of their Fellow-Citizens, nor are they less esteemed than any other forein Nation there resident. They export hence principally Cloth, at the best Commodity, also Tin, Lead, with some Spices of India, and other Commodities, and return thence, Ashes, Claphoard, Copper, Deals, Rich Furs, Masts, Pipe-Staves, Rye, Tunber, Wainscot, Wheat, Fustians, Iron, Latten, Linen, Mather, Quicksilver, Flax, Hemp, Steel, Caveare, Cordage, Hides, Honey, Tar, Ropes, Tallow, Pitch, Wax, Rosin, and sundry others.

* 1.1110What shall I say to the French Company, the Greenland Company, the Merchants trading into Spein, Barbary, Guiney, Benyn, Italy, Scotland and Ireland, but that they also challenge a great Interest in the Traffick of this City and Kingdom? for the French Merchants carry hence English Cloths, Kersies, Bays, Galls, Silk and Cotton of Turky, and for the same return Buckr••m, Canvas, Cards, Glass, Grain, Linen, Salt, Claret and White Wine, Woad, Oyls, Almonds, Pepper, some Silk Stuffs, and some other petty Manufactures.

* 1.1111The Merchants trading into Spain, carry hence Bays, Says, Serges, Perpetuanes, Lead, Tin, Herrings, Pilchards, Salmon, Newland-fish, Calf-skins, and many other Commodities, and in return furnish England with Wines of Xeres, Malaga, Bastard, Candado and Alicant, Rosin, Olives, Oyls, Sugar, Soap, Anniseeds, Liquorish, Soda barilla, Pate, and sundry West India Commodities: neither have Spanish and Portugal any ill opinion of the Dealing and Traffick of the English Nation; for tho of all other Nations, they have the best conceit and opinion of their own Greatness and punctual Worth, and have of late changed the name of Mercador into Cergador, (how improper, I refer to their own Language) yet account they the English (next to themselves) the principal and fairest dealing Merchants in the World.

* 1.1112The Merchants of England trading to Naples, Sicilia, Genoa, Legorn and Venice, &c. which here I term Italy, are not observed to have any Joint-Stock or Company, yet, to the Honour and Benefit of this Kingdom and City, transport hence Bays, Says, Serges, Perpetuanes, Ker∣sies, Lead, Tin, Cloth, and many other native Commodities, besides Pepper, Indico, Cloves and other Indian Commodities in great abundance; and for returns have Cloths of Gold and Silver, Sattins, Velvets, Taffaties, Plushes, Tabins, Damasks, Allom, Oyls, Glass, Aniseeds, Rice, Ve∣nice Gold and Silver, great quantity of raw Silks of sundry sorts, and divers other Commodi∣ties; and here likewise all other Nations willingly give place to the English, as the principal Mer∣chants that either abide amongst them, or negotiate with them. I need not insist here upon the Relicls of that famous Barbary Trade, nor yet mention the petty Adventures of the English to Guniney and Benny, tho otherwise they are concurrent to the Traffick of this Nation, neither go about to particularize the large Traffick of this Island to their Plantations of Newfoundland, Summer-Islands, Virginia, Barbadoes and New-England, and to other places which rightly challenge an Interest in the present Trade and Traffick of this Kingdom.

Therefore omitting what may be further said in this point, and having thus survey'd the Trade of this Island in particular, and shewed the Commodities exported and imported by every noted Company and Society, I shall now speak a word concerning the Navigation of this Na∣tion, which is one of the main and principal means by which this Traffick is observed to be preserved unto them at this day.

* 1.1113I shall not need to look back into former Ages, nor trouble my self to search after old Re∣cords that express the Worth of the English Nation at Sea in old times; it sufficeth me to un∣derstand, and know that these present times wherein we live, are not any ways inferior (in this point) to the former, nor the real Value nor Valour of the English any ways decay'd or al∣ter'd from its former antient Greatness to its present Splendor: what they have done let Hi∣stories remember, and what they now do let the World witness and testifie throughout Eu∣rope. What Creek or Port in Europe have they not sought out and found? Nay how many of them have fought against Hunger, Cold and all Extremities, to find new Northern Passaget to the Southern Regions? * 1.1114and tho the South Seas, and a great part of America be at this day de∣bar'd to them and their Navigation, yet their Wills herein are more bounded to their Princes Pleasure, in a faithful obedience to his Treaties of Peace with that Don that challenges those vast Countries, than any way in fear of his Greatness, or his Naval Power by Sea, as may witness their Attempts, Navigations and Plantations in many parts of that Country not limited or forbidden by that Treaty. * 1.1115As for their Navigations to Africa, begin at Alexandria in Egypt, and so sail to Tunis, Argier and Ceuta, and thence along the Coast of Guiney and Benyn, to Cape Bona Esperansa, then to Mombasa, Melinda, Brava, Cape Guard fuy, and into the Red-Sea Gulf, and tell me where it is that they have not been, or what Place or Port is not acquainted with them. * 1.1116And if you survey the Maritime Shore of Asia, and begin at Sues in the aforesaid Gulf, and so to Aclon, Dieu, Cambaia, Ormus, Surat, Goa, Cochin Mesulapatam, Pegu, Camboi, Cauch, Chi∣na, Maocau, and to the utmost Bounds of China, and the Isles of Japan and Cathay, and all the adjacent Islands, they have all been for many years both well acquainted to our Seamen, and not unfrequented by our Merchants and Traders; and for the Caspian Sea, the Euxine and the other parts of Asia comprised from thence by Constantinople to Scanderoon, and so to Ale∣xandria, every Week brings us Tidings of the current Advices of those places. To conclude then, by what hath been said, may be clearly discerned the present Height and Amplitude of our English Commerce, and the Greatness of Englands Navigation, the Continuation whereof my Devotions shall ever second, and my Prayer shall be, That neither our fained Friends, nor yet our froward Foes, may ever have just Cause to rejoice at the Decrease, nor least Diminution thereof.

Having thus happily ended my Peregrination, and drawn out the utmost Bounds and Li∣mits of this my Map of Commerce, and concluded there the Manner and Matter of the gene∣ral and particular Traffick of most of the eminent Cities and Countries of the World; I will now cast anchor, and finish in this place my Voyage, till the next fair Gale offers and pre∣sents it self, to imbark my Time and Pen in the Survey and Calculation of the Exchanges of Europe, as at this day they are seen practised amongst the Merchants of Christendom.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Europe 15 parts.
• * 1.2

  Spain.
• * 1.3

  Commodi∣ties of Spain.
• * 1.4

  Leon 1. Oviedo 2.
• * 1.5

  Navarra 2.
• * 1.6

  Corduba 4.
• * 1.7

  Accounts, kept in Se∣vil and Ma∣dera.
• * 1.8

  Coins of Se∣vil.
• * 1.9

  Exchanges in Sevil.
• * 1.10

  Weights of Sevil.
• * 1.11

  Spanish Wooll.
• * 1.12

  Raw Silk.
• * 1.13

  Measures of Sevil.
• * 1.14

  Of Oyl.
• * 1.15

  Of Corn.
• * 1.16

  St. Lucar.
• * 1.17

  Customs of Sevil.
• * 1.18

  Andalusia.
• * 1.19

  Granada. Malaga.
• * 1.20

  Weights used in Gra∣nado.
• * 1.21

  Coins in Malaga.
• * 1.22

  Customs of Malaga.
• * 1.23

  Weights of Malaga.
• * 1.24

  Measures of Malaga.
• * 1.25

  Of Corn.
• * 1.26

  Almeria.
• * 1.27

  Gallicia.
• * 1.28

  Q. Baiona.
• * 1.29

  Biscay, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.30

  Weights of Bilboa.
• * 1.31

  Measures of Bilboa.
• * 1.32

  Customs of Bilboa.
• * 1.33

  Toledo.
• * 1.34

  Murcia.
• * 1.35

  Cartagena.
• * 1.36

  Alicant, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.37

  Coins of A∣licant.
• * 1.38

  Accounts kept.
• * 1.39

  Weights of Alicant.
• * 1.40

  A general rule in Ali∣cant Weights.
• * 1.41

  Measures of Alicant.
• * 1.42

  Custom.
• * 1.43

  Castile.
• * 1.44

  Segovia.
• * 1.45

  Valladolid.
• * 1.46

  Burges.
• * 1.47

  Salamanca.
• * 1.48

  Madrid.
• * 1.49

  Alcala.
• * 1.50

  Escurial.
• * 1.51

  Castilia, and the Trade thereof. Coins of Castilia.
• * 1.52

  Quento.
• * 1.53

  Exchanges in Castilla.
• * 1.54

  Fairs of Ca∣stilia.
• * 1.55

  The pay∣ments.
• * 1.56

  Portugal.
• * 1.57

  Commodi∣ties of Por∣tugal.
• * 1.58

  Lisbon and Trade thereof.
• * 1.59

  Coins of Portugal.
• * 1.60

  Weights of Portugal.
• * 1.61

  Measures of length in Portugal.
• * 1.62

  Of Corn in Portugal.
• * 1.63

  Of Salt in Portugal.
• * 1.64

  Customs of Lisbon.
• * 1.65

  Observati∣ons upon the dry Measures of Lisbon.
• * 1.66

  Valentia.
• * 1.67

  Valentia and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.68

  Coins of Valentia,
• * 1.69

  Accounts in Valentia.
• * 1.70

  Weights of Valentia.
• * 1.71

  Cargo fine Ditto gross.
• * 1.72

  Note in weights.
• * 1.73

  Measures of Valentia.
• * 1.74

  Of Corn.
• * 1.75

  Of Salt.
• * 1.76

  Of Wines
• * 1.77

  Commodi∣ties of Va∣lentia.
• * 1.78

  Denia.
• * 1.79

  Customs in Valentia.
• * 1.80

  Catalonia.
• * 1.81

  Barcelona.
• * 1.82

  Coins in Barcelona.
• * 1.83

  Weights in Barcelona.
• * 1.84

  Measures of length.
• * 1.85

  Of Corn.
• * 1.86

  Tortosa.
• * 1.87

  Aragon.
• * 1.88

  Saragosa.
• * 1.89

  Weights of Spain re∣duced to the 100 l. of England.
• * 1.90

  The 100 l. of London.
• * 1.91

  Measures of Spain redu∣ced to 100 yards in London.
• * 1.92

  Of the Trade in general of Portugal and Spain.
• * 1.93

  France, and the Provin∣ces thereof
• * 1.94

  Commodi∣ties of France.
• * 1.95

  Aquitania.
• * 1.96

  Tholausa, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.97

  Coins and Accounts.
• * 1.98

  Weights of Tholousa.
• * 1.99

  Measures of Tholousa.
• * 1.100

  Woad of Tholousa.
• * 1.101

  Burdeaux, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.102

  Monies and Accounts.
• * 1.103

  Weights of Burdeaux.
• * 1.104

  Measures of Burdeaux.
• * 1.105

  English sub∣jection at Blay upon the River Geron.
• * 1.106

  Rochel, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.107

  Weights of Rochel.
• * 1.108

  Measure of Rochel.
• * 1.109

  Poictu.
• * 1.110

  Anjou.
• * 1.111

  Main.
• * 1.112

  Tourain.
• * 1.113

  Britany.
• * 1.114

  Locrams.
• * 1.115

  St. Maloes and Morlais.
• * 1.116

  Normandy.
• * 1.117

  Rouen, and the Trade of Norman∣dy.
• * 1.118

  Commodi∣ties of Rou∣en.
• * 1.119

  Moneys and Ac∣ounts in Rouen.
• * 1.120

  Weights in Rouen.
• * 1.121

  Measures in Rouen.
• * 1.122

  Fairs in Rouen.
• * 1.123

  The English Hall of Rou∣en for sale of woollen Cloth.
• * 1.124

  Exchanges of Rouen.
• * 1.125

  The Isle of France.
• * 1.126

  Paris and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.127

  Coins of France.
• * 1.128

  Accounts in France.
• * 1.129

  Note of Mo∣neys inhan∣sed lately in France.
• * 1.130

  Weights of Paris.
• * 1.131

  Measures of Paris.
• * 1.132

  Exchanges of Paris,
• * 1.133

  The French not addicted to Trade.
• * 1.134

  La Beause.
• * 1.135

  Orleans.
• * 1.136

  Berry.
• * 1.137

  Bourges.
• * 1.138

  Burbon. Nevers. Mollins.
• * 1.139

  Beavois.
• * 1.140

  Avergne.
• * 1.141

  Limosin.
• * 1.142

  Perigort.
• * 1.143

  Quercu.
• * 1.144

  Dauphine.
• * 1.145

  Vienna.
• * 1.146

  Valentia.
• * 1.147

  Lions and the Trade there∣of.
• * 1.148

  The Mart of Lions for∣merly in Geneva.
• * 1.149

  Coins and Accounts in Lions.
• * 1.150

  An ancient Mark in Ex∣change in Lions.
• * 1.151

  Exchange now of Lions
• * 1.152

  Fairs of Lions
• * 1.153

  Terms of the Bills of Exchange in Lions.
• * 1.154

  Weights in Lions.
• * 1.155

  Millain with Lions.
• * 1.156

  Turin with Lions.
• * 1.157

  Genoa with Lions.
• * 1.158

  Florence with Lions.
• * 1.159

  Lucca with Lions.
• * 1.160

  Bolonia with Lions.
• * 1.161

  Naples with Lions.
• * 1.162

  Venetia with Lions.
• * 1.163

  Mesina with Lions.
• * 1.164

  Bergamo with Lions.
• * 1.165

  Mantua with Lions.
• * 1.166

  Modena with Lions.
• * 1.167

  Antwerp with Lions.
• * 1.168

  London with Lions.
• * 1.169

  Constantino∣ple with Lions.
• * 1.170

  Aleppo with Lions.
• * 1.171

  Spain with Lions.
• * 1.172

  The weights of divers Ci∣ties of France with Lions.
• * 1.173

  Measures of Lions with other places.
• * 1.174

  Languedoc.
• * 1.175

  Beveaire.
• * 1.176

  Provence.
• * 1.177

  Thollon, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.178

  Provence Oyls how bought and cast up.
• * 1.179

  Measures for Oyls.
• * 1.180

  For Wine.
• * 1.181

  For Corn.
• * 1.182

  Commodi∣ties of Pro∣vence.
• * 1.183

  Customs paid in Pro∣vence.
• * 1.184

  Marselia and the Trade there∣of.
• * 1.185

  Coins in Marselia.
• * 1.186

  Weights in Marselia.
• * 1.187

  Weights a∣greed with other places.
• * 1.188

  Measures of Marselia.
• * 1.189

  Customs in Marselia.
• * 1.190

  Avignion.
• * 1.191

  Orange.
• * 1.192

  Picardy.
• * 1.193

  Calais.
• * 1.194

  Calais and the Trade thereof
• * 1.195

  Weights of Calais.
• * 1.196

  Champaign.
• * 1.197

  Burgundy.
• * 1.198

  Bress.
• * 1.199

  Besanson.
• * 1.200

  Lorain.
• * 1.201

  Savoy, and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.202

  Turin and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.203

  Coins of Savoy.
• * 1.204

  Accounts in Savoy.
• * 1.205

  Weights of France redu∣ced to London 100 l.
• * 1.206

  Measures of France redu∣ced to the 100 yards of Lon∣don.
• * 1.207

  The general Trade of France.
• * 1.208

  Geneva and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.209

  Coins in Ge∣neva and ac∣counts.
• * 1.210

  Weights of Geneva.
• * 1.211

  Measures of Geneva.
• * 1.212

  Italy and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.213

  Naples and the commodi∣ties thereof.
• * 1.214

  Terra di La∣voro.
• * 1.215

  Staio of Gaeta is 43 l. of that weight.
• * 1.216

  Naples and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.217

  Coins of Naples.
• * 1.218

  Account keep∣ing.
• * 1.219

  Weights of Naples.
• * 1.220

  Measures in Naples.
• * 1.221

  Corn, &c.
• * 1.222

  Oyl.
• * 1.223

  Customs of Naples.
• * 1.224

  Abruzzo.
• * 1.225

  Tarento.
• * 1.226

  Otranto.
• * 1.227

  Calabria, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.228

  Coins of Cala∣bria.
• * 1.229

  Weights of Calabria.
• * 1.230

  Measures of Calabria.
• * 1.231

  Of Oyl.
• * 1.232

  Apulid, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.233

  Measures of Corn.
• * 1.234

  Of Almonds.
• * 1.235

  Of Oyl.
• * 1.236

  Of Olives.
• * 1.237

  Of Wine.
• * 1.238

  Papacy, and the Trade thereof
• * 1.239

  Bollonia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.240

  Accounts in Bollonia.
• * 1.241

  Weights of Bollonia.
• * 1.242

  Measures in Bollonia.
• * 1.243

  Corn.
• * 1.244

  Commodities of Bollonia.
• * 1.245

  Ferrara, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.246

  Weights of Ferrara.
• * 1.247

  Measures of Ferrara.
• * 1.248

  Modena.
• * 1.249

  Accounts in Modena.
• * 1.250

  Weights in Modena.
• * 1.251

  Measures in Modena.
• * 1.252

  Rimno, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.253

  Weights.
• * 1.254

  Measures.
• * 1.255

  Ravenna, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.256

  Weights of Ravenna.
• * 1.257

  Measures of Ravenna.
• * 1.258

  Loretto.
• * 1.259

  Recanti in Istria.
• * 1.260

  Weights.
• * 1.261

  Measures.
• * 1.262

  Ancona, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.263

  Weights.
• * 1.264

  Measures of Ancona.
• * 1.265

  Spoleto.
• * 1.266

  Civitaveccia.
• * 1.267

  Rome, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.268

  Coins in Rome.
• * 1.269

  Accounts in Rome.
• * 1.270

  Weights in Rome.
• * 1.271

  Measures in Rome.
• * 1.272

  Venetia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.273

  Treviso, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.274

  Weights of Treviso.
• * 1.275

  Measures of Treviso.
• * 1.276

  Padua, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.277

  Weights of Padua.
• * 1.278

  Measures of Padua.
• * 1.279

  Vicentia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.280

  Weights of Vicentia.
• * 1.281

  Measures.
• * 1.282

  Bressia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.283

  Weights of Bressia:
• * 1.284

  Measures of Bressia.
• * 1.285

  Verona.
• * 1.286

  Weights in Verona.
• * 1.287

  Measures in Verona.
• * 1.288

  Crema and its Trade.
• * 1.289

  Weights in Crema.
• * 1.290

  Measures in Crema.
• * 1.291

  Venetia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.292

  Commodities of Venetia.
• * 1.293

  Weights of Venetia.
• * 1.294

  Weights of Ve∣netia agree∣ing with other Countries.
• * 1.295

  Measures in Venetia, of length.
• * 1.296

  Of Wines.
• * 1.297

  Of Oyl.
• * 1.298

  Of Corn.
• * 1.299

  Accounts in Venetia.
• * 1.300

  Exchanges of Venetia.
• * 1.301

  Difference be∣t••een money in banco and out of banco in Venice 20 per centum.
• * 1.302

  Customs of Venetia.
• * 1.303

  Injurious De∣crees of Venice against the Trade of the English in the Levant Seas.
• * 1.304

  The present Trade of Ve∣nice surveyed.
• * 1.305

  Florence, and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.306

  Commodities of Tuscany.
• * 1.307

  The Duke of Florence, a great Mer∣chant.
• * 1.308

  Florence, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.309

  Accounts in Florence.
• * 1.310

  Coins current in Florence.
• * 1.311

  Weights of Florence.
• * 1.312

  Measures of Florence.
• * 1.313

  Of Wine.
• * 1.314

  Of Oyl.
• * 1.315

  Of Corn.
• * 1.316

  Of Salt.
• * 1.317

  Agreement of dry Measures of Florence.
• * 1.318

  Agreement of dry Measures in sundry Ci∣ties of Italy, &c.
• * 1.319

  Pisa, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.320

  Weights.
• * 1.321

  Measures.
• * 1.322

  Siena, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.323

  Weights in Siena.
• * 1.324

  Measures in Siena.
• * 1.325

  Dukedom of Millan.
• * 1.326

  Millan and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.327

  Accompts in Millan.
• * 1.328

  Coins in Mil∣lan.
• * 1.329

  Weights in Millan.
• * 1.330

  Measures of Millan.
• * 1.331

  Exchanges of Millan.
• * 1.332

  Cremona, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.333

  Weights.
• * 1.334

  Measures.
• * 1.335

  Como, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.336

  Weights.
• * 1.337

  Measures.
• * 1.338

  Mantua and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.339

  Commodities of Mantua.
• * 1.340

  Accompts in Mantua.
• * 1.341

  Weights in Mantua.
• * 1.342

  Measures in Mantua.
• * 1.343

  Aste, a Fair.
• * 1.344

  Ʋrbin, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.345

  Accompts in Ʋrbin.
• * 1.346

  Weights.
• * 1.347

  Measures in Ʋrbin.
• * 1.348

  Parma, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.349

  Accompts in Parma.
• * 1.350

  Weights in Parma.
• * 1.351

  Measures in Parma.
• * 1.352

  Placentia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.353

  Accompts in Placentia.
• * 1.354

  Weights in Placentia.
• * 1.355

  Measures in Placentia.
• * 1.356

  Mirandola, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.357

  Weights.
• * 1.358

  Measures.
• * 1.359

  Legorn, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.360

  Accompts in Legorn.
• * 1.361

  Coins in Flo∣rence.
• * 1.362

  Weights in Florence.
• * 1.363

  112 l. of Lon∣don is 146 l. Legorn.
• * 1.364

  Measures in Florence.
• * 1.365

  English Com∣modities ven∣ded in Ligorn.
• * 1.366

  Commodities of Tuscany.
• * 1.367

  Custom in the Port of Le∣gorn.
• * 1.368

  Genoua, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.369

  Accompts in Genoua.
• * 1.370

  Monies in Genoua.
• * 1.371

  Weights in Genoua.
• * 1.372

  Measures in Genoua.
• * 1.373

  Of Corn.
• * 1.374

  Of Oil.
• * 1.375

  Of Wine.
• * 1.376

  Exchanges.
• * 1.377

  Lucca, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.378

  Accompts in Lucca.
• * 1.379

  Monies in Lucca.
• * 1.380

  Weights in Lucca.
• * 1.381

  Measures in Lucca.
• * 1.382

  Accompts of Sale of Silks in Lucca.
• * 1.383

  Weights of Italy reduced to London.
• * 1.384

  Measures of Italy reduced to London.
• * 1.385

  The Trade in general of Italy observed
• * 1.386

  The Seven∣teen Provinces and the Ci∣ties thereof
• * 1.387

  Limburg.
• * 1.388

  Liege.
• * 1.389

  Luxenburg.
• * 1.390

  Sedan.
• * 1.391

  Gelderland.
• * 1.392

  Nimeguen.
• * 1.393

  Brabant.
• * 1.394

  Lovain.
• * 1.395

  Bruxels.
• * 1.396

  Mastricht.
• * 1.397

  Breda.
• * 1.398

  Marquisate Antwerp.
• * 1.399

  Antwerp, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.400

  Accounts in Antwerp.
• * 1.401

  Coins in Antwerp.
• * 1.402

  Weights in Antwerp.
• * 1.403

  The conceived original of our Tret in Lon∣don.
• * 1.404

  Weights of Antwerp compared with that of other places.
• * 1.405

  Measures of Antwerp, compared with those of other Countries.
• * 1.406

  Of Beer.
• * 1.407

  Of Corn.
• * 1.408

  Of Wine.
• * 1.409

  Exchanges of Antwerp.
• * 1.410

  Gaunt.
• * 1.411

  Bruges.
• * 1.412

  Dunkirk.
• * 1.413

  Scluse.
• * 1.414

  Nieuport.
• * 1.415

  Ostend.
• * 1.416

  Lisle.
• * 1.417

  Tournay.
• * 1.418

  Artois.
• * 1.419

  S. Paul.
• * 1.420

  Heinault.
• * 1.421

  Cambray.
• * 1.422

  Beauvais.
• * 1.423

  Namure.
• * 1.424

  Zutphen.
• * 1.425

  Holland.
• * 1.426

  Dort.
• * 1.427

  Harlem.
• * 1.428

  Delph.
• * 1.429

  Alkmer.
• * 1.430

  Roterdam.
• * 1.431

  Amsterdam.
• * 1.432

  Amsterdam and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.433

  Accounts in Amsterdam.
• * 1.434

  Moneys of Amsterdam and all the Ne∣therlands.
• * 1.435

  Weights of Amsterdam.
• * 1.436

  Measures in Amsterdam.
• * 1.437

  Exchanges in Amsterdam.
• * 1.438

  Weights of Amsterdam with other Cities.
• * 1.439

  Measures of Amsterdam with other Cities.
• * 1.440

  Zealand.
• * 1.441

  Middleburgh.
• * 1.442

  Flushing.
• * 1.443

  West-Friesland.
• * 1.444

  Ʋtrecht.
• * 1.445

  Overissel.
• * 1.446

  Mailin.
• * 1.447

  Groining.
• * 1.448

  Weights in ge∣neral of the Netherlands reduced to the 100l. in Lon∣don.
• * 1.449

  Measures in general of the Netherlands reduced to the 100 yards of London.
• * 1.450

  Of the Trade in general of the Netherlan∣ders and Flan∣ders.
• * 1.451

  The ancient Staple of Bru∣ges.
• * 1.452

  The original of Burses, of pla∣ces of meeting for Merchants, which in Eng∣land is now termed the Exchange.
• * 1.453

  Germany, and the Provinces.
• * 1.454

  Germany bounded.
• * 1.455

  Commodities of Germany.
• * 1.456

  Hans-Towns 72.
• * 1.457

  Imperial Cities 60.
• * 1.458

  Principalities.
• * 1.459

  Danubius.
• * 1.460

  Rhyne.
• * 1.461

  Albis.
• * 1.462

  Adera.
• * 1.463

  East-Frisland.
• * 1.464

  Emden, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.465

  Weight of Emden.
• * 1.466

  Measure of Emden.
• * 1.467

  Westphalia.
• * 1.468

  Breme, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.469

  Ossenbridge.
• * 1.470

  Weights of Breme.
• * 1.471

  Measures of Breme.
• * 1.472

  Collen, and the Trade; thereof.
• * 1.473

  Weights of Collen.
• * 1.474

  Measures of Collen.
• * 1.475

  Exchanges of Collen.
• * 1.476

  Cleveland.
• * 1.477

  Alsatia.
• * 1.478

  Strasburg, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.479

  Weights of Strasburg.
• * 1.480

  Measures of Strasburg.
• * 1.481

  Franconia.
• * 1.482

  Bacarac.
• * 1.483

  Wittenberg.
• * 1.484

  Stutgard.
• * 1.485

  Auspach.
• * 1.486

  Baden.
• * 1.487

  Ments.
• * 1.488

  Bainberg.
• * 1.489

  Westberg.
• * 1.490

  Noremberg.
• * 1.491

  Frankfort.
• * 1.492

  VVorms, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.493

  Spiers, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.494

  Weights of Spiers.
• * 1.495

  Measures of Spiers.
• * 1.496

  Heidelberg, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.497

  Weights of Heidelberg.
• * 1.498

  Measures of Heidelberg.
• * 1.499

  Noremberg, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.500

  Weights of Noremberg.
• * 1.501

  Measures of Noremberg.
• * 1.502

  Exchanges of Noremberg.
• * 1.503

  Frankfort, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.504

  Weights of Frankfort.
• * 1.505

  Measures of Frankfort.
• * 1.506

  Exchanges of Frankfort.
• * 1.507

  Helvetia.
• * 1.508

  Zurick, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.509

  Weights of Zurick.
• * 1.510

  Measures of Zurick.
• * 1.511

  Basil, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.512

  Weights of Basil.
• * 1.513

  Measures of Basil.
• * 1.514

  Valesia.
• * 1.515

  Boetia.
• * 1.516

  Suevia.
• * 1.517

  Ausburg, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.518

  Weights of Ausburg.
• * 1.519

  Measures of Ausburg.
• * 1.520

  Bavaria.
• * 1.521

  Northgoia.
• * 1.522

  Austria.
• * 1.523

  Gratse.
• * 1.524

  Vienna, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.525

  Weights of Vienna.
• * 1.526

  Measures in Vienna.
• * 1.527

  Exchanges of Vienna.
• * 1.528

  Bohemia.
• * 1.529

  Preslau.
• * 1.530

  Gorlitse.
• * 1.531

  Olmuts.
• * 1.532

  Prague, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.533

  Weights of Prague, and of Bohemia.
• * 1.534

  Measures of Prague, and of Bohemia.
• * 1.535

  Brandenburg.
• * 1.536

  Pomerania.
• * 1.537

  Wallen.
• * 1.538

  Mecklenburg.
• * 1.539

  Saxony.
• * 1.540

  Lipsick, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.541

  Weights of Lipsick.
• * 1.542

  Measures of Lipsick.
• * 1.543

  Accounts and Exchanges of Lipsick.
• * 1.544

  Wittenburgh, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.545

  Dresden, and the Trade of Saxony.
• * 1.546

  Weights of Saxony.
• * 1.547

  Measures of Saxony.
• * 1.548

  Brunswick.
• * 1.549

  Brunswick and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.550

  Lunenburg, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.551

  Salt Fountain in Lunenbur
• * 1.552

  Hassia.
• * 1.553

  Veteravia,
• * 1.554

  Friburg, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.555

  Silver Mines of Friburg.
• * 1.556

  Weights of Friburg.
• * 1.557

  Measures of Friburg.
• * 1.558

  Stoad, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.559

  Coins of Stoad.
• * 1.560

  Weights of Stoad.
• * 1.561

  Measures of Stoad.
• * 1.562

  Hamburg, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.563

  Weights of Hamburg.
• * 1.564

  Measures of Hamburg.
• * 1.565

  Exchange in Hamburg.
• * 1.566

  Dollar.
• * 1.567

  Of Corn.
• * 1.568

  Lubeck, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.569

  Beer of Lubeck famous.
• * 1.570

  Weights of Lubeck.
• * 1.571

  Measures of Lubeck.
• * 1.572

  Of Corn.
• * 1.573

  of Beer.
• * 1.574

  Coins current in Germany.
• * 1.575

  Accounts in Germany.
• * 1.576

  Coins in Stoad, Ham∣burg, and Lu∣beck.
• * 1.577

  Coins current in Embden.
• * 1.578

  Coins current in Breme, Ol∣denburg, &c.
• * 1.579

  Coins current in Brunswick.
• * 1.580

  Coins current in Magden∣burg, Misen, Lipsick, &c.
• * 1.581

  Coins current through the upper parts of Germany.
• * 1.582

  The Coins of Bohemia.
• * 1.583

  The Coins of Switzerland.
• * 1.584

  Weights in general of Germany re∣duced to the 100 l. of London.
• * 1.585

  Measures of Germany.
• * 1.586

  The general trade of Ger∣many.
• * 1.587

  Trade of Pru∣sen.
• * 1.588

  Amber.
• * 1.589

  Denmark, and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.590

  Alsatia.
• * 1.591

  Dithmars.
• * 1.592

  Slesia.
• * 1.593

  Jutland.
• * 1.594

  Baltick Islands.
• * 1.595

  Seeland.
• * 1.596

  Copenhagen.
• * 1.597

  Elsinour.
• * 1.598

  Fionia.
• * 1.599

  Bornholm.
• * 1.600

  Fimeria.
• * 1.601

  Scandia.
• * 1.602

  Halandia.
• * 1.603

  Scania.
• * 1.604

  Blesida.
• * 1.605

  Copenhagen, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.606

  The Coins of Copenhagen.
• * 1.607

  Accounts in Denmark.
• * 1.608

  Measures and Weights, &c.
• * 1.609

  Elsinour, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.610

  Weights in ge∣neral of Den∣mark.
• * 1.611

  Measures in general of Denmark.
• * 1.612

  Of the Trade in general of Denmark.
• * 1.613

  Norway, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.614

  Nidrosia.
• * 1.615

  Bergen, one of the 4 antient Marts of Eu∣rope.
• * 1.616

  Finmarch.
• * 1.617

  Woodhouse.
• * 1.618

  Weights of Bergen.
• * 1.619

  Swethland, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.620

  Commodities of Sweden.
• * 1.621

  Lappia.
• * 1.622

  Bodia.
• * 1.623

  Finland.
• * 1.624

  Gothland.
• * 1.625

  Sweden.
• * 1.626

  Stockholm. and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.627

  Commodities of Stockholm.
• * 1.628

  Coins current in Swethland.
• * 1.629

  Weights of Stockholm.
• * 1.630

  Measures of Stockholm.
• * 1.631

  Of Corn.
• * 1.632

  Moscovia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.633

  Commodities of Moscovia.
• * 1.634

  Famous Rivers of Moscovia.
• * 1.635

  Novograde.
• * 1.636

  Plescovia.
• * 1.637

  Veladomira.
• * 1.638

  Rhesen.
• * 1.639

  Servia.
• * 1.640

  Permia.
• * 1.641

  Candora.
• * 1.642

  Petrosa.
• * 1.643

  Moscovia.
• * 1.644

  Mosco.
• * 1.645

  Smalensko.
• * 1.646

  Mosco, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.647

  St. Nicholas.
• * 1.648

  Accounts in Moscovia.
• * 1.649

  Coins current in Moscovia.
• * 1.650

  Exchanges of Archangel.
• * 1.651

  Weights of Moscovia.
• * 1.652

  Measures of Moscovia.
• * 1.653

  Commodities of Moscovia.
• * 1.654

  Sables.
• * 1.655

  Black Fox.
• * 1.656

  Otters.
• * 1.657

  Minikins.
• * 1.658

  Martins.
• * 1.659

  Ermins.
• * 1.660

  Squirrels.
• * 1.661

  Foxes red and white and dun.
• * 1.662

  Bever.
• * 1.663

  Bees Wax.
• * 1.664

  Tallow.
• * 1.665

  Tar.
• * 1.666

  Train Oyl.
• * 1.667

  Hemp.
• * 1.668

  Flax.
• * 1.669

  Cable Yarn.
• * 1.670

  Coyls.
• * 1.671

  Cow-hides.
• * 1.672

  Evits.
• * 1.673

  Losh-hides.
• * 1.674

  Feathers.
• * 1.675

  Caviare.
• * 1.676

  Linens.
• * 1.677

  Of the Trade in general of Moscovia.
• * 1.678

  Mr Henry Gra∣way Alderman, being at pre∣sent Gover∣nour.
• * 1.679

  Poland, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.680

  Commodities of Poland.
• * 1.681

  Rivers of Poland.
• * 1.682

  Luconia.
• * 1.683

  Lituania.
• * 1.684

  Volinia.
• * 1.685

  Samogitia.
• * 1.686

  Podolia.
• * 1.687

  Russia,
• * 1.688

  Prussia.
• * 1.689

  Podlasia.
• * 1.690

  Masovia.
• * 1.691

  Poland.
• * 1.692

  Cracovia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.693

  Coins current in Polonia.
• * 1.694

  Weights of Cracovia.
• * 1.695

  Measures of Cracovia.
• * 1.696

  Dantzick and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.697

  Accounts in Dantzick.
• * 1.698

  Coins current in Dantzick.
• * 1.699

  Weights of Dantzick.
• * 1.700

  Measures of Dantzick.
• * 1.701

  Accounts in Estland.
• * 1.702

  Elbin, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.703

  Weights of Elbin.
• * 1.704

  Measures of Elbin.
• * 1.705

  Conixburg, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.706

  Weights of Conixburg.
• * 1.707

  Measures of Conixburg.
• * 1.708

  Rhiga, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.709

  Commodities of Rhiga.
• * 1.710

  Weights of Rhiga.
• * 1.711

  Measures of Rhiga.
• * 1.712

  Coins in Rhiga.
• * 1.713

  Revel, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.714

  Weights of Revel.
• * 1.715

  Exchanges of Revel.
• * 1.716

  Measures of Revel.
• * 1.717

  Stralsont, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.718

  Weights of Stralsont.
• * 1.719

  Measures of Stralsont.
• * 1.720

  Julin.
• * 1.721

  Stetin, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.722

  Commodities of Stetin.
• * 1.723

  Weights of Stetin.
• * 1.724

  Measures of Stetin.
• * 1.725

  The agree∣ment of 100 l. London to di∣vers of Poland.
• * 1.726

  Agreement of the 100 yards London to di∣vers of Poland.
• * 1.727

  Corn-measure in Eastland.
• * 1.728

  With the a∣greement thereof with other Coun∣tries.
• * 1.729

  Of the Trade in general of Poland and Eastland.
• * 1.730

  Hungary, and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.731

  Buda.
• * 1.732

  Presberg.
• * 1.733

  Commodities of Hungary.
• * 1.734

  Dacia, and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.735

  Commodities of Dacia.
• * 1.736

  Transilvania 1.
• * 1.737

  Moldavia 2.
• * 1.738

  Valachia. 3.
• * 1.739

  Servia. 4.
• * 1.740

  Rasia 5.
• * 1.741

  Bulgaria.
• * 1.742

  Bosna.
• * 1.743

  Sclavionia.
• * 1.744

  Commodities.
• * 1.745

  Illyria.
• * 1.746

  Dalmatia.
• * 1.747

  Croatia.
• * 1.748

  Rhagusa, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.749

  Rhaguses.
• * 1.750

  Moneys cur∣rent in Rha∣gusa.
• * 1.751

  Weights of Rhagusa.
• * 1.752

  Measures of Rhagusa.
• * 1.753

  Spallatta.
• * 1.754

  Greece, and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.755

  Commodities.
• * 1.756

  Rivers in Greece.
• * 1.757

  Peloponnesus, or Morea.
• * 1.758

  Modena, Coro∣na, and Petras, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.759

  Petras.
• * 1.760

  Exchange.
• * 1.761

  Moneys of Morea.
• * 1.762

  Weights of Morea.
• * 1.763

  Measures of Morea.
• * 1.764

  Of Oyls.
• * 1.765

  Of Corn.
• * 1.766

  Catarro, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.767

  Moneys in Catarro.
• * 1.768

  Weights in Catarro.
• * 1.769

  Measures of Catarro.
• * 1.770

  Sebenico, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.771

  Weights of Sebenico.
• * 1.772

  Measures of Sebenico.
• * 1.773

  Scutary, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.774

  Weights of Scutary.
• * 1.775

  Measures of Scutary.
• * 1.776

  Of Grain.
• * 1.777

  Valona, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.778

  Weight of Valona.
• * 1.779

  Measures of Valona.
• * 1.780

  Larta, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.781

  Weights in Larta.
• * 1.782

  Lepanto, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.783

  Weights of Lepanto.
• * 1.784

  Measure of Lepanto.
• * 1.785

  The ancient Corinth.
• * 1.786

  Misene.
• * 1.787

  Argos.
• * 1.788

  Epidaurus.
• * 1.789

  Sparta.
• * 1.790

  Arcadian Plains.
• * 1.791

  Olympians.
• * 1.792

  Salonica, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.793

  Weights of Salonica.
• * 1.794

  Measures of Salonica.
• * 1.795

  Siderocapse rich in Mines of Gold.
• * 1.796

  Mount Athos.
• * 1.797

  Achaia,
• * 1.798

  Athens.
• * 1.799

  Marathron.
• * 1.800

  Megara.
• * 1.801

  Thebes.
• * 1.802

  Thermopilae.
• * 1.803

  Parnassus.
• * 1.804

  Epyrus.
• * 1.805

  Albania.
• * 1.806

  Macedonia.
• * 1.807

  Thessalia.
• * 1.808

  Migdonia.
• * 1.809

  Thracia.
• * 1.810

  Calipolis.
• * 1.811

  Adrianople.
• * 1.812

  Pera.
• * 1.813

  Constantino∣ple; and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.814

  Canes.
• * 1.815

  Canes. Besesternes.
• * 1.816

  Commodities found in Con∣stantinople.
• * 1.817

  Commodities sent from Eng∣land to Con∣stantinople.
• * 1.818

  Accompts in Constanti∣nople.
• * 1.819

  Coins current in Turkey.
• * 1.820

  Weights in Constanti∣nople.
• * 1.821

  To bring Lo∣deros into Oaks.
• * 1.822

  Weights of Constanti∣nople. with other Countries.
• * 1.823

  Measures of Constanti∣nople.
• * 1.824

  Corn measure.
• * 1.825

  Wine and Oil.
• * 1.826

  Customs of Constanti∣nople.
• * 1.827

  Miseteria.
• * 1.828

  Gallattae.
• * 1.829

  Emine.
• * 1.830

  The Govern∣ment of the English in Constanti∣nople.
• * 1.831

  Mr. Alderman Garaway at present being Governor, and Mr. William Cockaine. De∣puty, to whom I owe this grateful ac∣knowledg∣ment, as to those who have lent me their ready furtherance in this Work.
• * 1.832

  The English Nation the greatest Tra∣ders into Tur∣ky of Christi∣ans.
• * 1.833

  The Veneti∣ans being se∣cond.
• * 1.834

  The French being the third.
• * 1.835

  The Dutch being the last and least.
• * 1.836

  The Trade of the Citizens of Constantinople
• * 1.837

  Galipolis.
• * 1.838

  Tenedos.
• * 1.839

  Samothracia.
• * 1.840

  Lemnos.
• * 1.841

  Terra Sigillata.
• * 1.842

  Scio.
• * 1.843

  Mastick.
• * 1.844

  Scio, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.845

  Accounts in Scio.
• * 1.846

  Weights of Scio.
• * 1.847

  Measures in Scio.
• * 1.848

  Lesbos.
• * 1.849

  Negroponte.
• * 1.850

  Seiros. Salamais.
• * 1.851

  Delos.
• * 1.852

  Semos.
• * 1.853

  Coos.
• * 1.854

  Pathmos.
• * 1.855

  Rhodes, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.856

  Commodities of Rhodes.
• * 1.857

  Accounts in Rhodes.
• * 1.858

  Coins current in Rhodes.
• * 1.859

  Weights in Rhodes.
• * 1.860

  Measures in Rhodes.
• * 1.861

  Candia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.862

  Commodities of Candia.
• * 1.863

  Suda, a brave Harbour.
• * 1.864

  Coins current in Candia.
• * 1.865

  Weights in Candia.
• * 1.866

  Measures of Candia.
• * 1.867

  Of Wines.
• * 1.868

  Cerigo.
• * 1.869

  Strival.
• * 1.870

  Cursalari.
• * 1.871

  Corfu.
• * 1.872

  Corfu, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.873

  Weights in Corfu.
• * 1.874

  Measures in Corfu
• * 1.875

  of Corn.
• * 1.876

  Wine.
• * 1.877

  Salt.
• * 1.878

  Saint Mauro.
• * 1.879

  Ithaca.
• * 1.880

  Zephalonia.
• * 1.881

  Zant.
• * 1.882

  Zant, Zeffa∣lonia, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.883

  Commodities of these Islands.
• * 1.884

  Currants in Zant, Zeffa∣tonia and The∣aca.
• * 1.885

  Coins current in Zant, &c.
• * 1.886

  Accounts in Zant, &c.
• * 1.887

  Weights of Zant, &c.
• * 1.888

  Measures in Zant, &c.
• * 1.889

  Of Oyls.
• * 1.890

  Of Wines.
• * 1.891

  Of Corn.
• * 1.892

  Customs of Zant, &c.
• * 1.893

  Adriatick Islands.
• * 1.894

  Commodities.
• * 1.895

  Zara, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.896

  Moneys of Zara.
• * 1.897

  Weights of Zara.
• * 1.898

  Measures of Zara.
• * 1.899

  Sicilia, and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.900

  Commodities.
• * 1.901

  Mount Hibla.
• * 1.902

  Mount Aetna.
• * 1.903

  Division into 3 Provinces.
• * 1.904

  Palermo, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.905

  Accounts in Palermo and all Sicilia.
• * 1.906

  Moneys cur∣rent in Sicilia.
• * 1.907

  Weights in Palermo.
• * 1.908

  Some have found it to yield 148 l. English.
• * 1.909

  Measures of length.
• * 1.910

  Of Corn.
• * 1.911

  Of Salt.
• * 1.912

  Of Oyls.
• * 1.913

  Customs of Sicilia.
• * 1.914

  Exchanges.
• * 1.915

  With Naples.
• * 1.916

  With Rome.
• * 1.917

  With Valentia.
• * 1.918

  With Messina.
• * 1.919

  Messina, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.920

  Coins current in Messina.
• * 1.921

  Note.
• * 1.922

  Measures in Messina.
• * 1.923

  Customs of Messina.
• * 1.924

  Fairs of Messina.
• * 1.925

  Malta.
• * 1.926

  Corsica.
• * 1.927

  Sardinia.
• * 1.928

  Commodities. of Sardinia.
• * 1.929

  Callary, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.930

  Monies of Callary.
• * 1.931

  Weights in Sardinia.
• * 1.932

  Measures of Sardinia.
• * 1.933

  Majorca, and Minorca, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.934

  Commodities of Majorca, &c
• * 1.935

  Monies in Majorca.
• * 1.936

  Accounts.
• * 1.937

  Weights of Majorca.
• * 1.938

  Cargo.
• * 1.939

  Measures in Majorca. &c.
• * 1.940

  Of Oyls, and how they are laden, and the account there∣of made up in Majorca.
• * 1.941

  Ivisa.
• * 1.942

  Ivisa, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.943

  Of Salt.
• * 1.944

  Lesser Islands of the Mediter∣ranean Seas.
• * 1.945

  Northern Islands.
• * 1.946

  Willoughbies.
• * 1.947

  Nova Zembla.
• * 1.948

  Frisland.
• * 1.949

  Island.
• * 1.950

  Gronland.
• * 1.951

  Orcades 32.
• * 1.952

  Pomonia.
• * 1.953

  Hebrides 44.
• * 1.954

  Sorlings 145
• * 1.955

  Man.
• * 1.956

  Anglesey.
• * 1.957

  Beaumares.
• * 1.958

  Jarsey.
• * 1.959

  Garnsey.
• * 1.960

  Wight.
• * 1.961

  Ireland, and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.962

  Munster 1.
• * 1.963

  Connaught 2.
• * 1.964

  Ʋlster 3.
• * 1.965

  Meth 4.
• * 1.966

  Lempster 5.
• * 1.967

  Of Dublin, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.968

  Commodities of Ireland.
• * 1.969

  Coins of Ire∣land.
• * 1.970

  Exchanges of Ireland.
• * 1.971

  Weights and Measures as in England.
• * 1.972

  Of the Trade in general of Ireland.
• * 1.973

  Scotland, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.974

  Commodities of Scotland.
• * 1.975

  Edenburg and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.976

  Monies of Scotland.
• * 1.977

  Exchanges in Scotland.
• * 1.978

  Accounts in Scotland.
• * 1.979

  Weights of Scotland.
• * 1.980

  Measures of length. 120 for 100.
• * 1.981

  Britain, and the Provinces thereof.
• * 1.982

  Of Wales, and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.983

  Commodities of Wales.
• * 1.984

  Four Circuits in VVales.
• * 1.985

  Four Dioceses.
• * 1.986

  Twelve Shires.
• * 1.987

  England and the Cities thereof.
• * 1.988

  Cornwal.
• * 1.989

  St. Ives in Cornwal, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.990

  Devon 2.
• * 1.991

  Dorset 3.
• * 1.992

  Somerset 4.
• * 1.993

  Of Taunton.
• * 1.994

  Wiltshire 5.
• * 1.995

  Hampshire 6.
• * 1.996

  Barkshire 7.
• * 1.997

  Surrey 8.
• * 1.998

  Sussex 9.
• * 1.999

  Kent 10.
• * 1.1000

  Gloucester 11.
• * 1.1001

  Oxford 12.
• * 1.1002

  Buckingh. 13.
• * 1.1003

  Bedford 14.
• * 1.1004

  Hertford 15.
• * 1.1005

  Middlesex 16.
• * 1.1006

  Essex 17.
• * 1.1007

  Suffolk 18.
• * 1.1008

  Norfolk 19.
• * 1.1009

  A Description of the City of Norwich, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.1010

  Cambridge 20
• * 1.1011

  Huntington 21
• * 1.1012

  Northamp. 22
• * 1.1013

  Leicester 23.
• * 1.1014

  Rutland 24.
• * 1.1015

  Lincoln 25.
• * 1.1016

  Nottingh. 20.
• * 1.1017

  Darby 27.
• * 1.1018

  Warwick 28.
• * 1.1019

  Worcester 29
• * 1.1020

  Stafford 30.
• * 1.1021

  Shropshire 31
• * 1.1022

  Chester 32.
• * 1.1023

  Hereford 33.
• * 1.1024

  Yorkshire 34.
• * 1.1025

  Richmond 35
• * 1.1026

  Durham 36
• * 1.1027

  Lancashire 37
• * 1.1028

  Westmerl. 38.
• * 1.1029

  Cumberlan. 39.
• * 1.1030

  Northumb. 40
• * 1.1031

  Berwick.
• * 1.1032

  Shires of Wales.
• * 1.1033

  Anglesey 1.
• * 1.1034

  Flint 2.
• * 1.1035

  Denbigh 3.
• * 1.1036

  Canarvan 4.
• * 1.1037

  Merioneth 5.
• * 1.1038

  Montgomery 6
• * 1.1039

  Cardigan 7.
• * 1.1040

  Pembroke 8.
• * 1.1041

  Caermarden 9
• * 1.1042

  Glamorgan 10
• * 1.1043

  Monmouth 11
• * 1.1044

  Brecknock 12.
• * 1.1045

  Radnor 13.
• * 1.1046

  Commodities of England.
• * 1.1047

  Beauty of England.
• * 1.1048

  London, and the Trade thereof.
• * 1.1049

  Merchants of London.
• * 1.1050

  Merchants Ad∣venturers, and their Original and places of Residence.
• * 1.1051

  Barbary Mer∣chants, their Original and Ruine.
• * 1.1052

  Levant Mer∣chants and their Original.
• * 1.1053

  East-India Merchants, and their Ori∣ginal.
• * 1.1054

  Moscovia, East∣land, Green∣land, French, and Spanish Merchants, and their Originals
• * 1.1055

  Coins current in England of Silver.
• * 1.1056

  Of Gold.
• * 1.1057

  Accounts in England.
• * 1.1058

  Weights in England.
• * 1.1059

  Troy Weight.
• * 1.1060

  Weight with Measure.
• * 1.1061

  Assize.
• * 1.1062

  Averdupois.
• * 1.1063

  Troy & Aver∣dupois compa∣red for the Weight of Bread.
• * 1.1064

  Cheese weight.
• * 1.1065

  Wool weight.
• * 1.1066

  Herrings mea∣sure.
• * 1.1067

  Lead weight.
• * 1.1068

  Three Quin∣tars used in England.
• * 1.1069

  First 100 l.
• * 1.1070

  Second 112 l.
• * 1.1071

  Third 120 l.
• * 1.1072

  Troy weight for Gold and Silver compa∣red with other Countries.
• * 1.1073

  Weights used in Physick, and their parts.
• * 1.1074

  The reduction of some fo∣reign current Coins to the Engl. sterling.
• * 1.1075

  Pounds foreig. to Pounds Eng∣lish reduced.
• * 1.1076

  Measures in England.
• * 1.1077

  1. A Yard.
• * 1.1078

  2. An Ell.
• * 1.1079

  3. A Goad.
• * 1.1080

  The coursesies of Londoners.
• * 1.1081

  Tret.
• * 1.1082

  Closse.
• * 1.1083

  Shaftner.
• * 1.1084

  Measures of London com∣pared.
• * 1.1085

  Measures fo∣reign to Eng∣lish measure reduced.
• * 1.1086

  Use of the for∣mer Table threefold.
• * 1.1087

  2. Use.
• * 1.1088

  3 Use.
• * 1.1089

  Measures of Land in use.
• * 1.1090

  Board, Glass, Hangings, &c.
• * 1.1091

  Dry measures of Grain.
• * 1.1092

  Liquid Mea∣sures in Eng∣land.
• * 1.1093

  A declaration of the Stan∣dard for cloth-making, made in the fourth year of Ring James.
• * 1.1094

  Sack of Wool.
• * 1.1095

  Breadth, weights, and measures of English cloths.
• * 1.1096

  Tin in Eng∣land.
• * 1.1097

  Lead in Eng∣land.
• * 1.1098

  Corn measure, with other Countries.
• * 1.1099

  Measures of Salt compared with other places.
• * 1.1100

  Measures of Sea-coal com∣pared with ••o∣ther places.
• * 1.1101

  Measures of Wine.
• * 1.1102

  Observations for the lading of a Ship by weight and measure.
• * 1.1103

  Exchanges of London.
• * 1.1104

  Of the Trade in general of England.
• * 1.1105

  The real worth of the English Trade.
• * 1.1106

  The East-In∣dia Company.
• * 1.1107

  The Turky Company.
• * 1.1108

  The Merchant Adventurers.
• * 1.1109

  The Eastland and Moscovia Company.
• * 1.1110

  The French Merchants.
• * 1.1111

  The Spanish Merchants.
• * 1.1112

  The Italian Company.
• * 1.1113

  The Navigati∣on of the Eng∣lish famous throughout Europe.
• * 1.1114

  In America.
• * 1.1115

  In Africa.
• * 1.1116

  In Asia.