A medicinal dispensatory, containing the whole body of physick discovering the natures, properties, and vertues of vegetables, minerals, & animals, the manner of compounding medicaments, and the way to administer them : methodically digested in five books of philosophical and pharmaceutical institutions, three books of physical materials galenical and chymical : together with a most perfect and absolute pharmacopoea or apothecaries shop : accommodated with three useful tables / composed by the illustrious Renodæus ... ; and now Englished and revised, by Richard Tomlinson of London, apothecary.

JO. RENODAEUS, Medick, his five Books of Phy∣sical Institutions.

Of Election of Medicaments. His first Book.

CHAP. I. What Pharmacy is, and its use.

PHARMACY is the second part [a] 1.1 of a curing Medicine, which is [b] 1.2 effected by Drugs; or it is an Art, shewing the way; first, to select; secondly, to prepare; thirdly, to mix Medicaments: for in these three things consists the whole Body of Phar∣macy; which affords a wholsome Remedy to every Disease; for Nature (the best Parent) in her Physical operation hath opposed a Contrary to every thing: but through imbecillity; or some other accident, cannot alwayes attain to the end for which it was [c] 1.3 ordained; for mans life being short, sooner yieldeth to Fate, tha•• it can attain to Art; which was the reason why Hippocra∣tes complained, (Epist ad Dameget) that he was an old man, and had not yet acquired the end of Physick. And truly no wonder; for this Art is very long and difficult, treating of all sublunary things crea∣ted for mans supportation; [d] 1.4 primarily, for nutriment; secon∣darily, for cure, or any help conducing to health.

The Materials therefore of Medicine are many, * 1.5 and almost innu∣merable; insomuch that the Bowels of the Earth do swell there∣with, and its superficies deck'd and adorn'd with variety of Herbs

and Flowers, as with an Ornament; nothing flyeth or doth move in the Air, nothing groweth or doth swim in the Seas, which may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be made use of to humane remedy; for health many times is main∣tained and procented by most vise and contemptible things, as by a [e] 1.6 Snail, Snake, Dung, &c. From Medicaments we often receive 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 often become [f] 1.7 medicinal.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 then is to be deemed praise worthy, and esteemed of honourably, which affords and ministers the Instruments of Medi∣cine, to wit, Drugs; for the sacred Scriptures shew, that they were not onely extant from the beginning, but also [g] 1.8 created of the most High for the good of man: for God created all living Creatures, Vegetables, and Medicinal materials, purely for the service of man; out of which, our Fore fathers, by their industry, (out of regard to their healths) found out many occult virtues, and thereby prolonged their lives to old age.

King [h] 1.9 Ezechias was sick even to death, and was recovered by the prescript of Isaiah, with a Plaster made of Figs, and applyed to the place affected.

Mithridates freed himself from all pestilence and poyson, with an Antidote of his confection, which derived its name from him; inso∣much that being not able with Poyson, he put a period to his dayes with his own Sword.

Emperours in time past thought it a Princely thing to prepare and carry about them certain convenient Medicaments upon all occasi∣ons and accidents, * 1.10 and withall to present them to those persons, of what degree soever, whose favour they sought for, as a sufficient in∣ducement to an obligation of gratitude. For this end and purpose Cambyses sent Unguents and Spices to the King of Egypt, (as a Pre∣sent becoming so sublime a Person) therewith to preserve his health. For it is more safe for a King or Captain in his Tent to want his Backler and Helmet, than salubrious remedies fit and convenient for all accidents of Ware hence many wise men have more estermed of wholsome Medicines, than a rich Treasure. It is reported of Dariue, that he so much valued a certain Balsam, that he not onely reposed it amongst his pretious goods, but preferred it before all his outward enjoyments. We reade the same of the Emperour Tiberius, who alwayes carried with him Trochisks, a certain epidemical remedy.

Kings also are wont not onely to command a Box or Bottle of Oil and Balsam, to be ready in their Tents, but also a whole Apotheca∣ries Shop, furnished with variety of operating Medicaments for help and comfort, whereby they have oftentimes freed themselves and Army from great perils that would otherwise have accrued, and sometimes from death it self.

Hence Physicians are called. Dii ••ntelarii, * 1.11 Tutelary Gods; or; as Gul•••• hath it, [i] 1.12 the Sons of Apolle: hence Heraphitus calls [k] 1.13 Me∣dicaments, Gods omnipresent hand, which frees the fick from the danger of their diseases, and restores perfect health; whence a cer∣tain

Antidote is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i e. equal to God, because it is en∣dued with power to operate, as from a Deity. And in Mirepsius, another Antidote is called [l] 1.14 Sanitas, i. e. health. Another also by the same Mirepsius is called [m] 1.15 Theodoretos, i. e. the gift of God, by reason of its excellent virtue incuring internal and external maladies.

This medicinal Art doth prepare and afford infinite Medicines of admirable virtue, and wonderfull operation, which no publick City, nor private Family can want, without manifest prejudice, and great detriment to the preservation of their healths; nay, it is of such a transcendent worth, that God would not have his Tabernacle desti∣tute of this Art; and therefore [n] 1.16 Moses anointed it with holy Oil, compounded of Myrrhe, Cinamon, Calamus, Cassia, and Oil.

Joseph also had Pharmacy in great esteem; for when his Father Jacob dyed, (Gen. 50.) he commanded his Servants and Physicians to imbalm his Corps. Is this Art therefore to be contemned and de∣spised, that is by Holy Writ thus honoured? which affords to the sound a preservative, to the sick a remedy, and to the dead honour and renown.

CHAP. II. What an Apothecary is, and ought to be; and what also is his Subject, Object, and End.

AS a Chirurgeon takes his denomination from his Vocation, * 1.17 or Art, whereby he cures external distempers dexterously, quick∣ly, safely, and easily: so doth the Pharmacopoean derive his name from the Physick which he makes, or rather aptly compounds into a convenient Medicine. So also is the Druggist nominated from those Simples and Drugs he sels; as the Apothecary from the Apothectes, or Shop where his Medicines are placed; who in times past was called a Seplasiary, from Seplasia, a Market-place in Capua, where the best odoriferous Unguents are made. But these names are often used indistinctly, and the concertation about the bare denomination, is vain and frivolous, when the substance is in handling.

Probity is not so requisite in a Philosopher as an Apothecary, * 1.18 whose sole work is to prepare Medicines for the Physicians admini∣stration, either for preserving, or procuring health, for in his hands consists health and sickness, life and death; and he hath free power in the composure of his Physick, not onely to obstruct the current of health, but also deprive us of life, when he is wickedly bent there∣unto,

either out of malice or ignorance; so that if Hippocrates be be∣nest and upright, it's no matter if Socrates be a Knave.

But first of all, * 1.19 an Apothecary ought to be a Lover of Piety, one that fears God, voyd of Envy and Malice, of a found judgement, well skilled in Gra••••ar, of a good competency; not covetous, p••∣tient of labour, of great industry, not given to corpulency and epi∣curism, one that makes conscienceof his actions; for an Atheist, as he doth not respect the Cueat••••, so neither the Creature; and an en∣vious man rep••••es at 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the••••mans good; and a foolish man hath an inseparable property in him, viz. a desire to hurt; and the unskilfull thinks nothings 〈◊〉〈◊〉 but what he doth himself; and the covetous man is good to nooe, worst to himself; and a poor man is easily cor∣rupted, for need will compell him to deal distonestry.

They also 〈…〉〈…〉 or thy of the name and dignity of the Profession, who are by natural jaclination Scoffers, Drunkards, Jesters, Volup∣tuous, Frroneous, Garrulous, Impostors, Jugglers, Day lurkers, and Deceivers, who with gilded pretences do deceive the Vulgar with trifles, guiles, boastings, va••••promises, adulation, and lyes, cheat them of their moneys, deprive them of their health, and by their de∣lusion bring their lives in jeopardy. Therefore nothingis more noxi∣ous to the Republick, of a greater stain and blemish to the honour of the Profession, and scandalous to good Letters, than these kinde of men, who ought to be eschewed as the vilest of Creatures, and their company avoyded as pestilentious.

But whereas the subject of Pharmacy and Medicine is all one, viz. mans body, as it is capable of health or sickness, the Physician and Apothecary ought to participate of many good qualities, as pru∣dence, experience, diligence, and knowledge of Medicaments.

The subject of Pharmacy is the Materials of Medicine; * 1.20 the end and scope thereof, the due composure of the same; and the Apothe∣cary that dares to attempt or assay further, breaks his bounds and li∣mits, and is to be accounted a Mountebank, a Quack, and Decei∣ver.

I have known in France many Apothecaries, * 1.21 amongst whom I found some bold Attempters in the practick part of Physick, who with flattery, and large promises of great wonders, did deceive the richer sort of women; whom they did not onely deprive of their money, but by exhibiting incongruous Medicines, operating contra naturaus, without method, or due observation, left their bodyes more diseased, than in statu quo prius.

And others also, who by their cunning sophistry did circumvent certain men of knowledge and repute, even the Senators themselves, (Plin. c. 1. lib. 29.) by stiling themselves Phyficians, Learned men, and the like; they would feel the Pulse, look upon the Urine, and discourse of the Causes, Symptomes, Prognosticks, and Cure of Diseases; pretend to great things, promise far greater, and so assert many ridiculous things, and prescribe Medicines that rather augment

than abate of the we he mency of the distomper; and this they impi∣ously thrust their. Sickle into the Physicians harvest, and most unjust∣ly exercise Pharmacy, to the great prejudice of many, by confiding in a bare Recipe; without either giving cause or reason why it ought to be administred; for we ought not to rest and rely upon the judge∣ment of antient Sciolists, who assert meerly upon their bare testimo∣ny, and single apprehension, certain Medicines, which may prove benign and agreeable to Constitution at some certain time; and thereupon pre••und to be safely exhibited at all times, without ad∣vice. As for instance, [o] 1.22 Lettice unseasonably, and in too great a quantity administred, may as easily kill as Hemlock; it is both nu∣trime•••• and poyson, accordingly as 'tis used. Doth not daily experi∣ence manifest, that more perish by surfeting, than any other distem∣per? Doth not Wine (though most agreeable to our nature) destroy more than War•••• For though it be very cordial, and as it were the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 & sanguis senectutis, as it were old mens milk, and restorative to life, yet taken at an unfit season, and immoderately, proves noxi∣ou•• ••nd destructive.

The office therefore of an Apothecary is onely to exercise or compose certain Ingredients to a medicinal form, * 1.23 and to adhibit them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 account manner to salutiferous use, according to the prescript of some ••ilfull Physician: which, that he may with good success ac∣complish, and answer the expectation of the Physician, he ought, first, to select his ingredie••ts; secondly; to prepare them; and thirdly, to compound them; of which we intend to speak in order. But before we treat of the first, let us enquire what a Medica∣ment is.

CHAP. III. What a Medicament is, and what an Aliment, and what a Medium between both.

THE whole Man is a whole Disease, saith Hippocrates, (Epist. ad Damog.) for such is he when he proceeds into the world from the inquination of the wombe, that he is ready for the Phy∣sician, by reason of his imperfections and diseases which he is liable to, either as a consequent from the dissent of the four qualities, or from the ill use of such things which Nature appointed for••ut••••∣ment, but through the abuse thereof causes innumerable Diseases in the Body; which the medicinal Art (out of a due observation there∣of) doth infallibly either prevent or cure, either by the prescript of

a wholsome Diet, or by Medicaments, either internally assumed, or externally applyed, as Hippocrates describes; Lib. de diata, & Gal. de sanis.

And these are either simple, which for the most part Hippocrates used, or compounded according to Art; they are called Simples, which remain, and are as Nature produced them; as Cassia, Rha∣barb, Polipody, Colocynth, with many others, which have onely ob∣tained their natural composition of the four Elements. But they are called Compounds, which consist of many Simples of divers virtues noited together by Art and Industry.

Now a Medicament differs from Aliment, * 1.24 thus: for that is called a Medicament, which being either internally assumed, or externally applyed, can work an alteration in our bodyes, as Pepper, Euphor∣bium, Pelitory, &c.

And that is called Aliment, * 1.25 which internally assumed, doth nou∣rish and augment the body, as Bread, Wine, the flesh of all flying and four footed Creatures, except ravenous and rapacious; for those Creatures that live by rape, are of an evil humour, and engender ill blood, and are to be rejected as unclean. And therefore in Divine Writ, the Israelites were forbidden to eat either Eagle, Vulture, Griffon, Raven, Hawk, or the like; and we, according to this Sa∣cred Decree, do prudently abstain from the flesh of Foxes, Wolves, Lyons, and such rapacious Creatures.

Now the medium between both, * 1.26 is a medicinal Aliment, which sympathetically partakes of both natures; for it partly nourisheth, and partly altereth the body, as Lettice, Radish root, Gourd, Gar∣lick, and many such like. As there is betwixt Aliment and Medica∣ment a certain medium, so also is there betwixt Nutriment and Poy∣son; for the one preserveth, refresheth, and augmenteth; the other destroyes, kils, and corrupts; betwixt both there is a Medicament, which doth effect neither.

CHAP. IV Of the antient use of Simples alone, and of their admirable proprieties.

GAlen observes out of Hippocrates, Lib. de Elem. that a man could never be sick, if he consisted onely of one Element, for then every mans Nature would be one, the Effect one, the Cause of his return to his natural station one. But now the absurdity lyes in this, that whereas the species of diseases are infinite, so also the reme∣dies

both simple and compound, that are to be appropriated there∣unto, are almost influmerable.

Those Medicaments that are compounded, and yet fearmed simple, are but comparatively and improperly so stiled, in as much as they are referred to others more compound, as Oximel simplex, Diapru∣num simplex, and the like: but the Rose, Endive, Psantain, Mine, Wormwood, and all kinde of Vegetables that are created, which have received no composition or mixture by Art, are properly called Simples by Physicians; which they sometimes use alone, as the juice of Plantain for astringent Lotions; the juice of Water Lillies ad E∣rysipileta, or St. Anthonies fire; the juice of Betony the Canker, with which it hath an admirable sympathy; the juice of Vine-ten∣dress, by Galens advice, against the Shingles; the fresh or meat of Quinces, applyed plaisterwise to the region of the stomack, against choler, and assumed against the bloody flux, the body being first purged; as also Betony against Cephalalgia; as almost all Plants to the expelling of most Diseases.

That which is recorded of many Plants exceeds credit, which pro∣duce admirable effects; for the root of Peony applyed to the head, or hung about the neck, doth cure the Epilepsy; Mint put into milk hinders its coagulation and condensation into Cheese, as it hath been proved by men of good credit.

The herb AEthiopis (if Fliny speaks true) cap. 4. lib. 26. * 1.27 will pull off Iron if it be touched; which Matthiolus also asserts of the herb Lunary, or Moon-wort, which because it wresteth off Iron shoes from travelling horses, is called by the Italians Sferra cavallo.

The Author of Libri sanitatis doth aver with Tribius, that the Bird called Pye, shutting the orifice of her nest, can cause the doors to fly open onely by the touch of a certain herb; some attribute this vertue onely to the Bird, others to the herb. Theophrastus, a most skilfull Herbalist, makes mention of a certain herb, which so powerfully pro∣vokes to Lustfull Couplation, that if the Noble Author speaks true, it is more than credible that Nature hath devoted this to the cold and weak constitutions, as the Nymphea to the lecherous.

Clymenum rubrum, or Pile wort, * 1.28 hath such power in curing the Piles, that whoso carries with him the root of this herb, shall be pre∣served safe from this Disease. It is scarce credible, that which Jose∣phus writes of that admirable Plant which is called B••ard, from Baa∣ran a Valley of Judaea, which being sprung out of the earth, doth cast out a certain bright fulgur, and in the night shines like a burning Lamp; which cannot be touched by any, unless it be first wet with urine, or womans blood, for otherwise who ever toucheth it, presently dyed; but by the afore said sprinkling, it may be cradicated, by which it loses its destructive quality. And that which was most wonderfull, it cured Mad men, and Demomacks; which when the Inhabitants adjoyning perceived, they very discreetly tyed a Dog fast to it, which incited or compelled by hunger, or called upon, with much struggling pulled up the Plant.

Many other Miracles doth God work in this his Foot stool, the estimation whereof, Experience alone doth teach. Yet hath he pro∣duced nothing any way noxious to Mankinde, to which he hath not ordained a convenient and wholsome Remedy; * 1.29 for he opposes one Contrary to another, and one Dissentany to another. As to the herb Wolfs-bane he hath opposed Aristoloch. Long. to Hemlock, Smallidge seed; to Henbane, Garlick; to Helmet-flower, Radish∣seed; to a Viper, wilde Bugloss; to Scorpions. Trefoile or Jas∣mine; the root of which doth vindicate and preserve the Bearer from bitings by Scorpions, or frees him from pain that is bitten; his hands also that are anointed with the juice of May weed, cannot be stung with Bees or Wasps.

It will not be beyond our scope here to take notice of the various natures of Plants; for some are green, and flourish in the middle of Winter, as Wolfs-bane, and black Hellebor; other Plants in the Equinoctial, or Spring tide; others in the heat of Summer, and some in Autumn; at which time all others are, for the most or greatest part, deprived both of leaves and flowers.

CHAP. V. Of the matter of Medicaments, and whence it proceeds.

THE principal differences of medicinal Ingredients, as well for∣reign as domestick, are taken either from their matter or facul∣ties. From the Matter, which according to Dioscorides and Galen, is three-fold; whereupon three general differences of Medicaments do arise, to wit, drawn either from Plants, Minerals, or Ani∣mals.

In the first genus are contained all kinds of Plants, * 1.30 their several parts, and what is deduced from them, as roots, barks, stalks, woods, boughs, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, gums, rosins, juices, drops, li∣quors, missel-dews, mosses, cottens, nuts.

In the second are contained the Elements themselves, as Fire, Flame, Smoke; Air, serene, or turbid, hot, cold, moyst, or dry; Water, pleasant, salt, winy, saltish, clammy, sulphurous, tasting of Nitre, Brass or Iron; all kinds of Earth, as Bole, Terra Lemnia, Mellitea, Chymolia, Rubrica, Ampelitis, Erithrea, Ochra, Creta, and in a word, all Minerals which are digged out of the Bowels of the Earth; as the several kinds of Stones, as the Lapis Ethites, Cyaneus, seu Lazuli, * 1.31 Judaicus; as also Metals, which are acknowledged by

all to be seven, Gold, Silver, Tin, Lead, Iron, Copper, and Quick∣silver, according to the number of the Planets, whence according to the Spagyrians, they borrow their names. These also are improperly referred to the Minerals, Bistumen Petrol, all kinds of Salts, Cal∣chanth, and Amber.

In the third genus are contained all Animals, whether Integrals, * 1.32 or In-parts. Integrals, as an old Cock in pottage, to make the belly laxative, and to nourish the body; a Swallow eaten, for to quicken the eye sight; a roasted Lark, against the Collick; Crab fishes, for such as are in Consumptions; old Scorpions, against their bitings; Cantharides, for Ruptures.

Parts of Animals, as the brains of Sparrows against Stimulum ve∣neris, Hairs brain, against Tooth-ach in Children, Fox lungs against the consumption of the Lungs, Wolfs liver against the consumption of the Liver, an Asses liver against the Epilepsy, the intestines of a Wolf against the Collick passions, the back of Stinci marini against the stifness of the Yard, Goats blood against the Stone, Partridge or Kites gall to clear the eyes, Cran. Human. against the Falling sick∣ness, the bone in the heart of a Hart against doting or roving, Boars tooth against the Plurisy, an Elephants tooth to corroborate the heart, Monoceros or Rhinoceros horns to infringe Poyson, an Elks hoof a∣gainst the Falling sickness.

There are also yet many other parts of Animals, whence Medica∣ments are assumed, as Marrow, Suet, the fat of Calves, Harts, Hogs, Kids, Ducks, Capons and Geese, the milk of Women, Asses, and Sheep, Cheese, Butter, Curds, Cream, Whey, Butter-milk, Hens eggs, Fish-shels, the hairs and other excrements of Animals, which we particularly prescribe in the composition of Medicaments in our Pharmacopoeia.

CHAP. VI. Of the faculties of Medicaments, and how many sorts there be accordingly.

THE faculty of a Medicament is a certain efficient cause, * 1.33 on which its action depends, (Gal. l. de plenitud. & lib. 1. de simp:) whence we gather, that the faculties are answerable in number to the actions, as it is demonstrable in Aloes,

and many other simple Medicaments; * 1.34 for Aloes hath a faculty of purging, corroborating the Ventricle, killing and expelling Worms, and exiccating the humours of the head.

Every Medicament therefore, as to its faculty, is three-fold, altera∣tive, purgative, and corroborative. That is said to be alterative, which is either internally assumed, or externally applyed, and so doth work a manifest mutation on our bodies, and that according to Fernelius, ei∣ther in temperament, * 1.35 in matter or form; whence arise three kinds of alterative Medicaments; first, that which impensly heats, cools, moystneth, or dryeth; secondly, that which changeth the commo∣deration and consistency of the matter: so as either too much to obdurate or mollify, too much to rarify or condense, too much to bind or loose, too much to thicken or attenuate; thirdly, which cor∣rupteth or weakneth the substance or form it self, such as besides their manifest quality, whereby they heat, erode, refrigerate, or stupify, by a certain occult propriety, and so destroy the substance it self, and in∣duce corruption with nauscousness, as Cicuta, Anchora, Napellas, A∣conitum, Sublimatum, and many more; some are noxious to the whole body, as the fore-named; others to certain peculiar parts, as the Sea-hare to the Lungs, Cantharides to the Bladder, Wolfs-bane to the Womb, Hemlock to the Brain.

The roborative, * 1.36 or as vulgarly tearmed, strengthening Medica∣ment, is that which with or by a certain propriety respects Corrobo∣rates, and conserves some part of our body, as Cephalick medica∣ments to the head, Otick to the ears, Ophthalmick to the eyes, Oden∣tick to the teeth, Stomatick to the mouth, Stomachick to the sto∣mack, Cordial to the heart, Hepatick to the liver, Splenetick to the spleen, Nephritick to the reins, Hysterick to the belly, Nervical to nerves; of which or most shall be spoken to in their places.

The Cathartick or purgative Medicament is that which extracts a vitious and excrementious humour out of the body. * 1.37 Now that which promiscuously and generally expels all humours out of the body, cannot truly be called purgative, as Antimonium, Cataputia major, and the like, but such as educes and purges proper and congruent hu∣mours, to which its faculty is directed and ordained; for those more violent Medicaments do often precipitate us to death, of which Galen speaks, when he * 1.38 saith, that a Purge hath a certain deletary and poy∣sonous quality; which Actuarius thus confirmeth; Purgative Medi∣caments in a general notion (saith he) are accounted to be such as pro∣create destruction, and by most adjudged deletary, poysonous, and morti∣ferous: but they differ from those which are absolutely poyson, or of greater power to hurt, in that they kill rather by quantity, than cor∣rupting.

And there is such an antipathy betwixt our nature and Purgations, that the very smell of them is inacceptable; which no sooner ap∣proaches to the nostrils of some persons, but it affects the whole bo∣dy; in some it subverts the Ventricle, and in others it contracts the

belly. But of the faculty of Purges, how it acts, and whence it pro∣ceeds, shall be largely treated of in the ninth Chapter.

CHAP. VII. Of the first and second Faculties of Medica∣ments.

WHereas simple Medicaments have often two, sometimes three faculties incorporated, we will speak of them in order. The first is called Simple and Elementary, which arises from the commixtion of the four Elements. The second, substantial or ma∣terial, which proceeds from a commoderation and consistency of the matter, in which the four qualities inhere in a divers proportion. And there is something found besides these, a third, namely purga∣tive, which Fernelius calls an occult quality. And Sylvius, with o∣thers of no mean knowledge, affirm four qualities to be universally resident in some Medicament, whereof he asserts the third to be little known, and the fourth altogether unknown, yet both these are often taken for one and the same: for whatever Medicament acts by any inexplicable, or not sufficiently perspicuous property, not proceeding from the first or second qualities, are said to act from the third qua∣lities, or property of the whole substance, or occult virtue.

The first faculty of Medicaments is common, * 1.39 and as it were the Basis of the rest, proceeding immediately from the Elements them∣selves, and it consists chiefly in calefaction, refrigeration, moystning, or drying; in every of which it is seen either obscurely, as when it acts in the first degree; or apparently, as in the second; or vehe∣mently, as in the third; or perfectly, as in the fourth; and that ei∣ther in the beginning, middle, or end of every one: * 1.40 so that there are twelve orders of hot, cold, moyst and dry Medicaments, which take place amongst them that have conjugated faculties, which are either hot and moyst, or hot and dry, or cold and dry; for they produce these faculties not onely obscurely, manifestly, vehemently, and per∣fectly, but also gradually, and that either in the beginning, middle, or end of their operation.

The second qualities are concomitants of the first, Elementary or simple, by whose help it is that they exist and manifest their virtues; for the faculty of Apertion, Rarefaction, Attraction, Attenuation, follows Calefaction; the faculties of Crassitude, Density, Occlu∣sion, and Repulsion, follow Refrigeration; of Mollification follows Moysture; the faculty of Induration follows Siccity, for Siccity ob∣durates,

as it is plain with Clay hardned by the North winde, o•• Summers heat, and brick with fire. As also Humidity mollifies, while any moderate heat perseveres; for the moysture of Ice becomes hard, because it wants heat.

The second virtues and qualities are also apparent in austere, sharp, tart, bitter, opening, attenuating, resolving, contracting, repelling, mollifying, and casing Medicaments; and do as evidently perform their operation, as the first or elementary qualities.

CHAP. VIII. Of the third Jaculty, or occult quality of Medi∣caments.

NOW besides the first and second qualities, there is a third; which being occult, and inexplicable, no certain account can be rendred of it, nor yet any exact knowledge thereof be apprehen∣ded, but is known onely by experience. For why, the Jasper stone, saith Galen, by touching the wound, should stop the flux of blood, I know not; and if I knew perfectly how to find out the nature of e∣very thing particularly, I should think my self such an one as I do conceive Esculapius was. But some properties can neither be known nor explained; for no man can bring any firm and invincible argu∣ment or reason, why those Spanish flyes, or Cantharides, should vex the bladder with an inflammation, or hot disposition, being applyed far from it; * 1.41 or why the ashes of Crabs, being of a drying nature, should have such an admirable property against the biting of mad Dogs; or why, being mixed with Gentian or Frankincense, it ope∣rates better and more effectually than with other Medicaments.

Galen admiring the never failing success of this Medicament, bu∣sied himself no little, to finde out the cause why, and at length pro∣mised to publish a Book concerning those things that act by an occuit property; but performed not his promise, perchance fearing lest it might detract from his great Fame, if he should relinquish his Enter∣prise imperfect, or not satisfie himself or his Readers, if he did not with his accustomed learning and dexterity replenish and accomplish it. * 1.42 Yet this third faculty is very ample, containing under it Purga∣tives, curing distempers by a certain occult virtue, having respect to certain peculiar parts, of which we intend to discourse particu∣larly. * 1.43

Neither do we acknowledge this inexplicable property to consist solely in Medicaments and Poysons, whereby the one cures, and the

other kils, and sometimes expels diseases: but also in Aliments, which repair the loss of strength by that continual Effluvium; for many abhor many meats, which others take with a greedy appetite; which though at first they are unlike, yet after many concoctions be∣come like and proper to our bodyes; whence ariseth a great simili∣tude betwixt the thing nourishing, and that which is nourished, which scarce can be defined; and why this man is more delighted with this meat, and that with another. The eating of fish and flesh is familiar to our whole Nation, yet have we known many, faith Amatus Lucia∣nus, who altogether abstained from eating of flesh; and others, * 1.44 to whom not onely the eating, but also the very smell of Cheese was as poyson. Another have we known, a Spaniard by Nation, who ne∣ver tasted of Fish, but when he was invited by his Friend once to a Supper, and had eaten Eggs, with which the ashes of dryed Fish was cunningly mixed, he fell into such a pain and anguish by vomiting, that he was almost killed thereby. The same famous Author also saw another, a Venetian Monk, in whom the smell of Roses would cause Madness; which also I have observed in a Noble Lady. And Julius Scaliger, in a learned Cardinal, as he affirms in his Exercises against Cardan, viz. (Exercit 153. part. 10.) where he commemo∣rates a certain woman of excellent virtue and beauty, named Francis, who could by no means be perswaded, before she was fourteen years of age, to eat Flesh. He affirms also, that one of his Children as much abhorred Cabbages, as himself did the Cressons. As also a maid in the City Mediolim dyed with a draught of Cassia fistula; for every mans peculiar appetite is proper to himself; and many eschew Wint as Poyson, others adore it as their God.

Moreover, this inexplicable occult faculty is observed in the food of other Animals. For who by reason can declare why the Ostrich delights in Iron? why the Hart desires Serpents; the Bear, Ants; the Ass, Ferula. Some Animals live onely by fishing, others by hunting, others by Corn, others by the natural increase of Plants. The Mallet devours the bird Hirron; the Beaver, little Fishes; the Hawk, the Eagle, and Fox, are nourished and fed upon little Birds; the Hen, the Partridge, and the Horse, on Corn; the Oxe, Deer, and Hart, on little Plants, or their tender parts. And why these do delight and grow fat rather with that Aliment than this, and those ra∣ther with this than that, cannot easily be explained by reason. For the Vulture will sooner perish with Faraine, than touch Wheat; the Pheasant rather dye, than eat by stealth.

CHAP. IX. Of the faculty of purging Medicaments, whence it proceeds, and how it operates.

THE disquisition of the faculty of purging Medicaments hath been the exercise of many ingenious men; and yet neverthe∣less, as many men as have endeavoured after its knowledge, so many several opinions have they left to us their Posterity. The Alcumists not without some pains endeavour to demonstrate, that it proceeds from the saltness of the Compounds; for they lay down this for a general Axiom, that all Salts are purgative. Others maintain, that this faculty is altogether occult, not apparently explicable by reason. There are others who judge, that it arises from the special tempera∣ment of the mixture, or compound. Others look upon it as a fifth quality. Mesue would have its original in Heaven, and calls it a Heavenly Faculty. A purgative Medicine (saith he) is not such from its temperament, not as a Contrary acting upon its Contrary, not as a Simile attracting its Simile, nor as a heavy matter driving the humour downwards, nor as a light substance driving it upwards; but it hath this faculty alotted from above, acting by a Divine power.

This Celestial Faculty is also by some Medicks, (Fernel.) and Phi∣losophers, (Scaliger) called an Occult Faculty; sometimes also the property of the matter alone, sometimes the internal principle of e∣very thing, * 1.45 sometimes an unknown cause, a super-elementary virtue, a property of the whole substance, and by some, a fifth quality; so that one and the same thing hath divers denominations.

But because that this purgative virtue, according to Philosophers of best note, must needs be deduced from the Stars, Mesue calls it most properly Celestial; but he aims amiss in judging that it draws out humours, not as a simile attracting its simile, contrary to the An∣tients opinions, reason, and experience. For Hippocrates declares, (lib. de nat human.) that purgative Medicaments have a certain con∣gruity with the humours: A Medicine (sayes he) when it is assu∣med into the body, first attracts whatsoever is consonant, and most like to its nature in the body, and afterwards draws down and purges away the rest.

Which he proves clearly by this elegant comparison; As seeds and plants sown and eradicated in the ground, attract to themselves whatever in the earth is congruent to their nature, whether sharp or

pleasant, bitter or salt, or whatsoever else they primarily or chiefly allure, as having propinquity with their essence.

Galen demonstrates this more clearly, illustrating it with many e∣vidences, (lib. 1. de nat. facult. & cap. 23. lib. 3. de simplic. & lib. de Ther.) writing in express words, that the operations are effected and perfected by the property of the qualities, which are in the substan∣ces: therefore some purgative Medicaments, if perchance they be frustrated of their acquired purgation, do not hurt the body (as some foolishly have imagined) but become nutrimental; others are turned into corruption and poyson, yet a poysonous virtue is not alwayes mixed with them. Wherefore they do not alwayes hurt, when they do not purge, but they concoct and produce such humous as they should have educed, which never happens to stronger Medica∣ments.

Therefore purgative Medicaments, by a certain similitude and congruity to the substance, attract and educe humours, and by the same principle that the Loadstone attracts Iron, and Amber Straw, not Iron the Loadstone, or Straw Amber: for although there be a great similitude betwixt the Loadstone and the Iron, yet every simile is not the same, neither is the Loadstone Iron, nor the Iron a Load∣stone; yet the thing attracting should be more potent than the thing attracted, and therefore the Iron, as weaker, is drawn, and draweth not.

Since Traction comes by the similitude of the substance, [Objectio.] why doth not one Loadstone attract another, and one piece of Iron another?

I answer; One and the same thing doth not draw the same, [Responsio.] but such things as have an affinity and similitude with them; so Agarick draws flegm, Rhabarb choler, Senna melancholy, because there is betwixt them a certain conjugal quality, or rather a convenience or similitude; which conformity is not altogether manifest; for Rha∣barb differs much from choler, Agarick from flegm, and Senna from melancholy.

Although all Catharticks do attract humours, * 1.46 yet some of them do purge more especially by attraction, to wit, such as are of a more potent force, and have an excrementious humour, saith Mesue, as Scammony, Turbith, and Euphorbium; others by repression, * 1.47 as all the five Myrobalans, and Rhabarb; others by loosning and molli∣fying the belly, as Cassia, Tamurinds, and others, * 1.48 which onely by le∣niating and solving the belly, educe humours; as the herb Orage, Violets, Mallows, Sorrel, and many Pot-herbs.

CHAP. X. Of Medicaments, which besides their solution of the Belly cure many diseases, by an occult poperty.

MEdicinall Materialls, are as well innumerable as admirable, which assumed at the mouth, or applyed to the externall parts, by a certain occult vertue and specifiall propriety per∣fectly cureth: and undoubtedly preventeth present, and future di∣stempers: or produceth other admirable effects; as before in some few we have demonstrated.

This occult faculty also is not only discernable in plants, but also in animalls, and minerals. For it is recorded that Pirrhus his thumb, by touching such as laboured under the distempers of the spleen, cured them; and that most Christian, and potent Monarch of France, cu∣red the Kings Evill, with the touch of his hand: this occult and most effectuall quality, * 1.49 is also seen in dead bodyes: for Simplicius affirmes, that the mouth of the fish Milvus, doth draw Gold, to which also Scaliger sets seal. Exercit 102. & 112: The reines of Scincus Marinus pulverized, and drunk, with wine, or commixed with fit conserves and so taken, doth cause stiffness of the yard, and powerfully provo∣keth to Lechery.

A Harts pizzle dryed, pulverized, and drunk with Coltfoot or Car∣duus water, is much commended against the Plurisy.

A Boares tooth pulverized and drunk, worketh the same effect, especially if taken at the beginning of the disease.

The Monocerces his horn doth admirably defend the heart from poysons, and is much available in pestilent distempers.

The same effects are performed in the use of Harts horn and Rhi∣noceroes his horn. The huckle bone of an Oxe pulverized and drunk with Oxymell, doth mitigate the spleen.

The flesh of Hares burnt, sifted and drunk doth break and expell stones out of the bladder.

The skin of a Viper pulverized and Applyed to a bald place, doth admirably cause haires to grow where naturall humidity is not too much decayed. The same effect is wrought by rosted Mice, and a∣nointing the place with honey.

A Cocks combe rosted, or boyled, and often eaten of, doth much and effectually help such as are possessed with Chollicks passions. Ga∣len. lib. de Therias.

A Goates hoof or its bladder, or Egg-shells burned and taken in drink, help those that pisse their beds.

Galen. lib. 8. comp. med. Local. writes, that a Wolfs liver, by a certain specificall property, will helpe diseases in the Liver.

An Aspes skin dryed, and pulverized, and mixed with honey, will cleer the eye sight.

The excrements of animalls, by an occult property, * 1.50 expell certain diseases; as the dung of Peacocks the Epilepsy; the dung of Swallows and Doggs the Quinsy.

Let these few examples suffice, that are assumed from ani∣malls. That I may omit such as are hurtfull, as the Sea Hare, the Crampe-fish. For the one by an obscure vertue, affecting the Nerves stupifies them, the other hurts the Lungs. As Cantharides by Inflam∣mation hurts the bladder, and stops the urine, or causes the stran∣gury.

We may observe also (which is most to be admired) this same oc∣cult quality in many vegetables, and plants: as Sarsaperilla, Lignum vitae, Sasafras and China, all which by a specificall property availe much in the cure of Lues venerea.

Ragwort or Satirion, and the hearb Kocket, * 1.51 causes the yard to stand; irritates Lust, and frequent copulations.

The Chast tre, * 1.52 and water Lyllyes on the contrary doth allay the ardor of Lust, extinguish seed, and hinder the excretion of the Stones.

Opium mitigates frensy and madness, and procures sleep, though it be taken in a very little quantity: Misleto of the Oak pulverised and drunk, doth effectually cure the Epilepsy.

Dry grapes by a certaine sympathy are very commodious to the Liver.

Staves-acre, by vertue not well known, kills Lice; so Fleabane Gantts.

Coleworth and Ivy cures Drunkenness.

Ptarmica provokes to sneezing. As also both kinds of Helle∣bor.

Dittany by an occult property pulls out thornes and pricks, if thereunto applyed.

The Ash tree drives away serpents, and cures their bitings.

Stone-crop, Saxifrage, and Goates blood expell stones: Savine brings down the monthly tearmes, and the fruit of the wombe, whe∣ther alive or dead.

The greater Comfrey doth speedily close wounds.

Betony doth search maligne ulcers, and accellerate their cure.

Turpentine is the best Balsam to wounds, and doth both speedily and easily cure them.

But that which is most strange is this: * 1.53 that one plant in a certain part should have one effect, in another, a different or contrary one: as Chamomile flowers which help the head-ach by smelling to them,

whose leaves are very hurtfull, if we credit Galen. lib. 2. comp. Med. cap. 2.

Sorrell relaxes the Belly, the seed makes it costick.

The decoction of Colewort solves the belly. But the Colwort it self eaten, either binds it, or makes it more adust.

As also Cock-broth moves the belly, whilst its flesh binds, and Gal, lib. de Ther. cap. 6. assertes the same of Oysters and Cockles.

The wheyish or Butterish part of milk dissolves the belly, the chee∣sy part constraines and makes it costick.

Gallen thinks it a miracle that the decoction of Trefoile applyed plaisterwise to the bitings of Serpents and Vipers should present∣ly asswage the paine thereof, and take out the poyson; whereas being applyed to a sound part, it provokes paines, yet the reason of this effect doth not seeme very obscure, nor far different from the nature and temperament of other hearbs. For it is no wonder if the Medicine, by whose help, the corrupt part was cured, and from which it drew some malignity or other, being applyed to a sound part, should leave an impression there of that malignity, whereof it parti∣cipated.

But we intend to discourse more particularly and largely of the specificall, and admirable vertue of Quicksilver, in curing the Vene∣rian disease, and of the occult and almost divine vertues of other mi∣neralls.

CHAP. XI. Of simple Medicaments, which by a specificall property have respect to certain peculiar parts.

MAny simples are adjoyned with such a sympathy to certaine Parts; that either assumed, or applyed, or often by their very smell, help, refresh and free us from diseases. Yet I cannot conceive, that they are for this sympathy and correspondency so de∣voted to particular members, as thereon to spend all their effects, or not to confer any upon other parts, but that by a speciall faculty they respect this more than that, and that more than another part.

So that many are called Cephalicks, * 1.54 or head Medicaments that have their whole substance, congruent and familiar to the head; So fitted and prepared by the long experience and use of learned men, that with a certain kinde of sympathy, they may be with safety appropria∣ted thereunto. As amongst aromaticks these following, Muske, Am∣ber, Civet, Cloves, Mace, Cinamon, Calamus aromaticus, Squirant, Camphure, and amongst other more common simples, Betony,

Rosemary, Sage, Marjorum, Balm, Staechados, the Mirtle-tree, the flowers of Betony, Clove-gilliflowers, and Orange.

Ophthalmick, or Eye-medicaments, are these, and such like, * 1.55 Eye∣bright, Salendine, Fennil, Rue, and Clary; the grains whereof put under the eye-lids, for they are so small that they cause no sense or trouble, purge eyes exceedingly from corrupt matter.

Those are called Odonticks, which roborate the teeth, * 1.56 and cleanse them, as the Mastick-tree and Mirtle, Sage and Bay.

All dulcid things are agreeable and pleasant to the Lungs; yet a certain herb, called Lung-wort, by a peculiar faculty is more espe∣cially attributed to the pains thereof.

If Foxes Lungs help, or any way profit Mens lungs, * 1.57 as many of the Antients believed, then it must happen through the familiarity of the substances; no other reason can be rendred.

Reysons, Figs, Jujubees, Pistac-nuts, Dates and Honey, do some∣what refresh and benefit the Lungs, and that onely by their sweet∣ness; Orrice, Maiden hair, Hyslop, and Horehound, onely by atte∣nuation.

Cardiacks or Cordials, are these and such like; Gold, Silver, * 1.58 pretious Stones, Cinnamon, and other suavolent Aromaticks; and also Borage, Bugloss, Carduus, Scabious, Goats-beard, Meadow∣sweet, Violets, Roses, and Saffron.

Stomachick, or Medicaments belonging to the Stomack, * 1.59 are Nut∣megs, Mastick, Wormwood, Mint, and Dill; for these by a particu∣lar property help it; and also innumerable more benefit it, but that by heat rather than any special virtue, as Pepper, Ginger, Mustard, and Wine.

Hepaticks, or Medicaments proper to the Liver, are these; Tansy, * 1.60 Egrimony, Succory, Fumatory, Rhabarb.

Splenick, or Medicaments proper to the spleen, are Cetrack, * 1.61 Ca∣pars, Tamarisk, Epithymus, with many more, which for brevities sake I omit.

Sage, Rosemary, and Primrose, * 1.62 by a certain property corrobo∣rate the Nerves, Ground-Pine the Arteries.

I shall not hereunto reduce such as respect several parts; for even a Critick Reader may be content with these; for a grain of Salt is sufficient for him that would know its virtue, and learn its taste.

CHAP. XII. Of Amulets, which carried or hanged up, do cure many Diseases by an occult virtue.

THose Remedies that are called Periammata, Periapta, and Amu∣leta, that is, tryed and suspended Medicaments, appertain to such as cure Diseases by an occult faculty: * 1.63 and they are of two kinds; one sort consists solely of characters and words, another of simple Medicaments hanged about the neck, or any other member of the body. Physicians laugh at the former, and reject it as a thing fabu∣lous, delusive, uncertain, and incredulous: for we finde, that neither Physician nor Metaphysician ever spake thereof, unless some Caco∣demoniack, that refers them to his Philosophy. But a Physician and Philosopher being a Moralist, and an Advancer of Nature, who in honesty of life and conversation, setting the fear of the Almighty before his eyes, assayes nothing, but by the just, good and lawfull rule prescribed by Nature, and doth not go about to deceive the ig∣norant and illiterate people with vain toyes, and unlawfull Arts; but studies the knowledge of things by their natural causes: for Know∣ledge is the understanding of a thing by its cause; and happy sure is he that knows the causes of things. Whence Galen concludes, that Medicine is not made for the Disease, but for the morbificous cause, which being removed, * 1.64 the effect is hindred. But Amulets neither take away the cause, the disease, nor symptomes, as those falsly per∣swade themselves, to whom they have been suspended, being deceived by their perswasion, who worship and invoke Devils; who also ima∣gine, that all things may be done in their name, and by their virtue, without any other cause. Of which, and such like impious fellows, the Poet thus writes:

Gens invisa diis maculandi calida coeli, Quae nunc stare polos & fulmina mittere novit, Aethera sub terras adigit, montésque revellit.

Which they perform two manner of wayes: for some by the vir∣tue of most Divine names invoke and compell evil spirits, and that because every Creature fears and reverenceth his name that created: yet others more impious than these wicked men, submit themselves, offer sacrifice, and worship Devils.

The reason why Witches use onely evil spirits, is manifest; for

good Angels are very seldome, * 1.65 and not without great difficulty ob∣tained, because they wait on Gods command, and accompany none but such as are of a clear heart, and pious conversation. But evil spi∣rits do yield themselves prompt and ready to be invoked, falsly fa∣vouring and feigning Divinity, they are alwayes present, that they may deceive, and that they may be worshipped and adored.

Out of this Shop of Devil-adoring Witches issued all those Books of Darkness, which Ulpianus by no means will allow to be read, * 1.66 but ordains that forthwith they be burned. The first Founder whereof was (as it is recorded) one Zabulus, that was addicted to the illicite Arts. Afterwards succeeded one Barnabas, a Cyprian; and in our times, Cornelius Agrippa, and many other impious men; amongst which Crew, Paracelsus deserves not to have the lowest seat, * 1.67 whose impiety was accompanied with the baseness of all vices.

Now since that these Characters and Amulets have issued out of these impious mens Shops, being grounded on no reason, * 1.68 and pesti∣ferous to Mankinde, not onely Physicians, but also all Worshippers of God, ought to reject and abhor them.

Yet Fernelius, that excellent Physician and Philosopher, yea, the most famous of our times, attributes great virtue to Words and A∣mulets. And certainly if we assent to the Hebrews, * 1.69 the best Authors of Virtue and Discipline, they tell us, we shall finde greater power in words, than natural things; For (say they) whatsoever is in the minde, voice, word or speech, all that is in Scripture, the letters whereof are full of beavenly mysteries, are according to the position of the Stars; whence the great Creator of all things will have himself named by two letters, Α & Ω.

Furthermore, the more critical Matchiavels of the Hebrews, * 1.70 do profess and promise to explain all things by the figure of Letters, and by the simplicity, composition, crookedness, defect, abundance, col∣ligation, revolution, coronation, apertion, order, and transmutation of letters, points, and pricks.

Words therefore and Characters are said to be powerfull in the curing of Diseases: and Trallian omitted not this way of curing. To cure the Gout (saith he) dig up the herb Henbane before the Sun rise, when the Moon is in Aquarius, or Pisces, and say, Adjuro te, herba sacra, per sancta nomina Jaoth, Sabaoth, Adonai, Eloi, Deus, qui terram fir∣mavit, & fixit mare fluviis abundans fluentibus, & qui exsiccavit uxo∣rem Loth in statuam salinariam. Adjuro, inquam, te, ut sistas fluxio∣nem pedum.

For the Tooth-ach this ridiculous speech is given to some, Galbes, galbat, Galde, galda.

To stay an issue of blood, some use these words, Charat, Cara, Sa∣rite, Confirma, Consona, Imaholite.

These words are given to some with a piece of bread, against the biting of a mad Dog, Irioni, Rhiciori, Estera, Rhuder, Fere; or these with a piece of an apple, Hax, Pax, Max, Deus, Adimax, which he presently eats up.

That of Quint. Serenus of Samos, against the semi-tertian Feaver, is well known, to wit, Abracadabra, which is so described, that it ends broad below, and strait above, like a Pine-apple, even to the last letter, and so it is annexed to the neck.

A thin plate of Gold engraven with these words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and hung about the neck, cures bleared eyes, or purblindness, according to Marcellus.

That thou mayst stay bleeding, touch the part with thy ring∣finger, and repeat these words, Socnon, Socnon, twenty seven times, or as oft as thou wilt, till the issue cease; it is good; and much pro∣fitable, if you rightly consider it.

To cure the Felon, or soar under a mans nail, touch the part with thy finger, (saith Marcellus) and drawing thy finger back again, say thrice, Pu, pu, pu, Nunquam ego te videam per parietem repere.

So doth the same Marcellus foolishly perswade the cure of Lippi∣tude, or Purblindness. Take (saith he) (cap. 8. lib. de medic.) a Fly with thy left hand, and whil'st thou catchest it, repeat his name on whom thou art to work this cure, and say that thou catchest the Fly to cure his eyes; then binde her alive in a linnen cloth, and hang it about the neck of him or her that is affected, and look not behind thee.

Many examples of the like sort may be read in Mercury, Marcellus, Trallian, Albertus, Villanovanus, and amongst those in latter time, in Fernelius, lib. 2. de abdit. rerum caus. all which (most sage men) at∣tribute such virtue to words, that they believe them to be able to sub∣vert nature. Apuleius also, that learned man, asserts, that by a ma∣gical susurration, swift running rivers are turned back, the slow sea gathered on a heap, the winds unanimously and with great force sent forth, the sun staid, the stars deduced, the day abbreviated, the night continued: of which the Poet saith,

Carmine vel coelo possunt deducere Lunam, * 1.71 Carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulyssis. Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis, Atque satas alio vidi traducere messes.

As also Ovid. Cum volui, ripis ipsis mirantibus, amnes In fontes rediere suos, concussáque sisto.

Also Lucan. Cessavere vices rerum, dilataque longa Haesit nocte dies, legi non paruit aether, Torpuit & praeceps audito carmine mundus.

But the power of words is most apparent in repelling Diseases; for either spoken, or engraven and carried, do dissolve many affecti∣ons with wonderfull celerity, which, as Pomponatus relates, no little

exercised a certain Physicians ingenuity and judgement, admiring such things; for when he had undertaken the cure of two boyes, * 1.72 the one whereof laboured under a disease not unlike Erysipely, the other had fallen into the fire; now a certain man intervening, cured those boyes with words onely, and Charms. He adds moreover, that out of another who had a sword so fastned in him, that it could be got out by no medicinal Art, which notwithstanding the same man drew out by the same method of curing.

In almost every Town there are certain old women who can cure the diseases of the Matrix by words unknown to any; for so much they profess and promise, and sometimes perform, not without great admiration.

I could relate a thousand more examples, which because they are ridiculous and foolish, I judge them better to be omitted; for in those that are bettered by these words, either suspended or rehearsed, the cure comes rather by a certain opinion, than any virtue in them.

One was not ashamed to assert, that he was freed from a Feaver by an Amulet, in which these words were written, Sancti Petre & Paule stultum hunc persanate, that is, Saint Peter and Saint Paul cure this fool. Another was restored to health by this Amulet, Rapiat eum Dae∣mon & similes ejus, that is, The Devil take him and such like. But I relate these sore against my will: we will now turn our discourse to others more approved. Those Amulets which consist of simple Me∣dicaments, tyed or suspended, are not altogether disapproved of by Physicians; indeed they often produce salutary effects by an occult property. For Experience teacheth us, that the root of Peony hang∣ed about the neck, cures the Epilepsy; Misletoe will do the same, as also a piece of an Elks hoof included in a ring. Wolfs dung ap∣plyed plaister-wise about the middle, will mitigate the cholerick pains, saith Aetius, (cap. 13. tet. 3. ser. 4.) Their intestines dryed, and applyed to the belly, have like effects; the root of Hounds∣tongue hung about the neck, cures the blackness of the tongue, which the unskilfull Vulgars call Canker; for some things of small quan∣tity and bigness, by contract onely produce greatest alterations, saith Galen, (cap. 5. lib. 6. de loco aff.) Dittany being applyed, doth by an incredible property draw out Darts; Quicksilver carried about with us, frees us from many pestilent Diseases; the stone Aethites bound betwixt the paps, or on the ventricle, doth retain the young; but be∣ing annexed to the thigh, precipitares the birth. Which also is re∣corded of the root of Henbane. The gem Selenitis put into a ring, onely by touching the flesh, stayes blood flowing from any part. The green Jasper suspended, helps the stomack, and the mouth of the ventricle, as Aetius testifies, (cap. 35. tet. 1. ser. 2.) The Heraclean stone, commonly called the Loadstone, besides its faculty of attr∣cting Iron, being onely holden in the hand, it easeth the grief of the Gout both in the hands and feet. He that will carry the feet and the

fore-legs of the Lobster, he shall not fear the coming of a Boar. See Democritus in Geopon.

The curing of the Jaundies is also to our purpose here; * 1.73 which is then effected, when the diseased attentively beholds that Bird which Holerius calls Galbula, that is, Woodwall; the French give it the name of Loriotus. And it is wonderfull, that this Bird cannot endure the sight of him that hath the Jaundies.

Also the cure of the bitings of Tarantula, * 1.74 a beast like a Lizard, hath respect to this discourse, which may not be cured by Medica∣ments, but onely by Musick.

I have known and heard of many such like cures, which I omit for brevity sake.

CHAP. XIII. Of Poysons.

THere is also an occult quality in Poysons, of which Physiologers, and searchers of natural things, do sometimes speak, as also im∣pious Witches: the Physiologers, that they might acknowledge the prudence and sagacity of the Omnipotent Nature, in good as well as pernicious things, and contemplate the Ornament of the World: but those Witches, more pestilent than Pestilence it self, and most per∣nicious Enemies of Mankinde, that they might exanimate and extir∣pate out of the world all those whose life and fortunes they envy or hate. For they most artificially adulterate the taste, odour, and co∣lour of Poysons, which they so craftily convey into Meats and Medi∣caments, that they may deceive the most wise and wary, and in stead of Bread give them a Stone, in stead of a Fish a Scorpion, instead of Sugar a sugared Poyson. And so good men are not so safe from evil men, as all men from Scorpions, and other destructive Beasts.

Of which the Physician speaks, as the Logician of Sophisms and Fallacies, which he admonishes us to observe and avoyd, as the Theo∣loger speaks of Vice, which he perswades us to shun. Neither doth he treat of evil, that thence good might follow; wherein he differs from the Physician, who disalloweth of poysonfull Sorcerers, and yet treats of Poysons, either as they are generated, or by ill luck in∣gested into our bodyes, or else as they are requisite to the curing of malign diseases; otherwise to discourse of them, or use them, is per∣nicious. And indeed Galen, (cap. 42. lib. 2. de Antidot.) reproves them that teach composition of Poysons, * 1.75 as Horummendesius, Ara∣tus, Heliodorus the Athenian, and Orpheus.

Yet doth he himself write largely concerning poysonous Simples,

as before him Dioscorides, and after both Nicander, that they might be known, avoyded, and by the advice of a learned and skilfull Phy∣sician, used in some diseases. For Arsenick is sometimes applyed to the dead flesh in Ulcers, Vipers oil to Pocks-marks, pimples, and corrupt swellings; Scorpions oil to their stings; a hair of a mad Dog to the wound made by his own teeth. Trochisks made of Vi∣pers, both internally assumed, and externally applyed, to all poyso∣nous affections and diseases.

Poysons also are not onely put into, * 1.76 but sometimes generated in the body, as Galen, (cap. 5. lib. 6. loc. aff.) which produces both like affections and effects, as those that come by pernicious poyson drunk, or otherwise assumed; for a Plague is a Poyson which is sometimes generated in the body without any manifest cause; and the Sperm retained in Histerick women, is partaker of a poysonous quality. Dogs also in the heat of Summer easily become mad. But these things are to be fore-known by Physicians, that they may preserve health without fault, and drive away all diseases.

And although Poysons be destructive, * 1.77 yet by custome they be∣come nutritive; for I think the story of the Girl is sufficiently known, of which Avicenna, Rufus, and Gentilis speak, who being fed with Poyson onely from her Infancy, was so infectious, that her breath was pestiferous and destructive to such as came near her.

Another woman lived at Coleyn in Germany, who, as Albertus re∣lates, did usually eat Spiders, whereas one Spider bruised in Wine would kill many.

One Porus, King of India, did daily eat Snakes and Poysons, * 1.78 who being a long time nourished with this kinde of Aliment, was so poy∣sonfull, that he would kill men by his touch or breath, or by his spit∣ting, as a Serpent, or any other poysonous Creature.

There is a certain kinde of men in the Hellespont, * 1.79 who are nou∣rished with Poysons onely; and thence they are fitly called Ophio∣genes, that is to say, generated of Serpents.

The Marsians and Psyllians delighted much in the same nutri∣ment, who feared not at all the bitings and poysons of Serpents; which was experienced in one of that Family, Exagon by name, who by the Decree of the Roman Consuls was put into a Hogshead filled with Serpents, who nevertheless escaped without detriment. (Plin. cap. 29. lib. 6.)

Athenageras the Grecian, as it is related, could not be hurt by Scorpions. The same is affirmed of the Ethiopians that inhabit near the River Hydaspes.

Galen makes mention (lib. 3. simp. cap. 13.) of a certain Athenian woman, which had often eat a great quantity of Hemlock, without any prejudice to her health. Sext. Emperic. hath the same story of another old woman.

'Tis generally reported of Lysis, that she would eat Opium in a

great quantity, without impairing her health; and I saw a woman of Nemaxium, who daily took half a dram of the same.

A certain maid of Crete did kill several with her looks, and bring boyes into a consumption. What need of more? they that are ac∣customed to Poysons, are free from the mischief of them.

Poysons are drawn either from Plants, * 1.80 Animals, or Minerals. From Plants, as from all kinds of Poppy, from Henbane and Man∣drakes; whose qualities, though they be poysonous, yet often times effectual for curing many Diseases. And those very things which sometimes are present poyson both to man and beast, yet being rightly handled, prepared, and applyed; they are a secure help.

The herb Wolfs bane is poyson, * 1.81 yet it is added to Ophthalmick Medicaments; and Hemlock, though poysonous, yet effectual in extinguishing Tetters, Ulcers, and Leprous spots.

Nerium also drunk in Wine, is good against the bitings of Ser∣pents. House-leek killeth the Ringworm, and spreading soars. All kinds of Night-shade, rightly applyed, doth mitigate any pain.

But all these, according to Dioscorides, are poysonous; as also Ra∣nunculus, Esula, Hermodactylus; yet the use thereof is not onely wholsome, but effectual in many distempers. As also Aconitus, Herba Paris, yea Antimony and Stibium, and many others, are both medicamental and poysonous, for they both cure and kill.

Mushtooms also are not altogether Medicaments, but sometimes Aliment, and sometimes Poyson; for by the use of these, five young Students of Paris were killed; and yet Courtiers are much taken with such Dishes.

I shall not here renumerate other poysonous Plants, which are daily and fortunately put to medicinal uses, for it may suffice that I have touched upon a few, because it is not necessary, neither can they all be comprehended in one Chapter.

Medicaments also are taken from poysonfull Animals; * 1.82 for the flesh of Stinci marini is often given to decayed Nature to excite Ve∣nery.

Vipers do admirably benefit such as are leprous; as also Snakes, whose flesh rightly prepared, is a sure Antidote against many Poysons.

That which is asserted de Dracone marino, * 1.83 exceeds credit; for he hath a sharp pointed bone upon his back, so noxious to man, that whomsoever he pricks, is precipitated to death, unless he be helped in time; yet his flesh is both pleasant and wholsome nutriment, in∣somuch that the common sort of Frenchmen call it Flesh of Life. And so it may seem wonderfull, that some Animals do at once sug∣gest Aliment, Nutriment, and Poyson; for some part of them is life, in others death to the Assumers.

Yet 'tis very strange that poysonfull Animals, whose bodies are enemies to ours, and present death, should by application safely cure the wounds and bitings that they themselves have made; and they

alone, in many cases, are able to free us from such wounds, and the perils ensuing. The reason is, because one simile attracts another to it; and as it were revoking its own substance, frees the part affected from Poyson. So Crocodiles grease cures those that are smitten by him; and those that are hurt with Scorpions, are cured by the same, bruised and applied plaisterwise; Mus Araneus will work the same effect, if pulverised when it hath bitten any.

It is also worthy our notice taking, that Poyson doth not onely at∣tract Poyson, but also extract pricks and darts out of our bodies without pain, which can scarce be by any strength or art effected.

Many small Creatures are altogether noxious to humane bodies, and yet usefull and commodious to health; as Cantharides, the Ve∣nemous Fly Buprestis, Salamanders, Palmer worms, a Sea-hare, a Toad, a Fen frog; for we use Cantharides, Lizards, Scorpions, and Ants daily and effectually to the outward parts, but not to the in∣ward; for it is altogether unsafe to put those Creatures into the body which are naturally endowed with an evil quality. Thus did one Agyrta, a forreign and unskilfull Physician, * 1.84 apply Cantharides to a man well known to be honest, but not wise, who desired a Medica∣ment to provoke him to Venery; which sent him not to the pleasant Fields of Venus, but to the Boat of Charon.

Yet there are some, although noxious, which hurt either by biting or touching; which being prepared by expert Artificers, and pre∣scribed by skilfull Physicians, and opportunely applyed, do not one∣ly no hurt, but produce admirable and salutary effects; for Wine, wherein by mischance a Viper had been suffocated and extinguished, cured a Leper, long before separated from the society of his Fellow-Citizens. A Snake may perform and effect the same. What then will their flesh do, skilfully prepared?

Many efficacious Poysons also are drawn from Minerals, * 1.85 and these as well growing of their own accord, as Quick-silver, red Lead, Parget, Vitriol, Sory, Sandarach, the Loadstone, crude Antimony, also the Adamant: as those that are made such by Art, as Sublimate Chalk; Verdegrease, Ceruse, Aqua fortis, and almost innumerable others, which are much better unknown, than known; for it is e∣nough to treat of some Simples beneficial to some Diseases, amongst which some are to be preferred before others, as less averse to na∣ture, and more conducing to health.

CHAP. XIV. Of the faculties of those Medicaments in gene∣ral, which are named from their effects.

WE have before shewed, that some Medicaments respect and corroborate some parts by a specifical virtue, as Cephalick respect the head, Ophthalmick the eyes, Pulmoniack, He∣patick, the Lungs, Liver, Spleen, and others, other parts, from whence they had their denomination: Now we shall speak briefly and generally of such as are named from their effects, that the Apo∣thecary may have in readiness the name and knowledge of Medica∣ments, with their respective quality, to the proposed and desired ef∣fects. For since names are the marks of things, if they be conveni∣ently and rightly fitted to them, they will more aptly teach, guide, and direct the Artificer.

But almost all Medicaments retain their Greek idioms first impo∣sed on them. * 1.86 Some named from the Arabian Language, have scarce re-obtained their first and proper euphony; yet have they in process of time been somewhat refined. Medicaments therefore from their effects are thus named by Classical Authors.

A Medicament is called Cathartick, or purging, because by some way it draws noxious humours out of our bodies, as by vomiting, or secession.

Physicians call that Cholagogon, or a choler-purging Medicament, which extracts cholerick humours; that which purges flegm, Phleg∣magogon; that which purgeth melancholy, Melanagogum; that which purgeth watry or liquid humours, Hydragogum; and that which purgeth all humours, Panchymagogon.

Another Medicament is called Polychrestum, because it is of much use.

Eccoproticon is reckoned amongst the benign Medicaments, and is so called, because it onely moves the dregs.

Those are called Hypercatharctica, or too much purging Medica∣ments, which first purge that humour to which it is congruent and familiar, afterwards other humours more apt to follow; last of all, blood; so that they cause the Bloody Flux.

They are called Emetica, that provoke vomiting, and educe the humours by the mouth.

They are called Alliotica, that is, altering, which alter any distem∣per, as hot alters cold, cold hot, moyst dry, Euchyma and Cacochyma,

that is meats of good & evill juice, have respect to aliments, and those are called Euchyma, which get good blood, those Cacochyma, that get ill blood, they are called Epicerastica, which afford good juice by little and little, in stead of ill juice leasurely drawn out, whence comes Epicrasis, that is, a leasurely evacuation of vitious juice.

That Medicament is called Hypnotycum, which rather causes drowsi∣nesse than sleep. (Galen. lib. 9. Method.) and that is called Narcoticum, which doth not only cause sleep, but stupidity, and oftentimes Ne∣crosy or death.

That is called Ureticum, which by dividing, relaxing, and compel∣ling the passages, moves the urine and gravell, and often expells them.

They are called Lithontriptica that is Saxifrage, which break or se∣ver the stones or pebles in the bladder, and eject them.

That is called Anodynum which delineates and mitigates any paine with a moderate heat, it is called also Paregoricum, and some∣times Lysiponium that is a labour easing, or pain mitigating medica∣ment.

That Medicament is in generall called Chalasticum, which eases the part to which it is applyed, or refreshes it with moderate heat; but taken strictly it is that onely which relaxeth and cureth any swel∣ling, without excesse of any quality, as fat, butter, grease, &c.

That poysonous Medicament, which divides and opens the orifices, and excites the blood to an issue by its heat or acrimony, is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, such as be Ramsons, Savine, Leeks, Sow bread, and ma∣ny others.

The Greeks call a repercussive Medicament, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because by its refrigerating and binding power, it repells the humours breaking out into the members: as Plaintain, Sorbe Ayles, the hearb Mouse-eare: other repell by a refrigerating quality only, as water and other such repercussours, Galen. lib. 14. Method.) but according to Galen and Oribasius, all repelling Medicaments are onely to be used in the be∣ginning of a fluxe.

That is called Helcticum or Epispasticum which draweth the humors downwards; and it is contrary to repelling Medicaments, for it is hot and thin, but repercussives, cold and grosse Galen. lib. 10. compos. Med. loc. cap. 25. lib. 1. sympos. c. 16. lib. 5. simplic. And every hot Medica∣ment draweth, every cold one repells. That which is hot in the second degree, doth apparently draw; that which is hot in the third partly drawes, and partly disposes, and it is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Now there are foure different kinds of attracting Medicaments. * 1.87 Some draw by an Elementary quality, which are hot in the second degree; Others by accident, as in putrefaction, and of this sort, Leaven hath the strong∣est attractive quality, others by a certain similitude, as poysons at∣tract poyson, others by an occult property, As Dittany attracts and extracts pricks and darts, the Loadstone Iron.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which whether internally assumed, or ex∣ternally

applyed, doth not only open the passages by attenuation and scowring, but which cutts, divides, and resolves obvious humours by sweat or breath. Of which there are two kindes, some weaker called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 that is relaxing, which indeed are hot and subtill, but doe not dry up, which rather dispose the humors for resolution, than re∣solve them: The matter of resolving Medicament is abundant, for all those that are moderately hot in the second, and hot in the third de∣gree, and subtil, resolve.

That which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is stopping or obstru∣cting is contrary to that which is called Anastomoticum, for it ob∣structs the entry of the vessells, and hinders evacuations, because its substance is grosse, and therefore obstructive.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is closing, which hath power, but more unable and weak to obstruct, and it onely closes the pores of the skin as Stegnoticum doth the orifices of the veines.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is clammy, which applyed to any place sticks tenaciously, and obstructs the pores of the skin, and fils them with much stuffe, as Rosin or Gum.

Some are also called Emphrastica, which obstruct the pores with a glewish humour, and fill them with clammy matter.

A condensing Medicament called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, is that which makes liquid and subtill juices more grosse, its power con∣sists in grosse and terrestriall matter, void of all Acrimony.

The Med. called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, is contrary to this, which attenuates grosse and compact humour, and variously dissolves them. It is of a very subtill substance, whether cold, as vinegar, or hot, as Aqua vitae, otherwise called Aqua vini, and by many Alcumists an Elixir, or quintessence.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is a pore-opening Medicament, which delivers the passages from viscid and clammy humors, & its faculty is various according to the various manner of the humour causing ob∣struction, for that obstruction, which proceeds from a glewish juice, must be dissolved by an attenuating, and cutting Ecphracticke, that obstruction which is hard withall must be resolved by a mollifying quality.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, mollifying, which mollifies a hard body as (a hard boyle) and reduces it to its naturall state, and it is at least hot in the second degree, and temperate, both in humidity, and siccity, cap. 4. & 8. lib. 5. simpl.) that which is more temperate in heat is rather a cause of imposthumes. But that which is applyed to a hard swelling caused by siccity, should be both more moist and mo∣derate, in heat, as oyle of much marrow.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or a suppuratory, which is most congru∣ent and like to our nature, and as it were a symmetry of heat and moi∣sture (c. 5.7. & 8. lib. 5. simpl.) whence if our finger be put to any part, where we desire to change the matter into corruption, if it be long therein detained, it shall easily make a suppuration, but molli∣fying

Medicaments are hotter, yet not so hot, that they discusse by that quality their exuperant humidity, and therefore suppurating Medica∣ments performe what they may, rather by quantity, and mollifying by quality than any other thing.

To the former 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, is very simular: but taken strictly, it is a Me∣dicament which concocts the humour, Diapyeticum is that which changes it into corruption.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or cleansing, which purges out all grosse and subtill humours and all filth, whence it is called a purgative Medica∣ment: It is altogether bitter of taste, full of salt, and drying; that is called, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is applied to green wounds, it is also called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, a blood stenching Medicament.

That Medicament is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or incarnative, which is effectu∣all in regenerating flesh, and it is dry in the first degree, and cleanseth moderately, and without paine. (cap. 15. lib. 5. simpl. & 3. Me∣thod.).

That Medicament is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or glutinatory, which conjoynes and agglutinates parts disjoyned, that they may returne to their na∣turall unity, when it is applyed to bloody wounds, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by some Symphyticum & Aggregativum.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is effectuall in solidating broken bones, and in conjoyning flesh-pores.

That is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Synuloticum, which makes a skar in the ulcer, which it doth by its most efficacious siccity and astriction, for this is dry in the third degree, Coleticum, in the second, and Sarcoti∣cum in the first onely.

That Medicament is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which consumes the superflu∣ous flesh, to which it is applyed, and reduces the part to its native su∣perficies, whence it is called of some 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, it is hot in the third degree.

That Med. is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which by burning the part, to which it is applyed by its most vehement and fiery heat, it leaves a pill, or crust upon it, as sublimate, or a Caustick.

That Medicament is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, putrifying, which par∣takes of some maligne quality, and destroyes and putrifies the place it touches, by induring its stink and ill quallity, as Sandarach the Monks hood, and such like.

Some are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which take away hard thick skin, and these may easily be used in their stead, which are called Catharetica, that is superfluous flesh-consuming Medicaments.

And since these are the chief names taken from the ffects of Me∣dicamentall faculties, we will omit those that are of lesse use.

CHAP. XV. Of the choice of purging Medicaments in ge∣nerall.

IF an Apothecary sufficiently know these three things, he is most expert in his Art, to wit to select, prepare, and compound Me∣dicaments; now Election denotes knowledge, for no man can well select, and discerne this good from that evill, unlesse he have known both: preparation also presupposes an industrious artificer, who being long exercised in the Art, doth correct and amend maligne simples many wayes, as by fire, water, and his hand, making the good better, and weak stronger, and of more vertue. And there is no composition without election and preparation, for a confusion of many simples together is no composition.

Therefore to elect Medicaments, * 1.88 should be an Apothecaryes first duty and imployment: which choise is thus defined. Election is a se∣paration and distinction of that which is evill from that which good, of the noxious from the innoxious, and of the maligne from the benigne. * 1.89 Now that is a benigne purging medicament, which purges gently, and looses the belly calmely, as Cassia, Manna, Tamarinds and Rhabarbe; and that is a maligne and un∣whole some medicament, which purges by a violent traction, and di∣sturbes our bodyes, by reason of that adverse essence it hath to our natures.

This malignant medicament is twofold, * 1.90 the one totally so, to wit whose universal genus is violent and unruly, of what sort soever it be, or whence soever it is taken, as Euphorbium, Laurel, Antimony. The other in some species, or by accident in some individual of its genus, which hath revolted and degenerated from its proper nature, as black Agarick, black Turbit, Colocynth, only in the Plant, or of one plant in the field, Mesue onely in Plants or of the Aple-trees in the field, because it is believed to take away all bitternes and malignity of the field and plants.

But we ought to abstain from both these kinds of malignant purges, unlesse in some great affections, * 1.91 in which gentle, little or nothing pro∣fit, for then a skilfull Physician may use malign medicaments duely prepared, because even poysons are salutary in some diseases, as Vi∣pers flesh to the Leprosy, Scorpions flesh, to wounds made by them∣selves, made doggs blood to them that are bitten by a mad-dogg, whence is that Proverb: Those that are wounded by Scorpions, seek remedy from the same.

We must also abstain from benigne purges, unlesse they be rightly,

in a just quantity, and seasonably administred, and also exhibited to such as they may profit, for Hippocrates saith, Aphoris. 14. lib. 4. * 1.92 that a purging medicament is noxious to them that have their health according to that (Matth. 9.) The whole need not a Physician.

CHAP. XVI. Whence the Election of purging Medicaments may be taken.

THe Election of a purging Medicament is made from its essence; * 1.93 nature, and faculties, we call the essence of every Medicament, that very state, which arises from its matter and forme, or that all which is seen, or consisteth absolutely in a Medicament without any preparation.

And we call the faculty of a Medicament, that very vertue it doth, * 1.94 or can exercise in our bodies.

Now the substance first qualities, or temperament, second qualities ensuing the temper and the disposition externally acquired, shew the good or ill essence of a Medicament, * 1.95 now we understand by the name substance, the commoderation and consistency of the matter, which flowes from the proportionable mixture of the Elements, whence some are said to be heavy, or light, others dense or rare, others grosse, or subtill, others clammy or friable, from which diffe∣rencies a certain disposition and proper faculty is ingendred, whereby we may distinguish betwixt the good and evill in the same genus.

In the second place Election may be made from the prime quali∣tyes, that is from the Temperament, * 1.96 of which there are eight diffe∣rent kinds, hot, cold, moist, dry, which are called simple qualities, and as many compound hot and moist, hot and dry, cold and moist, cold and dry, to which may be added the mean temperament, in which consists the nature of man, from which flow divers other tempera∣tures, some in one, some in two, some in three, and some in four degrees; and therefore the excesse of severall degrees is distin∣guished.

Thirdly, the Election is taken from the second qualities, * 1.97 which es∣pecially differ in four kinds, for some are tangible, others odorable, others gustable, and others visible; audible qualities are omitted, be∣cause no certain election can be made by them. Now those are ran∣gible qualities which can be discerned by the judgment of the touch, some whereof are the properties of the Elements, to wit, in which the first qualities hot, cold, moist and dry, are discerned by the touch; others arise from the temperament, and are called second qualities; by whose means the Medicament is heavy or light, hard or

soft, clammy, or friable, sharp or smooth as above.

Fourthly, * 1.98 Medicaments may be selected from their odour, which is a certain vaporous substance proceeding from an odorable matter, which brought into the nostrills, moves the sence of smelling, and there are as many kinds of them, as sapors: for odors concord with sa∣pours in proportion, and for the most part borrow their demonstra∣tions from them, yet are not the species of odours so distinct as them of sapours, because the sense of smelling in men is very dull; hence it is that there are a thousand kinds of odours that want proper names, and therfore all odorables are generally distinguished into well smel∣ling, and ill smelling things.

Fiftly, the judgement in Election may be guided by the Taste of Medicaments, * 1.99 and that more surely than by Odours; because there are more distinct species of sapors than of Odours (lib. 4. simpl. Med. Gal. cap. 21.) for sapour is a quality that may be perceived by the sense of Tasting, whereof there be nine different species, three whereof flow from over-powering calidity in a substance, grosse or subtill, to wit, sharpe, bitter, salt, three from exuperant frigidity, sowre, austere, unpleasant, and three from moderate heat, pleasant, fat, unsavory, * 1.100 the last whereof inclines to frigidity, pleasant & fat to heat.

Sixtly, Medicaments may be selected by a disposition extrinsecal∣ly acquired, which arises from the season or place (Gal. cap. 2. lib. 4.) Mesue, addes Magnitude, Parvitude, and Number, for by these the quality of the Medicament is of more or lesse force. A certain and universall rule cannot be given concerning the temper and choise of Medicaments by their colour and sound, that thereby the benigne may be discerned from the malignant: for seeing all benignity and malignity of Medicaments consists in the substance, temperament and faculties, cold, moist, hot, and dry, are found in all colours. Nei∣ther do the colours themselves shew the temperament of the Medica∣ments, for the colour of a medicament may very easily be changed by some externall accident.

The judgement also of the benignity & malignity of a medicament from its sound is as uncertain as from its colour: for there is no uni∣versall, but onely a particular and accidentall knowledge thereof, as in Cassia, Carthamus, and some few more.

CHAP. XVII. How Election of Medicaments may be made from the things premised.

EVery Cathartick attracts the humour most like it self, but Mesne asserts that some purge more particularly by attraction, as all those that are more valid, some by repression as Styp∣ticks, some by lenitude, as viscid and lubricating Medicaments, and

some by mollifying, as most Malacticks. But of those that purge by Traction, those are to be judged better that are lighter, and the hea∣vier malignant; for the levity of a substance shews its subtilness and rarity, gravity its crassitude and density. * 1.101 Now those that consist of gross matter, do hurt more; as also those that have superfluous hu∣midity; by how much they are lighter, by so much better, unless they be decayed; for those that are lighter have less superfluous hu∣midity, which subverts the ventricle, and causes pain.

The state of those that purge by repression from a Styptick facul∣ty consisting in the terrestrial matter, * 1.102 which through their native con∣dition and temper are solid, not rare, is contrary to the former; which are to be judged of from their plenitude or vacuity, because these naturally should be gross, not rare; for by how much these are hea∣vier, by so much better. As also those that purge by leniating, lubri∣cating, and mollifying, because the faculty of mollifying and lubri∣cating proceeds from humidity, which necessarily supposes gravity. But that humidity is natural, and of its proper temper, not excre∣mentious, which makes the Medicaments better.

We may judge of rare and dense substances, as of light and heavy, for levity concomitates rarity, as density doth gravity, for the tearms are reciprocal: but thin and friable are not the same, for every friable thing is not thin, nor every pliant gross, nor on the contrary: but if any Medicament be thin and pure, it must necessarily be friable and tender; and if any Medicament be gross and impure, it will be viscid and clammy; these excepted in pliant humid substances, as Honey, Manna, Butter, Oil; that which is purer is better, and what impurer worse. That is properly called gross, which cannot easily be made smooth, or which cannot be bruised into thin parts; and that thin; which can easily be so reduced. That is called thick or dense, * 1.103 that can pass through none or few Orifices. That rare, which is apt to pass through many. That is heavy, which being compact, is more conspicuous by weight than magnitude. That light, which is less in weight than bignesst That which is pliant is so much opposite to that which is friable, that the pliant can scarce be wrought upon by pulling or bruising; whereas the friable is bruised to powder, even with a touch or weight of a finger.

Now for matter of Temperaments; in simple Temperatures hot Medicaments are better than cold, and moyst than dry; in com∣pounds, hot and moyst are most wholsome, cold and dry most dan∣gerous. But if the election be made from degrees of intention, whereas mans temperament is moderate, by how much the Medica∣ment comes nearer mans temper, by so much it is more wholsome; and by how much it is more remote, by so much more malignant. So that what Medicament soever is four degrees distant from the mean, that Medicament is worst; and those Medicaments that ex∣ceed the extream of four degrees, are rather to be adjudged Poysons than Medicaments.

Now we may thus judge of Medicaments, * 1.104 by reason of their se∣cond qualities, as of Tangibles; when one Medicament of the same kinde is hard, another cold; one sharp, and another smooth; in these the foft is to be preferred before the hard, and the smooth before the sharp or rough. * 1.105 We call that hard, according to Galen, (cap ult. lib. 3. de differ. puls.) which is harder than our flesh, or to which our flesh yields; * 1.106 and that contrarywise soft, which yieldeth to our flesh; and both of them become such two manner of wayes, to wit, either by Nature, or by Art. That also is called smooth, that hath an equal superficies. * 1.107 That rough, which hath an unequal one, by reason of some parts higher, others lower in it; as in Prunes, Sebestens, My∣robolans, and many more.

Now election of Medicaments may be made from Odour, * 1.108 for this cause, because a sweet oppleasant smell refreshes the spirits, re∣stores strength and vigour to them, exhilarates the principal mem∣bers and parts, and corroborates their faculties. An ill and stinking smell on the contrary burthens and aggravates the head, vexes the heart, subverts the ventricle, infects the spirits, moves a loathing, causes grievous and laborious purgings, and oftentimes vomitings. And therefore such purging Medicaments are obdulcora••ed with cordial Electuaries, * 1.109 whereby their ingratefull odour is amended, and the principal parts fortressed against the malign quality of these Me∣dicaments; for all odoriferous Spices are the fountain and principle of life. Wherefore a good smell is to be preferred before an ill; for an ill smell hurts the heart and brain, and a good one exhilarates both, (Gal. cap. 25. lib. 4. de simplic.) for it is familiar to the spirit contained in the ventricle of the brain, which whil'st it is refreshed, it makes the faculties more operative.

CHAP. XVIII. A particular disquisition of Tasts.

WE have with Physicians of best note asserted, (Oribas cap. 5. lib. 14. collect.) that three of the nine sapours are hot, three cold, * 1.110 and three temperate. Of all which, the sharp, tart sapour is hottest, which being incited by our heat, whereby it is reduced from a potency to an act, bites, corrodes, expresses the sense of a fiery qua∣lity, and in a manner burns, as Indian Pepper, as Pelitory, or as a little flame.

There are of these sharp sapours many kinds, * 1.111 (Gal. cap. 17. lib. 4. simpl.) for some are hot and dry, exceeding the fourth degree of heat, and are poyson, as Sublimate, and Arsenicks. Others have much humidity mixed with a fiery heat, whereby they are made somewhat pleasant, and edible, as Garlick, Onions, Leeks, Garden cresses, and

such like. Others are contained in a third order, as the herb Galin∣gal, Pepper, Savine, Treacle mustard, Snap-dragon, Helicampane. Others are more moderate, as Thyme, Hyssop, Anise, Coriander, Radish-root, Origane. And others are sharp absolutely and simply, and some are mixed with other sapours, as such Medicaments as are sharp and bitter.

Next to the sharp sapour is the bitter, * 1.112 which proceeds from the assation of the subtil terrestrial parts; and it hath not the power of corroding as the sharp, but more cleansing than the saltish; so that it trouble somely exasperates the tongue, (Paul. Aegin. cap. 1. lib. 7. Galen. cap. 10. lib. 4. simplic.) and it is two-fold; the one hot, spo∣ken of before, which arises from the assation of terrestrial parts, by which sweet things are made bitter, either by concoction, or by age; the other cold, which comes by vehement congelation, as in Opium, wild Succory, Lettices, Hemlock, and some unripe Fruits; or which comes from an inchoated or imperfect coction, or rather from remiss heat which is accounted cold, as the other from an intense heat; for there is scarce any compound which is not endued with divers natures and qualities; whence it is no wonder, if Opium and Hemlock be partly hot, and partly cold. One scruple of Coloquintis may induce to two pounds weight of water bitterness, but no heat, unless it be ve∣ry small and occult. Yet Schegkius thinks that some are hot, because of their bitterness, and that they refrigerate by an occult virtue, as Poppies and Succory, (lib. de occult. medic. facult.) Now a bitter sapour is such, either simply, as in Aloes; or mixed with other sa∣pours, as in Wormwood, to which a stypticity or astriction is an∣nexed. As also we may experience in many unripe Fruits, which not having as yet attained their perfect magnitude, are bitter sour; but being mature, they are bitter, and withall sweet, with a kinde of sourness.

Next to bitter and salt sapour, * 1.113 which is not so dry because of its watry humidity, wherewith its terrene substance is tempered. (Orib. & Gal. cap. 20. lib. 4. simplic. Furthermore, it cleanseth moderate∣ly, yea, it washeth the tongue more moderately than bitter sapours, and it is pleasant enough to the tasters, endued with some astrictive faculty; yet not so much as to contract the tongue, as the austere or acerb sapour.

Now this salt sapour is two-fold; the one natural, the other arti∣ficial; Natural, as in Salt, Sea-water, and many salt terrene sub∣stances; Artificial, as in Lee, Lime, and in Chymick Salts.

All sour sapour is cold of it self, or so naturally; as in those things, * 1.114 whose cold temper is conjoyned with tenuity of substance, as the juice of Limmons, Oranges, Sorrel, and such like; or so by acci∣dent, as by putrefaction, (Act. cap. 1. tetr. 1. serm.) by which means Wine is said to be sour, yet not so absolutely, for it hath some Acri∣mony in it self, as Galen attesteth, (lib. 1. simplic.)

Hence arises another division of sour sapour, to wit, into that

which is exactly such, as the sapours before mentioned, and into that which is not exactly such, but is conjoyned with some other sapour, whether sweet, bitter, or sharp, as four-sweet Fruits, as Apples, Prunes, Mulberries, Cherries. Some Fruits have also bitterness joy∣ned with their sourness, as Persian Apples, and some Cherries. Vi∣negar partakes of Acrimony, and a mixed quality, as Galen saith, (c. 19. 21. & 26. lib. 1. simplic.) because of its acquired heat; yet its fourness exceeds its Acrimony, as Acrimony exceeds sourness, in Oils of Sulphur and Vitriol, educed by Chymical Art, which cor∣rode and bite the tongue; and taken alone, do greatly calefy. Fur∣thermore, sour sapour, as to its impression upon the tongue, it cor∣rodes, bites, penetrates, and exterges, and all without calefaction, unless it have some other quality mixed with it, as Galen asserts, (cap. 2. lib. 4. simpl.) in which it differs from sharp sapour, although sour sapours ferment the earth for the tenuity of their parts with heat pro∣duced by putrefaction.

The austere or styptick sapour doth moderately strain and exaspe∣rate the tongue and mouth, * 1.115 and in some measure dry and refrigerate; and it is very peculiar to many immature Fruits, as to Quinces, to the fruit of the Dog-tree, and many Pears, especially wild Pears. The matter consists in a mean, to wit, partaker both of a terrestrial and watry nature, in which frigidity is predominant. Wherefore all au∣stere sapours are frigid, moderately astringing and repelling fluxes; and it differs from an acerb sapour, in that it is more humid, and astringeth and exasperates less. For Galen, (cap. 7. lib. 4. simplic.) saith, that watry humidity doth much retund and dullify the strength of every sapour.

But when natural heat begins to domineer in the very matter, and the watry matter mixed with the terrene hath attained to maturity, then the austerity evinced and expelled, dulcity succeeds in the same matter; and so austere Fruits after mutation become sweet, which mutation is not of the matter, but quality.

Acerb sapour, * 1.116 sometimes called Pontick and Styptick, differs from the austere sapour onely by reason of more or less, (Aet. cap. 1. tetr. 1. fer. 1.) for thereby it more grievously and strongly astrin∣ges and exasperates the tongue and mouth, (Aet. cap. 4. lib. 2.) be∣cause it consists more of dry and terrene matter, not apertly parta∣king of watry humidity. And in it cold with siccity is more predomi∣nant than heat; for every acerb sapour is cold. Now this sapour is most conspicuous in Gall nuts, in unripe Medlars, and sorb Apples.

Sweet sapour is mild and pleasant to the tast, * 1.117 and familiar and ac∣ceptable to the belly and stomack, saith Galen, (c. 14. lib. 4. simpl. com. ad aphor. 37. lib. 5.) because it hath a mild calidity, and lau∣dable temper: wherefore sweet things onely nourish, and the Infant in the womb onely draws the sweetest blood. Now sweet differs from oily, because an oily sapour is less pleasant, whereas otherwise their temperaments are one, and their impressions on the tongue

alike: for that which is sweet, lenifies and dilates the little fibres of the tongue, takes away asperity, and cleanses away whatever inheres to the tongue. Now this sweet sapour is most apert in Sugar, Ho∣ney, Manna, Liccorish, Milk, Reysons, Jujubs, and mature Fruits. Theophrastus constitutes four species of this sapour, to wit, milky, ho∣ney, watry, and winy.

The unctious or oily sapour is sweet, and nourisheth, as Galen saith, (cap. 9. lib. 4. simpl.) that whatsoever nourisheth is sweet, or of a kinde of sweet sapour: yet they are distinct; for watry humidity is of sweet things, aery of fat things; whence it easily melts in the fire, and is rather sauce than nutriment, (cap. 10. lib. 3. de Aliment.) for it lenifies and fills the exasperate parts of the tongue, as Butter, Mar∣row, Oil. Now unctious sapour is such, either exquisitely, as all oily and fat things; or moderately, as the root of Mallows and Lillies.

The insipid or unsavoury sapour is next to swell, * 1.118 and it deflects more to frigidity, by reason of its watry substance not well elabora∣ted by its inbred heat; and it is evident in things not perfectly con∣cocted and cold; for all unsavoury Aliments are pituitous, (Gal. cap. 46. lib. 2. de facult. aliment.) but is more properly observable in Water, Citrul, Gourds, and such like; for it affects the tongue with no manifest quality, neither is it properly a sapour, but rather a pri∣vation of sapour, as the name shews. The Latins call it fatuum, that is, foolish or unsavoury, because it moves the sense with no manifest quality, it leaves an impression much like to that of Hydraeolean.

CHAP. XIX. What election of Medicaments may be made by Sapours.

THE preservation of our nature consists in sanity, and sanity in temperament, from which those sapours that recede more, are to be adjudged more malign, and those that more agree to our nature are more wholsome. Now of sapours, sharp and bitter are most un∣acceptable and averse to our nature, sweet familiar and gratefull. Wherefore by how much a purging Medicament recedes more from sharp and bitter sapours, by so much it is less noxious. For those that are exactly sharp, are to be thought worst, and most nocent, * 1.119 as En∣phorbium and Thymelea, which by reason of their acrimony and ve∣hement heat, exulcerate the bowels.

Next to these are sharp and bitter sapours, as the juice of Buck∣thornberry. After these, that which is exactly bitter, as wild Gourds, and the juice of wild Cucumbers, called Elaterium.

Those which are both sharp and bitter, * 1.120 and also styptical, as Aloes, which contrary to Serapio, rather shuts than opens the veins, are not so ill; and they are less ill that are both sharp and styptical, as Epi∣thymus, (Diosc. cap. 24. lib. 3. Gal. cap. 4. lib. 5. meth. Pint. cap. 4. lib. 27.)

Bitter and styptical are least of all ill, * 1.121 as Rhabarb, and Sea-worm∣wood; for although bitter things putrifie least, and do not generate Worms, yet those that are exactly such, since they are not fit to be eaten of any Creature, much less of Man; Galen attesting the same, (cap. 9. lib. 4. simpl.) by how much any sapour is less bitter, by so much the rather it is to be chosen.

Now of good and wholsome sapours, * 1.122 the sweet ones are most wholsome, as Cassia, Manna, Honey, Licorish, Jujubs.

Secondly, the unsavoury are next to these, as Mallows, Sorrel, Violets.

Thirdly, both sweet and sharp, as Prunes, Tamarinds.

Fourthly, sweet and bitter, as Polypody.

Fifthly, sweet, bitter, and styptical, as Roses; for those that have astriction, are adjudged most wholsome. And therefore where Na∣ture hath not given astriction to purging Medicaments, Art adds it.

CHAP. XX. Of the time when Medicaments are to be gathe∣red, how long their virtue lasts, and in what time it is most valid.

THat disposition of a Medicament which is extrinsecally ac∣quired, and which gives better knowledge to their selecti∣on, proceeds either from the time wherein they are to be gathered, or from the place where they are deposited. As to the time, three things are worthy to be known; first, when they ought to be gathered; secondly, to what time their virtue remains perfect; thirdly, in what time they are better and more usefull; for some are better new than old, others better old than new, others best in the middle of the time.

As to the first, * 1.123 we affirm that Medicaments are then to be gathered, when their virtue is better and more usefull. But nevertheless all parts of Plants are not equally, and at one time and season, effectual and wholsome: For Roots should be gathered at one time, Stalks at another, Leaves at another, Flowers and Fruits, Seeds, Juices and Gums, at another time.

And so Roots should be gathered in several seasons of the year, * 1.124 not in Autumn only, as is asserted by Dioscorides, Avicenna, and many

others. Nor also in the Spring alone, as Saladinus would have them: but some may be effoded and gathered at any time, to wit, such as are alwayes vegetive and juicy, although the stalks be dry, as the roots of Bugloss, Sorrel, Licorish, Saint Christophers herb, Smallage, Butchers broom, Cyperus, Sow bread, Lillies, Mallows, and many more. Others as soon as their leaves are fallen, at which time the virtue of the Plant goes into the root, and then the humour is more throughly cocted than at other times, as Enula campana, Angelicae, Peony, Briony, Bugloss. Others are to be pulled up and gathered ere the virtue of the Plant be diffused into branches, leaves, flowers, and seed, as Polypody, Flower-de-luce, Saint Maries seal, Gen∣tian, Ragwort. And some are best to be gathered in Spring and Au∣tumn, as the roots of Mallows and Lillies, Eringes, Galangal, Sour∣dock, Radish, & many more which have store of natural Juice in them.

But the stocks and stalks are to be gathered when they are perfect; leaves and flowers before they fall of themselves, for then for the most part they are perfect. Fruits, when they are ripe; the juices of herbs and leaves while young branches are sprouting out.

Gums are to be drawn and pressed out of the stalks gashed while it is fresh, in the beginning of the Spring, or beginning of Summer, while the juice ascends into the stalk. And all Medicaments, by Dio∣scorides advice, are to be gathered when the Heavens are clear.

Now how long the virtue of purging, altering, * 1.125 or roborating Me∣dicaments endure, cannot definitely be shewed and determined upon. For since that every thing hath its proper age, and a peculiar antiqui∣ty or recency consists in several Medicaments, the time of duration is not the same in all, for Rhabarb will keep fresh, potent and valid three years, others decay sooner, as of roots such as have thin sub∣stances, as the root of Valerian, Asarum, Ragwort, which are effica∣cious and valid onely one year.

Some endure five or six years, as Aristolochy; Butchers-broom, Cypetus; others ten years, as the greater Centaury; and according to Threophrastus, others thirty years, as Hellebore; others forty years, as black Chameleon; and some a hundred, as Elaterium: and if the same Author speaks true, Elaterium hath been found of two hundred years old, which was very good and pretious. Therefore we can scarce determine in general for what season or time the virtue of a Medicament, especially purging, is efficacious, but onely specially of some, and several; seeing we shall discourse in our Officina Pharma∣copolarum particularly of these, wherein we shall most largely declare and treat of the composition of Medicaments.

Yet may this rule be laid down as general, if not altogether, * 1.126 yet for the most part true: That all Medicaments consisting of a thin and rare substance, and all such as abound in much humidity, continue but a short time efficacious: but those that are gross and solid, and less humid, endure longer, because their virtue cannot so easily exolve and perish.

The third thing remains yet unapplyed, to wit, at what time the virtue of purging Medicaments is better and more valid, seeing some are better new than old, others on the contrary, and others in their middle age. * 1.127 Now that this dignotion may be certain, and that the e∣lection may be good, it ought to be taken from certain differences of sapours, and from the variety of the substance, whereby we judge some new to be better than old Medicaments, as styptick and bitter, which being ill from their imbred siccity, become worse by age, be∣cause siccity increases in these by time; but being new, they have hu∣midity, which tempers the excess of heat and siccity.

Those also that have but weak virtue, as the flowers of Violets, Borrage, purple colour'd Lilly, Bugloss, Rosemary; or those whose virtue is posited in the superficies, and therefore easily resoluble, because of the rarity of the substance, are better new than old, as al∣most all Flowers, especially those whose odour quickly fails.

On the contrary, * 1.128 some old ones are better than new, especially sharp Medicaments, which are of thin parts, because the fiery heat posited in the superficies, which causes their biting and burning, by age expires. And what Acrimony remains within, in time waxes mild, and is broken, as Galen speaks of Eupherbium, cap. 2. lib. 3. de comp. med. gen.

In Onions and Garlick the case is otherwise, for their Acrimony proceeds from heat conjoyned with humidity, which taken away, they are more sharp, and therefore better new.

Secondly, those whose virtue is valid from the temperament, and hardly resoluble for the density of their substance not posited in the superficies, but shut within, are better old than new; for all ex∣crementitious and superfluous humidity is absumed in these by time, and their natural humidity remains, because of their density.

Many are best in their middle age; * 1.129 first, sweet; secondly, un∣savoury; thirdly, salt Medicaments. Sweet, because these newly gathered are flatulent, by reason of their superfluous humidity undi∣gested; and being old, they are bitter.

Unsavoury Medicaments also being new, abound with superfluous humours, whereby they are flatulent and loathed; being old, they are dead and useless.

Salt Medicaments, lastly, ought neither to be too old, nor too new; for being too old, by reason of their ficcity increased, and their humidity absumed, they are bitter and sharp; and being new by reason of superfluous humidity, they trouble and subvert the ven∣tricle.

Now they are antient or new naturally, * 1.130 from a like number of dayes, months, or years. Whence an equal age or newness cannot be given to all, because all do not endure altogether the same number of dayes; but some grow old sooner, and some later.

CHAP. XXI. What election of purging Medicaments may be made from the place.

A Good purging Medicament may be discerned from an ill one by the place; and that either from the native place where Plants grow; or from another place near to, or remote from the Plant; or from a place near to, or remote from the Sun; or from a place exposed to its heat, or obtenebrated and hindred of its heat. Neither is it of small moment to know the place from whence the Plant sprung up, because from thence together with its Aliment, it partook of such virtue as Nature had imparted to that place, (Gal. cap. 1. lib. 3. de sympt. caus.) For a Tree transferred from Persia into Numidia and Egypt, doth not onely depose its malign quality, but conveyed to us, is wholsome, and may bring forth gratefull and wholsome Fruits.

Now the place in which Plants, and Medicaments taken from Plants grow, is either hollow, and polluted with dung, clay, and other naughty vapours, or free from all strong smelling inquinations, or hot or cold, moyst or dry.

In the free place, which admits of no heap, or filth of dunghils, * 1.131 Medicamental Plants, as also Nutritive, acquire the property due and convenient to their nature, while by an attractive faculty they draw the humour familiar to them out of the earth, and convert it to their nutriment; as those that are nourished with sweet, attract sweet hu∣mours; bitter, bitter humours; and such as are nourished by salt and nitrous humours, attract salt and nitrous humours.

But in a place not free, but inquinated, as the suburban Gardens, * 1.132 which smell more of smoke and dung than earth, (otherwise unapt to nourish Melons and Cucumbers) do not acquire the property due to their kinde and nature, but to the mixture of dung, and other things; and therefore Melons, Lettices, and other herbs growing in such pu∣trid places, are more unwholsome; and all Medicaments that grow in a free place, better, and therefore the rather to be chosen.

Now those that are hot immoderately, sprung in too hot a place, * 1.133 are worse; as also cold in too cold a place: for the similitude of the place to the Plants intendeth and increaseth their quality and maligni∣ty, diffimilitude tempers and represses them. Whence those that a∣bound with excrementitious humidity, grow and are nourished in most humid places, as Turbith, Hermodactyls, Polypody, because through the humidity of the ground, siccity and acrimony are retun∣ded, as it is known from Bartram, or Pelitory, Water-pepper, and others.

The vicinity also, and society of one Plant to another, makes the quality sometimes better, and sometimes worse, and is not to be re∣jected in the election of Medicaments.

Lupines makes the Vine better; which if they be sown besides, it causeth it to bring forth sweet clusters. The Radish root also makes Hermodactyls better.

The Epithymus that grows about Thyme is good; that which is gathered about Basil is naught; Polypody of the Oak is very good, that which is gathered off old walls is naught.

The tree Cassia alone in the field is not worth a Pease cod. We have before, to wit, in the 8. Chapter, shewed the contrary of Colo∣cynthis; for some become better by vicinity and number, others worse.

Now from a subsolar place, or from a place nearer to, or more re∣mote from the Sun or Stars, some are better or worse: so the Ori∣ental Senny, Illyrium and Florentine Flower-de-luce, the Spanish Angelica, the Cretian Thyme, the Judaical Bitumen, the Ethiopian Cummin, the Macedonian Parsley, the Mompelian Maidenhair, the Arabian Cotten weed, or Staechades, the Thebane Poppy, the Scythian Amomum, the Chian Mastick, the Damascen Prune, the Calabrian Manna, the Rhabarb, that is, the root of Barbary; those Oranges that are brought out of France are judged best, because of the property of the earth, and the virtue of the celestial cause.

But there can be little judgement given from the aspect and vici∣nity of the Sun and Stars, and the selection of the malignant from the benign thereby is not safe, because we can hardly know from what place every Medicament comes, or whether they grow near others or no, or what good or malignant Star respects every one, we must credit those that effode the roots, and gather the other parts of the Plants.

And as the number in some doth change, intend, or remit their virtue and quality, as one onely Apple of Colocynthis manifests, so also doth magnitude or parvity; for the virtue of the Earth and Plant is diffused, and in many is more remiss, but coacted into one Plant, or one Fruit more valid. Yet many Fruits are commended for their parvitude, as Capers; and many Seeds for their magnitude, as Garthamus.

CHAP. XXII. Of the choyce of purging Medicaments taken from their faculties.

WE have briefly, but clearly, shewed how purging Medica∣ments ought to be selected, by a judgement taken from their substance, proper temperament, second qualities proceeding from their temperament, from their disposition extrinsecally acqui∣red, from the circumstances of place, time, number, magnitude, and parvity; it rests that we dispatch briefly what may be spoken, as to that choyce which is taken from their purging faculty; which though it be helped by the first and second qualities, yet (saith Mesue) its original is celestial; and it hath that specifical property, whereby the Medicament received into the ventricle, and solicited by our heat, attracts to it self the humour familiar to its nature, as we have noted elsewhere, from the veins and passages of our body, not perceived by the senses, into the belly; and then Nature laden with the burthen of the Medicament, and the humours attracted, prepares a way to excretion, either by vomit at the mouth, or by dejection at the infe∣riour parts. Whence there are two kinds of purging Medicaments, the one a vomiting or ejective Medicament, the other dejective; which distinction is taken from the manner of excretion or vacua∣tion.

Now the dejective is more desirable than the ejective, because Na∣ture hath alotted the inferiour course to expell Excrements, the su∣periour to receive Aliments. Whence it frequently happens, that Nature acting spontaneously, and provoked by no morbifical cause, doth abundantly carry and deject excrementious humours at the in∣feriour parts; and sometimes irritated by the virtue of the Medica∣ment of it self ejective, and by the force of the swelling humour, * 1.134 it ejects both Medicament and humours by the mouth. Whence it comes to pass, that ejective are sometimes better than dejective Me∣dicaments, especially to those whose first region of the body or upper ventricle is stuffed with much choler, which by reason of its levity and the facility of the traction, may more easily and sooner be extru∣ded by vomit. Hippocrates also commends vomit to them that are slender, especially in Summer, Because for the most part they are cho∣lerick; slender folks, (saith he, Aphor. 6. lib. 4.) are prone to vomit, and are to be purged upward; but take heed in Winter. And (Aphor. 40. lib. 4) in Summer it is better to purge upwards, in Winter down∣wards: for the gross and cold humour collected in Winter, is more easily educed by the inferiour parts; and therefore the skilfull Physician uses sometimes ejective, and sometimes dejective Medica∣ments,

as the condition of the swelling humour requires, or the nature of the diseased will bear. For Galen saith, (lib. 1. de loc. affect.) That no man should be compelled to vomit, unless he be prone to vomit; and that consuming men are never to be purged by vomit, nor they who have a strait Thorax, or narrow passage.

But if a Vomit be prescribed to whom it is convenient, * 1.135 then let it be provoked by those Medicaments which subvert the ventricle without great molestation, and not with white Hellebor, accor∣ding to Galens advice, (lib. quos, quando, & quibus medicam.) lest any vessel of the breast should break. And much less by Anti∣mony, whereby crafty beguilers kill many, and sometimes them∣selves, as it is to be seen in that admirable Historie in Cornelius Gem∣ma, c. 4. lib. 2. pag. 239. linea 14.

The same choyce is to be observed in other Purges, that we use the more benign, analogical to the morbifical humours; For we ought to give a choler purging Medicament to the cholerick, (saith Galen) a flegm purging Medicament to the flegmatick, and a me∣lancholy purging Medicament to the melancholick; otherwise we of∣fend Nature.

Now there is no blood purging Medicament prescribed either to purge blood by the mouth or fundament, because (as Galen saith, (cap. 6. lib. de purg. medicam. facult.) that were to jugulate, not to purge men. * 1.136 Which the Historie of one Thracius, a Bithynian Rustick, who found a herb, which if any one assumed, he should first lose his blood, then his life. Now many dying by this means, the Magi∣strate judging the offence worthy diligent inquisition; apprehen∣ded the Malefactor; who being demanded of whom he had lear∣ned this deletory Poyson, answered, that he learned it of none; but as he once carried a Hogs liver to a neighbouring place, his belly compelling him, he laid the herb down in a place where a certain herb grew while he had eased himself; * 1.137 which after some respite, and interval, he took up again, and found that all the blood drew towards the herb: whence he conjectured, that the herb would attract blood from the body; and finding it true, by experience made upon one he met, as he had before imagi∣ned, he afterwards transferred the herb to evil uses: yet he pro∣fessed, he never did shew that herb to any, (of which there was much in that Countrey.) Now the Malefactor, amongst other his torments that he was to endure, was first to have his eyes put out, that when he was led along to the place of Execution, he should not shew the herb to any.

Medicaments therefore that draw blood being omitted as poy∣sonous, others, not analogical to other parts, are to be selected, but such as respect certain parts by affinity. So Physicians pru∣dently prescribe Agarick, Staechados, Betony, to many distem∣pers of the head: Manna, Cassia, to distempers of the stomack and reins: Aloes, Myrobolanes, and Wormwood, to purge and

corroborate the ventricle: Senna, Cetrarch, to the spleen: Hermo∣dactyls, and Ground pine, to the Arteries: Sage and Rosemary to the nerves. Yet these simple Medicaments are not so much a∣stringed to those parts, but they may be applyed conveniently to others.

And as many Medicaments, as well simple as compound, do pe∣culiarly corroborate some certain part by some familiarity; and so some on the contrary do manifestly destroy and hurt some parts of the body, as the Sea hare the Lungs, Cantharides the Liver, Hem∣lock the Brain, as it is well observed by Galen, cap. 1. lib. 1. compos. medic. per genera.

The end of the first Book.

OF MEDICINALL INSTITUTIONS. The second Book. In which we shall treat of the prepara∣tions of Medicament.

CHAP. I. Where we shall demonstrate, whether some prepa∣ration be not required to all Medicines that tend to aliment.

A Compound Medicament that is united and made up of many simples by Art and Experience (be∣fore it exists of a convenient consistence) re∣quires not a distinct preparation alone, but also that vegetable or Medicament which is simple, as to its number, and such spontaneously and naturally may not be exhibited with successe (and not without some detriment) to the use of man without some altera∣tion by a due preparation. For those aliments which we daily assume unto our bodies, if they want their acquired preparation, as rosting, boyling, or the like, are rather fit for beasts than men; because it is naturall, and therefore belongs to cattell to feed upon the fruits of the earth, as hay, pulse, &c. onely prepared by the worke of nature. As also the Sea affords necessary food agreeable to nature, both for

great and small fishes. But the earth, unwilling to afford such a bene∣fit of her selfe, doth render up her fruits somewhat incongruous to humane nature without a preparation, and will not afford either nu∣triment nor aliment to man without the long expectation, and indefa∣tigable labours of the Husbandman, who after much paines rending up the bowells thereof, and casting in his seed, proves as it were in∣gratefull by bringing forth corne, which at the first sprouting forth becomes suitable nutriment to many birds of the aire, and four footed beasts of the field, but to man in no wise without preparation, by first making bread of it with Water and Leaven: For as that great Attorney Generall of Nature saith (lib. de veter. Med.) That the same meat and drink which suffices beast and Horses, and other crea∣tures, as they proceed out of the earth, raw and undigested (viz.) fruits, hearbs, &c. by which these are nourished, and on which they live, cannot suffice man, nor agree with his constitution; For this is apparent, that one body differs from another, one nature from another, and one aliment another. As the same Author hath it (lib. de flatib.) for one and the same thing cannot be commodious and usefull, (as to Nutriment) to all kinds of living creatures, but some are more convenient than others.

Those meats and drinks which are our daily sustenance, * 1.138 were in∣vented and consulted of with mature deliberation by quondam Phisi∣cians, who instructed us, their posterity, to make bread of Corne, by being first separated from the chaffe, then ground, sifted, kneaded and last of all baked.

If therfore meat and drinke being familiar, as it were to the tempe∣rament and nature of man need preparation, before they be assumed, then much more simple Medicaments, or those Ingredients which are required to the making up of a Medicine. For there is no Question to be made of compound Medicines, because they cannot be such, till they be first conoited and fitted by art, and due preparation.

Now amongst simples, * 1.139 that which we call Catharticke is most a∣verse from, and inagreeable to our nature. Therefore according to Actuarius, 'twas ordained by nature to overcome, and not to be overpowered; hence it is, that every purging Medicine hath something offensive and ungratefull to the stomack, by consequence therefore it needs preparation and correction before it be exhibited, that its no∣xious quality may be removed, and its vertues more approximated to the nature of our constitutions, and that its operation may be better and lesse trouble some to the Patient: For nothing is produced out of the wombe of Nature, which ought to be dished up to man without such preparation, as it requires.

Medicaments are prepared, * 1.140 that they may be more cōmodious for use and composition, for thereby they become either more acceptable, more valid, more wholesome, or more miscible, according to the opi∣nion of Sylvius. It is our custome to use roots and hearbs, washed and boyled, and not raw, as also powders, infusions, juices, distilla∣tions, liquors, decoctions of certaine vegetables, and other materi∣alls,

and not integrall plants, for by this, either we take away some noxious quality or other from the medicine. As when vipers are made medicinall, we use first well to smite and bombaste them with rods, and then cut off their heads and tailes, and thereby they become lesse venemous, or else by it we detect the desirable faculty. As Goates blood is more efficacious in diminishing the stone, if the Goat be fed with Sax••frage and Grumwell, or else by it, we acquire a new fa∣culty, as when we nourish a female creature, a she Goat, or Asse, with Scammony, Milkweed, or other purging hearbs, that its milkinesse may attaine a purgative faculty.

CHAP. II. Of the differences of preparations.

PReparation of Medicaments in generall is made three manner of wayes, * 1.141 either by addition, detraction, or immutation: by addition, and so Agarick is prepared, by adding Ginger and Wine, Coriander-seed with Vineger, Vipers flesh with Bread and Dill: by detraction Cantharides are prepared, their feet and wings cut off; Barly, by taking away its drosse and chaffe; Al∣monds, by being blanched; roots by washing, cleansing, and cutting off the Fibres, their pith and woody substance taken out: by immuta∣tion, when the Medicament it self, is so prepared by a certain artifi∣ciall knowledge and Art, that its noxious faculty is either removed or corrected, and the substance thereby made better to use alone, or compound with others. But this artificiall preparation requires two other manner of wayes, either the adjection of those things that pro∣fit, or the detraction of those things that hurt. So Castor and Saf∣fron is added to Opium, that its maligne power may be amended; so Lapis Lazuli, is appointed to be burned before it be put into Confe∣ctio Alkermes or Kermeticall confection, that its purging faculty may be taken away.

Old Mesue delivers foure other particular modes of preparation, * 1.142 coction, lotion, infusion, and grinding, to which our later Phy∣sicians have aded many more, as lotion, purgation, infusion, hume∣ctation, maceration, dissolution, clarification, emollition, cola∣tion, extraction, solution, digestion, fermentation, tundation, pulverization, frixion, assation, liquation, putrefaction, insolation, extinction, refrigeration, despumation, exsiccasion, induration, distillation, digestion, mixtion, scapulation, extraction conserva∣tion, duration. But in generall, humectation, maceration, dis∣solution, emollition and what ever is humified or mollified, with water or moisture, is contained under infusion; Pulverization and scraping, and whatsoever is made smooth with scraping, rubbing, &c. is comprehended under tundation, calefaction, ustion, frixion,

and what others are prepared with fire and heat, is comprehended un∣der coction: and thus the infinite manner of preparing may be redu∣ced to some few generall heads.

These subsequent modes of preparations are for the most part fre∣quent with Chymists, calcination, digestion, fermentation, distilla∣tion, circulation, sublimation, fixation, to distillation pertaines exa∣lation, exhaltation, circulation, cohobation, rectification, they call a double distillation a cohobation, when the distilled liquor is pou∣red upon the same Ingredient, and distilled over againe.

But to omit these Chymicall tearmes of preparations, which is better to know, than make experience of. We will prosecute more particularly the accustomed preparation of Medicines, the whole∣some Remedies of Physicians prescript, that we may securely and without danger make use of to the depelling of our distempers, and the safeguarde of our families, which be such as Apothecaries prepare daily and openly before all mens eyes, and places them in conve∣nient pots and glasses and other vessells in their shops, either for pre∣sent use or perseverance, till occasion serves: and of those the Phy∣sician selects for the necessity of the exigent, sometimes this, some∣times that, and prescribes how much is most convenient to be admi∣nistred for the expelling of the disease. Now the Physicians work is not to prepare these Medicins, but to prescribe them, hence it is, that Apothecaries are tearmed the Physicians hand (for it is better to commit our lives into the hands of two than one,) to operate ac∣cording to Prescript, for if the Physician alone should prescribe, pre∣pare, and afford Medicines, It were too great a trouble to ly upon one mans shoulders. Besides, he hath power to save or kill, and not to be liable to punishment, by Law. Which, is an Impious and Intole∣rable thing, an act not to be indured, therefore it was ordained, that Apothecaries should be appointed, who ought to prepare and preserve Medicaments, and to distribute them out in certain quanti∣ties, according to the Doctors Judgment and decree.

But I would not abrogate Chymicall remedies totally from Apo∣thecaries shops, for there are many of them of excellent vertue, * 1.143 to the dissipating of many crabbed distempers: but they are such as the learned and skilfull onely should use, and not ignorant Mountebanks, * 1.144 and wandering Quacks and deceivers, who scarce know how to pre∣pare a Medicin, yet will proclaime themselves to the world to be more skilfull than Galen and Hyppocrates.

But to returne to our intended purpose, I say, there are di∣vers modes of preparing Medicins, which that I may prosecute in order, I will begin with Lotion, afterwards I will extend my dis∣course to those ingredients which are simply prepared with water, of∣ten, when medicinall with juice or other liquor; then I will demon∣strate what preparations are made with contunding, grinding, or scraping, afterwards I will explaine what preparation heat performes, and I will add to these, those that are finished with a mixed manner.

CHAP. III. Of Lotion.

LOtion by learned Sylvius is accounted the last manner of prepa∣ration, * 1.145 by some, the middle; but by us the first; because most In∣gredients, before they will serve our use, before any other preparation can be made, ought to be washed, though some, I confesse, are not to be washed till they be burned, rosted, or scraped.

This Lotion is twofold, * 1.146 the one a superficiary Lotion, which de∣tracts the adherent filth, from the superficies of roots, hearbs and o∣ther Medicinall materialis, and It is common to all other things, which being inquinated with clay, or other pollutions, are to be washed: the other is more intimate, which dilates it self both without and within, and thorow the whole substance: Now this preparation is made in water or other liquor for this end and purpose, to remove some notious quality, or to introduce some good one, as the disease it self, the nature of the disease, or the occasion requires.

The Ingredient or materiall to be washed is either obdurate, solid, or stony, as the substance of shells, bones, stones, concrete Juices, dry gums and metalls; or such as are of themselves liquid, as Turpenttne, Oyle, or such as are easy to be melted, as wax, pitch, rosin, butter; or such as are dissoluble, as Lime-stones, Bole arme∣niack, Lytharge of God or Silver.

Those things that are hard and solid, before washing ought to be pulverized, or burned, and so bruised, that they cannot be grinded without ustion, as Ivory, and Harts-horne, and so the water or liquor may reach, wash, and purge every part.

Those that will easily melt as Wax and Rosin, &c. ought first to be warmed, that being melted they may more eafily yield, or be made more pliable; if they will easily dissolve of themselves, they are to be sprinkled with some water or juice, and then washed, if liquid of themselves, they are to be washed by continuall stirring and commi∣xing water or other liquor with the body of the thing to be washed.

The liquors in which this Lotion is made, is either pure water, as fountain, or rain-water, or medicinall, as sulphurous Sea water, or Bituminous or some other humour, as milk, honey, vinegar, the juice of Plants, distilled water and decoctions of simple medicaments. This Lotion is either much and hard, or little and light, or a medium, or mean: for the things that are washed for the detraction of their filth ought either to be washed strongly or lightly, and the water so off changed, till it remaines pure, and all its impurity segregated and eje∣cted.

Those that are washed in a medicinall liquor, should lye in the same a certain space, according to appointment, as a whole night, or the space of some houres, that they may attract the greater power from the liquor, or loose their malignant quality: This preparationis in∣juriously called by Sylvius, A Lotion, when it is rather an Infu∣sion or Maceration, or rather as another hath it, an Imbution, * 1.147 for the liquor seldom or never adds faculties to the Medicin, but ra∣ther detracts from it, as we see in Rhabarb and others steeped in wa∣ter; whose purgative faculty remaines by being transmitted into the Liquor.

Yet are they not washed, that they may so lose their vertues, but increase them, * 1.148 and so in Mesues judgement Aloes should be wa∣shed in odoriferous water, that it may coroborate the more, or in some purging juice or decoction (as juice of Roses, or the infusion thereof) that it may with more celerity relax the belly; yet it is not alwayes washed, that its purging faculty may be intended, but rather that its heat may be remitted; as when it is washed in the water of Endive, Succory, or such like, that it may not too much exestuate the liver.

Lotion therefore ex consequenti, either adds to, or detracts from medicinall materialls, and causes not onely the filth to be wiped off, but also mitigates in some their acrimony, in others destroyes their malignity, and dulls their violence, and makes them better, either to be assumed or applyed.

Now that Metalls may be washed, * 1.149 they ought to be pulverized ve∣ry small, and then to be put into pure water, or any other Medicinall liquor, and to be continually stirred with a wooden Spatula for a whole day, and in the morning following the water to be powred out, and other water put on, and agitated as before, till the water thats pow∣red off be cleere, and by this means Metalls lose their Mordacity and Acrimony (if they have any such quality) for Tutia washed thus is void of all mordacity, and therefore we use it, * 1.150 for the fluxions of the eyes, so likewise many other Metalls being thus washed, lose their Acrimonious quality. As Galen shewes at large, (4. Comp. Med. Ge∣ner. c. 2.)

The Ancients were wont to quench burnt brasse in Asses mi•••• two or three times over, * 1.151 then pulverized it in a morter with water powred on it, and so dryed it againe, and so preserved it to dry up ulcers of the eyes, and drive away fluxions.

Ceruss is often washed in milk, sometimes in rain-water, * 1.152 and some∣times in distilled water, as the Physician orders it.

The usuall custome of our Apothecaries in the preparation of steele is to wash or sprinkle its dust with vineger, * 1.153 according to the Arabi∣ans custome, afterwards they dry it on a large marble in the hot Sun, dryed, they bruise it again, and put on vineger as before, and so they do seven times, but this is not simply Lotion, but a manifest prepa∣ration, yet is the dust of iron more laborioufly prepared by Alcumists,

of which they make their Croc•••• Martis, but of this we have spoken one where.

The Lotion of Lead is thus, * 1.154 first burnt well in a Crucible, then pulverized in a Leaden mo••ter, with a Leaden pestill, with rain-wa∣ter, ••ill the water wax thick, like black••sh clay, then the liquor must b••••strained, dryed, made into balls and kept.

To preserve ••••ctious substances, * 1.155 first the Adeps; or Medulla must be melted, then strained from the drossy Membranes, afterwards washed well in water, till it appears pure and cleere.

The preparation of a Wolfs Liver consists in ablution & siccation. * 1.156 First, let it be washed over and over, in odoriferous wine; in which wormewood hath first been boyled, being thus washed according to Art; Let it be well dryed in an Oven, then afterwards laid in a dry place with dry Wormwood or Mint.

This Lotion is by some highly commended, as of sufficient robo∣ration to ••allance the weakness of the Liver, which is naturally so, by reason of its ill odor and insuavity.

The intestines also of a Wolfe must be washed and prepared after the same manner, * 1.157 save that they must be dryed in the North-wind, they are commended by some learned Doctors, for some speciall qualities in or against the Cholick passions.

Oyle, * 1.158 whilst it is in the water, must not be much beaten, least it be so mixed with the water that it cannot easily be separated from it clearly without some commixtion.

As for Rosin, * 1.159 Wax, and Pitch; let them first be melted upon the fire, with a certain quantity of water, and purge away their dross by straining them thorow a cloth. Galen. cap. 14. libr. 1. comp. Med. ge∣ner. cap. 58. lib. 9. de simpl. Med. fac. cap. 3. lib. 6. Meth.

Lime also, * 1.160 though it burnes vehemently, yet twice or thrice washed its mordacity is taken away, and may be safely applyed to any part, whether Nervous or not, which is a place most exquisitly in∣dued with sense, some wash it seven times over, and make it up into a round ball, which being dryed, they so preserve it for future uses.

To shew gradually the preparation of severall Medicaments di∣stinctly, were superfluous and would be burdensome to the Reader both because Sylvius hath treated largely upon this subject, and also because we have added many Lotions to many Medicaments, in the Pharmacopoeia, with other preparations of those compositions prescri∣bed in it.

CHAP. IV. Of the Purgation of Medicaments.

BY Lotion (of which we have treated in the former Chapter) the filth and corruption mixed with Medicinall materialls is wa••••ed off, but their superfluous and noxious parts are not purged thereby, for French Barley, though a thousand times washed, will scarce lose it hilling; nor other seeds their chaff and coverings; nor fruits their skins or barks; nor nuts their shells: neither can fat onely by washing be purged from its Membranes: therefore should be twice cocted, and no more, according to Hyppocrates advice, before it be used; in generall all Medicaments more or lesse, should be purged by detra∣ction, which cannot be performed so much by Lotion, as by Section, Rasion and fraction, or some other Artificiall Industry of the hand. Thus the externall part of roots are scraped by cutting off their little fibres, or the heart of them (commonly so called) taken out of them. Yet sometimes they are not purged from their barks, but the barks from every part, as from superfluous and uselesse matter: for of the Cinamon-tree the bark only is most desirable, of Ginger the root, of Santall-tree the wood, of Canes the marrow or pith; of Maiden haire, the leaves onely; of the Rose-tree, the flowers; of Pepper, the seed; other parts since they are either lesse usefull, or superfluous are pur∣ged away.

For this reason the Medulla or pith of Cassia Fistula is separated from its cane, Raisins from their stones; Dates from their shells; the Colocinth separated from its seeds; the hillings from many seeds, but from many fruits nothing, the Cortex, Medulla, juice, seed, and flowers of Citron and Orange are good and usefull.

Whereas Nuts and Almonds are involved in a threefold skin, wherefore they should be thrice purged, the skin which is thick in some, is taken away by the first; the shell is broken, by the second, and the cover next to the kernell is taken away by the third, wherein it is involved.

As a Child in a sheet in the wombe, the usuall custome is to put Almonds or Nuts into water, and when 'tis ready to boyle, rub them between your fingers, and they will easily be cleansed.

CHAP. V. Of Infusion.

INfusion is a preparation of certain Medicaments, whereby they are sliced into small peeces, or bruised and so steeped in a liquor fit and convenient to the Physicians intention, and that by the space of one houre or two, or more, dayes or weeks, according to the nature of the Medicament, or the Physicians Order: for those that have a hard compact substance, and a quality firmely inhering in the substance, ought to be steeped or infused longer; those that are small and tender, a lesser space.

The use of this Infusion is chiefly threefold, that the maligne force of the Medicine may be regulated, or altogether absumed, that the be∣nigne or good quality may be made better, or their vertues transmit∣ted into the liquor.

Turbith before 'tis used, * 1.161 ought to be steeped in new milk, and af∣terwards dryed, that it may not gripe the bowells, when it is assumed. Mezeorus & laureola before they be exhibited in any Medicine, ought to be steeped in white Wine, and afterwards dryed, that their crabbedness might be mitigated.

The five opening roots after Lotion should be steeped in vine∣ger, * 1.162 that they might the easier cut viscid Phlegme, and sooner de∣duce humors by the passage dedicated to the expelling of humor; Nettle-seed, * 1.163 steeped in the decoction of the hearb Draconth, and as∣sumed, helpes any stopping at the stomach, for it is exceeding good for those that are troubled with stoppages. It causes the throat, and o∣ther parts, by which it passeth, to cease to burn or itch.

But purging ingredients, and odoriferous spices, are usually in∣fused in Wine, or Water, or some suitable decoction, or some distilled water, or in juices extracted from vegerables, according to the severall ends and purposes of the Doctor, that they might lose their proper qualities, and transmit them into the liquor; thus Rha∣barb and Agarick are wont to be infused, not onely that their vertue might go into the liquor, but that it might have a better and more effectuall operation of the body of him that assumes it.

The mixture of Vinum Hypocraticum is onely the infusion of Cina∣mon in the best Wine, * 1.164 with the dissolution of sugar, so much as will dulcorate it: There is also some Ginger mixed with it by the Apo∣thecaries, that it may the better content and please the drinkers pa∣late.

So also Gummi Ammoniacum, * 1.165 Galbanum, Oppoponax, and Sagape∣num are macerated, steeped or infused in Wine, or Vineger, to bring down their consistences, that the filth mixed therewith, may be sepa∣rated

from them by colature, before they are to be used in the com∣positions of Electuaries or Plaisters, or for other uses.

So flowers of Violets, Roses, and Water-Lillyes, * 1.166 are infused in warme water, till their vertues be transmitted, and the colature dul∣corated with a sufficient quantity of sugar, to bring it into the con∣sistency of a syrup.

CHAP. VI. Of Humectation and other differences of Infusion.

HUmectation, Infection, or Triture are wont to be reduced to infusion or Immersion: And Irrigation, or Inspersion to Hume∣ctation; for those Medicaments that are liquored, with Vineger, Milk, Water or other humor grow moist, or are humected, that they may more comodiously and conveniently be used and commixed with o∣thers.

Now humectation, * 1.167 is absolute necessary to all forraign Medica∣ments, which being brought to us from far Regions, are hard, and dry, their juice being evaporated, and therefore we resartiate their native humidity, or cherish and defend that small relique of it that is left, by a light immersion or irrigation, or oftentimes by reposing and keeping them in a coole place, as when we lay and preserve Cas∣sia in a cellar, Venetian Treacle in a leaden pot, &c. that their ver∣tues may not so soon be exhaled.

Many odoriferous simples also, should be moistned, * 1.168 if they are or∣dered to be pulverized, or grinded, as Amber, Bezoar, Musk, &c. least the more subtill and odoriferous parts should fly away.

Humectation also is very necessary for the preservation of fruits, and blaunching of them, from their skins and hulls. As Almonds, that they may be enucleated, are first to be scalded in hot water, Pine nut••s and other fruits and nutts before they can be preserved, must be steeped, moistned, and macerated in water, that their acrimony and bitterness may be abated; for any fruit that hath any apparant quality of acrimony, by a frequent immersion in water or other liquor, doth waxe more mild.

Camphire, Colocynth, Euphorbium, * 1.169 and many others that are to be pulverized, must be besprinkled with a little oyl of Almonds, or such other thing before their grinding, and Mastich humected with a little rose-water, which causeth it sooner to be pulverized, and its vertue lesse expire, or its subtler part be diminished by flying a∣way.

Irrigation is reduced to humectation, * 1.170 which is as it were a little or

sparing humectation, for those that must be used dry, ought to be irrigated or moistned, with a gentle sprinkling, that they may become more usefull, and their vertues more retained.

CHAP. VII. Of Nutrition.

MEdicaments in a rationall sense, cannot well be said to be nourished, but in a Philosophicall sense they may; as when a medicament is augmented, by the mutuall apposition of two, three or more Medicaments, which acretion, the vulgar Apo∣thecaryes call Nutrition, and perchance it was indued with this name, because it is as apparantly altered in mixing, as Nutriment in nourishing.

Now nutrition is not unlike to Humectation, * 1.171 for in both there must necessarily be mixed some liquor or other, which in Humectation is copious, but in Nutrition spare, for in the latter, the liquor must not be powred on with that quantity, that the forther requires; for when it is once irrigated or sprinkled, it must be presently dryed, and that either by the Sun, or fire; and againe moystned and dryed, and so ir∣rigated three or foure times, * 1.172 as the Gum Sarcocolla which is nourished with a womans, or Asses milk, but if macerated with a copious quanti∣ty thereof, it presently dissolves, and the milk will be soure before the Gumme can be dryed.

Alcumists usually nourish metalls by a congruent homour, to the thing nourished, prepared after an occult manner, either that they may the sooner be melted or dissolved, or nourished and augmen∣ted.

And so to the making up of the crude unguent which is prepared with one part of Litharge, * 1.173 foure of oyl, and five of vineger, the Li∣tharge by a continuall beating is so nourished by the foresaid oyl and vineger, that it growes to the consistency of an unguent, without the help of fire, or addition of other hard bodyes.

Many roots are irrigated sometime with Wine, sometimes with other liquors, that they may swell. As Mirabolans with milk, or with any other liquor, correspondent to the Physicians purpose and in∣tent.

So likewise Aloes is sometimes nourished with a decoction of Aro∣maticks, * 1.174 or some other fit and convenient liquor answerable to the doctors intent, but oftner with the juice of hearbs, leaves or flowers, as with the juice of roses, red or damask, of red, to roborate, or da∣maske to purge, both which do augment the aforesaid qualities, and sometimes in the juice of Endive, to mitigate the heat of the sto∣mach, but first it should be dissolved in some of the aforesaid juices,

afterwards dryed, then pulverized, againe washed and nourished with the same proportion of juice, and dried as before, and this reite∣rated so often, till the Aloes have drunk in the determinated quanti∣ty of the juice or liquor.

CHAP. VIII. Of Maceration, Infection and digestion.

MAceration is so neere a kin to humectation, that they are often used for one and the same manner of preparation; for Medi∣caments are infunded, humected, and macerated for the self same purpose, and by the same way and art. Yet notwithstanding Mace∣ration requires a longer space of time, than the two former, * 1.175 so Flores Populi and semen Abietis, ought to be macerated in oyle, according to Galens advice. cap. 14. lib. 2. de samt. tuend for, three, four or more moneths together, and then the oyl to be pressed out, for the commixtion of the other ingredients. Ginger with other hard roots, green Almonds with other fruits are to be macerated so long till they the wax soft, or loose their unprofitable or ungratefull quality.

In the making of syrup of Poppyes, * 1.176 the heads of the Poppyes are to be macerated in water for a day or two, or sometimes three, till they wax tender, and their quality transmitted into the water.

Lignum Pali sancti, and that Peregrine root, * 1.177 which the Easterne Indians calls Lampatan; will scarce emit their vertues without a long maceration before their coction.

The same method must be observed with other woods and roots, which ought to be macerated in some or other convenient liquor, answerable to their propertyes, that their vertues of what kind soever they be, may be transmitted into the water or decoction.

Dates must be macerated three whole dayes in vinegar according to the prescript of Mesue before they be pulped, * 1.178 for the composition of Diaphaenicon, Tamarinds, and Mirabolans also must be macera∣ted in whey made of Goates milk, that according to the opinion of the same Author their bad and Nocumentall qualities may be amen∣ded, and that they may no wayes offend the stomack.

Tincture or infection is neere a kin to humectation and maceration, * 1.179 for those that are to be infected, must be immerged into some certain juice, yet not alwayes for the colour or tincture only, but that it may acquire a more excellent quality,

As Sericum Crudum, tinctured in Succo Cocci Baphicae, * 1.180 before it go into the composition of Confectio Alkermes, that it may more increase its Cardiack quality, and give it a more delightfull tin∣cture.

Digestion also may be reduced to Maceration, by which Medica∣ments

are occluded in some convenient vessell or other close shut, as meat in the stomach; and so macerated, adding thereunto Wine, Vineger, Oyle, or some other convenient juice.

Chymists make a more ample discussion of digestion, but nihil at∣tinet ad nos, under which they comprehend rectification, insolation, and sometimes nutrition.

CHAP. IX. Of Triture.

WHen Medicaments of themselves hard and solid, cannot con∣veniently be assumed or applied, therefore they are prepared and changed by Apothecaries with such Art, that they may easily and wholesomely be assumed, for they breake and pulverize them, and that either grosse or fine, as the occasion requires.

Now this breaking of Medicaments is chiefly for three ends. * 1.181 First, That they may be exactly mixed with others. Secondly, That they may acquire a new faculty. Thirdly, That their malignity may be corrected.

The manner of breaking of Medicaments, * 1.182 is different and various, for many are brayed in a stone morter, as in Marble, others in Me∣tall morters, as Iron, Brass, Lead, and sometimes glasse, others in a Wooden morter, as of Box, or Guajaicum, with pestells usually of the same matter, for an Iron pestell is most apt for an Iron morter, a Wooden one, for a Wooden morter, a Leaden, for a Leaden mor∣ter, and a glasse pestell for a glasse morter: Some cannot nor will not be so exactly pulverated by beating as by grinding and rubbing, and that upon a smooth marble made hollow for that purpose, where in∣stead of a pestell, we use a little marble stone called a Mannipulus, which we hold in our hand, and circumduce it this way, and that way, round the stone, * 1.183 so that we leave no part of the Medicamet unrub∣bed; and after this manner Gemmes and pretious stones are made in∣to powder, till we can perceive no knobbs with our fingers, which powder so brayed, the vulgar call marbled dust, after which manner also those powders ought to be attenuated, which go to the making up of Ophthalmick unguents.

Some are brayed and ground with turning stones, as Wheat and Barly in a Mill, and so a great quantity of hard seeds may easily and speedily be bruised, and grinded to powder.

Those Medicaments we prepare onely for coction need but little bruising, and those also that are of a thin substance, whose vertue is dissipable, need but little bruising also, as almost all flowers.

And those require much bruising, that are hard, thick solid, ner∣vous, and not easy to be broken, as also such as partake of a malig∣nant

quality, as Colocinth, the grosser part whereof assumed being not well powdered, inheres in the turning of the Intestines, and exul∣cerates the part, causing the bloody flux.

Those that confist of a meane substance, as many odoriferous sim∣ples, must be bruised moderately, least their more subtill, and odori∣ferous parts should exhale, and be dissipated, yet they must be bea∣ten very small, when they go to the confection of any electuary; and when we would have them to search and penetrate to the remotest parts, then must they be beaten very fine, when we would have them to stay long in the body; then they must be courser, provided they be not indued with any maligne quality; some must be bea∣ten very fine and small, that they may sooner performe their opera∣tion, and manifest their power.

Roots and hearbs are sometimes beaten green, and sometimes dry, sometimes raw, sometimes boyled, for their different ends and uses, but those must alwayes but be bruised mode rately, that are to be boy∣led; for alwayes observe, * 1.184 that a greater Triture is requisit for roots than leaves, lesser for fruits, and a meane for seeds: For seeds require but a contusion betwixt roots and hearbs.

So likewise many Medicaments can scarce be redacted to powder, unless something be mixed with them. * 1.185 As Coloquintido fericum cru∣dum, Camphire, and many more, which onely dilate by beating them alone, unlesse there be some unctious or liquid matter superad∣ded; sometime we use to sprinkle some with wine, other with wa∣ter, some with oyl and vineger, that they may not only sooner be brought into powder, but also better serve our intention.

The harder part of Animalls as bones, hornes, clawes, nailes may be more easily pulverated, if they be first filed, or burned in a Crucible.

There are some who also burn Sericum Crudum, * 1.186 wooll and the haires of severall Animalls before they powder them; but thereby they loose their former vertues, and acquire new ones, and therefore it is better to cut them small, and dry them in an oven, and so beat them strongly till they returne into powder; some unctious seeds, as the four great coole-seeds are to be excortiated before they be powdered, because they clog, and sticke to the pestell; many gumms, dropps and juices, conveighed to us from far Countryes, are full of tender fibres, and as it were covered with a coare, which are so hard to be broken, and dissolved (the innermost not dry of it self) that they cannot be beaten to powder alone, but must first be cut into small peeces, and then beaten, with other dryer Medicaments; Gum Traganth, Arabick, Mastick, Franckincense, Sarcocolla, and juices that have a pliant humor, cannot easily be pulverated by bea∣ting, but rather by a gentle rubbing, circumducing the pestell light∣ly round the bottome of the morter, and some others, not till some drops of water be sprinkled upon them.

And some are so friable, as starch, white Agaricke, and many

kindes of earths, that they may be easily even with a light rubbing, be brought into powder: other have so gross, hard, and compact a substance, and such a strong and lasting vertue, that they must be long, and laboriously beaten, before they will be sifted.

Those in generall that require strong concoction require much Triture, and those that require lesse concoction, also lesse Tri∣ture.

And when any Aromaticke Ingredient, or odoriferous simples, or Gemms and precious stones, are pulverizing, the morter should be covered with a convenient cover, either of wood or leather, least the more subtill part should exhale, and their odour decay, and they more should be closer covered, when Euphorbium or Hellibore are beaten, least the fume should offend the nostrills, and cause importu∣nate sneezing.

Learned Sylvius hath appointed this order and method to be ob∣served in pulverating Medicaments, that thick, hard, and pliant Me∣dicaments be first put into the morter, and then such as are not so so∣lid, and last of all those that are most unctious.

Lead, * 1.187 according to Fernelius cap. 16. lib. 6. method. may be pul∣verated after this manner: First, it must be beaten into small and thin plates, which being cut very small must be macerated in the strongest vineger for three dayes together, the vineger changed every day, af∣terwards taken out and dryed, but not burned, which, if laboriously beaten in a morter, will quickly be brought into a very fine powder, the vertue whereof is excellent in concreting, purging, and curing of maligne ulcers.

CHAP. X. Of severall kinds of Triture.

AS the matter to be powdered is manifold, so also is the man∣ner, for they are not only diminished by beating, grinding and rubbing, but also by crumbling, breaking, knocking, filing, whence there are many kinds of Triture not performed by pestell, or morter, but by other instruments, as rubbing-stones, Malletts, chopping-knifes, hammers, files, whence arise attrition, confrica∣tion, section, fraction, rasion, and limation.

Attrition is by Sylvius taken for a certaine manner of preparation, * 1.188 whereby some certaine Medicaments were grated or rubbed on a stone, such as are brought to us from Naxia, an Isle of Cyprus. As La∣pis Judaicus, or Collyries made into the forme of a pill, and so dryed, which being rubbed upon the stone with some convenient humor, and so the matter by this preparation is made so fine and small, that

will not hurt, or exasperate the eye, to which it is applyed. Galen. cap. 4. lib. 4. comp. Medicam. local.

Butter is sometimes so rubbed and fretted in a leaden morter with a pestell of the same, till it acquire and obtaine the same colour, which is effectuall in curing the itch, and such distempers as require mitifi∣cation, and so the quality of the butter is not comunicated to the lead, but the quality of the lead to the butter, and so we way expect the like from other liquors and juices, fretted in the like matter and manner.

Confrication is a certaine remiss attrition, * 1.189 by which such things as are easily pulverable, are levigated by the crumbling betwixt ones fingers, and such as are more solid by rubbing, as Ceruse, which assoone as it is rubbed, crumbles to powder, so that confrication and attrition, differ onely in more and lesse.

First, the roots, woods, and barks of trees, * 1.190 are cut off with sawes and hatchets, and afterwards cut less to repose in shops, and after all reduced into fine powder, that they may serve to our use; bones, nailes, clawes, hornes, are also divided by the same instruments, that they may be sold by male piece, and now of late, rasped and shaved.

But this preparation made by Section may seeme remote from the Apothecaries purpose, since it rather hath respect to the seller, than the buyer: yet that more nimble Section, by which the unctious seeds of cucumbers, citrulls, mellons, pepons, pistakes, and such like, are excorticated by a knife, neerely concernes them.

Many roots stalkes and leaves of Plants are cut with a paire of sheeres before they be bruised. That they may be boyled for Medi∣camentall uses.

Tender hearbs are broken from their stalks by twineing and pul∣ling in the hand, but their dryer parts are not broken till they be ben∣ded together; Mineralls sometimes are fractured by a fall, oftner by tender knocks and percussions.

Many roots and stalks are cloven after the same manner that Coo∣pers cleave their twiggs, * 1.191 but their thicker and harder parts are divided either with an axe, saw, or wedge and mallet.

Many roots are scraped, aswell to take away their barke, * 1.192 as to purge them from their decayed parts, but wood and harder substances, as Box and Guaiacum, or those substances that are not so compa∣cted, as Lignum aloes, Sandalls, Boares-teeth, Harts-horne, Unicorne, and Rhenoceroes horne, Elkes clawes, and dryed yards and peezles, and many more are rasped, that they may transmit their force into humors by coction, and more easily be pulverated: Rhabarbe, Aga∣ricke, Ginger, Nutmeggs, and sugar are oftentimes abraded upon a grater, and sometimes Quinces (saith Sylvius) because by this means a greater quantity of juice is gotten out of them, than by bruising of them in a morter.

Metalls, especially are filed, * 1.193 because otherwise they could

not be pulverated by rasion, or beating: for they either not yield at all, or else dilate being beaten, and are no wayes levi∣gated.

Gold and silver are filed, and their dust exhibited without fur∣ther preparation, Steele, Iron, Brasse, and Lead, are for the most part filed, that they may be burned, and afterwards pulverated for future uses; Teeth also and hornes, and mens sculls, and some hard woods are filed, that they may be divided smaller than by rasion; for that which is filed is smaller than that which is scraped.

CHAP. XI. Of Coction.

THAT gentle Medicaments might become more whole∣some, and fitter for use and Composition, they are wont to be altered by convenient Coction,

For Coction (Probl. 7. sect. 12. Hip.) is an Alteration, * 1.194 and Commutation of the thing boyled: now there are three diffe∣rent coctions. Maturation, Elixation and Assation, but because Ma∣turation called by the Greeks Pepansis, is a naturall kind of Coction, we will omit it, because we intend onely to treat of Artificiall Co∣ction; to which Elixation, Ustion, Calfaction, Frixion, Despuma∣tion, and what ever acquires mutation by heat may be referred as to its Genus.

Now Coction is small, or great, or moderate according to the substance or vertue of the thing cocted, for some, whose vertue is dissolved by long coction, either because tis weak and posited in the superficies, or because the substance of it is contained in a rare texture, as some seeds, many odoriferous spices, and most flowers, require a light and small. Coction, others on the contrary, whose vertue is not easily resolved, either because it is vallid, and firme, or because it resides in a grosse or dense substance, or because it is posited in the middle, as in Roots, Woods, Gumms, Stones, and sharp Medicaments, as Oni∣ons, and Garlick, which grow sweet and mild by Coction, require long and valid Coction; others whose substance, and vertue is posi∣ted in a meane between these two extreames, as all the three San∣dalls, Jujubees, Tamarinds, mellow fruits, and many seed, en∣dure but a meane and moderate Coction.

Now that Coction that is made in liquour of a moderate heat is called Elixation. * 1.195 And that liquor, in which the Medicament is boyled, is for the most part water, and that either simple, as common wa∣ter, or Medicinall or compound, to which Lees of Wine, Hydro∣mel,

Milk, Buttermilk, Wine, Vineger, juices of plants, Salt∣water, or sulphureous waters, and all liquors, in which Medicaments are put and boyled, may be reduced.

The use of this elixation is manifold, * 1.196

First, because it resolves the excrementitious humors of a Medica∣ment in boyling, and hence Colocynth and Turbith are boyled, that they may not gripe, and torment the belly; but it is quite con∣trary with those Medicaments that purge by Leniating, and Lubrica∣ting the belly, and with those that are best when they are fullest. As Cassia and Tamarinds, for such become worse by Coction; because thereby their native humidity is diminished, and their purgative fa∣culty destroyed.

Secondly, It dissipates all those flatulent grosse, and corroding hu∣mours that provoke the ventricle to loathing of the same, as in Senna Polipodie, Carthamus, Walworke, &c.

Thirdly, It breaks all acrimony, violence, and ulcerating facul∣ties; as Mesue writes of Scammony, which by his prescript will be better if it be boyled in a sorbe apple, or in a quince, or rose water, as all other sharp sapors, which become better by Coction.

Fourthly, It bridles and corrects, the more vehement and maligne attraction of the Medicament, and therefore we boyle white Hellibor, and most valid Medicaments, that their violence may be broken, and experience hath taught me, that they become more be∣nigne, when they are boyled in water, or juice of hearbs, seeds, or fruits.

Lastly, Elixation doth very comodiously mixe the different qual••∣ties of Medicaments, that one quality, as it were concrete, might re∣sult from them all, which if it be weak in any plant, it must be boy∣led easier and lighter; if more potent and valid, more and harder, by how much the substance of the Medicament is grosser, and more solid: Therefore we first boyle the woods, then roots, then seeds, then barks, then fruits, and last of all flowers on a gentle fire free from smoak.

This order of Elixation is to be observed in the preparation of all Medicaments, especially Apozemes, which are made of the de∣coction of roots, leaves, seeds, and flowers, dulcorated with Sugar or Syrups.

The punctuall time of Coction cannot be defined, as some vainely have limited, but left to the judgment of the Artist: for some require much time of Elixation, others lesse.

CHAP. XII. Of Assation and Frixion.

ASsation is the coction of Medicaments in their own juice; * 1.197 after which manner of preparation, flesh, roots, and fruits are co∣cted, without any adventitious humour.

Now this Assation is made divers wayes; * 1.198 for flesh is decocted at the fire on a spit, or in an oven, or an earthen pot, or carbonaded on the coals.

The roots also of black Beets are roasted in the ashes, * 1.199 and Ches∣nuts in a frying pan: but those rather appertain to a Kitchin than a Physician.

Now many Medicaments are dryed before the fire, that they may depose their useless, and retain their salutary quality; others, that they may become more mild; others, that they may be easier and sooner pulverated. Rhabarb is sometimes dryed, that it may be less purgative, * 1.200 and more astrictive; as also the Sea-onion, that its vehe∣mency may be obtunded; whereby Dioscorides saith, it offends the Intrals. * 1.201 So also Sparrows brains are dryed, that they may be sooner pulverable, fitly to be mixed with those Medicaments that incite to Venery.

Many also are prepared by Assation, * 1.202 that their copious and excre∣mentitious humidity may be thereby washed. Now they ought to be stirred or moved with a spoon, or spatula, while they are broyled on a hot tile, oven, or frying pan, lest they be burned; and they must be taken out before they grow black.

Assation and Frixion differ thus; * 1.203 Assation is with its own juice, Frixion with an adventitious humour, as with Butter, Oil, Wine, Vinegar, or other juice or liquor; after which manner many Ali∣ments are fryed and broyled, as Beans and Pease, both that they may be more pleasant, and also that they may more depose their bad qualities, Gal. 29. lib. 2. de Aliment.

Coriander seed is fryed, * 1.204 that is, it is prepared with Vinegar, that its quality, which is noxious to the brain, may be obtunded. Semina viticis are also to be fryed, * 1.205 that the flatulent humour may be dis∣cussed, and that they may inhibit Venery. Now some are fryed in the oil of sweet Almonds, Myrab, Citrin. Chebul. & Nigri, for the composition of Tripherae Persicae, some in the juice of unripe Grapes; others in Wine, or other Liquor, according to the Physicians pur∣pose and scope, that they may acquire a better quality, or lose their noxious or ill qualities.

CHAP. XIII. Of Vstion.

MAny Medicaments, especially such as are more solid, as Mi∣nerals, or such as are indued with a malignant quality, are burned before they be fitted for mans use. Some also are burned, that they may be sooner pulverated, as bones, horns, claws, flax, and hairs of Animals; others are burned, that they may change their co∣lour; others, that they may obtain a new faculty; and one fit for our purpose. Many sharp Medicaments are sometimes burned, that they may grow milde, and lose their Acrimony; others not sharp, that they may acquire Acrimony. And thus (as Galen, in prooemio, l. 9. simpl.) took notice, that many sharp Medicaments lose much heat by burning; and many not sharp, assume and acquire heat thereby. This he proves by the example of Vitriol, which becomes more milde and moderate by ustion; and some not sharp, become more hot and crude by ustion, as Fex vini, Quick-silver, crude Lime, * 1.206 and many others.

Now how the same efficient produces contrary effects, * 1.207 Physicians thus judge. Acrimony is acquired by heat increased to a certain de∣gree, which degree sharp Medicaments exceeding, lose their Acri∣mony. But such as were not sharp when they attain to the same de∣gree, whether it be the second or third degree, acquire the same Acri∣mony; which Galen forbids us to use; for he commends Brass bur∣ned whil'st it is red, but rejects it when black, because too much burned.

Alcumists will have Acrimony to be lost by Ustion, because of the dissipation of Sulphur and volatile Salt, and acquired in such as are not sharp, because of the discussion of volatile Sulphur, wherein there is little or no Acrimony; and the remansion of the fixed salt∣ness, whose Acrimony before Ustion was obtruded and obscured with Sulphur.

There are also many manners of burnings, * 1.208 for some crude Medi∣caments are burned in an oven, some on a dish, some on an earthen pot or furnace, others in an Alcumists Reverbatory and Crucible.

* 1.209 A Hare must be burnt in an oven till it may be brought to powder which is most commodious and usefull for breaking the stone, and expelling the gravel in the kidneys.

* 1.210 Galen, (cap. 2. lib. 11. simpl.) advises us to burn Vipers in a new pot till they become medicamental; Salt, which is usefull and good to the discussing of saltish humours and tetters. But beware lest their noxious and poysonous vapour in their combustion overcome the brain, and so hurt the operation. So likewise integral Animals that are small, may be burned; but parts onely of great ones, as bones,

horns, hairs, feathers, hides, claws, which must be done in a now carthen pot or furnace with burning charcoles, till they may more cafily be pulverated, (cap. 33. lib. de Theriac.) Boughs, Shrubs, and Twigs of Trees, and many Simples, may be accended alone, or bur∣ned in an earthen or metallick pot, or vessel.

Crabs are sometimes burned in a Crucible, * 1.211 sometimes in a pot, often among burning coals, till they become ashes, or at least may be beaten to small pouder, which is usefull to cure ulcerous affects, and good for those that are bit with a mad Dog.

Stone may be burned amongst hot coals blown with bellows, * 1.212 ex∣cept the Saphyre, and other pretious stones, which should be broken into parts before Ustion, and then put into a new pot covered with a lid full of holes, that the exhalation may have an easy passage, which must be burned till they be ignified.

For Ignition in some is the end of Ustion; * 1.213 in others, Ustion is not terminated till smoke expire; and yet many stones may be ignified three or four times, and still suffunded with a certain humour, till they be bray'd. * 1.214 Wine-dregs must be scorched till they become white, and acquire so much Acrimony, that as it were by burning, they bite the tongue and palate.

Egs, O••sters, and Snails shels, and Animals teeth and horns ought to be burned till they be inflamed, and made white and pulverable.

Rosins, Storax, Frankincense, Pitch, Turpentine, and such things, are sometimes burned and accended, that their fume may become me∣dicamental for several uses.

Alume must be burned in a hot platter till it leave bubbling, * 1.215 and Vitriol till it lose its colour.

Salt must be burned in a pot close covered, * 1.216 lest it sparkle out; it is not enough burned till it leave sparkling and crackling. Nitre must be burned after the same manner.

Ceruse, * 1.217 according to Dioscorides, (cap. 103. lib. 5.) must be bray∣ed and burned in a new pot daily set upon burning coals, till it be of an ashy colour, then it may be taken out, refrigerated, and used. Or it must be burned in a new dish upon-coals continually stirred with a wooden spatula, * 1.218 till it be of colour like Sandarach; which so prepa∣red, is by some called Sandyx, or ruddy.

Now Sandarach is not the gum of the Juniper tree, which the Vulgar call Vernix, and the Mauritanians Sandarax, but a kinde of golden colour'd O••er, (Brasaval, in exam. simpl. cap. 66. lib. 9. simpl. cap. 53. lib. 9. simpl••) for Sandarach and Auripigmentum are digged out of the same pit, yea, they are mixed together, and possess the same virtue. Sandarach is by another name called by the Chy∣mists, red Arfenick, as Gold, colour'd Oker, yellow Arsenick. Fur∣thermore, Ceruse by burning becomes Sandyx, saith Gaben, but ne∣ver Sandarach, which is of a burning faculty. But Sandyx calefies by no part, but rather refrigerates, which Painters use, as Ceruse, whose colo••r they can change by burning, and sometimes by mi••ing therewith Vinegar.

Gold colour'd Oker, or Auripigmentum, * 1.219 must be burned in a new earthen pot set upon burning coals, till it be inflamed by the fire, and change its colour. Sandarach must be burned after the same manner, and both their virtues are alike, (saith Diosoorides, cap. 30, & 31. lib. 5.) for by their vehement heat they cause scabs, repress excreti∣ons, and discuss swellings.

Brass ore, or Lapis calaminaris, must be overspread with coals, * 1.220 and burned till it shine and bubble up like the dross of Iron, then it must be extinguished, (cap. 45. lib. 5. Dioscorid.) some, when it is thus burned, beat it in wine, and burn it again, till it be hollow, and seem to be full of holes, and burn it the third time after it hath been again brayed in wine, till it be reducted to ashes.

The Pumick stone must be burned under most flagrant coals, * 1.221 till it wax white and shine; then must it be extracted and quenched in o∣doriferous wine, again burned and quenched, and after the third usti∣on taken out, and refrigerated of it self, and so preserved for use, (Di••scorid cap. 125. lib. 5.)

Verdigrease broken very small, * 1.222 must be burned in an earthen dish set upon burning coals, till it change it self, and attain an ashy colour, ibid. lib. 5.

Red Vitriol must be burned in a new earthen pot set upon quick coals. Now its ustion in moyster matters is perfected, * 1.223 when it cea∣seth to bubble up, and is perfectly dryed in other matters when it is changed into a splendent colour, and hath contracted a bloody or Vermilion colour.

Chrysocolla, or Borax, must be hurned in a dish upon coals, * 1.224 and Oker after the manner of Brass ore; the virtue of Chrysocal is to purge wounds, and scars, to cohibit excrescent flesh, to astringe, ca∣lefy, and wast the body by moderate biting and corroding. But Oker astringes, erodes, and dissipates collections and swellings.

Lead may be burned after divers manners: but before ustion, * 1.225 it is for the most part attenuated either by filing or slicing; then put into a new earthen pot, and so to be burned, Sulphur being mixed with it, till it may easily be pulverated. Now this Sulphur must be interjoyned with the plates or slices, and so both inflamed together, and stirred with an iron spatula. In the interim, heware lest the most noxious exhalation of the Lead pierce the nostrils, * 1.226 for it greatly hurts the brain by its commixture with Quicksilver; because of which also, it offends the nerves and often causes stupidity, and the Palsey to such especially as work much in Lead.

Now Sulphur and Nitre is put to the thing to be burned, being a very valid and strong compage to the thing, whose volatibles would sooner be dissipated otherwise, than their fixed parts overcome by the flame, as Alcumists observe.

And Assation is related to Ustion, yea 'tis a certain way to ••••stion; so is Ustion to Calcination, and Calcination to Cinefaction. but Cinefaction is most competent to Combustion, for all combustible

things are ordained for flames. For in Minerals, where there is scarce any fuel for the flame, few or no ashes are left after Ustion; of wood, nothing but ashes: yet both combustible and incombustible things may be levigated; Combustibles, whil'st they are attenuated into ashes by burning; Incombustibles, whil'st after Ustion, by pulvera∣tion or grinding on a Marble stone, they are attenuated into Alcool, or small dust. If these shall not satisfie the Reader, he shall finde a more special ustion of Medicaments daily used of us in our Book called the Apothecaries Shop.

CHAP. XIV. Of Extinction.

EXtinction is a suffocation of a matter hot or fiery in some Li∣quor. * 1.227 Now this matter is extinguished either when often bur∣ned, or when onely ignified or heated, as when Gems or Me∣tals are extinguished in Wine-vinegar, pure or stillatitious matter, or some juice or liquor, till they be totally cold ere they have been per∣fectly burned.

Many things are oft to be extinguished, as Lapis Pyrites: some but once, as Galls: and some are extinguished of themselves, without the affusion of any humid matter.

Weckerus saith, that Quicksilver may be extinguished with mans fasting spittle; yet things not ignified are improperly said to be ex∣tinguished, but be mended and prepared by fasting Spittle, and men∣ded by Sage; for Spittle makes it more apt to be incorporated with other mixtures, Sage amends, corrects and asswages its fierceness; for Sage is so called, from its preservative faculty, Salvia, as it were Salvatrix, for it much roborates the brain and nerves, which the ma∣levolent faculty of Quicksilver offends, which should be mended with the juice of Sage.

A lump or mass of Gold often burned in the fire, * 1.228 is sometimes ex∣tinguished in common water, which water is good for such as have the bloody Flux, to shut the orifices of the vessels, and for the le∣prous to roborate their principal parts, and exhilerate their spirits; for it is not a rash conceit that Gold as well refreshes the internals, as the externals.

As the water wherein Steel hath often been extinguished, is use∣full to drive away many affects, so Steel it self beaten to dust, burned and extinguished in Vinegar, is excellent for many uses; of which more elswhere.

The virtue of Extinction is such, that it attracts and retains the virtues of the humour in which it is extinguished. So Cadmia, or La∣pi•• Galaminaris, is sometimes extinguished in Wine, sometimes in

Vinegar, for the various institutions of the Physician; and Iron is sometimes extinguished in water mixed with oil, that it may be more doctile to be made into Helmets, or such pieces of Armour, some∣times in water onely, that it may be the more fragil.

CHAP. XV. Of Calfaction, Insolation, and Refrigeration.

CAlfaction is a certain manner of preparing Medicaments, * 1.229 as well simple as compound, whereby they are neither boyled, nor burned, but moderately calefyed either in the sun, or by the fire, or by the heat of some putrid matter, that these may be strained, mollified, and mixed more commodiously, or that they may be used more easily and happily. So an infused Medicament is calefied be∣fore it be strained, not onely that all its quality may be transmitted into the liquor, but that the liquor may more readily-permeate, and wholly draw out.

Apothecaries do successfully give hot Glysters prescribed for such as labour in the Collick, if it proceed not from choler; warm ones to such as are sick of a Feaver, not that their grief should wax hotter, but to mitigate it, and help the motion of Nature, and the exclusion of the humour upward may be more easy. Scarce any thing actually cold should be exhibited, whether the remedy be applyed or assumed. Also Baths, and the very Linnen sick folks use, should be moderately warmed. Many Medicaments also must be calefied, that they may more easily be broken, mixed, dissolved, and strained.

Insolation is so like and near to Calfaction, * 1.230 that the one may easily supply the others course and place, for they both promise the same effect. And it is like a certain coction, * 1.231 when Hydromel is ca∣lefied by being set in the Sun forty dayes whil'st the Dog-star rules; for being more concoct, it may be a taste like Wine. Yet doth not this Art onely make it become like Wine, * 1.232 but that which is prepared of four pints of running water, and one pound of honey, must be so long cocted before Insolation, till a raw egge may swim above it; which we call Hydromel.

Now Conserves are insolated or calefied in the Sun, that all their parts may be fermented together, and their more humid matter dis∣cussed; especially such as are prepared of cold leaves and flowers, and should be kept a long time, which will be a means to hinder their working up.

The juice of the herb Scylla, by Galens advice, (cap. ult. lib. de puere epileptico) must be drawn out by Insolation or Coction in the Sun; when the Air is obscure, it may be extracted with fire; and such Medicaments as by the institution of Winter cannot be inso∣lated,

may be dryed by the Fire in Winter, by the Sun in Summer.

Many Oils may be made by the infusion of flowers, and permix∣tion of other things, and may be insolated for the space of more or fewer dayes, as the quantity and faculty of the thing infused re∣quires. For things more hot and dry need little or no Insolation, cold and moyst longer Insolation.

Vinegar altered by flowers, * 1.233 must be prepared after the same man∣ner. For Rose leaves should be more insolated; Elder flowers a shorter time; as also that Vinegar which admits of Garlick, Mint, the flowers of Betony, and Gilliflowers.

The Refrigeration also of Medicaments pertains to the Apothe∣cary; * 1.234 for he refrigerates such things as he would have to congeal as jelly; as also such things as are after coction hard, he reposes in his Shop, as solid Electuaries, dry Conserves, and Plasters. Now Refrigeration differs from Extinction in this, that all things extin∣guished are refrigerated, not on the contrary, &c.

CHAP. XVI. Of Putrefaction and Fermentation.

GAlen out of Aristotle observes, (cap. 9. lib. 2. de diff. feb. & comm. ad part. 1. lib. 3. epid.) that Putrefaction proceeds alwayes from external heat in a humid matter; as also the internal heat cocteth, and corrupteth not. So also whatever is in every part dry, doth never apertly putrifie, as we see neither Brick, nor Gold, nor Silver to putrifie.

And because things are putrid from an external heat, * 1.235 Putrefaction is a kinde of Coction; as when some medicamental matter is left in a Vial occinded in dung, or as Alcumists say, a Horses belly (for they give feigned names to their feigned art) for the space of thirty, and sometimes forty dayes, the last term whereof is called by them the Philosophical month; and the Liquor of this Putrefaction, menstruous, or Putrefaction finished in a months space.

The Alcumists own this kinde of preparation, * 1.236 as peculiar to them∣selves: but Galen, many years before they were hatched, taught how to putrifie the Gem Calcitis, and Litargie, obruted with dung after they were put into a new pot with Vinegar. And the Apothe∣caries also of our time have in this owned Galen, who macerate and putrifie the branches of black Poplar for many months together, either with Hogs grease, for the confection of the Populeon Un∣guent, or with Oil for the Medicine, helping weariness.

Fermentation is not so proper to Medicaments, * 1.237 as to Meats and Drinks: for a lump of Dough is fermented, or leavened, that it may make more pleasant and wholsome Bread.

Wine and Beer are fermented when they grow cold, and when there is a segregation of the sincere Suck or Juice: Dregs, or Faces, Sirrups, Conserves, and Electuaries are also then fermented, when new made, they refrigerate in the Vessels.

Alcumists have their fermentation also, which they sometimes call Vivification, and sometimes Resuscitation; for thereby they say, that the matter perished is as it were resuscitated from the dead, and acquires new virtues.

The vain Gold-mongers also promise, that such a Fermentation will conduce to the transmutation of Metals: but they never yet knew the matter of the Ferment, nor the manner of its confection.

CHAP. XVII. Of Dissolution.

MEdicaments are wont to be variously changed before they be exhibited: for the most part, when whole Medica∣ments will not serve, they are prepared by some triture, or dissolution in some liquor or other. * 1.238 Now this dissolution is a certain triture, whereby Medicaments, as well simple as com∣pound, are dissolved in some fit humour to a moderate consistency, and sometimes smaller, sometimes thicker, according to the Phy∣sicians purpose.

Now Medicaments are dissolved for many uses; first, * 1.239 that they may be easily assumed; secondly, that they may more readily be compounded with others; thirdly, that they may sooner be distri∣buted; fourthly, that they may penetrate into the part affected, and if need be, remain there; as when liquid Medicaments are injected into the belly, bladder, intestines, or any Ulcer in the body; fifthly, Medicaments are dissolved that they may afterwards be strained, and that their virtues purged from excrements, may sooner enter the in∣ward parts.

Thus Medicaments, which break the Stone, * 1.240 are dissolved sometimes in white Wine, sometimes in the juice of Limmons, in the water of Wall pelitory, Radish-roots, or such like, that they may more easily permeate the holes of the reins, and the passages of the ureters. On the contrary, such as are to be moved with the Spittle, are to be dis∣solved in a thicker matter, as in Conserves, or Sirrup, * 1.241 that they may appear rather as a Medicine to be sucked, than drunk.

And as Triture, so also Infusion, and oftentimes Calefaction are requisite to Dissolution; for such as are hard, pliant, and viscid, can scarce be dissolved till they be broken, or steeped, or calefied by the Sun, or Fire.

Thus many Medicaments may be dissolved presently after Tri∣ture,

and many kinds of Earth; others, not without long agitation, as all shels of Fishes, and many more. Some require both Ma∣ceration and Calfaction, as many Gummes, which before disso∣lution should be macerated with strong Vinegar, Aqua vitae, or strong Wine.

But Metals and Minerals cannot be dissolved in any juice or liquor, * 1.242 but in the juice of Limmons, in Vinegar distilled, or in such Watert as the Alcumists call strong Waters. Any Medicament therefore is not dissolved in any liquor, but in some fit and determinate one; for Turpentine may lie a whole natural day in water, or in a de∣coction, and scarce be dissolved, without some Eggs yolks be super∣added.

In general, Grease, Marrow, and Fatness are melted at the fire, that they may be more easily dissolved, and ingrede the composition of Unguents and Plaisters. All kinds of odoriferous Medicaments are dissolved in cordial Waters, or altering Waters, for moyst me∣dicinal Plaisters. Pils, or other Purges, whether compound or sim∣ple, are dissolved in Aqua vitae, or other convenient Liquor, by an ar∣tificial sedulity in drawing out their extracts. Solid things also, which neither can nor ought to be exhibited in that form, are first to be broken and dissolved in some convenient liquor, that they may more safely and easily be assumed.

CHAP. XVIII. Of Liquation.

ALL Medicaments, after due preparation thereunto, may be dissolved, but few can be melted; for Stones may be burned, Wood accended, but in no wise melted, because not congulated with cold. * 1.243 For (saith Aristotle, cap. 6. lib. 7. meteor.) Liquation is a so∣lution of those things which are congealed by cold into a more liquid and fluent consistency by heat; as Fatness, Marrow, Oil in winter, and such like, which with little cold are concreted, and with little heat diffuded.

But such things as are concreted with diurnal cold, are very hard to ••elt, as Gold, Brass, and Iron, the fusion whereof rather pertains to such as are exercised in Metals, and not in Medicaments, to an Artist, and not a Philosopher.

Liquation differs from Dissolution, * 1.244 in that Liquation is alwayes caused by heat, and seldome or never with any humour; Dissoluti∣tion alwayes with humours, seldome with heat.

Lead is soon melted with heat; Sulphur, Pitch, and Rosin sooner; Salt, Manna, Sugar, Gums of Ivy, Prunes, Juniper, and other Trees, are sometimes worked in hot water, and so diffused, that they may be dissolved.

The Alcumists have illustrated a Pyrothecny, * 1.245 and have invented many things, whereby the liquative or fusitive Art is enriched; as when Sal Ammoniack once sublimated with common Salt, then twice by it self, will make hard Metals forthwith fluid. Copper also may be easily melted otherwise, if onely a little of an Asses hoof be in∣jected to it in melting.

Now the use of Liquation in Pharmacy is great, for it causes the Medicaments to change their form, and acquire a new one; and it also purges them, that their impure parts might be separated from the pure and mundane.

CHAP. XIX. Of Mollition and Duration.

MAny preparations of Medicaments hold such affinity with others, that they are often taken for the same, as Liquation and Mollition, which onely differ according to their degree of more or less: so that Mollition is the beginning of Li∣quation. For all things that are melted, first grow soft; and many things after mollition, if they be longer calefied, melt; yet not all; for Ivory, Claws and Horns may be mollified, but not melted.

Now Mollition happens two wayes; * 1.246 either by heat onely of the Fire, Sun, or Animal, or of some putrid matter, or by some affun∣ded humour, as when wax is mollified in hot water, or some harder medicamental mass is steeped in some sirrup, or convenient liquor, till it be mollified, and yield to the touch, which according to Ga∣len, (cap. ult. lib. 3. de differ. puls.) is Judge of the hard or soft body.

Mother of Pearl, Shell-fishes, and Egge-shels macerated in distil∣led Vinegar, are so mollified, that they may be wrought or drawn as you please. It is also thought, that Ivory may be mollified with Beer, or by being boyled for the space of six hours with the root of Man∣drakes.

Horns rarefied by the fire, or long boyled in water, or buried seven dayes in dung, do grow soft. It is thought the Coral in the juice of Barberies, Pearls in the juice of Limmons, and many Stones in certain Liquors, rightly prepared, will be soft∣ned.

Since according to Galen, (cap. 1. lib. 4. de dignos. puls.) * 1.247 those things are hard to which our flesh yields, and those soft which yield to our flesh; the doctrine of Mollition and Duration is as opposite in the same consideration. Duration takes place in Pharmacy in compound Medicaments, which being preserved

for use, ought to be somewhat dryed and solid, as Electuaries, dry Conserves, Salves, Pils, Trochisks, and some Sirrups.

Now Medicaments are hardned by cold, * 1.248 heat, and the admixtion of dry things. By cold, as when such things as are melted, or onely mollified, are removed from the fire, and being exposed to the air, do refrigerate and harden. By heat, when Medicaments are boyled to their just consistency, and their humid part absumed; for so being dryer, they become obdurate. Medicaments also harden by the ad∣mixtion of dry things, either that they may keep longer, or that in such a consistency they may be more easily and safely exhibited or applyed.

CHAP. XX. Of Siccation.

SUch Simples as are to be preserved all Winter, or such as are brought from forreign Countryes, ought to be accurately dry∣ed before they be reposed in Chests, Boxes, or Bags; for their ex∣cremental humidity coacted, and not dilated, soon corrupteth, and then their wholsome quality faileth.

Neither are Medicaments dryed onely for conservation sake, * 1.249 but often times that they may be pulverated, & that their virtues may be more effectual. Now whatsoever is moyst, and should be dry, it must be dryed in the sun or by the fire, or left in a very windy shade voyd of rain and dust, till it be withered, and its superfluous humidity al∣together dissipated.

Those things are dryed to pulveration by the heat of the fire, which are burned in a furnace or oven, or on burning coals, as Bones, Claws, Horns, Shels; or in an earthen pot, as hairs of Animals, and such things as are put in a fire pan, or covered in a dish or platter set in or upon an oven where bread was lately extracted; for so Plums, Pears, Cherries, and such humid Fruits are wont to be dryed.

Leaves and flowers, * 1.250 whose colour should remain after drying, are best dryed by the Suns heat, especially in Summer and Autumn. Seeds also gathered before perfect maturity, or in time of rain, or when the necessity of the matter requires it, cannot be exactly dryed, but in the Sun, or by the fire.

Thick and juicy roots also, unless they be cut small, may be dryed better in a place exposed to the Sun, and North-winde, than in a shade not agitated with the winde; and the desiccation of many is to no purpose, unless insolation have preceded.

Yet small roots do easily dry in a shade, as also many great ones, if they be cut into little pieces, fixed on a thread, and exposed to the ••••ady air, so it be windy, not wet. Leaves do more easily dry,

which being bound in a bundle, are exposed to the externall air, partly to the heat of the fire, being suspended for the most part on the beames of shopps, flowers most easily; for being laid upon a pa∣per or dish, and moved, they are presently dry.

Now leaves when dryed, are to be reposed in baggs of Canvas, or paper, roots, flowers and feeds, in vessells of glass or wood.

The flowers of water Lillyes, because more grosse and humid, * 1.251 must be put upon a thread, that so exposed to the air, they may more commodiously dry. The pills of Oranges, Limmons, and Pome∣granates, as also spungy roots, are dryed after the same manner in shops.

Foxes Lungs washed in wine may be dryed in an oven not very hot, Harts peezles in the open air, Wolves intestines in the shade, figgs, and grapes in the Sun, as also solid Confections, which after their conditure must be preserved in sugar, or syrrup.

CHAP. XXI. Of Expression.

STrong compression is often requisite to separate the more pure and thin substance of Medicaments from the terrestriall and grosse, which since the hands alone cannot execute, Mesueus invented a presse whereby Medicaments put in a strong hempen or hairy bag, may be so strongly pressed, that the whole thin substance will be compelled to go out, the grosse and more compact re∣maining.

Thus wine is compelled from the grapes into hogsheads, * 1.252 thus the juice of apples is educed to the confection of Sidar; thus Seplasiaries extract the juice of young corne for that condiment, prepared with a little vinegar, tosted bread and some such like things, * 1.253 which they call the green intinct of some Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 wine made of hearbs.

Many are put in a cloth, then wringed in ones hands, * 1.254 till they be sufficiently expressed, as the juice of Sorrell, Purslane, and Plan∣tain, for confecting Alum-water, add whites of Eggs and Alum to the former.

After the like manner is the expression of Rhabarb, Agarick, and other Medicaments, in some decoction, or convenient juice or wa∣ter, that what is usefull may be taken, and what is noxious, ejected.

Acacia is drawn by compression out of the juice of the seed of the Egyptian bramble or thorn dryed in a shade; it looks black, * 1.255 if drawn out of mature seed, ruddy of immature.

Expression therefore is sometimes of the simple juice of some Me∣dicament; sometimes of the same macerated in a decoction or wa∣ter, as when the infusion of oyles, and decoction of syrrups is di∣strained: Anacardian Honey is expressed out of small and young Ana∣cards long boyled, for out of these thus tabefied, proceeds a thick li∣quor, * 1.256 which they call Mel Anacardinum; which that it may be well made according to Arnaldus de Villa nova, Cap de memor. defunct. the Anacards should be beaten, and macerated in vinegar seven dayes, on the eight day boyled on a slow fire, till two parts be dissipated, then its Colature boyled with Honey is of many called Mel Ana∣cardinum.

That juices expressed may be long preserved without putrefaction, * 1.257 it is requisite that salt be intermixed, or they reposed in a vessell of a strait mouth, oyl being superadded to a fingers thickness.

Infused Medicaments and juices are sometimes to be strained with a light, sometimes with a hard expression. And simple oyles can scarce be extracted without hard compression, whether with or without fire: for oyle of Almonds may be extracted either way, as also that which is drawn from Pistace nutts, and other oyly fruits.

CHAP. XXII. Of Extraction.

ALl expression is a certain extraction, but not the contrary, for many things are extracted without expression, as juices and rosins of plants cut or smitten; * 1.258 thus Euphorbium is extracted out of the Lybian tree wounded with a long speare, into sheep skins bound about the tree, that is smitten; for its Acrimony doth so infect the tast and smell, and stir up such ardour in the mouth and nostrills: The Rusticks are called to collect this juice, who allured, with the re∣ward, smite the tree at distance, that they may be lesse hurt with the noxious fervour of the Euphorbium, who for all this never depart safe and without hurt.

Elaterium by Dioscorides his advise, * 1.259 must be extracted out of the wild Cucumbers (Cap. 148. lib. 4.) after this manner. The Cucum∣bers being gathered, those which with touching fall off, let them be kept one night, the next day a small sieve being set upon a goblet, or basin, take the Cucumbers in thine hands, and cleave them one by one on a knife with the edge upward, and the point toward thy face, and then the juice will be expressed through the sieve into the vessell set under, and that the * 1.260 thicker part sticking to the sieve may send forth its liquor more easily straine it; let the humour be stirred in the basin, then let it stand, and covered with a linnen cloth, set it in the Sun, when it hath stood a while, poure out the water that swims

at top without moving the feces, whereby part of it will be effuded, and part exhausted, then beat in a morter the settlements, and make it into little Trochisks, when it is dryed on a sufficient consistency.

Juices onely are not extracted from integrall Plants, or their parts, as Hypocistis, of the spriggs growing from the roots of Cistus, the juice of Liccorice and Cyrene Laserpitium, but severall other li∣quors from the incisions of trees, and barks of shrubs and stalks, as Gumms, Rosins, Lachrymae.

Amongst extracted Gumms are counted, Gum Amoniack, * 1.261 Saga∣pene, Gum of Panan or Opoponax, Galbane, Bdellium, Myrrhe, Sto∣rax, Frankincense, and many more, which for their severall natures are hard or easy to be extracted: Some flow out spontaneously without wounding the tree; when the bark in Summer gapes, by reason of the heat.

Rosins are more easily extracted, because more fluent, * 1.262 falling down without the help of hands, as that which runneth of Turpen∣tine trees, which is the best of Rosines, as Dioscorides (Cap. 67. lib. 1.) The Rosin from the Mastick tree is the second, those next that are extracted out of the Pine and Fir trees.

Amongst teares or exudations many things take place, * 1.263 as the wa∣ter that flowes from a vine cut, the milk of all Tithymalls, and the thick juice of Poppies, which when it is congealed is called O∣pium.

In many plants therefore the barke onely is wounded, and thence distills 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is tears into a bason, or some such vessell hanged for the purpose, in many the roots are wounded, or quite cut, some∣times also the boughs, thus Balsam is extracted out of the Phrygian shrub, its bark being slashed with an Ivory knife, for it may not be done with Iron or Steele without great damage to the juice.

The extraction of oyles is yet unhandled, which is done diverssy after an artificial manner. For they are extracted either by distillation, which is by ascent or descent, of which the Alcumists masse of books is full, or by expression, or infusion, of which we have spoken before, and shall treat more largely in our Medicamentall shop, or Pharmacopoea.

CHAP. XXIII. Of Chymicall Extracts.

THere is no little difference betwixt the extractions of Apotheca∣ries, and those of Alcumists, for the Apothecaryes extract one∣ly a certain liquor, as Rosin, Gums, or such fluid matters, and separate them from the more grosse and solid substance; but Alcumists do not onely desert the grosse body, but exhale the thinnest substance, till a very little portion, and that somewhat thicker, be left, to which the

vertue of the whole doth adhere as united to its subject, whence they call it an extract, as it were the essence extracted and separated from the body.

For such an Extract doth contain most excellent vertues in a small quantity, a dragme whereof exhibited is of no lesse efficacy than a whole ounce of any Medicament with its grosse substance.

They are wont to give these extracts, to those whose ventricles loathed Apothecaryes Medicines, and who had plenty of wealth: for to prescribe the extract of Rhabarbe or Pearle to a poor man, were to take away his life.

Now these extracts of Medicaments as well simple as Compound, * 1.264 are often made after this manner, the Medicament is washed, being first small sliced, or if it be a masse of Pills or an Electuary, it is dissol∣ved in the best Aqua vitae, or other fit liquor, so as it be covered two fingers, in a vessell well and close stopped, then it is left two or three dayes in a hot place, then they make a strong expression, which is af∣terward put in Balneo Mariae, that the Aqua vitae may be separa∣ted from the faculty of the Medicament, which lyes somewhat thick in a little quantity in the bottome of the vessell, then it is gathered and reposed in a glasse vessell, or an earthen one well glassed, and so evaporated on hot embers.

If any one will make a more valid extract, then he macerates ano∣ther Medicament of the same kind, in the former expression, and after a daily and perfect infusion, he extracts it by compression, as before, and this he doth three or foure times, if h•• desire a more potent ex∣tract, and at length the last expression being finished, he segregates the Aqua vitae from it by distillation in a hot bath, or he dissipates it by insolation, till the extract onely remain, which hath great and power∣full vertues in a small body.

They do not cast away Rhabarbe, and other Medicaments of grea∣rer value, after the first maceration or expression as the vulgar do, but infuse them twice thrice or four times in other Aqua vitae, till they have lost their colour & sapour, and what ever vertue was in them be left in the waters, for then ought the last expression to be made, which is mixed to the other, from all which the Aqua vitae is separated by Balneo Mariae, and the subsident onely or extract left.

These Extracts are not alwaies made by Aqua vitae, but oftentimes by the decoction of hearbs, stilled waters, and sometimes by rain or fountain-waters, * 1.265 for some masses of pills are sometimes macerated in rain-waters for the space of eight dayes, the juice of Buglosse, Be∣tony, or other thing, as necessity requires, being added, then it is boyled on a slow fire, strained and congealed.

After the same manner is one pound of the best Rhabarb, and of China sliced small, macerated by the space of one whole day in two pounds of the juice of Borrage and Fumitory, well purified: then it is boyled on a slow fire, * 1.266 till the juice be absumed, then is there made a strong expression, which is again boyled with a slow fire in a Bal∣neum

Mariae, to the Consistency of Honey; some adde two ounces of Sugar, but hereby the quantity is increased, and the faculty of the extract more dull.

Extracts are prepared after many other manners, which, to treat of at large is not our purpose, because we study to institute a method for Apothecaries, not Alcumists.

CHAP. XXIV. Of Cribration.

AS the husbandman with his fanne dissipates the straw and chaffe from his Wheat, so doth he with his sieve segregate the best seed corn from the dead and feeble cornes, to whom Cribration rather appertains than to an Apothecary; yet both of them use this instrument to separate the flower from the bran, which the vulgar call a searce, or sieve, sometimes a rangeing sieve, and sometimes a haire Tamise, which is made sometimes of the haire of a horses taile, sometimes of flax, sometimes of silk; now a sieve is made of a vellume pervious with many round or long holes, through which tares and small seeds may easily descend, the more succulent and good remaining: Cribration therefore is of use for that prepara∣tion of Medicaments, which is performed in a sieve.

The use of this preparation is much, * 1.267 for hereby the flower of grounded seeds, or the meale is separated from the branne: boyled roots are cleansed from their barks, and fruits purged from their grains and stones.

The Quintessence of Cassia fistula is put in a sieve made of horses haire, that the pith alone thus purged from the broken huskes and seeds may be extracted, which is called extract of Cassia.

Tamarinds and Dates macerated in vineger or other liquor, are af∣ter the same manner put into a hairy sieve for many definite uses, and so pulped through with a Manipulus: many seeds are boyled till they crackle, as roots and leaves, till they be very soft, and then are trans∣mitted through a sieve made of haire, to the confection of Cata∣plasmes and other Medicines of divers forms.

Cordiall powders, as also others which are ingredients in a Medi∣camentall composition, must be sierced in a small tamise or fine sieve, and especially such as are administred to loose obstructions, and move urine, or monthly flowers; for by how much such are finer, by so much the sooner are they carried to the places affected.

In sifting some powders, a hairy tamise is requifite, in others a sil∣ken one, or one of pure and rare linnen.

Cribration is chiefly for the more commodious mixtion of things

pulverated, or of small bignesse, and the separation of the smaller portion, which is often better, from the grosser portion, which is often worse.

Now as there are severall instruments that serve for Cribration, * 1.268 so is the manner of Cribration diverse; for properly Corn and Pulse are to be put in a sieve, stirred with a hand, and turning the seeds this way and that way in the sieve holden up, which ablegates the bad seed, and retains the good.

After the same manner Cordiall powders are sifted, * 1.269 the tamise being moved to and fro in a mans hands, not violently shaken, that the smaller part of the powder may be transmitted, the thicker part left.

Some, that they may be more easily transmitted, ought in the rang∣ing of the sieve to be shaken into a round, or other solid body with many percussions, least the grosser parts be fastned in the sieve, and therefore almost all ought to be grinded before they be sifted in the Tamise, and those that will scarce permeate the tamise or sieve for crassitude, ought again to be grinded, and beaten, till they may all passe through for tenuity and fineness.

CHAP. XXV. Of Colation and Filtration.

UPon what account dry Medicaments are sifted, upon the same are moist ones strained, for that the filth may be segregated, and the pure and sincere liquor onely extracted, it is transmit∣ted through a strainer, and that either thick or rare, or of a mean tex∣ture, as the commodious use of the thing and exigency requires, therefore the practisers of Pharmacy hold it requisite to keep many strainers in their shops, both thick and rare linnen, wollen, hempen, or hairy, often old, but oftner new, that in a strong compression, all the juice of the thing strained may be transmitted without the rupture of the cloth.

That grosse and viscid matters may be rightly strained, * 1.270 three things are required, that they be washed in more abundance of humour, that they be put in a more rare and new strainer, and that they be longer calified before colation, for so their density being more rarified, they may more easily permeate; thus the juices of flesh and hearbs are to be calified before they be strained, and all kinds of Honey and Man∣na eaten out of any liquor, that that which is extraneous and sordid, if any such thing be mixed with it, may be separated by Cola∣ture.

Those that are thin as the juice of hearbs, Lemmons and many fruits ought to be strained warme, and often cold, for so their terre∣striall and grosser part remaines, the purer and more sincere being

transferred, as it were fined from their dreggs. But Milk and muddy waters are strained cold, that haires, if any be fallen thereinto, may be separated from the one, and mud from the other, yet all that which makes the water muddy is oft separated from it by residence, as we see in Cisternes, where water stands: Tent-wine also is three or more times strained cold in a linnen napkin very long and fine, for procu∣ring the more pleasant mixture and consistency of the Sugar, wine, and sweet spices, wherewith it is compounded.

Some may not be strained unlesse very hot, others cold, others warme, and many need onely one colation, some two, and some three, till they grow cleer.

Apozemes are strained through common strainers, sometimes through a woollen bag, or linnen strainer, but syrrups which are more gross, because of the admixtion of honey, sugar, and their long coction, cannot so easily transmeate, and therefore require a thin lin∣nen strainer.

Decoctions, whereof unguents are made, are strained after the, same manner, as also the unguents themselves liquified, till some thick thing, which hath escaped the stroke of the Pestell, and the heat of the fire, be segregated.

The thinner part of many Medicaments is segregated from the thic∣ker, by the other kind of colation called filtration, * 1.271 which apparation those Medicaments onely use, which make up the compound called Virgins Milk, or which expostulate onely some smaller and thinner substance of some Medicament; for they assume linnen or woollen lists two or three fingers broad, and very long, and they dip the one end in the vessell wherein the Medicament to be strained is contained, the other end reacheth to another vessell that stands below it, and bending into it, doth cast out by drop and drop that humour into it, which it had continently drawn from the former vessell.

CHAP. XXVI. Of Spumation.

WHen scum swimming upon a liquor is detracted, * 1.272 either with a spoon or feather, if it be small, or by colature, that same act is called Despumation, because scum is a certain viscid juice including flatulency; for all enumeration of scum proceeds from the mixture of two substances, whereof the one is spirituall, the other humid, it is moved and disjected by a various agitation as Galen saith, (Comment ad Aphor. 43. lib. 2.) therefore the segregation of scums is made by the whites of Eggs, which by their lentor and viscidity coact and col∣lect the scum, as when juices of flesh, many syrrups and Apozemes are in boyling cleansed from their scums.

But seeing motion and heat are the efficient causes of scum, * 1.273 and nothing that is crude, and not moved is covered with scum, then de∣spumation appertaines to such things as by agitation and coction ingender scum.

That Honey and Sugar may be cleansed from scum, an equall and sometimes a double portion of liquor is put to them, and in boyling the scum is taken off with a blunt spoon, least together with the scum, the liquor, in which the concoction is made, should be taken off; but if despumation by this rule seem unperfect, then adde to certain pound weights of liquor certain whites of eggs; which assoone as they are hardened by continuall boyling; they gather scum, so that the segregation of it from the liquour will be very easy, because in straining it will be left in the strainer together with the whites of the eggs, the sincere and pure liquour onely transmitted. If the honey be very impure, it must be boyled in a treble portion of liquor till it come to half, that the despumation may be perfect, which rule will hold in scumming other very impure Medicaments.

Honey may be purged and cleansed from scum by it self, * 1.274 when it hath no aliene quality, or when it cannot sustein so long coction with∣out impairing its vertue, as those things that are mixed with it, for then it were better not to mixe it for despumations sake, than to des∣pume it with the mixture.

Sugar to be purged of scum ought so long to be boyled, that af∣ter despumation, that which was a pound before, may remain no more than a pound, though two or three ounces of liquor have been added to the coction.

Fruits that are to be preserved while they are boyled with sugar, or as some do better boyle them in a portion of sugar, are purged by some few scum onely with a spoon, as things full cocted are with a linnen strainer, for they are wont to be transmitted through a cloth extended, and fastned with nailes at every corner, that the scum and dreggs might be left above.

CHAP. XXVII. Of Clarification.

CLarification is a purging of liquid Medicaments from their grosser matter, for hereby they are more acceptable to the pa∣late, and may more easily be distributed. Now many are clarified by themselves alone, as when the more feculent settleth, as the juice of Apples, Oranges, Lemmons, Bugglosse, Sorrell, some by de∣spumation, others by colation, some also by coction, the white of eggs for the most part added, sometimes also without these, as when the juices of plants and fruits are cocted to the consumption of the

third part, and then stand two dayes till they grow cleere, * 1.275 whence clarification is effected five manner of ways, by rest, by colation, by despumation, by the mixtion of vinegar, or some sharp matter, and by the agitation and coction of whites of Eggs with the thing to be clarified. For if decoctions and syrups partake of vinegar, they will be more and more purged by themselves through the vertue of the vinegar. And whites of eggs must be agitated with a spoon, till they be all froathy, then put to the syrups or decoctions, which must be boyled again: and when the scum is gathered about the whites of eggs by perfect coction, then must the scum be artifici∣ally craded and separated, either by common trajection, which is through a four cornered cloath fastned at every corner with a nail, or by a more peculiar colation which is through Hyppocrates his sleeve. Colation should be iterated three or four times, till the syr∣rup or decoction be plainly cleere.

Men of later times have made certain potions in the form of a Julep, which with their consistency being very clear, they cill them Clarers, but such are made after the manners before nominated.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of Aromatization.

ARomatization is an artificiall manner of preparation, * 1.276 where∣by Medicaments are made more odoriferous, and suaveolent, to the better acceptation of the palate, and heart, and the grea∣ter strength and oblectation to the vitall and animall faculties. For, Medicaments subverting the ventricle, are made lesse offensive, if they be seasoned with Cloves, Cynamon, and other sweet spices, and lesse mo••est the principall parts, and do more wholesomely e∣duce excrementitious humours, by secession, or by vomit, if it happen.

And though according to Galen. (Cap. 15. lib. 2. de aliment.) * 1.277 all ocoriferous spices are hot, and exhilarate the vitall faculty; yet some more particularly respect the brain, as Cloves; some the heart, the fountain of life, as Cynamon; others the ventricle, as Almonds; others the Liver, as Dates; and some the wombe, as muske, Amber, Civet; not that the wombe is delighted with these under the species of odors: for it hath not an organ of smelling, but is affected with smells, by reason that thin and subtil matters, or the aery vapour, wherewith the spirits are recreated, with which it is of all granted, that the geni∣talls swell.

Mesue hath described many aromaticall confections, as Diaci∣namomum, ARomaticum Rosat. Diamoschum utrum{que} diambra, the ele∣ctuary of gemms, and many more, whose use is excellent in get∣ting and preferving strength in the principall members, in preventing and correcting putrefaction, and in refreshing the spirits.

Those that from sickness recover health, or are very old, and are in riches able to resartiate their lost strength, by the prescript of Phy∣sicians, are wont to use Confections made of Conserves, Sirrups, and cordial Powders, whose excellent virtue is attributed to the sweet odour of suaveolent Spices.

For the like cause, * 1.278 many Sirrups are aromatized with the confecti∣on of Alkermes, or Trochisks of Galliae moschatae, or with Musk, Amber, Civet, or other suaveolent Spices hung in a Nodula, and so tyed to the Vessel wherein the Sirrup or Liquor is contained, that it hangs about the middle of it; for so the aromatical virtue is equally distributed to all the Liquor. Which also Vintners have learned, who make the Wine more fragrant and sweet, by hanging Ginger, Cinamon, and such like, in the Hogshead.

Those of the Courtiers that are more rich, * 1.279 leacherous, and sloth∣full, that like Beasts they may more potently hold on to their Ve∣nery, and be more active in that exercise; sometimes they cat raw Eggs, sometimes fryed with much Musk or Civet, whereby they ra∣ther destroy than refresh Nature.

Many Fruits also, as Nuts and Pears, are before Conditure stic∣ked with Cinamon or Cloves, that they may be more gratefull and acceptable both to the palate and heart. Juleps also are often aroma∣tized with Rose-water, as Apozems with yellow Sanders, Sauces with aromatical Confections, Cider with Amber or Musk, as many other Medicaments with Storax, Belzoin, Camphire.

CHAP. XXIX. Of Colouration.

THough Colour, according to Galen, (cap. 2. lib. 1. simpl. cap. 30, lib. de Histor. Philos.) cannot shew the faculty of the Medica∣ment, yet because it is a quality of a visible body, which because it hurts or profits, is more or less expetible: for as blackness and white∣ness do obtund the faculties of seeing, so green colour exhilarates them, as besides quotidian experience, the Philosopher also testifies, (Probl. 60. sect. 32.) Now some Medicaments are more desirable, being white, * 1.280 others black, others red, or of other colour. And Co∣lour is especially acquired four manner of wayes, by Lotion, Agita∣tion, Coction; and Mixtion. By Lotion most become white, as Oil, Turpentine, Wax. Some also by Agitation, as Penedis, the white unguent of Rhasis, the plaister Diachylon, Galens refrigerating Un∣guent; for all these, by how much the longer they are wrought, by so much they are the whiter; * 1.281 as white Pils, Bechical confections, and all sugared Medicaments; for Motion and Agitation do get the defired colour to Medicaments. But this is not so manifest in the

fore-named Medicaments, as in the crude Unguent, * 1.282 which is made of Lytoridge, Oil and Vinegar, for these are so long beaten in a morter, till they acquire the form of a white Unguent. Medicaments by Co∣ction are more colourated, as more white, or more black, as the Co∣ction is valid and long, or as it is weak. So the Plaister made of crude Ceruse is white, of burned Ceruse red. And the Plaister of crude Verdigrease is green, of burned Verdigrease white and yel∣low. Lastly, according to the several colours of the things mixed, the colour of Medicaments is various; for such as admit Saffron in their mixtion are yellow, such as admit Cinnabrium are red, and such as have Ceruse are white, and such as have the pith of Cassia in their mixture are black.

CHAP. XXX. Of Conditure, Saliture, and Farture.

AS Saliture and Farture rather seem to appertain to a Cooks, than an Apothecaries shop, so doth Conditure to the Con∣fectioners. Yet Medicaments sometimes need these; for Saliture conduces much to conservation, Farture to good sapour, and Condi∣ture to both. For Flowers and Fruits are not condited onely, but also little stalks, barks, and tender roots, both that they may be lon∣ger preserved, and also eat more pleasantly. Thus are the roots of tender Ginger, and husks of Cassia Fistula, which are not old. Nut∣megs, Myrobolans, and other forreign Fruits, are condited while fresh, that they may be brought to us without any loss of their vir∣tues and faculties, from far Countreys. Many of our own Coun∣trey, sweet, sour, or Fruits of other sapours, pleasant to the palate, as soon as they are gathered, and if need be, their Cortes pill'd off, (for many are not decorticated, as Gooseberries, Barberries) and so are boyled with Sugar, or Honey, or both. Those that are bitter, very sour, and sharp, are so long macerated in water, till they have depo∣sed their vehement quality.

Now Apothecaries do especially make humid Conditures, as they call them; as when they so long concoct Fruits or Roots with Sugar and Water, that they lose all their watry humidity, and after Condi∣ture and Reconditure may be preserved with a Sirup perfectly boy∣led.

But Confectioners do not onely make such like Conditures as these, but also dry ones, as they term them, which are made of Fruits sugared, with Sugar extrinsecally boyled with them, and afterwards dryed by insolation. Now many Fruits are condited with Salt alone, as Capers; or with some Vinegar added to them, * 1.283 as Cucumbers cut in pieces, Purslain, Lettices, and many Pot-herbs, that they may

without decay be preserved till Winter; for Salt hath an admirable faculty in desiccating and conserving things. Hence Flesh and Fish salted are kept without corruption, not onely some months, but years. Wherefore by some Philosophers, * 1.284 the Soul is called the Salt of the Body, because as long as it remains therein, it vindicates and defends it from putrefaction. It causes also, that Medicaments acquire ano∣ther quality beside what is peculiar to them; and therefore Vipers flesh, and the parts of many Animals, are besprinkled with white and bay Salt, (for according to Galen, there is the same faculty in both) with a little, if it be used for sapours sake; with more, if for condi∣tures sake.

Whatsoever Aliments are desired to be medicinal, * 1.285 if there be any apparent cavity in them, it is stopped with Fruits, Herbs, or Roots, wherewith Aliments are often stuffed. Now many Aliments are stuffed before Assation or Elixation, that they may be more grate∣full to the palate, and sometimes that they may more conduce to pro∣cure or keep sanity; as when Polypody, Capers, dry Grapes, Bar∣ley, or other parts of Plants are included in the belly of a Capon or Goose. An old Cock is wont to be stuffed with Barley, that besides its faculty of subducing the belly, wherein according to Galen and Oribasius, it is effectual, it may cleanse and nourish. Night-caps are of∣ten quilted with Cephalical Powders put in a double linnen cloth: the topical remedy of the form of a Buckler is prepared after the same manner, but it receives roborating and stomachical Pouders, such as are wont to be prescribed to the weakness of the belly. But it is pro∣perly called Farture, by which exenterated Animals, and excavated Fruits are stuffed with medicamental or alimental things, and some∣times with aromatical, onely for jucundity sake.

CHAP. XXX. Of Distillation.

DIstillation is an education of a watry or oily humour out of any thing by heat. * 1.286 And it is effected either by ascension, or descension, and that either by a humid or a dry heat. Di∣stillations by humid heat are made in Balneum Mariae, or in a Vapour made of hot water. * 1.287 Balneum Mariae, aut maris, as some say, is a Vessel containing in it heat, into which another vessel is put, containing the matter to be distilled. It was wont to be called Cucurbita, * 1.288 or Boccia, upon which is put another Vessel with a beak, commonly called an Alembick or Capitel, which are most strictly closed together with a glew made of Bran, and whites of Eggs.

Distillation in the vapour of hot water is also made in two vessels; * 1.289 the one contains the matter to be distilled, and in the other is put a

long copper or brass vessel half full of water; so that there is space enough left between the Cucurbita and the boyling water, by the va∣pour of which carried upwards, the matter to be distilled grows hot, and suscitates the vapours to the beaked Capitel, whence it descends into the Receiver.

Both these Bathes are described in various forms; for every one, * 1.290 according to his minde, changes, innovates, adds or detracts some∣thing rather form the elegancy of the Boccia, than the facility of Di∣stillation. But in all of them, the fire, which is the efficient cause of Distillation, must be made in such place, that with little labour it may calefie the water in the Boccia.

Now the fire should be clear, not smoky or filthy, * 1.291 such as is made of Charcoal or Cannel; and it must be so ordered, that it neither be too potent, and burn the matter, nor so small as to be extinguished before the work be perfected. Before the water begin to be cold, let other be made hot, or at least warm, and calefied according to that degree of heat which the condition of the matter requires; for some may be distilled with a benign vapour, others with a more potent, others best with warm water.

Integral fresh Plants, or parts of them cut into pieces, * 1.292 are conve∣niently distilled in a humid Bath. If they be dry, they should be wet with some convenient liquor before Distillation; for so the waters distilled do better retain the strength and faculties of the Plants, though they cannot be so preserved, because more excrementitious. Yet many waters do not retain the sapours of the Plants, because they so inhere in their terrestrial substance, that they will not ascend with the most vehement heat.

The humid Bath is expedient in distilling waters; the dry one (if it may be called a Bath, as it pleases most) in educing oils and waters, * 1.293 Now it is properly called dry, because no water is put under the Cu∣curbita, but fire onely, with dust, sand, or the filings of iron or steel sometimes interposed. Which that it may be commodiously done, * 1.294 the furnace must be built with such industry, that it may have a port open towards the bottome, through which the ashes may be taken out which fall from the burning coals laid upon the little gridiron. Above the gridiron there must be another port, through which the coals may be immitted; above the arch whereof must be inserted little iron beams or grates overthwart: then above must be placed the brazen, earthen, or iron pan, into which the Cucurbita is put, and it must be buried, sand or ashes being cast upon it, then the bea∣ked Capitel may be placed above it. In the top of the furnace must be constituted certain holes, or wind-passages, through which the smoke may pass.

The use of a certain Instrument of Copper, called an Alembick, * 1.295 is here requisite and frequent; in whose inferiour cavity are contai∣ned iron beams, sustaining the burning coals; in its middle, the ••oc∣cia; in its superiour part, the beaked Capitel, in form of a Helmet;

and sometimes round with a Refrigeratory, formed like a Cauldron, that it might contain an abundant quantity of water; which when it grows too hot, is effunded by a cock placed towards its bottome, and new water and cold is poured in again.

The beak in some Alembicks is very long and strait, and oft times in some of the form of a serpent; whence it is called a twining beak, or worm, that so it may be transferred through a Hogshead full of cold water, whereby the water may be better congealed and tem∣pered.

A certain Boccia made of glass, * 1.296 and crooked, commonly called a Retort, serves for that distillation which is made by sand or ashes; as also another strait one, which hath its name from a bladder, of oval form, made of glass or copper lined with tin, which serves for distil∣ling those things which are easily sublevated, as roots, seeds, leaves, flowers, and suaveolent Spices; such as are not so easily sublevated, as farnesses, rosins and gums are to be extolled, and that more aptly in a Retort of very thick glass.

The forms of distilling are so many, * 1.297 and the instruments, as also their matter so various, that they can scarce be kept within certain Laws: yet is this old custome still observed, that Apothecaries do commonly distill young Plants, and other Medic••ments in Pewter Alembicks, or Leaden, tinn'd within, which are not so noxious as many fear: yet them of Glass and Clay are better, but they ma••ea∣sily be broken, and then useless. Now such things as may not endure the vehemency of heat, may be better distilled in Balneum Maria, afterwards in hot ashes, wherein, as in the Bath, some temperate and milde heat may be preserved and cherished; not so in sand and filing dust, for these will not be hot but with vehement heat; wherefore they are used in educing Oils by distillation. Now the wa∣ters distilled ought to be insolated for some dayes space in Vessels co∣vered with a paper full of little holes, * 1.298 that the more pure and excre∣mentitious portion may be resolved, and that the impression of the fire, which is wont to comitate waters distilled, may be extracted.

CHAP. XXXII. Of Distillation by descent.

DIstillation is made both by moyst and dry calour, as well by ascent a descent. By ascent, when by the force of the heat of fire, water, or other body interposed, the thinner part of the matter in the Cucurbita is elevated to the Capitel, where condensed, * 1.299 by its weight it declines to the beak, and runs into a vessel set under the beak. And as the distillations by ascent are multifarious, so also them by descent; for one distillation is properly

said to be by descent, to wit, when the humour educed without exal∣tation distils downwards; another is by inclination, another by transudation, another by filtration.

That cannot properly be called Distillation, nor referred to this place, which is made without heat, as by Expression, or Colation.

Distillation by descent is sometimes made without heat, * 1.300 as when a bag filled with Myrrhe or Tartar, is suspended in vapourish air, or in a Wine cellar; for these, as many more, long kept in a moyst place, become tabid, and as it were exude a pure juice, which they emit into a vessel set under them. * 1.301 But it is made more frequently by fire, by whose power not onely waters, but also oils are educed by descent. Thus the water of Roses, and other Flowers, may be well distiled. A pot of copper, brass, or clay, is taken and filled with Roses, or other Flowers, close covered with a head, and a vessel full of coals is set under the body containing the Flowers, out of which when they are calefied, very good water will exude into the glass subjected. But the fire is to be so ordered, that the Flowers may not be burned, and therefore many prudently put paper betwixt the vessel containing the fire, and the Flowers; for hereby they may better endure the heat. But this manner of distilling, as it is easy, so is it common.

Some distill waters in dung, or other putrid matter: * 1.302 but the Apo∣thecary may easily want these modes, who should be neat, and pre∣pare the most select remedies. * 1.303 That distillation which is made in the heat of the Sun after this manner, is more commendable. A pot filled with Roses, or other Flowers, is firmly joyned to another pot set under it; then it is exposed to the Sun; for if its beams beat upon the upper pot, very good water will distill into the lower.

But the distillation of Oils by descent is more difficult, * 1.304 and can scarce be effected without great preparation, labour, and time: yet is it very familiar to the Alcumists who educe Oils by descent after many manners; for they so prepare the vessels and instruments for distillation, that they give no passage by ascent, but the humour as it were melted and educed, exudes downwards by drops. Those Wa∣ters or Oils may be thus distilled, which the ascending vapours would destroy, or the potent spirits dissipate, before they were brought to a consistency.

There are several modes of this distillation; * 1.305 one is in a furnace by transudation, whereby the humour provoked doth transude, and falls by drops into the subjected vessel, fire being placed above it. Another is made by transudation, but it is in the earth, when a ditch is diffoded in the earth, into which is put a pot, to whose orifice is fit∣ted and joyned the bottome of another pot full of little holes, and the orifice of the upper pot is covered close, in which pot is contained the matter to be distilled; then the earth being adhibited, both pots are interred even to the belly of the upper pot, so that the conjuncti∣on is covered: then the fire is put to by degrees, according to the

nature and condition of the matter to be distilled; for a more solid matter requires greater heat, less solid a lesser.

There is another distillation, * 1.306 which is a mean betwixt the distilla∣tion by ascent, and that by descent, which is by inclination, in which there is a little elevation, and afterwards a reflexion downwards. It is also called a distillation by retortion, because it is made in a bend∣ing Boccia, in whose curvature the spirits united are compelled to de∣scend into the receptacle placed below, and well joyned to the croo∣ked beak. Now this retorted Boccia should lye in a furnace built ac∣cordingly, the belly whereof must be buried in a pot wherein are ashes or sand, and the beak must hang out through some hole or chink.

The retorted Boccia is wont to be used in distilling such things as ascend with difficulty, * 1.307 as in the educing Oils out of Metals, and Spi∣rits out of Minerals, to which most vehement heat is required, and therefore heed must be taken lest the Retorts be burst; therefore be∣fore they be set upon the fire, they ought to be incrusted with clay, marl, or such convenient matter, if nitrous matters be contained in them; and they must immediately with ashes or sand be adhibited to the most violent fire. But because we purpose not to relate Chymi∣cal Distillations, nor their Matrals, nor describe their Cucurbites, Handles, Vessels, crooked, round or long, their Dishes, Pots, and Furnaces, we will no further prosecute their precepts in distillation, for they may be sooner and easier learned with practice and exercise, than by description.

Alcumists prescribe not onely many Distillations, but also o∣ther preparations, as Sublimation, Cohobation, Exhalation, Eva∣poration, Exaltation, and many more, wherewith their Books are stuffed. * 1.308 Sublimation is when the Extract attains to the sublime part of the Vessel, and subsists there. Cobobation is when that which is educed, is put again to the dead Head; now the dead Head as it is ta∣ken by them, is as it were dregs without juice, or excrements voyd of any quality: yet sometimes this is the matter of the Chymical Salt. Exhalation is a dissipation of dry spirits in the air by heat. * 1.309 Evapo∣ration is a resolution of moyst spirits. Exaltation doth not design the same thing that Sublimation doth, for it is an artificial preparati∣on, whereby the matter is after some manner changed and brought to a higher dignity of substance and virtue; as when some rude and crude matter is brought to maturity and perfection. * 1.310 Maturation and Gradation they say conduce to this, as Digestion, and sometimes Circulation do to Maturation. * 1.311 Maturation is an exaltation from a rude crudity to a well cocted and elaborate perfection. Digestion is a simple Maturation, whereby things incocted and untractable, are cocted and made more milde and tractable by a digestative heat. Circulation is an exaltation of pure Liquor by a circular solution, * 1.312 by the help of the heat in Mercuries or Pelicans Cup. Gradation

appertains properly to Metals, for it is an exaltation of them to a greater degree of bonity and perfection, whereby their weight, co∣lour and consistency is brought to a more excellent degree. But that I may no longer digress from my purpose, I will leave their Chy∣mical Preparations to themselves; for this Treatise of Distillation compelled me briefly to touch of these, and paint it on the margin as a Work by the by.

The end of the second Book.

OF MEDICAMENTAL INSTITUTIONS. The third Book. Of the composition of general Medicaments.

CHAP. I. Why Medicaments are compounded.

AS Simplicity in Nature is before Composition, so are simple Medicaments before compound; and the antient Physicians, as Pliny relates, (cap. 2. lib. 26. Nat. Histor.) first prescribed onely Simples to cure Diseases, as Diocles, Pra∣xagoras, Chrysippus, and Eristratus. Hippocra∣tes also, who first laid the foundations of the medicinal Art and gave Laws thereto, cured almost all Diseases with simple Medicaments alone. Yet (saith Ae∣tius, cap. 25. tetr. 4. serm. 2.) necessity constrained the exercised Medicks to seek new remedies, and compound some Simples, be∣cause Simples cannot alwayes cure; for (saith Galen, cap. 5. lib. 1. comp. med. general.) if Simples onely could preternaturally cure all affections, there would be no need of Compounds; but this no Sim∣ple can do. The use therefore of Composition in Medicine is necessa∣ry, especially for such Diseases as require at once contrary faculties in Medicaments, which cannot be in Simples.

The causes why Medicaments should be compounded are many (Serapio. cap. lib. 7.) first, * 1.313 when in curing or expelling a disease there is no one simple Medicament altogether contrary to it; then must some compound be used, which may supply the defect of the simple, as when we would moderately cleanse an ulcer, we mixe two simple Medicaments: the one whereof would do it too potently, [ 1] the other too negligently, now from the concourse, [ 2] and commistion of these two will proceed one moderate detersory: the second cause of com∣position is, that the violence of the Medicament may be obtunded, or its ignavy excited; now its violence is obtunded by the admixtion of a more benigne or an opposite Medicament, as when with sharp we mixe mild, with bitter sweet, with calid refrigerating, [ 3] & with maligne Cordiall Medicaments. The third cause or reason is drawn from the variety of the Maladies to be cured, for to every part affected and noxious humour, a Medicament that is Analogicall and destinated to the same must be prescribed; for it is meet that Medicament must be given to the Brain, Lungs, or other parts ill affected, which hath respect to such parts, and will free from such a mortificall cause: [ 4] the situation also and dignity of the parts affected demonstrate composi∣tion to be necessary; for some part doth not onely require roboration, which indeed is a principall effect, as the brain by Cephalicks, and the heart by Cordialls, as Galen commands, Cap. 1. lib. 1. comp. med. ge∣ner. But also oftentimes alteration, and a vindication from the noxi∣ous humour, which one simple Medicament cannot effect: further∣more a part situated farre from the remedy speaks composition to be necessary, for some attenuating Medicament must be mixed with these remedies, that the quality thereof may permeate to the part affected, as Galen declares lib. 1. de comp. per gener.

There are also other lesse necessary causes of composition, as when Medicaments are dulcorated with sugar or honey, that they may be more acceptable to the palate and heart, or when they are condited with Cynamon and other sweet spices, or washed in convenient de∣coctions, or composed into the forme of a bole or solid Electuary; for many Medicaments are conjoyned, mixed and united together for odour, sapour, colour, or jucundities sake, and also for preserva∣tion to future uses.

CHAP. II. Of Syrups in Generall.

WHereas many Plants cannot always be had in readiness and integrall, but either their leaves will be fallen, or their Roots hidden in the ground as in Winter, or their vertue decayed, their leaves and flowers being scattered, or they will not be found when

urgent necessity requires: juices are extracted out of them for future uses, or their decoctions, condited with a sufficient quantity of sugar or honey, or both together, are prepared, so as they may be kept a long time without impairing their strength and vertue after great coction, till they acquire the the consistency of a syrup. Now a syrup is a certain liquid Medicament of juices, or decoctions, so long co∣cted with honey or sugar, * 1.314 for sapour and conservations sake, till it at∣tain a just consistency; which may be known, if one drop of it drop∣ped on a marble stone, dilate not, but cleave together, or taken be∣twixt ones fingers dwawne out in threads or teats.

Syrups were invented by the Arabians, which Avicena (lib. 5. serm. 1. tract. 6.) calls decoctions, or juices thickned with sweetnes, according to the Arabick word Scarab, * 1.315 which denotes a certain drink, but sweet or Srab, which signifies sweet wine, or rather a Syrup, or potion prepared after our manner; the Greeks call them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and sometimes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the ancients by all these often understood Oinomel or sweet potions, for the name syrup, and the preparation thereof was scarce known to antient Graecians.

But some hold that the name syrup is more probably derived from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 juice and and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to draw, * 1.316 as it were a juice extracted, or that they were derived from Syria, or from that which Alexander Aphro∣diseus calls 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, wine boyled to the half, new wine, wine boyled to the third part, or a sweet potion of wine and honey.

Syrups are perfectly cocted with honey or sugar, that they may not corrupt, but be usefull for a whole yeare, and they therefore have a thicker consistency, a meane betwixt wine boyled to the third, and a julep; as an Apozeme betwixt a julep and a syrup; for a syrup is not so thick as sapa, nor a julep as a syrup, nor an Apozeme as a ju∣lep, for as syrups, which because thicker may be kept longer & safer, so Apozemes and Juleps, being thinner, may not be kept long and safely, for they will not keep one week, and therefore Physicians are wont to prescribe them to present use, and have them made so oft as necessity requires: but we shall treat more largely of these in the next book, for now we shall speak of such as may be kept by the A∣pothecaries for a long time, of which for present use are often made Apozemes, if they be dissolved in the decoction of Plants, or Juleps if in distilled waters: they often also ingrede the confection of Eclegmes, Opiates; and Condites both, that they may acquire better acceptation and vertue and also a consistency more convenient to our purpose. Yet they are sometimes prescribed alone and unmixed, es∣pecially such as must be assumed by licking by little and little to move flegme, as all brown syrups, as the syrup of Colts-foot, the juice of Liccorish, Maidens-haire, Hyssop, or of some such like, which by reason of their sweetnesse coct the spittle.

Now syrups are made of the decoction of hearbs, * 1.317 roots, fruits, seeds, flowers, or their juices, and such like as may be well decocted, and the matters to be decocted are so chosen, as they may answer

our intent, whether it be to corroborate some part, or mend some vi∣tious humour, or educe it, thence we have such variety of syrups: for they are composed to calefy, refrigerate, moisten, dry, open, obstruct, cut, thicken and purge.

And the decoction of those things, whereof Syrups are made, * 1.318 ought to be in water, either rain-water, or fountain water, or running wa∣ter which is best, because void of all qualities: the quantity whereof must be answerable to the quantity and hardnes of the things cocted: for such things as are harder, as roots and wood can scarce be cocted, save with much time and water without adustion. And therefore the water must be augmented, when simples are long to be cocted, as also when they are too bitter.

The decoction strained and clarified is boyled again, with an equall quantity of sugar or honey, or both; and sometimes with sweet wine, as it will appear in our book, called the Apothecaries Shop.

CHAP. III. Of Propomates.

THe Ancients according to Aëtius and Paulus (Aët. cap. 30. cent. 3. ser. 1. Paul. Aeg. c. 15. lib. 7. * 1.319 de remed) called a••l drinks dulcorated with honey by the generall••n me Pro∣pomata, for they, scarce knowing sugar, made all drinks plea∣sant to the p••late with honey, which we now make with sugar, that they may be more sweet and pleasant, yet some, not for want of su∣gar, are condited with honey, both for the peculiar condition of the sapour, and the artainment of those excellent qualities wherewith it abounds: for honey besides that sweetness, which it hath, being most pleasant to the tongue, is such an excellent conservative, that many use it, instead of salt, for the Babylonians (Dionys. Areop.) * 1.320 in time past buried their dead bodyes in honey, and Appius the Cook (He∣rod. in Thalia) covered flesh with honey, that he might preserve it without salt, many things also condited, and other Medicaments are dulcorated and confected with honey, both that they may be more pleasant to the palate, and also keep more safely without corruption, and acquire more notable vertues: Wherefore Galen (Cap. 177 simpl. Medic.) writes well when he saith, that honey may safely be mixed with all Antidotes. For it is most sweet (Cap. 11. lib. de alim.) and it produces most thin juice, and being mixed with Medicaments, it causes them to induce and keep better. (Paul. cap. 14. lib. 7. d•• remed.) yet it is not equally wholesome to all, for as (Cap. 8. lib. 2. de fac. nat.) it is good for old and cold men, for it is noxious to such as are feaverish and young men, especially chollerick, because it is soon changed, ingenders choller, and becomes bitter in hot bodyes,

for if it be holden too long to the fire, it will be bitter; as also, if it be kept too long (Cap. 16. lib. 4. simpl.) for Galens father (Cap. 11. l. 1. de Antidot.) * 1.321 had a certain kind of honey, as bitter as if it had been made in Pontus, in that part where the Bees gather their honey from wormewood, yet he saith it was Athenian honey, and very good, but that it became bitter by diuturnity of time. Now Pliny (Cap. 56. lib. 7.) saith, that one Aristaeus an Athenian first invented honey, and the Curetes first taught the use thereof, * 1.322 though Ovid makes Bacchus the Author of it, when he saith:

Liber & inventi praemia mellis habet.

Furthermore, many Medicaments are made of honey, and also potions either more liquid, called by Paulus sweet Potions, as Hydro∣mel that is watry, and not enough boyled, or more thick and longer boyled and insolated, as Hydromel of wine, as Oxymel, and other Medicaments which are nominated from honey, as the Medicamen∣tall honeys of violets, Anacardium, R••ses, and such like.

Many Medicaments are comprehended under this name Hydromel, as Muscadell, Melicratum, Hydromel of water, and of wine simple and compound; * 1.323 yet none is so simple, but it consists of honey and water, as the name demonstrates, but it is called simple to difference it from the more compound, whereof many differences are described every where by the best Physicians, as by Galen (lib. de Dinamid.) and by Paulus. (lib. 7. de remed.)

In the Confection of Hydromel, * 1.324 the proportion of honey to the water is various, according to the various scope of the Physician, the temper of the assumer: For in Summer it is prescribed most watry, as also to young men, but in Winter, and to old men, and flegmaticke, with a greater portion of wine or honey; and it seemes good to our Ancients properly to call that Hydromel, * 1.325 which is not very watry, but of wine, and perfectly cocted: for it seems to resemble in sapour and heat most noble Wine, as that of Malmesey; for it much excites spittle, concocts flegmes, cherishes naturall hear, and roborates the stomack, its genuine description, and the manner of its making, shall be handled in the shop divulged by us.

And although the rule of confecting Melicrated Mulsa, * 1.326 or Hydro∣mell (which differ onely in name not in substance) be not one but va∣rious, yet Mesue (part. 3. distinct. 6.) delivers the most vulgar, and usuall rule, to wir the admistion of eight pounds of water to one of honey, which must be cocted together, till froth cease to swim above, which opinion the best Authors follow, though many mixe with eve∣ry pound of honey ten of water; and sometimes twelve, according to their various intentions.

Rusticks in Summer decoct the Loture of honey-combes, * 1.327 first strained, and they despume it well, and repose it in ample vessells, and having hung a little lump of Leaven in the vessells, they leave it for two or three dayes, and then they drink it with great pleasure, to expell thirst; for this drink is sharp and sweet, and most pleasant to

their palates; others boyle six pounds of honey in fifty pound of foun∣tain-water and, scum it well, and then they dissolve an ounce and an half, or two ounces of Leaven, or Barm, and put in the Barrell, leaving a certain space, as about two or three fingers breadth empty.

Apomel is not very watry, and as in strength and vertue, * 1.328 it is equall to vinous Hydromel, so hath it the same manner of preparation, as we shall shew in our shop.

Amongst sweet potions is reckoned Oinomel, * 1.329 which is made of two parts of old wine, and one of honey, and sometimes of six parts of swee new wine, and one of honey, according to Oribasius (Cap. 25. lib. 5. Collect.) and because honey is of thin parts, and most sweet, those Medicaments that admit of its Commistion do conduce most to the attenuation, coction, and expurgation of grosse humours.

CHAP. IV. Of Syrups mixed with Honey.

THat which the Greeks call Oxymel, and the Arabians Secan∣jabin; The Apothecaries, and not improperly call a tart sweet potion, for it is a sower syrup made of water and honey, or sweet wine, and vinegar, whence, the taste recerves it as soure and sweet, and as it hath a mixed and various sapour, so hath it mixed virtues as by reason of the honey to the vinegar, as of the vinegar to 〈…〉〈…〉 for vinegar hath a purging faculty, and it is (Gal. l 1. * 1.330 simpl. & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 2. Comp Med. loc.) cold and hot, discussive & repulsive, and therefore Oxymel is commodious for hot & cold diseases, it cuts, atte∣nuates and cleanseth grosse and slimy humours, it educes spittle, * 1.331 takes away obstructions, it prepares cold humours for expulsion, it mode∣rates hot humours, and quenches thirst: for honey is averse to cold humours, vineger to their lentour, and water to heat, and therefore causes that the honey be longer cocted better scummed, and the ver∣tue of the Oximel, * 1.332 better distributed as Messue his Interpreter well observes. And the honey should not onely be very good, sweet, and sharp, pale of colour, neither too thick, nor too watrish, nor aboun∣ding with spume, but the water also, being a common solace, both to the whole and sick, as Galen saith (Cap. 27. lib. de renum dignot. * 1.333 & Medicat.) and most necessary to all things, ought to be most pure and good, and it may be tryed so to be by taste, sight, and smell: by tast, as if it be free from all qualities, indued with none: by sight, as if it be pure, sincere and exquisitely cleere: by smell, as if nothing can be smelled therein which is in vitious waters, and the vinegar al∣so must necessarily be very good, rather white than red, * 1.334 not stilla∣titious, nor watrish, but most sharp, which hath a more potent faculty

in cutting and attenuating. Now that Oxymel is reckoned amongst Medicines, is from vineger, for it is not of them accounted sweet wine, betwixt which Oxymel and Apomel takes place, called by Serapis Acumel.

But because all vineger hath not the same vertue, nor all men the same delight in its taste, the same proportion of honey to vineger is not generally used, for some would have more of vineger, others more of honey, whence Serapio thinks it should be made according to his mind that drinks, yet the confection described by Mesue and Ori∣basius is most received and approved.

And it is made of one part of vineger, * 1.335 two of water, and four of honey, and all are boyled together to the consistency of a more liquid syrup, for if it be not perfectly cocted, yet because of the honey, it may be preserved long enough without corruption.

And this is called simple Oxymel, in respect of that which is more compound, which besides water, honey and vinegar receives many roots and fruits, whereof many formes are described by Nicolaus Myrepsus, and later writers.

CHAP. V. Of Juices mixed with Honey.

HOney is the Countrey-mans sugar, wherewith they often con∣dite Cherries, Goosberies and Pears, Apothecaryes also, not for want of sugar, but by the Physicians advise confect cer∣tain juices, fruits and flowers with honey, and make them into Con∣serves, * 1.336 sapes, and syrups: conserves, as honey of Roses called by the Arabians Geneljabin, and by the Greeks Rhodomel, which is made of one part of the flowers of red roses bruised, and three parts of ho∣ney despumed: * 1.337 Sapes as honey of grapes, which confected of one pound of dry grapes, clensed and macerated for a whole day in three pounds of water, then boyled to the half, afterwards strained, and mixed with an equall quantity of honey despumed: syrups, as ano∣ther kind of honey of roses, which is made of an equall quantity of despumed honey, and red rose juice; the Mercuriall honey, or Mel Mercuriale, is also confected after the like manner, and cocted to the consistency of a thicker syrup.

And as the consistency of these conserves of roses is various, so is their description and preparation, for many take the same quantity of roses purged from their white and of honey, as Mesue also did, but they do not as he, * 1.338 boyle them on the fire, but expose them to the heat of the Sun, * 1.339 for the space of ten or twelve dayes before they repose them in their shops, thus also Rhodomel prepared without colature, is

called by some of a later stampe Mel Rosatum foliatum, and by others, Conserva mellis Rosarum.

But that which is confected of an equall part of the juice of red roses and of honey, because of its sapour and consistency, is called the syrrup of the honey of roses; That same is a mean betwixt both, because made partly of the leaves and juice of Roses, with an equall weight of honey: yet the former manner of confection is more ap∣proved, after which manner also other Medicinall honeys are confe∣cted of other flowers.

Yet is it better that these be insolated than decocted with fire; * 1.340 be∣cause the odour of flowers, being easily dissipable, perishes, and their qualities do not remain integrall after cocture, but they will easily endure insolation, which acting with a temperate and diuturnall heat, not short, and fervid, better mixes such Medicaments; yet that ho∣ney which is made of fresh roses, is used to be cocted with a slow fire, that which is made of dry roses should be insolated.

Now, what way soever honey of roses is made, whether of flowers integrall or broken, it ought first a little to be calefied, that it may be strained, and it is called, Mel Rosatum Colatum.

As fruits are harder, more difficult to be cocted, and lesse dissipa∣ble than flowers and leaves, so Medicinall honey is made of these af∣ter a different manner, for insolation will not suffice, but they must be long concocted in water before honey be put to them, and that fruits may be rightly cocted, they must first be macerated four and twenty houres in thrice as much water as is equall to them, then they must be cocted to the third part, or half, then an equall weight of ho∣ney must be added to the colature, and then the concoction must be perfected in the consistency of a syrup.

CHAP. VI. Of Sapes.

IUices educed out of fruits and hearbs, after colation, expurga∣tion, and a consistency obtained by the benefit of the Sun or fire, are called Sapes, or medicinated juices, by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, * 1.341 and by the Arabians Rob, or Robub. Sape is properly wine pressed out of white ripe grapes, and cocted to the consistency of honey, cal∣led by the Arabians Rob. Now any other juice extracted and cocted to a just spissitude is by the generall name called Robub.

Yet these barbarous names are seldome distinguished, but Rob and Robub, are used without difference for any thick juice, as it is appa∣rent in Mesue, who, not ignorant of the proper name, calls all con∣crete juices, rather Rob, than Robub, though his interpreter judges o∣therwise.

The Juices are extracted either with a press, or by the compression of ones hands, and then trajected through a napkin, that whatever of forditude is therein may cleave to the cloth, and the pure juice may onely be transmitted; which afterwards put in a pan or other vessel is insolated, or cocted on a flow fire till it grow thick, and acquire a solid form. And its watry humidity thus resolved, it may be preser∣ved many months and years without putrefaction.

Some Juices also are simple, * 1.342 others compound. Of the simple, some have a friable substance, and a purgative faculty, which must be longer cocted, that they may acquire perfect solidity, as Aloes, Scam∣mony, and such like; others have a lent and viscid substance, and for the most part an astrictive and acid quality, such as all Robs are said to be by Mesue, (Distinct. 6.) Those are called compound Sapes or Juices, which besides their concrete Juices, admit of Sugar, as Rob condited of Barberries, Rob of Quinces, Mulberries, and such Fruits.

As therefore sweet Wine onely boyled to the third, * 1.343 and despumed, still remaining liquid, is called Defrutum; so Wine expressed in a harder Consistency, inspissated by heat, is properly called Sapa; which also may be called Rob or Robub. If any be more sollicitous about the name than the thing it self, he may equally refer the name Robub to all Juices.

The use of Sapes is commended to many things, * 1.344 especially to di∣seases in the mouth; and they are sometimes prescribed alone, some∣times to be mixed with other Confections, as to Diamorum, Diacodi∣um, and other Syrups.

CHAP. VII. Of Conserves.

SEeing the virtue of Flowers may be easily dissipated, it can scarce be long retained integral, but is much impaired with coction and time, and often resolved. Now that it may be retained, Flowers are wont to be condited in Sugar or Ho∣ney, and a Compound is made, that may be preserved for many months and years, without any great impairing of virtue; whence it is properly called a Conserve; whereof we have two different kinds, * 1.345 the one is liquid and soft, which will yield to the pressure of ones finger, wherein is left some lentor; the other dry, which is much more solid, and made into Pastils or Trochisks, to which our fingers rather yield.

But because all Flowers have not a like compact substance, or like temper, they are not all condited after the same manner, nor require the same quantity of Sugar in their conditure.

Those that are more humid should taleby a day or two in a place neither too humid, nor too hot, that their superfluous humidity may be resolved. Those that are dryer, by how much they are more fresh and succulent, by so much the better.

Amongst the more humid, whereof Conserves are made, we rec∣kon the Flowers of Water-lillies, Roses, Succory, Violets, Borage, and Bugloss; amongst the dryer Flowers, of Sage, Hyssop, Rose∣mary, Oranges, Jasmine, Betony, Peach-trees, and many other Sim∣ples, which are seldome or never condited.

The more humid require a greater quantity of Sugar to their con∣fection, the dryer a less; to some an equal weight of Sugar is suffici∣ent, to other half their weight, to many twice their weight, to Roses and Water-lillies thrice their weight is requisite.

Some are integrally mixed with twice their weight, or a sufficient quantity of Sugar, and are set to be insolated one or two months, ac∣cording to the crassitude or tenuity of the Flowers.

Others, as Roses, after their purgation from the white, * 1.346 whereby they are fastned to the bud, and their triture in a stone morter with a pestel of Box wood, are mixed exquisitely with thrice their weight of Sugar, and then reposed in an earthen pot well leaded, and are well covered with a paper not forated, lest the virtue of the Flowers should be dissipated.

This done, the vessel is insolated by the space of a whole month, or forty dayes, for hereby the Conditure is excellently fermentated, the heat of the Sun permeating every part thereof, if it be stirred twice or thrice a week with a Spatula, which is effected without any dissipation of its virtues or odour.

Some immerge and perfectly mix integral Flowers, sometimes and oft braying in Sugar melted and cocted to the consistency of an Ele∣ctuary, which when it is cold, they put in boxes, and insolate it.

If in the conditing, a little juice of Lemmon be injected, * 1.347 it will attain a red and lively colour, that it will not lose in a years space, if it be reposed in a Vessel while it is hot; for afterwards refrigerating, a certain scum or crust arises upon the superficies, which preserves the colour, odour, and virtue longer.

Conserves are seldome made of leaves, because their substance is more compact, and quality less dissipable; for they may be brought from far Countreys, without impairing their virtues. Yet some, which have excellent faculties posited in their superficies, cannot be dryed without damage, as Sorrel, and Capillus veneris. And there∣fore Conserves may well be made of them well purged, as of Mons∣pelian, Maidens hair, which is accounted the best, as many other Simples abundant in that Countrey. Yet have I heard the City Monspelier more commended for Medicks than Medicaments.

However, excellent Conserves of Maidens-hair is carried from Monspelier to all the Countreys in France, which is made of an e∣qual quantity of pulverated Sugar, and cleansed Leaves brayed and

mixed together, after insolated so long as is convenient.

Some hold this Conserve to be better, if a Syrup perfectly cocted be made of the decoction of this herb and Sugar, and then mixed to other cleansed and brayed Leaves of this herb, for thus it acquires a more excellent virtue, and a more fit consistency.

Dry Conserve is made of dry Roses levigated very small with eight times their quantity of Sugar boyled in Rose-water to the con∣sistency of an Electuary, * 1.348 to which a little juice of some sowr Simple, as Lemmons or Sorrel, may be mixed; for this juice doth not onely make it sweet, and sowr, and pleasant to the taste, but of a more red and pleasant colour.

By the same art may other dry Conserves be made of dry Flowers.

CHAP. VIII. Of Condites in general.

ROots, * 1.349 Fruits, and other parts of Plants are condited either for conservation, or for sapour, or both. For Conserva∣tions sake many are condited with Salt or Vinegar, and sometimes both, as Olives, Capers, Samphire, Cucumbers, and Broom-flowers. For Sapours sake, the pils of Oranges, Lemons, Almonds, Pine-apples, Cloves, Nuts, and many Seeds are confe∣cted with Honey or Sugar. For both Conservation and Sapours sake, many Roots, Fruits, and Flowers, as the root of Ragwort, Pears, Plums, Barberries, and the flowers of Bugloss and Violets, both that they may taste better, and keep longer.

And such things as are to be condited, are first concocted in an apt syrup, and reposed and reserved with it in an carthen glass or vessel, which are called by Apothecaries, * 1.350 liquid Condites. But if after per∣fect Concoction they be exposed to the open air till their superficies be dry, and that viscid lentor, wherewith they cleaved to the fingers of such as touch them, * 1.351 be resolved, then are they called dry Con∣fectures.

Hereunto by a certain affinity may be referred a certain kinde of Condite, which is called Pasta regia, or a Mazapane: but we shall treat of that more positively in our fifth Book, in our Treatise of particular Remedies.

Those Delicates which the Confectioners call Tragemata, * 1.352 i.e. Jun∣kets, may be referred to solid Condites; for they, as other Condites, are prepared by the help of the fire, and the addition of Sugar, but after a different manner. For examples sake; if Seeds are to be con∣dited, the Sugar must first be cocted into the consistency of a syrup, then is it by little and little poured upon the Seeds; then are they

moved with ones hand, and that so long, till the Seeds be covered and incrustated all over with the Sugar. Lemmons pils small cut, as also Cynamon, are condited after the same manner. Now Fruits being humid, they require a liquid Confecture, and Seeds being dry, a dry one.

CHAP. IX. Of Powders.

THE Medicinal Art can by no means want Powders; for when Medicaments are either too humid, or dry, by the Greeks called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; the dry for the most part are pulverated, the humid are made up and concinnated with these Powders, as Electuaries, solid Con∣serves, Trochisks, Plaisters, and other Medicaments, both intrin∣secally to be assumed, and extrinsecally to be applyed; for nothing in Chirurgery is more frequently prescribed than incarnating, astrin∣ging, and closing Powders; * 1.353 and nothing so carefully prepared and kept of Apothecaries as cordial, capital, and roborating Powders, which are not onely mixed with other forms of Medicaments, but oftentimes prescribed alone to divers uses and affections, as to robo∣rate the principal parts, preserve their strengths, extinguish Poysons, stay Fluxes, help concoction, to binde or lose the belly.

Many external passions are oft cured with these alone, * 1.354 seldome without them, as any Wound with red Powder compounded of two parts of Dragons-blood, and one of Frankincense, as a great Ulcer after detersion with incarnating Powder. * 1.355 Thus a slash or skar of a Wound is closed with an Epulotical Powder, the best whereof are the Powders of Pompholix, Brass oar, Ceruse, Spodium, Terra Lem∣nia, and Lead, rightly prepared.

Now generally, * 1.356 Medicaments are either given in the form of Powders, or of them other forms are made, borrowing their matter from Powders; for these do not onely serve for to be fitted to the forms of several Medicaments, but whether you look to the body, or the quality of Medicaments, these are for the most part their very Basis.

And Powders are made of the most select Medicaments beaten more or less, as the nature of the Medicament, or the exigency of the matter requires. And all that are levigated or redacted into Powder, are called of the Latines by a general name, Pulveres; which the Arabians call distinctly by these three idioms, Sufful, Alkool, * 1.357 and Sief. Sufful denotes any kinde of Powder, whether small or great. Alkool that which is very small. Sief denotes the attrition of certain Trochisks upon a Marble, mixed with Rose, Fennel, or other con∣venient water, to the griefs of the eyes.

Now some Powders, to wit, such as are made by the Confectioners, are destinated onely to Sauces, as the Powders of Pepper, Ginger, Nutmeg, Cynamon, and such like sweet Spices; and they are called of the Seplasiaries, small Spices, which they used to keep in Leather bags. Other Powders are cordial, and roborative, which pertain onely to the Medicinal Art, as the Powder of Diarrhodon Abbatis, Diacynamon, Dianisi, Laetitia Galeni, and other cordial Powders, which should be reposed in boxes, glasses, or pots close covered, lest their virtue suddenly expire. Other Powders are also made, as Ca∣thartick Powders, which are onely for present, not future uses, be∣cause by keeping they are much worse and weaker.

Yet scarce is any Powder internally assumed alone, and unmixed, but is put in water, or some other liquor, though not so applyed ex∣ternally, which we often lay to Wounds and Ulcers alone.

Perfumers, * 1.358 Chamberers, and such as would take away wrinkles from old women with painting, and promise to fascinate and cure stinking breaths, make several Powders of suaveolent Spices, as of the root of Orris, of Roses, Sandals, Storax, Betzoini, sweet Cane, Cynamon, Cloves, Marjorum, Amber, Musk, Civet; of which, and other odoriferous Simples, they make two excellent Powders, which they call Chyprium & Violetum; and also many other and va∣rious Powders for the delectation of them that desire them. They are wont to repose them in silken bags, and put them in chests with their cloaths. But the Apothecary need not be sollicitous about these, for whom it is more expedient to have good Pulvis Diamargaritonis, than Chyprium.

CHAP. X. Of Eclegms in general.

A Certain Medicament is made for the diseases of the Lungs, something thicker than a Syrup, and more liquid than an Ele∣ctuary, which the Arabians call Lodoch; the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and sometimes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; the Latines, Linctus: for it is assu∣med by little and little, as it were by licking or sucking, that by stay∣ing and lingering in the passage, it may deerre into the breast, or at least its cough-curing virtue may reach the cavities of the Breast, and the grisles of the Lungs concoct Spittle, and cause its exclusion, which by the strength of nature may easily be done after concoction of the humour by a Vomit, or Expectoration upwards.

Now they are not onely exhibited in a morning upon a fasting sto∣mack, but also at evening, and sometimes betwixt meals, to several effects, and for several intentions, and according to the matter, in∣tention and quality whereof the Medicaments consist; for they are

given to leniate, deterge, incrassate, incide, expectorate, and stay blood. Eclegms also, according to the Antients, may be made of Medicaments of any sapour: yet very bitter and very sharp Medica∣ments we do not approve of for this use; for besides that ingrate∣full sense they bring to the palate, they exasperate the hollow artery, and the jaws, and greatly molest the lungs: yet are sou•• ones some∣times prescribed for the attenuation of gross humours.

But use hath so far prevailed, that in the confecture of Cough∣cuíing Eclegms, it is almost a Law, that nothing but sweet Ingredi∣ents should make up the Compound, as juice of Liccorish, Pines, Ju∣jubs, Sugar-candy, Dragaganth, and such like Electuaries, mixed in Honey, or some fit Syrup.

But if the condition of any affection preternaturally require bitter or sharp Ingredients, then must they be mixed with the other Medi∣caments in a less quantity, both that they may be more easily assu∣med, and also that in altering the humour contained, they may not hurt the part containing. * 1.359 Such Lohochs as these are for their notable faculty in inciding and opening, commended to the pursy, and such as breath difficultly, because of gross humours in their Lungs.

An Eclegm should be assumed upon a stick of Liccorish a little bea∣ten, or out of some little measure, and holden in the mouth till it melt of its own accord, and till it slide down the mouth of the sto∣mack, or insinuate it self into the Artery subjected.

They are reposed in earthen vessels leaded, and may be kept a whole year without impairing their virtues. Yet such as in their Confecture receive Almonds, or Nuts, as they grow mouldy soo∣ner, so do their faculties sooner fail and decay.

There is to be sold in Shops a certain Electuary somewhat liquid for Glisters, and it is made of one pound of the decoction of Violets, Malva, the herb Mercury, Pelitory of the wall, Beets and Worm∣wood, with the same weight of the Pitch of Cassia, and Honey de∣spumed, which being thicker than any Syrup, and borrowing its co∣lour and virtue from Cassia, is called Lohoch of Cassia. * 1.360

CHAP. XI. Of Electuaries in general.

SUch Medicaments as externally applyed can cure any Poyson, whether within the body, or inflicted on the body by some bite, are by the Greeks called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; and those 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which introsumed help many grievous affections. The Latins do not onely retain and confound both these names, but also denote them by the name of Electuary to us; for the Antients called them Anti∣dotes, the later men Electuaries. Whereof, according to their diffe∣rent

consistency there be two kinds, the one solid, which Apothe∣caries make into little pieces, which they call Lozenges, the other more liquid made and formed into the consistency of an opiate.

But if according to Galen, the difference of Antidotes, or Electua∣ries be taken from their quality and vertues, some are assumed be∣cause of deadly Medicaments, others are prevalent against venemous beasts, others are prescribed to diseases contracted by ill victualls, and some are accommodated to all these uses, which may not only be wholsomley introsumed, but also, externally applyed, as Triacle Mi∣thridate.

Electuaries according to their different solidity, are called Dry and Tabulated, * 1.361 or Liquid, which have the consistency of an opiate, a mean betwixt an Eclegme and Pills, as all Antidotes, whose powders are subactd with sape, honey, or wine, which put to sugar righly prepared, and agitated with a woodden pestell do acquire the just con∣sistency of a solid Electuary: So that wine, and the same Electuary may be formed liquid or solid according to the adjection of sugar or honey with artificiall mixtion, yet they can scarce be brought to a solid Consistency which admit of the extract of Cassia, and the in∣ner part of fruits.

The proportion of honey to powders in liquid Electuaries should be the same with sugar to them in dry and solid Electuaries, which is that to one pound of honey or sugar should be mixed three ounces of Powder, yet either may be increased or diminished, as the power of the Antidote is requisite to be more valid or more weak, for by how much more sugar or honey is added to the powders, by so much is the Electuary weaker, and by how much the lesse, by so much the stronger.

In purging Lozenges, one dramme of powder should be mixed with an ounce of sugar cocted in water, or some juice, to a consisten∣cy somewhat more solid than a syrup in Cord all Lozenges; two ounces of sugar often go to one dram of powder, the quantity where∣of should be by so much lesser, by how much the quality is stronger, and the sapour more ingratefull.

But Physicians should define a just quantity of sugar or honey, * 1.362 for while they prescribe onely according to their custome, as much as will serve of either indefinitly, they leave the Apothecary doubtfull in ma∣king the Electuary, and they commit the sick persons safety to his judgement; for he may make the strength of the Medicament more weak, or more intense, as he pleases, and you shall scarce find two Apothecaryes who put the same proportion of sugar or honey to the same remedy, when the quantity is not prescribed.

In the Confecture of the liquid Antidote, * 1.363 the honey is washed with a little water, and boyled by little and little on a moderate fire, and despumed, till the water, or other liquor be exhaled, then it is taken off the fire, and before it be absolute cold, three ounces of the mixed powders are sprinkled upon the honey, every pound of honey so pre∣pared

requires three ounces of Powder, and then they are mixed with a woodden postell, till the mixture be equall.

The weight of honey should not be changed, because of the mix∣ture of the pulpe of Cassia, Tamarinds, or Manna, Dactyls, and Al∣monds, or other fruits, for in confecting an Electuary of a Legiti∣mate consistency, the weight of dry powders must be answerable to the sape, honey, or sugar.

A soft Electuary should not be reposed in a box, before it be tho∣roughly cold, least its superiour part be extrinsecally incrusted in a certain Membrane, it is betetr to let it be fermented, and the crassitude equall.

Sugar also must be prepared before it receive powders for it should be dissolved in stillatitious water, or other fit liquour, * 1.364 and then be de∣spumed, and boyled softly on a fire till it be thicker than 〈◊〉〈◊〉 syrup, and till a drop thereof will not dilate it self, and after a little refr••geration the severall species must be by little and little added, confounded, and mixed with a Spatula till it have got its who••e solidity and equa∣bility, then it must be laid on a marble before it be cold, and with the Spatula dilated and planed, when it is cold, it may be cut into Lo∣zenges square or round, of one, two, or three dramms weight, which after they be brought to the hardness of sugar must be laid in boxes or Chests.

Of what consistency soever the Electuary be; whether solid or soft, it preserves the strength of the simples, well and long. Yet doth the soft preserve it longer than the solid, because its humidity being grea∣ter, it more constraines the faculty of the Medicaments, and hinders them from being dissipated by the air.

By how much an Electuary is more gratefull to the Palate, by so much the sooner doth its energy and faculty decay, for its efficacie will scarce endure a year, bitter; and ingratefull will endure two or three years, and the Antidote against wild beasts bitings, or poy∣sons, sometimes ten years without damage.

CHAP. XII. Of Hiera.

HIerae differ little from the Opiate, * 1.365 Opiates from liquid Electuaries, for they have all the same consistency, and often the same purging faculty, yet Electuaries and Opiates do some∣times purge, neither molesting the belly, nor displeasing the palate with their sapour, but Hierae besides their purging faculty which they alwayes have, are very bitter and unacceptable, which their name shewes, for they are called Picrae, for their exceeding bitterness, as Hiera. i. e. holy for their excellent effects. They are compounded of

loosening and bitter, yet Medicaments good for the stomack, which incide and gently purge grosse, and flegmatick humours out of the first region of the body, * 1.366 and especially those that are called Galens Hierae, because changed and mended by him, (Cap. 11. lib. 8. comp. med. local.) which (saith he) are the best remedy for the Melanchol∣licke affections of the belly; for many stomachicall Maladyes have been cured by him in one day therewith; for since Aloes is mixed hereunto, which is very good for the stomack, and Cynamon, which is effectuall in opening, exterging, and attenuating (for it is of very thin parts) they may be exhibited usefully for all grosse and viscous humours, * 1.367 and all affections about the belly and stomach, proceeding from vicious juice, but not if they proceed from a sharp fever.

Hiera whose faculty is to calefy and exiccate, may not be securely used, in those fevers whereby humours are accended in the vessells, and whereby the whole body is inflamed, though by Galens advice, they may safely be used in fevers that are not vehement: there are be∣sides Galens Picrae, * 1.368 Hierae variously described, various compo∣sitions, which from their effects are called Hierae, and from their sapours Picrae, as from that matter, which in composition, quan∣titie, or qualitie is preheminent, one Hiera is called the Colloquinti∣dan Hiera, others are confected under the names of Logadius, Pacchus, or Myrepfius, either because they first invented their compositions, or else altered, augmented and corrected them.

The descriptious composition and powers of every one shall be largely treated of, taught and explained in our book tearmed the shop: some Hierae, have their purgative power onely from Aloes, and that not potent, and Galen. cap. 2. lib. 4. de loc. affect. saith, that they scarce condescend to the places about the Liver, unlesse they be taken in a more ample weight, they may be commodiously given for the suffusion or web in the eye, because they rather educe noxious humours from the brain, than from the stomack; but such as admit of Coloquintida, or Agarick, or both, or scammony, do potently move the belly, and draw hurtfull humours from all the parts of the body, and purge them out.

CHAP. XIII. Of Opiates in general.

OPiates are reckoned amongst liquid Electuaries, and so called, because they have Opium in their mixture, or from their simi∣litude to Hypnoticall Medicaments, or from their consisten∣cy presently after their insp••ssation, or peradventure from their Colour which in Opium, or the juice of black poppy, and in liquid Antidotes, whether Cordiall, or opening, is the same.

And although the Ancients call those Medicaments onely Opiates, too strictly, which admit of Opium in their mixture, of what consi∣stency soever, whether solid, as the Alcumists Ladanum, and Pills of Cynoglosson, or soft, as the Roman Philonium; yet are they in a larger sense taken for any soft Confections, Cordiall, altering, * 1.369 purging, or narcoticall, whether they admit Opium, as Antidotes against ve∣nemous beasts, or they consist only in cordial and altering ingredients, as Alkermes, and the confection of violets, or of purging ingredi∣ents as Triphera, Diaprunum, and such like, which are oftner called by the names of Electuaries, and Confections, than Opiates.

Now Opiates were invented by Physicians of ancient note (Gal. * 1.370 cap. 2. lib. 2. de loc. affect. Aet. c. 12. lib. 2. de sign. & caus. diut morb.) to leniate the rigour of griefes; for griefe being a sad passion, * 1.371 grievous to nature, and hard to be indured, it doth variously exagitate hu∣mours, corrupt the blood, accend a fever, and deject the spirits: * 1.372 so that the Physician is sometimes compelled, to relinquish the former disease, that he may cure this great symptome with these presidies, which though they take not away the cause of the disease, yet they so refresh the senses and spirits by conciliating ease and sleepe, that the strength of the symptomes being debated, they may afterwards ex∣trude the causes of the disease more easily.

The vehemencie therefore of grief is to be deceived, * 1.373 sometimes with Narcoticall Medicaments, which is sometimes so prevalent, that it drives men to that Madnesse, that they had rather dye than live, and therefore lay violent hands upon themselves.

Galen hath observed (Cap. 5. lib. 7. comp. med. loc.) such vehe∣hement vexations and torments in Co••icall dolours, * 1.374 which might be leniated by severall Medicaments, that he described certain Narcoti∣call Opiates, and left them to posterity, which he called Colical con∣fections, which may mitigate the vehemency of the symptome, stay the motion of humours, and stupify the senses: hence they are called Narcoticall opiates, because they bring to the parts a certain necro∣sy or mortification, and they are called Annodyna i. e. grief-absolving Medicines, because for present they mitigate and absolve from paine and griefe. For Anodynes are not all of one sort, * 1.375 for some are Pare∣goricall or leniating, which are temperate, and most agreeing without heat, as Hydreole, the root of Lillies boyled in milk, and oil of Al∣monds. Others are called Alliotical, which leniate the griefe, * 1.376 to which they are averse by some opposite quality, as oil of roses, of vio∣lets to a grief moderately, oil of water lillies to a grief impensely hot, oil of Laurall, or Anisseseeds to a cold dolour, others are also called Narcoticall Opiates, * 1.377 which by stupifying the senses take away the dolour, which must not be used rashly, for lying too long to a place, they extinguish the heat thereof, resolve the nerves, and take away at once, both motion and sense: and as Galen observeth (Cap. 18. lib. 5. simplic. med.) taken in too great quantity kills.

Which is evidenced by the most perillous experiences of jugglars

and deceivers, who with their shining Stibium stir up torments and o∣ther grievous symptomes, wherewith they may cover their errour with a worse, do indeed take away dolours, by their narcoticall Opiates, neither rightly made, nor applyed: For they easily conciliate sleep, but such a one as intrudes the diseased into Charons boate, * 1.378 not in this world again to awake, whence it is true that Empiricks Hypnoti∣call medicines is often the cure of all evills.

I will not here relate storyes well known to me of these impious periclitatours, least I should digresse too far from my purpose, and because the work would be immense, if I should here insert what I have received from men of credit.

Now Narcoticks are improperly, and onely as to their nomina∣tion called Anodynes: for besides their Elementary quality whereby they refrigerate, they are indued with another that is hostile and dele∣tary to our native heat, unlesse they be taken in a smaall quantity, and also then, and so prepared, as is meet, as Opium, Mandrake, Hen∣bane, and Hemlock.

Anodynes proper so called, * 1.379 are paregoricall, hot in the first de∣gree, or temperate, or little exceeding a simmetry, which may be safely, either assumed or applyed.

Medicaments therefore that admit, Opium, or other Narcoticks must be taken in a small weight, and are truly called Opiates of what Consistency soever they be. Yet other soft altering, purging, and roborating Cofections are now also tearmed Opiates.

CHAP. XIV. Of Pills.

PIlls have their name from the forme of a little ball or bullet, * 1.380 which because they are not chewed, but swallowed whole, are called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, for because of the ingratefull sa∣pour, and odour of those simples, whereof they are confe∣cted, as Aloes, Coloquintida, Agarick, Opoponax, Sagapenes and other sharp, stinking and bitter simples, they are formed in a sphericall effigie, in a solid consistency, and exhibited in a small quan∣tity, that they may be assumed with more ease, and lesse trouble, for the exiguity of the Medicament makes it easier to be swallowed, and the solidity lesse to be dissolved; the round forme sooner to slide down, to stay longer in the ventricle, to draw more efficaciously from parts remote, and not so soon to passe into the intestines, or to be excluded by vomiting; for liquid Medicaments are often assumed and disgorged in the same instant.

Pills are frequently, because of their insuavity, covered with leafs

of Gold, and many odoriferous spices are often mixed artificially with them, whereby they are made more pleasant and gratefull to the palate and bowells, yet if they be a little holden in the mouth, or compressed with the tongue or teeth before deglution, they will not onely affect the sense with an ill tast, but also as it were, incite the hor∣rour and subversion of the ventricle; all Pills are bitter, save a few, * 1.381 as those that are prescribed to Coughs which are not presently, de∣voured, but kept long in the mouth, that they may melt and be swal∣lowed by little and little, and these are not so properly called Catapo∣tia or pills, as pastills or trochiskes.

The bitternesse of Pills is attributed, especially to Aloes, which is their very basis, and which can scarce be assumed otherwise be∣cause of its egregious amaritude, and because of its viscidity whereby it conjoynes powders, and compels them into pils.

Now this bitterness is increased by the commixtion of other in∣gratefull things, as of Coloquintida, Agarik, Senny, and other pur∣gative Medicaments, which will be so much the more unacceptable to the Palate, by how much more bitter ingredients are admixed, as are pills made of Coloquintida, Aloes, Agarick, Scammony and Gum Arabick, which Galen prescribes to purge many kinds of Excre∣ments (Cap. 14. lib. 5. Method.)

Now there are many kinds of Pills, * 1.382 partly drawn from the diversi∣ty of the members, to which they are destinated, and partly from the diversity of humours, which they draw from the parts: some are called Capitall pils which purge flegme out of the head, as Cochiae, and such as are made of Agarick: others Opticall, because they con∣sist of many things that are thought good for the eyes, as Pil. Lucis majoris & minoris: others stomachicall, as pils before meat, and made of Rhubarbe: others Artheticall, which educe humours from the Ar∣ticles, from the diversity whereof some are called Phlegmagogall, which purge Phlegme, others Cholagogall which purge Choller, other Melanagogall which purge and move Melancholicall succe, & from their operation they are said to loose the belly by astringing, as Pils of Rhabarb and Myrobolanes, or by moderate drawing, as Pils of Agarick, or by drawing and expurging together, as pils of Eu∣phorbium.

The greatest part of simples to be mixed in the Confection of the lumpe for Pils should be beaten into small powder, * 1.383 then put into ho∣ney despumed, or into the slimy matter of Tragaganthum dissolved in some convenient succe, or rather into some convenient syrup, which hath some viscidity fit to make the confused seeds stick in the mixture, and not gape for siccity, that also the simples may be fermented being included in such a mixture, and that their faculty may not so soon ex∣hale: for this cause, saith Sylvius, all kinds of Pils should be compre∣hended in cocted honey, for being comprehended in water or succe, they do not cohere, but like bread made of bran they are presently ex∣ficcated, made friable, and decay.

But if Pills admit gumms, and inspissated juices, those juices should be mollifid before in some thine Liquor be moved, with a hot Pestell, and then be put to the mixture of the powders, and last of all be confusedly mixed with as much honey or other viscid hu∣mour, as the mixture requires, that it may be made into dough, or a soft lumpe; for it will daily harden, which after two or three dayes must be liniated with a little oil of Almonds, and then obvolved in fine leather, or some thin bladder, it must at last be reposed in a tinne or leaden box.

When a part of that masse is to be used, * 1.384 it must answer a definite Dosis, and if need be, be beaten with a fit juice, that it may be mollifi∣ed, and pills may thereof be made greater, or lesser, or mean, as we desire they should stay more or lesse time in the belly.

Pills, * 1.385 that draw humour strongly from the head or other remote parts, should be exhibited foure or five houres after a slender supper, or about midnight, and it is good to sleep after they be assumed.

Such as purge benignly, * 1.386 may be safely swallowed an houre or two before any meale, such as are in a mean are most safely used upon a jejune stomack in the morning.

Halfe a dramme is enough to move the belly, * 1.387 often a whole dram is given of the valid to purge more potently, and to strong bodies a dram and half, which purge grosse humours; some there are who are averse to all pills, others to none, some will assume none, but the greater sort, others none but little ones in a spoon with much syrup, many will scarce assume any, unlesse they be involved in cherryes or the skins of dry grapes, some will swallow them hidden in the yolk of an egge, or in the leaves of spinage or lettices cocted; others will swal∣low then after some other manner, for their ingratefull sapour hath invented a thousand wayes to assume them.

CHAP. XV. Of Trochisks.

SOme Medicaments are from the forme of little wafers called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as it were little round bread like lupines, or sometimes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Latines, Pastills, Orbicles, and they are thus for∣med for the Medicaments conservation, and sometimes corre∣ction; for Medicaments are more safely kept in that solid forme, than in powders.

Yet they must be pulverated for use, * 1.388 if they cannot be assumed whole, such onely excepted, as by some are called Bechicall pills, which must melt in the mouth, for Trochisks of Scilla, and vipers, in in the confecture of a Treacle, lose the forme of pastills, and are pulverated.

And they are made of Medicaments for the most part dry or beaten,

and dissolved with wine, water, or other liquor, till they acquire the consistency of pills, and then they are formed into orbicles, and then dryed in a shade before they be reposed in boxes where they may be kept a whole year, sometimes two or three, especially if they admit of Opium in their confection, or any valid Medicament, whose strength is not easily dissipated, Trochisks, therefore because of their obduri∣ty and density do preserve very long that strength of those Medica∣ments whereof they consist, and they more easily resist the injury of the air: which Powders cannot do, but being very small condescend to the air, and are therewith easily changed: yet are not all Trochisks made of Powders, but some of Medicaments which cannot be pulve∣rated, as Scilla and vipers flesh.

Neither are Trochisks onely introsumed, but also externally ap∣plyed, those that are assumed at the mouth, as they may be made of every kind of Medicaments, so do they receive from Medicaments their roborating, purging and altering faculties: those are said to robo∣rate, which having respect to a particular place, augment its strength, as Trochisks of Galliae Moschatae roborate the brain, * 1.389 of Terra lem∣nia the heart, of Rhabarbe the Liver, of Diarrhodon the ventricle, of Capers the spleen, such as are confected of Catharticks retain the strength of their simples, and by moving the belly, * 1.390 expell the hu∣mours, as Trochisks of Agarick, Alhanhal, and of Rhabarbe: we judge the same of altering Trochisks, * 1.391 which by their opposite quality change any distemper, as cold hot, or hot cold, dry moist, or moist dry.

Neither do we want Trochisks for externall affections, as those which from their forme, colour and Author are called white Tro∣chisks of Rhases, and many other which are grinded on a marble, that Sief may be made for Collyries to many affections of the eyes.

The peculiar Confection of Trochisks shall be more largely ex∣plained in our book intitled, the shop, it rests now that we treat of those Medicaments which are only externally applyed.

THE SECOND SECTION OF THE THIRD BOOK; Wherein is delivered a general explication of external Medicaments.

CHAP. I. Of Oils.

AS all Diseases are either internally generated, or ex∣ternally annexed, so all Remedies that are prescribed to them are either internal, of which we have largely heretofore treated; or external, to which we shall now speak. And we shall begin our explication of local Medicaments with Oil, which by right vindi∣cates the first place to it self; because the Apothecary may want ma∣ny Medicaments, but scarce Oil at all, (Gal. cap. 3. lib. 6. simpl. med.) * 1.392 For it is not onely brought to the table because it is sweet, and expressed out of mature Olives, for hereunto we understand the de∣nomination of Oil properly attributed; but the very basis of Un∣guents, Plaisters, and Sear-cloaths, and the common bond of those Simples whereof they are confected. And because it is of it self temperate, or hot and moyst in the first degree, or as Galen saith, (cap. 25. lib. 3. simpl. medic.) because it is a medium betwixt hot and cold, moyst and dry Medicaments, it helps lassitude and wearisome∣ness, leniates asperities, mollifies and cleanses the squalid skin, and both wholsomely and pleasantly cures many affections, which he mentioneth, (cap, 6, & 7. lib. 2. simpl. medic.)

Now Oils which are frequently used, * 1.393 are either simple or com∣pound; those are simple which are homogeneal, and receive nothing from Art but extraction, which is made without the mixture of other things. * 1.394 After which manner Minerva first educed Oil, and taught that Art, as Diodorus writes; for before her Garden there was an

Olive tree unknown to all, as also the use of Oil, which before that time no man had taught how to educe.

And almost all Oils drawn out by expression are simple, as Oils simply so called, which is expressed out of mature Olives, Omotribes, * 1.395 or Omphacinum, which is of unripe Olives; as also Oil of Almonds, Wallnuts, and other Fruits, as other Oils educed out of Seeds, which differ even as the Seeds: for hot Oil is extracted out of hot Seeds, and cold out of cold Seeds. Yet all Oils are somewhat changed with age; and because of the dissipation from the watry part, that which is hot becomes hotter, and the cold refrigerates more slowly; for old Oil, according to Galen, (cap. 6. lib. 1. compos. medic. secundum gener.) hath power to extenuate; which is an effect of heat.

Oil also, according to the diversity of the Fruit out of which it is extracted, as being mature or immature, and according to the manner of preparation and alteration induced by Art, acquires another and different quality and efficacy in alteration. As for example, * 1.396 Oil of Egs yolks, though it be not perfectly mixed, yet by losing some hu∣midity by its preparation, it is more hot and dry, and is a Medicine most usefull in smoothing the skin, and curing an impetiginous itch∣ing, and other affectious of the skin, as also some fistulous and ma∣lign ulcers.

The same quality happens to all, expressed by the force of the fire, from which they perpetually retain their acquired heat. * 1.397 And when Oil of Almonds is thus extracted, it is onely extrinsecally applyed; when without fire, it is sucked up like a gratefull Lohoch, to ease the asperity of the rough artery, and coct and move Spittle; so that it is oft given with a little Sugar to Children that are troubled with coughing, or that have any distillation from the brain to the lungs, without any purging Medicaments, especially without anodynal Me∣dicaments.

That Oils may be extracted, the Fruits and Seeds should first be purged, and the Apothecaries do ill that extract Oil out of Almonds before decortication. The Seeds cleansed, are brayed with a pestel; * 1.398 after contusion they are put into a pan, and set upon the fire, and stir∣red pretty long, that they may calefy: then are they involved in a rough cloth, and subjected to a wooden press, till by valid compres∣sion the Oils be expressed.

Those that we would educe without the help of fire or heat, must after they be bruised very small, be presently put into the press, that the Oil may exude by drops.

Petreol, which is educed out of Salt-petre, from whence it hath its denomination, takes place amongst simple Oils. But our purpose is to treat of such as are made by Art. Liquidambor and Balsam also are simple Oils, which distill by drops out of the incisions of forreign Trees. But more of this in our Shop.

Some simple Oils also are distilled sometimes as well by ascent as by descent, as out of Juniper, Guaiacum, Cloves, and such like, * 1.399 both

wood and dry Fruits, which being put into a pot, Oil ascends into the vessel above, by virtue of the fire set under; or descends into the vessel set under, by virtue of the fire above. Yet are not all Oils ex∣tracted by descent, nor alwayes by the help of the fire; for Oil may easily exude out of Tartarum and Myrrhe included in a bag, and suspended in a moyst place, as in a Wine-cellar. Of all which man∣ners of educing Oils, more elsewhere.

But compound Oils, wherewith the Apothecary should be espe∣cially furnished, are such, in which the matter of stocks, fruits, flowers, and of any simple, is infused and macerated. After which, the whole is insolated, till the strength of the matter remain in the Oil, which is afterwards expressed and reposed. After this manner are made the Oil of Violets, Roses, St. Johns wort, Water-lillies, and many more, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines Unguenta; and especially those which may be inspissated by the admistion of gums, and odoriferous things; whence they are called Myropolitans, or Unguentarians, who sold such Oils and Unguents as were suaveolent, with whom any fragrant Oil was taken for an Unguent, as Unguents for Oils.

We scarce approve of their opinion which call onely them simple Oils which are made of Flowers, Fruits, or other Simples infused, macerated and insolated in Oil of Olives: and those compound Oils which are cocted on a slow fire with wine, water, infusion, or con∣venient decoction, till almost all the admixed humour be assumed; for those seem no less, but rather more compound than these, be∣cause not onely the total power of the things infused, but a good por∣tion of the substance in which it inheres, remains with the Oil after expression in the former. Hence that Oil which partakes of no ex∣cess, but is temperate, is such perpetually from the condition of the thing infused; which if cold, then is the Oil cold; if hot, hot; if it have the power to exsiccate, then will the Oil exsiccate.

Such Oils as are educed by expression onely, * 1.400 or by maceration and expression together, may be most safely kept, if reposed in vessels of glass or clay, perfectly before hardned with the valid heat of a for∣nace. But such as are educed by distillation, whether by ascent or descent, which are commonly called Chymists essences, must alwayes be kept in solid glass vessels with strait orifices, close covered, left their substance and quality being dissipable, soon expire.

CHAP. II. Of Vnguents.

UNguents, as Galen testifies, (cap. ult. lib. 7. simpl. med.) were called by the Antients, Oily Medicaments, confected of sua∣veolent spices; and according to Actuarius, (cap. 1. lib. 5. meth.) are onely externally applyed, and being onely spread along, are thought to benefit but such parts as cannot endure other reme∣dies; such parts, as Oribasius, (cap. 27. lib. collect.) saith, are grieved with Cataplasms, and hurt with fluent madefactions.

Now Unguents are of a grosser consistency than Oils, and a mean betwixt Oils and Plaisters, as Liniments betwix: Oils and Unguents; for a more liquid Unguent is called very often a Liniment; * 1.401 of the confection and use whereof, we shall treat more at large in the fifth Chapter. And because the consistency of Unguents, Liniments, and Sear-cloaths, do not much differ, they are used sometimes indistinct∣ly; for that is called a Liniment, wherewith the parts to be helped are liniated; that an Unguent, wherewith they are anointed; and that a Sear-cloth, which made of Wax and Oil, is applyed.

The Arabians under the name of Unguents, oft comprehend Sear∣cloaths and Plaisters, and many thick Oils; and the antient Greeks all well smelled Ointments; so Dioscorides, (lib. 1.) calls many sweet Oils, Unguents; and Hippocrates, (lib. 1. de medic.) affirms, that Physicians should not onely get fame and glory of the Vulgar by the good constitutions of their bodies, and decent Ornaments, but by sweet Unguents, that is, by aromatical and suaveolent things.

Yet for clearer explications sake they are distinguished from one another: and an Unguent properly is an Oily Medicament, * 1.402 of a middle consistency betwixt Oils and Plaisters, which yet doth not still remain alike: for when heat is more vehement, the unctious and fat matter melts more, and the Unguents become more liquid and soft; and when the heat is weaker, more solid: and therefore Un∣guentarians use to put less Oil in Summer, and more in Winter to their Unguents; for cold inspissates a fluent Unguent, as Oil it self; which Galen observes, (cap. 1. lib. 8. comp. med. gener.) in the com∣position of his stomachical Sear-cloth.

Now that proportion of Oil must be observed in the confection of Unguents, that to one ounce of Oil be mixed one dram of Powder, * 1.403 and two drams of Wax; or as Galen saith, (cap. 2. lib. 4. comp. med. gener.) that four times as much Oil as Wax be put in the confection of Unguents, and eight times as much Oil as Powder, that is, to eve∣ry ounce of Oil must be put a dram of Powder, the matter whereof is educed out of dry Herbs, Metals, and Earth, which is mixed with

a cold Cerate, and stirred with a Spatula, till all lumps be levi∣gated.

When Unguents receive dry juices, we must pulverate and dis∣solve them; when liquid and fluent, we must mix them with the rest of the matter, and by coction absume them.

Such as may, should be pulverated very small, as Roots, Wood, Rosines, and sometimes Gums, when dryer. Such as may not, should be beaten with a hot pestel till they be mollified, or else dis∣solved in Vinegar, or some fit liquor.

Such as are more humid, as Turpontine, should be instilled; hu∣mid Herbs also, and Animals, or parts thereof that are scarce pul∣verable, should be perfectly cocted in wine or such liquor, till they be tabefied, and their humidity almost absumed: then must materials be mixed in the strained liquor, according to the aforesaid proporti∣on, that the Unguent may be of a legitimate consistency; wherein Oil and Wax do not onely afford form, and a great part of the mat∣ter to the Unguent, but conjoyn the efficacies of the other mixtures, and preserve them longer.

Now Unguents are made one while by the fire, * 1.404 as all such as ad∣mit Wax; another while onely by long subaction, as such that receive no Wax, as the crude Unguent, or the Unguent of Lithargy, which is made of Oil, Vinegar, and Lithargy, coacted by the continual per∣cussion of a pestel.

There are also differences of Unguents taken from their colour, * 1.405 as green, white, yellow, and orange colour; from their effects, as re∣sumptive, analeptical, cleansing; from their first qualities, whence some are said to be hot, as the Unguentum Apostolorum, Aegyptia∣cum, Martiatum, Enula campane; others cold, as Unguentum Na∣tritum; others dry, as Diapompholios, & desicca Rubruni; others moystning, as the Unguent of Roses.

But white Wax is more expetible to the confection of cold, and yellow to the confection of hot Unguents. But Apothecaries in∣distinctly take one while white, another while yellow, as the matter of either will afford more commodity.

Unguents are reposed in tin boxes, * 1.406 and sometimes in earthen pots well glazed, and they will keep a whole year, sometimes two or three.

CHAP. III. Of Medicaments of Wax, or Ceratum.

CErata are often designed by Unguents, Ceronea by Plaisters: by Unguents, because softer; by Plaisters, because harder: Both so called, because they admit of Wax, as many Plai∣sters, which are therefore indistinctly called Ceroneous Plai∣sters, of them that apply Catagmatical Plaisters to all diseases, bought in Unguentarians Shops: so that Ceroneous Salves are so usual a∣mongst the Vulgar, that they call all Salves Ceroneous. A certain man in Lutetia calls a certain Plaister Ceroneous, which he applyed to all pains and diseases.

But Ceratum, of which we now speak, * 1.407 is a Medicament of a middle consistency betwixt an Unguent and a Plaister; not so solid as a Plaister, nor so soft as an Unguent. But every one augments or di∣minisheth the weight of Oil, and makes this Ceratum either more li∣quid, or more solid than an Unguent, as he thinks fit. And indeed if it were prepared after one and the same manner, it would not be pre∣served so long safely; * 1.408 for though any liquid thing may be easily concrete with cold and frosty weather, and a solid Unguent soon melted in hot weather, yet we mix more Oil and less Wax in Winter, and more Wax and less Oil in Summer in Ceratum.

But when the constitution of the air is temperate, and doth not much exceed the first qualities, the fourth part of a pound of Wax, or not much more or less, should be put to one pound of Oil, that the Ceratum may not melt, or be thickned by the change of weather. Yet it is seldome kept long in Apothecaries Shops, because it may at any time, and soon be made of Oil and Wax, whence it is called Ce∣ratum, or more properly Cereole; for such as besides Oil and Wax admit other ingredients, is not so properly called Ceratum, Santali∣num, and stomachical Ceratum: and others which may presently be made, as the matter requires, of Plaisters melted with Oil, when the part affected cannot endure the hardness of a Salve or Plaister.

Thus is a certain Ceratum called Acopa, applyed to the weary nerves and muscles of those that are weak.

Thus may a Ceratum spread on leather, cut according to the pro∣portion of the place affected, be applyed to the region of the spleen, ventricle, liver, womb, and to broken bones.

That which is applyed to the spleen must be long, * 1.409 and formed like a Neats tongue to the ventricle in form of a buckler; and thus it must be proportioned and formed to other parts, according to their form and figure.

In the confection of Cereole, the Wax is cut small, * 1.410 and cast into

the Oil, and then melted on a slow fire; after liquation it is taken off, and forthwith mixed with a Spatula till it be compact; then a little cold water poured on, it is stirred again, and washed by this percussi∣on; for the Ceratum thus compacted by the affusion of so much wa∣ter as it can drink up; and thus accurately madefied, it is in Galens opinion, (cap. 6. lib. 1. de simpl. med.) made more refrigerative, and is good for all hot sores, especially if it be removed as soon as it is heated.

Seeing fatness, marrow, and such like liquid things, are added to the Ceratum, improperly so called, they must be mixed with it while cold, as also the powders, the proportion whereof to Oil is the same with that in Unguents.

They may be reposed in tin or clay vessels: but it is better to have them new, seeing they may soon be made at any time.

CHAP. IV. Of Plaisters.

THose topical Medicaments which are coacted into a more so∣lid lump, were called by the Arabians Cerota, and by the an∣tient Greeks Emplasta, (Gal. cap. 12. lib. 1. comp. medic. gen.) which the later sort for euphonies sake call, Empla∣stra, the letter (r) being added; which being detracted, their qua∣lity sounds not emplastrical, but emplastical, or emphractical, as it were filling up or insartiating. For an Emplaster super-induced upon a part, seems to shut the pores and passages thereof, by the viscidity of its substance, and retain the halituous spirits, and by constraining the heat of the part sometimes to move suppuration; for its glewish substance doth not insinuate into it self, but remaining without, doth tenaciously adhere to the passages of the body. Yet are not its quali∣ties idle, but being moved and helped by the heat of the part, they produce several effects, (c. 9. l. 5. de simpl. med.) if its faculty be to conglutinate, it helps the coagulation of wounds in the lips; if it be catagmatical, it helps the ferrumination of broken bones; if it be sarcotical, * 1.411 herein it helps Nature, that it generates flesh more easily; which is not so much the effect of Medicaments, as of Nature.

And as the composition of Emplaisters is various and manifold, so also is their quality, for they are compounded almost of all Medi∣caments; wherefore all are not emphractical, or such as fill the pores with their lentor, but some are ecphractical, as it were purging fra∣ctures; others episastical, or extracting, and diaphoretical; others chyptical, which take away the filth of the skin, and ulcers; and some that are usefull for many affections, as many other Medica∣ments, called polychrestical, which consist of contrary Medicaments. (Gal. initio l. 5. comp. med. gener.)

An emplastical Medicament should want all mordacity, for it can scarce stick to the pores, if any sharp or biting quality be in it, as Galen, (cap. 9. lib. 5. comp. medic. gener.) but it may be easily discerned by melting some part of it, or by attracting some humour from above; an Emplastick therefore should be of a terrene substance, and vi∣scous.

There are two main scopes in compounded Emplaisters to be min∣ded, that a solid and gross consistency, and faculty, odour and colour are often desired; which rather please the fancy of the diseased, than conduce any thing in effect to the nature of the Medicament.

Wax, and common Oil, Lithargy, and sometimes Rosines, do afford a fit consistency and matter, but small or no virtue. All things almost which are superadded, as Minerals, Metals, Roots, Wood, Flowers, and Seeds, give a body and faculty to the Plaister; which if they be dry, they must be pulverated and mixed with the Plaister removed from the fire; if any of them be not friable, they are dis∣solved in some liquor, which is absumed by coction, before they be mixed with the Plaister; or else it is mixed with the Plaister, and dissipated by coction afterwards.

Green herbs, which cannot be pulverated, are either cocted in their own juice strained and mixed, or others are cocted in the juice of these brayed and strained; which juice being absumed, the strength thereof being left, if any remains that will not endure long coction, they may be put in and cocted, and then mixed with the Plaister.

But those Emplaisters must be long boyled which receive juice, water, vinegar, wine, or some decoction; because whereas the Em∣plaister should be all viscid and thick, that it might stick to the place to which it is applyed, humidity, which is oft mixt with it, being con∣trary to viscidity, must be resolved by heat, if its quality must needs be retained in the Emplaster; for such as are cocted in juices keep their faculties, though the juices themselves be dissipated by exhala∣tion. Humidity also, which is required in confecting Plaisters, cau∣ses that the virtues of the rest of the ingredients be surer ingrafted, and that they be carried to parts further distant. Oil indeed is added to the materials of Emplaisters, but not as to constitute their body, but that the Wax might be melted with it, and that it might obtund the sharp and austere ingredients, and that the Emplaisters may obtain a more pleasant and leniating faculty.

Simple old Oil, and Oil made by infusion, as also any compound Oil, may be put into the Emplaister, that besides its matter, it may also afford some virtue thereunto.

Wax, as also some Rosines, allow onely matter to Emplaisters, no power to act. Yet such Emplasters as have other matter analogi∣cal to them, as Frankincense, and * 1.412 Labdanum, or such like Medica∣ments, admit of no Wax nor Rosines in their composition.

But if Wax ingrede the Emplaister, let it be melted in Oil; if Li∣thargy, let that also be boyled in Oil; and if Juices, Liquors, or o∣ther

such like must be mixed with it, let them also be warmed with these, till the watry and humid portion be resolved: then let Rosines and Fats be induced, as also Gums, whereof some are mixed simply with it, others after maceration in Wine, Oil, or Vinegar, and per∣colation. When the Plaister is throughly boyled, and taken from the fire, let Turpentine be mixed therewith, that it may not feel any force of fire. Last of all, when all these are confounded, and cocted to a legitimate consistency, and refrigerated, let the Pow∣ders be by little and little scattered above all, and diligently agitated and moved with a Spatula, till all be compact into a mass, neither too soft nor too hard, but viscid, glewish, and adherent: yet not so as to inquinate the part to which it adheres, nor to be hardly divelled from the place whereunto it is applyed.

And that the form of it may exist in a due consistency, the quan∣tity of Oil must be diminished: when Fats, Marrows, and Turpen∣tine are admitted in its confection, and augmented, when dry Gums, friable Juices, Rosines, and dry Wood or Minerals, that may be pulverated, are mixed therewith.

In dry Ingredients the Oil must be thus proportioned; * 1.413 to every ounce of Powder must be allowed three ounces of Oil: to Wax the fourth part of as much Oil as the Wax is in quantity will serve; so that to a pound of Wax we put a quarter of a pound of Oil.

But because this quantity in the tempering of most Emplaisters may be better designed by ones judgement, than defined by certain rules, they now adayes put to a definite quantity of Oil and Powders as much Wax as will suffice, that these liquid, dry, and viscid ingre∣dients, being by malaxation coagulated, a fit, viscous and glewish mass of Emplaisters may be induced. Out of which mass are formed rowls of Plaisters of half an ounce, or a whole ounce weight, which being involved in oiled papers, are reposed in the Apothecaries Shop for future uses.

Thus also are Emplaisters, properly so called, made, which are prepared without Fire and Wax, whose materials malaxated in Ho∣ney, or some viscid matter, are coagulated into the consistency of an Emplaister, as Emplastra de crusta panis, and de baccis lauri, or other such common Emplaisters, which are a medium betwixt Plaisters and Cataplasms.

That Ceratum, confected of an equal weight of Wax and Honey, is also referred to Emplaisters, as also Cerotum or Ceronea, of which before.

CHAP. V. Of Sparadraps.

THere is to be sold in many Shops a Cloth plaistered on both sides, which the later Writers call a Sparadrap, * 1.414 sometimes also Galterius his Cloth, peradventure because he was the Inventor, or rather Infector thereof. Which is thus made; a certain Cloth somewhat bare with wearing, is often dipped and inculcated in a fit Emplaister already made up, but now melted till it be all infected, inquinated, and on every side incrusted; which is then extracted and exposed to the air, that by refrigeration it may become obdurate, and so be preserved till future exigency.

Now hereof are many kinds, the differences whereof arise not from the Cloth, but the Emplaisters wherein it is dipped; for some are catagmatical, which are used in solidating and roborating broken bones, which are made of astringing and roborating Emplasticks: as,

℞. Oil of Quinces and Roses, and Rams suet, ana ℥. iiij. of Frankin∣cense, Mastick, Pitch, Bole armeniack, Wheat-flowr, ana ℥. ij. of white Wax, q. s. that an Emplaister may be made, wherein when melted, the Cloth may be dipped.

Others have an exsiccating and epuloptical faculty, which are ap∣plyed to induce skars, as this here described.

℞. Oil of Roses, lb. j. of yellow Wax, lb. ss. of Venetian Ceruse, and Thutian, ana ℥. ij. of Lithargy of Gold, ℥. iij. let hereof an Emplaister be made, and with a Cloth somewhat worn with age, a Spara∣drap.

Joannes Vigonius describes many other forms in his Work of Chi∣rurgy, which I neither will nor ought here to transcribe, seeing any one for any purpose may take any Emplaister with a small labour, and inculcate a Linnen Cloth therein: for whosoever knows how to prescribe and make Emplaisters, he may easily make Sparadraps thereof, by inquinating a Cloth therein liquefied.

OF PHARMACEUTICAL INSTITUTIONS. The fourth Book. Of Laws to be observed in compounding Medicaments.

CHAP. I. Who first compounded Medicaments, and the reason of composition.

SEeing every Disease is the way to Death, all presidy must be used for its cure or expulsion, ere it be too far increased; and such sedulity must be used in finding and selecting Medica∣ments, that we may have alwayes in readiness such as preternaturally conduce to the expugn∣ing of several affections, and as it were a Wood of the more excellent Medicaments.

Yet may not these Medicaments, whether simple or compound, be exhibited till they be changed by Art, and after much preparation, as we have before demonstrated; wherein several Simples should not onely be washed, dryed, beaten, or infused, macerated, expressed, and made fit for commixtion, but they must be united with such care and proportion, that some new mixture may arise from their com∣plexion in this concourse, their several virtues, if not integrally, at

least preserved so, as they may perspicuously be seen while the com∣mixtion is new, and not perfectly fermented, (cap. 2. lib. 1. comp. med. gener.)

But because Medicaments exhibited alone sometimes hurt, and mixed with others, admirably advantage, when the qualities of any Medicament is proved, but the one may hereby be impro∣ved; for certain it is, that even simple Medicaments have several and different qualities; and the other which is noxious, either ob∣tunded or ejected, and so the best will be more effectual. And though some Simples hurt not, yet because they do not sufficiently help, they are not used without commixtion with others, as an Em∣plastical Medicament, of which, according to Galen, (cap. 13. lib. de Ther. ad Pis.) none is simple; and therefore the first and best Au∣thors of Emplaisters have excogitated how to melt and make some of Oil.

Now composition of Medicaments is necessary, * 1.415 for many reasons shewed in our former Book, which was first of all approved and de∣fended by Mautias Herophilaeus, afterwards by Cappadox, Heras, Musa, Asclepiades, and Andromachus, (cap. 2. lib. 2. comp. med. gen.) but chiefly by Galen, (cap. 2. lib. 1. comp. med. gen. Epilogismo) who having shewed the reason of compounding Medicaments, teaches the legitimate proportion of the Compounds, and the manner of their exhibition: Not like those Empiricks, who refer all Medica∣ments to imaginations, chance, or fortune, except some few, which (as it is apparent by the common suffrage of all) are bettered by composition, all consisting of one and the same faculty; of which also some are fitted by nature to cure; which tenent Galen, (cap. 3. lib. 6. comp. med. loc.) denies, * 1.416 and proves by the example of the best Sarcotick, confected of Ceratum, and a twelfth part of Verdigrease; that Medicaments of two or more opposite qualities or faculties, may be best of all compounded; for Ceratum produces corruption, Aerugo erodes ulcerous flesh: yet the Medicament compounded of these is excellent, both for generating flesh, and filling the hollow ul∣cer. Thus we mix hot with cold, weakning with roborating, and cordial Medicaments with Poysons, compounding our best Medica∣ments of Simples endued with contrary or different qualities.

Galen (cap. 29. lib 9. de facult. med.) * 1.417 tells us of one of that num∣ber, who hold that Medicaments should be compounded according to experience onely, (no reference had to reason) to whom a gouty fellow by chance came while he was boasting of his podagrical Me∣dicament; who being so moderately pained before this Empirick ap∣plyed his salve to his foot, that he could go, but was with pain after one sleepless night so handled, that he was so far now from going, as before, that he could not endure to be carried.

The event therefore of fortuitous Compositions is alwayes for∣tuitous, and oft unfortunate, as Galen shews at large, besides the above-mentioned story, wherewith he derides the vanity and sloth∣fulness

of the Pseudomedick; who also judges it requisite that a Physician should not onely know the causes of Compounds, but the way and manner of their composition; and also that he should com∣pound the best Medicaments for every Disease while it is time, lest that punishment be inflicted upon him which was upon two Physici∣ans well known to Galen, (cap. 1. lib. 2. comp. medic. gen.) the one whereof was starved with famine, the other not suffered to perform his function; and all for the loss of some forms of Compounds.

CHAP. II. Of the basis of Medicaments, and their collo∣cation in Forms or Receipts.

IN prescribing a Medicament, we should first appoint a basis, that is, some simple Medicament, as the chief in that composition, and most fit for depelling the disease, upon which the rest may de∣pend. As when we undertake to oppugn any disease, if it be simple, accompanied with no ill symptome, we choose onely a simple Medi∣cament of an equal virtue, and just auxiliary: but if no Simple be apt for it, then we must compound one Medicament of many, the basis whereof must be averse to the disease; and adde others, which may corroborate the member affected, or carry the quality of the Medi∣cament to the parts more distant. Others also we must adjoin to make it acceptable and gratefull to the palate, or to felicitate and fa∣cilitate the work.

Now the basis is for the most part more prepollent in quality that in quantity, as in aromatical and purgative Confections; and by how much the disease to be depelled is more grievous, by so much must the basis be more potent in its virtue. * 1.418 Often also are many basis confusedly digested into some Compound, for the expugning of some prave affection; which conspiring with their mutual help, make up one perfect basis; as when we confound many anodynous Me∣dicaments to ease some vehement dolour.

Therefore in compounding Medicaments, a basis must be first sought adequate to the affection, and the part affected, yet it must not alwayes take the first place in composition: for all the ingredients in a Composition must not be promiscuously and inordinately confoun∣ded together, but one after another. And when this order is negle∣cted, the Medicament oft times neither acquires its just virtue, nor its apt form; for if those receive little which require much and long coction, and those much which require little, their virtue cannot be integrally procured.

A due order likewise is accurately to be observed in describing

forms of Medicaments or Receipts, * 1.419 lest that be last described in the Receipt, which should have been first. Into which errour those hap∣pen who are ignorant of the substance, qualities, and preparation of Medicaments; as also sometimes young Doctors, who not suffici∣ently experienced by long use, describe confusedly what ever comes into their minds, whether they know their qualities, or not.

But they offend worse, who boyl those Medicaments long, whose virtues are impaired by fire; who give those Medicaments in drink, which because of their eminent bitterness should be made into Pills, and covered over; who administer those things raw, which should be cocted, those whole, which should be pulverated, and those dissol∣ved without expression, which should onely be infused.

Those who through negligence omit these things, may scarcely eschew the censure of the more antient Apothecaries, who being taught by skilfull Physicians, have not onely found out the manner of compounding Medicaments, but many of them have attained the knowledge of the order wherein Simples should be severally collo∣cated.

Let this then be the first rule to be observed in describing Medi∣caments, that those which require a longer preparation, * 1.420 as diuturnal coction, or laborious triture, be first described; such as be roots and wood that is not odoriferous; those last which require least, as flowers, and aromatical simples; those in the middle, which require moderate labour and preparation, as herbs, fruits, and seeds. Who∣ever do otherwise, mixing and concocting in the same instant, wood, roots, leaves and flowers promiscuously and confusedly, either lose the dissipable qualiy of the later sort, or acquire not the strength of the former; and by this improvident manner of mixture make up a Medicament, neither endued with the genuine virtue of the Sim∣ples, nor answerable to the Physicians intent.

Let the second Law observable in Receipts be this; * 1.421 That if bre∣vity of time be urgent, and some things are to be cocted or infused, and others to be pulverated, that you begin with those that require coction or maceration, that while these are in preparing, others may be levigated and brayed, and so in the same time their several prepa∣rations may be accomplished.

The third observation is, * 1.422 That those which exceed in quantity or quality, be first described; yet so, that the manner of preparation and mixtion be not obverted thereby.

The fourth observation, which holds good almost continually, is, * 1.423 That those must be described in the last place of the Receipt, which are as the matter of the Medicament, as Honey in great Confections, Sugar in solid Electuaries, Oil or Wax in many Unguents.

If this order be kept, it will leade the more recent Apothecaries into a readier and better way of preparing and mixing Medicaments, and their virtue will hereby remain more potent and firm; which if they be not rightly ordered by the rules of Art, do wax dull, and perish.

CHAP. III. Of the forms and end of Medicaments.

AS those that are sound in body do not need, (Aphor. 37. lib. 2. Hippoc.) so neither do they desire Medicines. And those who had need of Medicaments, either to prevent an imminent, or depell a present disease, either never call the Physician till the ma∣lady of the disease be at the height, or utterly refuse Physick; or they will have it prepared with such art and mixture, as in odour, co∣lour, and sapour, it may please the nose, eyes, and palate. But Ga∣len, (lib. 2. de praenot.) saith, that a Cook amongst these children and fools is preferred before a Physician; and he is more commended and allauded, because he daily indulges their genius with unaccusto∣med varieties and dainties.

But since every one is punished by that by which he offended, and gluttony and surfetting is the nurse almost of all diseases, it is as it were by divine ordination constituted, that a Medicament assumed by the mouth, should leave in the mouth the ultion of the fault there∣in committed. For it is no wonder that almost all Medicaments, e∣specially purgative, should so much displease our taste and smell, by their quality averse to our nature, since they are instituted, not as Ali∣ments to be changed, but to change; and either to correct the noxi∣ous quality of the humours, or to extrude it.

Such Medicaments as are insipid and inodorous, and being exhi∣bited in a small quantity, do variously wrest and exagitate the body, and the humours, are not so good as those, which though ungrate∣full, and assumed in a larger measure, do easily and with delight e∣duce the vicious humours from the parts affected.

Now the forms of Medicaments do not onely facilitate their as∣sumpsion, * 1.424 (for some onely like liquid, others solid Medicines) but produce divers effects, as they are in form divers; for an inciding or extenuating Medicament is better accommodated to its function by a liquid form, as also by a solid form to astriction.

Now I call not that same, which gives the essence, the thing; nor yet that faculty, by which it operates, the form, but the very consistency of the compound Medicament, whether it be solid, liquid, or in a mean. Besides which consistency, another figure is often put upon dry Medicaments by the industrious hand of the Apothecary, or im∣printed by some sigil; as when the matter is formed into Pils or Tro∣chisks, or planed into Tessels; and that either equilaterally cubal, or drawn out into an unequal angle.

But this external impressed form or sigillation is of little moment,

as nothing conducing either to promote or felicitate the effect of the Medicament, as some superstitious fellows have imagined, that I may omit what some Alchymists dream of, the external signature of some Plants, whereby they profess to accommodate the virtues of those Plants to the parts affected, with which their Medicaments by certain marks and external forms agree. But the form of a Medica∣ment, whereby it is dense, rare, or liquid, is usefull for many pur∣poses, for the same Medicament will sometimes provoke urine, some∣times stools, according to the manner of its composition. Galen, cap. 13. lib. 4. de sanit. tuend.

Such Medicaments as are levigated to powder, * 1.425 are quickly car∣ried to the reins and bladder; such as are grosser, subsist longer in the intestines, and give stools. If any would be freed from obstru∣ctions, and move monthly flowers, they can neither successfully exhibit solid Medicaments, nor yet liquid ones, if they would educe the noxious humour from the brain, or parts more dissi••e.

And as grosser Medicaments are requisite to roborate some parts, and depell some affections, and liquid to others: so some require Me∣dicaments of a middle consistency, as amongst internal Medica∣ments, Electuaries, and some Antidotes amongst external Unguents, mucaginous Salves, and Pultises.

We have abundantly before declared what form is fit for several Medicaments, we shall hereafter speak in special of those which should be variously formed, as the condition of the place requires, to which they are fitted; as when a scutum or signature of a Buckler is fitted for the region of the ventricle, of a stomachical Emplaister, a Pessary for the secrets, a Suppository for the fundament, a Tent for a wound.

Some upon no grounds do not onely desire a set form, * 1.426 but also a sumptuous confecture of Medicaments, otherwise rejecting them as vile and useless; as a certain rich man, who desired and received of Galen (cap. 10. lib. 3. comp. medic. gener.) a Form or Receipt of a cure for a malignulcer in his servant; who seeing all the Ingredi∣ents of a vile price whereon the Medicament consisted, bid Galen keep that for Beggars, and give him a costly Medicament.

So many little regard excellent Medicaments, if they know them, but make much of vile ones, if they know them not, admiring them as some celestial remedy. * 1.427 They therefore act to the in∣dignity of Medicaments, who detect the secrets of so Divine an Art; and that they may please the people, describe their Receipts in the vulgar idiome.

For it is better to make a Medicament gratis, and give it to the poor, than prescribe them any thing of small price, or teach and shew the composition thereof; which they having once with success tryed upon themselves, they will experience on others to their undoing; for many Medicaments, especially purgative, are both good and evil, and heals or kils accordingly, as they are well or ill used.

Now the end of composition of Medicaments is the cause for which such composition must be undertaken; * 1.428 or that same purpose to which all things necessary in composition are referred, that the Medicaments compounded by Art may be of use, either to preserve or roborate health, or to profligate difeases.

CHAP. IV. Of the Weights of Medicaments, and their marks.

EVery Nation and Countrey had, and have still their proper Weights and Measures; the Constinopolitan Merchants two pounds Weights, twenty six ounces; the Mediolanians 24. the Parisiensians 16. the Lugdunians 15. the Hispanians 14. the Genevians, and many more 12. the Goldsmiths onely 8. common∣ly called Markum.

The antient Greeks, Arabians, and Romanes also, had not onely their proper Idioms and Characters, but Weights also; and unless the Supream Authority forbad them, they would buy with the great∣est, and fell with the least Weights, there being no certain Standard.

But because in Medicine one cannot erre twice; and errours in prescribing Weights and Measures are often very perilous, all Me∣dicks should have common and definite Weights, that there might be a mutual consent in their operations.

The Medicks pound alwayes weighs 12. ounces, which is thus de∣scribed, lib. j. their ounce eight drams, whose note is this, ℥. j. their dram three scruples, thus marked, ʒ. j. so that in one ounce they have as many scruples as there be letters in the Greek Alphabet, to wit, 24. according to the Poet Faunus:

Uncia fit dragmis bis quatuor, unde putandum, Grammata dicta, quod haec viginti quatuor in se. Uncia habet, tot enim formis vox Graeca notatur, Horis quot mundus peragit, noctemque, diemque.

By which words, Scruples seem to be Vicegerents of Letters, Drams of Syllables, Ounces of Words, Pounds of Speeches, or at least Sentences. But there are less Weights than Scruples, for a Grain or Minute is the least of Weights, of which is made an Obolus, or half Scruple, thus noted, ℈. ss. and a Grain with two letters con∣joyned thus gr. or sometimes with one letter thus, g.

When we would describe a pound and a half, or an ounce and a half, we mark the greater number thus, lib. j. ss. the lesser thus, ℥. j. ss.

A grain is the most small, indivisible and minute of weights, * 1.429 and therefore called a mite, by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Chalcus, or aereolum weighs two mites or grains.

Siliqua or Ceration in Arabick Kirat, two chalci, or 4. grains.

A Semiobulus weighs 3. aereola. i. e. one siliqua and a half, one obolus weighs 3. siliqua, or six Chalci; or 12. grains.

A scruple weighs 2. obuli, or 12. chalci, or 24. grains.

A denarius is the eighth part of a Romans ounce, and weighs 3. scruples, or six obuli, or seventy two grains.

A dram is the eighth part of a Greek ounce, lighter than a dena∣rius, weighing onely 60. grains, that is, 3 common scruples, every of which should weigh 20. grains.

A denarius was accounted formerly for ten pound weight, whence Sylvius saith it had its name; now it amounts onely to the 84. part of a pound, as a dram to the 96. I mean of a Medick pound, which weighs 12. ounces.

Many for a denarius puts a dram, not much lighter, and for a dram a denarius, according to the version of the Greek interpreter, who having no weight that might exactly respond to the Roman de∣narius, put a dram for a denarius.

Sicilicus amounts to two drams, and it is the fourth part of an ounce, a semiuncia, or half ounce contains two sicilici.

The Medicks ounce weighs 8. drams, the Merchants 8. denarii.

I find a dram called sometimes by the ancients Hexagion, the Mer∣chants commonly call it grossum.

Bes contains 8. ounces, and hath as much as the Medicks mina, which contains 16. ounces, and amounts to the Merchants pound. Ex Dioscor. & Gal.

But the Medicks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. pound is lesse, containing onely twelve ounces.

We may contract them all thus, that so they may be better accom∣modated to memory.

A pound, oft called pondo, or As, weighs twelve ounces, deunx eleven, dextans, ten: dodrans, nine: bes or octunx, eight: septunx, seven: semis, six: or the half part of any weight, quincunx, five: qua∣drans or qurtarium four: triens, three.

An ounce contains four sicilici, sicilicus two drams, a dram, three scruples, a scruple, two obuli, an obulus, two filiqua and a half, siliqua, two Chalci; Chalcus two grains.

I would not in silence have passed over names or weights familiar to the Arabians, but that I found so many, as made them seem un∣certain, who call an ounce adar, alsatil, sacros & assathis, * 1.430 a dram some∣times alchi, sometimes nabach, and sometimes darchamet, a scruple also guanthus, often gormin, and sometimes kermec & arme, an obulus Seminen, Seminet, Onolos, Onolosat, Ologinat, indiscriminately, as half a one Danich, the third part Kirat: but we will leave them to their words, and use our own.

When hearbs must be measured by Maniples Medicks note it with this letter M. when flowers by Pugills, with this letter P. now a Ma∣niple with the Medicks, is as much as can be contained in a hand; a pugill, as much as may be holden betwixt three fingers.

When an equall weight of measure or two or more Medicaments are prescribed together, * 1.431 they adde this word Ana, which shewes that an equall portion of every Medicament must be assumed.

Amongst other notes of weights, or rather definite quantityes in prescribing receipts, this letter. N. is plac'd to denote that some num∣ber should be assumed, as of many fruits which cannot by weight or measure be better described, but how great a number, the note of weight thereunto annexed must shew, as for example of Almonds, Plums, or the like, two, three, four, five, or six, more or lesse as the Medick sees cause, should be prescribed, figures should be added to indicate their number, whereunto according to Rondeletius, the notes of the ancient Romans numbers are more accommodate, which are thus described I. II. III. IIII. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. than the other characters called Ciphers, and thus descri∣bed. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Least some ignorant ty••o for two or three drams, thus designed ʒ. 2. ʒ. 3. read thirty two, or thirty three drams.

CHAP. V. Of Physicians Measures.

NOt without reason doe the holy Scriptures attest, that God created all things with weight, number, and measure; for number being an act of reason, therefore Plato asserted man to be the wisest animal, because he could number; And God comman∣ded all this to be trutinated by just weight and measure Levit. 19. & Deut. 25.

By measures I mean certain hollow instruments like boxes there∣unto accomodated by certain receptive & mensurative shapes, where∣in Apothecaries or Merchants may measure simple or compound, dry or liquid Medicaments.

But they are made cheifely to measure liquors, as oyl, vinegar, de∣coctions or the like, and they are so fitted by industry, as to respond to weights, for some will contain one ounce, some two, some three, some one pound, others five, others ten, others more and lesse.

The least measure will contain ʒ. * 1.432 j. and ℈. ss. of wine of a mean consistency, and is called cochlearium.

Another is called Cheme, * 1.433 twice as capacious as the former, which containes of wine ʒ. ij. & ℈. j.

A third is called Ligula, * 1.434 or mystrum, and contains of Wine ʒ. ij. ss. or ʒ. iij.

Concha contains two mystras, or twice as much as Cheme, * 1.435 that is ʒ. v.

Cyathus contains twice as much as Concha, that is ʒ. x, or ℥. j. ss. * 1.436

Acetabulum, which the Greeks call Oxybaphum contains half as much again as a Cyathus, that is ℥. ij. & ʒ. ij. or ℥. ij. ss. at the most.

Quartarius holds twice as much as Acetabulum, that is ℥. iiij. ss. or little more.

Hemina or Hemisextarius holds twice as much as Quartarius, * 1.437 that is ℥. ix.

Sextarius holds twice as much as a hemina, that is lb. j. ss.

Choenix lb. ij & ℥. iij. * 1.438

Chus or Congius six sextaries that is lb. ix.

Urna four Congli, that is lb. XL. * 1.439

Amphora two Urns, that is lb. LXXX. * 1.440

Metretes, in Greek Geramium, in Latin Cadus, an amphora & a half. * 1.441

Culeus, twenty Amphorae or forty Urns. * 1.442

Thus we proceed from the least of measures of liquids to the grea∣test by degrees, as from grains, to the greatest of weights in dry things, and as the greater number contains the lesser, so doth the greatest measure or weight the lesser.

Some measures therefore are great, some small, some meane, and amongst those some are destined to measure liquids, others solids, o∣thers both.

Culeus, Amphora, Urna, Congius, and Quartarius serve to measure liq••ids, modius and semimodius solids, sextarius, hemina, acetabulum, cyathus, both.

CHAP. VI. Of the quantity of Medicaments to be exhibi∣ted.

IT is not onely worthy our inquisition in compounding Medica∣ments to enquire after the quality of simples onely, but also to know in what quantity each simple should be mixed, & what quan∣tity of a compound should be exhibited. For as too little brings small emolument or profit, so too much brings more harme: for a Lettice may kill as well as Hemlock; and wine kills more than Woolfe∣bane.

Now if superabundance of Aliment be as noxious as poyson, * 1.443 it is the greatest perfection of the Art & Artificer to describe the just quan∣tity of Medicaments, and to define what and how much is convenient for every sexe, age, nature, and time: For Turpethum, colocynthis and Hellebore purge strongly; Polypody, Tamarinds, and the broath of an old Cock weakely: Cassia, Senny, Rhabarbe, moderately:

old and melanchollick men must be purged hardly in Autumne, boyes and moist men must be purged easily in Winter, and Spring; and cholerick men easily in Summer, such as are of a middle nature, must be moderately purged.

And since mutations of ages and seasons change the condition of the humours, * 1.444 it happens that one and the same Medicament, taken in the same quantity, hath not alwayes the same effect and operation, for when the humours swell, and are turbulent, then nature, with the help of a gentle Medicament, will worke out the excretion of the trouble∣some matter, excluding it either by stoole or vomit. Whereas on the contrary, if the matter by its lentour be more tenaciously fixed, and no way provokes nature by its quality to its exclusion; the strongest Medicament will not be of power to relaxe the belly, being only able to move, not to remove these redundant humours.

This diversity of humours often deceives the non-cautious, who having by experience found, that Cassia should be prescribed and ex∣hibited by ounces, and not by grains, Scammony by grains and not by ounces, and Rhabarb by drams; think they have prescribed a conve∣nient dosis according to the efficacy of each Medicaments acting, when yet they often see that the Medicament either not at all, or too impensely and strongly moves the belly: For when nature coope∣rates, and the superfluous humour swells, a few grains of Rhabarb will relaxe, yea, the very odour alone of some catharticke, will suffi∣ciently exagitate the ventricle.

Wherefore the Physician does wisely, who being called by some patient never before seen of him, askes him whether his body needs a weake and gentle, or valid and strong purge, and whether he be most commonly laxative, or restringed, that he may the better ac∣comodate his purgative Medicament; neither too much, nor too little to exagitate his ventricle, nor yet to exclude more in quantity or qua∣lity than he should. Yet if the body wholly abound with ill humours, he may not at once, but by little and little, not on one day, but many remove them, for nature cannot beare great evacuations of any humours whatsoever, but delights in graduall actions, wherein is no violence.

CHAP. VII. A just quantity of Medicaments can scarce be de∣fined, yet a little in excesse or defect, is not perillous.

THE Medicinary Art is indeed conjecturall, yet much hel∣ped by experience, augmented by reason, and confirmed by reason, and confirmed by the authority of Doctors, who trying effects by the indagation of causes, and being more skilfull and prudent by long observance have left Theorems to po∣sterity, grounded upon many strong and necessary reasons, where∣by diseases may be known, remedies invented, and a quantity of Me∣dicaments described, if not just and definite, yet so accomodate to nature and the disease, that one may triumph, and the other be capti∣vated: For what perill can be doubted or expected? If where an ounce of Cassia is convenient, seven or nine drams be exhibited, if where oue dram of Rhabarb is requisite, two or four scruples be assu∣med, a small errour should not cause great feare, and as all excremen∣titious humours cannot alwayes be educed by a Medicament without indangering sanity; so we shall not need to suspect any harme by the eduction of some of them onely that are not of an offensive quality: since meat and drink are not alwayes ingested after the same measere, and at the same time. Nor yet ill humours always bridg diseases with them. Many have often eaten Hemlock instead of Persly in Pottage, which the maid hath mistaken, because of their convenience in ex∣ternall form, those also who love Froggs eat Toad stools often with∣out harm.

Yet we must with all judgement and artificiall conjecture, endea∣vour to make the quantity of the Medicament, respond to the strength of the nature, and the burthen to be educed, which if it be copious, and a proportionate Medicament, cannot with safety be exhibited at once, it is better to wash it away in severall dayes than at once, both deject strength and humours.

Its sad to reiterate purgative Medicaments, * 1.445 where one will accom∣plish the design, or to minister a violent one where a gentle one would sufficiently exonerate. For suppurgation is dangerous, which by too much opening the veins sometimes excites the dysentary, evacuates blood, and prostrates the integrity of natures strength to danger. Its better therefore to relinquish some of the superfluous humours, than by immoderate vacuation to protrude both necessary and excremen∣titious ones.

And as the same quantity of the same Medicament given to the

same man at severall times, may produce different effects, so as its quantity varyes it acts variously, & one while is more proper for this, another while for that disease: for if (Aphor. 1. lib. 4. Hippocr.) a woman with child be advised to purge, which she may without fear or danger do, betwixt the fourth and sixth moneth of her pregn••ncy, she may confidently assume a roborating Medicament in a small quantity, that the cause of that molestation, whereof pregnant women complain, may be gently removed, and the foetus receive no detriment there∣by.

But when the quantity of Opium, Diagredium, or such Medica∣ments which have great power, in a little bigness, is to be excoginted, let it be with great care and prudence prescribed, and pondered, that if a just quantity can scarce be defined, the exoberance or defect may ••e very small, for whereas the least thing is not reached by the Law, nor judged by the Praetor, yet we may cafily offend in the least ex∣cesse.

CHAP. VIII. Of such Medicaments as may without harme be taken in great quantity, for whom they are convenient and when.

Every Medicament doth more or lesse offend nature, as its fa∣oulty is stronger or weaker: by how much a catharticke is more grievous in odour or sapour, by so much it causes more mole∣station; for all purges (saith Galen. cap. ult. lib. quos, quando & qui∣bus) offend the ventricle, especially in its mouth, which, consisting of of many nerves, is of more accurate sensation, and therefore we either mixe benevolent lenocinyes with purgatives, or select, such as are not so ingratefull, nor so much disturb the ventricle. Which if they can be procured, must not yet be presently exhibited, save by those for whom they are convenient, and in such quantity, as may respond to the strength of nature, and be easily born.

Which quantity is various, according to the various faculties of the Medicaments, which if they be weaker, may be exhibited by so much in a greater quantity, if stronger in a lesse. Now I call them purga∣ti••es weak, which by gentle and benign motion of the ventricle, cleanse the first region of the body, and are measured rather by c••••••••es, than drams, as Mannae, the pulpe of Tamarinds, the pith of Caffia 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••e like: Those valid or strong, which being small in quantity produce groat and violent effects, and which are rather weighed by grains and soruples, than by drams, of which hereafter: all them are accounted weak, which are measured by ounces; and they vidle•••• which are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by grains; they indifferent which are

measured by drams, as Rhabarb, Senny, Aloes and the like, all which, as also all lubricating and roborating purgatives, may be taken in greater quantity.

This also holds good in alterating Medicaments, * 1.446 which by how much they recede lesse from the symmetry of our body, as being onely hot or cold in the first degree, may be prescribed in greater quantity; by how much they recede more, as hot or cold in the fourth degree, may be exhibited in lesser quantity; it is not then without perill copiously to assume Pepper, Bartram, Euphorbium, or Cicu∣ta, Hedum or Water-Lillies, because by the former the intralls would be inflamed, by the later benummed and chilled.

But since roborative Medicaments differ much in their active pow∣ers, they must be used in different quantities, as cordiall waters by ounces, conserves, roborating the principall parts by drams, more potent Antidotes, by scruples; Bezoar-stone, and Unicorns horn by grains.

Now such liquids as are assumed either to roborate, alter, or purge, may be given in a greater quantity.

Furthermore not only the efficacy of the Medicament, but also the state of the body and humours require an augmentation, * 1.447 or diminuti∣on in quantity; a gentle and weak Medicament will not move a strong and firme body, which hath been either accustomed to labour, and frequent purgation, or pestered with many obstructions; whereas the soft and slender bodyes of women and children, which are either dry or macilent, as also of pregnant women and persons newly recovered from diseases, will not endure strong ones.

The species also, and plenty of the humour, * 1.448 varyes the quantity of the Medicament; for a viscid, grosse, frigid, Melanchollicke, pitui∣tous and tenaciously adhering humour will hardly be deduced, but re∣quires a more valid and potent catharticke for its exclusion, a thin, ca∣lid, and chollerick humour will sometimes be ejected by spontaneous vomit, very easily by a purgative Medicament.

Furthermore, the state of the heavens, the nature of the region, and the condition of the season of the year require a different quanti∣ty of Medicament, for seeing the belly is obdurate in a cold season, (Aphor. 5. lib. 3) and a rigid Winter coartactes, and condenses the bo∣dy, especially in the frigid region or climate, the humour then tena∣ciously adhering, is not propelled, save either by a strong Medica∣ment once, or a gentle one often and in abundance exhibited, and as the year for the most part causes diseases according to its own consti∣tution (Aphor. 5. lib. 3.) so according to the species of the humour causing the disease, and its greater or lesser progresse: it is requisite, that not only the kind, but quantity of the Medicament be changed, which must be more copious: if by reason of the body, humour, state of the heavens, region, or custome purgation be difficult, as on the contrary, if purgation be easy in lesser quantity, as shall appear hereaf∣ter.

CHAP. IX. Of such as must be prescribed in small quantity.

EVery purgative Medicament hath either a strong or a weak facultie, which by a particular propriety respect the gentle or potent eduction of this rather than another humour. Now that Medicament I call gentle or weak, * 1.449 which assumed in an indifferent quantitie moves the ventricle benignely and educes moderately, but superfluously assumed, educes superabundantly. For if an immoderate quantitie of Rhabarb or Cassia, which are of the most familiar Medi∣caments to nature, be assumed, as an ounce and a half of the former, or half a pound of the later, it will move either stoole or vomit, or both, with a great and immoderate turbation of the ventricle, and a∣gitation of the humours.

That I call a potent purgative, * 1.450 which in small quantity, as that thats weighed by grains, causes a copious and great dejection, which must be given in small quantity; as also all such as are ingratefull, rare, dear, indued with potent efficacious vertue, or partaker of any malignant quality.

Those are ingratefull, * 1.451 which by their odour grievously affect our nose or brain, as Castor, Sagapenum, and Assa-foetida which being a stinking gum the Germans call the Devills dung, or by their sapour, such as are bitter Medicaments as Colocynthis, the lesser Centory: sharp, as Euphorbium, Bartram; most acid, as the Oil of Sulphur & Vi∣triol, a few drops whereof in a due proportion mixed with the syrup violets make it of a red shining colour, and somewhat acid of taste, and thereby very pleasant to the eyes and palate. A certain Court Doctor at his first coming, gave this syrup thus altered by Art, equally for all diseases with his own hands, who deceiving the vulgar with his osten∣tations, called it the secret of secrets.

Those that are rare and dear, as Gems, Precious-stones, Pearle, Balsam, Precious Aromatas, Amber, Musck, Civet, and such as work an alteration in the body by their calidity or frigidity in the fourth degree, must be prescribed in small quantity.

Those which by a certain antipathy, * 1.452 and speciall potency impaire the principles of life, spirit and heat, consume the flesh, and destroy the integrity of sanity, must not be exhibited without extraordinary care and prudence; as Vipers flesh against the pestilence or leprosy, the reins, or rather the flesh of the loines of Stincus to provoke to Venery, Cantharides against the retention and obstruction of urine, for these Cantharides rightly prepared and mixed with fit Medica∣ments, and administred in a small quantity, do move urine without

harm; but in a great quantity they stay it, and impensly calefy the bladder. Rondeletius.

Minerals also, and all such as have more efficacious faculties, must be taken sparingly; such as are more remiss, liberally.

Furthermore, those that conduce to the dulcoration, correction, or deduction of other Medicaments, must be mixed alwayes in a small quantity, as Cynamon, Sanders, or Squinant, to conciliate suavity of odour or sapour in the Medicament. Ginger to the casti∣gation of Agarick, Saffron of Opium, opening and mciding Medi∣caments to the dilation of the quality of other Medicaments to the parts to be cured.

But nothing doth so much dehort from a great quantity of any Medicament, as its effrenate, prepotent, and malign quality; which as soon as it is educed into act, doth grievously disturb Nature, and excites a Troop of symptomes.

Those which are rare, and by their price fit Princes, and rich men, if necessity require, may be prescribed in small quantity.

CHAP. X. In what quantity Simples must be mixed for com∣position.

FEW Compounds are found to confist of many Simples equal in proportion, but two or more exceed the quantity of the rest. They exceed, which are the matters Vicegerents, and induce an apt form to the Medicaments, as Oil, Wax, Li∣thargy, in Salves and Unguents; or which are most potent in action, and constitute the basis in composition, as Aloes in many Pills; as also such as have but weak faculties in great quantity, or are adhibited for the preservation of others, as Honey and Sugar in Electuaries and Syrups.

This rule is chiefly to be observed in the proportion of Medica∣ments to be compounded, that that which brings more utility to the Medicament, should be adhibited in greater quantity in composi∣tion.

They which are symbolical, whose matter is equally apt to induce the form of the Medicament, and which are in their faculties equally averse to the cause and symptome of the part affected, should be mix∣ed in equal weight: which seems to be observed in the Tetraphar∣macal Unguent, which consists of equal portions of Wax, Rosine, Pitch, and Bulls fat. And also in Justinus his Electuary, which by Nic. Mirepsius his description, cap. 403. receives an equal portion of thirty Simples, all which are thought by a certain propriety to break

stones, and clear the urinal passage. To these is added Honey and Sugar in a different proportion, that the Electuary may acquire a convenient form, and apt consistency, and be fitter for long preser∣vation.

Some portion of simple Medicaments is measured by number, some by weight, others by both; some in measures, some in hand∣fulls, others in pugils.

The quantity of roots are variously measured for their dosis, ac∣cording to their various virtue and efficacy in operation. If their fa∣culty gently move the belly, they are measured by drams; if potent∣ly, by scruples; if they onely alter, by whole or half ounces; and when they make up a bath, by pounds or handfulls.

In making Syrups of a great quantity, they may be exhibited from ℥. j. to ℥. ij. or ℥. iij. in decoctions for one dosis, from ʒ. ij. to ℥. ss. or ℥. j. or more or less, according to the power of the roots. If the decoction be made for many doses, their quantity must be proportio∣nately augmented.

When two, three, or more roots of the same, or very like quality are prescribed, a lesser quantity of each should be taken, that all con∣joyn'd may make up the quantity of one, according to Rondolet. Which should also be observed in all other Simples that are similar in quality, if so be they equally conduce to the propugnating of one affection, and roborating one part. And briefly, such as are indued with some acrimony, or eximious faculty, must be mixed in smal quantities, such as weak and gentle, in great.

The same rule should be observed in recent and dry herbs, which are measured by one or more handfulls, according to their faculty, and the nature of the Medicament to be compounded; for to some dosis we measure them by whole or half handfulls, to a fomenting Medicine by two handfulls, to a bath by more.

Or sometimes bundles of little flowers, * 1.453 whether recent or dry, as the flowers of Rosemary, Violets, Bugloss, we measure sometimes by pugils, sometimes by weight. Great ones, if recent, as Lillies, Ro∣ses, by handfulls; if arid, by drams or ounces in scales.

All seeds, * 1.454 whether hot, cold, temperate, sharp, acerb, bitter, or ingratefull, are librated by weight; but they ingrede the composi∣tion in different quantities, according to the different virtue, or the Physicians scope.

Such as are most calid, most frigid and narcotical, if externally to be adhibited, may be given from ʒ ij. to ℥. j. if intrinsecally, to be assumed from ℈. j. to ʒ. j. or a little more or less, as the faculty is more or less potent.

Fruits, * 1.455 as well as roots, are different in magnitude and quality, whereof various quantities are described, which are known after seve∣ral manners. The least, as Ribes and Barberries are prescribed by weight; the greater, as Sebesten and Plums, by number; some by both, as Almonds, Jujubs, and dry Grapes. Many, which because

of their greatness are not integrally requisite, are cut into slices, pur∣ged from their cores, shells, or stones, and then measured by drams or ounces.

And that I may consummate all, Liquids are prescribed by m••a∣sure, Solids by weight, Fruits by number, Leaves by maniples, Flowers by pugils, every ones dosis answering its quality. I hold it superfluous further to prosecute the dosis, measure, or weight which should be taken of Woods, Barks, Pulse, Animals, or things there∣unto pertaining, since these may be discerned and judged of by their ••••••sistency and quality, as also by what hath been already said.

CHAP. XI. Of the reposition of Medicaments.

THat we might dilucidly explicate the accurate composition of Medicaments, we have largely discussed the mann••r of their confection, their basis, form, end, and quantity of every Ingredient, as also the reason of their equality or in∣equality. Now it rests, that the Medicaments thus composed be re∣posed in such places as may conduce to the preservation of their vir∣••••es integral.

Now a Medicament, whether simple or compound, (for both must be kept) must not be reposed in any but in a fit and convenient place, that it be not altered and corrupted, but kept in its perfect vi∣gour till opportunity causes its delivery to such as it fits.

A Simple must first be selected, and purged from filth, and its ex∣crementitious and useless parts, and then dryed, that it may be kept; for humid things will not keep without moulding and putrefa∣ction.

Herbs must be dryed in a shade, * 1.456 or a place where the Sun scorches net, yet not marcid, but dry, and voyd of fumes and dust, and then bound in little bundles, must be reposed in canvass or paper bags, lest they take detriment by the aforesaid cumbrances. Flowers must also be thus dryed, reposed, and so conserved. Now Conservation and Reposition are related.

Dry and gross herbs take no harm from the rigour of cold, but liquid and humid are casily condensed; which appropinquating to heat, are thereby brought to their pristine state. Yet distilled waters by immoderate congelation lose much of their bonity, and are often effused by the abruption of the glasses wherein they are reposed through the vehemency of cold, unless the Confectioners care pre∣vent it.

In January and February, 1608. while I was distilling waters, * 1.457 the rigour of the winter was so vehement for six whole weeks together,

that it broke all my earthen, glass, tin, and copper vessels, (though ••••ry strong) wherein I had put the waters: And when bread was drawn hot from the oven, it presently acquired a stony obdurateness; ••oither were the wine-cellars free from frost. And when the vehe∣mency of the cold asswaged, all the houses in Lutetia were white both within and without with horrid ice. In which time many were vexed with the disease of the Lungs, whereof very many dyed.

Fruits are repoled sometimes in Store-houses, * 1.458 as Apples; some∣times in Barrels, as Plums; often in glass or wooden Boxes closed with papers, lest fumes or dust should alter them, as Jujubs, and also lest Flyes erode and spoyl them.

Seeds after siccation are reposed in glass or wood vessels, * 1.459 and kept in a dry place.

Roots after purgation and are faction are reserved in wooden Bo•••••• or Chests, * 1.460 wrapt sometimes in bombast; if pretious, as Chinca•• Rhabarb, lest the noxious quality of the air, or edacity of heat, spoyl their qualities, and corrupt them.

Liquid juices are reposed in bottles, * 1.461 or other vessels with strait••∣rifices, whereupon Oil must be diffused, lest they be altered by the air.

Juices are also reposed in wooden Boxes, or glass or earthen Ves∣sels, as also Water-drops, Gums, whole or parts of Animals and Mi∣nerals.

Liquors, * 1.462 Oils, Liquidambar, and Balsam, are reposed in glass Bottles stopped with cork, or wax, and some bladder, that they may not be dissipated by the air.

Turpentine may not onely be well reserved in an iron or glass Ves∣sel, but in a figuline also.

Some are best preserved in the highest part of the house, some in the middle, and some no where save in wine-cellars, or such madid place, as Cassia.

Compound Medicaments, according to their different consistea∣cies and virtues, require for their Cepositories different Vessels, as Hydromel, a Barrel; Syrups, Potters vessels, and for carriage sa•••• Boxes of white Iron or Tin; as the Syrup of Mompelian Maiden∣hair, which reposed in such a vessel, may be commodiously conveye•• to exotick regions; solid Electuaries, wooden Boxes; liquid o••••, tin or earthen Vessels well leaded; Powders, glass; Unguents, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pots. Thus every one requires a Repository convenient to its na∣ture.

CHAP. XII. Of the conservation and duration of Medica∣ments.

AS we do not use to confect Compounds, so neither do we ga∣ther Simples for one dosis, but select and prepare a greater quantity of each for future uses: which that they may be safe from dust, fumes, putrefaction, or injuries by the air, or insects, as by Flyes, Mice, and the like, we repose in fit Vessels, or include in Bags, or involve in Papers, and keep all in our Pharmacopoly, ex∣cept such as require a more humid, or more dry place, as Cassia, a Wine-cellar; Sugar, Conditures, Junkets, and most Sweet meats, an Oven, or Closet near the fire.

Many for their conservation must be condited with Vinegar, Salt, or both, as Cucumbers, Capers, Olives; or with Sugar or Honey, as all kinde of Medicaments, whereof Electuaries or Syrups are com∣posed.

Decoctions will keep in Summer two or three dayes, in Winter a whole week; distilled Waters and Conserves, a whole year.

Syrups perfectly cocted, Electuaries; Trochisks, Pills, Oils, Un∣gu••nts, and Salves, will often keep two years; as also Roots, Woods, Barks, dry Juices, Tears and Gums, three years, and some∣times four; Elateries, thirty years; Nails, Bones, Horns, an age.

Some can scarce be long preserved without the presence of those things with which they hold familiarity, as the Magnet with Iron, with whose limature it is nourished, and upon whose absence it de∣cayes, and loses its vigour.

Others better preserve their faculties, if by the appropinquation of other things they be vindicated from the injury of the air and worms. Thus Camphyre buried in Linseed is safely kept, Limmons and O∣ranges in a heap of Wheat will not so soon putrefy; and Mechoa∣cams root involved in Wormwood keeps its faculties entire, and will not be so easily croded.

Musk and Civet are safely conserved in lead boxes: but that they should resartiate their lost virtue by suspension in the middle of a Bog∣house, * 1.463 Platearius his nose can only finde.

Saffron, Cloves, Pepper, Mace, and other aromatical Spices, are best conserved in leather bags; Storax, Belzoin, in glass boxes; Sanders, sweet Aloes, Mastick, Schaenantum, Seeds, and innumera∣ble more, in Costers, o•• wooden Boxes; of which, more in our Shop.

Medicaments therefore, as well simple as compound, if they be thus sedulously conserved, will endure long; if not, they soon fade and decay.

But the greatest part of these should be changed every year; yet if any change not their colour, odour, and sapour, they need not. Now those keep longest which are of a gross substantiality, and whose qualities tenaciously and firmly adhere to their substances; as on the contrary, those do not endure long whose substance is rare, as Flowers, and those whose virtues are superficial and dissipable. Yet those are kept better and longer which are included in close Boxes, or Vessels well operculated, for so their virtue is retained more securely. Many think, that Antidotes against the poyson of Beasts are safest kept in leaden Vessels, which in Galen's time were reposed in pre∣tious, and now in earthen Vessels.

CHAP. XIII. Of such as by a certain Antinomasia are preferred before others, from which their denomination is desumed.

THat God might free Man from those eru••nies and egritudes wherewith he is daily pestered, he hath adorned the Earth like a little Paradise, or rich Garden with innumerable Herbs and Plants, that by their pleasant odour refocillate his spirits, by their variegated colours recreate his eyes, which in sanity allow him nutriment, in fickness resreshment, and liberty from the all commanding Tyrant Death.

In which plentifull Soyl, many of the same kinde fruicate and occur us, which being indistinguishable because of their similarity in form and quality, have obtained the same denomination. For who can dis••inguish of the infinite sorts of Flowers and Grass? who can define their number? or describe the differences of Gerania, Heria∣tum, Anemones, Daffadils, and many more Plants, in whose various variety Nature seems to delight it self.

Now since some of these are absolutely described without any ad∣dition of particular or peculiar description, those must alwayes be e∣lected and used which Experience hath proved better. And this Theorem must be perpetually observed in such as have some analogy among themselves, that that be alwayes assumed which is best in eve∣ry kinde; as when we describe Aloes simply, we mean Al••e s••cca∣trine.

And that I may give you a few examples for many. When we put Vinegar simply, we do not mean that they may take Beer, but Wine∣vinegar;

when Balsam, we mean Egyptian Balsam; when Benioin, we mean that same which, from its white spots like Almonds, is called Amygdalite.

And when we put Cassia absolutely, Cassia Fistula must be exhi∣bited; when Coral, red, which is accounted best.

So also the rest are understood of the best of that kinde: as

• Dittany Of The Cretensian Dittany.
• Aristolochy Of Round.
• Sweet root Of Liquorice.
• Endive Of Broad-leav'd Succory.
• Epithyme Of Woodbind growing about Thyme
• Fenicle Of Fennel.
• Earth gall Of The lesser Centaury.
• Gum Of Arabick.
• Pomegranate Of Acid.
• Hepatica Of Liverwort.
• Ivy Of Corymbiferous.
• Jasmine Of White.
• Henbane Of White.
• Lettice Of Garden.
• Lilly Of White and bulbous.
• Horebound Of White.
• Mint Of Garden.
• Githe Of The seed onely.
• Water-lilly Of White.
• Cresses Of The seed onely.
• Oil Of Olive.
• Opium Of Thebane.
• Poppy Of White.
• Polypody Of the Oke.
• The lesser Quercle Of Germander.
• The greater Plantain Of Ribwort.
• Rose Of Red.
• Meadow-green Of Meadow-sweet.
• Staechados Of Arabick.
• Santalum Of The Citron.
• Longwort Of White.
• Turpentine Of Venetian.
• Betony Of Masculine.
• Violet Of Black, or rather ceruleout.
• Xyloaloes Of Blackish.
• Iris Of Florentinian.
• Ginger Of Malvaticall, which is the best and most sought of by Persians, Arabians, and Barbarians.

CHAP. XIV. Of such Roots, Seeds, Flowers, Stones, and Wa∣ters, as excell others in dignity.

MAny Simples of several kinds have symbolical qualities; and yet Experience hath demonstrated, that some of them excell others, and are more convenient for the profliga∣tion of diseases, as being endued with a better altering, roborating, or purging faculty, and exhibiting more successfull ef∣fects; of which are some Plants, or parts thereof, and some Mine∣rals, which being absolutely described, put the Apothecary upon doubts, * 1.464 who is ignorant of the genuine dilucidation: whose tenuity, that we may auxiliate, we will give him the names of the five opening roots; * 1.465 and they are the roots of Smallage, Sperage, Parsley, Fen∣nel, and Butchers-broom. Besides which, other five are much cele∣brated, to wit, the roots of Grass, the greater Madder, Oenone, Ca∣pers, and Eryngium.

The four greater or colder seeds are the seeds of Limons, * 1.466 Gourds, Melons, and Cucumbers; the four lesser, of Lettices, Purslain, En∣dive and Succory.

The four greater or hotter seeds, * 1.467 are of Anise, Fennel, Cummin, and Carraway; the four less hot, of Ameos, our Ladies Rose, Smal∣lage, Carret.

Cordial flowers are onely three, * 1.468 to wit, of Violets, Bugloss, and Borrage; which if they be such, are then most effectual, when re∣cent and retentive of their colour and odour; for when they are dry, insipid, and inodorous, they have either quite lost, or much weakned their qualities.

And indeed the qualities of all flowers perish with their odour, sa∣pour, and colour.

But I am of opinion, that Roses, which of all flowers retain their suavity longest, as also all such as by their gratious odour exhilarate the spirits, are most cordial; for all suaveolent flowers, whether her∣bal, as the Lilly of the Valley; or arbustal or arboral, as the flowers of Orange trees are cordial, and may with success be used in medici∣nary business.

The flowers of Chamemile, Melilote, and Anise, are accounted cordial: but I prefer as more excellent, the flowers of Oranges, Jas∣mine, Deluce, Sage, Rosemary, Betony, Clove-gilliflowers, and many others, which with their fragrancy delight the nose, and recre∣ate the spirits.

The hairs or capillary herbs are five, * 1.469 Maidens-hair, commonly

called Mompiensian hair, common Adiantium, Polytricum, Citrarch, or Wall-fern, Rue on the wall, without all reason called Salvia vitae, to which we may adde Epithymum and Woodbind.

The common mollifying herbs are four, Mallows, Marsh mallows, * 1.470 black Violet, Garden Bear-foot, or brank Ursine; whereunto four more are adjoyned, Mercury, Pelitory of the wall, Beet, and Arache, all which are used in making the decoction of Clysters, and laxative Cataplasms.

There are many pretious Fragments, * 1.471 but five artificially in use a∣mong Physicians, as of Saphire, Granate, Emerald, Hyacinth, Sardis.

The Vulgar know onely four kinds of Cordial Waters, and cannot be perswaded to a fifth, to wit, of Endive, Succory, Bugloss, and Borrage: but I finde eight besides these that are more cordial, to wit, the Water of Carduus, Scabiose, Marigold, Devils bit, Wood∣sorrel, Goats-beard, Sorrel, and Water-lillyes.

Some conduce to the roboration of the brain, * 1.472 and are therefore called Cephalical Waters, which are four, to wit, the Water of Be∣tony, Balm, Roses, and Orange tree flowers.

There are also in Shops four hot Unguents, as Ung. Aregon, * 1.473 Mar∣tiatum, Altheae, and Agrippae; and as many frigid ones, to wit, Ung. Album, Rosatum, Populeum, Citrinum.

CHAP. XV. Of succedaneous Medicaments.

PHysicians should not use Succedaneous Medicaments, unless they be thereunto compelled, either having not knowledge, or having not trial of the requisite Medicament: yet an Apo∣thecary by the Medicks advice may substitute a convenient Medica∣ment instead of another that is so rare as it cannot be had, or so dear as it cannot be purchased: yet so, that the succedaneous be in species, kinde, and virtue very similar and answerable to the deficient; and if it may be, a simple Medicament should be put for a simple, and a com∣pound for a compound: as

• ...A Plant for a Plant,
• ...A Root for a Root,
• ...A Bark for a Bark,
• ...Seed for Seed,
• ...Liquor for Liquor,
• ...Gum for Gum,
• ...Rosine for Rosine,
• ...Oil for Oil,
• ...Mineral for Mineral,
• ...Salt for Salt,
• ...Earth for Earth,
• ...Stone for Stone,
• ...Gem for Gem,
• ...Metal for Metal,
• ...Animal for Animal,
• ...Part for Part.

The same Law must be observed in compounds but not so strictly, for powder must be put for powder, eclegme for eclegme, electuary for electuary, syrup for syrup: Yet there is often such affinity in qua∣lity betwixt Medicaments of different consistencies, that a substitu∣tion may be easily admitted. For if any hath an aversation to a bechi∣call eclegme, he may without danger assume syrup of jujubs, and he that refuses pills, why may he not assume some other catharticke of equall vertue in a potion? Thus Physicians do oft indulge their Pa∣tients, by prescribing liquids to such as nauseate solids, and on the contrary.

Yet a simple Medicament is not always substituted for a simple one, for since one can scarce find two simples alike in all things: for the want of one, to which no single one responds, we substitute two or more, whose concourse exhibite the similar vertues, whether in elementary qualities, as heat, cold, humiditie, and siccitie, or in se∣cundary qualities, which follow the modification of the matter: For it is enough, if the substituted Medicament effect that, which the ge∣nuine and deficient promised. For one that wants a rare and preci∣ous Medicament calefying or refrigerating in the seoend degree, and hath other two, the one hot or cold in the third degree, the other in the first; may by putting these two together, acquire one accommo∣date to his purpose, to wit calefying or refrigerating in the second re∣cesse, which rule is of use in mixing attenuating, incrassating and other simples.

But because the soile and the heavens change the qualities of sim∣ples, as we have observed in the Persian tree; we must with dili∣gence observe which are fittest for substitution, for there is much dif∣ference betwixt our flower deluce, and that of Florence: for their is Cephalicall, and Bechicall, our Phlegmagogous and strongly purga∣tive. And as Canary wine is more noble than Spanish, and Spanish than French wine: so the grapes from which they are expressed, are of distinct qualities, sapours and degrees of heat: and therefore sim∣ples of the same kind and species have not alwayes got the same tem∣perature and degree of qualities, for what growes in a hotter soil is hotter: and in a colder colder.

When therefore a Medicament, is prescribed, which because of its soil is hotter, * 1.474 and cannot be got, another of the same kind may be substituted, through the colder, if in greater quantity.

For that which is hot in the fourth degree may be taken in such a quantity, as it may only calefie in the third degree; as for example, if you take but about four grains of Euphorbium, it will calefy onely in the third degree, which in greater quantitie would calefy in the fourth; and by how much you take lesse, by so much it calefies lesse; but every Medicament hath a determinate dosis, else so small a por∣tion might be given, that though it were fire, yet would it neither burn nor calefie; and Cloves, which are hot in the third degree, if lesse than three grains of them be administred, they calefy not

to the third degree, and so of all qualities in their degrees.

Now there are in every degree three parts or mansions, * 1.475 begin∣ning, middle and end, which are so constituted, that the begin∣ning of one degree coincidates with the end of another, as the be∣ginning of the fourth with the end of the fift. So the end of Winter differs little from the beginning of the spring.

The usuall dosis of such as calefy in the fourth degree is of four grains, whereof there being three mansions; * 1.476 the chief dosis which attains the end of that same grade, is of twelve grains: that which attains the middle, sixteen, and the beginning, twenty grains, which is the dosis of such as calefy in the end of the third degree.

Wherefore when any want a Medicament, that califies or frigi∣fies in the end of the first degree, he may substitute one that is calld or frigid in the beginning of the second degree; he that wants a medi∣cament hot in the end of the second degree, may exhibit one thats hot in the beginning of the third.

Now since the doses of compounds are deduced from simples, ac∣cording to the deficiency of any simple, another may be substituted which is Analogicall to the deficient, in the mixtion whereof, if the a∣foresaid Lawes be observed, the result in the compound will be no way deficient by substitution.

CHAP. XVI. What Medicaments, and when they are right∣ly substituted.

LEast our Pharmaceuticall treati should be defective, or a pa∣tient destitute of praesidy, when his auxiliatory Physician pre∣scribes him something, that neither the Pharmacopolitans shops, nor gardens affoard, we will here describe the supple∣ments of such defects, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latins Succedanea & Substituta, or more vulgarly quid pro quo.

But as we before observed, such substitutes should be similar, * 1.477 i••vertue to those whose place they spply, and whose vicegerents they are; now if such cannot be found, then those must be elected which differ in little, and respond in many things. For its absurd to call those succedaneous Vicegerents, which are mdued with opposite not succedaneous and symbolicall qualities, and they write without reason, who substitute Euphorbium for Agarick, Pellitory 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sor∣rell, and Melliote for a Quince, for these have no affinity with each other.

But when some weaker are substituted in place of better, their qua∣lities must be augmented by quantity, for quantity reduplicated re∣compenses the weakness of the quality, as on the contrary, if the sub∣stitute be too valid, lesse quantity must be exhibited, that thereby its rigour may be diminished.

Now, this should not be done without the advice of some skilfull Doctor, which many do not onely despise, but themselves prescribe Medicaments to the great damage of their patients, but such are for the most part unconstant, importunate, and talkative knaves, who trimly apparelled intrude themselves to the sicks presence, and de∣ceive them with fair speeches. I speake of that impious rabble, who deceive the incautious vulgar; but the skilfull and prudent, who take nothing rashly, but at a Phisicians advice and preception, may sub∣stitute, legitimate Vicegerents in the place of such as want or are de∣cayed.

Those that without choice and care repose for genuine and good, what ever Medicament comes first to their hands, will make dange∣rous Medicaments, and substitutions.

One was wont pleasantly to inculcate that of the Ninivite to such a busy fellow, Saepe loco illius quid pono.

Least therefore any errour be committed in reposition of supposito∣ries, we shall here place the substitute in opposition to the deficient. You may substitute.

• For Wormwood, Origanum or southernwood.
• For Southernwood, Origanum.
• For The juice of Aca••ia, The juice of Cistus, or Hypocistis.
• For Bears foot, Mallowes.
• For Acorus, The root of folefoot, or Radix Asari.
• For The true Venus haire, The Common.
• For Ameos. Anise seed.
• For Amomus, Acorus.
• For Gum Amoniack, Propolis.
• For Bitter Almonds, Persian nuts.
• For Woolfs grease, Weasels grease.
• For Harts grease, Goats grease.
• For Alum, Fossile salt.
• For Althea, Mallowes.
• For Arsenick, Sublimatum.
• For Rain-water, Fountain water.
• For Sea water, Saltedwater.
• For Anise, Carret.
• For Round Aristolochy, Long.
• For The flower of Fomgranate, The rind thereof.
• For Bal•••••• Limpid Turpentines:
• For B••rrage, Buglosse.
• For Bettony, Parsley.

• For Spinach, Arache.
• For Butter, Oyle.
• For Calamus Arom. Squinant.
• For Cardamomum. Cyperus.
• For Calamintha, Wild mint.
• For Germander, Ground pine.
• For Cinamon, Common Cassia.
• For Cinabrium, Red Lead.
• For Juice of Citron, Limmons juice.
• For Daucus Creticus, English carret seed.
• For Dates, Massilian figgs.
• For Dittany. Sage.
• For A Bears tooth, A hogs tooth.
• For Diphryx, Burned Brasse.
• For Liquorice, Raisons.
• For Wallwort. Elder.
• For White Hellebore, Elaterium.
• For Blacke Hellebore, Lapis Lazuli.
• For Epithyme, Epithymbrum.
• For Eruca, Erisimum.
• For Agrimony, Liverwort.
• For Sea holly, Oenone.
• For Fenygreek. Orobus.
• For Fennell, Smallage.
• For Partridge gall, Cothurnix gall.
• For Verdigrease, Rust.
• For Fumitory, Sowthistle.
• For The hulls of Senny, Twice as much of its leaves.
• For Myrtle leaves, Its berryes.
• For Galangale, Acorus.
• For Galbanum, Sagapenum.
• For Gentian, Tormentill.
• For Liverwort, Agrimony.
• For Helecampare, Flower deluce.
• For Hysope, Savoury.
• For The juice of Cistus, Acacia.
• For Jasmins flowers, Rormary Flowers.
• For Jujubs, Raisons.
• For Sweet rush, Cardomomum.
• For Henbane, Poppy.
• For Lettice, Garden Succory.
• For Sorrell, Black Violet.
• For Laureola, Misletoe.
• For Lacca, Storax.
• For Sciatick Cresses, Cretian Cresses.
• For Loadstone, The Phrygian stone.
• For Mallowes, Arach.

• For Mandrake, Poppy,
• For Honey, Sugar,
• For Mumy, Pissaphaltum,
• For Spicnard, Schaenanthum,
• For Nep, Wildmint,
• For Nutmeg, Cloves,
• For Water-Lilly, Lettice,
• For Sheepsgrease, Calfes marrow,
• For Oyle, Butter,
• For The juice of unripe grapes, Juice of Limons,
• For Opium, Lettice juice,
• For Opobalsamum, Oyle of Cloves,
• For The juice of panax, Gum Amoniake,
• For Ryce, Wheat meale,
• For White thorn, Gooseberry tree,
• For Poppy juice, Mandrake juice,
• For Petty spurge, Sea Lettice,
• For Parsley, Smallage,
• For Plaintain, Mouse-eare,
• For Pompholyx, Burned brass oar.
• For Walwort, Ground pine,
• For Quinquenerve, Plantain,
• For Radish-seed, Its juice,
• For Rosemary, Majoram,
• For Gooseberryes, * Berberryes,
• For Rue, Tansey,
• For Sagapene, Pyne gum,
• For Sage, Calaminthe,
• For Elder, Wallwort,
• For Cantonicum, Southernwood,
• For New wine, Sweet wine,
• For Cuttlebone, A pumick stone,
• For Sutureia, Thyme,
• For Saxifrage, Burnet,
• For Houseleek, Nightshade,
• For White spike, Lavander,
• For Tansey, Feverfew,
• For Sowthistle, Succory,
• For Cuckow bread, Sower dock,
• For Thyme, Satureia,
• For Thimelaea, Chamelaea,
• For Tamariske, Citrarch,
• For Tussilage, Lungwort,
• For Garden Valerian, Wild,
• For Masculine betony, The famale,
• For White Hellebore, Turpethum.

• For Black Violet, White.
• For Red Wine, White.
• For Sweet Cassia, Cynamon.
• For Yylobalsum, Radix Ligustici.
• For Ginger, Pepper.
• For Civet, Musck.

But because it seldom falls out that one can erre twice in a Me∣dicine, let junior Apothecaryes diligently beware, least they sub∣stitute any thing without the Physicians advice; if they do other∣wise, they may exhibite and sell spurious Medicaments for legiti∣timate; as I have 1000. times observed in some ignorant fel∣lowes who without discretion substitute any simple which of its self is deficient.

CHAP. XVII. Of Adulterate Medicaments.

MEns insatiable avarice hath rapt some to that heighth of ini∣quity, that they exhibite Adulterate Medicaments for true and genuine; the dignotion whereof is of great moment in making Medicaments, and should be a Physicians and an Apothe∣caryes imployment accurately to learn, that to be their patients may exhibited none but good, which may conduce to their adjument, and sanity; not adulterate, whose end is perill and languour.

These I thought meet to detect, least some unskilfull Apothecary be deceived by such circumforaneous prestigiatours, who often sell the flowers of Carthamus for Crocus, and Ivory for Monocerots horn; and similate many more, especially rare and precious Medi∣caments, whose use is frequent, and vertues eximious.

Least therefore the Apothecary, in whose hand the life or death of a patient is, be imprudently circumduced by these wicked slaves, for lucres sake, to circumvent the patient, Ile shew him how to de∣tect and avoid these impious frauds and deceits.

A lump of Kids blood kneaded in hot bread pulverised, * 1.478 and La∣danum dissolved and kept in a box, after they are mixed, wherein true musk had been reposed, doth much similate musk: yet it may be detected by its consistency, colour and odour, which soon failes in the fictitious.

The powder of Xyloaloes, Benjoin, Storax, * 1.479 and Ladanum mixed together similate together.

But the peculiar native odour of genuine Amber may be easily di∣seerned from these: Moreover Amber by long attrition in ones hands becomes more friable, these more soft.

The barke of Tamariske, * 1.480 macerated in Cinamon water; and dryed very much, similates Cinamon: but the taste will difference them.

Cloves that are inodorous by age will become fragrant by made∣faction in wine, * 1.481 wherein good Cloves have been macerated, but this acquired odour is fugacious.

Rosin, * 1.482 Frankincense, and a little Storax, mixed together, do fraudulently similate Belzoin: but as they differ in odour, so also in colour, the spurious being full of white spotts.

Some instead of Camphyre sell the gum of Juniper: * 1.483 but none can be thus imposed upon, but such as are very ignorant, for any one thats conversant with Aesculapius may at the first sight detect the fraud.

Opobalsamum with a little oyle doth very much represent liquidam∣bar, * 1.484 wherewith it has affinity in its faculties, and this hath been so peritely adulterated, that it hath deceived the most experienced in Paris.

The Orientall Earth, * 1.485 called Terra Lemnia, is represented by Bole, or common Argill dryed, pulverated, kneaded with Plantain wa∣ter, made into pastills, and signed with the great Turks sigill, with which Character much comes from Bellonium: but the falsity will be deprehended, if both be washed with water, for the water of Terra Lemnia will be fatter, the other more limpid and tenuious.

They vitiate Bitumen also by the mixture of pitch, * 1.486 but the fire will discover it, for that which hath pitch in it, will emit a pleasant odour. * 1.487

Opium is similated by Meconium, or the juice of the leaves, and stalk of black Poppy, but the errour may be discerned by the fat∣nesse, which is much in the genuine, none in the adulterate.

Manna Thuris may easily be adulterated, * 1.488 since the powder of Rosin doth much resemble it, but fire detects the fraud.

Tacamahaca, * 1.489 is adulterated with Gum Elemi, which is very like the true one, for they respond in colour, consistency, and odour, only the one is a little more pleasant to the nose.

Sagapene, Galbanum, Opoponax, and Serapinum, being common, are seldom adulterated. But Bedellium being more rare is adultera∣ted by course Mirrh, and so imposed upon idiots.

Sassafras was unknown of old in Europe; which at its first allation was sold dear, and was thereupon much sophisticated. I knew a man that sold the powder of Box-wood and Fennell-seed for the pow∣der of saffafras: but when plenty of the genuine was conveyed, the a∣dulteration ceased.

Some knaves sell an Oxes heart-bone, for a Harts heart-bone, but they that know both approve of the Harts, and reject the other, as endued with no eximious vertue.

Some substitute great plums for Tamarinds; but they do ill in cal∣ling them Tamarinds, since they differ so apertly in shell, pulpe, and sapour.

I could detect the adulteration and manner thereof of a thou∣sand other Medicaments, out of Dioscorides and other, as well an∣cient as modern Writers, but I hold it better toconceale them, since man is so prone to evill, and so perite to deceive: this Ile say by the way, that waters, liquors, juices and compound Medicaments may be easily adulterated, simples, especially integrall ones, not so easily.

The end of the fourth Book.

OF PHARMACEUTICAL INSTITUTIONS. The fifth Book. Of the formes of Medicaments, whose use is celebrous in precaution and profligation of diseases.

THE FIRST SECTION, Of such as are assumed at the mouth.

THE PREFACE.

AS many Aliments are condited with mixture of se∣verall things, and prepared with laborious arti∣fice, that they may be long conserved without pe∣tretude and marcour, as Pastyes, Puddings, ma∣ny farciments and biscake, on which the Ma∣riners feed sometimes by the space of two years, while they sayle to the Indies, or as that same Pow∣der or meale which the Turkish Souldiers carry in their Zones made like knapsacks, which they knead with water, and coct to the consistence of a pultis, and so feed upon it a whole moneth. Others being conservative not above a day or two, and some not above an houre

without alteration. So many Medicaments will endure in integrall strength for the space of a year or two, being conserved in Pharmacopo∣lyes, as in a rich store-house for future uses: Others not enduring with∣out dammage the space of two dayes in Summer, as those which are pre∣pared for present use, whereof we have determined in order to discourse in this our last Book, beginning with them, that are intrinsecally assa∣med, either by the mouth or other convenient place, as Nose, Fundament, and the like; which are variously compounded, not only according to the variety of the nature of the disease, but also of the part affected, which must have some one, some another consistency, that they may be more commodiously applyed, more fitly adhere, or with more ease be de∣ferred to the part affected, as potibles must be liquid, edibles solid, and ap∣plicatives indifferent, all which, that we may severally prosecute, we will begin with potulents, and then describe other more solid Medica∣ments in this first Section: we will in the second subjoyn a speciall trea∣tise of such as are injected into the belly, or uterus: in the third, we will describe those Medicaments which are applyed to the extrinsecall parts of the body.

CHAP. I. Of some ordinary decoctions common by their long use.

Sometimes the substance alone, sometimes the juice, some∣times the decoction of the Medicament is administred, which decoction, that it may be more easily and successefully assu∣med, must be of simple, distilled, or other convenient water, or hu∣mour, as the intention of the Physician and exigency of the matter requires. Now the liquor, wherein the decoction is made that must be assumed at the mouth (of which alone we now speak) should be en∣dued with no insuave, or violent quality. For potulent decoctions made in the juice of Wormewood, lesser Centory, immature grapes, or Lee, or vinegar, are neither safe, nor gratefull: but unguents, Pills Fotus, and whatever is extrinsecally applicable, that requires decoctions to their preparations, may be decocted in any convenient humour, whether bitter, acerb, salty, or oyly, if the condition of the disease or part affected postulate it.

But now we treat of that more speciall decoction, * 1.490 which after per∣colation, is assumed by the mouth, either alone or mixed, with o∣ther Medicaments dissolved; of which sort, is the common decocti∣on of any Medicament, and the pectorall decoction, which no Me∣dick can well be without.

Now every decoction is either small, or much, or indifferent, ac∣cording to the substance and strength of the Medicament, which is to

be cocted; * 1.491 for some must be decocted gently, as having a rare su∣stance, and weak and dissipable faculties; others will sustain a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 valid decoction, as consisting of a firm, crass, and dense substance, and endued with faculties not so dissoluble; others require a mode rate decoction, whose substance and faculties are of a mean con∣sistency: thus Fruits would not be so little, nor Flowers so much cocted as Roots.

When a Decoction is prescribed absolutely, without the special designation of any liquor, * 1.492 it ought to be made either in pure and simple water, as fountain or river water, or else in rain water; the quantity whereof must respond to the quantity of the Simples to be cocted, as near as may be, without exuberance or defect; for when Simples through coction depose their qualities into the water, if it be copious, and they few, the decoction after percolation will retain be weak faculties: As on the contrary, if many Simples be cocted i•• little water, the decoction will be exhaled and dissipated, and the Simples burned rather than brought to elixation; which is acquired by moderate heat in an humour proportionate to the quantity and ••••∣ture of the thing cocted.

Those that sustain the longest coction, require more abundance of water, the shorter the less, many Simples require much: so that those that are hard, and require long coction, should be demerged in water, and covered two or three fingers therein. Thus a certain measure of water cannot be defined, but is often left to the Apothe∣caries judgement.

When a Decoction is to be made onely for one dosis, * 1.493 it's enough to elixate a few Simples in half a pound of water on a slow fire, till it be boyled to half; if for two dosis, then in a whole pound of wa∣ter; if for four, in two pounds. And thus may the quantity of wa∣ter be augmented, as the Simples are augmented.

There are furthermore three Decoctions very usual in making Me∣dicines. The first is called the common Decoction, which is com∣monly used to the dissolution of Purgatives, sometimes to the co∣ction of Senny leaves, and sometimes to the infusion of Simples.

The second is commonly called the pectoral Decoction, because it is used to all such as bring adjument to the pectoral parts. The third is the glysteral Decoction; of which in its place.

All men do not describe their Confections alike, but every 〈◊〉〈◊〉 adds or detracts something according to his judgement. This is the most vulgar and usual description of the common Decoction.

℞. of clean Barley, p. j. of sweet Plums, nu. vj. of Raisons stoned, Liquorice scraped, an. ••. ss. of Anise and Fennel seeds, an. ʒ. ij. is winter; * 1.494 but in summer of the four greater cold seeds, an. ʒ ij. of the three cordial flowers, an. p. j. let the Decoction be made in two pound of water till half be consumed. This Decoction percolated will be e∣nough for four ordinary doses, or three extraordinary.

The pectoral Decoction, whereof is frequent use in pectoral af∣fections,

is variously also prescribed: but that which Rondeletius gave, is thus amended by Bauderonius.

℞. of whole Barley, p. j. of Figs and Jujubs, an. nu. vj. of Dactyls, * 1.495 nu. vj. of Raisons stoned, and Liquorice, an. ʒ. ss. of Hyssop pretty dry, m. ss. boyl them in lb. ij. of rain or fountain water, to the half.

Some substitute Sebestens for Jujubs, others augment the quantity of Hyssop, others adde Capillaries, and Cordial Flowers: but since their virtue is pectoral enough, which are contained in the form pre∣scribed, there is no necessity of loading it with more; especially con∣sidering, that by how much more Simples go to the making of them up, by so much is their making and assumption more difficult; and so on the contrary.

CHAP. II. Of a Dosis.

THat certain and convenient quantity of any Medicament, which is prescribed, or rather given to a sick man at once, or necessity compelling at twice, is a Dosis: for Dosis is Dation; whereof there are as many varieties, as there are differences in the nature or properties of Medicaments, or Bodyes to which the Medicaments are offered. * 1.496 For there is one Dosis of Li∣quids, another of Solids, and another of those that have a middle consistency. Catharticks also are given in various Doses, which ha∣ving once entred into the body, if they be too valid, or exhibited in too great measure, do not onely exagitate the superfluous humours, but also the good and laudable, and by griping the bowels, hurt the faculties there inhering. One Dosis also is given to children, another to young men, another to men of strength, another to old men, ac∣cording to their several natures, customes, and strength. The Dosis of Liquids is measured and given in ounces; of Solids, sometimes in grains, often in drams, and sometimes in ounces.

Altering Medicaments are seldome given by one ounce alone, * 1.497 un∣less it be to children, or else that they be endued with eximious and valid qualities, as Aqua vitae, Cinamon, and those we call Im∣perial.

Their more usual Dosis consists of three or four ounces; if they be exhibited in greater measure, they cause loathings, they subvert the ventricle, and are insuccessfully excluded by vomit.

Roboratives, especially liquid ones, * 1.498 are given from one ounce to three or four; solid ones are sometimes given by grains, as the Pow∣der of Monoceros; sometimes by scruples and drams, as Cordial Confections, and many Antidotes.

Purgatives are measured and given after the same manner, * 1.499 some by

three, six, or eight grains, as Diacrydion, and Stibium also, which though it be immite and effrenous, yet tamed and castigated by Art, and exhibited by a prudent Physician, often produces successfull ef∣fects: And I see no reason why it may not be used in stead of bet∣ter, to the cure of a contumacious disease.

For if it be lawfull for mans subsidy to seek remedies from Vipers flesh, * 1.500 and their very skin and excrements, how can it be illegitimate to expect solace from those Medicaments, which Neotericks sedulity have invented, their industrious dexterity have secured, and many experiences have proved; though the Antients either were ignorant of them, neglected them, or administred them unduely, as now a∣dayes many malevolent Circulators, who kill innumerable with their Stibium that is ill prepared, and exhibited in an undue dosis, neither when, nor to whom it is meet.

And that I may return to my purpose; * 1.501 some Catharticks are gi∣ven onely in a small dosis, as Colocynthis, and Hellebor, by a few grains or scruples; others by drams, as Rheum; others by ounces, as Manna, Cassia, Tamarinds.

A Dosis then denotes a quantity of a Medicament fit to be exhi∣bited at once; as when any Medicament of three or four ounces at the most is made into the form of a potion, Decoction, or distilled; wherein we dilute Roboratives, as Powders, Antidotes, and Cordial Confections; or infuse Catharticks, as Agarick; or dissolve them, as Catholicon or Diacarthamum; whereof every one hath its peculiar dosis, whereby it should be given in greater or lesser quantity, as it is of weak or valid faculties. But to describe every of these according to the nature and quality of every Medicament, and body, were to comprehend the whole method of Medicine.

CHAP. III. Of a purgative Potion.

EVery kinde of Medicaments may be given in any form, but not so fit perhaps to cure a Disease, or help any part. The most usual form of such as free the passages of obstructions, deduce the vessels, * 1.502 and provoke monthly flowers and urine, is liquid. But those especially that are purgative, require a more potable form, for hereby they more promptly diffuse themselves, more easily in∣grede the small veins, and more efficaciously deduce the humour in∣hering in those parts. For one dram of a solid Medicament diluted with some humour, * 1.503 will move the belly more than twice as much of it whole. Wherefore when we say a purgative Medicament abso∣lutely, we mean a laxative Potion, whose dosis should seldome exceed three ounces, lest by moving the ventricle, it be presently excluded by vomit.

Now purgative Potions are various, according to the various na∣ture of the Medicaments, and humours to be educed: For every hu∣mour except blood, which is vacuated onely by the section of some vein or artery, hath its proper eductive Cathartick; that which pur∣ges Choler, is called a Cholagogous; that which purges Melancholy, Melanagogous; and Phlegm, a Phlegmagogous Medicament.

And of each of these, whether simple or compound, are made purgative Potions, when they are macerated, infused, dissolved, or cocted in some fit liquor; as to educe Choler, thus:

℞. of the roots of Succory, Sorrel, Liquorice, an. ʒ. ij. of Endive, * 1.504 Fumitory, Agrimony, an. m. ss. of the three cordial Flowers, an. p. j. let a Decoction be made in a small quantity of water, wherein in∣fuse of Rhabarb, ʒ. ij. ss. of Orange colour'd Sanders, ℈. ss. dis∣solve in the expression Syrup of Violets, ʒ. vj. and make a potion thereof.

When a stronger Purge is required, either you may augment the quantity of the things, or take a stronger Medicament; as this:

℞. of Diaprun. dissolved, or Electuary of the juice of Roses, ʒ. iij. * 1.505 let it be dissolved in ℥. iij. of the fore mentioned Decoction, or of En∣dive water; put to it of the syrup of Succory compounded with Rhabarb, ℥. j. and make a Potion.

Phlegm may be deduced by many Medicaments, as well simple as compound, as well as Choler; whereof I shall take these few pre∣scriptions in stead of many examples.

℞. Polypody of the Oak, Grass roots, Raisons stoned, of each, ʒ. iij. of the seeds of Carthamus, ʒ. ij. Germander, Ground-pine, Betony, of each, m. ss. of Anise seed, ʒ. j. make a Decoction, in which boyl on a slow fire of the leaves of Senny, ʒ. ij. ss. in the colature infuse of Aga∣rick, ʒ. j. ss. in the expression dissolve of the syrup of white Roses, ʒ. j. make a Potion thereof.

In such a Decoction after colation you may dilute of the Electuary of Diacarthamus, ʒ. iij, or ʒ. ss. of the syrup of damask Roses, ℥. j. that it may be a Potion.

Senny, Rhabarb, and Polypody, vacuate flegm also, and so do Turbitum, Carthamus seed, Colocynthis, Widow-wail, * 1.506 white Helle∣bor, the seed and root of Wall-wort, Benedicta Laxativa, and Dia∣phoenicum; whereof a perite Artificer may make various purgative Potions.

Melancholy also hath its peculiar Catharticks, as Epithymum, * 1.507 Azure stone, Senny, black Hellebor; and amongst the compounds, the Confection Hamech, Catholicum, Diasenna, and King Sabor's sy∣rup. Of one or more whereof dissolved, infused, or cocted in some convenient liquor, a purgative Medicament may be confected; as thus:

℞. Barks and roots of Capers and Tamarisks, roots of Bugloss, * 1.508 Li∣quorice, Raisons and Currens, of each, ʒ iij. of whole Barley, ʒ. ss. Cateras. Maiden hair, Marigolds, Borrage, of each, m. ss. of the three cordial Flowers, of each, p. j. of which make a Decoction, wherein

infuse Senna, ℥. ss. sweet Fennel seeds, ʒ. j. in the Colature dissolve syr. Regis Saboris, ℥. j. make it into a Potion.

Or, ℞. Liquorice, Raisons stoned, an. ʒ iij. Jujubs, nu. vj. Epithy∣mus, Spleenwort, tops of Hops, Wood sorrel, Fumatory, an. m. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Broom flowers, p. ij. make a Decoction, in which dissolve Confectio Hamech, ʒ. j. ss. Diasenna, ʒ. ij. syrup of Violets, ʒ. vj. or ••. j. make it into a Potion.

Catholicum also is usefull to purge Melancholy; * 1.509 for being uni∣versally commodious to purge any noxious humour, it easily accom∣modates it self to those wherewith it is mixed; as if it be mixed with Rhabarb, it purges Choler; if diluted in the decoction of Senny, o•• mixed with the confection of Hamech, it purges Melancholy.

CHAP. IV. Of Juleps.

THE acception of Julep and Syrup with the Arabians is al∣most one and the same, for they confound them together, and speak of them under the same head or Chapter, under∣standing nothing more by an absolute Julep, than Sugar dissolved in Rose water, and cocted to the consistency of a Syrup. But we speak∣ing more distinctly, treat of them both, but in several Chapters and Books, to wit, of Syrups, which should be inspissated by a longer coction in our Officine: but of Juleps, which should be but lightly cocted, and presently assumed, in this our Book of Medicinal Re∣ceipts.

Now Julep is a Persian word, * 1.510 signifying a sweet Potion, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; and they make it of any distilled dulcorate water, as of Syrups of the juice or decoction of Simples, elixated with Su∣gar or Honey to a more crass consistency.

Serapio, that he might eschew the insuavity of all odour and sa∣pour, confected a Julep, or rather Hydrosacharum, of Water and Su∣gar onely, which he calls a simple Syrup. Avicenna, to conciliate more suavity, adds thereto a third part of Rose-water. Mesue takes not onely water, but confects Juleps of juices, infusions, and deco∣ctions. And the vulgarity of men call all limpid dulcorate Potions Julens, whether they be made of distilled waters onely, or of the decoction of a few sweet simples, and much water percolated, clari∣fied, * 1.511 and dulcorated; such as the Julep, or rather Syrup of Jujubs; for when it is made of a hundred great Jujubs, and four pounds of water cocted to the half, and one pound of sugar, it acquires a more crass consistency than a Julep; and therefore when it comes to be u∣sed, it requires dilution in simple water cocted, or in a Prisane, where∣as a Julep is limnid enough of it self. And that same Syrup, which

from its frequent use there; derives its name from Alexandria, * 1.512 is im∣properly called a Julep, since it is as much inspissiated by coction, and as long kept as any Syrup.

Now the Julep of Roses is right made, when it consists of Rose∣water, with half as much Sugar cocted almost to the crassitude of a Syrup, or little less, if it be presently to be assumed, as vulgar Juleps, * 1.513 which are made for present use, of Sugar, or some Syrup, with thrice its quantity of water: as,

℞. The water of Endive, ℥. iij. Syrup of Limons, ℥. j. mingle them.

Thus Juleps should be of a more liquid consistency, that they may be percolated: but those that are longer cocted, or receive onely a double quantity of Water to their Sugar, as the syrup of Roses, * 1.514 ac∣cording to Rondeletius, or an equal weight of both, according to Syl∣vius; are because of their crassitude scarce fluid, and admit not of percolation.

Therefore according to the different coction and quantity of Wa∣ter to the Sugar, it will be a Syrup, if both be equal; or a Julep, if three parts of Water be put to one of Sugar, according to Loubertus.

Since Juleps are easy to make, I shall onely describe one or two forms.

℞. of the waters of Fumatory and Wood sorrel, an. ℥. ij. of Sugar, ℥. j. boyl them on a gentie fire till one ounce be consumed; make it into a Julep for one dose.

An Hypnotical Julep to conciliate sleep, may be thus made:

℞. The water of Water lillyes, ʒ. ij. of Betony, ℥. j. Syrup of Poppyes simple, ℥. j. drink it at the hour of sleep, which is at nine of the clock at night.

CHAP. V. Of distilled Restoratives.

ALL analeptical and restorative Medicaments, which refocillate the habit of the body absumed by long disease or hunger, which are prescribed to resartiate the vigour of the faculties weakned with languor, are not onely taken from medicinal, but ali∣mental matter. For whereas they conduce partly to the nutriment of the body, and partly to the cure of the part affected, it is manifest by reason, that they should be endued with various qualities.

Now they are called distilled Medicaments, * 1.515 because they are di∣stilled drop by drop from an Alembick into a subjected Vessel; and Restoratives, because they are extracted from nutritive flesh, from Conserves, Cordial Powders, and all such things as either by their odour or substance refresh the spirits, or roborate the principal parts.

Many disapprove of the custome of the ancients, who distilled the raw flesh of Capons or Partridges, purged from their bones and fat∣nesse, together with the powders and conserves: for seeing raw flesh is hardly concocted, and the faculty of the powders easily, and dis∣sipable, with what reason are these mixed, especially seeing, that the water first distilling from the crude flesh, corrupts soon; they seem to do better, that put the flesh halfe cocted and its own juice, into the Alembick with the other materialls.

Neither do we approve of their action, * 1.516 who coct golden chains together with the flesh, seeing nothing of them is dissolved; nor yet extracted from them, save that filth they have contracted by touch∣ing.

Their custome is more laudable, who cast filings of Gold into co∣ction, as the Apothecaryes of Paris use to do, who spare no cost, that they may confect their restoratives and other compounds well.

This solemn and excellent distillation may be thus accomplished.

℞. Of the broth of one Capon, and 2. Partridge. lb. ij. of the wa∣ters of Buglosse, Wood Sorrell and Water-Lillyes, of each as much as will suffice: of the Conserve of violets, succory and roses, of each ℥. ij. Pulveris Diamargariti frigidi, Electuarii triasantali & diarrhodonis Abbatis an. ℥. j. Troches of Camphor. ℥. ij. filings of Gold ʒ. j. ss. put them all into an Alembeck, and after convenient maceration, let them be distilled according to Art.

The description of another distillation excellent against hot and malignant feavers.

℞. Of the waters of Wood sorrell, Goates-beard, Carduus, Succory, of each ℥. iiij. Cock broth lb. j. Conserve of Water-Lillyes, Roses, of each ℥. j. Treacle ℥. ss. of the powder of the roots of Angelico and Ter∣mentill, of each ʒ. ij. Dictamus ℥. j. Carduus and Citron-seeds, of each ʒ. ij. Sage and Orange flowers of each p. iij. put all these into a still, and according to Art proceed to the distillation.

You may adde to a portion of this same distillation, when you would use it some fit liquor, as the juice of Lemmons or Orenges, with a little common sugar, or conserve of Roses, if the sick de∣sire it.

CHAP. VI. Of Decoction or Apozemes.

GErmany indeed (that I may a little decline from the rode) is happy, in that it is not only a nursery of famous men, but a treasure also of precious things. Yet as the frugiferous tree brings forth with fragrant Apples blasted blossomes, and sometimes pestiferous fruits, so hath she produced a very Monster in nature, I

mean that Pseudomedick Paracelsus, who professed the Devill the Authour of his Medicine, calling his characters and words, the Devils Art; our syrups and decoctions, mans inventions; Hero∣philus the ancient Philosopher denoted these, as also all Medicaments, with more sanctity, calling them, the Auxiliatory hand of the Gods; which being indued with divine and admirable faculties, are able to cure the diseased, and preserve the sound body. Upon this account Heraclitus, famous also amongst Philosophers, was wont to call sacrifices, Medicaments, because they like some praepotent Physick purge the soul, as medicaments do the body. Cael. Rhod. cap. 2. lib. 12.

The Impostor said truely, when he called decoctions, mans me∣dicaments, for herewith the quality of the peccant humours is tem∣pered, many pains eased, the violence of the untimely guest death abated, the acerbity of the symptomes mitigated, and the parts redu∣ced to their native bonity and vigour; for they are made of all kinds, but especially of alterative and roborative Medicaments; wherein sometimes some benign purgative simples are infused in small quantity, for it were absurd to call any blackish, ingratefull laxa∣tive decoction, wherein much Senny, or half an ounce of some ele∣ctuary, as Catholicum, or some lenitive hath been dissolved, an A∣pozeme: for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 with the Greeks comes from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to fervefy, * 1.517 or decoct; and an Apozeme is onely used for the thin decoction of hearbs.

Now the whole matter of Apozemes is from plants, of whose wa∣ter juleps are made, and of whose decoction, Apozems, and Sy∣rups; amongst which there is this difference, that juleps are tenuious, * 1.518 syrups crasser, and Apozemes in the mean, all dulcorated either with sugar or honey, or both, and according to their different consi∣stency, more or lesse cocted.

The ancients used sweet water wherein they had cocted the leaves of some plants, instead of Apozemes, as many now a dayes do the broath of green hearbs altered with some mixture: For the vertue of hearbs is as well left in chickens broath, by elixation, as in sim∣ple water, and these alterative broaths are both cheaper, and more gratefull than Apozemes: yet a sicke man may use both, recei∣ving broath made of fit hearbs by the Physicians advice, from a Cook that knowes nothing further than a pan or spit, and Apozemes prepared with prudence, and industrious Artifice, from the Apo∣thecary; not for nutriment as the broath, but calefaction, frigefaction, humectation, siccation, apertion, or some such mutation; and therefore sometimes roots or other parts of bitter, or insuave hearbs, are taken, purged, and cocted in a sufficient quantity of water, being usefull for that purpose; and an Apozeme made for many or few doses ac∣cording to the quantity of the decoction, our of the broath percola∣ted; dulcorated with sugar or honey, and if need be, aromatized with Sanders or Cinamon:

These Apozemes are not onely made in Summer, while hearbs are fresh, but in Winter also, when either none, or onely arid ones can he had; though then indeed the use of syrups is more frequent, which differ from Apozemes onely in coction, which should be more valid in syrups that are more crasse and durable, than in Apo∣zemes in Winter, and Apozemes to Syrups in Summer, whereby so that syrups are Vicegerents to Apozemes it seemes two names denote one thing: but in Syrups a greater quantity of sugar is requisite, to wit the weight of the whole decoction, in Apo∣zemes various, as sometime, the third, sometimes the fourth part of sugar or honey to the weight of the decoction: for it is suf∣ficient, if you put to every pound of the decoction one quadrant, that is three ounces of sugar, or syrup, or at most a trient, that is four ounces, But when the sapour of the liquour is very ingratefull, the weight of the sugar must be augmented, and when the Apo∣zeme is made, it must be despumed, and purged with the white of eggs.

Apozemes are variously confected, according to their severall pur∣poses, * 1.519 as to remove obstructions thus.

℞. The Roots of Asparagras, Butchers Broome, Saccory, Liquo∣rish, Raisons stoned, of each ℥. ss. of the leaves of Maidenhaire, Agrimony, Pimpinell, Topps of Hopps, Mugwort, of each m. ss. topps of Hysop p. ij. The three Cordiall flowers, of each p. j. Boyle these in lb. ij. ss. of water, till halfe be cousumed, adde to the colature, Syrup of Maidenhaire or sugar ℥. iiij. fiat Apozema for foure doses.

Another to moderate and asswage the fervour of Choller, thus.

℞. Of the Roots of Succory, Wood-sorrell, Sorrell, of each ℥. ss. Liquorish, * 1.520 Currands, of each ʒ. iij. Endive, Succory, Dandilyon, Wood-sorrell, Fumitory, Lettice, Purslane, of each m. j. White Roses m. ss. or the three Cordiall flowers of each p. j. Boyle them in a sufficient quantity of water, and in the colature dissolve Syrup of the juice of Wood-sorrell, or Lemmons, or Sugar of Roses ℥. iiij. aromatize it with yellow Sanders ʒ. ss. for foure doses.

CHAP. VII. Of Gargarismes.

GAROARISMES are instituted to the diseases and affe∣ctions of the Mouth, Gumms, Palate and throat, whose fa∣culty, according to Celsus cap. 23. lib. 5. is either levative, or repressive, or evocative. Creame or milk of Barly leviate; water, wherein lentills, or roses, or black berryes, or quinces, or dates

have been cocted, represses. And Mustard, Pepper or such sharpe Medicaments evoke. But Gargarismes, in Actuarius his judge∣ment (Cap. 6. lib. 3. Method. Medend.) should not be confected hereof without the admixtion of some sweet things, least they should too much offend the gust.

For when the liquor hausted to the Gurgulio, is again revoked to wash the whole concavity of the mouth; if it be too sharp, it will with its mordacity offend the gustative organs. Therefore the sharp simples, whereof Gargarismes are confected, are either mixed with Hydromel, or simple water, wherein the syrup of Stecados, dry Roses, or other such sweet decoction hath been dissolved in such quantity, as to abate much of their acrimony, or amaritude.

To educe flegme from the brain or jawes make a Gargarisme thus.

℞. Pellitory ʒ. ij. Cypress root, and Turbith, of each ʒ. iij. * 1.521 Ele∣campane, ℥. j. Tops of Origanum, Hysop, and Sage, of each m. j. boyle them in a pinte and half of water till a third part be consumed, in the colature mixe Oximel simplex, ℥. iij. fiat Gargarisma, or thus.

℞. Liquorish, Carthamus seed an. ℥. ss. Bay berryes, Stavesacre, of each ʒ. iij. Mustard seed, white peper an. ʒ. ij. Galangal. ʒ. j. stae∣chados, Betony an. m. ss. boyle them in Hydromel. pro Gargarizatu.

To roborate the mouth, and deterge its collutions make one thus. * 1.522

℞. The leaves of the Prune tree, tops of Bryers, Plantaine, Jews∣care, red Roses an. m. j. balaustians, tops of Mirtles, of each m. ss. Barley, Berberies, of each ℥. ss. boyle them in two pintes of water, till half be consumed; to the colature add the syrup of dryed Roses, of mul∣herryes, of each ℥. ij. mingle them.

This following Gargarisme conduces to the cure of the French disease in the throat or other part of the mouth.

℞. Of Guaicum, ℥. j. Sarsaperilla, Sasafras, * 1.523 of each ℥. ss. lignum Lentisci ʒ iij. boyle them in two pintes of water, till a third part be consumed, adding towards the end of the coction Liquorish ʒ. vi. Roses Sage and Rosmary of each p. j. with the colature often wash the throat.

Gargarismes may be used at any time, especially in the morning and betwixt meales, but they should be new continually; for by long keeping they corrupt, and rather harme than heale the mouth.

CHAP. VIII. Of Emulsions.

AS one disease may be cured by many and different Medica∣ments, so may one Medicament cure many, and different dis∣eases, as the same called by the later Medicks, an emulsion, which may be accomodated to many uses; for it conduces much to

the mitigating the griefes of the heart and lungs, to the conciliating of sleep; to the refrigerating of immoderate heat; to the asswaging of the Urines acrimony, and extinguishing the ardour of the reins. They therefore seem much to be deceived, who think that emul∣sions serve to nothing, save the cure of the virulent flux of the sperme; for in many things they may be used instead of Apozems and Hordeates, when they are confected of brayed seeds, which refrigerate, leniate, move urine, or conciliate sleep, upon which in the time of contrition either a Ptisane, or decoction of such simples as conduce to that purpose must be superfused; as when purged Almonds and Artichocks, with the decoction of jujubs, and dry grapes are contunded for the asperity of the jawes: the fri∣gid seeds, with the decoction of Lettices, and of the flowers of Water-Lillyes, for the heat of the bowells, and the same seeds with the decoction of the roots of seeds of Althea, Liquorice and Figgs, for the Acrimony of urine.

The quantity of the decoction must be augmented or diminished according to the quantity of the seeds; an emulsion should neither be absolutely crasse, nor absolutely liquid, but in a mean betwixt the consistency of Apozems and Syrups, like the more limpid A∣mygdalates, which in colour and sapour differ not much from e∣mulsions, but they are somewhat more crasse, as Hordeates are den∣ser than Amygdalates, Syrups than Hordeates, Eclegmes, than Syrups, and Electuaryes than Eclegmes.

These are the best descriptions of Emulsions, for the diseases of the breast and lungs.

℞. * 1.524 Of sweet Almonds blanched, ℥. j. Pine kernells not rancid ℥. ss. the 4. greater Coole seeds, of each ʒ iij. beat them in a stone morter, and with a pint of the decoction made of Jujubs and Raisons, con∣quass them together, dulcorate it with ℥ 4. of sugar for 4. doses.

To extinguish the ardour of the reins, and abate the Acrimony of urine.

℞. * 1.525 The 4. greater Coole seeds, of each ℥ ss. the seeds of Lettice, and white poppyes, of each ʒ ij. bruise them well in a marble morter, and mix with them one pinte of water, or Ptisan: in the Colature dissolve syrup Nimphaea ℥ iij. for ʒ. doses.

This following Emulsion conduces to the cure of the virulent flux of the sperme after other universall remedyes.

℞. Water Lentills, Lettice seed, of each ʒ ij. Purslain and Plan∣tain seed, of each ʒ j. the 4. greater Coole seeds of each ℥ ss. beat them in a stone morter, powring on Barley water lb j. ss. add su∣gar of Roses ℥ iiij. for 5. or 6. doses. To be taken two houres before meales.

CHAP. IX. Of Amygdalates.

ALmonds are either bitter, which are solely Medicinall, or sweet, which are partly alimentall, partly Medicamentall. Of these, a certain potion is confected, white as milk, which Physicians prescribe to feaverish and pectorall affections: for though Almonds, according to Paulus Aegyn. lib. 7. de re Med. and Oribasius cap. 2. lib. 2. Synopseos, be moderately hot, or rather temperate, yet being brayed and diluted in water, their fervour is abated, and by a certain inciding and attenuating faculty purge the breast and bowells (Actuar. cap. 7. de spirit. animal. nut.) now of their cremour may be made a certain sorbicle, which doth both nourish and lenify the asper Artery, and facilitate the projection of such humours as are contained in the breast, which is thus made.

℞. Of Almonds blanched ℥ ij. beat them in a stone morter; and poure on lb ss. of water, add ʒ vj. of sugar, boyle them a little on the fire, and afterwards let it be given.

Some adde to the mixture two or more grains, others refuse: * 1.526 it may be administred at any time, especially to such as love not pot∣tage or broath, but it is most frequently given at the houre of sleep, and then you may put to it a little of the seed of white Poppy or Lettice, especially if it be prescribed to a sick man, that cannot sleep. Some bray Almonds with warme water, and so by the addi∣tion of a little sugar make it up without fire, and so give it. But its better to bray them with luke-warme water, and afterwards elixate them after the usuall manner; the quantity of sugar should be aug∣mented or diminished as the condition of the affection requires, for as sweet things are bechicall, and most accommodate to the affecti∣ons of the breast & Lungs, so by how much the Amygdalate is more obdulcorated with sugar, by so much it is more convenient to them; by how much its lesse obdulcorated, by so much fitter for the fea∣verish.

This sweet potion is very common at Lutetia, * 1.527 in so much that the very women make of it daily, so that their Medicks never describe any receipt, but bids the Apothecary make an amygdalate, leaving the materialls to his arbitration. A greater quantity, both of sugar and Almonds must be put in the confection thats made for such as love solids, lesse of each and more of water, for such as love li∣quids.

CHAP. X. Of the Antients Ptisane or Hordeate.

THe vulgar Ptisane is a potion made of Liquorice-water, and a little barley, and often without: the Ancients Pti∣sane is a meat made of select barley, decortticated with grinding, and water, hence Ptisana from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to grinde and decorticate, * 1.528 by Galens advice (cap. 2. lib. de Ptisana) the barley should be fat, partaker of no adventitious quality, neither too new; nor too old, nor yet wrinckled, which Barley thus selected must be macerated in water, then brayed in a morter, that the exte∣riour shell, and all glumosity may be excussed, then rubbed with ones hands, washed, and purged from the bran, then dryed and kept; and when use calls for it, then must a part of it be cocted in twelve times as much water on a slow fire, till it swell to the height, depose all flatuosity, * 1.529 and become a smooth, continuall, equall, and lubricall juice: thus the Ancients at first cocted their Ptisane, and exhibited it to the sick: yet some of them mixed with it boyled wine or honey, or cummin, and others a little oil, vineger and salt, but we being more delicate, add none of these, but onely sugar, and sometimes a few Almonds, and as we retain not the mixture of the Ancients, so neither do we keep the name, calling that a hor∣deate, which Hippocrates and Galen called a Ptisane, and its thus made at Lutetia.

℞. The best Barley well purified ℥ ij. boyle it upon a gentle fire in cleere water, till the barley begins to swell, pour off the water, and let fresh be poured on, then boyle it upon a cleare fire for four or five houres, afterwards straine it; add to the colature ʒ vj. of sugar, after∣wards boyle it againe, and so make use of it.

For thus your Hordeate will be more crasse and nutritive, in Italy they do not boyl it after colature, and it is more liquid, and more greedily assumed by some patients, but it nourisheth not so much, and therefore is assumed not only once a day about the houre of sleep, but twice, or thrice like a julep.

And seeing barley however prepared cannot be made to calify, but is alwayes cold according to Galen (com. ad part. 30. lib. 1. de vict. acut. cap: 16. lib. 1. de aliment.) a Ptisane made of these two is both good Medicament and aliment for the feaverish, for it both nou∣rishes and cures, and in nourishing supplies the place both of meat and drink, and operates like Alita and Rice. (Gal. lib. 1. de alimen. lib. 1. de vict. acut. cap. 237. libr. de simpl. medicament.)

CHAP. XI. Of Lohoch or Eclegms made for present use.

WE have spoken at large of Eclegmes in generall, now we come to treat of those in speciall, which must be made and exhibited presently, being not conservative without alteration, be∣cause in two or three dayes they rise so much through fermentation, that they cannot be kept within their potts, unlesse they be agitated with a spatula or liquorice stick; for so the sugar is more accurately mixed with the liquor, and the mixture settles more easily, and may be more securely kept. Now Lohochs are prescribed for various effects, according to the various matter, * 1.530 and qualities of the Medi∣caments whereof they consist, which if they be sweet and gratefull to the palate, leniate the asper artery, concoct the humours, move and educe spittle: if dulcoacid incide, attenuate, and prepare viscous and crasse Phlegme; if dulcoamare deterge, coct and expurgate. But because amaritude very much offends the guste, bitter things, save in small quantity, never ingrede this confecture, for it is al∣ways almost compounded of sweet things, as Liquorice juice, Ju∣jubs, Pine Apple, Sugar-Candy, Penidis, Electuary of d••aireos, or diatragacanthum, or such like confections pulverated, and suba∣cted with honey, some fit syrup, or both.

A lohoc thus confected conduces to the incision and attenuation of crasse humors.

℞. Electuarii diaireos simplicis, ℥ j. sugar candy ℥. ss. * 1.531 Annis condited ʒ ii. syrup of Hysop, and oxtmell simplex, of each ℥. i. ss. mixe them well together, which you may use often, either fasting in the morning, or betwixt meales, upon a Liquorish stick.

To coct and expectorate humours, the frequent use of this fol∣lowing lohoch doth much conduce.

℞. Diatragacanthi frigid. ʒ. vi. diair is Solomonis, Alphenici, * 1.532 of each ℥ ss. with the syrup of Liquorish, or Maidenhaire, make it in∣to a Lohoch.

This Eclegme following stops Rheums falling upon the lungs.

℞. Penides, Diatrag. frigid. of each ℥. ss. sugar of Roses, ʒ vi. * 1.533 Terrae Lemniae ℥ ii. with the syrup of Poppyes, make it into a Linctus.

This cures eroding fluxions, and the distempers of the Lungs, or at least reduces them to a better state.

℞. Manus Christi perlatae ℥. j. Ter. Sigill. pulv. Diatragan. frigid. of each ʒj. red corall ℥ ss. Lapis Haemath. ℈. j. with syrup of Balme, make it into a Lohoch.

CHAP. XII. Of Apophlegmatismes.

THE head aggravated with excrementitious humours, espe∣cially with phlegme, may, be emptied with many kindes of Medicaments, but none can effect this without the molesta∣tion of other parts; for phlegmagogous potions or pills, while they educe Phlegme from the brain, do importunately molest the ventricle and members adjoyning, and by moving the belly cause grievous pains, and very often excite heart aches and swoun∣ings; * 1.534 but Apophlegmatismes, being indued with a sapour not so ungratefull, affects the concavity of the mouth more gently, atract∣ing abundance of Phlegme through the emissaryes of the palate from the brain, which may be easily excluded by frequent sputa∣tion. Now all simples, whereon Apophlegmatismes consist, are hot, and often indued with acrimony, whereby they do not onely atte∣nuate, incide, and attract the cold humour, but also excite the ex∣pulsive faculty to its worke.

These things project Phlegme, Mastick chewed, or made into a gargarisme, sage, stavesacre, thyme, penny-royall, carthamus, pep∣per, mustard, bartram, ginger, acorus, the roots of deluce, and Cyperus, whereof some cut into small pieces are masticated and grinded with the teeth, or pulverated, and put into some conve∣nient liquour, and so formed into pills or trochiskes; or obvolved in some thin cloath, and made up like a knot: or elixated, and their decoction percolated and kept in ones mouth, like a gargarisme.

Their more usuall forme is solid, that they may be longer detai∣ned in the mouth, and masticated whence a masticatory is used for an Apophlegmatisme and an apothegmatisme for a masticatory: the head must decline while the Medicament is masticated or chewed, and the lips be open, that the humour attracted and congested may have more free and speedy passage.

Many formes or receipts of this Medicament might be described, but that I may not be tedious, one or two shall serve: as,

℞. Staves-acre ʒ iij. mastich ʒ ij. cubebs ʒ j. pellitory ʒ ss. make of these a fine powder, and with syrup or juice of damasks roses make them into little troches, or thus:

℞. The roots of orris ʒij. long pepper, mustard-seed, pellitory, Aga∣ricke, of each ʒ j. stavesacre ʒ i ss. beat these into a very fine powder, and with the best honey make them up into the forme of pills globular: and rowle them up in sarsnet, which at the time you would use them, hold in your mouth, till Rheume distills.

CHAP. XIII. Of a Purging bolus.

SUch as nauscate and abhorre liquid purgations, and cannot receive pills, because of their insuavity, or the squalour of their ingredients; stand in need of a Medicament which is of a middle consistency betwixt a potion and a pill; which anti∣quity hath named a Bolus, for so that is called, which is taken by pieces or morsells, as the vulgar tearme it; * 1.535 so that a Bolus is a piece of a purgative Medicament of the consistency of an opiate, fit for ingestion, and of such crassitude, as it may be easily swallowed whole, some of the Latins call it Buccea.

It may be made of any kind of purgative, * 1.536 except such as by their insuavity move loathing and abhorrence, or such whose malignity cannot be castigated, nor yet their substance be assumed.

Sometimes alteratives, and Aromaticall simples are mixed there∣with to correct the effcrous nature of the purgatives, or to conci∣liate a more gratefull odour, and sapour, or to helpe to the robora∣tion of some part, but yet in small quantity, least the bulk of the bolus swell too much, which the sick do much abhor, * 1.537 for many are moved at the first taste of a Medicament, are angry at the second, and mad at the third.

The manner of the boles confection is most simple, as being oft made of nothing but Cassia alone; for this is the basis of boles, as A∣loes is of pilis; the use of boles as it is frequent, so it is wholesome in hot weather.

℞. Of the Pulpe of Cassia newly extracted ℥ j ss. * 1.538 powder of yellow Sanders ℈ j. mix them well together, and with syrup of violets, make it into a Bolus, which take upon the point of a knife, drinking broth after it.

Rhabarb or some scamoniall Medicine is often added to Cassia, as to the deduction of choller, thus:

℞. Ext. Cassiae ℥ j. diapruni solutivi ʒ ij. powder of liquorish ℈ j. make it up into a bole with sugar, or syrup of succory.

But because Cassia by its flatuosity oft causes dolours in the belly, which by its molestation brings swounings to the delicate, its quan∣tity should be small, that it might be extracted with the other va∣pours, or something mixed with it, that might discusse its wind.

℞. Pulp of Cassia, extracted with the decoction of Aniseseeds ʒ vi. the Electuary of the juice of Roses. ʒ ii. Rhabarb ʒ ss. with sugar, make it into a bole.

If Cassia be wanting, * 1.539 yet boles may be confected, for they be made of the Pulpe of prunes, tamarinds, Raisons, and many Ele∣ctuaries; for of these and many other purgative Medicaments, as well simples, as compounds, may be made laxative opiats, which may be taken fasting in the forme of a bole.

CHAP. XIV. Of Opiates.

WE have abundantly discoursed afore. cap. 13. lib. 3. of opl∣ates in generall, and we hold it superfluous to speak the same things over again, therefore we shall now onely describe some re∣ceipts of particular opiats, after which paradigme it will not be dif∣ficult to confect others.

Now opiates, * 1.540 are not prescribed solely to conciliate sleep (though they derive their denomination from Opium) but to purge, robo∣rate, or other wayto alter, as other liquid Electuaryes, in which order they may justly be ranked, as partaking of the same consi∣stency and manner of composition.

Their materialls are powders put into honey, * 1.541 or a syrup, and sometimes into sweet wine, and accurately subacted with a pestell, wherewith some conserves, or other cordiall or cephalicall confe∣ctures have been compounded, such as roborate the heart, and con∣serve and exhilarate the integrity of the vitall faculties. An opiate may be confected for the richer sort thus.

℞. Of the conserves of the flowers of Bugloss and Borage, of each ʒ iii. Conserve of marigolds, Citron pill condited, of each ʒ i. confecti•• Alkermes, de Hyacintho, of each ʒ i. spec. de gemmis, diamarg. frigid. Laetitiae Gal. of each ℈ j. East Bezoar, and Monncerves horne of each ℈. ss. and with ʒ ii. of the syrup of preserved mirabolans, or Lemons, fiat opiata

The sequell receipt confers much to the roboration of the brain, and the recreation of the drowsy vitall faculties.

℞. Conserves of Betony ʒ vi. of Roses ℥ ss. Confectio Alkermes, ℈ iiii. spec. dianthos ℈ ii. diamarg. frigid. dianisi, diamosch. dul. an. ℈ i. with syrup of Staechados fiat Opiata.

Let this be assumed by such whose ventricle languishes through frigidity, or humidity, and imbecility of the digestive faculty.

℞. Old conserve of Roses ℥ ss. of Rosemary flowers ʒ ii. can∣did Nutmeg ʒ i. spec. aromat. Rosat ℈ ii. diacinamomi ℈ i. Di∣ambrae ℈. ss. Syrup of mint or Julep of Roses, as much as will suffice to make it up into an opiate, of which take ʒ i. at a dose.

This for the poorer sort.

℞. Conserve of Roses ℥ j. Enulacampane condited ℥. j. ss. the best Bole washed in Carduus water ʒ ss. with the syrup of Wood-sorrell, make into an opiate.

CHAP. XV. Of Condites.

FOr the commodity of those parts, which hold the principali∣ty in natures oeconomy, a certain mixture is invented, more pleasant than opiates, which the later Medicks call a con∣dite.

It consists of conserves, cordiall powders and sugar, * 1.542 mixed in an unequall quantity; for to the confection of a Granulatum, there is re∣quired more conserves, lesse powder, and far more sugar than to an opiate, and the conditure is often over-spread with lea•• gold, that it may be more gratefull to the eyes, and more potent in its qualities. For it is confected of all kinds of cordialls, save those that are dis∣gustfull. For since it should be frequently used by those, to whom it is accommodated, to wit by macilent languishing, and such per∣sons as are beginning to recover their healths, it should partake of very little or no insuavity.

A condite to refartiate lost strength may be thus made.

℞. Citron pill condited ʒ ij. Conserve of Buglosse and Roses, * 1.543 of each ℥. ss. spec. de gemmis, diambrae, diamarg. frigidi an ℈. j. the bone in the heart of a Hart, ℈. ss. Unicornes horne, Bezoar stone, of each gr. vj. Leaves of gold nu vj. sugar of Roses, the treble quantity of the whole, or as much as will suffice to make it a condited Cranulate.

This following condite may with successe be exhibited of such, whose ventricle through imbecillity naufeares, and ejects all escu∣lents and potulents presently after their assumption.

℞. Old Conserve of Roses ʒ vj. of the greater Comfrey ʒ ij. pulveris diarhod. Abatis ℈ ii. burnt Ivory, red Corall, of each ℈ i. the sugar of Roses, three times the weight of the whole, or as much as will suffice to make it a Condite, of which take fasting in the morning and before every meale ℥ i.

CHAP. XVI. Of the regall paste.

THe regall paste and opiates have so much affinity each with other, * 1.544 consisting both almost of the same ingredients, that according to Rondeletius, the onely distinction is that the regall paste is more dry than an opiate, and more humid than an electuary, or rather more solid than both: for the consistency of an opiate, and an electuary differ so little, that they may be easily thought the same; but however it be to an opiate, it is not maza∣pane as Gorraeus is of opinion, but a certain confection so called by the more recent, * 1.545 and by Mesue the regall electuary; for because of its princely, that is; eximious faculty it hath against expectoration and other pectorall affectious, it acquired that name.

It consists of conserves, pulpes, syrups, and powders prepared and subacted with such industry, that out of the mixture results a tractible masse like paste, whereof boles or other small sweet breads are confected, from whence it derives its denomination, which dry so by little and a little, that when they come to be used they doe not commaculate the fingers of the assumer with their lentour, and these pastes are thus confected.

℞. Blanched Almonds, Pistakes, Pine-kernells, of each ℥ ss. Pulp of Jujubees, Dates, Damaske prunes; of each ʒ iii. Gum Thra∣ganth ʒ i. Starch ℥ ss. and with as much sugar of Roses as will suffice to make it up into a paste.

Rondeletius prescribes a paste thus described for to move spittle.

℞. Conserve of Maidenhaire, and Bugloss, of each ℥ ss. Pul. Diatrag. frigid. Diaireos simp. of each ʒ ii. Penniddees, Sugar Candy, of each; ii. and with a little Syrup of Liquorish, or as much as will suffice to make it up into a paste: but know, that if you put a little too much syrup to it, you will make its consistence more liquid, and so instead of paste make an opiate.

CHAP. XVII. Of Mazapane.

MAzapane or Marchypane is a confection so named by the more recent, which is a most frequent junket, for it is most gratefull to the gust, and nourishes very much, wherefore it is prescribed to the macilent, and such per∣sons, as are vexed with any preternaturall affection in the breast or Lungs.

Many bechicall and sweet ingredients go to this confection, as su∣gar, pistack-nutts, pine-kernells, and other sweet fruits, which brayed, and accurately subacted with simple, or rose-water, become a masse, whereof wafers or morsells, * 1.546 (as Rondelet calls them) are concinnated, which are gently cocted in an Oven, till of red they be∣come yellow, and acquire a competent hardnesse.

The vulgar manner of this confecture with the dulciaryes is most simple, as being made onely of Almonds, rose-water and su∣gar.

But Apothecaries by a Physicians advice, adde something to these which hath respect to some one part, which tempers some noxious humour, and by its nutritive, as well as Medicinall facul∣ty, preserves as well as resartiates sanity.

The most usuall and pleasant confection of Mazapane is this.

℞. Sweet Almonds decorticated, ℥ iij. Pistakes ℥ j. * 1.547 bruise them very well in a morter, with a little Rose-water, add thereunto) the finest sugar lb ss. fiat pasta, which you may make into what forme you please.

Marchepane after this manner is usuall also (and very accomo∣date) to expell flatuosity.

℞. Pistakes ℥ j. blanched Almonds ℥ ij. Anifeseed ʒ i. Cina∣mon ℈ i. after they are finely beaten add of the finest loafe sugar, four ounces, and so make it up into a paste, which if by too much water it be too liquid, let it fervefy in a bason, on a slow fire till it be more crasse, then make Marchpane, which dry a little in the Oven after bread hath been extracted.

Those little long masses of bread which are confected of flower and thrice or four times as much sugar, with a little Coriander, * 1.548 and a small portion of eggs subacted together, may by some affinity be referred hither, which they commonly call Biskakes: But I would not put my sickle into another mans harvest therefore I will leave these sweet breads to the confectioners.

CHAP. XVIII. Of Piniolates or Pignolates.

ANother kind of paste is made almost after the same manner, which the Neotericks call Piniolate or Pignolate, because its made of Pine kernells, cleansed and immerged in melted sugar, and cocted to the consistency of condite sugar.

But that the Pine kernells may depose all their rancour, they should be macerated a whole day or half at least in water, and Rose∣water should be dropt into the confection, for so it will be more gratefull to the gust, as also to the smell, if a grain of Muske be mixed therewith, as we see in many junketts which are set at the

head of the table, the most usuall forme of confecting pineolates, is this.

℞. Of the finest sugar dissolved and cocted in Rose water, till it be about the consistency of an Electuary lb ss. mingle with ℥ ii. of Pine kernells infused in water for the space of twelve houres, afterward; stir them together with a spatula, that the whole masse may be subigated, in the end add mosch ℈ i. and so make a paste, whereof you may make Cylinders which repose and exsiccate on a paper, that they may grew harder.

CHAP. XIX. Of Pandalea.

THere is another kind of solid paste called Pandaleon, which is by Rondeletius prescribed to the affections of the breast and lungs, for it consists of many things that attenuate, and coct viscid humours, and move expectoration, and all Pandaleas seem to be bechicall, nothing differing from pectorall Ecclegmes and syrups, save in consistency, nor from solid Electuaryes save in externall forme: for they are compounded, made and cocted after the same manner, onely solid Electuaries are harder, and are rolled out in∣to quadrate or long figures; and Pandaleas are kept whole in a woodden box, as conserves in a glasse or earthen vessell, and when use calls for them, they are cut with a spoon or knife, and a piece thereof given, to be retained in the mouth like so much Al∣phenix, or bechicall Tablets, that it may melt, and go down like a lohoch. It hath the same consistency, and is kept in the like vessells as those same sugared confections or comfitures, usuall, and fre∣quent in Spain, which they call Marmelades.

They are made commonly of some sweet powder and sugar per∣fectly concocted in some convenient water, that they may con∣crete.

Some conserves are sometimes added, and a little honey, if need require, and such a Pandalcon, how ever displeasing it may be to some mens palate; is very good, and is thus confected.

℞. Pul: Diaireos Salomonis. ʒ i. diatrag. frigid. ℈ ii. powder of yellow Sanders ℈ i. sugar dissolved in Coltsfoot-water ℥ iiij. fiat Pan∣daleon, which keep in Marmalet Boxes.

Some also make a Pandalcon of Pine kernells, or Almonds de∣corticated and brayed, with sugar or honey; thus.

℞. Pine kernells well cleansed and bruised ℥ i. Penidees ℥. ss. cla∣rified honey, as much as will suffice to make it up into a sollid paste, or Pandalcon.

CHAP. XX. Of Hypoglottidian Medicaments com∣monly called sublingues.

THe cough and stinch of breadth molest all that are neere us, see∣ing the cough affronts their ears, and the stinch their noses; now certain bechicall and Aromaticall pastilles will cure both affecti∣ons, which from their round and long forme, which Apothecaries put them in, and that same quality which is predominant in them, whereby they expectorate the humour, causing coughing are called bechicall, from the manner of their use Hypoglottidian, and from the odour which they acquire by Mosche, Moschardine Medica∣ments,

They are very pleasant which are thus confected.

℞. Of the finest sugar ℥ j. ss. Penidees ℥ ss. orris ʒ ss. yellow San∣ders, Cinamon, of each ℈ i. mosch ℈ ss. with musiladg of Gum Thra∣gants made in Rose water, make them up into a paste, of which forme any figure, long, round, or what will lye most conveniently under the tongue.

The description is both easy and good.

℞. Sugar of Roses, ℥ ii. sugar Candy ℥ i. starch ʒ i. spec. dia∣cinamon, diamisi, and orris, of each ℈ i. mace ℈ ss. Zivet gr. vi. with the musiladge of Gum Thraganth, made in Balme water, fiant Hypoglottides.

CHAP. XXI. Of Tables, or Tabuletts:

TAbells pertaine to solid Electuaries, yea, they are very Electua∣ryes, being confected of powders and sugar perfectly cocted, that their consistency may be harder, and they longer and more securely preserved without damage and impairement.

The like quantity of sugar is required in confecting tables, * 1.549 as of honey in liquid electuaries, and in both the quantity is augmen∣ted or substracted, as the validity or imbecillity of the Electuaries faculty requires.

In purgative tables one dragm of powder must be put to an ounce of sugar, duely cocted in water or other convenient liquour, * 1.550 in roborative tables, that they may be more gratefull to the palate more sugar is requisite, as two ounces of sugar to every dragm of powder.

I shall onely hint here a little of tables in this book, since I have

(Cap. 11. lib. 3.) at large discoursed, not onely of liquid Electua∣ryes, but solid also, and tabells, in the description of such Medi∣caments as may be long preserved.

Yet that I may suggest the formes of all Medicaments to him that would confect them, I will adde some few receipts of robora∣tive tabells: as,

℞. * 1.551 Spec. Elect. diamarg. frigid. de Gemmis ana ʒ ss. powder of the bone in the heart of a Hart ℈ ss. Spodium ℈ i. with sugar dissolved in Rose water ℥ iii. make them into Tabulets, of ʒ i. or ʒ ii. weight, take one of them every morning fasting.

Such as are rich, and begin to recover from some long disease, or are any way troubled with palpitations and swoundings, let them get these tabells confected.

℞. Pul. Aureae Alexandrinae ʒ ss. diacinam. hyacinthor. sma∣ragdor. pearle, finely powdered, of each ℈ i. Monoceros horn, and Bezoar stone, of each ℈ ss. with sugar dissolved in Rose water ℥ iiii. make them into little Tabuletts.

Those tabells they call Manus Christi are reducible to this head, which are nothing else but Sacharum rosatum, either simple as the common, or more compound, which admitts of Pearls in its confection, and is called Manus Christi perlata; which is thus confected.

℞. * 1.552 Of the whitest sugar dissolved in Rose water, and cocted, till above the consistency of a syrup ℥ ii. pearl finely powdered ʒ i. fiant Tabella.

CHAP. XXII. Of Powders.

BEsides those powders kept in shops for future uses, where∣of we have spoken elsewhere; there many others, which are made for present use, as the digestive powder which helps the frigidity of the ventricle, * 1.553 and the imbecility of the coctive faculty, being confected of such Medicaments as are sto∣machicall, roborative, help concoction, and dispell flatuosity, and it is thus made.

℞. The seeds of Dill, and Coriander prepared of each ʒ ii. Orange pill Condited ʒ i ss. * 1.554 Cinamon ʒ i. Mace, Cloves, of each ʒ ss. su∣gard Candy ℥ ii. or iii. make of these a powder.

Another Powder also of eximious power and vertue, to robo∣rate the ventricle and parts addicted to sanguification, and dissipate flatuosity, is thus confected.

℞. The seeds of sweet Fennell, and Coriander Condited, of each ʒ i ss. Squinant, Calomus aromatic. an. ʒ ss. Dianisi, Diamargar.

frigid, and Diacinamon, of each ℈ i. A crust of Bread well toasted. ʒ ii. sugar ℥ ii. make them into a powder.

Cordiall and Alexiteriall powders, that roborate the principall parts and faculties in malignant feavers may be thus confected.

℞. The roots of Angelico, Tormentill, of each ʒ ss. * 1.555 Ligni A∣loes ℈ i. Citron seeds and Cinamon, of each ℈ ss. the bone in the heart of a Hart, burnt Ivory, the best pearle, of each ℈ i. Monoce∣ros horne, Bezoar stone, of each ℈ ss. Dictamus ʒ ss. sugar of Roses ℥ i ss. make of them a powder which must be taken fasting, or long after meat with the water of Scordium or Carduus, or some distilled re∣strative, or other convenient liquor.

There are also topicall powders, which are applyed to solidate wounds, and implete ulcers with flesh, of which in their place.

THE SECOND SECTION, Of such as are either inge∣sted or injected.

CHAP. I. Of Errhins.

ALL Medicaments are either assumed, ingested, or applyed: Juleps, Apozemes, Syrups, and all such as enter only at the mouth, whereof we have before treated, are assumed: Errhins, Sup∣positories, and Clysters, are ingested: Unguents Salves, Fomentations, and many more, where∣of we shall now treat in order, are applyed, we begin with such as ingrede the body, but not at the mouth, but the nose, privy parts, or fundament: and have their egresse where they made their ingresse.

Those which are immitted at the nose are thence called Errhins, and vulgarly Nasalia; those which are exhibited at the nose to purge the head are thence commonly called caputpurgia by the suf∣frage of Chyrurgicall Medicks.

They are constituted of Medicaments indued with a sharp and exterging faculty, whereby the expulsive faculty, being more va∣lidly excited, moves and expells the humour lodged in the brain; such as be the qualities of Bete, Sow-bread, wild Cucumber, and the juice of Marjoram, as also the powder of Euphorbium, Helle∣bore and Pepper; and of such like sharp Medicaments which snuf∣fed up the nostrills, move sternutation, and purge the brain; some also consist of astrictive and agglutinative Medicaments, as those which are prescribed to stay a bloody flux.

They are given in divers formes, either liquid, which must be at∣tracted by the nose, or solid, which must be ingested into the no∣strills, or pulverall, which must be snuffed up.

A liquid Errhin is thus confected.

℞. * 1.556 Of the juice of the root of Beet, and the leaves of majoran, of each ℥ i. of the juice of Brank ursine and Sow-bread, of each ℥ ss. fiat Errhinum: let a portion of it, as ℥ ss. be attracted in the morn∣ing up your nose again and again, still keeping water in your mouth, least the Errhin from the nose flowinto your mouth.

Some are given in forme of an unguent, which they daub on the

interiour part of the nostrills, and they are good for such as are troubled with continuall headache, with bad eyes, Epilepsy, and dulnesse of smell, their bodyes bring first duely purged, and they are made thus.

℞. Of wild Cucumber, Pellitory, of each ℈ j. white Pepper, * 1.557 Carpesium, or Cubebs, and stavesacre, of each ʒ ss. with a little oil of orris and wax make it up into a liniment.

A solid Errhine to stay the bleeding of ones nose is thus made.

℞. Bole-Armenick, Draggons blood, of each ʒ j. Roses. Balau∣stians. of each ʒ ss. and with a little whites of eggs well beaten, make them up into the Consistency of a sollid Errhin, or immerge there∣in a little Hares down, or cotten; and make it like a tent, to be put up the nose in a pyramidall forme, to which annexe a thread that you may extract it at your pleasure.

Ptarmicall or neezing powder, when its used for Errhins is thus described.

℞. Hellibor. both white and black, of each ʒ i. Euphorbium ℈ ss. dryed orris ʒ ss. make of these a very fine powder, let a small portion thereof be snuffed up the nose, after a convenient Catharticke.

CHAP. II. Of Pessi or Pessaries.

BY the name Pessus or Pessarium we understand all those sup∣positoryes which are immitted into the privy parts which are by Hyppoerates called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as unguents, plaisters, roots; or bruised hearbs, and penicills, but here they are taken for a long Medicament, equalizing or exceeding the length and thick∣nesse of a finger, which is intermitted into womens naturalls; with a thread bound to it, that being so far intruded, it may be more commodiously extracted.

A Pessaryes forme should be pyramidall, smooth, round, * 1.558 and equall least it hurt the neck of the uterus; now there ought to be two or more of unequall magnitude in readinesse, that a more te∣nuious one may be first immitted, the more crasse afterwards: that it may go up more easily.

There are two sorts of Pessaryes, one made of some solid mat∣ter, as Lead, or Tin, like a pyramidall tent, which serves to open, reserate and dilate the narrow, obstructed and shut uterus: ano∣ther of other Medicinall matter, which is convenient to attenuate, or incrassate, to move or stench blood: but they are made for the most part of aromaticall Medicaments; when they are prescribed to

move monethly flowers, * 1.559 or abate the symptome of the Hysteri∣call suffocation (Aphor. 28. lib. 5. Lib. de moth. mul. Hipp.) for Aromaticks do very much recreate the uterus, but by a benign and aeriall vapour, which deducing the orifice of the vessells, freet them from obstructions, and thereupon incites the flowr of the tearmes; but such ingredients may not be too sharp, least they exul∣cerate the mouth and neck of the uterus, seeing the Pessary must abide a pretty while in this case.

Before the intromission of the Pessary, the orifice of the uterus must be anointed with some odoriferous unguent, as oil with musk in it, liquidambar, or some such thing wherein Musk and Civet are compounded, of which and a little wax are confected unguents wherewith Virgins naturalls are anointed: for Virgin modesty ad∣mitts not of pessaryes, which cannot be intromitted, till the Virgin Zone be loosed.

And therefore the matter of pessaryes is reduced to the forme of an Unguent wherein smooth lint, or Cotten is immerged, and a pessary of a just longitude formed thereof, by involution in a thin linnen cloath, to which a thread is fastned, for the abovesaid reason.

A pessary to move monthly flowers.

℞. * 1.560 Nigell. Roman, Bay-berryes, of each ʒ ss. Mirrh ʒ j. Savin, Dictamus, * 1.561 of each ℈ ij. spec. Hierae Picrae. ʒ ij. Castor ℈ j. and with oil of Spicknard, and a little wax, make it up into a liniment, into which dip some lint, and rowl it up into a pessary: anointing the outside with oil of Almonds.

All pessaryes are not obvolved, but some like suppositoryes for∣med of materialls redacted to a solid consistency, which are of the length of a mans yard, as this same to stay monthly flowers.

℞. Bole-armeniake, Dragons blood, of which ʒ ij. powder of mirtle berryes, Pomgranat flowers, Roses, Hypocistides, of each ʒ i. Unguentum Comitissae ℥ j. Let these be mixed together upon a gentle fire; make thereof a pessary of a Pyramidall forme, of a just bigness.

CHAP. III. Of Nudils or Penicils.

THe condition and nature of some parts are such, that they cannot indure every Medicament, as being either too heavy or too hard for them; hence it is that Emplaisters are sometimes relinquished, though otherwise they were most proper for the cure, meerely be∣cause they may not be tolerated: as we see in a fundament exaspe∣rated with swellings, caused by inflammation, or with clifts by cold, and the externall orifice of a womans privity ulcerated, to which we neither apply suppositoryes nor pessaryes, but soft peniscills,

which are improperly called noduls, which name Apophlegmatismes may more properly arrogate to themselves.

For Penicills are not made into knotts, nor yet are they hard, but very soft, as consisting only of cotten or wooll, immerged in some convenient unguent; that so they may be easily admitted and indu∣red by the parts affected, as we see in curing wounds, betwixt whose sides two or more penicills are reposed.

But they are for the most part adhibited to the wombe, and ex∣ternall part of the privityes, the condition of which parts when ul∣cerated cannot tolerate other remedyes, and they are constituted of divers matters according to the different affections for which they are made, as to asswage the dolour of the fundament, which is ul∣cerated by some acid humour. This penicill,

℞. Ung. refriger. Galeni ℥ ss. Ung. Nutrit. ʒ ij. * 1.562 with half the yolk of an Egge make it up into a liniment, in which Im∣merge a little wool, and apply it to the place affected.

To deterge some fordid Ulcer this penicill is usefull.

℞. A syrup of wormewood, Honey of Roses, of each ℥ j. mirrh, * 1.563 aloes, of each ʒ ss. and with a little wool make it into little peni∣cills.

A bolster of wool or cotten imbued in Unguento de Apio will ef∣fect the same, if adhibited to the place.

This penicill will desiccate an ulcer.

℞. Ung. Albi ℥ ss. desiccativi rubri, Diapompholigos, of each ʒ ij. mingle them; and with some linte make Penicills, which apply to the Ulcer.

CHAP. IV. Of Suppositoryes.

THE torpour of the belly causes great confusion in the hu∣mours, and propagates an immense troupe of diseases, which that they may be avoided; the slow belly must be ei∣ther lubricated with humectative aliments, or scowred with Clysters, or moved with suppositories; that it may every day depose the excrements of the precedent day; * 1.564 For by the co∣hibition of these dreggs, the exclusion not responding the as∣sumption, vapours ascend to the head, the body ingravidates, concoction and all other functions are impaired.

Such then, as through shamefulness, will not denudate their fundament to the Apothecary, that he may move their bel∣lyes with a Clyster, may exhibite this kind of Medicament,

called a suppository à supponendo, which they may themselves ea∣sily repose in their fundament.

This subdititious Medicament did in times past bear the forme of an acorn, * 1.565 whence it was called Glans, but now it is made longer, equalizing in longitude a finger or pessary.

Suppositoryes are very usefull; for when the expulsive facul∣ty is dull, and cannot exclude the excrements in their due time, or when the rectum intestinum is so stuffed with obdurate dreggs, that it can either not admit of, or else not egest a glister, then must the faculty be stimulated with a sharp suppository, as with a needle.

These subdititious Medicaments conduce much to the enecation of small wormes, as also to such affections as require laxativenesse, and yet may not be moved by glisters, as in the disease of bursting, and in the inversion of the rectum intestinum by too much humi∣dity.

Their basis is honey, * 1.566 of which alone cocted to that craffitude and consistency, as it will not inquinate ones singers, they may be, and are often confected, for honey consisting of tenuious parts must needs have some acrimony in it, which may provoke the belly to excre∣tion (Galen. cap. 38. lib. 3. de aliment.)

Common salt, or the powder of sal Gemme or Hiera, or other simple, or compound is sometimes added to honey.

This is the common suppository wherewith the excretive faculty is excited to its work.

℞. * 1.567 Honey ℥ ij. common salt ʒ ij. or sal. Gem. ℈ iiij. boyle then on a gentle fire, in a little pipkin, to aperfect consistency, and make a suppository of the longitude of a finger. For one cannot coct so little honey, as to make up one suppository with honey alone, least so little quantity, as would serve one glans, be burned, or cause the ignition of the vessell before it can acquire a tractable consi∣stency.

This suppository is very good to kill the worms of the funda∣ment, and educe that phlegme whereon they feed.

℞. * 1.568 Aloes ʒ i ss. Agaricke, Wormewood, of each ʒ j. sal. Gemm. ʒ ss. make of chese a powder, to which add honey boyled to a consisten∣cy ℥ ij. and according to art rowl them up into suppositories. Let them be immerged in the oil of bitter Almonds, or of Wormewood, or in the gall of an Oxe, till use calls for them.

For Infants they cut a piece of white sope, like an acorn, which they immit, or sometimes the stalke of a Bete, or Mercury daw∣bed with butter instead of a suppository; for all these gently exone∣rate the belly.

CHAP. V. Of Glysters, or Enemata.

GLyster, or Clysmus, is a word borrowed from the Greeks, signifying ablution, as Enema injection; and both are used for the same thing: for ablution cannot be in the belly, but by injection of some thing, which by the fundament is immit∣ted to the intestines to excite the excretive faculty to mollify the bardness of the belly, to alter the intemperature, to ease the dolour, to discuss the flatuosity, to cohibit the fluour, and kill and expell the worms in the intestines.

Glysters are instituted for many more effects also; * 1.569 for no part in the body almost, but it receives solace from them, (Com. ad Aph. 17. lib. 18.) if dolour possess the head, if lippitude the eyes, if strangu∣lation the jaws, if suffocation the breast, if inflation the belly, if in∣flammation the reins, if dissury or ischury the bladder, a Glyster will successfully cure all these evils.

Now the Uterus hath its proper Glysters, which must be infunded into its fundament by a Metrenchyta, the bladder its Glysters; nei∣ther want the bowels theirs, whose orifice is narrow and nervous, and their cavity profound.

And it is taken for a liquid Medicament infused into the intestines by the fundament, whereof there are various descriptions, according to the variety of the affections for which they are ordained; as to mollify the belly, after this manner.

℞. Mallows, Violets, Marsh mallows, brank Ursin, Mercury, Peli∣tory, ana m. j. sweet Fennel seed ℥ ss. in the Summer time the four greater cool seeds ℥ j. boyl these in a sufficient quantity of water till a third part be consumed; of which, after it is strained, take lb. j. ss. for strong people; but for the younger sort lb. j. for infants lb. ss.

This decoction may in Summer be kept uncorrupt two dayes in some cold place, in Winter four: but it is best when it is new made, * 1.570 and those Apothecaries do ill that keep it a whole week, and then use it.

Folia Orientalia are oft decocted herein, and some Electuaries, and Honey dissolved, according to the various intentions of the Phy∣sician, as to excite the slowness of the belly, and to educe the hu∣mours lurking there.

And better to excite the drowsy faculty, something of common Salt, or pretious, may be added, * 1.571 whose virtue in moving the belly is thought to be known by the Bird called Ibis, not much unlike a Stork, which with its long bill draws up sea water, and immits it into its

belly, whereby it is purged: hence according to Galen, (praef. sai introduct.) was the use of Glysters learned. But be sure no Salt be dissolved in the Glysters prescribed to the dissentery, for it will much imbitter the dolour of the intestines.

This Glyster will discuss flatuosity.

℞. * 1.572 Marsh mallows, Pelitory, tops of Dill, Origanum, Calamint, Southernwood, the flowers of Melilot, and Chamomile, ana m j. the seeds of Cummin, Anise, Coriander, ana ℥. ss. boyl them, in the Cola∣ture dissolve Honey of Rosemary ℥. ij. Bened. Laxativ. ʒ. vj. El. de Baccis Lauri ℥. ss. Ol. Anethi ℥. iij. fiat Enema.

Some instead of Oils made by infusion, dissolve ʒ. j. of Oil of Aniseed educed by the chymical art, or a little more or less, as the condition of the body and disease require; which I have oft expen∣enced with success, when I could not have any other to my minde.

Here note, * 1.573 that that injection wherein Oil or Butter, or both have been mixed, doth attract the humours more slowly; for the faculty of the Catharticks is dulled with the addition of fats, but the dolour of the intestines is sooner quelled. Oils and Greases are mixed and added rather to mollify and leniate, than attract; As,

℞. Of the decoction of the four emollient herbs lb. j. dissolve there∣in Honey of Violets, red Sugar, Catplicon ℥ j. ss. Oil of Chamomile, fresh Butter, ana ℥ ij. conquass them together, & fiat Clysmus.

Take notice also, that Injections or Glysters do not onely purge the inferiour intestines, but the middle also, and sometimes the su∣periour, as when the ventricle is ill affected, and attracts it from the inferiour intestines: so that Galen (cap. 1. lib. 3. de sympt. caus.) as∣serts, that some have vomited up part of a Glyster, though elswhere he seems to hold the contrary.

Which may happen also when a Glyster made of Milk, or the de∣coction of Flesh, is injected into some macilent fellow, with whose sweetness and gratefull warmth his empty ventricle being allured, sucks and attracts the liquor to it self, that it may be refreshed there∣with, as we may reade in the Writings of Avenzoar, (Theys. cap. 18. tract. 10. lib. 1.)

This Glyster is good against the Lethargy, Apoplexy, and other affections of the brain, whereby the senses droop, and the faculties become dull.

℞. Betony, Marjoran, Calamint, Sage, Origanum, ana m. j. Mer∣cury, Arach, ana m. ij. boyl them with ℥. ij. of Senna, and ʒ. ij. of Aniseeds; in a pint of the Colature dissolve Honey of Rosemary ℥. ij. Confectio Hamech, and Hier. Diacolocynthidos, ana ℥. ss. Salt ʒ. ij. fiat Clyster.

This Glyster cures the dissentery, or other great flux in the belly.

℞. Plantain, Knot-grass, Mullet, ana m. j. boyl them in lb. j. of Milk; and lb. ss. of Bean-cod water till the third part be consumed; in the Colature dissolve Bole-armeniack, and Starch, ana ʒ. ij. the yolk of one Egge, and so make it into a Glyster.

SECTION III. Of such as are extrinsecally applyed; and first,

CHAP. I. Of Baths.

WHEN we mention a Bath, we mean such an one as is made of sweet water, whether pluvial or flu∣vial: not such sordid Baths as they have in some places in Spain, where they wash, or rather in∣quinate themselves in urine long kept for that purpose: nor yet those medicinal Baths where∣with many places of the Earth abound; which because of several Minerals they pass through, acquire several sa∣pours, and odours, and eximious faculties in curing many affections. For the Earth produces almost as many Springs of Medicinal Wa∣ters, as diseases (Gal. cap. 5. lib. 1. de sanitate tuenda) wherewith Normandy, and almost all France, and Germany, and Italy abound. But we here speak of a Bath, which being made of simple water, or the decoction of some herb, may be provided in any house.

Now Baths are instituted for three causes, to wit, for delight, * 1.574 for preservation of sanity, and depulsion of diseases. The antient Ro∣manes were great admirers of Baths for pleasure, and therefore they made Baths for publick uses, both for amplitude and artifice inimi∣table, the structure being of Alexandrian and Numidian Marble; * 1.575 for the walls were adorned on one side with Thasian stones, on the other with Pictures much recreating the sight; their cocks were of silver, which distilled warm, or hotter water, as they would, into the vessel; for they were so much taken with Lavacres, that some of them, especially their Emperours and Senatours, * 1.576 who had Baths a∣part, would bathe themselves seven times a day. And seeing Baths are very voluptuous, as Ulpianus not without reason attests, the Jews

that lived at Tripolis and Damascus had Baths for pleasure, wherein men and women bathed promiscuously, before Antoninus the Philo∣sophers time, which they therefore called Gymnasies.

To preserve sanity, * 1.577 such as have a hot liver, or squalid skin; are much helped by frequent bathings in warm water, as Oribasius, cap. 27. lib. 1. asserts.

To depell diseases Baths are very usefull; for Galen (cap. 10. lib. 10. meth. med. c. 20. lib. 12.) commends them in the Hectick Dia∣rian, and sometimes in the putrid feaver, with due observation.

Hippocrates also before Galens time attested in many places, that Baths conduce to the cure of many diseases, (part. 44. lib. 3. de vict. acutor.) for they open the pores, discuss the humours, abate the heat of the bowels, take away lassitude, dilute the terrene and melancho∣lical humour, or at least temper and moderate it.

Make a Bath of milk alone, or a very small quantity of water and milk, for such as are rich, and labour under a Hectick Feaver: for such as are not rich, let water suffice, and that fluvial or pluvial rather than fountain water; wherein for more success, coct some parts, or else integral plants, as Marsh-mallows, Mallows, Violets, Vine leaves, and Colesfoot, of each m. iiij. boyl them in a sufficient quan∣tity of water for a Bath.

For the morphew or fedity of the skin, after the emendation of the prave humours, and diminution of blood by purge and phlebo∣tomy, let the body be immerged in the aforesaid Bath, then let him be washed three, four, or more times, if need be, in this following Bath.

℞. The leaves of Enulacampane, Sorrel, Scabious, ana m. vj. Tat∣sane and Fumatory, ana m. iij. boyl them in a sufficient quantity of wa∣ter to fill the Bath.

Some foolish Wretches believe, that the Leprosy may be cured by a Bath of Mans blood•• but this horrible Prescript seems to be an in∣vention of the Devil, and not at all to be admitted; for such a Disease whereby the whole Oeconomy of Nature is ruined, can nei∣ther by external application, nor internal assumption, nor by both to∣gether, be emended.

CHAP. II. Of a Semicupium, or Insess.

AS a Bath is a Lavacre of the whole body, except the head, which partakes also of the vapours; so an Insess of half the body; for it is a Bath onely of the belly, or a half Bath full of convenient liquor, wherein the diseased may sit up to his ventricle, his legs and feet be put out, called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the La∣tines Insessus or Insessio, and sometimes Semicupium. It is constituted of the same Materials that make up a Bath and Fomentation; and it is less than one, greater than the other.

It is very usefull, for it mollifies the Uterus, reserates its vessels, * 1.578 asswages colical passions, and other dolours caused in the reins by the stone, in the ureters by obstructions, or in other inferiour parts of the belly.

This Semicupium will by the emollition and deduction of the ves∣sels asswage the dolour of the stone in the reins.

℞. Beets, Marsh-mallows, Mallows, Violets, Pelitory, tops of Dill, anam. iij. Linsed ℥ ij. boyl all these in rain water, or fountain, till their virtues be transmitted, pro semicupio.

Some put the materials in some bag, and apply them to the place most pained in the very insession. The body that abounds with crude and viscid humours should be first purged by some convenient Me∣dicament, if time permit; if not, then with a Glyster.

Some make Insessions of the decoction of Tripes to cure the ex∣siccation, hardness, and tension of the belly, and the colical dolours; some adde milk to them, others wine, others oil.

That colical dolour which arises from much flatuosity, distending and excruciating the belly, may be cured with this Semicupium.

℞. Polium of the mount, Calamint, Origanum, tops of Dill, Meli∣let, Marjoran, ana m. iij. the seeds of Cummin, Anise, Fennel, Bay∣berries, ana ℥ j. put them all in two bags, and boyl them in water suf∣ficient for a Semicupium; wherein the diseased must be demerged with his face upward from the knees to the navel.

CHAP. III. Of a Vaporary.

AVaporary consists of the same things a Semicupium is made of, though in less quantity; for it is enough that a few herbs or such things be cocted in a Kettle, and the vapour thereof tra∣duced through a hole in a chair whereon the diseased sits, to move the Uterus or Fundament; for it is onely made to reserate the Ute∣rus, to evoke or stay Flowers, to open or constringe the Hemorrhoi∣des, to asswage dolour, and to alter some intemperancy.

To provoke Flowers, lest the vapour should be disgregated and exhaled into the ambient air, the perforated chair whereon the disea∣sed woman sits, should be accurately involved in many cloaths; for so the ascendent vapour will be easily carried to the privities; and permeating the orifice of the vessels, will attenuate the blood, and excite it to motion.

This Receipt is fit to move Flowers and Hemorrhoides.

℞. Marsh-mallows, Mugwort, Calamint, Hyssop, Winter-savoury,

Marjoran, ana m. j. Savin m. ij. the flowers of Melilot, Chamemile, and Jasmine, ana m. ss. let the Decoction be made in water, and in a fourth part of white wine, and let the vapour be admitted as above.

This Prescription is accommodate to stay both fluxes, to wit, of Flowers and Hemorthoides.

℞. Shepherds purse, Knot-grass, Mouse-ear, Plantain, ana m. j. Roses m. ij. Balaustians m. j. boyl them in Bean cod water; let the vapour enter in at the genitals.

This will asswage and allay the dolour of the Hemorrhoides.

℞. Mullein m. ij. Marsh-mallows m. j. Linseed ℥. ss. boyl them in milk; and whil'st they are hot, put them in a stool-pan, and sit upon it, that the vapour may ingrede the fundament.

CHAP. IV. Of an Hypocaust, or Sudatory.

AN Hypocaust is a place made like a little Fornace, * 1.579 wherein sweat is procured, by dry heat ascending through, like Spira∣cles, from the fire set under it. It is called by another name, to wit, * 1.580 Laconicum, because the Laconians chiefly used it, as the Ro∣manes did baths. It conduces much in frigid and diuturnal diseases; for seeing its fervid and sharp heat doth not onely calefy the external habit of the body, but the very praecordia and internals also; it po∣tently opens the passages, calefies, melts, and by sweat educes the humours.

But seeing this external calour continually thus occurring and in∣sinuating it self into the internals, doth speedily project the hu∣mours, it can scarce be tolerated one quarter of an hour without dis∣sipation of the spirits, and loss of strength, whereupon swoundings often follow: but the more delicate, and such also whose bodye•• are loaden with impure excrements, are chie••••y in danger of this delin∣quency. * 1.581 He therefore that consults his sanity, should never en•••••• these Sudatories till he have by purge and phlebotomy, if need be, exonerated his body; for so the reliques of those humours that in∣fest his body, may be easily projected by sudour.

The Rusticks custome is irreproveable, who being destitute of an Hypocaust extracted by due and artificial industry, take a Hogshead of a just magnitude, and calefy it either by a fire, or by setting it over a pan full of burned coals, or a vessel full of hot water, and set there∣in, sweating profusely, and with case, without any danger of swour∣ding.

Some will sit in an oven where bread is but lately drawn out, put their heads onely out at the mouth thereof, and so sweat abun∣dantly.

Chirurgions have invented a certain Aestuary of a vimineous tex∣ture, like a Bird-cage, wherein they excite such to sweat as are infest∣ed with the French disease; which they properly call a Cage, where∣in the Birds do not nourish, but are nourished.

These miserable Wretches are included herein with hot bricks, and almost suffocated, till they sweat abundantly in every part of their bodyes, having before drunk of the Decoction of Lignum san∣ctum, or Sarsaparilla, or some other Alexitery, which will both move sweat, and deleate the French disease.

CHAP. V. Of Fomentations.

FOments are so commodious, that no part of the body is averse to their sanative operations. Aetius prescribes this Medica∣ment to fore eyes. Trallian, (initio lib. 6.) to the ears, to the flux of the belly, yea, he thinks them convenient to asswage any dolour. Celsus, (cap. 12. lib. 3.) admits of Foments in Feavers, and thinks they should not be omitted, but by all means applyed to pleuritical, hepatical, splenical, and arthritical persons, as also to the calculative, or other parts affected, where the ulcer hath not dissolved the continuity, nor divided the integrity. For Oribasius, (cap. 29. lib. 9.) saith, they rarify the skin for transpiration, attenuate the blood, discuss part thereof, and so operate, that the parts affected are not so dolorous.

Foments therefore are made for many purposes, as thus to roborate the ventricle.

℞. Wormwood, both the Mints, tops of Dill, Roses, of each m. ij. * 1.582 Penniroyal, Marjorum, of each m. j. Balaustians, Cyperus nuts bruised, of each ℥ j. boyl them in water, with a fourth part of wine added to∣wards the end of the Coction, and foment the ventricle with sponges dipped therein, as hot as can be suffered.

Trallian prescribes many Foments to the splenetick affections, which consist of such things as roborate it, or as incide and digest the humours, or as change and alter its intemperance. This Foment af∣ter purgation doth remove obstructions, and roborate it.

℞. Cetrarch, or Spleen-wort, Roman Wormwood, Staechados, * 1.583 Tama∣ris, of each m. ij. Broom flowers, Jasmine, of each m. j. boyl them in water and wine for a good space, and to every pint of the Decoction adde Oil of Capars ℥ iij. with which foment the part affected, either with sponges, or bladders filled and applyed.

This Foment is very good to cure the Pleurisy.

℞. * 1.584 Marsh-mallows, M••llows, Violets, of each, m. ij. the flowers of M••lilot and Chemomile, tops of Dill, of each m. j. Linseed ℥. j. boyl these either in water or milk, and foment the side either with cloaths or spunges dipped therein.

After the foment, liniate the part with some lenitive Oil, as Oil of Lillyes, Almonds, or Violets, or else with new Butter.

This foment, for the diseased of the Stone, must be applyed to the region of the reins.

℞. * 1.585 Water-cresses, Pelitory, Beets, Violets, of each m. ij. F••n••∣greek ℥. ij. boyl them in Hydromel, and foment the reins therewith.

CHAP. VI. Of Epithemaes.

SOme make no difference betwixt a Foment and an Epithema; but Fernalius rightly asserts them to be different Medica∣ments, * 1.586 both from their forms, and their efficacy, seeing a Fo∣ment endued with many qualities, may be constituted many wayes, and applyed to many parts. But an Epithema is chiefly exi∣mious for two qualities, to wit, alterative, whereby it emends some distemper; and roborative or alexiterial, whereby it strengthens the heart, and oppugns some kinde of poyson, and for the most part ap∣plyed onely to the regions of the heart and liver.

They consist of distilled, * 1.587 cordial, and alterative waters, or liquid decoctions, mixed with powders of fingular virtues, wherein the proportion of powder is of one scruple, or half a dram to every ounce of water, which we mix with a little vinegar.

Some Alexipharmacal Confection is sometimes diluted in stead of powders, as in some pestilent season, or in some malignant distemper, which impairs the strength of the heart, and faculties of the diseased; for in such a case it is most secure to mix some Antidote or Mithri∣date with the Epithema.

This Epithema doth refrigerate and roborate the liver inflamed with a Feaver.

℞. * 1.588 of the waters of Succory, Endive, Water-lillyes, and Plantain, of each ℥. iij. Vinegar of Roses ʒ. j. Pulvis Triasant. ℥. j. ss. Diarrha∣don Abbatis ʒ. j. Troches of Camphor ʒ. ss. fiat Epithema; and with a cloth dipped in it, bathe the region of the liver.

An Epitheme thus confected, will muniate and preserve the heart, and strength of the vital faculties.

℞. * 1.589 of the waters of Bugloss, Scabious, Cardaus, Sorrel, Roses, of each ℥. iij. spec, diamarg. frigid. Triasant. of each ʒ. j. ss. Powder of Tor∣mentill, Gentian, Dictamus, and grains of Kermes, of each ʒ. ss. with which besprinkle a linnen cloth, and apply it hot to the region of the heart.

The Antients much commended the use of Scarlet cloth; which is not approved of by the more recent, because in its tincture it is in∣fected with much Arsenick: but I approve of it in poysonous disea∣ses, seeing poysons in such a case are often salutiferous.

CHAP. VII. Of Lotion.

WE understand not by Lotion here a bath of cold water, as Ori∣basius, (cap. 7. lib. 1.) and Paulus, (cap. 51. lib. 1.) do, but the ablution of some particular member in some medicinal decoction, to take away its filth, correct its distemper, digest its humour, robo∣rate its parts, mitigate its dolour, and to conciliate sleep. This De∣coction will by ablution of the head kill Lice.

℞. Staves-acre ℥. ij. Wormwood, Tansy, Betony, * 1.590 the lesser Centan∣ry, of each m. ij. Coloquintide seeds ℥. ss. boyl them in a sufficient quantity of water till a third part be consumed, and with a sponge wash his head.

This Lotion will denigrate the hairs of hoary heads; which I pre∣scribe to such old women as would not betray their age to their hus∣bands by their whiteness.

℞. The bark of Oke and Elm, of each ℥. ij. Galls ℥. ij. the bark of Wallnuts lb. ss. the leaves of the Pomegranate tree, and Mirtle, of each m. ss. boyl them in a sufficient quantity of water, adde thereunto Alum•• ℥. ij. Vitriol ℥. j. after the Colature, wash the hairs therewith, let∣ting it dry in the Sun.

Yet Galen (cap. 1. lib. 1. de comp. med. loc.) professes, that he ne∣ver exhibited any thing to such as adorned themselves for their own or others delight; for this were all one as to paint a Sepulcher.

In times past men washed their heads more frequently than now adayes; which caused of late this Proverb, Wash your head never, feet seldome, hands often.

This Lotion made of the decoction of such Simples, will mitigate calour, and soporate the senses, will by ablution of the feet therein conciliate sleep.

℞. Lettice m. iij. Betony, Water-lillyes, of each m. ij. Poppy flowers, * 1.591 m. j. boyl them in water, and wash the feet therewith.

CHAP. VIII. Of an Embroche, or Aspersion.

BY Embrochation we mean the irrigation of some part affected, with some Oil, Decoction, or Liquor accommodated to the cure of that distemper, distilled thereon like rain; and hence Em∣broche, from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to rain. This Medicament, ac∣cording to Aetius, (cap. 172. ser. 3. tetr. 1.) is used when bathing is for some circumstances prohibited. And as it is the decoction of Poppy and Chamemile, it conduces much to such as are infested with night-watches, feavers, and delirations. Archigenes seeing his Master Agathinus to rave because of his long wakes, freed him both from his deliry and wakings by irrigating his head with much hot Oil.

These irrigations seem to differ from foments onely in this, that they are distilled upon the part from on high, the foments being one∣ly applyed thereunto by sponges, cloaths, or in bags.

Now according to Oribasius, * 1.592 (cap. 23. lib. 9.) we use irrigation onely when some inflammation must be resolved, or ulcer suppura∣ted; * 1.593 but aspersion in washing the face, and in hot feavers, and that in Summer with cold water, in Winter with warmer. Yet in more simple Feavers, as also in the subversion of the stomack, we use wa∣ter mixed with vinegar in aspersion. We use aspersions also to cure eyes infested with fluxes, by the decoction of Basil, which is most ef∣ficacious, subjecting a dry sponge under the chin, lest the water 〈◊〉〈◊〉 down to the breast.

An Embroche or Irrigation is compounded of Simples cocted i•• Wine, Water, Lees, or Oil, as this same for the Lethargy.

℞. * 1.594 Cyperus, Calamus Aromaticus, Orris, Bay tree, of each ℥ ss. Sage, Rosemary, Penniroyal, Calamint, Staechados, of each m. ss. Squinant, Coriander seed, Cummin seed, of each ʒ ij. boyl these in three pints of water till the third part be consumed; adde to the Colature Aqua vitae ℥ iij. besprinkle this on the head.

An Irrigation to conciliate sleep consists of Simples endued with quite contrary qualities, and is thus made:

℞. Lettice, m. ij. Water-lillyes, white Roses, of each m. j. Poppy flowers, Betony, of each m. ss. boyl these, and let the Colature be sprin∣kled on the head.

To Irrigation we may refer the Stillicide or Laver of medicated waters; but it is not now our intention to treat thereof, but will pro∣ceed.

CHAP. IX. Of a Liniment.

ALiniment is of a middle consistency betwixt an Unguent and Oil, being more liquid than an Unguent, * 1.595 and more crass than Oil, for it admits of a very little Wax and Fat in its con∣fection, and therefore is not fluid without incalescence at the Fire or Sun. Its basis i•• Oil, whereunto sometimes is added a little of refi∣nous Fat with Wax; yet not so much, but it still retains its soft con∣sistency; for a Liniment is nothing but a very soft Unguent, to the confection whereof any Oil may be assumed, so it be accommodated with faculties requisite to the intended scope. And therefore almost every Liniment being paregorical and lenitive, is confected either of simple Oil, or of Oil of Almonds, Violets, or such like, which will not excessively alter any temper, as this same to abate the dolour of the side in a Pleurisy.

℞. Oil of sweet Almonds ℥ ij. ss. fresh Butter ℥ j. * 1.596 a little Wax to make it up into a Linctus; anoint the side therewith.

Now to mitigate some dolour caused by a frigid humour, some Oil must be assumed, which is calid in the same degree, that it may correct the humours distemper. As on the contrary, this Liniment made of refrigerating Oils, will amend the distemper, and asswage the dolour caused by a calid humour.

℞. Oil of Water-lillyes ℥ ij. ss. Oil of Roses ℥ ss. Wax ʒ iij. Let them be melted for a Liniment.

℞. Oil of Violets ℥ ii. the musilidge of Marsh-mallow roots, or Lin∣sud ℥ i. a little Wax to make it a Liniment, and apply it to the part af∣fected.

This Liniment will mitigate a cold distemper.

℞. Oil of Chamomile, and Dill, of each ℥ i. ss. Ducks fat ℥ i. * 1.597 Wax ʒ iii. let these be melted together, and make a Liniment.

CHAP. X. Of Mucagines, or Musliges.

BEcause there is often mention made of Mucagines, which are ei∣ther applyed alone, or mixed with other Medicaments, our In∣stitution leads us now to speak a little thereof.

Now this Mucilage is efficacious in mollifying, humectating, and leniating some dolour, as that same which is extracted from gluti∣nous roots and seeds; sometimes it digests and attracts, as that same which is educed out of many gums. The seeds of Line, Foenu∣greek, Mallows, Quinces, Flea-wort, and Marsh mallow roots, as also their roots macerated in warm water, are very mucaginous. Figs also, Gum Arabick, Tragacanthum, and Isinglass, if they be a whole night infused in water, or other liquor, and the next day re∣calefied, and strongly expressed through a new cloth or bag, will di∣mit much mucaginous matter. Thus the mucage of Bdellium, Sug••∣penum, Ammoniacum, and Galbanum, is extracted to make up the confection of the mucilaginous Emplaister.

To every ounce of water, or other liquor, they ordinarily impose an ounce of seeds, or roots: but if the Mucage should be more crass, then the quantity of roots or seeds must be augmented; if more liquid, diminished, as one dram of seed to an ounce of water.

This Muslidge applyed to an inflammation, helps much.

℞. * 1.598 The roots of Marsh mallows ℥. ss. Flea wort seed ʒ. ij. ••nfuse them upon hot embers for a day and a half in Night-shade water; after∣wards strain it, and apply it to the part affected.

This Mucage mitigates the dolour of the eyes caused by heat.

℞. * 1.599 Quinco kernels ʒ iij. infuse them a whole night in the water of Night-shade, Water-lillyes, and Eye-bright, ana ℥ i. ss. in the morning extract the Muslidge, and apply it to the part grieved.

CHAP. XI. Of Collyryes.

IT is not enough that a Medicament be accommodated to an affe∣ction onely, but it must be fitted to the part affected also; for we do not prescribe one Medicament to the ears, mouth, nose, and belly, but exhibit a singular Medicament to each, as will best fit it. The eyes have their peculiar Medicaments, called Collyryes, which are endued with eximious qualities respecting their affections eximiously; such as Galen speaks of, (libro de oculis, & libris 4, & 5. composit. medicament. loc.) as also Paulus and Aetius in many places.

There are two kinds of Collyryes; the one dry, * 1.600 called by the Arabians Sicf; by the Grecians, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; by the Latines, Collyria fieca; the other humid, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which are by the more recent called Collyries absolutely, either because by their liquid form they are better accommodated to application, the eyes not tolerating a hard and crass remedy; or else because they are made of dry Col∣lyries, levigated upon a Marble, and dissolved in water, or such con∣venient liquor. Some of the humid Collyries are of the consisten∣cy of Honey, or a soft Unguent, * 1.601 as Tutia redacted to the form of an Unguent, by much ustion and lotion, with the juice of Fennel, or other convenient liquor. Others are altogether liquid and fluxile, as all those which are made of the waters of Eye-bright, Roses, or Plantain, with a small quantity of white Trochisks.

These should be reposed in glass vessels, as the more solid in earthen pots.

And as a multitude of ocular affections are cured by Collyries, so a multiplicity of materials go to their confecture; as the whole Fa∣mily of Medicaments, whether of Minerals, Animals, or Plants, from which either Powders can be efringed, or Waters distilled, or Juices extracted, or Excrements desumed.

When you would quicken the sight, make an oxydorcical Collyrie of such Medicaments as cure caligation, as the galls of Animals, the waters of Salendine and Eye-bright, or the water of Community; which confect thus.

℞. Eye bright m. iij. Salendine, Fennel, Vervine, Fumatory, * 1.602 ana m. ij. Rue, Balm, ana m. j. Cloves, Mace, long Pepper, ana ℥. ss. ma∣cerate them a whole night in equal parts of white Rose-water, and white Wine; then distill of the water, with which wash the eyes.

This Collyrie will cure the pruriginous scabies of the eye-brows.

℞. White wine, * 1.603 Rose water, ana ℥ j. ss. Hepatick Aloes finely p••l∣verized, ʒ j. mix them, and make thereof a Collyrium.

This Collyrie will roborate and refrigerate.

℞. * 1.604 The water of Plantain, and red Roses, ana ℥ ij. whites of Eggs ℥. ss. mix them, and beat them well together, and make thereof a Collyrie.

This Collyrie applyed to the eyes, will asswage their dolour.

℞. * 1.605 The waters of Purslain and Plantain, ana ℥ j. ss. the mucilidge of Quince seeds made in Night shade water ℥ j. mingle them, & fiat Collyrium.

This Collyrie will most efficaciously desiccate, roborate, and re∣frigerate.

℞. * 1.606 The water of Mouse-ear, white Roses, and Plantain, ana ℥ j. Troch. alb. Rhasis ʒ i. Tutty prepared ʒ. ss. fiat Collyrium.

This Collyrie, commonly called Eleiser, roborates the eye, and hinders the lapse of the fourth membrane, or uvea; and it is thus confected.

℞. * 1.607 Antimony, Lapit Hematit. ana ʒ x. Acacia ℥ ss. Aloes ʒ j. let them be finely powdered, & cum aqua * 1.608 Corrigiolae fiant Tro∣chisci; and when occasion calls for them, dissolve one of them in white Rose water.

This other Collyrie, which hath its denomination of Lead, is en∣dued with a sarcotical and consolidative faculty, and is thus made.

℞. * 1.609 Burnt Lead, Antimony, Tutty washed, burnt Brass, Gum Ara∣back, Traganth, ana ℥ j. Opium ℥ ss. make of these a Powder, and with white Rose water form them into Trochisks, which dissolve in white Rose water.

This Collyrie of Lanfrancus, so called, in whose Works I could never yet finde it, is excellent against the French disease, and is thus described by the antient Writers.

℞. * 1.610 White Wine lb j. of the water of Plantain and Roses, of each a much as will suffice. Auripigmentum ʒ ij. Verdigrease ʒ j. Al••es, Myrrke, ana ℈ ij. let these be finely powdered, and make thereof a Collyrium.

CHAP. XII. Of Virgins milk.

VIrgins milk is one of those Medicaments which the sedulity of our age hath invented; the making of which works no small admiration in the Vulgar, whil'st of two uni∣colourous juices mixed together they educe a third, white, viscid and lent substance, like milk, to the spectators eyes. Thus ma∣ny exhibiting a specimen of their ingeny, are believed to do miracles, while they onely unfold Natures secrets. * 1.611 Now it is called Virgins milk, partly from its colour, whereby it is like milk, partly from its consistency and virtues, wherein it is eximious, even to delete the freckles of the skin, which change and adulterate the virgin and ge∣nuine colour of the face. This topical Medicament is made after many wayes, whereof this is the most ordinary Receipt.

℞. Litharidge of Gold finely powdered ʒ iij. white wine vinegar, of the best and strongest, lb. ss. mingle them together, stir them with a wooden spatula for three hours, afterwards filter the liquor through a brown paper, in the form of a funnel, into a glass drop by drop: to that which is filtrated, adde pluvial or fountain water, in which dissolve a little salt, upon the mixtion whereof a milk will appear.

This is also an usual form.

℞. White wine vinegar lb. ss. Litharidge of Gold finely powdered ℥ j. boyl them together till the third part be consumed, and to the Cola∣ture adde a little Oil of Tartar, and it will become white.

It may also be thus confected.

℞. Ceruse ℥. ss. Litharidge ℥ j. Trochisks of Camphor ʒ. ss. the strongest Vinegar lb. ss. macerate them three or four hours, afterwards filtrate them, and to the filtration adde the water of Bean flowers, or Plantain, or Roses; in which dissolve a little Salt, and it will become white.

It is very good against the redness of the face, and pimples, * 1.612 and roughness of the skin.

CHAP. XIII. Of Alume water.

THE affinity of the qualities minde me of another water of ••••∣mious virtues, which derives its denomination from Alum••, which is its basis. Since many Juices ingrede its confection, which are better new than old, it can scarce be made before or after Summer, but about the end of August, or the beginning of September; for then the juice of Grapes is most copious, and most acid, being imma∣ture, and therefore more accommodate to confect this water.

Being extrinsecally applyed, it cohibits and deterges inflammati∣ons, pimples, and other infections of the skin; adhibited also above the tongue that grows black by the acuteness of a Feaver, it will not onely delete its roughness, but so moderate its calour, as to reduce it to its natural heat.

I shall here exhibit its more usual and approved description, whereunto a skilfull Medick may easily adjoyn another, if the parti∣cular nature or condition of any affection require it; and thus it is confected.

℞. * 1.613 Of the juices of Plantain, Purslain, Grapes, Roch alume, ana lb. j. whites of Eggs, n^o. xij. mix them well together with a spatula, and afterwards distill them in an Alembick.

Some, by mixing the juice of Nightshade and Limons with it, make it more prevalent against filth and lice, and other affections of the skin; and they call it the Magisterial Alume water.

CHAP. XIV. Of a Frontal.

AFrontal, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, is a Medicament, which imposed on the forehead, doth help the head-ach; and it is often exhibited to extinguish its ardour, and conciliate sleep, when in long Feavers too much waking hath dejected the strength, corrupted the blood, and exagitated the mind. For then a to∣pical, refrigerative Hypnotick applyed to the frontispiece of the head, will be very salutiferous, by abating the dolour, mitigating the fer∣vour, tempering the blood, and cohibiting the ascendent fumes. Nicholaus Myrepsius tells us, that a Frontal duely confected, and

rightly adhibited to the eyes, cures lippitude, and abundant fluours. But we must take heed we do not adhibit humectative and refrigera∣tive Frontals to a flegmatick brain, or old men in winter, especially seeing they are not meet for such in summer, * 1.614 nor yet for any of a cold nature. But they may be successfully applyed to young men, and such as are cholerick, or infested with some hot disease, which alwayes causes great dolour in the head at any time.

But the use of Frontals is no way safe for young girls, whose Cranium yet gapes, and whose Vertex is yet moveable, especially such as admit Vinegar in their composition, which is an enemy to the brain; or are endued with a narcotical, or with a refrigera∣tory or calefactory quality, or any other eximious faculty in ex∣cess.

They indeed are very expetible which by the first degrees change the distemper of the four qualities, cohibit vapours, gently soporate the senses, and roborate the brain.

All Frontals are either somewhat humid, or altogether dry; the humid are of multifarious forms and consistencies, for they are either made in form of an Unguent, or of a Liniment, or of an Opiate, or of a Cerato malagma; as when some oleaginous Medicaments are super-added to brayed herbs, and a Frontal formed of the mixture.

Neither are dry Frontals uniform, but confected of leaves and flowers, either integral, or pulverated and sowed in a double Syndon, or pure cloth.

This Frontal is accommodate to women.

℞. Of the leaves of Lettice, and Betony cut small, and of Rose leaves ana m. j. madefy these in Oxyrrhodino, and make thereof a Frontal.

This Frontal will asswage the fervour of the head, and conciliate sleep.

℞. Conserves of Water-lillyes ʒ vj. of Roses ℥. ss. * 1.615 of the flower of Poppyes p. ij. beat them together in a mortar with a little Unguent Po∣puleon, & fiat Frontale.

CHAP. XV. Of Cataplasms and Pultises.

THis soft Medicament, which onely extrinsecally applyed, doth asswage dolour, repell, mollify, relax and calefy, as also move, vacuate and digest corrupt matter, is called both by Greeks and Latines Cataplasma. It hath the consisten∣cy of a Pultis, whence it often borrows a name; though in proper loquution, Puls is rather an Aliment, and Cataplasma a topical Me∣dicament, which is not confected solely of Honey, wherein some Simples or Compounds accommodate to that purpose have been cocted, as the Antients used to make it; but of Roots, Herbs, Meal, Oil and Butter; and very often, and that successfully, by clinical women, of Milk, Bread crums, Oil, and the yolks of Eggs, to miti∣gate, leniate, and concoct. And he that calls a Cataplasm thus com∣pounded a Pultis, and a Pultis made of Barley meal, the mucaginous matter of Linseed, and Eggs yolks, a Cataplasm, doth erre nothing, according to Fernelius; for both have the same consistency, to wit, a mean betwixt an Unguent and a Salve; and as it were the result of both their materials compounded together, both have the same me∣thod in confecture, and in use.

Fernelius thinks, that the Antients used Cataplasma and Malagus•• for the same thing: but Galen, (initio lib. 7. de comp. med. gen.) ac∣cording to the meaning and opinion of the Antients, names those Medicaments alone Malagms, which mollify parts preternaturally obdurated: so that a malactical and mollitive Medicament, and a Malagm do not at all differ, nor constitute distinct species, as 'tis very probable.

Pultises then are constituted of Roots, Leaves, Stalks cocted to a putrilency, Meal, Fat, and Oil. If dry Plants be required, they must be pulverated; if green, cocted till they liquefy, then stamped in a mortar, trajected through a scarce, and mucaginous fat, or oleagi∣nous matters added to the pulped matter, and sometimes meal; and then must they be again cocted, till they acquire the crassitude of a Pultis.

This Cataplasm will asswage dolour, and mollify obdurateness.

℞. * 1.616 The roots of Lillyes and Marsh mallows, ana ℥ ij. Mallows, Pelitory, Violets, ana m. ij. boyl them till they become soft, beat them small, and pulp them through a sieve, to which adde Linseed ℥ ij. Oil of Lillyes ℥ iij.

One made of the powder of Linseed cocted in Hydreol to a just consistency, will exceedingly mollify and mitigate any dolour.

This Cataplasm will educe viscid humours, open the pores, and dissipate flatuosity.

℞. Briony root lb. j. Sowbread root ℥ iij. Mercury m. ij. * 1.617 boyl them till they become soft in water with a fourth part of white wine, bruise them, and traject them through a sieve; to the pulp adde powder of Bay-berryes ℥ ss. powder of Fennel seeds and Cummin, and Chamo∣mile flowers, ana ʒ ij. Lupines and Faenugreek, ana ℥ j. Oil of Orris as much as suffices, to make a Cataplasm.

A Cataplasm made of common bread, * 1.618 which they call Syncomi∣stum, is good for all things, if we believe Oribasius; For (saith he) it is convenient almost for all inflammations, when it is confected with water and oil of Roses.

That also is good for many dolours which is confected of leavened bread and oil, for it ripens obdurateness, heals contusions, attracts lurking humours to the skin, digests and resolves them.

There are various forms of Pultises recorded in every Author, which here to rehearse would be as endless as useless, since these few examples may suffice.

CHAP. XVI. Of Catapasms, Empasms, and Diapasms.

ODoriferous Powders compounded of many Aromataes, * 1.619 which for fragrancy and suavities sake are strewed upon cloaths, are properly called Catapasms. Those Pow∣ders also which after litation are applyed to some part of the body, as to the stomack for its roboration, and those odorife∣rous Powders which are made for Condiments, and other uses; as Sarcotical, for generation of flesh in ulcers; Catheretical, for ab∣sumption in superfluous flesh; Epulotical, for the induction of a skar, are called Catapasms, (Paul. c. 13. l. 7.) But because we have treated of these before, we shall not further prosecute that subject; neither would we have spoken a word thereupon, but for that same paranomasy there is betwixt a Catapasm and a Cataplasm.

The less affinity falling in the denominations of Empasm and Diapasm, leads us to shew their difference each from other, as also how they both differ from a Cataplasm.

Now according to Oribasius, (cap. 31. lib. 10.) * 1.620 those are Empasms which are adhibited to cohibit immoderate heat, or other exhalati∣ons, or to scarify the extremity of the skin, or to remove a Pleu∣risy. Those Diapasms, * 1.621 which are accommodated to conciliate suaveo∣lence to the skin or body, either by way of Powder, Unguent, or Li∣niment. Those Cataplasms, which are confected after the former de∣scription, and for the uses we mentioned in the foregoing Chapter.

Empasins are either used to stay the immoderate fluour of sweat, which is not critical, but dissolves Natures strength, or to help the Mydroptical, Sciatical, or Orthopnoical Patients. Those that stay and cohibit the profusion of sudours, consist of Parget, dry and le∣vigated Mirtle, Pomegranate pils, Syrian Sumack, Sorb apples dry∣ed and brayed, Galls, Acacia, and such like Astrictives. Those that help such as are diseased with the Dropsy, such as are infested with the Sciatica, and such as cannot breathe unless they hold their neck strait up, are confected of Sand, burned Wine lees, Nitre, Salt, Sul∣phur, Mustard, Water cresses, Pepper, Pelitory, and such like sharp Ingredients, whereof Sinapisms also are made, which act and pro∣duce the same effect with Empasms.

CHAP. XVII. Of Sinapisms and Phaenigms.

ASinapism is a kinde of Cataplasm, for their consistency is a∣like, though their faculties be distinct: for Sinapisms consist of one quality, and are alwayes calefactory; Catalpasms of many; and thence they calefy, refrigerate, mollify, relax, &c. A Sinapism is seldome or never adhibited in acute diseases, neither by way of table nor colliquament, as Oribasius notes, (cap. 13. lib. 10.) but in Lethargies, Apoplexies, or the Night-mare, and in stupid natures, that the dullness of the sense may be excited, the fa∣culty awakened, the heat acted, and the humour discussed.

The manner of making a Sinapism is thus described by Oribasius and Aetius, (cap. 181. tetr. 1. serm. 3.) Take dryed Figs, q. v. ma∣cerate them a whole day in warm water, afterwards make a strong Ex∣pression, and bruise the Figs; then take the sharpest and strongest Mustard seed, bruise it by it self, pouring on a little of the colature of the Figs, which will make it beat more easily: but take heed too much be not mixed; lest it be too thin and liquid; then reduce them into small masses, of the Figs and Mustard, of each equal parts: but if you would have the Sinapism stronger, take two parts of the Mustard, and one of the Figs; if weaker, two of the Figs, and one of the Mustard.

If the Sinapism be made with Vinegar, it is more inefficaci∣ous and weak, because Vinegar discusses the strength of the Mu∣stard.

The Sinapism should be put upon a Linnen cloth, and so adhibited to the place, and should be often looked at, to see if it have contra∣cted rubour enough by its admotion, for some perceive its effect on them sooner, some later, so that I cannot certainly define what

space of time it must abide on the place. But if the Sinapism after long admotion act not, nor alter the colour of the skin, it must be fo∣mented with hot water with a sponge, that the faculty of the Sina∣pism may be easier intromitted; for the Sinapism, by extracting the excrements to the skin, either ulcerates, or at least rubrifies it; whence it is called a Phaenigm, that is, a rubrifying Medicament. * 1.622

After the diseased hath sufficiently used the Sinapism, he must be bathed, and then have the part affected anointed with oil of Roses.

CHAP. XVIII. Of Dropax and Pication.

A Dropax is a topical Medicament, sometimes hard like a salve, * 1.623 sometimes soft like a Malagm, as the case requires. Now a Dropax is either simple, which is made of Pitch, and a little Oil onely; or compound, * 1.624 which admits of many calefactories be∣sides Pitch and Oil, as Pepper, Bartram, Bitumen, Brimstone, Salt, and the ashes of Vine branches.

It is convenient for diuturnal diseases, as Aetius, (cap. 180. tetr. 1. * 1.625 serm. 3.) shews, and must alwayes be adhibited both before and after a Sinapism; before, that it may prepare the body for a Sinapism; and after, that it may exscind the remaining affections. A simple one is thus made.

℞. Of the best Pitch, dissolve it with a little Oil; and while it is hot dip in a cloth, and clap it to the place affected, and before it is cold pluck it off again; calefy it before the fire, and apply it as before; and before it waxes cold, pull it off; and let this be repeated as often as need requires.

It helps such as are infested with frequent vomits, with collicks, * 1.626 and with crudities; it helps also such parts as do not grow, nor par∣take of the nutriment.

The more compound Dropax is constituted of the above men∣tioned calefactories, * 1.627 when it is prescribed for the reduction of any part perished by cold to its pristine bonity; and when it is requisite, that it exsiccate. Then Oribasius (cap. 10. lib. 1.) adds Salt, Sul∣phur, Wine, and the ashes of Vine branches to its confection; and when it should open, Euphorbium and Lymnestis, otherwise called Adarce; and all these must be brayed and strewed into melted Pitch.

The Dropax must be applyed while it is hot, the hairs of the place first shaved off, and a special care had lest the strength of the Dropax over-power the diseased.

If the Dropax be speedily pulled off, it confirms the remiss spirits, * 1.628 revokes them to the superficies, and minds them of their work. (Aetius loco dicto.)

It is sometimes adhibited instead of a Psylothrum, to evell the hairs of a scurfy head; for that malign, filthy, contagious ulcer of the head cannot be perfectly cured, unless the hair be first evelled or abraded.

CHAP. XIX. Of Psylothers.

APsylother is referred to the cosmical Medicaments, which serve chiefly for the bodies culture and ornament, neither Unguent nor Salve, nor yet partaking of any special form; but a depi∣latory Medicament, which applyed in any form whatever, will by its quality erode the hairs or down, and so make a rough place smooth. Now every Psylother, properly so called, having an eroding and burning faculty, doth not onely attenuate, but evell hairs, and for a time utterly denude the place, and therefore must not be applyed without great care and prudence; for if it abide too long on the place, especially if it be adustive, it will ulcerate the skin, raise pim∣ples, and burn like a Caustick, or erodes like an Escharotical Medi∣cament. Oribasins, (cap. 13. lib. 10.) reckons these for such Depi∣latories as may be safely adhibited, to wit, stillatitious Lixive, Arse∣nick, Sandarach, and Calx viva. Yet may some of those that exul∣cerate more vehemently be added to make the Psylothers more va∣lid; as Paulus Aegineta doth in this description, (cap. 52. lib. 3.)

℞. * 1.629 Assellorum domesticorum ʒ ij. Sandarach ℥ ss. Lime stone ℥ j. old Vinegar, the Lixivium of a Fig tree, and lb ss. boyl them to the consistency of a Liniment.

This Domesticus Asellus is an Animal which lodges under water vessels, and contracts it self into a lump. The Greeks call them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines, Millepedae; the French, Cloportes; we, Palmer worms.

Rondeletius prescribes this Psylother to absume hairs, * 1.630 that they may never come again.

℞. Auripigmentum, Ants egs, Gum Arabick, ana ℥ ss. Gum He∣derae ℥ ij. and with the blood of a Bat, or juice of Henbane, make it up into a Liniment according to art; a portion whereof must be applyed to the place you would have denuded, after you have shaved off the hair.

Oribasius and Aetius call white Vine or Briony a Psylother, be∣cause of its excellent faculty in eroding hairs.

This Psylother is most efficacious, made after this manner.

℞. * 1.631 Lime-stone ℥ ij. Auripigmentum ℥ ss. let these be boyled in as much Lixivium as will suffice, and make thereof a Liniment, with which anoint the place for four hours, afterwards wash it with clean water.

In the Turks Dominion there is a Mineral they call Rusma, which may justly be preferred before all Psylothers for its preheminency in acting; for though it be very temperate, and burn not the part to which it is adhibited, yet it doth speedily and without dolour erode the hairs, denude the place, leaving it very smooth, without any to∣ken of a hair. Which that it may be more commodiously applyed, it should be levigated into small powder, and diluted in water with half as much Calx viva. The Turkish women, before they go into a Bath, or Hypocaust, adhibit this mixture to their privy members, and arm-holes, which places they much desire alwayes to depilate and glabrify. This Rusma is like Iron dross, but lighter, blacker, and seemingly exust, as Bellonius observes, (cap. 33. lib. 3.)

CHAP. XX. Of Vesicatories.

THis little extrinsecal Medicament, * 1.632 from its effect in exciting the bladder, we call a Vesicatory. It is a little more vehement than a Phoenigm or Sinapism, which onely rubrifies the superficies of the skin, and more weak than a Pyrotick, which burns the skin; for be∣ing adhibited to the skin, it raises the extream surface, and causes blisters; which being broken, emit water in little quantity, if the body be dry, or the Medicament applyed to the superiour parts; in greater quantity, if the body be humid, or hydropical, and it ap∣plyed to the inferiour parts, as to the leg: for the skin being broken, the water fluctuating in the belly or legs, will sometimes delabe, and flow from the little ulcer, as from a fountain: but the ulcer is some∣times left dysepulotical.

A Vesicatory applyed behind the ear on the side the tooth affe∣cted stands, helps the tooth-ach; and sometimes by its adhibition to the feet, the Gonagry and Podagry are cured; and it is thought to be more conducible to the phlegmatick than the cholerick: yet I saw the Ring-worm perfectly cured by the application of a Vesica∣tory, which no other presidy could amend. (Marcellus, cap. 19. lib. de remed.) commends it to the cure of tetters, and other affections of the skin. * 1.633 If a Vesicatory be applyed to a wound inflicted by some wild beast, or to a malign sore near the groins, it will evoke the poy∣son, and very much facilitate the cure. The Rusticks make it of the roots of Ranunculus bruised, and apply it; but the Apothecaries make it of Cantharides pulverated and mixed with a little vinegar and leaven: that is the best which is confected of the powder of Cantharides, mixed with the Gumme of Elemus. And it is thus made.

℞. Euphorbium, Pepper, Cantharides, ana ℈. ss. and with leaven and vinegar make it into a Vesicatory.

CHAP. XXI. Of Pyroticks, or Cauteries.

HIppocrates, (Aph. ult. lib. 7.) saith right; What Medica∣ments cannot cure, the Sword may; what the Sword cannot, Fire may; but what Fire cannot, is altogether incurable. For a Disease is oft so efferous, as it will yield to no Medi∣cament, but must either be cured by section, or ustion, or both. Now ustion is oft performed with a hot Iron, which were able to terrifie the most magnanimous; in whose stead the sedulity of our Medicks have invented a Medicament, which from its operation and effect they name a Pyrotick; for in its efficacy it resembles fire, by its application it kills the quick flesh, absumes the dead flesh, and per∣forates the sound part, that it may receive the excretion of the un∣sound, opens the unsound that it eructate its own excrements. Thus a Pyrotick makes an abscess for the corruption to break through; thus it breaks the impostume, and pertunds the fwellings, that each may disgorge its own poyson.

Pyroticks are applyed to divers parts of the body, as sometimes to the head, sometimes to the arms, sometimes to one or other leg, to resolve and divert rheumatick humours. A Pyrotick is sometimes applyed to that same ample production of the peritoneum, where the spermatick veins tend to the testicles, for the cure of the bursting di∣sease, * 1.634 that new flesh may supply the place of the morbid, and inter∣cept the passage of the descendant intestine, that so it may be incar∣cerated in its proper place.

Many Circulators do so much adhibit this method of curation on the incautions diseased, that they burn both Seminaries and pro∣ductionary vessels with their oft repeated Pyroticks.

Their materials are all adust and caustical, * 1.635 exceeding the fourth degree of heat, as Calx viva, Arsenick, Sublimatum, Tartar, Or∣pine, Vitriol, Nitre, and it may be Lixivium, as also the result of the ashes of Vine branches.

Pyroticks have various confections, * 1.636 every one making them ac∣cording to their own arbitration, and thinking that best they them∣selves invent. I knew a young Barber as ignorant as could be, who was wont to adhibit a little Sublimatum subacted with the Egyptian Unguent, which he earnestly commended for the best and most se∣cure Pyrotick.

Marianus in his Chirurgy much esteems this Pyrotick, which he desumed from Jo. Vigonius; and it is thus described.

℞. Lixivium lb. vj. Soap, Roman Vitriol, ana ℥ j. boyl them to∣gether in a brass vessel till the liquidness of the water be consumed; and what remains in the bottom, let it be reserved, of which make Cau∣teries of what magnitude you please.

Cardanus confected his Cauteries of Soap and Lime alone mixed, beaten and subacted to the form and consistency of an Unguent: but now they are made before the fire, and acquire a more solid and con∣venient form; as this:

℞. Lime stone lb. j. Salt petre ℥ j. infuse them a whole day in four pints of Lixivium; afterwards stir it well with a spatula, then strain it three or four times, till the water be all poured off, which dry before the fire; or thus, after infusion let the whole mixture be agi∣tated with a rudicle; next day let it be percolated three or four times, till the water be clear; which put in a brass vessel, and coct it over a luculent fire till the water be consumed, but not till all its lentour be ex∣ficcated: then make of that mass many Cauteries, of several magni∣tudes, which preserve in a glass vessel diligently stopped for future use.

It is also well confected after this manner.

℞. Of the ashes of Vine branches lb iiij. Sal Gem. ℥ iij. Lime stone lb j. ss. infuse them for four or five hours in lb xv. of rain water, which stir well together for a good space, afterwards boyl it a little; and when the whole mixture is perfectly cold, strain it six or se∣ven times through a thick cloth; put the limpid Colature into a brass bason, and coct it till a stony matter be left in the bottome, which form into Pyroticks of different magnitudes.

Amongst Pareus his descriptions I finde a Cautery, ridiculously called Sericeum, whose effect not answering his vain pollicitations, I will not here describe.

CHAP. XXII. De Scuto, or, Of Plaisters made in the form of a Buckler, to be applyed to the stomack.

MAny Medicaments, as well assumptive as applicative, are prescribed to the frigid distemper, and imbecillity of the ventricle. Gentle Purgatives, and Eustomachical Medi∣caments, as pils of Aloes, and Rhabarb, Aromaticum rosatum, and di∣gestive Powders are assumed.

Calefactives and Roboratives, * 1.637 as Liniments, Foments, whereof before, and this Scutum whereof we now treat, are applyed.

Now this Medicament peculiar to the ventricle, * 1.638 is so called from its form; it suscitates heat, augments strength, and helps con∣coction.

It is concinnated of some stomachical Emplaister extended upon a quilted piece of Leather, and applyed. Sometimes there is a piece of Tiffany put betwixt it and the part affected.

But it is more ordinarily confected of dry Medicaments, which roborate the ventricle, involved in bombast, and sewed in a double cloth like a Buckler.

The abundance of Calefactives and Roboratives suggest to us such plenty of matter, * 1.639 that we may select such as especially respect the ventricle, as Nutmeg, Mace, Cloves, sweet Cane, Squinant, Roses, Mint, Wormwood, and many more, which recreate the spirits by their suavcolence, and help concoction by their calour. A Scutum thus confected, is most efficacious for the said uses.

℞. Cyperus, Lignum Aloes, Calamus Aromaticus, ana ʒ j. Squi∣nant, Cinnamon, Cloves, Nutmegs, ana ʒ. ss. Mace ℈. j. red Roses, Marjoran, Wormwood, Mint, ana ʒ ij. Sage ʒ j. make of these a fine powder, which quilt between two linnen cloaths, cut like the form of a Buckler, and applyed.

This Description requires less cost.

℞. Galangal, Orris, Pepper, of each ʒ j. Bay berries, Cummin seed, ana ʒ. ss. both sorts of Wormwood, Mint, Sage, and Rosemary, an•• us. ss. make of these a Powder, and quilt them between a double sars∣net in cotten wool, and apply it to the region of the ventricle.

CHAP. XXIII. Of Cucufa, and Semicucufa, or quilted Caps.

THE brain being according to Hippocrates, (lib. de grandul.) as it were a great glandule, and the head, the very seat and continent of Plegm, which like a Cucurbite it attracts, a great congeries of frigid humours is alwayes resident in the head; which unless they be vacuated by some convenient Me∣dicament, or else their continual generation hindred, they will distill upon the jaws, lungs, breast, and parts subjected. Yet many are so averse to vacuate Medicaments, or their brains of so frigid a consti∣tution, that though often purged, yet will they complain of gravity in their heads, especially if they have been troubled with any noyse, or stood bare-head in the air.

Therefore after universal purgation, a convenient Cucufa must be adapted to the head like a Cap; Cephalical Powders being insperged in Cotten, and the Cotten sewed within a double cloth, and put upon the head to roborate it, to cure its cold distemper, and to stay the di∣stillation.

Now all the matter of these Powders wherewith the Coif or Cap is refarciated, is not desumed from dry Plants, but some from Mine∣rals and Animals, which are as delightfull as usefull.

A Powder thus made, is both good and pleasant for a roborative Coif.

℞. Cloves, Cinnamon, Calamus Aromaticus, Squinant, Orris, * 1.640 ana ʒ j. Bay berries ℈ ij. Storax benioin, ana ʒ ss. Mace ℈. j. Marjoran, Rosemary, ana ʒ ij. Mosch ℈. ss. make of these a Powder, which quilt in a Cap.

Those that cannot procure a Cucufa thus made, may thus confect one with less cost.

℞. Betony, Balm, Sage, Staechados, Rosemary, ana m. ss. * 1.641 Bay berries ʒ iij. Cummin ʒ j. make of all these a gross powder to quilt in a Cap or Coif.

This Powder may for the same purpose be safely and successfully strewed on the hairs of ones head.

In sum, a Cucufa or Coif, and a Scutum or Buckler, are confected after one and the same manner; onely the form of the Coif hath a∣dapted it to the head, the Buckler to the stomack, to which parts their faculties are destined, as adjutorious; for the one consists of Stomachicals for the stomack, the other by Cephalicals is accommo∣dated to the head; whereunto we sometimes adde astrictives, when we would stay the Catarrhs.

And as a Cucufa involves the whole Cranium, so Semicucufa

onely half; as when this Medicinal Powder interbastated in Cotten, is applyed onely to the part affected.

CHAP. XXIV. Of Bags.

WHen a Physician would use small, or pretty big Seeds that are dry, or integral, and are not of themselves applicable to the part of the body, they must before their adhibition be included in some great or small Bag proportionate to the part affected. A very small Bag is used to cure the noyse in the ears, a large one is adhi∣bited to the Collick and Tympany, that it may cover the whole belly. The magnitude of the Bag applyed to the region of the heart, must be proportionate thereunto; as those, which being confected of cordial and alexiterial Powders, are carried on the region of the heart in time of pestilence, to the presidy of it self and its facul∣ties.

They are either dry, * 1.642 or humid: the dry ones were by the Antients called Foments, who did not distinguish between dry Foments and Bags. They are applyed to many parts of the body, as head, heart, ven∣tricle, liver, spleen, and Uterus, in on quadrate form: but they should be long, like an Oxes tongue, that are adhibited to the spleen; and in the form of a Buckler, to the ventricle.

But that the dispensation of the matter may be equal in all the parts of the Bag, it must be transversly stitched all over. That which is applyed to the heart is most what made of Silk, to the other parts of Linnen or Canvas, of a rare contexture.

Calid Bags, which consist of Seeds rubbed and irrigated in Wine or Vinegar, best confer to refrigerated members, and do dissipate flatuosity, evoke and absorb humours; as this for the Collick or Tympany.

℞. * 1.643 Grumwell seed lb. ss. Bay berries bruised ℥ iij. sweet Fennel seed, Dill and Cummin, ana ℥ j. common Salt ℥ ij. Basil and Mor∣joran, ana m. ss. torrefy them all together in a frying pan, and recond them hot in a bag, which induce upon the part affected; and when it grows cold, calefy it, and apply it again; or rather make two, that they may be adhibited by course.

This Bag is eximious in curing cordial affections.

℞. * 1.644 The roots of Angelica, Orris, Enulacampane, Cyperus, Gen∣tian, Tormentill, ana ʒ j. Trochisks of Camphor, Benioin, Storax, ana ℈ ij. Aliptae moschatae, Lignum Aloes, yellow Sanders, ana ʒ. ss. Mace, Cloves, Squinant, ana ℈ j. Kermes, Barberries, Citron pill, ana ʒ ij. make of these a gross Powder, and put them in a silken Sac∣culus for the region of the heart.

I can scarce approve of dry Bags for the Pleurisy, nor yet of such as are made madid with a little vapour, but think humid Foments more conducible; of which before.

Coifs, Frontals, and a Buckler, are accommodated to the head and stomack: but Bags are more convenient for the cure of the Le∣thargy, Apoplexy, and excitation of the drowsy senses; as this:

℞. Cyperus, Galangal, Cloves, Angelica roots, Bay berries, Cum∣min, ana ʒ ij. Sage, Marjoran, Betony, Staechados, Lavender of both sorts, ana m. j. make them all into pretty crass Powder, and interba∣state it in two Bags for the friction of the skull; for it is most conve∣nient to have two Bags, especially when we purpose to apply the hot, that while one is adhibited, the other may calefy, and so alternately succeed each other.

CHAP. XXV. Of Dentifricies.

THE Teeth are obnoxious to very many vices; for Nigri∣tude deturpates them, Rottenness absumes them, Laxity shakes them, and Dolour most grievously infests them. Dentifricies are prescribed to their nigritude, Astrictives to their laxity, Detersives and Roboratives to their corruption, and a thousand remedies to their dolour or aches; for every one pro∣fesses a secret Experiment for the Tooth-ach. But that which once conduces to their cure, is afterwards often vain, if not discommo∣dious.

Many Women would rather endure the Tooth-ach, than their blackness, which notwithstanding the Commonalty regard not: yet such a marcour came upon Metrodorus his sons gums, * 1.645 that both his axle teeth, and also his gums, fell out. (Hip. lib. 5, & 7. epid.)

Medicks prescribe Dentifricies to exterge and dealbate the teeth, in various forms, as of Powder, Opiate, Liniment: but the most u∣sual is of Powder, thus:

℞. Cuttle bone ʒ ij. white Coral, Crystal, ana ʒ j. Harts horn, * 1.646 Lignum Lentisci, ana ℈ ij. make of them a Powder, with which rub the teeth.

This Dentifrice also will dealbate the teeth.

℞. Ivory, Pumice stone, Harts horn, ana ʒ j. Coral ℈ ij. Pearl ℈ j. Cloves, Cinnamon, Roses, Rosemary, ana ℈ j. make of these a Powder, with which rub the teeth.

A Dentrifrice in form of an Opiate may be thus confected:

℞. Sea horse teeth burnt, Alume, white Coral, ana ʒ j. Cuttle bone, * 1.647 Pumice stone, ana ʒ j. burnt Salt ℈ ij. Mace, Cloves, Lignum Len∣tisci, ana ʒ. ss. make of these a Powder, and with Honey of Roses an Opi∣ate.

Some make others in the form of Trochisks, with which when dry and hard, they deterge, purge and dealbate their teeth.

CHAP. XXVI. Of Odoraments.

HIppocrates (initio lib. de medico) went not far from the mark, when he said, that besides other things, artificial culture in apparel, and suaveolence, was requisite to a Physician, wherewith the diseased may be as much de∣lighted, as he is wont to be offended either with ungratefull, or too fragrant odours: for many men hate those odours that either fill the head, or molest the sense, and cause head-ach; and on the contrary, are delighted with the vapours that proceed from suaveolent simples, which recreate the uterus, ventricle, heart, and brain. Whereof Ga∣len, (cap. 6. lib. 1. de sympt. caus.) giving a reason, and proportio∣nating the constitution of odours with them of sapours, (c. 21. l. 4. de simpl. med. facult.) saith, As sapours that are familiar are gratefull and pleasant, and those ungratefull and unpleasant which are not fami∣liar; so those odours that are familiar to the animal spirits, are grate∣full and suaveolent thereunto; and those that are not familiar, un∣pleasant and maleolent. And as according to Galen, sweet meats are temperate, so according to Scaliger, suaveolent Medicaments are moderately hot.

Which things being thus, pleasant Odoraments must needs be gratefull to the brain, and principal parts. Yet some of them are hot in the third degree, as Cinnamon, Cloves, and sweet Cane, which we do not use save in small quantity, or intermixed with such things as temper their heat: for Odoraments objected to the nose in great quantity, are graveolent, and hurtfull to the brain; which recreate it in small quantity, because their graveolency is tempered with the ambient air, * 1.648 or with the mixtion of other things. But maleolent things, though tempered with the ambient air, are averse to the brain both in quality and substance; according to Galen, (cap. 10. lib. de instrum. odorat.) which Aristotle also confirms, whil'st (cap. 24. lib. 8. de Hist. Anim.) he sayes, that Women may become abortive at the smell of an extinguished Candle.

Seeing then that suaveolent Odours are consocial to the spirits; and their familiar Pabulum, the Physician will not onely acquire praise of the Vulgar by being perfumed, but he will be better able to prescribe Odoraments, both to roborate the spirits, and defend sanity.

Now they are either described in form of an Unguent, or of a Pomander, or of Trochisks, or of Powder. An Odorament in for•• of Powder is thus confected.

℞. Calamus Aromaticus ʒ iij. Orris Florentine ʒ ij. Storax, Be∣nioin, ana ʒ j. Roses ℈ ij. Cloves ʒ. ss. Mosch, Amber, ana ʒ. ss. make of these a Powder.

Our later Physicians extoll an Odorament they call the * 1.649 Cyprian Odour, or the Violet Odour; which being variously described, every one calls a suaveolent or fragrant Powder, or the Cyprian or Violet Powder.

An Odorament in form of an Unguent may be easily made, if you put the above described Powder in Oil, Amber, and Wax, that it may acquire a fit consistency. Or thus:

℞. Yellow Saenders, Calamus Aromaticus, Squinant, Cinnamon, ana ʒ j. Storax Benioin, Mace, ana ʒ. ss. Wax ʒ iij. Ol. Moschelini q. s. & fiat unguento. Or thus:

℞. Mace, Cinnamon, ana ʒ. ss. Benioin ℈ ij. Civet, Mosch, Am∣ber, ana ℈. ss. Camphor gr. 5. with Oil of Almonds make it up into an Unguent.

An Odorate mass also may be made of select Aromataes, where∣of Pomanders or Trochisks may be formed, whose suaveolence is of great esteem; as,

℞. Citron pill dry, Cinnamon, Labdanum, ana ʒ j. Storax ʒ ij. Mace, Cloves, Lignum Aloes, Orris, ana ʒ. ss. Camphor ℈ j. Mosch, Civet, Amber, ana ℈. ss. with musilidge of Gum Traganth make it into a mass, of which make Pomanders or Trochisks.

CHAP. XXVII. Of Perfumes, and Suffumigatories.

ALL sweet Odours exhilarate the spirits, but many will not communicate their scent save by fire, and therefore such are set over burning coals, or otherwise so calefied, that they emit their odours plentiously.

Thus did the first Adorers of a Deity make their Incense Sacri∣fice: thus do Physicians confect their Perfumes for sanity: and thus do the Courtiers confect theirs for pleasure. Yet the matter of Per∣fumes is not alwayes injected upon coals, but sometimes put into a brasen or silver pot, which the Vulgar call a Cassolet, * 1.650 together with water of Roses, or Oranges, laying quick coals under it, that it may boyl, and with its vapour fill and perfume the whole house.

A Perfume is either humid or dry, and both either for pleasure or sanity; the humid may easily be made, and is very familiar to deli∣cate women, who being sick, or taking purgative Medicaments, per∣fume their Cubicles with the pills of Oranges, Lemmons, Cloves, Cinnamon, and Rose water mixed together, and put in a Cassolet over the fire.

The dry ones are more frequently confected by Apothecaries at the Phyficians precept, either for pleasure or profit.

Those, who through epicurism and voluptuousness profusely spend their Fathers means, most accustome delicious Perfumes.

Those, whose spirits want refection, brains roboration, hearts ex∣hilaration, and bodies vindication from some extrinsecal malignity, require sanitiferous Perfumes.

Now Perfumes help the lungs stuffed with abundance of flegm, * 1.651 and yet they are not convenient to all diseases and affections about the breast: for Aetius (cap. 144. tetr. ser. 3.) saith, that they do harm such as spit blood, by opening the vessels: neither yet are they convenient for those, who have some dry disease about their breasts; but they eximiously conduce to such as are pursy, orthopnoical, and whose breasts are infested with many crude humours; as also to such as labour under the French disease, * 1.652 if they be duely confected of idoneous Medicaments, which will abject the poyson of that distem∣per, by frequent salivation, and be exhibited after the body hath been vacuated by universal remedies. And they are most frequently used in form of a pretty crass Powder; as thus, to roborate and siccate the brain.

℞. Storax, Benioin, ana ʒ j. ss. Gum of Juniper, Frankincense, ana ʒ j. Cloves, Cinnamon, ana ℈ iij. the leaves of Bayes, Sage, Rose∣mary, ana ʒ. ss. make of all these a gross Powder, and then put a part thereof upon burning coals, that the diseased may expire the suffigated fume.

This Perfume will stop the humour that delabes from the brain to the lungs.

℞. Cypress nuts, Balaustians, Ladanum, ana ʒ j. Roses ʒ ij. Mirtle berries, and Mastich, ana ʒ j. ss. make gross Powder for Fu∣migation.

This Fumigation made after this manner, doth wonderfully robo∣rate the heart, and resartiate the spirits.

℞. * 1.653 Calamus Aromaticus, Xyloaloes, Squinant, Cinnamon, ana ʒ j. Storax, Benioin, ana ʒ j. ss. Mace, Cloves, ana ʒ. ss. Roses, Marjoran, ana ℈ ij. Aliptae Moschatae ʒ ij. pulverize them for a fume.

A mass may be confected of these Powders, with some dust of small coals, and a fit liquor, which may be formed into Pastills, or Birds, or Cloves, which we commonly call Cyprian Birds, which take fire without flame, and exhale a suaveolent fume; and they are thus confected.

℞. Benioin ℥ j. Storax ℥ ij. Ladanum ℥. ss. Aliptae Moschatae ʒ iij. small Coal ℥ ij. beat all these into a fine Powder, and with Gum Tra∣ganth dissolved in Rose water, make them up into a paste, of which form little Birds, Cloves, or what you please.

Hippocrates (lib. de nat. mulicb.) advises women whose flowers stay, twice every day to receive the fume of a Suffiment through a tunnel pipe into their privities, and it will move flowers. To which

end such must first be elected as calefy in the first, or at most in the second degree, afterwards more vehement may be used; yet with this caveat, that too sharp ones be not exhibited, lest the head be burthened, or the neck of the uterus ulcerated. (Hip. lib. de super∣foetatione.)

Perfumes are destined to deduce the vessels, and to draw the uterus towards the orifice, that the blood may easily profluate. But seeing the cunctation of flowers proceeds from the durity and siccity of the uterus, the matter of Perfumes must be received in some idoneous li∣quor, whereby the uterus may be humectated, as in Wax, simple or odorate Oil, Turpentine, Ladanum, or Gum of Tragacanthum, that Pastills may be formed thereof, which, when use requires, may be in∣jected upon burning coals, or rather ashes, as Aristotle in his Pro∣blems thinks more convenient; as thus:

℞. The roots of Sow-bread, Asarum, Orris, Myrrhe, Bdellium, ana ʒ j. Storax ʒ iij. * 1.654 Roman Gith ʒ ij. Cinnamon, Cloves, ana ʒ j. Sa∣vin, Marjoran, Calamint, Dictamus, ana ℈ ij. Galliae moschatae ʒ j. make of these a Powder, or with Turpentine form them into Pastills for future uses.

Perfumes are often successfully conducible in dysepulotical ulcers, and the French disease, whereto other remedies have been frustra∣neous: but especially if they be confected of Cinnabaris, wherein as also in Quick-silver, whereof it participates, is an admirable faculty, and Alexiteries, which work the exclusion of this venereous poyson by salivation. For the fume hereof ascending upon the whole body, doth transmit it self through the spiraments of the skin into the in∣ternal parts, and there by attenuating, impelling, and disjecting the humour, at length deduces it to the mouth, and excludes it by fre∣quent sputation. And thus it doth not onely perfectly deleate the ul∣cers which infest the throat, and internal parts of the mouth, but takes away the dolour, and expells the matter which caused the tu∣bercles and swellings. And this Perfume is thus confected:

℞. Benioin, Frankincense, Olibanum, ana ʒ ij. Bay-berries, Cala∣mus Aromaticus, ana ʒ j. Cinnabaris ʒ x. make of these a Powder, and take liquid Storax to make it up into a mass for fumigation. Or thus:

℞. Grains of Juniper, ••libanum, Mastich, Labdanum, ana ʒ j. ss. Cinnabaris ℥ j. pulverize them for future use.

It may also be thus effected:

℞. Storax Benioin, Storax Olibanum, Labdanum, ana ʒ j. Myrrhe ℈ ij. Galliae moschatae ʒ ij. Mastich ʒ j. Cinnabaris ℥ j. ss. powder them, and with Turpentine make them up into a mass for suffumigation.

But these Perfumes may not be adhibited without great prudence, lest they should cause strangulation, resolution of the nerves, or pal∣sey: for Cinnabaris and Quick-silver beingof an indomitable na∣ture, may not be exhibited, save by an expert and perite Physician.

I saw a waiting man of our Kings so suffited by a woman, that through the resolution of his recurrent nerves by the malign va∣pour

of the fume, * 1.655 lay 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or speechless, two months, and so dyed.

I have observed others, by Empiricks undue preparation of Cin∣nabaris, brought to a Palsey, that could not be repaired by Art.

I will not further prosecute the historie of such as have been suffi∣ted by * 1.656 Circulators, infested with dolours, and hence have contra∣cted their death. For if any Wretch infected with the French di∣sease, have recovered his sanity by the decoction of Guajacum, by the litation of Quick-silver, or by the suffumigation of Cinnabaris, he will forthwith experience upon others the effect of that which helped him. Hence many Taylors, Black-smiths, and very Porters now at Lutetia, by these remedies undertake the cure of this disease, and un∣happily effect the contrary.

And now I think I have largely enough described in this, and the third Book, all the Forms or receipts of Remedies. If any more be designed by the Antients, they may either be reduced to these heads, or thought obsolete. But if any nauseative Critick disdain these our Lucubrations, and envy our Fame, the Lord grant him more pru∣dence: however, since he is malevolent, and displeasing to all, I think it not a piacle to displease him. Now it is expedient that we extruct a Shop for the benevolent Student in the Pharmaceutical Art.

The end of the fifth Book.

Notes

• [a] 1.1

  Cor. Cels. cap. 1. lib. 1.
• [b] 1.2

  Gal. com. ad part. l. 6.
• [c] 1.3

  Fernel. prae∣fat. 4. l. ad Meth.
• [d] 1.4

  Aristot. l. 5. polit.
• * 1.5

  The matter of Phyfick is large.
• [e] 1.6

  Gal. c. 1. l. 2. de simplicib.
• [f] 1.7

  Hip. lib. de aliment. The dignity and antiquity of Pharmacy.
• [g] 1.8

  Eccles. 38. chap.
• [h] 1.9

  Cap. 20. l. 4. Reg.
• * 1.10

  Reges olim multa medica∣menta parasse.
• * 1.11

  Medici D••orum∣filii.
• [i] 1.12

  ••. de med. c. 3.
• [k] 1.13

  L. 6. co••••p. med. locis.
• [l] 1.14

  L. 2.45.
• [m] 1.15

  L. 2.14.2.15.2.16.
• [n] 1.16

  Exod. c. 30. Unguentum sanctum.
• * 1.17

  Chirurgus quis dicatur, quid praestat.
• * 1.18

  Vitae probitan in Pharmaco∣paeo desideratur.
• * 1.19

  What conver∣sation an Apo∣thecary ought to be of.
• * 1.20

  Pharmaciam medicinae in∣servire.
• * 1.21

  What Apothe∣caries are to be looked on as Deceivers.
• [o] 1.22

  Lactucae medicamentum esse potest, Ali∣mentum & ve∣nenum.
• * 1.23

  The duty of an Apothecary.
• * 1.24

  Medicamentum quid.
• * 1.25

  Alimentum quid.
• * 1.26

  Alimentum medicamento∣sum.
• * 1.27

  Herba Ethlopi∣dis.
• * 1.28

  Herba Ficeria.
• * 1.29

  Contrario con∣trarium Deus opponit.
• * 1.30

  Medicamenta en plantis sumpta.
• * 1.31

  Metalla septem.
• * 1.32

  Medicamenta ex animalibus sumpta.
• * 1.33

  What the fa∣culty of a Me∣dicine is.
• * 1.34

  Aloes facultas.
• * 1.35

  Tertia medica∣mentorum alte∣rantium.
• * 1.36

  Roborativum quid.
• * 1.37

  Catharticum quid proprie.
• * 1.38

  Cap. 2. lib. de vi••t. ••cut.
• * 1.39

  The first qua∣lities of Medi∣caments.
• * 1.40

  The several qualities of Medicaments.
• * 1.41

  The property of Sea-crabs.
• * 1.42

  The extent of the third fa∣culty.
• * 1.43

  There is in A∣liments an in∣explicable quality.
• * 1.44

  Historia notat•• dign.
• * 1.45

  The divers de∣nominations of this quality.
• * 1.46

  Quae purgant trahendo.
• * 1.47

  Quae compri∣mendo.
• * 1.48

  Quae lubrican∣do.
• * 1.49

  Os Aurum tra∣bens.
• * 1.50

  Creatures Excrements.
• * 1.51

  The occult property of plants.
• * 1.52

  Vitex aut Ag∣nus Castus.
• * 1.53

  Variety of ef∣fects in the selfe same plant.
• * 1.54

  Cephalica.
• * 1.55

  Ophthalmica.
• * 1.56

  Odontica.
• * 1.57

  Pulmonica.
• * 1.58

  Cardiaca.
• * 1.59

  Stomachica,
• * 1.60

  Hepatica.
• * 1.61

  Splenica.
• * 1.62

  Nervalia.
• * 1.63

  Amulets are of two sorts.
• * 1.64

  Periammata.
• * 1.65

  Cur cacodaemo∣nes ab improbis viris invocen∣tur.
• * 1.66

  Libri improba∣tae lectiones qui.
• * 1.67

  Paracelsi im∣pietas.
• * 1.68

  Characteres in∣de prodterint.
• * 1.69

  Vis verborum secundum He∣braeos.
• * 1.70

  Literarum figura.
• * 1.71

  Levis Poeta∣rum credulitas.
• * 1.72

  Historiae notatis dignae.
• * 1.73

  Icteri curatio miranda.
• * 1.74

  Curatio morsus venenati per musicam.
• * 1.75

  Improbantur, qui venena compenunt.
• * 1.76

  Venena in cor∣pore hominis interdum geni∣ta.
• * 1.77

  Venena ali∣quando nu∣trire. Historia.
• * 1.78

  Rex angui∣rus.
• * 1.79

  Ophiogenes.
• * 1.80

  Whence Poy∣son proceeds.
• * 1.81

  Poysons some∣times are me∣camental.
• * 1.82

  Medicines daily assumed from poyso∣nous Animals.
• * 1.83

  Sea-dragon is both Poyson and Aliment.
• * 1.84

  Idem fecit ma∣ledictus ille He∣braeus Franco∣furtanus, Aa∣ron vocatus, qui ante bien∣nium ad Caco∣daemones suos abiit.
• * 1.85

  Ex mineralibus venena multa.
• * 1.86

  Medicamento∣rum appellatio a quibus.
• * 1.87

  Atrahentia quadruplicia.
• * 1.88

  Delectus quid.
• * 1.89

  Benignum Me∣dicamentum quid. Malignum.
• * 1.90

  Medicamentum malignum quo∣tuplex.
• * 1.91

  Quando malig∣nis purgantibus ••••cat uti.
• * 1.92

  Quando à bi∣nignis abstinen∣dum.
• * 1.93

  Essentia medi∣camenti quid.
• * 1.94

  Facultas medi∣camenti quid.
• * 1.95

  Substantiae me∣dicamentorum.
• * 1.96

  Temperamenti quot differentiae
• * 1.97

  Secundae quali∣tates quot dif∣ferentiis inclu∣duntur.
• * 1.98

  Odor quid.
• * 1.99

  Sapor quid. Sapores quet.
• * 1.100

  Selectio medi∣camentorum à dispositione ex∣trinseca.
• * 1.101

  Eorum, quae trahendo pur∣gant, quaenam meliora.
• * 1.102

  Quae compri∣mendo purgant quomodo seli∣genda.
• * 1.103

  Crassum, Tenue. Densum. Rarum. Grave. Lentum. Friabile.
• * 1.104

  De delectu in secundis quali∣tatibus.
• * 1.105

  Durum quid
• * 1.106

  Molle quid.
• * 1.107

  Love & aspe∣rum quid.
• * 1.108

  Delectus ab odore.
• * 1.109

  Omnia aroma∣ta esse cardiaca.
• * 1.110

  Saper at••r qualis.
• * 1.111

  Aerium multa genera.
• * 1.112

  Amarus sapor.
• * 1.113

  Salsus.
• * 1.114

  Aridus.
• * 1.115

  Austerus.
• * 1.116

  Acerbus.
• * 1.117

  Dulcis.
• * 1.118

  Insipidus.
• * 1.119

  Exacte acria pessima.
• * 1.120

  Acria & ama∣ra. Aloen venas occludere.
• * 1.121

  Amara & styptica.
• * 1.122

  Dulcia salu∣berrima.
• * 1.123

  Quo tempore colligenda me∣••••a••••nta.
• * 1.124

  Quovis tempo∣ve quaedam ra∣dices colligenda
• * 1.125

  De duratione virtutis medi∣camentorum.
• * 1.126

  Quando vis medicamento∣rum praestan∣tior.
• * 1.127

  Quando recen∣tia meliora.
• * 1.128

  Quando vetu∣sta meliora.
• * 1.129

  Qua media a∣tate meliora.
• * 1.130

  Vetustum & recens non om∣nibus ••quum.
• * 1.131

  Cloacarum soe∣tor ac putredo plantas insalu∣bres reddit.
• * 1.132

  Hortorum sub∣urbanorum in∣salubria oler••.
• * 1.133

  Calida loco ca∣lido na••a, qua∣lia.
• * 1.134

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 quomodo pur∣g••ndi.
• * 1.135

  Quae vomito∣ria seligenda.
• * 1.136

  Historia notan∣da.
• * 1.137

  Note.
• * 1.138

  Physicians out first Schoole∣masters in teaching us to make bread.
• * 1.139

  Lib. 3. cap. 7.
• * 1.140

  The reason why Medicines are to be pre∣pared.
• * 1.141

  Praeparationes tantum tres ge∣nerales.
• * 1.142

  Quatuor prae∣parationes se∣cundum Mes.
• * 1.143

  Chimica reme∣dia non negligenda.
• * 1.144

  Qui debeant uti chymicis remediis.
• * 1.145

  Primus praepa∣rationis modus & cur.
• * 1.146

  Duplex Lotio.
• * 1.147

  Imbutio quid.
• * 1.148

  Aloe cur ablua∣tur.
• * 1.149

  Metallica ut abluenda.
• * 1.150

  Tutiae lotic.
• * 1.151

  Cadmia lotio.
• * 1.152

  Cerusae lotio.
• * 1.153

  Chalybis lotio vulgaris.
• * 1.154

  Plumbi lotio.
• * 1.155

  Adioum & me∣ductarum ablu∣tio.
• * 1.156

  Jecoris Lupi praeparatio.
• * 1.157

  Intestini Lupi praeparatio.
• * 1.158

  Olei Lotio.
• * 1.159

  Refinarum & picie Lotio.
• * 1.160

  Calcis ablutio.
• * 1.161

  Turpethi praepa. ratio.
• * 1.162

  Quinque radi∣cum aperien∣tium praepara∣tio.
• * 1.163

  Urticae semen quibus conve∣niat.
• * 1.164

  Vinum Hypo∣craticum.
• * 1.165

  Gummorum in∣fusio.
• * 1.166

  Florum Insu∣sio.
• * 1.167

  What Medi∣caments need humectation.
• * 1.168

  The hum••cta∣tion of odours.
• * 1.169

  How to pow∣der Camphir, Colocinth, Euphorbium. How to pow∣der Mastick.
• * 1.170

  Irrigation.
• * 1.171

  Nutrition is Cosin-german to Huniectati∣on.
• * 1.172

  Sarcocolla nu∣tritia.
• * 1.173

  Triapharma∣con.
• * 1.174

  The way to wash Aloes.
• * 1.175

  Oleum Acopum.
• * 1.176

  Syrupus de pa∣pavere.
• * 1.177

  Guaiacum Radix Chinae.
• * 1.178

  Dates.
• * 1.179

  Tincture of Insection.
• * 1.180

  Cochaneel, or with a deco∣ction of Kerme•• Ber∣ries.
• * 1.181

  The reasons of pulverization.
• * 1.182

  The divers manner of wayes of Tri∣ture.
• * 1.183

  Gemms.
• * 1.184

  Note.
• * 1.185

  The husks of Silkwormes.
• * 1.186

  Sericum must not be burned.
• * 1.187

  How lead is to be powdered.
• * 1.188

  Attrition what it is.
• * 1.189

  Confrication.
• * 1.190

  Section.
• * 1.191

  Fission.
• * 1.192

  Rasson.
• * 1.193

  Limati••.
• * 1.194

  What coction is.
• * 1.195

  What elixa∣tion is.
• * 1.196

  The benefit of Elixation.
• * 1.197

  What Assati∣on is.
• * 1.198

  The manner of Assation.
• * 1.199

  Beta Romana.
• * 1.200

  Scylla.
• * 1.201

  The brains of Sparrows ex∣cite Venery.
• * 1.202

  The benefits that come by Assation.
• * 1.203

  The difference of Assation and Frixion.
• * 1.204

  Coriander seed.
• * 1.205

  Agnus ••••stus.
• * 1.206

  Tartar.
• * 1.207

  The reason why sharp Me∣dicaments by Ustion lose their Acrimo∣ny.
• * 1.208

  The multifa∣rious modes of burning.
• * 1.209

  The pouder of a Hare burnt is good a∣gainst the Stone.
• * 1.210

  The Ustion of Vipers.
• * 1.211

  The pouder of burnt C••abs effectual in many distem pers.
• * 1.212

  The Ustion of Stones.
• * 1.213

  When Ustion is finished.
• * 1.214

  Fex vini.
• * 1.215

  Ustio Aluminis & Vitrioli.
• * 1.216

  Salis ustio.
• * 1.217

  Cerusae praepa∣ratio.
• * 1.218

  Sandaracha. Sandyx.
• * 1.219

  Auripigmen∣tum.
• * 1.220

  Cadmiae praepa∣ratio.
• * 1.221

  Pumicis ••stio.
• * 1.222

  Eruginis ustio.
• * 1.223

  Chalciteos ustio
• * 1.224

  Chrysocollae ustio
• * 1.225

  The way to burn Lead.
• * 1.226

  Halitus plum∣bi.
• * 1.227

  Extinctio quid.
• * 1.228

  Aqua extin∣ctionis auri.
• * 1.229

  Calfactio quid.
• * 1.230

  Insolatio quid.
• * 1.231

  Hydromel vi∣nosum quomo∣do fiat.
• * 1.232

  What Hydro∣mel is.
• * 1.233

  Vinegar of Roses.
• * 1.234

  Refrigeratio.
• * 1.235

  Mensis Philo∣sophicus Chy∣micorum.
• * 1.236

  Menstruum quid Chymicis.
• * 1.237

  Fermentatio.
• * 1.238

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.239

  Dissolutionis u∣sus multiplex.
• * 1.240

  Dithontriptica.
• * 1.241

  Anachartasis quomodo mo∣vonda.
• * 1.242

  Non quavis in quovis liquore dilui.
• * 1.243

  Liquatio quid.
• * 1.244

  Dissolutio non nisi fit cum hu∣mere.
• * 1.245

  Quomodo me∣talla facile li∣quentur.
• * 1.246

  Mollitionem fieri duobus modis.
• * 1.247

  Duratjo.
• * 1.248

  Quot modis medicament a indurentur.
• * 1.249

  Quare medica∣menta siccentur
• * 1.250

  Quae in sole melius siccentur
• * 1.251

  Quomodo Corti∣ces & flores siccandi.
• * 1.252

  Pomaceus qui siat. Intinctus viri∣dis.
• * 1.253

  Vinum ex her∣bis.
• * 1.254

  Aqua alumnlo∣sa quibus con∣stet.
• * 1.255

  Acacia.
• * 1.256

  Mel Anacardi∣num qui fiat.
• * 1.257

  Quomodo suci diu sine pu∣tredine servan∣di.
• * 1.258

  Euphorbium unde & quo∣modo colligatur
• * 1.259

  Elaterium quomodo pa∣randum.
• * 1.260

  From that substance which remains upon the top of the fire, let the seeds be separated, and let it be added to the facula, for it is as effe∣ctuall as the other.
• * 1.261

  Gummi.
• * 1.262

  Resinae.
• * 1.263

  Lachry••••ae.
• * 1.264

  Extractum quomodo parandum.
• * 1.265

  Extractum pilularum.
• * 1.266

  Extractum rhei.
• * 1.267

  Cribrationis usus.
• * 1.268

  Varius cri∣brandi modus.
• * 1.269

  Pulveres car∣diaci quomodo cribrandi.
• * 1.270

  Ad crassorum & viscidorum colaturam quid requiratur.
• * 1.271

  Filtratio.
• * 1.272

  Spuma quid.
• * 1.273

  Spumae effici∣entes cnasae.
• * 1.274

  Quando mel per se despu∣mandum.
• * 1.275

  Clarificatio quot modis fiat.
• * 1.276

  Aromatizatio quid.
• * 1.277

  Quae aromata hanc velillam partem corporis magis respi∣ciunt.
• * 1.278

  Cur medica∣menta aroma∣tizentur.
• * 1.279

  Quibus salaces ad venerem u∣tantur.
• * 1.280

  Coloratio quot modis acquiri∣t••r.
• * 1.281

  Bechical.
• * 1.282

  Unguentum crudum ex qui∣bus constat.
• * 1.283

  Salitura.
• * 1.284

  Epicureis ani∣ma pro sale.
• * 1.285

  Fartura.
• * 1.286

  Distillatio quid
• * 1.287

  Balneum Ma∣riae.
• * 1.288

  Cucurbita.
• * 1.289

  Balneum roris.
• * 1.290

  Variae sunt for∣mae balnei.
• * 1.291

  Ignis in distil∣latione qualis.
• * 1.292

  Plantarum di∣stillatio.
• * 1.293

  Balneum sic∣cum.
• * 1.294

  Fornacis stru∣ctura.
• * 1.295

  Alembicus.
• * 1.296

  Retorta vesica.
• * 1.297

  Varia distil∣landi formae.
• * 1.298

  Quomodo a∣quaedist llatae insolendae.
• * 1.299

  Varii distilla∣tionis per de∣scensum modi.
• * 1.300

  Distillationem fiert interdum sine calore.
• * 1.301

  Quomodo aqua educatur per descensum.
• * 1.302

  Distillatio in fimo.
• * 1.303

  Distillatio in calore solis.
• * 1.304

  Oleorum distil∣latio per de∣stensum.
• * 1.305

  Distillatio per transudationem
• * 1.306

  Distillatio per inclinationem.
• * 1.307

  Quand•• re or∣tae in distilitatio∣nibus usurpan∣dae.
• * 1.308

  Sublimatio. Cohobatio. Caput mortu∣um.
• * 1.309

  Exhalatio. Evaporatio. Exaltatio.
• * 1.310

  Maturatio.
• * 1.311

  Digestio.
• * 1.312

  Circulatio. Gradatio.
• * 1.313

  Multas esse causas compo∣si••tonum me∣dicam••morum.
• * 1.314

  Syrupus quid.
• * 1.315

  Sharab. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.316

  Nominis syru∣pietymologia.
• * 1.317

  Materia Syru∣porum.
• * 1.318

  Aqu•• optima quae.
• * 1.319

  Propomata quid.
• * 1.320

  Melle qui cor∣pora condie∣bant.
• * 1.321

  Pater Galeni mel amarum babebat.
• * 1.322

  Mellis primus inventor.
• * 1.323

  Quid hydro∣melitis nomine intelligendum.
• * 1.324

  In hydromelite qua mellis ad aquam propor∣tio.
• * 1.325

  Hydromel vi∣nosum.
• * 1.326

  Melicratum, mulsa, & hy∣dromel, idem.
• * 1.327

  Hydromel Ru∣sticorum.
• * 1.328

  Apomeli.
• * 1.329

  Oinomel.
• * 1.330

  Acetum esse calidum & fri∣gidum.
• * 1.331

  Oxymelitis qualitas.
• * 1.332

  Mellis optimi nota.
• * 1.333

  Aquae bonitas qui dignosca∣tur.
• * 1.334

  Acetum quod∣nam optimum.
• * 1.335

  Oxymelitis prae∣paratio.
• * 1.336

  Galenjabin. Conserva Ro∣sarum.
• * 1.337

  Mel passula∣tum.
• * 1.338

  Rhodomel.
• * 1.339

  Mel Rosatum foliatum.
• * 1.340

  Cur prastet hac insolari quàm coqui.
• * 1.341

  Rob & Sapa quid.
• * 1.342

  Sapae simplices & compositae.
• * 1.343

  Desrutum quid.
• * 1.344

  Saparum usus.
• * 1.345

  Conservarum differentia.
• * 1.346

  Conserva rosa∣rum qui fiat.
• * 1.347

  Quomodo con∣serva rubra fiat.
• * 1.348

  Conservae ex rosis siccis.
• * 1.349

  Conditura cur fiat.
• * 1.350

  Condita liqui∣da.
• * 1.351

  Confecturae siccae.
• * 1.352

  Tragemata.
• * 1.353

  Pulverum in Chirurgia fre∣quens usus.
• * 1.354

  Pulvis vulne∣rarius optimus.
• * 1.355

  Pulvis epuloti∣cus optimus.
• * 1.356

  Pulveres in medicina quid praestent.
• * 1.357

  Alkool, Sufful, Sief.
• * 1.358

  Cosmeticorum studium.
• * 1.359

  Quae eclegma∣ta conveniant Asthmaticis.
• * 1.360

  Lohoch cassia.
• * 1.361

  Electuaria sic∣ca ac tabulata.
• * 1.362

  Medicorum error.
• * 1.363

  Electuarium liquidum fa∣ciendi modus.
• * 1.364

  Electuarium siccum faciendi modus.
• * 1.365

  Hiera pierae unde habeant nomen.
• * 1.366

  Hiera picra Galeni d••citur, quod eam e∣mendarit.
• * 1.367

  Quib us conve∣niat, & quibus non.
• * 1.368

  Hierae variae descriptae.
• * 1.369

  Opiatarum ap∣pellatio amplis∣sima.
• * 1.370

  Opiatae cur inventae.
• * 1.371

  Dolor quid.
• * 1.372

  Ejus affectus.
• * 1.373

  Doloris vehe∣mentia despe∣rationis inter∣dum parens.
• * 1.374

  Confectiones Coli••ae.
• * 1.375

  Paregorica quae.
• * 1.376

  Alliotica.
• * 1.377

  Narcotica.
• * 1.378

  Somniserum Empericorum.
• * 1.379

  Anod yna quae.
• * 1.380

  Pilulae cur ita dictae. Unde dicantur catapotia.
• * 1.381

  Pilularum sa∣por ingratus.
• * 1.382

  Pilularum magna varie∣tas.
• * 1.383

  Pilularum com∣positio ut rectò fiat.
• * 1.384

  Crass••ties pilu∣larum qualis esse debeat.
• * 1.385

  Pilulae validio∣res quando ju∣mendae.
• * 1.386

  Benignae quan∣do.
• * 1.387

  Pilularum do∣sis.
• * 1.388

  Pilulae bechicae.
• * 1.389

  Trochisciro∣borantes.
• * 1.390

  Purgantes.
• * 1.391

  Alterantes.
• * 1.392

  Oleum alimen∣tum est & me∣dicamentum.
• * 1.393

  Oleorum diffe∣rentiae.
• * 1.394

  Pallas inven∣trix olei.
• * 1.395

  Oleum omotri∣bes.
• * 1.396

  Oleum ovorum
• * 1.397

  Olei amygdali∣ni facultas.
• * 1.398

  Olea exprimen∣di modus.
• * 1.399

  Olea educta per ascensum & descensum.
• * 1.400

  Quibus vasis olea servanda.
• * 1.401

  Unguenta cur dicta & in∣venta.
• * 1.402

  Unguentum quid.
• * 1.403

  Olei proportio in unguento∣rum confectio∣ne.
• * 1.404

  Vnguentum crudum.
• * 1.405

  Vnguentarum varietates.
• * 1.406

  Quibus vasis unguenta re∣ponenda.
• * 1.407

  Ceratum quid.
• * 1.408

  Olei quantitas in Cerato non semper cadem.
• * 1.409

  Ceratorum ef∣formatio quoad rationem partis affectae.
• * 1.410

  Cerclaei confici∣endi modus.
• * 1.411

  Sarcosis non tam medica∣mentorum quam naturae est opus.
• * 1.412

  The dew of Lada.
• * 1.413

  Olci proportio in emplastro∣rum confectura
• * 1.414

  Tela Galterii.
• * 1.415

  Quis primus medicamento∣rum composi∣tionem tradi∣dit.
• * 1.416

  Sarcoticum op∣timum ex fa∣cultatibus op∣positis.
• * 1.417

  Historia Gale∣no nota.
• * 1.418

  Muitae bases a∣liquando in uno medica∣mento.
• * 1.419

  Ordo servan∣dus in descri∣bendis formulis medicamento∣rum.
• * 1.420

  Prima Lex me∣dicamenti de∣scribendi.
• * 1.421

  Secunda Lex.
• * 1.422

  Tertia Lex.
• * 1.423

  Quarta.
• * 1.424

  Forma medica∣mentorum quid praestat.
• * 1.425

  Crassities aut tenuitas pulve∣rum quid effi∣ciat.
• * 1.426

  Nimis sumptu∣osa medica∣mentorum con∣fectura plerun∣que vana.
• * 1.427

  Artis arcana non detegenda.
• * 1.428

  Finis compo∣sitionis.
• * 1.429

  Granum.
• * 1.430

  Nomina pon∣derum Ara∣bica.
• * 1.431

  Ana quid signet.
• * 1.432

  Cochlearium.
• * 1.433

  Ligula.
• * 1.434

  Mistrum.
• * 1.435

  Concha.
• * 1.436

  Cyathus. Acetabulum.
• * 1.437

  Hemina.
• * 1.438

  Choenix.
• * 1.439

  Urna.
• * 1.440

  Amphora.
• * 1.441

  Metretes.
• * 1.442

  Culeus.
• * 1.443

  Alimentorum nimia quanti∣tas periculosa.
• * 1.444

  Idem medica∣mentum non eadem semper praestat.
• * 1.445

  Suppurgati•• ••imenda.
• * 1.446

  Alterantium dosis.
• * 1.447

  Qui Medica∣mentis vaitdis, qui benignis e∣gent.
• * 1.448

  Frigidus & crassus humor tardius purga∣tur.
• * 1.449

  ••landum me∣dicamentum quale.
• * 1.450

  Potenter pur∣gans.
• * 1.451

  Ingr••ta qua∣lia.
• * 1.452

  Qua magna cautela sumen∣da.
• * 1.453

  Fl••res.
• * 1.454

  Se••ina.
• * 1.455

  Fructusnume∣r•• & pondere m••nsurantur.
• * 1.456

  Herbarum re∣positio.
• * 1.457

  Saevitia Hy••∣mis, anno 1608.
• * 1.458

  Frullum.
• * 1.459

  Seminum.
• * 1.460

  Radicum.
• * 1.461

  Saceorum.
• * 1.462

  Liqu••rum & Oleorum.
• * 1.463

  Platearius his advice deri∣ded.
• * 1.464

  Radices aperi∣entes majores.
• * 1.465

  Radices aperi∣tive majores.
• * 1.466

  Semina frigida 4. majora.
• * 1.467

  Semina calida majora, & totidem mi∣nora.
• * 1.468

  Cordiales tres.
• * 1.469

  ••erbe capilla∣res quinque.
• * 1.470

  Emmollientes berbae octo.
• * 1.471

  Fragmentae pretiosa quin∣que.
• * 1.472

  Quatuor aquae cephalicae.
• * 1.473

  Quatuor un∣guenta calida, & quatuor frigida.
• * 1.474

  Quamado gra∣du tertio aut quarto cali∣dum substitui∣tur pro minn•• ••alids.
• * 1.475

  Cujus{que} gradus tres partes.
• * 1.476

  Dosis callido∣rum in quarto gradu.
• * 1.477

  What substi∣tutes ought not to be al∣lowed of.
• * 1.478

  Moschi adulte∣rium
• * 1.479

  Ambra.
• * 1.480

  Cinamomi.
• * 1.481

  Caryo byllo∣rum.
• * 1.482

  Belzoin.
• * 1.483

  Camshora.
• * 1.484

  Oso••alsamo ••••u danbar ass••••e.
• * 1.485

  Terra Lemmia orientalis.
• * 1.486

  Bitumen.
• * 1.487

  Opii.
• * 1.488

  Manna thuris.
• * 1.489

  Tacamahaca,
• * 1.490

  Quarum deco∣ctionum fre∣qu••ns usus.
• * 1.491

  Quae parum aut multum de∣coqucnda.
• * 1.492

  Aquae quanti∣tas in decoctis parandis.
• * 1.493

  Aquae quanti∣tas pro dosi pa randa.
• * 1.494

  Decoctio com∣munis medi∣cinae.
• * 1.495

  Decoctio pecto∣ralis.
• * 1.496

  Dosis medica∣mentorum va∣ria.
• * 1.497

  Alterantium medicamento∣rum dosis.
• * 1.498

  Roborantium dosis.
• * 1.499

  Purgantium.
• * 1.500

  Neotericorum in inveniendis remediis sedu∣litas.
• * 1.501

  Quam varia catharticorum dosis.
• * 1.502

  Purgantia cur in forma pota∣bili convenien∣tiora.
• * 1.503

  Catharticum liquidum citius ducit.
• * 1.504

  Cholagogon.
• * 1.505

  Alia potio va∣lidior.
• * 1.506

  Veratrum album.
• * 1.507

  Melancholiam quae ducunt.
• * 1.508

  Melanagogon optimum.
• * 1.509

  Catholicum po∣lychrestum est.
• * 1.510

  Julep quid.
• * 1.511

  Julepus zizy∣phorum.
• * 1.512

  Syrupus Alex∣andrinus.
• * 1.513

  Julepus rosa∣tus qui fiat.
• * 1.514

  Syrupus Rosa∣reus Rondele∣tii.
• * 1.515

  Distillata cur dicta.
• * 1.516

  Catenarum au∣rcarum decoctio non utilis.
• * 1.517

  Apozema quid, & unde dica∣tur.
• * 1.518

  Apozematum materia. Julepi, syrupi, & apozemata, quomodo diffe∣runt.
• * 1.519

  An opening Apozeme.
• * 1.520

  An Apozeme against chol∣ler.
• * 1.521

  A Oargaris•••••• to purge Phlegme from the Braine.
• * 1.522

  A cleanfing Gargarism••.
• * 1.523

  A Gargarisme for an Ulcer in the throat.
• * 1.524

  An Emulsion to allay the heat of the stomach.
• * 1.525

  To allay the heat of the urine.
• * 1.526

  How Am••gda∣lates are made.
• * 1.527

  Amygdalata Luteti••e usita∣tissima.
• * 1.528

  Hordeati prae∣paratio.
• * 1.529

  Antiquorum Ptisana.
• * 1.530

  Eclegmatum usus.
• * 1.531

  Loboch inci∣dens.
• * 1.532

  A Lohoch to cause Conco∣ction.
• * 1.533

  To stay a Ca∣tarh.
• * 1.534

  Apophlegmatis∣morum utili∣tas.
• * 1.535

  Bolus quid.
• * 1.536

  Ejus materia.
• * 1.537

  Delicatuli pur∣gantia aver∣santur.
• * 1.538

  A Laxative and cooling Bolus.
• * 1.539

  Boli non semper cassiam habent pro basi.
• * 1.540

  Opiarum usus.
• * 1.541

  Uateria.
• * 1.542

  The matter of Condites.
• * 1.543

  A cordiall Condite.
• * 1.544

  Differentia in∣ter pastam re∣giam & opia∣tas.
• * 1.545

  Electuarium regium.
• * 1.546

  Marcipanis quibus constet.
• * 1.547

  Marcipanis optimus.
• * 1.548

  Panis biscoctus.
• * 1.549

  Sacchari quan∣titas in tabellis.
• * 1.550

  Portio Sacchari in tabellis pur∣gantibus.
• * 1.551

  Cordiall Ta∣bulets.
• * 1.552

  Manus Christi perlata.
• * 1.553

  Pulvis digesti∣vus.
• * 1.554

  Pulvis flatus discutiens.
• * 1.555

  A Cordiall Powder.
• * 1.556

  A l'quid Errhine.
• * 1.557

  An Erhine in the form of an Unguent,
• * 1.558

  Pessorum for∣ma.
• * 1.559

  Aromata re∣cream uterum.
• * 1.560

  Roman gith.
• * 1.561

  A pessary to draw down the Tearmes.
• * 1.562

  Penicillus Anodynus.
• * 1.563

  Alius deter∣gens.
• * 1.564

  Ventris segni∣ties naturam malè lacessit.
• * 1.565

  Glans subdi∣titia.
• * 1.566

  Suppositorii basis.
• * 1.567

  An usuall sup∣pository.
• * 1.568

  Another for the wormes,
• * 1.569

  The commo∣dities that ensue Glysters
• * 1.570

  Quamdiu de∣coctum pro Clyst. possit. in∣corruptum ser, vari.
• * 1.571

  Clysteris in∣ventionem a∣vis dedisse fertur.
• * 1.572

  A Carminate Glyster.
• * 1.573

  Validius pur∣gant Clysteres qui pinguia non admittunt.
• * 1.574

  Balneorum u∣sus triplex.
• * 1.575

  Balneorum su∣perha structura
• * 1.576

  Balnea Roma∣ni habebant in deliciit.
• * 1.577

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 m••gna militas.
• * 1.578

  Semicupii usus.
• * 1.579

  Hypocaustum quid.
• * 1.580

  Unde dicatur Laconicum. Ejus usus.
• * 1.581

  Quae ingres∣sum bypocausti praecedere de∣bent.
• * 1.582

  A Foment ro∣borating the stomack.
• * 1.583

  A Fotus for the spleen.
• * 1.584

  For the Plen∣risy.
• * 1.585

  Fot•••• pro cal∣culosis.
• * 1.586

  Differentia in∣ter fotum & epithema.
• * 1.587

  Epithematum materia.
• * 1.588

  An Epithema cooling the liver.
• * 1.589

  An Epithema to comfort the heart.
• * 1.590

  A Lotion to kill lice.
• * 1.591

  A Lotion to wash the feet, to cause rest.
• * 1.592

  Prigatio.
• * 1.593

  Aspersion.
• * 1.594

  Embroche ca∣pitis.
• * 1.595

  Linimenium quid.
• * 1.596

  Litus ad pleu∣ritidem.
• * 1.597

  A Litus for a cold distem∣per.
• * 1.598

  A Muslidge a∣gainst inflam∣mation.
• * 1.599

  Another to the pain of the eyes from a hot cause.
• * 1.600

  Collyriorum differentia. Collyria ficca.
• * 1.601

  Tuthiae praepa∣ratio.
• * 1.602

  A water to quicken the sight.
• * 1.603

  White. For the scabies of the eye-lids
• * 1.604

  A cooling and strengthening water for the eyes.
• * 1.605

  For the pain of the eyes.
• * 1.606

  A water strengthening and drying.
• * 1.607

  Collyrium Elci∣ser.
• * 1.608

  Knotgrass.
• * 1.609

  A Collyrie of Lead.
• * 1.610

  Collyrium Lan∣franci.
• * 1.611

  Lac virginale cur dicitur.
• * 1.612

  Ejus virtuor
• * 1.613

  Aqua alumino∣sa magistralis.
• * 1.614

  Quibus fr••n∣talia bene vel male conveni∣unt.
• * 1.615

  Fervorem mi∣tigans, som∣numque con∣cilians.
• * 1.616

  Anodynum & malacticum.
• * 1.617

  Flatus dissi∣pant.
• * 1.618

  Syncomistum.
• * 1.619

  Catapasma quid.
• * 1.620

  Empasma quid
• * 1.621

  Diapasma quid
• * 1.622

  Phaenigmus.
• * 1.623

  Dropax quid.
• * 1.624

  Differentiae.
• * 1.625

  Quibus morbis conveniat.
• * 1.626

  Picatio quibus affectibus con∣veniat.
• * 1.627

  Dropax magis compositus.
• * 1.628

  Dropacis effe∣ctus.
• * 1.629

  Millepedae. Hogs lice. Psy••othris Pau∣li. Aselli domestici.
• * 1.630

  Rondeletii Psylother.
• * 1.631

  Another.
• * 1.632

  Vesicatorium quomodo a si∣napismo & py∣rotico differt.
• * 1.633

  Vesicatorium rusticorum.
• * 1.634

  Cauterium ad Herniam.
• * 1.635

  Pyroticorum materia.
• * 1.636

  Conficiendi mo∣dus.
• * 1.637

  Cui parti ac∣commodatum.
• * 1.638

  Scutum cur sic dictum.
• * 1.639

  Ventriculum peculiariter re∣spicientia.
• * 1.640

  A Powder for a quilted Cap.
• * 1.641

  Another for the same.
• * 1.642

  Fomenta sicca.
• * 1.643

  A Sacculus to collick passi∣ons.
• * 1.644

  A Sacculus to comfort the heart.
• * 1.645

  Historia.
• * 1.646

  A Powder to make white the teeth.
• * 1.647

  Dentrificies in the form of an Opiate.
• * 1.648

  Maleolentia ingrata, & sa∣cultatibus no∣••ia.
• * 1.649

  Damask Powder.
• * 1.650

  Corula Casso∣leta.
• * 1.651

  Suffitus quibus affectionibus conveniat.
• * 1.652

  Lues Indica suffitu nonnun∣quam curatur.
• * 1.653

  A Cordial Fume.
• * 1.654

  Nigella Ro∣mana. A Fumigation to move a wo∣mans flowers, by sitting over the Fume, and receiving it into her Pri∣vities.
• * 1.655

  Historia.
• * 1.656

  Mounte∣banks.