The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

The First Book AN Introduction, or Compendious Way TO CHIRURGERY. (Book 1)

CHAP. I. What Chirurgery is.

CHIRURGERY is an Art, which teacheth the way by reason,* 1.1 how by the operation of the hand we may cure, prevent, and mitigate diseases, which accidentally happen unto us. Others have thought good to describe it otherwise; as that, It is that part of Physick which undertaketh the cure of Diseases by the sole industry of the Hand: as, by cutting, burning, sawing off, uniting fractures, restoring dislocations, and performing other works, of which we shall hereafter treat. Chirurgery also is thus defined by the Author of the Medicinal Definitions; The quick motion of an intre∣pid hand joyned with experience; or, An artificial action by the hand used in Physick,* 1.2 for some convenient intent. Yet none must think to attain to any great perfection in this Art, without the help of the other two parts of Physick; I say, of Dyet and Pharmacie, and the divers applica∣tions, of proper Medicines, respecting the condition of the Causes, Diseases, Symptoms, and the like Circumstances, which comprehended under the names of things natural, not natural, and beside nature, (as they commonly call them) we intend to describe in their proper place. But if any reply, that there be many which do the works of Chirurgery, without any knowledg of such like things, who notwithstanding have cured desperate Diseases with happy success: Let them take this for an answer, That such things happen rather by chance, than by the in∣dustry of the Art; and that they are not provident that commit themselves to such. Because that for some one happy chance, a thousand dangerous errors happen afterwards, as Galen (in divers places of his Method) speaks against the Empericks. Wherefore seeing we have set down Chirurgery to be, A diligent operation of the hands, strengthened by the assistance of Diet and Pharmacy, we will now shew what, and of what nature the operations of it are.

CHAP. II. Of Chirurgical Operations.

FIve things are proper to the duty of a Chirurgeon; To take away that which is superfluous;* 1.3 to restore to their places such things as are displaced; to separate those things which are joyned together; to joyn those that are separated; and to supply the defects of nature.* 1.4 Thou shalt far more easily and happily attain to the knowledg of these things by long use and much exercise, than by much reading of Books, or daily hearing of Teachers. For speech, how per∣sp••cuous and elegant soever it be, cannot so vively express any thing, as that which is subjected to the faithful eyes and hands.

We have examples of taking away that which abounds,* 1.5 in the Amputation or cutting off a fin∣ger, if any have six on one hand, or any other monstrous member that may grow out; in the lop∣ping off a putrefied part inwardly corrupted; in the extraction of a dead child, the secondine, mole, or such like bodies out of a womans womb: In taking down of all Tumors, as Wens, Warts, Polypus, Cancers, and fleshy excrescences of the like nature; in the pulling forth of bullets, of pieces of mail, of darts, arrows, shells, splinters, and of all kind of weapons in what part of the body soever they be. And he taketh away that which redounds, which plucks away the hairs of the eye-lids which trouble the eye by their turning in towards it: who cuts away the web, pos∣sessing all the* 1.6 Alaska, and the part of the* 1.7 Corn••a: who letteth forth suppurated matter: who taketh out stones in what part soever of the body they grow; who puls out a rotten or otherwise hurtful tooth; or cuts a nail that runs into the flesh; who cuts away part of the Uvula, or hairs that grow on the ey-lids: who taketh off a Cataract; who cuts the navil or foreskin of a child newly born; or the skinny caruncles of womens Privities.

Examples of placing those things which are out of their natural site, are manifest in restoring

dislocated bones;* 1.8 in re-placing of the guts and gall fallen into the cods, or out of the navil or belly by a wound; or of the falling down of the womb, fundament, or great gut, or the eye hang∣ing out of its circle or proper place.

* 1.9But we may take examples of disjoyning those things which are continued; from the fingers growing together, either by some chance, as burning; or by the imbecillity of the forming facul∣ty; by the disjunction of the membrane called Hymen, or any other troubling the neck of the womb; by dissection of the ligament of the tongue, which hinders children from sucking and speaking, and of that which hinders the Glans from being uncovered of the foreskin; by the divi∣sion of a various vein, or of a half cut nerve or tendon, causing Convulsion, by the division of the membrance stopping the auditory passage, the nose, mouth, or fundament, or the stub∣born sticking together of the hairs of the ey-lids. Refer to this place all the works done by Causticks, the Saw, Trepan, Lancet, Cupping-glasses, Incision-knife, Leeches, either for evacu∣ation, derivation, or revulsion sake.

* 1.10The Chirurgeon draws together things separated, which healeth wounds by stitching them, by bolstring, binding, giving rest to, and fit placing the part: which repairs fractures; restoring luxated parts; who by binding the vessel, stayeth the violent effusion of blood: who cicatriceth cloven lips, commonly called Hare-lips: who reduceth to equality the cavities of Ulcers and Fistula's.

* 1.11But he repairs those things which are defective either from the infancy, or afterwards by acci∣dent, as much as Art and Nature will suffer; who set on an ear, an ey, a nose, one or more teeth; who fills the hollowness of the palat eaten by the Pox, with a thin plate of gold or silver, or such like; who supplies the defect of the tongue in part cut off, by some new addition: who fastens to a hand, an arm, or leg with fit ligaments, workman-like: who fits a doublet bumbasted, or made with iron plates, to make the body straight; who fils a shoo too big with cork, or fastens a stockin or sock to a lame mans girdle to help his gate. We will treat more fully of all these in our follow∣ing Work. But in performing those things with the hands, we cannot but cause pain: (for who can without pain cut off an arm, or leg, divide and tear asunder the neck of the bladder, restore bones put out of their places, open Ulcers, bind up wounds, and apply cauteries, and do such like?) notwithstanding the matter often comes to that pass, that unless we use a judicious hand, we must either die, or lead the remnant of our lives in perpetual misery. Who therefore can justly abhor a Chirurgeon for this, or accuse him of cruelty? or desire they may be served, as in ancient times the Romans served Archagatus,* 1.12 who at the first made him free of the City; but presently af∣ter, because he did somewhat too cruelly burn, cut, and perform the other works of a good Chi∣rurgeon, they drew him from his house into the Campus Martius, and there stoned him to death, as we read it recorded by Sextus Cheronaeus, Plutarch's nephew by his Daughter. Truly, it was an inhumane kind of ingratitude, so cruelly to murder a man intent to the works of so necessary an Art. But the Senate could not approve the act: wherefore to expiate the crime as well as then they could, they made his Statue in Gold, placed it in Aesculapius his Temple, and dedicated it to his perpetual memory. For my part, I very well like that saying of Celsus: A Chirurgeon must have a strong,* 1.13 stable, and intrepid hand, and a mind resolute and merciless; so that to heal him he taketh in hand, he be not moved to make more haste than the thing requires; or to cut less than is need∣ful; but which doth all things as if he were nothing affected with their cries; not giving heed to the judgment of the vain common people, who speak il of Chirurgeons because of their ignorance.

CHAP. III. Of things Natural.

THat the Chirurgeon may rightly; and according to Art perform the foresaid works, he must set before is eys certain Indications of working: Otherwise, he is like to become an Em∣perick; whom no Art, no certain reason, but only a blind temerity of fortune moves to boldness and action.* 1.14 These Indications of actions are drawn from things (as they call them) natural, not-natural, and besides-nature, and their adjuncts, as it is singularly delivered of the Ancients, being men of an excellent understanding. Wherefore we will prosecute according to that order, all the speculations of this Art of ours. First therefore, things Natural are so termed, because they con∣stitute and contain the nature of mans body,* 1.15 which wholly depends of the mixture and tempera∣ment of the four first bodies, as it is shewed by Hippocrates in his Book de Natura humana: where∣fore the consideration thereof belongs to that part of Physick, which is named Physiologia; as the examination of things not natural to Diaetetice,* 1.16 or Diet, because by the use of such things it ende∣vours to retain and keep health: but Therapeutice, or the part which cures the Diseases, and all the affects besides nature, challenges the contemplation of those things which are not agreeable to nature.* 1.17 But the things which are called Natural, may be reduced to seven heads: besides which, there comes into their fellowship, those which we term, Annexed.

The seven principal heads of things Natural; are

• ...Elements
• ...Temperaments
• ...Humors
• ...Parts or members
• ...Faculties
• ...Actions
• ...Spirits.

To these are an∣nexed, as some∣what near;

• ...Age
• ...Sex
• ...Colour
• ...Cmpoosure
• ...Time or season
• ...Region
• ...Vocation of life.

CHAP. IV. Of Elements.

AN Element (by the definition which is commonly received amongst Physitians) is the least and most simple portion of that thing which it composeth: or,* 1.18 that my speech may be the more plain, The four first and simple bodies are called Elements; Fire, Air, Water, and Earth; which accommodate and subject themselves as matter to the promiscuous generation of all things which the Heavens engirt, whether you understand things perfectly, or unperfectly mixed. Such Elements are only to be conceived in your mind,* 1.19 being it is not granted to any external sense to handle them in their pure and absolute nature. Which was the cause that Hippocrates expressed them not by the names of substances, but of proper qualities, saying, Hot, Cold, Moist, Dry; because some one of these qualities is inherent in every Element, as his proper and essen∣tial form, not only according to the excess of latitude, but also of the active faculty;* 1.20 to which is adjoined another simple quality, and by that reason principal, but which notwithstanding attains not to the highest degree of his kind, as you may understand by Galen in his first Book of Elements. So, for example sake, in the Air we observe two qualities, Heat, and Moisture, both principal, and not remitted by the commixture of any contrary quality,* 1.21 for otherwise they were not simple. Therefore thou maist say, What hinders that the principal effects of heat shew not themselves as well in the Air, as in the Fire? Because, as we said before, although the Air have as great a heat according to his nature, extent, and degree, no otherwise than Fire hath, yet it is not so great in its active quality.* 1.22 The reason is because that the calfactory force in the Air is hindered, and dulled by society of his companion and adjoined quality, that is, Humidity which abateth the force of heat, as, on the contrary, driness quickneth it. The Elements therefore are endewed with qualities.

Names of the substances

• ...Fire
• ...Air
• ...Water
• ...Earth

is

• ...Hot and dry
• ...Moist and hot
• ...Cold and moist
• ...Cold and dry.

Names of the qualities.

These four Elements in the composition of natural bodies,* 1.23 retain the qualities they formerly had, but that by their mixture and meeting together of contraries, they are somewhat tempered and abated. But the Elements are so mutually mixed one with another, and all with all, that no simple part may be found; no more then in a mass of the Emplaister Diacalcitheos you can shew any Axungia oil, or Litharge by it self; all things are so confused and united by the power of heat, mixing the smallest particulars with the smallest, and the whole with the whole, in all parts. You may know and perceive this concretion of the four Elementary substances in one compound body, by the power of mixture, in their dissolution by burning a pile or heap of green wood: For the flame expresses the Fire; the smoak, the Air; the moisture that sweats out at the ends,* 1.24 the Water; and the ashes, the Earth: You may easily perceive by this example so familiar and obvious to the senses, what dissolution is, which is succeeded by the decay of the compound body; on the contrary, you may know that the coagmentation, or uniting and joyning into one of the first mixed bodies is such, that there is no part sincere or without mixture. For if the heat which is predominant in the fire, should remain in the mixture in its perfect vigor, it would consume the rest by its pernicious neighbourhood; the like may be said of Coldness, Moisture, and Driness; although of these qualities, two have the title of Active, that is, Heat and Cold∣ness, because they are the more powerful; the other two Passive, because they may seem more dull and slow, being compared to the former. The temperaments of all sublunary bodies arise from the commixture of these substances and elementary qualities, which hath been the principal cause that moved me to treat of the Elements. But I leave the force and effects of the Elemen∣tary qualities to some higher contemplation, content to have noted this, that of these first qua∣lities, (so called, because they are primarily and naturally in the four first bodies) others arise and proceed, which are therefore called the second qualities: as of many, these, Heaviness,* 1.25 Lightness, variously distributed by the four Elements, as the Heat, or Coldness, Moistness or Driness have more power over them. For of the Elements, two are called light, because they naturally affect to move upwards: the other two heavie,* 1.26 by reason they are carryed downward by their own weight. So we think the fire the lightest, because it holds the highest place of this lower world; the Air, which is next to it in site, we account light; for the water which lies next to the Air, we judg heavie;* 1.27 and the earth the center of the rest we judg to be the heaviest of them all. Hereupon it is, that light bodies, and the light parts in bodies, have most of the ligh∣ter Elements; as on the contrary heavie bodies have more of the heavier. This is a brief descrip∣ion of the Elements of this frail world, which are only to be discerned by the understanding, to which I think good to adjoin another description of other Elements, as it were arising or flow∣ing from the commixture of the first: For besides these, there are said to be Elements of gene∣ration, and Elements of mans body. Which as they are more corporal, so also are they more ma∣nifest to the sense. By which reason Hippocrates being moved, in his Book de Natura humana, after he had described the Nature of Hot, Cold, Moist, and Dry,* 1.28 he comes to take notice of these by the order of composition. Wherefore the Elements of our generation, as also of all creatures

which have blood,* 1.29 are seed and menstruous blood. But the Elements of our bodies, are the solid and similar parts, arising from those Elements of generation. Of this kind are bones, membranes, ligaments, veins, arter es, and many others manifest to the eys, which we will describe at large in our Treatise of Anatomie.

CPAP. V. Of Temperaments.

* 1.30A Temperament is defined, a proportionable mixture of hot, cold, moist, and dry; or, It is a concord of the first disagreeing faculties. That harmony springs from the mixture of the four first bodies of the world. This whether Temperament or Concord is given to Plants and brute Beasts for the beginning of their life, and so consequently for their life and form. But as Plants are inferiour in order and dignity to beasts, so their* 1.31 life is more base and infirm, for they have only a growing faculty, by which they may draw an Alimentary juyce from the earth, as from their Mothers breasts, to preserve them and their life, by which they may grow to a certain bigness; and lastly, by which they may bring forth their like for the perpetual continu∣ance of their kind. But the* 1.32 life of beasts, have to the three former, the gift of sense annexed: by benefit whereof, as by a certain inward knowledge they shun those things that are hurtful, and follow those which profit them; and by the power of their will, they move themselves whi∣ther they please. But the soul of man far more perfect and noble than the rest, ariseth not from that earthly mixture and temper of the Elements, but acknowledgeth and hath a far more divine off-spring; as we shall teach hereafter.

* 1.33They divide a Temperament at the first division, into two kinds; as, one a temperate, another an untemperate. The untemperate is of two sorts: The one wholly vicious, which hath altoge∣ther exceeded the bounds of mediocrity: The other, which hath somwhat strayed from the me∣diocrity of temper,* 1.34 but notwithstanding is yet contained within the limits of health: as that which brings no such evident harm to the actions, but that it somewhat hinders them, so that they cannot so well and perfectly perform their duties. But the vicious Temperament doth three manner of wayes corrupt the functions, either by weakning, depraving, or abolishing them. For so, Stupor, or astonishment, diminisheth and sloweth the quickness of motion; Convulsion depraves it;* 1.35 the Palsie abolisheth it, and taketh it away. The temperate Temperament is also divided into two kinds; which is either to equality of weight or justice. It is called a Tempe∣rature to weight which ariseth from the equal force of exactly concurring qualities, and, as pla∣ced in a perfect ballance, draws down neither to this nor that part. They think the example of this Temperament to appear in the inner skin of the fingers ends of a man tempered to Justice. For seeing the most exquisite touch resides there, they ought to be free from all excess of con∣trariety; for otherwise being corrupted by too much heat or cold, moisture, or driness, they could give no certain judgment of the tangible qualities. For which thing Nature hath excellent∣ly provided in the fabrick and coagmentation of the parts, of which the skin consists. For it is composed of hot and moist flesh, and therefore soft, and of a tendon and nerve cold and dry, and therefore hard; which are not only equally fitted and conjoyned, but wholly confused and mixed together, by which it comes, that removed from all extreames of opposition, it is placed in the midst, as a rule to judg of all the excesses that happen to the touch. So it was fit, the eye, which was to be the instrument of sight, should be tinctured with no certain colour, that it might be the less deceived in the judgment of colours. So it was convenient the Hearing should not be troubled with any distinct sound, whereby it might more certainly judg of equal and unequal sounds, not distinguished by a ratable proportion; neither was it fit the tongue should have any certain taste, lest the access of that taste should deceive it in knowing and judging of so many different tastes.* 1.36 The temperature tempered to justice, is that, which although it is a little absent from the exact and severe parility of mixed qualities, yet hath that equality which doth fully and abundantly suffice for to perform all the functions fitly and perfectly, which nature doth require; wherefore we can judg no otherwise of it than by the integrity of the Actions. For hence it took its name; for as distributive Justice equally gives to every one rewards, or punish∣ment according to their deserts; so Nature, having regard to all the parts of the body, gives them all that temper which may suffice to perform those duties, for which they are ordained. Let us for an example consider a Bone; no man doubts, but that, like as the other similar parts of the body,* 1.37 proceeds from the mixture of the four Elements: but nevertheless nature weigh∣ing the use of it, and ordaining it to support the rest of the body, would have more of the ter∣rene and dry Element infused into it, that it might be the stronger and firmer to sustein weight. But a Ligament, seeing it was made for other uses, hath less of that earthly driness than the bone, but more than the flesh, altogether fitted to its nature. So it hath seemed good to nature to endue all the parts of the body; not only with an equal portion, but also proportion of Ele∣ments and qualities; we call that a Temperament to justice: and we say, that it is in Plants, brute Beasts, and all natural bodies, which enjoy that temper and mediocrity, which may be agreeable to their nature. Hereupon by comparison arise eight kinds of intemperate tempers: As

• Four simple
  • Hot temperate in Driness and Moisture.* 1.38
  • Cold temperate in Driness and Moisture.
  • Moist temperate in Heat and Cold.
  • Dry temperate in Heat and Cold.
• Four compounds
  • Hot and Moist
  • Hot and Dry
  • Cold and Moist
  • Cold and Dry.

But these Temperaments are either of the whole Body, or of some part thereof;

And that either

• Principal, as
  • the Brain
  • the Heart
  • the Liver
  • the Stones. Or
• Of the rest of the parts composed of other which have no prin∣cipality in the body.

Again, such Temperaments are either healthful, which suffice perfectly to perform their acti∣ons; or unhealthful, which manifestly hurt them, the signes whereof may be read described by Galen. And you must observe that when we say the body, or any part of it, is hot;* 1.39 we understand more hot than is fit for one of that kind which is tempered to justice; as when we say a man hath a hot liver, we mean his liver is hotter, than a man justly tempered should have; for all other tempers, whether of the whole body, or any of the parts thereof, are to be referred to this; and in the cure of diseases we must look upon it, as the mark, and labour to preserve it by the use of convenient things, as much as lies in our power. Wherefore, because it is very necessary to know the distinction of Temperaments, I have thought good in this place, briefly to handle the Tem∣peraments of the parts of the Body, Ages, Seasons of the year, Humors, and Medicines. Therefore the temperaments of the parts of our body are of this nature, not only by the judgment of the touch of a mans hand, which is justly tempered, (who is often deceived by flowing heat, which,* 1.40 spread from the heart into all the body, imparts a certain kind of heat, to all the parts) but also by the rule of their reason, composure, and substance, as

• A Bone is the most dry and cold.
• A Grisle less than it.
• A Ligament less then a Grisle.

A Tendon is so much dryer and colder than the membrane, by how much it, in the same temper, exceeds a Vein and Artery. Then follow the harder Veins: for the softer are in a middle temper of dryness and moisture, like as the Skin; although all, both soft and hard are of a cold temper. Wherefore all these parts of their own nature are cold and without blood: although the Veins and Arteries wax hot, by reason of the heat of the blood they con∣tain, which notwithstanding also borroweth that heat from the heart, as a part most hot, and softer than the skin; the Liver next followeth the heart, in the order of the hotter parts, which is farre softer than the skin it self: for if, according to Galens opinion,* 1.41 the heart is somewhat less hard then the skin, and that is far harder than the liver, as appears by touching them, it must necessarily follow that the liver much exceeds the skin in softness; I understand the skin, simple and separated from the flesh lying under it, to which it firmly cleaves. The flesh is more moist and hot than the skin, by reason of the blood dispersed in it. The spinal marrow is colder and moister than the skin; but the brain so much exceeds it in moisture, as it is exceeded by the fat. The lungs are not so moist as the fat; and the spleen, and kidneys are of the like nature, and ne∣vertheless they are all moisture than the skin.

According to the diversities of ages, the temperaments both of the whole body,* 1.42 and all its parts, undergo great mutations; for the bones are far harder in old men than in children, be∣cause, our life is, as it were, a certain progress to dryness; which when it comes to the height, consequently causeth death.* 1.43 Wherefore in this place we must speak of the Temperaments of Ages, when first we shall have defined what an Age is. Therefore an Age is defined, A space of life in which the constitution of the body of its self and own accord, undergoeth manifest chan∣ges. The whole course of life hath four such Ages. The first is Childhood, which extends from the birth to the eighteenth year of age, and hath a hot and moist temper, because it is next to the hot and moist beginnings of life, seed, and blood. Youth followeth this, which is prolonged from the eighteenth to the twenty fifth year, and is temperate, and in the midst of all excesses. Mans estate succeedeth Youth, which they deny to extend beyond the thirty fifth year of age; in its proper temper it is hot and dry; whereby it commeth to pass that then the heat is felt more acide and biting, which in childhood seemed milde; because the progress of the life to dryness,* 1.44 hath much wasted the native humidity.

Then succeeds Old-age, ever divided into two parts; the first whereof extends from the thir∣ty fifth, to the forty ninth year; those of this age are called Old-men, (but we commonly call them midd••e ag'd men.) The latter is, as it were, divided by Galen into three* 1.45 degrees; the first where∣of are those, who having their strength sound and firm, undergo civill affairs and businesses:

which things those which are in the second degree of Old-age cannot do, because of the debi∣lity of their now decaying strength: but those which are in the last degree, are afflicted with most extream weakness and misery, and are as much deprived of their senses and understanding, as of the strength of their bodies; whereof arose this Proverb, Old men, twice Children. Those Old men of the first rank are pleasant and curteous: and those we say, are beginning to grow Old, or in their green Old-age; those of the second sort delight in nothing but the boord and bed; but old decrepit men of the last order, think of nothing else, than their graves and monu∣ments.* 1.46 Their firm and solid parts are of a cold and dry temperature, by reason of the decay of the radical moisture, which the inbred heat causeth in the continuance of so many years. Which thing may happen in a short space, by the vehement flame of the same natural heat, turned by fevers into a fiery heat. But if any to prove Old men moist, will object, That they cough oft, and spit much, I will answer him, as an old Doctor once said; That a pitcher filled with water, may pour forth much moisture; yet no man will deny but that such a vessel of its own terrene nature and matter is most dry; so old men may plainly be affirmed to be moist, by reason of their defect of heat, and abundance of excrements. But this description of ages is not to be taken so strictly as alwayes to be measured by the spaces and distances of years; for there are many which by their own misdemeanour seem elder at forty, than others do at fifty.

* 1.47Lastly, the famous Philosopher Pythagoras divided mans life into four ages, and by a certain proportion compared the whole course thereof to the four seasons of the year; as Childhood to the Spring, in which all things grow and sprout out, by reason of plenty and abundance of moi∣sture. And Youth to the Summer, because of the vigor and strength which men enjoy at that age. And mans estate, or constant age, to Autumn; for that then after all the dangers of the fore-pas∣sed life, the gifts of discretion and wit acquire a seasonableness or ripeness, like as the fruits of the earth enjoy at that season. And lastly, he compares Old-age to the sterile and fruitless Win∣ter, which can ease and consolate its tediousness by no other means, than the use of fruits ga∣thered and stored up before, which then are of a cold and troublesome condition. But for ex∣treme Old-age, which extends to eighty or a hundred years, it is so cold and dry, that those which arrive at that decrepit age are troublesome, harsh, touchy, froward, crabby, and often complaining, untill at the length, deprived of all their senses, tongue, feet, and understanding, they doting return again to childishness, as from the staff to the start. And thus much of the Tem∣peraments of ages.

* 1.48But now in like manner we will explain the Temperatures of the seasons of the year, which are four; the Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. The Spring continues almost from the twelfth or thirteenth day of March to the midst of May; Hippocrates seemeth to make it hot and moist; which opinion seemeth not to have sprung from the thing it self, but from an inveterate error of the ancient Philosophers, who would fit the Temperaments of the four seasons of the year, as an∣swering in proportion to the temperatures of the four ages.* 1.49 For if the matter come to a just try∣al, all men will say, the Spring is temperate, as that which is in the midst of the excess of heat, cold, moisture, and dryness: not only by comparison, because it is hotter than Winter, and colder than Summer; but because it hath that quality of its own proper nature. Wherefore it is said of Hippocrates,* 1.50 The Spring is most wholesome, and least deadly; if so be that it keep its na∣tive temper, from which if it decline, or succeed a former untemperate season, as Autumn or Winter,* 1.51 it will give occasion to many diseases described by Hippocrates; not that it breeds them but because it brings them to sight, which before lay hid in the body. Summer is comprehended in the space almost four months; it is of a hot and dry temper, a breeder of such diseases as pro∣ceed from choler, because that humour at this time is heaped up in many bodies by adustion of blood bred in the Spring; but all such diseases do speedily run their course. The beginning of Autumn,* 1.52 is from the time the Sun enters into Libra, and endures the like space of time as the Spring. But when it is dry, it hath great inequality of heat and cold, for the morning, and eve∣nings being very cold, the noondays on the contrary are exceeding hot. Wherefore many disea∣ses are in Autumn, and them long and deadly, especially if they incline towards Winter; because all daily and soddain changes to heat and cold are dangerous. The Winter possesses the remnant of the year, and is cold and moist, it increases natural heat, stirs up the appetite, and augments Phlegm.* 1.53 It encreases heat by Antiperistasis, or contrariety of the encompassing air, which being then cold, prohibits the breathing out of heat: whereby it happens that the heat being driven in and hindered from dissipation, is strengthened by co-uniting its forces. But it augments Phlegm, for that men are more greedy, the Appetite being encreased by the strengthened heat: from whence proceeds much crudity, and a large store of diseases, especially Chronick or Long, which spread and encrease rather in this Winter-season than in any other part of the year. To this discourse of the temper of the seasons of the years, is to be revoked the variety of tempers which happens every day; which certainly is not to be neglected, that there may be place of ele∣ction,* 1.54 especially if nothing urge. For hither belongs that saying of Hippocrates; When in the same day it is one while hot, another cold, Autumnal diseases are to be expected. Therefore an Indication taken from hence is of great consequence to the judgment of diseases; for if it agree with the disease, the disease is made more contumacious, and difficult to cure. Whereupon the Patient and Physitian will have much trouble; but if on the contrary it reclaim and dissent, the health of the Patient is sooner to be expected. Neither is it a thing of less consequence to know the customs and habits of the Places and Countreys in which we live; as also the inclination of

the Heavens, and temperature of the Air. But let us leave these things to be considered by Na∣tural Philosophers, that we may deliver our judgment of the temperaments of Humors. Blood,* 1.55 as that which answers to the Air in proportion, is of a hot and moist nature, or rather temperate, as Galen testifies; for, saith he, it is certain and sure, that the Blood is neither hot nor moist, but temperate, as in its first composure none of the four first Qualities exceeds other by any mani∣fest excess, as he repeats it upon the 39^th Sentence. Phlegm, as that which is of a waterish nature,* 1.56 is cold and moist; no otherwise than Choler being of a fiery temper, is hot and dry. But Me∣lancholy assimilated to earth, is cold and dry.* 1.57 This which we have spoken in general of Phlegm and Melancholy, is not alwayes true in every kind of the said Humors. For salt Phlegm is of a hot and dry temperature; as also all kinds of Melancholy which have arose or sprung by adusti∣on from the native and alimentary, as we will teach in the following Chapter.* 1.58 Now the tempe∣raments of Medicines have not the same form of judgment, as those things which we have before spoken of; as, not from the Elementary quality, which conquering in the contention and mix∣ture, obtains the dominion; but plainly from the effects, which taken or applyed, they imprint in a temperate body. For so we pronounce those things, hot, cold, moist, or dry, which produce the ef∣fects of Heat, Coldness, Moisture, or Dryness. But we will defer the larger explication of these things to that place, where we have peculiarly appointed to treat of Medicines; where we will not simply enquire whether they be hot or cold, but what degree of heat and cold, or the like other quality: In which same place we will touch the temperature and all the nature of Tastes, because the certainest judgment of Medicines is drawn from their tastes. Hitherto of Temperaments; now we must speak of Humors, whose use in Physical speculation is no less than that of Temperaments.

CHAP. VI. Of Humors.

TO know the nature of Humors, is a thing not only necessary for Physitians,* 1.59 but also for Chi∣rurgeons, because there is no disease with matter which ariseth not from some one, or the mixture of more Humors. Which thing Hippocrates understanding, writ, every Creature to be either sick or well according to the condition of the Humors in the body.* 1.60 And certainly all putrid fea∣vers proceed from the putrefaction of Humors. Neither do any acknowledg any other original or distinction of the differences of Abscesses or Tumors: neither do ulcerated, broken, or other∣wise wounded members hope for the restauration of continuity, from other than from the sweet falling down of Humors to the wounded part. Which is the cause that often in the cure of these affects, the Physitians are necessarily busied in tempering the blood, that is, bringing to a medio∣crity the four Humors composing the mass of blood, if they at any time offend in quantity, or qua∣lity. For whether if any thing abound or digress from the wonted temper in any excess of heat, cold, viscosity, grosness, thinness, or any such like quality, none of the accustomed functions will be well performed.* 1.61 For which cause those chief helps to preserve and restore health have been di∣vinely invented; Phlebotomie, or blood-letting, which amends the quantity of too much bloud; and Purging, which corrects and draws away the vicious quality. But now let us begin to speak of the Humors, taking our beginning from the Definition.

An Humor is called (by Physitians) what thing soeuer is liquid and flowing in the body of li∣ving Creatures endued with Blood: and that is either natural, or against nature.* 1.62 The natural is so called because it is fit to defend, preserve, and sustain the life of a Creature.* 1.63 Quite different is the nature and reason of that which is against nature. Again, the former is either Alimentary or Excrementitious: The Alimentary which is fit to nourish the body, is that Humor which is con∣tained in the veins and arteries of a man which is temperate and perfectly well; and which is un∣derstood by the general name of blood, which is let out at the opening of a vein. For Blood other∣wise taken, is an Humor of a certain kind, distinguished by heat and warmness from the other Hu∣mors comprehended together with it, in the whole mass of the blood. Which thing, that it may the better be understood, I have thought good in this place to declare the generation of Blood by the efficient and material causes. All things which we eat or drink, are the materials of Blood;* 1.64 which things drawn into the bottom of the Ventricle by its attractive force, and there detained, are turned by the force of concoction implanted in it, into a substance like to Almond-butter. Which thing, although it appear one and like it self, yet it consists of parts of a different nature, which not only the variety of meats, but one and the same meats yields of it self. We term this Chylus,* 1.65 (when it is perfectly concocted in the stomach.) But the* 1.66 Gate-vein receives it driven from thence into the small Guts, and sucked in by the Meseraick-veins, and now having gotten a little rudiment of change in the way, carries it to the Liver, where by the Blood-making faculty, which is proper and natural to this part, it acquires the absolute and perfect form of Blood. But with that Blood,* 1.67 at one and the same time and action all the Humors are made, whether alimentary or excremen∣titious. Therefore the Blood, that it may perform its Office, that is, the faculty of nutrition, must necessarily be purged and cleansed from the two excrementitious Humors: of which the blad∣der of Gall draws one, which we call yellow Choler; and the Spleen the other, which we term Melancholy. These two Humors are natural but not alimentary or nourishing, but of another use in the body, as afterwards we will shew more at large. The Blood freed from these two kinds of Excrements, is sent by the veins and arteries into all parts of the body for their nourishment.

Which although then it seem to be of one simple nature,* 1.68 yet notwithstanding it is truly such, that four different and unlike substances may be observed in it, as, Blood, properly so named; Phlegm, Choler, and Melancholy, not only distinct in colour, but also in taste, effects, and qualities. For, as Galen notes in his Book de Natura humana, Melancholy is acide or sour, Choler bitter, Blood sweet, Phlegm unsavoury. But you may know the variety of their effects, both by the different temper of the nourished parts, as also by the various condition of the diseases springing from thence. For therefore such substances ought to be tempered and mixed amongst themselves in a certain proportion; which remaining, health remains; but violated, diseases follow. For all ac∣knowledg,* 1.69 that an Oedema is caused by Phlegmatick; a Scirrhus, by Melancholick; an Erysipelas, by Cholerick; and a Phlegmone, by pure and laudable blood. Galen teaches by a familiar example of new wine presently taken from the Press, that these four substances are contained in that one mass and mixture of the blood. In which every one observes four distinct Essences; for the flower of the wine working up, swims at the top, the dregs fall down to the bottom, but the crude and watery moisture, mixed together with the sweet and vinous liquor, is every where diffused through the body of the wine: the flower of the wine, represents Choler, which bubbling up on the superficies of blood, as it concretes and grows cold, shineth with a golden colour; the dregs, Melancholy, which by reason of its heaviness ever sinketh downward, as it were, the mud of the blood; the crude and watery portion, Phlegm: for as that crude humor, except it be rebellious in quantity,* 1.70 or stubborn by its quality, there is hope it may be changed into Wine, by the natural heat of the Wine; so Phlegm, which is blood half concocted, may by the force of native heat be changed into good and laudable blood. Which is the cause that nature decreed or ordained no peculiar place,* 1.71 as to the other two humors, whereby it might be severed from the blood: But the true and perfect liquor of the wine represents the pure blood, which is the more laudable and per∣fect portion of both humors of the confused mass. It may easily appear by the following Scheme, of what kind they all are, and also what the distinction of these four Humors may be.

	NATURE.	CONSISTENCE.	COLOUR.	TASTE.	USE.
Blood is	Of Nature airy, hot and moist, or rather tem∣perate.	Of indifferent con∣sistence, neither too thick nor too thin.	Of Colour, red rosie or crim∣son.	Of Taste sweet.	Of such use, that it chiefly serves for the nourishment of the fleshy parts, and carryed by the vessels im∣parts heat to the whole body.
Phlegm is	Of Nature wa∣tery, cold and moist.	Of Consistence, liquid.	Of Colour, white.	Of Taste, sweet, or rather un∣savory; for we com∣mend that water which is unsavory.	Fit to nourish the brain, and all the other cold and moist parts, to temper the heat of the blood, and by its slipperiness to help the mo∣tion of the joynts.
Choler is	Of Nature fiery, hot and dry.	Of Consistence, thin.	Of Colour yel∣low or pale.	Of Taste, bitter.	It provoketh the expulsive faculty of the guts, atte∣nuates the Phlegm clea∣ving to them, but the Alimentary is fit to nou∣rish the parts of like tem∣per with it.
Melan∣choly is	Of Nature earthly, cold, and dry.	Of Consistence, gross and muddy.	Of Colour, blackish.	Of Taste, acide, sour or biting.	Stirs up the Appetite, nou∣rishes the Spleen, and all the parts of like temper to it, as the bones.

Blood hath its nearest matter from the better portion of the Chylus: and being begun to be la∣boured in the veins, at length gets form and perfection in the Liver; but it hath its remote matter from meats of good digestion and quality, seasonably eaten after moderate exercise; but for that, one age is better than another, and one time of the year more convenient than another. For blood is made more copiously in the Spring, because that season of the year comes nearest to the temper of the bloud, by reason of which the blood is rather to be thought temperate, than hot or moist; for that Galen makes the Spring temperate, and besides, at that time blood-letting is performed with the best success:* 1.72 Youth is an age very fit for the generation of blood; or, by Galens opinion, ra∣ther that part of life that continues from the 25, to the 35 year of our age. Those in whom this Humor hath the dominion, are beautified with a fresh and rosie colour, gentle, and wel-natured, pleasant, merry, and facetious. The generation of Phlegm is not by the imbecillity of heat, as some of the Ancients thought; who were perswaded that Choler was caused by a raging, Blood by a moderate, and Phlegm and Melancholy by a remiss heat. But that opinion is full of manifest

error: for if it be true, that the Chylus is laboured and made into blood in the same part,* 1.73 and by the same fire, that is, the Liver; from whence in the same moment of time should proceed that strong and weak heat, seeing the whole mass of the blood, different in its four essential parts, is perfected and made at the same time, and by the same equal temper of the same part, action, and blood-making faculty; therefore from whence have we this variety of Humors? From hence; for that those meats by which we are nourished, enjoy the like condition that our bodies do, from the four Elements, and the four first Qualities: for it is certain, and we may often observe, In what kind soever they be united or joyned together, they retain a certain hot portion imitating the fire; another cold, the water; another dry, the earth; and lastly, another moist like to the air. Neither can you name any kind of nourishment; how cold soever it be, not Lettuce it self, in which there is not some fiery force of heat. Therefore it is no marvail, if one and the same heat working upon the same matter of Chylus, varying with so great dissimilitude of substances; do by its power produce so unlike humors, as from the hot, Choler; from the cold, Phlegm; and of the others, such as their affinity of temper will permit.

There is no cause that any one should think that variety of humors to be caused in us,* 1.74 rather by the diversity of the active heat, than wax and a flint placed at the same time, and in the same situ∣ation of climat and soil, this to melt by the heat of the Sun, and that scarse to wax warm. There∣fore that diversity of effects is not to be attributed to the force of the efficient cause, that is, of Heat, which is one, and of one kind in all of us; but rather to the material cause, seeing it is com∣posed of the conflux, or meeting together of various substances, gives the heat leave to work, as it were out of its store, which may make and produce from the hotter part thereof Choler; and of the colder and more rebellious, Phlegm. Yet I will not deny, but that more Phlegm, or Choler may be bred in one and the same body, according to the quicker; or slower provocation of the heat; yet nevertheless it is not consequent, that the Original of Choler should be from a more acide, and of Phlegm from a more dull heat in the same man. Every one of us naturally have a simple heat, and of one kind, which is the worker of divers operations, not of it self, seeing it is always the same, and like it self, but by the different fitness, pliableness, or resistance of the mat∣ter on which it works. Wherefore Phlegm is generated in the same moment of time,* 1.75 in the fire of the same part, by the efficiency of the same heat, with the rest of the blood, of the more cold, liquid, crude, and watery portion of the Chylus. Whereby it comes to pass, that it shews an express figure of a certain rude or unperfect blood, for which occasion nature hath made it no peculiar receptacle, but would have it to run friendly with the blood in the same passages of the veins, that any necessity hapning by famin, or indigency, and in defect of better nourishment, it may by a perfecter elaboration quickly assume the form of blood: Cold and rude nourishment make this humor to abound principally in Winter, and in those which incline to old-age, by rea∣son of the similitude which Phlegm hath with that season and age. It makes a man drowsie, dul, fat,* 1.76 swollen up, and hastneth gray-hairs. Choler is as it were, a certain heat and fury of humors, which generated in the Liver, together with the blood, is caryed by the veins and arteries through the whole body. That of it which abounds, is sent, partly into the guts, and partly into the bladder of the gall, or is consumed by transpiration, or sweats; It is somewhat probable that the arterial blood is made more thin, hot, quick, and pallid, than the blood of the Veins, by the commixture of this Alimentary Choler. This Humor is chiefly bred and expel'd in youth, and acid and bit∣ter meats give matter to it: but great labours of body and mind give the occasion. It maketh a man nimble, quick, ready for all performance, lean, and quick to anger, and also to concoct meats.* 1.77 The melancholick humor, or Melancholy, being the grosser portion of the blood, is partly sent from the Liver to the Spleen to nourish it, and partly carryed by the vessels into the rest of the body, and spent in the nourishment of the parts endued with an earthly dryness; it is made of meats of gross juyce, and by the perturbations of the mind, turned to fear and sadness.* 1.78 It is aug∣mented in Autumn, and in the first and crude Old-age; it makes men sad, harsh, constant, froward, envious and fearful. All men ought to think, that such Humors are wont to move at set hours of the day, as by a certain peculiar motion or tide, Therefore the blood flows from the ninth hour of the night, to the third hour of the day; then Choler to the ninth of the day;* 1.79 then Melancho∣ly to the third of the night; the rest of the night that remains, is under the dominion of Phlegm. Manifest examples hereof appears in the French-Pox. From the elaborate and absolute mass of the blood, (as we said before) two kind of Humors, as excrements of the second concoction, are commonly and naturally separated, the one more gross, the other more thin. This is called either absolutely Choler, or with an adjunct, yellow Choler. That is called Melancholy, which drawn by the Spleen in a thinner portion, and elaborate by the heat of the Arteries, which in that part are both many and large, becomes nourishment to the part; the remnant thereof is carryed by the veiny Vessel into the orifice of the ventricle, whereby it may not cause but whet the appetite, and by its astriction strengthen the actions thereof. But yellow Choler drawn into the bladder of the gall, remains there so long, till being troublesome; either in quantity or quality,* 1.80 it is ex∣cluded into the guts, whereby it may cast forth the excrements residing in them; the expulsive faculty being provoked by its acrimony, and by its bitterness kills the worms that are bred there. This same Humor is accustomed to die the urine of a yellow colour. There is another serous Hu∣mor, which is not fit to nourish but profitable for many other things, which is not an excrement of the second, but of the first concoction. Therefore, nature would that mixed with the Chylus,* 1.81 it should come to the Liver, and not be voided with the excrements, whereby it might allay the

grosness of the blood, and serve it for a vehicle; for otherwise the blood could scarse pass through the capillary veins of the Liver, and passing the simous and gibbous parts thereof, come to the hollow vein. Part of this serous humour, separated together with the blood which serves for the nourishment of the Reins, and straight carried into the bladder, is turned into that urine which we daily make; the other part thereof, carried through all the body together with the blood, performing the like duty of transportation, is excluded by sweats into which it degenerates. Besides the forenamed, the Arabians have mentioned four other humors, which they term Ali∣mentary and secondary,* 1.82 as being the next matter of nourishment, as those four the blood con∣tains, the remote. They have given no name to the first kind, but imagin it to be that humour, which hangs ready to fall like to little drops in the utmost orifices of the veins. They call the second kind,* 1.83 Dew; being that humour, which, entred already into the substance of the part, doth moisten it. The third they call by a barbarous name, Cambium, which, already put to the part to be nourished, is there fastned. The fourth named Gluten, or Glew, is only the proper and substance-making humidity of the similar parts, not their substance. The distinction of the degrees of nutrition recited by Galen in his books of Natural faculties, answer in proportion to this distinction of humours. The first is, that the blood flow to the part that requires nou∣rishment; then that being there arrived, it may be agglutinated; then lastly, that having lost its former form of nourishment, it may be assimilated.

* 1.84Those humours are against nature, which being corrupted, infect the body and the parts in which they are contained by the contagion of their corruption, retaining the names and titles of the humours, from whose perfection and nature they have revolted, they all grow hot by pu∣trefaction, although they were formerly by their own nature cold. And they are corrupted, either in the veins only, or within and without the veins; In the veins Blood and Melancholy; but,* 1.85 both without and within the veins, Choler and Phlegm. When blood is corrupted in its thin∣ner portion, it turns into Choler, when in its thicker, into Melancholy; for the Blood becomes faulty two manner of wayes, either by the corruption of its proper substance by putrefaction, or by admixtion of another substance by infection. The Melancholy humor which is corrupted in the veins,* 1.86 is of three sorts: The first is of a Melancholy juice putrefying, and by the force of a strange heat, turned, as it were, into ashes, by which it becomes adust, acid and biting. The other ariseth from that Choler which resembles the yolks of eggs, which by adustion becomes leek-coloured, then aeruginous, or of a blewish green, then red, and lastly black, which is the very worst kind of Melancholy, hot, malign, eating, and exulcerating, and which is never seen or voided with safety. The third comes from Phlegm putrefying in the veins, which first dege∣nerates into salt Phlegm, but straight by the strength of extraneous heat degenerates into Me∣lancholy.

Phlegm not naturall is bred, either

• In the Veins, and is either
  • Acide and very crude, as which hath had none or very little impression of heat, but that which it first had in the stomach.
  • Salt, which is bred by the sweet, putrefying and adust, or mixture of adust and salt particles.
• Or without the Veins, & is of four sorts; either
  • Waterish, as is that thin moisture which distils from the the brain by the nostrils.
  • Mucous, as when that waterish is thickned into filth by the help of some accidental or small heat.
  • Glassie, or* 1.87 Albuminous, resembling molten glass, or rather the white of an egg, and is most cold.
  • Gypsea, or Plaister-like, which is concrete into the hardness and form of chalk, as you may see in the joints of the fingers in a knotty gout, or in inveterate distilla∣tions upon the Lungs.

Choler not naturall is bred; either

• In the Veins, as the* 1.88 Vitelline (like in consistence to the yolk of a raw egg) which the acrimony of strange heat breeds of yellow Choler, which same, in diseases altogether deadly, degenerates into green, aeruginous, & lastly into a blue, or colour like that which is dried by woad.
• Or in the ca∣pacity of the upper belly, as the ven∣tricle, and this is of five kinds:
  • The first is called Porracea, or leek-coloured, resem∣bling the juice of a leek in greenness.
  • The second aeruginosa, or aeruginous, like in colour to verdigrease.
  • The third blewish, or woad-coloured, like the colour died by woad.
  • The fourth red, differing in this from blood, whose colour it imitates, that it never commeth into knots, or clods like blood.
  • The fifth very red, generated by the excess of the for∣mer, which causeth burning feavers.

The Kinds of such Choler, are often cast forth by vomit in diseases, the strength of the disease being past; being troublesome to the parts through which they are evacuated, by their bitter∣ness, acrimony, and biting.

The signes of a Sanguine Person.

I Think it manifest, because the matter and generation of flesh is principally from blood, that a man of a fleshy, dense, and solid habit of body, and full of a sweet and vaporous juice, is of a Sanguine complexion. And the same party hath a flourishing and rosie colour in his face, tem∣pered with an equal mixture of white and red; of white, by reason of the skin lying utmost;* 1.89 of red, because of the blood spread underneath the skin: for always such as the humor is, such is the colour in the face. In manners, he is curious, gentle, easie to be spoken to, not altogether estranged from the love of women, of a lovely countenance and smooth forehead, seldom angry,* 1.90 but taking all things in good part; for as the inclination of humors is, so also is the disposition of manners. But blood is thought the mildest of all humors; but the strong heat of the inward parts maketh him to eat and drink freely. Their dreams are pleasant, they are troubled with di∣seases arising from blood, as frequent Phlegmons, and many sanguine pustles breaking through the skin, much bleeding, and menstruous fluxes. Wherefore they can well endure blod-letting, and delight in the moderate use of cold and dry things; and lastly, are offended by hot and moist things. They have a great and strong Pulse, and much urine in quantity, but milde of quality, of an indifferent colour and substance.

The signes of a Cholerick Person.

CHolerick men are of a pale or yellowish colour, of a lean, slender and rough habit of body,* 1.91 with fair veins and large Arteries, and a strong and quick pulse: their skin being touched, feels hot, dry, hard, rough and harsh, with a pricking and acid exhalation which breaths forth of their whole body. They cast forth much choler by stool, vomit, and urine.* 1.92 They are of a quick and nimble wit, stout, hardy and sharp vindicators of received injuries, liberal even to pro∣digality, and somewhat too desirous of glory. Their sleep is light, and from which they are quickly waked: their dreams are fiery, burning, quick, and full of fury; they are delighted with meats and drinks which are somewhat more cold and moist, and are subject to Tertian and burning feavers, the Phrensie, Jaundise, Inflammations, and other Cholerick pustles, the Lask, Bloody flux, and bitterness of the mouth.

The signes of a Phlegmatick Person.

THose in whom Phlegm hath the dominion, are of a whitish coloured face,* 1.93 and somtimes li∣vid and swollen, with their body fat, soft, and cold to touch.

They are molested with Phlegmatick diseases, as Oedematous tumours, the Dropsie, Quoti∣dian feavers, falling away of the hairs, and Catarrhs falling down upon the Lungs, and the Aspe∣ra Arteria, or Weason: they are of a slow capacity, dull, slothful, drowsie; they do dream of rains, snows, floods, swimming, and such like, that they often imagine themselves overwhelmed with waters; they vomit up much watery and Phlegmatick matter, or otherwise spit and evacu∣ate it, and have a soft and moist tongue.

And they are troubled with a dog-like hunger, if at any time it should happen that their insi∣pid Phlegm become acide; and they are slow of digestion, by reason of which they have great store of cold and Phlegmatick humors; which if they be carried down into the windings of the Colick-gut, they cause murmuring and noise, and sometimes the Colick.

For much wind is easily caused of such like Phlegmatick excrements wrought upon by a small and weak heat, such as Phlegmatick persons have,* 1.94 which by its natural lightness is diversly car∣ried through the turnings of the guts, and distends and swells them up, and whiles it strives for passage out, it causeth murmurings and noises in the belly, like wind breaking through narrow passages.

Signes of a Melancholick Person.

THe face of Melancholy persons is swart, their countenance cloudy and often cruel,* 1.95 their as∣spect is sad and froward; frequent Scirrhus, or hard swellings, tumors of the Spleen, Hae∣morroids, Varices (or swollen Veins) Quartain feavers, whether continual or intermitting; Quin∣tain, Sextain, and Septimane feavers: and, to conclude, all such wandering feavers or agues set upon them. But when it happens, the Melancholy humour is sharpened, either by adustion, or commixture of Choler, then Tetters, the black Morphew, the Cancer simple and ulcerated, the Leprous and filthy scab, sending forth certain scaly and branlike excrescences, (being vulgar∣ly called Saint Manis his evil;) and the Leprosie it self invades them; They have small veins and arteries, because coldness hath dominion over them; whose property is to straiten, as the quality of heat is to dilate. But if at any time their Veins seem big, that largeness is not by rea∣son of the laudable blood contained in them, but from much windiness;* 1.96 by occasion whereof it is somewhat difficult to let them blood; not only, because that when the Vein is opened, the blood flows slowly forth, by reason of the cold slowness of the humors; but much the rather, for that the vein doth nor receive the impression of the Lancet, sliding this way and that way, by reason of the windiness contained in it, and because that the harsh driness of the upper skin, resists the edge of the instrument. Their bodies seem cold and hard to the touch, and they are troubled with terrible dreams, for they are observed to seem to see in the night Devils, Serpents, dark dens and caves, sepulchres, dead corpses, and many other such things ful of horror,* 1.97 by reason of a black

vapor, diversly moving and disturbing the brain, which also we see happens to those, who* 1.98 fear the water, by reason of the biting of a mad Dog. You shall find them froward, fraudulent, par∣simonious, and covetous even to baseness, slow speakers, fearful, sad, complainers, careful, inge∣nious, lovers of solitariness, man-haters, obstinate maintainers of opinions once conceived, slow to anger, but angred not to be pacified. But when Melancholy hath exceeded natures and its own bounds, then by reason of putrefaction and inflammation all things appear full of extreme fury and madness, so that they often cast themselves headlong down from some high place, or are otherwise guilty of their own death, with fear of which notwithstanding they are terrified.

* 1.99But we must note that changes of the native temperament, do often happen in the course of a mans life, so that he which awhile agone was Sanguine, may now be Cholerick, Melancholick, or Phlegmatick; not truly, by the changing of the blood into such Humors, but by the mutation of Diet, and the course or vocation of life. For none of a Sanguine complexion but will prove Cho∣lerick if he eat hot and dry meats,* 1.100 (as all like things are cherished and preserved by the use of their like, and contraries are destroyed by their contraries) and weary his body by violent ex∣ercises, and continual labors; and if there be a suppression of Cholerick excrements, which be∣fore did freely flow, either by nature or art. But whosoever feeds upon Meats generating gross blood,* 1.101 as Beef, Venison, Hare, old Cheese, and all salt Meats, he without all doubt sliding from his nature, will fall into a Melancholy temper; especially, if to that manner of diet, he shall have a vocation full of cares, turmoils, miseries, strong and much study, careful thoughts and fears; & al∣so if he sit much, wanting exercise, for so the inward heat, as it were, defrauded of its nourishment, faints, and grows dull, whereupon gross and drossie humors abound in the body. To this also the cold and dry condition of the place in which we live, doth conduce, and the suppression of the Melancholy humor accustomed to be evacuated by the Haemorrhoides, courses, and stools.

* 1.102But he acquires a Phlegmatick temper, whosoever useth cold and moist nourishment, much feeding, who before the former meat is gone out of the belly, shall stuff his paunch with more, who presently after meat runs into violent exercises, who inhabit cold and moist places, who lead their life at ease in all idleness; and lastly, who suffer a suppression of the Phlegmatick humor ac∣customly evacuated by vomit, cough, or blowing the nose, or any other way, either by nature or art. Certainly it is very convenient to know these things, that we may discern if any at the pre∣sent be Phlegmatick, Melancholick, or of any other temper; whether he be such by nature, or necessity. Having declared those things which concern the nature of Temperaments, and defer∣red the description of the parts of the body to our Anatomy, we will begin to speak of the Facul∣ties governing this our life, when first we shall have shewn, by a practical demonstration of ex∣amples, the use and certainty of the aforesaid rules of Temperaments.

CHAP. VII. Of the Practice of the aforesaid Rules of Temperaments.

* 1.103THat we may draw the Theorick of the Temperaments into practice, it hath seemed good for avoiding of confusion which might make this our Introduction seem obscure, if we would prosecute the differences of the Tempers of all men of all Nations, to take those limits which Na∣ture hath placed in the world; as South, North, East, and West, and, as it were, the Center of those bounds, that the described variety of Tempers, in colour, hab••t, manners, studies, actions, and form of life o•• men that inhabit those Regions situated so far distant one from another, may be as a sure rule, by which we may certainly judg of every mans temperature in particular, as he shall appear to be nearer or further off from this or that Region.* 1.104 Those which inhabit the South, as the Africans, Aethiopians, Arabians, and Egyptians, are for the most part deformed, lean, duskie coloured, and pale, with black eyes and great lips, curled hair, and a small and shrill voyce. Those which inhabit the Northern parts,* 1.105 as the Scythians, Muscovites, Polonians, and Germans, have their faces of colour white, mixed with a convenient quantity of blood, their skin soft and delicate, their hair long, hanging down and spreading abroad, and of a yellowish, or reddish colour; of stature they are commonly tall, and of a well proportioned, fat, and compact habit of body, their eyes gray,* 1.106 their voice strong, loud, and big. But those who are situated between these two for∣mer, as the Italians and French, have their faces somewhat swart, are well favoured, nimble, strong, hairy, slender, well in flesh, with their eyes resembling the colour of Goats-eye, and of∣ten hollow eyed, having a cleer, shrill, and pleasing voyce.

* 1.107The Southern people are exceeded so much by the Northern in strength and ability of body, as they surpass them in wit and faculties of the mind. Hence is it you may read in Histories, that the Scythians, Goths and Vandals vexed Africk and Spain with infinite incursions, and most large & famous Empires have been founded from the North to South; but few or none from the South to the North. Therefore the Northern people thinking all right and law to consist in Arms, did by Duel only determine all causes and controversies arising amongst the Inhabitants, as we may gather by the ancient laws, and customs of the Lumbards, English, Burgonians, Danes, and Germans; and we may see in Saxo the Grammarian that such a law was once made by Fronto King of Den∣mark. The which custom at this day is every where in force amongst the Muscovites. But the Southern people have alwayes much abhorred that fashion, and have thought it more agreeable to Beasts than Men. Wherefore we never heard of any such thing used by the Assyrians, Aegyp∣tians,

Persians or Jews. But moved by the goodness of their wit, they erected Kingdomes and Empires by the only help of Learning and hidden Sciences. For seeing by nature they are Me∣lancholick, by reason of the dryness of their temperature, they willingly addict themselves to so∣litariness and contemplation, being endued with a singular sharpness of wit. Wherefore the Aethiopians, Egyptians, Africans, Jews, Phoenicians, Persians, Assyrians, and Indians,* 1.108 have invented many curious Sciences, revealed the Mysteries and secrets of Nature, digested the Mathema∣tiques into order, observed the motions of the Heavens, and first brought in the worship and reli∣gious sacrifices of the gods: Even so far that the Arabians who live only by stealth, and have only a Waggon for their house, do boast that they have many things diligently and accurately observed in Astrology by their Ancestors, which every day made more accurate and copious, they as by an hereditary right, commend to posterity, as it is recorded by Leo the African.* 1.109 But the Northern people, as the Germans, by reason of the aboundance of humors and blood, by which the mind is as it were opprest, apply themselves to works obvious to the senses, and which may be done by the hand. For, their minds opprest with the earthly mass of their bodies, are easily drawn from heaven and the contemplation of coelestial things, to these inferior things, as to find out Mines by digging, to buy and cast metalls, to draw and hammer out works of Iron, steel and brass. In which things they have proved so excellent, that the glory of the Invention of Guns and Printing belongs to them.

The people who inhabit the middle regions between these,* 1.110 are neither naturally fit for the more abstruse sciences, as the Southern people are; nor for Mechanick works, as the Northern; but intermeddle with civil affairs, commerce, and Merchandizing. But are endued with such strength of body as may suffice to avoid and delude the crafts and arts of the Southern Inhabi∣tants; and with such wisdom as may be sufficient to restrain the fury and violence of the Nor∣thern. How true this is, any one may understand by the example of the Carthaginians and Afri∣cans, who when they had held Italy for some years by their subtle counsels, crafty sleights, and devices; yet could not escape, but at the length their Arts being deluded, and they spoiled of all their fortunes, were borught in subjection to the Romans. The Goths, Hunns, and other Nor∣thern people have spoiled and overrun the Roman Empire by many incursions and inroads,* 1.111 but destitute of counsel and providence, they could not keep those things which they had gotten by Arms and valour. Therefore the opinion of all Historians is agreeing in this, that good laws, and form of governing a Common-wealth, all politick ordinances, the Arts of disputing and speaking, have had their beginnings from the Greeks, Romans, and French.* 1.112 And from hence in times past and at this day a greater number of Writers, Lawyers and Counsellors of State have sprung up, than in all the whole world besides. Therefore that we may attribute their gifts to each Region, we affirm that, The Southern people are born and fit for the Studies of learning, the Northern for warres, and those which be between them both for Empire and rule. The Italian is naturally wise, the Spaniard grave and constant, the French quick and diligent; for you would say hee runs when goes, being compared to the slow and womanish pace of the Spaniard, which is the cause that Spaniards are delighted with French servants for their quick agility in dispatching business. The Eastern people are specially indued with a good, firm and well tem∣pered wit, not keeping their counsels secret and hid. For haste is of the nature of the Sun,* 1.113 and that part of the day which is next to the rising of the Sun is counted the right side and stronger; and verily in all things living, the right side is always the more strong and vigorous. But the Western people are more tender and effeminate, and more close in their carriage and mind, not easily making any one partaker of their secrets. For the West is as it were subject to the Moon, because at the change it always inclines to the West, whereby it happens, that it is reputed as nocturnal, sinister and opposite to the East; and the West is less temperate and wholesome. Therefore of the winds none is more wholesome than the East wind which blows from the West with a most fresh and healthful gale; yet it seldome blows, and but only at Sun-set.* 1.114

The Northern people are good eaters, but much better drinkers,* 1.115 witty when they are a little moistned with Wine, and talkers of things both to be spoken and concealed, not very constant in their promises and agreements, but principal keepers and preservers of shamefastness and chastity, far different from the inhabitants of the South, who are wonderful sparing, sober, secret, and subtle, and much addicted to all sorts of wicked Lust. Aristotle in his Problems saith,* 1.116 that those Nations are barbarous and cruel, both which are burnt with immoderate heat, and which are opprest with excessive cold, because a soft temper of the Heavens, softens the manners and the mind. Wherefore both, as well the Northern, as Scythians and Germans; and the Southern, as Africans are cruel; but these have this of a certain natural stoutness, and souldier-like bold∣ness, and rather of anger then a wilful desire of revenge; because they cannot restrain by the power of reason the first violent motions of their anger by reason of the heat of their blood. But those of a certain inbred and inhumane pravity of manners, wilfully and willingly premeditating they perform the works of cruelty, because they are of a sad and melancholly nature. You may have an example of the Northern cruelty from the Transylvanians against their seditious Captain George, whom they gave to be torn in pieces alive and devoured by his Souldiers, (being kept fasting for three days before for that purpose) who was then unbowelled, and rosted, and so by them eaten up. The cruelty of Hannibal the Captain of the Carthaginians may suffice for an in∣stance of the Southern cruelty.* 1.117 He left the Roman Captives wearied with burdens and the length of the way, with the soles of their feet cut off; But those he brought into his tents, joy∣ning

brethren and kinsmen together he caused to fight, neither was satisfied with blood before he brought all the victors to one man. Also we may see the cruel nature of the Southern Ameri∣cans, who dip their children in the blood of their slain enemies, then suck their blood, and ban∣quet with their broken and squeased Limbs.

* 1.118And as the Inhabitants of the South are free from divers Plethorick diseases, which are caused by abundance of blood (to which the Northern people are subject) as Feavers, Defluxions, Tu∣mors, Madness with laughter which causeth those which have it to leap and dance, (the people commonly term it S. Vittus his evil) which admits of no remedy but Musick: so they are often molested with the Frensie, invading with madness and fury; by the heat whereof they are often so ravished and carried beside themselves, that they foretel things to come; they are terrified with horrible dreams, and in their fits they speak in strange and forrein tongues; but they are so subject to the scurf and all kind of scabs and to the Leprosie as their homebred disease, that no houses are so frequently met withal by such as travel through either of the Mauritania's, as Ho∣spitals provided for the Lodging of Leapers.* 1.119 Those who inhabit rough and Mountainous places, are more brutish, tough, and able to endure labour. but such as dwell in Plains, especially if they be moorish, or fennish, are of a tender body, and sweat much with a little labour; the truth of which is confirmed by the Hollanders and Frizlanders. But if the Plain be such as is scorched by the heat of the Sun, & blown upon by much contrariety of winds, it breeds men who are turbulent, not to be tamed, desirous of sedition and novelty, stubborn, impatient of servitude, as may be perceiv∣ed by the sole example of the Inhabitants of Narbon, a Province of France. Those who dwell in poor and barren places are commonly more witty and diligent & most patient of labors; the truth of which the famous wits of the Athenians, Ligurians, and Romans, and the plain country of the Boe∣otians in Greece, of the Campanians in Italy, and of the rest of the Inhabiters adjoyning to the Li∣gurian Sea, approves.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Faculties.

* 1.120A Faculty is a certain power, and efficient cause, proceeding from the temperament of the part, and the performer of some actions, of the body. There are three principal Faculties governing man's body,* 1.121 as long as it enjoys its integrity; the Animal, Vital, and Natural. The Ani∣mal is seated in the proper temperament of the Brain, from whence it is distributed by the Nerves into all parts of the body which have sense and motion. This is of three kinds; for one is Mo∣ving, another sensitive, the third principal. The sensitive consists in five external senses, sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. The moving principally remains in the Muscles and Nerves as the fit instruments of voluntary motion. The Principal comprehends the Reasoning Faculty, the Memory, and Fantasie. Galen would have the common or inward Sense to be comprehended within the compass of the Fantasie, although Aristotle distinguish between them.

The Vital, abides in the heart, from whence heat and life is distributed by the Arteries to the whole body: this is principally hindred in the diseases of the Breast; as the Principal is, when any disease assails the Brain;* 1.122 the prime Action of the vital faculty is Pulsation, and that continu∣ed agitation of the Heart and Arteries, which is of threefold use to the body: for by the dilata∣tion of the Heart and Arteries, the vital Spirit is cherished by the benefit of the Air which is drawn in; by the contraction thereof, the vapours of it are purged and sent forth, and the native heat of the whole body is tempered by them both.

* 1.123The last is the Natural faculty which hath chosen its principal seat in the Liver, it spreads or carries the nourishment over the whole body; but it is distinguished into three other faculties; The Generative, which serves for the generation and forming of the Issue in the womb; the Growing or Increasing faculty, which flourisheth from the time the Issue is formed, until the perfect growth of the solid parts into their full dimensions of length, heighth and bredth. The nourishing faculty, which, as servant to both the other, repairs and repays the continual efflux and waste of the threefold substance;* 1.124 for Nutrition is nothing else but a replenishing, or repair∣ing whatsoever is wasted or emptied. This nourishing-faculty endures from that time the Infant is formed in the womb until the end of life. It is a matter of great consequence in Physick, to know the four other faculties,* 1.125 which as servants attend upon the nourishing faculty; which are the Attractive, Retentive, Digestive, and Expulsive faculty. The Attractive draws that juyce which is fit to nourish the body; that, I say, which by application may be assimilated to the part. This is that faculty, which in such as are hungry draws down the meat scarce chewed, and the drink scarce tasted, into the gnawing and empty stomach. The Retentive faculty is that which re∣tains the nourishment once attracted until it be fully laboured and perfectly concocted; And by that means it yields no small assistance to the Digestive faculty.* 1.126 For the natural heat cannot per∣form the office of concoction, unless the meat be embraced by the part, and make some stay there∣in. For otherwise the meat, carried into the stomach, never acquires the form of Chylus, un∣less it stay detained in the wrinkles thereof, as in a rough passage, until the time of Chilifica∣tion. The Digestive faculty assimilates the nourishment, being attracted and detained, in∣to the substance of that part whose faculty it is, by the force of the inbred heat and proper disposition or temper of the part. So the stomach plainly changes all things which are eat and drunk into Chylus, and the Liver turns the Chylus into blood. But the Bones and Nerves convert the red and liquid blood which is brought down unto them by the capillary or small veins, into a white and solid substance. Such concoction is far more laborious in a Bone and Nerve, than in the Musculous flesh. For the blood being not much different from

its nature, by a light change and concretion, turns into flesh. But this Concoction will never sa∣tisfie the desire of Nature and the parts, unless the nourishment, purged from its excrements, put away the filth and dross, which must never enter into the substance of the part.* 1.127 Wherefore there do not only two sorts of excrements remain of the first and second Concoction, the one thick, the other thin, as we have said before; but also from the third Concoction which is performed in every part. The one of which we conceive only by reason, being that which vanisheth into Air by insensible transpiration. The other is known sometimes by sweats, sometimes by a thick fatty substance staining the shirt; sometimes by the generation of hairs and nails, whose matter is from fuliginous and earthly excrements of the third Concoction.* 1.128 Wherefore the fourth fa∣culty was necessary which might yield no small help to nourishment; it is called the Expulsive, appointed to expel those superfluous excrements which by no action of heat, can obtain the form of the part. Such faculties serving for nutrition are in some parts two-fold; as some common, the benefit of which redounds to the whole body, as in the ventricle, liver, and veins; Others only attending the service of those parts in which they remain, and in some parts all these four, aswell common as proper, are abiding and residing as in those parts we now mentioned: some, with the four proper have only two common, as the Gall, Spleen, Kidnies and Bladder. Others are content only with the proper, as the Similar and Musculous parts, who if they want any of these four fa∣culties, their health is decayed either by want of nourishment, and ulcer, or otherwise.* 1.129 The like unnatural affects happen by the deficiency of just and laudable nourishment. But if it happen those faculties do rightly perform their duty, the nourishment is changed into the proper part, and is truly assimilated as by these degrees. First it must flow to the part, then be joyned to it, then agglutinated, and lastly, as we have said, assimilated. Now we must speak of the Actions which arise from the faculties.

CHAP. IX. Of the Actions.

AN Action or Function is an active motion proceeding from a faculty; for,* 1.130 as the faculty de∣pends on the Temperament, so the Action on the faculty, and the Act or work depends upon the Action by a certain order of consequence. But although that the words, Action, and Act or work, are often confounded; yet there is this difference between them, as that the Action sig∣nifies the Motion used in the performance of any thing; but the Act or work,* 1.131 the thing already done and performed: for example, Nutrition and the Generating of flesh are natural Actions; but the parts nourished, and a hollow ulcer filled with flesh are the works of that motion, or action. Wherefore the Act ariseth from the Action, as the Action ariseth from the Faculty, the integrity or perfection of the instruments concurring in both. For as, if the Faculty be either de∣fective, or hurt, no Action will be well performed: so, unless the Instruments keep their native and due conformity (which is their perfect health, the operator of the Action proper to the instru∣ment) none of those things, which ought to be, will be well performed. Therefore for the per∣formance of blameless and perfect actions, it is fit a due conformity of the instrument concur with the faculty. But Actions are two fold; for they are either Natural, or Voluntary.* 1.132 They are tearmed Natural, because they are performed not by our will, but by their own accord and a∣gainst our will: As are, that continual motion of the Heart, the beating of the Arteries, the ex∣pulsion of the Excrements, and such other like, which are done in us by the Law of Nature whe∣ther we will, or no. These Actions flow either from the Liver and Veins, or from the Heart and Arteries. Wherefore we may comprehend them under the names of Natural and Vital Actions. For we must attribute his Action to each faculty, lest we seem to constitute an idle faculty, and no way profitable for use. The unvoluntary vital actions, are the dilatation and contraction of the Heart and Arteries, the which we comprehend under the sole name of the Pulse: by that they draw in, and by this they expel or drive forth. The unvoluntary vital actions be,

• Generation
• Growth and
• Nutrition

which proceed from the

• Generative
• Growing, and
• Nourishing

faculty.

Generation is nothing else then a certain producing or acquiring of matter,* 1.133 and an introducing of a substantial form into that matter: this is performed by the assistance of two faculties; of the altering, which doth diversly prepare and dispose the seed and menstruous blood to put on the form of a Bone, Nerve, Spleen, flesh and such like: of the Forming faculty, which adorns with fi∣gure, site, and composition, the matter ordered by so various a preparation.

Growth is an inlarging of the solid parts into all the dimensions,* 1.134 the pristine and ancient form remaing safe and sound in figure and solidity. For the perfection of every growth is judged only by the solid parts; for if the body swell into a mass of flesh, or fat, it shall not therefore be said to be grown: but then only when the solid parts do in like manner increase, especially the bones, because the growth of the whole body follows their increase, even although at the same time it wax lean and pine away.

Nutrition is a perfect assimilation of that nourishment which is digested,* 1.135 into the nature of the part which digests. It is performed by the assistance of four subsidiary or helping actions, Attra∣ctive, Retentive, Digestive, and Expulsive.

* 1.136The voluntary actions which we willingly perform, are so called, because we can at our plea∣sure hinder, stir up, slow or quicken them. They are three in general, the sensative, moving, and principal Action. The sensitive* 1.137 Soul comprehends all things in five senses, in Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste, and Touch. Three things must necessarily concur to the performance of them, the Organ, the Medium or mean, and the Object. The principal Organ, or Instrument, is the Animal spirit diffused by the Nerves into each several part of the body, by which such actions are per∣formed. Wherefore for the present we will use the parts themselves for their Organs. The Mean is a Body, which carries the Object to the Instrument. The Object is a certain external quality, which hath power by a fit Medium or Mean to stir up and alter the Organ. This will be more manifest by relating the particular functions of the senses by the necessary concurring of these three.

* 1.138Sight, is an action of the seeing faculty, which is done by the Eye, fitly composed of its coats and humors, and so consequently the Organical body of this Action. The Object is a visible qua∣lity brought to the Eye. But such an Object is two-fold; for either it is absolutely visible of its self, and by its own Nature, as the Sun, the Fire, the Moon, and Stars; or desires, as it were, the help of another that it may be actually such; for so by the coming of the light colours, which were visible in power only, being brought to the Eye, they do seem and appear such as they actu∣ally are. But such Objects cannot arrive at the Eye, but through a clear and illuminate Medium, as the Air, Water, Glass, and all sorts of Crystal.

* 1.139The Hearing hath for its Organ the Ear and Auditory passage, which goes to the stony-bone furnished with a Membrane investing it, an Auditory Nerve, and a certain inward spirit there contained. The Object is every sound arising from the smitten or broken Air, and the Collision of two bodies meeting together. The Medium is the encompassing Air which carries the sound to the Ear.

* 1.140Smelling (according to Galen's opinion) is performed in the Mamillary processes produced from the proper substance of the brain, and seated in the upper part of the nose: although others had rather smelling should be made in the very fore-most ventricles of the brain. This Action is weak in man, in comparison of other Creatures: the Object thereof is every smell, or fumid ex∣halation breathing out of bodies. The Medium by which the Object is carried to the noses of Men,* 1.141 Beasts; and Birds, is the Air; but to Fishes the Water it self. The Action, of taste, is per∣formed by the tongue being tempered well and according to nature, and furnished with a Nerve spred over its upper part from the third and fourth Conjugation of the brain. The Object is* 1.142Taste, of whose nature and kinds we will treat more at large in our Antidotary. The Medium by the which the Object is so carried to the Organ, that it may affect it, is either external or in∣ternal: The external is that spattle which doth, as it were, anoint and supple the tongue; the in∣ternal is the spongy flesh of the tongue it self, which affected with the quality of the Object, doth presently so possess the nerve that is implanted in it, that the kind and quality thereof, by the force of the spirit,* 1.143 may be carryed into the common sense. All parts endued with a nerve, enjoy the sense of touching, which is chiefly done, when a tractable quality doth penetrate even to the true and nervous skin, which lyeth under the Cuticle, or scarf-skin; we have formerly noted, that it is most exquisite in the skin which invests the ends of the fingers. The Object is every tractable quality, whether it be of the first rank of qualities, as Heat, Cold, Moisture, Dryness; or of the second, as Roughness, Smoothness, Heaviness, Lightness, Hardness, Softness, Rarity, Density, Friability, Unctuosity, Grosness, Thinness. The Medium by whose procurement the in∣strument is affected, is either the skin or the flesh interwoven with many Nerves.

* 1.144The next Action, is that Motion which by a peculiar name we call Voluntary; this is performed and accomplished by a Muscle, being the proper Instrument of voluntary Motion. Furthermore, every motion of a member possessing a Muscle, is made either by bending and contraction, or by extention: Although generally there be so many differences of voluntary motion, as there are kinds of site in place; therefore Motion is said to be made upward, downward, to the right hand, to the left, forward and backward; Hither are referred the many kinds of motions, which the in∣finite variety of Muscles produce in the body.* 1.145 Into this rank of Voluntary Actions, comes Re∣spiration, or breathing, because it is done by the help of the Muscles, although it be chiefly to temper the heat of the Heart. For we can make it more quick, or slow as we please, which are the conditions of a voluntary Motion.

Lastly, that we may have somewhat in which we may safely rest and defend our selves against the many questions which are commonly moved concerning this thing, we must hold, that Respi∣ration is undergone and performed by the Animal faculty, but chiefly instituted for the vital.

* 1.146The principal Action and prime amongst the Voluntary, is absolutely divided in three, Imagi∣nation, Reasoning, and Memory.

Imagination is a certain expressing, and apprehension which discerns and distinguisheth between the forms and shapes of things sensible, or which are known by the senses.

Reasoning is a certain judicial estimation of conceived or apprehended forms or figures, by a mutual collating or comparing them together.

Memory is the sure storer of all things, and as it were the Treasury which the mind often un∣folds and opens, the other faculties of the mind being idle and not imployed. But because all the fore-mentioned Actions, whether they be Natural, or Animal and Voluntary, are done and per∣formed by the help and assistance of the Spirits; therefore now we must speak of the Spirits.

CHAP. X. Of the Spirits.

THe Spirit is a subtile and airy substance,* 1.147 raised from the purer blood that it might be a ve∣hicle for the faculties (by whose power the whole body is governed) to all the parts, and the prime instrument for the performance of their office. For they, being destitute of its sweet approach, do presently cease from action, and as dead do rest from their accustomed labours. From hence it is that making a variety of Spirits according to the number of the faculties, they have divided them into three; as one Animal, another Vital,* 1.148 another Na∣tural.

The Animal hath taken his seat in the Brain; for there it is prepared and made, that,* 1.149 from thence conveyed by the Nerves, it may impart the power of sense and motion to all the rest of the members. An argument hereof is, that in the great cold of Winter, whether by the inter∣cepting them in their way, or by the concretion, or, as it were, freezing of those spirits the joynts grow stiff, the hands numb, and all the other parts are dull,* 1.150 destitute of their accustomed agility of motion, and quickness of sense. It is called Animal, not because it is the* 1.151 Life, but the chief and prime instrument thereof: wherefore it hath a more subtil and airy substance; and enjoys divers names, according to the various condition of the Sensories or seats of the senses, into which it enters; for that which causeth the sight, is named the Visive: you may see this by night, rub∣bing your eys, as sparkling like fire. That which is conveyed to the Auditory passage, is called the Auditive or Hearing: That which is carried to the instruments of Touching, is termed the Tactive; and so of the rest.

This Animal spirit is made and laboured in the windings and foldings of the Veins and Arte∣ries of the brain, of an exquisit subtil portion of the vital brought thither by the Carotidae Arteriae,* 1.152 or sleepy Arteries; and sometimes also of the pure air, or sweet vapour drawn in by the Nose in breathing. Hence it is, that with Ligatures we stop the passage of this spirit, from the parts we intend to cut off. An Humor which obstructs or stops its passage, doth the like in Apoplexies and Palsies, whereby it happens that the members situate under that place do languish and seem dead, sometimes destitute of motion, sometimes wanting both sense and motion.

The Vital spirit is next to it in dignity and excellency,* 1.153 which hath its chief mansion in the left ventricle of the Heart, from whence, through the Channels of the Arteries, it flows into the whole body, to nourish the heat which resides fixed in the substance of each part, which would perish in short time, unless it should be refreshed by heat flowing thither together with the spirit. And because it is the most subtil next to the Animal, Nature (lest it should vanish away) would have it contained in the Nervous coat of an Artery, which is five times more thick than the coat of the Veins; as Galen, out of Herophilus, hath recorded.

It is furnished with matter from the subtil exhalation of the blood,* 1.154 and that air which we draw in breathing. Wherefore, as it doth easily and quickly perish by immoderate dissipations of the spi∣rituous substance, and great evacuations; so it is easily corrupted by the putrefaction of Humors, or breathing in of pestilent air and filthy vapours; which thing is the cause of the so suddain death of those which are infected with the Plague. This Spirit is often hindred from entring into some part, by reason of obstruction, fulness, or great inflammations; whereby it follows, that in a short space, by reason of the decay of the fixed and inbred heat, the parts do easily fall into a Gangrene, and become mortified.

The Natural spirit (if such there be any) hath its station in the Liver and Veins.* 1.155 It is more gross and dull than the other, and inferior to them in the dignity of the Action, and the excellency of the use. The use thereof is to help the concoction both of the whole body, as also of each se∣veral part, and to carry blood and heat to them.

Besides those already mentioned,* 1.156 there are other Spirits fixed and implanted in the similar and prime parts of the body, which also are natural, and Natives of the same place in which they are seated and placed. And because they are also of an airy and fiery nature, they are so joyned or rather united to the Native heat, that they can no more be sepatated from it than flame from heat; wherefore they with these that flow to them, are the principal instruments of the Actions which are performed in each several part;* 1.157 And these fixed Spirits have their nourishment and maintenance from the radical and first-bred moisture, which is of an airy and oily substance, and is, as it were, the foundation of these Spirits, and the inbred heat. Therefore without this moi∣sture, no man can live a moment. But also the chief Instruments of life are these Spirits, toge∣ther with the Native heat. Wherefore this radical Moisture being dissipated and wasted, (which is the seat, fodder, and nourishment of the Spirits and heat) how can they any longer subsist and remain? Therefore the consumption of the natural heat, followeth the decay of this sweet and substance-making moisture, and consequently death,* 1.158 which happens by the dissipating and re∣solving of natural heat.

But since then these kinds of Spirits with the natural heat, is contained in the substance of each similar part of our body, (for otherwise it could not persist) it must necessarily follow, that there be as many kinds of fixed Spirits, as of similar parts. For because each part hath its proper temper and encrease, it hath also its proper Spirit, and also its own proper fixed and implanted heat, which here hath its abode, as well as its Original. Wherefore the Spirit and heat which is

seated in the bone, is different from that which is impact into the substance of a Nerve, Vein, or such other similar part; because the temper of these parts is different, as also the mixture of the Elements from which they first arose and sprung up. Neither is this contemplation of Spirits of small account, for in these consist all the force and efficacy of our Nature.

* 1.159These being by any chance dissipated or wasted, we languish; neither is health to be hoped for, the flour of life withering and decaying by little and little. Which thing ought to make us more diligent, to defend them against the continual efflux of the threefold substance. For if they be decayed, there is left no proper indication of curing the disease; so that we are often constrained,* 1.160 all other care laid aside, to betake our selves to the restoring and repairing the de∣cayed powers. Which is done by meats of good juyce, easie to be concocted and distributed; good Wines, and fragrant smels.

* 1.161But sometimes these Spirits are not dissipated, but driven in and returned to their fountains, and so both oppress and are opprest; whereupon it happens we are often forced to dilate and spread them abroad by binding and rubbing the parts. Hitherto we have spoke of those things which are called Natural, because we naturally consist of them; it remains that we now say somewhat of their Adjuncts and Associates by familiarity of Condition.

The Adjuncts and Associates to things Natural: are,

• Age: of which, by reason of the similitude of the Argument, we were constrained to speak, when we handled the Temperatures.
• ...Sex.
• Colour: of which we have already spoken.
• The conformation of the Instrumental parts.
• Time: whose force we have also considered.
• ...Region.
• Order of Diet, and condition of Life.

CHAP. XI. Of the Adjuncts of things Natural.

* 1.162SEX is no other thing than the distinction of Male and Female; in which this is most observa∣ble, that for the parts of the body, and the site of these parts, there is little difference be∣tween them;* 1.163 but the Female is colder than the Male. Wherefore their spermatical parts are more cold, soft, and moist; and all their natural actions less vigorous and more depraved.

* 1.164The Nature of Eunuchs is to be referred to that of women, as who may seem to have degene∣rated into a womanish nature, by deficiency of heat; their smooth body, and soft and shrill voyce do very much assimilate women. Notwithstanding you must consider, that there be some Manly wo∣men, which their manly voice, and chin covered with a little hairiness, do argue: and on the contra∣ry, there are some womanizing, or womanish men, which therefore we term dainty and effeminate.

* 1.165The Hermaphrodite is of a doubtful nature, and in the middle of both sexes seems to partici∣pate of both Male and Female.

* 1.166The Colour which is predominant in the habit and superficies of the body, and lies next under the skin, shews the Temperament of what kind soever it be; for, as Galen notes in Comment. ad Aphor. 2. sect. 1. Such a colour appears in us, as the contained Humor hath. Wherefore if a ro∣sie hew colour the cheeks, it is a sign the body abounds with blood, and that it is carryed abroad by the plenty of Spirits. But if the skin be dyed with a yellow colour, it argues Choler is predo∣minant; if with a whitish and pallid hue, Phlegm; with a sable and duskie, Melancholy. So the colour of the Excrements which are according to Nature, is not of the least consideration. For thus, if an Ulcer being broken send forth white matter, it argues the soundness of the part from whence it flows; but if sanious or bloody, green, blackish, or of divers colours, it shews the weakness of the solid part, which could not assimilate by concoction the colour of the excremen∣titious humor. The like reason is of unnatural Tumors: For, as the colour, so the dominion of the Humor causing or accompanying the Swelling commonly is.

* 1.167The conformity and integrity of the Organical parts is considered by their figure, greatness, number, situation, and mutual connexion. We consider the figure, when we say, almost all the external parts of the body are naturally round, not only for shew, but for necessity, that being smooth and no way cornered, they should be less obnoxious to external injuries. We speak of Greatness, when we say, some are large and thick, some lank and lean. But we consider their Number, when we observe some parts to abound, some to want, or nothing to be defective or wanting. We insinuate Site and Connexion, when we search, whether every thing be in its pro∣per place, and whether they be decently fitted, and well joined together.

We have handled the varieties of the four seasons of the Year, when we treated of Tempera∣ments. But the consideration of Region (because it hath the same judgment that the Air) shall be referred to that disquisition or enquiry which we intend to make of the Air, amongst the things Not-natural.

* 1.168The manner of life, and order of Diet, are to be diligently observed by us, because they have great power either to alter, or preserve the Temperament. But because they are of almost infinite variety, therefore they scarce seem possible to fall into Art, which may prosecute all the diffe∣rences

of Diet and Vocations of life. Wherefore if the Calling of Life be laborious, as that of Husbandmen, Mariners, and other such trades, it strengthens and dries the parts of the body. Although those which labour much about Waters, are most commonly troubled with cold and moist diseases, although they almost kill themselves with labour.

Again, those which deal with Metals, as all sorts of Smiths, and those which cast and work brass, are more troubled with hot diseases, as Feavers. But if their Calling be such, as they sit much, and work all the day long sitting at home, as shoomakers; it makes the body tender, the flesh effeminate, and causeth great quantity of excrements. A life as well idle and negligent in body, as quiet in mind, in all riotousness and excesses of Diet, doth the same. For from hence the body is made subject to the Stone, Gravel, and Gout.

That calling of life which is performed with moderate labour, clothing, and diet,* 1.169 seems very fit and convenient to preserve the natural temper of the body. The ingenious Chirurgion may frame more of himself that may more particularly conduce to the examination of these things. Therefore the things natural, and those which are near or neighbouring to them being thus brief∣ly declared; the Order seems to require, that we make enquiry of things Not-natural.

CHAP. XII. Of things Not-natural.

THe things which we must now treat of,* 1.170 have by the later Physitians been termed Not-natu∣ral; because they are not of the number of those which enter into the constitution or com∣posure of mans body; as the Elements, Humors, and all such things which we formerly compre∣hended under the name of Natural: although they be such as are necessary to preserve and de∣fend the body already made and composed. Wherefore they were called by Galen Preservers; because by the due use of them the body is preserved in health. Also, they may be called Doubtful, and Neuters; for that rightly and fitly used, they keep the body healthful, but inconsideratly, they cause diseases. Whereby it comes to pass, that they may be thought to pertain to that part of Physick which is of preserving health; not because some of these things should be absolutely and of their own nature wholsom, and others unwholsom; but only by this, that they are, or prove so by their convenient, or preposterous use. Therefore we consider the use of such like things from four conditions, Quantity, Quality, Occasion, and Manner of using: If thou shalt observe these, thou shalt attain and effect this,* 1.171 That those things which of them∣selves, are, as it were, doubtful, shall bring certain and undoubted health. For these four Cir∣cumstances do so far extend, that in them, as in the perfection of Art, the Rules which may be prescribed to preserve health, are contained. But Galen in another place, hath in four words comprehended these things Not-natural; as, things Taken, Applyed, Expelled, and to be Done. Things Taken, are those which are put into the body, either by the mouth, or any other way;* 1.172 as the air, meat and drink. Things applyed, are those which must touch the body, as the Air now mentioned, affecting the body with a diverse touch of its qualities of heat, cold, moisture, or dri∣ness. Expelled, are what things soever being unprofitable are generated in the body, and require to be expelled. To be Done, are labour, rest, sleep, watching, and the like. We may more di∣stinctly, and by expression of proper Names, revoke all these things to six:

Which are

• ...Air.
• Meat and Drink.
• Labour and Rest.
• Sleep and Watching.
• Repletion and Inanition; or things to be expelled, or retained and kept.
• Perturbations of the Mind.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Air.

AIR is so necessary to life, that we cannot live a moment without it; if so be that breathing,* 1.173 and much more transpiration, be not to be separated from life. Wherefore it much con∣duceth to know, what Air is wholsom, what unwholsom, and which by contrariety of qualities fights for the Patient against the disease; or on the contrary by a similitude of qualities shall nourish the disease, that if it may seem to burden the Patient by increasing or adding to the disease, we may correct it by Art. So in curing the wounds of the head, especially in winter, we la∣bour by all the means we may to make the air warm. For cold is hurtful to the Brain, Bones, and the wounds of these parts; and heat is comfortable and friendly. But also the Air being drawn into the body by breathing when it is hotter than ordinary, doth with a new warmth over-heat the heart, lungs, and spirits, and weaken the strength by the dissipation of the Spirits too much attenuated; so being too cold, in like manner the strength of the faculties faints and grows dull, either by suppression of the vapors, or by the inspissation or thickning of the Spirits.

Therefore to conclude, That Air is to be esteemed healthful, which is clear, subtil and pure,* 1.174

free and open on every side, and which is far remote from all carion-like smels of dead carka∣ses, or the stench of any putrefying thing whatsoever: the which is far distant from standing pools, and fens, and caves, sending forth strong and ill vapors; neither too cloudy nor moist by the nearness of some river.

Such an Air, I say, if it have a vernal temper, is good against all diseases. That Air which is contrary to this, is altogether unhealthful; as that which is putrid, shut up, and prest by the straitness of neighbouring Mountains, infected with some noisom vapor. And because I cannot prosecute all the conditions of Airs, fit for the expelling of all diseases, as which are almost infi∣nite; it shall suffice here to have set down, what we must understand by this word Air.

* 1.175Physitians commonly use to understand three things by the name of Air; The present state of the Air; the Region in which we live; and the season of the Year. We spoke of this last, when we treated of Temperaments. Wherefore we will now speak of the two former. The present state of the Air, one while for some small time, is like the Spring, that is temperate; otherwhiles like the Summer,* 1.176 that is, hot and dry; otherwhiles like the Winter, that is, cold and moist; and sometimes like the Autumn, which is unequal; and this last constitution of the Air is the cause of many diseases. When upon the same day, it is one while hot, another cold, we must expect Autumnal diseases. These tempers and varieties of constitutions of the Air, are chiefly and prin∣cipally stirred up by the winds; as which being diffused over all the Air, shew no small force by their sudden change. Wherefore we will briefly touch their natures: That which blows from the East, is the East-wind, and is of a hot and dry nature, and therefore healthful. But the Western wind is cold and moist, and therefore sickly. The South-wind is hot and moist, the Author of putrefaction and putrid diseases. The North-wind is cold and dry, therefore healthy: wherefore it is thought, if it happen to blow in the Dog-days, that it makes the whole year healthful, and purges, and takes away the seeds of putrefaction, if any chance to be in the Air. But this de∣scription of the four Winds, is then only thought to be true, if we consider the Winds in their own proper nature, which they borrow from those Regions from which they first proceed. For, otherwise they affect the Air quite contrary,* 1.177 according to the disposition of the places over which they came; as Snowie places, Sea, Lakes, Rivers, Woods, or sandy Plains, from whence they may borrow new qualities, with which they may afterwards possess the Air, and so con∣sequently our bodies.

* 1.178Hence it is we have noted the Western-wind unwholsom, and breeding diseases, by reason of the proper condition of the Region from whence it came; and such that is cold and moist; the Gasc••ins find it truly to their so great harm, that it seldom blows with them, but it brings some manifest and great harm,* 1.179 either to their bodies, or fruits of the earth. And yet the Greeks and Latins are wont to commend it for healthfulness, more than the rest. But also the rising and set∣ting of some more eminent Stars, do often cause such cold winds, that the whole Air is cooled, or infected with some other malign quality. For vapors and exhalations are often raised by the force of the Stars, from whence winds, clouds, storms, whirlwinds, lightnings, thunders, hail, snow, rain, earthquakes, inundations, and violent raging of the sea, have their original. The exact con∣templation of which things, although it be proper to Astronomers, Cosmographers, and Geo∣graphers, yet Hippocrates could not omit it, but that he must speak something in his book De Aere & Aquis; where he touches, by the way, the description of the neighbouring Regions, and such as he knew.

From this force of the Air, either hurtful, or helping in diseases, came that famous observation of Guido of Cau••ias; That, wounds of the head are more difficult to cure at Paris, than at Avig∣nion, and the plain contrary of wounds of the legs;* 1.180 for the air of Paris, compared to that of A∣vignion is cold and moist, wherefore hurtful and offensive to the wounds of the head. On the contrary, the same air, because it obscures the spirits, incrassates the blood, condensates the hu∣mors, and makes them less fit for defluxions, makes the wounds of the legs more easie to be heal∣ed, by reason it hinders the course of humors, by whose defluxion the cure is hindred. But it is manifest, that hot and dry places make a greater dissipation of the natural heat, from whence the weakness of the powers; by which same reason the Inhabitants of such places do not so well endure blood-letting; but more easily suffer purgations, though vehement, by reason of the contumacy of the humor,* 1.181 caused by driness. To conclude, the Air changes the constitutions of our bodies, either by its qualities, as if it be hotter, colder, moister, or drier; or by its matter, as if it be grosser, or more subtil than is fit, or corrupted by exhalations from the earth, or by a sudden and unaccustomed alterat••on, which any man may prove, who makes a sudden change out of a quiet air into a stormy, and troubled with many winds. But because, next to the Air, no∣thing is so necessary to nourish mans body, as Meat and Drink, I will now begin to speak of them both.

CHAP. XIV. Of Meat and Drink.

THat this our Treatise of Meat and Drink may be more brief and plain, I have thought good to part it into these heads, as to consider the goodness and illness of both of them, their quantity, quality, custom, delight, order, time; and to accommodate them all to the ages and

seasons of the year. We judge of the goodness and pravity of meats and drinks,* 1.182 from the conditi∣on of the good or vicious humours, or juyce which they beget in us. For evil juyce causeth many diseases. As on the contrary, good juyce drives away all diseases from the body, except the fault happen from some other occasion, as from quantity, or too much excess. Wherefore it is princi∣pally necessary, that those who will preserve their present health, and hinder the access of diseases, feed upon things of good nourishment and digestion, as are good wine, the yolks of eggs, good milk, wheaten bread well baked, the flesh of Capons, Partridge, Thrushes, Larks, Veal, Mutton, Kid, and such like other, which you may find mentioned in the Books which Ga∣len writ, De Aliment••rum facultatibus; where also he examins those which are of evil juyce by their manifest qualities, as acrimony, bitterness, saltness, acidity, harshness, and such like.

But unless we use a convenient quantity and measure in our meats, howsover laudable they be,* 1.183 we shall never reap these fruits of health we hoped for. For they yield matter of diseases, by the only excess of their quantity; but we may by this know the force of quantity on both parts, be∣cause often the poisonous quality of meats of ill nourishment doth not hurt, by reason they were not taken into the body into a great quantity. That measure of quantity is chiefly to be regarded in diseases; for as Hippocrates saith, If any give meat to one sick of a Feaver,* 1.184 he gives strength to the well, and increases the disease to the sick, especially if he do not use a mean. Wherefore it is a thing of no small consequence, to know what diseases require a slender, and what a large diet; of which thing there is large relation made in the 1 Sect. of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates; where he teacheth, the sick must feed more largely in the beginning of long diseases, whereby they may be enabled to endure the length of the disease, and last to the state thereof. But in sharp and violent diseases, which presently come to their height, we must use a slender diet; but most slen∣der, when the disease is in the height; and besides, all our consultations in this kind, must be re∣ferred to the strength of the Patients. But those who enjoy their perfect health, must use a quantity of meat, agreeable to their evacuation and transpiration; for men, by reason of the strength of their heat, and the more copious dissipation of the triple substance, have greater ap∣petite than women; altogether by the same reason, that young people, and such as grow, need more frequent and plentiful nourishment, than old men; and also amongst young men of the like age, some do rightly require more copious nourishment, than othersome, that is, according to the quantity of their evacuations and custom. Certainly for gluttony, it is such as may be extended to all; but we all should take so much meat and drink, that our powers may be refreshed and not oppressed; for by the decree of Hippocrates, these be the two compendiary ways of preserving health; not to be over-filled with meat, and to be quick to work; and thus much of the quantity of meats. Neither must those who are either sound or sick,* 1.185 have less regard to the qualities of their Meats; and those are either the first, as heating, cooling, moistening, drying; or the second, attenuating, incrassating, obstructing, opening, or some other-like, working according to the condition of their nature. The manner of our diet is not only to be framed according to these, but also to be varied; for the present state of such as be in health, requires to be preserved by the use of like things. As hot and moist nourishment is to be prescribed to children, as to those which are hot and moist: and cold and dry to old men, as to those who are cold and dry; if so be that vulgar saying be true, that, Health delights in the use of like things.* 1.186 Yet because Old-age how green and new-begun howsoever it be, is of it self, as it were, a disease, it seems to be more con∣venient, both to truth, and for health, that old people should eat meats contrary to their nature, that is, hot and moist; that so we may defer, as much as we can, the causes of death, cold and dri∣ness, which hasten the destruction of that age. For we must resist diseases by the use of their con∣traries, as those things which are contrary to nature. For otherwise, as much meat as you give to the sick, you add so much strength to the disease.* 1.187 And the same is the cause why Hipp••crates said, that a moist diet is convenient for all such as are sick of Feavers, because a Feaver is a dry distemperature. Therefore we must diligently pry into the nature of the disease, that knowing it, we may endeavour to abate its fury by the use of contraries.

But if Custom (as they say) be another nature, the Physitian must have a great care of it,* 1.188 both in sound and sick. For this sometimes by little & little, and insensibly, changes our natural tempera∣ment, & instead thereof gives us a borrowed temper. Wherefore if any would presently or sudden∣ly change a Custom which is sometimes ill, into a better, truly he will bring more harm than good; because all sudden changes (according to the opinion of Hippocrates) are dangerous.* 1.189 Wherefore if necessity require that we should withdraw any thing from our Custom, we must do it by little and little, that so nature may by degrees be accustomed to contraries without violence, or the di∣sturbance of its usual government. For that meat and drink which is somewhat worse, but more pleasant and familiar by custom, is to be preferred (in Hippocrates opinion) before better,* 1.190 but less pleasant and accustomed. Hence is it, that Country-men do very well digest Beef and Bacon, which commonly they use; but will turn into nidorulent vapors, Partridg, Capons, and other meat of good nourishment, sooner than change them into good and laudable Chylus. The cause of which thing is not only to be attributed unto the property of their stronger, and as it were, burning heat, but much more to Custom; which by a certain kind of familiarity,* 1.191 causeth that meats of hard di∣gestion, are easily turnrd into laudable blood. For the force of Custom is so great, that accusto∣med Meats are more acceptable; whereby it comes to pass, that while the stomach delights in them, it more straitly embraces them, and happily digests them, without any trouble of loathing, vomiting, or heaviness. All the contrary, meet and happen in the use of Meats, which are un∣pleasant

to the taste and stomach. For the ventricle abhorring those things, makes manifest how it is troubled by its acide and nidorulent belchings, loathing, nauseousness, vomit, heaviness, pain of the head, and trouble of the whole body.

Wherefore we must diligently enquire, what Meats the Patient chiefly delighted in, that by offering them, his appetite languishing by reason of some great evacuation, vomit, or the like, may be stirred up. For it will be better and more readily restored by things acceptable, though they be somewhat worse, as we noted a little before out of Hippocrates. By which words he plainly taught, that it is the part of a good and prudent Physitian to subscribe to, and please, the palat of his Patient.

* 1.192But seeing that Order is most beautiful in all things, it is truly very necessary in eating our Meat: for how laudable soever the Meats be in their quantity and quality, howsoever familiar by use, and grateful by custom; yet unless they be eaten in due order, they will either trouble or molest the stomach, or be ill, or slowly and difficultly concocted; wherefore we must diligently observe, what Meats must be eaten at the first, and what at the second course; for those Meats which be hard to concoct, are not to be eaten before those which are easie of digestion; neither dry and astringent things, before moistening and loosing.

* 1.193But on the contrary, all slippery, fat, and liquid things, and which are quickly changed, ought to go before, that so the belly may be moistned; and then astringent things must follow, that the stomach, by their help, being shut and drawn together, may more straitly comprehend the Meat on every side, and better perform the Chylification by its proper heat united and joined together.

For this cause Hippocrates, Lib. de victu in acutis, commands those things to be always eaten in the morning, which are fit to loosen the belly, and in the evenings such as nourish the body. Yet notwithstanding drink ought not to precede or go before meat, but on the contrary meat must precede drink, by the order prescribed by him.

* 1.194Neither ought we in our eating to have less care of the time, than we have of the order; for the time of eating of such as are healthful, ought to be certain and fixt; for at the accustomed hour, and when hunger presses, any sound man, and which is at his own disposure may eat, but exercise and accustomed labours ought to go before;* 1.195 for it is fit, according to the precept of Hippocrates, that labour precede meat, whereby the excrements of the third concoction may be evacuated; the native heat increased, and the solid parts confirmed and strengthened, which are three commodities of exercise very necessary to the convenient taking of meat. But in sick per∣sons we can scarce attend and give heed to these circumstances of time, and accustomed hour of feeding; for, that Indication of giving meat to the sick, is the best of all, which is drawn from the motion of the disease,* 1.196 and the declining of the fit: for if you give meat in feavers, specially the fit then taking the Patient, you nourish not him, but the disease. For the meat then eaten, is corrupted in the stomach, and yields fit matter for the disease: For meat (as we noted before out of Hippocrates) is strength to the sound, and a disease to the sick, unless it be eaten at convenient time, and diligent care be had of the strength of the Patient, and greatness of the disease.

* 1.197But neither is it convenient that the meat should be simple, and of one kind, but of many sorts, and of divers dishes dressed after different forms, lest nature by the continual and hateful feeding upon the same meat, may at the length loath it, and so neither straitly contain it, nor well di∣gest it; or the stomach accustomed to one meat, taking any loathing thereat, may abhor all other; and as there is no desire of that we do not know, so the dejected appetite cannot be delighted and stirred up with the pleasure of any meat which can be offered. For we must not credit th••se superstitious or too nice Physitians, who think the digestion is hindred by the much variety of meats.

* 1.198The matter is far otherwise, for by the pleasure of what things soever the stomach allured doth require, it embraces them more straitly, and concocts them more perfectly. And our na∣ture is desirous of variety.

Moreover, seeing our body is composed of a solid, moist, and airy substance; and it may happen, that by so many labours, which we are compelled to undergo and sustain in this life, one of these may suffer a greater dissipation and loss than another; therefore the stomach is necessarily com∣pelled to seek more variety,* 1.199 lest any thing should be wanting to repair that which is wasted. But also the age and season of the year, yield Indications of feeding; for some things are conveni∣ent for a young man, some for an old; some in summer, some in winter. Wherefore we ought to know what befits each age and season. Children need hot, moist, and much nourishment, which may not only suffice to nourish, but increase the body. Wherefore they worst endure fasting, and of them, especially those who are the most lively and spiritful. With old men it is otherwise; for because their heat is small, they need little nourishment, and are extinguished by much. Where∣fore old men easily endure to fast; they ought to be nourished with hot and moist meats, by which their solid parts now growing cold and dry, may be heated and moistned, as by the sweet nourishment of such like meats. Middle-ag'd men delight in the moderate use of contraries, to temper the excess of their too acrid heat. Young people as temperate, are to be preserved by the use of like things.

* 1.200The manner of Diet in Winter must be hot, and inclining to driness. Wherefore, then, we may more plentifully use rost-meats, strong wines, and spices; because in the Winter-season we are troubled with the cold and moist air, and at the same time, have much heat inwardly;

for the inner parts, according to Hippocrates, are naturally most hot in the Winter and the Spring, but feaverish in Summer; so the heat of Summer is to be tempered by the use of cold and moist things, and much drink. In the temperate Spring all things must be moderate; but in Autumn, by little and little, we must pass from our Summer to our Winter diet.

CHAP. XV. Of Motion and Rest.

HEre Physitians admonish us, that by the name of Motion,* 1.201 we must understand all sorts of Exercises, as walking, leaping, running, riding, playing at tennis, carrying a burden, and the like. Friction or rubbing is of this kind, which in times past was in great use and esteem, neither at this day is it altogether neglected by the Physitians. They mention many kinds of it,* 1.202 but they may be all reduced to three; as, one gentle, another hard, a third indifferent; and that of the whole body, or only of some part thereof. That Friction is called hard,* 1.203 which is made by the rough, or strong pressure of the hands, spunges, or a course and new linnen cloth: it draws to∣gether, condensates, binds and hardens the flesh, yet if it be often and long used, at length it ra∣rifies, dissolves, attenuates, and diminishes the flesh, and any other substance of the body; and also it causeth revulsion, and draws the defluxion of humors from one part to another.* 1.204 The gen∣tle Friction, which is performed by the light rubbing of the hand, and such like, doth the con∣trary; as, softens, relaxes, and makes the skin smooth and unwrinckled; yet unless it be long continued, it doth none of these worthy to be spoken of. The indifferent kinds,* 1.205 consisting in the mean betwixt the other two, increaseth the flesh, swels or puffs up the habit of the body, because it retains the blood and spirits which it draws, and suffers them not to be dissipated.

The benefit of Exercise is great,* 1.206 for it increases natural heat, whereby better digestion fol∣lows, and by that means nourishment, and the expulsion of the excrements; and lastly, a quicker motion of the spirits, to perform their office in the body, all the ways and passages being cleansed. Besides, it strengthens the respiration, and the other actions of the body, confirms the habit, and all the limbs of the body, by the mutual attrition of the one with the other; whereby it comes to pass they are not so quickly wearied with labour. Hence we see, that Country-people are not to be tired with labour.

If any will reap these benefits by Exercise,* 1.207 it is necessary that he take opportunity to begin his exercise, and that he seasonably desist from it, not exercising himself violently and without dis∣cretion; but at certain times according to reason.

Wherefore the best time for exercise will be before meat (that the appetite may be increased by augmenting the natural heat) all the excrements being evacuated, lest nature being hungry and empty, do draw and infuse the ill humors contained in the guts and other parts of the body, into the whole habit, the Liver, and other noble parts, Neither is it fit presently, after meat, to run into exercise, lest the crude humors and meats not well concocted, be carried into the veins. The measure and bounds of exercise must be, when the body appears more full, the face looks red, sweat begins to break forth, we breath more strongly and quick, and begin to grow weary; if any continue exercise longer, stiffness and weariness assails his joints, and the body flowing with sweat suffers a loss of the spirituous and humid substance, which is not easily repaired; by which it becomes more cold, and lean even to deformity.

The quality of exercise which we require, is in the midst of exercise;* 1.208 so that the exercise must be neither too slow and idle, neirher too strong nor too weak, neither too hasty nor remiss, but which may move all the members alike. Such exercise is very fit for sound bodies. But if they be distempered, that sort of exercise is to be made choice of, which by the quality of its excess, may correct the distemper of the body, and reduce it to a certain mediocrity.* 1.209 Wherefore such men as are stuffed with cold, gross, and viscous humors, shall hold that kind of exercise most fit for them, which is more laborious, vehement, strong, and longer continued. Yet so, that they do not enter into it before the first and second concoction, which they may know by the yellowness of their urin. But let such as abound with thin and cholerick humors, chuse gentle exercises, and such as are free from contention, not expecting the finishing of the second concoction, for the more acride heat of the solid parts delights in such half concocted juices, which otherwise it would so burn up all the glutinous substance thereof being wasted, that they could not be ad∣joyned or fastned to the parts. For the repeating or renewing of exercise, the body should be so often exercised, as there is a desire to eat. For exercise stirs up and revives the heat which lies bu∣ried and hid in the body: for digestion cannot be well performed by a sluggish heat; neither have we any benefit by the meat we eat, unless we use exercise before.

The last part of exercise begun and performed according to reason, is named,* 1.210 The ordering of the body, which is performed by an indifferent rubbing and drying of members; that so the sweat breaking forth, the filth of the body, and such excrements lying under the skin, may be allured and drawn out; and also that the members may be freed from stiffness and weariness. At this time it is commonly used by such as play at Tennis.

But, as many and great commodities arise from exercise conveniently begun and performed,* 1.211 so great harm proceeds from idleness; for gross and vicious juyces heaped up in the body common∣ly produce crudities, obstructions, stones both in the reins and bladder, the Gout, Apoplexie, and a thousand other diseases.

CHAP. XVI. Of Sleep and Watching.

THat this our speech of Sleep and Watching, which we now intend, may be more plain, we will briefly declare, what commodity or discommodity they bring; what time and what hour is convenient for both; what the manner of lying must be, and the choice thereof; what the dreams in sleeping; and what, pains or heaviness and chearfulness after sleep, may portend.

* 1.212Sleep is nothing else than the rest of the whole body, and the cessation of the Animal faculty from sense and motion. Sleep is caused, when the substance of the brain is possessed, and after some sort over-come and dulled by a certain vaporous, sweet, and delightsome humidity; or when the spirits, almost exhaust by performance of some labour, cannot any longer sustain the weight of the body, but cause rest by a necessary consequence; by which means, nature may produce other, from the meat by concoction turned into blood.

* 1.213Sleep fitly taken much helps the digestion of the parts, because in the time of rest, the heat be∣ing the worker of all concoction, is carryed back to them, together with the spirits. Neither doth sleep only give ease to the wearyed members, but also lessens our cares, and makes us to forget our labors.

* 1.214The night is a fit time to sleep and to take our rest in, as inviting sleep by its moisture, silence, and darkness. For the heat and Spirits, in the thick obscurity of night, are driven in and retained in the center of the body; as on the contrary by the daily, and as it were, friendly and familiar light of the Sun, they are allured and drawn forth into the superficies, and outward part of the body;* 1.215 from whence they leave sleeping, and begin to wake. Besides also, which makes not a lit∣tle to that opportunity and benefit which we look for from sleep, the night season suffices for the work of just and perfect concoction. Which is one reason amongst many that sleep on the day time may be hurtful. For we are wakened from our sleep by the heat and spirits, called forth to the skin either by the light, or noise on the day time, before that the concoction which was be∣gun be finished. But, that sleep cannot but be light which comes without necessity of sleeping. Wherefore the concoction being attempted, but not perfected, the stomach is filled with crudi∣ties, distended with acid or four belchings, and the brain troubled with gross vapors and excre∣mentitious humidities.* 1.216 From whence proceed pain and heaviness of the head, and store of cold diseases. But although sleep on the night time be wholsome, yet it is fit, that it be restrained within the limits of an indifferent time. For that which exceeds, hinders the evacuation of excrements both upwards and downwards: but in the mean time the heat which is never idle, draws from them some portion or vapor into the veins, principal parts and habit of the body, to become mat∣ter for some disease. We must measure this time, not by the space of hours, but by the finishing the work of concoction, which is performed in some sooner than in other some. Yet that which is longest is perfected and done in seven or eight hours.* 1.217 The ventricle subsiding and falling into its self and its proper coats, and the urine tinctured yellow, gives perfect judgment thereof. For on the contrary the extension of the stomach, acide belching, pain of the head, and heaviness of the whole body, shew that the concoction is unperfect.

* 1.218In sleeping we must have special care of our lying down; for first we must lye on our right side, that so the meat may fall into the bottom of our stomach, which being fleshy, and less mem∣branous, is the hotter, and more powerful to assimilate. Then a little after we must turn upon our left side, that so the Liver with its Lobes, as with hands may on every side embrace the ventricle, and as fire put under a kettle, hasten the concoction. Lastly, towards morning it will not be unpro∣fitable to turn again upon our right side, that by this situation the mouth of the stomach being open∣ed, the vapors which arise from the elixation of the Chylus have freer passage.* 1.219 Lying upon the back is wholly to be avoided; for from hence the Reins are inflamed, the Stone is bred, Palsies, Convulsion, and all the diseases which have their original from the defluxion into the spinal mar∣row, and to the Nerves taking beginning from thence.* 1.220 To lye upon the belly is not unprofitable for such as have used to lye so, if they be not troubled with defluxions into the eys; for so the hu∣mor will more easily flow into the part affected. But thus the work of concoction is not a little furthered, because by that form of lying, not only the inward heat is contained and gathered about the Ventricle, but the encompassing warmness of the soft feathers of the bed aids and as∣sists it.

* 1.221Neither are the Dreams which we have in our sleep to be neglected, for by the diligent consi∣deration of these, the affections and superfluous Humors which have chief power in the body are marvailously known. For those who have raging choler running up and down their bodies while they sleep, all things to them appear bright, shining, fiery, burning, full of noise and contention. Those who abound with Phlegm, dream of floods, snows, showers, and inundations and falling from high places. Those who are Melancholy dream of gapings and gulphs in the earth, thick and obscure darkness, smoaks, caves, and all black and dismal things. But those whose bodies abound in blood, dream of marriages, dances, embraces of women, feasts, jests, laughter, of or∣chards and gardens; and to conclude, of all things pleasant and splendent.

Also we must observe how the Patient doth after sleep, whether more lively and chearful, or more heavie: for, by the opinion of Hippocrates,

Cum labor à somno est, laethalem collige morbum: Sin prosit somnus, nihil hinc laethale timendum est.* 1.222

Pain sleep ensuing, an ill disease doth show: But if sleep profit bring, no harm from thence will flow.

And as sleep, so watching, if it exceed measure, is hurtful; for it hurts the temperature of the brain, weakens the senses, wastes the spirits, breeds crudities, heaviness of the head, falling away of the flesh, and leanness over all the body; and, to conclude, it makes ulcers more dry, and so consequently rebellious, difficult to heal, and malign. There are many other things may be spo∣ken of sleep and watching, but these may suffice a Chirurgeon.

CHAP. XVII. Of Repletion, and Inanition or Emptiness.

THere are, to be short, two sorts of Repletion, or of all excess; one is of a simple quality,* 1.223 without any defluxion, or society of any humor, as appears in distempers without matter: the other is of quantity and mass, the body being distended with too much meat, or too great quantity of humors; from whence proceed an infinite number of diseases. They call the Repletion of meats, satiety or fulness; and it is of two kinds; The one which is called* 1.224 Repletion or Fulness to the vessels; the other* 1.225 Repletion to the strength.

We judg of satiety to the vessels, by the distention and swelling of the veins, and entrails, as the stomach. We call satiety to the strength, when the body is loaded with more meats than it can well bear. But also there is a double Repletion of humors. For either it is of some one humor, or of all the humors; they call this by a peculiar name, Plethora.* 1.226 For Galen defines Plethora an e∣qual excess of all the humors. For if at any time he define a Plethora to be an excess of blood only; then verily by the name of blood, he understands an equal comprehension of the four humors as it is taught in Physick Schools.

The Repletion which is caused by some one humor, is termed by Galen in the place before mentioned, Cacochymia, (that is, An evil juice) whether the Repletion proceed of a Cholerick,* 1.227 Melancholick, Phlegmatick, or serous Humor.

Now Inanition,* 1.228 or evacuation is no other thing than the expulsion or effusion of humors which are troublesome, either in quantity or quality. Of Evacuations, some are universal, which expel superfluous humors from the whole body; such are purging, vomiting, transpiration, sweats, Phle∣botomy. Some particular, which are performed only to evacuate some part, as the brain by the nose, palat, eys, ears; the lungs by the weazon; the stomach by vomit and stool; the guts by stool; the liver and the spleen by urine and ordure. These evacuations are sometimes performed by nature, freeing it self of that which is troublesome to it; otherwhiles by the Art of the Physi∣tian in imitation of nature.

And again, One of these is good and requisite, when only the humor which is hurtful either in quantity or quality, is evacuated; The other not requisite, or immoderate, when the profitable Humors, together with the unprofitable, are expelled.

But what evacuations soever these be, they are performed and done,* 1.229 either by the scratching and rubbing of the skin, as when a Cholerick, Salt, or Serous Humor, or some windiness lying be∣tween the skin and the flesh, cause itching. For by scratching the skin, it gets passage out; which is manifest by the efflux of a serous matter burning, or causing scabs and ulcers, if the humor be somewhat gross; but insensible and not so manifest, if it be windiness, the skin by that rubbing being rarified, and the gross flatulency attenuated. Wherefore they do ill who hinder their Patients from scratching, unless they scratch so cruelly and hard, that there may be danger (by reason of the great heat and pain thereby caused) of some defluxion or falling down of humors into the part.

Or these evacuations are performed by much matter evacuated from an opened Bile, or run∣ning Ulcer, a Fistula, or such like sores. Or by sweats which are very good and healthful, especially in sharp diseases, if they proceed from the whole body, and happen on the critical days. By vomit,* 1.230 w^ch often violently draws these humors from the whole body, even from the utmost joynts, which purging medicines could not evacuate, as we may see in the Palsie, and Sciatica, or Hip-gout. By spitting, as in all who are suppurated either in the sides or lungs. By Salivation,* 1.231 or a Phlegmatick flux by the mouth, as in those who are troubled with the French-pox. By sneezing and blowing the nose; for by these, the brain opprest with moisture, disburdeneth its self, whether it be done without, or with the help of sternutatories and errhines; wherefore children, and such as have somewhat moist brains, purge themselves often this way. By hicket and belching;* 1.232 for by these the windiness contained in the stomach, is often expelled. By urine, for by this not only Feavers, but which is more to be admired, the French-pox hath often been terminated and cured.

For there have been some troubled with the Pox, in whom a flux of the vicious and venenate humor could not by Unctions of quicksilver be procured, either from the mouth or belly; yet have been wounderfully freed bv abundance of Urine, both from danger of death and their

disease. By bleeding; for nature hath often found a way for grievous diseases, especially in young bodies, by bleeding at the nose, and by their courses in women. By a flux, or lask, pur∣gation, sweats, insensible evacuation and transpiration; for so tumors, the matter being brought to suppuration, do sometimes vanish away and are dissolved, both of their own accord, as also by dissolving or discussing medicines. We do the same by exercise, diet, hot-houses, long sleep, waking, and shedding of tears. By sucking, as with Cupping-glasses, and Hors-leeches, in wounds made by venemous bitings.

* 1.233In all such kinds of evacuations, we must consider three things, the quantity, quality, and man∣ner of evacuation. As for an example, When an Empyema is opened, the matter which runs out, ought to be answerable in proportion to the purulent matter, which was contained in the capacity of the breasts; otherwise, unless all the matter be emptyed, there may happen a relapse; the matter should be white, soft, equal, and nothing stinking: Lastly, you must let it forth not all to∣gether, and at one time, but by little and little, and at several times; otherwise, not a little quantity of the Spirits and heat doth flow out together with the unprofitable matter, and so con∣sequently a dissolution of all the powers.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Perturbations, or Passions of the Mind.

* 1.234THe Perturbations are commonly called the Accidents of the Mind, because as bodily acci∣dents from the body, so may these, be present and absent from the Mind, without the cor∣ruption of the subject. The knowledg of these must not be lightly passed over by the Chirurgeon; for they stir up great troubles in the bodies, and yield occasion of many and great diseases; of which things, joy, hope, and love, may give an apparent testimony. For by these motions the heat and spirits are sometimes gently, sometimes violently diffused over all the body, for the enjoying of the present, or hoped for good. For then the heart is dilated, as to embrace the thing beloved, and the face is dyed with a rosie and lively colour. For it is likely, that the facul∣ty it self is stirred by the object, by whose power the Heart it self is moved.

* 1.235For it is first necessary, before we be moved by any Passions, that the senses in their proper seats, in which they are seldom deceived, apprehend the objects; and straight, as messengers, car∣ry them to the common sense, which sends their conceived forms to all the faculties. And then, that each faculty, as a Judge, may afresh examin the whole matter, how it is, and conceive in the presented objects some shew of good, or ill, to be desired, or shunned. For, What man that was well in his wits, did ever fall into laughter, unless he formerly knew, or saw somewhat said or done,* 1.236 which might yield occasion of laughter? Therefore Joy proceeds from the heart, for the thing causing mirth or joy, being conceived, the faculty moves the heart, which shaken and mo∣ved by the faculty which hath dominion over it, is dilated and opened, as ready to embrace the exhilarating object. But in the mean time by the force of that dilatation, it sends forth much heat, and spirits together with the bloud into all the body. A great part of which comming to the face, dilates it, the fore-head is smooth and plain, the eyes look bright, the cheeks become red, as died with Vermilion, the lips and mouth are drawn together, and made plain and smooth; some have their cheeks dented with two little pits (which from the effects are called laughing cheeks) be∣cause of the contraction or curling, which the muscle suffer by reason of their fulness of bloud and spirits;* 1.237 all which, to be brief, is nothing but to laugh.

Joy recreates and quickens all the faculties, stirs up the spirits, helps concoction, makes the body to be better liking, and fattens it, the heat, bloud, and spirits flowing thither, and the nou∣rishing dew or moisture, watering and refreshing all the members; from whence it is, that of all the passions of the mind, this only is profitable, so that it exceed not measure; for immoderate and unaccustomed joy carries so violently the bloud and spirits from the heart, into the habit of the body, that sodain and unlookt for death ensues, by a speedy decay of the strength, the lasting fountain of the vital humor being exhausted. Which thing principally happens to those who are less hearty, as women and old men.

* 1.238Anger causeth the same effusion of heat in us, but far speedier than joy; therefore the spirits and humors are so enflamed by it, that it often causes putrid Feavers, especially if the body a∣bound with any ill humour.

* 1.239Sorrow, or grief, dries the body by a way quite contrary to that of Anger, because by this the heart is so straitned, the heat being almost extinct, that the accustomed generation of spirits can∣not be performed; and if any be generated, they cannot freely pass into the members with the bloud; wherefore the vital faculty is weakned, the lively colour of the face withers and decays, and the body wastes away with a lingring Consumption.

* 1.240Fear in like sort draws in and calls back the spirits, and not by little and little, as in sorrow, but sodainly and violently; hereupon the face grows sodainly pale, the extreme parts cold, all the bo∣dy trembles or shakes, the belly in some is loosed, the voyce as it were stays in the jaws, the heart beats with a violent pulsation, because it is almost opprest by the heat, strangled by the plenty of blood, and spirits aboundantly rushing thither; The hair also stands upright, because the heat and bloud are retired to the inner parts,* 1.241 and the utmost parts are more cold and drie than a stone; by reason whereof the utmost skin and the pores, in which the roots of the hairs are fastned, are drawn together.

Shame is a certain affection mixed, as it were, of Anger and Fear; therefore,* 1.242 if in that conflict of, as it were, contending passions, Fear prevail over Anger, the face waxeth pale, (the blood fly∣ing back to the heart;) and these or these Symptoms rise, according to the vehemency of the contracted and abated heat. But if on the contrary, Anger get the dominion over Fear, the blood runs violently to the face, the eyes look red and sometimes they even fome at the mouth.

There is another kind of shame, which the Latins call Verecundia, (we,* 1.243 Shamefastness) in which there is a certain flux, and reflux of the heat, and blood, first recoiling to the heart, then present∣ly rebounding from thence again. But that motion is so gentle, that the heart thereby suffers no oppression, nor defect of spirits; wherefore no accidents, worthy to be spoken of, arise from hence: this affect is familiar to young maids and boys, who if they blush for a fault committed un∣awares, or through carelesness, it is thought an argument of a vertuous and good disposition.

But an agony, which is a mixt passion of a strong fear, and vehement anger,* 1.244 involves the heart in the danger of both motions; wherefore by this passion, the vital faculty is brought into very great danger. To these six Passions of the mind, all other may be revoked, as Hatred and Discord, to Anger: Mirth and Boasting, to Joy; Terrors, Frights and Swoundings, to Fear: Envy, Despair and Mourning, to Sorrow.

By these it is evident, how much the Passions of the mind can prevail, to alter and overthrow the state of the body; and that by no other means, than that by the compression and dilatation of the heart, they diffuse and contract the spirits, blood, and heat; from whence happens the dissipation, or oppression, of the spirits.

The signs of these Symptoms quickly shew themselves in the face; the heart,* 1.245 by reason of the thinness of the skin in that part, as it were painting forth the notes of its affections. And certainly the face is a part so fit to disclose all the affections of the inward parts, that by it you may manifest∣ly know an old man from a young, a woman from a man, a temperate person from an untemperate, an Ethiopian from an Indian, a Frenchman from a Spaniard, a sad man from a merry, a sound from a sick, a living from a dead. Wherefore many affirm that the manners, and those things which we keep secret and hid in our hearts, may be understood by the face and countenance.

Now we have declared what commodity and discommodity may redound to the man from these fore-mentioned passions, and have shewed that anger is profitable to none,* 1.246 unless by chance to some dull by reason of idleness, or opprest with some cold, clammy, and phlegmatick humor; and Fear convenient for none, unless peradventure for such as are brought into manifest and ex∣tream danger of their life by some extraordinary sweat, immoderate bleeding, or the like unbride∣led evacuat••on: Wherefore it behoves a wise Chirurgeon to have a care, lest he inconsiderately put any Patient committed to his charge into any of these passions, unless there be some necessity thereof, by reason of any of the fore-mentioned occasions.

CHAP. XIX. Of things against Nature, and first of the Cause of a Disease.

HAving intreated of things natural, and not-natural,* 1.247 now it remains we speak of things (which are called) against nature, because they are such as are apt to weaken and corrupt the state of our body. And they be three in number; The Cause of a Disease, a Disease, and a Symptome. The cause of a disease is an affect against nature, which causes the disease. Which is divided in∣to Internal and External. The External, Original, or Primitive comes from some other place, and outwardly, into the body▪ such be meats of ill nourishment, and such weapons as hostilely wound the body.

The Internal have their essence and seat in the body, and are subdivided into antecedent and conjunct. That is called an antecedent cause, which as yet doth not actually make a disease, but goes near to cause one; so humors copiously flowing, or ready to flow into any part, are the an∣tecedent cause of diseases; The conjunct is that which actually causes the disease,* 1.248 and is so im∣mediately joyned in affinity to the disease, that the disease being present, it is present, and being absent, it is absent.

Again, of all such causes, some are born together with us, as the over-great quantity and ma∣lign quality of both the seeds, and the menstruous blood from diseased Parents, are causes of many diseases, and specially of those which are called Hereditary.

Other happen to us after we be born, by our diet and manner of life, a stroke, fall, or such other like. Those which be bred with us, cannot be wholly avoided or amended, but some of the other may be avoided, as a stroke and fall; some not, as those which necessarily enter into our body, as Air, Meat, Drink, and the like.

But if any will reckon up amongst the internal, inherent, and inevitable causes, the dayly,* 1.249 nay hourly dissipation of radical moisture, which the natural heat continually preys upon; I do not gainsay it, no more than that division of Causes celebrated and received of Philosophers, divided into Material, Formal, Efficient, and Final; for such a curious contemplation belongs not to a Chirurgeon, whom I only intend plainly to instruct. Wherefore that we have written may suf∣fice him.

CHAP. XX. Of a Disease.

* 1.250A Disease is an affect against Nature; principally, and by it self, hurting and depraving the action of the part in which it resides. The division of a Disease is threefold; Distempera∣ture, ill Conformation, and the Solution of Continuity.

Distemperature is a Disease of the similar parts dissenting, and changed from their proper and native temper. That digression from the native temper, happens two ways; either by a simple distemperature from the excess of one quality; and this is fourfold, Hot, Cold, Moist, and Dry; or by a compound distemperature, by the excess of two qualities, which also is fourfold, Hot and Moist; Hot and Dry; Cold and Moist; Cold and Dry. Again, every distemper is the fault of one simple and single quality, as an Inflammation; or hath some vicious humors joyned with it, as a Phlegmon: Again, a Distemperature is either equal, as in a Sphacele; or unequal, as in a Phlegmon, beginning or increasing.

* 1.251Ill Conformity is a fault of the organical parts, whose composure is thereby depraved. This hath four kinds; the first is, when the figure of the part is faulty, either by nature or accident, or some cavity abolished; as if a part which nature would have hollow for some certain use, do grow or close up; Or lastly, if they be rough, or smooth otherwise than they should, as, if that part which should be rough, be smooth, or the contrary. Another is in the magnitude of the part increased, or diminished contrary to nature. The third is in the number of the parts increased or diminished; as, if a hand have but four, or else six, fingers. The fourth is in the site and mutual con∣nexion of the parts; as, if the parts, which should be naturally united and continued, be pluckt a∣sunder, as happens in Luxations; or the contrary. The third general kind of disease, is the so∣lution of continuity,* 1.252 a Disease common, both to the similar and organical parts, acquiring di∣versity of names, according to the variety of the parts in which it resides.

CHAP. XXI. Of a Symptome.

* 1.253WE do not in this place take the word Symptome in the most general acceptation, for every change, or accident, which happens to man besides his own nature; but more reservedly and specially, only for that change which the disease brings, and which follows the disease, as a shadow doth the body.

* 1.254There be three kinds, of a Symptome properly taken. The first is, when the action is hurt; I say hurt, because it is either abolished, weakned, or depraved; so blindness is a deprivation or a∣bolish••ng of the action of seeing; dulness of sight, is a diminution or weakning thereof; and a suff••ion, such as happens at the beginning of a Cataract, when they think flies, hairs, and such like bodies, fly to and fro before their eyes, is a depravation of the sight.

The second is a simple affect of the body, and a full fault of the habit thereof being changed, happening by the mutation of some qualities: such is the changing of the native colour into a red by a Phlegmon, and into a livid and black by a Gangrene; such is the filthy stenc•• the nose affected with a Polypus sends forth; the bitter taste, in such as have the Jaundise; and the rough and rugged skin in them which are Leprous.

The third is the fault of the overmuch retention of Excrements which should be expelled, and expulsion of such as should he retained; for the evacuation of a humor profitable both in quan∣tity and quality, is against nature, as bleeding in a body not full of ill Humors, nor Plethorick; and also the retention of things hurtful in substance, quantity and quality, as the Courses in wo∣men, the Urine, and the Stone in the Bladder.

CHAP. XXII. Of Indications.

* 1.255THe knowledg and exercise of Indications befits that Chirurgeon, whom no blind rashness of fortune, but reason; no chance, but counsel; directs in the undertaking and performing the works of his Art. For, an Indication is a certain safe and short way, which leads the Physitian, as by the hand, to the attainment of his purposed end, of preserving the sound, or curing the sick.

* 1.256For Galen doth define an Indication to be a certain insinuation of what is to be done, or a quick and judicious apprehension of that which may profit or hurt. And as Fa••lconers, Mariners, Plow∣men, Souldiers, and all manner of Artizans, have their peculiar terms and words, which are neither known, nor used by the vulgar; so, this word Indication is proper and peculiar to Physitians, and Chirurgeons, as a Term of Art not vulgar; by consideration of which, as by some sign, or secret token, they are admonished what is to be done to restore health, or repel an imminent danger.

* 1.257There are three prime and principal kinds of Indications, every of which is subdivided into many other. The first is from things natural. The second from those things which are termed Not-natural.

The third from those things which are contrary to nature. Things natural sh••w they must be preserved by their like, and in the compass of these are contained all the Indications which are drawn from the nature of the Patient, that is, from his strength, temper, age, sex, ha∣bit, custom, diet.

Things Not-natural may be doubted as uncertain; for one while they indicate the same things with things Natural, that is, they co-indicate with the strength, temper, and the rest; otherwhiles they consent with things against nature, that is, they co-indicate with the disease.* 1.258 Wherefore Galen when he saith, that Indications are drawn from three things; The disease, the nature of the Patient, and the encompassing air; by proposing the familiar example of the air, he would have us to understand the other things Not-natural; because we may shun or embrace them more or less, as we will our selves; but we must, whether we will or no, endure the present stare of the air. Therefore the air indicates something to us, or rather co-indicates; for if it nourish the disease, as conspiring with it, it will indicate the same that the disease, that is, that it must be pre∣served in the same state.

Things contrary to nature indicate they must be taken away by their contraries;* 1.259 therefore that we may more accurately and fully handle all the Indications drawn from things Natural, we must note, that some of these are concerning the strength of the Patient; by care to preserve which, we are often compelled for a time to forsake the cure of the proper disease: for so, a great shaking happening at the beginning of an Ague or Feaver, we are often forced to give sustenance to the Patient, to strengthen the powers shaken by the vehemency of the shakings, which thing notwith∣standing lengthens both the general and particular fits of the Ague. Other pertain to the temper, other respect the habit, if the Patient be slender, if fat, if well flesht, if of a rare, or dense consti∣tution of body. Other respect the condition of the part affected in substance, consistence, softness, hardness, quick or dull sense, form, figure, magnitude, site, connexion, principality, service, functi∣on or use. From all these, as from notes, the skilful Chirurgeon will draw Indications according to the time and part affected: for the same things are not fit for sore eyes, which were conveni∣ent for the ears; neither doth the phlegmon in the jaws and throat admit the same form of cure, as it doth in other parts of the body. For none can there outwardly apply repercussives, without present danger of suffocation.* 1.260 So there is no use of repercussives in defluxions of those parts which in site are neer the principal. Neither must thou cure a wounded Nerve and Muscle, after one manner. The temperature of a part, as Moisture, alwayes indicates its preservation, although the disease be moist, and give Indication of drying, as an ulcer. The principality of a part always insinu∣ates an Indication of astringent things, although the disease require dissolving, as an Obstruction of the Liver; for otherwise, unless you mix astringent things with dissolving, you will so dissolve the strength of the part, that hereafter it cannot suffice for sanguification. If the texture of a part be rare, it shews it is less apt or prone to obstruction; if dense, it is more obnoxious to that dis∣ease, hence it is that the Liver is oftner obstructed than the Spleen. If the part be situate more deep, or remote, it indicates the medicines must be more vigorous and liquid, that they may send their force so far. The sensibleness, or quick-sense of the part, gives Indication of milder medi∣cines, than peradventure the signs, or notes of a great disease require.* 1.261 For the Physitian which applyes things equally sharp to the Horny tunicle of the eye being ulcerated, and to the leg, must needs be counted either cruel, or ignorant. Each Sex and Age hath its Indications, for some dis∣eases are curable in youth, which we must not hope to cure in old age; for hoarsness and great distillations in very old men, admit no digestion, as Hippocrates saith;* 1.262

Nunquam decrepitus Bronchum coquit, atque Coryzam. The feeble Sire, for age that hardly goes, Ne're well digests the hurtful Rheume or pose.

Moreover, according to his decree, the diseases of the Reins,* 1.263 and whatsoever pains molest the bladder, are difficultly healed in old men; and also reason perswades that a Quartain admits no cure in Winter, and scarce a Quotidian; and Ulcers, in like manner, are more hard to heal in Win∣ter; that hence we may understand certain Indications to be drawn from time; and to increase the credit of the variety and certainty of Indications, some certain time, and seasons in those times command us to make choice of medicines; for, as Hippocrates testifies;* 1.264

Ad Canis ardorem, facilis purgatio non est. In Dog-dayes heat it is not good, By purging for to cleanse the blood.

Neither shalt thou so well prescribe aslender diet in Winter, as in the Spring, for the air hath its Indications. For experience teaches us, that wounds of the head are far more difficultly and hardly cured, at Rome, Naples, and Rechel in Xantoigne. But the times of diseases yeeld the princi∣pal Indications; for some Medicines are only to be used at the beginning and end of diseases, others at the increase and vigour of the disease.* 1.265 We must not contemn those Indications which are drawn from the vocation of Life, and manner of Diet; for you must otherwise deal with the painful Husbandman (when he is your Patient) which leads his life sparingly and hardly, than with the Ci∣tizen, who lives daintily and idlely. To this manner of life & diet may be referred a certain secret

and occult property,* 1.266 by which many are not only ready to vomit at eating of some meats, but tremble over all their bodies when they hear them but spoken of. I knew a prime Nobleman of the French Nobility, who was so perplext at the serving in of an Eel to the Table, at the midst of dinner and amongst his friends, that he fell into a swound, all his powers failing him. Galen in his Book de Censuetudine tells, that Aerius the Peripatetick died sodainly, because, compelled by the advice of those Physitians he used, he drank a great draught of cold water in the intolerable heat of a Feaver. For no reason, saith Galen, than that because, he knowing he had naturally a cold stomach from his childhood, perpetually abstained from cold water.

* 1.267For as much as belongs to Indications taken from things against nature; the length and depth of a wound or ulcer indicates one way; the figure cornered, round, equal and smooth, unequal and rough, with a hollowness streight or winding, indicate otherwise; the site right, left, upper, lower in another manner; and otherwise the force and violence of antecedent and conjunct causes. For oftentimes the condition of the cause indicates contrary to the disease, as when abundance of cold and gross humors cause and nourish a Feaver. So also a Symptome often indicates contrary to the disease: in which contradiction, that Indication must be most esteemed, which doth most urge; as, for example sake, If swounding happen in a Feaver, the feaverish burning shall not hin∣der us from giving wine to the Patient.

Wherefore these Indications are the principallest and most noble which lead us, as by the hand, to do these things which pertain to the cure, prevention, and mitigating of diseases. But if any ob∣ject, that so curious a search of so many Indications is to no purpose; because there are many Chi∣rurgeons, which setting only one before their eyes, which is drawn from the Essence of the dis∣ease, have the report and fame of skilful Chirurgeons,* 1.268 in the opinion of the vulgar; But let him know, that it doth not therefore follow, that this Indication is sufficient for the cure of all dis∣eases; for we do not always follow that which the Essence of the disease doth indicate to be done. But chiefly then, where none of the fore-recited Indications doth resist or gain-say. You may understand this by the example of a Plethora, which by the Indication drawn from the Es∣sence of the thing, requires Phlebotomy; yet who is it, that will draw blood from a child of three months old? Besides, such an Indication is not artificial but common to the Chirurgeon with the common people. For who is it that is ignorant, that contraries are the remedies of contraries? and that broken bones must be united by joyning them together? But how it must be performed and done, this is of Art and peculiar to a Chirurgeon, and not known to the vulgar. Which the Indications drawn from those fountains we pointed at before, aboundantly teaches; which, as by certain limits of circumstances, encompass the Indication which is taken from the Essence of the disease,* 1.269 lest any should think, we must trust to that only. For there is some great and principal matter in it, but not all. For so the meanest of the common people is not ignorant, that the so∣lution of continuity is to be cured by repairing that which is lost. But in what parts we may hope for restitution of the lost substance, and in which not, is the part of a skilful Chirurgeon to know and pronounce. Wherefore he will not vainly bestow his labour to cure the nervous part of the Diaphragma, or Midriffe being wounded, or the Heart, or small Guts, Lungs, Liver, Stomach, Brain or Bladder; and that I may speak in a word, Empericks are not much more skilful than the common people, although they do so much extol themselves above others by the name of Ex∣perience. For although experience be another instrument to find out things with reason,* 1.270 yet without reason, it will never teach, what the substance of the part in which the disease lies, may be; or what the action, use, site, connexion, from whence special and proper Indications are drawn; With which the Chirurgeon being provided and instructed, shall not only know by what means to find out a remedy, but also, lest he may seem to mock any with vain promises, he shall discern what diseases are uncurable, and therefore not to be medled withal.

* 1.271But implicit or intricate diseases require each to be cured in their several order, except some one of them be desperate, or so urge and press that the Physitian think it necessary after a prepo∣sterous order, to begin with it, although often he be forced to make some one of these diseases in∣curable, or give occasion of causing some new one: into which straits we are necessarily compel∣led to fall, when, (for example) we determine to pull, or take away some extraneous body; for the performance whereof we are compelled to inlarge the wound. So we are forced by necessary to o∣pen the neck of the bladder, (that so we may draw forth the stone therein contained) with a wound which o••ten degenerates into an uncurable Fistula. For that disease which threatens danger of present death is of such moment, that to shun that it may be counted a small matter, and commodi∣ous for the sick to bring in other diseases, though uncurable. For if a convulsion happen by prick∣ing a Nerve, which we cannot heal by any remedies, then by cutting the Nerve asunder we end the convulsion, but deprive the part into which that Nerve did go, of the use of some voluntary motion. So if in any great joynt there happen a Luxation with a wound, because there is danger of convulsion by trying to restore and set right the luxated part, we are forc'd for shunning thereof, to attend the wound only, and in the mean time to let alone the Luxation. Otherwise, in implicit diseases if there be nothing which may urge, or call us from the ordinary cure, we must observe this order, that beginning with that affect, which hinders the cure of the principal disease, we prosecute the rest in the same & their proper order, until all the diseases being overcome, we shall restore the part affected to its integrity.* 1.272 Therefore let us take for an example, an ulcer in the Leg, a Varix (or big-swollen vein) and a Phlegmonous tumor round about it; and lastly, a body wholly plethorick and filled with ill humors; order and reason require this, that using the advice of some

learned Physitian we prescribe a convenient dyet, and, by what means we may, bring him to an e∣quality by purging and blood-letting, and then we will scarifie in divers places the part where it is most swollen, then presently apply Leeches, that so we may free it from the burden of the conjunct matter; then use Cauteries to help the corruption of the bone, and in the mean time change the circular figure of the ulcer into an oval, or triangular; then at the length we will un∣dertake the cutting of the Varix, and cure the ulcer which remains according to Art, and so at the length cicatrize it. In all this whole time the Patient shall neither walk, nor stand, nor sit,* 1.273 but ly quietly, having his Leg orderly and decently rowled up. But if (as it often happens) the temper of the hurt part, be different from the temper of the whole body, the manner of curing must be so tempered, that we increase the do••••s of hot or cold medicines, according to the ratable proporti∣on of the indications requiring this or that, therefore imagine the part ulcerated to be such, as that it is two degrees dryer than the just temper; but the whole body to exceed the same temper in one degree of humidity: Reason and Art will require, that the medicine applyed to the ulcer be dryer by one degree than that which the part would otherwise require if it were temperate. But on the contrary let us suppose thus; the whole body to be one degree more moist then the temper requires, and the ulcerated part to be one degree dryer:* 1.274 truly in this case the medicine that is applyed to the ulcer by reason of the part it self, shall not be increased in dryness, but whol∣ly composed and tempered to the Indication of the ulcer, because the force of the moisture ex∣ceeding in the like degree, doth counterpoise the superfluous degree of dryness. But it is more easie by an artificial conjecture to determine of all such things, than by any rules or precepts.

To these so many and various Indications, I think good to add two other; the one from simili∣tude; the other of a certain crafty devise, and as the latter Physitians term it, a certain subtile stratagem. We draw Indication from similitude, in diseases which newly spring up and arise,* 1.275 as which cannot be cured by Indications drawn from their contraries, as long as their Essence is unknown and hid; wherefore they think it necessary to cure them by a way and Art like those diseases, with which they seem to have an agreeing similitude of Symptomes and Accidents; Our Ancestors did the same in curing the French-Pocks, at the first beginning thereof, as long as they assimilated the cure to that of the Leprosie, by reason of that affinity, which both the diseases seem to have. But we follow crafty devices and subtile counsels,* 1.276 when the Essence of the disease we meet with, is wholly secret and hid, either because it is altogether of a hidden and secret na∣ture, and which cannot be unfolded by manifest qualities, or else resides in a subject which is not sufficiently known to us, nor of a physical contemplation, as the Mind. For then, we being desti∣tute of Indications taken from the nature of the thing, are compelled to turn our cogitations to impostures and crafty counsels; and, they say, this Art and Craft is of chief use in Melancholy af∣fects and fictions, which are often more monstrous and deformed than the Chimera so much menti∣oned in the fables of the Ancients; to which purpose, I will not think much to recite two Ex∣amples. A certain man troubled with a Melancholick disease, I know not by what errour of opi∣nion,* 1.277 had strongly perswaded himself that he was without a head; the Physitians omitted nothing, by which they might hope to take this mad opinion out of his mind. But when they had in vain tryed all medicines, at length they devised this crafty, but profitable device: They fastned and put upon his head a most heavy helmet, that so by the pain and trouble of his head nodding and drawn down by that weight, he might be admonished of his error.

It is reported, another molested by the obscurity and darkness of the same disease, did verily believe, that he had horns upon his head; neither could he be drawn or diverted from that absurd and monstrous opinion, ••••t I that binding up his eyes, they miserably bruised and scratched his forehead with the bony roughness of the lower parts of an Oxes horns, that so he begun to be∣lieve by the painful drawing of the blood that ran down his face, that those bloody horns were forcibly plucked from him. Ingenious Chirurgeons in imitation of these examples may in like cases do the like. For, that case requires a man of a quick apprehension and advice,* 1.278 who may give manifest proof of his diligence and skill by medicinal stratagems, as who forthwith can politickly devise stratagems of divers sorts.

But, now coming to the end of this our tract of Indications, we must chiefly and principally ob∣serve;* 1.279 That of Indications some are Indicative; which absolutely and of themselves command this to be done; other co-indicative, which indicate the same with the Indicative,* 1.280 and joyntly shew it to be done, but in some sort secondarily and not primitively. Some are repugnant,* 1.281 which of themselves and their own nature perswade quite contrary to that the indicative primitively did perswade us; other correpugnant, which give their voice after the same form and manner with the repugnant against the indicative, as the co-indicative consent to and maintain them. Let this serve for an example of them all.

A Plethora, or plen••tude of humors, of its own nature, requires and indicates blood-letting, the Spring time perswades and co-indicates the same; but to this counsel is quite opposite and repug∣nant, a weak faculty; and childhood is correpugnant.

Wherefore these four must be diligently weighed and considered when we deliberate what is to be done, and we must rather follow that which the indicative, or repugnant shew and declare, as what the diseases and strength of the Patient require, than that which the coindicative, or corre∣pugnant shall perswade, because they have a weaker and but secundary power of indicating, and not essential and primitive. But because the kinds of Indications are so many and divers, there∣fore that the knowledge of them may be more perspicuous and less confused, I have thought good to describe and distinguish them by this following Scheme.

A Table of Indications.

• ...An Indication is a certain plain and com∣pendious way which leads the Chirurgeon to a certain, deter∣minate, and pro∣sed end for the cure of the pre∣sent diseases: of which there are three kinds.
  • ...The first, is drawn from things Natural which in∣dicate their preservation by their like; of this kind are many other which are drawn, either
    • ...From the strength and faculties of the patient,
      • ...For whose preservation, oftentimes the proper cure of the disease must be neglected; for where these fa••••, it is impossible the Chirurgeon should perform what he desires and expects.
    • ...From the tempera∣ment; as if the Pati∣ent shall be
      • ...Sanguine,
      • ...Cholerick,
      • ...Flegmatick,
      • ...Melancholick,
      Of preservation of which the Chi∣rurgeon must have care, and if they swerve from equality, to re∣duce them to that which formerly they naturally were.
    • ...From the habit of the body, as the Pa∣tient shall be
      • ...Dainty and delicate.
      • ...Slender and weak.
      • ...Low of stature.
      • ...Rare, or else dense and compact.
    • ...From the native condition of the hurt or affected part; in which we consider, either
      • ...The Substance thereof, as for as much as it is similar, we consider whether it be hot, cold, moist, dry; or as it is organical, and then whether it be a principal and noble part, or a subordinate and ignoble part.
      • ...Or the sense, whether quick or dull, by reason whereof the eye cannot endure such sharp and acid medicines, as simple flesh can.
      • ...Or the form, figure, magnitude, number, site, con∣nexion, action, use.
    • ...From the Age; for each age yields his peculiar Indications: hence you may ob∣serve most diseases to be incurable in old men, which are easily cured in young; others which in youth admit of no cure, unless by the change of age and the ensuing temperament.
    • ...From Sex; for medicines work upon women far more easily than upon men.
    • ...From the time of the year; for some meats and medicines are fit in Winter, some in Summer.
    • From the Region; for as there are diversities of situations and habits of pla∣ces, so also there are motions of humors, and manners of diseases: hence it is that wounds on the head at Paris, and sore shins at Avignion, are more dif∣ficult to be cured.
    • ...From the times of diseases, for some things in the beginning, others in the in∣crease, state, and declining of the disease, are more convenient.
    • ...From the manner of diet; for this, as the proper temper, must be preserved. Wherefore such must be fed otherwise who live daintily than th••se who lead their lives sparingly and hardly; Hereunto add certain peculiar natures, which by a certain hidden property are offended at this, or that kind of meat. For there are some which not only cannot concoct Pt••isan, Apples, Soles, Partridge, Water, and such like, but can scarce behold them without nau∣seousness.
  • ...The second, is drawn from things Not-natural, which one while in∣dicate their preservation by their like, another while their change by their contrary; for so
    • ...If the Air, have as it were conspired with the disease by a certain simi∣litude of qualities to the destruction of the Patient, it must be cor∣rected by its contraries according to Art.
    • ...But if by the disagreement of qualities it resist the disease, it must be kept in the same temper.
  • ...The third, from things contrary to na∣ture, which shew, they must be taken away by the use of their contraries, as
    • ...The di∣sease, the Indicati∣on being drawn from these,
      • ...The great∣ness The com∣plication or commix∣tion with other; so
        • ...In ••mplicit, or mixed di∣seases we may draw Indica∣tions from these three heads.
          • ...From that which is most urgent
          • ...From the cause
          • ...and From that, with∣out which the disease can∣not be taken a∣way.
          such are
          • Bitterness of pain, a de∣fluxion into a part, a Varix or big∣swollen vein, a distempe∣rature, if they be joyn∣ed with a disease.
    • ...Cause of the disease which two, often indicate and require medicines contrary to the disease.
    • ...Symptom which two, often indicate and require medicines contrary to the disease.

CHAP. XXIII. Of certain wonderful and extravagant ways of curing Diseases.

AS Monsters happen sometimes in Nature, so also in Diseases,* 1.282 and in the events and cures of diseases. I understand by Monsters certain marvellous successes in diseases, or certain ways of curing them, which swerve from Art, and happen besides reason, nature, and common use.

Alexander ab Alexandro, and Peter Gilius tell, that in Apulia, a part of Italy,* 1.283 they have a certain kind of Spider very frequent; the Natives call it Tarantula; Petrus Rhodius calls it Phalangium; The Inhabitants find these Spiders in the first heat of Summer so venenate and deadly, that whom∣soever they touch with their virulent biting, he presently, without he have speedy remedy, de∣prived of all sense and motion falls down; or certainly, if he escape the danger of death, he leads the remnant of his life in madness.* 1.284 Experience hath found a remedy by Musick for this so speedy and deadly a disease: Wherefore, as soon as they can, they fetch Fidlers and Pipers of divers kinds, who by playing and piping may make musick; at the hearing whereof, he, which was fallen down by reason of the venemous bite, rises cheerfully, and dances so long to their measures and tunes, until by the painful and continued shaking and agitation of the whole body, all the malignity is dissipated by transpiration and sweats.

Alexander adds, that it happened once in his sight, that the Musicians, their wind and hands fail∣ing them, ceased playing, and then the Dancer presently fell down as if he had been dead; but by and by the Musick beginning anew, he rose up again and continued his dancing till the perfect dissipation of the venom. And that it hath happened, besides, that one not so perfectly healed, certain reliques of the disease yet remaining, when a long time after he heard by chance a noise of Musicians, he presently fell a leaping and dancing, neither could he be made to leave before he was perfectly cured.

Some affirm according to the opinion of Asclepiades,* 1.285 that such as are frantick are much helped with a sweet and musical harmony. Theophrastus and Aulus Gellius say, that the pain of the Gout and Sciatica are taken away by Musick. And the sacred Scripture testifies, that David was wont by the sweet sound of the Harp to refresh and ease King Saul when he was miserably tormented by his evil spirit. Herodotus in Clio tels, that Croesus the King of Lydia had a Son, which of a long time could not speak, and when he came to man's estate was accounted dumb: but when an ene∣my with his drawn sword invaded his father (overcome in a great fight, and the City being taken in which he was) not knowing that he was the King,* 1.286 the young man opened his mouth endea∣vouring to cry out, and with that striving and forcing of the Spirit, he broke the bonds and hin∣derances of his tongue, and spoke plainly and articulately, crying out to the enemy that he should not kill King Croesus. So both the enemy with-held his sword, and the King had his life, and his son had his speech always after. Plutarch in his book, Of the benefit to be received from our enemies, tels, That a Thessalian called Pr••teus, had a certain inveterate and incurable Ulcer in a certain part of his body, which could not be healed, before he received a wound in a con∣flict in the same place, and by that means the cure being began afresh, the wound and ulcer were both healed.

Quintus Fabius Maximus, as Livy writes, was long and very sick of a quartain Ague,* 1.287 neither could have wished success from medicins administred according to Art, until skirmishing with the Ae••o••r••ges, he shaked off his old feaverish heat, by a new heat and ardent desire of fighting. It was credibly reported to me of late by a Gentleman of the Lord of Lansack's Chamber, that there was a French Gentleman in Polonia, who was grievously tormented with a quartain Fea∣ver, who, on a time walking upon the bank of the river Wexel, to take away the irksomness of his fit, was thrust in jest into the River by a friend of his that met him by chance, by which (although he could swim, as he also knew that thrust him in) he conceived so great fear, that the Quartain never troubled him after. King Henry the second commanded me to go from the Camp at Ami∣ens to the City Dorlan, that I m••ght cure those that were hurt in the conflict with the Spani∣ards: the Captain S. Arbin, although at that time he had a fit of a Quartain Ague, yet would he be present at the fight, in which being shot through the side of the neck with a Bullet, he was strucken with such a terror of death, that the heat of the Feaver was asswaged by the cold fear, and he afterwards lived free from his Ague.

Franciscus Valeriola the famous Physitian of Arles, tels,* 1.288 That John Berlam his fellow-Citizen troubled with a Palsey of one side of his body for many years, his house taking fire, and the flame coming near the bed in which he lay, he strucken with a great fear, suddenly raised himself with all the force he had, and presently recovering the strength of his body, leaps out at the window from the top of the house, and was presently cured of his disease; sense and motion being restored to the part, so that afterward he went upright without any sense of pain, who lay unmovable for many years before. He tells the like in the same place of his cousen John Sobiratius; he was a long time lame at Avignion, by reason that the Nerves of his hams were shrunk and drawn up, so that he could not go; being moved with a vehement and sudden passion of anger against one of his servants whom he endeavoured to beat, he so stirred his body, that, forthwith the Nerves of his hams being distended, and his knees made pliant, he began to go and stand upright without any sense of pain, when he had been crooked about the space of six years before, and all his life∣time after he remained sound.

* 1.289Galen tels, he was once fetched to stanch the bleeding, for one who had an Artery cut neer his Anckle, and that by his means he was cured without any danger of an A••urisma (i. e.) a relaxation of a veinous vessel; and besides, by that accidental wound he was freed from a most grievous pain of his hip, with which he was tormented four years before: but although this easing of the pain of the Sciatica happened according to reason by the evacuation of the conjunct matter,* 1.290 by the artery the Anckle of the same side being opened; yet because it was not cut for this purpose, but hap∣pened only by chance, I judged it was not much dissenting from this argument.

Pliny writes that there was one named Phalereus, which casting up blood at his mouth, and at the length, medicines nothing availing, being weary of his life, went unarmed in the front of the battel against the Enemy, and there receiving a wound in his breast, shed a great quantity of blood, which gave an end to his spitting of blood; the wound being healed, and the vein which could not contain the blood being condensate.

At Paris, Anno 1572. in July, a certain Gentleman being of a modest and curteous cariage fell into a continual Feaver, and by that means became Frantick, moved with the violence of which he cast himself headlong out of a window two stories high, and fell first upon the shoulder of Val∣terra the Duke of Alenzons Physitian, and then upon the pavement; with which fall he cruelly bruised his ribs and hip, but was restored to his former judgment and reason. There were pre∣sent with the Patient besides Valterra, witnesses of this accident these Physitians, Alexis, Magnus, Duretus, and Martinus. The same happened in the like disease, and by the like chance, to a certain Gascoyn lying at the house of Agrippa in the Paved street.

Othomannus Doctor of Physick of Monpelier, and the King's Professor, told me that a certain Carpenter at Broquer a village in Switzerland, being frantick, cast himself headlong out of an high window into a river, and being taken out of the water was presently restored to his understanding.

* 1.291But if we may convert casualties into counsel and Art, I would not cast the Patients headlong out of a window; But would rather cast them sodainly, and thinking of no such thing, into a great cistern filled with cold water, with their heads foremost, neither would I take them out until they had drunk a good quantity of water, that by that sodain fall and strong fear, the matter causing the Frenzy might be carryed from above downwards, from the noble parts to the ignoble; the possibility of which is manifest by the forecited examples, as also by the example of such as, bit by a mad Dog, fearing the water, are often ducked into it to cure them.

CHAP. XXIV. Of certain juggling and deceitful ways of Curing.

HEre I determin to treat of those Impostors, who taking upon them the person of a Chirur∣geon, do by any means, either right or wrong, put themselves upon the works of the Art: but they principally boast themselves amongst the ignorant common sort, of setting bones which are out of joynt and broken,* 1.292 affirming, as falsly as impudently, that they have knowledg of those things from their Ancestors, as by a certain hereditary right; which is a most ridiculous fiction: for our minds when we are born, is as a smooth table, upon which nothing is painted. Other∣wise what need we take such labour and pains to acquire and exercise Sciences? God hath en∣dued all brute beasts with an inbred knowledge of certain things necessary for to preserve their life, more than man.

But on the contrary, he hath enriched him with a wit furnished with incredible celerity and judgment, by whose diligent and laborious fatigation he subjects all things to his knowledg. For it is no more likely, that any man should have skill in Chirurgery, because his father was a Chi∣rurgeon, than that one who never endured sweat, dust, nor Sun in the field, should know how to ride and govern a great Horse, and know how to carry away the credit in tilting, only because he was begot by a Gentleman, and one famous in the Art of War.

* 1.293There is another sort of Impostors far more pernicious and less sufferable, boldly and inso∣lently promising to restore to their proper unity and seat, bones which are broken and out of joynt, by the only murmuring of some conceited charms, so that they may but have the Patients name and his girdle. In which thing I cannot sufficiently admire the idleness of our Countrey∣men so easily crediting so great and pernicious an error; not observing the inviolable law of the ancient Physitians, and principally of Divine Hippocrates, by which it is determined, that three things are necessary to the setting of bones dislocated and out of joynt; to draw the bones asunder; to hold the bone receiving, firmly immoveable with a strong and steddy hand; to put the bone to be received into the cavity of the receiving. For which purpose the diligence of the Ancients hath invented so many Engines,* 1.294 Glossocomies and Bands, lest that the hand should not be sufficient for that laborious work. What therefore is the madness of such Impostors to un∣dertake to do that by words, which can scarse be done by the strong hands of so many Servants, and by many artificial Engines?

Of late years another kind of Imposture hath sprung up in Germany: they beat into fine powder a stone which in their mother tongue they call Bem••ruch, and give it in drink to any who have a bone broken, or dislocated, and affirm that it is sufficient to cure them. Through the same Germany there wander other Impostors who bid to bring to them the Weapon with which any is hurt; they lay it up in a secret place and free from noise, and put and apply medicines to it, as if they had

the patient to dress, and in the mean time they suffer him to go about his business, and impudent∣ly affirm that the wound heals by little and little, by reason of the medicine applyed to the wea∣pon.

But it is not likely that a thing in animate which is destitute of all manner of sense, should feel the effect of any medicine; and less probable by much, that the wounded party should re∣ceive any benefit from thence. Neither if any should let me see the truth of such juggling by the events themselves and my own eyes, would I therefore believe that it were done naturally, and by reason, but rather by Charms and Magick.

In the last assault of the Castle of His••in, the Lord of Martigues the elder was shot through the breast with a Musket bullet. I had him in cure together with the Physitians, and Chrirurgeons of the Emperour Charles the fifth, and Emanuel Phi••rt the Duke of Savoy, who because he en∣tirely loved the wounded prisoner, caused an Assembly of Physitians and Chirurgeons to consult of the best means for his cure. They all were of one opinion, that the wound was deadly and in∣curable, because it passed through the midst of his lungs, and besides had cast forth a great quan∣titv of knotted blood into the hollowness of his breast.

There was found at that time a certain Spaniard, a notable Knave, and one of those Impostors, who would pawn his life, that he would make him sound; wherefore this Honourable Personage being in this desperate case, was committed unto his care. First of all, he bid they should give him the Patient's shirt, which he tore into shreds and pieces, which presently framing into a Cross, he laid upon the wounds, whispering some conceived or coined words, with a low mur∣mur. For all other things he wished the Patient to rest content, and to use what diet he pleased; for he would do that for him, which truly he did. For he eat nothing but a few prunes, and drunk nothing but small Beer, yet for all this, the wounded Prince died within two days; the Spaniard slipt away, and so scaped hanging. And whilest I opened the body in the sight of the Phy∣sitians and Chirurgeons to embalm him, the signs and accidents of the wound did evidently and plainly appear to be as we had pronounced before.

And there be also other Jugling companions of this Tribe,* 1.295 who promise to cure all wounds with Lint, or Tents, either dry, or macerated in oyl or water, and bound to the wound, having murmured over some charm or other, who have had sometimes good success, as I can witness. But the wounds upon which tryal was made were simple ones, which only required union, or closing for to perfect the cure. So verily the bones of beasts when they be broke, grow together by the only benefit of nature. But when the affect shall be compound by diversity of Symptoms, as a wound with an ulcer, inflammation, contusion and fracture of a bone, you must hope for no other from Tents or Lints, nor Charms, than death. Therefore the common sort who commit them∣selves to these Impostors to be cured, do not only injure themselves, but also hurt the Common∣wealth, and the common profit of the Citizens; for whose good and justice sake a prudent Ma∣gistrate ought to deprive Impostors of all freedom in a free and Christian Commonweal.

Witches, Conjurers, Diviners, Soothsayers, Magicians, and such like, boast of curing many diseases; but if they do or perform any thing in this kind, they do it all by sleights, subtilties, and forbidden Arts, as Charms, Conjurations, Witcheries, Characters, Knots, Magical Liga∣tures, Rings, Images, Poysons, Laces tied across, and other damnable tricks, with which they pollute, pervert, and defame the prime and sacred Art of Physick, and that with the danger of mens lives. Who certainly are to be banished by the Laws of our Countrey, especially seeing it is decreed in Moses Law, Le•• n••ne be found am••ng you that useth witchcraft, or a regarder of times,* 1.296 or a marker of the flying of Fowls, or a Sorcerer, or a Charmer, or that counsulteth with Spi∣rits, or a Soothsayer, or that asketh counsel at the dead; for all that do such things, are abomi∣nation to the Lord, and because of these abominations the Lord thy God doth cast them out be∣fore thee. But the Miracles of our Lord Jesus Christ the Son of God, and of his Saints and A∣postles in curing diseases beyond nature and all Art, are of another kind, which we ought to be∣lieve so firmly and constantly, that it should be counted an impiety for a Christian to doubt of them. All holy Writings are full of these; as to give sight to the blind, hearing to the deaf, power to go to those sick of the Palsie, to drive forth Devils, to cure the Leprosie, to give fruit∣fulness to women, to raise the Dead, and perform by the holy Ghost other Miracles which exceed the condition and law of Na••re; whom here we earnestly intreat to free and protect us from unclean Devils, and the spirits of diabolical deceit, and to give us the mind that we may will and be able always to aspire to Heaven, and fasten the hope, safety, and anchor of all our fortunes in God alone. Amen.

The End of the first Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The definition of Khirurgery.
• * 1.2

  What necessary for a Chirur∣geon.
• * 1.3

  The nature of a Chirurgeon.
• * 1.4

  Experience more necessary for a Chirur∣geon, than art.
• * 1.5

  Examples of taking away that which i•• superfluous••••
• * 1.6

  Two tunicles of the eyes.
• * 1.7

  Two tunicles of the eyes.
• * 1.8

  Examples of replacing.
• * 1.9

  Example of separating things joyned together.
• * 1.10

  Examples of uniting things disjoyned.
• * 1.11

  Examples of supplying de∣fects.
• * 1.12

  Archagatus the Chirurgeon.
• * 1.13

  In praefat. lib. 7. The properties of a good Chi∣rurgeon.
• * 1.14

  From whence we must draw Indications.
• * 1.15

  What things are called na∣tural.
• * 1.16

  To what part of physick things not na∣curaly pertain.
• * 1.17

  To what, things besides nature.
• * 1.18

  What an Ele∣ment is.
• * 1.19

  Elements are understood by reason, not by sense.
• * 1.20

  Why Hipp. ex∣pressed the Elements by these names of Qualities.
• * 1.21

  Two principal qualities are in each Element.
• * 1.22

  Why the Air heats not so vehemently, as the Fire.
• * 1.23

  How the Ele∣ments may be understood to be mixed in compound bo∣dies.
• * 1.24

  Why of the first qualities two are active and two pas∣sive.
• * 1.25

  Why the first qualities are so called.
• * 1.26

  What the second qualities are.
• * 1.27

  What Ele∣ments light, what heavy.
• * 1.28

  What the Ele∣ments of gene∣ration are.
• * 1.29

  What the Ele∣ments of m••xt bodies.
• * 1.30

  What a Tem∣perament is.
• * 1.31

  Anima. What the life performs in Plants.
• * 1.32

  Anima, What in beasts. Mans soul comes from a∣bove.
• * 1.33

  The manifold division of a Temperament.
• * 1.34

  A Tempera∣ment, ad Pon∣dus.
• * 1.35

  Ad pondus, vel ad justitiam.
• * 1.36

  A Tempera∣ment ad justi∣tiam.
• * 1.37

  The Tempera∣ment of a bone.
• * 1.38

  The kindes of untemperate tempers.
• * 1.39

  Lib 2. de Tem∣per. &, in Arte medica.
• * 1.40

  What the tem∣peraments of mans body are.
• * 1.41

  Ad finem, lib. de Temper.
• * 1.42

  The tempera∣ments of ages.
• * 1.43

  What an age is.
• * 1.44

  Old-age divi∣ded into two parts.
• * 1.45

  Three de∣grees of the second part of Old-age.
• * 1.46

  Old men have their solid parts dry.
• * 1.47

  A comparison of the four ages to the four sea∣sons of the year
• * 1.48

  The tempers of the seasons of the year.
• * 1.49

  How the spring is temperate.
• * 1.50

  Apho••. 9 ••••ct 3
• * 1.51

  Aphor. 20. sect. 3.
• * 1.52

  Autumn une∣qual.
• * 1.53

  How Winter encreases the native heat.
• * 1.54

  Aphor 4. sect 3.
• * 1.55

  The tempera∣ments of Hu∣mors.
• * 1.56

  Lib. de natura humana, ad Sent. 36. sect. 1.
• * 1.57

  The tempera∣ture of the Blood.
• * 1.58

  Fpom whence we judg of the temperature of Medicines.
• * 1.59

  The knowledg of the Humor is necessary.
• * 1.60

  Lib. De Natura Humana.
• * 1.61

  The helps of Health.
• * 1.62

  What an Hu∣mor is.
• * 1.63

  The manifold division of Hu∣mors.
• * 1.64

  The material and efficient causes of blood.
• * 1.65

  What the Chy∣lus is.
• * 1.66

  Vena porta.
• * 1.67

  Where the Blood is per∣fected.
• * 1.68

  The receptacles of Choler and Melancholy. Four unlike Humors in the Blood.
• * 1.69

  A comparison of Blood and new Wine.
• * 1.70

  Phlegm is Blood half concocted.
• * 1.71

  Why it hath no proper re∣ceptacle.
• * 1.72

  Lib. 1. de temp.
• * 1.73

  One and the same Heat is the efficient cause of all humors at the same time.
• * 1.74

  The heat of the Sun alone doth melt was and harden clay.
• * 1.75

  The divers condition of the matter a∣lone, is the cause of va∣riety.
• * 1.76

  The effect of Phlegm.
• * 1.77

  The effects of Choler.
• * 1.78

  The effects of Melancholy.
• * 1.79

  What motions are in each quarter of the body.
• * 1.80

  The Melan∣choly Humor doth not cause, but whet the appetite.
• * 1.81

  A serous or wheyish hu∣mor.
• * 1.82

  Secundary Humors.
• * 1.83

  ••os.
• * 1.84

  Humors a∣gainst nature.
• * 1.85

  Into what Hu∣mors the blood when it cor∣rupts, doth degenerate.
• * 1.86

  The Melan∣choly Humor corrupted, is of three kinds.
• * 1.87

  Albumine••••.
• * 1.88

  Vitellin••.
• * 1.89

  Such as the humor is, such is the colour.
• * 1.90

  The manners and diseases of Sanguine per∣sons.
• * 1.91

  Cholerick are not commonly fat.
• * 1.92

  The manners and diseases of Cholerick per∣sons.
• * 1.93

  The manners and diseases of phlegmatick persons.
• * 1.94

  From whence noise or rum∣bling in the belly proceeds.
• * 1.95

  Diseases fami∣liar to Melan∣choly persons.
• * 1.96

  From, or by what their Veins are swollen.
• * 1.97

  Their dream••
• * 1.98

  Hydrophob. Their man∣ners.
• * 1.99

  From wh••nce the change of the native temper.
• * 1.100

  How one may become Cho∣lerick.
• * 1.101

  How Melan∣cholick.
• * 1.102

  How Phleg∣matick.
• * 1.103

  Four bounds or Regio•••• of the the world.
• * 1.104

  The forces of temperatures in particulars.
• * 1.105

  The tempera∣ture of the Southern peo∣ple.
• * 1.106

  Of the Nor∣thern.
• * 1.107

  The Southern people prevail in wit, the Northern in strength.
• * 1.108

  The Southern people learned and religious.
• * 1.109

  The Northern famous Warri∣ers, and Arti∣ficers.
• * 1.110

  The endow∣ments of such as inhabit be∣tween them.
• * 1.111

  The Northern know how to overcome, but not how to use the victory.
• * 1.112

  The aboun∣dance of coun∣sellors and Lawyers from France and I∣taly.
• * 1.113

  The manners of the Eastern people.
• * 1.114

  The East wind healthful.
• * 1.115

  The Northern people great eaters and drinkers.
• * 1.116

  Who are to be counted Bar∣barouss▪

  The Northern and Southern have each their Cruelties.
• * 1.117

  Valex. Max. lib. 9. cap. 2.
• * 1.118

  The diseases of the Southern people.
• * 1.119

  Mountainers.
• * 1.120

  What a faculty is.
• * 1.121

  3. Faculties.
• * 1.122

  The triple use of the Pulse.
• * 1.123

  The natural faculty is threefold.
• * 1.124

  What Nutriti∣on is.
• * 1.125

  Four other faculties at∣tend upon the nourishing faculty.
• * 1.126

  The necessity of the retentive faculty.
• * 1.127

  Two excre∣ments of every concoction.
• * 1.128

  The work of the expulsive faculty.
• * 1.129

  By what de∣grees the nou∣rishment is assimilated.
• * 1.130

  What an Acti∣on is.
• * 1.131

  An action and an Act are different.
• * 1.132

  Natural acti∣ons.
• * 1.133

  What Genera∣tion is.
• * 1.134

  What Growth is.
• * 1.135

  What Nutri∣tion is.
• * 1.136

  Action volun∣tary.
• * 1.137

  Anìma sen••t∣ens.
• * 1.138

  How sight is performed.
• * 1.139

  How hearing.
• * 1.140

  How smelling.
• * 1.141

  How the taste.
• * 1.142

  Sap••r.
• * 1.143

  How touching.
• * 1.144

  Of motion.
• * 1.145

  How respirati∣on may be a voluntary mo∣tion.
• * 1.146

  The third principal Acti∣on.
• * 1.147

  What a Spirit is.
• * 1.148

  Spirits three∣fold.
• * 1.149

  The Animal Spirit.
• * 1.150

  Why so called.
• * 1.151

  Anima.
• * 1.152

  How it is made.
• * 1.153

  The Vital Spirit.
• * 1.154

  What the matter of it is.
• * 1.155

  There is some doubt of the Natural Spi∣rit.
• * 1.156

  Fixed Spirits.
• * 1.157

  The radical Moisture.
• * 1.158

  Natural death.
• * 1.159

  The use and necessity of the Spirits.
• * 1.160

  What the re∣medy for the dissipation of the Spirits.
• * 1.161

  What the re∣medy for op∣pression of the Spirits, is.
• * 1.162

  What sex is.
• * 1.163

  The nature of women.
• * 1.164

  Of Eunuchs.
• * 1.165

  Of Herma∣phodites.
• * 1.166

  Colour the bewrayer of the Temperament.
• * 1.167

  The perfection of the organi∣cal parts, con∣sists in four things.
• * 1.168

  Diet.
• * 1.169

  The commo∣dities of an indifferent Diet.
• * 1.170

  Why they are called things Not-natural.
• * 1.171

  Galen 1. ad Glauconem.
• * 1.172

  Lib. de Sanitat. tuenda.
• * 1.173

  How necessary for Life the Air is.
• * 1.174

  What Air is hurtful.
• * 1.175

  Three things are understood by the name of the Air.
• * 1.176

  Aphor. 4. sect. 2. The force of the Winds.
• * 1.177

  How the winds acquire other ••ies, than they naturally have.
• * 1.178

  The Westwind o•• it self un∣wholsome.
• * 1.179

  What force stars have up∣on the Air.
• * 1.180

  How the air of Paris comes to be ill for wounds of the head, and good for those of the leggs.
• * 1.181

  By what means the air changes our bodies.
• * 1.182

  The goodness of nourish∣ments.
• * 1.183

  Their quantity
• * 1.184

  The quantity of meats must be esteemed according to the nature of the disease, and strength of the Patient.
• * 1.185

  The qualities of meat.
• * 1.186

  Old-age is a disease.
• * 1.187

  Aphor. 16. sect. 1.
• * 1.188

  The force of Custom.
• * 1.189

  Aphor. 91. sect 2.
• * 1.190

  Aphor. 38. sect. 2.
• * 1.191

  Accustomed meats are more grateful, and so, by that means, more nourishing.
• * 1.192

  The order of eating our meats.
• * 1.193

  We must begin our meals with moist or liquid meat.
• * 1.194

  The time of eating.
• * 1.195

  The profit of labour before meat.
• * 1.196

  We must not give meat in a fit of a Feaver.
• * 1.197

  Variety of meats.
• * 1.198

  Why variety of meats is good.
• * 1.199

  Indications of feeding, taken from the age.
• * 1.200

  Indication from the time of the year.
• * 1.201

  What Motion signifies.
• * 1.202

  Three kinds of Frictions.
• * 1.203

  Hard.
• * 1.204

  Gentle.
• * 1.205

  Indifferent.
• * 1.206

  The use of exercises.
• * 1.207

  What the fit∣test time for exercise.
• * 1.208

  The quality of exercise.
• * 1.209

  For whom strong Ex••∣cises are con¦venient.
• * 1.210

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.211

  What 〈◊〉〈◊〉 mo•• ••¦ceed ••¦dleness
• * 1.212

  What sleep is.
• * 1.213

  The use of sleep.
• * 1.214

  Fit time for sleep, and the nature of the night.
• * 1.215

  Sleep on the day-time.
• * 1.216

  There ought to be a moderati∣on of our nights sleep.
• * 1.217

  How to be known.
• * 1.218

  What the form and site of our body ought to be while we sleep.
• * 1.219

  The harm of lying on our backs.
• * 1.220

  Upon our bel∣lies.
• * 1.221

  The considera∣tion of dreams.
• * 1.222

  Aphor. 1. sect 2
• * 1.223

  The kinds of Repletions, or rather of Ex∣cesses.
• * 1.224

  Re∣pletio

  • ad vasa
  • ad vi••es
• * 1.225

  Re∣pletio

  • ad vasa
  • ad vi••es
• * 1.226

  Gal Meth. 13. cap. 6.
• * 1.227

  What Cacochy∣miais.
• * 1.228

  The kinds of evacuation.
• * 1.229

  The commodi∣ties of mode∣rate scratching.
• * 1.230

  The force of vomits.
• * 1.231

  Salivation.
• * 1.232

  The whole body is also purged by u∣rine.
• * 1.233

  We must ob∣serve three things in every evacuation.
• * 1.234

  Why the Pas∣sions of the mind are cal∣led Accidents. Their force.
• * 1.235

  From whence they have their force.
• * 1.236

  The reason of Joy.
• * 1.237

  The effects of Joy.
• * 1.238

  Anger.
• * 1.239

  Sorrow.
• * 1.240

  Fear.
• * 1.241

  Hi••pach. lib. 4. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Mi••.
• * 1.242

  Shame.
• * 1.243

  Shamefastness.
• * 1.244

  An agony.
• * 1.245

  Why the first signs of passi∣ons of the mind appear in the face.
• * 1.246

  The use of pas∣sions of the mind.
• * 1.247

  What things against nature are. What, and how many the cau∣ses of diseases be. The Primitive cause. Internal ante∣cedent.
• * 1.248

  Internal con∣junct.
• * 1.249

  The congenit, or inevitable cause of death.
• * 1.250

  What a disease is, and how various. A Distempera∣ture.
• * 1.251

  Ill Confor∣mation.
• * 1.252

  Solution of Continuity.
• * 1.253

  What a Symp∣tom is.
• * 1.254

  Three kinds thereof.
• * 1.255

  What Indica∣tion is.
• * 1.256

  See Method. Cap. 7. Lib. de ••pt. sect 1. Cap. 11.
• * 1.257

  The kinds of Indications.
• * 1.258

  Lib 9. Meth••a. cap. 9.
• * 1.259

  Indications drawn from things natural.
• * 1.260

  What the con∣ditions of the parts affected do indicate.
• * 1.261

  Indications from the ages.
• * 1.262

  Aphor. 40. li. 2.
• * 1.263

  Aphor. 6. sect 6.
• * 1.264

  Aphor. 5. sect. 4.
• * 1.265

  From our diet.
• * 1.266

  Hatred arising from secret properties.
• * 1.267

  Indications taken from things against nature.
• * 1.268

  We do not al∣wayes follow the Indication which is from the disease.
• * 1.269

  In what parts we cannot hope for re∣storing of so∣lution of con∣tinuity.
• * 1.270

  Experience without reason is like a blind man without a guide.
• * 1.271

  Indications in implicit dis∣eases.
• * 1.272

  An example of Indications in implicit dis∣eases.
• * 1.273

  What we must do when the temper of the part is diffe∣rent from the temper of the whole body.
• * 1.274

  An artificial conjecture is of much force in Indications.
• * 1.275

  Indications from simili∣tude.
• * 1.276

  Indication of a subtile device.
• * 1.277

  Examples.
• * 1.278

  A Physitian should be of a quick appre∣hension.
• * 1.279

  Indications indicative.
• * 1.280

  Co-indicative.
• * 1.281

  Repugnant. Correpugnant.
• * 1.282

  Monstrous diseases.
• * 1.283

  The wonderful force of the bite of a cer∣tain Spider.
• * 1.284

  Musick the re∣medy thereof.
• * 1.285

  Musick gives ease to pain.
• * 1.286

  A strong per∣turbation of the mind helps by moving the spirits.
• * 1.287

  Chance some∣time exceeds Art.
• * 1.288

  Observ. lib. 2.
• * 1.289

  Cap. ult. lib. de cur. rat. per sanguinis miss.
• * 1.290

  Galen by a dream cures the Sciatica.
• * 1.291

  The cause of the last recited cures.
• * 1.292

  Sciences are not hereditary.
• * 1.293

  A most impu∣dent sort of Impostors.
• * 1.294

  Three things necessary for the cure of a Luxation.
• * 1.295

  What wounds may be cured only by lint, or by tents and Water.
• * 1.296

  Deut. 18.