The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

The second Treatise, Concerning The ARTERIES. (Book 2)

CHAP. I. Shews the upper or ascendent Trunk of the great Artery, with its propagations that are distributed through the Head.

THere is no controversie among writers of Anatomy concerning the number and original of the Arteries,* 1.1 but an unanimous consent, that all the propagations, which are scattered through∣out the body, take their rise from one, which they call Aorta, and that this is derived out of the Heart. But the Heart con∣sisting of two sinus or cavities, a right, and a left one; this great Artery grows out of the left sinus or ventricle [A], where it is largest, and more hard, and griestly, then elswhere. But as soon as it is grown out, and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart,* 1.2 it presently propagates two small sprigs [a a] one of each side, which they call Arteriae Coronariae, the Crown-Arteries, because together with the vena Coronalis, or Crown-vein, they compass the basis of the Heart in manner of a Crown, and from these many propagations are scattered downward all along the Heart. But they are more, and greater about the left, then the right ventricle, as we have also formerly said concerning the vein, because the Heart needs a greater plenty of blood on that side, as which beats with a perpetual, and more violent motion, wherein more blood is digested, then the right sinus or ventricle does: yet that propagation is bigger, and longer, which arises ont of the right side of the Artery: sometimes also there is on∣ly one, at whose orifice a little valve is found. Those propagations being thus dissemi∣nated, the Artery ascends somewhat under the Trunk of the vena Arteriosa,* 1.3 or Arterial vein, and pierces through the Pericardium, and, having got above it, is cleft [B] into two branches, which because of their natural greatness we will call Trunks, and because one ascends [C] and the other runs downward [Q] that shall be the Ascendent Trunk, this the Descendent. Yet the Descendent, and lower one is bigger by much then the upper,* 1.4 because that serves more parts, then this. For the Ascendent one goes only to some parts of the Chest, to the Head, and Arms; but the lower to very many parts of the Chest, to all the lowest belly, and the Legs. That therefore we may treat of the great Artery with more perspicuity, we will first shew the Ascendent Trunk, and its progress through the Chest, and Head, and after that its branches distributed through the Arms. Then we will fall upon the Descendent one, add explain the manner of its distribution through the Chest, and lowest belly, and lastly through the Legs.

The Ascendent therefore or upper Trunk of the Aorta [C], being fastened to the Oe so∣phagus, or Gullet, climbs upward betwixt the rough Artery, and Hollow-vein, and the mediastinum, or partition of the Chest. Which situation of it they ought diligently to observe, who desire to know the reason of that Aphorism, which is the four and twentieth of the fifth Section in Hippocrates: For sayes he, cold things, as snow, and ice, are ene∣mies to the Breast, provoke coughs, and cause eruptions of blood, and distillations. Tru∣ly they are enemies to the Breast, because, whilest they are swallowed down through the Gullet, they cool the rough Artery, that lyes next to it, together with the Gullet, which part being of it self cold does easily take harm from so violent a cold: hence the cough, and other diseases of the Brest follow one another in a long row. But issues of blood happen in like manner, the great Artery being cooled, whereby the vital Spirits, and the blood are driven back to the Heart, and from thence are sent up forcibly to the Head, which being stuft, eruptions of blood are caused by its dropping forth at the Nostrils, as

also catarrhs and distillations, it being driven down undigested to the inferiour parts. And hence also a reason may be rendered, why some, upon drinking of cold water after vehement motions, and exercise of body, have presently been suffocated, the passion of the heart, and grievous swoundings following thereupon. For the Artery being vehemently coold, the blood is congealed, as well that which was in the Aorta, or Great artery, as that which abides in the heart; from whence happen at first fearful symptoms, and then suddain death. But we have seen in these men, that a vein being opened, the blood hath come out thick, and cold, and with very great difficulty, whence also we have not found a more present re∣medy for them, then such things, as by reason of the thinness of their parts have a power of dissolving the clots of blood. Hence also a reason may be given, why in burning fevers the tongue becomes black, & the diseased can hardly swallow; For although it be true (which is the cause commonly assign'd) that many vapors are sent up from the whole body to the head; yet we may ascribe a main cause of this blackness to the nearness of the Artery, which being set on fire, and inflamed, procures much mischief to the gullet, and consequently to the tongue it self.

* 1.5But the Ascendent Trunk, whilst it passes thus upwards, is divided into the two subcla∣vian arteries, [DD] of which one runs to the right side, and the other to the left. They are called subclaviae, as long as they are in the chest, for the same reason as the subclavian veins are so called, because they run under the claviculae or collar-bones: but as soon as ever they are faln out of the chest, they change their name, and are called Axillares [E]. From both the subclavian arteries, when they have attained to the first rib (for before that they send forth no propagations) many sprigs issue out, as well from their upper, as lower part.* 1.6 From the lower issues the upper Intercostal artery, or Intercostalis superior [b], which being fastened to the roots of the ribs, bestowes particular branches upon the distances of the four uppermost which run under the ribs, together with the veins, as far as to the gri∣stles, from which propagations are dispersed into the marrow of the back, and the neigh∣bouring muscles. From the upper part issues first that which is commonly called Cervica∣lis,* 1.7 or the Artery of the neck [c], but better vertebralis, of the rack-bones, which arises more backward, and toward the bodies of the rack-bones, and ascending obliquely, near to the seventh rack-bone of the neck, like the neck-vein, passes through the holes of the trans∣verse processes, and upper rack-bones of the neck, where it shoots out many propagations which enter the spinal marrow through the common holes, at which the nerves go out. It sends also a pretty company to the muscles that are seated on the back-side of the neck, and ascends to the nowle-bone together with the vein, through whole first notable hole, by which the spinal marrow descends out of the head, it enters the skull. After this it is joyned with its fellow of the other side under the spinal marrow, which remains yet in the skull, and so runs strait forwards, under the middle of the basis of the brain; but when it hath now attained to the sella, or saddle of the wedg-bone, upon which the phleg∣matick glandule lies, it is divided into two branches, a right, and a left one, both which at the side of the saddle creep to the second pair of nerves, where being broken on both sides into an infinite number of surcles, they are dispersed betwixt the first and se∣cond pair of the nerves, and folden together with the thin membrane, make that com∣plication of vessels called plexus Choroides.* 1.8 The next is arteria mammaria or artery of the paps [d] which being reflected under the brest bone (accompanied with the mammary vein) descends along its sides, and when it comes to the gristle called Ensi-formis, or the breast-blade, about the sides thereof goes out of the chest, and running under the right muscles of the abdomen, descends directly through the lower side of them, and at length neer the navel, is joyned by anastomosis or inoculation [x] with the Epigastrick artery ply∣ing upward [i]. But before it leaves the chest, it scatters particular branches to the six distances betwixt the gristles of the seven true ribs, which branches determin toge∣ther with the gristles. A third [e] is otherwise called Muscula the muscle artery, but might be better,* 1.9 and more strictly named Cervicalis, being it is disseminated into the muscles that are placed in the region of the neck, as far as to the occipitium or nowl of the head.

* 1.10These branches being sent out, the sub••lavian artery goes out of the cavity of the chest, and getting above the first ribs tends obliquely to the arm-pit, and so makes the axilla∣ry artery [E] which afterward is spread into the arm. But before that it scatters some propagations, and from its lower part three of which the first is scapularis interna, the in∣ner-blade artery [f] which goes to the muscles ••n the hollow side of the shoulder-blade. A∣nother is Thoracica superior the upper chest artery [g], which goes to the pectoral muscle, that leads the shoulder forward to the breast, and the other muscles that lye upon the breast, and is a pretty big one. The third is Thoracica inferior the lower artery of the chest, [h] which is also a large one, and running down all along the side of the chest, is the greatest part of it scattered into the broad muscle called Latissimus, which moves the shoulder backward from the breast. From the upper part of the axillary artery arises one called scapularis externa,* 1.11 the outer blade-artery [i], which climbing up to the top of the shoulder is disseminated into the Muscles that cover the gibbous side of the shoulder-blade.

The remaining part of the axillary artery passes on in company of the Basilick-vein to the arm, upon all which it is afterward spent, of whose distribution we will speak in the following Chapter.

That which remains yet of the Ascendent Trunk [L] being sustained with the Thymus neer to the upper part of the breast-bone,* 1.12 is divided into two branches [MM] which they call Carotides, or soporales the sleepy arteries, because they being obstructed, or any way stopt, we presently fall asleep; of which Valuerda witnesses in Anatom. lib. 6. c. 11. that Realdus Columbus made tryal in a young man, among a great company of men. They are unequal in bigness, the right one being much thicker then the left, but they tend di∣rectly upward, being carried along the sides of the neck, and fastned to the rough ar∣tery, and to the internal jugular veins, by the benefit of a membrane, and when they are come to the cups, are divided into two branches [N] of which one is the outer,* 1.13 the other the inner one: that is the lesse, this is the greater. The outer [O] sends propa∣gations [†] to the cheeks and Muscles of the face; then when it is come to the ear, it is divided in twain; for one branch [r] of it goes to the backside of the ear, from which two branches under the ear enter the neather jaw through the first hole of it, that is sea∣ted at its processes, and throughout the length thereof are disseminated into the roots of all the lower teeth; that which remains, going out at the second hole; which is pla∣ced at the chin, is scattered into the lip. The outer branch [q] creeps through the Tem∣ples and fore-head, and is spent upon the muscles of the face.* 1.14 The inner branch [P] of the sleepy artery, or arteria Encephalica the brain-artery, is carried into the chops; and ha∣ving scattered some propagations to the tongue and throttle, is divided about the basis of the skull, into two unequal branches, to wit, a greater, and a lesser one. The lesser and bind-most [s] is carried together with the greater Encephalick branch of the internal Jugular∣vein, to the back-side of the skull, enters through the second hole of the occipitium or nowl-bone, and goes into the sinus or canale of the thick membrane. The greater and more forward [t] having entred the cavity of the skull through a hole made on purpose for it in the temple-bone, and attaind, to the saddle of the wedg-bone, going every where under the hard membrane; first of all propagates a branch on both sides into the side of the thick membrane, then in beasts scattering an infinite number of surcles makes the Rete mirabile or wonderful net, which indeed may be found in a man too, but it is very little, and seems but a shadow in respect of that in beasts. These surcles being thus placed it pierces through the thick membrane of the brain, and having got out of it, sends another propagation out of the skull, through the second hole of the wedg-bone to the eye, and its muscles, as also to the temple muscle, that lifts up the lower jaw; and then going straight up to the side of ths phlegmatick glandule, it is divided into two branches, an outer, and an inner. The inner is joyned with its fellow of the other side,* 1.15 and being joyned they are wasted into many little arteries, which are dispersed through the thin membrane, and the very substance of the brain, to the origional of the optick nerves. The outer being reflected and sustained with the thin membrane, goes into the forward ventricle of the brain; being divided into many surcles, which are united with those little arteries, which arise from the vertebralis, or artery of the rack bones; some with those which the verte∣bral artery scatters through the basis of the head under the brain, but others with those which it disseminates through the thin membrane and substance of the brain, together with which they make the plexus choroides.

CHAP. II. Declares the History of the Axillary Artery being distributed through the Arm.

THe Axillary Artery therefore when it is come to the arm,* 1.16 taking the name of the Arm-trunk [FF] is carried in one undivided stock, beyond the bent of the Cubit, through the inside of the Arm, dispersing some small pro∣pagations on both sides to the Muscles that lye on the inside of the upper part of the arm. But it goes fast by the inner or deep branch of the Basilick vein, as an unseparable companion of it, whose conduct and steps it every where follows. But presently falling down by the back-side of the upper part of the arm, where the muscles which extend the cubit stick to it, it sends forth two propagations [l and m] the lower of which is a very notable one, and so it is writhed back toward the bent of the Cubit, and having attained thereunto it reaches out two surcles [n n] one of each side, so ma∣nifest, that the pulse is there often times evidently enough perceived.* 1.17 Then going under the bent of the cubit, through the inside of it, and sinking down betwixt the two muscles that bend the second and third bones of the four fingers, it is cut [G] into two notable branches, one of which is an outer, the other an inner one. The outer [H] is carried

along the Radius, or lesser bone of the cubit (whence I call it Radius) and goes directly to the wrist, in which place Physitians feel the pulse, it being very manifest, by reason that the artery lies next under the skin. But not far from the root of the wrist it shoots out a little branch [o] which runs under the tendons of the Muscles, which extend the thumb, into the outside of the hand, and is spent upon the Muscles, which are placed betwixt the first bone of the thumb, and that of the after-wrist, which supports the fore-finger. This branch being propagated, going under the inner annular ligament of the wrist, and the broad tendon of the palm-muscle, it is divided into three branches [ppp] like the vein, and nerve, that are its companions. The first of these goes to the inside of the thumb, the second to the inside of the fore-finger,* 1.18 and the third to that of the middle. The first, and second are each of them parted into two branches; the third is undivided. The inner branch of the trunk of the arm [l] runs strait along the ulna or greater bone of the cubit (and for that reason I call it Cubiteus) and is dispersed into the palm of the hand. But it is so hidden a∣mong the muscles, that it is hardly perceived to beat, unless in lean folkes; and therefore Physitians alwayes lay their hands upon the outer branch, when they feel the pulse in the wrist. But it passes on under the transverse ligament of the wrist, and the tendon of the palm muscle, in company of a vein, and nerve and scatters two branches into the little finger, as many into the ring-finger, and one into the outside of the middle.

CHAP. III. Shews the Inferiour or Descendent Trunk of the great Artery, and the propagation thereof through the middle and lowest bellies.

WEE have said above, that the great artery [A as soon as it has gotten above the Pericardium or purse of the Heart, is divided [B] into two branches; of which one goes upward, the other descends to the parts below. We have already handled the upper branch; it remains that we explain the other also.

* 1.19The Descendent trunk thereof [Q] answering in proportion to the stock of a tree, is carried down to the fifth rack-bone of the chest, and declining somewhat to the left, cleaves to that side of the body of the rack-bones, and so descends leisurely. When it has now past the midriff through that division resembling a semi-circle, which is betwixt the productions of the septum transversum or midriff, presently it runs out by the rack-bones of the loins, lea∣ning upon the middle of their body, till it come to the last of them, where near to the Os sacrum it is divided [R] into two notable branches [SS] which with our Anatomists we wil call Iliacae the Iliacal arteries from their situation. In this journey it scatters many propagations from it self, which are very worthy to be diligently observed, because from thence we may easily give a reason of many accidents in diseases.* 1.20 But they are in number eight, the Intercostal arteries, the two Phrenicae or arteries of the midriff, the Coeliacal one, then the upper Mesen∣terick, the two emulgents, as many spermatical ones, at last the lower Mesenterick, and the Lumbares, or arteries of the loins. Of these the Intercostals are scattered, whilst the trunk is yet in the chest; the rest, whilst it passes on through the lowest belly. But some of them ac∣company the branches of the gate-vein, as the Coelicacal, and both the Mesenterical arte∣ries, others those of the hollow vein, as the rest. Now we will treat of these in order, begin∣ning from the Intercostals, or arteries between the ribs, which are placed uppermost. Present∣ly therefore after the Descendent trunk [Q] is issued forth, from its back-side it sends over little branches on both sides to the distances of the eight lower ribs, which they call Interco∣stales inferiores,* 1.21 the lower arteries between the ribs [uuu] in respect of the upper Intercostal, of which we have spoken above. These associating themselves with the veins and nerves, of the same name, go straight on by the lower side of the ribs; where peculiar sinus or channels are cut out for them. But as the Intercostal veins reach in the true ribs only to the gristles, but in the bastard ones somewhat farther, to wit, to the sides of the abdomen: so also the ar∣teries end in them together with the bony parts of the ribs, but in these run out a little far∣ther. And these arteries send over some propagations through the holes of the nerves to the spinal marrow, and to the muscles that lye upon the rack-bones of the back, just as we have said the Intercostal veins were propagated.* 1.22 But the use of them is to diffuse the vital spirit, and the blood to the muscles betwixt the ribs, besides which they have also another notable office, to wit, of carrying down the water, and purulent matter, that is gathered together in the chest, into the great artery, and from thence by the Emulgent branches to the bladder. Although I am not ignorant that the most learned Fallopius and others who have read be∣fore me in this most famous University of Padua, have shewn another way to their Audi∣tors; by which either purulent matter, or water might be conveyed forth by help of the kidneys, to wit, the vein sine pari, or without a companion, a little branch whereof in the

left side goes into the Emulgent of the left kidney. But this way which we shew through the Intercostal arteries, is by much the shorter; that I pass by this, that any matter heaped together may be more easily dispatcht away through the arteries then the veins. Nor needs any one here to be afraid, lest the vital spirits should be infected from these excremen∣titious and ill humurs, whereby the heart may incurre fearful symptoms; when we willingly grant (which experience also hath often taught us) that whilst the corrupt matter is empti∣ed out by the urine, the sick parties have often faln into fits of swounding, and other dis∣eases; sometimes also have died suddenly when the peccant humor has been of too great a quantity, or too bad a quality, and has offered so much violence to nature, that the heat, and spirits have been over come therewith.* 1.23 But here a certain place in Hippocrates calls upon me to explain it, which has long and often troubled my minde. The place is in Coacis praeno∣tionibus, where he says; They, who together with the heart have their whole lungs infla∣med, so that it falls to the side, are deprived of motion all over; and the parties so diseased lye cold, senseless, and dye the second or third day. But if this happen to the lungs without the heart, they live not so long: Yet some also are preserved. I have often thought with my self, what should be that sympathy of the heart & lungs with the brain and nerves, that from the inflammation of those parts, the patient should be so deprived of sense and motion all over, when the same Hippocrates teacheth in the same place, that the diseased suffer such depri∣vation in that part, & livid spots appear on the outside about the rib, where-about the Aortae (so he seems to call the lobes or division of the lungs) being inflamed fall to the sides. But if they be not much inflamed, so that they fall not down to the side; he sayes that there is a pain indeed all over, but no deprivation of sense or motion, nor any spots appear. Having deliberated often with my self, at length I came to be of this opinion; that there was no o∣ther cause, but the sympathy betwixt these Intercostal arteries, and the marrow in the back-bone. This sympathy arises from those propagations, which we told you past through the holes of the rack-bones of the chest into the back-bone. Wherefore if the lungs, and heart be so mightily inflamed, that great plenty of blood rush into the great artery, whereupon it swels, as also these vessels betwixt the ribs, and consequently those surcles which go to the marrow of the back-bone; truly it cannot be, but that both the marrow, and the nerves, which issue out of it, be comprest; from whence what else can follow, but the resolution of those parts, into which those nerves are implanted, & to which they impart the faculty of motion? This opinion seems to me to be wonderfully confirmed by a certain pretty observation, which the learned Cornelius Gemma has in his book, de hemititraeo pestilenti. A certain studi∣ous young man, sayes he, through the whole course of his disease, had his left eye less then the other. He was paind in the left side, especially all the time the fit raged; but about the crisis or judication thereof, the artery of his left leg being swoln up was moved according to its length, that being to be seen by us it seemed to be turned upward and downward like a rope pull'd back. Who will not here willingly confess, that this matter was in the arteries, when the crisis was made by them? But from this that hath been said a reason may be also gi∣ven of another observation of Galen, which is l. 4 de locis affect. c. 4. where he sayes thus: In a certain man, who was troubled with a vehement inflammation of the lungs, as wel the outer, as the inner parts of his arm, from the cubit to the very ends of his fingers labour'd with difficulty of sense, and their motion also was somewhat empair'd. In the same man also the nerves which are in the first, and second distances betwixt the ribs, sustained harm. And a little after, This man was quickly restored to his health, to wit, a medicine being applyed to the place, from whence the nerves issue forth, near to the first and second spaces betwixt the ribs. By reason of the same branches betwixt the ribs John Valeriola, the son of that Physitian, whose observations we have, being yet a boy, suffered Convulsion-fits in a grie∣vous Pleurisie.

The arteries called Phrenicae of the midriff, [xx] are two; one of each side,* 1.24 which ari∣sing out of the Trunk, presently after it is come forth of the hollow of the chest, being divided into more branches, are scattered into the midriff, but especially into the lower side of it, near to the rack-bones of the back. They sprinkle some small twigs also into the upper part, which afterwards go to the Pericardium or purse of the heart, there where it growes to the midriff.

The Coeliaca or Stomach-artery is but one, so called,* 1.25 because it sends over branches to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, the Stomach. This, being most like to the splenick branch of the Gate-vein, affords many branches to the Stomach, Liver, Bladder of Gall, Kall, the gut Duodenum, the beginning of the Jejunum, or empty Gut, a part of the Colon or Colique-Gut, the Sweet-bread, and Spleen. But it arises out of the foreside of the body of the Trunk, and being stayed up all the way by the upper part of the lower membrane of the Kall,* 1.26 is divided into two notable branches, but of unequall bigness, one of which goes to the right, the other to the left: that is the less, this is the greater. The right branch therefore is joined with the descendent Gate-vein in the Pancreas or Sweet-bread, that is placed under the hinder part of the Stomach, and leaning there upon the membranes of the Kall goes to the Liver; and its smallness is worth the taking notice of, if you look upon the largeness of the Liver, which the Ancients long since, and many at this day have made the work-house

of the blood. But it is inserted in the hollow part, near to the Trunk of the Gate-vein, and is so small, because that part of the Liver, which entertains the roots of the Gate-vein, needed not a greater Artery; but the other part which hath the propagati∣ons of the Hollow-vein, receives great plenty of vital spirits sent over from the heart through the Hollow-vein. Yet before it enters into the Liver, it disseminates in the way many surcles,* 1.27 and those partly from its upper side, partly from its lower: from the up∣per side two, first, that which I call Pyloricus, which arises in the mid-way, and being di∣vided [unspec 1] into many little branches is scattered into the back-side of the right orifice of the [unspec 2] Stomach. The outer is called Cysticae gemellae, the Twin-Arteries of the bladder of Gall, which are two little branches,* 1.28 and go into the bladder of Gall, and presently are divided into many propagations. From the lower side likewise two arise. The first is Epiplois [unspec 1] Dextra or the right Kall-Artery, which is implanted into the right side of the lower mem∣brane [unspec 2] of the Kall, and part of the Colique-Gut annexed thereunto. The outer is cleft into two branches, of which one called Intestinalis, the Gut-Artery, passes on to the Duo∣denum, and beginning of the Jejunum or empty Gut: the other, named Gastro-epiplois dex∣tra the right Stomach and Kall-Artery, somewhat larger then the former, turns down to the right side of the bottom of the Stomach, and being supported by the upper membrane of the Kall, issues out some shoots from the upper part to the fore and back-sides of the Sto∣mach; but from the lower to that membrane of the Kall upon which it leans. The left and greater branch is called Arteria Splenica the Spleen Artery,* 1.29 which sticking to the lower membrane of the Kall, and the Glandules placed therein, passes on together with the Spleen-vein, to which it is fastened, and in the like manner distributes its propagations to the Spleen. But in the way likewise it distributes branches from both parts of it: from the upper issues Gastrica the Stomach-Artery,* 1.30 which reaches into the middle of the hinder part of the Stomach, or that wherewith it leans upon the back, and ascending from thence it compasses the left orefice of the Stomach round about like a Crown, and disperses little twigs, partly upward to the end of the Gullet, partly downward, and those great∣er and more numerous, into the Stomach, and so it makes the Arteria Coronaria or Crown-Artery, like to the Crown-vein, which arises from the Gate-vein, as we have said in the fore-going Treatise.* 1.31 But from its lower side the Spleen-Artery sends out the Epiplois sinistra, or left Kall-Artery, about that part, wherewith it now attains to the Spleen, which runs out into the left sidt of the membrane of the lower parr of the Kall. This Artery pre∣sently after its rise is cleft into two branches, which part very far asunder from each o∣ther, from which many other Arteries arise, that ate all consumed upon the said mem∣brane of the Kall, and the Colique Gut, that is tyed thereto. These branches being issued, the Spleen-Artery draws nearer to the Spleen, and just like the vein of the same name, which accompanies it all the way,* 1.32 is cleft into two branches like the Letter Y, one of which may be called the upper, the other the lower, which afterward entring by the hollow part of the Spleen are splintered into an infinite number of little sprigs, so that there are five times more Arteries there, then veins. Whence it comes to pass, that in inflammations of the Spleen, if you lay your hand to the left Hypochondrium, or place under the Gristle of the Bastard-ribs, it seems to pant. But before this entry of the Artery, the lower branch makes a totable Anastomosis or inoculation with the lower branch of the vein, and propagates a twig to the lower membrane of the Kall. But from the upper branch issues one called Gastro-epiplois sinistra, the left Stomach and Kall-Artery, which being fastened to the upper membrane of the Kall is derived into the left side of the bottom of the Sto∣mach, bestowing little branches upon the fore and back-sides of it, or also upon the upper part of the Kall. Another issuing from the upper branch makes the vas breve Arteriosum or short Arterial vessel, carries, like the vein its name-sake, to the left side, and orifice of the Stomach.* 1.33 The use of the right branch, which goes to the Liver, besides the common one, which it hath, is this, as often as the bladder of Gall is obstructed, to carry down the choler to the Guts, and especially to the Colon, into which some of its branches are implanted. Which is the reason, that in bloody flixes the Ulcers are almost alwaies found in the great Guts, and especially in the Colon, very seldome in the small ones. For this artery, when either the Liver being over hot breeds abundance of choler, or the bladder of Gall is obstructed re∣ceiving into it self store of choler, carries it directly over to the Colon, or Collique-Cut. In like manner the use of the left branch, or Spleen Artery, besides the common one, is to throw down choler, melancholy and wheay humors, if at any time the Spleen abound with them, to the Guts. Moreover by this same way the waterish humors in such as have the Dropsie, are sometimes committed either to the Guts, or to the Kidneys and Blad∣der. This same branch is that by which the drink passes so suddainly through the whole body, and by which ill h••mors are cast out by vomit. This same is the cause, that upon a full Stomach we make little water; but more when the concoction therein is finished. For the Stomach being much distended presses it; but that once empty, it can perform its office. This same branch teaches us that a slender diet is to be prescribed to them who are to take purges, that the way may be open for the medicines, as well that by which

the excrements are sent over the Stomach, as that by which they are conveyed to the Guts. This same branch also, if you adde the two Mesentericks, is the seat of the hypo∣chondriacal Melancholy. For this disease arising from the obstruction of the entrails which are contained in the lowest belly, it is necessary that the arteries here should suffer very much, which the very sumptoms that happen in this disease, may sufficiently inform us.

Mesenterica superior,* 1.34 the upper artery of the Mesentery [y] arises a little below the Coe∣liacal, being distributed like the Meseraick vein (which is its companion) with numerous propagations in the Guts called Ilium and Jejunum, as also that region of the Colon which reaches from the Hollow of the Liver as far as the right Kidney,* 1.35 and so for the most part into the upper part of the Mesentery. In which place it is to be observed, that the Artery sometimes lies upon the vein, sometimes on the contrary the vein upon the Artery, and so is carried betwixt the Membranes of the Mesentery. But these Arteries, in many pla∣ces in the Mesentery have Glandules, which were made for the free perspiration of the ves∣sels, and especially of the Arteries, whereby is comes to pass, that these Glandules labour∣ing with a hard tumor, or Scirrhus, the vessels are comprest, and a pining away of the whole body follows thereupon.

The Emulgent arteries [z] are two, one the right, and another the left one.* 1.36 Both issue out under the forementioned Artey, where the first and second Rack-bones of the loins are coupled together by the Ligament. But they arise out of either side of the Trunk, although not directly over against one another, as also it is in the Emulgent veins, the right one be∣ing lower then the left. These Arteries, when they come to the Kidney, are cleft into two branches, with which they are inserted into the sinus or channels of the cavity of the Kid∣neys, and like the veins are consumed in an infinite number of little sprigs upon their sub∣stance. Their use, besides the common one, is to purge out the whey,* 1.37 which is found in great plenty in the Arteries.

The spermatical, or seed-arteries [α] are likewise two,* 1.38 which arise out of the forepart of the Trunk of the great Artery, their originals touching each other; for the left Artery issues not from the Emulgent, as the left spermatical vein does. Afterward in their descent they are made fast to the veins of their own side, and in men are carried through the proces∣ses of the Peritoneum or Rim of the Belly to the Testicles; but in women, when they come somewhat near to the Testicles, they are divided into two parts, one of which is carried to the Testicles, the other to the bottom of the Womb. But the arteries do so come to the womb, that they only water it at the sides, and pierce not at all into the inner parts of it. Which truly came to pass by the great providence of wisest nature, since it had not been so safe to have brought them down to the inner surface of the womb, by reason that in the coming forth of the childe very great issuings of blood would be caused to the no small danger of the Woman in Child-bed, if the Arteries had been annexed to the Womb on the inside. Hence also it is, that in the time of delivery they flow by little and little, not rush∣ing down with violence.

Mesenterica inferior, the lower Artery of the Mesentery [β], arises near to the Os sacrum,* 1.39 or great bone, a little above the division of the Trunk into the Iliacal branches, and goes into the left side of the Colon, and into the strait Gut, descending with the haemorrhoidal veins to the very end of the Fundament, and making the haemorrhoidal Arteries. It is questioned concerning the use of both the Mesentericks, whether besides the common, they have any peculiar one. For Galen in his 4. of the use of the parts, seems to make mention of some other when he would have some part of the Chylus to be attracted by them.* 1.40 And in the book, whether blood be contained in the Arteries, in the fifth Chapter, he sayes: If we divide the lowest belly, and the inner membrane, we shall plainly see the Arteries in the Mesentery filled with milk in Kids newly yeaned; but in living creatures that are grown, full of something else. In which words Anatomical experience teaches us, that not only the Meseraick veins, but Arteries also do manifestly draw the Chylus to them. Which being so indeed, it is altogether to be believed, that the Chylus is either afterward trans∣ported by them into the veins, or else turned into blood by the Arteries themselves. Nor will this seem wonderful to any one who shal consider also that the mothers blood is con∣veyed through the Umbilical Arteries to the child, whilest it is yet shut up in the Womb. But if the blood which is received up by the veins ought yet to be better worked, as any di∣ligent inquirer into nature will conclude it ought; truly that which is received by the Arteries will require to be so much the more exactly laboured, by how much the better it is then that of the veins. But it is so laboured in the Arteries themselves, and in the Spleen, being haled into the Coeliacal Artery and carried to the Spleen. And this is an excellent use of the Mesenterick Arteries, whilest a man enjoys perfect health, besides which we will adde another also, as often as he leaves to be in health. For these Arteries take to them the excrements of the whole body, that they may car∣ry them down to the Guts, in like manner as the veins do, by which nature doth both attract the Chylus, and likewise expell the noisom humors out of the body, as choler, phelgm, and melancholy. Choler is thus expelled oftentimes in continual and inter∣mitting cholerick feavers, a solution whereof follows by a loosness: Phlegm is so

expell'd, as often as bloody fluxes happen to such as have the gout in the feet, which ease them of their pain, if the intent of nature be advanced by the help of a wise Physitian. Last∣ly melancholy is conveyed out by both the Mesentericks, but especially by the Haemorrhoi∣dal branch; whence Hippocrates sayes, 6. Epidem. He which has the Emroids naturally, shall neither be troubled with the pain of the side, or inflammation of the lungs, nor with felons or black pustles, called Terminthi, nor with the Leprosie, canker, or other diseases. For there is a very great sympathy betwixt the brest and the haemorrhoidal artery, because the trunk out of which it arises,* 1.41 descending from the heart, presently after it first issues from thence, propagates the intercostal branches. Moreover all black cholerick humors are purg'd by this means out of the whole body, that cankers and leprosie cannot be caused by them. From these voluntary purgings which nature it self has found out, we may now judg of such as are caused by the help of a Physitian, and may be termed artificial. For an opinion of some men hath prevailed much in our age, that the body cannot be purged by clyster, but only by those medicines which are taken at the mouth. But I will not only believe, but also being taught it by experience can witness, that, if the clysters contain in them purging medicines, the whole body is very commodiously cleansed. For the whole colick gut receiving the matter of the clyster, the vertue it self of the medicine draws down the noisome humors by the arteries out of the Aorta or great artery. Which being granted, we may give a reason (what we have seen very often) why Suppositories made of white hele∣bore produce the same symptoms, as are wont to be caused in them who have taken in white hellebore at the mouth.* 1.42 In like manner from hence we may fetch the reason why the belly is strongly purged, the region about the navel being anointed with purging medicines. For the vertue of the medicine is attracted by the arteries, and by them afterward it purges. These arteries are they by which the disease of the colick is changed into the gout, and on the contrary the gout into the colick, as we have it in Hippocrates, 6. Epidem. Sect. 4. where he sayes: One that was vexed with the pain of the colick on the right side, had some ease whilest the Gout held him; but this disease being cured, he was pained more. The reason whereof was this, because that humor, which caused the gout, was carried out of the joints to the colick gut, whereby the colick disease was increased. Laurentius inquiring into the cause of this, refers us to hidden and unknown passages, to which, it seems to me that we need not fly, if we say that the humors are brought out of the crural arteries into the trunk, and out of this into the Mesenterick branches, and lastly, out of these into the guts; for this is the shortest, and most convenient way. Nor is there any reason, that we should be afraid of that pollution of the vital spirits, which they will object to us if the excremenitious humors pass through the arteries; for this betrayes their great ignorance as well in Anatomy as in solid Physick; and it would be very easie, if I would digress, to prove in this place, that a great part of the humors in our body flow down through the arteries. For in them the strength of nature exceeds, and is more vigorous, that whensoever it is pro∣voked, it is most apt to expel; and the blood being stirred by their continual beating, as also by its own nature, makes all that is therein more fit to flow. And who will not be∣leive that excrements are carried through the arteries, who considers the flowings down from the spleen, in which there being five times more arteries, then there are veins, truly it is necessary that that ballast of the spleen be carried out through the Arteries.

* 1.43The four, Lumbares or loin-arteries [γ γ γ] arise out of the backside of the trunk of the great artery, all along as it passes through the region of the loins. They run through the com∣mon holes in the rack-bones of the loins, and to their marrow, and also into the neighbour∣ing muscles. And at the side of the marrow, after they have entred the rackbones, they climb upon both sides to the brain together with the veins of the loins. But they are all e∣qually big, if you excep those two, which issue out near to the Os sacrum or holy-bone, which are not only derived into the rackbones to the marrow, and to the muscles therea∣bout, but are also sent overthwart through the Peritoneum, and muscle of the Abdomen. The two last are by some called Musculae superiores the upper muscle-arteries, and are distinguisht from the Lumbares. And these are the arteries, which if we observe, we shall easily give the reasons of many things, of which Physitians do still dispute very hotly; but especially of that most difficult question, which is controverted among Physitians, by what wayes, and in what manner the colick ends in a palsie or in the falling sickness.* 1.44 For we have the observation in Paulus Aegineta lib. 3. c. 43. where he sayes: the colick, as it were by a cer∣tain pestilent contagion, ended with many in the falling sickness, with others in a resolu∣tion of the joints or palsie, their sence remaining; and they who fell into the falling sick∣ness, for the most part dyed; but they who fel into the palsie, were most of them pre∣served; the cause of the disease being carried to another place in the solution. For the humor that caused the disease, came back out of the colick gut through the mesenterical ar∣teries, from whence being afterward transported into the trunk of the great Artery, it came also to the lumbares or arteries of the loins, which swelling with blood prest together the neighbouring nerves, from which came the palsie in the feet. And this we have often observed, as well in our selves, as in others, especially in former years, when these di∣seases

at Padua were Epidemical. Yet the Palsie is not alwayes a perfect one, but often (as I am wont to call it) imperfect, because the power to walk is not wholly taken away, but the diseased stand upon their feet with a great deal of difficulty. Many at that time being deceived in the knowledg of the disease, mistaking this for a great weakness of body con∣tracted by their sickness, endeavoured to take it away by eating and drinking largely, but in vain. This also is the cause, why the Falling-sickness, and Lethargies too, as we have oft-times seen, follow after the Colick, because the matter being sent over from the Mesenterick arteries to those of the loins, may easily go from them into the brain, to which those very vessels are carried.

But the trunk of the great artery, when it is come to the last rack-bone of the loins, ha∣ving taken its journey all the way, which we have shewed, under the hollow vein at the left side, here gets above the vein, lest it should be worn away in that continual motion by the hardness of the holy-bone. But it is divided, no otherwise then the hollow-vein is into two notable branches [S.S.] which are called by Anatomists the Iliacal arteries from their situation, and being carried downward obliquely to the thigh resemble the Τ of the Greeks turned upside down. But they also just like the Iliacal veins, to which they are exactly answering, before they be implanted into the thigh, shoot out a pretty number of branches. But from the lower side of the artery before the Iliacal branches be divided,* 1.45 issue forth sacrae the holy arteries [δ] which are notable ones, and carried downward, leaning upon the holy-bone, pass through the holes thereof, and run to the marrow and backside of the bone. And through these also there is a way for the matter, that makes the Colick to cause the Pal∣sie of the legs.

After this a little below the division of the Trunk, the Iliacal arteries are subdivided into two branches, one of which is the inner and less, the other outer and greater. The less and inner [Τ] issues out two propagations, one from its outside, the other from its inside. The outer [ε] is commonly called Muscula, by us more directly Glutaea the muscle of the but∣tocks, because it runs down with its name sake vein, betwixt the holy and hip bones, where they part one from another, and scatters many twigs into the muscles which lye upon the Os Ilium. or hanch-bone, called Glutaei, or the muscles of the buttocks; because they are the authors of them.

The inner is called Hypogastrica [ζ] which is very notable, and large,* 1.46 and being carried directly down to the lower side of the holy-bone, it affords certain propagations in men to the bottom and neck of the bladder, as also to the strait gut, which also may be called the Haemorrhoidal arteries; but in women, to whom this branch is somewhat larger, it di∣stributes a great number of propagations, besides those to the fore-named parts, into the lower region also of the bottom of the womb, and likewise into its neck. Hence we may ga∣ther the reason, why, if the womb reach to the middle of the hip, Convulsions are caused, as Hippocrates witnesseth, lib. de natura muliebri. As also if the womb fal down to the hip,* 1.47 why [unspec 1] the monthly flowers are supprest, and a pain is caused in the softness of the sides, and in the lowest belly. For the blood which nature drives to the womb, cannot be laid in there, [unspec 2] * 1.48 the arteries being prest together by the falling down of it; so that necessarily flowing back, it fils the the neighbouring veins and arteries, which swelling up cause these pains. For wee have oft-times seen in dissections these veins so swoln, that they have been seven fold bigger then themselves. Hence also a reason may be given of the thirty second Aphorism of the fifth section in the same Hippocrates, where he witnesses, that a woman vomiting blood is rid of her disease upon the issuing forth of her terms. Which happening by the consent of all, by revulsion or attraction of the humor to a contrary part, and that not by the benefit of the veins, because the veins of the Stomach arise out of the Gate-vein, but they of the Womb from the Hollow one; there is no other sympathy to be sought for, then that which is caused by the arteries, especially when the Hypogastrick or artery of the lower part of the lowest belly is not far distant from the Coeliacal, or Artery of the Stomach. Hence likewise a reason will be given of the Aphorism that follows this, wherein he judgeth the Haemorrhagia or abundant issuing forth of blood at the nostrils to be profitable when the monthly courses do fail. The remaining part of the lesser Iliacal artery descends, and brings forth the Umbilical or navel artery [η η],* 1.49 which is carried down near to the length of the great artery, and is tyed with strong membranes to the sides of the bladder of urine. But it loses its hollowness in those that are once out of the womb. After this [θ] like the Iliacal vein which is joyned to it, it goes through the hole of the share bone, or Os pubis, which before it be past, it takes to it a propagation issued from the outer Iliacal branch, and so goes out of the hole, and being departed from it spends it self, in like manner as the inner Iliacal vein does, upon the muscles; partly those with which the hole is stopt;* 1.50 & partly those which arise from the share bone At length being terminated at the middle almost of the length of the thigh, the end of it meets [ο], and is united with the ends of the branches [ν] of the in∣ner muscle-artery of the ••eg, of which we shall speak in the next Chapter. [unspec 1]

The greater or outer Iliacal artery [V] produces likewise two propagations,* 1.51 the first of which [ι] is called Epigastrica, which arising from the outside of it, a little before it passes through the peritoneum or rim of the belly, is reflected upward, and ascends by the inside of the strait

muscle til about the navel it be inoculated with the descendent Mammary artery.* 1.52 The other [λ] is called Pudenda, which is a little inner propagation, being not divided into so many branches, as the vein of that name is; But it arises presently after the artery is gone out of the peritonaeum, and being carried overthwart along the commissure or joyning together of the share-bones, is spent at the privy parts upon the skin of the yard. That which remains of this trunk, goes into the crus [Χ] whereof we shall now speak.

CHAP. IV. The propagations of the outer Iliacal branch, which are distributed through the Crus or great foot, containing the thigh, leg, and foot.

AFter that the outer branch [V] has propagated the fore-mentioned branches, it departs out of the peritonaeum or rim of the belly, and at the groin is carried into the Crus, by the same way which the crural vein takes, under which it goes,* 1.53 and is joyned in company therewith everywhere, and so it makes the Trunk of the Crural Artery [Χ] (as we will alwaies call it). But present∣ly after it hath got beyond the Peritonaeum, it issues forth a propagation from the outside, which is called Muscula crura is exterior, the outer Muscle-artery of the Crus, which being carried downward is propagated into the Muscles that cover the foreside of the [unspec 1] bone of the thigh. Sometimes over against this, but oftner a little below, yet of the inside another is brought forth, called Muscula cruralis interna, the inner muscle-artery [unspec 2] of the Crus, [ν] which is distributed in many branches through the third bending Muscle of the thigh, cal••ed Triceps, and those on the inside of the thigh, as far as the knee; the ends of which branches are joyned with the end of the inner Iliacal Artery, which we told you descends through the hole of the share-bones to the Crus. These propagati∣ons being dispatcht away, the crural trunk descends from the groin, together with the crural vein; and is so bent backward near to the bone of the thigh, that when it is come to the ham, it stands betwixt the two hindmost heads of the thigh. For prudent nature does alwaies observe this, to carry down the vessels about that side of the joint where the bending is, lest if they should go on that side whereon the joint is extended, they should be comprest. But in the very mid-way as it were, as it runs down through the [unspec 3] thigh, it sends out a propagation [π] which breaking into more surcles runs out through the Muscles that are seated on the backside of the thigh, together with the ham-vein; and at length descending through the ham (whence it is called Poplitea the ham-artery) is di∣stributed with many sprigs into the calf of the leg. But whilst it stayes in the ham, it sends [unspec 4] out a propagati••n [ρρ] on each side, to the sides of the joint of the knee, which then sinking deeper, are consumed partly in the joint it self, partly upon the Muscles called gasteromenii that make the calf; from whence they are called Surales, the arteries of the calf.

After that the Crural Trunk lyes in the ham [Υ], it sends forth a propagation from its out side [σ] which runs down near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the leg, and is hid betwixt the Muscle that moves the foot outward, and the second bending Muscle of the instep, and distributes it self into the rest, that lye on the forepart of the leg, as far as they are fleshy, and till they begin to be contorted by the outer ankle. A little under this same another artery [τ] is brought forth out of the backside of the Trunk, which runs down as far as to the mixing together of the tendons of the calf-muscles. Then another [υ] issues out of the same back-side of the Trunk, but under the second, which descending and passing through the transverse ligament, runs down by the top of the foot, and is diffused into the Muscles that move the toes outward. The remainder [Γ] of the trunk is carri••d down∣ward by the backside of the leg, and about the inner ankle offers a surcle [φ] to the foot, which goes to the Muscle of the great toe, and creeps through the top of the foot. But the Trunk it self lying hid among the ten••ons of the Muscles of the toes is cut [χ] into two branches; of which the inner [ψ] bestowes two surcles upon the great toe; two upon the fore toe, and one upon the middle; the outer [ω] two upon the little toe, and two upon the toes next to it, on the lowerside But although the progress of the arteries be for the most part such, as we have described, yet what we have said formerly of the veins, that their distribution varies much, not only according to the diversity of bodies, but also of sides in the body of the same man, is true also of the arteries, which in divers men are di∣versly distributed.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Original of the great Artery.
• * 1.2

  Arteriae Coro∣nariae the Crown-Ar∣teries.
• * 1.3

  The divisions of the great Artery into two Trunks.
• * 1.4

  What parts both the Trunks nou∣rish. The order of that which is to be said.
• * 1.5

  The division of the Ascen∣dent trunk into two branches. The subclavian arteries.
• * 1.6

  Intercostalis su∣perior, the up∣per artery be∣tween the ribs.
• * 1.7

  Vertebralis, the artery of the rack-bones.
• * 1.8

  Mammarie, the artery of the paps.
• * 1.9

  Cervicalis, the artery of the neck.
• * 1.10

  Arteria axilla∣ris. Its branches before it en∣ters into the arm. From its lower part.
• * 1.11

  From its upper part one.
• * 1.12

  The sleepy Arteries.
• * 1.13

  The division of them. The oute••, or branch of the face.
• * 1.14

  The inner, or branch of the brain. The division thereof into a lesser and greater branch
• * 1.15

  A subdivision of the greater.
• * 1.16

  Brachialis trun∣cus, he Trunk of the arm.
• * 1.17

  The division thereof into two branches. The outer branch.
• * 1.18

  The inner branch.
• * 1.19

  The Descen∣dent Trunk. Its progress.
• * 1.20

  Its propagati∣ons.
• * 1.21

  Intercostales in∣feriores, the ar∣teries between the lower ribs.
• * 1.22

  Their use.
• * 1.23

  The explana∣tion of a place in Hip∣pocrates.
• * 1.24

  2. Phrenica the arteries of the midriff.
• * 1.25

  3. Coeliaca.
• * 1.26

  The two bran∣ches thereof. The right. branch.
• * 1.27

  Propagations from its upper part.
• * 1.28

  From its lower part.
• * 1.29

  The left branch.
• * 1.30

  Propagations from its upper part.
• * 1.31

  From its lower part.
• * 1.32

  Its division.
• * 1.33

  The use of the right branch. Why ulcers are more fre∣quent in the great guts. The use of the cleft.
• * 1.34

  4. Mesenterica su∣perior.
• * 1.35

  An observati∣on.
• * 1.36

  5. Emulgenets.
• * 1.37

  Their use.
• * 1.38

  6. Spermatica.
• * 1.39

  7. Mesenterica in∣ferior.
• * 1.40

  Its use.
• * 1.41

  An observati∣on.
• * 1.42

  Why anoin∣ting of the na∣vel with such things as purge loosens the belly. How the colick is changed into the gout; & on the contrary.
• * 1.43

  Lumbares.
• * 1.44

  How the colick disease ends in a palsie or Epi∣lepsie.
• * 1.45

  Sacrae.
• * 1.46

  The division of the Iliacal arteries into an inner & outer branch. Propagations of the inner or less branch.
• * 1.47

  Glutaea.
• * 1.48

  Hypogastrica.
• * 1.49

  Arteria umbili∣calis.
• * 1.50

  Propagations of the outer or greater Iliacal branch.
• * 1.51

  Epigostrica or the artery of the upper part of the lower belly.
• * 1.52

  Pudenda or the artery of the privy parts.
• * 1.53

  The Trunk of the c••ural arte∣ry and its pro∣pagations ere it be divided.