The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

CHAP. I. Shews the upper or ascendent Trunk of the great Artery, with its propagations that are distributed through the Head.

THere is no controversie among writers of Anatomy concerning the number and original of the Arteries,* 1.1 but an unanimous consent, that all the propagations, which are scattered through∣out the body, take their rise from one, which they call Aorta, and that this is derived out of the Heart. But the Heart con∣sisting of two sinus or cavities, a right, and a left one; this great Artery grows out of the left sinus or ventricle [A], where it is largest, and more hard, and griestly, then elswhere. But as soon as it is grown out, and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart,* 1.2 it presently propagates two small sprigs [a a] one of each side, which they call Arteriae Coronariae, the Crown-Arteries, because together with the vena Coronalis, or Crown-vein, they compass the basis of the Heart in manner of a Crown, and from these many propagations are scattered downward all along the Heart. But they are more, and greater about the left, then the right ventricle, as we have also formerly said concerning the vein, because the Heart needs a greater plenty of blood on that side, as which beats with a perpetual, and more violent motion, wherein more blood is digested, then the right sinus or ventricle does: yet that propagation is bigger, and longer, which arises ont of the right side of the Artery: sometimes also there is on∣ly one, at whose orifice a little valve is found. Those propagations being thus dissemi∣nated, the Artery ascends somewhat under the Trunk of the vena Arteriosa,* 1.3 or Arterial vein, and pierces through the Pericardium, and, having got above it, is cleft [B] into two branches, which because of their natural greatness we will call Trunks, and because one ascends [C] and the other runs downward [Q] that shall be the Ascendent Trunk, this the Descendent. Yet the Descendent, and lower one is bigger by much then the upper,* 1.4 because that serves more parts, then this. For the Ascendent one goes only to some parts of the Chest, to the Head, and Arms; but the lower to very many parts of the Chest, to all the lowest belly, and the Legs. That therefore we may treat of the great Artery with more perspicuity, we will first shew the Ascendent Trunk, and its progress through the Chest, and Head, and after that its branches distributed through the Arms. Then we will fall upon the Descendent one, add explain the manner of its distribution through the Chest, and lowest belly, and lastly through the Legs.

The Ascendent therefore or upper Trunk of the Aorta [C], being fastened to the Oe so∣phagus, or Gullet, climbs upward betwixt the rough Artery, and Hollow-vein, and the mediastinum, or partition of the Chest. Which situation of it they ought diligently to observe, who desire to know the reason of that Aphorism, which is the four and twentieth of the fifth Section in Hippocrates: For sayes he, cold things, as snow, and ice, are ene∣mies to the Breast, provoke coughs, and cause eruptions of blood, and distillations. Tru∣ly they are enemies to the Breast, because, whilest they are swallowed down through the Gullet, they cool the rough Artery, that lyes next to it, together with the Gullet, which part being of it self cold does easily take harm from so violent a cold: hence the cough, and other diseases of the Brest follow one another in a long row. But issues of blood happen in like manner, the great Artery being cooled, whereby the vital Spirits, and the blood are driven back to the Heart, and from thence are sent up forcibly to the Head, which being stuft, eruptions of blood are caused by its dropping forth at the Nostrils, as

also catarrhs and distillations, it being driven down undigested to the inferiour parts. And hence also a reason may be rendered, why some, upon drinking of cold water after vehement motions, and exercise of body, have presently been suffocated, the passion of the heart, and grievous swoundings following thereupon. For the Artery being vehemently coold, the blood is congealed, as well that which was in the Aorta, or Great artery, as that which abides in the heart; from whence happen at first fearful symptoms, and then suddain death. But we have seen in these men, that a vein being opened, the blood hath come out thick, and cold, and with very great difficulty, whence also we have not found a more present re∣medy for them, then such things, as by reason of the thinness of their parts have a power of dissolving the clots of blood. Hence also a reason may be given, why in burning fevers the tongue becomes black, & the diseased can hardly swallow; For although it be true (which is the cause commonly assign'd) that many vapors are sent up from the whole body to the head; yet we may ascribe a main cause of this blackness to the nearness of the Artery, which being set on fire, and inflamed, procures much mischief to the gullet, and consequently to the tongue it self.

* 1.5But the Ascendent Trunk, whilst it passes thus upwards, is divided into the two subcla∣vian arteries, [DD] of which one runs to the right side, and the other to the left. They are called subclaviae, as long as they are in the chest, for the same reason as the subclavian veins are so called, because they run under the claviculae or collar-bones: but as soon as ever they are faln out of the chest, they change their name, and are called Axillares [E]. From both the subclavian arteries, when they have attained to the first rib (for before that they send forth no propagations) many sprigs issue out, as well from their upper, as lower part.* 1.6 From the lower issues the upper Intercostal artery, or Intercostalis superior [b], which being fastened to the roots of the ribs, bestowes particular branches upon the distances of the four uppermost which run under the ribs, together with the veins, as far as to the gri∣stles, from which propagations are dispersed into the marrow of the back, and the neigh∣bouring muscles. From the upper part issues first that which is commonly called Cervica∣lis,* 1.7 or the Artery of the neck [c], but better vertebralis, of the rack-bones, which arises more backward, and toward the bodies of the rack-bones, and ascending obliquely, near to the seventh rack-bone of the neck, like the neck-vein, passes through the holes of the trans∣verse processes, and upper rack-bones of the neck, where it shoots out many propagations which enter the spinal marrow through the common holes, at which the nerves go out. It sends also a pretty company to the muscles that are seated on the back-side of the neck, and ascends to the nowle-bone together with the vein, through whole first notable hole, by which the spinal marrow descends out of the head, it enters the skull. After this it is joyned with its fellow of the other side under the spinal marrow, which remains yet in the skull, and so runs strait forwards, under the middle of the basis of the brain; but when it hath now attained to the sella, or saddle of the wedg-bone, upon which the phleg∣matick glandule lies, it is divided into two branches, a right, and a left one, both which at the side of the saddle creep to the second pair of nerves, where being broken on both sides into an infinite number of surcles, they are dispersed betwixt the first and se∣cond pair of the nerves, and folden together with the thin membrane, make that com∣plication of vessels called plexus Choroides.* 1.8 The next is arteria mammaria or artery of the paps [d] which being reflected under the brest bone (accompanied with the mammary vein) descends along its sides, and when it comes to the gristle called Ensi-formis, or the breast-blade, about the sides thereof goes out of the chest, and running under the right muscles of the abdomen, descends directly through the lower side of them, and at length neer the navel, is joyned by anastomosis or inoculation [x] with the Epigastrick artery ply∣ing upward [i]. But before it leaves the chest, it scatters particular branches to the six distances betwixt the gristles of the seven true ribs, which branches determin toge∣ther with the gristles. A third [e] is otherwise called Muscula the muscle artery, but might be better,* 1.9 and more strictly named Cervicalis, being it is disseminated into the muscles that are placed in the region of the neck, as far as to the occipitium or nowl of the head.

* 1.10These branches being sent out, the sub••lavian artery goes out of the cavity of the chest, and getting above the first ribs tends obliquely to the arm-pit, and so makes the axilla∣ry artery [E] which afterward is spread into the arm. But before that it scatters some propagations, and from its lower part three of which the first is scapularis interna, the in∣ner-blade artery [f] which goes to the muscles ••n the hollow side of the shoulder-blade. A∣nother is Thoracica superior the upper chest artery [g], which goes to the pectoral muscle, that leads the shoulder forward to the breast, and the other muscles that lye upon the breast, and is a pretty big one. The third is Thoracica inferior the lower artery of the chest, [h] which is also a large one, and running down all along the side of the chest, is the greatest part of it scattered into the broad muscle called Latissimus, which moves the shoulder backward from the breast. From the upper part of the axillary artery arises one called scapularis externa,* 1.11 the outer blade-artery [i], which climbing up to the top of the shoulder is disseminated into the Muscles that cover the gibbous side of the shoulder-blade.

The remaining part of the axillary artery passes on in company of the Basilick-vein to the arm, upon all which it is afterward spent, of whose distribution we will speak in the following Chapter.

That which remains yet of the Ascendent Trunk [L] being sustained with the Thymus neer to the upper part of the breast-bone,* 1.12 is divided into two branches [MM] which they call Carotides, or soporales the sleepy arteries, because they being obstructed, or any way stopt, we presently fall asleep; of which Valuerda witnesses in Anatom. lib. 6. c. 11. that Realdus Columbus made tryal in a young man, among a great company of men. They are unequal in bigness, the right one being much thicker then the left, but they tend di∣rectly upward, being carried along the sides of the neck, and fastned to the rough ar∣tery, and to the internal jugular veins, by the benefit of a membrane, and when they are come to the cups, are divided into two branches [N] of which one is the outer,* 1.13 the other the inner one: that is the lesse, this is the greater. The outer [O] sends propa∣gations [†] to the cheeks and Muscles of the face; then when it is come to the ear, it is divided in twain; for one branch [r] of it goes to the backside of the ear, from which two branches under the ear enter the neather jaw through the first hole of it, that is sea∣ted at its processes, and throughout the length thereof are disseminated into the roots of all the lower teeth; that which remains, going out at the second hole; which is pla∣ced at the chin, is scattered into the lip. The outer branch [q] creeps through the Tem∣ples and fore-head, and is spent upon the muscles of the face.* 1.14 The inner branch [P] of the sleepy artery, or arteria Encephalica the brain-artery, is carried into the chops; and ha∣ving scattered some propagations to the tongue and throttle, is divided about the basis of the skull, into two unequal branches, to wit, a greater, and a lesser one. The lesser and bind-most [s] is carried together with the greater Encephalick branch of the internal Jugular∣vein, to the back-side of the skull, enters through the second hole of the occipitium or nowl-bone, and goes into the sinus or canale of the thick membrane. The greater and more forward [t] having entred the cavity of the skull through a hole made on purpose for it in the temple-bone, and attaind, to the saddle of the wedg-bone, going every where under the hard membrane; first of all propagates a branch on both sides into the side of the thick membrane, then in beasts scattering an infinite number of surcles makes the Rete mirabile or wonderful net, which indeed may be found in a man too, but it is very little, and seems but a shadow in respect of that in beasts. These surcles being thus placed it pierces through the thick membrane of the brain, and having got out of it, sends another propagation out of the skull, through the second hole of the wedg-bone to the eye, and its muscles, as also to the temple muscle, that lifts up the lower jaw; and then going straight up to the side of ths phlegmatick glandule, it is divided into two branches, an outer, and an inner. The inner is joyned with its fellow of the other side,* 1.15 and being joyned they are wasted into many little arteries, which are dispersed through the thin membrane, and the very substance of the brain, to the origional of the optick nerves. The outer being reflected and sustained with the thin membrane, goes into the forward ventricle of the brain; being divided into many surcles, which are united with those little arteries, which arise from the vertebralis, or artery of the rack bones; some with those which the verte∣bral artery scatters through the basis of the head under the brain, but others with those which it disseminates through the thin membrane and substance of the brain, together with which they make the plexus choroides.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Original of the great Artery.
• * 1.2

  Arteriae Coro∣nariae the Crown-Ar∣teries.
• * 1.3

  The divisions of the great Artery into two Trunks.
• * 1.4

  What parts both the Trunks nou∣rish. The order of that which is to be said.
• * 1.5

  The division of the Ascen∣dent trunk into two branches. The subclavian arteries.
• * 1.6

  Intercostalis su∣perior, the up∣per artery be∣tween the ribs.
• * 1.7

  Vertebralis, the artery of the rack-bones.
• * 1.8

  Mammarie, the artery of the paps.
• * 1.9

  Cervicalis, the artery of the neck.
• * 1.10

  Arteria axilla∣ris. Its branches before it en∣ters into the arm. From its lower part.
• * 1.11

  From its upper part one.
• * 1.12

  The sleepy Arteries.
• * 1.13

  The division of them. The oute••, or branch of the face.
• * 1.14

  The inner, or branch of the brain. The division thereof into a lesser and greater branch
• * 1.15

  A subdivision of the greater.