The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

Another Discourse of these things, which King Charles the Ninth, returning from the Expedition and Taking of Rouen, inquired of me concerning Wounds made by Gunshot.

* 1.1FOr that it pleased your Majesty one day, together with the Queen-Mother, the Prince of the R••k upon Y••u, and mnay other Noble-men, and Gentlemen, to inquire of me, What was the cause that the far greater part of the Gentlemen and common Souldiers which were wounded with Guns, and other warlike Engines, all remedies used in vain, either dyed, or scarse and that with much difficulty recovered of their hurts, though in appearance they were not very great, and though the Chirurgeons diligently performed all things requisite in their Art: I have made bold to premise this Discourse to that Tractate which I determin to publish concerning Wounds made by Gunshot; both to satisfie the desires of the Princes and of many Gentlemen, as also the expectation they have of me, as being the Kings chief Chirurgeon, (which place being given me by Henry the Second, Charles the Ninth, a Son most worthy of such a Father, had con∣firmed) neither make I any question,* 1.2 but that many who too much insist upon their own judgment, and not throughly consider the things themselves, will marvail, and think it far from reason: that I departing from the steps of my Ancestors, and dissenting wholly from the formerly received opinions, am far from their Tenents, who lay the cause of the malignity of wounds made by Gun∣shot, upon the poyson brought into the body by the Gunpowder, or mixed with the bullets whilst they are tempered or cast. Yet for all this, if they will curteously and patiently weigh my rea∣sons, they shall either think as I do, or at least shall judg this my indeavour and pains, taken for put like good, not to be condemned nor contemned. For I shall make it evident by most strong reasons drawn out of the writings of the Ancients both Philosophers and Physitians, and also by certain experiments of my own, and other Chirurgeons, that the malignity and contumacy which we frequently meet withall in curing wounds made by Gunshot, is not to be attributed either to the poyson carryed into the body by the Gunpowder or Bullet, nor to Burning imprinted in the wounded part by Gunpowder. Wherefore to come to our purpose, that opinion must first be confuted, which accuseth wounds made by Gunshot of poyson, and we must teach, that there is neither any vene••ate substance,* 1.3 nor quality in Gunpowder: neither, if there should be any, could it impoyson the bodies of such as are wounded. Which that we may the more easily perform, we must examin the composition of such powder, and make a particular inquiry of each of the simples, whereof this composition consists, what essence they have, what strength and faculties, and lastly, what effects they may produce. For thus by knowing the simples, the whole nature of the composition consisting of them, will be apparently manifest.

* 1.4The Simples which enter the composition of Gunpowder are only three, Charcoals of Sallow or Willow or of Hemp-stalks, Brimstone, and Salt-peter, and sometimes a little Aqua vitae. You shall find each of these, if considered in particular, void of all poyson and venenate quality. For first in the Charcoal you shall observe nothing but dryness, and a certain subtlety of substance, by means whereof it fires so sodainly, even as Tinder. Sulphur or Brimstone is hot and dry, but not in the highest degree: it is of an oily and viscid substance, yet so that it doth not so speedily catch fire as the coal, though it retain it longer being once kindled, neither may it be so speedily extinguished. Salt-peter is such, that many use it for Salt, whereby it is evidently ap∣parent that the nature of such Simples is absolutely free from all poyson, but chiefly the Brim∣stone, (which notwithstanding is more suspected than the rest.* 1.5) For Dioscorides gives Brimstone to be drunk, or supped out of a rear Egg to such as are Aschmatick, troubled with the cough, spit up purulent matter, and are troubled with the yellow Jaundise. But Galen applyes it outwardly to such as are bitten by venemous beasts, to scabs, teaters, and leprosies. For the Aqua vitae it is of so

tenuous a substance that it presently vanisheth into the air, and also very many drink it, and it is without any harm used in frictions of the exteriour parts of the body. Whence you may gather, that this powder is free from all manner of poyson, seeing those things whereof it consists and is composed, want all suspition thereof. Therefore the Germane horsemen, when they are woun∣ded with shot, fear not to drink off cheerfully half an ounce of Gunpowder dissolved in Wine; hence perswading themselves freed from such malign symptoms as usually happen upon such wounds; wherein whether they do right or wrong, I do not here determin. The same thing many French souldiers forced by no necessity, but only to shew themselves more courageous, also do without any harm; but divers with good success use to strew it upon ulcers, so to dry them.* 1.6 Now to come to those, who think that the venenate quality of wounds made by Gunshot, springs not from the powder, but from the bullet wherewith some poyson hath been commixt or joyned, or which hath been tempered or steeped in some poysonous liquor; This may sufficiently serve for a reply; that the fire is abundantly powerful to dissipate all the strength of the poyson, if any should be poured upon or added to the Bullet. This, much confirms my opinion which every one knows; The Bullets which the Kings Souldiers used to shoot against the Townsmen in the siege of Rouen, were free from all poyson; and yet for all that they of the Town thought that they were all poysoned, when they found the Wounds made by them, to be uncurable and dead∣ly. Now on the other side the Towns-men were falsly suspected guilty of the same crime by the Kings Army, when as they perceived all the Chirurgeons labour in curing Wounds made by the Bullets shot from Rouen, to be frustrated by their contumacy and malign nature; each side judging of the magnitude and malignity of the cause from the unhappy success of the effect in cu∣ring.* 1.7 Even as amongst Physitians, according to Hippocrates, all diseases are termed pestilent, which arising from whatsoever common cause, kill many people; so also wounds made by Gunshot, may in some respect be called pestilent, for that they are more refractory, and difficult to cure than o∣thers, and not because they partake of any poysonous quality, but by default of some common cause, as the ill complexions of the Patients, the infections of the air, and the corruption of meats and drinks. For by these causes wounds acquire an evill nature, and become less yeelding to medicins. Now we have by these reasons convinced of error that opinion which held wounds made by Gun∣shot for poisonous; let us now come to overthrow that which is held concerning their combustion.

First, it can scarse be understood how bullets which are commonly made of Lead,* 1.8 can attain to such heat, but that they must be melted; and yet they are so far from melting, that being shot out of a Musket they will pierce through armour and the whole body besides, and yet remain whole, or but a little diminisht. Besides also, if you shoot them against a stone wall, you may presently take them up in your hand without any harm, and also without any manifest sense of heat; though their heat by the striking upon the stone should be rather increased if they had any. Further∣more, a Bullet shot into a barrell of Gunpowder, would presently set it all on fire, if the bullet should acquire such heat by the shooting, but it is not so. For if at any time the powder be fired by such an accident, we must not imagine that it is done by the bullet bringing fire with it, but by the striking and collision thereof against some Iron, or stone that opposes or meets therewith, whence sparks of fire proceeding as from a flint, the powder is fired in a moment. The like opi∣nion we have of thatched houses, for they are not fired by the bullet which is shot, but rather by some other thing, as linnen rags, brown paper and the like, which rogues and wicked persons fasten to their bullets. There is another thing which more confirms me in this opinion, which is; take a bullet of Waxe, and keep it from the fire, for otherwise it would melt, and shoot it against an inch board, and it will go through it; whereby you may understand that Bullets cannot be∣come so hot by shooting, to burn like a cautery.* 1.9 But the Orifices (may some say) of such wounds are alwaies black. This indeed is true, but it is not from the effect of heat brought thi∣ther by the bullet, but the force of the contusion. Now the contusion is exceeding great, both be∣cause the bullet is round, and enters the body with incredible violence. Of which those that are wounded will give you sufficient testimony, for there is none of them, which thinks not presently upon the blow, that as it were some post, or thing of the like weight, falls upon the affected mem∣ber, whence great pain and stupidity possess the part, whereby the native heat and spirits are so much dissipated, that a Gangrene may follow. But for the Eschar which they affirm is made by the blow, and falls away afterwards, they are much mistaken. For certain particles of the membranes and flesh contused and torn by the violence of the bullet beguiles them; which presently putrefy∣ing are severed from the sound parts by the power of nature and the separating heat, which thing usually happens in all great Contusions. But for all that these so many and weighty reasons may free the powder from all suspition of Poison, and the bullet from all thought of burning; yet there are many who insisting upon Philosophical arguments raise new stirs. For (say they) the discharging a peice of Ordinance is absolutely like Thunder and Lightning, which the rent and torn clouds cast from the middle region upon the earth; wherefore the Iron bullet which is shot out of the Cannon must needs have a venenate and burning faculty. I am not ignorant that Lightning generated of a grosse and viscous exhalation,* 1.10 breaking the cloud wherewith it is encompassed, never fal••s upon the earth, but brings fire with it, one while more subtile, another while more gross, according to the various condition of the matter whence the exhalation hath arisen. For Seneca writes that there are three several kinds of Lightning diffe∣ring in burning, condition and plenty. One of them penetrates or rather perforates by the tenui∣ty of the matter of the object which it touches. The other with a violent impetuosity

breaks in sunder and dissipates the objects, by reason it hath a more dense, compact and forcible matter, like as Whirlwinds have. The third, for that it consists of a more terrestrial matter, burns what it touches,* 1.11 leaving behind it the impression of the burning. Also I know that Lightning is of a pestilent and stinking nature, occasioned by the grosness and viscidity of the matter whereof it is; which matter taking fire sends forth so loathsom and odious a smell, that the very wild Beasts cannot indure it, but leave their Dens, if they chance to be touched with such a Lightning. Besides also we have read in the Northern History of Ol••us Magnus, that in some places after a Lightning, you shall find a whole Plain spread over with Brimstone, which Brimstone notwithstanding is ex∣tinguished, unprofitable, and of no efficacy. But grant these things be thus, yet must we not there∣fore conclude, that the Bullets of the great Ordnance carry poyson and fire with them into the wounds. For though there be many things a like in Lightning and discharging great Ordnance, yet they have no similitude either in matter or substance, but only in effects, whereby they shake, break in sunder, and disperse the bodies which withstand them; For Lightning and Thunder do it by means of fire, and oft-times of a stone generated in them, which is therefore tearmed, a Thunder∣bolt; but Ordnance by the Bullet carryed by the force of the Air, more violently driving and forcing it forwards. Neither if any should by more powerful arguments force me to yield that the matter of the Lightning and shooting of Ordnance are alike, yet will I not therefore be forced to confess that Wounds made by Gunshot are combust.* 1.12 For, according to Pliny, there are some light∣nings which consisting of a most dry matter, do shatter in sunder al that withstand them, but do not burn at all; others which are of somewhat a more humid nature, burn no more than the former, but only black such things as they touch; Lastly, othersome of a more subtile and tenuous matter, whose nature (as Seneca saith) we must not doubt to be divine, if but for this reason, that they will melt gold and silver, not harming the purse; a sword, not hurting the scabbard; the head of a Lance, not burning the wood, and shed wine not breaking the vessel. According to which decree I can grant, that these Lightnings which break in sunder, melt, and dissipate, and perform other ef∣fects so full of admiration, are like in substance to the shot of great Ordnance; but not those which carry with them fire and flame.

* 1.13In proof whereof there comes into my mind a History of a certain Souldier, out of whose thigh I remember I drew forth a Bullet wrapped in the taffety of his breeches, which had not any sign of tearing or burning.* 1.14 Besides, I have seen many who not wounded, nor so much as touched, yet not∣withstanding have with the very report and wind of a Cannon bullet, sliding close by their ears, faln down for dead, so that their members becomming livid and black, they have dyed by a Gan∣grene ensuing thereupon. These and such effects are like the effects of Lightning which we lately mentioned, and yet they bear no sign nor mark of poyson. From whence I dare now boldly con∣clude, that wounds made by gunshot are neither poysoned, nor burnt. But seeing the danger of such Wounds in these last Civil-wars hath been so great, universal, and deadly to so many worthy per∣sonages and valiant men, what then may have been the cause thereof, if it were neither combustion, nor the venenate quality of the Wound? This must we therefore now insist upon and somewhat hardily explain.* 1.15 Those who have spent all their time in the learning and searching out the myste∣ries of natural Philosophy, would have all men think and believe, that the four Elements have such mutual sympathy, that they may be changed each into other; so that they not only undergo the al∣terations of the first qualities which are heat, coldness, dryness, and moisture, but also the mutati∣on of their proper substances by rarefaction and condensation. For thus the fire is frequently changed into air, the air into water, the water into air, and the water into earth; and on the con∣trary, the earth into water, the water into air, the air into fire; because these 4. first bodies have in their common matter enjoyed the contrary and fighting, yet first and principal, qualities of all.

Whereof we have an example in the* 1.16 Ball-bellows brought out of Germany, which are made of brass, hollow and round; and have a very small hole in them, whereby the water is put in, and so put to the fire; the water by the action thereof is rarified into air, and so they send forth wind with a great noise, and blow strongly assoon as they grow throughly not. You may try the same with Chesnuts; which, cast whole and undivided into the fire, presently fly asunder with a great crack; because the watry and innate humidity turned into wind by the force of the fire, forcibly breaks his passage forth. For the air or wind raised from the water by rarifaction, requires a larger place, neither can it now be contained in the narro•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or skins of the Chesnut, wherein it was for∣merly kept. Just after the same manner Gun••der being fired, turns into a far greater propor∣tion of air according to the truth of that Philosophical proposition, which saith, Of one part of earth, there are made ten of water; of one of water, ten of air; and of one of air, are made ten of fire. Now this fire, not possible to be pent in the narrow space of the piece, wherein the powder was formerly contained, endeavours to force its passage with violence, and so casts forth the Bul∣let lying in the way, yet so that it presently vanishes into air, and doth not accompany the Bul∣let to the mark, or object, which it batters, spoils and breaks asunder. Yet the Bullet may drive the obvious air with such violence, that men are often sooner touched therewith than with the Bullet and dye by having their bones shattered and broken without any hurt on the flesh which covers them; which, as we formerly noted, it hath common with Lightning. We find the like in Mines, when the powder is once fired, it removes and shakes even Mountains of earth.

In the year of our Lord 1562.* 1.17 a quantity of this powder which was not very great taking fire by accident in the Arcenal of Paris, caused such a tempest that the whole City shook there∣with, but it quite overturned divers of the neighbouring houses, and shook off the ••yles and broke the windows of those which were further off; and to conclude, like a storm of Lightning it laid many here and there for dead, some lost their sight, others their hearing, and othersome had their limbs torn asunder, as if they had been rent with wild Horses; and all this was done by the only agitation of the air into which the fired Gun-powder was turned. Just after the same manner as windes pent up in hollow places of the earth which want vents:* 1.18 For in seeking passage forth, they vehemently shake the sides of the Earth, and raging with a great noise about the cavities, they make all the surface thereof to tremble; so that by the various agitation one while up, another down, it over-turns or carries it to another place. For thus we have read that Megara and Aegina, anciently most famous Cities of Greece, were swallowed up and quite over-turned by an Earthquake. I omit the great blusterings of the winds striving in the cavities of the earth, which represent, to such as hear them at some distance, the fierce assailing of Cities, the bellow∣ing of Bullets, the horrid roarings of Lions, neither are they much unlike to the roaring re∣ports of Cannons. These things being thus premised, let us come to the thing we have in hand. Amongst things necessary for life, there is none causes greater changes in us than the Air; which is continually drawn into the Bowels appointed by nature, and whether we sleep, wake, or what else soever we do, we continual draw in and breathe it out. Through which occasion, Hip∣pocrates calls it Divine, for that breathing through this mundane Orb, it embraces, nourishes, defends and keeps in quiet peace all things contained therein, friendly conspiring with the Stars from whom a divine vertue is infused therein. For the air diversly changed and affected by the Stars, doth in like manner produce various changes in these lower mundane bodies. And hence it is that Philosophers and Physitians do so seriously with us to behold and consider the cul∣ture and habit of places, and constitution of the air, when they treat of preserving of health, or curing diseases. For in these the great power and dominion of the air is very apparent, as you may gather by the four seasons of the year; for in Summer the air being hot and dry, heats and dryes our bodies; but in Winter it produceth in us the effects of Winters qualities, that is, of cold and moisture; yet by such order and providence of nature, that although according to the varieties of seasons our bodies may be variously altered, yet shall they receive no de∣triment thereby, if so be that the seasons retain their seasonableness: from whence if they hap∣pen to digress, they raise and stir up great perturbations both in our bodies and minds; whose malice we can scarse shun, because they encompass us on every hand, and by the law of Nature enter together with the air into the secret Cabinets of our Bodies both by occult and manifest passages. For who is lie,* 1.19 that doth not by experience find both for the commodity and discom∣modity of his health, the various effects of winds, (wherewith the air is commixt) according as they blow from this or that Region, or quarter of the world. Wherefore seeing that the South∣wind is hot and moist; the North-wind cold and dry; the East-wind clear and fresh; the West wind cloudy, it is no doubt but that the air which we draw in by inspiration carries together there∣with into the Bowels the qualities of that wind which is then prevalent. Whence we read in Hippo∣crates,* 1.20 that changes of times, whether they happen by different winds, or vicissitude of seasons, chiefly bring diseases; For Northerly winds do condense, and strengthen our Bodies, and make them active, well coloured and during, by resuscitating and vigorating the native heat. But Sou∣thern winds resolve and moisten our Bodies, make us heavy-headed, dull the hearing, cause giddi∣ness, and make the Eyes and Body less agile; as the Inhabitants of N••rbon find to their great harm, who are otherwise ranked among the most active people of France. But if we would make a com∣parison of the seasons and constitutions of the year, by Hipp••crates decree, Droughts are more wholesome and less deadly than Rains; I judg, for that too much humidity is the mother of pu∣trefaction, as you may learn by those Countries which are blown upon by a wind from Sea. For in these, flesh which is kept for food, putrefies in the space of an hour;* 1.21 and such ulcers as in other places are easily and quickly healed, do there by the conflux and collection of matter be∣come inveterate and contumacious. Therefore as when the seasons of the year successively fall out agreeable to their nature, and when each season is seasonable, then either we are not sick at all, or assuredly with less danger. So on the contrary, the perfect constitution and health of our Bodies becomes worse and decays, when the seasons of the year are depraved & perverted in time and temper. Now seeing that these many years, the four seasons of the year have wanted their sea∣sonableness, the Summer wanting his usual heat, and the Winter its cold, and all things by moi∣sture and the dominion of the Southern winds have been humid and languid, I think there is none so ignorant in natural Philosophy and Astrology, who will not think but that the causes of the malignity and contumacy of those diseases which have so long afflicted all France, are to be attributed to the Air and Heavens. For otherwise, whence have so many pestilent and contagious diseases tyrannized over so many people of every age, sex, and condition? whence have so many Catarrhes, Coughs, and heavinesses of the head? so many Pleurisies, Tumors, small Poxes, Measles, and Itches, not admitting of digestion and remedies prescribed by Art? Whence have we had so many venemous creatures, as Toads, Grashoppers, Caterpillers, Spiders, Wasps, Hornets, Beetles, Snails, Vipers, Snakes, Lizards, Scorpions and Efts or Nutes, unless from excessive putrefaction which the humidity of the air, our native heat being liquid and dull, hath caused in us, and the whole Kingdom of France? Hence also proceeds the infirmity of our native heat, and the

corruption of the bloud and humors whereof we consist, which the rainy Southwind hath caused with its sultry heat. Wherefore in these last years I have drawn little bloud, which hath not pre∣sently shewed the corruption of its substance by the black or greenish colour, as I have diligently observed in all such as I have bled by the direction of the Physitians, either for prevention of su∣ture, or cure of present diseases. Whence it comes to pass that the fleshy substance of our bodies could not but be faulty both in temper and consistence; seeing that the bloud whence it is genera∣ted had drawn the seeds of corruption from the defiled air.* 1.22 Whence it fell out, that the wounds which happened with loss of substance could be scarse healed or united, because of the depraved nature of the bloud. For, so the Wounds and Ulcers of those which are troubled with the Drop∣sie, whose bloud is more cold or wholly waterish; so, of Leprous persons, whose bloud is corrupt; and lastly, of all such as have their bodies replete with ill juyce, or else are Cachectick, will not easily admit of cure. Yea assuredly, if but the very part which is hurt swerve from its native tem∣per, the wound will not easily be cured. Therefore seeing all these things, both the putrefaction of the Air, and depraved humors of the body, and also the distemper of the affected parts con∣spired together to the destruction of the wounded; what marvail was it, if in these late civil wars, the wounds which were for their quantity small, for the condition of the wounded parts but little, have caused so many and grievous accidents, and lastly death it self? Especially, seeing that the Air which encompasseth us, tainted with putrefaction, corrupts and defiles the wounds by inspi∣ration and exspiration, the body and humors being already disposed, or inclined to putrefaction. Now there came such a stink, which is a most assured sign of putrefaction, from these Wounds, when they were dressed, that such as stood by could scarse endure it: neither could this stink be attributed to the want of dressing, or fault of the Chirurgeon; for the wounds of the Princes and Nobility stunk as ill as those of the common Souldiers.* 1.23 And the corruption was such, that if any chanced to be undrest for one day, which sometimes happened amongst such a multitude of wound∣ed persons, the next day the wound would be full of worms. Besides also, which furthermore argues a great putrefaction of humors, many had abscesses in parts opposite to their wounds, as in the left knee, when as the right shoulder was wounded; in the left arm, when as the right leg was hurt. Which I remember befel the King of Navarre, the Duke of Nevers, the Lord Reden, and divers others. For all men had nature so over-charged with abundance of vicious humors, that if it expelled not part thereof by imposthumes to the habit of the Body, it certainly otherwise disposed of it amongst the inner parts of the Body; for in dissecting dead Bodies, we observed that the Spleen, Liver, Lungs, and other Bowels were purulent, and hence it was that the Patients by reason of vapours sent from them to the heart were troubled with continual Feavers. But the Liver and all the veinous parts being polluted, and so the generation of the laudable Bloud hindered, they languished for want of fitting nourishment. But when the Brain by vapours was drawn in to sympathize with the rest, they were molested with Ravenings & Convulsions. Where∣fore if any thing succeeded unprosperously in so great malignancy of wounds, the Chirurgeon was not to be blamed, for that it were a crime to fight against God and the Air, wherein the hid∣den scourges of the divine justice lye hid. Therefore if according to the mind of the great Hip∣pocrates, who commands to bring all contused wounds to suppuration, that so they may be healed, we indeavoured to cure with such medicins wounds made with Gunshot, and therefore contused; who can rightly be angry with us, if we performed it not so well, by reason of those putrefactions, gangrenes,* 1.24 and mortifications which proceeded from the corrupt Air: for all that, we used not only suppuratives, but were oft-times forced to use other medecins; so long turning aside from the cure of the disease, until we had orecome the symptoms which much indanger the Patient, and customarily happen upon such wounds, as also upon those which are made with a sword, or any other kind of weapon; as shall plainly appear in the following Treatise, to which it now seems high time that we betake our selves.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The occasion of writing this discourse.
• * 1.2

  The argument of this dis∣course.
• * 1.3

  Gunpowder is not poysonous.
• * 1.4

  Of what it is made.
• * 1.5

  Lib. 5. Cap. 73. Lib. simpl. Cap. 36.
• * 1.6

  Bullets cannot be poysoned.
• * 1.7

  As Gales no••e•• ad sent. 20 & 21. sect. 8. lib. 3. Epid.
• * 1.8

  Wounds made by Gunshot are not burnt
• * 1.9

  The reason why wounds made by Gun∣shot look black
• * 1.10

  The reasons of our adversa∣ries refelled. Quest. nat. lib. 2. cap. 49.
• * 1.11

  The stinking smell of light∣ning.
• * 1.12

  Lib. 2. cap. 49. The wonder∣ful nature of some Light∣ning.
• * 1.13

  A History.
• * 1.14

  Why the wounds made by Gunshot some few years agone were so deadly.
• * 1.15

  The cause of the transmu••a∣tion of the E∣lements.
• * 1.16

  These bel∣lows here mentioned by the Author, are Balls made of Brass in form of a Pear, with a very small hole in their lesser ends: when you would fill them with wa∣ter you must heat them ve∣ry hot, and so the air which is contained in them will be exceedingly rarified, which by putting them presently into water will be condensate a much, and so will draw in the water to supply the place, ne detur vacuum. Then put them into fire, and it again ra∣tifying the water into air will make them yield a strong continued and forcible blast. The cause of the report and blow of a Cannon.
• * 1.17

  A History.
• * 1.18

  The cause of an Earth∣quake.
• * 1.19

  How the air becomes hurt∣ful.
• * 1.20

  Aphor. 17. sect. 3.
• * 1.21

  Flesh quickly putrefies in maritine places.
• * 1.22

  In what bodies ulcers and wounds are not easily cu∣red.
• * 1.23

  An argument of great pu∣trefaction of the humors.
• * 1.24

  All contused wounds must be brought to suppuration.