The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

An Epitome or brief recital of all the Muscles of Man's Body.

As I have formerly reckoned up the Bones, so here, I have decreed to recite the Muscles of Man's Body. Wherefore in the Face we first meet with the broad or skin-muscle arising from the fleshy pannicle, and covering the whole Neck and almost all the Face. Then follow 4, per∣taining to the upper Eye-lids. In the Orbs of the Eyes lie 14, that is, 7 in each Orb, of which 4 are called right, two oblique, and one pyramidal. Then succeed 4 of the Nose, two external on each side one, and two internal; these draw it together, and the other open it. After these come the ten muscles of the lower Jaw, of which two are called the Crotaphitae, or Temporal; two Mas∣siteres or Grinders; two round (which seem to me rather to pertain to the lips, than to this Jaw;) two little ones hid in the mouth, arising from the winged process of the wedg-bone; two open∣ers of the mouth being nervous or tendinous in their midst. Then follow the 8 muscles of the lips, that is, 4 of the upper, and as many of the lower, shutting and opening the mouth. The tongue with his ten Muscles hid, as it were, in the den of the mouth. Wherefore the Muscles of the whole face are 51. In the fore-part of the Neck are found the Muscles of the bone Hyoides and Throttle; now 8 Muscles hold the Bone Hyoides as equally ballanced; of which there are 2 upper arising from the Chin; 2 on the sides from the process Styloides, perforated in their midst, through which the 2 openers of the mouth in that part nervous do pass; 2 arise from the Sternon, and lastly 2 from the upper rib of the Shoulder-blade to the Coracoides, which also in their midst are nervous, in which place the two Mastoidei lye upon them.

The bones, which as pillars su∣stain the fa∣brick of the whole bo∣dy, are ei∣ther

• United mutually by Symphysis, or union; by which they are so conjoyned that there is no dissimilar, nor heterogeneous body, at least which may be discerned, in∣terposed between them. Such union appears in the two bones of the lower Jaw at the Chin, in the bones of the Sternon, the Hanch with the Huckle-bones, and the Share-bones between themselves; of this union there are no more kinds, for by this it cometh to pass, that the bones which were more and distinct meet together by interposition of one Medium, to wit, a Gristle, which now indeed, is no Gristle, but is turned into a Bone.
• or Conjoyned by that which they call Ar∣throdia, or Ar∣ticulation, as when they so concurr & are bound toge∣ther, that some Heterogene∣ous substance may be noted betwixt them, but the bones thus compo∣sed are knit two manner of wayes, that is,
  • either more loosly as by Diarthrosis, that is a kind of Articulation not very strait, as by which it might have opportunity to perform diverse motions: of this composure or Ar∣ticulation of bones there are three kinds, as
  • Enarthosis, when the head of a bone is wholly received in the cavity of another, and hid therein, as the Thigh-bone is joyned with the Huckle-bone. Arthrodia, when in a lightly engraven and not much depressed cavity the head of ano∣ther bone is not wholly hid, but only recei∣ved in part thereof; so that, unless Nature had otherwise provided a sufficient recepta∣cle for the head of this bone (as by the liga∣ments of the neighbouring Muscles) it would otherwise have been in perpetual danger of dislocation. Thus the Arm-bone is fastened to the Shoulder-blade. Ginglymos, when the bones mutually re∣ceive each other; such like composition hath the Cubit and Arm-bone.

• or more straitly, as by Synarthrosis, when the bones are more straitly knit, so that they can perform no motions in the bo∣dy. Of this Articu∣lation there are al∣so three kinds, that is,
• Gomphysis, as when one bone so receives ano∣ther as a P••n is fastned in the hole made by a piercer; thus the teeth are fastned in the jaws. Sutura, like a Saw, or teeth of a Combe; as the bones of the skull are mutually knit together; or as scales, or tiles are laid, af∣ter which manner the stony-bones, are fast∣ened to those of the Sinciput. Harmonia, which is by interposition of a simple-line, which parts bones abutting one upon another, as the bones of the Nose.

* 1.1The Throttle composed of three gristles hath eighteen or twenty Muscles; of which six or eight are common, and twelve proper; Of the common there are two above, two below, and two at the sides of the first gristle; to which we may add those two which serve for the opening of the E∣piglottis, which are alwayes found in great four-footed Beasts for to press down the Epiglottis.

The proper are twelve, which almost all of them come from the second gristle, so to be inserted into the first and third, of which some are before, others behind the Thyroides. Besides these are the Mastoidei which bend the head.

* 1.2But in the back part of the Neck there are twelve muscles also appointed for to move the head, so that in all there are fourteen muscles serving for the motion of the head, the two fore Mastoi∣dei, and the twelve hind-muscles, that is to say, the two Splenii, two Complexi, four Right, and so many oblique, which are very short, so that they pass not beyond the first and second vertebra.

* 1.3The Neck hath eight Muscles, of which two are called the long, lying before upon the bodies of the Vertebrae; the two Sculeni, which are at the sides; the two Spinati, which run alongst the Spine; the two transverse, which go to the transverse process of the Chest.

* 1.4The Chest hath 81 Muscles, of which some are on the fore-part, some on the hind, others on the sides; they are all combined and coupled together, except the Midriffe. Now of these there are the two Subclavii; the two great Saw-muscles which proceed from the basis of the Shoulder-blade; the four little Rhomboides, or Squar-muscles, that is, two above, and two below; the two Sacrolumbi, the two binders of the Gristles within the Chest.

Besides, there are twenty and two external, and as many internal Intercostal Muscles, twenty four Intercartilaginei, that is, twelve external, and as many internal; so that the Intercostal, and Intercartilaginei, are 68, which with the twelve before mentioned, make the number of 80 Muscles. Add to these the Midriff being without an associate, and you shall have the number formerly mentioned, to wit, 81. But also, if you will add to these the Muscles of the lower belly, I will not much gain-say it, because by accident they help inspiration and exspiration.

* 1.5Wherefore of the eight Muscles of the Epigastrium, there are four oblique, of which two are descendent and so many ascendent; two right, to which you may add the two Assisting or Pyra∣midal Muscles which come from the Share-bone, if it please you to separate them from the head of the right Muscles.

* 1.6There are six or eight Muscles of the Loins, of which two bend the Loins, which are the trian∣gular; the two Semispinati; two Sacri; two are in the midst of the back, which for that cause

we may call the Rachitae, or Chin-muscles. Now, that hereafter we may severally and distinctly set down the Muscles of the extreme parts, we will come to the Privities.

Where for the use of the Testicles, there are two Muscles called the Cremasteres,* 1.7 or Hanging-muscles. At the root of the Yard, or Peritonaeum, there are four others, partly for the commodious passing of the urin and seed, and partly for erecting the yard. The Sphinct••r-muscle is seated at the Neck of the Bladder.

At the end of the right gut are three Muscles, two Levatores Ani,* 1.8 or Lifters up of the Funda∣ment, and one Sphincter or Shutting-muscle. Now let us prosecute the Muscles or the extremi∣ties, or limbs. But it will be sufficient to mention only the Muscles of one side, because seeing these parts of the body are double, those things which are said of the one may be applyed to the other.

Wherefore the Muscles or the Arm, beginning with these of the shoulder-blade, at the least,* 1.9 are 42. for there are four of the Shoulder-blade: of the Arm properly or particularly so called, seven or eight; and there are three, four, or five proper Muscles of the Cubit: that is, appoint∣ed for the performance of the motions thereof; in the inner part of the Cubit are seven, and as many in the outer; but those of the hand are reckoned thirteen at the least.

The four of the Shoulder-blade are the Trapezius, resembling a Monks Cowl, which moves it upwards and downwards, and draws it backwards; the second is the Levator, or lifter-up; the third the great Rhoimboides lying under the Trapezius. The fourth, the lesser Saw-muscle, which is inserted into the Caracoides. The Arm is moved forwards, backwards, upwards, downwards, and circularly.

The Pectoral Muscle arising from the Clavicle, Brest-bone, and neighbouring Ribs, draw it forwards; the Humilis, or Low-muscle, coming from the Lower-rib of the Shoulder-blade draws it backwards; the Delteides upwards; and the Latissimus downwards, and somewhat backwards. But the three seated about the Shoulder-blade move it about, or circularly.

The Epomis or Scapularis upwards; the Superscapularis, which may seem two, backwards and downwards; the Subscapularis which is in the Cavitie of the Shoulder-blade, forwards, so that by a certain vicissitude and succession of action, they move it circularly. Two Muscles bend the Cubit, the one named Biceps, or two-headed, and the other Brachiaeus or the Arm-muscle; but one, two, or three Muscles extend it; for, if you have respect to the original, this muscle hath two or three heads, but one only insertion.

In the inside of the Cubit are seven Muscles, one Palmaris, two Wrist-benders; two Pronatores, one square, another in some sort round; two finger-benders, and one Abductor, or Drawer aside. These fourteen internal and external Muscles of the Cubit, do not indeed move the Cubit, but only seated there move the Wand, and with it the Hand. These are the thirteen Muscles of the Hand; the Thenar which may not only be divided into two, but into six, not only by the divers actions it performs, but also by the branches divided by a manifest space between them; the se∣cond is called the Hypothenar, which lies under the little finger, as the Thenar doth under the Thumb; the third is the Abductor of the Thumb; then follow the four Lumbrici and six Interosses, although eight may be observed.

The whole Leg hath at the least 50 Muscles,* 1.10 for we reckon there are fourteen Muscles in the Thigh, there are eleven made for the use of the Leg; there are nine seated in the Leg, three be∣fore, and six behind, which serve for the use of the Foot and Toes; in the Foot are seated sixteen. Therefore of the fourteen muscles serving the Thigh to bend it, one called the Lumbaris, the other arising from the cavity of the Hanch-bone; but the three which make the Buttocks and the Triceps or Three-headed Muscle, (which, if you please, you may divide into three) extend it. Besides these, the four Twin-muscles, and two Obturatores, of which the one is internal, and the other external, turn the Thigh about. The Leg hath eleven; that is, the long, the membra∣nous, the four Postici, or Hind-muscles (three of which come from the Huckle-bone, but the other from the commissure of the Share-bone) the right, the two vast, the Crureus or Leg-muscle, and the Popliteus, or Ham-muscle. These seated in the Leg for the use of the Foot and Toes, are three fore, and six hind-muscles: two of the fore bend the Foot, one of which is called the Tibiaeus an∣ticus, the other Peronaeus, which you may divide into two. The third the bender of the Toes, al∣though it also partly bend the foot, to which also the bender of the thumb may be revoked. One of the hind is the Toe-benders, others extend the foot; and are in this order: two Twins, one Plantaris, one Soleus, one Tibiaeus posticus, and the great bender of the Toes, to which may be re∣voked the bender of the Thumb. Of the sixteen seated in the foot, one is above, seated on the back of the Foot, which we call the Abductor of the Toes; another, in the sole of the Foot; to wit, the little bender of the Toes, which goes to the second joynt of the Toes alongst the inside of the foot; the other lends his help to the great Toe, which you call the Abductor of the Thumb; another is seated on the outside for the use of the little Toe. To these are added the four Lumbri∣ci, besides the eight Interosses, or if you had rather, ten. And thus much may suffice for the en∣numeration of the Muscles.

[illustration]

The Figure of the Muscles, when the Skin within Veins, the Fat, and all the fleshy Membranes are taken away; that p rt of the fl••••••y M••mbr••••e ••xe p••e••, which takes upon it the nature of a Muscle, as being conjoyned with the Muscles.

• a, The muscle of the fore-head.
• b, the temporal muscle.
• c, the muscle shutting the eye-lid.
• d, the muscle opening the wings of the nose.
• e, the fore-part of the yoak-bone.
• f, the muscle of the upper lip tend∣ing to the nose.
• g, the beginning of the masseter •••• grinding muscle.
• h, the bread muscle consisting of a fle••••y membrane.
• i, ••, the beginning thereof which rises immediately from the c••∣ler-bone, and the top of the shoulder.
• l, that part thereof which bends forwards to l.
• m, the muscle which lifts up the ••rm.
• n, the pectoral muscle.
• o, the membranous part of this muscle which is joyned to the nervous part of the first muscle of the Abdomen, or belly.
• q q, the fleshy portion thereof, from the 6 and 7 ribs, and the inser∣tion thereof.
• r, the muscle drawing down the arm.
• s, the oblique descending muscle of the lower belly.
• t, t, t, the insertion of the great saw-muscle.
• u u, the linea alba, or white-line, at which the two oblique descen∣dent muscles meet, covering the whi••e ••ll.
• x, the yard, the skin being taken away.
• y, the vessels of seed.
• α, the testicles wrapped in the fleshy mem••r••n••.
• β, ••h fore-muscle lending the cubit.
• γ γ, the kind muscle bending the cubit.
• δ, the muscle extending the cubit.
• θ, th fore-headed muscle extending the wrist.
• ε, the muscle producing the broad tendon on the back of the hand.
• ζ, his tendon. ε, the muscle turning up the wand.
• θ, the upper muscle flatting the Wand.
• ••, the s••c nd of the Arm-benders, whose beginning is χ, and tendon.
• λ. ο, a portion of the muscle, whereof one part yields tendons to the Wrist, the other to the Thumb.
• σ, the flesh-less articulation of the thumb.
• ρ, a muscle inserted into the wrist, lying neer to the following muscle.
• σ, a muscle divided into two tendons, the one whereof is inserted into the first joynt of the thumb, the other into the following.
• τ, the first muscle of the thigh, whose head is at υ, and tendon at φ, and inser∣tion at χ ••, the end of the second muscle of the thigh.
• ο, the end of the third muscle of the Thigh.
• 1, the sixt muscle of the leg; his beginning at 2. almost wholly membranous at 3. 4 the ninth muscle of the leg.
• 5, the eighth of the leg,
• 6, a portion of the sixth and seventh of the thigh.
• 7, the Glandules of the groins.
• 8, the eighth of the thigh.
• 9, the second of the leg.
• 11, the innermost of the ankle.
• 12, the sixth muscle of the foot, his original 13. 14, and 15, the seventh of the foot.
• 16, the tendon of the muscle lifting up the great Toe.
• 17, the muscles extending the four other toes.
• 18, the abductor of the great Toe.
• 19, a transverse ligament.
• 20, a tendon of the ninth muscle of the foot.
• 21, the first muscle.
• 22, the fourth muscle of the foot.
• 23, the tendon of the third muscle.
• 24, a muscle bending the third bone of the four lesser toes.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The 18. muscles of the Larinx.
• * 1.2

  The head is moved by 14. Muscles.
• * 1.3

  The 8. Muscles of the Neck.
• * 1.4

  The Muscles of the Chest 81.
• * 1.5

  The 8. Muscles of the Lower-belly.
• * 1.6

  The 6. or 8. of the loins.
• * 1.7

  The two Cre∣masters of the Testicles.
• * 1.8

  The three of the fundament.
• * 1.9

  The muscles of the Arm in ge∣nerall 32.
• * 1.10

  The muscles of the leg in ge∣neral 50.