The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Muscles of the Neck.

* 1.1THe Muscles of the Neck as well proper as common, are in number twenty, or else twenty two, that is, ten, or eleven on each side; of which, seven only move the head, or the first vertebra with the head; the other three or four, the neck it self. Of the seven which move the head, and with the head the first Vertebra, some extend and erect it, others bend and decline it, others move it obliquely, but all of them together in a successive motion move it circularly: and the like judgment may be of the Muscles of the Neck.

[illustration]

The fourth Figure of the Muscles. This Figure sheweth the cavities of the middle and lower bellies, the bowels being taken out, but most part of the Bones and Muscles remaining.

• AB, The first muscle bending the neck, called Longus.
• CC, the second bender of the neck, cal∣led Scalenus.
• DDDD, the outward intercostal muscles.
• EEEE, the inner intercostal mus∣cles.
• FFF, the second muscle of the chest called serratus major.
• G, the first muscle of the shoulder-blade called serratus minor, separa∣ted from his original.
• H, the first muscle of the arm called Pectoralis, separated from his o∣riginal.
• I, the second muscle of the arm called Deltoides.
• K, the bone of the arm without flesh.
• L, the first muscle of the cubit called Biceps.
• M, the second muscle of the cubit cal∣led Brachicus.
• N, the clavicle, or coller-bone, lent backward.
• O, the first muscle of the chest called subclavius.
• P, the upper process of the shoulder-blade.
• Q, the first muscle of the head called obliquus inferior.
• R, the second muscle of the head called Complexus.
• S, the fourth muscle of the shoulder-blade called Levator.
• TV, the two bellies of the fourth muscle of the bone Hyois.
• XX, aa, the fift muscle of the back whose original is at aa.
• YY, bb, cc, the sixth muscle of the thigh called Psoae, whose original is at cc, and tendomat bb.
• ZZ, the seventh muscle of the thigh. d, the holy-bone. ooo, the holes of the Holy-bone, out of which the nerves do issue. e, a portion of the fifth muscle of the thigh arising from the share-bone f, the share-bone bared. k, the ninth muscle of the thigh or the first circumactor.

But before I can come to the description of their original and insertion, I must admonish thee, that the two muscles of the shoulder-blade must first be taken away by dissection; that is, the Trapezius, or Table-muscle, and the Rhomboides, or square-muscle; whose original and insertion

that we may the better demonstrate, (or rather the action by which we seek that original & inser∣tion,) they must be pulled up, beginning at their insertion, which is at the shoulder-blade (as shall be shewed in the proper place, turning them up towards their original, that is, to the Spine. Be∣sides, the less Rhomboides, the hinder, and upper (called also the Dentatus, or toothed-muscle) must be raised from its original, which is at the three lower Rack-bones of the Neck and the first of the back, and turned up to its insertion, which is at three spaces of the lower ribs nigh to the hind, and upper angle of the Shoulder-blade, as shall be shewed in fit place hereafter. These muscles thus raised up, the four muscles which erect and extend the head must be taken away, and then those two which move it obliquely, and lastly, one which bends, or declines: for thus Ana∣tomical order requires. Yet, if you think good, you may, not hurting the other, first of all cut a∣way that which is called the Mastoides, which declines or bends the head. For these four, which lift up and extend the head, the first from the figure of the Spleen is called the Splenius,* 1.2 it ascends from the five, upper spines of the back, and the four, lower of the neck, and is obliquely inserted at the back-part of the head, and the mamillary process, whence you may raise it towards its ori∣ginal. The second by reason of its composure is called Complexus; this passing from the third,* 1.3 fourth, and fifth transverse process of the back, and often from the first of the neck: ascends di∣rectly to the back-part of the head, incompassing the lower and side-part of the neck, you may ea∣sily take it up, if you begin at the Spine, and so go forwards to the transverse processes and ma∣millary processes of the nowl-bone. This Complexus may be divided into two or three muscles, but

[illustration]

The fifth Figure of the Muscles. In which some Muscles of the Head, Chest, Arm, and Shoulder-blade are described.

• I, The process of the shoulder-blade, called the top of the shoulder.
• O, the fourth muscle of the arm, or the greater round muscle, to which Fallopius his right muscle is ad∣joyned, which some call the lesser round muscle.
• QQ, the sixt muscle of the arm, or the upper blade-rider.
• X, the second muscle of the shoulder-blade, or the Leva∣tor, or Heaver.
• Z, the second muscle of the chest, or the greater Saw-muscle.
• Y, the fift muscle of the chest, or muscle called Sacro∣lumbus.
• αβ, his place wherein he cleaveth fast to the longest mu∣scle of the back.
• γγ, the tendons of the muscle obliquely inserted into the ribs.
• ΔΔ, the first pair of the muscles of the head, or the splin∣ters.
• Ch. 8, 9. their length, whose beginning is at 8, and in∣sertion at 9.
• 10, 11, the sides of this muscle.
• 12, that distance where they depart one from the other.
• 13, the two muscles called Complexi, near their inser∣tion.
• φ, the second muscle of the back, or the Longest muscle.
• Ω, the fourth muscle of the back or the Semi-spina∣tus.
• δ, the shoulder-blade bare.
• ρ, a part of the transverse muscle of the Abdomen.

that with some difficulty, by reason of its folded texture. The third and fourth, which be two of the eight little muscles, being four on each side, do ascend somewhat obliquely, the first truly from the whole side of the second Vertebra.* 1.4 The second from the whole side of the process of the first Vertebra, which it hath in stead of a Spine; they ascend to the back-part of the head just against the Spine; these two muscles by the consent of all Anatomists are called right, or direct muscles, only moving the head, these truly must not be pluckt from the places of their original, nor inser∣tion; but only bound by a string put under them, that so they may be the more easily shewed. On

each side follow two oblique muscles, one whereof only moves the head; the other primarily the first Vertebra, but secondarily, and by accident, the Head it self. For the first, contrary to the opinion of some, it arises from the transverse process of the first Rack-bone, and then is inserted, above the insertion of the first right Muscle: the which in like manner you must lift up, by some∣thing put underneath it, but not separate it. The other entring forth of the Spine of the second Vertebra, is inserted at the process of the first, contrary to the original of the precedent, although some think otherwise. It will be convenient in the like manner, only to lift up this with a string, and not pluck him from its place, that so you may see how all these make a perfect triangle. The a∣ction of this muscle is contrary to the action of the precedent, as the contrariety of its original and insertion shew.

[illustration]

The sixth Figure of the Muscles; shewing some of the Muscles of the Head, Back, Chest, Shoulder-blade and Arm.

• AD, The second pair of the muscles of the head, or the two Complexi, the first part is at AD.
• BC, the second part; EF, the third part rising up under G, and inserted at F.
• G, the fourth part of this muscle, or the right muscle of the head according to Fallopius, which Vesalius made the fourth part of the second.
• GG, (Betwixt the ribs) the external in∣tercostal muscles.
• L, the original of the 2. muscles of the back.
• M, his tendons at the rack-bone of the neck.
• The upper O, the fourth muscle of the arm or the greater round muscle.
• OO, the lower, the sixth muscle of the chest, or the Sacrolumbus hanging from his original.
• Q, the sixth muscle of the arm or the up∣per Blade-rider inverted.
• V, the third ligament of the joynt of the arm.
• X, the fourth muscle of the shoulder-blade or the Heaver.
• Z, the second muscle of the Chest, or the greater Saw-muscle.
• Ξ, the three muscles of the neck called Transversalis.
• Π, the fourth muscle of the neck called Spi∣natus.
• Σ, the first muscle of the back, or the Square muscle.
• φ, the two muscles of the back, or the Lo••∣gest; whose original is at L, and his ten∣dons at the Vertebrae at MM.
• Ω, the fourth muscle of the back called Spi∣natus.
• δ, the back of the shoulder-blade flayed.

* 1.5Wherefore when the first oblique moves the head obliquely forwards, the second puls it back by the first Vertebra, this, with his associate of the other side, may be truly termed the proper muscles of the neck, because they belong to no other part; whereas it is contrary in other muscles. But we must note, that the head (according to Galen's opinion) hath two motions, one directly forwards and backwards, as appears in beckning it forwards, and casting it backwards; the other circular.

The first in Galen's opinion is performed by the first Vertebra moved upon the second; the se∣cond by the head moved upon the first Vertebra; for which he is reproved by the latter Anato∣mists, who teach that the head cannot be turned round, or circularly, upon the first Vertebra, without putting it out of joynt.

For the last which bends the head, it ascends from the upper and side part of the Sternon, and the next part of the clavicle, obliquely to the Apophysis Mastoides or mamillary process of the hind part of the head,* 1.6 whence it is called the Mastoideus. You may divide this by reason of its manifold original rather into two, than into three muscles. But it had been better, that the head might have been moved every way, equally backwards and to the right and left sides; but thus it would

often have been strained to our great damage and danger of life; neither could there have been such facility of motion without a loosness of the joynt. Therefore Nature had rather be∣stow upon the head an harmless faculty of fewer motions, than one furnished with more varie∣ty, but with a great deal more uncertainty and danger. Wherefore it hath made this juncture not laxe or loose, but stiffe and strong.

[illustration]

The seventh Figure of the Muscle; shewing some Muscles of the Head and Chest, the Trapezius, or Table-Muscle being taken away: as also of the Blade and Arm.

• A, The prominent part of the fourth muscle of the chest called Serra∣tus posticus superior.
• Δ, the first muscle of the head called Splenius.
• EE, the insertion of the muscle of the head, called Complexus.
• I, the coller-bone bared.
• M, the back-part of the second muscle of the arm called Del∣tois.
• ζ H, his backward original.
• θ, his implantation into the arm.
• NN, the fourth muscle of the arm called Latissimus.
• S μ, his original from the spines of the rack-bones, and from the holy-bone.
• π, the connexion of this muscle with the hanch-bone, which is led in the inside from μ to π.
• ω, the place where it lyeth upon the lower angle of the Basis of the shoulder-blade.
• O, the four muscles of the arm cal∣led Rotundus major.
• e, some muscles of the back do here offer themselves.
• P, the fift muscle of the arm called super-scapularis Inferior.
• Q, the sixt muscle of the arm cal∣led Super-scapularis Superior.
• S, the beginning of the third muscle of the arm called Latissimus.
• V, the third muscle of the blade cal∣led Rhomboides.
• φ Χ, his original from the spines of the Rack-bones.
• ψ ω, his insertion into the basis of the shoulder-blade.
• χ, the fourth muscle of the blade called Levator. * a part of the oblique descendent muscle of the Abdomen.

After the shewing of these muscles, we must come to three or four of the neck, of which number, two (which some reduce to one) extend, another bends, and the last moves side-wayes; and all of them with a motion succeeding each other turn it about, as we said of the muscles of the head. The first of these which extend, taking its original from the six transverse processes of the six upper rack-bones of the back; or rather, from the root of the oblique, ascends directly to the Spine of the second vertebra of the Neck, and the oblique process thereof; some call it the Transversarius; that is, the transverse-muscle. This, if you desire to take it away,* 1.7 it is best first to separate it from the Spine, then to turn it upwards to the transverse processes; unless you had rather draw it a little from its partner, and companion, in that place where their origi∣nals are distinct, seeing it is the last and next to the bones.

Marvel not, if you find not this distinction of their original, so plain and manifest,* 1.8 for it is commonly obscure. For the muscle Spinatus, as it most commonly comes to pass, arising from the roots of the seven upper Spines of the back, and the last of the neck, is inserted in∣to other spines of the neck, so that it might easily be confounded with the former by Galen.

The third bends the Neck, and arising within from the Body of the five upper Vertebrae of the Back (though with a very obscure original, specially in lean Bodies) it ascends under the Gullet alongst the Neck, even to the Nowl-bone, into whose inner part it is obscurely in∣serted. Wherefore it is likely that it helps not only to bend the Neck, but also the Head. This Muscle is made of oblique fibers proceeding from the body of the Vertebrae, all the way it passes to the transverse processes of the other Vertebra. But it seems with its copart∣ner which is opposite to it, to make a certain hollow path upon the bodies of the Vertebra, to the Gullet,* 1.9 and it is called the Long-muscle. The fourth and last, which we said moves the Neck to one side, is called Scalenus from the figure thereof; it ascends from the hinder and upper-part of the first rib of the Chest, inserting it self into all the transverse processes of the Neck by its fi∣bers, which as it were for the same purpose, it hath sufficiently long, that it may fasten it self from the furthest and lowest process of the Neck into the first or highest thereof. The passage of the Nerves through this to the Arm makes this Muscle seem double, or divided into two. For the Veins and Arteries pertaining to the Neck; they have been declared in the proper Chap∣ters of the distribution of the Vessels; it remains that you note, All these Muscles receive Nerves from the Vertebrae, whence they arise.

[illustration]

The eighth Figure of the Muscles, especially those of the Chest, Head, and Shoulder-blade; the Trapezius Latissimus, and Rhomboides, being taken away.

• A, The fourth Muscle of the Chest, or the upper and hinder Saw-muscle.
• B, the five Muscles of the Chest, or the lower and hinder Saw-Muscle.
• a, b, a membranous beginning of the Muscle of the Abdomen, descen∣ding obliquely down from the Spine of the back.
• C, the first Muscle extending the Cubit at c, his original is from the neck of the Arm, and from the lower basis of the blade at d.
• E, the Original of the fourth Muscle of the Bone Hyois from the Blade.
• GG, the Outward Intercostall Muscles.
• I, the Clavicle or Coller-bone bared.
• N, the upper, the second Muscle of the Arm called Deltois, char. 4, 5. the beginning of this Muscle.
• N, the third Muscle of the Arm or the broad Muscle separated.
• O, the fourth muscle of the arm or the lower Super-scapularis, or blade-rider.
• 1, 2, 3. Char. his original at the ba∣sis of the shoulder-blade at 12. and his insertion into the joynt of the Arm at 3.
• Q, the sixt Muscle of the Arm or the upper Super-Scapularis.
• X, the fourth Muscle of the blade called Levator, or the Heaver.
• Z, the second Muscle of the Chest, or the greater Saw-muscle.
• 7.7. Char. the ribs.
• r, the sixt Muscle of the Chest, or the Muscle called Sacrolumbus.
• E, Λ, the first Muscle of the Head, or the Splinter.
• EE, the second Muscle of the Head, or the insertion of the Muscles called Complexi. Φ, the second Muscle of the Back, or the Longest Muscle. Ω, the fourth Muscle of the Back called Se∣mi-spinatus.

[illustration]

The ninth Figure of the Muscles shewing the Muscles of the Head and Neck.

• AB, the third pair of the Muscles of the head called Recti Majores.
• C, the Mammillary process.
• D, the transverse process of the first Rack-bone.
• E, the process of the second Rack-bone of the Neck.
• FG, the fourth pair of Muscles of the head called Recti Minores.
• HI, the fift pair of Muscles of the head, called Obliqui Superirores.
• KL, the sixt pair of Muscles of the head, called Obl qui inferiores.
• X, the fourth pair of Muscles of the Shoulder-blade.
• Λ, the second Muscle of the neck called Scale∣nus, which Fallopius maketh the eighth Muscle of the Chest.
• Π, the fourth Muscle of the neck, called Spina∣tus.
• Σ, the first Muscle of the back called Quadra∣tus.
• Φ, the second Muscle of the back, called Longis∣simus.
• a, the Sinus, or bosom of this Muscle, whereby it giveth way unto the third Muscle of the Back called Sacer.
• b, his Original.
• ψ, the third Muscle of the back, called Sacer.
• γ, his Original.
• δ, his end.
• Ω, the fourth Muscle of the back, called Semi-spinatus.
• ι, his upper end under the fourth Muscle of the N••ck.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Their number.
• * 1.2

  The Splenius.
• * 1.3

  The Comple∣xus.
• * 1.4

  The Recti, or two right Muscles.
• * 1.5

  Which may be truly called the proper muscle of the Neck. The two mo∣tions of the head.
• * 1.6

  The Mastoide∣us.
• * 1.7

  The Transver∣sarius.
• * 1.8

  The Spinatus.
• * 1.9

  The Longus. The Scalenus.