The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

The Fifth BOOK, Of the Animal parts contained in the HEAD.

CHAP. I. A General Description of the Head.

HAving hitherto declared two general parts of mans Body, that is, the Natural and Vital, it is now fit to betake our selves to the last, that is, the Animal, beginning with the Head.

Wherefore we will first define the Head, then divide it into its parts; thirdly, describe each of these parts; fourthly, demonstrate them after the order they offer themselves to our sight in dissection.

The Head therefore is the seat of the senses, the Palace and habitation of reason and wisdom, from whence, as from a fountain infinite actions and commodities arise. It is seated above the rest of the body, that the Animal spirit from thence, as from a Tower, may govern and moderate the whole body, and perform all actions according to the prescript of nature. By the Head we under∣stand all that which is contained from the Crown of the head to the first vertebra of the neck.

The best figure of the head is round, lightly flatted on each side, extuberating something to the fore and hind-part thereof. For from hence is taken an argument of the goodness of the senses; on the contrary, those which are exactly round, or acuminate, and sharp towards the top, are not thought good. The Head is divided into the face, forehead, temples, the forepart, the crown, and hind-part.

By the Face we understand, whatsoever is contained between the Eye-brows and the lower part of the chin. By the Forehead, all the space from the eye-brows even to the Coronal Suture. By the Temples, whatsoever is hollowed from the lesser corner of the ey, even to the ears. By the Forepart of the Head, whatsoever runs in length from the top of the forehead, or the Coronal Suture, even to the Suture Lambdoides, and on each side to the Ossa petrosa, the stony Bones, or scaly Sutures. By the Crown we signifie a certain point exquisitely in the midst of the Sagittal Suture, which is suffi∣ciently known. By the Occiput or hind-part of the head, that which is terminated by the Suture Lambdoides, and the first vertebra of the neck.

Of all these parts there be some simple, some compound; besides, some are containing, some contained. Of the containing, some are common to all the parts of the head, as the skin, the fleshy pannicle, and pericranium; others are proper to certain parts, as the fleshy pannicle to the neck, face, forehead, and skin covering the Cranium, the common coat of the muscles to the fat and face; the skull and both the Meninges to the Brain.

The parts contained, are the substance of the brain, the four ventricles, and the bodies con∣tained in them, the nerves, the mamillary processes; the Plexus Choroides or Rete admirabile; the Glandula basilaris, and others, of which we will speak hereafter.

We must now speak of the containing parts beginning with the Skin; for the order of teach∣ing requires, that we take our Exordium from the more simple; but first we will say something of the Hair.

The hair is nothing else then an excrement generated and formed of the more gross and terrene portion of the superfluities of the third concoction, which could not be wasted by insensible transpiration. The benefit of it is, that consuming the gross, and fuliginous, or sooty excrements of the Brain, it becomes a cover and ornament for the head.

This hair of the head and eye-brows have their original from the first conformation of the in∣fant in the womb, the rest of the hairs of the body arise and grow forth as the body grows and be∣comes more dry, of which sort are the hairs which cover the chin, armholes, groins, and other parts of our bodies.

CHAP. II. O the musculous skin of the Head, (commonly called the hairy scalp) and of the Pericranium.

THe skin which covers the skull, and is covered with the hair, is far more fleshy, thick, hard, and dry than any other part of the body, especially which wants hair. The skin hath almost the like condition of quality as those parts have, which it doth simply cover, but is as it were, lost in them, or grown into one with them, as in the lips and forehead with the fleshy pannicle, wherefore it is there called musculous; in other places it adheres to the grisles, as on the sides of the nostrils and corners of the Eyes, whereupon it is there called grislely.

It hath connexion with the Pericranium, because joyned to it, it receives nerves from the first and second Vertebra of the neck, and from the third conjugation of the brain, which are dissemi∣nated

through all its substance, whereby it comes to pass, that the wounds, contusions, and im∣posthumes, that happen in or upon this skin, are not to be neglected.

The Pericranium, (but I suppose it should be the Periostium) is a most thin membrane, which next and immediatly covers all the Bones of the Body, and this on the head is called by a peculi∣ar name the Pericranium, by reason of the excellency of the Cranium or skull; in other Bones it is termed the Periostium: And as the Pericranium takes its original from the Crassa meninx, propa∣gating it self by certain strings or threds sent forth by the sutures and holes of the skull, so all other membranes of the Body have their original either from this Pericranium, or Crassa meninx, sending forth their productions, as well by the holes or passages of the head, as by those of the spinal marrow or back-bone it self even to the Holy bone.

Of which this is an argument; for in what part soever of the Body a membrane is hurt, present∣ly the hurt or sense thereof comes to the Crassa meninx. For so those who have but their little Toe hurt, when they sneese or cough, perceive an increase of their pain, by the passage thereof to the Brain.

The use of this Pericranium is to cover the skull; and to give notice of things hurtful, by the power. of the quick sense which it is endued withal, and the Periostium doth the like in other Bones. Besides, it sustains and fastens by the sutures the Crassa meninx to the skull; lest it should fall by reason of its weight upon the Pia mater, and so hurt it, and hinder the pulsation of the brain and arteries that are plenteously spred through both the Meninges. Wherefore the Pericranium hath most strait connexion with the Crassa meninx, because it takes the original from thence.

We must think the same of the other membranes of the Body, which thing is very notable in the solution of the continuity of the membranes.

CHAP. III. Of the Sutures.

THe Sutures do sew or fasten together the Bones of the skull; these be five in number. Three, are true and legitimate; two, false and spurious. The Coronal, the first of the true Sutures, is seated in the forepart of the head, descending downwards overthwart the fore-part of the head to the midst of the temples; it is so called, because Corolla, that is, wreaths, crowns, or garlands, are set upon that place.

The second is called the Sagittalis, or right Suture, as that, which running through the Crown, divides the Head into two equal parts, as with a straight line, running the length of it from the Coronal to the Lambdoides or hind-Suture.

But this third Suture Lambdoides is so called, because it represents the Capital greek letter Lambda Λ. You must understand this description of the Sutures, not as always, but as for the greater part, to be thus. For there be some skulls that want the foremost Suture, othersome the hind, and sometimes such as have none of the true Sutures, but only the false and spurious. And al∣so you shall sometimes find the Sagittal to run to the nose.

And oft-times there be three or four Sutures in the back-part of the head, so that indeed the number of the Sutures is not certain. Which also we find observed by Cornelius Celsus, where he writes, that Hippocrates was deceived by the Sutures by chance; for that he conjectured, that the Bones of the back-part of the head, were broken; because his Probe, thrust to the roughness of the second suture Lambdoides, staied as at a cleft made in the Bone by a stroak.

The other two are called the false, stony, and scaly Sutures, by reason they are made by a sca∣ly conjunction of the Bones, but not by a toothed saw or comb-like connexion. But if any ask, why the head consists not of one Bone, that so it might be the stronger: I answer, It is, that so it might be the safer both from internal and external injuries. For the skull, being as it were the tun∣nel of the chimney of this humane fabrick, to which all the smoky vapours of the whole Body ascend, if it had been composed of one Bone, these vapours should have had no passage forth.

Wherefore the grosser vapours pass away by the Sutures, but the more subtile by the pores of the skull; some have their Sutures very open, but others on the contrary very close.

Therefore nature hath otherwise compendiously provided for such as want Sutures; For it hath made one or two holes, some two fingers bredth from the Lambdoides, through which the Vena pu∣pis enters into the skull, and they are of that largeness that you may put a points tag into them, that the vapours may have free passage forth, otherwise there would be danger of death; thus nature hath been careful to provide for man against internal injuries: and in like manner against exter∣nal; for it hath made the head to consist of divers bones, that when one is broken, the other may be safe, the violence of the stroke being stayed in the division of the Bones.

Whereby you may know, that if the skull chance to be broken in the opposite side to that which received the blow, that it happens either by reason of the defect of sutures, or else because they are unperfect, & too firmly closed; otherwise it is impossible such fractures should happen by reason of the separation of the Bones, which breaks the violence of the blow that it can go no further.

And certainly, as it is rare to find a skull without Sutures, so it is rare to find such kind of fractures. Therefore Chirurgeons must diligently observe the Sutures and site of them, lest they

be deceived, and take them for fractures, or unawares apply a Trepan to them, whence by break∣ing the veins, arteries, and nervous fibers by which the internal parts communicate with the ex∣ternal, there may ensue increase of pain, a violent defluxion of blood upon the Crassa meninx, and the falling thereof upon the Brain, (the fibers being broken by which it stuck to the Pericrani∣um) and so consequently a deadly interception of the pulsion of the Brain.

CHAP. IV. Of the Cranium, or Skull.

THe Cranium, or Skull covering the Brain like an Helmet, is composed and consists of se∣ven Bones; of which some are more dense, thick and hard than othersome. The first is the Os Occipitis, or Nowl-bone seated in the Back-part of the head, more hard and thick than the rest, because we want hands and eyes behind, whereby we may keep or save our selves from falling.

This Bone is circumscribed, or bounded by the suture Lambdoides, and the Os basilare. The eminencies, and, as it were, heads of this Bone are received into the first Vertebra; for upon this the head is turned forwards and backwards, by the force of fourteen muscles and strong liga∣ments, which firmly tie these heads of the Nowl-bone in the cavities of this first vertebra.

The second Bone of the skull is in the forepart, and is called the Os Coronale, or Os frontis, the fore-head-bone; it hath the second place in strength and thickness. It is bounded by the Coro∣nal suture, and the ends of the wedg-bone: in this forehead-bone there is often found a great ca∣vity under the upper part of the eye-brows, filled with a glutinous, gross, viscid and white mat∣ter or substance, which is thought to help to elaborate the air for the sense of smelling.

Chirurgeons must take special notice of this cavity; because when the head chances to be broken in that place, it may happen, that the fracture exceeds not the first table; wherefore being ignorant of this cavity, and moved with a false perswasion that they see the Brain, they may think the Bone wholly broken, and to press the Meninges, whereupon they will dilate the womb, and apply a Trepan and other instruments to lift up the second table of the Bone, without any need at all, and with the manifest danger of the life of the Patient.

The third and fourth Bones of the skull, are the Ossa parietalia, or Bregmatis, having the third place of density and thickness; although this density and thickness be different in divers places of them. For on the upper part of the head, or crown, (where that substance turns not to a Bone in children, until they have all their teeth, so that it feels soft in touching, and through it you may feel the beating of the Brain) these Bones are very tender, so that oft-times, they are no thicker than ones nail, that so the moist and vaporous excrements of the Brain, shut up where the greater portion of the Brain resides, may have a freer passage by the Brain's Diastole and Systole. These two square Bones are bounded above with the Sagittal suture, below with the scaly, on the fore-part with the coronal, and on the hind-part with the Lambdoides.

The fifth and sixth Bones of the skull, are the two Ossa Petrosa, stony or scaly Bones, which are next to the former in strength. They are bounded with the false or bastard-Suture, and with part of the Lambdoides, and wedg-bone.

The seventh is the Os sphenoides, basilare, or Cuneiforme, that is, the wedg-bone. It is called Basi∣lare, because it is (as it were) the basis of the head. To this the rest of the Bones of the head are fit∣ly fastned in their places. This Bone is bounded on each side with the Bones of the forehead, the stony Bones, and Bones of the Nowl and Palat. The figure represents a Bat, and its processes her wings.

There is besides these another Bone at the basis of the forehead-bone, into which the mamillary processes end; the Greeks call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latins, Cribrosum and Spongiosum, the spongy-Bone; because it hath many holes in it not perforated in a direct passage, as in a sive, but winding and an∣fractuous, that the air should not by the force of attraction, presently leap or ascend into the brain, and affect it with its qualities, before it be elaborated by its lingring in the way. There are besides also, six other little Bones lying hid in the stony Bones at the hole or auditory-passage; on each side three, that is to say, the Incus or Anvil, the Malleolus or Hammer, and the Stapes or stirrop, be∣cause in their figure they represent these three things; the use of these we will declare hereafter.

But also in some skulls there are found some divisions of Bones, as it were collected fragments, to the bigness almost of ones thumb, furnished and distinguished by their proper commissures, or sutures, which thing is very fit to be known to a Chirurgion in the use of a Trepan.

Verily he may give a conjecture hereof, whilst he separates the pericranium from the skull, for the pericranium is with greater difficulty pluckt away from the sutures, because the Crassa meninx hath straiter connexion therewith by his nervous fibers sent forth in such places. The skulls in women are softer and thinner than in men, and in children more than in women, and in young men more than in men of a middle age. Also the Aethiopians or Black-moors, as also all the peo∣ple inhabiting to the South, have their skulls more hard and composed with fewer sutures.

Therefore, as it is written by Hippocrates, such as have their Skulls the softer, the Symptoms in fractures, are more dangerous and to be feared in them. But the Skull by how much the softer it is, by so much it more easily and readily yields to the perforating Trepan. Moreover in some skulls, there be bunches standing out besides nature, made either round or cornered,

which the Chirurgeon must observe for two causes; the first is for the better consideration of a blow or fracture. For in these bunches or knots, the solution of the continuity cannot be, if it seem to be stretched in length, but that the wound must penetrate to the inner parts. For in a round bo∣dy there can be no long wound, but it must be deep, by the weapon forced the deeper; because as a round body touches a plain but only in puncto, in a prick or point: so whatsoever fals only lightly or superficially upon it, touches a point thereof. But on the contrary, a long wound must be upon a plain surface, which may be but only superficial.

Another cause is, because such Bunches change the figure and site of the Sutures. And the Chirurgeon must note, that the skull hath two tables, in the midst whereof the Diploe is; which is a spongy substance into which many veins and arteries, and a certain fleshiness are inserted, that the skull should not be so heavy, and that it might have within it self provision for the life there∣of; and lastly, that there might be freer passage out for the fuliginous vapors of the brain.

The upper table is thicker, denser, stronger and smoother than the lower. For this as it is the slenderer, so it is the more unequal, that it may give place to the internal veins and arteries, (which make a manifest impression into the second table on the inside thereof) from which Bran∣ches enter into the skull by the holes which contain the eyes. Which thing fastens the Crassa me∣ninx to the skull, and is therefore very worthy to be observed.

For in great contusions, when no fracture and fissure appears in the skull by reason of the great concussion or shaking of the Brain, these vessels are often broken, whence happens a flux of blood between the skull and membranes, and lastly death. But it is fit the Chirurgeon take good heed to the tender and soft substance of the Diploe, that when he comes to it, having passed the first table, he may carefully use his Trepan, lest by leaning too hard, it run in too violently, and hurt the membranes lying underneath it, whence convulsion and death would follow. To which danger I have found a remedy, by the happy invention of a Trepan, as I will hereafter more at large declare in handling the wounds of the head.

CHAP. V. Of the Meninges, that is, the two Membranes called Dura Mater and Pia Mater.

THe Crassa meninx is one of the first and principal Membranes of the Body; it goes forth by the sutures and holes of the nerves that proceed out of the skull; and it passes forth by the Bone Ethmoides perforated for that purpose, to carry smells to the Brain, and purge it of excrementitious humors. This same Crassa meninx invests the inner coat of the Nose; also it passes forth of the great hole through which the spinal marrow passes, vested with this Crassa meninx, with all the nerves and membranes. For which cause if any membrane in the whole body be hurt, by reason of that continuation which it hath with the Meninges, it straight commu∣nicates the hurt to the head by consent.

The Crassa meninx is thicker and harder then all other membranes in the Body; whereupon it hath got the name of the Dura mater; besides also, it begirts, produces, and defends the other membranes.

The use of it is to involve all the Brain, and to keep it when it is dilated, that it be not hurt by the hardness of the skull. For the course of nature is such, that it always places some third thing of a middle nature, betwixt two contraries. Also the Crassa meninx yields another commodity, which is, that it carries the veins and arteries, entring the skull for a long space. For they insinu∣ate themselves into that part, where the duplicate or folded Meninges separate the Brain from the Cerebellum, and so from thence they are led by the sides of the Cerebellum, until they come (as it were) to the top thereof; where being united, they insinuate themselves into that other part of the Crassa meninx, where, in like manner being duplicated and doubled, it parts the Brain at the top into the right and left. These united veins run in a direct passage even to the forehead, after the manner of the Sagittal suture; They have called this passage of the mutually infolded veins, the Torcular or Press, because the blood which nourishes the Brain, is pressed and drops from thence by the infinite mouths of these small veins. Therefore also here is another use of the Cras∣sa meninx, to distinguish the Brain by its duplication, being it thrusts it self deep into its Body, in∣to two parts, the fore and hind, and presently to separate the same into the right and left; that one part being hurt, the other may remain safe and sound, performing its duty to the creature, as we see in some that have the Palsey. Columbus observed that this Meninx was double, and verily I have found it true by m own sight.

The other Meninx or Membrane of the Brain, called Pia mater, is most slender interchased with divers veins and arteries, for its own and the brains nourishment and life. This doth not on∣ly involve the Brain, as the Crassa meninx doth, but also more deeply penetrate in the anfractuous passages thereof, that it may every where joyn and bind it to it self, not easily to be drawn from thence, by many small fibers, whereby it descends even to the cavities of the ventricles thereof. Wherefore you must see it absolutely in the site, as we have mentioned, and not pluck it away unless with the substance of the Brain.

These membranes when they are hurt or afflicted, cause grievous and most bitter torment and pain; wherefore I dare say, that these membranes are rather the authors of sense, than the Brain it self, because in diseases of the Brain, as in the Lethargy, the part affected is troubled with little or no sense of pain.

CHAP. VI. Of the Brain.

NOw followeth the Brain, the beginning of the nerves and voluntary motion, the instru∣ment of the first and principal faculty of the Soul, that is, the Animal and Rational. Man hath this part in greater plenty then any other Creature, for it almost fils the whole skull. But if it should have filled it all, the Brain could not be moved, that is, dilated and con∣tracted in the skull. It is of a cold and moist Temperature. The laudable Temper of the Brain is known by the integrity and perfection of the internal and external senses, the indifferency of sleep and waking, the maturity of ripeness of judgment, and constancy of opinions, from which, unless it meet with better and more probable, it is not easie to be moved.

[illustration]

The first figure of the Head, as it appears when the Skull is taken away. The second figure shewing the Brain, the skull and Dura mater being taken off.

• AA, BB, The Dura meninx, or thick membrane.
• CCC, the third Sinus of this mem∣brane.
• DD, the course of the veins as they run through the membrane or the second vein of the Brain.
• EE, the first vein of the brain.
• FFF, Certain small veins which perforate the skull, nnd reach to the Pericranium, or skull-skin.
• GGG, Fibers of the Dura meninx passing through the Coronal Su∣ture, which fibers make the Pe∣ricranium.
• HH, fibers passing through the sa∣gittal Suture.
• II, others passing through the Lambdal Suture.
• K, a knub which useth to grow to the Sinus of the skull.
• L, a cavity in the forehead-bone.
• M, the skull.
• N, the Pericranium or skull-skin.

Fig. 2.

• AAA, a part of the Crasse me∣ninx dividing the brain.
• BB, the third Sinus of the same Crasse membrane opened.
• CC, the beginning of the vessels out of the third Sinus into the Pia mater.
• DDD, the propagation, or branches, of these vessels.
• EEE, the Pia mater, or thin me∣ninx, immediately compassing the brain.
• FFF, certain vessels running through the convolutions or bran∣ches of the brain.
• GGG, certain branches of veins running through the sides of the dura meninx.
• HHH, the thick membrane reflected downward.

You shall know the brain is more hot, by the quickness of the senses and motions of the body, by shortness of sleep, the suddain conceiving of opinions, and change of them, by the slippery and failing memory, and lastly, by easily receiving hurt from hot things, as the Sun and Fire. Such as have a cold Brain, are slow to learning, and to conceive other things, but they do not easily put away their once conceived opinions. They have slow motion to action, and are sleepy. Those who have a dry Brain, are also slow to learn; for you shall not easily imprint any thing in dry bodies, but they are most constant retainers of those things they have once learned; also the motions of their bodies are quick and nimble. Those who have a moist Brain do easily learn, but

have an ill memory, for with like facility as they admit the species of things and imprint them in their minds, do they suffer them to slide and slip out of it again. So clay doth easily admit what character or impression soever you will, but the parts of this clay, which easily gave way to this impression, going together again, mixes, obliterates and confounds the same. Therefore the senses proceeding from a cold Brain are dull, the motions slow, the sleep profound.

The action of the Brain is to elaborate the Animal Spirit and necessary sense serving the whole body, and to subject it self as an instrument to the principal faculties, as to reason. The brain is twofold, the fore and hind, The hind by reason of its smalness is called the Cerebellum, (the little or After-brain). But the fore by reason of its magnitude hath retained the absolute name of the Brain. Again, this fore-Brain is twofold, the right and left, parted by that depression, which we formerly mentioned, of the Meninges into the body of the Brain. But this division is not to be here so absolutely taken, as though the Brain were exactly divided, and separated into so many parts; but in the sense as we say the Liver and Lungs are divided a pretty way, whereas at their Basis they have one continued body. The outward surface of the Brain is soft, but the inward hard, callous and very smooth; when on the contrary, the outward appears indented and unequal with many windings, and crested, as it were, with many wormlike foldings.

CHAP. VII. Of the Ventricles and Mamillary Processes of the Brain.

FOr the easie demonstration of the Ventricles of the Brain, it is convenient you cut away a large portion thereof, and in your cutting, observe the blood sweating out of the pores of it. But besides, it is fit you consider the spongy substance by which the excrements of the Brain are heaped up, to be presently strained out, and sent away by the hollow passage. In the substance of the Brain you must observe four Ventricles, mutually conjoyned by certain passages, by which the spirits endued with the species of things sensible, may go from one into another. The first and two greater, one on each side are placed in the upper Brain. The third is under them in the middle part of the Brain. The fourth and last at the foreside of the Cerebellum, towards the beginning of the spinal marrow. The two formost are extended the length way of the Brain in the form of a semicircle, whose horns look or bend outwards. They are spacious and large, be∣cause it was meet the Spirits contained there together with their excrements, should be there pu∣rified and clensed; but in other Ventricles, the pure and already elaborate spirits are only re∣ceived. These Ventricles are white and smooth in their inner superficies; but, that on each side they have an extuberancy at the midst of the semicircle, situate at the basis of the Pillar of the middle Ventricle towards the Nose under the Septum lucidum, or clear Partition, severing or parting in sunder these two Ventricles.

The Septum lucidum, or clear or thin partition, is nothing else than a portion of the Brain indif∣ferently solid, but very clear, that so through this partition the animal spirits contained in these two Ventricles, may mutually pass and be communicated, and yet no other grosser substance may pierce the thin density thereof.

[illustration]

The third Figure represents the Cerebellum with the wormy processes separated from it.

• AB, The right and left part of the After-brain.
• CD, the Anterior and Posterior regions of the middle part of the After-brain.
• E, the anterior wormy process.
• F, the posterior wormy process.
• GG, in this place the After-brain did grow to the spinal marrow.
• H, the cavity in the spinal marrow maketh the fourth ventricle.
• IK, the Anterior and Posterior processes of the Brain, called vermi-formes, or the wormy-processes.

Wherefore it is not to be feared, that the water contained in one of the Ventricles may pass to the other through this partition, as I have oft-times observed to the great admiration of the spectators in the dead bodies of such as dyed of the Palsie, in which I have found the ventricle of that side which was taken with the Palsie much dilated, according to the quantity of the water contained therein, the other being either wholly empty and without any; or cer∣tainly no fuller than in any other, dead through any other occasion. For some affirm, that there is a certain kind of waterish moisture alwayes to be found in the Ventricles, which may be made by the condensation of the Animal Spirits by the force of the deadly cold. But these two first Ventricles of the Brain go into one common passage, as both the bellows of a fornace,

whereby the spirit instructed with the species of things goes into the under, or middle Ven∣tricle from the former. In these same first Ventricles, the Plexus Choroides is to be considered, and in like manner the passage by which the grosser excrements are driven or sent into the pitui∣tary Glandule.

This Plexus Chorides is nothing else, but a production of the Pia mater diversly folded with the mutual implication of veins and arteries woven in the form of a Net. These vessels are of magnitude and capacity sufficient, both to yield life and nourishment to that particle to which they are fastened, as also for the generation of the Animal spirits, as which take fit matter from the veins stretched forth into the same Plexus, the hind-artery and vein Torcular, and also from the air entring into the Brain by the mamillary processes. But the Mamillary processes are certain common ways for conveyance of the air and smells into the Brain, and carrying of excre∣ments from the Brain.

For thus in them who have the Catarrhe and Coriza, or Pose, neither the air, nor smels can penetrate into the Brain; whence frequent sneesings ensue, the Brain strongly moving it self to the expulsion of that which is troublesome to it. But of the excrements of the Brain, whether bred there, or proceeding from some other part, some are of a fumid and vaporous nature, which breathe insensibly through the Sutures of the skull; Others are gross and viscid, of which a great part is expelled by both these productions, or through each of them. For thus in the Pose you may see some who have one of their Nostrils stopt, the other running, and some who have both obstructed. The most proper benefit of the two first Ventricles of the Brain is to entertain the Phantasie, as in a convenient seat and habitation, see∣ing the mind there estimates and disposes in order the species of things brought in from the ex∣ternal senses, that so it may receive a true judgment of them from reason, which resides in the middle Ventricle.

The third Ventricle is seated between the hindermost extremities of the former Ventricles, and the last Ventricle of the Cerebellum. In this, six parts present themselves to our consideration, that is, the Psalloides or Arch, the Conarium or pine Glandule, the Buttocks, wormlike produ∣ductions, the Bason, and Passage which is from this middle into the last and hindmost ventricle. The Psalloides, or Arch, is nothing else, but the cover of the middle ventricle, resembling a roof, born up with three stays or pillars, the one whereof is extended to the Nose under the Sep∣tum lucidum; the two other on each side one, look toward the back-part of the Brain. This is the reason of this figure which is outwardly convex, and inwardly concave, to wit, that there might be free space for that motion which the Animal spirit inwardly produces and besides, that it might more easily sustain the burden of the Brain lying upon it. For an arched figure is the most convenient of all other to sustain a weight.

The Conarium, or Pine-glandule, is a small Glandule of the same substance with the Brain, round and somewhat long, like a Pine-Apple, from whence it hath the name; this Glandule is seated over against a small hole which descends to the lowest ventricle. It hath this use, to strengthen the division of the vessels led thither with the production of the Pia mater for the generation of the Animal spirits, and the life and nourishment of the Brain.

The Nates, or Buttocks, are subjected, or placed, under this Glandule, that is, bodies of a solid and white substance drawn out in length like a childs Buttocks, especially in Beasts, and chiefly in a sheep. These Buttocks have such a solid substance, that so they may keep open and free the passage, or channel, that runs down from the middle to the lower ventricle, by means of which the Brain participates with the Cerebellum.

The Worm is a production of the Cerebellum, or After-brain, to wit, a portion of the same be∣ing in the top, or beginning, and as it were in the entrance thereof, being like many little circles, or wheels, mutually knit together by slender membranes; and it is so called because it resembles those thick white worms which are found in rotten wood. It doth, as it were, perform the office of a Porter to the formerly mentioned passage, that it may give way and entrance into the Cerebel∣lum, to a necessary quantity of spirits, when need requires; lest that, if they should rush with a sodain violence into the Cerebellum, they might confound the imprinted notions of things to be remembred.

The Pelvis, or Bason, is a passage appointed for the carrying away of the gross excrements by the Palate; and is so called, because it hath the similitude and use of a Bason, or Tunnel: it descends from the third ventricle into the Glandule which is seated between the processes of the wedg-bone, called the saddle thereof, as you may perceive by putting in a spathern. Now there remains the last of the six parts proposed to our consideration in the third ventricle, that is, the Channel, or Passage, running from this third ventricle into the fourth, for the use formerly mentioned.

This Channel descending in its original from the Bason, goes from thence under the But∣tocks into the last Ventricle, the Meninges being perforated; which, that you may shew, it is fit you put the end of a Spathern through it. The benefit of a third Ventricle, is, that it may be as a Tribunal, or Judgment-seat, to the Reasoning faculty, when the mind will draw conclusions from things seen.

[illustration]

The fourth and fifth figure of the Brain.

• ...Figure 5.
  • RRR, The lower superficies of the callous body reflected.
  • STV, the triangular surface of the Fornix or Arch.
  • XX, the lower part of the partition of the Ven∣tricles continuated with the Arch.
  • YY, the upper part of the partition continued with the callous body.
• ...Figure 6.
  • AAA, the lower surface of the Arch.
  • BC, two corners of the Arch, by which it is con∣tinuated with the Ventricles.
  • DE, the right and left Ventricles.
  • FG, Arteries climbing up from the sleepy arte∣ries through the lower side of the Ventricles, for the forming of that complication of the Vessels, which is called Plexus Choroides.
  • H, a vessel issuing out of the fourth Sinus under the Arch, and passing into the third Ven∣tricle.
  • IKL, the division of this vessel, a part whereof goeth to the right Ventricle at K, and another to the left at L.
  • MN, the Plexus Choroides made of the Artery FG, and the vessel H.
  • OO, Small veins passing through the Ventricles of the Brain, produced from the Vessels K, and L.
  • P, other veins arising from the same, dispersed without the Ventricles into the Pia mater.
  • Q, a passage from the third Ventricle unto the Bason, or Tunnel.
  • RS, Canales, or Sinus, graven or furrowed in the substance of the ventricles; in which the phlegm is led along to the orifice of the fore∣said passage marked with Q.

The Sixth figure of the Brain.

• ...Figure 10.
  • AA, Parts of the spinal marrow cut from the Brain.
  • BC, the places where this marrow did grow unto the Brain.
  • DE, the Testicles.
  • FG, the Buttocks.
  • H. the Pine-Glandule.
  • From I to K, a part of the third Ventricle going to the fourth, under the Testicles.
  • KLMN, a part of the fourth Ventricle which is engraven in the marrow.
  • O, the top of the fourth Ventricle.
  • P, the place where the spinal marrow goeth out of the skull.
• ...Figure 11.
  • AB, Parts of the optick nerves.
  • CD, the sleepy arteries.
  • E, the Bason or Tunnel hanging down.
  • F, a hole or perforation of the Dura me∣ninx, through which the Tunnel reach∣eth unto the Glandule.
  • GG, Parts of the second conjugation of si∣news.
  • Figure 12. A, the Glandule. B, the Bason, or Tunnel, called Pelvis or Infundibulum. CDEF, the four holes through which the phlegmatick excrement issueth.

The fourth ventricle seated in the place we formerly mentioned; it is less than the rest, but more solid; less as that which was not to receive the spirit before it was purified, and clensed

from all impurities; but more solid, that it might contain it the safer. The use thereof is, to be as a treasury and store-house of the opinion, and judgments which reason shall decree, that when need requires, we may fetch and draw them from thence as laid up in store. I know Galen and the Greek Physitians have not so distinguished in places, the three fore-mentioned faculties; but have written, that they all are all over-confused through the whole substance of the Brain, which opinion also Fernelius in his Pathologia hath renewed. Yet I had rather follow this opinion, as commonly received and celebrated by the Arabian Physitians.

The Mamillary processes are the instruments and passages of Smelling, being of the same sub∣stance with the Brain, and like Nerves, which run out from the hind-horns of the upper or fore∣most ventricles of the Brain to the Ethmoides and spongy bones of the Nose, that hence they may receive the divers kinds of Smells, and carty them into the Brain. But although they be like Nerves, yet they are not accounted Nerves, because they go not out of the Skull.

CHAP. VIII. Of the seven Conjugations of the Nerves of the Brain, so called, because they alwayes shew the Nerves conjugated and doubled; that is, on each side one.

THe Nerves are the ways and instruments of the Animal spirit and faculty, as of which those Spirits are vehicles, as long as they are contained in the Brain; they consist of the only and simple marrowey substance of the Brain, or spinal marrow. But passing forth of the Brain, they have another membranous substance which involves them, joyned with them from the two membranes of the Brain; and according to the opinion of some Anatomists, they have al∣so a third from the ligaments, drawn as well from divers others, as from these by which they are tyed to the Vertebra':; Yet this opinion seems absurd to me, seeing such a membrane, as that which is insensible, wholly repugnes the condition of a Nerve, which is to give sense to the parts to which it is inserted.

The magnitude of the Nerves is different, according to the divers necessity of sense incident to the parts into which they are are inserted. Their figure is round, and long, like to a Conduit-pipe to carry water in; the membranes of the Brain, with which the Nerves are covered, being dilated and stretched over them, after the same manner that the processes of the Peritonaeum involves the spermatick vessels, with which they go down to the Testicles, and take life and nourishment by the capillary Veins and Arteries, which descend to them with the membranes. They are made for this use, that they may impart sense to the sensitive parts, and motion to those that are fit to be moved. All the Nerves descend from the Brain either mediately, or immediately; their Num∣ber is seven and thirty pair, or conjugations; whereof seven have their original immediately from the Brain, the other thirty from the spinal marrow.

The first Conjugation of the Nerves of the Brain is thicker than all the rest, and goes to the eyes, to carry the visive spirit to them. These arising from divers parts of the Brain, in the mid∣dle way before they go out of the Skull meet together croswise like the Iron of a Mill (which is fastened in the upper stone) going into one common passage with their cavities not visible to the eye; that so the spirits brought by those two Nerves may be communicated, and they are mutual∣ly joyned and meet together so, that being driven back from one eye they may flie back into the other. An argument whereof may be drawn from such as aim at any thing, who shutting one of their eyes see more accurately; because the force of the neighbouring spirits united into one eye, is more strong than when it is dispersed into both. This conjugation, when it comes in∣to the glassie humor, is spent in the structure of the Net-like coat which contains this humor on the back-part.

The second conjugation goes into many parts, at its passing forth of the Skull; and in the bot∣tom of the circle of the eye it is distributed into the seven muscles moving the eyes.

The third is twofold, in the passage out of the Skull, it is likewise divided into many branches, of which some are carryed to the temporal muscles, into the Masseteres, or grinding muscles into the skin of the face, forehead, and nose; Othersome are sent into the upper part of the Cheek, and the parts belonging to it, as into the teeth, gums, and the muscles of the upper lip; and those which are called the round, which incompass the mouth on the inside; the last are wasted in the coat of the tongue, to bestow upon it the sense of tasting.

The fourth Conjugation is much smaller, and is almost wholly wasted upon the coat of the Pa∣lat of the mouth, to endue it also with the sense of tasting.

The fifth at its original, and having not as yet passed forth of the skull, is divided into two, and sends the greater portion thereof to the hole of the ear, or passage of hearing, that it may sup∣port the audory faculty; and it sends forth the other lesser portion thereof to the temporal mus∣cles by the passage next to it; by which the second Conjugation passes forth.

The sixt being the greatest next to the first, passing entire forth of the skull, imparts some small branches to certain muscles of the neck and throttle, and then descending into the chest, it makes the recurrent nerves; and dispersed over all the parts of the two lower Bellies, it passes even to the bladder and testicles, as we shewed in the former book.

The seventh is inserted and spent upon the muscles of the bone Hyois, the tongue, and some of the throttle, to give them motion; it passes forth of the skull by the hole of the Nowl-bone at the extuberancies thereof.

[illustration]

The seventh Figure shewing the eighth Conjugation of the Nerves of the Brain.

• AA 1, 2, The Brain.
• BB 1, 2, the After-brain.
• CC 1, 2, the smelling of the brain, which some call the Mamillary processes.
• D 1, the beginning of the spinal marrow out of the basis of the brain.
• F 1, 2, a part of the spinal marrow when it is ready to issue out of the skull.
• FF 1, 2, the mamillary processes which serve for the sense of smelling.
• GG 1, 2, the Optick nerves.
• H 1, the coition or union of the optick nerves.
• II 1, 2, the Coat of the eye whereinto the optick nerves are extended.
• KK 1, 2, the second pair of the sinews ordained for the motion of the eyes.
• LL 1, 2, the third pair of sinews, or, according to the most Anatomists, the lesser root of the third pair.
• MM 1, 2, the fourth pair of sinews, or the great∣er root of the third pair.
• N 2, a branch of the third conjugation derived to the musculous skin of the fore-head.
• O 2, a branch of the same to the upper jaw.
• PP 2, another into the coat of the nostrils.
• Q 2, another into the temporal muscles.
• R 2, a branch of the fourth conjugation crumpled like the tendril of a vein.
• S 2, a branch of the same reaching unto the up∣per teeth, and the gums.
• T 2, another of the same to the lower jaw.
• V 2, a surcle of the branch T, to the lower lip.
• XX 2, another surcle from the branch T, to the roots of the lower teeth.
• YY 2, the assumption of the nerves of the fourth conjugation unto the coat of the tongue.
• Z 1, 2, the fourth pair are vulgarly so called which are spent into the coats of the palat.
• a 1, 2, the fifth pair of sinews which belong to the hearing.
• φ, the Auditory-nerve, spred abroad into the ca∣vity of the stony bone.
• *, a hard part of the fifth conjugation above, the * which may be counted for a distinct nerve.
• b 1, 2, a small branch derived from this harder part of the first pair.
• c 1, 2, a lower branch from the same original.
• d 1, 2, this nerve is commonly ascribed to the fifth pair; but indeed is a distinct conjugation, which we will call the Eighth, because we would not interrupt the order of other m••ns accounts.
• e 1, 2, the sixt pair of sinews.
• f 2, a branch from them derived to the neck, and the muscles couched thereupon.
• g 2, another branch to the muscles of the Larinx, or throttle.
• h 1, 2, the seventh pair of sinews.
• i 1, the u∣nion of the seventh pair with the sixt.
• l 2, a propagation of the seventh pair to those muscles which arise from the Appendix called Stiloides.
• m 2, surcles from the seventh conjugation to the muscles of the tongue, the bone Hyois, and the Larinx.
• opq 1, three holes; through the hole o the phlegm issueth out of the third ventricle of the Brain to the Tunnel; and at pq, is the passage of the Soporary arteries to the ven∣tricles of the Brain.

CHAP. IX. Of the Rete Mirabile, or wonderful Net, and of the Wedg-bone.

THe Animal spirit is made of the vital, sent from the Heart by the internal sleepy Arteries to the Brain. For it was requisite, that it should be the more elaborate, because the action of the Animal is more excellent than that of the vital; Nature hath framed a texture of Ar∣teries in many places running cross one another, in the form of a Net divers times doubled; (whereupon it had the name of the wonderful Net) that so the spirit by longer delay in these Labyrinthian or maze-like turnings, might be perfectly concocted and elaborate, and attain to a greater fitness to perform the Animal functions.

This wonderful Net situate at the sides of the Apophyses clinoides, or productions of the wedg-bone, is two-fold; that is, divided by the pituitary Glandule, which is situate between the said

Apophyses Clinoides, having the wedg-bone lying under them, next to the Crassa Meninx, being perforated on the right and left side, next to which lye bones as rare as a sponge even to the Pa∣lat, by which the Phlegm is purged by the mouth and nose; and there-hence, I think, that spat∣tle flows, which such as have a moist Brain, continually spit out of their mouth.

[illustration]

The Eighth Figure of the Brain.

• A, The brain.
• B, the Cerebellum, or after-brain.
• C, a process of the Brain, but not that is called Mamillaris.
• DD, the marrow of the back as it is yet within the skull.
• E, the Mamillary process or instru∣ment of smelling.
• F, the optick nerve.
• G, the coat of the Eye into which the optick nerve is spread.
• H, the nerve that moveth the Eye or the second pair.
• I, the third conjugation, or the harder and lesser branch of the nerves of the third conjugation brought for∣ward.
• K, the fourth conjugation or the great∣er and thicker nerve of the third pair bending downward.
• L, a branch of the nerve marked with I, which goeth to the fore-head.
• M, another branch of the nerve I, reaching to the upper jaw.
• NN, a nerve proceeding from the branch I, intexed or woven with the coat of the nose.
• O, the nerve of the temporal muscle issuing from the branch I.
• P, a nerve contorted of the nerves K and b.
• Q, a nerve proceeding from the branch K, to the sockets of the up∣per teeth.
• R, a nerve creeping from the nerve K to the lower Jaw.
• S, a surcle of the branch R, offered to the lower lip.
• TT, other surcles from the branch R, attaining to the lower teeth.
• VV, a branch of the nerve K, diffused into the coat of the tongue.
• XX, the fourth pair of sinews which go into the coat of the palat.
• Y, the fifth pair of sinews which are the nerves of hearing.
• a, the membrane of the ear, unto which that fifth nerve goeth.
• bc, two small branches of the fifth conjugation uniting themselves with the nerve P.
• d, the eighth conjugation or a nerve of the fifth pair attaining unto the face.
• ee, the sixt pair of nerves.
• f, a branch from the nerve e, reaching to the muscles of the neck.
• g, small branches derived unto the throttle, or Larinx.
• h, the bifurcation of the nerve into two branches.
• iii, an inner branch hanging to the rack-bones, and strengthening the intercostal nerves, and is therefore called intercostalis.
• kk, surcles of the utter branch going to the heads of the muscles, to the breast-bone, and to the coller-bones.
• lm, branches of the right nerve l, making the right recurrent nerve.
• mn, the in∣sertion of the recurrent sinews into the muscles of the larinx.
• op, branches of the left-nerve making the left recurrent sinew p.
• qq, branches from the sixth conjugation going to the coat of the lungs.
• r, small nerves of the heart, and of the purse thereof called the Pericardium, as also some approaching to the coats of the lungs.
• s, nerves on either side sent to the stomach.
• t, the right stomach-nerve going to the left orifice of the stomach.
• uu, the left stomach-nerve going to the right orifice of the stomach.
• x, a nerve from the branch u, passing into the hollowness of the liver.
• y, the nerve belonging to the right side of the kell.
• z, the nerve belonging to the colick-gut.
• α, a nerve creeping to the gut called duodenum, and the beginning of the jejunum, or empty gut.
• β, a nerve implanted in the right side of the bottom of the stomach.
• γ, a nerve be∣longing to the liver and bladder of gall
• δ, a nerve reaching to the right kidney.
• ε, a branch reaching the Mesenterium, and the guts.
• ζ, a branch sprinkled to the right part of the bladder.
• η, a branch going through the left part of the kel.
• θ, surcles derived to the colick-gut and the kel.
• κ, small branches in∣serted into the Spleen.
• λλ, a nerve approaching to the left side of the bottom of the stomach.
• μ, a branch be∣longing to the left side of the Mesentery and the guts.
• ν, a branch which attaineth to the left kidney.
• ξ, small nerves creeping through the left side of the bladder.
• ο, the seven pair of sinews.
• π, a branch de∣rived from the sixt conjugation to the muscles which arise from the process called Styloides.
• ρ, a

[illustration]

• branch of the seventh conjugation which goeth to the muscles of the tongue, of the bone hyois, and of the throttle, or larynx.
• ς, a conjunction or coition of the 6. and 7. pair into one nerve.

These Apophyses clinoides are certain productions of the Os basilare, or Wedg-bone, (called the Saddle thereof,) between which, as I said, the pituitary glandule lies with part of the Wonderful Net. There is a great controversie amongst Anatomists concerning this part; for, Vesalius de∣nies that it is in man; Columbus admits it; yet he seems to confound it with the Plexus Choroides. Truly, I have observed it always after the manner, as Sylvius alledges against Vesalius. It remains, that we recite the perforations of the skull, because the knowledg of these much conduces to the understanding of the insertions of the veins, arteries, and nerves.

CHAP. X. Of the holes of the inner Basis of the Skull.

IN the first place are reckoned the holes of the bone Ethmoides; then those of the Optick-nerves. Thirdly, of the nerves moving the Eyes. Fourthly, of that portion, of the nerves of the fourth conjugation which go to the temporal muscles. Fiftly, are reckoned those holes scarce visible, situate under the pituitary glandule, by which the spittle is evacuated. Sixthly, that hole which is in the wedg-bone made for the entrance into the internal sleepy Arteries, com∣posing the Wonderful Net, and then passing into the brain by a great Slit. That perforation which we reckon in the seventh place is commonly double, made for the entrance of one of the bran∣ches of the internal Jugular-vein. The eighth hole is somewhat long, of an Oval figure, by which, part of the third conjugation and all the fourth conjugation passes forth. The ninth are the audi∣tory passages. The tenth are very small holes, and give way to the vein and artery going to the auditory passage, above the foramen caecum. In the eleventh place are reckoned the perforations which yield passage forth to the sixth pair of nerves, to part of the sleepy Arteries, and of the internal Jugular. In the twelfth, those which yield a way out to the seventh conjugation. The great hole of the Nowl-bone through which the spinal marrow passes, is reckoned the thirteenth. The fourteenth is that, which most commonly is behind that great Hole, by which the Cervical veins and arteries enter in.

CHAP. XI. Of the perforations of the External Basis of the Brain.

THere is a hole on each side at the Eye-brows, by which passes a small nerve from the third conjugation coming out of the cavity of the Orb of the Eye, and going by the forehead bone to the Eye-brows, that it may give motion to the two muscles of the upper Eye-brow and fore-head. Yet oftentimes the hole is but to be seen on one side, oft-times there is a cleft in stead thereof, other-whiles it is not perforated nor cleft at all. The second, is the per∣foration of the greater corner of the Eye, by which a portion of the nerves of the third conjuga∣tion descends to the coat of the nose; in this hole the Glandula Lachrymalis is seated. The third is seated under the Eye, that it may give way to the other portion of the nerves of the third conju∣gation going to the part of the face, and the teeth of the upper Jaw. The fourth is at the begin∣ning of the Palat, amongst the cutting or shearing-teeth, through which a vein, an artery, and the coat of the Palat passes out. In the fifth order, are reckoned the perforations of the Palat, by which the nerves descend from the fourth conjugation, to give, or cause the taste. In the sixt order are ranked the holes of the Palat serving for the respiration, and the flegm falling from the Brain by the Nostrils. And there is a cleft under the yoke-bone ascending into the Orb of the Eye, by which there is a way, as well for the nerves of the third conjugation to the temporal muscles, as also for certain veins and arteries. But also, there is noted another hole at the mamillary pro∣cess, which is not perforated in the judgment of the sense. Besides, there is thought to be another at the hind root of the same process, by which a certain small vein passes from the Jugular to the Tor∣cular. But I have only noted these three passages by the way, because there is so much variety in them, that nothing can be certainly said of them.

CHAP. XII. Of the Spinal Marrow, or Pith of the Back.

THe Spinal Marrow is like a River running from the fountain of the Brain. This sends nerves for sense and motion to all the neigbouring parts under the head, spreading its branches as from the body of a tree. These branches, as we shall hereafter shew, are on each side thirty. This same Spinal Marrow is covered with the two membranes investing the Brain, distinguished by no distance of place, as in the Brain. But also it hath another membrane added to these, being very hard and dense, which keeps it from being broken and violated by the violent bending of the body forwards and about. The diseases of this marrow do almost cause

the like Symptoms, as the diseases of the Brain; For they hurt the sense and motion of all the parts lying beneath them: as, for example; If any of the vertebra's of the back-bone, be moved out of their place, there follows a distortion or wresting aside of the Marrow; but then especial∣ly if it happen that one of the vertebra's be strained, so sharp and bitter a compression urges the marrow by reason of the bony body of the vertebra, that it will either rend it, or certainly hin∣der the passage of the spirit by it. But by these same holes of the vertebra's the veins and arteries go to the spinal marrow for to give life and nourishment to it, as the nerves by them pass forth into all the lower parts of the body.

Figure 1. sheweth the form of the spinal marrow properly so called, with its membranes, and the nerves pro∣ceeding from it.

Figure 2. the spinal marrow naked and bare, together with its nerves, as most part of Anatomists have de∣scribed it.

[illustration]

The tenth Figure of the Spinal Marrow.

• A, The beginning of the spinal marrow where it fals out of the skull.
• B, the thickness thereof in the spondels or rack-bones of the loins.
• C, the division thereof into strings, or hairy threds.
• D, the seven nerves of the neck.
• From D. to E. or from 7. to 19. shew the nerves of the back.
• From E. to F. the nerves of the loins.
• From F. to G. the nerves of the Os sacrum, or holy-bone.
• H, the end of the marrow.
• IKL, do shew how the nerves do issue from the marrow in strings.
• MM, the knots of the sinews made of the con∣junction of those strings.
• N, O, the membranes that invest the marrow.

Figure 2.

• A, the beginning of the spinal marrow in the skull.
• 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, these Characters shew (according to Vesalius opinion) how the conjugations of the nerves of the Brain do take their original skull from the marrow remaining yet without the
• B, the egress of the spinal marrow out of the skull.
• C, the cords or strings whereinto it is divided.
• D 7, the marrow of the neck and seven pair of sinews.
• E 19, twelve pair, or conjugations, of nerves proceeding from the marrow of the Chest.
• F 24, the marrow of the loins, and 5 pair of si∣news.
• G 30, the marrow of the Holy-bone, and 6 pair of sinews.
• H, the extremity, or end, of the spinal mar∣row.

The End of the Fifth Book.

Notes

• What the head is.

  Why seated in the highest place.
• The figure.
• The division thereof.
• The contain∣ing parts of the Head.
• The parts contained.
• What the hair is.

  The use there∣of.
• What the hairy scalp is.
• Its connexion
• Our Author (with Fallopius & Laurentius) confounds the pericranium and periostium: but Vesalius Baubinus and Bartheolinus distinguish them, making the pericranium thin and soft, and the periostium most thin and nervous, and of most exquisite sense.
• Why the wounds there∣of must not be neglected.

  The Perecrani∣um and peri∣ostium of the same nature. Whence all the membranes proceed.

  Why when any membranous part is hurt in any part of the body, the head is affected by consent.
• The use of the Pericranium.
• Their use and number.
• Some skulls want Sutures.
• Cels. lib.. Cap. 40.
• Why the scull consists of divers bones.
• In what bodies and by what mean, the vena pupis some∣times enters into the parts within the skull.
• In what men one part of the head, being stricken, the opposite is broken.
• Why we must not apply a Trepan to the Sutures.
• What the Cra∣nium is.
• Why the nowl-bone is harder than the rest
• My Author means by the Os Basilare in this place the wedg-bone: but some Anato∣mists make it a Synonyma of this Os Occipi∣tis.

  The forehead-bone, next to the nowl-bone is harder th••n the rest.

  A Cavity to be observed in the forehead-bone.
• Ossa parietalia & Bregmatis.
• Ossa petrosa, or the scaly bones.
• Os sphenoides, or the wedg-bone.
• Os Ethmoides, or Cribrosum.
• The three bones of the Auditory passage.
• By what means a Chirurgeon may conjecture that there are extraordinary Sutures in certain places of the skull. The skulls of such as inhabit the Southern countreys, are more hard and dense.
• We must ob¦serve the extu∣berancies be∣sides nature, which are in some skulls.
• The Site and Substance of the Diploe.
• There may be a deadly rup∣ture of the Vessels of the Brain without any fracture of the skull.

  Caution to be had in the use of the Trepan.
• Why the Bone Ethmoides is perforated.
• The con∣sistence of the Crassa meninx.
• The use.
• What the Torcular is.
• One part of the brain being hurt, the other keeps the creature alive. The con∣sistence of the Pia mater.
• The sense of the Meninges.
• What the Brain is.
• The quantity.
• Temper.
• The Action.
• Number.
• The substance of the Brain is porous, and sweats forth blood.
• The four ven∣tricles thereof.
• The magnitude of the upper ventricles of the Brain.
• The Septum Lucidum.
• Why the Pal∣sie of one side is not presently communicated to the other.
• The Plexus Choroides.
• The Processus Mamillares.
• The use of the upper ventri∣cles of the Brain.
• The seat of the third ventricle of the Brain.
• The parts to be considered in it.
• What the For∣nix, or Arch is, and the use thereof.
• What the Co∣narium or pine-Glandule is.
• What the Nates or But∣tocks are.
• What the worm is.
• Here the Pel∣vis or Bason is confounded with the Tun∣nel.
• The Channel from the third into the fourth ventricle.
• The use of the Mamillary processes.
• What a Nerve or Sinew is.
• Its substence. Whether the Nerve have a third mem∣brane from the Ligaments of the Vertebra's.
• Their magni∣tude. Their figure.
• Their use.
• Their number.
• The first con∣jugation of Nerves.
• The second conjugation.
• The third con∣jugation.
• The fourth conjugation.
• The fift conju∣gation.
• The sixt con∣jugation.
• The seventh conjugation.
• The existence of the Animal Spirit.

  What the Rete Mirabile is.
• The site and number.
• What the Apo∣physes Clinoides are.
• Whether the Rete mirabile differs from the Plexus Cho∣roides.
• What the Spi∣nal Marrow is.
• The coats of the Spinal Marrow.
• The diseases from the hurt∣ing of the spi∣nal marrow.