The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

The Third BOOK. Of the Anatomy of MANS BODY. (Book 3)

I Following the custom and the manner of such as before me have written of Anato∣my, will first, (that I may make the minds of the Readers more attentive had desirous of these studies) declare how necessary it is, and also how profitable; and then shew the order to be observed in it, before I come to the particular description of Man's body.

Furthermore how Anatomy may be defined, and the manner of the definition of the parts.* 1.1 For the first, the knowledg of Anatomy seems in my judgment very necessary to those that de∣sire to excel, or attain to perfection of Physick; that is, whereby they may be able to preserve the present health of the body, and the parts thereof, and drive away diseases. For how can ei∣ther Physitian or Chirurgeon preserve health by the use of the like things, which consists in the temperament, conformation, and natural union of the parts; or expel the disease which hurts those three, by the like use of their contraries, unless he shall know the nature and composure of the body, and understand, as by the rule of this knowledg, how much it swerves from the nature thereof? Wherefore it is excellently said of Hippocrates; that the Physitian,* 1.2 called to cure the sick Patient, ought diligently to consider, whether those things that are in him, or appear to be in him, be like or unlike, that is, whether the Patient be like himself and his own nature in all his parts and functions, temperature, composure and union; that he may preserve those which are yet contained in the bounds of nature, and restore those that are gone astray.* 1.3 Which thing Galen hath also confirmed, specially where he saith, He must well know the nature and structure or composure of the bones, who takes upon him to restore them broken or dislocated to themselves and their proper seats or places. Moreover seeing that healing doth not only consist in the know∣ledg of the disease, but as well in prescribing fit medicines and like application of them to the bo∣dy and the parts thereof, all which by their natural dissimilitude, do require unlike medicines,* 1.4 ac∣cording to Galens opinion: I prethe tell me, Who can perform this, which is ignorant of the de∣scription of the whole and the parts thereof, taught by Anatomy? We may say the like of the A∣pothecary, who ignorant of the situation of the parts in the body cannot apply Emplaisters, Oint∣ments, Cataplasms, Fomentations, Epithemes, bags to the fit places, as to the sutures of the skull,* 1.5 to the Heart, Liver, Stomach, Spleen, Reins, Womb, or Bladder. For example: let us imagine the Li∣ver to be troubled with a hot distemperatvre, but on the contrary, the stomach with a cold (which commonly happens, seeing the Liver hotter than ought to be, sends up many vapours to the head; from whence cold humors fall into the stomach) if hot things to be applyed to the stomach by the Physitians prescription, be by the Apothecary, making no difference, applyed, to both the stomach and neighbouring Liver (which may chance, if he be ignorant, that the stomach bends somewhat to the left side under the breast-blade; but the liver so takes up the right side of the body, that with a great part thereof, it covers almost all the stomach) will not he much offend by increasing the hot distemper of the liver, and not thereby giving ease, or help to the disease? Shall not, by this his ignorance, the Patient be frustrated of his desire the Physitian of his intent, and the medicine of its effect? By these examples I think it most manifest, that the Anatomical knowledg of the parts of the body is exceeding necessary to all Physitians, Chirurgeons, and Apothecaries, who will practise Physick with any praise to the glory of God, and the benefit and good of man, for whose sake we have writ these things, and illustrated them by figures, subjecting the parts to the eye, and fitly put them in their proper places.

But Anatomy is commodious four manner of ways; The first is,* 1.6 because thus we are led to the knowledg of God the Creator, as by the effect to the cause; for, as we read in St. Paul, The invi∣sible things of God are made manifest by the visible. The second is, that by means hereof we know the nature of mans body, and the parts thereof, whereby we may more easily and certainly judge and determ••n of sickness and health. The third is, that by the knowledg of the body and its parts, and together therewith its affections and diseases, we may prognosticate what is to come, and fore∣tell the events of diseases. Lastly, the fourth is, that, considering the nature of the diseased part, we may fitly prescribe medicines, and apply them in their due place.

Now we must declare in what order Anatomy may be fitly delivered; but first we must observe,* 1.7 there is a threefold Method; The first is called of Composition, being very commodious for the teaching of Arts, which Aristotle hath used in his Works of Logick, and natural Philosophy, the order and beginning taken from the least and most simple to the more compound. The second of Division, fit for the inventing or finding out of Sciences. Galen hath followed this order in his Books of Anatomical Administrations, and of the use of the parts. The third of Definition, which sheweth the nature and essence of things, as appears by Galen in his Book De Arte P••rva. And because this order doth also prosecute the divisions, therefore it is commonly ac∣customed to be comprehended in the compass of the second. Therefore I will follow this in my

Anatomical Treatise,* 1.8 dividing man's body into its parts, which I will not only subject to the eye in the way of knowing them, but also to the mind in the faithful understanding them. For, I will adjoyn those things that are delivered of them by Galen in his Book of Anatomy-Admini∣strations, with those which he hath taught in his Books of the use of the parts. For there he fitly layes the parts of mans body before our eyes, to the sense. But here he teaches to know them, not to see them; for he shews why, and for what use, they are made. Having briefly handled these things, we must declare what Anatomy is; that, as Cicero saith out of Plato's Phaedro, it may be understood of what we dispute. And because we attain that by definition (which is a short and plain speech, consisting of the Genus and Difference of the things defined, being the essential parts, by which the nature and essence of the thing is briefly and plainly explained) first we de∣fine Anatomy, then presently explain the particular parts of the definition.

* 1.9Wherefore Anatomy, (if you have regard to the name) is a perfect and absolute division, or ar∣tificial resolution of mans body into its parts, as well general as particular, as well compound as simple. Neither may this definition seem illegitimate; specially amongst Physitians and Chirur∣geons. For, seeing they are Artizans humiliated to the sense, they may use the proper and com∣mon qualities of things for their essential differences and forms.* 1.10 As on the contrary, Philosophers may refuse all definitions as spurious, which consist not of the next Genus, and the most proper, and essential differences. But seeing that, through the imbecillity of our understanding, such differences are unknown to us, in their places we are compelled, in defining things, to draw into one many common and proper accidents, to finish that definition which we intend: which for that cause we may more truly call a description, because for the matter and essential form of the thing, it presents us only the matter adorned with certain accidents. This appears by the former definition, in which Division and Resolution stand for the Genus, because they may be parted into divers others, as it were into species. That which is added over and besides, stands in place of the difference, because they separate and make different the thing it self from all other rash and unar∣tificial dissections. We must know, an artificial division, is no other than a separation of one part from another, without the hurt of the other, observing the proper circumscription of each of them; which if they perish or be defaced by the division, it cannot be said to be artificial. And thus much may suffice for the parts of the definition in general.

* 1.11For as much as belongs to the explication of each word; we said, of Mans body, because as much as lies in us, we take care of, preserve the health, and depel the diseases thereof: by which it may appear that mans body is the subject of Physick, not as it is mans, or consists of matter and form, but as it is partaker of health and sickness.

* 1.12We understand nothing else by a Part, according to Galen, than some certain body, which is not wholly disjoyned, nor wholly united with other bodies of their kinds; but so, that, according to his opinion, the whole be composed therewith, with which in some sort it is united, and in some kind separated from the same, by their proper circumscription. Furthermore by the parts in general,* 1.13 I understand the head, breast, belly, and their adjuncts. By the particular parts of those, I understand, the simple parts, as the similar, which are nine in number, as a gristle, bone, ligament, membrane, tendon, nerve, vein, arterie, musculous flesh; some add fibers, fat, marrow, the nails, and hairs; other omit them as excrements; but we must note that such parts are called simple, rather in the judgment of the sense, than of reason. For if any will more diligently consi∣der their nature, they shall find none absolutely simple, because they are nourished, have life and sense, either manifest or obscure, which happens not without a nerve, vein, and artery.

* 1.14But if any shall object, that no nerve is communicated to any bone, except the teeth; I will an∣swer, that nevertheless the bones have sense by the nervous fibers, which are communicated to them by the Periosteum, as by whose mediation the Periosteum is connext to the bones, as we see it happens to those membranes, which, involve the bowels. And the bones, by this benefit of the animal sense expel the noxious & excrementitious humors from themselves into the spaces between them, and the Periosteum, which, as indued with a more quick sense, admonisheth us, according to its office and duty, of that danger which is ready to seise upon the bones, unless it be prevented. Wherefore we will conclude according to the truth of the thing, that there is no part in our body simple, but only some are so named and thought, according to the sense; although also other∣wise some may be truly named Simple, as according to the peculiar and proper flesh of each of their kinds.* 1.15 Those parts are called Compound which are made or composed by the medi∣ation, or immediately of these simple, which they term otherwise organical, or instrumental; as an arm, leg, hand, foot, and others of this kind.

And here we must observe, that the parts are called simple and similar, because they cannot be divided into any particles but of the same kind; but the compound are called dissimilar from the quite contrary reason. They are called instrumental and organical, because they can perform such actions of themselves, as serve for the preservation of themselves and the whole; as the eye of it self, without the assistance of any other part, seeth, and by this faculty defends the whole body, as also it self.* 1.16 Wherefore it is called an instrument or organ, but not any part of it, as the coats, which cannot of it self perform that act. Whereby we must understand, that in each instrumental part we must diligently observe four proper parts. One by which the action is properly per∣formed, as the Crystalline humor in the eye; another, without which the action cannot be per∣formed, as the nerve and the other humors of the eye. The third, whereby the action is better and more conveniently done, as the tunicles & muscles are. The fourth, by w^ch the action is preserved,

as the eye-lids and circle of the eye. The same may be said of the hand, which is the proper in∣strument of holding; for it performs this action, First, by the muscle, as the principal part; Se∣condly, by the ligament, as a part without which such action cannot be performed; Thirdly, by the bones and nails, because by the benefit of these parts, the action is more happily performed; Fourthly, by the veins, arteries, and skin, for that by their benefit and use, the rest, and so con∣sequently the action it self is preserved.

But we must consider, that the instrumental parts have a fourfold order.* 1.17 They are said to be of the first order, which are first and immediately composed of the simple, as only the authors of some one action, of which kinds are the muscles and vessels. They are of a second, which consist of these first simple, and others besides, as the fingers. They are counted of the third rank, which are composed of parts of the second order, and some besides, as the hand taken in general. The fourth order is the most composed, as the whole body, the organ and instrument of the soul. But you must observe, that when we say, the muscles and vessels are simple parts, we refer you to the sense and sight, and to the understanding, comparatively to the parts which are more compound; but if any consider their essence and constitution, he shall understand they are truly compound, as we said before. Now it remains, that we understand, that in each part, whether simple or com∣pound,* 1.18 nine things are to be considered, as substance, quantity, or magnitude, figure, compositi∣on, number, connexion, (by which name, we also understand the original and insertion) tempe∣rature, action, and use; that by the consideration of these things, every one may exercise the art of Physick, in preserving health, curing diseases, or foreseeing their events and ends.

But also we must note, that of the organical parts, there be three,* 1.19 by whose power the body is governed; which for that cause they call regent and principal, because they govern all the rest; they are the liver, heart, and brain. But they are called principal, not only, because they are necessary for life, (for the stomach, wind-pipe, lungs, reins, bladder, and such like parts perhaps are equally as necessary for life); but because from each of these three, some force, power, and faculty, or also matter necessary for the whole body, flow over all the body, when no such thing proceeds from the rest of the parts. For from the Liver a matter fit for nourish∣ment is distributed by the veins through all the body; from the heart the vital force, diffused by the arteries, imparts life to the whole body; from the brain by the nerves a power or faculty is carried through all the parts of the body, which gives them sense and motion.

Galen would have the Testicles to be of this kind, not for the necessity of the individual,* 1.20 or peculiar body, but for the preservation of the Species or kind. And moreover, in his Book de Semine, comparing the Testicles with the Heart, he makes them the more noble by this reason, that by how much it is better to live well and happily, than simply and absolutely to live, by so much the Testicles are more excellent than the heart; because with them we may live well and pleasantly, but with this simply live; as we see by the Example of Eunuchs, and such as are gelt, by which the Testicles seem rightly to be accounted amongst the principal parts; for nature see∣ing it desired, that this its work should be immortal, for the attaining of that immortality which it intends, frames those parts, like as prudent founders of a City, who do not only procure to furnish their City with many Inhabitants, so long as they are in building it, but also that it may remain in the same state and condition for ever, or at least for many ages.* 1.21 And yet notwithstand∣ing of so many Cities built in the first memory of man, there remains none, whose fame and state, together with the Builder's name, is not decayed and perished. But this humane work of na∣ture, stands yet secure for this many thousand of years, and shall endure hereafter; because it hath found a way, by which every one may substitute another in his place before he depart. Hence it is that all creatures have members fit for generation, and pleasures inserted in those members, by which they might be enticed to mutual embraces and copulations. But the mind, which hath dominion over those members, hath an incredible desire of propagating the issue; by which also brute Beasts incited, desire to propagate their kinds for ever. For seeing that na∣ture understands, all these her works considered particularly by themselves, are frail and mortal, it hath done what it could to recompence that fatal necessity of dying, by a perpetual succession of Individuals.

Hitherto we may seem to have abundantly shewed what necessity of knowledge in Anatomy belongs to all Artizans in Physick, and also what order is to be observed in the same; and last∣ly, how it is defined, and the reason of the parts of the definition. Wherefore it remains that we prosecute what we have taken in hand: which is, that we shew and declare how to know all and every the parts of man's body, how many, and what they be, and to understand wherefore they be. For although the true knowledge of Anatomy may be perfected by the sight of the eye, and touching and handling each part with the hand, yet nevertheless the labour of de∣scribing Anatomy is not unprofitable. For by reading, such as have often exercised themselves in the dissecting of mens bodies, may refresh and help their memories, and such as have not, may make plain and easie the way to the understanding of Dissections.

CHAP. I. The Division or partition of Man's Body.

BY reason the partition of Man's body can hardly be understood, if the distinction of the proper faculties of the soul be not understood, for whose cause the body enjoys that form (which we see) and division into divers Instruments; Therefore I thought good in few words to touch that distinction of the faculties of the soul, for the better understanding of the partition of the body,* 1.22 which we intend. Wherefore the soul, the perfection of the body, and begin∣ning of all its functions, is commonly distinguished, and that in the first and general division, into three faculties, which are, the Animal, Vital, and Natural. But the Animal is divided into the principal, sensitive, and motive; Again, the Principal is distinguished into the imaginative, rea∣sonable, and memorative: And the Sensitive into seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touch∣ing: But the Motive into progressive and apprehensive. And the Vital is divided into the dila∣tive and contractive faculty of the heart and arteries, which we know or understand by the pul∣sifick faculty. But the Natural is parted into the nutritive, auctive, and generative faculties; which three perform their parts by the help and ministry of five other faculties, which are, the attractive, retentive, concoctive, assimilative, and expulsive.

* 1.23After the self-same manner, the organ or instrument of the soul, to wit, Man's body, at the first division is distinguished into three parts, which from their office they call Animal, Vital, and Natural. These again, according to the subdivision of the subalternal faculties, are divided par∣ticularly into other parts; so that any one may know the organ of each faculty, by the property of the function. For, while other Anatomists divide Man's body into four universal and chief parts, they distinguish from the three first, those which they call the Extremities; neither do they teach, to what rank of the three prime parts each Extremity should be reduced. From whence many difficulties happen in reading the writing of Anatomists; for shunning whereof, we will prosecute, as we have said, that distinction of man's body, which we have touched before.

* 1.24Wherefore, as we said before, man's body is divided into three principal and general parts, Animal, Vital, and Natural. By the Animal parts, we understand, not only the parts pertain∣ing to the head, which are bounded with the crown of the head, the coller-bones, and the first Vertelra of the breast, but also the extremities, because they are organs and instruments of the motive-faculty;* 1.25 Hippocrates seems to have confirmed the same, where he writes; Those who have a thick and great head, have also great bones, nerves, and limbs. And in another place he saith, those who have great heads, and, when they stoop, shew a long neck, such have all their parts large, but chiefly the Animal. Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatness of the bones and the rest of the mem∣bers; but that he might shew the equality, and private care, or government of Nature, being most just and exact in the fabrick of man's body, as, if she hath well framed the head, it should not be unlike that she idly or carelesly neglected the other parts which are less seen. I thought good to dilate this passage, lest any might abuse that authority of Hippocrates, and gather from thence, that not only the bones, membranes, ligaments, grisles, and all the other animal parts, but also the veins and arteries depend on the head as the original. But if any observe this our distinction of the parts of the body, he will understand, we have a far other meaning.

* 1.26By the Vital parts, we understand only the heart, arteries, lungs, wind-pipe, and other particles annexed to these. But by the Natural, we would have all those parts understood which are con∣tained in the whole compass of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body, and the processes of the E∣rythroides, the second coat of the Testicles. For as much as belongs to all the other parts, which we call Containing; they must be reckoned in the number of the Animal, which notwithstanding, we must thus divide into principal, sensitive, and motive; and again, each of these in the manner following.* 1.27 For first, the principal is divided into the Imaginative, which is the first and upper part of the brain, with its two ventricles, and other annexed particles, into the Reasoning, which is a part of the brain, lying under the former, and (as it were) the top thereof with its third ven∣tricle; into the Memorative, which is the cerebellum or after-brain, with a ventricle hollowed in its substance. Secondly, the Sensitive is parted into the visive, which is in the eyes; the audi∣tive, in the ears; the smelling, in the nose; the tasting, in the tongue and palat; the tactive, or touching which is in the body, but most exquisite in the skin which invests the palms of the hands. Thirdly; the motive is divided into the progressive, which intimates the legs; and the comprehensive, which intimates the hands. Lastly, into simply-motive, which are three parts, called bellies,* 1.28 for the greatest part terminating and containing; for the vital, the instrument of the faculty of the heart, and dilatation of the arteries, are the direct or streight fibers, but of the constrictive the transverse; but the three kinds of fibers together, of the pulsifick: or, if you please, you may divide them into parts serving for respiration, as are the lungs, and weazon, and parts serving for vital motion, as are the heart and arteries, furnished with these fibers, which we formerly mentioned.* 1.29 The division of the natural parts remains, which is into the nourishing, auctive, and generative, which again, are distributed into attractive, universal, and particular; retentive, concoctive, distributive, assimilative, and expulsive. The attractive, as the gullet and upper orifice of the ventricle; the retentive, as the Pylorus, or lower passage of the stomach; the concoctive, as the body of the ventricle, or its inner coat; the distributive, as the three small

guts; the expulsive, as the three great guts; we may say the same of the liver; for that draws by the mesaraick and gate-veins, retains by the narrow orifices of the veins dispersed through the sub∣stance thereof; it concocts by its proper flesh; distributes by the hollow vein, expels by the spleen, bladder of the gall, and kidnies. We also see the parts in the Testicles divided into as many functions; for they draw by the preparing vessels; retain by the various crooked pas∣sages; in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper substance and fa∣culty; they distribute by the ejaculatory, at the glandules called Prostatae, and the horns of the womb, supplying the place of prostates; Lastly, they expel or cast forth by the prostates, horns, and adjoyning parts. For as much as belongs to the particular attraction, retention, concoction, distribution, assimilation of each part, that depends of the particular temper, and, as they term it, occult property of each similar and simple part. Neither do these particular actions differ from the universal, but that the general are performed by the assistance of the three sorts of fibers; but the special, by the several occult property of their flesh, arising from their temperature, which we may call a specifick property. Now in the composition of mans body, nature princi∣pally aims at three things. The first is, to create parts necessary for life, as are the heart, brain, and liver. The second, to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living, as the eyes, nose, ears, arms and hands. The third is, for the propagation and renewing the species or kind, as the privy parts, testicles, and womb. And this is my opinion, of the true distinction of mans body, furnished with so many parts, for the performance of so many faculties; which you, if you please, may approve of and follow. If not, you may follow the common and vulgar, which is, into three bellies, or capacities, the upper, middle, lower, (that is, the head, breast,* 1.30 and low∣er belly) and the limbs or joints. In which, by the head we do not understand all the Animal parts, but only those which are from the crown of the head to the first vertebra of the neck, or to the first of the back; if, according to the opinion of Galen, Lib. de ossibus, where he makes men∣tion of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia, we reckon the neck amongst the parts of the head. By the breast, whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard, or short ribs, and the midriff. By the lower belly, the rest of the trunk of the body, from the ends of the ribs to the share-bones; by the limbs, we understand the arms and legs. We will follow this division in this our Anatomical Discourse, because we cannot follow the former in dissecting the parts of mans body, by reason the Animal parts are mutually mixed with the vital and natu∣ral: and first of the lower belly.

Nature would not have this lower belly bony,* 1.31 because the ventricle might be more easily di∣lated by meat and drink, children might grow the better, and the body be more flexible. It is convenient we begin our Anatomical Administration from this; because it is more subject to pu∣trefaction than the rest, both by reason of its cold and moist temperature, as also by reason of the seculent excrements therein contained. Yet before we go any further, if the Anatomical Admi∣nistration must be performed in publick, the body being first handsomly placed, and all the in∣struments necessary for Dissection made ready, the belly must be divided into its parts: of which some contain, and other some are contained.

They are called containing,* 1.32 which make all that capacity which is terminated by the Peritone∣um or Rim of the belly. The upper part whereof is bounded by Galen within the compass of the direct muscles, and by a general name is called Epig••strium, or the upper part of the lower belly. That again is divided into three parts, that is, into that which is above the navil, and which carries the name of the whole, into that which is about the navil, and is called the umbilical or middle part; and lastly, into that which is below the navil, called the Hypogastrium, or the lower part of the lower belly.

In every of which three parts there be two lateral, or side-parts to be considered,* 1.33 as in the E∣pigastrium, the right and left Hypochondria, which are bounded above and below, in the compass of the midriff, and the short ribs. In the umbilical the two Lumbares (some call them Latera sides) which, on both sides from the lowest parts of the breast, are drawn to the flanks or hanch-bones; in the Hypogastrium, the two Ilia, or flanks bounded with the hanch and share-bones. Neither am I ignorant, the Ilia, or flanks, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, signifie all the empty parts, from the ends of the ribs, even to the hanch-bones, whereupon they also call them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as if you should say, empty-spaces, because they are not encompassed with any bone. Yet I thought good, that this doctrine of dividing the belly should be more distinct, to call the parts which are on each side the navel Lumbares, and those on the lower part of the lower belly, Ilia, flanks. But we must observe, that the Antients have been so diligent in deciphering the containing parts, that as exactly as might be, they designed the bowels contained in the belly, which being divers lie in sundry places; for the greater portion of the liver lies under the right Hypochondrium; un∣der the left almost all the ventricle and spleen. Under the Epigastrium the lower orifice of the ventricle, and the smaller portion of the liver; In the Lumbares, or sides, in the right and up∣per part the right kidney, in the lower part towards the flank, the blind gut; in the middle part thereof the collick and empty guts. In the upper part of the left side lies the left Kidney, in the middle part, the rest of the empty and colick guts. Under the region of the navel, lies the girdle or upper part of the kall, the colick-gut thrusting it self also through that way. Under the Ilia, or flanks, the right and left, lie the greater part of the gut, Ileon, the horns of the women big with child, and the spermatick vessels in men and women. Under the Hypogastrium in the lower part lies the right, or strait gut; the bladder, womb, and the rest of the kall.

* 1.34If we know, and well understand these things, we shall more easily discern the parts affected by the place of the pain; and cure it by fit application of remedies, without the hurting of any part. The distinction of such places, and the parts in those places, as seeming most profitable, I have thought good to illustrate by the placing these two following figures, in which thou hast deci∣phered, not only the foresaid parts, containing, and contained, but also of the whole body, and many other things which may seem to conduce to the knowledge of the mentioned parts. The Fi∣gures are these.

[illustration]

The Figure shewing the fore-parts of the body.

• A The hairy Scalp, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• b The forehead call'd Frons, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• c The temples call'd tempora, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• From b to d, the compass of the face.
• e The greater or inward corner of the eyes, call'd Canthus internus.
• f the lesser or external angle of the eye, call'd Canthus ex∣ternus.
• * The lower eyebrow, which is immovable, Palp••hra,
• g The check-ball call'd mala, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• h the check-puff call'd bucca, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• i The ridg of the nose call'd Nasus externus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• k the nosthrils call'd nares, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• l the outward ear, auris externa.
• m The mouth made of the two lips, Os.
• n The chin called mentum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• o The neck, collum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• From o. to e the pillar of the neck, truncus and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• p p The hollow of the neck, called juguli, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• q q The Patel bones, claves, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• r The chest, pectus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• s The right breast.
• ss The left breast: to this Region we apply cordial Epi∣themations moist and dry.
• tt The nipples of the breasts, papillae, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• u The trench of the heart which the Antients called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Latines scrobiculus cordis. This part is anointed for the mouth of the stomach.
• From u to E. the lower belly, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• X The Epigastrium or upper part of the lower belly.
• yy The Hypochondria or P••aecordia.
• * The outward Liver-remedies are applied to this place.
• z The region of the navil, called umbilicalis or the middle part of the lower belly.
• A. The navil, umbilicus. The root of the belly, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• B B. The sides, Latera, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and in our Author Lumbi, seu Lumbaris regio.
• C. Hypogastrium, the water-course Aqualiculus, the lower part of the lower belly, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• D D. The flanks called Ilia, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• E. The Groins called pubes or pecten, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• F F. The Lesk called inguen where those tumours which are called bubones.
• G. The Yard with the fore-skin, penis cum praeputio.
• H. The stones or testicles with the cod or scrotum.
• I I. The shoulders, humeri, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• K K. The arms, Brachia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• L. The bowt of the arm, called Gibber, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• M. The outside of the lower part of the arm, called cubi∣tus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• N. The wrist called Brachiale, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• O. The after-wrist postbrachiale, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• P. The Palm called Palma or vola manús, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The back of the hand, Dorsum manus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Q Q. The fore and middle part of the thigh, where we ap∣ply cupping-glasses to bring down womens courses, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• R R. The knee, genu, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• S S. The leg, tibia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• T T. The calf of the leg, sura, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• V V. The instep, tarsus.
• X X. The top of the foot, Dorsum pedis, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Y Y. The inner Anckles, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Z Z. The outward Ankles.
• αα The toes of the feet.
• β The place under the inward Ankle, where the Vein called Saphena is opened.

[illustration]

The Figure of the back-parts of a Man.

• A. The forepart of the head, synciput, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• B. the top or crown of the head, vertex, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• C. the hinder-part of the head, occiput, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• From D. to D. the face, facies, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• E. the eyebrows, supercilia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• F. the upper eyelid, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• G. the tip of the nose, called globulus nasi.
• H. the back-part of the neck, called cervix, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the nuke or nape of the neck. There is a hollowness at the top of this cervix, where we apply Seatons.
• I. the back-part of the Shoulder top, called axilla, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• K K. the shoulder-blades, scapulae, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• 1, 2, 3. On this place we set Cupping-glasses.
• 4, 5, 6, 7. the back, dorsum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• 8, 9. the ridg, spina dorsi, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• L. the armhole, ala, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * The elbow, gibber brachii.
• M M M M. the sides, latera.
• N N. the loins, lumbi, or the region of the Kidneys, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• O O. the place of the hips, coxendices, where we apply remedies for the Sciatica.
• P. the place of the Holy bone, or Os sacrum, where we ap∣ply remedies in the disease of the right gut.
• Q. the place of the rump or Coccyx.
• R R. the buttocks, nales, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• S S. the back parts of the thigh, femur.
• T T. the ham, poples, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• V V. the calf of the leg, sura.
• X X. the foot, or parvus pes, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Y Y. the outer ankle, malleolus externus.
• Z Z. the heel, calx, or calcaneus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• a a. the sole of the foot, planta pedis, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• b. the inside of the lower part of the arm, called ulna, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• c. the outside of the same, cubitus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• d d. the wrist, carpus.
• e e. the back-part of the hand, dorsum manus.
• g. the forefinger, index, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• h. the thunb, pollex, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• i. the middle finger, medius, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• k. the ringfinger, annularis, medicus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• l. the little finger, auricularis, minimus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

CHAP. II. Of the containing parts of the Epigastrium, and the preparation to Anatomical Administration.

THe containing parts of the Epigastrium, are the Epidermis, or thin outward skin;* 1.35 the true skin; the fleshy or fatty Pannicle, the eighth muscle of the Epigastrium, with their com∣mon coat; the Rim of the belly; the five vertebra's of the loins; all the holy-bone; the hanch-bone; share-bone; the white line and midriff. Of these parts, some are common to the whole body; as the three first; the other, proper to the parts contained in the E∣pigastrium taken in general. Which that you may see in their order, first you must cut round about the navel, to the upper superficies of the muscles, that so we may keep it, till such time, as occasion shall offer it self, to shew the umbilical vessels lying in that place, which are one vein, two arteries, and the Urachus (if it be there.) Which being done, you must draw a streight line from the chest, over the breast-blade, even to the share-bone, which may divide the common-containing parts, even to the white line.

Then presently it will be convenient to draw two other lines a-cross or overthwart, of the like depth on each hand, from the circumference of the navel, even to the sides, that so on each part we may draw the skin more commodiously from the parts lying under it; the sight of which otherwise it would hinder. These things being done, the skin must be divided from the parts ly∣ing under it from the designed circumference left about the navel. We must teach how the skin is twofold, the true and false, and render a reason of the name, which we will every where do, as far as the thing will suffer, and it shall lie in our power. And in doing or examining these things, it will be convenient diligently to enquire into the nine things mentioned in the Preface. We will begin with the Skin, because that part is first obvious to our senses.

CHAP. III. Of the utmost Skin or Cuticle.

THe skin being the first part, and spred over all the body, is twofold; that is, the true, and ba∣stard skin:* 1.36 The true is called by the Greeks, Derma, which may almost every where be pulled from the parts lying under it, which it invests, except in the face, ears, the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, fingers, and privities, where it sticks so close that it cannot be separated.

The bastard skin (which first of all we will declare, because it first presents it self to our sight) is by the Greeks called Epidermis, because it covers the true skin, they term it commonly the Cuticle. The substance of it is excrementitious, and (as it were) a certain dry flouring, or production of the true skin. That it draws not its substance from the Seed is apparent by this, that as it is easily lost,* 1.37 so it is easily repaired, which happens not in parts truly spermatical. This outmost thin skin, or Cuticle, may two manner of wayes be made apparent; by it self, and separated from the other, as by burning with fire, or ardent heat of the Sun, (in some delicate bodies, and such as are not ac∣customed to be conversant in Sun.shine) The quantity in thickness is very small, but the extent is most large,* 1.38 because it covers all the skin. The figure of it is round, and long, like those parts which it invests. The composure of it is obscure; yet because this Cuticle is the excrement of the true skin;* 1.39 we say it hath its matter, from the excrementitious superfluity of the Nerves, Veins, Arteries, and substance of the true skin.

* 1.40It is in number one, like as the true skin which it outwardly covers, that it might be a medium between the object and fixed faculty of Touching, diffused over all the true skin, which every where lies under it.* 1.41 For the temperature, by the common consent of Physitians, it is in the midst of all excels; for, that seeing it is the medium between the object and faculty, if it should be hot∣ter, colder, moister, or dryer, it would deceive the faculty by exhibiting all objects, not as they are of themselves, but as it should be; no otherwise than as to such as look through red or green spectacles,* 1.42 all things appear red or green. Wherefore for this reason it was convenient the Cu∣ticle should be void of all sense. It hath no action in the body; but, it hath use: for it preserves and beautifies the true skin; for it seems to be given by the singular indulgence of nature, to be a mu∣niment and ornament to the true skin. This Providence of Nature, the industry of some Arti∣zans (or rather Curtizans) doth imitate; who, for to seem more beautiful, do smooth and polish it.* 1.43 By this you may understand, that not all the parts of the body have action, yet have they their use, because, according to Aristotle's opinion, Nature hath made nothing in vain. Also you must note that this thin skin or Cuticle being lost, may every where be re-generated, unless in the place which is covered with a scar. For here the true skin being deficient, both the matter and for∣mer faculty of the Cuticle is wanting.

CHAP. IV. Of the true Skin.

* 1.44THe true skin, called by the Greeks Derma, is of a Spermatick substance: wherefore being once lost, it cannot be restored as formerly it was. For in place thereof comes a scar, which is nothing else but flesh dryed beyond measure. It is of sufficient thickness, as appears by the sepa∣rating from the flesh.

But for the extent thereof, it encompasses the whole body, if you except the eyes, ears, nose, privities,* 1.45 fundament, mouth, the ends of the fingers where the nails grow, that is, all the parts by which any excrements are evacuated. The figure of it is like the Cuticle, round and long, with its productions, with which it covers the extremities of the parts.

* 1.46It is composed of nerves, veins, arteries, and of a proper flesh and substance of its kind, which we have said to be spermatical, which ariseth from the process of the secundine, which lead the sper∣matick vessels even to the navel; in which place each of them into parts appointed by nature, send forth such vessels as are spred abroad & diffused from the generation of the skin. Which also, the similitude of them both, that is, the skin and membrane Chorion, do argue. For as the Chorion is double, without sense, encompassing the whole Infant, lightly fastened to the first coat, which is called Amnios; so the skin is double, and of it self insensible, (for otherwise the nerves were added in vain from the parts lying under it) ingirting the whole body, lightly cleaving to the fleshy Pannicle. But if any object, That the Cuticle is no part of the true skin, seeing it is wholly different from it, and easily to be separated from it, and wholly void of sense: I will answer, These arguments do not prevail. For, that the true skin is more crass, thick, sensible, vivid, and fleshy, is not of it self,* 1.47 being rather by the assistance and admixture of the parts, which derived from three principal it receives into its proper substance; which happens not in the Cuticle. Neither, if it should happen,* 1.48 would it be better for it, but verily exceeding ill for us, because so our life should lye fit and open to receive a thousand external injuries, which encompass us on every side, as the violent and contrary access of the four first qualities.

* 1.49There is only one skin, as that which should cover but one body; the which it every-where doth, except in those I formerly mentioned. It hath connexion with the parts lying under it by nerves, veins, and arteries, with those subjacent parts put forth into the skin investing them, that there may be a certain communion of all the parts of the body amongst themselves.

It is cold and dry in its proper temper, in respect of its proper flesh and substance, for it is a spermatical part. Yet, if any consider the sinews, veins, arteries, and fleshy threds which are mixed in its body, it will seem temperate, and placed (as it were) in the midst of contrary quali∣ties, as which hath grown up from the like portion of hot, cold, moist, and dry bodies. [Use.] The use of the skin is to keep safe and sound the continuity of the whole body, and all the parts thereof, from the violent assault of all external dangers; for which cause it is every where indued with sense, in some parts more exact, in others more dull, according to the dignity and necessity of the parts which it ingirts, that they might all be admonished of their safety and preservation. Lastly, it is penetrated with many pores, as breathing-places, as we may see by the flowing out of sweat, that so the arteries in their diastole might draw the encompassing air into the body, for the tem∣pering and nourishing of the fixed inbred heat, and in the systole expel the fuliginous excrements,* 1.50 which in Winter, supprest by the cold air encompassing us, makes the skin black and rough. We have an argument and example of breathing through these, by drawing the air in by transpiration, in women troubled with the mother, who without respiration live only for some pretty space by transpiration.

CHAP. V. Of the fleshy Pannicle.

AFter the true skin, follows the Membrane, which Anatomists call the fleshy Pannicle,* 1.51 whose nature that we may more easily prosecute and declare, we must first shew what a Membrane is, and how many ways the word is taken; Then, wherefore it hath the name or the fleshy Pannicle. A membrane therefore is a simple part, broad and thin, yet strong and dense, white and nervous, and the which may easily without any great danger be extended and contracted. Sometimes it is called a coat, which is, when it covers and defends some part. This is called the Pannicle; because in some parts it degenerates into flesh, and becomes musculous, as in a man from the coller-bones, to the hair of the head, in which part it is therefore called the broad muscle, whereas in other places it is a simple Membrane, here and there intangled with the fat lying under it, from whence it may seem to take or borrow the name of the fatty Pannicle. But in Beasts (whence it took that name, because in those a fleshy substance maketh a great part of this Pannicle) it appears manifestly fleshy and musculous over all the body,* 1.52 as you may see in Horses and Oxen; that by that means being moveable, they may drive and shake off their flies, and other troublesome things, by their shaking and contracting their backs. These things consi∣dered, we say, the fleshy Pannicle in its proper body, is of a nervous or membranous substance,* 1.53 as that which hath its original from the coat Amnios, (which is next to the Infant) dilated near to the navel, and stretched forth for the generation of this Pannicle; in which thing I think good to note, that as the membranes Chorion and Amnios mutually interwoven with small nervous fibers, encompass and invest the child as long as it is contained in the womb; so the skin and the fleshy Pannicle, knit together by such like bands, engirt the whole body.

Therefore the fleshy Pannicle is equal in magnitude and like in figure to the true skin,* 1.54 but that it lies under it, and is contained in it, in some places mixt with the fat, in others increased by the flesh interwoven with it, and in other some is only a simple Membrane.

The composition of it is such, as the sight of it presents to our eye, that is, of veins, arteries,* 1.55 nerves, and the proper flesh, some whites mixed and interlaced with fat, and sometimes with muscu∣lous flesh. It is but one, by reason of the use we shall presently shew; it is situated between the skin and fat, or common coat of the muscles, annexed to these, and the other parts lying under it, by the veins, nerves, and arteries, ascending from these inward parts, and implanting themselves into the substance thereof, and then into the true skin.

The temperature thereof is divers, according to the variety of the parts interwoven with it.* 1.56 The use of it is, to lead, direct, and strengthen in their passage, the vessels which are disseminated in∣to the true skin, and the whole superficies of the body. But in beasts it hath another commodity,* 1.57 that is, it gives a shaking or trembling motion to their skin and back, for that cause which we formerly touched.

CHAP. VI. Of the Fat.

THe Fat coming near the condition of an excrement, rather than of a part (as we said,* 1.58 when we treated of the similar parts) is of an oily substance, bred of the airy and vapo∣rous portion of the blood, which sweating through the pores of the coats, or mouths of the vessels, becomes concrete about the membranes, and nerves, and cold bodies, and turns into fat by the coldness of the place. Whereby we may know, that cold, or a more remiss heat, is the efficient cause of fat, which is manifest by contemplation not only of creatures of divers kinds, but also by those of the same species and sex, if so be that the one be colder than the other.

By which we may understand that the fat is the more or less in quantity,* 1.59 according to the

different temper of the whole body,* 1.60 and of its particular parts. For its composition, it consists of that portion of the blood which we formerly mentioned, intermixt with certain membranes, ner∣vous fibers,* 1.61 veins, and arteries. The greatest part of it lies between the fleshy Pannicle, and the common coat of the Muscles.* 1.62 Otherwise it is diffused over all the body, in some places more, in some less, yet is always about the nervous bodies, to which it delights to cleave. Most Anato∣mists enquire whether the fat lie above or beneath the fleshy Pannicle. But me-thinks, this questi∣on is both impertinent and idle; being we often see the fat to be on both sides.a 1.63 It is of a middle temper between heat and cold, being it ariseth of the more aery portion of the blood; although it may seem cold in respect of the efficient cause, that is, of cold by which it concretes. For the rest, moisture is predominant in the fat.b 1.64 The use thereof is, to moisten the parts which may be∣come dry by long fasting, vehement exercise, or immoderate heat; and besides, to give heat, or keep the parts warm. Although it do this last rather by accident, than of its own nature, as heated by exercise, or by some such other chance; it heats the adjacent parts; or may therefore be thought to heat them, because it hinders the dissipation of the native and internal heat; like as cold heats in winter, whereby the bellies are at that time the hotter. I know, some learned Physitians of our time stiffly maintained, that the fat was hot; neither did they acknowledge any other effici∣ent cause thereof, than temperate heat, and not cold. But I think it best to leave the more subtil agitation of these questions to natural Philosophers. But we must note,c 1.65 that, at the joints which are more usually moved, there is another sort of Fat, far more solid and hard, than that which we formerly mentioned, often found mixed with a viscid and tough humour like the whites of Eggs, that so it might be sufficient for a longer time to moisten these parts, subject to be hurt by driness, and to make them slippery, and so fitter for motion; in imitation whereof they usually grease hard bodies, which m••st be in frequent motion, as Coach-wheels and Axletrees. And there is another kind of fat, which is called Sebum, seam, in one thing differing from the ordinary fat, that it is much dryer; the moister and softer portion of the fat being dissipated by the raging heat of the place. For it is found principally about thed 1.66 Midriff, where there are many windings of arteries and veins; and ••t is also about the reins, loins, and basis of the heart. The Fat is wasted by long fasting; is dried and hardened by vehement exercise and immoderate heat. Hence it is that it is much more compact in the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet, about the eyes and heart, so that it resembles the flesh in density and hardness; because by the continual motion and strong heat of these parts, the thinner portion being dissipated and diffused, the more gross and terestrial remains.

CHAP. VII. Of the common Coat of the Muscles.

* 1.67NExt under the Fat, appears a certain coat, spred over all the Muscles, and called the common coat of the Muscles; it is of a nervous substance, as all other membranes are. The quantity and breadth thereof is bounded by the quantity of the Muscles which it involves, and fits it self to, as that, which encompasses the Muscles of the Epigastrium, is of equal largeness with the same Muscles. The figure of it is round: it is composed of veins, nerves, arte∣ries,* 1.68 and its peculiar flesh consisting of three sorts of fibers; the beginning of it is from the Peri∣ostium, in that part where the bones give ligaments to the Muscles; or, according to the opinion of others, of the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the Muscles, which rising up, and diffused over the fleshy superficies thereof,* 1.69 are united for the generation of this coat. But this membrane arising from the Periostium (as every membrane which is below the head, takes its original from the Periostium either primarily, by the interposition of no Medium, or secondarily) is stretched over the Muscles by their Tendons. But if any object, that this membrane, pluck'd from the bel∣ly of the Muscle, may seem to end in a ligament; I will answer, that it is the condition of every nervous part, so to binde or fasten it self to another part of his own kind as to a stay, so that it can scarce be pluck'd from thence.* 1.70 We see the proof hereof in the Peritonaeum or Rim in the Epi∣gastrium, or lower part of the lower belly. That which covers the Muscles of the Epigastrium, is but one, unless you had rather part it into two the right and the left distinguished by the interpo∣sition of Linea Alba,* 1.71 or White-Line. It is situate betwixt the Fat and Muscles; for it is fastened above and below to these parts with fibers, which in smalness & fineness exceed the Spider's web. But by its vessels, it participates with the three principal parts, and is of a cold and dry temper. The use of it,* 1.72 is, to contain the Muscles in their natural union, and to keep them as much as in it lies, from putrefaction, which may happen to them from pus or matter, which is often cast forth of the similar parts into the empty spaces and distances of the Muscles. Wherefore going about to se∣parate the Fat of the Epigastrium (where you must begin the dissection of mans body) you must have a care that you hurt it not with your knife, but that, before you touch the Muscles, see you artificially take it away,* 1.73 that you may the more easily separate the Muscles, lying under it, distin∣guished by a manifest space at the White-Line, which is made by the meeting together of the proper coats of all those Muscles.

CHAP. VIII. What a Muscle is, and how many Differences there be thereof.

A Muscle is the instrument of voluntary motion; and simple voluntary motion is perform∣ed six manner of ways, upwards, downwards, forwards, backwards, to the right hand,* 1.74 and to the left; but the compound one way, which is circularly, the which is performed by the continual succession of the motion of the Muscles ingirting the part.* 1.75 Such a motion Fal∣coners use when they stretch forth their hand, and lure their Hawk. We have some parts, which have motion without a Muscle, but that motion is not voluntary; such parts be, the heart, stomach, guts, both the bladders, (that is, that of the gall, and that of the urine) and divers other which have the motions of attraction, expulsion, and retention, by the means of the three sorts of fi∣bers; for they draw by the right, expell by the transverse, and retain by the oblique.* 1.76 The dif∣ferences of Muscles which are many and diverse, are taken from their substance, original, inser∣tion into the part which they move, form or figure, holes or openings, magnitude, colour, site, kind of fibers, their conjugation or connexion, heads, bellies, tendons, opposition in action and office. Some in substance are nervous, venous, arterious; because they have manifest nerves,* 1.77 veins, and arteries; as the Midriff, the Intercostal, or Epigastrick Muscles, and many more, and that for their difference from other Muscles, into which neither nerve, nor vein, or arteries are manifestly inserted, although secretly they admit them all for sense and motion, life, and nou∣rishment; such are the Muscles of the wrist, the wormy Muscles of the hands and feet; for if there be any nerves observed in them, they are very small. Some had rather make the difference of Muscles thus, that some of them are fleshy, some nervous, others membranous.* 1.78 From their O∣riginal; some arise from the bones, as those which move the hands, arms, and legs; others from grislles, as the Muscles of the throat; others, from membranes which invest the tendons, as the wormy Muscles of the hands and feet; others, from ligaments, as the extenders of the fingers; others from other Muscles, as the two lower Muscles of the Yard which proceed from the Sphincter-Muscle of the fundament. Others have no original, as, the membrane, which we call the fleshy Pan∣nicle, assumes flesh in certain places, and degenerates into a Muscle; such are the Cremaster, or hang∣ing Muscles of the testicles, the large Muscles of the face; & if you please, the Midriff as that which is composed of two coats; the one, encompassing the ribs and the Peritonaeum, hath flesh in the midst between the two membranes. And moreover some Muscles have their original from one only bone, as those which bend and extend the Cubit; others arise of many bones, as the oblique descending, the Dorsal, and many Muscles of the neck, which arise together from many spondyls, and sides of spondyls. There be others, according to the opinion of some men, both from the bones and grisles of the Pubis at the right or direct Muscles of the Epigastrium, yet by their favour I think other∣wise. Because by the Anatomical and received axiom, A muscle is there thought to take his be∣ginning, from whence he receives a nerve; but these Muscles take a nerve from the intercostal Muscles, wherefore their original ought to be referr'd to the sides of the breast-blades,* 1.79 as shall be shewed in due place. From their insertion arise these differences; some are inserted into a bone, as those which move the head, arms, and legs; others into a grisle, as those of the Throtle, eye-lids, nose, and the oblique ascendent muscles of the Epigastrium; some into a bone and grisle both, as the right muscles of the Epigastrium and the Midriff; some into the skin, as the muscles of the lips; others into the Coats, as the muscles of the eyes; others into Ligaments, as the muscles of the yard. But these differences following may be drawn both from their insertion and original. For some muscles arising from many parts, are inserted into some one part, as divers of those which move the arm and the shoulder, which arising from many spondyls, are inserted into the bone of the shoul∣der, and the shoulder-blade. Others arise from one part, and insert themselves into more, as, those which arise from the bottom of the shoulder-blades are extended and inserted into some eight or nine of the upper ribs, to help respiration; and the benders and extenders of the fingers and toes: Others, arising from many bones, are inserted into as many; as some of those which serve for respi∣ration, to wit, those which we call the hinder Saw-muscles, and the Semispinatus, which sends a tendon into all the ribs. Others have their original from many bones, & end in grisles of the seven ribs, as those two which lie under the Sternon. Moreover also these differences of muscles may be drawn from the original and insertion, that some proceed from bones, and are inserted into the next bone, to help and strengthen the motion thereof, as the three muscles of the Hip: Others arise from an upper bone, & are not inserted into the next, but into some other, as the long muscles. Some are named from the part they move, as the temporal muscles, because they move the temples: others from their office, as the grinding muscles; because they move the skin as a Mill,* 1.80 to grind asunder the meal. From their form or figure; because some are like Mice, other like Lizards which have their legs cut off; for that they imitate in their belly, body, or tendon, the belly or tail of such creatures; and from whence the name of Musculus and Lacertus are derived. Such are those which bend the wrist, and which are fastened to the bone of the Leg, and which extend the foot; others are triangular, as that which lifts up the arm, called Epemis or Deltoides, and that which draws the arm to the brest, called the pectoral muscle. Others quadrangular, as the Rhomboides, or Lozenge-muscle of the shoulder-blade, and the two hindsom-muscles serving for respiration, and two of the wrists which turn down the hand; others consist of more than four angles, as the oblique descending, and that muscle which joins it self to it from the shoulder-blade; others are round and broad, as

the Midriff; others circular, as the Sphincter-muscle of the fundament and bladder; others are of a pyramidical figure, as the seventh muscle of the eye, which compasses the optick nerve in beasts, but not in men. Others have a sem-circular form, as that which shuts up the eye, seated at the lesser corner thereof; others resemble a Monk's cowl or hood, as the Trapezius of the shoulder-blade. Besides, others at their first original are narrow, but broad at their insertion; as the Saw-muscle of the shoulder, and the transverse of the Epigastrium; others are quite contrary, as the three muscles of the Hip; others keep an equal breadth or bigness in all places, as the in∣tercostal muscles and those of the wrist; others are long and slender, as the long muscle of the thigh; others are long and broad, as the oblique descending muscles of the Epigastrium; others are directly contrary,* 1.81 as the Intercostal; which are very narrow. From their perforations; for some are perforated,* 1.82 as the midriff which hath three holes, as also the oblique and transverse of the Epigastrium, that so they may give passage forth to the preparing spermatick vessels, and to the ejaculatory vessels, the Coat Erythroides associating and strengthening them; others are not perforated. From their magnitude; for some are most large, as the two Muscles of the Hip; others very small, as the eight small muscles of the neck, and the proper muscles of the Throtle, and the wormy muscles.* 1.83 Others are of an indifferent magnitude. From their colour; for some are white and red, as the Temporal muscles, which have Tendons coming from the midst of their belly; others are livid, as the three greater muscles of the calf of the leg, which colour they have by the admixtion of the white, or tendinous nervy coat with the red flesh; for, this coat by its thick∣ness darkning the colour of the flesh, so that it cannot shew its redness and fresh colour, makes it seem of that livid colour.* 1.84 From their situation; for some are superficiary, as those which ap∣pear under the skin and fat; others deep in, and hid, as the smooth and four twin muscles; some are stretched out, and (as it were) spred over in a streight and plain passage, as the muscles of the thigh which move the leg, except the Ham-muscle; others oblique, as those of the Epigastrium; othersome transverse, as the transverse of the Epigastrium; where you must observe, that although all the fibers of the muscles are direct, yet we call them oblique and transverse, by comparing them to the right muscles, as which by the concourse of the fibers make a streight or acute angle.

* 1.85From the sorts of fibers; for some have one kind of fiber; yet the greatest part enjoy two sorts running so up and down, that they either are crossed like the letter X, as happens in the pectoral and grinding muscles; or else do not concurr, as in the Trapezii. Others have three sorts of fibers, as the broad muscle of the face.

* 1.86From their coherence or connexion, or their texture of nervous fibers; for some have fibers somewhat more distant and remote immediately at their original, than in other places, as you may see in the muscles of the buttocks: Others in their midst and belly, which by reason there∣of in such muscles is more big or tumid, their head and tail being slender, as happens in most of the muscles of the arm and leg, in which the dense mass of flesh interwoven with fibers, disjoins the fibers in so great a distance; in othersome the fibers are more distant in the tail, as in the greater Saw-muscle arising from the bottom of the shoulder-blade; in others, they are equally distant through the whole muscle, as in the muscles of the wrist, and between the ribs.

* 1.87From their head; for in some it is fleshy, interwoven with few fibers, as in the muscles of the buttocks; in others it is wholly nervous, as in the most broad muscle common to the arm and shoulder-blade, and in the three muscles of the thigh proceeding from the tuberosity of the hucklebone; in some it is nervous and fleshy, as in the internal and external muscle of the arm. Besides, some have one head, others two; as the bender of the elbow, and the external of the leg; others three, as the Three-headed muscle of the Thigh. But we must note, that the word Nerve or Sinew is here taken in a large signification, for a ligament, nerve, and tendon, as Galen saith, (Lib. de Offilus); and moreover we must observe, that the head of a Muscle is one while above, another while below, otherwhiles in the midst, as in the Midriff, as you may know by the insertion of the Nerve, because it enters the muscle by its head.

* 1.88From their belly also, there be some differences of muscles taken; for some have their belly immediately at their beginning, as the muscles of the buttocks; others at their insertion, as the Midriff; others just at their head, as those which put forth the Calf of the leg; in others it is somewhat further off, as in those which draw back the arm, and which bend the leg; in others, the belly extends even from the head unto the tail, as in the intercostal muscles, and those of the wrist; in others, it is produced even to their insertion, as in those of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; some have a double belly distinguished by a nervous substance; as those which open the mouth, and those which arise from the root of the lower process of the shoulder-blade.

* 1.89Moreover the differences of muscles are drawn also from the Tendons; for some have none, at least which are manifest, as the muscles of the lips, and the sphincter-muscles, the intercostal, and those of the wrist: others have them in part, and want them in part, as the Midriff; for the Mid∣riff wants a Tendon at the ends of the shorter ribs, but hath two at the first Vertelra of the Loins in which it is terminated: Others have a Tendon indeed. But some of these move with the bone, some not, as the muscle of the eyes; and besides, some of these have broad and membra∣nous tendons, as the muscles of the eyes, and Epigastrium, except the right muscles: In others they are thick and round, as in the benders of the fingers; in others they are less round, but more broad than thick, such is the Tendon arising from the twin muscles, and Soleus of the leg: others have short Tendons, as the muscles which turn down the hand; othersome long,

as those of the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet; besides, others produce Tendons from the end of their belly, which Tendons are manifest; others from the midst, as the Temporal Muscles.

Besides, also others diffuse many Tendons from their belly, as in the hands the benders of the fingers, and extenders of the feet. Othersome put forth but one, which sometimes is divided into many, as those which bend the third articulation of the foot; otherwhile many muscles by their meeting together make one Tendon, as the three muscles of the Calf of the leg, and those which bend the cubit and leg. All Tendons have their original, when the nerves and ligaments dispersed through the fleshy substance of a muscle, are by little and little drawn and meet together, until at last carried to the joint, they are there fastned for the fit bending and extension thereof. From the contrariety of their Actions; for some parts have contrary muscles, benders and extenders;* 1.90 other parts have none; for the Cods and Fundament have only lifters up. From their function; for some are made for direct motions, as those which extend the fingers and toes; others for ob∣lique, as the Supinators of the hand, and the Pronators: others perform both; as the pectoral muscle, which moves the Arm obliquely upward and downward, as the upper and lowers fibers are contracted; and also outright; if all the fibers be contracted together, which also happens to the Deltoides and Trapezius. I have thought it good to handle particularly these differences of muscles, because that by understanding them, the prognostick will be more certain; and also the application of remedies to each part; and if any occasion be, either to make incision, or future, we may be more certain, whether the part affected, be more or less nervous.

CHAP. IX. Of the parts of a Muscle.

HAving declared the nature and differences of a Muscle, we must note that some of the parts thereof are compound and universal, others simple or particular.* 1.91 The compound are the head, belly, and tail. The simple are ligaments, a nerve, flesh, a vein, artery, and coat. For the compound parts; by the head, we understand the beginning and original of a muscle, which is one while ligamentous and nervous, otherwhiles also fleshy. By the belly, that portion which is absolutely fleshy; But by the tail we understand a Tendon consisting partly of a nerve, partly of a ligament promiscuously coming forth from the belly of the Muscle. For as much as be∣longs to the simple, which are six in number, three are called proper, and three common. The proper are a Ligament from a bone, a nerve proceeding from the Brain, or spinal marrow, and flesh compact by the concretion of blood. The common, are a vein from the Liver or trunk ari∣sing from thence; an artery proceeding from the Heart,* 1.92 a Coat produced by the nervous and li∣gamentous fibers spreading over the superficies of the muscle. But for the simple use of all such parts, the nerve is (as it were) the principal part of a Muscle, which gives it sense and motion, the ligament gives strength, the flesh contains the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the Muscle, and strengthens it, filling up all the void spaces; and also, it preserves the native humidity of these parts, and cherisheth the heat implanted in them; and, to conclude, defends it from all ex∣ternal injuries; for like a fan it opposeth it self against the heat of the Sun; and is a garment against the cold; and is as a cushion in all falls and bruises; and as a buckler of defence against wounding-weapons. The vein nourishes the muscle, the artery gives it life, the coat preserves the harmony of all the parts thereof, lest they should be any ways disjoined or corrupted by puru∣lent abscesses breaking into the empty or void spaces of the Muscles; as we see it hapneth in a Gangrene, where the corruption hath invaded this membrane, by the breathing out of the more acid matter or filth.

CHAP. X. A more particular inquisition into each part of a Muscle.

HAving gone thus far, it remains, that we more particularly inquire into each part of a Muscle, that (if it be possible) nothing may be wanting to this discourse.* 1.93 Wherefore a Ligament properly so called, is a simple part of mans body, next of a bone and grislle, the most terrestrial, dry, hard, cold, white; taking its original immediatly, or by the interposition of some Medium, from the Bones or Grisles (from whence also the Muscles have their beginning) whereby it comes to pass, that a ligament is void of sense, unless it receive a nerve from some other place; (for so the ligaments which compose and strengthen the tongue and yard, are par∣takers of sense, and it inserts it self into the bone and grisle, that so it may bind them together, and strengthen and beautifie the whole joint or connexion; (for these three be the principal uses of a ligament) then diffusing it self into the membranes and muscles to strengthen those parts.* 1.94 A N••rve, to speak properly, is also a simple part of our body, bred and nourished by a gross and p••legmatick humour, such as the brain, the original of all the nerves, and also the Spinal marrow endued with the faculty of feeling, and oftentimes also of moving. For there be divers parts of the body which have nerves, yet are destitute of all voluntary motion, having the sense only of ••eeling, as the membranes, veins, arteries, guts, and all the entrails. A nerve is covered with a double cover from the two membranes of the brain, and besides also with a third proceeding from

the ligaments which fasten the hinder part of the head to the Vertebra's, or else from the Pericrani∣um.* 1.95 We understand no other things by the fibers of a Nerve, or of a Ligament, than long and slender threds, white, solid, cold, strong, more, or less, according to the quantity of the sub∣stance, which is partly nervous and sensible, partly ligamentous and insensible. You must imagine the same of the fleshy fibers in their kind; but of these threds some are streight for attraction; others oblique, for retention of that which is convenient for the creature; and lastly, some trans∣verse, for expulsion of that which is unprofitable. But when these transverse threds are extended in length; they are lessened in bredth; but when they are directly contracted, they are shortned in length. But when they are extended all together as it were, with an unanimous consent, the whole member is wrinkled as contracted into it self: as on the contrary it is extended when they are relaxed. Some of these are bestowed upon the animal parts, to perform voluntary motions; others upon the vital to perform the agitation of the heart and arteries; others upon the natural for attraction,* 1.96 retention, and expulsion. Yet we must observe, that the attraction of no similar part is performed by the help of the foresaid fibers or threds, but rather by the heat implanted in them, or by the shunning of emptiness, or the familiarity of the substance. The flesh also is a simple and soft part, composed of the pure portion of the blood insinuating it self into the spaces between the fibers, so to invest them for the uses formerly mentioned. This is (as it were) a cer∣tain wall and bulwark against the injuries of heat and cold, against all falls and bruises, as it were, a certain soft pillow or cushion yielding to any violent impression. There be three sorts of flesh; one more ruddy, as the musculous flesh of perfect creatures, and such as have blood; for the flesh of all tender and young things having blood, as Calves, and also of all sorts of fish, is whitish, by reason of the too much humidity of the blood. The second kind is more pallid, even in perfect creatures having blood, such is the flesh of the heart, stomach, weason, guts, bladder, womb. The third is belonging to the entrails, or the proper substance of each entrail, as that which remains of the Liver (the veins, arteries and coat being taken away) of the bladder, of the gall, brains, kidnies, milt: Some add a fourth sort of flesh which is spongy, & that they say is proper to the tongue alone.

* 1.97A Vein is the vessel, pipe, or channel of the blood, or bloody matter; it hath a spermatick substance, consists of one coat composed of three sorts of fibers.

* 1.98An Artery is also the receptacle of blood, but that spirituous and yellowish, consisting in like manner of a spermatick substance; But it hath two coats with three sorts of fibers, the utmost whereof is most thin, consisting of right fibers, and some oblique: But the inner is five times more thick and dense than the utmost, interwoven with transverse fibers; and it doth not only contain blood and spirit, but also a serous humour, which we may believe because there be two emulgent Arteries as well as Veins.

* 1.99But the inner coat of an Artery is therefore more thick, because it may contain blood which is more hot, subtil, and spirituous; for the spirit, seeing it is naturully more thin and light, and in perpetual motion, would quickly fly away, unless it were held in a stronger hold. There is other reason for a Vein, as that which contains blood, gross, ponderous, and slow of motion. Where∣fore if it had acquired a dense and gross coat, it could scarce be distributed to the neighbouring parts:* 1.100 God, the maker of the Universe, foreseeing this, made the coats of the vessels contrary to the consistence of the bodies contained in them. The Anastomasis of the Veins and Arteries, that is to say, the application of the mouths of the one to the other, is very remarkable, by benefit of which they mutually communicate and draw the matters contained in them, and so also transfuse them by insensible passages, although that Anastomasis is apparent in the Vein and Artery that meet together at the joint and bending of the arm, which I have sometimes shewed in the Physick schools, at such time as I there dissected Anatomies.

* 1.101But the action or function of a Muscle is either to move or confirm the part according to our will, into which it is implanted; which it doth when it draws it self toward its original, that is to say, its head. But we define the head by the insertion of the nerve, which we understand by the manner of the working of the Muscle.

CHAP. XI. Of the Muscles of the Epigastrium, or lower Belly

NOw seeing that we have taught what a Muscle is, and what the differences thereof, are, and what simple and compound parts it hath, and what the use, action, and manner of action in each part is; it remains that we come to the particular explication of each Muscle, beginning with those of the lower belly, as those which we first meet withal in dissection.

* 1.102These are eight in number, four oblique, two on each side, two right or direct, one on the right, another on the left side; and in like manner two transverse. All these are alike in force, magni∣tude and action, so mutually composed, that the oblique descendant of one side, is conjoined with the other oblique descendant on the other side, and so of the rest.

We may add to this number the two little Supplying or Assisting muscles, which are of a Py∣ramidal form,* 1.103 and arise from the Share-bone, above the insertion of the right muscles; Of the oblique Muscles of each side the one ascends, the other descends, whereupon it comes to pass, that they are called the Oblique descendant and ascendant Muscle. Those oblique which we first meet with, are the descendant, whose substance is partly sanguine, partly spermatick; for they

are fleshy, nervous, ligamentous, veinous, arterious, and membranous.* 1.104 Yet the fleshy portion is predominant in them, out of which respect Hippocrates is wont to express the muscles by the name Fleshes; their greatness is indifferent between the large and the small muscles; their figure is three square. They are composed of the fore-mentioned parts, they are two in number;* 1.105 their site is oblique, taking their beginning from the touching of the great Saw-muscle; and from the sixt and seventh true ribs, or rather from the spaces between the six lower ribs, and rather on the forepart of the muscles, than of the ribs themselves; from whence shunning the Vertebra's of the Loins, the fleshy parts of them are terminated in the external and upper eminency of the Haunch∣bone, and the membranous end in the lower eminency of the Share-bone and the White-line. Yet Columbus dissenting from this common description of the oblique Muscles, thinks that they are only terminated in the White-line, and not in the Share-bone. For (saith he) wherefore should they be inserted into the Share-bone which is not moved? But because it would be an infinite la∣bour and trouble to set down at large the several opinions of all Authors of Anatomy; I have thought it sufficient for me to touch them lightly by the way. Their connexion is with the ob∣lique ascendant lying under them, and with the direct or right. Their temperament is twofold,* 1.106 the one hot and moist, by reason of the belly and the fleshy portion of them; the other cold and dry, in respect of their ligamentous and tendinous portion. Their action is to draw the parts into which they are inserted towards their original, or else to unite them firmly. Yet each of these privately and properly draws the hip in an oblique manner towards the Cartilago Scutiformis, or brest-blade. Then follow the oblique ascendant, who have the same substance, quantity, figure,* 1.107 composure, number and temper the descendant have. They are situate between the descendant and transverse with whom they have connexion,* 1.108 especially by the vessels which are brought from the parts beneath. All the fleshy parts arise from the rack-bones of the Haunch to the ends of the bastard-ribs, which they seem to admit above and below, being fleshy even to the fourth, and then becoming membranous, they take their way to the White-line, with a double aponeurosis, which passes through the right Muscles above and below, as we may plainly see from the Navel downwards. In their fleshy part they draw their original from the spine of the Haunch-bones a little lower than the descendant end in their fleshy part. But for their membranous parts, they arise before from the share-bone, but behind from the spondyls of the Holy-bone, and Ver∣tebra's, of the Loins obliquely ascending upwards to the White-line, into which they are termi∣nated by an aponeurosis or membranous tendon (which seems to penetrate the right Muscle upwards and downwards, especially under the Navel) but by their fleshy part at the ends of all the bastard ribs, which they seem to receive above and below. And because these Muscles are terminated in the White-line, they have also another use, yet such as is common to all the Muscles of the Epigastrium, that is, to press down the Guts.* 1.109 Their action is (if they perform it together) to draw and dilate the brest; but if their actions be separate, they draw the chest to the hip with an ob∣lique motion. After these follow the right Muscles, so called,* 1.110 because they descend according to the length of the body, and because they have right or streight fibres.

We will say nothing (to shun prolix ty, which in all other places we will avoid) of their sub∣stance and other conditions, which they have common with the fore-mentioned Muscles.* 1.111 They are situate in the eminentest or extuberating region of the belly, bounding the Epigastrium taken in general, (or the superficiary belly); they are divided by the manifest intercourse of the White∣line, even to the Navel, in which place they seem to be united even to the place of their inserti∣on. They draw their original not from the Share-bone, as some would have it,* 1.112 but according to the insertion of their nerves from the sides of the Cartilago scutiformis, and the ends of the sixth, seventh and eighth ribs; but they end in the Share-bone, where they make a common Tendon sufficiently strong and short. Sylvius, Vesalius, and Columbus think they arise from the Share-bone, because they cannot be inserted into that bone, because it is unmovable. You may perceive in these Muscles certain nervous and transverse intersections, oftentimes three in number for the strength of these Muscles, (of which Galen makes no mention, although they may be seen in Apes.) And also in the inner side of these muscles you may see four veins, and as many arteries, of which some creep upwards, others run downwards. The upper, called the Mamillary, descend from the Axillary by the side and lower parts of the Sternon, the slenderer portions thereof be∣ing distributed by the way to the Mediastinum, and about the fourth and fifth rib to the Dugs, from whence they take their name.

That which remains breaking out by the sides of the Brest-blade, inserts it self into those mus∣cles, creeping along, even almost to the navel; in which place they are manifestly united (that is,* 1.113 the veins with the veins, and arteries with the arteries) with the Epigastrick, which ascend from the upper part of the Iliack; on each side under the said muscles, until they meet with these four mamillary vessels. That you may find the concourse of the veins and arteries about the navel, you must follow both the upper and the lower somewhat deep into the flesh, pressing the blood on both sides from above downwards, and from below upward, until you shall find the exos∣culation of these vessels, which will appear by this, That the blood will flow from this into that, and from that into this; otherwise you can scarce perceive it, by reason of the smalness of such vessels which want blood. But that by the benefit of such concourse of the vessels, the mat∣ters may be communicated and transported both from the womb to the dugs, and again from the dugs to the womb, appears in Nurses who want their courses, when the milk comes into their dugs; and on the contrary lose their milk when their courses flow plentifully. Otherwise to what

purpose should there be such concourse between the vessels of the paps and womb? for there are veins and arteries diffused to the sides of the womb from the root of the Epigastricks; for indeed the Epigastricks which in their ascent meet with the mamillary, go not to the womb, though they be next to them, and arise from the same trunk with the Hypogastrick vein of the womb. The a∣ction of these Muscles is,* 1.114 to move or draw near together the parts of the Hypogastrium to the Praecordia, or Hypochondries. Their use, in Columbus opinion, is, to draw the brest downwards, so to dilate it. At the ends of these, nature hath produced two other small Muscles from the upper part of the Share-bone, of a triangular figure, for the safety of the thick and common tendon of the right Muscles; whereupon they are called Succenturiati, or, Assisters.

[illustration]

The first figure of the Lower belly.

• AABCD. The upper, lower, and la∣teral parts of the Peritonaeum.
• EE. The white Line from the grisle of the Breast-bone, called the Breast-blade, to the commissure or meeting of the Share-bones.
• F. The Grisle of the Breast-bone, Cartilago ensi-formis, or the Breast-blade.
• G. The Navel; which, all the Mus∣cles being taken away, must be kept for the demonstration of the Umbilical Ves∣sels.
• HH. The productions of the Perito∣naeum, which contain the seminary Vessels on either side.
• * * The hole which giveth way to the seminary Vessels of men.
• II. A vein and an artery from the Epigastrick, which being carryed up∣ward under the right Muscles, do here hang down, and are distributed into the lower part of the Abdomen.
• KK. A Vein and an Artery, from the internal Mammary, proceeding from under the Bone of the Breast, are car∣ryed downward through the right mus∣cles, and are disseminated into the up∣per part of the Abdomen.
• 1, 2. The place wherein the right muscles arise, which being here cut off, do hang down, that their Vessels may the better be seen.
• 3, 4. The Anastomasis or inoculation of the foresaid Vessels, making the con∣sent of the Abdomen and the Nose, and of the Womb with the Breasts, as some think.
• LL. Branches of Veins mouing into the sides of the Peritonaeum.
• N. The place of the Haunch-bone ba∣red, to which the Oblique and the Trans∣verse muscles do grow.

* 1.115Some (moved with I know not what reason) would have these two small Muscles to help the erection of the Yard. Columbus thinks they should not be separated from the right, and that they only are the fleshy beginnings of the right.* 1.116 But, on the contrary, Fallopius manifestly proves them different and separate from the right, and shews their use. The Transverse remain to be spoken of, so called by reason of their fibres, which make right angles with the fibres of the right Muscles. They have a quadrangular figure situate upon the greatest part of the Peritonaeum, to which they stick so close that they scarse can be separated. They take their original from the production of the loins, the eminency of the Haunch-bone, the transverse productions of the Vertebra's of the loins, and the ends of the bastard-ribs; contrary to the opinion of many, whom the insertion of the nerve convinces, but they end in the White-line, as all the rest do.

* 1.117Their action is to pass the guts, especially for the expulsion of Excrements.

But all the eight recited Muscles, besides their proper use, have another common; that is, they stand for a Defence, or Bulwark, for all the parts lying under them, and serve for the strengthen∣ing of the voyce, as experience shews in those who sound Trumpets and Cornets.

Therefore these Muscles do equally on every side press the Belly; but the Midriff, the inter∣costal muscles assisting it, doth drive from above downwards, from which conspiring contention follows the excretion of the excrements by the Fundament; but unless the Midriff should assist, these muscles would press the excrements no more downwards, than upwards to the mouth.

* 1.118Although to this excretion of the excrements, it is not sufficient that the Epigastrick, Midriff, and intercostal Muscles press the belly, but the muscles of the throttle must be also shut. For the mouth being open, the excrements never go well forth; because the vapors do pass out of the

mouth, which being restrained and driven to the Midriff, by stretching it powerfully thrusts down the excrement. Wherefore Apothecaries when they give Glysters, bid the Patient to open his mouth, that the Glyster may easily go up, which otherwise would scarcely go up, the mouth be∣ing shut; because so, we should have no place empty in us, into which the Glyster might be ad∣mitted.

Of the White-line, and Peritonaeum or Rim of the Belly.

THe White-line is nothing else, than the bound and extremities of the muscles of the Epi∣gastrium, distinguishing the belly in the midst into two parts, the right and left.* 1.119 It is cal∣led White, both of its own colour, and also for that no fleshy part lyes under it, or is placed above it. It is broader above the Navel, but narrower below, because the right muscles do there grow into one. Now we must treat of the Coat or Membrane, Peritonaeum or Rim of the Belly;* 1.120 it is so called, because it is stretched over all the lower belly, and particularly over all the parts contain∣ed in the ventricle, to which also it freely lends a common coat. It hath a spermatick substance,* 1.121 as all other membranes have; the quantity of it in thickness is very small, (for it is almost as thin as a Spiders web) yet differing in divers places in men and women; for men have it more thick and strong below the navel, that so it may contain the extension of the stomach, often stretched beyond measure with meat and drink. On the contrary, women have it so thick and strong below their navel, that it seems double, that so they may more easily endure the distention of their womb, caused by the child contained in it. But above the navel, men and women have the Peritonaeum of an equal strength, for the self same reason. The longitude and latitude of it is known by the cir∣cumscription of the belly.

The figure is round and somewhat long; it puts forth some productions, like finger-stalls,* 1.122 both for the leading and strengthening the spermatick vessels, and the Cremaster muscles of the Testicles, and, besides it, the ejaculatory vessels; as also to impart a coat to the Testicles, and all the natural parts.

It is composed of slender, membranous and nervous fibers,* 1.123 certain small brauenes of veins and arteries concurring with them, which it receives for life and nourishment from the adherent parts.

This membrane is one in number, and besides every where one and equal, although Galen would have it perforated in that place where the spermatick vessels descend to the Testicles; But,* 1.124 in truth, we must not think that a hole, but rather a production, as we said before.

The later Anatomists have observed, the Coat Peritonaeum is doubled below the Navel, and that by the spaces of these reduplications the umbilical arteries ascend to the Navel.

It is situate near the natural parts, and compasses them about, and joyned by the coat,* 1.125 which it gives them, as also on the sides, it is joined to the vertebra's of the loins, from whose Ligaments (or rather Periosteum) it takes the original: On the lower part, it cleaves to the share-bone, and on the upper to the Midriff, whose lower part it wholly invests; on the fore or outer part it sticks so close to the transverse muscles, that it cannot be pluckt from them but by force, by reason of the complication and adhaesion of the fibers thereof with the fibers of the proper membrane of these muscles; which membrane in Galen's opinion proceeds from this Peritonaeum,* 1.126 so that it is no marvail that we may more easily break than separate these two coats. It is of temperature cold and dry, as all other membranes.

[Use.] It hath many uses, the first whereof is, to invest and cover all the parts of the lower belly, specially the Kall, lest it should be squeezed by great compressures and violent attempts into the empty spaces of the muscles, as it sometimes happens in the wounds of the Epigastrium, unless the lips of the Ulcer be very well united; for then appears a tumor about the wound by the Guts and Kall thrusting without the Peritonaeum into those spaces of the muscles; from whence proceeds cruel pain.

Another use is, to the further casting forth of the excrements by pressing the ventricle and guts on the foreside, as the Midriff doth above, as one should do it by both his hands joyned together.

The third use is, it prohibits the repletion of the parts with flatulency after the expulsion of the excrements, by straitning and pressing them down.

The fourth and last is, that it contains all the parts in their seat, and binds them to the back∣bone, principally that they should not fly out of their places by violent motions, as by leaping, and falling from on high.

Lastly, we must know, that the Rim is of that nature, that it will easily dilate it self, as we see in Dropsies, in women with childe, and in tumors against nature.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Epiploon, Omentum, or Zirbus, that is, the Kall.

AFter the containing parts, follow the contained, the first of which is the Epiploon,* 1.127 (or Kall) so called, because it (as it were) swims upon all the guts. The substance of it is fatty and spermatick, the quantity of it for thickness is diverse, in divers men, according to their temperament. The latitude of it is described by the quantity of the guts. It is in figure

like a purse,* 1.128 because it's double. It is composed of veins, arteries, fat, and a membrane, which sliding down from the gibbous part of the ventricle, and the flat part of the gut Duodenum, and Spleen over the Guts,* 1.129 is turned back from the lower belly to the top of the Colon. It is one as we said covering the Guts. It hath its chief connexion with the first Vertebra's of the Loins, from which place in Beasts it seems to take a Coat, as in men from the hollow part of the Spleen, and gibbous of the ventricle,* 1.130 and depressed part of the Duodenum; from whence doubled, it is ter∣minated in the fore and higher part of the Colick-gut. Which moved Galen to write, that the upper part of the membrane of the Kall was annexed to the Ventricle; but the lower, to the laxer part of the Colick-gut. From the Vessels of which parts it borrows his, as also the Nerves, if it have any. The temper of it in lean bodies is cold and dry, because their Kall is without far; but in fat bodies it is cold and moist by reason of the fat. The use of it is twofold: The first is to heat and moisten the Guts, and help their concoction, although it do it by accident, as that which through the density of the fat, hinders the cold air from piercing in, and also forbids the dissipa∣tion of the internal heat. Another use is, that, in want of nourishment in times of great famin, sometimes it cherishes,* 1.131 and (as it were) by its dew preserves the innate heat, both of the Ven∣tricle and neighbouring parts, as it is written by Galen. Moreover we must observe, that in a rupture or relaxation of the Peritonaeum, the Kall falls down into the Scrotum, from whence comes that rupture we call Epiplocele.* 1.132 But in women that are somewhat more fat, it thrusts it self be∣tween the bladder and the neck of the womb, and by its compression hinders, that the seed comes not with full force into the womb, and so frustrates the conception. Besides, when by a wound or some other chance, any part of it be defective, then that part of the Belly which answers to it, will afterwards remain cold and raw, by reason of the fore-mentioned causes.

[illustration]

The second figure of the lower Belly.

• AA, BB. The inner part of the Peritonaeum cutt into four parts, and so turned backward.
• B. The upper B sheweth the implantation of the Umbilical vein into the Liver.
• C. The Navel separated from the Peritonaeum. From D to the upper B the Umbilical veins.
• E, E. The forepart of the stomach blown up, nei∣ther covered by the Liver nor Kall.
• F, F. A part of the Gibbous side of the Liver.
• G. Vessels disseminated through the Peritonaeum.
• * The Brest blade.
• H. The ••otttom of the Bladder of urine.
• I. The connexion of the Peritonaeum to the bottom of the Bladder.
• K, K, K, K. The Kall covering the Guts.
• M, N. Vessels and sinews embracing the bottom of the stomach.
• O. The meeting of the Vessels of both sides; so that M, N, and O, shew the seam which Aristotle mentions. 3. Hist. & 4. de part. Anim. where he saith, That the Kall arises and proceeds from the midst of the belly.
• P, P. Branches of Vessels running alongst the bottom of the stomach.
• QQQQ. Certain branches of the Vessels distributed to the upper membrane of the Omentum, and compassed with fat.
• a, a, The two Umbilical arteries going down by the sides of the bladder to a branch of the great artery.
• b. The Ligament of the Bladder which is shewed for the Urachus.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Ventricle or Stomach.

* 1.133NOw we must speak of the Stomach; the receptacle of the food necessary for the whole body, the seat of appetite, by reason of the Nerves dispersed into its upper orifice, and so into its whole substance. The substance thereof is rather spermatick than san∣guine, because that for one fleshy membrane, it hath two nervous; The quantity or magnitude of the ventricle is divers, according to the various magnitudes of bodies, and gluttony of men. The figure of it is round and somewhat long, like a Bagpipe. The stomach is composed of two proper coats, and one common from the Peritonaeum, together with veins, sinews, and arteries;

the innermost of its proper coats is membranous, woven with right fibers, for the attraction of meats; it is extended and propagated even to the mouth thereof, whereby it comes to pass that the affections of one part may easily be communicated to the other by sympathy, or consent.* 1.134 This coat hath its original from the membranes of the brain which accompany the nerves descending from the third and fourth conjugation to the mouth thereof. And in like sort from other pro∣ductions descending by the passages of the head, from whence also another reason may be drawn from that, which they commonly bring from the nerves of the sixt conjugation; why in wounds of the head, the stomach doth so soon suffer by consent with the brain. The exterior or outer is more fleshy and thick, woven with oblique fibers, to retain and expel. It draws its original from the Pericranium, which assoon as it comes to the gullet, takes unto it certain fleshy fibers. There be nerves sent into the Stomach from the sixt conjugation of the Brain, as it shall be shewed in its proper place. Veins and Arteries are spread into it from the Gastrica, the Gastrepiploides, the Coronaria and Splenick, from the second, third, and fourth distribution of the Vena-porta, or Gate-vein; and the third of the descendent artery to the natural parts, assoon as it passes forth of the Midriffe.

It is one in number, The greater part of it is situated on the left side between the Spleen,* 1.135 the hollowness of the Liver, and the Guts, that, assisted by the heat of such neighbouring parts, it may more cheerfully perform the concoction of the meat. Neither am I ignorant that Galen hath written, that a great part of the Stomach lies on the left side. But inspection it self, and reason makes me derogate from Galen's authority: for, because there is more empty space on the left side,* 1.136 by reason the Spleen is less than the Liver, it was fit it should lie more on the left side.* 1.137 The more proper connexion of it is with the gullet and guts, by its two orifices; with the brain by its nerves; with the liver and spleen by its veins; with the heart by its arteries; and with all the natural parts by its common membrane.

The temper of the ventricle in men of good habit, is temperate, because it is almost composed of the equal commixture of sanguine and spermatick parts; or according to Galen's opinion,* 1.138 it is cold of it self, and by the parts composing it; and hot by the vicinity of the bowels. But in some it is hotter, in others colder, according to the divers temper and complexion of divers bo∣dies. That stomach is to be thought well tempered, that powerfully draws down the meat and drink, and embraces and retains them so drawn, until by concoction and elixation, they shall be turned into a juyce like cream (which the Greeks call Chylos;) and lastly, which doth strongly send from it, and repel the excrements of this first concoction.

The Stomach is known to be hotter by this, that it better concocts and digests coorse and hard meats, as Beef, hard Egs, and the like, than soft meats easie of digestion,* 1.139 which it corrupts and turns into belchings. For so a young Chicken, is sooner burnt than well roasted at a great fire. The stomach which is colder, desires much meat, but is slow in concocting them, especially if they be cold and hard of digestion, which for that cause quickly turn sowre. The action of a well conditioned stomach is twofold, one common, another proper. The common is to attenuate,* 1.140 mix and digest the meats taken in at the mouth, for the nutrition of it self and the whole body, after the liver hath performed its duty, which before it be done, the ventricle only enjoys the sweet pleasure of the Chylus, and comforts it self against the impurity of the adjacent parts, where∣of it is called the work-house of concoction. Its first action is to attract, retain, and assimilate to it self that which is convenient; but to expel whatsoever shall be contrary, either in quantity, or quality, or in the whole substance.

It hath two orifices, one above, which they commonly call the stomach and heart,* 1.141 the other lower, which is called the Pylorus, or lower mouth of the stomach. The upper bends to the left side neer the back-bone; it is far more large and capacious than the lower, that so it may more com∣modiously receive meats half-chewed, hard and gross, which Gluttons cast down with great gree∣diness; it hath an exquisite sense of feeling, because it is the seat of the appetite, by reason of the nerves incompassing this orifice, with their mutual imbracings; whereby it happens that the ven∣tricle in that part is endued with a quick sense, that perceiving the want and emptiness of meat, it may stir up the creature to seek food. For albeit nature hath bestowed four faculties on other parts, yet they are not sensible of their wants, but are only nourished by the continual sucking of the veins, as plants by juyce drawn from the earth.

This orifice is seated at the fifth Vertebra of the chest, upon which they say it almost rests.* 1.142 Yet I had rather say, that it lies upon the twelfth Vertebra of the chest, and the first of the loins; for in this place the gullet perforates the midriffe, and makes this upper orifice.* 1.143 The lower orifice bends rather to the right side of the body, under the cavity of the Liver. It is far straiter than the upper, lest any thing should pass away before it be well attenuated and concocted; and it doth that by the help or assistance of, as it were, a certain ring, like to the sphincter muscle of the fundament, which some have thought a glandule made by the transposition of the inner and fleshy membrane of the ventricle into that which is the outer of the guts. I know Columbus laughs at this glandulous ring, but any one that looks more attentively, shall perceive that Pylorus is glandu∣lous. The stomach in its lower and inner side, hath many folds and wrincles, which serve to hold and contain the meats, until they be perfectly concocted. In the ventricle, we observe parts gibbous and hollow; the hollow is next to the liver and midriffe; the gibbous is towards the guts.* 1.144 Now we must note that the ventricle, when it is much resolved or loosed, may slide down even to the navil near the bladder, the which we have observed in some bodies dissected after their death.

[illustration]

The third and fourth Figures.

• The first figure shews the fore∣side of the stomach and gullet.
• A. sheweth the orifice of the gullet cut from the throat.
• B. the straight and direct course of the gullet from A. to B.
• C. how the gullet above the first rack-bone of the chest, from B. to C. inclineth to the right hand.
• D. his inclination to the left hand, from C. to D.
• EE. the two glandules called the Almonds, set close to the gul∣let in the end of the throat, called also Paristmia, Antiades, Ton∣sillae, and Salviares glandulae.
• FF. another glandulous body in the midst of the gullet, about the fifth rack-bone, from which place the gullet gives place to the great artery, somewhat declining to the right side: Vaesalius, Lib. 5. c. 3. and Columbus, cap. ult. lib. 9. write, that those Glandules are filled with a certain moisture, with which the gullet is moistened that the meats may slide down more easily into the stomach, as through a slippery passage. No otherwise than the Glandulae prostatae, filled with a kind of gross and oily moisture, smooth the passage of the urine, that so it may flow through it, with a more free and less troubled course.
• G. the connexion of the gullet with the stomach, where the upper orifice of the stomach is fashioned.
• H. the lower orifice of the stomach called Pylorus.
• I. K. the upper part of the stomach at I. the lower at K.
• LL. the foreside of the stomach.
• P. the gullet called Duodenum.
• T. V. the right and left nerves of the sixth pair, encompassing about the gullet and the uppermost left orifice of the stomach.

The second Figure sheweth the back-parts of the Ventricle and Gullet.

A. EE. FF. G. H. P. TV. shew the like parts as in the former. From C. to D. the inclination of the stomach to the left hand. M. N. O. the back side of the stomach. M. sheweth the prominence of the left side. N. of the right. O. sheweth the dock or impression, where it resteth upon the rack-bones. Q. R. the passage of the bladder of the gall into Duodenum at R. S. a glandulous body growing under the Duodenum, bearing up the vessels X. Y. a nerve on the left side creeping up to the top of the stomach, and so running out to the liver.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Guts.

* 1.145THE Guts the instruments of distribution and expulsion are of the same substance and com∣posure with the Stomach, but that the site of the coats of the Stomach is contrary to those of the guts. For that which is the innermost coat of the Stomach is the outermost of the Guts, and so on the contrary. The figure of the Guts is round, hollow and capacious, some more,* 1.146 some less, according to the divers bigness.

But for the quantity of the Guts, some are small, some great, more or less, according to the variety of bodies.* 1.147 But they are six in number: for there be three small; the Duodenum, the Jejunum or empty Gut, and the Ileon. Three great, the Blind, the Colick, and the Right-gut. All which have had their names for the following reasons; the first, because it is extended the length of twelve fingers, like another stomach, without any turning; or winding, of which great∣ness it is found in great bodied men, such as were more frequently to be met withall in Galen's time, than in this time of ours; in which, this gut is found no longer than seven, eight, or nine fingers at the most. The cause of this length is, that there may be a free passage to the Gate-vein, coming out of the Liver, as also to the Artery and Nerve which run into it. For seeing that this Gut may sometimes rise to the top of the Liver, it would possess the space under the Bladder of the Gall (with which it is often tincture) if it had any revolutions that way, which is the passage for such like vessels. Others give another reason of this figure, which is, That there should be no∣thing to hinder the easie and fit distribution of the perfectly concocted Chylus to the Liver.

* 1.148The second is called Jejunum, or the empty-Gut, not because it is absolutely so, but because it contains little in comparison of the other. There is a triple cause of this emptiness, the first the multitude of the meseraick Veins and Arteries which are about it, whereupon there is a greater and quicker distribution of the Chylus. The second is the vicinity or neighbourhood of the Liver strongly drawing the Chylus contained in it; the third is the flowing down of the Cholerick hu∣mor from the Bladder of the Gall into it, which ever and anon by its acrimony cleanses away the filth, and by continual flowing solicits it to expulsion. The third is called Ileon, because it lies between the Ilia,* 1.149 or flanks; it differs nothing from the rest in substance and magnitude, but in

this one thing, that there is more matter contained in it than in the rest, by reason of the paucity of the vessels terminated in it, that it is no marvel that there can be no exact demonstration made of them. The fourth is called Caecum, or the Blind,* 1.150 because it hath but one passage to send out and receive in the matter. This Gut hath a long and strait production, which, according to the opini∣on of some (though altogether erroneous) often falls down intO the Scrotum in the rupture, or re∣laxation of the Rim of the Belly; for, that production in the lower Belly strongly sticks to the Peritonaeum, or Rim, which hinders such falling down. But Galen seems by such a Blind-gut to have meant this long and narrow production; and certainly, so thinks the common sort of Anato∣mists: but here Vesalius justly reprehended Galen. Wherefore Sylvius that he might free Galen of this fault, would have us by the Blind-gut to understand the beginning of the Colick-gut. The fifth is called Colon (or Colick-gut) because it is greater and more capacious than the rest.* 1.151 The sixt and last, the Right-gut, by reason of the rightness or straightness of the passage. This, in beasts especially, hath a certain fatness in it to make the passage slippery, and lest the guts should be ex∣ulcerated in the passage, by the sharpness of hard and acrid excrements.

The site of these guts is thus: The Duodenum upon the back-bone bends to the right hand;* 1.152 the Jejunum possesses a great part of the upper umbilical region, & diffuses it self into both sides with windings, like to those of the Gut Ileum, even to the flanks. The gut Ileon is situate at the lower part of the umbilical region, going with many turnings and windings, even to the hollownesses of the holy-bone above the bladder and side parts of the Hypogastrium, they call the flanks.

The Blind bends to the right hand, a little below the Kidney, above the first and fourth Verte∣bra of the loins. The Colon or Colick-gut is crooked and bent, in the form of a Scythian-bow, filling all the space from the Blind-gut, below the right Kidney even to the hollowness of the Li∣ver, and then it goes by the gibbous part of the stomach above the small-guts, even to the hollow∣ness of the Spleen; from whence sliding under the left Kidney, with some turnings, it is termina∣ted upon the Vertebra's of the Loins.

By all which turnings and windings of the Colick-gut,* 1.153 it is easie to distinguish the pain of the Stone of the Kidneys, which remain fixt in one certain place, from the Colick wandring through those crooked passages we mentioned. The right-gut tends with an oblique site towards the left hand, upon the holy-bone even to the very fundament. They have all one and a common connexi∣on; for they are all mutually joyned together by their coats, because there is but one way from the gullet even to the fundament; but they are joyned to the principal parts by their nerves, veins, and arteries.

But a more proper connexion is that, where the Duodenum on the upper part of it, is joyned with the Pylorus; but on the lower part to the Jejunum, and the parts lying under it; by the coat of the Peritonaeum. The Jejunum, or Empty-gut, is joyned to the Duodenum and Ileon. The Ile∣on, with the empty blind-guts. The blind with the Ileon and Colon, and with the right side of the back-bone where it is tied more straightly. The Colon with the blind and right-guts,* 1.154 and in his middle part, with the Kidneys and gibbous part of the Stomach; whereby it comes to pass, that be∣ing distended with wind in the colick, it over-turns add presses the stomach, and so causes vomiting.

Lastly, the right-gut is annexed with the Colick-gut and Fundament.* 1.155 At the end whereof there is a muscle fastened, of figure round and circular, called the Sphincter, arising from the lower Ver∣tebra's of the holy-bone and rump, by the benefit of which as of a dore or gate, the excrements are restrained at our will, lest man born for all honest actions, without all shame, in every time and place, should be forced every where to ease his belly. For such as have lost the benefit of this mus∣cle by the Palsie, have their excrements go from them against their wills.* 1.156 There is a body situate at the end of the right-gut, and of a middle substance between the skin and flesh, as it were arising from the mixture of them both, like the extremities of the lips, of the same use with the Sphincter, but that it is not altogether so powerful. But there are also certain veins situate about it called the Haemorrhoidal, of which we will speak in their place.

Besides, there are two other muscles that descend to the end of this gut, being broad and membranous on each side, one arising from the side and inner parts of the share and hip-bones, which inserted above the Sphincter pull up the fundament falling down, wherefore they are cal∣led Levatores Ani, or the lifters up of the Fundament. Wherefore when as either they are too weak, or resolved, or the fundament oppressed with the weight of flegmatick, salt,* 1.157 cholerick and sharp humors, the gut is scarce restored into its place, that there is need of the help of the fin∣gers for that purpose.

The guts follow the temper of the stomach.* 1.158 Their action is the distributing the Chylus by the meseraick veins (which of duty belongs to the three small guts) and the receiving the excre∣ments of the Chylus, and retention of them, till a fit time of expulsion, which belongs to the third quarter. Besides, these small guts finish up the work of concoction, begun in the stomach, al∣though they be not altogether made for that use. But nature is often accustomed to abuse the parts of the body for some better use.

But we must note, that for the composure of the guts, they have only transverse fibers,* 1.159 for ex∣pulsion's sake, unless that at the beginning of the Colon, and the end of the right gut, you may see certain right fibers added to the transverse to strengthen them, lest these guts should chance to be broken and torn by the passage of hard excrements, and the laborious endeavour of expulsion (specially in brute beasts.)

[illustration]

The fifth figure, of the lower belly.

• A. The brest-blade, Cartilago Ensiformis.
• BB. the Rim, with the midrisse and broken ribs bent outwards.
• CC. the gibbous part of the Liver.
• D. a ligament tying the Liver to the Midriff.
• E. part of the umbilical vein.
• FF. the stomach fild full of meat.
• G. a part of the spleen.
• H. the blind gut of the late writers, for the An∣cients took the top of the Colon for it.
• I. the beginning of the great or thick guts.
• I. and so to K. sheweth the passages of the colick-gut from the right kidney to the liver. And so the co∣lick and the stone on this side are in one place, and therefore hardly distinguished.
• K. to L. same colick-gut lyeth under the whole bottom of the stomach, which is the reason that those which are troubled with the colick cast so much.
• L. to M. the passage of the Colon from the Spleen to the share-bone, by the stone and the Colick on the left side, very hard to distinguish.
• N. the Colon ending in the right gut.
• O. the beginning of the right-gut unto the bladder.
• P. Q. the sunken or fallen side of the Colon at P. and his Chambers or Cells at Q R. S. T. the les∣ser guts especially lying under the Navel.
• aa. The two umbilical arteries.
• b. the bottom of the bladder.
• * the connexcion of the bladder and the Peritonae∣um.

* 1.160But if any ask, how they have retention, being they want oblique fibers; he may know, that the faeces are retained in the right-gut, by the force of the Sphincter-muscle, but oft-times in the blind,* 1.161 by their hardness and abundance, whereby they stick in the passage; but in the rest, by reason of their conformation into many windings and turnings. The length of the guts, is seven times more than the length of the whole body; to this length they have windings, lest the nou∣rishment should quickly slide away, and lest men should be with-drawn by gluttony from action and contemplation. For so we see it comes to pass in most Beasts, which have one Gut, stretched straight out from the stomach to the fundament; as in the Lynx, and such other Beasts of insati∣able gluttony, always, like plants, regarding their food.

CHAP. XV. Of the Mesentery.

* 1.162AFter the Guts follows the Mesentery, being partly of a fatty, and partly of spermatick substance. The greatness of it is apparent enough, although in some it be bigger, and in some lesser, according to the greatness of the body. It is of a round figure and not very thick. It is composed of a double coat arising from the beginning and root of the Perito∣naeum. In the midst thereof, it admits nerves from the Costal of the sixt Conjugation; veins from the Vena Porta, or Gate-vein; Arteries from the descendent artery, over and besides a great quantity of fat and many glandulous bodies, to prop up the division of the vessels spred over it, as also to moisten their substance. It is in number one, situate in the middle of the guts, from whence it took its name.* 1.163 Yet some divide it into two parts, to wit, into the Meseraeum, that is, the portion interwoven with the smal guts, and into the Meso-colon which is joyned with the Great. It hath connexion by it vessels, with the principal parts, by its whole substance with the guts, and in some sort with the kidneys, from whose region it seems to take its coats.

* 1.164It is of a cold and moist temper, if you have respect to his fatty substance; but if to the rest of the parts, cold and dry.

* 1.165The action and use of it is, to bind and hold together the guts, each in his place, lest they should rashly be folded together, and by the Meseraick-veins (which they term the hands of the Liver) carry the Chylus to the Liver.

* 1.166In which you must note, that all the Meseraick Veins come from the Liver, as we understand by the dissection of bodies; although some have affirmed, that there be some veins serving for the nourishment of the guts, no ways appertaining to the Liver, but which end in certain Glandu∣lous bodies, dispersed through the Mesentery, of whose use we will treat hereafter.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Glandules in general, and of the Pancreas, or Sweet-bread.

A Glandule is a simple part of the body; sometimes of a spongy and soft substance,* 1.167 some∣times of a dense and hard. Of the soft Glandules are the Tonsillae (or Almonds, like in substance to blanched Almonds), the Thymus, Pancreas, Testicles, Prostatae. But the dense and hard are the Parotides, and other like. The Glandules differ amongst themselves in quantity and figure, for some are greater than othersome, and some are round, and others plain,* 1.168 as the Thy∣mus and Pancreas.

Others are compounded of veins, nerves, arteries, and their proper flesh,* 1.169 as the Almonds of the ears, the milky glandules in the breasts and the testicles. Others want nerves, at least which may be seen, as the Parotides, the axillary, or those under the arm-holes, and others. The number of glan∣dules is uncertain, by reason of the infinite multitude and variety of sporting nature.* 1.170 You shall find them always in those places, where the great divisions of vessels are made, as in the middle ventricle of the brain, in the upper part of the Chest, in the Mesentery, and other like places.

Although othersome be seated in such places, as nature thinks needful to generate and cast forth of them a profitable humor to the creature; as the Almonds at the root of the tongue, the kernels in the dugs, the spermatick vessels in the scrotum and at the sides of the womb; or where Nature hath decreed to make emunctories for the principal parts, as behind the ears, under the arm-holes, and in the groins. The connexion of glandules is not only with the vessels of the parts concurring to their composition, but also with those, whose division they keep and preserve.* 1.171 They are of a cold temper, wherefore Physitians say, the blood recrudescere (i), to become raw again in the dugs, when it takes upon it the form of milk. But of these some have action, as the Almonds,* 1.172 which pour out spattle useful for the whole mouth, the dugs milk, the Testicles seed; others, use only, as those which are made to preserve, under-prop and fill up the divisions of the vessels.* 1.173 Be∣sides this we have spoken of glandules in general, we must know, that the Pancreas, is a glandu∣lous and flesh-like body, as that which hath every-where the shape and resemblance of flesh. It is situate at the flat end of the Liver, under the Duodenum with which it hath great connexion,* 1.174 and under the Gate-vein, to serve as a Bulwark both to it and the divisions thereof, whilst it fils up the empty spaces between the vessels themselves, and so hinders, that they be not pluckt asun∣der, nor hurt by any violent motion, as a fall or the like.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Liver.

HAving gone thus far, order of dissection now requires, that we should treat of the distri∣bution of the gate-vein; but, because it cannot well be understood unless all the nature of the Liver from whence it arises, be well known, therefore putting it off to a more fit place, we will now speak of the Liver. Wherefore the Liver (according to Galen's opinion,* 1.175 lib. de form. foetus) is the first of all the parts of the body, which is finished in conformation. It is the shop and Author of the blood, and the original of the veins; the substance of it,* 1.176 is like the concrete mud of the blood, the quantity of it is divers, not only in bodies of different, but also of the same species; as in men amongst themselves, of whom one will be gluttonous and fearful, another bold, and temperate or sober; for he shall have a greater Liver than this, be∣cause it must conceive and concoct a greater quantity of Chylus: yet the Liver is great in all men, because they have need of a great quantity of blood for the repairing of so many spirits, and the substantifick moisture, which are resolved and dissipated in every moment by action and contem∣plation. But there may be a twofold reason given, why such as are fearful have a larger Liver.* 1.177 The first is, because in those the vital faculty (in which the heat of courage and anger resides) which is in the heart, is weak; and therefore the defect of it must be supplyed by the strength of the natu∣ral faculty. For thus nature is accustomed to recompence that which is wanting in one part, by the increase and accession of another. The other reason is, because cold men have a great appetite, for by Galen's opinion In arte parva, Coldness increases the appetite; by which it comes to pass that they have a greater quantity of Chylus, by which plenty the Liver is nourished and grows larger. Some Beasts, as Dogs and Swine, have the Liver divided into five or more Lobes, but a man hath but one Lobe, or two, or three at the most; and these not so much distinguished, as which cherish the upper & hollow region of the ventricle, with embracing to help forward the work of concocti∣on. Therefore the liver is almost content with one Lobe, although it is always rent with a small di∣vision, that the umbilical vein piercing into the roots and substance of it, may have a free passage; but also oftentimes there is as it were a certain small Lobe of the Liver, laid under that umbilical-vein, as a cushion.

The figure of the Liver is gibbous; rising up and smooth towards the Midriff;* 1.178 towards the sto∣mach is the simous or hollow-side of it somewhat unequal, and rough by reason of the distance of the Lobes, the original of the hollow-vein, and the site of the bladder of the Gall.

The composition of the Liver is of Veins, Nerves, Arteries,* 1.179 the coat and proper substance thereof which we call the gross and concrete blood, or Parenchyma.* 1.180 Veins and arteries come to it from the navil; but nerves immediately from these which are diffused over the stomach according

to Hippocrates; yet they penetrate not very deep into its substance; for it seems not to stand in need of such exact sense, but they are distributed upon the coat and surface thereof, because this part made for distribution over the whole body, keeps to it self no acrid or malign humor; for the perception of which it should need a nerve, although the coat investing it, sends many nervous fibers into its substance, as is apparent by the taking away of the coat from a boiled Liver; we must think the same of the other entrails. The coat of the Liver is from the Peritonaeum, waxing small from the umbilical vein, when it divides it self for the generation of the gate and hollow-veins, as is observed by Galen, Lib. de format. Foetus. The Liver is only one, situate in the greater part on the right side,* 1.181 but with the lesser part on the left, quite contrary to the Stomach. Its chief connexion is with the stomach and guts,* 1.182 by the veins and membranes of the Peritonaeum; by the hollow vein and artery, with the heart; by the nerve with the brain; and by the same ligatures with all the parts of the whole body.* 1.183 It is of a hot and moist temper, and such as have it more hot, have large veins and hot bloud;* 1.184 but such as have it cold, have small veins, and a discoloured hew. The action of the Liver is the conversion of Chylus into the blood, the work of the second concoction. For although the Chylus entring into the meseraick veins, receive some resemblance of blood, yet it acquires not the form and perfection of blood, before it be elaborate, and fully concoct in the liver. It is bound and tyed with three strong ligaments;* 1.185 two on the sides in the midst of the bastard ribs, to bear up it sides and the third more high and strong, descending from the blade, to sustain its pro∣per part, which with its weight would press the lower orifice of the stomach, and so cause a falling or drawing down of the sternon and coller-bone. And thus much may suffice for its proper liga∣ments, for we before-mentioned its common; the veins, arteries, nerves, and coat of the Peritonae∣um, by which it is knit to the loins and other natural parts. But we must note, that besides these three proper ligaments, the liver is also bound with others to the Bastard-ribs; as Sylvius ob∣serves in his Anatomical observations, and Hollerius in his Practice, Cap. de Pluritide.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Bladder of the Gall.

* 1.186NOw we must come to the bladder of the Gall, which is of a nervous substance, and of the bigness of a small Pear; it is of figure round, with the bottom more large, but the sides and mouth more narrow and strait. It is composed of a double coat, one proper, consist∣ing of three sorts of fibers,* 1.187 the other from the Peritonaeum. It hath a vein from the Porta or Gate-vein, and an artery from that which is diffused into the Liver, and a nerve from the sixt conjugati∣on.* 1.188 It is but one, and that hid on the right side under the greater lobe of the Liver, it is knit with the touching of its own body, and of the passages and channels made for the performance of its actions with the Liver; and in like manner with the Duodenum, and not seldom with the stomach also, by another passage; and to conclude, to all the parts by its veins, nerves, arteries, and com∣mon coat.* 1.189 It is of a cold temper, as every nervous part is. The action of it, is to separate from the Liver the cholerick humor, and that excrementitious, but yet natural, by the help of the right fi∣bers, for the purifying of the blood, and by the oblique fibers, so long to keep it being drawn until it begin to become troublesome in quantity, or quality, or its whole substance, & then by the transverse fibers,* 1.190 to put it down into the Duodenum to provoke the expulsive faculty of the guts. I know, Fallopius denies the texture of so many fibers, to be the minister of such action to the gall. But Vesalius seems sufficiently to have answered him. The bladder of the gall hath divers chan∣nels: for coming with a narrow neck, even to the beginning of the Gate-vein, it is divided into two passages,* 1.191 the one whereof suffering no division is carryed into the Duodenum, unless that in some it send another branch into the bottom of the stomach, as is observed by Galen; which men have a miserable and wretched life, being subject to cholerick vomit∣ings, especially when their stomachs are empty, with great pains of their stomach and head, as is also observed by Galen. Cap. 74. Artis Med. The other, coming out of the body of the Liver divides it self into two or three passages, again entring the substance of the Liver is divided with infinite branches, accompanying so many branches of the Gate-vein through the substance of the Liver, that so the blood unless it be most elaborate and pure, may not rise into the hollow-vein, all which things Dissection doth manifestly teach.

[illustration]

The sixth Figure of the Bladder of the Gall.

• M. the Pylorus joyned to the Duodenum.
• N. the Duodenum joyned to the Pylorus.
• P. shews the bottom of the bladder of the gall.
• QQ. the holes of the bladder of Gall dis∣persed through the Liver, betwixt the roots of the hollow and Gate-veins.
• R. the root of the Gate-vein in the Liver.
• S. the root of the hollow-vein in the Liver.
• a. The concourse or meeting of the passages of choler into one branch.
• b. The neck of the bladder into which the passage is inserted.
• c. The passage of the Gall into the Duode∣num.

[illustration]

• d. the Duodenum opened to manifest the insertion of the porus biliaris. i. e. an artery going to the hollow part of the Liver, and the bladder of the Gall.
• f. a small nerve belonging to the liver and the blad∣der of gall, from the rib branch of the sixth pair.
• gg. the cistick twins from the gate-veins.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Spleen or Milt.

BUt because we cannot well shew the distribution of the gate-vein, unless the Spleen be first taken away, and removed from its seat: therefore before we go any futher,* 1.192 I have thought good to treat of the Spleen. Therefore the Spleen is of a soft, rare, and spongi∣ous substance (whereby it might more easily receive and drink up the dregs of the blood from the liver) and of a flesh more black than the liver. For it resembles the colour of its muddy blood,* 1.193 from which it is generated. It is of an indifferent greatness; but bigger in some, than in other∣some, according to the diverse temper and complexion of men. It hath, as it were,* 1.194 a triangular figure, gibbous on that part, it sticks to the ribs and midriffe, but hollow on that part next the stomach. It is composed of a coat, the proper flesh, a vein, artery, and nerve. The membrane comes from the Peritonaeum, the proper flesh from the faeces or dregs of bloud, or rather of the natural melancholy humor, with which it is nourished. The fourth branch of the vena porta, or gate-vein, lends it a vein; the first branch of the great descendent artery, presently after the first entrance without the Midriff, lends it an artery. But it receives a nerve, from the left costal, from the sixt conjugation on the inner part, by the roots of the ribs; and we may manifestly see this Nerve,* 1.195 not only dispersing it self through the coat of the liver, but also penetrating with its Vessels the pro∣per flesh thereof, after the self same manner, as we see it is in the heart and lungs. It is one in num∣ber, situate on the left side, between the stomach and the bastard-ribs, or rather the midriffe which descends to their roots. For it oft-times cleaves to the midriff, on its gibbous part, by a coat from the Peritonaeum, as also on the hollow part to the stomach, both by certain veins which sends it into the ventricle, as also by the kall. It hath connexion, either primarily, or secundarily,* 1.196 with all the parts of the body, by these its vessels.

It is of a cold and dry temper; the action and use of it, is to separate the Melancholick humor,* 1.197 which being feculent and drossie, may be attenuated by the force of many arteries dispersed through its substance. For by their continual motion, and native heat, which they carry in full force with them from the heart, that gross blood puts off its grosness, which the Spleen sends away by passages fit for that purpose, retaining the subtler portion for its nourishment. The passages by which it purges it self from the grosness of the melancholy bloud, are a vein ascending from it into the stomach to stir up the appetite by its sourness, and strengthen the substance thereof by its astriction; & also another vein, which sometimes from the Spleen-branch, sometimes from the gate-vein, plainly under its orifice, descends to the fundament, there to make the Haemorrhoidal veins.

CHAP. XX. Of the Vena Porta, and Gate-vein, and the distribution thereof.

THe Gate-vein, as also all the other veins, is of a spermatick substance,* 1.198 of a manifest large∣ness, of a round and hollow figure, like to a pipe or quill. It is composed of its proper coat, and one common from the Peritonaeum. It is only one,* 1.199 and that situate in the simous or hollow part of the Liver, from whence it breaks forth (or rather out of the umbilical vein) into the midst of all the guts, with which it hath connexion, as also with the stomach, spleen, sphincter of the fundament and Peritonaeum, by the coat which it receives from thence.* 1.200 It is of a cold and dry temper. The Action of it, is, to suck the Chylus out of the ventricle and guts, and so to take and car∣ry it to the Liver, until it may carry back the same turned into bloud for the nutriment of the sto∣mach, spleen, and guts. This gate-vein coming out of the simous part of the Liver, is divided into six branches, that is, four simple, and two compound again divided into many other branches;* 1.201 The first of the simple ascends from the fore-part of the trunk of the bladder of the Gall by the passage of the Choler (and are marked with g, g,) with a like artery for life and nourishment, and this distribution is known by the name of Cysticae gemellae, or Cystick twins. The second called the Gastrica or stomach vein, arising in like manner from the forepart of the trunk, is carryed to the Pylorus and the simous or back-part of the stomach next to it.

The third is called Gastrepiplois, the Stomach and kall-vein, which coming from the right side of the gate-vein goes to the gibbous part of the stomach next to the Pylorus & the right side of the kal.

The fourth going forth from behind and on the right hand of the gate-vein, ascends above the root of the Meseraick branch even to the beginning of the gut Jejunum, along the gut Duodenum, from whence it is called Intestinalis, or the Gut-vein. And these are the four simple branches. Now we will speak of the compound.

The first is splenick, which is divided after the following manner.* 1.202 For in its first beginning and upper part, it sends forth the Coronalis, or Crown-vein of the stomach, which by the back-part of the stomach ascends into the upper and hollow part thereof; to which place, assoon as it

arrives,* 1.203 it is divided again into two branches, the one whereof climbs up even to its higher orifice, the other descends down to the lower, sending forth by the way other branches to the fore and back parts of the stomach. These engird and on every side incompass the body or the ventri∣cle, for which cause they are named the crown-veins.

I have sometimes observed this coming forth of the trunk, a little above the orifice of the splenick branch.* 1.204 But this same splenick branch on its lower part, produces the branch of the Haemorrhoidal veins, which descending to the fundament above the left side of the loins, diffuses a good portion thereof into the least part of the colick gut, and the right gut, at the end where∣of it is often seen to be divided into five Haemorrhoidal veins, sometimes more, sometimes less.

Silvius writes that the Haemorrhoidal branch descends from the mesenterick: and truly we have sometimes observed it to have been so. Yet it is more sutable to reason, that it should desscend from the Splenick,* 1.205 not only for that we have seen with our eyes that it is so, but also because it is appointed by nature for the evacuation of the excrementitious melancholick humor. But this same splenick branch out of the middle almost of its upper part produces the third branch go∣ing to the gibbous part of the stomach, and the kall; they term it the greater, middle, and left Gastrepiplois,* 1.206 But on the lower part towards the Spleen, it produces the simple Epiplois, or Kall-vein,* 1.207 which it diffuses through the left side of the Kall. Moreover from its upper part, which touches the Liver, it sends forth a short branch called vas breve, or venosum, to the upper orifice of the ventricle for stirring up the appetite.

* 1.208We have oftentimes and almost always observed, that this vein-vessel, which Galen calls vas breve, comes from the very body of the Spleen, and is terminated in the midst of the Stomach on the left side, but never pierces both the coats thereof. Wherefore it is somewhat difficult to find, how the melancholy juyce can that way be powred, or sent, into the capacity of the Stomach. Now the Splenick branch, when it hath produced out of it those five fore-mentioned branches, is wasted and dispersed into the substance and body or the spleen.

* 1.209Then follows another compound branch of the vena porta, called the Mesenterick, which is di∣vided into three parts; the first and last whereof goes to the Blind-gut and to the right and mid∣dle part of the Colick-gut, divided into an infinite multitude of other branches. The second and middle is wasted in the Ileon; as the third and greater in the Jejunum, or Empty-gut. It is called Mesenterick, because it is diffused over all the Mesentery; as the Splenick is in the Spleen. And thus much we have to say of the division of the Gate-vein, the which, if at any time thou shalt find to be otherwise, than I have set down, you must not wonder at it, for you shall scarce find it the same in two bodies, by reason of the infinite variety of particular bodies, which (as the Philoso∣phers say) have each their own, or peculiar gifts; Our judgment is the same of other divisions of the vessels. Yet we have set down that which we have most frequently observed.

CHAP. XXI. Of the original of the Artery, and the division of the Branch, descending to the natural parts.

THese things being thus finished and considered, the guts should be pulled away; but see∣ing that if we should do so, we should disturb and lose the division of the artery descen∣ding to the natural parts; therefore I have thought it better to handle the division there∣of,* 1.210 before the Guts be pluckt away. Therefore we must suppose, according to Galen's opinion, that as all the veins come from the Liver, so all Arteries proceed from the Heart. This presently at the beginning is divided into two branches, the greater whereof descends downwards to the natural parts upon the spine of the back, taking its beginning at the fifth vertebra thereof, from whence it goes into the following arteries. The first, called the intercostal, runs amongst the intercostal muscles, and the distances of the ribs, and spinal marrow, through the perforation of the nerves on the right and left hand from the fifth true, even to the last of the bastard ribs.

* 1.211This in going this progress makes seven little branchings, distributed after the forementioned manner, & going forth of the trunk of the descendent over against each of the intercostal Muscles.

The second being parted into two, goes on each side to the Midriffe, whence it may be called, or expressed by the name of the Diaphragmatica, or Phrenica, (i) the Midriffe Artery. The third being of a large proportion, arising from the upper part of the Arterie presently after it hath passed the Midriffe, is divided into two notable Branches, whereof one goes to the Stomach, Spleen, Kall, to the hollow part of the Liver and the Gall; the other is sent forth to the Mesen∣tery and Guts after the same manner, as we said of the Meseraick vein, wherefore it is called the Coeliaca, or Stomach Artery. But we must note, all their mouths penetrate even to the innermost coat of the Guts, that by that means they may the better and more easily attract the Chylus con∣tained in them.

* 1.212The fourth carryed to the reins, where it is named the Reinal or Emulgent, because it sucks fit matter from the whole mass of blood.

* 1.213The fifth is sent to the Testicles with the preparing Spermatick-veins, whence also it is named the Spermatick Artery, which arises on the right side, from the very Trunk of the descendent Artery; that it may associate the Spermatick-vein of the same side, they run one above another, beneath the hollow-vein; wherefore we must have a great care whilest we labour to lay it open, that we do not hurt and break it.

[illustration]

The seventh Figure of the lower Belly.

• A, A, The Midriff turned back with the ribs of the Pe∣ritonaeum.
• BB, The cave or hollow part of the liver; for the liver is lifted up that the hollow part of it may be better seen.
• C, The least ligament of the Liver.
• D, The Umbilical vein.
• E, The hollowness of the Liver, which giveth way to the stomach.
• F, the left orifice of the stomach.
• GG, Certain knubs or knots, and impressions in the hollow part of the liver,
• H, The bladder of Gall.
• I, The Gate-vein cut off, and branches, which go to the bladder of gall.
• K, A nerve from the liver coming from the stomachi∣cal nerve.
• L, An Artery common to the liver, and bladder of gall.
• M, A nerve common also to them both, coming from the right costal nerve of the ribs.
• N, The passage of the Gall the Guts cut off.
• OO, The hollow of the fore-parts of the Spleen.
• P, The line where the vessels of the Spleen im∣planted.
• Q. The trunk of the hollow veia.
• R, The trunk of the great Artery.
• S, The Coeliacal Artery cut off.
• T, V, The Kidneys yet wrapped in their membrane.
• X, Y, The fatty veins called venae adiposae.
• a, b, The Emulgent veins with the Arteries under them.
• cc, dd, The Ureter from either kidney to the bladder.
• e, f, The spermatical veins to the testicles; the right from the hollow vein, the left from the Emulgent.
• g, g, Veins coming from the spermatical to the perito∣naeum.
• h, i, the spermatical Arteries.
• k, The lower mesenterical Artery.
• l. The ascending of the great Artery above the hollow vein, and the division of it, and the hollow vein, into two trunks.
• m, The Arterie of the loins called lumbaris. n, The holy Artery called Sacra.
• o, A part of the right gut.
• p, The bladder of Urine. * The connexion of the bladder with the peri∣tonaeum.
• q, A part of the vessels which lead the seed from the Testicles is here reflected.
• r, s, The scrotum or cod, that is, the skin that invests the Yard and Testicles
• t, The fleshy Pannicle or membrane which is under the cod.
• u, The coat which is proper to the Testicles with his vessels.
• x, A part of the yard excoriated or flayed, and hanging down.

The sixth going from the fore and upper part of this descend nt artery,* 1.214 descends with the Hae∣morrhoidal veins to the fundament; presently from his beginning, sending forth certain branches alongst the colick gut, which by Anastomasis are united with other branches of the Coeliacal Arte∣rie; for whosoever shall look more attentively, he shall often observe that veins are so united amongst themselves, and also arteries, and sometimes also the veins with the arteries. For Ana∣stomasis is a communion and a communicating of the vessels amongst themselves by the applicati∣on of their mouths, that so by mutual supplies they may ease each others defect. But they call this the lower meseraick artery.

The seventh proceeding from the trunk with so many branches as there be Vertebra's in the loins, goes to the loins, and the parts belonging to them, that is, the spinal marrow of that part,* 1.215 and other parts encompassing these Vertebra's, whereupon it is stiled the Lumbaris, or Loin-Ar∣tery.

The eighth maketh the Iliack arterie, until such time as it departs from the Peritonaeum, where the Crural Arteries take their original. This Iliack Artery sends many divarications towards the Holy bone where it takes its beginning, and to the places lying neer the Holy bone, which,* 1.216 be∣cause they run the same course as the Iliack veins, for brevitie's sake, we will let pass further men∣tion of them, till we come to treat of the Iliack veins.

CHAP. XXII. Of the distribution of the Nerves to the natural parts.

IT remains, that before the bowels be taken away, we shew the nerves sent to the entrails and natural parts, that as wise and provident men we may seem to have omitted nothing.* 1.217 First we must know that these nerves are of the sixth Conjugation, which descend as well to the stomach all alongst the Gullet, and the sides thereof, as those at the roots of the ribs on both sides within. But when they are passed through the Midriff, those which are distributed amongst the natural parts follow the turnings of the veins and arteries, but specially of the arteries. Wherefore if you have a mind to follow this distribution of the nerves, you must chiefly look for it in those places, in which the artery is distributed amongst the Guts above the loins.

* 1.218These nerves are but small, because the parts, serving for nutrition, needed none but little nerves, for the performance of the third duty of nerves, which is in the discerning and knowing of what is troublesom to them. For, unless they had this sense, there is nothing would hinder, but these bowels, necessary for life, being possessed with some hurtful thing, the creature should presently fall down dead; but we have this benefit by this sense, that as soon as any thing troubles and vellicates the bowels, we being admonished thereof, may look for help in time.

And besides, if they were destitute of this sense, they might be gnawn, ulcerated, and putrified by the raging acrimony of the excrements falling into, and staying in them; but now (by means hereof) as soon as they find themselves pricked, or pluckt, presently by the expulsive faculty they endeavour to expel that which is troublesom, and so free themselves of present and future dangers.

CHAP. XXIII. The manner of taking out the Guts.

WHen the Guts are to be taken out, you must begin with the right Gut. And you must divide it, being first straitly tied in two different places, at a just distance about four fingers from the end, with a sharp knife between two ligatures. Then you must shew its proper coats, and fibers, and that common one which it hath from the Peritonaeum. This being done, you must in like manner bind the trunk of the gate-vein as neer the original as you can; that so all his branches being in like manner tied,, there may be no fear of effusion of blood: you must do the like with the Coeliack Artery at the left Kidney, and in the lower Mesenterick, which descends to the right Gut with Haemorrhoidal veins. This being done, pull away the guts even to the Duodenum, which being in like manner tied in two places, which ought to be below the insertion of the Porus Cholagogus, or passage of the Gall, that you may shew the oblique inser∣tion thereof into that gut; for the obliquity of its insertion is worth observation, as that which is the cause that the Gall cannot flow back into its bladder, by the compression of this Gut from be∣low upwards. Then all these windings of the Guts may be taken away from the body.

CHAP. XXIV. The Original and Distribution of the descendent Hollow Vein.

* 1.219BEcause the rest of the natural parts, do almost all depend upon the descendent Hollow Vein, therefore before we go any further, we will shew its original and distribution. We said before that all Veins proceeded from the Liver, but yet in divers places. For the gate-vein goes out of the hollow part, and the hollow vein out of the Gibbous part of the liver, which going forth like the body of a tree, is divided into two great branches; the lesser of which goes to the vital and animal parts, and the extremities of these parts, as we shall shew in their place. The greater, descending from the back-part of the Liver above the Vertebra's of the loins to the parts beneath,* 1.220 goes in the manner following. The first division thereof is to the membranes of the reins, which come from the Peritonaeum. Wherefore there it produces the Venae adiposae, or fatty veins, so called, because they bring forth a great quantity of fat in those places; Of these fatty veins, there is a diverse original; for the right doth oftentimes arise from the right emul∣gent,* 1.221 because it is higher; but the less comes from the very trunk of the hollow vein, because the Emulgent on that side is lower; and you shall scarce see it happen otherwise.

* 1.222The second, being the Kidney or Emulgent veins, go to the Reins, which, at their entrance, or a little before, is divided into two branches, like as the Artery is, the one higher, the other low∣er, and these again into many other through the substance of the Kidneys, as you may learn bet∣ter by ocular inspection, than by book. They are thick and broad, that the serous humour may without impediment have freer passage. Their original is different; for the right Emulgent oftentimes comes forth of the hollow vein somewhat higher than the left; that seeing their office and duty is to purge the mass of blood from the cholerick and serous humour, that if any part thereof slide by the one, it may not so scape, but fall as it were into the other. Which certainly would not have happened, if they had been placed the one just opposite to the other. For the se∣rous or wheyish humour would have stayed as equally ballanced, or poised, by reason of the con∣trariety of the action, and traction or drawing thereof. But, we must remember, that in dissecting of bodies, I have ofttimes found in such as have been troubled with the Stone, seven Emulgent veins, and so many arteries; four from the left side coming from divers places, of which the last came from the Iliack; three from the right hand likewise in divers places.

* 1.223The third division is called the Spermatick, or Seed-vein, it goes to the Testicles; the original thereof is thus, That the right arises on the fore-part of the trunck of the hollow vein; but the left most commonly from the Emulgent. Besides, you shall sometimes find that these have com∣panions with them, to the right Emulgent; but to the left, another from the hollow vein; in some but on one side, in others on both. But also I have sometimes observed the left emulgent to pro∣ceed from the spermatick or Seed-vein.

* 1.224The fourth, because it goes to the Loins, is called Lumbaris; which, in his original and inser∣tion

is wholly like the Artery of the loins. But there are four Lumbares, or Loin-veins,* 1.225 on each side, that is, one in each of the four spaces of the five Vertebra's of the loins.

The fifth division makes the Iliacae, until, passing through the Peritonaeum, they take the names of Crural veins; These are first divided into the musculous, so called, because they goe to the oblique ascendent and transverse muscles, and to the Peritonaeum. Sometimes,* 1.226 they have their ori∣ginal from the end of the Trunk. And the same Iliacae are divided into the Sacrae, or Holy;* 1.227 which go to the spinal marrow of the Holy-bone, through those holes, by which the nerves, ge∣nerated of this marrow, have their passage.

Thirdly, the Iliacae are divided into the Hypogastricae, so called,* 1.228 because they are distributed to all the parts of the Hypogastrium, or lower part of the lower belly, as to the right Gut, the muscles thereof, the musculous skin, (in which place they often make the external Haemorrhoidal, ordained for the purging of such blood as offends in quantity, as those other [that is, the inward Haemorrhoidal] which descend from the right Gut from the Gate-vein by the spleenick branch, serves for cleansing that which offends in quality,) to the bladder, & the neck thereof, even to the end of the Yard, to the Womb, and even to the neck of the womb and utmost part of the privities, from whence it is likely the courses break forth in Women with child, and Virgins. But this same vein also sends a portion also without the Epigastrium by that perforation which is common to the share and haunch-bones, which, strengthened by the meeting of the other internal Crural vein, de∣scends even to the Ham; but in the mean time, by the way, it is communicated to the muscles of the thigh called Obturatores and other parts within. Fourthly, the Iliacae produce the Epigastricae,* 1.229 which on both sides from below ascend according to the length of the right muscles, spreading also by the way some branches to the oblique and transverse muscles, and also to the Peritonaeum. Fifthly, these produce Iliacae, the Pudendae, or veins of the privities;* 1.230 because they go in women to their privities, and in men to the Cods; where they enter that fleshy coat filled with veins, and going to the skin of the Yard, they take their beginning under the Hypogastricae.

CHAP. XXV. Of the Kidneys or Reins.

NOw follow the Kidneys, which that they may be more easily seen, (after that you have diligently observed their situation) you shall despoil of their fat, if they have any about them, as also of the membrane they have from the Peritonaeum. First, you shall shew all their conditions, beginning at their substance.

[illustration]

The ninth and tenth figure of the vessels of seed and urine.

• The first figure sheweth the fore-side; the second, the hinder-side.
• a, a, a, 1. The fore-part of the right kidney.
• b, b, b, 2. The back-part of the left kidney.
• e, 1. The outside.
• d, d, 1, 2. The inner-side.
• e, e, 1, 2. The two cavities whereinto the emulgent vessels are inserted.
• f, f, 1, 2. The trunk of the hollow vein.
• g, g, 1, 2. The trunk of the great ar∣tery.
• h, i, 1, 2. The emulgent vein and artery
• k, k, 1, 2. The right fatty vein.
• l, 1. The left fatty vein.
• *, 1. The Coeliacal artery.
• m, n, 1, 2. The Ureters.
• o, p, q, 1, 2. The right spermatick vein which ariseth neer p. the left neer q.
• r, 1. The place where the Arteries of the seed arise.
• s, 1, 2. Small branches distributed from the spermatical veins to the Peri∣tonaeum.
• t, 1, 2. The spiry varicous body, called Varicosum Vas pyramidale.
• u, 1, 2. The Parastatae, or Epididymis.
• x, 1. The Testicle yet covered with its coat.
• y, 1, 2. The place where the leading vessel called vas deferens, doth arise.
• α, 1, 2. The descent of the same leading vessel.
• β, 1, 2. The revolution of the same leading vessel.
• γ, 1, 3. The passage of the same ves∣sel, reflected like a recurrent nerve.
• δ, 2. The meeting of the same leading vessels.
• ε, 1, 2, The bladder of urine; the first figure sheweth it open, the second shew∣eth the back-parts.
• ζζ, 1. The small bladder of the seed opened.
• η, η, 2. The Glandules called Glandulae Prostatae.
• θ, 1. The Sphincter-muscle of the bladder.
• ιι, 1, 2. The two bodies which make the substance of the yard.
• κ, κ, 1. The vessels which go unto the yard and neck of the bladder.
• λ, 1. The passage which is common to the urine and seed cut open.
• ψ, 2. The implantation of the Ureters into the bladder.

* 1.231The substance of the Kidneys is fleshy, dense, and solid, lest they should be hurt by the sharp∣ness of the urine. Their magnitude is large enough, as you may see. Their figure is somewhat long and round,* 1.232 almost resembling a semicircle, and they are lightly flatted above and below. They are partly hollow, and partly gibbous; the hollow lies next the hollow vein, and on this side they receive the Emulgent Veins and Arteries, and send forth the Ureters; their gibbous part lies towards the loins. They are composed of a coat coming from the Peritonaeum; their own peculiar flesh,* 1.233 with the effusion of blood about the proper vessels, (as happens also in other en∣trails) generates a small nerve, which springing from the Costal of the sixth conjugation, is dif∣fused to each Kidney on his side into the coat of the kidney it self, although others think, it always accompanies the vein and artery.

But Fallopius, that most diligent Author of Anatomy hath observed, that this nerve is not only oftentimes divaricated into the coat of the Kidneys, but also pierces into their substance. They are two in number,* 1.234 that if the one of them should by chance be hurt, the other might supply those necessities of nature,* 1.235 for which the Kidneys are made. They lie upon the loyns at the sides of the great vessels, on which they depend by their proper veins and arteries, and they stick to them as it were, by a certain second coat, lest that they might be shaken by any violent motions. Where∣fore we may say, that the Kidneys have two coats; one proper adhering to their substance, the other, as it were, coming from the Peritonaeum on that part they stick to it. The right Kidney is almost alwayes the higher, for those reasons I gave, speaking of the original of the Emulgent ves∣sels. Columbus seems to think the contrary; but such like controversies may be quickly decided by the Eye.* 1.236 They have connexion with the Principal vessels by the veins, nerves, and arteries; by the coats with the loins and the other parts of the lower belly; but especially with the blad∣der by the ureters.* 1.237 They are of a hot and moist temper, as all fleshy parts are. Their action is to cleanse the Mass of the blood from the greater part of the serous and cholerick humour. I said the greater part, because it is needful that some portion thereof should go with the alimen∣tary blood to the solid parts, to serve instead of a vehicle, lest otherwise it should be too thick.

* 1.238Besides, you must note, that in each Kidney there is a cavity bounded by a certain membrane, encompassed by the division of the Emulgent veins and arteries, through which the urine is strained partly by the expulsive faculty of the Kidneys, partly by the attractive of the Ureters, which run through the substance of the Kidneys on the hollow side, no otherwise than the Porus cholagogus through the body of the Liver.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the spermatick Vessels.

* 1.239NOw we should have spoken of the Ureters, because, as we said before, they are passages derived from the Kidneys to carry the urine to the bladder. But, because they cannot be distinguished and shewed unless by the corrupting and vitiating the site of the sper∣matick vessels; therefore I have thought it better to pass to the explication of all the spermatick parts.

And first of all you must gently separate them, (that so the Declaration of them may be more easie and manifest) and that from the coat which comes from the peritonaeum, and the fat which in∣vests them even to the sharebone, having diligently considered their site, before you separate them.* 1.240 Then you shall teach that the substance of these vessels, is like to that of the veins and ar∣teries. Their quantity is small in thickness, but of an indifferent length by reason of the distance of their original from the Testicles.* 1.241 They are longer in men than in women, because these have their Testicles hanging without their belly, but women have them lying hid within their belly. Their figure and composure is wholly like the figure and composition of the veins and arteries,* 1.242 except in this one thing, that from that place where they go forth of the great capacity of the Peritonaeum, they are turned into many intricate windings, like crooked swoln veins, even to the Testicle; That the spermatick matter in that one tract, which yet is no other than blood, may be prepared to concoction, or rather be turned into Seed in these vessels, by the irradiation of the faculty of the Testicles.* 1.243 These vessels are six in number, four preparing, and two ejaculatory, of which we will speak hereafter. Therefore on each side there be two preparing vessels, that is, a vein and an artery, arising as we told you when we spoke of the distribution of the hollow vein. They are inserted into the Testicles through that coat which we call Epididymis, others Dar∣ton.* 1.244 Their site is oblique above the loins and flanks, whilst they run down between the ends of the share and haunchbone, they are knit to the parts lying under them, both by certain fibers which they send from them, as also by the membrane they have from the Peritonaeum. They have like temperature as the veins and arteries have. Their action is to carry blood to the Testicles, for generating of seed.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Testicles, or Stones.

THe Testicles are of a Glandulous, white, soft and loose substance,* 1.245 that so they may the more easily receive the spermatick matter: their magnitude and figure equal, and re∣semble a small pullet's Egg somewhat flatted; their composure is of veins, arteries,* 1.246 coats and their proper flesh. Their veins and arteries proceed from the spermatick vessels, their nerves from the sixth conjugation, by the roots of the ribs, and out of the Holy-bone. They are wrap∣ped in four coats, two whereof are common, and two proper. The common, are the Scrotum or skin of the Cods, proceeding from the true skin; and the fleshy coat, which consists of the fleshy Pannicle in that place receiving a great number of vessels, through which occasion it is so called. The proper coats are first the Erythrois arising from the process of the Peritonaeum,* 1.247 going into the Scrotum together with the spermatick vessels, which it involves and covers; this appears red both by reason of the vessels, as also of the Cremaster-muscles of the Testicles;* 1.248 Then the Epidi∣dymis or Dartos which takes its original of the membrane of the spermatick preparing vessels. The flesh of the Testicles, is as it were, a certain effusion of matter about the vessels, as we said of other entrails. But you must observe, that the Erythrois encompasses the whole stone, except its head, in which place it strikes to the Epididymis, which is continued through the whole substance of the Testicle. This Epididymis or Dartos was therefore put about the stones, because the Testicles of themselves are loose, spongious, cavernous and soft, so that they cannot safely be joined to the sper∣matick vessels, which are hard and strong. Wherefore Nature, that it might join extreams by a fit Medium, or mean, formed this coat Epididymis. This is scarce apparent in women by reason of its smalness. The two forementioned common coats, adhere or stick together by the vessels not only amongst themselves, but also with the Erythrois. You must besides observe,* 1.249 the Cremaster-muscles are of the said substance with other muscles, small and thin, of an oblique and broad figure, arising from the membrane of the Peritonaeum, which (as we said before) assumes flesh from the flanks. Their composition is like other muscles. They are two, on each side one. They are situate from the ends of the flanks, even to the stones. They have connexion with the process of the Peritonaeum and Testicles. Their temper is like that of other muscles. Their action is to hang and draw up the Testicles towards the belly, whence they are called hanging muscles. The Testicles are most com∣monly two in number, on each side one; sometimes there be three, sometimes one alone; as it hap∣pens also in the Kidneys; for some have but one Kidney. They lie hid in the Scrotum at the very roots of the share-bone, connexed to the principal parts of their vessels, with the neck of the blad∣der and yard; but by their coats they adhere to the parts from whence they have them. They are of a cold and moist temper, because they are glandulous;* 1.250 although they may be hot by acci∣dent, by reason of the multitude of the vessels flowing thither. Those whose Testicles are more hot, are prompt to venery, and have their privities, and adjacent parts, very hairy; and besides, their testicles are very large and compact. Those on the contrary that have them cold, are slow to venery, neither do they beget many children, and those they get, are rather female than male; their privities have little hair upon them, and their testicles are small, soft and flat.* 1.251 The action of the testicles is to generate seed, to corroborate all the parts of the body, and, by a certain manly irradiation to breed or increase a true masculine courage. This you may know by Eunuchs, or such as are Gelt, who are of a womanish nature, and are oftentimes more tender and weak than women. As Hippocrates teaches, by example of the Scythians, lib, de aere, locis & aquis.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the varicous bodies or Parastat's, and of the ejaculatory Vessels, and the glandulous or Prostates.

THe varicous Parastata are nervous, and white bodies, like as the nerves, wound and close-woven amongst themselves; they are stretched even from the top to the bottom of the testicles, from whence presently by their departure they produce the Vasa ejaculatoria,* 1.252 or leading vessels. But unless we do very well distinguish their names, they shall scarce shun confu∣sion. For that which I call Parastatae; that is, as it were, the head of the Testicle, being, as it were, like another stone, is called Epididymis by Galen, l. 1. de semine. But I, by the example & authority of many Anatomists, understand by the Epididymis the proper coat of the testicles, of which thing I thought good by the way to admonish you of. Their Action is,* 1.253 by their crooked passages to hinder the seed from departing out of the preparing into the leading vessels, before it shall be most perfect∣ly laboured and concocted in these vessels by the power and force of the testicles. For in the first windings the blood looks pure; but in the last it is not so red, but somewhat whitish. For Nature commonly doth thus delay the matter in its passage, either by straitness, or obliquity, which it de∣sires to make more perfect and elaborate by any new concoction; this we may learn by the fold∣ings of the Rete mirabile, the windings in the guts, the wrinkles in the bottom of the stomach, the straitness of the Pylcrus, the capillary veins dispersed through the body of the Liver; Certainly nature hath intended some such thing in the making of the spermatick vessels.* 1.254 Their quantity is visible, and figure round, tending somewhat to sharpness. They are composed of veins, nerves, and arteries, which they enjoy from the vessels of the Testicles, from the Epididymis, or the

coat,* 1.255 from the Peritonaeum, and their proper substance. Their temper is cold and dry. They be two in number, one to each testicle. But these varicous bodies are called Parastatae, Assisters, be∣cause they superficially assist, and are knit to the testicles according to their length, or long ways. Out of the Parastatae proceed the Vasa ejaculatoria,* 1.256 or leading vessels, being of the same substance as their Progenitors; that is, solid, white, and as it were nervous. Their quantity is indifferent, their figure round and hollow, that the seed may have a free passage through them, yet they seem not to be perforated by any manifest passage, unless by chance in such as have had a long Gonor∣rhaea. They have like temper as the Parastates, between which and the Prostates they are seated, immediately knit with them both; as both in the coat, and the other vessels with the parts from whence they take them.

But we must note, that such like vessels coming out of the Parastates ascend from the bottom of the stones even to the top, in which place meeting with the preparing vessels, they rise into the belly by the same passages, and bind themselves together by nervous fibers, even to the inner capacity of the belly; from whence turning back, they forsake the preparing, that so they may run to the bottom of the share-bone, into the midst of two glandulous bodies, which they call Pro∣states situate at the neck of the bladder, that there meeting together, they may grow into one pas∣sage.

[illustration]

The tenth figure, wherein those things shewed in the former figure, are more exactly set forth.

• aa, A part of the Midriff, and of the Peritonaeum with the ribs broken.
• bb, cc, The convex or gibbous part of the liver marked with bb. the hollow or concavous part with cc.
• d e, The right and left liga∣ments of the Liver.
• f, The trunk of the gate-vein.
• g, The trunk of the hollow vein.
• h, l, The fatty veins, both left and right.
• i, The ascent of the great artery above the hollow vein, and the division thereof.
• k, The Coeliacal artery.
• m, n, The emulgent vessels.
• oo, pp, The fat tunicles or coats torn from both the kidneys.
• qq, The ureters that go unto the bladder.
• t, u, The right spermatical vein which ariseth near to u.
• x, y, The double original of the left spermatical vein.
• x, From the Emulgent.
• y, From the hollow vein.
• α, The original of the sperma∣tical arteries.
• β, Certain branches from the spermatick arteries which run unto the Peritonaeum.
• γ, The passage of the spermatical vessels through the productions of the Peritonaeum, which must be observed by such as use to cut for the Rupture.
• δ, The spiry bodden hidie's entrance into the testicle, it is called Corpus varicosum pyramidale.
• ε, The Parastatae.
• ζ, The stone or testicle covered with his inmost coat.
• η, The descent of the leading vessel called Vas deferens.
• VV, The bladder.
• * The right gut.
• ξ, The glandules called prostatae into which the leading vessels are inserted.
• ρ, The muscle of the bladder.
• στυ, Two bodies of the yard, σ, and τ, and υ, his vessels.
• φχ, The coat of the Testicle.
• ψω, The muscle of the Testicle ψ, his vessels ω.

For thus of three passages, that is, of the two leading vessels, and one passage of the bladder, there is one common, one in men for the casting forth of seed and urine. A Caruncle rising like a crest at the beginning of the neck of the bladder argues this uniting of the passages, which re∣ceiving this same passage which is sufficiently large, is oft-times taken by such as are ignorant in Anatomy for an unnatural Caruncle, then especially when it is swoln through any occasion. These leading vessels are two in number,* 1.257 on each side one. Their action is to convey the seed made by the testicles to the Prostates, and so to the neck of the bladder, so to be cast forth at the common pas∣sage. But if any ask, whether that common passage made by the two leading vessels between the glandulous bodies be so obvious to sense or no: We answer, it is not manifest, though reason com∣pel us to confess that that way is perforated by reason of the spermatick, gross and viscous matter carried that way. But peradventure the reason why that passage cannot be seen, is, because in a dead carkass all small passages are closed and hid, the heat and spirits being gone; and the great

appear much less, by reason all the perforations fade, and fall into themselves. Yet certainly these passages must needs be very strait, even in a living man, seeing that in a dead they will not admit the point of a needle. Wherefore we need not fear, lest in searching, whilst we thrust the Cathe∣ter into the Bladder, it penetrate into the common passage of the leading vessels which runs with∣in the Caruncle, unless peradventure by some chance, as a Gonorrhaea, or some great Phlegmon,* 1.258 it be much dilated besides nature. For I have sometimes seen such passages so open, that they would receive the head of a Spathern; which thing should admonish us, that in searching we take great care, that we do not rashly hurt this Caruncle; for being somewhat rashly handled with a Cathe∣ter, it casts forth blood, especially if it be inflamed. But also the concourse of the spirits flowing with great violence together with the seed, much helps forward such ejaculation thereof per∣formed through these strait passages by the power of the imaginative faculty in the Act of gene∣ration.

After the leading vessels follow the Prostatae,* 1.259 being glandulous Bodies of the same substance and temper that other Glandules are. Their quantity is large enough, their figure round,* 1.260 and somewhat long, sending forth on each side a soft production of an indifferent length. They are composed of veins, nerves, arteries, a coat (which they have from the neighbouring parts) and lastly their proper flesh, which they have from their first conformation.* 1.261 They are two in num∣ber, situate at the root of the neck of the Bladder, somewhat straitly bound or tied to the same, to the leading vessels, and the parts annexed to them. But alwayes observe,* 1.262 that every part which enjoyes nourishment, life and sense, either first or last, hath connexion with the principal parts of the body, by the intercourse of the vessels which they receive from thence.

The use of the Prostates, is, to receive in their proper Body the seed laboured in the testicles,* 1.263 and to contain it there, until it be troublesom either in quantity or quality, or both. Besides, they contain a certain oily and viscid humour in their glandulous Body, that continually distil∣ling into the passage of the urine, it may preserve it from the acrimony and sharpness thereof. But we have observed also on each side other Glandules,* 1.264 which Rondeletius calls Appendices Glan∣dulosae, Glandulous dependences to arise from these prostates, in which also there is seed reserved.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Ureters.

NOw it seems fit to speak of the Ureters, Bladder, and parts belonging to the Bladder.* 1.265 Therefore the Ureters are of a spermatick, white, dense, and solid substance, of an indiffe∣rent bigness in length and thickness. Their figure is round and hollow. They are compo∣sed of two coats, one proper consisting of right and transverse fibers, which comes from the emul∣gent veins and arteries; the other common, from the Peritonaeum; besides, they have veins, nerves, and arteries, from the neighbouring parts.

They be two in number, on each side one;* 1.266 they are situate between the Kidneys (out of whose hollow part they proceed) and the Bladder. But the manner how the Ureters insert or enter themselves into the Bladder, and the Porus Cholagogus into the Duodenum, exceeds admirati∣on; for the Ureters are not directly but obliquely implanted neer the orifice of the Bladder, and penetrate into the inner space thereof; for within they do, as it were, divide the membrane, or membranous coat of the Body of the Bladder, and insinuate themselves into that, as though it were double. But this is opened at the entrance of the urine, but shut at other times, the cover, as it were, falling upon it, so that the humour which is faln into the capacity of the Bladder, can∣not be forced, or driven back; no not so much as the air blown into it can come this way out, as we see in Swine's Bladders blown up and filled with air.

For we see it is the Air contained in these which fills them thus, neither can it be pressed forth but with extraordinary force.

For as this skin or coat turned in by the force of the humour gives way, so it being pressed out by the body contained within, thrusts its whole body into the passage as a stopple; like to this, is the insertion of the Porus Cholagogus into the Guts.

The Ureters have connexion with the above-mentioned parts, with the muscles of the loins;* 1.267 upon which they run from the Kidneys to the Bladder.

Wherefore nothing hinders, but that the stone sliding through the Ureters into the Bladder, may stupifie the thigh as much as it did when it was in the Kidney. They are of a cold and dry temper.

Their use is, to serve as passages, or channels, for carrying the urine into the Bladder.* 1.268

CHAP. XXX. Of the Bladder.

* 1.269THe Bladder is of the same substance, that the Ureters, that is, nervous, that so it may be the more easily dilated.

It is of a large proportion, in some bigger, in some less, according to the difference of age,* 1.270 and habit of body. It is of a round figure, and, as it were, Pyramidal.

* 1.271It is composed of two coats, one proper, which is very thick and strong, composed of the three sort of fibers, that is, in the inner side of the direct; without of the transverse; and in the midst of the oblique. The other common coat coming from the Peritonaeum, hath veins and arteries on each side one, from the Hypogastrick vessels above the Holy-bone; also it hath nerves on each side from the sixth conjugation mixt with the nerves of the Holy-bone. For these nerves descend from the brain even to the end of the Holy-bone.

It is but one, and that situate in men in the lower belly upon the right gut, and below the share-bone; but in women between the Womb and that bone, to which it cleaves with his mem∣branous ligaments, as it doth to the Yard by its neck, and to the right gut by its common coat and proper vessels. It is of a cold and dry temper.

[illustration]

The eleventh figure of the Bladder and Yard.

• AB, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, The two bodies which make the Yard.
• CC, 2, 3, The place where these two bodies do first arise.
• D, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, The Nut of the Yard, called Glans penis.
• EE, 4, 5, The fungous and red substance of the bodies of the Yard.
• F, 4, 5, The mutual connexion of the bodies of the Yard, and the nervous outward substance of the same, compassing round about the former fungous sub∣stance.
• G, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9. The passage of the Urine, or common pipe, run∣ning under the Yard all along his length.
• H, I, 1, 2, The first pair of Muscles of the Yard, which in the first figure do yet grow to it, but in the second they hang from their original.
• K, L, 1, 2, The second pair of Muscles of the Yard, in the first figure, growing; in the second, hanging from their insertion.
• M, 1, 2, The Sphincter of the right Gut.
• N, 3, 7, 8, 9, The round Sphincter-Muscle of the bladder.
• OO, a Membrane which is over the holes of the share-bone.
• P, 2. A round Li∣gament from the meeting of the share-bones on the head of the thigh.
• Q, 3, 7, 8. The body of the bladder.
• RR, 3, 7, The Prostatae, which into seed when it is perfectly laboured, is led.
• SS, 3, 8, Portions of the Ureters.
• TT*3, Portions of the vessels, which lead down the seed.
• VV, 7, 8, The umbilical arteries.
• X, 7, 8, The ligament of the bladder called Urachus.
• Y, 7, 8, The navil or umbilicus.
• Z, 7, 8, The um∣bilical vein.
• aa, 7, The vein and artery of the yard.
• b, 5, The artery distributed through the body of the Yard.

* 1.272The use and action thereof is by the fibers continually to draw the urine, and contain it as long as need requires, and then to expell it by the neck, partly by compression either of it self, or ra∣ther to the muscles of the Epigastrium and midriff; because this motion, seeing it is voluntary, can∣not be performed unless by a muscle which the bladder wants; partly by the dilatation and relax∣ation of the Sphincter-muscle composed of transverse fibers,* 1.273 like the sphincter of the fundament, after the same manner to shut up the orifice of the bladder, that the urine flow not out against our will. But the bladder, as it fils, is dilated; but as it is emptied, it is contracted like a purse. You may easily observe this Muscle in a Sow's bladder: it is stretched from the orifice of the bladder, and beginning of the urinary passage even to the privities, in women; but in men it is termi∣nated

in the Peritonaeum, as soon as it hath left the right Gut. Besides, this muscle is thus far stretched forth, that the urine by its compression should be wholly pressed out of the bladder, which by too long stay would by its acrimony do some harm. This is the common opinion of Ana∣tomists concerning the Sphincter of the bladder, which nevertheless Fallopius allows not of. For (saith he) if this muscle should be situate beneath the glandulous bodies, the Seed in copulation could never be cast forth without some small quantity of urine. Wherefore he thinks, that this muscle is situate above the Prostats, and that it is nothing else but the beginning of the neck of the bladder, which becomes more fleshy whilst it is woven with transverse fibers.

For the neck of the Bladder: it differs nothing in substance, composure, number,* 1.274 and temper from the Bladder, but only in quantity, which is neither so large, nor round in figure, but some∣what long together with the Yard, representing the shape of the letter S. It is placed in men at the end of the right Gut and Peritonaeum, rising upwards even to the roots of the yard, and with it bending it self downwards; in women it is short, broad, and streight, ending at the orifice of the neck of the womb between the nervous bodies of the Nymphae.

In men it hath connexion with the bladder, the ejaculatory vessels, the right gut and yard,* 1.275 but in women only with the neck of the womb and privities. The use of it is in men to cast forth seed and urine; in women only urine. But we must note, that the share-bones must be divided and pulled asunder, in that part where they are joyned, that so you may the more exactly observe the situa∣tion of these parts. Besides, you must note, that by the Peritonaeum, we understand nothing else, in men and women, than that space which is from the fundament to the privities, in which the seam is called Taurus.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Yard.

NOw follows the declaration of the Privy parts of men and women;* 1.276 and first we will treat of mens. The Yard is of a ligamentous substance, because it hath its original from bones; it is of an indifferent magnitude in all dimensions, yet in some bigger, in some less; the figure of it is round, but yet somewhat flatted above and beneath.

It is composed of a double coat, nerves, veins, arteries, two ligaments, the passage of the urine,* 1.277 and four muscles. It hath its coats both from the true skin, as also from the fleshy pannicle; but the Veins and Arteries from those of the lower part of the lower belly which run on the lower part of the Holy-bone into the Yard, as the seminary vessels run on the upper part.

The ligaments of the Yard proceed on both sides from the sides and lower commissure of the share-bones; wherefore the Yard is immediately at his root furnished with a double ligament;* 1.278 but these two presently run into one spungy one. The passage of the urine, situate in the lower part of the Yard, comes from the neck of the bladder between the two ligaments.

For the four muscles, the two side-ones composing or making a great part of the Yard,* 1.279 pro∣ceed from the inward extuberancy of the Hip-bone, and presently they are dilated from the ori∣ginal; and then grow less again. The two other lower arise from the muscles of the funda∣ment, and accompany the urinary passage the length of the peritonaeum until they enter the Yard; but these two muscles cleave so close together, that they may seem one, having a triangular form.

The action of these four muscles in the act of generation is;* 1.280 They open and dilate this common passage of urine and seed, that the seed may be forcibly or violently cast into the field of Na∣ture; and besides, they then keep the Yard so stiff, that it cannot bend to either side.

The Yard is in number one, and situate upon the lower parts of the share-bone, that it might be more stiff in erection. It hath connexion with the share-bone and neighbouring parts; by the particles of which it is composed. It is of a cold and dry temper. The action of it is to cast the seed into the womb, for preservation of mankind.

The head of it begins where the tendons end;* 1.281 this head from the figure thereof is called Glans and Balanus, that is, the Nut; and the skin which covers the head, is called Praeputium, that is,* 1.282 the foreskin. The flesh of this Glandule is of a middle nature between the glandulous flesh and true skin. But you must note, that the Ligaments of the Yard, are spongy contrary to the condition of others, and filled with gross and black blood. But all these stirred up by the delight of de∣sired pleasure, and provoked with a venereal fire, swell up and erect the Yard.

CHAP. XXXII. Of the spermatick Vessels and Testicles in Women.

NOw we should treat of the Privy Parts in Women, but,* 1.283 because they depend upon the neck and proper body of the Womb, we will first speak of the Womb, having first de∣clared what difference there is between the spermatick vessels and testicles of men and women. Wherefore we must know, that the spermatick vessels in women do nothing differ from those in men in substance, figure, composure, number, connexion, temper, original, and use; but only in magnitude and distribution; for women have them more large and short.

[illustration]

The twelfth Figure, of the Womb.

• A. The bottom of the womb laid open without any membrane.
• BB. The neck of the womb turned upward.
• CD. A part ef the bottom of the womb like the nut of the yard, swelling into the upper part of the neck of the womb, in the middle whereof the orifice appeareth.
• EE. A membrane knitting the womb to the Peritonaeum, and holding together the vessels thereof.
• F. The left testicle.
• G. The spermatical vein and artery.
• H. A part of the spermatical vessels reaching unto the bot∣tom of the womb.
• I. One part of the vessels coming to the Testicles.
• * A vessel leading the seed unto the womb.
• K. The coat of the testicle with the implication of the vessels.
• L. The cavity of the bladder opened.
• M. The insertion of the Ureters into the bladder.
• N. The Ureters cut from the kidnies.
• O. The insertion of the neck of the bladder into the lap or pri∣vity.

The second Figure.

aa. The spermatical vein and artery. bb. Branches distributed to the Peritonaeum from the spermati∣cal vessels. c. The bottom of the womb. d. The neck of the womb. e. Certain vessels running through the inside of the womb, and the neck thereof. ff. Vessels reaching to the bottom of the womb produced from the spermatical vessel. gg. The leading vessel of the seed called Tuba, the Trumpet. hh. A branch of the spermatical vessel compassing the Trumpet. ii. The testicles. kk. The lower ligaments of the womb, which some call the Cremasters or hanging muscles of the womb. l. The lap or privity in which the Cre∣masters do end. m. A portion of the neck of the bladder.

The third Figure.

aa, The spermatical vessels. bb. A branch from these spermatical vessels to the bottom of the womb. c. The body or bottom of the womb. d. The neck of the same. e. The neck of the bladder ending into the neck of the womb. ff. The testicles. gg. The leading vessels, commonly though not so well called the ejacu∣latory vessels. hh. The division of these Vessels, one of them determining into the horns at double kk. ii. The other branch ending in the neck, by which women with child avoid their seed. kk. the horns of the womb.

The fourth Figure.

AB. The bosom of the bottom of the womb, at whose sides are the horns. CD. A line like a suture or seam, a little distinguishing that bosom. EE. The substance of the bottom of the womb, or the thickness of his inner coat. F. A protuberation or swelling of the womb in the middle of the bosom. G. The orifice of the bottom of the womb. HH. The coat or second cover of the bottom of the womb, com∣ing from the Peritonaeum. IIII. A portion of the membranes which tie the womb. KK. The beginning of the neck of the womb. L. The neck of the bladder inserted into the neck of the womb. m. The Clitoris in the top of the privity. n. The inequality of the privity where the hymen is placed. o. The hole or pas∣sage of the privity in the cleft. p. The skinny caruncle of the privity.

* 1.284It was fit they should be more large, because they should not only convey the matter fit for generation of young and nourishment of the testicles, but also sufficient for the nourishment of the womb and child; but shorter, because they end at the testicles and womb within the belly in women. Where you must note, that the preparing spermatick vessels, a little before they come to the Testicles, are divided into two unequal branches, of which the lesser, bended after the same manner, as we said in men, goes into the head of the testicle, through which it sends a slender branch into the coats of the testicles for life and nourishment, and not only into the coats, but

also into leading vessels. But the bigger branch descends on each side by the upper part of the womb between the proper coat and the common, from the Peritonaeum; where it is divided into divers branches. By this difference of the spermatick vessels, you may easily understand why wo∣men cast forth less seed than men.

For their Testicles, they differ little from mens but in quantity; For they are lesser,* 1.285 and in figure more hollow and flat, by reason of their defective heat which could not elevate or lift them up to their just magnitude. Their composure is more simple; for they want the Scrotum or cod, the fleshy coat, and also, according to the opinion of some, the Erythroides: but in place there∣of they have another from the Peritonaeum which covers the proper coat, that is, the Epididymis, or Dartos. Silvius writes, that womens Testicles want the Erythroides; yet it is certain, that be∣sides their peculiar coat Dartos, they have another from the Peritonaeum, which is the Erythroides, or, as Fallopius calls it, the Elythroides, that is as much as the vaginalis, or sheath. But I think,* 1.286 that this hath sprung from the mis-understanding that place in Galen, where he writes, that womens testicles want the Epididymis. For we must not understand that to be spoken of the coat,* 1.287 but of the varicous parastats (as I formerly said). They differ nothing in number, but in site; for in men they hang without the belly at the share-bone above the Peritonaeum; women have them ly∣ing hid in their belly, neer the bottom at the sides of the womb, but yet so as they touch not the body of the womb.

But these testicles are tied to the womb, both by a coat from the Peritonaeum,* 1.288 as also by the lead∣ing vessels descending to the horns of the womb; but to the rest of the body, by the vessels and the nerves arising from the Holy-bone and Costal nerves. They are of a colder Temper than mans.* 1.289 The ejaculatory, or leading vessels in women differ thus from mens;* 1.290 they are large at the begin∣ning, and of a veiny consistence, or substance, so that you can scarce discern them from the coat Peritonaeum, then presently they become nervous, and wax so slender, that they may seem broken or torn, though it be not so; but when they come nearer to the horns of the womb, they are again dilated; in their own conditions, they agree with mens,* 1.291 but that they are altogether more slender and short. They have a round figure, but more intricate windings than mens; I believe, that these windings might supply the defect of the varicous Parastats. They are seated between the testicles and womb; for they proceed out of the head of the testicle, then presently, armed with a coat from the Peritonaeum, they are implanted into the womb by its horns.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Womb.

THe Womb is a part proper only to women, given by nature instead of the Scrotum, as the neck thereof, and the annexed parts instead of the yard;* 1.292 so that if any more exactly consider the parts of generation in women and men, he shall find that they differ not much in number, but only in situation and use. For that which man hath apparent without, that women have hid within, both by the singular providence of nature, as also by the defect of heat in women, which could not drive and thrust forth those parts, as in men. The womb is of a ner∣vous and membranous substance, that it may be more easily dilated and contracted, as need shall require.

The magnitude thereof is divers, according to the diversity of age, the use of venery,* 1.293 the flow∣ing of their courses, and the time of conception. The womb is but small in one of unripe age, having not used venery, nor which is menstrous; therefore the quantity cannot be rightly defined.

The figure of the womb is absolutely like that of the bladder,* 1.294 if you consider it without the productions, which Herophilus called horns, by reason of the similitude they have with the horns of Oxen at their first coming forth. It consists of simple and compound parts. The simple are the veins, arteries, nerves, and coats. The veins and arteries are four in number,* 1.295 two from the preparing spermatick vessels, the two other ascend thither from the Hypogastrick, after this manner.* 1.296

First, these vessels before they ascend on each side to the womb, divide themselves into two branches, from which othersome go to the lower part of the womb, othersom to the neck there∣of, by which the menstruous blood, if it abound from the conception, may be purged.

Nerves come on both sides to the womb, both from the sixth conjugation,* 1.297 descending by the length of the back-bone, as also from the holy bone, which, presently united and joyned toge∣ther, ascend and are distributed through the womb, like the veins and arteries.

The utmost or common coat of the womb, proceeds from the Peritonaeum,* 1.298 on that part it touches the Holy-bone; but the proper it hath from the first conformation, which is com∣posed of the three sorts of fibers, of the right on the inside of the attraction of both seeds; the transverse without to expel, if occasion be; the oblique in the midst, for the due retention thereof.

The womb admits no division, unless into the right and left side, by an obscure line or seam, such as we see in the scrotum, but scarce so manifest;* 1.299 neither must we after the manner of the an∣cients, imagine any other cels in the womb. For by the law of nature, a woman at one birth can have no more than two. An argument hereof is, they have no more than two dugs. If any chance to bring forth more, it is besides nature, and somewhat monstrous, because nature hath made no provision of nourishment for them.

* 1.300Nature hath placed the Womb at the bottom of the belly, because that place seems most fit to receive the seed, to carry and bring forth the young. It is placed between the bladder and right gut, and is bound to these parts much more straitly by the neck, than by the body there∣of; but also besides, it is tied with two most strong ligaments on the sides, and upper parts of the sharebone, on which it seems to hang; but by its common coat from the Peritonaeum, chiefly thick in that place, it is tied to the hollow bone, and the bones of the hanch and loins.

By reason of this strait connexion, a woman with child feeling the painful drawings back, and, as it were,* 1.301 convulsions of those ligaments, knows her self with child. It is of a cold and moist temper, rather by accident than of it self. The action thereof is to contain both the seeds, and to cherish, preserve, and nourish it, so contained, until the time appointed by nature; and also be∣sides, to receive, and evacuate the menstruous blood. The compound parts of the womb, are, the proper body and neck thereof. That body is extended, in women big with child, even to the na∣vel, in some higher, in some lower.

* 1.302In the inner side, the Cotyledones come into our consideration, which are nothing else than the orifices and mouths of the veins, ending in that place. They scarce appear in women, unless pre∣sently after child-bearing, or their menstrual purgation; but they are apparent in Sheep, Goats; and Kine, at all times like wheat-corns, unless when they are with young; for then they are of the bigness of hasel nuts: but then also they swell up in women, and are like a rude piece of flesh of a finger and a half thick; which begirt all the natural parts of the infant shut up in the womb; out of which respect this shapeless flesh, according to the opinion of some, is reckon∣ed amongst the number of coats investing the infant, and called Chorion, because, As, in beasts, the Chorion is interwoven with veins,* 1.303 and arteries, whence the umbilical Vessels proceed; so in women this fleshy lump is woven with veins, and arteries, whence such vessels have their ori∣ginal. Which thing, how true and agreeable to reason it is, let other men judge.

There is one thing whereof I would admonish thee, that as the growth of the Cotyledones in beasts, are not called by the name of Chorion, but are only said to be the dependents thereof; so in women such swollen Cotyledones merit not the name of Chorion, but rather of the dependences thereof.

* 1.304This body ends in a certain straitness which is met withall, in following it towards the privities, in women which have born no children, or have remained barren some certain time; for in such as are lately delivered,* 1.305 you can see nothing but a cavity and no straitness at all. This straitness we call the proper orifice of the womb, which is most exactly shut after conception, especially until the membrane, or coats encompassing the child, be finished, and strong enough to contain the seed, that it flow not forth, nor be corrupted by entrance of the air; for it is opened to send forth the seed, and in some the courses, and serous humours, which are heaped up in the womb in the time of their being with child.

* 1.306From this orifice the neck of the womb taking its original, is extended even to the privities. It is of a musculous substance, composed of soft flesh, because it might be extended and contracted, wrinckled, and stretched forth, and unfolded, and wrested, and shaken at the coming forth of the child, and after be restored to its former soundness and integrity. In process of age it grows har∣der, both by use of venery, and also by reason of age, by which the whole body in all parts there∣of becomes dry and hard. But in growing, and in young women, it is more tractable and flexible for the necessity of nature.

* 1.307The magnitude is sufficiently large in all dimensions, though divers, by reason of the infinite variety of bodies.* 1.308 The figure is long, round, and hollow. The composition is the same with the womb, but it receives not so many vessels as the womb; for it hath none but those which are sent from the Hypogastrick veins, by the branches ascending to the womb. This neck on the inside is wrinckled with many crests, like the upper part of a dogs mouth, so in copulation to cause greater pleasure by that inequality, and also to shorten the act.

* 1.309It is only one, and that situate between the neck of the bladder and the right gut, to which it closely sticketh, as to the womb by the proper orifice thereof, and to the privities by its own ori∣fice; but by the vessels to all the parts from whence they are sent.

* 1.310It is of a cold and dry temper, and the way to admit the seed into the womb, to exclude the infant out of the womb, as also the menstrual evacuation. But it is worth observation, that in all this passage there is no such membrane found,* 1.311 as that they called Hymen, which they feigned to be broken at the first coition. Yet notwithstanding Columbus, Fallopius, Wierus, and ma∣ny other learned men of our time think otherwise, and say, that in Virgins a little above the passage of the Urine, may be found and seen such a nervous membrane, placed overthwart, as it were, in the middle way of this neck, and perforated for the passages of the courses. But you may find this false by experience; it is likely the Ancients fel into this errour through this occasion, Because that in some a good quantity of blood breaks forth of these places at the first copulation.

* 1.312But it is more probable, that this happens by the violent attrition of certain vessels lying in the inward superficies of the neck of the womb, not being able, to endure without breaking so great extention as that nervous neck undergoes at the first coition. For a maid which is manageable, and hath her genital parts proportionable in quantity and bigness to a man's; shall find no such ef∣fusion of blood, as we shall shew more at large in our Book of Generation.

This neck ends at the privities, where its proper orifice is: which privy parts we must treat of, as being the productions and appendices of this neck. This Pudendum or privity, is of a middle sub∣stance, between the flesh and a nerve; the magnitude is sufficiently large, the figure, round, hol∣low, long. It is composed of veins, arteries, nerves, descending to the neck of the womb, and a double coat proceeding from the true skin and fleshy pannicle; both these coats are firmly uni∣ted by the flesh coming between them; whereupon it is said, that this part consists of a muscu∣lous coat. It is one in number, situate above the Peritonaeum. It hath connexion with the funda∣ment, the neck of the womb and bladder, by both their peculiar orifices.

[illustration]

The thirteenth Figure, shewing the parts of women different from those in men.

• A.B.C.D. The Peritonaeum reflected or turned backward, above and below.
• E.F. The gibbous part of the liver E, the cave or hollow part F.
• G. the trunk of the gate-vein.
• H. the hollow vein.
• I. the great artery.
• K. the roots of the Coeliacal artery which accompanieth the gate-vein.
• L.M. the fatty vein going to the coat of the Kidneys.
• N.O. the fore-part of both the kidneys.
• T.V. the emulgent veins and arteries.
• aa. the right Ureter at the lowest a, cut from a part which, neer to b, sticketh yet to the blad∣der, because the bottom of the bladder is drawn to the left side.
• c. the left ureter inserted into the bladder neer to r.
• dd. the spermatick vein which goeth to the left testicle marked with i.
• ee. the spermatick vein which goeth to the left testicle with i, also.
• f. the trunk of the great artery from whence the spermatical arteries do proceed.
• gh. the spermatical arteries.
• ii. the two testicles.
• ll. a branch which from the spermatick ves∣sels reacheth unto the bottom of the womb.
• mm. the leading vessel of the Seed which Fallopius calleth the tuba, or trumpet, be∣cause it is crooked and reflected.
• n. a branch of the spermatick vessel, com∣passing the leading vessel.
• oo. a vessel like a worm which passeth to the womb, some call it Cremaster.
• p. the bottom of the womb called fundus uteri.
• b. a part of the right gut.
• r. s. the bottom of the bladder where∣to is inserted the left Ureter, and a vein led from the neck of the wome neer unto
• r. t. the neck of the blad∣der.
• u. the same inserted into the privity or lap.
• x. a part of the neck of the womb above the privity.
• yy. certain skinny Caruncles of the Privities, in the midst of which is the slit, and on both sides appear little hillocks.

The Figures belonging to the Dugs and Breasts.

αα. The veins of the Dugs which come from those, which descending from the top of the shoulder, are offered to the skin. β. the veins of the Dugs derived from those which through the arm-hole are led into the hand. γ. the body of the Dug or Breast. δδ. the kernels and fat between them. εε. the vessels of the Dugs descending from the lower part of the neck called Jugulum, under the breast-bone.

It hath a middle temper, between hot, and cold, moist and dry. It hath the same use as a mans Praeputium or fore-skin, that is, that together with the Nymphae it may hinder the emeance of the air, by which the womb may be in danger to take cold. The lips of the Privities called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Latines Alae, contain all that region which is invested with hairs;* 1.313 and because we have faln into mention of these Nymphae, you must know, that they are, as it were, productions of the musculous skin, which descend on both sides, from the upper part of the share-bone downwards; even to the orifice of the neck of the bladder, oft-times growing to so great a bigness, that they will stand out like a man's yard. Wherefore in some, they must be cut off in their young years, yet with a great deal of caution, lest if they be cut too rashly, so great an ef∣fusion of blood may follow, that it may cause, either death to the woman, or barrenness of the womb, by reason of the refrigeration by the too great effusion of blood. The latter Anatomists,

as Columbus and Fallopius, besides these parts, have made mention of another Particle, which stands forth in the upper part of the Privities, and also of the urinary passage, which joyns toge∣ther those wings we formerly mentioned.* 1.314 Columbus calls it Tentigo; Fallopius, Cleitoris, whence proceeds that infamous word Cleitorizein, (which signifies impudently to handle that part.) But because it is an obscene part, let those which desire to know more of it, read the Authors which I cited.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the Coats containing the Infant in the womb, and of the Navel.

THe membranes or coats containing the Infant in the womb of the Mother, are of a sper∣matick and nervous substance,* 1.315 having their matter from the seed of the Mother. But they are nervous, that so they may be the more easily extended, as it shall be necessary for the child. They are of good length and bredth, especially near the time of deliverance, they are round in figure like the womb.

Their composition is of veins, arteries, and their proper substance. The veins, and arteries, are distributed to them (whether obscurely or manifestly, more or fewer) from the womb by the Cotyledones, which have the same office, as long as the child is contained in the womb, as the nip∣ples or paps of the nurses after it is born. For thus the womb brings the Cotyledones, or veins, degenerating into them, through the coats like certain paps to the Infant shut up in them.

These coats are three in number according to Galen; one called the Chorion, Secundine, or Af∣ter-birth;* 1.316 the other Allantoides; the third Amnios. I find this number of coats in Beasts, but not in Women, unless peradventure any will reckon up, in the number of the coats, the Cotyledones swollen up, and grown into a fleshy mass, which many skilful in Anatomy do write; which opini∣on notwithstanding we cannot receive as true. I could never in any place find the Allantoides in Women with child: neither in the Infant born in the sixth, seventh, eight, or in the full time, be∣ing the ninth month, although I sought it with all possible diligence, the Midwives being set apart, which might have violated some of the coats.

But thus I went about this business: I divided the dead body of the Mother croswise upon the region of the womb, and taking away all impediments which might either hinder, or obscure our diligence, with as much dexterity as was possible, we did not only draw away that receptacle or den of the Infant, from the inward surface of the womb, to which it stuck by the Cotyledones, but we also took away the first membrane which we called Chorion, from that which lies next under it, called Amnios, without any rending or tearing; for thus we poured forth no moisture, whereby it might be said, that any coat made for the containing of that humor, was rent or torn. And then we diligently looked, having many witnesses and spectators present, if in any place there did ap∣pear any distinction of these two membranes, the Allantoides and Amnios, for the separating the contained humors, and for other uses which they mention.

But when we could perceive no such thing, we took the Amnios filled with moisture on the up∣per side, and having opened it, two servants holding the apertion, that no moisture might flow out of it into the circumference of the Chorion, or Womb, then presently with spunges we drew out by little and little all the humidity contained in it, the Infant yet contained in it, which was fit to come forth, that so the coat Amnios being freed of this moisture, we might see whether there were any other humor contained in any other coat besides. But having done this with singular diligence and fidelity, we could we see no other humor, nor no other separation of the membranes besides.

* 1.317So that, from that time I have confidently held this opinion, that the Infant in the womb, is only wrapped in two coats, the Chorion and Amnios. But yet not satisfied by this experience, that I might yet be more certain concerning this Allantoides, having passed through the two former coats, I came to the Infant, and I put a quill into its Bladder, and blew it up as forcibly as I could, so to try, if by that blowing I might force the air into that coat which we questioned, as some have written. But neither thus could I drive any air from hence, through the navel into the contro∣verted coat, but rather I found it to fly out of the bladder by the privities. Wherefore I am cer∣tainly perswaded that there is no Allantoides. Moreover I could never find, nor see, in the navel, that passage called the Urachus, which they affirm to be the beginning and original of the coat Al∣lantoides. But, if it be granted, that there is no such coat as the Allantoides, what discommodity will arise hereof? specially, seeing the sweat and urine of the Infant may easily, and without any discommodity be received, collected, and contained in the same coat, by reason of the small dif∣ference which is between them. But if any object, That the urine by its sharpness and touching will hurt the Infant: I will answer, there can be no so great sharpness in the urine of so small an Infant; and that, if that there be any, it is tempered by the admixture of the gentle vapor of sweat.

Besides, if you consider, or have regard to the use of such an humor (which is to hold up the child, lest by its weight it break the ties, by which it is bound to the womb;) we shall find no hu∣mor more fit for this purpose than this serous, as which by its thickness is much more fit to bear up a weight, than the thin and too liquid Sweat. For so we see the Sea or Salt-water carries

greater weights without danger of drowning than fresh Rivers do. Wherefore I conclude that there is no need, that the urine should be kept and contained in one coat, and the sweat in ano∣ther. The Ancients who have writ otherwise, have written from observations made in Beasts. Wherefore we make but only two coats, the Chorion and Amnios; the one of which, seeing it contains the other, they both so encompass the child, that they vest it on every side.

Fallopius in some sort seems to be of this opinion; for he only makes two coats, the Chorion and Amnios; but he thinks the Infant makes the water into a certain part of the Chorion, as you may perceive by reading of his Observations. Both these coats are tyed between themselves by the intercourse of most slender nervous fibers, and small vessels penetrating from the outer Chorion to the inner Amnios. Wherefore unless you warily handle these coats, you may easily tear the Amnios in separating it. They are of the same temper with other membranes.* 1.318 Their use is diffe∣rent; for the Chorion is made both for the preservation of the vessels, which it receives from the womb for the generating of the umbilical veins and arteries, as also to keep whole and safe the parts which it invests.

But the Amnios is to receive and contain the excrementitious and serous humors, which the childe shut up in the womb is accustomed to evacuate. But this coat is very thin and soft, but strong and smooth, lest by its touch it might hurt the Infant, whereupon it is called the Lambskin-coat.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the Navel.

THe Navel follows these coats; It is a white body,* 1.319 somewhat resembling the wreathen cord, or girdle of the Franciscan-friers, but that it hath not the knots standing so far out, but only swelling in certain places, resembling a knot, only lifted up on one side; it a∣rises and takes its original from a fleshy mass,* 1.320 which we expressed by the name of swelling Coty∣ledones, and goes into the midst of the lower belly of the Infant, yea verily into the midst of the whole body, whose root it is therefore said to be. For even as a tree by the root sucks nourish∣ment from the earth, so the Infant in the Womb draws its nourishment by the Navel. The great∣ness of it in breadth and thickness, equals the bigness of the little finger. But it is a foot and a half long, so that children are brought forth with it, encompassing their middle, neck, arms,* 1.321 or legs. The figure of it is round. It is composed of two Arteries, one vein, and two coats. It hath these vessels from that great multitude of capillary veins and arteries, which are seen dispersed over the Chorion. Wherefore the vein entring in at the Navel, penetrates from thence into the hollow part of the Liver, where divided into two, according to Galens opinion,* 1.322 it makes the gate and hollow-veins. But the arteries, carryed by themselves the length of the Navel, cast them∣selves into the Iliacae, which they make, as also all other, that from thence the vital spirit may be carryed by them over all the Infant. It hath its two coats from the Chorion.

But seeing they are mutually woven and conjoyned without any medium, and are of a suffici∣ent strength and thickness over all the Navel, they may seem to make the Infants external skin and fleshy Pannicle. I know, very many reckon two Umbilical veins, as also arteries, and the U∣rachus, by, or through which the Urine flows into the coat Allantoides.* 1.323 But because this is not to be found in Women, but only Beasts, I willingly omit it, because I do not intend to mention any parts, but such as belong to humane bodies. Yet, if there be any, which can teach me, that these parts, which I think proper to brute beasts, are to be found in women, I will willingly confess that to his credit, from whom I have reaped such benefit.

The other things that may be required concerning the Navel, as of its number, site, connexi∣on, temper and use, may easily appear by that we have spoken before. For we have apparently set down the use, when we said, the Navel was made for that purpose, that the Infant may be nou∣rished by it, as the tree by the root, by reason of the continuation of the vessels thereof, with the preparing spermatick vessels made by God for that purpose: To whom be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen.

The End of the third Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The necessity of the know∣ledg of Anato∣my.
• * 1.2

  Initio lib. de Offic. Medici.
• * 1.3

  Lib. de ossibus.
• * 1.4

  1. de loc. affe∣ctis, & lib. 3. Meth.
• * 1.5

  Why, when the liver is hot the stomach i•• commonly cold.
• * 1.6

  The know∣ledg of Ana∣tomy, is com∣modious four manner of wayes.
• * 1.7

  There is a threefold me∣thod.
• * 1.8

  The Author's intent.
• * 1.9

  What Anato∣my is.
• * 1.10

  How a defini∣tion differs from a descrip∣tion.
• * 1.11

  The subject of Physick.
• * 1.12

  Gal. lib. 1. de usu part. lib. 1. Meth.
• * 1.13

  The similar parts are nine.
• * 1.14

  How the bones come to feel.
• * 1.15

  The com∣pound or orga∣nical parts.
• * 1.16

  Four particles to be observed in each orga∣nical part.
• * 1.17

  Four sorts of instrumental parts.
• * 1.18

  Nine things to be considered in each part.
• * 1.19

  Why the three principal parts are so called.
• * 1.20

  Lib. de arte me∣dica.
• * 1.21

  The use and function of the parts serving for ge∣neration.
• * 1.22

  What the Soul is, and with how many faculties it is endued.
• * 1.23

  All the parts of mans body are distinguished into three.
• * 1.24

  What parts are here called Animal.
• * 1.25

  Lib. 6. Epidem.
• * 1.26

  What parts are called Vital.
• * 1.27

  The division of the animal parts.
• * 1.28

  The division of the vital parts.
• * 1.29

  The division of the natural parts.
• * 1.30

  The vulgar di∣vision of mans body.
• * 1.31

  Why the belly is not bony.
• * 1.32

  The division of the lower bel∣ly.
• * 1.33

  The Hypocho••¦dria.
• * 1.34

  A most certain note of the part affected by the place where the pain is.
• * 1.35

  The containing parts of the belly.
• * 1.36

  The skin two∣fold. From what parts the skin cannot be se∣parated.
• * 1.37

  The matter of the Cuticle.
• * 1.38

  The quantity.
• * 1.39

  The figure. The compo∣sure.
• * 1.40

  The number.
• * 1.41

  The tempera∣ture.
• * 1.42

  The use.
• * 1.43

  Why the Cu∣ticle cannot be restored in scars.
• * 1.44

  The substance. Magnitude.
• * 1.45

  Figure.
• * 1.46

  Composure.
• * 1.47

  The skin it self is void of sense.
• * 1.48

  The number.
• * 1.49

  Connexion.
• * 1.50

  The reason why the skin is blacker and rougher in Winter.
• * 1.51

  What a mem∣brane is. Why it is sometimes cal∣led a coat, sometimes the fleshy and fatty Panni∣cle.
• * 1.52

  Why beasts have this Pan∣nicle wholly fleshy or mus∣culous.
• * 1.53

  The substance.
• * 1.54

  The magni∣tude and figure. Number.
• * 1.55

  Composure.
• * 1.56

  The temperature.
• * 1.57

  The use.
• * 1.58

  The Fat is rather an ex∣crement than a part.

  The substance. The efficient cause of fat.
• * 1.59

  The quantity.
• * 1.60

  The compo∣sure.
• * 1.61

  The site.
• * 1.62

  I was present at the opening of a Body, Feb. 1630. in which the fat in the lower part of the lower belly was in thick∣ness above eight inches, upon the breast between four and five inches: which I thought good to rem••mber in this place, both for the rarity of the thing, as also because it was increased by report, and the place mista∣ken; some saying the Omentum or Kall was so thick, which was false; for it did not much exceed the quantity of that part, in other fat men.
• a 1.63

  The Temper.
• b 1.64

  The use.
• c 1.65

  The solider fat or seam.
• d 1.66

  In what parts and for what cause the fat is more dense.
• * 1.67

  The substance. The quantity.
• * 1.68

  The compo∣sure.
• * 1.69

  The Original.
• * 1.70

  The number.
• * 1.71

  The site.
• * 1.72

  The use.
• * 1.73

  What the White-line is.
• * 1.74

  What a Muscle is.
• * 1.75

  How the circu∣lar motion is performed.
• * 1.76

  From whence the difference of Muscles are drawn.
• * 1.77

  Differences of Muscles from their substance.
• * 1.78

  Differences of Muscles from their original.
• * 1.79

  Where a Muscle hath its original. Differences of Muscles from their insertion.
• * 1.80

  Differences of Muscles take•• from their figure.
• * 1.81

  Differences from their perforations.
• * 1.82

  From their magnitude.
• * 1.83

  From their colour.
• * 1.84

  From their site.
• * 1.85

  From their Fibers.
• * 1.86

  From their Connexion.
• * 1.87

  From their Head.
• * 1.88

  From their Belly.
• * 1.89

  From their Tendons.
• * 1.90

  From their action. From their function.
• * 1.91

  The compound and simple parts of a Muscle.
• * 1.92

  What use each simple particle hath in a muscle.
• * 1.93

  The nature of a Ligament.
• * 1.94

  The treefold use of a Ligament. What a Nerve is.
• * 1.95

  What we mean by the nervous and ligamen∣tous fibers.
• * 1.96

  By what power the similar parts princi∣pally draw or attract. What, and of how many sorts the flesh is.
• * 1.97

  What a vein is.
• * 1.98

  What an Arte∣ry is.
• * 1.99

  Why an artery is more thick and dense than a vein.
• * 1.100

  The mutual Anastomasis of the veins and arteries. Where it is manifest.
• * 1.101

  From whence a muscle hath its beginning or head.
• * 1.102

  Eight muscles of the Epi∣gastrium.
• * 1.103

  The oblique descendant. Their sub∣stance.
• * 1.104

  Their greatness and figure.
• * 1.105

  Their compo∣sure and site.
• * 1.106

  Their connexi∣on. Their tempe∣rament. Their action.
• * 1.107

  The oblique ascendant.
• * 1.108

  Their site and connexion.
• * 1.109

  Their action.
• * 1.110

  The right muscles of the Epigastrium.
• * 1.111

  Their site.
• * 1.112

  Original.
• * 1.113

  The meeting together of the Epigastrick and mamillary veins and arte∣ries.
• * 1.114

  Their action. Their use.
• * 1.115

  The Pyrami∣dal or assisting Muscles.
• * 1.116

  The transverse Muscles of the Epigastrium. Their figure and site.
• * 1.117

  Their action. The common use and action of the eight Muscles of the Epigastrium.
• * 1.118

  Why when the mouth is open the extrements go more slowly forth.
• * 1.119

  What the White-line is.
• * 1.120

  What the Pe∣ritonaeum is.
• * 1.121

  The substance, and quantity.
• * 1.122

  The figure.
• * 1.123

  The compo∣sition.
• * 1.124

  The number. Lib. de sem.
• * 1.125

  The site and connexion.
• * 1.126

  Lib. 6. Meth.
• * 1.127

  The substance, magnitude, figure.
• * 1.128

  The compo∣sure.
• * 1.129

  The connexi∣on.
• * 1.130

  Lib. Anatom. administ. The temper. The use two∣folds.
• * 1.131

  Lib. 4. de usu partium.
• * 1.132

  A cause of frustrating conception.
• * 1.133

  What the ven∣tricle is. The substance. The magni∣tude. The figure. The compo∣sure.
• * 1.134

  The cause of the consent of the mouth and stomach.
• * 1.135

  The number.
• * 1.136

  Lib. de usu partium.
• * 1.137

  The connexi∣on.
• * 1.138

  The temper. Lib. 9. Meth.
• * 1.139

  Notes of a ho•• Stomach.
• * 1.140

  The action twofold.
• * 1.141

  The two orifices of the stomach.
• * 1.142

  The site.
• * 1.143

  The glandu∣lous ring of the Pylorus.
• * 1.144

  The falling down of the stomach.
• * 1.145

  Their sub∣stance.
• * 1.146

  Figure. Their number.
• * 1.147

  The Duode∣num.
• * 1.148

  The Jejunum.
• * 1.149

  Ilcon.
• * 1.150

  Caecum.
• * 1.151

  Colon. Rectum.
• * 1.152

  Their site.
• * 1.153

  The distincti∣on between the colick and the stone in the kidneys. Their connexi∣on.
• * 1.154

  Why vomiting happens in the Colick.
• * 1.155

  The Sphincter Muscles of the fundament.
• * 1.156

  Gal. lib. 5. de usu partium. cap. 14.
• * 1.157

  Levatores Ani.
• * 1.158

  The action of the guts.
• * 1.159

  Their fibers▪
• * 1.160

  How the guts become fit to retain.
• * 1.161

  Their length.
• * 1.162

  The substance. Magnitude. Figure. Composure.
• * 1.163

  Number. The connexi∣on.
• * 1.164

  The temper.
• * 1.165

  The action and use.
• * 1.166

  All the misera∣ick veins come from the liver.
• * 1.167

  Substance of the glandules.
• * 1.168

  Quantity and figure.
• * 1.169

  Composition.
• * 1.170

  Number.
• * 1.171

  Connexion.
• * 1.172

  Temper. Action and use.
• * 1.173

  The substance of the Pancre∣as.
• * 1.174

  The site.
• * 1.175

  What the Li∣ver is.
• * 1.176

  Its substance and quantity.
• * 1.177

  Why Cowards have great Li∣vers.
• * 1.178

  The figure.
• * 1.179

  The compo∣sure.
• * 1.180

  The vessels.
• * 1.181

  The number and site.
• * 1.182

  The connexi∣on.
• * 1.183

  The temper.
• * 1.184

  The action.
• * 1.185

  The liga∣ments.
• * 1.186

  The substance, greatness, and figure thereof.
• * 1.187

  The composi∣tion.
• * 1.188

  Number and connexion.
• * 1.189

  Temper. Action.
• * 1.190

  The channels of the Gall.
• * 1.191

  Lib. 2. de tem∣per.
• * 1.192

  The Substance.
• * 1.193

  Magnitude. Figure.
• * 1.194

  Composition.
• * 1.195

  Number and Site.
• * 1.196

  Connexion.
• * 1.197

  Temper and use.
• * 1.198

  The substance and figure.
• * 1.199

  Composition. Number and Site.
• * 1.200

  Temper and Action.
• * 1.201

  Division there∣of into 6 bran∣ches, of which, 4 simple.

  • 1. Clysticae gemel∣lae.
  • 2. Gastrica.
  • 3. Gastrepiplois.
  • 4. Intestinalis.
• * 1.202

  Two compound. I. Ramus Spleni∣cus, sending forth,
• * 1.203

  1. Coronalis.
• * 1.204

  2. Haemorrhoida∣lis. Interna.
• * 1.205

  3. Gastrepiplois major sinistra.
• * 1.206

  4. Epiplois simp∣lex.
• * 1.207

  5. Vas breve seu venosum.
• * 1.208

  Lib. 4. de usu partium.
• * 1.209

  II. Ramus mesen∣tereus divided into three parts.
• * 1.210

  The original of arteries, The division of the great de∣scendant Ar∣tery, is into these.
• * 1.211

  1. Arteria inter∣••ostalis. 2. ••brenica. 3. Coeliaca.
• * 1.212

  4. Emulgent.
• * 1.213

  5. Spermatica.
• * 1.214

  6. Haemorrhoidalis sue mesenterica inferior.
• * 1.215

  7. Lumbaris.
• * 1.216

  Iliac••.
• * 1.217

  The origina•• of the nerves which are car∣ried to the natural parts.
• * 1.218

  Their Magni∣tude and Use.
• * 1.219

  The original of the Hollow vein.

  It is divided into two Trunks.
• * 1.220

  The division of the greater branch of the hollow vein.
• * 1.221

  1. Adiposa.
• * 1.222

  2. Emulgens.
• * 1.223

  3. Spermatica.
• * 1.224

  4. Lumbaris.
• * 1.225

  5. Iliacae which are divided into.
• * 1.226

  1. Musculosae.
• * 1.227

  2. Sacrae.
• * 1.228

  3. Hypagastricae, which produce the Haemor∣rhoidales ex∣ternae.
• * 1.229

  4. Epigastricae.
• * 1.230

  5. Pudendae.
• * 1.231

  Their Sub∣stance.
• * 1.232

  Magnitude. Figure.
• * 1.233

  Composition.
• * 1.234

  Number.
• * 1.235

  Site.
• * 1.236

  Connexion.
• * 1.237

  Temper. Action.
• * 1.238

  Their Strainer.
• * 1.239

  Ureters.
• * 1.240

  Their Sub∣stance.
• * 1.241

  Quantity.
• * 1.242

  Figure and Composure.
• * 1.243

  Number.
• * 1.244

  Site.
• * 1.245

  Their Sub∣stance.
• * 1.246

  Magnitude. and Figure. Composition.
• * 1.247

  The Coat Erythrois.
• * 1.248

  The Epididy∣mis, or Dartos.
• * 1.249

  The Cre∣master-muscless.
• * 1.250

  Temper.
• * 1.251

  Action.
• * 1.252

  Their Sub∣stance.
• * 1.253

  Here the Au∣thor speaks otherwise than Galen.

  Their Action.
• * 1.254

  Their Quanti∣ty, Figure and Composure.
• * 1.255

  Their temper and number.
• * 1.256

  Vasa ejaculato∣ria, the ejacula∣tory or leading Vessels.
• * 1.257

  Their Number and Action.
• * 1.258

  This Carun∣cle must be ob∣served and distinguished from a Hyper∣sarcosis or fleshy ex∣crescence.
• * 1.259

  The Prostatae.
• * 1.260

  Their quantity and figure.
• * 1.261

  Number and site.
• * 1.262

  An Anatomi∣cal Axiom.
• * 1.263

  Their uses.
• * 1.264

  Rond. in method. med. ad morbos
• * 1.265

  The substance, magnitude, figure and composure of the Ureters.
• * 1.266

  Number and Site.
• * 1.267

  Connexion.
• * 1.268

  Temper and use.
• * 1.269

  The substance.
• * 1.270

  Figure.
• * 1.271

  Composition.
• * 1.272

  Temper, use or action.
• * 1.273

  Their Sphin∣cter of the Bladder.
• * 1.274

  The neck of the Bladder.
• * 1.275

  The connexion and use there∣of.
• * 1.276

  The substance, quantity and figure of the Yard.
• * 1.277

  Composure.
• * 1.278

  The ligaments.
• * 1.279

  The Muscles.
• * 1.280

  Their Action.
• * 1.281

  The Nut.
• * 1.282

  The Praeputi∣um, or Fore-skin.
• * 1.283

  In what the spermatick vessels in wo∣men differ from those in men.
• * 1.284

  Why womens spermatick ves∣sels are larger, but shorter then mens.
• * 1.285

  In what their testicles differ from mens.
• * 1.286

  Lib. 14. de usu partium.
• * 1.287

  Site.
• * 1.288

  Connexi-on.
• * 1.289

  Temper.
• * 1.290

  Their ejacula∣tory Vessels.
• * 1.291

  Why they have more in∣tricate wind∣ings.

  Their site.
• * 1.292

  Wherein the privy parts in women differ from those in men.
• * 1.293

  The substance and magnitude of the Womb.
• * 1.294

  Figure.

  The Horns of the womb.
• * 1.295

  Composure.
• * 1.296

  The Veins and Arteries.
• * 1.297

  Nerves.
• * 1.298

  The Coats.
• * 1.299

  No Cells in the Womb.
• * 1.300

  The site.
• * 1.301

  The temper and action.
• * 1.302

  The Cotyledo∣nes.
• * 1.303

  Columbus justly reproved.
• * 1.304

  The orifice of the Womb.
• * 1.305

  The proper orifice of the Womb is not always exactly shut, in Wo∣men with child.
• * 1.306

  The neck of the Womb.
• * 1.307

  Its Magnitude.
• * 1.308

  Composition.
• * 1.309

  Number and Site.
• * 1.310

  Temper.
• * 1.311

  No Hymen.
• * 1.312

  From whence the blood pro∣ceeds that breaks forth in some virgins at the first coition.
• * 1.313

  Alae. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.314

  Cleitoris, ten∣tigo.
• * 1.315

  Their sub∣stance, magni∣tude, figure, and compo∣sure.
• * 1.316

  The number.
• * 1.317

  He shews by three several reasons that there is no Al∣lantoides.
• * 1.318

  Their temper and use.
• * 1.319

  What the Na∣vel is.
• * 1.320

  The Navel is the center of the body.
• * 1.321

  The figure and composure.
• * 1.322

  Lib. de format. foetus in utero.
• * 1.323

  There is only one Vein in a childs Navel, but no Urachus.