The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latin and compared with the French. by Tho: Johnson. Whereunto are added three tractates our of Adrianus Spigelius of the veines, arteries, & nerves, with large figures. Also a table of the bookes and chapters.

CHAP. I. The Division or partition of Man's Body.

BY reason the partition of Man's body can hardly be understood, if the distinction of the proper faculties of the soul be not understood, for whose cause the body enjoys that form (which we see) and division into divers Instruments; Therefore I thought good in few words to touch that distinction of the faculties of the soul, for the better understanding of the partition of the body,* 1.1 which we intend. Wherefore the soul, the perfection of the body, and begin∣ning of all its functions, is commonly distinguished, and that in the first and general division, into three faculties, which are, the Animal, Vital, and Natural. But the Animal is divided into the principal, sensitive, and motive; Again, the Principal is distinguished into the imaginative, rea∣sonable, and memorative: And the Sensitive into seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touch∣ing: But the Motive into progressive and apprehensive. And the Vital is divided into the dila∣tive and contractive faculty of the heart and arteries, which we know or understand by the pul∣sifick faculty. But the Natural is parted into the nutritive, auctive, and generative faculties; which three perform their parts by the help and ministry of five other faculties, which are, the attractive, retentive, concoctive, assimilative, and expulsive.

* 1.2After the self-same manner, the organ or instrument of the soul, to wit, Man's body, at the first division is distinguished into three parts, which from their office they call Animal, Vital, and Natural. These again, according to the subdivision of the subalternal faculties, are divided par∣ticularly into other parts; so that any one may know the organ of each faculty, by the property of the function. For, while other Anatomists divide Man's body into four universal and chief parts, they distinguish from the three first, those which they call the Extremities; neither do they teach, to what rank of the three prime parts each Extremity should be reduced. From whence many difficulties happen in reading the writing of Anatomists; for shunning whereof, we will prosecute, as we have said, that distinction of man's body, which we have touched before.

* 1.3Wherefore, as we said before, man's body is divided into three principal and general parts, Animal, Vital, and Natural. By the Animal parts, we understand, not only the parts pertain∣ing to the head, which are bounded with the crown of the head, the coller-bones, and the first Vertelra of the breast, but also the extremities, because they are organs and instruments of the motive-faculty;* 1.4 Hippocrates seems to have confirmed the same, where he writes; Those who have a thick and great head, have also great bones, nerves, and limbs. And in another place he saith, those who have great heads, and, when they stoop, shew a long neck, such have all their parts large, but chiefly the Animal. Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatness of the bones and the rest of the mem∣bers; but that he might shew the equality, and private care, or government of Nature, being most just and exact in the fabrick of man's body, as, if she hath well framed the head, it should not be unlike that she idly or carelesly neglected the other parts which are less seen. I thought good to dilate this passage, lest any might abuse that authority of Hippocrates, and gather from thence, that not only the bones, membranes, ligaments, grisles, and all the other animal parts, but also the veins and arteries depend on the head as the original. But if any observe this our distinction of the parts of the body, he will understand, we have a far other meaning.

* 1.5By the Vital parts, we understand only the heart, arteries, lungs, wind-pipe, and other particles annexed to these. But by the Natural, we would have all those parts understood which are con∣tained in the whole compass of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body, and the processes of the E∣rythroides, the second coat of the Testicles. For as much as belongs to all the other parts, which we call Containing; they must be reckoned in the number of the Animal, which notwithstanding, we must thus divide into principal, sensitive, and motive; and again, each of these in the manner following.* 1.6 For first, the principal is divided into the Imaginative, which is the first and upper part of the brain, with its two ventricles, and other annexed particles, into the Reasoning, which is a part of the brain, lying under the former, and (as it were) the top thereof with its third ven∣tricle; into the Memorative, which is the cerebellum or after-brain, with a ventricle hollowed in its substance. Secondly, the Sensitive is parted into the visive, which is in the eyes; the audi∣tive, in the ears; the smelling, in the nose; the tasting, in the tongue and palat; the tactive, or touching which is in the body, but most exquisite in the skin which invests the palms of the hands. Thirdly; the motive is divided into the progressive, which intimates the legs; and the comprehensive, which intimates the hands. Lastly, into simply-motive, which are three parts, called bellies,* 1.7 for the greatest part terminating and containing; for the vital, the instrument of the faculty of the heart, and dilatation of the arteries, are the direct or streight fibers, but of the constrictive the transverse; but the three kinds of fibers together, of the pulsifick: or, if you please, you may divide them into parts serving for respiration, as are the lungs, and weazon, and parts serving for vital motion, as are the heart and arteries, furnished with these fibers, which we formerly mentioned.* 1.8 The division of the natural parts remains, which is into the nourishing, auctive, and generative, which again, are distributed into attractive, universal, and particular; retentive, concoctive, distributive, assimilative, and expulsive. The attractive, as the gullet and upper orifice of the ventricle; the retentive, as the Pylorus, or lower passage of the stomach; the concoctive, as the body of the ventricle, or its inner coat; the distributive, as the three small

guts; the expulsive, as the three great guts; we may say the same of the liver; for that draws by the mesaraick and gate-veins, retains by the narrow orifices of the veins dispersed through the sub∣stance thereof; it concocts by its proper flesh; distributes by the hollow vein, expels by the spleen, bladder of the gall, and kidnies. We also see the parts in the Testicles divided into as many functions; for they draw by the preparing vessels; retain by the various crooked pas∣sages; in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper substance and fa∣culty; they distribute by the ejaculatory, at the glandules called Prostatae, and the horns of the womb, supplying the place of prostates; Lastly, they expel or cast forth by the prostates, horns, and adjoyning parts. For as much as belongs to the particular attraction, retention, concoction, distribution, assimilation of each part, that depends of the particular temper, and, as they term it, occult property of each similar and simple part. Neither do these particular actions differ from the universal, but that the general are performed by the assistance of the three sorts of fibers; but the special, by the several occult property of their flesh, arising from their temperature, which we may call a specifick property. Now in the composition of mans body, nature princi∣pally aims at three things. The first is, to create parts necessary for life, as are the heart, brain, and liver. The second, to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living, as the eyes, nose, ears, arms and hands. The third is, for the propagation and renewing the species or kind, as the privy parts, testicles, and womb. And this is my opinion, of the true distinction of mans body, furnished with so many parts, for the performance of so many faculties; which you, if you please, may approve of and follow. If not, you may follow the common and vulgar, which is, into three bellies, or capacities, the upper, middle, lower, (that is, the head, breast,* 1.9 and low∣er belly) and the limbs or joints. In which, by the head we do not understand all the Animal parts, but only those which are from the crown of the head to the first vertebra of the neck, or to the first of the back; if, according to the opinion of Galen, Lib. de ossibus, where he makes men∣tion of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia, we reckon the neck amongst the parts of the head. By the breast, whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard, or short ribs, and the midriff. By the lower belly, the rest of the trunk of the body, from the ends of the ribs to the share-bones; by the limbs, we understand the arms and legs. We will follow this division in this our Anatomical Discourse, because we cannot follow the former in dissecting the parts of mans body, by reason the Animal parts are mutually mixed with the vital and natu∣ral: and first of the lower belly.

Nature would not have this lower belly bony,* 1.10 because the ventricle might be more easily di∣lated by meat and drink, children might grow the better, and the body be more flexible. It is convenient we begin our Anatomical Administration from this; because it is more subject to pu∣trefaction than the rest, both by reason of its cold and moist temperature, as also by reason of the seculent excrements therein contained. Yet before we go any further, if the Anatomical Admi∣nistration must be performed in publick, the body being first handsomly placed, and all the in∣struments necessary for Dissection made ready, the belly must be divided into its parts: of which some contain, and other some are contained.

They are called containing,* 1.11 which make all that capacity which is terminated by the Peritone∣um or Rim of the belly. The upper part whereof is bounded by Galen within the compass of the direct muscles, and by a general name is called Epig••strium, or the upper part of the lower belly. That again is divided into three parts, that is, into that which is above the navil, and which carries the name of the whole, into that which is about the navil, and is called the umbilical or middle part; and lastly, into that which is below the navil, called the Hypogastrium, or the lower part of the lower belly.

In every of which three parts there be two lateral, or side-parts to be considered,* 1.12 as in the E∣pigastrium, the right and left Hypochondria, which are bounded above and below, in the compass of the midriff, and the short ribs. In the umbilical the two Lumbares (some call them Latera sides) which, on both sides from the lowest parts of the breast, are drawn to the flanks or hanch-bones; in the Hypogastrium, the two Ilia, or flanks bounded with the hanch and share-bones. Neither am I ignorant, the Ilia, or flanks, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, signifie all the empty parts, from the ends of the ribs, even to the hanch-bones, whereupon they also call them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as if you should say, empty-spaces, because they are not encompassed with any bone. Yet I thought good, that this doctrine of dividing the belly should be more distinct, to call the parts which are on each side the navel Lumbares, and those on the lower part of the lower belly, Ilia, flanks. But we must observe, that the Antients have been so diligent in deciphering the containing parts, that as exactly as might be, they designed the bowels contained in the belly, which being divers lie in sundry places; for the greater portion of the liver lies under the right Hypochondrium; un∣der the left almost all the ventricle and spleen. Under the Epigastrium the lower orifice of the ventricle, and the smaller portion of the liver; In the Lumbares, or sides, in the right and up∣per part the right kidney, in the lower part towards the flank, the blind gut; in the middle part thereof the collick and empty guts. In the upper part of the left side lies the left Kidney, in the middle part, the rest of the empty and colick guts. Under the region of the navel, lies the girdle or upper part of the kall, the colick-gut thrusting it self also through that way. Under the Ilia, or flanks, the right and left, lie the greater part of the gut, Ileon, the horns of the women big with child, and the spermatick vessels in men and women. Under the Hypogastrium in the lower part lies the right, or strait gut; the bladder, womb, and the rest of the kall.

* 1.13If we know, and well understand these things, we shall more easily discern the parts affected by the place of the pain; and cure it by fit application of remedies, without the hurting of any part. The distinction of such places, and the parts in those places, as seeming most profitable, I have thought good to illustrate by the placing these two following figures, in which thou hast deci∣phered, not only the foresaid parts, containing, and contained, but also of the whole body, and many other things which may seem to conduce to the knowledge of the mentioned parts. The Fi∣gures are these.

[illustration]

The Figure shewing the fore-parts of the body.

• A The hairy Scalp, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• b The forehead call'd Frons, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• c The temples call'd tempora, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• From b to d, the compass of the face.
• e The greater or inward corner of the eyes, call'd Canthus internus.
• f the lesser or external angle of the eye, call'd Canthus ex∣ternus.
• * The lower eyebrow, which is immovable, Palp••hra,
• g The check-ball call'd mala, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• h the check-puff call'd bucca, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• i The ridg of the nose call'd Nasus externus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• k the nosthrils call'd nares, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• l the outward ear, auris externa.
• m The mouth made of the two lips, Os.
• n The chin called mentum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• o The neck, collum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• From o. to e the pillar of the neck, truncus and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• p p The hollow of the neck, called juguli, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• q q The Patel bones, claves, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• r The chest, pectus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• s The right breast.
• ss The left breast: to this Region we apply cordial Epi∣themations moist and dry.
• tt The nipples of the breasts, papillae, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• u The trench of the heart which the Antients called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Latines scrobiculus cordis. This part is anointed for the mouth of the stomach.
• From u to E. the lower belly, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• X The Epigastrium or upper part of the lower belly.
• yy The Hypochondria or P••aecordia.
• * The outward Liver-remedies are applied to this place.
• z The region of the navil, called umbilicalis or the middle part of the lower belly.
• A. The navil, umbilicus. The root of the belly, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• B B. The sides, Latera, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and in our Author Lumbi, seu Lumbaris regio.
• C. Hypogastrium, the water-course Aqualiculus, the lower part of the lower belly, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• D D. The flanks called Ilia, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• E. The Groins called pubes or pecten, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• F F. The Lesk called inguen where those tumours which are called bubones.
• G. The Yard with the fore-skin, penis cum praeputio.
• H. The stones or testicles with the cod or scrotum.
• I I. The shoulders, humeri, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• K K. The arms, Brachia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• L. The bowt of the arm, called Gibber, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• M. The outside of the lower part of the arm, called cubi∣tus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• N. The wrist called Brachiale, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• O. The after-wrist postbrachiale, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• P. The Palm called Palma or vola manús, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The back of the hand, Dorsum manus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Q Q. The fore and middle part of the thigh, where we ap∣ply cupping-glasses to bring down womens courses, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• R R. The knee, genu, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• S S. The leg, tibia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• T T. The calf of the leg, sura, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• V V. The instep, tarsus.
• X X. The top of the foot, Dorsum pedis, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Y Y. The inner Anckles, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Z Z. The outward Ankles.
• αα The toes of the feet.
• β The place under the inward Ankle, where the Vein called Saphena is opened.

[illustration]

The Figure of the back-parts of a Man.

• A. The forepart of the head, synciput, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• B. the top or crown of the head, vertex, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• C. the hinder-part of the head, occiput, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• From D. to D. the face, facies, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• E. the eyebrows, supercilia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• F. the upper eyelid, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• G. the tip of the nose, called globulus nasi.
• H. the back-part of the neck, called cervix, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the nuke or nape of the neck. There is a hollowness at the top of this cervix, where we apply Seatons.
• I. the back-part of the Shoulder top, called axilla, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• K K. the shoulder-blades, scapulae, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• 1, 2, 3. On this place we set Cupping-glasses.
• 4, 5, 6, 7. the back, dorsum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• 8, 9. the ridg, spina dorsi, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• L. the armhole, ala, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * The elbow, gibber brachii.
• M M M M. the sides, latera.
• N N. the loins, lumbi, or the region of the Kidneys, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• O O. the place of the hips, coxendices, where we apply remedies for the Sciatica.
• P. the place of the Holy bone, or Os sacrum, where we ap∣ply remedies in the disease of the right gut.
• Q. the place of the rump or Coccyx.
• R R. the buttocks, nales, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• S S. the back parts of the thigh, femur.
• T T. the ham, poples, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• V V. the calf of the leg, sura.
• X X. the foot, or parvus pes, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Y Y. the outer ankle, malleolus externus.
• Z Z. the heel, calx, or calcaneus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• a a. the sole of the foot, planta pedis, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• b. the inside of the lower part of the arm, called ulna, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• c. the outside of the same, cubitus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• d d. the wrist, carpus.
• e e. the back-part of the hand, dorsum manus.
• g. the forefinger, index, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• h. the thunb, pollex, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• i. the middle finger, medius, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• k. the ringfinger, annularis, medicus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• l. the little finger, auricularis, minimus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Notes

• * 1.1

  What the Soul is, and with how many faculties it is endued.
• * 1.2

  All the parts of mans body are distinguished into three.
• * 1.3

  What parts are here called Animal.
• * 1.4

  Lib. 6. Epidem.
• * 1.5

  What parts are called Vital.
• * 1.6

  The division of the animal parts.
• * 1.7

  The division of the vital parts.
• * 1.8

  The division of the natural parts.
• * 1.9

  The vulgar di∣vision of mans body.
• * 1.10

  Why the belly is not bony.
• * 1.11

  The division of the lower bel∣ly.
• * 1.12

  The Hypocho••¦dria.
• * 1.13

  A most certain note of the part affected by the place where the pain is.