The natural history of Stafford-shire by Robert Plot ...

CHAP. VII. Of Brutes.

1. UNder the title of Brutes I comprehend (as in Oxford∣shire) all Animals whatever that have sense and loco∣motion, except the rational; whether they are the in∣habitants of the Air, Water, or Earth; such as Birds, Insects, Fishes, Reptiles, and Quadrupeds: in the handling whereof as in the Chapter of formed Stones, I shall persue the Method of the whole work, and treat first of such as have their abode in the Air; then descend to the Inhabitants of the Waters; and lastly con∣clude with the terrestrial Animals; and in each of these species (as in the former Chapter) I shall consider only such, as are

• 1. either wholy undescribed, by any Author I have yet met with; or
• 2. have not been noted by the learned Mr. Willughby or Mr. Ray to be indigenae of this County; or
• 3. have had very extraordinary accidents attending them.

Which if sufficient for a Chapter in the small County of Oxford, there is no great danger but they may be so in this, without ad∣dition of what relates to rational Animals, which I shall therefore reserve for the succeeding Chapter. And first of the Birds of this County.

2. Which have been so nicely inquired into, by the learned and indefatigable Mr. Willughby and Mr. Ray, that I have met with but two that I can safely say are wholy undescribed; which are 1. a sort of Swan they have upon the Trent near Rugeley, whose leggs are never black, or rather of that leaden colour which other Swans are; but of a blushy red like those of a tame Goose, whence I think I may take the boldness to give it the Epithet of Cygnus Anseroides. These at first indeed I thought might be Hoopers or wild-Swans whose feet are not black, but of a dusky yel∣low; but when I understood that they were as large and white as the tame Swan, which the wild-Swan is not; and as the in∣genious Mr. Chetwynd of Rugeley told me, that the Cygnets of

some of these were as white as the old ones; I could not then but conclude, but it must be a different kind from any yet described in any Author I can find. To which perhaps I might add a∣nother whole-footed water fowle that they have about Amerton, which they call French geese, and no question they are of the Goose kind, differing in nothing from the common, but in the bill which is black, and in the noise it makes, which is like that of a Bittern: But in all probability it is the Anser Cygnoides Guineen∣sisa 1.1, so call'd I suppose from the blackness of its bill, though I do not find in Authors it has the voice of a Bittern.

3. Much more sure am I that a cloven-footed water-fowle, a sort of Loone or Doucker shewn me by my worthy Friend Francis Wolfer∣stan Esq in his Parlour at Statfold, but killd at Combeford, is an undescribed bird: for though it agree with other Loons, in having a narrow straight sharp-pointed bill, no tail, small short wings disproportionable to the body, and the leggs set on so near the rump, and so far from the center of gravity in the bird, that it can neither fly, nor conveniently walk; but seems wholy con∣trived for quick swiming and easy diving; which is also further evident from its broad flat leggs and finned toes, which though not webb'd together, yet have lateral membrans all along both sides of them, and broad claws like human nails: though I say in all these it agree with the cloven-footed, fin-toed Douckers that want tailes (for there are some that have them) yet it differs in the head from all others I ever saw, or could meet in the books; it not be∣ing only crested, and horned, with two long tuffts of feathers, set on about the crown of the head; but adorned also underneath the throat with two as remarkable tuffts hanging down like an old fashion'd divided beard as in Tab. 22 Fig. 1. whence it may justly claim the name of Colymbus cristatus cornutus barbatus, it being quite different, if we may beleive the Cut, from the crested Loon of Aldrovandb 1.2; and the horned one of Mr. Willughbyc 1.3, which has longer wings; and leggs not set on so near the rump, as this has.

4. But of unusual Birds not noted by Mr. Willughby to be in∣digen••e of this County, there are several that have, and are dayly met with, whereof some of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or greater rapacious di∣urnal kind, witness the Eagle in Beaudesart Hall kill'd in the park: some of the lesser rapacious kinds, have been also found here; such as the Lanius or Collurio, suspected to be the Tyrannus of Aristotle, the Butcher-bird or Wierangel, here called the Shriek or French-Pye, whereof there was one killd at Sierscot in the parish

of Tamworth, in the estate of the right Honorable the Lord Visc. Massereen. There is of them also in Needwood, and in Bramshall park, they are of the colour and bigness of a Thrush, and most commonly seed upon Insects; yet often they prey not only upon small birds, but even Thrushes themselves, upon which account they have sometimes been reclaymed by Falconers to fly at small game. And for birds with streighter, or less hooked bills, of the poultry kind, that feed on leaves and berries; the Ʋrogallus minor, the Heath∣cock, Grous, or black-game, is frequent here amongst the moun∣tains in the Moorlands; and so is the Lagopus altera Plinii, in some places call'd the Gorcock, here the red-game, which lye on the very tops of the mountains, but are not quite so common, whence more esteemed than the former: said only to be found here, in the Peak of Darby, and mountains of Wales; but Mr. Willughby says they have them too, in Westmorland and York∣shired 1.4.

5. Of unusual small birds here are also several, both of the soft and slender, and the short hard beak'd kinds; such as the Hirundo apus or black Martin, here call'd the Martlet, which I beleive indeed is the bird intended by that name in Heraldry, and not the Hirundo agrestis sive rustica Plinii, it having so very long wings, and so short leggs and small feet, that it cannot easily rise from the ground unless it be very plain, and free from grass; wherefore it either always flyes, or sits upon the tops of Churches, Towers, or else hangs on other ancient buildings by its sharp claws, from which it falls and so takes flight: of these I saw at Share shall, near Hilton, and Beaudesart; where too in a Quarry near the house, I saw the Hirundo riparia or ground Martin, of a dark-dun or Mouse-colour, which is the least of all the Swallow kind, and makes holes into the sides of banks and cliffs about a yard forward in plano Horizontis, where it builds its nest. To which add the Fringilla montana sive Montifringilla, the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of Aristotle, the Brambling or mountain Chaffinch, of the short hard beak'd kind; found plentifully about Venice, and described by Mr Willughbye 1.5, but rarely in England; this I have, was kill'd and given me by the ingenious Mr. Miller Vicar of Wednesbury near the Vicaridg house. Nor must the Coccothraustes or Gross-beak be forgotten, a bird says Mr. Willughby rare in Englandf 1.6, yet found and kill'd some∣where about Madeley-Manor, and now in the possession of the vir∣tuous Madam Offley, a Lady that has an excellent artifice in pre∣serving birds.

6. And of unusual birds frequenting the water, here are also

divers kinds, some of them cloven footed and piscivorous, though they build their nests on the tops of trees; as the Ardea cinerea or common Heron or Heronshaw, whereof I saw divers siting on the tops of the highest trees in Norbury park. Bellonius indeed denyes that they breed in England, but there are many other instances whereby he may be confuted beside this, in divers parts of the Nation, though this I think is the best in this County. The Colymbus major the great Loon or Arsfoot is also found in this County, whereof I had one given me by the Honorable Lady Jane Leveson Gower, kill'd somewhere near Trentham, in all parts cor∣responding with the cloven-footed fin-toed Loones without tailes, described as above §. 3. of this Chapter. Of whole footed water fowle the Avosetta Italorum or Recurvirostra, is also found here, as well as in the Eastern parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, there ha∣ving been of them kill'd at the black-Lakes near Aqualat, eight of them being seen first in the morning, and but six at night when they shot; which needs no other description, but that its bill is reflext upward, which is peculiar to this bird, ending in a thin slender weak point, somewhat of the consistence and strength of a Whale-bone of the same size.

7. But the strangest whole-footed water fowle that frequents this County is the Larus cinereus Ornithologi, the Larus cinereus ter∣tius Aldrovandi, and the Cepphus of Gesner and Turnerg 1.7; in some Counties call'd the black-Cap, in others the Sea or Mire-Crow, here the Pewit; which being of the migratory kind, come annually to certain pooles in the Estate of the right Worshipfull Sr. Charles Skrymsher Knight to build and breed, and to no other Estate in, or neer the County, but of this Family, to which they have belong'd ultra hominum memoriam, and never moved from it, though they have changed their station often. They anciently came to the old Pewit poole above mentiondh 1.8, about ½ amile S. W. of Nor∣bury Church, but it being their strange quality (as the whole Fa∣mily will tell you, to whom I referr the Reader for the following relation) to be disturb'd and remove upon the death of the head of it, as they did within memory, upon the death of James Skrym∣sher Esq to Offley-Moss near Woods-Eves, which Moss though containing two Gentlemans land, yet (which is very remarkable) the Pewits did discern betwixt the one and the other, and build only on the Land of the next heir John Skrymsher Esq so wholy are they addicted to this family.

8. At which Moss they continued about three years, and then removed to the old pewit poole again, where they continued to the

death of the said John Skrymsher Esq which happening on the Eve to our Lady-day, the very time when they are laying their Eggs, yet so concern'd were they at this Gentlemans death, that not∣withstanding this tye of the Law of Nature, which has ever been held to be universal and perpetual, they left their nest and Eggs; and though they made some attempts of laying again at Offley-Moss, yet they were still so disturb'd that they bred not at all that year. The next year after they went to Aqualat, to another Gentlemans Estate of the same family (where though tempted to stay with all the care imaginable) yet continued there but two years, and then returned again to another poole of the next heir of John Skrymsher deceased, call'd Shebben poole in the parish of high Offley where they continue to this day, and seem to be the propriety, as I may say (though a wild-fowle) of the right Wor∣shipfull Sr. Charles Skrymsher Knight, their present Lord and master.

9. But being of the migratory kind, their first appearance is not till about the latter end of February, and then in number scarce above six, which come as it were as harbingers to the rest, to see whether the Hafts or Islands in the pooles (upon which they build their neasts) be prepared for them; but these never so much as lighten, but fly over the poole scarce staying an hour: about the sixth of March following, there comes a pretty considerable flight, of a hundred or more, and then they alight on the hafts, and stay all day, but are gon again at night. About our Lady-Day, or sooner in a forward Spring, they come to stay for good, otherwise not till the beginning of April, when they build their nests, which they make not of sticks, but heath and rushes, making them but shal∣low, and laying generally but 4 eggs, 3 and 5 more rarely, which are about the bignes of a small Hen-egg. The Hafts or Islands are prepared for them between Michaelmass and Christmass, by cutting down the reeds and rushes, and putting them aside in the nooks and corners of the hafts, and in the valleys to make them level; for should they be permitted to rot on the Islands, the Pe∣wits would not endure them.

10. After three weeks sitting the young ones are harch't, and a∣bout a month after are almost ready to flye, which usually happens on the third of June, when the Proprietor of the poole orders them to be driven and catch'd, the Gentry comeing in from all parts to see the sport; the manner thus. They pitch a Rabbit-net on the bank side, in the most convenient place over against the hafts, the Net in the middle being about ten yards from the side, but close at the ends in the manner of a bow; then six or seven Men wade into the poole beyond the Pewits, over

against the Net, with long staves, and drive them from the hafts, whence they all swim to the bank side, and landing run like Lap∣wings into the Net, where people standing ready, take them up, and put them into two penns made within the bow of the Net, which are built round, about 3 yards Diameter, and a yard high or somwhat better, with small stakes driven into the ground in a circle, and interwoven with broom and other raddles, as in Tab. 19. at the bottom whereof is represented in Sculpture, the poole, and whole method of taking these Pewits; and Norbury Manor at the top, the seat of the Proprietor, a most generous En∣courager of this work.

11. In which manner there have been taken of them in one morning 50 dosens at a driving, which at 5^s per dosen (the ancient price of them) comes to twelve pounds ten shillings: but at several drifts that have been anciently made in the same morn∣ing, there have been as many taken as have been sold for thirty pounds, so that some years the profit of them ha's amounted to fifty or threescore pounds, beside what the generous Proprietor usually presents his Relations, and the Nobility and Gentry of the County withall, which he constantly does in a plentifull manner, sending them to their houses in Crates alive, so that feeding them with livers, & other entrals of beasts, they may kill them at what di∣stance of time they please, according as occasions present themsel∣selves, they being accounted a good dish at the most plenti∣full Tables.

12. But they commonly appoint 3 days of driving them, with∣in fourteen days or thereabout, of the second or third of June; which while they are doing, some have observed a certain old one that seems to be somewhat more concern'd than the rest, be∣ing clamorous, and striking down upon the very heads of the Men; which has given ground of suspicion that they have some Government amongst them, and that this is their Prince, that is so much concern'd for its Subjects. And 'tis further observed that when there is great plenty of them, the Lent-Corn of the Country is so much the better, and so the Cow-pastures too, by reason they pick up all the worms, and the Fern-flyes, which though bred in the Fern, yet nip and feed on the young corn and grass, and hinder their growth.

13. Other birds there are here that are more commonly seen, and doe not only breed, but remain constantly in the Country, and are therefore call'd perennial; which yet many of them have had something extraordinary either in their colours, limbs, eggs or time of production, that has render'd them remarkable. At hill-Rid∣ware I was told of a white Poppinjay; and at Apedale near the

house of one John Middleton, for three or four years together, there were white Crows hatch't in the same neast with black ones, whereof some they sold as rarities for half crownes a piece: which in all probability must come to pass, by a hen-crow of an ordinary colour, being trod by a cock of the Royston-breed, or from Norway, or Greenland where they are commonly white, or vice versa; as we see it often falls out in doggs and other Animals. Which is further confirm'd to me by a white Sparrow kill'd at Aldrich, which built about Mr. Jourdans house there, and produced young ones, some white, some gray, and others speckled with white and the usual colour, of other Sparrows.

14. And in their beaks and leggs, I met with so many defor∣mities, and unusual excesses, that it would be endless to recount them: the cheif are these. In the Hall at Bentley there is a Ra∣vens head whose bill is crook't both ways, the Mandibles crossing one another, like those of the Shell-Apple or Cross-bill, the lower chap turning upwards, and the upper downwards. And in the Coffee-house at Lichfield, I was shown another Ravens head, whose upper mandible turned downward, and crossed the lower; but the under one straight, only much longer than the upper as in Tab. 22. Fig. 2. At great Bridgford there was a Pidgeon pro∣duced with two heads; and there was a Pewit catch't at Nor∣bury with 4 leggs. Not to mention a Goose, I was told, was hatch't at Shelfield with three leggs, the third issuing from about the rump, and hanging loose, being of no use to the Animal, as indeed few of these excesses of nature are: which perhaps may arise, as Fabricius thinks, either from Ova Gemellifica, that is, Eggs with two Yolks, two Whites, two Chalazae or treddles, two Cicatriculae &c. i. e. that have every thing doublei 1.9; or as Harvey rather thinks, when two Yolks are included within one white; and are so joyn'd, that the Cicatriculae expanded, make but one colliquamentumk 1.10: which latter indeed seem much the likelyer of the two.

15. Which brings me next to consider the Eggs of birds, and their time of hatching, wherein I also met with divers Anomalies of Nature: the ingenious Mr. Miller vicar of Wednesbury amongst his tithe-Eggs, met with one whose Yolk was as perfectly white, as that we usually call soe, the separation betwixt them remaining as distict as in ordinary Eggs i. e. He met with an Egg with two whites including one another, such as Aristotle calles imperfect, improlific Eggs, which will never produce Chicken, and Hierony∣mus Fabricius, Ova centeninal 1.11; they being a sort of Eggs (as he

would have us beleive) which hens lay at last, after they have ex∣cluded a hundred before; or the last they lay, after they have made an end of laying for that year; which whether true, or no, depends upon the credit of the Author: But that such Eggs as these (as Aristotle says) must be imperfect and barren, is certain enough; the Yolk in an Egg being equally necessary for the pro∣duction and maintenance of a chick as the white, & vice versam 1.12: for which reason too, the Eggs mentioned by Aristotle, that were all Yolk (which the Augurs look't upon as very wonderfull) must also be number'd amongst the imperfect Eggsn 1.13

16. As to the frequency of Hen's laying their Eggs, Dr Harvey tells us that some there be in England that will lay an Egg every day, yet that these are not the most fruitfull; which for the most part lay an Egg for two days together (in the morning of the first day, and toward evening the second) and rest the thirdo 1.14. But as I was inform'd by the ingenious Tho. Broughton of Broughton Esq there was a Hen then belonging to Ann Biddulph of Edgiall, when I was travelling this County, that would ordinarily lay 3 Eggs in a natural day, or 24 hours; and that the same thing in a manner had been found in Ducks, at Mr. Noble's of Charley, where eight Duckes being shut up all night; sometimes layd 9, sometimes 10, and once no less than 12 Eggs in a night; which was look't on by the good-housewives as very extraordinary: and yet little less than this we find was observ'd as long agoe as Aristotle, who not only tells that the Hadrianic hens lay'd every day, but that there were some tame Hens lay'd twice per diem; but then that the former or∣dinarily broke their Eggs, and so destroy'd their young; and the latter themselves, by their over much fruitfullnessp 1.15; which whe∣ther either of ours have been lyable too, I neither enquired, nor heard.

17. The time of hatching their Eggs, by some sort of fowle, has also been noted here in some places, to be very extraordinary: Thus the worthy Mr. Chetwynd in his park at Ingestre observed young Ravens to goe to bough on Newyears day, which therefore must be hatch't in the winter near Christmass; as some also were in Ashmers Park near Wolverhampton, An. 1665, by a Raven that con∣stantly built there for many years. Thus as Cardan acquaints us, in the 16 year of the raign of David King of Cardan acquaints us, in the 16 year of the raign of David King of Scots, which was An. 1347. the sheep in that Country brought forth no young; nor the Crows and Daws in the Summer, but all in the Winter, which he observes that year was a very warm one, and fit to promote fruit∣fullness

in oviparous Animals, as (he says) has been long since noted by the best housewives, who if they would have Hens lay plentifully in Winter, always shut them up in a warm roomeq 1.16. Which 'tis probable might be the occasion that the Ducks at Charley laid so many Eggs more than usual, being shut up all night in a warm house, which had they been left abroad perhaps they might not have done.

18. But before we take leave of the Inhabitants of the air, let us next consider what flying Insects there be, worthy our notice, which I put after birds, because they fly ordinarily lower, contenting them∣selves for the most part with the air most immediatly circumambi∣ent of the terraqueous globe: amongst which, that which justly claims the first place, both for rarity & strangeness, is the Lampyris or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; otherwise from its shining in the night 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; and because the light arises from two small specks on the under side of the taile, near the end, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; in Latin Ci∣cindela, from cis and candeo; in opposition to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Cucujus or Indian Glow-fly of Moufet; and Pyragonus of Ari∣stotle; in English the flying Glow-worm, or Lanthorn-fly, because it can shew or cover its light at pleasure, haveing as it were the command of a natural dark-Lanthorn. Of which there have been several seen near Bradwall in this County by the learned and in∣genious Ralph Sneyd Esq about the year 1678; but first noted to be in England from the testimony of an Eye-witness by Mr. John Rayr 1.17; since that met with again about Midsummer in the years 1680 and 1684 at Northaw in Hertfordshire by the inge∣nious Richard Waller Esq fellow of the Royal Society, who has given us accurate Cut, and I think the best account we have had of it yets 1.18.

19. For I find him to have determined two or three controver∣sies amongst Authors, concerning this Insect; as first that there are femal flying-glow-worms as well as males, which he asserts also to have been known to Julius Scaliger, but I doe not find it in my edition of his Exercitations, the expression there being; Primum scito, Cicindelam à me cum suo mari deprehensam in coitu, without the Epithet, volantemt 1.19; it suffices however that he himself catch't both male and female coupled, betwixt which he could perceive no difference but in the Size (the female being a little the larger) both having wings alike: whereas it was always supposed before by Moufetu 1.20Tho. Bartholinw 1.21 and Mr. Rayx 1.22 that these winged

Glow-worms were nothing else, but the males of the common creep∣ing unwinged ones, we see so commonly shining in the bottoms of hedges. Nor does the testimony of Fabius Columna, brought by Mr. Ray (which I cannot find neither in my edition) viz. that Carolus Vintimiglia of Palermo saw a flying Glow-worm couple with many unwinged ones, one by one, after the manner of Silk-worms; hinder but there may be also winged females: for how often doe we see, different species of more perfect animals than these, couple together; and yet we doe not hence conclude, that one of these Species must therefore needs be the female to the other, and that they have none beside.

20. He asserts too, that the male as well as female, he saw coupled, both shined alike, and that when the tailes of one of them was cut off, it continued to shine but a very little while (no longer he supposed than life remained in that part) but sensibly decayed till at last it went out: whereas Mr. Ray upon the credit of an Eye-Witness asserts, that the males doe but rarely, if at all shine with usy 1.23. And Scaliger brings in Cardan asserting (though I cannot find it in him) Marem alatum hic quoque esse, sed non lucere, i. e. that the winged Cicindela does not shinez 1.24 And as for their shining after death Fabius Columna is express, that the tailes of his Cicin felae continued to shine after they were cut off, as long as they had any moisture in thema 1.25; and Dr Stubbs is as positive, that the fire-flyes of Jamaica doe continue their light some days after they are deadb 1.26; Sr. Tho. Brown also grants that a glow-worm will give a faint light for near a days time after 'tis conceived to be dead: but then he answers himself, and the former Authors too, by suspecting that this is by a mistake in the computation of death, for that the parts of Insects (as Mr. Waller also observes) doe live a long time after they are separated, though they shew not any vi∣sible evidences of lifec 1.27; so that as long as the luminous moisture in these Insects ha's the least motion given it from any life left in them (though insensible to us) we may afford them to exert their shin∣ing quality, but not after.

21. Amongst the winged Insects it is also worth notice, that at Throwley, the Seat of the right Honorable the Countess of Ardglass, I was shewn by the most ingenious Charles Cotton Esq the forficula or Ear-wigg of a milk white colour, which are ordinarily of a Ches∣nut. And it is very considerable that another curious Observer of this County, opening a small flye de genere 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 sive vaginipen∣nium,

by the help of a Microscope, saw two living Insects come out from within it, both alive, exactly alike, and very nimble, which in this state most resembled Cheese-mites of any thing he knew; only they were somthing bigger and had longer hornes, but wanted bristles and were of a reddish colour, which by a strong refle∣ction of light from their backs, and the variety of colours caused thereby, he could perceive they were of the crusty or sheath-winged kind, which yet had been observed before by the learned Dr. Lis∣ter, tho' not publish't till in June 84d 1.28. So that this observation seems as well to be this Gentlemans, as Dr. Listers, who are altogether unknown to one another.

22. The same worthy person opening another Insect next dore to flying (it being called a flea, as some would have it, a verbo to flye, quia adeo celeriter saltat, ut volare videatur) found in those of them of a reddish colour, not only Eggs of an ellypticall form, but in one that he open'd (by the help of a Microscope) a young flea compleatly formed in all its parts, of a whitish colour, where∣in it seems they not only agree with the Moores in being viviparous Animals, but also in that they produce their young white, though they become black after, which too hang to the old ones for some time after they are excluded, whence 'tis so frequent to catch an old flea and a young at the same time. From which two instances, Jacobaeus may be instructed, that the Scorpion is not the only insect that brings forth its young alive and perfect, without laying eggse 1.29, the Flea laying none: for who ever saw any nits of a flea, any where excluded, as those of a louse are, upon hair, cloth, &c?

23. There are another sort of insects too de genere 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which in some sence also may be allowed to fly, such are all Spiders (ex∣cept those long-legged ones we call Shepherds, which never spin any thred) which in October cheifly, will turn up their tailes and project one or more threds with that violence, that they shall reach cross roomes over rivers, and be fastened betwixt trees, in plano Horizontis, at several fathoms distance; and sometimes will dart them into the Air to such a length, that the Spiders leap∣ing up after them, will be carryed into the air, and there saile at the end of these threds to a great height and distance: by which means it is that the trees, hedges, stubble, and the air it self, is so fill'd with these threds, some single and some complicated, as we frequently see they are at that time of year. The discovery whereof seems to have been made much about the same time both by Dr. Lister and Dr. Hulse as plainly appears in the Philosophical

Transactionsf 1.30. Since which, the same thing has also been ob∣served by divers others, particularly in this County by the ingeni∣ous Mr. King, Chaplain to Mr. Chetwynd, from whose notes I shall only add such matter, as was not so fully observed by the a∣forementioned Authors.

24. As first, that in their projecting a thred cross a roome in plano Horizontis (which they doe for their easier and more direct passage) they raise themselves on their leggs as high as they can, setting them very straight and stiff, and turning their hinder parts up higher than usual, they will shoot out a thred to a great di∣stance, which when fastened where they would have it, with their fore leggs they will winde up the thred shorter till it is very straight, as the Funambuli strain their roaps, and then like them too, will get upon it, and run from one end to the other. And as to their sailing at the ends of these threds, he further observed, not only that they sailed much swifter, than any wind then stir∣ring could carry them, but that at the same time they constantly sailed all the same way, which was not directly with, but as he once noted at 8 points distance, as it were with a side-winde; which plainly shews that they doe not only row, but steer too, with the motion of their feet, according as directed by some secret instinct they have in them.

25. Having done both with the Insects that really flye, and that doe so only in a larger sence, I proceed next to such as live in the waters; whereof my worthy friend Francis Wolferstan Esq sent me one, out of many, he found swiming about in filthy wa∣ter, that stood a yard deep, in the bottom of a large hollow Elme; which I cannot find after long search, but is wholy undescribed: the bodies of them being better than an inch long, and ¼ of an inch diameter; full, white, and round; and the outer Skin upon back and belly made up from head to taile of protuberant Ridges, those under the belly at a not shooting right against those on the back or sides, but against the furrows between them, which coun∣terchanging of the ridges make the the indentures on the sides; the head striated, with antennae issuing from a flat roundish face; the body fill'd with so thin a white matter, that they are in a manner transparent, in so much that a sort of peristaltick mo∣tion may sometimes be perceived in them; having 14 short feet (7 on each side) much like those of a Maggot two being placed in the ends of every other semicircle of the belly; & a joynted ta∣pring taile four or five inches long as in Tab. 22. Fig. 3. which they can contract to an inch, and extend it again at pleasure to its full length. Whence 'tis plain that it is a sort of Eruca, but such

an one as I find not described, which perhaps may not unfitly be stiled eruca glabra caudata aquatico-arborea, but I tye not up the Reader from his better choise, of a more agreeable name, if here∣after from further knowledg of the nature of the Animal, he can impose a better on it.

26. Thus being come to the waters, and having done with the Insects; nature directs me next to proceed to the Fishes, the most frequent Inhabitants of that element: which, here in this in∣land Country, being only fresh, such as is contain'd in Rivers, Lakes, and Pooles, nothing must be expected concerning fish here, but such only as are either 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 usually living in Rivers; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 commonly found in Lakes; or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 that are kept in ponds or Stews; or in one, more, or all of these. Of which kinds there are so many in this County, that some have fancyed no less than thirty sorts in the River Trent, as if a corrupt name by contraction from triginta; but this I take but for the imagination of some fond Etymologist: however I think there may be as many here of all these kinds, as in any other such inland County, where there can be none of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that for certain intervalls of time live both at Sea, and in rivers: and yet I could hear of but one amongst them all, that I think undescribed, and that one of the smooth sort, without Scales, and for its solitary way of living, of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, there having not above four of them been catch't, that I could hear of, within memory, and these all single without any company, no not so much as of their own kind.

27. Whereof this represented here in Sculpture Tab. 22. Fig. 4. was taken in the river Tame in the damm near Fasely bridg, by Goodyer Holt Free-Mason, as he was repairing it Aug. 11.1654. who presented it to Colonell Comberford of Comberford, who caus∣ed it to be drawn to the life, and placed it in his Hall, where it still hangs, and whence this draught was taken in a less propor∣tion: its length in the picture being 20 inches long, from the fore finn on the back to the belly 4 inches, of a greenish-ash colour, powdered all over with small round yellowish spots; the Iris of the Eye of a blewish colour; having two small Cirri or wattles issuing out of the nose near the mouth, and one larger one out of the jaw; and four finns near the gills, the two smaller placed foremost, and the larger hindmost; with a straight line run∣ning from the upper part of the gills to the setting on of the taile; having also under the belly, a fin reaching from the exit of the excrement, almost to the taile, with another on the back somwhat longer, and a fore-fin preceding it, the taile roundish, not at all forked; in all which particulars it agrees pretty well

with the Mustella vulgaris of Rondeletg 1.31 but not in the broadness of the head; largness and roundness of the finns at the gills; nor smoothness of those both on the back and belly; which in Ron∣delet's Mustella, are prickly like those of a Perch, and which is more than all, the Mustella a Sea, and this a fresh-water Fish.

28. Nor yet must we call it the Mustella fluviatilis, or Lota of Rondeleth 1.32 which though found in rivers and lakes; having most of the things common with ours, that the Mustella vulgaris has; yet remarkably differs, in that its head is not near so broad; being a squammous fish; having but one barb or wattle under the lower jaw, none in the upper; the tail sharp; and as thick pow∣dered with black spots, all over the body, as ours is with yellow. The most like it of any that I have met with in Authors is the Mu∣stela fluviatilis of the Lake of Constance, by Gesner call'd the Gwell fish, which is of the smooth kind, and in the general, shape of body and head answers ours well enough; only like the Lota it has no wattles comeing out of the Nose; the two smaller fins at the gills being also divided, whereas ours are round; and as thick marked all over with black spots as ours is with yellowi 1.33 So that either this is not the same fish, or else so ill described by Ges∣ner, that there was need enough of a new one. However we may allow it to be a Mustela fluviatilis, though in Staffordshire by some, it is call'd a Burbot or bird-bolt, perhaps from that sort of Ar∣row rounded at head, somewhat like this fishes; by others, from the oddness of the shape, and rarity of meeting them, the Nonsuch; there having never but four (that I could hear of) been found within memory; this at Faseley-bridg; another at Willeford near Fisherwick; a third near Colton Mill; and a fourth near Alrewas: which either were not at all, or never till now at lest well described, and so will be found by any, that can give themselves leasure to consult the ancient Ichthyographers.

29. But though I heard only of this single fish that I think un∣described (for that there are a sort of Crevices in the stream that passes by Overend and Longdon, that will not boile red, is only accidental, as was shewn before in Oxfordshirek 1.34) yet I was inform∣ed of divers very unusual observations, concerning scaled, as well as smooth fish, relating either to their breeding, habitation, feeding, or magnitude; perhaps worthy knowledg: such as their breed∣ing and living in Coal-works, whereof there is an indisputable in∣stance, in the drowned Coal-pit-open-works S. W. of Wednesbury, into which Pike, Carp, Tench, Perch, &c. being put for breed,

they not only lived, but grew and thrived to as large a magnitude, as perhaps they would have done any where else, and were to the palate as gratefull: so that though the canckerd waters that are long stagnant in the hollows of the old works, will destroy fish, as was hinted in the end of the second Chapter of this Bookl 1.35, yet it is not so in waters that fill up the open-works, which con∣stantly enjoy the ventilations of the Air, and the sweet influences of the heavens both night and day.

30. There are other fish too, both of the scaled and shell'd kinds, that will live and breed in places very uncommon to their species: thus Gudgeons and Crevices live well and breed in the pooles at Bentley, and thrive to a just magnitude, but then these ponds are always fedd with Springs. Others there are a∣gain, that though they will live in unsuitable places, yet will never spawn there; and such were the Carps the right Honorable the Lord Ferrers took forth the poole at Drineton, whose spawn still lyeing in their bodies and increasing yearly, distended their bellys into such various ill shapes, that they appear'd monstrous, the spawn when boyled being of the colour and consistence of red wax; and yet the fish as good meat as others of the kind. Other waters again are so very disagreeable, that though fish may live in them, yet they will not thrive, but rather pine away, as Mr. Chetwynd found it in a parcell of roaches he put into a pond in his park at Ingestre, whence after some time being taken forth again, they were all grown slenderer than when first put in, and become almost of the shape of herrings.

31. But for breeding, and living, there is no fish so wonderfull amongst all the scaly or shelly kinds, as there is one amongst the smooth ones, viz. the common Eele; which is not only vivi∣parous, as may be easily found in the Month of May, as has been observ'd by the ingenious Walter Chetwynd Esq by cutting open the red and swell'd fundaments of the females, whence the young Eeles will then issue forth: but will live, and sometimes take journeys in arido, passing over land from Lakes and Pooles they doe not like, to others they like better: by this means many times stocking waters of themselves, which were not so before. Thus 'tis said the waters of the Coal-pit-open-works S. W. of Wednesbury were stockt with Eeles; and so I was told was the poole at Bescot the seat of the ancient family of Mountfort; ne∣ver any Eeles having been put into either of them, for breed, or otherwise. Insomuch that some have imagined upon such ac∣counts as these (never so much as dreaming they could be night wal∣kers) that Eeles are many times produced of a peculiar dew (no melt

or spawn being ever found in them) falling in May and June upon the blades of the grass, whereof turffs being cut, and the grassy sides clapt together, and then laid on the warmest side of a well∣promising poole, thence by the Suns heat in a few hours will spring a competent number of young Eeles by Equivocal gene∣ration. In which Experiment Abrah. Mylliusm 1.36 and G. Mar∣hofiusn 1.37, seem so well satisfyed, that they give the process of this affair, as practised by the Dutch, who use this Method with success, to stock their fish-ponds with Eels.

32. Now though I dare not pronounce either that Lakes or pooles, are impossible to be stock't after this Belgic manner; yet I think it much more probable of the two, that it may be done the travelling way: for most certain it is that Eeles are such night-walkers, as was suggested above, having been actually catch't in the very fact near Bilston, creeping over the Meddows like so many Snakes from one ditch to another, by Mr. Moseley of Moseley, who seriously told me they not only did it for bettering their station, but as he apprehended, also for catching of Snails in April and May, the best time of year for them. Which yet I could have hardly believed (though the Gent. gave me licence to quote him for it) but that I have since met with so many Autho∣rities both ancient and modern, that seem to render the thing probable, if not almost certain. Insomuch that Seneca amongst the rest, makes it a pleasant wonder, that any body should doubt it: Quid est autem (says he) quare pisces in terram non tran∣seant, cum nos maria transimuso 1.38? Now there are indeed so very many fishes that will doe this, that M. Aurel. Severinus has writ a whole Treatise of them, which he stiles, de Piscibus in sicco vi∣ventibus, being a Commentary upon Theophrastus Eresius, on the same subjectp 1.39: where the Reader amongst the rest will find the Eele, which as Pliny notes will live for six days out of the waterq 1.40; well therefore may they bear travelling over a few Meddows, for a nights time or so.

33. That they will make them holes in the banks of Rivers, which the people in Somersetshire ordinarily discover by the hoar frosts not lying over them, as elswhere, and so dig them out in heapsr 1.41; as they also doe the fossile fish in Lancashires 1.42; and the Prides in Oxfordshiret 1.43; seems not reach our business: but that which fully answers, and amply confirms it, is that of Albertus as quoted by Gesner, who expressly says that An. 1125, it being a

very cold winter, a parcell of Eeles got out of the water into a Meddow upon the dry land, and there went into a Hay-stack, where they were found bedded in arido, to preserve themselves from coldu 1.44: now if for one convenience they can doe this, why not for another? such as bettering their habitation; and for necessary aliment; both which equally tend to self-preservation, with their provision for themselves, against the violence of a frost. Thus as Rondelet acquaints us, the Oraena or polypus is frequently found at land embracing the Olive with its long winding claws, and sometimes the Figg-trees that grow near the Sea, and eating the fruitw 1.45: nay they have been known to leave the Sea, and to pass over land to robb the Fish-mongers stews of fish, whereof Pliny tells us a most remarkable storyx 1.46. The Exocaetus will lye and bask it self in the Sun, and sleep a shoar, whence it has its namey 1.47. And Aristotle discovered that the Cerean and Paphlagonian fishes, wander'd up and down on the dry sands, and so ran back to Sea againz 1.48. As Geo. Pictorius asserts certain fishes of Cherati a River of India also usually doe* 1.49. All which, both Eeles, and those other fish, perform (as Rondelet thinks) by the benefit of the nar∣rowness of the rima of their gills; all fishes living a longer or shorter space out of the water, according as their gills are more narrow or patulous: the fishes that have wide and open gills being too much opprest with the free amd sudden appulses of the Aira 1.50, and so dying presently.

34. There are very many fishes too that take a great latitude in the variety of their feeding, as well as habitation; which too a∣mongst some of them is very unusual and surprising. Mr. Fisher Dilk An. 1679 laying a Dace-bait for a Pike near Salters bridg in the river Tame, catch't a large Barbel with it; and the same Mr. Dilk found a good trout in Stafford Castle choak't with a Crevice; which it seems they will not Perch, for Mr. Morse Vicar of the Collegiat Church of Stafford, catch't several of these in July with Crevices in their bellies; the same Mr. Morse once catch't a Trout in Dunsmoore river, with Neuts, Efts, or Askers in its belly; and the Worshipfull Walter Chetwynd of Ingestre Esq in a pit near the high way in Heywood field, catch't large Chubbs, with Toads in their gorges. The ravenous Pike too, will not only swallow ve∣nomous toads and froggs without being harmed by them, but will devour things somtimes bigger and longer than his gorge will receive, swallowing one part, and letting the other remain

in his mouth till the former is digested, and then taking in more, and so putting it over by degreesb 1.51.

35. Nor doth this fresh-water Wolf only seize Froggs and fish, but upon fowle, and other Animals not of that Element. Thus in the moat at Himley, the Jacks are so bold with the young Ducks, that as the Reverend Mr Paston Rector of the place seriously in∣form'd me, a whole brood of young ducks had been destroyed there by them in a days time; and this the larger Jacks will doe, even when these ducks are grown near as bigg as the old ones: whereof one was catch't (having taken in such a duck the wrong way) that could not gorge it so farr, but that the Ducks head hung out of his mouth; in which posture both Jack and Duck, were hung up in the Hall of Himley house, to be admired, as long as the stench would permit. Which very well agrees with what Gesner affirms (though it come not quite up to it) that a Polish Gentleman of Cracow did faithfull assure Him, that He had seen two young Geese at one time in the belly of a Jackc 1.52. Nay of so bold and greedy a devouring disposition is this Tyrant of the Rivers, when He is in the height of his hunger, that as Mr Wal∣ton acquaints us, there have been instances of it, that a large Pike has bit at, and devoured a dogg, that ha's been swimming in the waterd 1.53.

36. Neither yet need we wonder much at this, if we consider what Gesner further adds concerning the excessive boldness of this fish, who tells us of a Man going to water his Mule in the River Rhodanus, that had one fastned so boldly on the lips of the Mule, where He hung so close, that the Mule could not otherwise but draw Him out of the water, by which means his Master got the Pikee 1.54. To which the same Gesner yet further subjoynes, that a maid in Poland had her foot bit by a Jack as she was washing cloaths in a fish pondf 1.55. And Mr Walton, tells us he heard, that the same once happend to a woman in a pond near Killingworth in Warwickshireg 1.56. Which though wonderfull Examples of the rave∣nous disposition of this Animal, yet 'tis plain that many times they doe not so much as kill the prey they swallow, with their teeth by the way; whereof I met with two signal instances that fell out lately in this County.

37. One at the Black-Lake near Aqualat, where Mr. Skrym∣sher having catch't a Jack, that his Cosin Skrymsher of Norbury, who was present at the fishing, suspected might have a Carp in his belly, upon opening his mouth found he had gotten one so

large, and so very lately, that they could visibly perceive the tail of it stirr, which Mr Skrymsher of Aqualat by stroaking him on the belly, quickly made Him disgorge, there remaining so much life in him (the digestion having only a little touch't his Eyes) that being put into the water, after some time, it swam away leasura∣bly as if not at all disturbed. And the other at Rugeley, where Mr Chetwynd of Ingestre being fishing with his Cosin Chetwynd of the same town, amongst many other fish they catch't a Jack with somewhat a bigg belly, which being open'd, they found divers fishes had been swallowed by it, and amongst the rest a Roach so intire (the end of its nose being only a little touch't with the concoction) that being put into a Cistern, it shewed quickly so much life, that after a while being put into the River it swamm briskly away.

38. Lastly, as for the unusual magnitude of fishes, those which have exceeded most of any I heard of; are, 1. a large sort of Gudgeons in the black-brook; whereof some have been taken in the Lordship of Hynts, belonging to the courteous Mr. Mat∣thew Floyer, from the tip of the nose to the fork of the tail 7 in∣ches long, and 4 inches about. 2^ly. Carps; of which kind there are vast ones in the Meer at Aqualat, but two there were taken (as I was punctually informed by the learned and ingenious Proprietor of the place Edwyn Skrymsher Esq a most generous promoter of this History, whose pleasant seat is here represented Tab. 20.) more remarkably great: One, a Melter 33 inches long and 19½ inches about, weighing 15 pounds. And the other a Spawner, which though not above two foot 6 inches long or thereabout, yet was 20½ inches round, weighing 14 pounds, and sold for 14 shillings; the Scales of each being near as broad, as one of our mill'd half Crownes. And 3^ly. Jacks; whereof there hangs a picture of one in Cumberford hall taken in the River Tame, Dec. 16, 1673, an Ell and 2 inches long when first taken, but as drawn there in the picture but a yard and ¼ and ½ an inche from the tip of the nose, to the fork of the tail; and there are of them in the moat at Himley a yard and half long. And yet even these would be found but of an inconsiderable magnitude, if compared with the Pikes of the Lake of Geneva, where they sometimes catch them of 80 pounds weight, reckoning too (ac∣cording to the account of Geneva) 18 ounces to the poundh 1.57.

39. Which is all I met worthy notice relating to fishes; and yet I have not done neither with the inhabitants of the waters; for though I come next to treat of the Quadrupeda 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, digi∣tated

Quadrupeds, there being some of them oviparous, as almost all fishes are; and sometimes at least frequenting the same Ele∣ment; I must in all reason first dipatch what I have remarkable concerning such Animals, before I proceed to others that are purely terrestrial. Amongst which the Toad must be reckon'd as one; which though living both at land, and in the water, is some∣times most wonderfully excluded from both, having been fre¦quently found close imprison'd within the middle of solid blocks of Stone, without any perceivable rift or cleft, either whereby they were first admitted, or were supplyed with Air, during their abode there; a thing so frequent in this County, that I met with instances of it in divers places: and first at Horton, at the house of Mr. Edg, where in his barn wall, he shewed me a hol∣low Stone which being clove by the Mason had a live Toad includ∣ed in it; this he told me he saw himself, and that it dyed quickly, after it was taken forth.

40. The same happen'd again at Knypersley near by, at the right Worshipfull Sr. John Bowyers Baronet; at Ingestre at Mr. Chetwynds; and as I was told by Mr. Launder, at the Village of Brocton; the learned Dr. Pierce Physician at Bath, in a Letter to the ingenious Mr. William Musgrave Secretary of the Philosophi∣cal Society of Oxford, sent us lately an account also of such a Toad found in the Center of a hard lime-stone, laid as a step-stone for passengers in the middle of a Cartway between two rills that ran of each side it; where a croaking noise being a long time heard, and the parts near search't and nothing found, this stone at length was resolved should be broke, where in a cavity near the middle, a large Toad was found as bigg as a mans fist, which hop't about as briskly, as if it had been bread in a larger room; but for how long time he does not sayi 1.58. But the Toad that was found in the most astonishing manner, certainly that ever was heard of, was that at Statfold, if the tradition they have of it there be true, where as the story goes, the Steeple being to be taken down to prevent falling, the top-stone of the Spire or Pinnacle being taken off, was thrown down whole into the Church-yard, but breaking in the fall, there appear'd a living Toad in the Center of it, which (as most of the rest are said to doe) dyed quickly after it was ex∣posed to the Air.

41. Nor has this sort of imprisonment of Toads in solid Stones, been only observed of late years, but in many ages backward; for Gulielmus Neubrigensis relates, that a Toad was found thus included in a stone in his time, which was near 500 years

agoe; and the publisher of that Edition of him, printed at Heidelberg An. 1587. upon that place notes, that in the Coal-mines near Leigh, there are oftentimes found hard round smooth flints, with living toads in them, without any visible cleft or pas∣sage for Airk 1.59. In the same manner Johnston assures us, they are found at Tholouse in a reddish sort of freestone; also that a Stone-cutter of Antwerp met with one thus inclosed in hard marble; and Agricola writes (as quoted by Johnston) that they are sometimes found in the Quarries of Mill-stonel 1.60. Certum est (says Fortu∣nius Licetus) inter viva saxa contineri quandoque bufonesm 1.61; and of later days, my Lord Verulam pronounces it for certain, that Toads have been found in the middle of Freestonen 1.62. And not only within Stones, but

42. They are also sometimes met with in this County as closely included in the bodies of firm trees: thus out of a great Oak that grew at Lapley of about 6 Tunns of timber, brought to Elmhurst, by the right Worshipfull Sr. Theophilus Biddulph Baronet for the new bulding the house, represented above in Tab. 2. there was a great Toad sawn forth of the middle of the tree, in a place which when growing, was 12 or 14 foot from the ground; the tree being sound and intire in all parts quit round, saving just where the Toad lay, it was black and corrupted, and crumbled away like Saw∣dust. Also at Bently there was another sawn out of a solid tree, in that part of it, that when growing, might be about a yard from the ground; the tree sound underneath next the root, and in all other parts, only where the toad lay, there was a hollow about the bigness of the crown of ones hat, which (as those in∣closed in Stone) also presently dyed, as soon as exposed to the Air. Now how these Animals should come at all to be thus in∣cluded, in the middle of such intire and solid substances? and when inclosed, how maintained either with breath, or aliment? and how long they may have been presumed, to have continued there? seem questions indeed worthy the consideration of the most profound Philosopher; whome that I may honestly pro∣voke to give a better, I shall here offer the Reader some account of my owne, which though a slender one enough, yet may serve his turne, till he can get a better, and in some measure to evince the probability of the thing.

43. To come then close to the business, upon presumption that the matter of fact is indisputable; 'tis easy to apprehend how Toads creep into the clefts and hollows of rocks and trees (which

they always doe in August, when they are in a declining condi∣tion) to preserve themselves i'th winter: where during their rest for about eight months, they grow somwhat bigger, and the clefts or holes of the rocks or trees, as much less; so that at the return of the year (like the Fox in the Fable) they cannot get out, where they came in, and so are forced to remain where they are, in that solitary condition, as long as they live; the clefts and holes of the rocks and trees in the mean time growing quite up, and in∣closing them in an intire and solid case. And thus I suppose these animals may come to be inclosed in the rocks and trees, upon or near the surface of the earth. But how that Toad in the tree at Lapley, should come to be thus imprisoned 12 or 14 foot high? is a difficulty yet harder, and that requires yet nicer considera∣tions.

44. For the Solution whereof, we must either suppose that the Toad was produced in a hole at that height when the tree was young, of an agreeable dust, brought thither by the wind and a sort of rain as well disposed for the same purpose; like the worms and maggots bred of dust, and the rains that accompany the Tornado blasts, and fall in the Maggoti Savanna in Jamaica, by equivocal generation, as was shewn in Chap. 1. § §. 48, 49. of this book: or else according to the opinion of Cardan, generated of the seed of a Toad blown from the top of the some Mountain; or drawn up by the Sun into the Clouds, and so discharged thence in a shower, and lodg'd in the bole of this tree whilst young: whence fearing to leap in the Summer, and creeping down low in the dust, usually lodg'd in the boles of all trees, in the Winter, and there keeping its Station for a long Season; the wood of the tree in a little time might thus grow over it, so that the tree be∣ing trimm'd up, and a taller body given it, the Toad at length thus appear'd to be inclosed in the body of the tree at that height.

45. Nor is it at all improbable that the Spawne of Toades, or indeed that Toades themselves, should be thus drawn up by the Suns heat, since we see what vast quantities of water it supports in those wonderfull exhalations they call Spouts at Sea, in which there are such mighty weights of water, that they overwhelme the best Shipps, if any thing near them, and disturb the whole Sea for a good distance, with the violence of their fall: in these Spouts together with the water, the fish many times in the Sea thereabout are also lifted up, which sometimes being carryed by the winds over land before their fall, has often occasion'd the wonderfull raining of fish, as it did Whitings, at Stansted in the parish of Wrotham in the County of Kent Anno. 1666.o 1.63; and

herrings in the South of Scotland, Anno 1684. as his most Sacred Majesty King JAMES the Second most Judiciously de∣termined the Problem there. Now most certainly the force that could elevate these, may very well be allowed to attract the Spawne of Toads, or large Toads themselves, which being carryed by the wind (that bloweth where it listeth) to any place whatever, may also be let fall as well in any the like indetermi∣nat place, and so possibly upon the bole of a tree as well as any where else.

46. Thus having shewn the most probable means whereby these Animals are thus inclosed in solid Stones and trees, both near the surface of the Earth, and at some height above it; it remains that I proceed to the second difficulty; how, when thus imprison∣ed in so narrow a Cell, they are supplyed with the necessaries of Air and Aliment. to which I answer, that these Animals require very little of either, to support them: not of Air, as is plain from their long continuance under water without it, nor of other Sus∣tenance from ones living in a Glass above a Month without any at all, it being the property of Animals that have but a weak heat included in cold viscous juices, and doe not perspire, to retain the Spirits of life a long time without any foraigne maintenance; for where the heat is too weak to master the tough juices, there can be no rarefaction or separations of parts, and consequently no tran∣spiration or consumption. Thus the Tortois, Porcupinep 1.64, and some sorts of birds that are 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, live at least half a year with∣out meat; and thus (as de Laet will have it) live a sort of Solenes (which the Venetians call Cape longe, and the English Pirot) all their time, they being a kind of Shell-fish deep bedded in a solid rock, in which are no clefts, holes, or moisture to be found, but what is in the fish it self; nor can they have any nourishment con∣veyed to them, except the dews of Heaven, which as de Laet thinks, the rocks imbibe, and transmit to the fishq 1.65.

47. Which if all they have, and that sufficient to support them; our Toads included in Stones and trees, may pretend to the same, and perhaps somewhat more; for I doe not conceive them wholy deprived (tho' so close prisoners) either of Air or Aliment: for the cavities they are lodg'd in, are generally somewhat bigger than themselves, and they have the Salts of the Stones, and juices of the trees, to suck and lick, which together with the transcola∣tion of such fine dews, may very well support an Animal of so slender a dyet; that no way spends it self in perspiration; and is† 1.66

absolutely shut up from all other expence of its juices or Spirits, in swimming, travelling, generation, or otherwise. And by the same means no question lived the two Animals somewhat like Evets or Newts, but as big as Ratts, being a spanlong, of a very yellow colour, whereof we had an account from the same Dr Pierce of Bath above mention'd, which were found embrace∣ing one another head to head, and belly to belly, in the hollow of a solid Free-stone, somewhat bigger than themselves, dugg up 2 foot and ½, or 3 foot under ground, which being enlarged crawled about, and were kept alive some timer 1.67. But of these no more, because I am unwilling to prevent the ingenious Mr. Beaumont, now most laudably designing the Natural History of Somersetshire, wherein I heartily wish him all imaginable encourage∣ment.

48. Also by this means these Animals seem not only to be pre∣cluded from all injuries they might otherwise receive from for∣raigne Enemies, and from the changes of the seasons of the year, they remaining always as it were in an equal state, without any change either of Air or dyet, things no doubt on't that conduce not a little, to the prolongation of life; but to what period of time, in Animals thus imprison'd, and secluded from observation, is not easy to conceive, much less to determine; though I believe one may venture in general to pronounce it a pretty long one: for upon supposition that the Toad in the tree at Lapley was dropt on the bole of it when young, or otherwise generated in some hole or cleft it might then have; it must necessarily have continued there a long time, the tree when fell'd carrying a full yard square where the Toad lay, which it could not arrive to, in a few years. And if the story of the Toad in the top Stone of the Steeple at Statfold, may be allowed to be true, we must then perhaps afford them some hundreds of years, to have continued in this State (the Stee∣ple being grown so old, that they took it down to prevent fal∣ling) which too in all probability would have been prolong'd to a much greater period, had it never been found and exposed to the Air.

49. After the oviparous digitated quadrupeds that sometimes frequent the waters; I come next to consider the others, that are also oviparous and digitated, but wholy terrestrial; whereof I had one sent me by my worthy friend Francis Wolferstan Esq plowed up in his grounds at Statfold, where too they are sometimes seen in frosty weather on the Sunny-side of old hedges, in the bot∣toms

whereof they have their holes, which they recover so nimbly, that 'tis a hard matter to surprize them. In the length, and ge∣neral make of their body, they most of any thing resemble a Newt: but in some things are so different from that and all others of the Lizard-kind that I can find in Authors, that either it must be wholy or but imperfectly described, though we allow it a place under the Genus of Lizards. For beside that it differs in colour from all the Newts or Ascars that ever I saw, being of a dirty yel∣low on the back and taile, and blue under the throat, and most part of the belly; it has a round tail, skipping like a Squirrel and strongly raising up its head when it runns: whereas the tailes of Newts, Evets, or Ascars, are always flat, lying still when discover∣ed or crawling but little.

50. And whereas the back of the Evet or Newt is covered with a tough membran, these both back and tail are Scaled all over; the Scales, especially those on the tail, lyeing in oblong squares like the tiles or shingles of a house, only they have wider joynts at some certain distances than else where, as in Tab. 22. Fig. 5. in which it pretty well agrees with the green Lizard or Liguro of Bononias 1.68, only in the colour, and magnitude, it is quite diffe∣rent; so that the fittest description I can think of for it, is, the Lacerta terrestris lutea squammosa Anglica, which whether agree∣able, to the land Ascar (as Dr. Lister thinks it may) or not agree∣able, is indifferent to me, even that being only named, and not described, in any Author that I can find.

51. Amongst the viviparous digitated Quadrupeds though I met none undescribed, yet some there were attended with so very unusual accidents, that they must not be past by; and such was the Rabbit taken in Salt warren, that had two teeth grow∣ing out of the lower jaw, that turned round over the nose above the upper jaw, with that length and compass, that they almost touch't the forehead in the return, as in Tab. 22. Fig. 6. which surely must so incommode the animal in feeding, that I see not which way it could performe to it self, that most necessary good office, unless by licking in its food on each side the mouth: but this inconvenience it seems was not so great, as what it met with at last upon account of these teeth, by which it was taken, and kill'd, being hang'd by them in a hedge; so that though they did not occasion it's death by starveing, it did it as effectually ano∣ther way. And yet for a Rabbit to have such teeth as these, is not so very extraordinary, but there have been others seen like it at other places, particularly as I was told by the Lady Offley, at S^r.

John Crew's at Ʋtkinton in Cheshire, tho' not thus suffering death by the misfortune of them.

52. Another as uncommon an Accident, as perhaps ever befell any of the viviparous digitated Quadrupeds, or that one shall hear of in an Age; was found in a Hare, about the year of our Lord 1667 by S^r. Willoughby Aston, John and Tho. Offley Esq's Mr. Clayton of Onneley and divers others, who goeing a coursing for an Easter Hare, kill'd one on Birch-hill 'twixt Madeley Ma∣nor, and Onneley, which being opened and her entralls taken out was hung upon a beating pole at one of their Servants backs; where as she was carryed, S^r. Willoughby Aston espyed a protu∣berance in her flank, which he haveing a curiosity to open, there was found in it a young Hare, with the furr on, that could see, which was taken out by Mr. Tho. Offleys man, and kept a live nine days after with milk; the most remarkable circumstance being this, that it was out of due place, and no rupture that could be perceived offerd, either in the killing, or opening the old Hare: it is rememberd also that it had a ductus to its navel, but where it terminated in the old Hare, they were too incurious to ob∣serve.

53. Which how it should come to pass is hard to conceive, otherwise than either by the stoppage of the Cornua Ʋteri by the corruption of the Faetus of some former impregnation; or a too long stay of the Egg in the Ovarium, where it acquired a growth too great before it fell, to pass the Tube into the Womb: in both which cases the Embryo must necessarily continue and be formed in the Testicle, whence by the extension in its growth, it must also as necessarily force its way through it, into some part of the Ab∣domen. As it was in the case of a hound Bitch of the right Ho∣norable James Earl of Abbington, which being with whelp, by an unfortunate blow, had her Faetus dyed in her, whereof she dis∣charged a great part in putrid matter and flesh by the Pudendum, and was afterward able to run again in the pack: but the bones, firmer muscles, and thicker Skins of the Embryos yet remaining within her, so stufft up the horns of her Womb, that the Eggs up∣on a second impregnation, finding no passage there, were forced back into divers parts of the Abdomen, whereby (her belly being distended into very ill shapes) she after some time dyed. Being dead, his Lordship being very curious, and knowing her to have been twice with Puppy and never to have whelp't, he sent her over to his skillfull Chirurgeon Mr. Pointer of Oxford, who opening her carefully in the presence of divers Physicians, found the Cornua Ʋteri so stufft as above mention'd, and several whelps i••

divers parts of the Abdomen: whereof the Reader may see a more full account in the Philosophical Transactions t.

54. As he also may of the other case where the Egg stayed so long in the Ovarium, and grew there so great before it fell, that it could not pass the Fallopian Tube: this happen'd in a human Faetus of Madam de St. Mere a French Lady, which staying in this man∣ner, as was supposed, so long in the Testicle (for in this case neither the Womb or Tube were stop't with the remains of any dead Embryo) at length extended it self to that greatness in its growth, that it broke the Ovarium long-ways and in the middle of the side (as was found by Monsieur de S. Maurice M. D. her Physician who was present at the opening her body after she was dead) and forced its way into the right flank, whence it was taken forth so perfectly formed, that they could manifestly di∣scover in it the Sex of a Boyu 1.69. And this last was most likely the the case of the Hare, though it be very strange it should be taken forth alive, after such a course, and death of its damm; or that it had not kill'd her long before, which certainly it must have done in a little time, it being very unlikely that the damm could have any way litter'd it, so as either to have preserved her young one, or self.

55. Which is all I met worthy notice concerning viviparous digitated Quadrupeds, but two doggs (which are also reckon'd amongst these) indeed so curious and strange, that I thought not amiss even to represent them in Sculpture. Tab. 22. Fig. 7. and 8. the former whereof, begotten I suppose between a Guinea Dog and an English Spaniel, was English in his foreparts, and Guinea in his hinder, so that he always naturally appear'd as if newly trimm'd, with single tuffts left on his back and the end of his tail, as is usually done to trimmed Spaniels. This former belong'd to Mr. Chetwynd of Ingestre and was call'd Guiney, not I think so much for the sake of the Countrey whence he had a moyety of him∣self, as for the price he cost his Master; and the latter to Mr Par∣giter of Mavesyn Ridware, which descended I suppose from the same stock with the former, though not so equally divided be∣twixt the two Countries, this being curiously spotted, and for the most part naked, his head only adorned with an English Peruque, and his tail with a single tufft at the end.

56. Next the viviparous digitated, the Quadrupeda 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the cloven-footed Quadrupeds, fall under consideration; whereof some, neither chew the Cudd, nor are horned; others, doe chew the Cudd, but have no horns; and others again, both. Of the first* 1.70

kind of these, are reckon'd only Swine; and the Hippopotamus, no where found in these parts of the world; but of the former they have a race in some places in this County, much larger than ordinary: of which I saw, and measured a Bore, at the right Worshipfull S^r. Brian Broughton's of Broughton Baronet (whose beautifull Seat is here annext Tab. 21.) 4 foot and one inch, i. e. 'twixt 12 and 13 hands high, the bristles prest down on his back; from the tip of the nose to the setting on of the tail, 7 foot 2 inches; and the tail it self 15 inches long: a stature not much short, if not fully equalling the great Hogg of upper-Tadmerton in the County of Oxonw 1.71. They have of these large sized Hoggs also about Statfold in this County, one of the teeth whereof (if one may guess by the bigness) was sent me by Mr. Wolferstan, which has another little one growing out of it, much like the smaller Ears of Triticum multiplex out of the great one, as in Tab. 22. Fig. 9. And Mr. Inge of Thorp-Constantine sent me at the same time, an irregular bone taken out of the Omentum or Caul of a female Swine of one of his Tenants which they call a Gilt, which grew just against the place where she had been spay'd, the form whereof is exactly represented Tab. 22. Fig. 10. which being single Enormities of Nature, are hardly to be accounted for.

57. Of Animals that chew the Cudd, but have no horns, there are none in this County, this Species being so narrow, that only Dromedaries, Camels, and Camelopardi, are found of it; unless we should reckon the Ews and Weathers, that indeed Chew the Cudd, & have no horns, under this Species: but the Ews of some places being horned like the Ramms, and seeing the Weathers all would be so, if not prevented in some by cutting, they are reasonably enough all counted cornigerous. Where by the way perhaps it may not be altogether unworthy the enquiry, or the Readers knowledge; how it comes to pass, that there is so great a con∣nexion between the Testicles and the horns of some Quadrupeds, ut se mutuo ponant & tollant; as it is in some Sheep, and all red and fallow deer, whose doucets if taken away, whilst calves or fawns, before they come to be Knibbers or Prickets, i. e. before they have hornes, will never have any at all: whereas in Oxen it is quite contrary, whose hornes are much larger than they would have been, had they remained Bulls, or never been castrated. A Question scarce started before, that ever I could hear of, much less consider'd or stated, amongst the Philosophers, or Georgical writers.

58, Which that I may doe in some tolerable manner, rather to

incite others to doe it better, than out of any hopes I have to de∣termine the thing: let it be noted, first that all Animals (as well as plants) doe always throw off some 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or superfluous juices, and that out of these [in Animals] spring, horns, nails, hoofs, hair, wool, scales, feathers, &c. as Leaves, moss, fungus's, &c. doe out of Trees. Secondly, that horns, hair, wooll, &c. (though in respect of the body on which they grow, they may in some sense be said to be excrementitious) yet having once acquired vegetation, and growing out of the Skin as out of their proper earth, not by apposition, but extending themselves organically, in their cavities, length, bredth, and thickness, and in all these proportionably; they cannot I think but (without a Metaphor) be referr'd suo modo to the family of plants; as has been most fully made out by the learned Dr. Glissonx 1.72. And thirdly, that horns, hair, and wool, though they seem so different, yet as trees in some measure partake of the Soile in which they grow, so all these seem to be constituted of the same common matter with the Skin it self, and to be of the same lineage or family, and so all the membrans, nerves, and nervous fibres, wheresoever in the body: which most evidently appears in their being exposed to the fire, all shrivelling up after the same irregular manner, breathing the same fetid odour, and being of the same Medical use: qualities that never are found in things of different Species's.

59. Thus horns, wool, or hair, exposed to the flames, are furl∣ed up, and send forth the same nauseous sent; so that hair, and wool, seem to be nothing else but imperfect horne, or the fibres of horn seperated, and not fasciated together as they are in intire horns and hoofs, and as the stalks of some plants are, when there is an exuberancy of matter: haire, wool, or weak hornes being then produced, when the Juices whence they spring, are some way de∣pauperated; and strong horns, when they abound and are vigorous. Whence it is that Bulls whose blood and seminal juices, are spi∣rituous, hot, and plentifull; have thick, short, and strong horns, in proportion to the hair of Men of robust Constitutions, which is commonly short, course, and curled: whereas Oxen, whose blood and juices by castration is in great measure enervated, produce but a thin, weak, and long horn, in proportion to the hair of wo∣men, which is generally longer, finer, and less curled, than that of Men. But in some Sheep, and all deer, whose blood and semi∣nal juices are much less vigorous than that of Bulls, the superfluous juices that give both birth and augmentation to horns, are so di∣minisht and weaken'd in them by castration, that they can afford

no supply for the production of them at all, but only of wool or hair which as I said before are an imperfect sort of horn; whence it comes to pass that Weathers (these superfluous juices being now wholy spent in the production of wool) are said to have greater fleeces than other sheep; and that Staggs and Bucks if gelt, never mew their heads like other deer, there being now no new mat∣ter to cause a new horn to put up, and thrust off the old one.

60. Yet in some sort of Sheep these superfluous juices are so very plentifull and strange, that they produce 4 or 6, and sometimes eight horns upon the head of the same Sheep; whereof there are plenty with four in this County, at Gnosall, Knightley, Blore, and Ingestre parks; and as I was told there were of them formerly in the park at Loxley; Johnston gives us a Cutt of one of them, cal∣ling it Hircus Cotilardicus with six hornsy 1.73; and Dietericus Brin∣ckius, tells us there are of them in the Isle of Loufouden on the coast of Norway, with eightz 1.74. Dr. Grew in his Catalogue of the Rarities in the Musaeum of the Royal Society at Gresham College, calls these Moscovy Ramms, and perhaps not amiss, the de∣scription of which Animals, or their hornes, he says he could meet no wherea 1.75: But had he consulted the Natural History of Oxford∣shire printed 7 years before his Edition of that Catalogue, he might have found some account, and Cutts of them too: there having been of them living many years before my travelling that County in the right Honorable the Earl of Abbingtons park at Ricot, and in divers other parts both of England and Walesb 1.76. Now whether castration of these, whose juices are so strong, will wholy take away, or any way diminish the number or magnitude of their hornes, as in some other Sheep; or augment them as in Oxen? perhaps may be another Question yet undecided, and worthy the observation and communication of the Naturalist.

61. Sheep then being reckon'd amongst the cornigerous Qua∣drupeds, as seldom being otherwise but upon accident only; let us return again after this long, but I hope not impertinent di∣gression, to such uncommon accidents as have been found to at∣tend them in this County. For I account it but accidental, that they have in the Moorelands a peculiar sort of them, that have all black noses, which thrive well enough on the barrennest Soile, and produce pretty good wool, yet too long for the use of the Felt-makers of New-Castle, unless for childrens hatts, which they attribute wholy to the Limestone rocks on which it is bred; the best being produced upon dry Sandy Soils, such as Beech, Swyn∣nerton,

Mare, Chedleton, and Drayton, of which (being pretty short and fine) they make some use; but cheifly of the wools of Shropshire, and Lemster: most of the shortest and finest wools of this County being ordinarily sold into Warwick and Glocester shires; and their longest, which are bred in the moister Soiles, which they otherwise call broad-wools, into York-shire and Lancashire, where they make courser clothes.

62. It being ordinary for Sheep to breed but once in a year, it may perhaps be remarkable, what was told me by the worthy Mr Bott of Dunstall, viz. that he had a Sheep about 12 years agoe, that brought him one Lamb at Christmass, and another at S^t. James tide after; and another Ewe that had two Lambs about three weeks before Christmass, a third about a week after Midsummer, and a fourth upon twelft day following; so that within thirteen months she brought 4 Lambs at three yeanings: the latter where∣of were both superfetations, occasioned no question by goeing to Ramm at so many distant times. Whence 'tis plain that such Animals as these will admit of coition after impregnation as well as Mares and Women; in the former whereof though Aristotle al∣lows no superfetations to have ever happen'd, yet in the latter he affords us several Examples: more particularly of an Adulteress, who was delivered of one child like her husband; and of another after, like the Adulterer; and of two others that had two children at a birth, and a third five months afterc 1.77. And of later years D^r. Harvey tells us of a Servant Maid gotten with child by her Master, that was sent to London in September to hide her shame, where being brough to bed well, and returning home, had ano∣ther unexspectedly in December, whereby her own and Masters faults (before successfully concealed) were unhappily discoveredd 1.78. And this is all I heard of extraordinary relating to Sheep, but that An^o. 1679, a Lamb was yeaned at Bentley green with the two hind leggs wreath't together, so that it went per saltum, with the thighs on the ground, drawing the double Leg after it.

63. It is also very remarkable in the breeding of Deer (which are also reckon'd amongst the horned Animals that chew the Cudd though the females never have any) that they sometimes cast Fawnes with their lower jaws so short, that they cannot suck, and so consequently all dye; and it is no less observable, that these short jawed Fawnes are all white ones, as if this were a colour of imperfection in Animals, as well as in Plantse 1.79. Of these the worthy M^r. Chetwynd had several cast in his Park at Ingestre An.

1680; and so had the right Honorable Robert Lord Ferrers at Stanton in Leicestershire; the same I also met with long since at Watlington-park, belonging to the Worshipfull Thomas Stonor Esq in my travells thro' Oxfordshire, but looking upon it then as a single accident, I took no notice of it in that History. In the breeding of Deer, it has also been observed at Chartley† 1.80, and elsewhere in this County, that upon killing of them, there has been sometimes found the bones of young Fawnes in the matrix's of the Does, which doubtless have dyed in them upon some unfor∣tunate blow or other accident, as in the case of the bitch above∣mention'd §. 53. of this Chapter.

64. The same I have heard has likewise happen'd to a Doe in Woodstock park in the County of Oxon. And at some other places: and in the parke at Ingestre a Hare was kill'd some time since, that had all the bones and furr of a young Hare in her, complicated up together into a round ball: which accidents are so far from al∣ways proveing mortal to these Animals, that they may possibly be impregnated after them, and produce other Fawns, or Hares, these bones of the former dead Faetus's still remaining within them: for I know not why a Doe or Hare should not be capable of this, as well as a Cow or Woman: there haveing been a Cow kill'd at Hopton in this County that had an intire perfect calf, and the bones of another found in her; and Katherine Parry of the parish of Kintbury in Berkshire haveing been deliverd of a child An. 1668 after she had had a human Faetus dyed in her: as appeared from a great quantity of corruption, with several pieces of flesh and skin, that came from her two or three days after her delivery, and from divers bones that she voided with her monthly evacuations, with several parts of a Skull, and some of the larger bones of the body of a Faetus, that work't their way through her flesh above the Os Pubis five years after: within which time she conceived again 3 several times, and had 3 children more at 3 following births, after the last of which only these bones came awayf 1.81: as the bones of a former child did, from a Citizens wife of Wen∣den in Livonia, a year after she had been deliver'd of a perfect living child, as was testifyed by a publick instrument under the common Seal of the City* 1.82.

65. Beside these unusual accidents in the breeding of Deer, there are many others worth notice that have happen'd to some of them, since their being cast, in relation to their heads: many of the redd deer in Chartley park having no heads at all, others

being Ʋnicorns, and those that have but one horn, that but a dwarf one neither, and commonly very irregular; the deer not∣withstanding being as well grown in their bodies, and as warran∣table in their season, as in any of the neighbouring Forrests or Parks, where they put up as fair heads, as in any parts of England. Which abatement therefore of their heads, must needs proceed, either from some defect in the Park; or some accidental altera∣tion of the soil; as it happen'd at Cornbury in Oxfordshire, where the stocking the park with Conys only, made all the deer thus a∣bate of their heads, upon what account see the History of Oxford∣shireg 1.83. But the reason there given having no place here, I can assigne no other so probable as the want of brouse in this park, the underwoods being but inconsiderable in respect of its extent, and the trees most of them dead, as represented in the Map, the leaves and young Cions of plants supplying it seems fit∣ter matter for the heads of deer, than grass or other forrage. But whether this will hold at Wyse-wood in Glocestershire, where I hear there are also Staggs, some with no horns, others with very short ones; I have yet had no opportunity of learning.

66. Other irregular Bucks-heads I met with at Ingestre and Dud∣ley, and some other places: that in the Hall at Ingestre being a large head of a full grown Buck, which put up all the time from the burrs only two smooth beams, having indeed brow-Antlers, but no back ones, palm, or spellers, as in Tab. 22. Fig. 11. Such a∣nother head as this I met with at Tortworth in Glocestershire, in the Hall of the right Honorable the Lady Viscountess Downe; so that I cannot look upon this as a single accident, but one that happens sometimes, though not frequently. The other at Dudley, is of a living white-Buck, kept within the Castle by the right Honora∣ble the Lord Ward, which puts up annually form the burrs only two beams, without either brow or back-Antlers, palm, or spellers, ascending pretty straight, and adorned at the top with balls or knobbs, as in Tab. 22. Fig. 12.

67. Olearius in his Itinerary tells us of whole heards of such, call'd Ahu deer, he saw in the Province of Mokan in Persia, whose heads had no brow-Antlers, but were smooth to the top like ours, only that they bent backwards like the horns of a Goath 1.84; which (beside the unlikelyhood that this should be brought thence) is enough to shew that it cannot be referr'd to that species of deer: though no body knows whence this came, it being taken alive by the Colliers in an old Coal-work, and brought to the Castle bound in a Wheel-barrow. Contrary to these I met with some other

heads spred into three branches, having all their Antlers, palms, and spellers whereof there is one at Chartley, and another (I think) in the house at Sandon: and I was told by the Worship∣full Collonel Edward Vernon deputy Lieutenant of that Forrest of Needwood, that there was a buck now living in the Forrest, that had a head spread into 4 branches; which as the former were defects, are excesses of Nature; and proceed no question from the exuberancy of Matter that supplys these parts. And so much for Deer.

68. Let us next proceed to Cows, Oxen, and Horses, and so conclude this seventh Chapter: of the former of which, my worthy friend M^r. Bott of Dunstall had one so prolific near 30 years agoe, that she brought him 2 Calves at a time, 3 times together; and the fourth time three; so that she had 9 Calves in 3 years time. One Thomas Laurence of Wombourn also had a Heifer, that at two years old brought him 3 Calves, then two, then two more, and at last 3 again; haveing ten Calves within the same time. Nor hath the fecundity of this Animal been more conspicuous, in the multitude and frequency of its Off-spring, than in the earliness of it; there having been a Cow-calf at Cannal in this County, the Seat of the right Worshipfull S^r. Francis Lawley, that (like M^rs. Dunches at Newington in Oxfordshirei 1.85) had another presently after she was eleven Months old, viz. 3 weeks and some odd days, be∣fore she was a Twelve-monthing. I have it also from very good hands, that Tho. Bratt jun. of Wolverhampton Butcher, bought a Cow at Tole-end in the parish of Tipton, with a calf by her side, which promising well, he forbore to kill, letting it goe with the Damm till it weaned it self, by reason (as 'tis thought) the Damm was so far gone with another calf, that it liked not the milk; or else because gone as far it self with calf, at the same time; they both calving within a week of each other, the Heifer wanting a fortnight of being 12 Monthes old.

69. Which sort of Cattle goeing nine Months, we must either admitt that these calves took bull at about two Months old; or that their Damms cast them at first pregnant with others, like the Hungarian Cow mentioned by David Spilinbergerus, which brought forth a Calf with a great belly, wherein was found ano∣ther with all its limbs perfectk 1.86; and as it was in a Lamb of Tho∣mas Grove of Rowley Regis in this County, which he sold to a Butcher, who killing it, found another Lamb in its belly. As it hath also hapened in a human Faetus, and in some other Animalsl 1.87. Now

how such wonderfull productions should come to pass is hard to determine: I am sure Bartholin's conjecture; [that Nature in these at first intended only Twinns, and that by some casualty, one of each of these Faetus's might be thrust into the bel••y of the other, over which a Skin might be easily superinducedm 1.88] seems very improbable: for why should one Faetus tarry in the Womb twice as long as another? when supposed to be begotten at the same time. Therefore much rather shall I allow in our two cases, that these calves took bull at about the age of two months, since the Goat is said to begin to use coition at 7 days oldn 1.89, upon which account the Emblematists usually exprest fecundity by that Ani∣mal.

70. At Frodley in this County, Elizabeth Scofield widdow, had a cow that cast a calf of a monstrous shape, having a horn, the elder, and two leggs of another coming out of its back; which lived a long time, and as it fill'd it self with sucking or otherwise, so did the calf on its back: so that Nature indeed in this case seemed to have designed two calves, which possibly might be some way thrust into one another, according to the sentiment of Bartholin, as 'tis like it might also happen in the instance he mentions of Lazarus Colloredo and his brother Baptisto 1.90 But this will not reach the case of the Hungarian Cow; or the Sheep of M^r. Grove of Rowley abovemention'd; the Spanish Mare of Nierembergius; or of Joan the wife of Nicholas Peter of Ʋleslovia in Fionia; each of which brought forth Animals of their own kind, impregnated with others, duly placed in the Wombp 1.91. The Calves that were cast near Shredicot, and at Rewle, in the same parish of Bradeley, each with 5 leggs, must also be reckon'd a∣mongst the monsters of this Species; and so must that cast at Roy∣croft in the parish of Rushall, which was a yard and an inch high at 2 days old, and had horns on its head an inch long, and (be∣ing a Cow-calf) milk in its elder; the former whereof perhaps might be occasion'd, as the supernumerary leggs of birds, from ova gemellificaq 1.92; and the latter by the Cows goeing beyond her time. It must also be remembred before I have done with the ac∣cidents relating to Calves, that there was a Cow at Thorp Constan∣tine about 12 years since, that being observed not to cast her calf in due time, was fatted up, and kill'd; in whose Matrix (when open'd) there was found the Sceleton of a calf, all the bones hanging intirely together as in Tab. 22. Fig. 13. lying in a red∣dish weighty substance somewhat like red-lead or bole Armeniac

the fleshy parts being either wasted by corruption, or dryed up by the heat of the Womb, like the Calf of John Huswig Minister of Fredericks-burg mention'd by Bartholin† 1.93. Which no question had been kill'd by some unfortunate accident, as the Faetus's of the Hare, Doe, and cow above mentioned, the bones still remaining thus with∣in their bodies, though not perhaps in so good order as these.

71. It is a pretty common thing amongst this sort of cattle, to have balls of hair found in their Stomachs cover'd over with a smooth shining coat or shell, occasion'd I suppose by their lick∣ing themselves (which they doe most whilst in proof) and swal∣lowing the hair that then comes off them in plentifull manner; of which, elaborated in the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or reticulum, the first or second ventricle (where they are most times foundr 1.94) these balls of hair are often formed, and compacted together much after the manner that the wool of a Hat is, by the hand of the workman; which lying in the Stomack some considerable time, has ordinarily a pretty thick and tough coat superinduced over it, by the plenty of slime it there meets with: if it lye there long, it is usually of a chesnut; if a lesser time, of an ash-colour; of the former of which I met with a large fair pattern at M^r. Fowk's of little Worley in the parish of Norton; and of the latter had one sent me from M^r. Jack∣son of Stansop in the parish of Alstonfield. But if taken out of the Stomack quickly after 'tis elaborated, as it is sometimes in young calves that are kill'd, the hair is not found cover'd with any coat at all, nor complicated like the former, the outer parts of the hair of them standing up loose, but lyeing parallel and winding, like the hair on the crown of a Mans head, which not being so common I have caused to be ingraven Tab. 22. Fig. 14. which was given me by the Worshipfull Jonas Grosvenor of Wolverhamp∣ton Esq and taken (as he told me) out of the Ventricle of a young calf, not of age I suppose either to spare phlegme from its aliment, or afford time, for the superinducing of such a smooth shining coat or shell, wherein these balls are commonly found in∣cluded.

72. Which Pliny would have only to be met with in the re∣ticulum, or second ventricle, calling them tophos nigricantess 1.95; and Ferrante Imperato, Topho di Giovencat 1.96; whom Wormius follows and stiles tophos Invenciu 1.97; but they doe not always stay either in the first or second stomack but sometimes pass on even into the in∣testines, as Bauhinus also ownesw 1.98, and are cast forth by Seige:

whereof I have one by me found in the dung of a Cow at Statfold in this County and given me by the Worshipfull Francis Wolfer∣stan Esq of a cineritious colour, not shining, and an oval figure, made so perhaps by the compression in its exit. Which is also confirmed by Wierus who tells us of one drawn out of the Colon of a heifer at the City of Pisax 1.99. Nor are they only found in the intestines of cows, but of horses too; the same M^r. Wolferstan hav∣ing met with another of them amongst the dung of a Horse at the fame place; light, exactly sphericall, of a dun colour; but not so bigg as that cut out of the Horse of Crenkus a Lippa An. 1562 which was as bigg as a goose egg, and two pounds in weight, pre∣served amongst the rarities of Rudolphus King of Hungaryy 1.100. Sca∣liger also informes us out of the Commentaries of Moses Kimbi, of a horse that voided many of these tophi by Seige, whereof he had one in his possessionz 1.101. And Chilianus Hattomanus of Breslaw in Silesia had a horse that excluded many of them, being at last kill'd by one of an extraordinary Sise, of which we have an account both in Bauhina 1.102 and Schwenckfeld,b 1.103 which they call Hippolithos, and from its supposed virtues Bezoar equinum.

73. There are such balls too found in the Stomacks of horses made up of the slender stalks of Spartum minimum Anglicum or small English mattweed, first discover'd to me by the ingenious M^r. Cole Surveyor of his Majesties Customs at Bristol and by him call'd Spart balls or pilae mansae; which I found also true in one that I had by me that was taken out of the Maw of a Sheep, and given me by a Country man (whose name I have lost) of Stanley in in this County; there is also a fibrous ball taken out of the Stomack of a Sheep in the Repository of the R. Society at Gresham College Londonc 1.104; both much such other things I guess, and perhaps of as much virtue as the balls thus made out of the roots and fibers of plants, that are so commonly found in the Stomacks of the Shamois in the Alpine Countrys, by Bauhin and others call'd the German Bezoar, haveing a gratefull Aromatic smell even before they are openedd 1.105: which is not so much to be wondered at, being made up of the small roots and leaves of the most odoriferous Alpin plants number'd up by Velschius in his treatise de Aegagropilise 1.106 (which he thinks the most proper name for these balls) and not so much of the roots of Doronicum, as Baubin would have them; the Samois frequenting many parts of the Alps where no Doroni∣cum growes, the roots too of these balls being generally smaller

than those of Doronicum; yet for Bauhin's sake he does not wholy reject them.

74. That such balls should be found in the Stomacks of Ani∣mals, is indeed a little odd; but it would be strange if any such heterogeneous body should be naturally fast lodged in any of the vital parts: and yet even this has been met with at Caldmore in this County, at the house of one M^r. William Hawe; where about Christmass An. 1679 there was a large bone (considering the place) taken out of the heart of a Beeve, of the form and bigness as described in the Cutt, Tab. 22. Fig. 15. just two inches long, and pretty thick at one end; but there it has holes in it as represented in the figure, which shew it to be hollow and thin, yet it is very hard and solid. Such bones as these are commonly found in the hearts of Staggs, and are thought to be a help for the stronger and more steady motion of the muscles of themf 1.107; to be a good cordial in Physick; and very usefull in preventing abortionsg 1.108; for all which such a bone as ours out of the heart of an Ox, may perhaps be as well substituted, and as soon trusted.

75. Nor is it less strange what happened at Wasall in this Coun∣ty, relating to one of these Cattle; where one Richard Nichols a butcher of the Towne killing a bull bred at Rugely, not at all di∣seased, or any way differing from others of its kind that could sensibly be perceived, its tallow was found to shine so vividly in the dark, that they could see any part of the room by it; held to the Chimney, they could so plainly see all the joynts of the bricks, that they could number them; the hand laid upon it might be seen in all its parts; and others for experiment counted Mony by the light of it; held up to the ceiling it shon so strongly against it, that it made a circle of light upon it; continuing thus to shine for about 10 days, notwithstanding much prejudiced by peoples frequent handling it, that came in multitudes dayly to see it. That the flesh of this species both young and old, will sometimes shine in the dark, M^r. Boyle and D^r. Beal have both afforded us ample proof, in two necks of Veal, and a piece of beef; it hath also been observed by the same worthy persons in a pullet and in hoggs∣flesh; and in all these whilst fresh and good, before putrefactionh 1.109: but I have no where found that either the fat, suet, or tallow of any Animal, was ever lyable to this quality, though I see no reason but that they might become luminous upon the same prin∣cipals that flesh, and many other things sometimes are so, the ni∣ter of the Air exciting the oily sulphurs in them, which because

discoursed of elsewhere in this worki 1.110, I forbear mentioning them here,

76. And proceed to the most memorable accidents I heard of in this County to have at any time befallen the Solipedous Animals: whereof there was a Mare at a place call'd Broadheath betwixt Sighford and Ranton, that cast a monstrous colt with two hind leggs only. There was also a Mare at Bagnal in this County, in which dame Nature err'd in excess, as in defect in the colt, she having five feet though but four leggs; the fift coming forth about the fetlock of one of the leggs, and hanging loose and useless (as most monstrosities of excess doe) which yet they were forced to shooe as well as the other four, it coming to ground, and therefore requiring the same preservation, the rest did. We may also reckon it an excess in a Mare, to cast two Colts at a time, it being very rare that this sort of Animal produces above one: yet that they sometimes doe we have ample testimony, from the Mare of M^r. Caldwall Minister of Millwich that foled two at a time, which lived and thrived well; in the rearing whereof this was only observable, that the natural affection of the Mare toward them was so impartial, that she never admitted them to suck but together. To which add a Mare of M^r. Thomas Offleys, that had all its limbs perfect and proportionable, without excess or defect, and was five years old; yet was but one yard, and three inches high: a stature so inconsiderable, that many who bestrid it, reach't the ground with their feet, so that they seem'd to ride and walk at the same time. Nor must it be forgotten that at Thorp Constantine in the Lordship of M^r. Inge, there was a Mare bred that had a bony substance grew out of the hollow of her Ear, somewhat like to one of the Molar teeth of a Man at the upper end, but no branches or fangs at the bottom, having only a cartilagi∣neous substance there, obtuse at the end, as in Tab. 22. Fig. 16.

77. And thus I had done with Horses, but that I was present∣ed with a rarity relating to them by the Worshipfull Francis Wol∣ferstane of Statfold Esq which I cannot but mention in confir∣mation of a truth much doubted by many: it being a true Hippo∣manes, or Languet of flesh of a dark purple colour near four inches long, that dropt from the forehead of a Colt newly foled in his grounds at Statfold, and brought him by one of his Servants; which he was satisfy'd was true, finding it agreeable upon appli∣cation with it's impression yet remaining upon the foles forehead when he went to visit it. Such as which (they say) adhere to the foreheads of all Colts, and unless prevented, presently eaten by the

[illustration] depictions of animals and bones

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6.

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7.

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8.

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9.

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10.

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11.

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13.

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14.

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15.

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〈…〉〈…〉

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Mares; but if taken from them, they never shew love to those colts more, nor will admit them to suck: whence it has always been esteemed so prevalent in procuring of love, that dryed pouder'd and mixt with the blood of the Lover, and drank by the Mistris, it drives her to such an unbridled height of lust, as equals the madness of a Mare when she desires the Horse, and upon this ac∣count has gain'd the name of Hippomanes: which is no new thing, it being mention'd by Virgil, Ovid, Juvenal, Tibullus, Propertius; and Aristotle, Pliny, Solinus, and Columella; and most of the other old Poets and Naturalists, as a thing of this virtue; and used as an ingredient among the other odd materials of Witches and Conjurers. Which whether true or false; or of any such virtue to deserve the name it enjoys; I doe not, nor care not to under∣stand; it being sufficient to me (tho' Aristotle explodes itk 1.111) that there is such a thing.

78. And thus I had done too with all the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or Solipedous Quadrupeds, but that I was presented with the lower jaw of some Animal with large teeth in it, dugg up in a marle-pit somewhere in the grounds of the Worshipfull William Leveson Gower of Tren∣tham Esq who hath been so noble a Maecenas in promoting this Work, that I could doe no less than present the Reader with a double Prospect of his magnificent Seat, Tab. 23. and 24. Which jaw upon comparison I find so agreeable with the Elephants Skulls in M^r. Ashmoles Musaeum in the University of Oxford, that I dare not pronounce it any thing else but the jaw of a young Animal of that Species; and therefore rightly placed here, the Elephant being one of the whole-footed Quadrupeds. All the difficulty is, how it should come hither, this Animal being a rarity even at this day in England: to which we must answer, that it must be the jaw of a young Elephant, either kept for the state or pleasure of some great person hereabout; or brought hither for Shew, which dyed and was here buried; as the Dromedary brought into this County within memory for the same purpose, dyed by the negligence of his Keeper and was buryed (where he dyed) in Tixall field: whose bones hereafter if ever found, may create as much wonder as this has done.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Mr. Willughby's Ornithology. Book. 3 Sect. 6. Memb. 1. Chap. 2. §. 5.
• b 1.2

  Ulyss. Aldrovand. Ornothol. lib. 19. cap. 52.
• c 1.3

  Willugh••y's Ornithol••gy Tab. 61.
• d 1.4

  Ornithology Book. 2. Sect. 1. chap. 12. §. 7.
• e 1.5

  Ibid. Book. 2. Sect. 2. memb. 2. Chap. 6. §. 2.
• f 1.6

  Ibid. Book. 2. Sect. 2 Memb. 2. Chap. 1. §. 1.
• g 1.7

  Cour. Gesneri de Avibus Lib. 3.
• h 1.8

  Vid. supra Chap. 6. §. 36.40.42.
• i 1.9

  Hieron. Fabricii ab Aquapedente de formatione Ovi & pulli. p. 19.
• k 1.10

  Gul. Harvei de Generat. Animalium Exercit. 23. de Ovis gemellificis.
• l 1.11

  Hieron. Fabr. ab Aquapend. de format. Ovi & pulli. p. 10.
• m 1.12

  Gul. Harvei de Generat. Animalium Exercit. 35.
• n 1.13

  Aristot. de Hist. Animal. Lib. 6. cap. 2.
• o 1.14

  Gul. Harvei de Generat. Animal. Exercitat. 12.
• p 1.15

  Aristot. de Hist. Animalium Lib. 6.
• q 1.16

  Hieron. Cardan de Varietate Rer. Lib. 2. cap. 13.
• r 1.17

  Mr. Ray's Observations Topo∣graph. &c. p. 409.410.
• s 1.18

  Philisoph. Transact. Num.
• t 1.19

  Jul. Caes. Scaligeri Exercitat. Lib. 15. Exercit. 191.
• u 1.20

  Th. Moufet. de Insectis cap. 15.
• w 1.21

  Tho, Bartholini de Luce Animalium Lib. 2. cap. 12.
• x 1.22

  J. Ray's Observat. Topograph. p. 409. 410.
• y 1.23

  Ibid
• z 1.24

  Jul. Cas. Scaligeri Exercitat. Lib. 15. Exercit. 194.
• a 1.25

  Fab. Columnae, Aquatil. & Terrestr. Observat. cap. 17.
• b 1.26

  Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 36.
• c 1.27

  D. Thomae Brown Pseu∣dodoxiae Epidemicae Lib. 3. cap. 27.
• d 1.28

  Philoph. Transact. Numb. 160.
• e 1.29

  Tho. Bartholmi Act. Med. & Philosoph. Hafn. vol. 5.
• f 1.30

  Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 50. and 65.
• g 1.31

  Gul. Rondeletii de Piscibus marinis. Lib. 9. cap. 15.
• h 1.32

  Gul. Rondeletii Lib. de pis∣cibus lacustribus cap. 19.
• i 1.33

  Conr. Gesneri de Aquatilibus Lib. 4. cap. de Mustela.
• k 1.34

  Nat. Hist. of Oxfordsh. Chap. 7. §. 31.
• l 1.35

  Chap. 2. § 129.
• m 1.36

  Abrah. Mylii de origine Animalium Lib. 10.
• n 1.37

  D. G. Marhofii de Metallorum ••r••••∣mutatione p. 38.39.
• o 1.38

  L. An. Senecae Nat. Quest. Lib. 3. cap. 17.
• p 1.39

  Impres. Nea∣poli. 1655.
• q 1.40

  C. Plinii 2^di. Hist. Nat. Lib. 9. cap. 21.
• r 1.41

  Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 129.
• s 1.42

  Camden in Lancashire.
• t 1.43

  Nat. Hist. of Oxfordshire Chap. 7. §§ 27.28.
• u 1.44

  Conr. Gesneri de Aquatilibus Lib. 4. cap. de Anguilla.
• w 1.45

  Gul. Rondeletti de piscibus marinis Lib. 17. cap. 7.
• x 1.46

  C. Plinii 2^di Nat. Hist. Lib. 9. cap. 30.
• y 1.47

  Gul. Rondeletii de piscibus Marin. Lib. 6. cap. 15.
• z 1.48

  Aristot. in Lib. de mirabil. Auscult.
• * 1.49

  Geo. Pi∣ctorius de fluminibus miraculosis.
• a 1.50

  Gul. Rondeletii de Piscibus. Lib. 4. cap. 9.
• b 1.51

  Is. Walton's compleat Angler. chap. 8.
• c 1.52

  Conr. Gesneri de Aquatilib. Lib. 4. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 de Ia••••to.
• d 1.53

  Is. Walton's compleat Argler. Chap. 8.
• e 1.54

  Conr. Gesneri de Aquatilib. Lib. 4. cap. de Lucio.
• f 1.55

  Ibid.
• g 1.56

  Is. Walton's compleat Angler. Chap. 8.
• h 1.57

  Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 86.
• i 1.58

  Letter Book of the Philosoph. Society of Oxon. Mar. 17. 1684/5;. and Apr. 11. 1685.
• k 1.59

  Gul. Neubrigensis Rerum Angl. Lib. 1. cap. 28.
• l 1.60

  Joh. Johnstoni Hist. Nat. de Quadruped. Lib. 4. cap. 1. Art. 2. punct. 1. in fine.
• m 1.61

  Fort. Liceti Litheosphor. cap. 54.
• n 1.62

  Nat. Hist. Cent. 6. Experim. 570.
• o 1.63

  Letter Book of the Philosophical Society of Oxon. Mar. 27. 1685.
• p 1.64

  Journal des Scavans Jul. 24. 1681.
• q 1.65

  Joh. de Laet de Gemmis & Lapidibus Lib. 2. cap. 7.
• † 1.66

  D. Abercromby's discourse of Wit. §. 5.
• r 1.67

  Letter Book of the Philosoph. Society of Oxford. Mar. 17. 1684/5 and Apr. 11. 1685.
• s 1.68

  Joh. Jonstoni Nat. Hist. de Quadruped. Tab. 76.
• u 1.69

  Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 150.
• * 1.70

  Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 147.
• w 1.71

  Nat. Hist. of Oxfordsh. Chap. 7. § 37.
• x 1.72

  Fran. Glissonii Tractat. de partibus continentibus, cap. 6. § §. 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6.
• y 1.73

  Joh. Johnstoni Nat. Hist. de Quadruped. Tab. 27.
• z 1.74

  Dieter. Brinckii Prodrem. è Norwegia cap. 8.
• a 1.75

  Neh. Grew. Musaei Reg. Societ. part. 1. Chap. 2.
• b 1.76

  Nat. Hist. of Ox∣fordsh. Chap. 7. §. 39. Tab. 10. Fig. 10, 11.
• c 1.77

  Aristotelis Hist. Animal. Lib. 7. cap. 4. & Plinii Nat. Hist. Lib. 7. cap. 11.
• d 1.78

  Gul. Harvei Tract. de Partu. p. 261.
• e 1.79

  Nat. Hist. of Oxfordshire Char. 6. §. 38. and Chap. 7. § §. 13, 14, 15.
• † 1.80

  In Novemb. An. 1679.
• f 1.81

  Journal. Book of the Philosophical Society of Oxon. Session of Octob. 7. in An. 1684.
• * 1.82

  Tho. Bartholini Histor. Anatom. Cent. 4. Hist. 14
• g 1.83

  Nat. Hist. of Oxfordsh. Chap. 7. §. 45.
• h 1.84

  Voyages of Adam Olearius Book 5.
• i 1.85

  Nat. Hist. of Oxfordsh. Chap. 7. §. 41.
• k 1.86

  Miscellan. curi••s. Med. Phys. G••rman. ••••n. 1. observ. 36.
• l 1.87

  Nat. Hist. of Oxfordsh. Cap. 7. §. 42.
• m 1.88

  Tho. Fartholini Anatom. Med. rar. Hist. 66.
• n 1.89

  Sr. Th. Brown's Enquiries into vulgar Errors Book. 5. Chap. 20.
• o 1.90

  Ibid.
• p 1.91

  Nat Hist. of Oxfordsh. Chap. 7. § 42.
• q 1.92

  Gul. Harvei. de Generat. Animal. exercit. 23.
• † 1.93

  Tho. Bartholini Historiar. Anatom. Cent. 2. Hist. 2.
• r 1.94

  Geo. Hieron. Vel•••••••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Med. Philosoph. de Agagropilis p. 8.
• s 1.95

  C. Pimis 2. Nat. Hist. Lab. 11. cap. 3••.
• t 1.96

  Dell Hest. Naturale ••ab. vigesimo ottavo. cap. 1. in finc.
• u 1.97

  Mus•••••• Wormian. Lab. 1. § 2. cap. 8.
• w 1.98

  Casp. Bauhou de lapide Bezaar. cap. 12.
• x 1.99

  De praestigus Daemonum Lab. 3. cap. 5.
• y 1.100

  Casp. Bauhini de lapide Bezaar. cap. 14.
• z 1.101

  Jul. Scalig. Lab. 15. de subtilitate Exercit. 125.
• a 1.102

  Ibidem.
• b 1.103

  In Thertotrophro St∣lefiae. titulo Equus.
• c 1.104

  Musaeum Reg. Societat. Part 1. cap. 2. in append••ce.
• d 1.105

  Casp. Bauhini de lapide Bezaar. cap. 13.
• e 1.106

  Geo. Hieron. Velschu dissert. de Agagropilis pag. 35, 36, 37, 38.
• f 1.107

  M••••cum Reg. Se••t••t part. 1 Chap. 2.
• g 1.108

  Job. S••r••dr•• Pharmac••p. Med. Chy•••• Lab▪ 5. cl••s. 1.
• h 1.109

  Phil••••oph 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Na••••. 89. and 125.
• i 1.110

  Chap 3. §. 19.
• k 1.111

  Aristot. de Hist. Animal. Lib. 8. cap. 24.