Some doubts & questions, in the law, especially of Scotland as also, some decisions of the lords of Council and Sessions / collected & observed by Sir John Nisbet of Dirleton ... ; to which is added, an index, for finding the principal matters in the said decisions.

S.

Act Salvo.

QƲaeritur, If Ratifications in Parliament, with the Clause, That they should not be Lyable to the general Salvo, Will prejudge a third Petson having undoubted Right, and having been secured by a general Law, viz. The Act Salvo Jure: The Ratification being only a private Act, and the persons concerned not being called?

Seasin.

A Posterior Seasin, but first Registrate, whether will it be preferred to the prior Seasin, Registrate thereafter though debito tempore?

Registration of Seasins.

IF a Seasin of Reversion granted by a Bishop will militate against the Successor, albeit it be not Registrate in the Register of Seasins? Ratio Dubitandi, The Bishop doth not succeed as Heir: And yet he cannot be said to be a singular successor, and Bishops they are Corpora singula.

Special Services and Precepts of Clare constat.

A Person being served Heir-male or Provision in special in certain Lands, and deceasing before he be Infeft: Quaeritur, If his general Heirs will be lyable to the Debt of that person to whom he was served Special Heir?

The same Question may be moved upon a Precept of Clare constat, whereupon Infeftment has not followed; seing in neither of the said cases there is Aditio Haereditatis before Infeftment; whereas in general Services there is Aditio as to any Estate, whereupon there is no Infeftment?

Servitude and Extinguishment thereof.

IF a Person who has Right to a Servitude out of other Lands, should ac∣quire also Praedium Serviens; Quaeritur, If eo ipso that he has Right, both to Praedium Dominans & Serviens, the Servitude doth extinguish; Quia res sua nemini servit? and if he should thereafter Dispone Praedium Servi∣ens, whether the said Servitude not being reserved; either he or his singu∣lar successor in the Right of the other Lands can claim the same? Or if he should Dispone praedium Dominans without mention of the Servitude, but with all Liberties and pertinents; whether will that Servitude revive, as being only Sopita for the time, while both Lands belonged to one person,

but not extinct by any Discharge, or deed freeing the Lands of the same?

If a person has constitute by Writ a Servitude, and thereafter Dispone his Lands without excepting of the same. Quaeritur, If it will militate against a singular Successor? Answer. Such Jura Haereditaria which are in rem, non Transferuntur nudis pactis sed traditione; and by possession, which is instar traditionis: But if the Servitude be Discontinua as v. g. the leading of Sea-ware, which is not done but at a certain time of the Year, Quaeritur, what shall be done to perfect the Constitution? It is thought, it may be published by making Intimation thereof to the Tennents, and at the Paroch Church, and upon the ground: and the Granter, if need be, may be Inhibited.

Si alicui Jus hauriendi & adeundi conoessum est, utrumque habet: Si tan∣tum hauriendi, inest aditus: Si tantum adeundi ad fontem, inest & haustus: aliquo enim concesso, omne illud, sine quo hoc Jure uti nequimus, concessum in∣telligitur. Jus Fluviat. p. 89. initio.

Aut vicini aquam hauserunt, Jure familiaritatis aut Jure acquisito; hoc casu cogi nequeunt, ut in fonte mutationem admittant; illo possunt. Idem. p. 90. n. 40.

Lords of Session.

IF the Lords of Session have power to Judge Appellatione remota, seing they have the same power, which the Lords of Session had formerly? It is thought, that they have the same power Extensive as to the subject of their Jurisdiction; but not Intensive, as to the quality foresaid, if it be not exprest; being ex reservatis quae non transeunt nisi exprimantur: Seing Adaequatio, by the clause with the same power, is to be understood as to the ordinar power belonging to Judicatories and Incorporations qua talia; and not as to any Extraordinary Power and Priviledge: As if a Burgh should be Erected with the same priviledges belonging to any Burgh within the Kingdom, they will not have Right to be Sheriffs within themselves; by reason other Burghs have that Right, non qua Burga; but by a special priviledge: And some Lords of Regality do pretend to the Escheats of the Persons within their Regality upon Horning, and yet a Right of Regality by the general clause, will not cary the same.

If the Lords of Session be to be considered as Judges only, or Magi∣strates, & Praetores habentes Imperium in some cases?

Sheriffs.

IF Precepts of Sheriffs may be put in Execution, by their Officers, after their Death?

Ships.

IF, a Ship being abroad, Traditio Instrumentorum (to a Buyer, viz.) of the vendition, be sufficient?

If a Ship be poindable, & quomodo?

Solarium.

SOlarium est vectigal, quod a superficiario penditur pro Jure superficiei in so∣lo. Jus Fluviat. p. 70. n. 15.

Sponsalia.

IF, after a solemn Contract of Marriage, one of the Parties Marry other∣ways; will that Marriage be lawful, even though after Banns upon the said Contract of Marriage? Answer. Contracts of Marriage and Sponsalia inducunt Jus ad rem, as in other personal Contracts, and Dispo∣sitions anent Lands; but not in re sine Traditione; which in Marriage, is only when sequitur Benedictio in facie Ecclesiae, or Concubitus.

If Sponsalia be consummate and purified per Copulam, and a pursuit being intented for Solemnizing the Marriage, and Declaring the Issue lawful, the Defender die in the interim; may the pursuit be transferred in favours of the Wife and Children, ad hunc effectum at least, that she may have Jus Relictae, and they be Heirs and Executors to their Father? Eadem est quaestio, as to promise and copula.

Rejecta distinctione Canonistarum in Sponsalia de praesenti & de fu∣turo, prout illi ista accipiunt: quaelibet Sponsalia, quibuscunque verbis contracta, nihil aliud sunt quam Conventiones de Matrimonio in futurum contrahendo. Christenius de Jure Matrimonii. Dissert. 1. §. 3.

A modo tamen contrahendi, usu hodierno dividi possunt Sponsalia, in pura sine adjectione alicujus conditionis, & Conditionalia quae honesta conditione apposita contrahuntur, ut ducam si Pater consenserit; illa de praesenti; ista de futuro haud male appellantur. Ibidem.

Qui Sponsalia contrahunt, nuptias celebrare compelluntur, legitimis coercitionibus: & Contractus Sponsalitius, trinundino promulgatur in Ecclesia, aut pro Curia. Ibidem sent. 6.

Concubitu purificantur Sponsalia sub conditione, & statim fit conjugi∣um; quia censentur sponsi a conditione recedere: nec obest protestatio se non recedere, utpote contraria facto. Christen. de Sponsal. quaest. 9.

Statuta.

STatuta, Ratione Bonorum sui Territorii, obligant etiam non subje∣ctos; ipsas enim res afficiunt, sive a Cive possideantur sive ab Ad∣vena. Thes. Bes. lit. S. 110. ante finem. addit. p. 902.

Steelbow and Heirship.

WHether a Roum being set in Tack for certain Years with Steelbow-Goods, as Oxen &c. will the Steelbow Goods belong to the Heir who has Right to the Tack? Or to the Executor? Ratio Dubitandi, Both the Lands and the Goods are set in the Tack as Fundus Instructus, and the Duty is payable in contemplation of both: so whoever has Right to the Tack, has Right to both, the Tack being Jus individuum. 2.

The Goods are like nativi & ascriptitii & addicti glebae. 3. What is to ly fixed for diverse years cannot be reckoned inter mobilia. 4. It were hard to think, that a Relict and Bairns should have their Legitim out of Goods that are not in the possession of the Defunct, nor would be for di∣verse years. And it would seem, That eadem est Ratio as to the setter of the Tack, and his Heirs and Executors.

Pecora dantur in socidam, cum animalium casus in Pastorem transfertur; qua conventione pecora ferrea effici & appellari solent; quod fit in multis pro∣vinciis Germaniae; ubi cum fundo certus numerus ovium & vaccarum in feu∣dum dari solet; ita ut Vasallus feudo sinito eundem numerum supplere & restitue∣re teneatur. Besold. Thes. in verbo Eisern Biehe. lit. E. p. 224.

Strangers, See Process against Strangers, lit. P.

ALL Nations are Municipia, and the World a great Civitas: They have that Relation and necessitude, that 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 sunt, and owe Justice to all persons of whatsoever Nation, according to the Law of the place, where they Contract, with respect to that place; sibi enim legem dixerunt: If Justice be refused, datur remedium pig norationis seu Repressaliarum.

Goods or Debts belonging to Strangers.

IF Mobilia or Nomina belonging to Strangers (v. g. in England) should be confirmed here? Or if it be sufficient they should be confirmed in England? Ratio Dubitandi, sequuntur personam: On the other part, they are a Scotish Subject or Interest.

Subjects living Abroad.

A Native Living Abroad and being Popish, and going to the Mass where he liveth, Quaeritur, Whether he Forfaulteth his Estate in Scotland?

Item, If he Intercommune there with persons Forefaulted in Scotland; whether he be Lyable, as having contraveened the Law of Scotland; so that if he have any Estate in Scotland it may be affected?

If a Prince may command a Subject living Abroad under his Enemy to retire and come home? And if he disobey, may he be proceeded against, and be divested of any Fortune and Liberty competent to him as a Native?

Quoties Rex, Princeps, vel alius, in alterius Regis vel Principis Ter∣ritorio bona habet & possidet, ratione quorum, Juramentum fidelitatis praestare solitus est; per hoc non efficitur, ratione suae personae, seu per∣sonali obligatione, subditus aut subjectus; nec quoad personam sortitur forum nisi secundum quid; ita ut pro tali possessione bonorum conveniri possit, coram Judice loci, in cujus Territorio bona sunt. Thes. Bes. in litera H. 70. Huldigung. p. 402.

Substitutes.

A Bond for a Sum of Money being granted to Sempronius; and Fail∣ʒieing of him by decease to Titius, and Titius his Heirs and Assig∣neys, Quaeritur, who is Fiar? Answer. The first person: Titius being only substitute, Failʒieing of him by decease; and Successor in spe.

Quaeritur, If Sempronius may dispose of the said Sum by Testament as he may inter vivos? Ratio Dubitandi. That Titius is substitute by a deed inter vivos. Answer. It is thought, he may: Seing such Deeds are upon the matter Donationes mortis causa; in which voluntas est ambulatoria.

Quaeritur, If the said Substitute will be lyable as Heir of Tailʒie? It is thought, he should be lyable; Seing if there were an Infeftment in the terms foresaid, the Substitute could not succeed but as Heir of Provision.

If a Bond bearing the Substitution foresaid be registrate, Quaeritur If the Substitute (being named as said is) may charge thereupon? Answer. It is thought, not; because the Bond being registrate, is a Decreet as to the first Person: but the Substitute having only right, instar haeredis by Suc∣cession; he cannot charge no more than an Heir of Provision.

Substitutio.

SƲbstitutio est Designatio secundi, vel ulterioris haeredis.

Substitutio vulgaris est ea quae fit in casu vulgari, haereditatis non adi∣tae nec acquisitae. Perez. Institut. lib. 2. tit. 15.

Substitutio Pupillaris est, qua Parentes Liberis suis in potestate sua & im∣puberibus substituunt, in casu mortis ante Pupillarem aetatem, & acquisitae hae∣reditatis.

Constitutione Divi Marci & Veri, substituens in alterutrum casum dunta∣xat vel Vulgaris vel Pupillaris substitutionis, in utrumque substituisse intel∣ligitur; alterum sciʐ. expresse, alterum tacite. Perez. Ibidem.

Quaeritur, De substitutionibus in Taliis nostris, istis verbis, viz. Cum Terrae disponuntur Titio & haeredibus suis de corpore suo prognatis; qui∣bus deficientibus haeredibus masculis &c. utrum sunt pupillares an vulgares? Responsio. Eas utramque Substitutionem continere: Deficientibus enim Hae∣redibus institutis in primo gradu, quolibet casu, sive non adierint, sive haeredi∣tatem adierint & defecerint, ad substitutos haereditas pertinet.

Substitution in Bonds.

A Bond being granted to the Creditor, and failʒiening of him by decease to another person, Quaeritur, If the Person substitute will be lyable to the Creditors Debt, at the least pro tanto; Seing the Sum was in bonis, and his Debt ought to be satisfied out of his Estate?

If such Bonds may be altered by the Creditor, not by uplifting which he may do being Fiar, but also by changing the Bonds, and taking the same to himself and any other person, or to his Heir? Seing the Bonds seem to be a perfect Donation in favours of the Substitute: and on the o∣ther part they may be thought mortis causa.

If the Creditor may dispose of such Sums by Testament?

A Bond being granted by diverse Persons to my Lord Dundonald, and failʒiening of him by Decease to his Son the Lord Cochran his Heirs and Executors: and after the decease of Sir John Nicolson one of the Debitors, he having taken a Bond of Corroboration from his Brother Sir William to himself; and failʒiening of him by decease to his Grand-child then Lord Co∣chran (his Father being deceased:) Quaeritur, Seing the first Bond stands as to the rest of the Debitors; Whether the Lord Cochran his Fathers Ex∣ecutors, will have Right to the same? And what course shall be taken to get the Right of the former Bond settled in Cochran's Person?

Quaeritur, If the former Bond being null; and in the Bond of Corro∣boration there be an Obligement to Infeft; if the nature of the Sum as to the former Quality of Moveable, be altered?

A Bond being granted to Robert Selkirk Merchant in Edinburgh, and Katherine Inglis his Spouse, the longest liver of them two in Conjunctfie; and failʒiening of them both by decease to Robert Selkirk their lawful Son, and to the Bairns lawfully to be procreat of his Body; which failʒiening, to the other Heirs lawfully procreate, or to be procreate betwixt the said Robert and his said Spouse: Which all failʒiening to the said Katherine In∣glis her own nearest and lawful Heirs, Executors or Assigneys: with this Provision, That it shall be leisum and lawful to the said Robert Selkirk Elder at any time dureing his lifetime, vel in articulo mortis, by himself alone, to uplift, discharge, or otherways assign and dispone the Sums in the said Bond, in haill or in part, to any Person or Persons, he shall think expedient, and to make and grant all Writes, Rights, and Securities re∣quisite thereanent, in due and competent Form, without the Consents and Subscriptions of the said Katherine Inglis his Spouse and Robert Selkirk his Son or his foresaids, had or obtained thereto in any sort.

The abovementioned Robert Selkirk the Husband, and Robert Selkirk his Son being both deceased, without Heirs either of the Body of the said Robert Selkirk Younger, or of the Marriage betwixt the said Robert El∣der, and the said Katherine Inglis; so that the said Katharine has Right to the said Bond: Quaeritur, Whether the same will pertain to her in her own Right as Fiar, or as substitute in the last place, and representing the Fiar? And who is Fiar by the said Bond, Whether the said Robert Elder his Son, or the said Katharine, who pretends to be Fiar, because the Right of Succession terminats upon her and her Heirs?

It is Answered, That albeit when a Bond is conceived simply to two Persons in Conjunctifie, and the Heirs of one of them; the Person to whose Heirs the Sum is provided is understood to be Fiar; yet when there are diverse degrees of substitution of the Heirs of diverse Persons; the Person whose Heirs are first substitute is Fiar; and both his own Heirs substitute in the first place, and the other Heirs of any other Person substitute after them, will be Heirs of Provision to him: As when a Bond is taken to a Husband and his Wife, the longest liver of them in Conjunctfie, and to the Husbands Heirs; whilk failʒiening, to the Wife her self and her Heirs; tho the Right of Succession as to the said Bond does terminate upon the Wife and her Heirs, yet the Husband will be Fiar, both as dignior; and because the Right of the Sum will pertain to his Heirs in the first place: and to the Wife and her Heirs only upon their failʒieur, and as Heirs of Provision to

them: And Therefore, In the present case, the Money being lent by the Husband, and being provided after his decease to his Son Robert, and the Heirs of his Body, whilk failʒiening, the Heirs of the Marriage betwixt the Husband and the Wife; and to the Wifes Heirs, only in the last place: It is thought, That her Husband is Fiar, and that the Wife and her Heirs will only have Right as Heirs of Provision unto him: And if Robert should have had Children, or if there had been other Children to the said Robert Elder by the said Katharine, it were absurd that they should have had the Right of the said Sum, which was lent by the Husband, not as Heirs to him, being their Grand-father or Father, but as Heirs to the said Katha∣rine, being their Mother or Grand-mother; or that the said Katherine sur∣viving her Husband should have power as Fiar of disposeing the said Sum; or to have given it to a second Husband, in prejudice of the said Robert her Son, or the Heirs of his Body, and the Heirs, if there had been any thereafter, procreate of her Husband and her, tho descended of both.

If it be found by the Lords, that either the said Robert Selkirk Elder, or his Son Robert was Fiar; the said Katharine must be served Heir of Pro∣vision to the Fiar.

Substitution in Legacies.

A Legacy being left to a Person, and failʒiening of him by decease to another. Quaeritur, What the Import of that Substitution is? An∣swered, It is thought, That it is Substitutio Vulgaris; and that the Effect of it is, That if the Legatar die before the Testator, so that the Right do not take effect in his Person, it should belong to the Substitute: But that is not fideicommissaria; So that the Legatar dieing after the Testator, it would belong to his Executors, and not to the Substitutes.

Successio in Maternis.

A Grand Father upon the Mothers side, having the time of his decease two Daughters, and Children of a third Daughter, Quaeritur, If the two Daughters will only succeed, and exclude the Children of the third? Ratio Dubitandi, That Representation is in order to the standing of Fami∣lies, and in the case of Primo-geniture; whereas in Successione materna the Interest of Families is not considered; seing the Grand Children by their Mother has not somuch as caput in Familia: And for the same reason, mo∣bilia, because they are not the Foundation of Families, admitt no Repre∣sentation. Answer. It is thought, by our custom, The Children of the deceist Daughter will succeed with their Materterae: Et non potest reddi ratio omni∣um quae a majoribus constituta sunt.

If the Children of the deceast Daughter do succeed, Quaeritur, If the deceased Daughter has left Sons and Daughters, whether the eldest Son of the said Children will succeed to their Grand Father? Or if all the Chil∣dren will be Heirs Portioners as to their Mothers part? Seeing for the same reason, that their Mother and Aunts are Heirs portioners viz. That they are finis Familiae; a fortiori they who are not in Familia at all ought to be Heirs portioners. Answer. It is thought, that the eldest Son of the deceast

Daughter will succeed as Heir portioner with his Aunts; and the Law doth favour not only Families as to preservation after they are constitute, but likewise as to their Constitution: And the eldest Son, albeit he be not in Familia materna, may constitute and be a head of a Family of his oun.

Successio in Stirpes.

SI duo Conjuges ita testentur, post utriusque obitum utriusque haere∣des ex aequo successuros & haeredes fore; tunc non in capita sed stir∣pes succedunt, & in duas aequales portiones haereditas dividenda est; quia quilibet suos haeredes aeque dilexisse creditur; & illis ex aequo prospicere. Thes. Bes. verbo. Gleich. 62. P. 323. & 324. sect. ult.

De Successione in Feudo amisso, & quo Jure censenda, utrum Haereditatis an Conquestus.

QƲaeritur De Feudo amisso & reverso, quo Jure censendum sit, u∣trum Haereditatis an Conquestus; & de omnibus commissi speciebus competit, sive ob Alienationem, sive Disclamationem, sive Pur∣presturam vel Baratriam, aut qualemcunque Feloniam, aliudve deli∣ctum, feudum apertum dicatur; Sed quia Recognitio frequentissimus apud nos feudi ex commisso vindicandi modus increbuit, de ea & praxi nostra maxime solenni, & textui accommodatiori, quaestionem agitabimus: Decisionem ad reliqua commissa indistincte porrigendam praefati. Quae∣ritur igitur, cum Superior feudum per Recognitionem sibi asseruit, u∣trum feudum Recognitum post obitum ipsius, ut conquestus ascendat?

An vero ut haereditas cum feudo dominanti descendat; posito feudum do∣minans haereditarium esse?

Quaestio haec in se difficilis, & gravissimas consequentias secum trahens, haud aequali tamen difficultate in omnibus Recognitionis speciebus labo∣rat: Quod ut patefiat, sciendum duas apud nos invaluisse Recognitio∣nis species, ex causarum diversitate diversas; unam ob defectum Vasal∣li, alteram ob delictum: Ex posteriori causa, feudum ob delictum & admissum Vasalli dicitur proprie committi: Ex priori, Vasalli prosa∣pia, quam in prima feudi concessione dominus ad feudi successionem as∣civerat, extincta, feudum dicitur finiri; & cum stemmate in quo rese∣derat exspirare: si enim ab initio, contessum est alicui & haeredibus mas∣culis ex ipsius corpore progenitis, vel descendentibus masculis; Vasallo mortuo, nec ullo ex descendentibus masculis superstite, dominus feu∣dum ab haeredibus talliae, vel per foeminas descendentibus, revocat; & hanc feudi revocatïonem Balfurius Recognitionem vocat, & ejus praxin prodidit in Tract. de Recognitionibus, datam 18. Decemb. 1506. Regio Advo∣cato agente contra Joannem & Margaritam Auchtrans haeredes, alterum tal∣liae, alteram lineae: Et hoc Genus Recognitionis etiam in feudis Francis locum habet: feudo hac ex causa revocato, etsi dubitari potest, utrum in persona domini ád quem revertitur, Haereditatis an Conquestus natu∣ram induat; certum est eodem jure quo feudum dominans censeri, ean∣dem naturam & qualitatem sortiri respectu successionis; & omni alio re∣spectu,

qui ex distractione & divisione propriorum seu haereditatis & con∣questuum, secundum nostram consuetudinem posset emergere. Quin etiam, hoc casu non solum Dominium directum dominium utile attrahit, sed possessio civilis possessionem naturalem advocat; adeo ut Dominus dire∣ctus possessionem naturalem nactus, non dicatur novam adeptus, sed vete∣rem continuare possessionem, astipulantibus omnium doctorum suffra∣giis, in L. clam possidere. ff. de acquirenda vel amittenda possessione: Et haec feudi extincti redintegratio adeo Aequitate & Ratione subnititur, ut fi∣at in eodem qualitatum statu quibus feudum dominans afficitur, tam quoad usumfructum, ff. de usufructu: quam hypothecam L. si fundus in principio ff. de pignor. Et servitutes ex fundo dominante debitas: idque optimo Jure, quia accessio per modum unionis coiens, eandem pror∣sus rem constituit, & res cui unitur omnes suas Qualitates ei impertitur. L. 26. sf. de pacto dotal. Atque haec decisio, firmissimo & irrefragabili Argumento nititur; quod dominio utili, quod per infeodationem a di∣recto discesserat, extincto, & per modum merae privationis annihilato, nihil domino cedit, aut acquiritur; sed proprietas, quae abscedente u∣sufructu & dominio utili eatenus fuerat inutilis, eo perempto pura & de∣faecata emergit: ideoque dominium utile non redit; sed in persona pro∣prietarii quasi recidivum reviviscit, & dominus nil nanciscitur, sed quod ante habebat, sed gravatum jure reali in alium devoluto, eo jure evanes∣cente illibatum, & quasi purificatum incipit obtinere; sicut cum fini∣tur Emphyteusis vel ususfructus, vel cum res revertitur ad mulierem soluto matrimonio L. in rebus. C. de Jure dot. Cum igitur nulla hic sit. Accessio nec Transmissio, sed mera privatio & extinctio, nulla potest esse acquisitio. Argumenta, quae hanc sententiam enervare videntur, quia in alteram Recognitionis speciem opportunius & fortius stringi possunt, solvere supersedeo, donec eam absolvero.

Secunda Species, quae, proprie & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Recognitionis no∣mine usu nostro indigitatur, procedit, cum Vasallus feudum militare, vel saltem ejus partem medietate majorem, quomodocunque, vel sim∣pliciter vel sub pacto de retrovendendo seu reversione vendit, domino inscio & inconsulto; vel saltem ita gravat annuis reditibus, aliisve oneri∣bus, ut major pars fructuum quotannis erogetur, & exhauriatur; quo ca∣su feudum amittitur & ad dominum revertitur, ait Textus, & mores no∣stri suffragantur: sed quo jure, utrum haereditatis an conquestus am∣bigitur, & adhuc sub judice lis est: Certe majori difficultate, & fortio∣ribus argumentis hic, quam in superiori specie conflictandum est; ibi enim feudo naturaliter finito & extincto sine facto Vasalli, nec ulla extrin∣seca causa interveniente, nulla erit transmissio juris extincti & elapsi, sed virtute directi dominii utilis attractivi, naturalis consolidatio. Sed in hac specie feudum in se perpetuum de se non finitur, sed per accidens, ideo∣que nova videtur acquisitio in paenam ingratitudinis, & sic veluti ex causa lucrativa juxta L. apud Celsum. §. auctor. ff. de dol. mal. & met. except. Secundo, Feudum recognitum haereditas videri non potest, cum non tam per virtualem praedecessorum successionem transmittatur, quam per emergentem delicti Vafalli occasionem, jure obventionis lucrativae quae omitti potest, patrono accedere videatur. Adhaec, cum subfeuda in eodem supposito cum feudo dominanti consluentia, non necessario cum eo coalescant; nec in consequentiam Consolidationis & unsonis, eadem

jura qualitatesque participant; quicquid enim nonnulli sentiant, ex qui∣busdam legibus male intellectis, confusionem & consolidationem astru∣entes, L. Ʋranius ff. de fidejuss. L. Papinianus ff. de servitut. urban. praed. clarioribus legibus refelluntur; quibus cuilibet rerum suarum moderatio & arbitrium permittitur, L. in re mandat. C. mandat. L. nemo exteris C. de Judaeis: & receptae & triviali praxi frustra oppedunt; Constat enim subseuda a domino superiori empta, in eodem supposito coire non tamen uniri; sed in casu divisionis ab antiqua haereditate dirempta ad haeredes conquestus transire; idque apud nos observatur, & in Gallia ubi Jus Consuetudinarium dominatur expresse sancitum est. Tertium & ulti∣mum Argumentum, quod maxime officere videtur ne feuda recognita haereditas judicentur, ducitur ab incommodo; si enim feuda recognita, feudo dominanti virtute consolidationis ut haereditas accedunt, sequi∣tur feudi dominantis annexatione & incorporatione domanio & coronae D. Regis facta, & subfeudo aperto & commisso, subfeudo, inquam, quod ante incorporationem elocatum fuerat, (post enim, non licet, ne secu∣ta dissolutione, proprietatem semel annexam alio modo quam in Em∣phyteusin dare, Constit. 234. Jacob. sext.) feudum illud domanio ac∣crescere & inalienabile esse, sicut reliquum domanium & patrimonium fiscale & publicum, non tam principis quam Majestatis & coronae; nec nisi praevia dissolutione posse a Rege disponi, quod absurdum: nec e∣nim serenissimis nostris Regibus denegari debet libertas, quam feudi∣starum Coryphaei Andreas Isernia & Mathaeus de asslictis, omnibus prin∣cipibus attribuunt in L. Imperial. § praeterea ducatus tit. 55. de prohib. feud. alien. Et Galli domanii & Appannagiorum ex Lege fundamentali inalienabilium acerrimi assertores, regibus suis non invident: his non obstantibus, in alteram partem non solum propendeo, sed pedibus eun∣dum censeo; eamque moribus nostris, juri feudali & civili magis con∣sentaneam, nec tot tantisque incommodis laborantem, argumentis a∣struere, & contraria diluere, conabor.

Primo igitur, feuda recognita moribus nostris inter Propria seu Haere∣ditaria numeranda ex eo patet, quod Jure haereditario & antiquo a prae∣decessoribus transmisso vindicata; quodque non per modum transmis∣sionis sed extinctionis & negationis ad Dominum devoluta sint: quam∣vis enim, ut in priori specie, feudum non expirarit, & per se extinctum sit; quia tamen accedente Vasalli culpa, feudum vel ipso Jure vel prae∣via sententia corruit; ideo merito dicitur extingui & irritari, ut Emphy∣teusis in se perpetua, ob desidiem & Cessationem Emphyteutae biennalem annihilatur & extinguitur Jure cannonico & Civili; & Jure nostro scrip∣to, constitutione 246. Jacobi Sexti; Ubi amissio & irritatio Emphyteu∣se••s vel feudi ex Jure aequipollere dicuntur; irritatio autem & transmissio ex diametro adversantur, illa enim penitus annihilat & extinguit; haec Jus ab uno avocat & in alium transfert; cum igitur nil supersit, quod transmitti vel acquiri posset, necesse est Jus Dominicum se exserat; & nullo obice objecto, Dominio utili, quod habebat vasallus, extincto, Do∣minium utile vi quadam alliciat; vel virtualiter proprietati & Dominio directo insitum & quasi sopitum resuscitet: & sic nulla somniari potest acquisitio nec Dominii directi quod Dominus ante habebat; nec utilis quod interit: & Dominium utile quod Dominus incipit habere non de novo transmissum accedit, sed antiquum per infeodationem supressum,

ea resoluta, enititur & sese exserit; atque hoc moribus nostris ita fieri, ar¦gumento est, quod cum feudum redit ad Dominum, non cum onere quod in transmissione fit, revertitur, sed immune & liberum sicut ante primam infeodationem: adeo ut non solum alienationes & investiturae quae initio validae, utpote citra medietatem factae constiterant, recognitio∣ne subsecuta corruant, sed etiam Subinfeodationes & Emphyteuses quam∣vis ab initio recte constitutae, ex post facto subvertantur, & recognitioni subjaceant: secus quam in Gallia ubi feuda Domino aperta oneribus a vasallo impositis obnoxia sunt, Teste Molinaeo.

Atque hanc sententiam juri feudali maxime esse consentaneam, fa∣cile liquebit, perpensa natura feudi: Feudum nonnulli definiunt do∣minium utile; sed meliores Jurisconsulti, explosa Dominii distinctione quae non Juris sed Magistrorum est, nullum utile Dominium admittunt; sed feudum usumfructum & Jus utendi fruendi esse volunt Cujac. lib. 1. de Feudis. Duar. lib. 1. annivers. disp. Egumarius Baro, lib. 4. de Bene∣ficiis. Joannes Borcholt. in disp. De Jure Emphyteutico. Et textu feudali ex∣presso nituntur, qui definit Feudum Beneficii usumfructum, lib. 3. tit. 1. de feud. & primo quidem precarium, vel annuum, vel ad summum vita∣lem, lib. 1. tit. 1. postea, usu gliscente perennem, lib. 3. initio. Sequi∣tur igitur ex Jure feudali, feudum, ut omnem usumfructum, semel amissum & peremptum, non posse acquiri vel transmitti; sed cum pro∣prietate consolidari; vel concinnius loquendo, dicendum usumfructum causalem, quem dominus habet ex causa rei & jure Dominii. L Si cum argentum. § penult. de exceptionibus rei judicatae: & quasi Dominii partem L. 4. ff de Ʋsufructu; & qui usufructu formali (ut loquuntur Doctores) impediebatur quo minus se exsereret; eo repagulo per sententiam de∣claratoriam & privativam, secundum Dominum latam, substracto, emi∣care quasi & emergere. Secundo, cum quis rem ob causam aliquam da∣tam causa non secuta, recuperat condictione causa dati ex Jure Civili, connotat rem eo modo receptam cum omni causa & omnibus fructibus redire, quasi nunquam data fuerit. L. qui se debere. § Fandus ff. de con∣ductione causa data causa non secuta: Et consequenter, si quis fundum hae∣reditarium dotis nomine dederit, & nuptiis non secutis postea condixe∣rit; post condictionem, haereditarium esse nemo est qui diffitea∣tur? pari ratione, si feudum hae editarium aliquis in feudum dede∣rit, & fidelitate quam stipulatus fuerat in perpetuum, vel nunquam se∣cuta vel temerata; postea recuperarit condictione causa dati quae adver∣sus vasallum infidelem Jure feudali intentatur, tit. 20. lib. 1. defeudis non dicitur de novo acquisiisse sed cum pristino Jure & causa recuperasse, quod si in persona primi concedentis feudum apertum non cen∣setur conquestus, nulla est ratio diversitatis in persona haeredis, aut ali∣cujus descendentis.

Tertio loco, Decisionem hanc a Jure Civili & ratione non alienam esse, abunde demonstrant trita illa Axiomata & Brocordica, Neminem sibi ser∣vire aut in se agere posse, L. siquis aedes. ff. de servit. praed. urban: Omnem obligationem per confusionem extingui & exinaniri, L. Ʋranius. ff. de fidejussor. & Maximae Philosophicae, ex relatis uno sublato tolli alterum; & idem agens & patiens in rerum natura concipi non posse: & conse∣quenter eundem Dominum & vasallum esse absurdum videri; & proin∣de feuda necessario consolidari: praeterea, quamvis omnium doctorum calculo, Jus feudale Jure civili posterius, eoque plerisque in locis exo∣lescente

quasi posthumum sit, certum tamen est in Jure civili nonnullas quasi umbras & feudorum simulachra reperiri; a quibus ad feuda non inepte ducitur consequentia; & ut omittam praedia stipendiaria nec mancipi, de quibus mentio fit in § per traditionem Ʋ. instit. de rerum divisione; & militias, in L. omni modo. C. de inofficioso Testamento; clientelas, de quibus passim toto Jure: & Jus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 seu Libellari∣um, cujus meminit, Just. novella septima. Jus Emphyteuticum omnium judicio Juri feudali maxime affine est, & hoc ad ejus exemplum, & ideam conditum videtur, Dominio utili seu usufructu in perpetuum e∣locato, & conditione servitii & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 seu praestationum pro melio∣ratione & canone Emphyteutico subjecta; & in casu inofficiosae aliena∣tionis vel contumacis cessationis feudi privatione irrogata: Unde fre∣quentissima ultro citroque argumentatio fit, & quod in uno statuitur, ad alterum a doctoribus producitur, nisi expresse contrarium statuatur: Con∣cludendum igitur, feuda aperta extingui & consolidari, sicut Emphyteuses de quibus nunquam dubitatum est a Juris interpretibus; praefertim cum verba Juris omnia negativa & privativa sint, nullamque transmissionem aut ex parte Domini acquisitionem importent, L. 2. C. de Jure Emphyt.

Atque his argumentis, feuda commissa feudi Principalis Jure censeri e∣vincitur iis, incommoda quae contrariam sententiam gravant, quasi in sub∣sidiis subtexere non erit alienum: inter multa alia haec eminent, 1. quod posita subfeuda recognita conquestus esse, sequitur pendente fundi Do∣minantis usufructu, aperta usufructuario acquiri; ut omnes rei fructilis obventiones; idque non solum quoad usumfructum sed etiam quoad pro∣prietatem, per L. usufructu legat. § 1. ff. de usufructu. 2. indidem se∣quitur, feudo dominante sub pacto de retrovendendo seu reversione alienato, & postea ex lege pacti redempto, subfeuda medio tempore re∣cognita fiant, reliqua commoda & fructus emptori non eripi; sed utcun∣que ampla & opima latifundia cum pretio refuso penes eum remanere. denique venditorem fundi dominantis, quamvis ipsum cum omnibus viribus & pertinentiis alienet, subfeudum ante alienationem commissum, Domino seu Emptore invito, posse recognoscere; nec Jus commissi, ut Re∣vium, & alia ante venditionem cessa & venditori adquisita, ad Empto∣rem pertinere: Quae consequentiae quam cum ratione & praxi nostra congruant, judicandum relinquo.

Hactenus sententiam, quae tam in Jure quam praxi nostra potior videtur, utcunque probavimus; supersunt argumenta, quae supra in contrarium proposuimus, quorum solutionem, licet ex praedictis facile eliciatur, pau∣cis persequemur. primum & secundum facile concidunt, sicut enim non refert, quomodo aut qua occasione usufructus finiatur, sive per se, morte usufructuarii naturali vel civili; maxima & media capitis diminutioni∣bus, an per accidens, cessione & proprietatis consolidatione Inst. de usu∣fructu: Sed quomodocunque finitus ad proprietatem revertitur: ita feudum, Jure Vasalli quomodocunque extincto, sive naturaliter ut in priori recognitionis specie; sive ex commisso; ad Dominum redit, & primaevam suam naturam recuperat; nec obstat posterior pars secundi argumenti, quae consolidationem fundorum dominantis & subalterni in casu concursus in eodem supposito non necessariam esse concludit; quia vera est tantum in casu transmissionis quae fit jure extraneo & heteroge∣neo, ex titulo emptionis, legati, vel successionis si Dominus haeres sit vasalli, quo casu feudum transmittitur cum onere a vasallo imposito; cum enim

feudum sit jus transmissibile, quin Dominus haeredibus suis qui forte a successione feudi dominantis tallia aut alia provisione arcentur, consulere potest feudo acquisito, & citra consolidationem ad ipsos transmittendo, dubium non est: atque haec in feudo & Emphyteusi qui sunt usufructus perpetui recepta sunt, contra Juris Dispositionem de temporali usufructu qui nec cedi nec transmitti potest, L. si usuructus. ff. de Jure dotium, & Inst. de usufructu: quae tamen illaesa & illabefacta manet in casu extin∣ctionis & commissionis, qui necessario consolidattonem & in pristinum statum sine onere redintegrationem implicat. Ad postremum respon∣detur, cum Subfeudorum consolidatio luculenter demonstrata sit; & sub∣feuda Domanio seu proprietati annexa consolidata, ipsius naturam & qua∣litates & inalienabilitatem assumere; & doctorum, qui contrarium te∣nent, authoritatem, quia ratione non fulcitur, authenticam non esse: Et haec est Juris civilis dispositio, juxta L. inter socerum, ff. de pacto do∣tali: sed praxis, quae plerumque a Jure recedit, & hic & in Gallia, adversa∣tur; & Rex subfeuda etiam domanio annexo subalternata, alienare po∣test, nec requiritur dissolutio: Ratio praxeos hujus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 haec obtendi∣tur, quod cum annexatio sit stricti Juris & odiosa, utpote quae absolutam, & ut leges ipsae loquuntur, legibus solutam Principalis potestatis plenitu∣tudinem coarctat, nullam extensionem patitur; ideoque ea tantum, quae expresse annexa sunt, Domanii annexi Jure censentur; non antem ob∣ventiones & quantumvis haereditariae accessiones. In Gallia certe luculen∣ta Caroli novi constitutio definit, nil Domanio annexo comprehendi, nisi quod expresse & diserte consecratum & coronae incorporatum est, vel saltem per decem annos ab iis quia rationibus Regiis sunt Domanio annexo accensitum est; dispar tamen ratio est in Gallia & apud nos; ibi enim feuda a genuina feudorum puritate disciverunt, & tantum non Alaudiorum & Patrimonalium Jure censentur, & proinde ad Dominum cum onere commissa revertuntur: apud nos vero tantum abest ut stricta illa feudalitatis tyrannis, quae rei suae dispositionem annihilet, emolliatur, ut contra intendatur; adeo ut vasallus, Domino inconsulto ne finium re∣gundorum experiri posset, nedum de feudo transigere, quod tamen Jure feudali licet, tit. 23. lib. 4. de feudis. Et feudum rescissum proditur, ob deteriorationem & sylvarum stragem; cujus praxin refert doctiss. Cragius inter Davidem Boner de Rossye & Joannem Chrichton de Ennernythie. Concludo feuda subalterna ab antiqui seu haereditarii feudi Domino re∣cognita, haereditati non conquestibus accenseri, & feudo Dominanti consolidari.

Succesor Titulo lucrativo.

IF the Heir of a Successor titulo lucrativo, be lyable as himself, to the whole Debt contracted before, though exceeding the value of the Estate dis∣poned? Ratio Dubitandi, The Title of Successor is a penal and passive title, and paena non transit in Haeredem. 2do. The Heir of an Intrometter was found only lyable in quantum the intrometter was Locupletior, in the case of in Lauder: And on the other part, a Successor Titulo praedicto, is haeres per praeceptionem, & haeres quasi contrahit: So that he is not lyable ex Delicto, but ex quasi Contractu. 2do. The Intrometter is lyable ex culpa; For a Stranger may be Intrometter, & culpa est immiscere se rei ad se non pertinenti.

If a Defunct should Resign Lands formerly tailʒied, and infeft his only Daughter in Fee: Will she be lyable as Successor titulo Lucrativo? Vide Intrometter, Quaestiones. 1 & 2. in Litera I.

If he should infeft in Fee his Appearand Heir of Tailʒie, having a Daughter who succeedeth to him in his other Estate: Will the Heir male be lyable as Successor titulo Lucrativo?

Quaeritur. If an Heir male being to succeed by a Right of Tailʒie, getting a Right of a part of the said Lands; will be Successor titulo Lucrativo? Ra∣tio Dubitandi, The Heir male is not proprie haeres, being only a collateral; and there being an Heir of Line.

If an appeirand Heir get a Right only of a Liferent of Lands, where∣unto he was to succeed: will he be Lyable as Successor titulo Lucrativo?

A person being Lyable to Creditors, and then having put his Appear∣and Heir in Fee of his Estate; and thereafter being forefaulted: Quaeritur. If after his decease his Appearand Heir will be lyable titulo Lucrativo? Ratio Dubitandi, A Person forefaulted is nullus, and cannot be represented.

A Tutor or Factor having accepted the office and Administration; and thereafter having put his Son in the Fee of his Estate, before he can be charged with any Malversation; Quaeritur, If his Son will be lyable ti∣tulo Lucrativo, for any malversation after his Fee? Answer, It is thought he will be lyable; seeing the accepting the office and obligement ex quasi Contractu, is before the Fee.

A Father having given his Daughter an Estate in Land (or otherwise) in Tocher to her Husband, and reserving his oun Liferent, would she be thought to be Successor Titulo Lucrativo, if she be his Appearand Heir? Ratio Dubitandi, It is given to the Husband and not titulo Lucrativo; In respect the Husband has Right by a Contract, and in contemplation of Onera Matrimonii and the Ioynture he gives his Wife.

If at least the Tocher in so far as it is immodica, may be questioned and retrenched in favours of Creditors?

A Merchant in Edinburgh having married a third wife, and by Con∣tract of Marriage being obliged to employ Twenty two thousand merks upon a Right of Lands, or Annualrent, to himself and his Spouse in Life∣rent and conjunct Fee, and to the Heirs of the Marrage; which Failʒieing to his Heirs and assigneys: And thereafter having Disponed certain Lands for implement of the said Contract, to the eldest Son he had then of the said Marriage, which Failʒieing to his oun Heirs and Assigneys. Quaeritur, If the eldest Son and his forsaids will be lyable to all precedent Debts as Successor titulo lucrativo? Ratio Dubitandi. That he was only a Son of a third Marriage, and his Father had Sones of a former Marriage. Answer. It is thought, he will, notwithstanding, represent his Father; In respect the said Right is for implement of the said Contract, as said is; and if the said Sum had been employed, conforme to the Contract, he would have represented his Father: And by the said Right he represents him per praeceptionem: And that he would be lyable suo ordine as Heir of the Marriage, the Heir of Line being discust.

Quaeritur, In the case foresaid, if the said Son of the third Marriage will be lyable to Debts contracted after his Right by his Father? Seeing his Father is obliged, that he should succeed him in the Right of the sa d Sum: And the Creditors ought not to be in worse case, than if the said Sum had

been employed, and Successores titulo lucrativo are not lyable to posterior Debts, when the Right granted to them is mera Donatio: So that their Father was not obliged that they should succeed: And the Father was a Merchant, and continued his Trade thereafter, and became Bankrupt. vide Heirs. Quest. 3. in Litera H.

If a Gentleman, by his Son's Contract of Marriage dispone his Estate to him, will he be lyable to all the Debts, or only effeirand to the value of the Right?

An Uncle having Disponed to his Nephew his Lands or others, being for the time his appearand Heir; and having Died without Children, Quae∣ritur, whether he be lyable as Successor Titulo Lucrativo? Ratio Dubitandi, he was only presumptive Heir: And the Uncle might have had Children if he had married again: And upon the reason forsaid, if the Lands had holden ward they would have recognized.

An Appearand Heir being Infeft in Liferent in Lands to which he might have succeeded, Quaeritur, whether he will be Successor Titulo lucra∣tivo, specially if the Liferent be settled upon him, and the Fee upon his eldest Son?

Singular Successors.

QƲaeritur, If the Act of Parliament anent Registration of Seasins, as to singular Successors, should only be understood such as have acquir∣ed Right from the common Author; and not Comprysers and such as suc∣ceed upon account of Forefaulture?

Sums heretable and movable.

Lands being Disponed by a Contract; and the Buyer being obliged to pay the Price, Quaeritur, whether the Seller's Heirs or Executors will have Right to the said Price? Ratio Dubitandi, The Price cometh in Place of the Lands, and the Heir will be obliged to denude himself of the Right of the Lands; the Disponer's obligement being only prestable by his Heirs: So that it seems the Heirs should have Right to the Price. On the other part, the quality of heretable or movable depends upon the arbi∣trium and Destination of the Creditor himself; and it appears that the Dis∣poner, having sold his Lands for a Price, he intended in lieu of an heretable Estate, to have only a movable Estate in Money; not to ly in the Buyers hands, but to be employed as the Disponer should think fit, either for Trade∣ing or otherwise; So that the said sum should belong to his Executors.

Quaeritur, If Sums consigned for Redemption of Land, be of that same nature? Ratio Dubitandi, It appears there is a difference upon that con∣sideration, that a Person who has a Redeemable Right does not desire his Money, and the Reversion is in Rem; so that the Sums due thereupon ap∣pear to be heretable untill they be uplifted, & surrogatum sapit naturam surrogati.

Sums movable.

A Sum being due upon a Wadset, with the ordinary clause, that by the premonition, and charge that should follow, the Infeftment should not be loused untill payment. Quaeritur, If after Execution used the Sum becometh movable? Ratio Dubitandi, It is yet due upon Infeftment, and it cannot be conceived that the Executors or Donator should have Right to the Infeftment, being only in favours of the Heirs.

Eldest superior.

WHen Lands are holden Ward of diverse Superiors, The eldest Supe∣rior and antiquior, is preferrable, as to Mariage. Quaeritur, the for∣said quality of antiquior, whether it is to be considered in relation to the Vassal, so that the superior that he did first hold of is to be thought antiquor? Or if it be to be considered in relation to the feudum it self; so that the feu∣dum that was first constitute by a grant from the King to the Vassals au∣thors, should be thought antiquius?

Quid Juris, If a Person be infeft as Heir to his Mother or her Father to be holden Ward; and thereafter be infeft as Heir to his Father, the Lands also holding Ward; whether of the Superiors will have Right to the Mar∣riage?

A Person being infeft in Lands holding Ward; and thereafter being infeft upon a Comprysing in Lands holding of the King, Quaeritur, If the Mar∣riage through his decease will fall to the King, or the other Superior during the legal? Ratio Dubitandi, a Right by comprysing is only for security and Redeemable.

Superior mediat.

THe immediate Superior being found to have amitted his Superiority during Life, because being charged he did not enter, Quaeritur, If the mediat may infeft upon Resignation, being only Superior in that part and in subsidium, that the Vassal should not have prejudice by his imme∣diate Superiors nonentry; but not ad alios effectus, which may prejudge the immediate Superior; and in special that, by obtruding to him a sin∣gular Successor to be his Vassal? That same question may be in the case of Ladies Liferenters, and Conjunctfiars of Superiorities.