The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary being a curious miscellany of sacred and prophane history : containing, in short, the lives and most remarkable actions of the patriarchs, judges, ... heresiarchs, ... emperors, ... and all those who have recommended themselves to the world ... together with the establishment and progress both of religious and military orders ... ; [with] The genealogy of several illustrious families in Europe ; The fabulous history of the heathen gods and heroes ; The description of empires, kingdoms ... / collected from the best historians, chronologers, and lexicographers ... but more especially out of Lewis Morery ... his sixth edition corrected and enlarged by Monsieur Le Clark ... now done into English ; to which are added by way of supplement ... the lives ... and writings of the illustrious families of our English, Scotch and Irish nobility ... clergy ; as also an exact description of these kingdoms ... by several learned men ; wherein are inserted the last five years historical and geographical collections of Edmond Bohun ... never extant till in this work.

• Phaeton, was a Prince of the Ligurians, a great Astrologer, who principally apply'd himself to Study the course of the Sun. In his time Italy was so much incommmoded on the side of the Po with extraordinary heats, that the Earth became dry and barren for many years, from which event Ovid drew that fa∣mous Fable in his second Book of Metamorphosis. Torniel, Sa∣lian, Sponde, and others who adhere to the Calculation of Eu∣sebius, say, this happened An. Mund. 2530. Eusebius in Chron. Ovid l. 2. Metam. Fab. 1.
• Phaetusa, one of the Haeliades and Sister of Phaeton. The Poets say, That while she was lamenting the destiny of her Brother she was changed into a Poplar-tree. Ovid l. 2. Metam. Fab. 2.
• Phainus, an ancient Astronomer, very famous, born at Elis in Greece, was the first that observed the time of the Sol∣stice from the top of Mount Sycabete, near unto Athens, where he took his observations on the course of the Stars. Meton, a∣nother famous Astronomer was his Scholar. Theophrastus lib. de Significat. Tempest.
• Phalantus of Lacedaemon, the Son of Aracus, who being at the Siege of Messina a City of Peloponnesus; and seeing the Lace∣d••emonian Army that had sworn to take Messina, or perish before it, diminish extreamly, and that in the mean time the Lacedae∣monian Women brought forth no more Children, advised, That the Youth that were come into the Camp after this Oath, should return to Sparta, and have leave to lie with the Wives of those who remain'd in the Camp. This Council was fol∣lowed, and the Children that were born were called Partheni∣ans, who afterwards, in the nineteenth Olympiad, came under the conduct of the same Phalantus into Italy, and made them∣selves Masters of Tarentum. Pausanias in Messin. Justin l. 13. Eus. in Chron.
• * Phalanx, an Athenian who learn'd the art of War of Pallas at the same time, when she taught his Sister Arachne to sow and weave. Phalanx having committed Incest with his Sister, Pallas was so enrag'd, that she turned both into Vipers; and for further punishment, ordered that the young ones should eat their way through their dams Bowels.
• Phalaris, a Tyrant of Agrigentum, or Gergenti, in Sicily, made himself Master of that City in the second year of the 52d. Olympiad, or the 30th. according to others, and main∣tained it for sixteen years. He was very cruel. We have still remaining some Letters of Abaris to this Tyrant, and his An∣swers. Lilio Giraldi thinks these Pieces were invented by Luci∣an. Amongst the several Instruments of Torment that he cau∣sed to be contrived, there was a Bull of Brass, in which People being cast, and a Fire plac'd under, they bellowed like Oxen. The Artist demanding a great Reward for his Invention was put in it himself to try the first Experiment. The People at length, unable to bear any longer with Phalaris his Cruelties, sei∣zed him, and put him into his beloved Bull, where he was burnt alive. Lucian. Dial. 3. de Poet. Euseb. in Chron. Justin. &c. Vid. Perillus.
• Phaltzbourg, or Phealtzbourg, a City of Lorrain, formerly very considerable, with the Title of a Principality, situated at the Foot of the Mountains, upon the Frontiers of Alsatia, 7 or 8 Leagues from Strasbourg.
• Pharaoh, a Name common to all the Kings of Egypt since Amasis, whom others call Amosis, or Themosis, and signifies a King in the ancient Language of the Egyptians, according to Josephus. Some say this word imports as much as a Crocodile, which was one of the Gods of those People. In the Coptick Language Phi-ouro still signifies King. And this Name might have been corrupted from Pharaoh. There are ten Pharaohs men∣tioned in Scripture. The first was in the time of Abraham, Gen. 12. The second in the time of Joseph, who interpreted the Dreams of Pharaoh, Gen. 41. The third, who ill requited the Services of Joseph, and evil entreated the Israelites, Exod. 1. The fourth to whom Moses and Aaron were sent, and who was drow∣ned in the Red-sea, Exod. 14. The fifth, Pharaoh mentioned in Holy-writ, reigned in the time of David. The sixth was Fa∣ther-in-law to Salomon, or, according to some, the same with the former. The seventh was Pharaoh-Shishach, 2 Chron. 11. & 14. The eighth, Pharaoh Sua, or So, 2 Kings 17. The ninth, Necao, or Necho, 2 Kings 27. The tenth, Hophzah, or Vaphres, Jerem. 37. It's very hard to know the true Names of these Pharaohs, because the Egyptian History is very much confused. And to say nothing but of the Pharaoh that was drowned in the Red-sea, Calvisius saith it was Orus; others, the Amosis of Cle∣ment Alexandrinus, or the Bechoris of Manethon. This Pharaoh is called Cenchres by Eusebius, Secmosis by Philo, Amenophis by Usher, Ramesses by some others, and Acherres by Scaliger. Chev∣reau, Histoire du Monde.
• Phare, or Fare, is an high Tower, built upon some Point of Land that jets out into the Sea, and where in the night time a Light is kept for a Signal to Ships that draw near it. There have been some of these Phares that have been esteemed won∣drous Works, as was that of Alexandria in Egypt, and that now called the Fare of Messina in Sicily, the Mole of Genoa, the Tower of Cordovan, at the mouth of the Garonne, in Guienne; and the Phanarion, at the mouth of the Streight of Constanti∣nople.
• Phares, a City of Little-Achaia, a Province of Peloponnesus, in Greece, famous for the Oracles delivered there by a Statue of Mercury, in the Market-place, before that of the Goddess Vesta. Those who went to consult the Oracle, first burnt Incense in Honour of Vesta, afterwards went to put Oil in the little Lamps of Brass that were at the Foot of Mercury's Statue; and having lighted them, they made their Offering of a Piece of the Country money, which they threw upon the Altar. Af∣ter which, when they had declared their Requests, and ap∣plied their Ears to the Statue, they withdrew, stopping them with their hands till they got out of the Place, and then put off their hands, and took the first words which they heard for the Oracle's Answer. It's said the Egyptians used the same Ceremony towards their God Serapis. Pausanias in Achaicis.
• Pharisees, as the Name imports, was a Sect that rose in Ju∣daea, a long time before the Birth of Christ. St. Jerom, who speaks hereof in his Relation of the Nazarenes, saith, that his Authors were Sammai and Hillel. Those of this Sect fasted the second and fifth day of the Week; they put Thorns at the bot∣tom of their Robes, that they might prick their Legs as they went along; they lay upon Boards covered with Flint-stones, and tied thick Cords about their Wast; but these Mortificati∣ons were neither kept by all, nor always. They paid Tithes as the Law prescribed, and gave the thirtieth and fiftieth part of their Fruits; adding voluntary Sacrifices to those that were commanded, and shewing themselves very exact in performing

• their Vows. But Pride spoiled all their Actions, because they had no other care nor end than to gain the affections of the People, and the reputation of being Saints. And in this manner they grew so potent that the last Kings of the Jews were afraid to suppress them; and were often forced to make use of them for their own support. They coveted the chief Seats in Feasts and As∣semblies, that they might pass for infallible Masters and the sincerest Doctors of the Law, which they had basely corrupted by their Traditions. As to their Doctrine, they attributed the Event of all things to Destiny, although they endeavoured to make the Liberty of the Actions of Man's Will accord there∣with. They believed with Pythagoras the Transmigration of Souls; especially those of such as were Persons of Wealth, esteeming the rest to be always in Torments. In Judicial Astro∣logy they followed all the Opinions of the Gentiles. And Saint Epiphanius adds, That they had translated the Greek Names of this Art, which signified the Stars and Signs of the Zodiack, into Hebrew Names. Josephus, l. 18. Ant. c. 1. l. 2. De Bello, c. 12. St. Jerom, in cap. 8. Isai.
• Pharmacusa, a little Island in the Egaean-sea, towards Ioni∣um, a Province of Asia Minor. Caesar was taken by Pirates, and King Attalus was killed there. It's called at this day Fermaco. Pliny, Suetonius, Baudrand.
• Pharnabazus, Governor in Asia, and General of the Ar∣mies of Darius and Artaxerxes, Kings of Persia, made War up∣on the Athenians, and succoured those of Lacedaemonia, in the 341 of Rome. But he fell out with them in 354, and besieged the City of Cumes in vain. In 380 of Rome he entred into Egypt, by the mouths of the River Nile; but this Design succeeded not. So that he was obliged to return without doing any thing. Thu∣cydides, Xenophon, Diodorus Siculus, &c.
• Pharnacus, the Son of Mithridates, King of Pontus, caused the Army to revolt against his Father, who killed himself out of Despair, in the 691 year of Rome. He afterwards took Pom∣pey's part. And Caesar having pacified Egypt, subdued him in 707, with so much celerity, that he wrote to his Friends, Veni, vidi, vici. This Prince ought not to be confounded with Phar∣nacus, King of Cappadocia. Appian. de Bell. Mith. Vel. Paterc. l. 2. Florus, l. 3. Dion. Suetonius, Riccioli Chron. Refor. l. 5. c. 9. n. 5.
• Pharos, a little Island at the mouth of the Port of Alexan∣dria in Egypt, which is now joined to that City by a long Dike. Ammianus Marcellinus, l. 22. saith, that this Pharos was seven Furlongs from Alexandria. Alexander the Great essayed to build a City there, but could not, the place being too streight; and so he built Alexandria over against it, on the main Land. After this, there was erected in this Island an high and stately Tower, which anciently passed for one of the Won∣ders of the World. It was Ptolomy Philadelphus that caused it to be built at his coming to the Crown, in the 124th. Olympi∣ad, and the 470th. of Rome. He spent 800 Talents upon it, and made use of Sostrates, the Gnidian, a famous Architect, for this Work. This Tower, which was called Pharos, according to the Name of the Island, served for a Signal by night to them that sailed upon those Coasts which are full of Rocks and Banks of Sand. Hence it is that the Name of Pharos was given to all such Towers where a Light is kept in the night-time on dangerous Coasts. A Comment upon Lucian printed at Amsterdam in 1689 testifies that that Tower was built square, and had the same Circumference as the Pyramids. And the Geography of Al-Edriz makes it to be three hundred Cubits high. And it's added, that the Light put on the top of this Tower in the night-time might be seen at Sea an hundred miles distance. Some Travellers report, that this prodigious Work was suppor∣ted by four Pillars of Glass, placed at the four Corners, which they could not see in the Ruins of this Edifice, for that the Turks have buried the base of the Pharos under ground. But they have taken this Report from an ancient Author, who speaking of the seven Wonders of the World, says, It is matter of astonishment, how they could make pieces of Glass so great and strong as to support so heavy a Mass. It may be Sostrates put these four Pillars for ornament to the four Corners, so as if the Tower was supported by them. But in stead of their being made of Glass, as reported, they were doubtless of some hard and transparent Stone, such as is a sort of Marble of Mem∣phis, and another Stone brought out of Aethiopia. The Fires lighted in these Pharos's appear sometimes at a distance like a Star, which deceives the Mariners, who by that Mistake take the wrong Course, and unfortunately run upon the Sands of Marmarica. Vide Sostrates.
• Pharsalia, a City of Thessaly, famous for the Battle won by Julius Caesar against Pompey the Great in the neighbouring Plains, in the 607th. year of Rome. It hath since been called Farsa, be∣ing a Bishop's-see under Larissa, and afterwards an Archbishop∣rick, under the Patriarch of Constantinople.
• Phasel, Fionda, a City of Pamphylia, or Lycia, with a Bishop∣rick under Mire; acknowledging Mopsus King of the Argives for its Founder. It was a Retreat for Pyrates, and the Inhabitants were so poor, that they could offer nothing but salted Fish in Sacrifice, whence the Proverb, Sacrificium Phaselitarum, & Sa∣crum sine fumo. Pliny, Ptolomy, &c.
• Phasis, a River of Mingrelia, or Colchis, which takes its Course towards part of Mount Caucasus, which lies to the East of this Country. The Turks call it Fachs, and the Natives Rione. It run∣neth through the City of Cotatis, the Capital of the Kingdom of Imeretus; and from thence passing on, dischargeth itself into the Black-sea, where its mouth is above half a League broad, and sixty Fathoms deep. In this River, towards the mouth of it, are several small Islands, which are very delightfull, all covered with Trees. In the biggest of which may be seen to∣wards the West part, the Ruins of a Cittadel which the Turks built there in 1578. Amurath the IIId. having undertaken to conquer the Northern and Eastern parts of the Black-sea, did in order to it get upon the Phasis with his Gallies; but the King of Imeretus laid Ambuscades for him in places where the River was narrowest; and so defeated the Sultan's Fleet. This Fortress of Phasis was taken in 1640 by the King of Imeretus; in conjunction with the Princes of Mingrelia and Guriel, and razed by him, carrying away five and twenty pieces of Can∣non that were there, and putting them into Cotatis. This River, near the beginning of its Course, is very rapid; but having got into the Plain, runs very gently, so as that one can scarce discern which way the Water moves. Its Waters do not mix with those of the Sea, and the reason is, that being lighter, they swim thereon. They are very good to drink, though they be muddy and of a leaden colour. Arrian saith, that for∣merly Ships took in Water at Phasis, as being of opinion, that that River was Sacred, or that they believed it was the best Water in the World. The same Arrian, and other Historians, say moreover, that there was a Temple dedicated to the God∣dess Rhea, in the Isle of Phasis; but there are now no Remains of it. Some affirm it was standing in the time of the Emperor Zeno, and that it was then consecrated to the Worship of the true God. Geographers place a City named Sebaste, at the mouth of the Phasis, but neither it nor the Ruins of any City are now to be seen there. Here are, conformable to the Relation of the Ancients, a great number of Pheasants, who take their Name from this River, the Neighbourhood of which they much frequent and delight in; the Banks of the Phasis are co∣vered with curious Trees, and frequented with Men, who fish for Sturgeons. Sir John Chardin saith, that the Chanel of this River is at its Fall into the Sea a mile and a half broad, and 60 Fathom deep. F. Lambert. Relation de la Mingrelia, dans le Re∣cuel de M. Thevenot. vol. 1. Sir John Chardin. Travels into Persia, in 1673.
• Phazael, was the Eldest Son of Antipater, and Brother of Herod the Great, King of Judaea. Antipater having made himself strong through the weakness of Hircanus, made Phazael, who was a prudent and moderate person, Governor of Jerusa∣lem in the 707th. of Rome; but being besieged in the Palace of that City by Antigonus and the Parthians whom he headed, they kept him Prisoner till the 715th. of Rome. In the mean time, as he feared not the death so much whereunto he was condem∣ned as the shame of receiving it at the hands of his Enemy; and as he could not kill himself, because he was held in Chains, he knocked his Head against the Stones. It's said Antigonus sent Physicians to him, who instead of using Medicines to cure, poisoned his wounds. Herod, his Brother, erected several Edifi∣ces to honour his memory, as a Tower in Jerusalem named Pha∣zael, and a City of the same Name in the Valley of Jericho. Joseph. l. 14. Ant. l. 16. cap. 9. & l. 1. de Bello.
• Phebadius, or Febadius, which those of that Country call St. Fiari, Bishop of Agen, lived in the fourth Age. He writ A Con∣futation of the Arian Confession of Faith, publish at Syrmich, which we have still in the Library of the Fathers. He presented him∣self afterwards, in 359, in the Council of Rimini, where, toge∣ther with Jervais of Tongres, he maintained the Catholick Faith. But the Arians surprized him, and the Love of peace and amity made him sign a Confession of Faith, which was Orthodox in appearance. He came afterwards to know his Error; disappro∣ved of what he had done; and testified by his retractation, that his design was to suppress Heresie, and far from subscribing to Errors. He was alive in 392, and very old, when St. Jerom reckons his Work among the other Treatises of the illustrious Men of the Church. So that hereby it appears, that he must have been at least fourty years a Bishop. He writ also some other Pieces which St. Jerom had not read, and are now lost. It's thought he presided at the Council of Valence, in 374. He appeared in the same quality at that of Saragosa, about the end of 380, and is there called Fitadus. We may moreover judge that it was he to whom St. Ambrose writ the 70th. Let∣ter. His Feast-day is celebrated at Agen. St. Jerom. de Script. Eccl. 108. Sulp. Sev. l. 2. Hist. Sacr. S. Martha, T. 11. Gall. Christ. Bolandus, &c.
• Phedima, the Daughter of Dotanes, a Persian Lord, was Wife of the true, and afterwards of the false, Smerdis Spanda∣batus, who said he was her Husband after he had murthered that King. But that Queen, instructed by her Father, obser∣ved him one night in his Sleep, and having found that he had no Ears, declared it to the Persian Princes, who discovering the Cheat by that Mark, killed him in his Palace. Herodotus, l. 3.
• Phedon, a Philosopher of Elis, was at first a Slave; but ha∣ving obtained his Freedom, he applied himself to the Study of Philosophy, and was the chief of the Eliack Sect. He wrot some Dialogues, and had Plistanes of Elis for his Successor. Di∣ogenes Laertius, l. 2. vitae Phil. Aul. Gell. l. 2. c. 18. Macrobius, l. 1. Saturn. l. 11. Hesychius, Suidas, &c.
• Phedon, a Citizen of Athens, whom the thirty Tyrants of that City put to death in a Feast, and his Daughters whom

• they would have compelled to dance naked in the Hall where the Feast was kept, threw themselves head-long into a Pit, to preserve their Chastity.
• Phedras, a Latin Poet, Augustus's Freeman, was born in Thrace; it was he that turned the Fables of Aesop into Iambick Verse, as he saies himself in the Preface to his Work which contains five Books.
• Phegeus, the Son of Inachus, first King of Argos, built the City of Phegea, and first divided Time, as some Authors say, into Months and Years. Suidas.
• Phemonoe, the first Prophetess in the Temple of Delphos; she invented Heroick Verses, in which she gave the Responses of the Oracle. Euseb. in Chron.
• Pheneus, a City of Arcadia, at the Foot of Mount Cellene, famous for having formerly disputed for Precedency with the City of Tegeum, the Capital of this Country; but Critolaus the Tegean confirms the Honour to his own City after that famous Combat wherein he vanquished Demostrates; near unto this City of Phencus there is a Lake whose Waters are wholesome in the day time, but very pernicious in the night. Critolaus.
• * Pheodor-oy, one of the Islands of Shetland belonging to Scotland, 7 miles in length, lying 8 m. from Yell, and about 7 from Vuist.
• Pheraulis, a certain poor Persian, who being enriched by Cyrus, was so uneasie under the Troubles which attended his Ri∣ches, that being desirous to enjoy his former Repose, he bestowed all his Riches upon one Saca, on condition that he should en∣tertain him moderately, as an ordinary Guest. Xenophon.
• Pherecydas, a Philosopher, born in the Island of Sciros, the Disciple of Pittacus and Master of Pythagoras, lived in the 55 Olympiad, and the 195 of Rome. Theopompus, alledged by Dioge∣nes Laertius, affirms he was the first that writ of the Nature of the Gods. It's observed also that he was well skilled in the Art of Di∣vination, that seeing a Ship upon the Sea, he foretold it should be cast away, and predicted an Earth-quake. He is said to have been the first who discovered Eclipses and the Periods of the Moon, &c.
• Pherenice, the Daughter of Diagoras, King of Rhodes, came in Man's habit to the Olympick Games, though there was a po∣sitive Law that threatned great Penalties upon either Maidens or Wives who should dare to disguise themselves at such so∣lemnities. She won the Prize in running, and her Son whom she brought along with her carryed away also a Crown. Then she discovered both her Sex and Quality, and was exempted from the rigor of the Law, because she was a Princess; and that both She and her Son had been Victorious. Pausan. in Eliac.
• Pheron, or Amenophis Pharaoh, King of Egypt, succeeded his Father, Sesostris. It's said that having out of Vanity shot an Arrow into the Nile, during its overflowing, he became blind thereupon, and continued so for ten years; but the Oracle in the City of Butta informed him he should recover his Sight, if he washed his Eyes in a Womans water, who had never known any other Man but her own Husband. He made a Tryal of it upon his Wife and several others, but to no purpose. But having found one whose Water cured him; he caused all the rest to be burnt; and then made very magnificent Oblations throughout all the Temples. Her. Euterpe, on l. 2.
• Phidias, an excellent Greek Statuary in the 88. Olympiad. He made the Statue of Minerva of Ivory, so much boasted of by the Ancients, and considered as the Master-piece of his Art. He put it in the Cittadel at Athens. Being afterwards expel∣led from that City, he retired into the Province of Elis, where he was killed after having finished Jupiter's Statue, which he put in the Temple of Olympia, where it passed for one of the Wonders of the World. Pausanias in Eliac.
• Phidolas, of Corinth, famous in History for the Adventure which befell him in the Olympick Games, for having fallen from his Horse, the Horse ceased not to pursue his Carreer; turned about at the End of the Race, and, as if he had known he had won the Victory, went and presented himself before the Masters of the Games as it were to demand the Prize. Whereupon the Eleans adjudged the Prize to Phidolas, notwith∣standing his misfortune, and gave him leave to erect a Statue for his Horse. Pausanias, l. 6.
• Phidon, King of Argos, Brother of Caranus first King of Ma∣cedonia, an Author cited by Eusebius upon the year 1217, con∣cerning Abraham, attributes to this Phidon the Invention of Weights and Measures. He joined himself with those of Pisa for the Celebration of the 8th. Olympiad, excluding those of Elis. Pausanias in Eliac.
• Philadelphia, an ancient City of Lydia, in Asia minor, now in the Province of Carasia, in Natolia, called by the Turks, Al∣lach-Scheyr, that is, The City of God. When they came to set upon this Country, the Inhabitants defended themselves most vigorously. And the Turks, to strike a Terror into them, be∣thought of making there an Intrenchment of a Wall of dead Mens bones mixt with Lime, which frightned them; where∣upon they surrendred, but made much better Conditions than their neighbours. They granted them four Churches, which they still have. There are seven or eight thousand Inhabitants in this City, of whom about two thousand are Christians. Spon. Voyage d' Italy, &c. in 1675.
• Phileas, Bishop of Thmuis, in Egypt, suffered Martyrdom during the Persecution of Dioclesian or Maximinian, about 302. He writ an excellent Lette••, as Eusebius reports, wherein he gives an account of the several sorts of Torments used a¦gainst Christians. The Cruelty of which must needs excite hor∣ror in those that read them. St. Jerom speaks of him as an Ec∣clesiastical Writer, who had writ a Book of the Praises of the Martyrs, and an Account of a Dispute which he had with a certain Judge who would have persuaded him to sacrifice to Idols. Euseb. l. 8. Hist. St. Jerom. de Script. Eccl. Nicephorus, l. 7. Hist. l. 9. Baronius, An. Ch. 302, &c.
• Philelphus (Francis) a Native of Tolentin, or according to others of Ancona, was a Philosopher, Poet and Orator, and lived in the fifteenth Age. He studied at Venice, and afterwards his Love to the Greek Tongue made him go to Constantinople, where he married Theodora Chrysolora, the Daughter of the Learned Emanuel Chrysolora. The Emperor John Paleologus sent him to Pope Eugenius IVth. to implore his Assistance a∣gainst the Turks. He died at Bolonia, about 1471. The Works which we have of this great Man are, Eatiphron de Pietate, de Morali Disciplina, l. 8. Vita Nicholai Papae Quinti. L. 2. de Di∣versitate Legum. Sphorciadarum versu heroico, l. 9. Satyrarum Li. 10. De Jocis & Seriis Lib. 6. and several others; besides divers Translations. He was very rigid as to the Laws of Gram∣mar, of which he made a great account. One day disputing with a Grecian called Timothy, they differed about one Syllable, and agreed that he who had the better, should have power to dispose of the others Beard. Philelphus won, and Timothy offe∣red him a Sum of money to redeem his Beard, which Philel∣phus, though poor, would not take, but cut off his Beard. Tri∣themius de Script. Eccl. Paulus Jovius.
• Philemon, a Comick Greek Poet, the Son of Damon, lived in the 480 of Rome, was contemporary with Alexander, whom he often overcame. He is said to have laughed to death at see∣ing of an Ape eat Figgs.
• Phileni, two Brothers, Citizens of Carthage in Africa, sacrificed their Lives for the good of their Country. A great Contest happening to arise between the Carthaginians, and the Inhabitants of Cyrene, about the Limits of their Country, they agreed to make Choice of two Men for each of the two Ci∣ties who should depart at the same time, in order to a meeting on the Road, and that the Place where they met should be made the Bounds of the two Countries. It happened that the Phileni had advanced very far into the Territories of the Cyre∣nians, before they were met; whereupon the others who were the stronger became so enraged, that they resolved to bury the two Brothers alive in the same Place, if they retreated not back. The Phileni, unable to resist the Violence of the Cyrenians, chose rather to suffer that cruel death, than betray the inte∣rest of their Country, and the Carthaginians, that they might immortalize the Glory of these two Brothers, caused two Al∣tars to be raised over their Graves with an Inscription thereupon setting forth their Praise. Salust. Bell. Jug. Strabo.
• Philetus, a Magician whom St. James the Greater conver∣ted to the Faith; but he afterwards fell off; denying the Re∣surrection of the Dead at the last day; saying it was already come, and perverted many Persons by his false Doctrine.
• Philebert I. of that Name, surnamed the Hunter, Duke of Sa∣voy, succeeded at the age of six years, to his fortunate Father Amadeus. Joland of France, his Mother, declared her self Re∣gent, according to the Orders of the late Duke, but the Regen∣cy was disputed with her by Lewis II. her Brother, by the Duke of Burgundy, and several other Lords, which created much trouble in Savoy. The Duke having been over eager in hunt∣ing and distempering himself thereby, dyed at Lyons, 22d. of April, 1482. aged seventeen, leaving no Issue of Blanche-Maria Sforza, Daughter to the Duke of Milan. He was succeeded by his Brother Charles. Guichenon. Hist. de Savoy.
• Philebert II. surnamed the Handsome, born April 10. 1480. was Son to Philip, Count of Bresse, afterwards Duke of Savoy, whom he succeeded in 1497, aged seventeen. Philebert accom∣panied the Count his Father in the Expedition of King Charles VIIIth. into Italy, for the Conquest of the Kingdom of Naples. After he himself became Duke, he treated with Lewis XIIth. about the march of his Troops through his Country, to con∣quer the Dutchy of Milan, and accompanied that Prince in his Undertaking. In the mean time, by his prudent Management he maintained his own Dominions in Peace, during the great∣est Troubles of Italy. And Historians praise him as well for his Conduct, Liberality and Complaisance, as for his Vertue. This Prince, going to Pont d' Ains, for the Conveniency of Hunting, fell sick by drinking too much Ice, and died in the same room wherein he was born, Sept. 10. in 1504. aged 24. leaving no Children. Guichenon, Hist. de Savoy.
• Philicus, a Tragick Greek Poet, reckoned among the Pleia∣des, that is to say, those seven Tragick Poets who appeared greater than others in the time of Ptolomy Philadelphus. It's said he gave name to the Phaleucick Verses, either because inven∣ted by him, or that he writ a Poem consisting of such. Vossius de Poet. Graec. Suidas speaks of some others of his Name.
• Philinus, of Agrigentum in Sicily, writ the History of the Roman War against the Carthaginians, but is accused of having been too partial in favour of the Carthaginians. Polybius, l. 1. Diodorus Siculus, &c.
• Philip, Physician to Alexander the Great, was a Native of Acarnania, a Province of Greece. Quintus Curtius saith that A∣lexander,

• falling sick of a dangerous Distemper, wherein he was given over by all the Physicians, excepting Philip, who did all he could to cure him, received in the mean time Letters im∣porting that that Physician had formed a Design to poison him by a Potion. That Prince was in a great straight what to doe in so critical a Conjuncture. However, suspecting those Letters might have been a Trick of his Enemies, and relying besides on the Fidelity of Philip, he resolved to give him the Letters to read, whilst he feigned to take the Potion, that he might know if there appeared any Change in the Physician's counte∣nance. But the Composedness of mind which Philip mani∣fested at the reading of the Letters, satisfied him as to the inno∣cence of his Physician. So that he made no Scruple to take that Physick which cured him. Quintus Curtius l. 3. Diodorus l. 17.
• Philip, the Apostle, was a Native of Bethsaida, and called by Christ after St. Peter, who was of the same City. Clem. Alexan. thinks that it was he to whom Christ said, Leave the dead to bury their dead. After our Saviour's Ascension he converted some Provinces of Scythia, and afterwards having gloriously la∣boured in the Higher Asia, was crucified and stoned in Hiera∣polis, aged 87, as some say, and about the tenth year of the Reign of the Emperor Claudius. The Roman Martyrology says, it was on May 1. and the Greek Menology, Novemb. 14. St. John, ch. 1. Clemens Alexandrinus l. 3. Strom. Eusebius, St. Jerom, &c. cited by Baronius.
• Philip, one of the seven Deacons chosen by the Apostles. He preached the Gospel in Samaria with so much Zeal and Success, that Simon the Magician not being able to contradict him, came and was baptized by him, as was also the Eunuch of Queen Candace afterward. The Greek Menology mentions one of his four Daughters called Hermione, who died for the Faith in the Reign of Trajanus, Acts of the Apostles, c. 8. & 21. St. Jerom, l. 1. cont. Jovin. Euseb. l. 3. Hist. &c. Baron. An. Chr. 58.
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  Emperors of this Name.
  • Philip (Marcus Julius) surnamed the Arabian, born at Bo∣stra in Arabia, advanced himself in the Army and became Cap∣tain of the Guards to the Emperor Gordian IIId. whom he assas∣sinated in his Horse-litter, as he returned from his Expedition a∣gainst the Persians. After this Parricide he was proclaimed Em∣peror, An. 244. In the mean time he endeavoured to efface this Ignominy by many good Laws, and of a Peace which he con∣cluded with Sapor King of Persia, and then returning to Rome, he celebrated the Secular Games in 248, with great Magnificence. But Decius, who was potent, and had Pretensions to the Empire, did assassinate him in 249, at Verona, and one of his Sons cal∣led by his own Name, whom he had proclaimed Caesar, was killed also in the Arms of his Mother Otacilia Severa. Jul. Cass. in the Life of the Gordians. Aurelius Victor.
  • Philip, Duke of Swabia, Emperor, was the Son of Frederick Barbarossa, and Brother to Henry VIth. whom he succeeded, but at the same time some of the Electors gave their Votes for Otho, Duke of Saxony, in 1198, which caused much Trouble in the Empire. Philip was excommunicated by the Pope, but was re∣conciled to him again, and also to Otho, to whom he gave his Daughter in Marriage. He laboured to live in repose; but one day being at Bamberg, and having let blood in both Arms, Otho de Witilspach observing that they let but a few Persons into his Chamber, slipped in, and killed him, June 23. 1201. Philip was a valiant, wise, pious and liberal Prince, and reigned nine years, three months, and fifteen days.
  • Philip of Courtenay, titular Emperor of Constantinople, and King of Thessalonica, was Son to the Emperor Baldwin II. whom the Greeks expelled from his Throne. He married in 1273 Beatrix of Sicily, the Daughter of Charles I. King of Naples and Sicily, and Count of Provence. This Philip of Courtenay treated with Charles I. King of Naples, and the Venetians, to make War up∣on Michael Paleologus; but died before the Treaty was perfected, in 1285, leaving Catharine of Courtenay, married in 1299 to Charles of France, Count of Valois, youngest Son to Philip the Hardy.
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  Kings of France of this Name.
  • Philip I. King of France, born in 1053, was the Son of Henry I. who caused him to be crowned at Rheims by the Arch∣bishop Gervais de Bellesme, May 29. 1059. Henry died in 1060, and left Philip under the Regency and Tutorage of Baldwin the Vth. surnamed de l' Isle, Count of Flanders, who had married his Sister Adela or Alix, the Daughter of King Robert, and Wi∣dow of Richard IId. Duke of Normandy. Baldwin governed the Kingdom wisely during his Regency, which was for six years, and took great Care of the Education of the young Prince, who first took Arms against the Gascons, whom he sub∣dued in 1062; but was not so successfull in his Wars against Robert of Friczland, Count of Flanders; for he was defeated near St. Omer, in February, 1070, or 71. His Jealousie against William the Conqueror, who subdued England, created him al∣so some Inconveniences, and laid the Foundations of the Wars between England and France. He died at Milan, July 29. 1108. having reigned fourty nine years, two months, and six days.
  • Philip II. surnamed the Conqueror, Augustus, and the Gift of God, was born Aug. 22. 1165. He began in 1180 to reign, un∣der the Tutorage of Philip of Alsatia, Count of Flanders. He banished the Jews out of his Country, and confiscated their E∣states. He afterwards had a great Quarrel with the Count of Flanders; but it was happily accommodated in 1184. He made War upon the English; but some time after coming to know of the Loss of Jerusalem, he undertook the Crusade in 1190▪ and begun his Journey after Midsummer. He took Acre, defeated seventeen thousand Saracens, and returned about Christmas, 1191. The year following he obliged Baldwin VIIIth. Count of Flanders, to give up to him the Earldoms of Artois, with the Homages of the Earldoms of Bologne. Guienne and St. Paul. He afterwards made War against Richard King of England, and in 1192 took Vexin and Euvreux; but in 1193 besieged Rhoan in vain. This War proved very disadvantageous to him. In 1199 he lost Aire and St. Omer, and made a Peace with John, King of England in 1200; but in 1204 he fell into Normandy, and reduced Anjou, Main, Tourrain, Berry and Poictou. But be∣fore this he had divorced Ingerburga of Denmark, to marry Ag∣nes de Merante, and thereby drew the Censures of the Church upon him; which obliged him to take her again. In 1207 he made a Truce with the same John. He dispossess'd of their Countries, Guy the IId. Count of Auvergne, in 1210. and Re∣nard de Damartin, Count of Bologne in 1212. and next year car∣ryed his Arms into Flanders; taking Ypres, Tournay, Cassel, Dou∣way and Lisle. But his most glorious Action was his Journey to Bovines. The Emperor Otho IVth. Count of Flanders, and several confederate Princes raised an Army of an hundred and fifty thousand Men against him. The King gave them Battle and won it in 1214. Ferrande, Count of Flanders, Renaud, Count of Bologne, and three Counts more were made Prisoners there, besides two and twenty Lords carrying Banners. Louis his Son fought the same day a Battle against the English at An∣jou, and had the better. The King fought very valiantly at that of Bovines, had his Horse killed under him, and in me∣mory of the Action founded the Abbey of Notredame de la Vi∣ctoire, near Senlis. He afterwards sent his Son Lewis into Eng∣land to be King, at the desire of some of the Nobles; and in the time of Peace made it his business to adorn his Capital City, and died at Mante upon the Seine, July 14. 1223. having reigned fourty two years, nine months, and twenty nine days. Rigord on his Life. &c.
  • Philip III. surnamed the Hardy, was the Son of St. Louis, whom he followed in his Expedition beyond Sea, and after his death was saluted King in Africa, in 1270. After which having beat the Saracens, he returned into France, where he was crowned, and at the same time became the Successor of his Uncle Alphonso, Count of Poictiers and Toulouse, and reduced Roger-Bernard IIId. Count of Foix, maintained the Rights of Joan, the Heiress of Navarre, whom his Son married, and en∣deavoured to doe the same in Castile by Alphonso de la Cera, Son to his Sister Blanche; but that Enterprise succeeded not. He married Isabel of Arragon, by whom he had Lewis, who was poisoned, Philip the Fair, his Successor, Charles Count of Va∣lois, and Robert that died in his Infancy. His Queen died in 1271. And in 1274. the King married Mary, the Daughter of the Duke of Brabant, whose Merit charmed him; but an Inso∣lent Favourite, risen out of the Dust, called la Brosse, endeavou∣red a rupture, by charging her with an horrid crime, which he himself had committed, viz. as having poisoned Lewis, the Eldest Son of Philip, but being convicted of it himself, he was condignly punished. The Cruelty of King Peter of Arragon, wrought in the mean time a strange effect in Sicily, for he so incensed the Inhabitants of that Island against the French, that they massacred them all on Easter-day 1282, at the time of the Vespers, whence arose the Proverb of the Sicilian Vespers. Phi∣lip went in person against the Arragonese, and took Gironne, and in his return dyed of a malignant Fever at Perpignan in the 16th year of his Reign, aged fourty one. Mezeray Hist. de Franc.
  • Philip IV. surnamed the Fair, as also le Grand, born at Fon∣tain-bleau in 1268, succeeded his Father Philip III. in 1285, be∣ing King of Navarre before by his Marriage of Jane, the Daugh∣ter and Heiress of Henry I. In the mean time he was anointed at Rheims, by Peter Barbet, Archbishop of that City, January 6. The year following and afterwards he applied himself to admi∣nister Justice to his Subjects, having for that purpose ordered that the Parliament should be sedentary at Paris, unto which Edward I. King of England, was cited, but upon his Refusal, Guienne, for which he was to doe homage, was seized in 1293. The English in Revenge leagued themselves with the Emperor, Duke of Bar, and Count of Flanders; but it proved very much to the disadvantage of the Flemmings; for besides the Loss of se∣veral Towns, Guy II. Earl of Flanders, who together with his Wife had been Prisoner at Paris before, was taken a second time, in 1299. But in the mean time, the ill Conduct of James of Castillon, Earl of St. Paul, caused a Sedition at Bruges, which lost all the Country. The King sent an Army to reduce it, under the Command of Robert, Earl of Artois, and the Consta∣ble; but the Jealousie of the Generals lost that Army at the Battle of Courtray in 1302, the Greatest Nobles in the Kingdom being slain there. But Philip recovered himself in some measure again, especially on the eighteenth of August, 1304. in that memorable Battle at Mons in Puelle, where above five and twen∣ty thousand Flemmings were slain upon the Place. At last a Peace was made at Atheis, in 1305. and in 1310 he entred into

• ...
  • a Treaty of Peace with the Emperor Henry VIIth. and having made his Will at Maubuison the 19th. of May, 1311. died at last at Fontainbleau, November 29. 1314: after having reigned twen∣ty nine years, one month, and twenty three days. He was a Lover of Learning and Learned Men, and engaged several to write. Paul Emilius, Robert Gaguen, Mezeray, &c.
  • Philip V. surnamed the Long, was youngest Son to Philip the Fair, and was but Earl of Poictou till the death of his Brother Lewis Hu∣tin, at which time he was declared Regent of France and Navarre, during Queen Clemenca, his Sister-in-law's being with Child; but her Son, named John, which she brought forth having li∣ved only eight days, Philip succeeded to the Crown by virtue of the Salick Law, although Charles of Valois and Eudus IVth. Duke of Burgundy, used all their endeavours to deprive him of it, and bestowed it on Jane, Daughter to Lewis Hutin; but she contented her self with the Kingdom of Navarre which descen∣ded to the Female. Robert de Courtenay, Archbishop of Rheims, anointed him King January 6. 1317. He begun the Wars with the Flemmins three times, and renewed his Alliance with the Scots in 1318, expelled the Jews out of his Dominions, and was like to be a fortunate Prince, but was seized by Death at Long-Champ, having been sick 5 months before of a Quartan-Ague; aged 28 years, whereof he had reigned five, one month, and four∣teen days. St. Martha Hist. Geneal. &c. Mezeray Hist. de France, &c.
  • Philip VI. surnamed de Valois, the Fortunate, and the Catho∣lick, was Son to Charles of France, Count of Valois Alanzon, &c. and of Margaret of Sicily, his first Wife, Grandson to Philip the Hardy, Nephew to Philip the Fair, and Cousin-german to the three Brothers, Lewis Hutin, Philip the Long, and Charles the Fair; and succeeded this last after having been Regent of the Kingdom, during Queen Jane's being with Child, who brought forth a Posthumous Daughter. Edward the IIId. King of England, disputed the Title with him, as being Son to Isabel, the Daughter of Philip the Fair; but the Estates of the King∣dom excluded the English by virtue of the Salick Law, and maintained the Rights of Philip, who was crowned May 27th. 1328. Edward, King of England, was required to doe him Ho∣mage for the Lands he held in France, which nettled the English mightily; insomuch that at last it produced a terrible War; so that Philip, who had undertaken a Voyage beyond-sea, was constrained to return from Marseilles, where he was to em∣barque. The Storm began in 1338. Next year Cambray was besieged by the English. He had some advantage over them in a Sea-fight, on the 23d. of June, 1340. Things continued quiet till about 1346. The King had taken the part of Charles de Blois, his Nephew, and had received Homage from Bretany, which John de Montfort pretended to; but this same Person had re∣course to King Edward, who made a Descent into Normandy, took Caen, and won that never-to-be-forgotten Victory at Cres∣sy, where Philip was beaten in a set Ba••••le, and in which the Kings of Bohemia and Majorca, Charles Duke of Alanzon, Bro∣ther to the King of France, the Duke of Lorrain, Lewis Earl of Flanders, and in all eleven Princes, eighty Barons, a thousand two hundred Knights, and thirty thousand common Soldiers, were slain. The English, flushed with this Victory, took Calis, which continued in their hands 210 years, till 1558. He en∣deavoured to repair these L••••••••s by the taking of Rossillon and Montpelier from James, King of Majorca, and uniting the Earl∣doms of Champagne and Brie to the Crown; having also Dau∣phine bestowed upon him by Humbert, the last Dauphin of Vi∣ennois, upon condition that the King's Eldest Sons should be called Dauphins and wear the Arms of France quartered with those of Dauphiné. This King died at Nogent le Roy, August 22. 1350. aged 57. the 23d. of his Reign. He had great Courage and Resolution; but was blamed for introducing the Impositi∣on upon Salt. The English called him King of the Salick Law.
• ...
  Kings of Spain and Navarre.
  • Philip I. surnamed the Fair, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Brabant and Lothier, was Son to the Emperor Maximilian I. and Mary of Burgundy, born at Bruges, June 22. 1478. and married October 21. 1496. Jane, Queen of Spain, Second Daughter and Heiress to Ferdinand Vth. King of Arragon, and of Isabel, Queen of Castile. He was a sweet-natured and peaceable Prince, died at the Age of 27, at Burgos, September the 25th. 1506. It's said he fell sick upon drinking some cold Water when he was play∣ing at Tennis. He was Father to Charles Vth. Ferdinand the Emperor, and four Daughters. Mariana.
  • Philip II. born in 1527. was Son to the Emperor Charles V. and Isabel of Portugal. While he was Prince of Spain, he mar∣ried Mary, the Daughter of John IIId. King of Portugal, and had Don Carlos by her. This Princess dying in 1545; he marri∣ed Mary, the Daught••r of Henry VIIIth. Q. of England some time after. The Emperor Charles Vth. did voluntarily resign his he∣reditary Dominions to him at Bruss••ls in 1555; and after having created him great Master of the Order of the Golden-Fleece, put the Crown upon his Head. There was then a Truce made for five Years with Henry IId. of France, but Philip b••oke it, being angry with Henry IId. ••ecause he took part with Pope Paul IVth. against him. This w•• the true Cause, or at least the Pretence, of the War Philip made a League with the English, and sent forty thousand Men into Picardy, who coming to fight with eighteen thousand French, beat them at St. Quintin in 1557. This Misfortune was repaired by the taking of Calis, Thionvil∣le and Dunkirk; and was afterwards followed by a Peace made at Chateau Cambresis in 1559. Isabel of France, Daughter to Henry IId. having been promised in Marriage to Don Carlos▪ Philip who had lost his Wife, desired to marry that young and beautifull Princess himself. His Son testified his resentment for this foul dealing, and the Love he always had for that fair Queen, contributed very much to his Death; for Philip ha∣ving caused him to be seized, put him to Death in Prison; and it's added, that some time after he got the Queen to be poisoned, who had made him Father to the Archdutchess Elizabeth Clara Eugenia, Princess of the Low-Countries, and Wife to Archduke Albert, and to Catharine married in 1585 to Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy. This King was obliged to maintain a potent Army in the Low-Countries against the United-Provinces, who formed themselves into a Republick. Philip made himself Master in 1580 of the Kingdom of Por∣tugal; and his Troops contributed very much to the Defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto. The Moors who re∣volted against him in 1561, were also reduced. He subdu∣ed Pignon or Peunon de Velez in Africa, and the Isles which from him are called, the Philippine Islands. After which Philip set out a Fleet of above fourscore Ships, which was called, The Invincible Armado, against Queen Elizabeth of England. They sailed from Lisbon, May 29. 1588. and were destroyed part∣ly by Storms, and partly by the Conduct and Valour of the English. This Loss is variously related by Historians, amoun∣ting to no less than ten thousand Men, and sixty Ships; but Philip is said to have entertained the News of it without the least Discomposure. He was a writing some Letters when the Courier entred his Chamber, to acquaint him with this sor∣rowfull News. He answered calmly that, He thanked God, that he was able to rig out such another. And taking his Pen in his Hand, writ on with the same Composedness as before. Philip was very busie, and forward to favour the Party of the League in France. When King Henry IVth. came to the Crown he declared War against him in 1595, which ended in 1598, by the Peace of Vervins. And Philip died at the Escurial, Sept. 13. that same year, aged 71. and four months. After the death of Elizabeth of France, he married a fourth time Anne the Daugh∣ter of Maximilian IId. and had by her Philip IIId. who succeed∣ed him, Ferdinand, Charles, Laurence, Diego, and Mary who di∣ed young. D. Thou, & d' Avila. Hist. Gabrera, Mariana, Tur∣quet Hist. d'Esp. Strada de Bello Belg. &c.
  • Philip III. born at Madrid, April 14. 1578. succeeded his Fa∣ther Philip IId. He had been promised to Margaret of Austria, Daughter of Charles, Archduke of Grats, and of Mary of Bava∣ria; and this Marriage was accomplished in 1599, Pope Clement VIIIth. performing the Ceremonies thereof himself at Ferrara, through which that Princess passed in her Journey into Spain. Philip made himself Mast••r of some Places in Africa, as Larach, &c. reformed the Courts of Judicature, expelled the Moors out of Spain, and made a Peace in the Low-Countries, which his Sister Elizabeth Clara Eugenia had for her Dowry▪ After which he li∣ved in repose. He had four Sons and four Daughters by Queen Margaret, and died on the 31st. of March, 1621. in the 43d. year of his Age, and 23d. of his Reign.
  • Philip IV. born in 1605. was King after his Father. His Aunt Elizabeth Clara Eugenia dying without Issue, in 1633. he re-entred upon the Possession of the Netherlands; the Truce with the United-Provinces still lasting. But. it was broken by Acts of Hostility; and in 1634, the Hollanders, who had sent two Armies into the Indies, got two very considerable Advan∣tages; for the one defeated the Spanish Fleet near Lima, and the other took the City of St. Savior in Peru. Don Frederick de Tole∣do did afterwards expell the Hollanders; in the mean time altho' Philip had confirmed a Peace with France by a double Alliance with Lewis XIIIth. he failed not however to supply the Duke of Rhoan with Money, whereupon the good Intelligence be∣tween the two Crowns began to alter; the Affairs of Italy contributed to it, and that soon after was followed by an en∣tire Rupture in 1635. The Elector of Trier, whom the Spani∣ards treated ill, because he had put himself under the Protecti∣on of France, was the cause thereof; the Battle of Aveins in the Dutchy of Luxemburg, where the Mareschals de Chatillen and de Br••ge defeated Prince Thomas, General of the Spanish Army, who left six thousand slain upon the Place, began that tedious War so fatal afterwards to the Repose of Christendom. Philip, other∣wise esteemed for his Wisdom and Prudence, was not always successfull in his Projects. In 1640 the People of Catalonia kil∣led their Governour at Barcelona, and after the death of the Duke of Cardona, shook off the Spanish Yoke, and gave them∣selves up to the French. In the very same Year all the Cities of Portugal expelled the Spaniards in one day; and the People be∣ing zealous for the Progeny of their Kings, put John IVth. Duke of Braganza, upon the Throne. The City of Naples re∣volted some time after, and the King of Spain found it very dif∣ficult to quiet all these Disorders, and maintain the War in so many different Places; but this Prince had the good fortune to put an end to it. He died Sept. 17. 1665.
  • Philip surnamed the Good and the Wise, King of Navarre, was Son to Lewis of France, Count of Euvreux, &c. and of Margaret of Artois, and Grandson to Philip the Hardy. He was

• ...
  • first Count of Euvreux, Augoulême and Longueville, and after∣wards King of Navarre by his marrying of Jane of France, the only Daughter of Lewis X. and Heiress to the Kingdom of Navarre. He was crowned, together with his Wife; at Pampe∣lona, in 1329: He was at the Battel of Mont-Cassel in 1328, and gave many proofs of his Bravery and Generosity. Alfonso de la Cerda having no Children, and not loving the King of Castile, bestowed some Provinces upon Philip, who yet advanc'd his Estate more by the Alliance of his Neighbours than by all these advantages; uniting himself with them, and giving them some times Succours against the Moors. He was in person at the Siege of Algezira in Granada, where having receiv'd several wounds, he died at Heres, September 16. 1343, aged 42. Favin. Hist. de Nav.
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  Kings of Macedonia and Syria.
  • Philip I. of the name, and sixth King of Macedonia, was Son of Argeus, whom he succeeded An. Mund. 3421, and reign'd about 35 years. Jansson. Atlas Maj. p. 93. Ficin in. Chron.
  • Philip II. was the fourth Son of Amyntas, and succeeded his Brother Perdiccas III. in the 105th Olympiad, about the 394th year of Rome. He had been a long time an Hostage among the Illyrians and Thebans, which contributed very much to the cul∣tivating of his Youth, especially having been brought up in the House of Epaminondas. Perdiccas his Brother had left a Son, who was to succeed him in course, under the Regency of Philip; but as the State stood in need of a Man who could ma∣nage it prudently, the People oblig'd him to take the Title of King upon him; he put the Kingdom presently in order, and afterwards made War upon the Athenians, whom he overcame near Methona, An. Rom. 394: But as he had formed other De∣signs he made a peace with them, and turning his Arms else∣where, subdued the Poeonians and Illyrians, from whom he took the City of Larissa. His desire to possess the Thessalian Horse, obliged him to War against that People, whom he subdued, and at the Siege of Methona lost an Eye by an Arrow shot from the Ramparts. In the mean time he married Olympias the Daughter of Neoptolemus King of the Molossians, and had by her Alexander the Great, whom he very carefully educated. He laid Siege to Byzantium in 413, but was constrain'd to with∣draw in order to go against the Scythians, whom he subdued by a Stratagem, and carried off a great Booty. In his return, as he pass'd by the Triballians, they revolted against him; some Greek Soldiers mutiny'd also at the same time, and that was the reason of the engagement, which was very bloody; Philip had his Horse kill'd under him, and was himself wounded in the Thigh, and must have died there had not his Son Alexan∣der, who already bore Arms, covered him with his Buckler, and kill'd or put to flight those who came to attaque him. This King pretended to the Empire of all Greece, having al∣most subdued it totally, either in person or by his Generals. The power of the Athenians did only obstruct his undertakings. He was at peace with them, but he managed his Affairs so well, that having prevailed to be made General of the Greeks by a Decree in the Assembly of their States, to suppress the Inso∣lence of the Locrians, he declared War against them; afterwards passing over the Streights of the Thermopilae, he surprized two of their Cities, and advancing with his Troops he defeated them and the Thebans their Allies, took the City of Cheronea in Boeo∣tia in 416, and after that granted a Peace to the Athenians, but yet shew'd himself more severe against the rest, that he might punish them for having so often broken his measures by their revolting. Some time after he divorced Olympias his Wife, which made a difference between him and his Son Alex∣ander, who withdrew from the Court, being incensed at the ill treatment of his Mother: In the mean time, Philip not be∣ing satisfied with his Conquests in Europe, was declar'd General of all Greece against the Persians. He made great preparations for this Expedition, when he was kill'd by Pausanias, one of his Guards, in the City of Aeges in Macedonia, in the 111 O∣lympiad, 418th year of Rome, 24th of his Reign, and 47th of his age. Diodorus Siculus l. 16 and 17. Hist. Bibl. Justin. l. 7, 8, 9. Plutarch, &c.
  • Philip III. called Arideus. Vid. Arideus.
  • Philip IV. was the Son of Cassander, whom he succeeded in 4••6 of Rome, but he reigned but one year.
  • Philip V. was so young when his Father Demetrius III. died, that he was left under the tutorage of his Cousin Antigonus II. surnamed 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: He took the Title of King upon him for the space of twelve years, and Philip, aged fifteen, succeeded him in the 139th Olympiad. He presently entred into a League with the Achaians, against the Aetolians, and that War was cal∣led Bellum sociale. Afterwards, in 439, he confederated with Hannibal against the Romans, but they having discovered his Practices, by surprizing his Embassadors, were aware of him, and began to oppose his Designs. In the mean time, Philip conquer'd the Isle of Creet, and was successful in all his under∣takings, so far as he followed the Counsels of Aratus; but ha∣ving debauched the Daughter-in-law of that great Captain, and caused himself and his Son to be poisoned, the evil ad∣vices of Heracleus of Tarentum, and his vain Flatterers, caused all the good hopes conceiv'd of this Prince to vanish, who seem'd to have the best Inclinations in the World; and in short, the Aetolians being strengthened by the Alliance of the Aeleans and Romans, beat him, and conquer'd Zacinthus and Nau∣pactum: In the mean time he continued the War against Atta∣lus King of Pergamus, and caused Athens to be besieged. He fell himself so violently upon Abydos on the Hellespont, that the Inhabitants, who refused Conditions, after having put to death their Wives and Children, threw themselves desperately into the Enemies Camp, there to die with their Swords in their hands. The Romans, in order to relieve their Allies, declared War against Philip, and T. Quintus Flaminius beat him at Octo∣lophus, near the River Aous in Epirus, in the 145 Olympiad, and 556 year of Rome. Next year the same Proconsul defeated him again in Thessaly in a place called Cynocephalos, and was brought to sue for a Peace through the general Consternation that all his Subjects and Soldiers were put to. The Romans left him Ma∣cedonia, but he was obliged to give up all the Cities he held in Greece, and to send his second Son Demetrius to Rome for Ho∣stage. He was afterwards sorry for the loss of this same Son, having none but Perseus left, whom he design'd, because of his ill deportment, to dis-inherit. Philip died in the 150 Olympi∣ad, after he had reigned 42 years. Titus Livius lib. 31. 40. & seq. Polyb. Justin, &c.
  • Philip, the Son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra. After the death of his Father he came to Rome, where he had been brought up, and obtain'd of Augustus, Bathanea, Trachonitis, Auritana, with part of that which belong'd to Zenodorus, the Revenue whereof amounted to a hundred Talents. He was a wise and moderate Prince, and died without Children, An. Chr. 34, af∣ter he had reigned 33 years, and Tiberius united his Dominions to Syria. Josephus, &c.
• ...
  Dukes of Burgundy, Earls of Artois and Flanders, and Earl•• and Dukes of Savoy and Nemours.
  • Philip of Burgundy Earl of Artois and Bullen, &c. of the first Branch of the Dukes of Burgundy, descended from Robert of France, Son of King Robert, the Son of Eadus IV. and Jane the Daughter of King Philip, surnamed the Long, was Earl of Artois in right of his Mother. This Prince died before his Father in 1346, of a wound he receiv'd by a fall from his Horse at the Siege of Aiguillon in Guienne.
  • Philip I. surnamed the Rouvre, Duke of Burgundy, Earl of Artois, Bologne, Auvergne, &c. succeeded his Uncle in 1349, and died very young, November 22. 1361, having no Children by Magaret Countess of Flanders, his Wife, the only Daughter of Lewis III. Earl of Flanders: But some others say, Their Marriage was not consummated. Burgundy was hereby re∣united to the Crown, not by the proximity of the Line, as the Lawyers say, but by the right of a special return to the first Fief of the Crown.
  • Philip of France, second of the Name, Duke of Burgundy and Peer of France, Earl of Flanders, Artois, &c. Governour of Nor∣mandy and Picardy, was the fourth Son of King John and Bonna of Luxemburg, and born at Pontoise in 1341. He acquired the name of Bold at the Battle of Poictiers, where, being but six∣teen years old, he did great things, and never abandoned his Fa∣ther in his disgrace; insomuch, that the King bestowed upon him the Dutchy of Burgundy; and he was the first of the Name of the last Branch of those Dukes. He married Margaret the only Daughter of Lewis III. Earl of Flanders, Widow of Philip de Rouvre. He assisted at the Coronation of King Charles V. surnamed the Wise, who left him to be one of the Guardians of Charles VI. his Son, and he made use of the For∣ces of the Kingdom to uphold Lewis his Father-in-law, against those of Ghent, who, under the Conduct of Philip d'Artaville, attempted to make War upon him: The Revolters were beaten at the Battle of Rosebec in 1382, two years after the Earl died, and Philip his Heir appeased the Tumult in the Country, and settled Peace there. Coming afterwards to be Regent of the Kingdom in the absence of the Duke of Anjou his Brother; and during the King's sickness, that imploy and his union with Queen Isabel of Bavaria gave great Jealousies to Lewis Duke of Orleans, his Nephew, and Brother to Charles VI. Hence sprung the hatred between the Houses of Burgundy and Orleans, so fatal to the Kingdom. Margaret of Flanders contributed much thereto by the influence she had over her Husband: But in the mean time he died at Hall in Hainault April 27. 1404, and the 63d year of his age. Froissard. Monstrelet, &c.
  • Philip III. surnamed the Good, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Lothier, Luxemburg, and Limburg, Earl of Flanders, Hainault, Holland, Zealand, Namur, and Charolois, Palatine of Burgundy, Marquess of the H. Empire, Lord of Friezland, Salins and Ma∣lines, was Son to John surnamed Sans-Peur, or, the Fearless, who was kill'd at the Battle of Montereau-faut-yonne 1419, and of Margaret of Bavaria, born at Dijon the 29th or 30th of June 1396. He afterwards, to revenge the death of his Father, took part with the English, and carried desolation every where about the end of the Reign of Charles VI. and the beginning of that of Charles the VIIth. He beat the Dauphine in a Battle fought at Mons in Vimieu in 1421. He made War also upon Jaquelina of Bavaria, Countess of Hainault in 1425, and obliged her by a Treaty in 1428 to declare him her Heir. In 1435 he entred into a Treaty at Arras with the King, forsook the part of the English, and was reconciled with Charles Duke of Orleans) Lewis's

• ...
  • Son; however he had always a secret antipathy against King Charles VII. which he manifested by giving reception to the Dauphin in his Dominions, who was afterwards Lewis II. It was he that instituted the Order of the Golden Fleece, Janua∣ry 19. 1430, which reunited almost the seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. He died at Bruges July 15. 1467, aged 72, 11 Months, and 16 Days. Paradin. Ann. de Bourg. And. du Chesne Hist. de Bourg. &c.
  • Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, Constable of France, was Son to John of Artois and Isabel de Melins: he signalized himself in 1383, at the taking of Bourbourg, and afterwards accompanied Lewis II. of that name, Duke of Bourbon, into Africa, where he assisted at the Siege of Tunis in 1392. After this he followed the Count of Nevers into Hungary to fight against the Turks: and in 1396 was at the Siege of Nicopolis; his Imprudence and Pre∣sumption proved fatal to the Christians, by the loss of the Battle wherein the Constable himself was made Prisoner by the Infidels. He died at Macalizo in Natolia, just as he was to be set at liberty, June 25. 1397.
  • Philip, Earl of Flanders, was the Son of Thierry of Alsatia, the Son of Thierry, Duke of Lorrain. He succeeded his Father in 1166, had a contest with Philip Augustus, but afterwards allyed with him, and followed him in his Expedition to the Holy-Land, where he was kill'd at the Siege of Acre in 1191, leaving no Children, so that his Sister Margaret succeeded him, and was Wife to Baldwin VIII. March. in Com▪ Fland.
  • Philip I. Earl of Savoy, was Son to Thomas I. who designed him for the Church; and indeed having had several Benefices, he was made Bishop of Valence, after Boniface his Brother, who was advanced to the Archbishoprick of Canterbury: Philip accompanied Pope Innocent the IVth. to Lyons, where was celebrated a general Council; as he had a particular affecti∣on for all his Family, he made him Archbishop of that City in 1245, but Amedeus IV. Boniface surnamed Rouland, and Pe∣ter, surnamed the Little Charlemaign, being dead, he was decla∣red Earl of Savoy in prejudice of his Nephews, the Sons of Tho∣mas. He quitted the Ecclesiastical Habit, and married Alix the Daughter of Otho II. Count of Burgundy. He died Fran∣tick, and without Children, November 17. in 1283 or 84. Mat∣thew Paris Hist. Aug. Paradin. &c.
  • Philip Duke of Savoy was the fifth Son of Lewis I. who see∣ing him belov'd by all his Court by reason of his excellent Qualities, and fearing least that should cause him to despise his elder Brethren, he sent him into France to King Charles VII. During his youth, he was called nothing else but Philip Mon∣sieur, and that also introduced his being called Philip sans Terre, because he had then no Inheritance; but the Duke, his Father, being at Quiers, gave him by Patents bearing date February 26. 1460, the Seigniories of Beauge, &c. by the Title of an Earl∣dom, and thereupon he took the Title of Count of Bresse: he afterwards stood in opposition to the favourites advanced by his Mother Anne of Cyprus, and was put into Prison at Loches by order of King Lewis II. who after this, bestowed upon him the Governmen•• of Guienne, and made him Knight of the Or∣der of St. Mich••••l Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who used his Intere•••• ••or the enlargement of the Count; gave him also the Collar of the Ord••r of the Golden Fleece, and the Go∣vernment of the two Burgund••es. He accompanied Charles VIII. to the Conquest of the Kingdom of Naples, and after his re∣turn was made Governour of Dauphiny, where coming to hear of the Death of Charles-John-Amè his Nephew, Duke of Savoy, he took possession of that Dukedom in 1496, aged 58. He pardoned those who had offended, made his Court one of the finest in that time, took particular care of his people, and died in 1497.
  • Philip of Savoy Duke of Nemours, Marquess of St. Sorlin, Earl of Genevois, and Baron of Foucigni, was Son to Philip Duke of Savoy and Claudina de Bresse of Bretany, born in 1490. He was, when young, design'd for the Church, and made Bishop of Geneva; but his Inclination being for Arms, he accompanied King Lewis XII. into Italy; and in 1509 was at the Battle of Agnadel. The Emperor Charles V. drew him to his Court at Spire; but Franci•• I. his Nephew, willing to disengage him from that Party, made him come into France, bestowed upon him the Dutchy of Nemours, and married him September 17. 1528, with Charlotta of Orleans, Daughter to Lewis I. of that name of Orleans, Duke of Longueville. Philip died at Marseilles, November 25. 1633.
• ...
  Other great Men of this Name.
  • Philip, Antipope, was intruded upon the Pontifical See af∣ter the death of Paul I. in 767, and at the same time Constan∣tine, a Layman, Bro••••er to Toson Duke of Nepi, caused him∣self also to be consecrated; but they were expell'd in 768, and Stephen III. or IV. was elected.
  • * Philip, a Burgundia▪ Bishop of Utrecht, sent Embassador by Maximilian I. to Julian II. in the Sixteenth Century; being ask'd at his return how he liked Rome, answered, He was mightily taken with the place if their dregs of Wickedness called Courtisans were banished thence; he said, The Roman Ci∣tizens, called the Ancient, were grave; but curs'd the Luxury and Pride of the Pope and Clergy; adding, That he did not doubt but the Pagans and Gentiles liv'd more chast and innocent than they who pretended to prescribe Laws to the Christian World. That some of the chiefest Cardinals, when they ex∣pos'd Reliques to be worshipped by the people, especially, by the Germans, put out their Tongues, and made other odd signs in derision of their Simplicity; finally, That they held nothing sacred but Gold and the worst of wickedness. Gerardus Novio∣magus.
  • Philip de Dreux, Bishop and Earl of Beauvais, Peer of France in the Twelfth Age, was Son to Robert of France, Earl of Dreux, and of Agnes de Baudemont his third Wife. He accom∣panied Philip the August to the Holy Land, and was at the Siege of Acre in 1192. He was too much inclin'd to War. He as∣sisted King Philip against the English, and was taken by Mar∣quadus an English Captain, when he was about to surprize a certain place; and King Richard detain'd him in Prison till 1202. Pope Innocent III. writ in favour of him to Richard, and called him his Son; but that King letting him know upon what occasion he was taken, sent him also his Coat of Armor all bloody; and he that presented it to the Pope, said, See, Holy Father, if this be not your Son's Coat? Whereupon the Pope re∣ply'd, He was justly treated, as having nothing to do with Carnal Weapons. He was again at the famous Battle of Bo∣vines, and fought against the Albigenses in Languedoc. He died at Beauvais, November 2. 1217. Du Chesne Hist. de Dreux, &c.
  • Philip Emanuel de Lorrain, Duke of Mercoeur, Peer of France, Governour of Britany, &c. was Son to Nicholas of Lorrain, and born September 9. 1558. He entred into the fa∣tigues of War when very young, and signaliz'd himself on se∣veral important occasions. This Prince married at Paris Ju∣ly 12. 1579, Mary of Luxemburg Dutchess of Estampes, and Pen∣thievre, Viscountess of Martignes, the Daughter of Sebastian of Luxemburg, Duke of Penthievre, &c. called, the F••arless Knight. He had the Government of Britany conferr'd upon him, and after the death of the Duke of Guise, King H••nry III. gave orders to the Estates of Blois in 1588, to seize him; but Queen Lovisa of Lorrain, his Sister, gave him notice of the design, and so prevented it. After this the King flattered him with the Title of Duke of Burgundy, the hope of which hin∣der'd him for some time from declaring openly for the League, but at last he avowedly own'd that Party, strengthened himself in his Government, and receiv'd the Spaniards into it, to whom he gave le Port de Blavet in 1591, and became very for∣midable. He was brought in 1596 to a truce till March next year; but there being reason to fear that he would afterwards use his utmost endeavours to subdue the remaining part of Bri∣tany, Henry the IVth's. Agents influenc'd him so far, as to pro∣long the truce till the Month of July▪ upon which his Friends reproached him with what he had several times upbraided the Duke of Mayenne, viz. That opportunities had not been wanting to him, but that he had often been wanting to opportunities; and in the mean time all the other Chiefs of the League having made their peace with the King; he was obliged to b••think himself of it also, notwithstanding all the aversion he had thereto; but the King's Progress into Britany in the beginning of 1598 did absolutely determine him. He had by his Wife one Son nam∣ed Philip, and a Daughter called Frances; but the Son dying young, the Daughter, a rich Heiress, was the price of the Re∣conciliation; for she was betrothed to Caesar the King's natural Son, afterwards Duke of Vendôme. Madam Gabrielle, a little after Dutchess of Beaufort, Mother to that young Prince, un∣dertook that Accommodation, which was as honourable for the Duke as he could have wished; and he made great advantages thereof, for the King gave him two hundred and thirty six thousand Crowns to re-imburse him, seventeen thousand Crowns Pension, with the Government of the Castles of Guin∣gamp, Montemort and Lambale; after which the Duke came to salute the King at Angers, and there was the marriage of the Duke de Vendôme with the Princess de Mercoeur solemnized with extraordinary magnificence. In the mean time this Duke's Me∣rit came to be known throughout Europe. In 1601 the Emperor Rodolphus II. offered him the command of his Army in Hun∣gary against the Turks; he conceiv'd great hopes from his Con∣duct and Valor, and flattered himself also, that he might bring a great many French Lords along with him, as being weary to find themselves without business; which was accepted by him, with the King's leave; and so he was attended by Henry of Lorrain, his Brother, Count of Chaligni, and some Companies of Soldiers. All the Historians of that time delighted much to describe the Exploits of this Prince; they relate the great Ef∣forts which he made with fifteen hundred Men to raise the Siege of Canisa invested by Ibrahim Basha with sixty thousand Men; and to oblige him to give Battle: Afterwards wanting Provisions he made an excellent Retreat. He took also Alba Regalis, and defeated the Turks that came to the relief of it. His name became terrible to the Infidels, after so many brave actions; but as he returned into France about some private con∣cerns, he was taken with a Fever in the City of Nuremburg, where he died February 19. 1602.
  • Philip surnamed the Sidan, because he was Native of Sida, a City in Pamphylia, lived under the Reign of Theodosius, and had a great sha••e in the friendship of St. Chrysostom. He writ a Book by the name of the Christian History, digested into twenty four Books. Socrates lib. 7. Hist. c. 17.

• * Philippa Catenoisa or of Catena, was a Laundress, who be∣came Nurse to one of the Children of Robert the Wise, King of Naples, and was raised afterwards to be Governess to the Prin∣cesses. Jane I. Grand-daughter to Robert, coming to the Crown, was wholly governed by the advices of this Catenoisa, who al∣ways hightened the aversion which the Queen had for King Andrew of Hungary her Husband; and at last this wicked Wo∣man, with her Accomplices, strangled him in the City of Aversa in 1345, in the strangest and basest manner in the World, and hung him out at a Window; but she suffered very soon after, the punishment due to her for so horrid a fact, by extraordi∣nary torments and a very cruel death. Hornius Orb. Polit.
• * Philippeville, a City of the Low-Countries in Hainault. Queen Mary of Hungary built it in 1555, and called it by the name of King Philip: Besides its situation that is naturally strong, it was excellently well fortified to oppose the French, who are Ma∣sters of it now, according to the Pyrenaean Treaty in 1660. It stands 11 miles W. of Charlemont, 13 S. of Charleroy, 20 S. W. of Namur, and 24. S. E. of Mons.
• Philippi, a City of Macedonia built or enlarged by Philip, who called it by his own name. St. Paul converted the Inhabitants of this City, who adhered very firmly to him; and when he was at Thessalonica, and afterwards at Rome, sent considerable supplies for his subsistance by Epaphroditus, and the Apostle wrote to them from Prison, that Epistle directed to the Philip∣pians. It was also near unto this City, that Pompey was defeat∣ed by Caesar in the 706th of Rome, and that Brutus and Cassius were overcome by Augustus, and Marcus Antonius in 712.
• Philippi or Filippopoli, a City of Thracia; the Arians met there in 347. While the Orthodox established the wholsom Ordinances of Sardica, the Hereticks publish'd a new Confessi∣on of Faith, wherein they appeared Semiarians, and to make that Confession pass for Catholick, they gave the name of the Council of Sardica to their Conventicle, by which many of the Orthodox were deceiv'd.
• Philippi, or Ciutad del Re Phelippe, a City which the Spani∣ards built in 1585 in South America, to hinder the English and Dutch from entring the Streights of Magellan; but this City be∣ing ruined by the Barbarians, hath since been called Porto Fa∣mine, or, the Port of Famine.
• Philippi (Henry) a Jesuit, was of St. Hubert in Ardennes; he taught Philosophy and Theology at Gratz in Stiria, at Vienna, Prague, and elsewhere, and was Preceptor and Confessor to Ferdinand III. King of Hungary. He died November 30. 1636. Several Pieces of his composing we have, as, Introductio ad Chronologica, seu de Computo Ecclesiastico ad Chronologiam accommo∣dato; Generalis Synopsis sacrorum canonum; Quaestiones Chronologicae de annis domini, Juliani, Nabonassarii & Aera Juliana componen∣dis; De annis nati & passi salvatoris, &c. Alegamb. Bibl. Sacr. &c.
• Philippicus Bardanes, Emperor of the East in the Eighth Age, was descended of an Illustrious Family, but was nothing like them himself. Tiberius Absimerus caused him to be banish∣ed, because he was told that he must be his Successor, and that he was a seditious fellow; but finding a way to get himself recall'd by Justinian surnamed the Young, that Prince gave him the command of an Army against the City of Chersone: Some time after Bardanes did barbarously make away with the same Justinian and his Son Tiberius, and caused himself to be proclaimed Emperor in 711. Authors confess, there was never a Prince of greater Impiety nor less Wit than this; at last some of the Nobles disdaining his proceedings, put out his Eyes, and banished him June 13. 713. Zonaras and Theophanes in Annal. Paul diacre l. 6. c. 34.
• Philippidas, one of those who intruded themselves into the Government of the Republick of Athens in the time of Hype∣rides, who had made an harangue against him. He was so lean, that Alexis the Comick Poet made it a Proverb to say, He is become like Philippidas, instead of, He is become lean.
• Philippides, a famous Athenian Courier, who in a Day and a Night's time run a thousand five hundred Furlongs on foot, that is, above fourscore and ten miles, to give the Lacedaemoni∣ans notice of the arrival of Perseus. Suidas.
• Philippides of Athens, a famous Comick Poet, who lived in the time of Alexander the Great, in the 111 Olympiad. He was the Son of Philocles, Brother to Morsimus, a Poet also; and Sui∣das makes mention of 45 of his Pieces, some whereof are cited by Athenaeus and Julius Pollux. He had a great share in the esteem of Lysimachus, who having asked him what he would have of him, answered, What you please, provided it be not your secret. He died for joy of having won the Crown of Poetry when he expected it not. Aulus Gellius lib. 3. c. 15. Athenae∣us l. 15.
• Philippine Islands, are certain Isles in Asia in the Indian Sea, between China and the Molucca's; they were so called, because they were first inhabited by the Spaniards in the Reign of Phi∣lip II. but the Portuguese name them Manhilles, which is the name of the chief of them, and the Indians call them Luzones. Authors affirm, there are above 1200 of these Islands. They were discovered in 1520, by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, who was kill'd there in the Isle of Cebu; but they were not in∣habited by the Spaniards till 1564: The principal of them is Manhilla or Lucon, with a City of the same name; the others are Mindanas, Paragoia or Calamiaires, Mindora, Tandaia or Philippine, Cebu or los Pintados, Paraia, Masbat, Sabunta, Ma∣tan, Luban, Capul, Abuyo, Banton, Rohol, Verde, des Negoas, san Jean, &c. The rest are less considerable. Some Authors are of Opinion, that these Islands are the Barussae of Ptolomy. The principal Cities are Mindanao or Tabouc, Caures de Camarinha, Nueva Segovia or Cagaion, Villa Jesu, Cebu, &c. The Spani∣ards were Masters of all these Islands, but for some time past Mindanao, Paragoia, and some others, have been taken from them. They are fruitfull, and besides Corn and Wine, they have Pepper, Cinnamon, Sugar, Honey, and Mines, &c. There is found in the Sea encompassing these Islands, a sort of Fish resembling Sirens, which those of the Isle of Lucon call the Women-fish, because their Head, Face, Neck and Breasts are somewhat like those of a Woman, and they couple also with the Male: it's about as big as a Calf, and its flesh tasts like Beef; they fish for them with Nets made of Cords as thick as one's Finger, and when they are taken they kill them with Darts. Their Bones and Teeth have a special Virtue for the curing of the Disentery or Bloody-Flux. The Air of these Islands is very hot, and but a very little difference of Seasons to be perceiv'd: Rains begin to fall there in the end of May, and last without Intermission for three or four Months; but it scarcely Rains at any other time. The Country is very sub∣ject to Hurricanes which blow down the greatest Trees; here are also Springs of hot Water, and a great many Snakes, where∣of some are two Fathoms, others above thirty Foot long. The Inhabitants are well shap'd, having handsome Faces and very white: Some wear a dress that comes as low as the Ancle; others have a little White, Yellow, or Red Coat that hangs down as far as the Knee, which they tye with a Girdle. The Women as well as the Men are continually in the Water, wherein they swim like Fish: They bath themselves all hours of the Day as well for their pleasure as cleanliness: When they are sick they use no bleeding, nor any other Remedies but some Herbs, of which they make a kind of Ptisan. They use Rice instead of Bread, and make Drink of the same as intoxi∣cating as the Wine of Europe. In these Islands there is neither Corn nor Wine, nor Oyl of Olives, nor any Fruits which grow in Europe, except Oranges. There are no Mines of Sil∣ver, and but little of this metal to be seen there; what there is being brought from Mexico. There are some Gold Mines found in the Isle of Manhilla, and in the River of Butuan in the Isle of Mindanao. In the Mountains are found a great deal of Wax and Honey, and many Palm-trees, which are the greatest riches of the Country. Since the Spaniards came to inhabit there, they have built several Sugar-mills, which hath ren∣der'd that Commodity so very cheap, that one may have five and twenty pounds, sixteen ounces each, for twenty pence. Their Arms are a Lance, Arrows, the Campilan or great Cut∣las, the Cris or Poiniard, the Zompites or Shooting-Trunks, out of which they blow little poisoned Arrows. The Spani∣ards have taught them the use of Fire-Arms, which they handle very well, especially such of them as are listed in the Spanish Troops; but these Islanders are naturally Cowards, and fitter to lie in Ambuscade than to fight an Enemy in the Field. The Spaniards, who dwell in these Islands, have an Archbi∣shop, who resides at Manhilla, and has three thousand Ducats Revenue. These Islands depend upon the Crown of Castile; the Governour resides at Manhilla; he is also President, and as Captain General disposes of all places both Military and Civil. Several of these Islanders have embraced the Christian Religi∣on, the rest are still Idolaters. The Dutch E. India Company have much ruin'd the trade of the Spaniards in these parts, and occasion'd the defection of a great many of these Islands from 'em. M. Thevenot's Relation de Phil.
• * Philip's Norton, a Market-Town of Wellow Hundred in the N. E. of Somersetshire, 84 miles from London.
• Philipstadt, Lat. Philippopolis, a new City in Swedeland, in the Province of Vermeland, standing among ponds of Water.
• Philipsburg, an Important Fortress in Germany upon the Rhine, called formerly Udenheim; it took its modern name from Philip Christopher de Saeterin, Bishop of Spire and Archbi∣shop of Trier. This Prelate caused it to be built and fortified with seven Bastions, where the Bishop's Castle, and the Village of Udenheim stood, almost upon the brink of the Rhine, in a Plain surrounded with Marish Ground. Philipsburg in 1634 fell into the hands of the Imperialists through the Cowardliness of the Governour. The Swedes drove them thence January 15. 1634, and gave it to Lewis XIIIth. but as the Fortifications of it could not be finished, because of the rigour of the Winter, the Imperialists surpriz'd it by Night January 23. 1635. Af∣terwards the Duke of Anguien, having defeated the Bavarians at Friburg, retook Spire and Philipsburg, September 1644. The French King caused it to be regularly fortified, and made it a very important place. The Germans and their Allies, who had blocked it up for a long time, besieged it May 16. 1676, and it was surrender'd to them upon Articles, September the 17th following; but is was retaken by Lewis de Bourbon, the Dau∣phin of France in 1688. It stands three German miles from Heydelberg to the S. three from Durlach to the N. and about two S. from Spires. It was consign'd to the Bishop of Spire. But under the perpetual Protection of the Emperor, the Bishop has ever had his Residence in the Castl••, which is a noble Pile. This place lies a quarter of a mile from the Rhine in a Morass,

• and is but small; the Bastions are little, and there is a Ra∣velline before almost all the Cortines, but the Morass is its best defence. The French had begun a Crown Work on the side to∣wards the Rhine, and it is thought they design'd to carry that Crown Work quite round the Town, and to make a second Wall and Ditch all round it, which would have endangered the Palatinate by enlarging it; which made that Elector engage the Emperor to retake it, and he also supplied the Duke of Lor∣rain's Camp so well, during the Siege, that it wanted nothing. In 1688 it was again besieged by the French, who thus described its Situation and Fortifications. It is situate (say they) near the Rhine, on the German side, and is almost surrounded with a Morass, and is besides regularly fortified with seven Bastions and half Moons in the places by which it is accessible: The Ground between the place and the Rhine is covered with a Crown-work and a Horn-work, which stands about twenty yards from the Rhine. All these Fortifications are lined with Stone, as likewise the covered way, and the other Works that inviron it. It was invested by the French the 27th of September 1688. The sixth of October the Dauphin of France came thither, who here made his first Campagn: The first of November it was surrender'd when it might have holden out much longer. However this Siege gave liberty to the Prince of Orange to rescue England from Popery and Tyranny.
• Philistines, a people of Palaestine towards the Borders of E∣gypt, along the Sea-coasts. They were Enemies to the Israelites, whom they brought afterwards into servitude, defeated them, and took away their Ark; but the Israelites reveng'd themselves frequently afterwards.
• Philistion of Magnesia, a Comick Poet, who lived at Rome a little after Horace. Cassiodorus makes him to be the Inventor of Farce. He died with too much laughing, as acting the Buffoon upon the Stage.
• Philistus of Syracuse, had a great share in the favour of Dio∣nysius the Tyrant, who afterwards banish'd him, because he had married his Niece without his knowledge. During his Exile Philistus writ several Historical Treatises, which the Ancients quote often with commendation. He was recalled after this by Dionysius the Young, and fitted out a Fleet to defend himself against those who had expell'd him from Syracuse; but Philistus having lost the Battle in the 398th of Rome, he kill'd himself: Others say, That falling into his Enemies hands they put him to death. Diodorus l. 16.
• Philo, a famous Architect, lived about 300 years before Christ; he wrought at several Temples, and at the Arsenal of the Haven of Piraeum, while Demetrius of Phaleris governed A∣thens. He writ a description of all those different Works, and deserves a considerable place among those Greek Authors who have writ of Arts, but his Writings are lost. Some pretend that he is the same with Philo of Byzantium, who writ a Trea∣tise of Warlike Engines that was printed in 1687 at the Louvre, from a Manuscript taken out of the King's Library. Vitruvi∣us lib. 3. & 7. Felib. vies des Architectures.
• Philo, a famous Grammarian surnamed Bybluis or Bybliensis, was much esteem'd in the First and Second Ages; hath writ se∣veral Treatises, mentioned by Suidas, Sixtus of Sienna, Vossius, le Mire, &c. It was he who translated the Phaenician History of Sanchoniathon: But others believe, That either Philo feigned this History, or that Porphyrjus attributes it to Philo, although the Version was counterfeit as well as the Original. See H. Dod∣well upon Sanchoniathon, or an Abstract of it in the First Vo∣lume of the Works of the Learned.
• Philo of Alexandria, called Philo the Jew, whose Writings are so estimable, liv'd in the First Age; he was a Platonick Phi∣losopher. The Jews of Alexandria sent him about the year 40 to the Emperor Caligula at Rome, who treated him very ill: He hath himself written an account of this Embassy, under the Title of a Discourse against Flaccus. He took another Voyage to Rome in the Reign of Claudius. We have several Editions of his Works, the last is that of Paris in 1640, according to the Translation of Sigismond, Gelemus, and some others. It's divided into three parts; the first contains Cosmopoetica, the second Historica, and the third Juridica seu Legalia. Joseph. l. 18. Ant. c. 10. Clem. Alexan. l. 1. Strom. &c.
• Philoctetes, the Son of Paean, was Hercules's faithfull Compa∣nion, who at his death obliged him to swear that he would ne∣ver discover the place he was buried in, and presented him with his Arms dipp'd in the Hydra's Blood. When the Greeks were about to besiege Troy, they were told by the Oracle, That they should never take 〈◊〉〈◊〉 City without those fatal Arrows; whereupon they sought ••t for Hercules; and Philoctetes, that he might not be guilty of Perjury, discover'd his Tomb by stamp∣ing upon it only with his feet: but as a punishment for the vio∣lation of his Oath, he receiv'd a wound in the Foot by the fall of one of the Arrows upon it, which Machaon cured. Ovid Me∣tam. Virg. Aeneid. Natalis Comes, &c.
• Philolaus of Crotona, a Pythagorean Philosopher, lived in the 360th year of Rome. He believ'd that all things were made by Harmony and Necessity, and that the Earth had a circular motion. Demetrius saith he was the first of the Pythagoreans who wrote of Physick. It's affirmed, That Philolaus, desirous to get a Scholar of his out of Prison, presented one of his Books to Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse, who gave it to Plato; and he kept it for his Timeus: Others add, That Plato bought it from the Relations of Philolaus, who died of grief because he was accused of designing to usurp the Sovereignty, and tyrannize over his Country. He must not be confounded with Philolaus, who prescribed Laws to the Thebans. Arist. l. 2. Polit. c. ult. Diogenes Laertius.
• Philomelus, chief of those Sacrilegious Persons of Phocis, who robb'd the Temple of Apollo at Delphos; and afterwards seeing his Companions vanquished by the Locrians and Thebans he threw himself down headlong from a Rock in despair, where he died. Diodorus l. 16.
• Philomides, a Messenger of Alexander the Great, who went from Sicyon to Elis in nine hours, tho an hundred and fifty miles distant; but at his return he was a running of it fifteen hours, tho he had more down-hill; because in running from Sicyon to Elis he had the Sun on his Back, but in his return he had it on his Face. Pliny, &c.
• Philopemenes of Megalopolis, Pretor of the Achaians, was a brave and learned Man; his Masters were Eidemus and Demo∣phanes the Philosopher. The first proof which he gave of his Courage was when his Country was surpriz'd by Cleomenes King of Sparta: He afterwards followed Antigonus, who took the part of the Achaians; but having the conduct of some Troops, his Courage appear'd yet more in the Battle which his Men won from the Aetolians, near Messena in Peloponnesus, in the 546th year of Rome. In 548 he killed Machinidas the Ty∣rant of Lacedaemon in Battle, near the City of Mantinea in Ar∣cadia: Nabis who succeeded him, defeated Philopemenes by Sea, but he reveng'd himself upon him by Land; for having beaten him in the Field, he afterwards took Sparta, razed its Walls to the ground, abrogated Lycurgus's Laws, and made the Lacedae∣monians subject to the Achaians in the 148th Olympiad, and 556 of Rome. Democrates, Tyrant of Messena, made War upon the Achaians, wherein Philopemenes was taken and put to death, being then 70 years old; but this was sufficiently re∣veng'd by Licortas, Pretor of the Achaians. Plutarch in his Life. Liv. Polybius.
• Philoponus (John) was a learned Grammarian of Alexandria, who lived at Constantinople about 535 and wrote against Severus and Proclus, who had opposed the truth of Christianity. He com∣posed also a Treatise, wherein he pretends to prove, That the same Bodies shall not arise at the last day. Photius Cod. 21, 42, 55, 75, 215. Suidas.
• ...

  Philosopher's-stone, is a Powder so called, because they say there are none but true Philosophers that have it: By virtue of this Sone imperfect Metals are changed by Projection (that is, by casting this powder upon them) into Gold or Silver. Imper∣fect Metals they call all those that are not Gold or Silver; as Lead, called by them Saturn; Tin, Jupiter; Iron, Mars; Copper, Venus; Quicksilver, Mercury; Gold, they call the Sun; and Silver, the Moon.

  This Powder is also called by these Philosophers or Wise∣men, An Universal Medicine; because, as they pretend, it acts upon all the Empire of Nature, which they divide into three parts, to wit, the Animal, the Vegetative, and Mineral Reign; hereby they pretend, that they can preserve the health of Ani∣mals, keep it from alteration, and restore it when it is altered; which they can also do upon all Plants, and (that I may use their own terms) take away the Leprosie from Metals, and en∣noble them, by advancing them to the highest degree of perfecti∣on that Nature is capable to bring them to in the entrals of the Earth.

  This Powder is called also a Stone, because, after it is wrought, the Philosopher vitrifies it; for being at first made up of several small parts, he forms it into a Mass by a gentle Liquefaction; and because of its great purity it becomes glittering, and re∣sembles a lump of that which is called Enamell in Glass-Houses; and when he has a mind to make use of it; he scrapes this Mass with a Knife, and easily reduces it into Powder.

  This Powder, besides the abundant Tincture it carries, must contain in it two qualities, which are not to be found toge∣ther in any Bodies that Nature presents us with; for it must needs be meltable like Wax, and fix'd and permanent in the Fire like Gold; the first quality being necessary for penetra∣ting to the Center of the imperfect Metal upon which it is cast when melted; and the second, to communicate the fixed∣ness requisite for Gold or Silver. The way of succeeding in the operation of this Stone is very hard to discover. Above four or five thousand Authors have writ of it at divers times, and in different parts of the World; but never one hath writ on any other account than that it might be talked of, but not in order to inform how it ought to be made; or if they had this intention, they have spoken so enigmatically, that they themselves advertise the Reader, That they have writ for none but their Brethren, and that if God discovered not these Mysteries by Revelation, or that they happened to be unfold∣ed by some person who hath the Stone and the art of making it, it is impossible to understand them; but yet it must not be believed, that all those that have written obscurely upon this Subject were Possessors. There are but very few (as they call them) that were Authores bonae notae; those who are approved and reputed the true Adepti (for this is also one of the terms whereby they express true Philosophers, who have acquir'd that which others search for) are Hermes their venerable Father, Ca∣lid, Artephius, who boasted that he had lived above a thousand years, Morienus Romanus, the Cosmopolite, the Count Trevi∣san,

• ...

  Zachary, Philalethus, and several others both ancient and modern.

  That this so difficult and conceal'd a Work may be accom∣plished, these wise Men tell us, There are two ways, whereof the one is called The Universal, and the other the Particular way; the Universal consists in the preparation of a certain mat∣ter which is to be found every where throughout the World, and in all places, which costs nothing, and is common to poor and rich, which we have all before our Eyes, and which very few know how to choose. This matter, by due preparati∣on, without the addition of any other thing produceth an Universal Medicine which is agreeable, as has been already said, to the three Reigns of Nature, insomuch, that the Philosopher determines it by Art to what kind he pleases, and after this Determination this Medicine becomes peculiar either to Ani∣mals, Plants, or Metals. The other way is called Particular, when the Philosopher begins his Work by the Metallick kind, and, that by Art he finds out the means to corrupt the perfect Metal by radically introducing thereinto one of the three substances that compose it, to wit, either Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury, which are the principles of all Substances, and these principles are the productions of the four Elements, which are the prin∣ciples of all things we see in the Universe.

  This particular way is also subdivided into two ways, cal∣led the dry and moist; the first is when they go upon the corrup∣tion of a perfect Metal, by the Radical Introduction of Metallick Sulphur, the second is (which the Philosophers call also The way of Reincrudation) when they proceed to it by the Intro∣duction of Mercury; and this way they call The Reincrudation of Metals, and the Humid way; for that Mercury being of a watery substance, it is also the most crude part, and 'tis in this Mercury (which yet is not the common Mercury) that they pretend to put some Gold or Silver, and to make it putrefie within, in such a manner, that after having past through the putrefaction by artificial ways, it thereby becomes a substance called Philo∣sophick Mercury, which is neither Gold nor Silver, but a Me∣tallick Composition of a soft consistence, which hath a pene∣trating and fermentative virtue, by means of which, they can multiply it ad infinitum, by putting common Mercury thereto, which is of all Metals the most fit for penetration and re∣ceiving of a metallick form. Vid. Alchimy.

• Philostorgius of Cappadocia, the Son of Carterius and Eulam∣pia, was born about 367, in the Reign of Valentinian and Va∣lens. He writ an Ecclesiastical History, which he published in the time of Theodosius the Young. This Work was divided into twelve Books, which began with the letters of his name in the form of an Acrostick. He was an Arian, of the party of the Aëtians and Eunomians; so that he highly extolls those Hereticks, runs down the Orthodox, and especially Athanasius. He o∣therwise testified much zeal for the Christian Religion, and many usefull things may be learnt by his Ecclesiastical Antiqui∣ties. Photius accuseth him, that besides his Impiety and Infi∣delity, he used an affected Stile, more becoming a Poet than an Historian. Nicephorus Callistus has taken out of Philostorgius, whom he calls, Deo Invisus, several things, which he inserts in his History without citing him.
• Philostratus of Lemnos, or, according to others, of Tyre or Athens, a Sophister, who lived at Rome in the time of the Em∣peror Severus, and at the desire of the Empress Julia writ the Life of Apollonius Thyanaeus in eight Books: He hath also com∣posed a Dictionary, &c. This Author was the Son, or ac∣cording to others, the Grandson of Philostratus, a Sophister, who liv'd in the time of Vespasian and Titus, and writ Orati∣ons, Tragedies, &c. They must not be confounded with two other Authors of the same name, the first whereof lived in the time of Macrin and Heliogabalus, and was Grandson, or rather Nephew to him that writ the Life of Apollonius Thyanaeus, and married his Daughter. Suidas attributes several Works to him, but others are not of the same Opinion. The other Philostra∣tus was an Egyptian, a Philosopher and Sophist. Suidas. Photi∣us l. 44. 150, & 241. Vossius de Hist. Graec. &c.
• Philoxenus of Cytherea, a Greek Poet, lived in the 388th year of Rome, at the Court of Dionysius the Young, Tyrant of Syracuse, and could never be brought to give any approbation to the Verses made by that same Dionysius; which contempt angred Dionysius so much, that he put Philoxenus into the Pri∣son which the Sicilians called the Quarries. Some time after the Tyrant set him at liberty, and believing he should gain his Approbation easier than formerly, he read to him one of his Poems; Philoxenus gave ear from one end to the other to the Piece he recited, and then starting up, briskly said, He must be carried to the Quarries again. Some time after he writ a Poem of the Amours of Polyphemus and Galathea, wherein he jeers Dionysius's Mistress, who was so called; which obstinacy incensed the Tyrant so extreamly, that he put him to death. Athenaeus l. 1, 4, & 14. Aelian. l. 12. Var. Hist. l. 47. Causabon. A∣nimad. in Athe. l. 4. c. 11.
• Philoxenus, a Macedonian Captain that took Harpalus in Can∣dia, who was Treasurer to Alexander the Great, and had im∣bezelled the Treasure of that Prince during his absence. He discovered all those to whom Harpalus had entrusted that Trea∣sure in Athens, and sent a list of them to the Magistrates, that they might seize the Money and get them punished; but he would not put Demosthenes among the number, tho he had had some difference with that famous Orator, preferring upon that occasion, the esteem he had for his Eloquence, before his own re∣sentment. Paus.
• Phineus, the Son of Agenor, reigned in Paphlagonia, and married Cleopatra, the Daughter of Boreas, by whom he had two Sons Parthenius and Cranbis; but having divorced this first Wife he married a Daughter of the King of Scythia, called I∣dea. Some time after, these two Princes were accused of ha∣ving committed Incest with their Mother-in-law, and con∣demned by their own Father to lose their lives; but Boreas re∣veng'd the Innocence of his Grand-children, for having given Battle to Phineus he took him Prisoner, and gave him his choice, Whether to be put to death, or have his Eyes put out; Phineus chose the last, and 'tis said, That then the Gods inspir'd him with the Art of foretelling things to come; but Neptune growing Jealous hereat, sent Harpyes that should foul his Vi∣ctuals when he was at Table, and so he was tormented with these Monsters untill that Zethes and Calais, the Sons of Boreas, drove them into the Islands of Strophades. Apollodorus. Vid. Harpyes.
• Phineus, the Brother of Cepheus, King of Aethiopia, was Uncle to Andromeda, who was promised him in marriage; but he durst not deliver that Princess from the Sea-monster to which she was expos'd (according to the Poets:) Phineus, ne∣vertheless, would take away Andromeda on the Wedding-day from Perseus, her Deliverer, under pretence of the King's Pro∣mise, but Perseus changed him into a Stone by Medusa's head which he had fastened to his Buckler. Ovid.
• Phlegon Trallian, the Emperor Adrian's Freeman, had a great share in that Prince's Favour, who published an History of his Life under his own name. 'Tis he who relates in his Fourteenth Book, That the fourth year of the 202d Olympi∣ad, which was the year of our Saviour's Passion, was very re∣markable for the greatest Eclipse of the Sun that ever was seen, the face of the Heavens being covered with dark and ob∣scure Night for six hours; that is to say, untill Noon, so as the Stars appear'd. Dionysius the Areopagite in his 7th Epistle to St. Polycarp, says, That being at Heliopolis in Egypt with Apollo, he observ'd, that the Moon did oppose her self to the Sun with an extraordinary motion, and continued so till the ninth hour, after which she returned towards the East, which discovers, that the said Eclipse was not natural, seeing it did not follow upon the new Moon, which is the time that she might have interposed betwixt the Sun and the Earth, but at full Moon, at which time the Jews did celebrate the Passover. Over and above this Miracle there was another, viz. That the Ecclipse lasted three hours, because the Moon, according to her proper motion, moves with more swiftness than the Sun, and being less than the Sun and the Earth, could not entirely darken him, but for a very small time. This Eclipse occasioned Dionysius to say, Aut Deus Naturae patitur, aut Mundi machina dissolvitur; or according to Syncellus and Suidas, Deus Ignotus in Carne patitur, ideoque Universum hisce tenebris obscuratur: But many Learned Men think that this Dionysius is a Counterfeit, and the Eclipse a meer Fable. P. Pagi on the 32d year of Christ, in his Cri∣ticks on Baronius.
• Phlegyas, the Son of Mars was King of the Lapitheans in Thessaly, and Father of Ixion and the Nymph Coronis, whom A∣pollo ravished: Phlegyas coming to know of it, was transported with anger, and in order to be revenged upon that God, went and set Fire to his Temple at Delphos; but Apollo, saith the Fa∣ble, that he might punish Phlegyas for this Sacrilege, shot him to death with Arrows, and hurled him headlong into Hell, where he was condemned to remain for ever under a great Rock, which seeming ready to fall, kept him in continual fear.
• Phobus, the Son of Erix, last Archon or Decennial Prince of Athens, complyed with the Decree of the Senate for choosing of Annual Magistrates, and having raised some Troops amongst the Phoceans and other Greeks, put to Sea in order to go for A∣sia Minor, where being arrived, he was received by Mandron King of Bebrycia, who made him his Associate in the Govern∣ment of his Country; and the Phoceans dwelt with the Bebry∣cians in the City of Pythia; but in process of time they enter∣tain'd a Jealousie of the Greeks, and laid a design to murther them all in one Day; but Lampsaca the Daughter of Mandron gave Phobus information of it, who, to prevent his Enemies, made a pretence of solemnizing a Feast, whereunto he invited the Pytheans, and cut to pieces all that came thither; so that King Mandron found himself to be at the mercy of Phobus, who preserv'd his Life and Crown, and married the Princess Lamp∣saca; after which the City of Pythia was called Lampsaca. Plu∣tarch de virt. Mulierum.
• Phocaea, a City of Ionia in Asia Minor: It was a Colony of the Athenians, whose Inhabitants built it after Marseilles; where there is still a Town, and an Haven to it, called Fochia Vec∣chia, near unto another less considerable, called Fochia nova. Strabo lib. 4. Ammian. Marcellinus lib. 14. Justin lib. 43. &c.
• Phocas, Emperor or rather Tyrant of the East in the Se∣venth Age. He advanced himself in the War from a meer Cap∣tain, and was declared Augustus by the Army in 602. He was crowned November 23, by the Patriarch Cyriacus, in the Church of St. John, near unto Constantinople; after which he made his entry into the City, and put to death the Emperor Maurice,

• whom he had dethroned, together with his Sons. The Em∣press and her Daughters were saved by the People; but after∣wards Phocas put them to Death with divers Persons of Quali∣ty, upon a report, that Maurice had left a Son named Theodosius, who would very speedily appear in a Condition to expel the Tyrant; this happened in 607. Phocas carried it very fairly in the beginning of his Reign, writ very respectfully to Pope Gre∣gory the Great, proposed an Orthodox Confession of Faith, was liberal towards the Churches, favoured Learned Men, and shewed himself to be very good-natured. This is the Character which Nicephorus gives of him. But that of Cedrenus is much blacker; he represents him as an Heretick who had nothing of Humanity; but was Cruel, Bloody; and his fiery Looks in∣spired Men with Fear and Terror. And, in short, some time after his Coronation, he abandoned himself to all sorts of Abo∣minations and Debaucheries, taking away Mens Wives at his pleasure, and putting their Husbands to Death who durst dis∣approve of his Violences. After this, in 603, Chosroes, King of Persia, willing to revenge the Death of Maurice who was his Friend, entred into the Territories of the Empire in 608; took Syria, Palaestine, Phoenicia, Armenia, Cappadocia; and his Troops made Inroads as far as Chalcedonia. At the same time the Avares, Sclavonians, and several other Nations ravaged the Empire, insomuch that all was in Desolation. And Pho∣cas, to increase it, suffering himself to be acted by his bloody Inclination, exercised unheard of Cruelties, and seemed to take singular pleasure to cut off the Heads of the most Illustrious Persons in the Empire. He banished several who joined them∣selves with Heraclius, and defeated his Troops. In this Juncture one Photinus, whose Wife he had taken away, surprized him in his Palace, and having taken off his Imperial Robe, put on a filthy one, and sent him to Heraclius, who having reproached him with his Crimes, cut off his Feet, Hands and Privy-parts, and at last caused his Head to be struck off, on Monday, Octob. 5. 610. after he had reigned 7 years, 10 months, and 18 days. Nicephorus lib. 18. cap. 38. & seq. Cedrenus in Annal. &c.
• Phocion, General of the Athenian Army, was a great Ora∣tor, valiant Captain, and a wise Citizen. Demosthenes was a∣fraid of his Eloquence; and when he saw him stand up at the Bar to answer him, was wont to say, Here is the Ax or Sword that cuts me to pieces, that is, Here is the only Person capable to unrivet my Discourses, to answer their Difficulties, and to weaken my Reasons. In short, the great Moderation of Pho∣cion carried him far above the Vehemency of Demosthenes. One day this same Person suffered himself in the presence of the People, to utter very opprobrious things against Alexander. Pho∣cion stopped him, by informing of him, he ought not to pro∣voke a fierce Enemy; and exhorted the People rather to stand upon their Guard, and defend themselves well when there should be occasion. Philip of Macedon had so great an Esteem of his Courage and Military Conduct, that he dreaded him. At the Death of that King, the Athenians desirous to make pub∣lick Rejoicings, Phocion prevented them, by putting them in mind that they had lost but one Man against Philip in the Battle of Cheronea. It was he also who by his prudent and moderate Counsels, diverted Alexander from the War he would have un∣dertaken, not only against the Athenians, but all Greece, by re∣presenting to him, That it was his own Country, and that if it was dishonourable to him to languish in repose, it would be much more glorious for him to go and subdue the Barbarians, who acknowledged not his Empire, than to disturb the Peace of his Country. Alexander finding this Counsel very effectu∣al, by the great Successes that attended his Enterprises in A∣sia, sent him a Present of an hundred Talents, after the last Victory which he won from Darius, and the entire Conquest of Persia. Phocion asked those that brought him the Present, what reason Alexander had to distinguish him in that manner, by so great a Liberality? It was answered, That he was the only Person in Athens whom Alexander acknowledged to be an Honest Man. If he had acknowledged me to be such, saith Pho∣cion, in my mean condition, He should have left me so. And while he was a-speaking thus, he drew Water out of the Well himself, and his Wife was making Bread. Those who talked to him, being surprised at the Poverty of his Family, and charmed with his Vertues, pressed him very much to accept of their Master's Present, but they could not prevail with him, he putting it off with this wise Answer, If I should receive the wealth you offer me, and not make use of it, it would doe me no good, and if I should make use of it, I should give my Citizens oc∣casion to speak with indignation against Alexander, and with en∣vy against me. Alexander seeing him send back his Present, was not content with this Refusal, and writ to him, That those who would take nothing of him, were none of his Friends. Whereupon Phocion petitioned him very earnestly to set at Liberty some Rho∣dians kept in Prison at Sardis, which Alexander immediately granted; and believing he should find him easier to receive of him, after having once obliged him to ask something; he sent Craterus to him, with the Prisoners he had enlarged, to press him a-new to accept the hundred Talents from him; but Pho∣cion continued still to refuse them. And Alexander soon after died. Antipater, one of Alexander's Successors, offered also great Sums of Money to Phocion by Menillus; but he would ne∣ver take any. And on Menillus his representing to him, That if he would take none for himself, he ought at least-wise to accept of it for his Children; he plainly answered, That if his Children did imitate him, they should have enough as well as he; and if they must be debauched, he would le••ve them nothing wherewith to entertain their Debaucheries. He was Scholar to Plato and Xenocrates, and afterwards retired to a small Inheri∣tance where he had lived contentedly without concerning him∣self with the Affairs of the Publick. It's observed that he was never seen to laugh or cry. His Innocence and Vertue ren∣dred his Poverty honourable. He was obliged to take up Arms for the Defence of his Country; and his Conduct was success∣full against Philip of Macedon, and upon several other occasions. The Haven of Piraeum having been surprized by the Enemy about the 436 of Rome, Phocion, being then Archon and Go∣venour of Athens, was accused of having connived at them, and at last condemned to Death being about eighty years of Age. The Athenians became sensible of their Error quickly after his Death. Whereupon they erected him a Statue, and cut off his Accuser. And at the Instance of Phocus, his Son, treated Epicurus and Demophilus in like manner. Cornelius Nepos, Plu∣tarch, &c.
• Phocis, a Province of Greece between Boeotia and Aetolia, ha∣ving Anticyra, Cirrha, Delphos, and the Hill Parnassus, with Helicon at the end of it. Its Inhabitants, at the Persuasion of Philomelus, robbed the Temple of Apollo at Delphos, and defeat∣ed the Locrians in the 106th. Olympiad, and 399 of Rome. The Greeks, to revenge this Sacrilege, began that which they called the Holy-war. The Phocians made an Alliance with the Athe∣nians and those of Lacedaemon; but that prevented not their be∣ing vanquished by those of Thebes and Locris. And Philomelus threw himself headlong over a Rock. Onomarcus, who after him took upon him the Command of the Army, courageously with∣stood the Thebans. But at last, his Soldiers growing weary of him, threw him into the Sea, where he died one of those sorts of Death appointed for those that committed Sacrilege. Pha∣lacus his Son defeated the Enemy afterwards. But coming to be killed, and the Holy-war terminated in the 108th. Olympiad, and 408th. of Rome, the Cities of Phocis were razed to the Ground, and the People condemned to live in the Villages. The Phocenses had to the West the Locri, to the South the We∣stern Bay of Corinth, now called Lepanto, to the East Boeotia, and to the N.E. the Doreans. The Tribunal of the Amphyctiones, whose Jurisdiction extended over all Greece, and the Oracle of Delphos, do both shew the Antiquity and Greatness of these Peo∣ple, because they were long before the Trojan War. There was another Branch of the Greeks of the same Name, called so from Phocea, a City of Ionia in the Lesser Asia, who built Mar∣seilles in France. Phocis was fruitfull as to Corn and Cattle, and the People were a crafty, valiant Race of Men, and for a long time exercised Piracy. They were enriched also by the Delphick Oracle, which was much frequented by distant Nations. Stra∣bo. lib. 5. Pliny.
• Phocus, an Athenian, the Son of Phocion, was a very de∣bauched young man, especially given much to Wine; but o∣therwise generous and respectfull towards his Father. Phocion, willing to draw him off from his Extravagances, sent him to Spar∣ta, that he might learn to imitate the great Frugality of the La∣cedaemonians; saying, It was lawfull, and also commendable, to profit by the Vertues of ones Enemies. He was condemned at A∣thens as a Traitor to his Country. And although that great Man was asked before he died, if he had any thing to leave in Command to his Son, he made answer, That he had nothing to re∣commend to him, but to forget the injuries of the Athenians. Yet Phocus failed not to evidence his Resentments against his Ene∣mies and those who had accused his Father. Plutarch in Apoph∣thegm.
• Phocylides, of Miletum, a City of Ionia, a Greek Poet, flou∣rished in the 60th. Olympiad, and 216th. of Rome. His Style was pure and his Manners innocent, which may be learnt by reading of his Works concerning Living and Speaking well. We have still a Poet called Phocylides; but he is supposed to be spurious. Some believe he was a Christian who lived in the first Ages of the Church, of which there is some likelihood. If you reflect upon what is found in that Book of The Truth of the Resurrection of the Dead, which was never known by the anci∣ent Heathens. Suidas in Lex. Vossius de Poet. Graec. &c.
• Phoenicia, a Province of Syria, which was formerly divided into two parts. Phoenicia properly so called took in Berytha, Ty∣re, Sidon, &c. That called Phoenicia of Damas or of Sabanus, had in it the Cities of Heliopolis, Damas, &c. they called also by this Name all that Tract of Land which runs along the Mediterra∣nean-sea from the River Eleutherus as far as Pelusium in Egypt, but these bounds have since been retrenched. The Phoenicians were very apt for all sorts of Exercises, and Men of Resolution. It's added, they were the first that invented the Art of Naviga∣tion, taught the way of Sea-fights, used the right of Royalty, and subdued their Neighbours, &c. Strabo, l. 6. Pliny, l. 5. c. 12.
• * Phoenix, the Son of Agenor, second King of Sidon, gave his Name to Phoenicia. He invented, as it's said, Letters, or Writing Characters, and found a way to make use of a little Worm for to dye things of Purple-colour. Bochartus, in his Canaan, l. 1. 19. conjectures, and that very likely, that the Phoenicians have been so named from Bene-Anak, Sons of Anak.
• * Phoenix, the Son of Amyntor, King of the Dolopes, a Peo∣ple of Epirus, was falsely accused by Clylia his Father's Concu∣bine,

• that he would have forced her, and though he was inno∣cent, Amyntor caused his Eyes to be put out. But it's said Chi∣ron, the Gentaur, and a Learned Physician, cured him of his Blindness; and gave him the Government of young Achilles, whom he carried to the Siege of Troy. After the taking of that City, Peleus, the Father of Achilles, re-established Phoenix upon the Throne, and caused him to be proclaimed King of the Do∣lopes. Apollodrous, Hygin. &c.
• * Phoenix, an Arabian Bird which lives solitary. It is about the bigness of an Eagle, the Feathers about its Neck shining like Gold, the Body of a Purple Colour, and its Tail Blue, with Feathers resembling Roses. It's said by some to live 340 years, by others 600, and by a third sort, 1460. But the most common Opinion is, that it lives but 500 years. When its Death approaches, it builds it self a Nest, in which having spent its strength, a young one arises; which as soon as grown up, takes care to bury the old one in a certain Place called The Altar of the Sun, making an Experiment of its strength before by try∣ing whether it can carry a bundle of Myrrhe of equal weight with the old one. The Ancients write wonderfull things of this Bird. And Tertullian and others of the primitive Fathers draw Arguments thence to prove the Resurrection. Solinus, Marcellus, Donatus.
• Phorbas, the Sixth King of Argos, succeeded Criasis, Anno Mundi 2466, and reigned 35 years. He delivered the Island of Rhodes from a great multitude of Serpents. Eusebius in Chron.
• Phormis, or Phormus, of Syracuse, a Greek Poet, was Dire∣ctor of the Studies of Gelon, Tyrant of Sicily. He composed se∣veral Comedies, and introduced a sort of new Dress upon the Theatre. Phormis lived in the 72d. Olympiad, and 264th. of Rome. Arist. de Arte Poet. Lilio Giraldi & Vossius de Poet.
• Phoroneus, Second King of Argos, succeeded his Father Ina∣chus about the year of the World 2247, and reigned Sixty years, until 2307, when Apis succeeded him. Spartus, the Son of Pho∣roneus, built the City of Sparta. Euseb. in Chron. Salian. in Ann.
• Phosphorus, a Stone, Mineral, or other artificial Matter which casts an extraordinary Light in the night, or in any dark place, coming from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Light, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to carry. There are some which shine of themselves, and others that being exposed to the Sun or Fire imbibe and attract the Light to them, which they cast out in the Night. The Inventor of the most admira∣ble Phosphorus, was John Farnel, Physician to K. Henry II. of France. He shewed to his Majesty and all the Court, then at Boulogne, an artificial Stone that cast a great Light in the dark. He pre∣tended it came from the Indies, that it might be the more esteemed; because, as he said himself, Rarity makes things more precious. Farnel died in his Journey from Calis, and had not time to make publick the Composition of that Stone. But Ar∣tists found out some years after several sorts of Phosphorus's, the principal whereof are these; The Phosphorus made of Nitrous Plaister at Bolonia in Italy, was invented by Boterus, an excellent Chymist; the Smaragdine Phosphorus was made of a Mineral, of the Colour of an Emerald; this Mineral being reduced into powder, and steeped in common Water, becomes very lumi∣nous. And if one dip in a Pencil, and make Characters upon a Copper-plate, and set it upon a Chafing-dish full of Fire, in a dark room, the Characters will glitter like Stars. The Hermetick Phosphorus of Baldwin, which some call, A Lover of the Light, being put up in a Bottle of Water, and exposed to the Sun or Fire, or at least to very clear Air, attracts the Light, which it sends forth in the dark afterwards. The Phosphorus of Benjamin Mooler, of Hamburg, is a porous Body, made of the Chalk of Brian∣con, and watered with the Spirit of Nitre; it drinks in the Light of the Sun, and sends it forth afterwards in dark places; but this Phosphorus lasts not above three weeks. The shining Phospho∣rus of Daniel Kraff is extracted from Urin; this able Chymist, having observed, that in the dark some persons made luminous, or shining Water, extracted matter from it whereof he made his Phosphorus; they put it in a Glass-bottle filled with ordinary Water, and well corked; where this dry Phosphorus casts its Light presently upon the shaking of the Viol; if it be not full of Water, in jogging of it, the Phosphorus which sticks to the bottom, appears all shining and transparent in that Vacuum. Being taken out of the Viol, it is seen to smoak; and if you write Letters upon Paper or your Hand therewith, they will shine very bright. The Writing is not to be seen in the day∣time; but glitters extremely in the dark. But if this Pho∣sphorus be handled roughly, or rubbed upon any Stuff, it spends it self in Flame, and flies in Pieces, being a Fire as subtil and piercing as that of Thunder. If it be put in a Viol full of corrosive Waters, and shaken in the Sun, it shines like Lightning. And not long since, a famous Apothecary, and a great Mathematician, was hurt therewith. There are also liquid Phosphorus's, as that of Brandius of Hamburg, which is made of black Salt, appearing in the day-time like a whitish Cloud, and in the night and dark very shining. When the Viol is opened it evaporates, and throws out Flame with a little Smoak. If this liquour be rubbed on the Face, Hands or Cloaths, they will appear all of a Fire, and yet receive no hurt. Reyhier af∣firms. That keeping some drops of it in his Hand close shut for the space of half an hour▪ and then opening it, it appeared all on Fire. Chymists say, That Gold dissolved according to Art, loses nothing of its Colour, and becomes so admirable a Phospho∣rus, that one may easily read and write in the night-time by the Light of it. Fernel. de Abditis rerum causis. Schroderi Pharmaco∣poeia Medico-Chymica, &c.
• Photinus, a grand Heretick, chief of the Photinians or Sco∣tinians, was Bishop of Sirmich; he had both Wit, Learning and Eloquence; writ well, spoke with Force and a good Grace; and acquired the esteem of Men of Worth; so that he was ele∣vated to the See of Sirmich with extraordinary Applause. The first years of his Administration were very regular; but all on a sudden he changed; and after having taught his People to know the true God, saith Vincentius Lirinensis; he proposed to them strange Gods, that is, attempted to corrupt them by his detestable Doctrine. For not contenting himself to renew the Errors of Sabellius, Paulus Samosatenus, Cerinthus, and Ebion, he added to their Impieties, That Jesus Christ was not onely mere Man, but begun to be the Christ when the Holy Ghost descended upon him in Jordan. These Impostures were condemned in se∣veral Assemblies. And the Arians themselves, in a Synod held at Sirmich in 357, condemned them a-new. Photinus, who was summoned thither, would defend them in opposition to Basil of Ancyra. This Obstinacy was the occasion of his being put out of his See. St. Jerom saith, he had writ a Book against the Gentiles, and several other Treatises. St. Jerom de Script. Eccl. E∣piph. Haer. 73. Theodoret, &c.
• Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, was nobly descended, rich, well-instructed in civil and political Affairs, and so able and knowing, that he pass'd for one of the finest Wits of his time. His Merit had raised him to the Dignity of Principal Secretary of State, but his Ambition carried him yet higher; and as he was Sister-son to Tharaisus, Patriarch of Constantinople, he believed himself not unworthy of that Dignity. And, in short, Bardas having driven Ignatius from the See of the Im∣perial City, Photius was made and consecrated by Gregory Asbe∣stus, Bishop of Syracuse, Decemb. 25. 858. or, according to others, at the beginning of 859. And that he might maintain himself in this Dignity, in 861 he caused Ignatius to be condemned in an Assembly of three hundred and twenty Bishops; where were Zachary and Rodoaldus, Legates to Pope Nicholas I. This Pope excommunicated Photius and his Adherents, not sparing his own Legates, being mightily irritated at their proceedings, wherewith the Patriarch was so nettled that in a second Council he anathematized that Pope. But Basil of Macedon coming to the Empire upon the Death of Michael the Third, expelled Photius, and re-established Ignatius. A Council celebrated in 869 deposed him again, and thundred an Anathema against him. Ignatius afterwards dying in 878, Photius acted his part so well, that he re-established himself in the favour of Basil, and in the See of Constantinople. Nicetas saith, he bethought of a Stratagem which had the Success he desired. He compo∣sed a false Genealogy of that Prince, deriving him from Tirida∣tes, King of Armenia, and brought it down from that King to Basil, whom he described, much as he was, giving him the Name of Beclas, composed of the first Letter of his own Name, of that of Eudoxia, and his four Sons, Constantine, Leo, Alexan∣der, and Stephen. He writ that Genealogy in Alexandrian Chara∣cters, upon old Paper, and got it placed among the choicest Books by the means of Theophanes, who was Library-keeper and his Friend, and who shewed it to Basil, as the rarest thing in his Library; telling him withall, That Photius was the onely Person that could explain it. Whereupon he sent for him, and he pleased the Emperor so well with that Genealogy, that he found no great difficulty to be restored to the Patriarchal Chair of Constantinople. He assembled a Synod, where all that was done against him was revoked. But Leo the Philosopher, Son and Successor to the same Basil, expelled him in 886. It's not known what year he died in. Photius contributed much to the Advancement of Learning. We have his Bibliotheca, which F. Andrew Scot hath rendred into very ill Latin. This Work con∣tains an Examen of two hundred and eighty Authors, whereof he relates the most considerable parts. He undertook it at the desire of his Brother Tharaisus, during a Journey he made for the Emperor into Assyria, where he was constrained to stay for some time. We have also 248 Epistles of his; the Nomo-canon, &c. Nicetas in Vit. Ign. Anastasius in Vit. Pont. Zonaras T. 113. Annal.
• Phraates, King of Parthia. Francis Sansovin following Tro∣gus Pompeius and Justin, will have four of this Name. And Je∣rom Bardius, of Florence, remarks but two; the last, being the Son of Orodes, was killed by his Son Phraatacus, whom he had by his Concubine. It's he that detained Demetrius IId. called Nicanor, King of Syria, in Custody; and made him marry his Daughter Rhodoguna. He also restored to the Romans the Slaves and Ensigns taken from Crassus. Joseph. l. 8. Antig. l. 3. Justin. l. 42. Sansovin l. 2. Chron. &c.
• Phranza (George) a Greek Historian, was Master of the Ward∣robe to the Emperors of Constantinople, and lived in the time that the Turks took that City, in 1453. At the desire of some Persons of Corfu he composed a Chronicle of all that pass'd most remarable in his time; so that he relates almost nothing but what he him∣self could testifie. This Piece ended in 1461, as he observes in the latter Part thereof. Vossius de Hist. Graec. l. 2. c. 30. Leo Alla∣tius, &c.
• Phrigernus, King of the Western Goths, in the fourth Age. He made War with the Eastern Goths, who had Athalaricus's Son for their King; and not being able to resist them, had re∣course

• to the Protection of Valens, by the means of Ulphilus, Bishop of that Nation, who was an Arian, but a Man of Un∣derstanding, having invented their Characters, and translated the Bible into their Language. Phritigernus, that he might the more easily obtain what he desired, embraced Arianism, where∣in he was followed by the greatest part of his Subjects. Ammi∣an. Marcellinus lib. 18. St. Jerom in Chron.
• Phrygia, a Province of Asia Minor, divided into the Greater and Lesser. The Greater called at this day Germian, and here∣tofore Pacatiana, lies between Bithynia, Galatia, Pamphylia, Ly∣dia and Mysia. Its Cities were Synnada, Laodicea and Hierapolis. Little Phrygia, now called Sarum, and formerly Troas, hath the Rivers Scamander, Xanthus and Simois, and the City of Troy, famous in the Writings of the Ancients. Others separate Troas from Little Phrygia, and call it Hellespontiaca, because it lay towards the Hellespont, and the Egean-sea. Pliny, Strabo, Ptolo∣my, &c.
• Phrygion (Paul Constantine) a Protestant Minister, was Native of Schlestat, and Minister at Bale, and afterwards at Tu∣binga, where he died Aug. 1. in the Year 1543. He writ a Chro∣nology, and Commented upon Exodus, Leviticus, and Michah. Pantaleon l. 3. Prosopogr. Sleidan in Comment. Gesner, &c.
• Phryne, a Courtesan, who offered at her own Charges to rebuild the Walls of Thebes, provided this Inscription were put on them, Alexander diruit, sed Amica Phryne refecit. There was another of this Name surnamed the Sifter, because she robbed her Lovers. Quintillian speaks of another of Athens, who was accused of Impiety; but her Advocate got her cleared by ma∣king her shew her Face to the Judges. Athenaeus l. 13.
• Phrynicus, an Arabian, was an Orator, lived in the Reign of the Emperors Antoninus and Commodus, and writ Apparatus Oratoris, in 36 Books, according to Photius Bib. Cod. 158. in 47, according to the opinion of Suidas in Lex. and in 74, as others would have it.
• Phryxus, the Son of Athamas, and Nephele, went from Greece into Colchos by Sea, upon a Sheep which had a Golden-fleece, the which he left at Colchos, and the Argonauts after∣ward conquered it. This is what the Poets say. But the truth is, Phryxus, not being able to agree with his Mother-in-law Ino, took his Father's Treasure, and put himself a board a Ves∣sel called The Sheep, and being arrived at Colchos, he left his Wealth there. Ovid. l. 7. Metam. Apollodorus, Hygin. &c.
• Phul, King of Nineveh, or, according to others, Governour of Assyria, began to reign in the Year of the World 3238. Ma∣hanem, King of Israel, made a League with him, and purchased his Friendship by many considerable Presents. He died in 3285. and was succeeded by Tiglath-Peleser. Genebrard. in Chron. Tor∣niel. in Annal.
• Phut, one of the Sons of Cham, peopled Libya, and called those People Phutians▪ Josephus saith, there was in his time a Ri∣ver in Mauritania of this Name, being that which the Moderns call Teusist, Gen. 10. Joseph. l. 1. c. 6.
• Phylacteries, is a Greek word, and signifies, that which preserves or keeps. In the Gospel of St. Matthew, the Phylacte∣ries, according to the Exposition of St. Chrysostom, Jerom, and several other Interpreters, were taken for Pieces of Parchment, whereon were written the Commandments of the Law, and that the Scribes and Pharisees carried them about their Heads and Arms, to the end they might have the Law of God before their Eyes and in continual remembrance. But by Phylacteries is more commonly meant Preservatives, or superstitious Remedies, fastned to the Neck, Arms, Hands, or some other part of the Body, for the driving away of certain Diseases, or diverting certain Accidents. Among this number may be placed the Ta∣lismans, Characters, enchanted Rings, and several other sorts of Amulets. Those that would be throughly informed of these superstitious Practices, may read the Learned Treatise of Super∣stition written by M. Thiers, Dr. of the Sorbonne. I may add al∣so, that the Scapularies, Rosaries, and Agnus Dei's of the Church of Rome, may very well be comprized under the number of Remedies, and Preservatives magical, and superstitious, which the Fathers and Canons of the Church have condemned. Some Ec∣clesiastical Authors give the Name of Phylacteries to those Shrines in which the Reliques of Saints were preserved. A certain Chal∣daean Philosopher named Julian, one of the most famous Magi∣cians of his time, wrote four Books concerning Daemons, where∣in he speaks of Phylacteries. The Emperor Caracalla, according to Spartian, ordered, that all those should be punished who made use of such Remedies. And the Councils and Fathers of the Church have condemned those things under the Names of Phylacteries and Ligatures, because they were tied to the Neck, Arm, or some other part of the Body. Amongst Phylacteries are reckoned Talismans, Characters, and Enchanted Rings, and ma∣ny other Superstitious Practices. The Talismans are spoke of under their proper Head, Characters are certain Letters engra∣ven or written in Hebrew, Samaritan, Arabian, Greek or Latin Characters, or some other unknown Figures, whereof the Su∣perstitious make use, for dispatching great Journies in a little time, to charm and prevent the effects of Fire-arms. There are Rings to which they ascribe a Power to preserve from Sick∣ness and Dangers, to give Success in Affairs, procure Love, and discover Secrets. Of this sort was Gyges's Ring, which rendred him invisible; those given by the Kings of England descended of the House of Anjou, against the Falling-sickness; those used by Eleazar the Jew, to chase away the Devil; that made use of by the Magician Thebith; that made of the first Piece of Gold offered on Holy-friday at Adoration of the Sacrament, to cure▪ Trembling and the Dead-palsie, &c. according to Cardinal Cajetan Tatian, Disciple of St. Justin Martyr, speaks of Bones, Herbs and Roots, sowed up in Leather, for Preservatives; but declares that their operation was by the Power of the Devil. The Me∣dal of Alexander the Great was highly esteemed for this reason by the Family of the Macriens, who usurped the Empire in the time of Valerian and Galienus, as also by the Poeple of An∣tioch, the Women being accustomed to wear them in their Head-dresses, for which they are reproved by Chrysostom. There are also little Briefs, Pieces of Paper, &c. containing certain Words, much used by those of Japan, and sold to People at the point of Death, to prevent their being tormented by Evil Spirits; of this nature are Charms in Prose or Verse to produce wonderfull or supernatural Effects, curing Distempers, &c. But all these things are condemned by Councils and Fathers of the Church, as Inventions of the Devil, to obtain a sort of Wor∣ship from Men either by an express or tacit Compact. Tiers Traite des Superstitions.
• * Phylarchae, the ancient Name by which the Chief of the High-land Clans are mentioned in the History of Scotland, and particularly in the Reign of King Thereus, against whom they resolved to proceed judicially, but he prevented them by flying to the Britalns. Buchanan.
• Phyllis, Daughter to Lycurgus King of Thrace in Greece, who having entertained Demophoon, the Son of Theseus▪ in his Re∣turn from the Trojan-war, granted him the most intimate Fa∣vours, upon condition he would return to marry her as soon as he should set some Affairs in order he had to doe in his own Country; but seeing that her Lover returned not to her at the time agreed upon; instead of attributing his Delay to Affairs that might come unexpectedly upon him, she believed it was an Effect of his Slighting of her. And that she might put an end to the Troubles her Love caused her, she went to Hang her-self in Despair. The Fable says, That the Gods having Compassion upon this Princess changed her into an Almond-tree that had no Leaves upon it; but that Demophoon having return∣ed, and coming to understand what was befallen to his Mistress, could not forbear going to embrace the Tree into which she had been metamorphosed; this Lover which feeling, sent Leaves immediately forth, which the Greeks have since called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, according to her Name, instead of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Name where∣by they were formerly called. Ovid. Epist. 2.
• Phyntas, King of Messena, was assassinated by Aristomenus, the Lacedaemonian, upon account of an Enmity that arose be∣tween the Messenians and the Lacedaemonians; these same desi∣rous to make themselves Masters of the fertile Country of the Messenians, resolved to send a great number of young Men clad in Womens cloaths, with Poiniards hid under their Garments, to kill the most considerable of that People in their Temple. The Messenians being informed of this evil Design, prevented their secret Enemies; and being one day assembled together with them in the Temple of Diana, there to offer Sacrifice, they fell upon them, and made great slaughter of them, killing also the King of Sparta himself called Telephus, and ravished all the Lacedaemonian Maidens; for which the Lacedaemonians were afterwards revenged, by causing their King Phyntas to be assas∣sinated. Paus. in Messena.