The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary being a curious miscellany of sacred and prophane history : containing, in short, the lives and most remarkable actions of the patriarchs, judges, ... heresiarchs, ... emperors, ... and all those who have recommended themselves to the world ... together with the establishment and progress both of religious and military orders ... ; [with] The genealogy of several illustrious families in Europe ; The fabulous history of the heathen gods and heroes ; The description of empires, kingdoms ... / collected from the best historians, chronologers, and lexicographers ... but more especially out of Lewis Morery ... his sixth edition corrected and enlarged by Monsieur Le Clark ... now done into English ; to which are added by way of supplement ... the lives ... and writings of the illustrious families of our English, Scotch and Irish nobility ... clergy ; as also an exact description of these kingdoms ... by several learned men ; wherein are inserted the last five years historical and geographical collections of Edmond Bohun ... never extant till in this work.

• Io, the Daughter of Inachus and Ismena, beloved of Jupiter, who, to conceal her from his Juno, changed her into a Milk-white Cow; Juno perceiving the Cheat, begged her of Jupiter, and committed her to the keeping of Argus, who had an hundred Eyes; but Mercury having, by Jupiter's Order, chop'd of Argus his head, Juno sent a Gad-bee to torment her Husband's beloved Cow, who, at last, cast her self into the Sea, which from her took the Name of the Ionian-Sea. They add, that she swim'd to the Nile, and was adored by the Egyptians under the Name of Isis; that she bore Epaphe, who passing by his Father Jupiter, wrote his Name in the Sand, that he might know him. Pau∣sanias.
• Ioab, the Son of Zur and Zeruiah, the Sister of David, was General of the Forces of that King; of whom read 2 Sam. and 1 Kings, as also 1 Chron.
• Ioachaz, or Iehoahaz, succeeded his Father Jehu in the King∣dom of Israel, An. Mun. 3179. 2 Kings 10.35. Joseph. lib. 9. antiq. cap. 9. Also another Jehoahaz or Joahaz, who was the Son of Josiah, and is also called Jechoniah and Shallum, who, by the People, was placed in his Father's Throne, An. Mun. 3425. in prejudice to the Right of Eliachim, his Eldest Brother, 2 Kings 23.30, 31, 32, &c. 2 Chron. 36.1, 2, 3.
• Ioachim, the Husband of St. Ann, and Father of the Blessed Virgin. Nicephor. lib. 2. hist. cap. 3. Spon. in Annal. Vet. Test. Baron. in apparat. Annal. Ecclesiae.
• Ioachim, or Ichojakim, before called Eliakim, and Brother of Jehoahaz, whom Pharaoh-Necho dethroned, and put Jehojakim into his place, who reigned about 11 or 12 Years. 2 Kings 23.34. and Chap. 24. from ver. 1 to 7. and 2 Chron. 36. from ver. 4. to 9.
• Ioachim, a Calabrian by Birth, and a Monk of the Order of the Cistercians, afterwards Abbot and Founder of the Congrega∣tion of Flora, was in great Esteem towards the end of the XI^th. Century. He writ divers Works, viz. Commentaries upon Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Revelations, wherein he shews, That Antichrist was already born at Rome, and to be exalted there; as also, a Concordance of the Old and New Testament, and his fa∣mous Prophecies concerning the Popes of Rome. He died in 1202. This Abbot, as well as Cardinal Cusanus, Johan. Lightenbergius, Hildegarda, and St. Bridget, in his Writings fore-told a general Change of Religion. In the Council of Lateran held in 1215. a Treatise of his concerning the Trinity, writ against the Master of the Sentences, was condemned as Heretical; but Georg. Laudo, an Abbot of his own Order, undertook his Defence: How∣ever, certain it is, that he was very famous for his Piety and Learning; and in the Time wherein he lived, esteemed as a Pro∣phet.
• Ioachim I. surnamed Nestor, was the Son of John Elector of Brandenburg, and a learned Prince, especially in the Latin Tongue, History, and Astrology. He succeeded his Father in 1499. He Founded the University of Francfort, in company with his Bro∣ther the AB^p of Madgeburg, and the AB^p of Mentz, An. 1506. He inherited the New Marquisate of Brandenburg in 1517. and died, July 11. 1535, to whom succeeded
• Ioachim II. his Son, by Elizabeth the K. of Denmark's Daugh∣ter, whom he would have cast into Prison, because she had em∣braced the Protestant Religion, but she escaped to the Elector of Saxony her Uncle; and after his Father's death, he himself em∣braced the Protestant Religion. In 1542, he was at Spire, decla∣red General of the Emperor's Army against the Turks. After∣wards, during the Smalcaldian War, he continued for a time Neuter, and in 1546, declared himself for the Emperor Charles V. either because he was jealous of the Greatness of the D. of Sax∣ony, and the Landtgrave of Hess, who were the Heads of the other Party; or because he fore-saw the Event would be unfortu∣nate to the Allies. He was present at the Diet of Augsburg, and conformed himself to the Emperor's Will in the Interim; and moreover sent his Deputies to the Council of Trent. He obtai∣ned, for a Summ of Money, the possession of the Dutchy o•• Corsica of the Emperor Ferdinand II. and of Sigismund, the King of Poland, the Succession of Prussia, in case of the Death of the then Duke without Heirs. He was a very eloquent Man, and by a kind of instinct, had the fore-knowledge of several things, espe∣cially of the Death of his Relations. He died in 1571. of Poi∣son given him by Lippoldus, a Jew. His Son John George succee∣ded him, who, after the Execution of Lippoldus, Banished all the Jews out of the Marquisate of Brandenburg. See Brandenburg. Thuan. Sleiden, &c.
• Ioachimus (Georgius) surnamed Rhaeticus, or The Grison, as being born in a Village called Veltkirchen in that Country, Feb. 16. 1514. was an excellent Mathematician, and Professor of Astrology at Wittemberg, and thinking Copernicus his Opinion concerning the Motion of the Earth very rational, gave him a Visit, and was afterwards a declared Copernican, and his a-vow'd Disciple, whose Works also he published after his Death. He was the Author of several Works mentioned by him in a Letter to Peter Ramus, amongst which are his Ephemerides, according to the Copernican, Hypothesis, and de Doctrina Triangulorum, Lib. II. He died in the 62d. Year of his Age, at Caschaw in Hungary, De∣cemb. 4. 1576. Thuan. hist. Simler in Epit. Bibl. Gesner. Melchior Adam in vita Phil. Germ. Voss. de Mathem. Quensted de Patria il∣lustr. viror.
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  Queens, and other famous Women, of the Name of Ioan.
  • Ioan of Navarre, Queen of France and Navarre. Was the on∣ly Daughter and Heir of Henry I. of this Name, K. of Navarre. She was married at Paris, Aug. 16. 1284. to Philip the Fair, after∣wards K. of France. She Founded at Paris that famous College of Navarre, An. 1303. and died at the Castle of Vincennes, April 2. 1304.
  • Ioan of Burgundy, Queen of France, was the Eldest Daughter of Otho IV. Count Palatine of Burgundy. She was married, An. 1306. at Corbeil, to Philip V. of France. Being accused of some amorous Intrigues, she was shut up near a Year in the Castle of Dordan. But having afterwards proved her Innocency, her Husband received her again. She afterwards Founded the Col∣lege of Burgundy, near the Cordeliers at Paris; and divers Authors of her Age speak well of her, as a Princess of Piety. She died at Roie in Picardy, January 1. 1329.
  • Ioan of France. She was King Lewis XI's Daughter, and mar∣ried to Lewis D. of Orleans, afterwards Lewis XII. But this be∣ing a forc'd Match, when Lewis came to the Crown, after the Death of Charles VIII. he got Matters so managed with Pope Alexander VI. that the Marriage was declared void, Decemb. 22. 1499. This great Princess, whose Vertue was in high esteem, retired to Bourges, and Instituted the Order of the Annunciation, otherwise called the Annonciada. The Rule of this Institution, was Formed upon the Ten Vertues of the Holy Virgin, which they reckon Chastity, Prudence, Humility, Verity, Devotion, Obedience, Poverty, Patience, Charity and Compassion. The Habit of it is singular, the Veil black, the Cloak white, the Sca∣pular red, the Robes gray, and the Girdle a Cord. There be se∣veral Monasteries of them in France, and in the Low-Countries. Pope Alexander VI. in 1501. and Leo X. in 1517. confirmed this Institution. Joan Founded also a College in the University of Bourges, and died, Feb. 4. 1504, or 1505.
  • Ioan (d'Albret) Queen of Navarre, Princess of Bearne, &c. Was Daughter, and Heiress to Henry of Albret II. of this Name, K. of Navarre; and of Margaret, Sister to K. Francis I. She was married at Moulins in Bourbonnois, Octob. 20. 1544. to Antony of Bourbon, Duke of Vendosme, King of Navarre, and was Mother, amongst other Children, of King Henry le Grand. This Princess was Wise, R••solute, loved Sciences, and learned Men. She com∣posed several Pieces in Prose and Verse, and by her Zeal for the Reformation, rendered her Glory immortal. She died at Paris, June 9. 1572, Aged 44, and was suspected to have been poiso∣ned; but yet when she was open'd, that was found a Mistake. Joan did great Services to the Protestants. The Spaniards often sought Opportunities to destroy both her, and her Family. There was a Plot discovered, An. 1564, the Particulars of which, are to be seen in the 36th. Book of the History of Thuanus. He also speaks of this Queen elsewhere; and of the care she used to take, to inspire Courage into her Party, and to instruct her Subjects in the Protestant Religion.
  • Ioan I. of this Name, Queen of Jerusalem, Naples, and Sicily; Dutchess of Pouiile and Calabria; Countess of Provence. She was

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  • Daughter to Charles of Sicily D. of Calabria, who died in 1328. before his Father Robert; and of Mary of Valois, his 2^d. Wife. She was but 19 Years of Age when she took the Government up∣on her, after the Death of her Grandfather, who died in 1343. and who married her to his Nephew Andreas of Hungary. This Marriage was not fortunate, b••cause their Inclinations were oppo∣site; the Prince being guided by a Friar named Robert, and the Princess by a Landress called Philippa. These indiscreet Councel∣lors carried Affairs to that Extremity, that Andreas was strangled, An. 1345. The impartial Historians plainly say, that Joan was not guilty of his Death, though accused therewith. On Aug. 20. 1356. she married a second Time with Lewis of Tarenta, her Cou∣sin, who was forced to retire from Naples, to avoid the Army of Lewis K. of Hungary, who committed great Violences in this State. Joan appeased all these Disorders by her Prudence. And after having lost this 2^d. Husband, on May 25. 1362. she was married again a 3^d. Time to James of Arragon, Infant of Majorca, who did not live long with her. An. 1376. she was married a 4^th. Time to Otho of Brunswick, of the House of Saxony; and having no Chil∣dren, she adopted his Cousin Charles of Duras, whom she caused to be brought up very carefully, and married him to her Niece, and considered him as her Son. Notwithstanding, this ungrate∣ful Prince, being mis-lead by the King of Hungary and Pope Ʋr∣ban VI. who gave him the Investiture of the Kingdom of Naples, An. 1380. revolted against Queen Joan, his Benefactress. This Queen, at the Instigation of Clement VII. who held his Pontificate at Avignon, while Ʋrban VI. held it at Rome, transferred her Ado∣ption to Lewis of France, Duke of Anjou, Son to King John; which embroiled the Kingdom of Naples in a War. Charles of Duras won a famous Battel, An. 1381. took Naples, and then besieged Le Chateau Neufe, wherein was Q. Joan; who surrender'd her self upon Capitulation. Charles de Duras caused her to be brought to Muro, within the Basilicate, and there put her to death 7 or 8 Months after, in the 58^th. Year of her Age, and in the 39^th. of her Reign. Some Authors say, that she was smothered; Others, that she was strangled; but the most probable Opinion is, that she was beheaded, May 5. 1382. 'Tis reported, that an Astro∣loger of Provence (supposed to be Anselm, who lived in those Days, and is very famous in the History of Provence) being asked, Who should be the Husband of Joan, yet young? He an∣swered, Maritabitur cum ALIO. This last Word points at the Names of her 4 Husbands, Andreas, Lewis, James and Otho. In fine, this Princess was a Person of great Wit, loved Sciences, and learned Men, which her Court abounded with. She was liberal, and handsome; prudent, sage and pious. It was she that sold Avignon to the Pope. Boccacius, Baldus, and the other learned Persons of her Time, speak in her Praise and Commen∣dation.
  • Ioan II. whom they called Jenny, was the Niece of Joan I. Daughter of Charles III. Duke of Duras. This Princess disho∣noured her self by her Licentious Life. She was born in 1371. About 1403. she married William of Austria, D. of Sterling, An. 1406. After the Death of her Brother Ladislaus K. of Naples, &c. she took Possession of the Government. This was in 1414. She married James de Bourbon. Comte de la Marche; but the too well known Gallantries of this Princess made him to leave her, and to retire to Besancon, where he took upon him the Habit of a Monk. Upon this, Joan fell out with Pope Martin V. who gave the In∣vestiture of the Kingdom of Naples to Lewis III. Duke of Anjou: And she adopted Alphonsus V. King of Arragon, at the Time that Lewis III. made War against him. This was in 1420. But Alphon∣sus gave her so much Cause of Discontent by his Ingratitude, and other base Practices, that she transferred the Adoption upon the very same Lewis of Anjou. After this, she took the City of Naples, An. 1425. Those of Arragon surprized Marseilles before, but were soon driven out of it. Lewis d' Anjou won the Battel of Aquila in 1429. and died in 1434. Queen Joan did by Will bequeath her Kingdom to Rene of Anjou, K. Lewis's Brother, and died in 1435. aged 65 Years, after having reigned above 20.
  • Ioan, Infanta and Regent of Portugal, was born in 1452. She was the Daughter of Alphonsus V. K. of Portugal, and of Elizabeth of Portugal-Conimbria, and Sister of K. John II. called Le Grand. Her Father had so good an Opinion of her Prudence and Con∣duct, that when he had War with the Moors, An. 1470. he left her Regent of the Kingdom; wherein she acquitted her self so well, that all the People did both love and admire her. When the King was returned she retired into a Religious Monastery, cal∣led L'Odivellas, of the Order of St. Dominick, though courted for Marriage by several potent Monarchs.
  • Ioan Countess of Montford, Daughter to Lewis of Flanders, Count de Nevers. She was of great Eminency for her Valour in the XV^th. Century. After the Death of her Husband, John IV. D. of Bretaigne and Comte de Montford, this Princess re-took several Towns in Bretaigne from the Comte de Blois, and made a glorious Defence for that of Hennebont, against this Prince. People did much admire her Courage in an On-set made by the Comte de Blois, where this daring Princess, after having encouraged her People, made a Sally at a Place of the Town that was not besieged, and with 60 Men only went and burnt the Enemy's Standard. This signal Enterprize raised the Siege, and forced the Comte de Blois to retire with all his Army. So the Countess Joan being Mistress of the Field, took the Dutchy of Bretaigne in the End, which for a long Time after belonged to the House of Montfort. Pacquier.
  • Ioan de Valois, Daughter of Charles of France and Margaret of Sicily, his first Wife, was illustrious for her Piety and Vertue-Pursuant to a Treaty at Chauni, May 19. 1305. she was married to William I. of that Name, called Le Bon, E. of Hainault, Hol∣land and Zealand. But this Prince dying June 7. 1337. and ha∣ving by this Marriage William II. and 4 Daughters, Joan took a Religious Habit in the Abby of Fontenelle. All the Grandees of her Time admired her Prudence. She managed the Truce en∣ter'd into between the Kings of England and France, when they were ready to give Battel. She died with a great deal of Repu∣putation for her Vertue and Piety, March 7. 1400.
  • Ioan (Pope.) See Pope Iohn VIII.
  • Ioan of Arc: She is also known by the Name of Pucclle, or Maid of Orleans: Born at the Town of Domfremi, upon the Meuse; was the Daughter of James d'Arc, and of Isabella Romée: She was nursed in the Country. At the Age of 18 or 20 Years, she pretended an express Commission from God to go to the Relief of Orleans, besieged by the English, and defended by John Comte de Dunois, and almost reduced to Extremity. She went also to Rheims, to crown K. Charles VII. who was almost undone by his Enemies. About the End of February, 1429. she was presented to the Lord of Brandicourt, Governor of Vaucouleurs in Champaigne, who sent her to the King. She knew this Prince, though but plainly dressed, amongst his Courtiers: And the Doctors of Divi∣nity and Members of Parliament, who examined her, testified, that there was something supernatural in her Conduct. It is likewise reported, that she was surnamed La Pucelle, The Maid, because, having been visited by the Matrons, in the Queen's Presence, she was found such. She sent for a Sword which lay in the Tomb of a certain Knight, behind the Great Altar of the Church of St. Ka∣tharine de Fierbois, upon the Blade of which were engraven the Cross and Flower-de-Luces; and the King published, that she had divined a great Secret, which none but he himself knew of. Whereupon she had some Troopers committed to her Conduct, with which she succoured Orleans, and drove the English from be∣fore it, defeated Talbot at the Battel of Patai, re-conquered Cham∣paigne, and caused the King to be anointed at Rheims by Renauld of Chartres AB^p. of that City, and Chancellor of France, Ju∣ly 17. 1429. In short, She brought the English Interest to the Brink of Ruin, but at last was taken Prisoner very unfortunately, in a Sally at Compiegne, An. 1430. and carried to Roven, where the English, (as the French say,) being mad at the Mischiefs she had done them, thought to repair their Honour by her Infamy. To compass which, they prosecuted her in the Ecclesiastical Court as a Sorceress, Seducer, and an infamous Heretick; or, according to the Dialect of those Times, as one who had forfeited her Ho∣nour. Peter Cauchon B^p. of Beauvais, and some others, condem∣ned her to Perpetual Imprisonment, and to live upon the Bread of Sorrow, and Water of Affliction. But the English, not satisfied with this Judgment, grew so violent against her, that the Judges excommunicated and delivered her into the Executioner's Hands, and so she was burnt alive on May 30. 1430. in the old Market-place at Roven, where 'tis said she predicted their Misfortunes. However, it concerned the Honour of France to justifie the Me∣mory of this heroick Lady. Charles VII. ordered her Relations to insist to the Pope's Judges for a Review of the Process against her. And upon their Request Pope Calixtus III. assigned for Commissioners the AB^p. of Rheims, and the Bishops of Paris and Constance, who met at Roven, where, after having heard many Witnesses, they justified her, and caused the Process by which she was condemned to be cancelled and burnt.
• Ioash, or Iehoash, King of Judah, the Son of Ahaziah, to whom he succeeded, An. Mund. 3157. 2 Kings, chap. 11. and 12. and 2 Chron. 22. from Vers. 10. to the End, and Chap. 23. and 24.
• Ioash, or Iehoash, King of Israel, the Son of Jehoahaz, suc∣ceeded his Father, An. Mund. 3195. 2 King. 13. from Vers. 9. to the End, and Chap. 14. from Vers. 8. to 17. 2 Chron. 25. from Vers. 17. to 25.
• Iob, an illustrious Example of Patience, was born, according to some, about A. M. 2329. in the Land of Ʋz, situate between the Land of Edom and Arabia. Some take him to be the same that is called Jobab, Gen. 36.33. one of Esau's Posterity; though Others, amongst whom are the Jews, take him to be a Descen∣dant from Nahor, Abraham's Brother; grounding their Conjecture on this, because in Gen. 22. Ʋz is set down as the First-born of Nahor. Spondan. in Annal. Vet. Test. Bellarm. de Script. Eccles. & lib. 1. de Verb. Dei. Fred. Spanhemii Historiâ Jobi. Huetii Demon∣stratio Evangelica. And, The VIIth. Letter of some Divines of Hol∣land, upon the Critical History of the Old Testament.
• Iob, a Mahometan, born at Medina, and one of Mahomet's Companions. He was killed at the Siege of Constantinople, A. D. 52. when it was besieged by Jezid, the Son of Caliph Moavias. He is also called Abu-J••b, and Job Ansari, i. e. Job of Medina, be∣cause the Inhabitants of that City were called Ansar; that is, Pro∣tectors or Defenders of Mahomet. The sumptuous Sepulchre of this Job is still to be seen at Constantinople, by the Walls of that City, near to the Haven where the new Grand Signior presents himself to receive the Sword from the Hand of the Mufti, and takes an Oath to defend the Religion of the Mussulmans, and the Laws of their Prophet Mahomet. Ricaut of the Ottoman Empire.
• Iocasta, the Daughter of Creon King of Thebes, and Wife of Laius, was the Mother of Oedipus, whom she afterwards ignorant∣ly married, and had by him Polynices and Eteocles; who having

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  • cil of 74 Bishops at Ravenna, in 901. There he confirmed the Acts of Pope Formosus, and those Acts of another Council, which Stephen VIII. assembled against him, were burnt. He Confirmed likewise the Coronation of Lambert, Emperor, or rather King, of Italy, whom the Italians had opposed to Arnold. His Pontificate held 3 Years and 15 Days. He died in 905. Baronius in Annal.
  • Iohn X. a Roman, and Bishop of Ravenna, ascended the Pon∣tifical Seat after Landon, on Jan. 24. 913. It was by the Inte∣rest of Theodora, a powerful Princess, and his Friend, the Sara∣cens made strange Broils in Italy in his time. The Pope, with the help of Alberic, Son of Albert Marquiss of Tuscany, fought and van∣quished them, An. 915. and pursuing his Victory, defeated them at several times. Perhaps, it was for this reason, Platina says, that his Spirits were more bent upon the War than upon Reli∣gion. In his time, Constantine VIII. Emperor of the Greeks, and Nicholas Patriarch of Constantinople, sent to Rome, to unite the Greek and Latin Churches, but the Bulgarian War hindered it. Leo of Ostia says, That his guilty-Conscience accusing John of many Faults, he sent to Compostella to have Pilgrimage done for him. He was employed likewise to calm the Dissentions amongst the Prelates of France, about the Bishop of Ʋtrecht. Pope John was imprisoned in 928. by Guy D. of Tuscany, Hugues K. of Italy's Brother, and Husband to Marozia, an unchast Woman. She would have advanced to the Holy Chair, a Son of her own, by Pope Sergius III. To compass which, she got some of her Guard to strangle John X. having already killed his Brother Pe∣ter before his face. Flodoard says, That he died, An. 929. Vel vi vel angore, Either by Violence or Grief. * Platina says, That this Pope assuming to himself all the Honour of the Victories against the Saracens, entered Rome in triumph, which so disgusted Alberi∣cus, that he raised a Tumult, but being repulsed, called in the Huns, who having miserably harassed the Country; the People in revenge, took and beheaded Albericus. He adds, That another Pope John succeeded, but because he seized the Chair by force, and was quickly Deposed, he deserves no place in the Catalogue. Vide Rom. hist. Platina de vit. Pontif.
  • Iohn XI. Was the Son of Pope Sergius III. and of the Harlot Marozia. He succeeded Stephen VIII. An. 931. and came to the Papal Throne by the Faction of his Father-in-Law, Guy of Tuscany. This Guy being dead, Marozia sent Deputies to Hugues, her Brother-in-law, to tender him Rome, on condition that he would marry her. Which Proposition, so incensed his Son Albe∣ric, that he caused her and Pope John, to be sent to Prison and Confined; and the Pope died there, An. 936. * Platina says, That at his coming to the Papacy, a Fountain at Genoua run with Blood, which was followed with Murthers and Ravages in Italy, by the Huns and Saracens. Luitprand. lib. 3. cap. 12. Du Chesne. Vie des papes.
  • Iohn XII. Alberic's Son, a Roman Patrician, being made P. of the City of Rome, after his Father's death, and Pope Agapet II's. he got into the Possession of the Pontificate, being but 18 Years of Age His former Name was Octavien, and he assumed the Name of John, either in Memory of John XI. his Uncle, or be∣cause some Flatterers used to say of him, what the Holy Scrip∣ture says of the Fore-runner of Christ, That there was a Man sent from God whose Name was John. Be it what it will, since that time, the Popes have, for the most part, altered their Names. Authors say, That this Pope addicted to all sorts of Wickedness, seeing Berenger and Albert his Son, exercising in∣credible Tyrannies in Italy, called in Otho I. Emperor, whom he Crowned at Rome, An. 951. and promised him Allegiance, which he swore unto him by the Body of St. Peter, and yet forgot his Promise quickly, and sided with the Tyrants Otho returned to Rome, and John withdrew, fearing the just indignation of this Prince. But that did not hinder the Bishops from calling a Council, An. 963. wherein, after having heard the frightful Complaints made against him, they Deposed him from the Pon∣tificate. Nevertheless he re-entered the City, as soon as Otho had left it, and on Feb. 26. 964, assembled a Synod; during the Ses∣sion of which, he caused all the Acts of the former, held against him, to be burnt; and to be fully revenged of this pretended Injury, he caused John Cardinal-Deacon to be beheaded, and Ason's Tongue, Nose, and Fingers to be cut off; then he went on in his abominable way of Living. But Lutiprand writes, That the Devils beat him so sore one Evening, as he lay with a Woman, that he died 8 Days after. Others say, that the Woman's Hus∣band killed him. He died, May 15. 964. having Governed the Church from 955. * Platina says, that he was more profligate than any of his Predecessors; and that about the time of his death, abundance of Prodigies were seen in Italy; a Stone of wonderful bigness falling from the Clouds in a great Storm, and that on the Garments of many Persons, the Figure of a bloody Cross appeared miraculously.
  • Iohn XIII. a Roman, Bishop of Narni, succeeded Benedict V. in 965. He was chosen by the Emperor's Authority, which grieved the Romans. The Pope inclined to Severity against them, which provoked them so, that he was forced at last to withdraw to Capua to Prince Pandolfus. Otho the Emperor came to re-esta∣blish him at Rome; he was afterwards present at a Council, as∣sembled by John at Ravenna, in 967. They say, that it was then that the Polanders received the Christian Faith; and this Pope was the first who Established the Blessing of Bells. Platina says, That Peter the Pretor, who headed the People against the Pope, being delivered to suffer at his discretion, was hang'd by the Hair on the Head of the Statue of Constantine's Horse, and afterwards set upon an Ass, with his Hands tied under his Tail, and being led through the City, was whipp'd almost to death. He died Sept. 6. 972.
  • Iohn XIV. before called Peter, Bishop of Pavia, Chancel∣lor to the Emperor Otho II. was preferred to the Throne af∣ter Benedict VII. This was in 984. and at the Refusal of St. Mai∣eul, as we are told by Nagdole, who wrote his Life. Boniface VII. surnamed Franson, the Antipope, who was retired to Con∣stantinople, hearing of the death of the Emperor Benedict VII. came to Rome, and with the help of his Friends, he imprisoned the Pope, and caused him to be strangled, Aug. 20. 985; but, whether for his Tyranny and Arrogance, or by the Malice and En∣vy of the People, Platina says, is uncertain, after having held the place one Year, and some Months. Baron. A. C. 985.
  • Iohn XV. a Roman, Son of Leo, was chosen by the Clergy, about the latter end of 985. And after the death of Boniface the Antipope, Crescentius, then in great Power at Rome, made this Pope dread the Fate which John XIV. came to. This is also one of the Motives which obliged him to retire to Tuscany, and to desire the Emp. Otho III's Protection. These Precautions frightned the Romans, and they called the Prelate back again to them. He came accordingly, and in 989. celebrated a Synod at Rome, upon the account of St. Adalbert Bishop of Prague, who was retired in∣to a Monastery. He laboured to reconcile the Breach between Ethelred K. of England, and Richard D. of Normandy, and to ap∣pease the Disorders that happened in the Church of Rheims, by the Deposing of Arnoul. In the interim, Crescentius, whom I spoke of, having fortified himself in the Castle of St. Angelo at Rome, the Emperor came to besiege him there, at the Request of the Romans, and during this Siege the Pope died, May 7. 996. * Platina says, that there was a mutual hatred between this Pope and the Clergy; and, that he was so exorbitantly covetous, that he laid hold on all things, Sacred and Prophane, to enrich his Kin∣dred. He adds, That in his time appeared a terrible Comet, followed by Pestilence, Famine, and Earthquakes, which were looked upon as Judgments for the Covetousness and Pride of the Pope, who contemned God and Man.
  • Iohn XVI. a Roman, was the Son of Robert. He was Elected after John XV. in the Opinion of the Continuator of Ciaconius, of du Chesne, and some others, altho' Cardinal Baronius does not reckon him in the number of Popes. Crescentius, who exercised his Ty∣rannical Pranks daily at Rome, forced him thence to demand Suc∣cour from the Emperor. He was called back quickly, and im∣mediately upon his Return, he died, June 1. 996. Some pretend, that Gregory V. succeeded him. Continuateur de Ciaconi en Jean XVI. Du Chesne's hist. des Papes, Tom. I. p. 561. Edit. de Paris de 1653.
  • Iohn XVII. Antipope, formerly called Philagathus, was a Na∣tive of Rossano in Calabria, and Bishop of Plaisance. Crescentius, who kept Rome under, being Master of the Castle of St. Angelo, made him to be chosen in opposition to Gregory V. This Bishop, who was Knowing and Rich, had a great many Friends, and was assisted by the Protection of the Tyrant. But the Emperor Otho III. having got Crescentius out of his Fort, took Philagathus too, and cut both his Hands and Ears off, after having pulled out his Eyes. This was in 998. They say moreover, that being delivered to the Romans, they set him upon an Ass, and carried him thus about the City. Cardinal Peter Damienus adds, That he held the Ass by the Tail, and was forced to cry, as he went along, That was the Punishment of all such as would Dethrone the Popes, Tale sup∣plicium patitur qui Romanum Papam de sua sede pellere nititur. Glaber Rodolp. lib. 1. hist. cap. 4. Leon d'Ostie lib. 2. cap. 28. Peter Damien. Epist. 2. ad Cardot.
  • Iohn XVIII. so called, by those who own the Antipope John XVII. The Count of Tuscanelle's Faction raised him to the Holy Chair, which he kept but 5 Months after Silvester II. An. 1003. Some say, that in his time, the chusing of Popes was taken from the People, and entirely invested in the Clergy. This Pope was surnamed Sico. Vide Baronius. Du Chesne, &c.
  • Iohn XIX. whom Platina called the XXth. because he ranks Pope Joan, and the Antipope Philagathus, called John XVII. in the Catalogue of Popes, was Elected Novemb. 20. 1003. Some say, he was a Roman, surnamed Fasanus or Fanasus. Peter, Patri∣arch of Antioch by a Letter to Michael Cerulatius, testifies, That this Pope reconciled the Greek and Latin Churches, and that at Constantinople, they named him in the Canon of the Mass.
  • Iohn XX. Son of Gregory, Count of Tuscanelle, and Brother of Benedict VIII. succeeded him, An. 1024. He was called a Ro∣man, before his Advancement to the Pontificate, and got his Preferment by his Wealth and Father's Interest. He Crowned Conradus II. and died, Novemb. 8. 1033. * Platina says, That he never was in Holy Orders, but commends him for his Life.
  • Iohn XXI. formerly called John Peter, Cardinal of Frescati, came to the Chair after Adrian V. on Sept. 13. 1276. He was a Native of Lisbon in Portugal, a Physician by Calling, and he is found amongst the Authors of this Time, to have written a great Catalogue of Receipts to preserve Health. Peter, was a Physi∣cian's Son too. He was first Arch-deacon, and then Archbishop of Braga in Portugal, and Pope Gregory X. listed him in the Roll of Cardinals, An. 1278. Besides the Work I have already spoke of, he is said, to have written others; as, Summulae Logicales, Parva Logicalia, In Physionomiam Aristotelis. Dialecticae Epistolae. Ca∣nones

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  • Medicinae de Oculis, and many other Treatises to be s••en in the Library of the Popes. P. L••vis Jac••b. This Pope sent Le∣gates to Michael Paleologus, to exhort him to the observation of what was resolved upon in the Council of Lyons, under Grego∣ry X. Martin the Polander, who continued his Chronicle to this time, says, That this Prelate perswaded himself, that he would live long, from some discovery, which he pretended to have made, in the Stars. But this Speculation failed him; for he died at Viterba, May 15, or 20. 1277. Six Days after, he received a Wound by the Fall of a Room, which he had caused to be built near his Palace. He held the See, 8 Months, and 3 or 8 Days. Platina says, tho' he was a very learned Man, yet his ignorance of Business, the unevenness of his Conversation, with his Folly and Levity, did the Popedom more harm than good.
  • Iohn XXII. succeeded Clement V. An. 1316. This last Dying, the See then at Avignon, was vacant for 2 Years together, and up∣wards; and the Cardinals assembled at Carpentras, could not a∣gree about the Election of a new Pope. Philip the Long, Earl of Poictiers, and afterwards K. of France, by Order of his Brother Lewis X. surnamed Hutin, went to Lyons to endeavour, if he could, to get the vacant Chair filled; he used all the Art and Address imaginable with the Cardinals at Lyons, in order to it; nay, shut them up in the Conclave of the Jacobines, protesting, that they should not get out till they chose one. This Treatment amazed them, and forasmuch as after 40 Days sitting, they could not agree; so at last, it was by consent left to James de Ossa, or De usse Cardinal, B^p of Port, to Name whom he pleased, and he named himself, Crying, Ego sum Papa, I am the Pope. This Election was made, Sept. 5. or 8. 1316, to the general satisfaction of the As∣sembly, and the new Pope assuming the Name of John XXII. was Crowned at the Church of St. John of Lyons, and afterwards went to Avignon, and there held his See. He was a Native of Cahors in Queret, Son of Arnaud de Ossa, a poor Shooe-maker, and thus highly advanced by his Ingenuity. 'Tis said, That he was but a little Man, but of great Wit, and very knowing, as to those Times, especially in the Civil and Canon-Law, which he learned in France and Italy. From his youthful-Days upwards, he was entirely devoted to Peter Archbishop of Arles, Chancel∣lor to Charles II. K. of Naples, E. of Provence, and became so considerable; that after this Prelates death, Robert the Son of Charles, gave him the Seal, and made him Chancellor. After∣wards he became Bishop of Frejus, and Pope Clement V. having a Value for him, advanced him to the Archbishoprick of Avig∣non, about 1310. and 2 Years after made him Cardinal, Bishop of Port. This Pope Canonized Lewis Bishop of Tolouse, and Thomas of Aquin. He Confirmed the Order of the Knights of Christ in Portugal, to wage War with the Saracens of Africa, and the Moors of Granada, and Reformed that of Grandmon••. He also Ere∣cted divers Abbeys into Bishopricks, and converted several Epi∣scopal Churches into Archbishopricks in Languedoc, Guienne, Poitou, and Spain; besides a great number of Collegiate Churches. He raised the Bishopri••k of Tolouse into an Archbishoprick, and made its Suffragans, Montauban, Lavaur, Mirepoix, St. Papoul, Lombez, and Pamiez already Established under Boniface VIII. In the Archbishoprick of Bourges, he Erected the Bishopricks of St. Flour, of Vabres, Castres, and Tulle; and in that of Bourdeaux, condom, Sarlat, Luson, and Maille••••es. He divided the Province of Tarragon into two, and raised Saragosse to a Metropolis. It was this Pope, who published the Clementines, a Constitution settled by his Pre∣decessor Clement V. who made him a Cardinal, and who like∣wise Established these other Constitutions called Extravagantes. The Election that was made in his time of Lewis de Bavaria, and of Frederick of Austria to the Empire, divided the People's Minds. The first went for Lawful, yet Pope John was extreamly against him. This Misunderstanding came to that height, that Lewis being at Rome, in 1320. caused John to be Degraded from the Pa∣pacy, and preferred Peter Ramache of Corberta a Franciscan Friar, to his Place, under the Name of Nicholas V. Michael de Cesenne, General of this Order, and his Clergy, supported him mainly, both by Sermons and Writings. But this Party was soon De∣feated, and Corberia suffering himself to be taken, was carried to Avignon, An. 1330. where he Demanded the Pope's Pardon with a Rope about his Neck, and died in Prison 2 or 3 Years after. The Pope also died, Decemb. 4. 1334. being above 90 Years old. He built a Palace at Avignon, with other magnificent Works. 'Tis reported, that he left a greater Treasure than any of his Prede∣cessors, viz. To the Value of 28 Millions of Ducats, besides 17 Hundred Thousand Florius of Gold. As to the Dispute con∣cerning the Co••delier's Bread, Vid. the Article Occam. and Tom I. of the Bibl. Ʋn••v. * Platina says, that Hugo Bishop of Cathurio was Degraded, Tortured, and put to Death, for conspiring against this Pope; who was so addicted to Novelties, that he divided some single Bishopricks ••••to 2, united several that were distinct, turned Abbacies into Bishopricks, and Bishopricks into Abbacies, and created new Dignities and Societies in the Church, and al∣tered those that had been formerly Constituted. In 1322. he published an Edict, Declaring all those to be obstinate Hereticks, who affirmed, That Christ and his Disciples had nothing which they could call their own and forbad all Disputes on that Head in Schools. He condemned the Opinion of Fryar Peter a Minorite, who had animated a Convent, to imitate Christ's Poverty, and Condemned and Burned a great many of his Followers. He pro∣tected the Guelphs against the Emperor, betwixt whose Forces, and those of the Church, were sever••l Battles with various suc∣cess. After this, the Pope entered into a League with the K. of Bohemia, which created a War betwixt him and several oth••r Prin∣ces of Italy, wherein sometimes the one, sometimes the other, had the Victory, but the Ecclesiastical Forces received a great Defeat about the time of the Pope's Death.
  • Iohn XXIII. formerly called Balthazar Cossa, was born at Naples. Boniface IX. made him Cardinal, An. 1402, and sent him Legate to Bologne. He was chosen Pope, May 17. 1410. after the Death of Alexander V. on condition, That if, for the Quiet of the Church, Gregory XII. and Pet••r de Luna, quitted their Pretensions to the Chair, he should do the same. Historians assure us, that the Actions and Sentiments of John XXIII. were more becoming a Warriour than a Pope, and that he forced his Election. Others say, that it was at the Recommendation of Lewis of Anjou K. of Naples, who received him with that Pomp after his Coronation, that he favoured him against Ladislaus. The Council held at Pisa, An. 1409. Ordained another to be held within 3 Years. John cal∣led one at Rome, An. 1413. Some time after, the Emp. Sigismond passed into Italy, and the City of Constance upon the Rhine, was the Place where the Council was to be held. At the 2d. Ses∣sions, March 2. 1415. the Pope mounted his Throne with his Face to the Altar, read a Paper presented him by John Patriarch of Antioch, and a French-man, with a loud Voice, and promised as he read it, to renounce the Papacy, if the other 2 did the like, or if they died. But whether he was constrained to this Act, or did it unawares, he repented however, and retired to Schaffouze, disguised like a Trooper. After having squandered away some time from Town to Town, he was made Prisoner at Fribou••g, carried to Constance, and Deposed by the Council in the 12th. Session, held May 29. of the same Year; he himself sent his Re∣nunciation of the Pontificate to the Council. After that, he was sent Prisoner to Manheim, or Heidelberg, under the Guard of Lewis de Bavaria, Count-Palatine of the Rhine, and got not out till 1410. Some say, That he bribed his Keepers for 30 Thou∣sa••d Ducats. And others assure, that he was Discharged, when the Peace of the Church was settled upon the Election of Mar∣tin V. by the Death of Gregory XII. and the Exc••mmunication of Peter de Luna. We know this at least, That Balthazar Cossa came to Florence, June 14. and threw him••elf at the Feet of P pe Mar∣tin, who received him, made him D••an of the Cardinals, ••nd Bi∣shop of Frescati; and Ordained, That in consideration or what he had been, his Seat in the Assembly, should be higher tha•• any of the rest. His abode in this Estate was not long, for he died Decemb. 22. following, and had a magnificent Burial, at the charge of Como de Medici, his Friend, who Erected a stately Tomb for him in St. John's Church. Authors accuse this Prelate of being a Luke-warm Church-man; but none could deny his be∣ing a Man of strong Resolution, in the Misfortunes which befell him. He sacrificed his Fortune to the Repose of the Church, and had reason to complain of his Friends who betrayed, or left him in his need. 'Tis reported, That he himself wrote the fol∣lowing Verses, in Prison, upon the inconstancy of his For∣tune.

    Qui modo summus eram, gaudens & nomine Praesul, Tristis & abjectus nunc mea fata gemo. Excelsus solio nuper versabar in alto, Cunctaque gens pedibus oscula prona dabat, Nunc ego paenarum fundo devolvor in imo, Vultum deformem quemque videre piget. Omnibus in Terris aurum mihi sponte ferebant▪ Sed nec gaza juvat, nec quis amicus adest. Sic varians fortuna v••ces, adversa secundis Subdit, & amb••guo nomine ludit atrox.

    Platina says, That he aspired to the Papacy from his Youth, ha∣ving finished his Studies went for Rome, and told his Friends, that asked him whither he was going, that he was going to the Pontificate; and being admitted into Boniface IX's Service, he re∣duced several Places to the Obedience of the Church, and by Bribes, made sure of the Vacancy, after Alexander, for himself. In his time, the Gibellines having brought Fazinus canis into the City, on Condition that they should have the Estates of the Guelphs, he plundered both Parties, and when the Gibellines com∣plained, he told them, they should be safe in their Persons, but that their Goods were the Guelphs. K. Ladislaus invaded the Pope, and forced him to retire from Rome; and to remedy the Distra∣ctions then occasioned by the Schism, he was urged to call a General Council at Constance, where he was Degraded; K. Sigis∣mond having laid grievous things to his Charge, and this Council published a Synodical Decree, wherein they affirmed, That a General Council lawfully Called, was the Supream Authority next to Christ. The same Council deprived Peter de Luna, com∣monly called Benedict XIII. of the Papacy.
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  Patriarchs of Alexandria of the Name of Iohn.
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  • Iohn I. of this Name, surnamed Talaida, Patriarch of the Church of Alexandria, was advanced by the Orthodox Party, in room of Timothy Solo••aci••lus, An. 482. He was formerly a Priest and Treasurer of the same Church. Acacius of Constantinople, charged him with divers Crimes before the Emperor Zenon; the Principal, were, his getting himself to be made Bishop of Alex∣andria, contrary to his Oath; and persuading his Predecessor to

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  • 〈1+ pages missing〉〈1+ pages missing〉 upon Mount Athos, where he took a Friar's Habit, and the Name of Christodulus, that is, a Servant of Christ. Matthew, his Son, whom he associated to the Empire, followed him into this Retire∣ment: And his Wise betook her self to a Nunnery, and changed her Name from Irene to Eugenia. John was not idle in his So∣litude; for, as he had a great Stock of Wit, he employed it to immortalize his Memory, and composed an History, in 4 Books, of what had passed during his own and Andronicus's Reign. This Work, yet extant, is one of the finest of the Modern Greeks; only, when he comes to speak of his own Conduct, he does a lit∣tle disguise the Truth. The Commentaries against the Mahome∣tans and Jews, which we have under the Name of Cantacuzenus, are attributed to him. Gesner and Possevin render him the Author of other Works; as, A Paraphrase upon the 5 first Books of the Morals of Aristotle, &c.
  • Iohn VI. surnamed Paleologus, called Calo-John, was the Son of Andronicus the Younger, whom he succeeded, as I said before. John V. wrested the Empire from him, and routed him at last, with the Assistance of the Genouese, as abovesaid, An. 1355. To shew his Acknowledgment to the Genouese, he gave them the Isle of Metelin, or Lesbos, and gave his Sister in Marriage to Ga∣teluz their General. His Reign was not happy. He had a sharp War to maintain against the Bulgarians. And the Historians of Savoy say, That he was made Prisoner, and that their Duke A∣madeus VI. whom Pope Ʋrban persuaded to undertake the Croi∣sade at Avignon, set him at liberty. John was constrained also to Ally himself with the Turks; but Amurath I. despised it, took se∣veral Places from him, and came to settle his Empire at Adria∣nople, An. 1362. This Infelicity did not come alone, for Andro∣nicus, his Son, would have dethroned him, but his Design was luc∣kily discovered just as it was to be put in Execution. This Prince was taken, and blinded with scalding Vinegar, which did not pre∣vent his Flight to Amurath, and with his Succour, and those of the Genouese, he was received into Constantinople, An. 1373. where he imprisoned his Father and Brethren for 4 Years. 'Tis said, that before that Time he passed into Italy, to sollicite the Succour of Christian Princes; and that at Rome he swore to endeavour an U∣nion of the Greek Church with the Latin, Octob. 18. 1369. At last he left the Empire to his Son Emanuel, An. 1384. or 87. and died, An. 1391. Chalcondyle, Leunclavius Hist. des Turcs. Blon∣dus, Onuphr. Sabellicus Hist. Byzan. Script. Guichenon Hist. de Savoye. Ricciol. Chron. Reform.
  • Iohn VII. Paleologus, came to the Empire by the voluntary Abdication of his Father, Emanuel III. who caused him to be crowned, Jan. 19. 1419. and married him to Sophia, Daughter to the Marquis of Montferrat. They say, that he made a second Alliance with Mary Comnene, Daughter to Alexis the Emperor. Onuphrius and Others believe that this Prince died, An. 1425. and that his Brother, whom they call John VIII. succeeded him. But sure it is, that there was but One of this Name. The Authors of this Errour fell into it, because they did not exactly consider, that Emanuel, who became a Friar, died in 1425. and that his Son was proclaimed, or, it may be, crowned a second Time, accor∣ding to the Greek Custom. Be it what it will, this Emperor was no happier than ••is Father. The Turks added fresh Conquests daily to their first Victories: They took Thessalonica, An. 1431. And John had Reason to believe, that his Empire would quickly become their Prey, all his Hopes of Succour depending upon the Latins; which alone made him wish the Union of the Greek and Latin Churches. Pope Eugenius IV. knew it, and sent him Legates to maintain him in this Design, and to let him understand, that he had summoned a Council at Ferrara. John came thither him∣self, An. 1438. with many Prelates, and Graecian Princes, and was received with extraordinary Magnificence. The Council was afterwards removed to Florence, by reason of the Plague, and the Union aforesaid concluded, An. 1439. The Emperor returned into the East soon after. He died, An. 1448. or, according to Onuphrius, and others, in 1445.
  • Iohn the Principal Secretary, lived in the V^th. Century. He was supported by Castinus, Colonel of the Roman Militia; and by his Assistance became Emperor of the West, An. 423. But the next Year he was subdued by the Army sent by Theodosius to con∣duct his Aunt Placidia, and his Cousin Valentine III. who caused him to be beheaded at Aquileia.
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  A King of England of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn K. of England, surnamed Sans Terre, or Lack-land, was the 4^th. Son of Henry II. He made himself Master of the Crown, An. 1199. after the Death of Richard I. and in Wrong of Arthur of Bretaigne, Son of Godfrey, his Brother, the 3^d. Son of Henry. This Arthur, with the Help of King Philip Augustus, and divers other Princes, disputed with him about the Crown: But John sur∣prized him at Mirebel in Brettany, An. 1202. and made him die in Prison. Constance, the Mother of this young Prince, demanded Justice of the King for this Parricide, committed within his Land, and upon the Person of one of his Subjects. John was referred to the House of Peers; where not appearing, and sending none to excuse him, he was condemned of an Attaint, and convicted of Parricide and Felony, to lose all the Land he had in France. This Misfortune was not all: The English hated John for his Ty∣rannical Taxes, and severe Dealings with the Church-men. He rou∣ted the Prelates, and seized their Goods; which made Pope In∣nocent III. excommunicate him. That did not at all trouble him: But when he understood that the Pope, by a terrible Sen∣tence pronounced against him, had discharged all his Subjects from their Allegiance and Fidelity to him, and thereby put the Kingdom in a Broil, he submitted himself, An. 1213. promising for himself and Successors, to pay a Yearly Tribute to the Church. This stupid Obligation being the Effect of Constraint, the People began to hate him worse and worse; and after that he was wor∣sted in several Battels, and that K. Philip Augustus got the Battel of Bovines, An. 1214. they made Lewis, the same Philip's Son, King, and crowned him at London, May 20. 1216. He died Octob. 19. 1216. having surfeited upon Peaches. He married first the Daughter of the Lord Hubert. Next he took to Wife A∣micia, or Havoise, Heiress to William, or Robert, Earl of Glou∣cester. His 3^d. Marriage was with Isabella, Daughter of Aimar Earl of Angoulême; who was promised to Hugh de Brun Lord of March. By these Three he had Henry III. his Successor; Richard Earl of Cornwall, and King of the Romans; Joanna, Isa∣be••la and Eleanor. The First was Wife to Alexander King of Scotland, the Second married Frederick II. Emperor, and the Third was married to Simon de Montfort Earl of Chester. The Queen Dowager married again to Hugh Earl of March, from whom King John took her on his Wedding Day, being invited to the Marriage. Matthew of Westminster. Polydore Virgil. It must not be omitted, That Protestant Authors, as, Fox in his Acts and Monuments, &c. give King John a better Character, look upon the Account above to be partial; and say posi∣tively, that he was poisoned by a Monk, for his Opposition to the gross Corruptions of the Church of Rome.
  • Iohn Baliol, King of Scotland. See Baliol.
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  Kings and Princes of France of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn K. of France, called by some The Good, succeeded his Fa∣ther, Philip de Valois, An. 1350. In the Beginning of his Reign he instituted the Order of the Star, or, as some say, renewed it; and caused Raoul, his Constable, last E. of Eu, to be proceeded against, for holding Correspondence with the Enemies of the State. The King gave his Place to his Favourite, Charles de la Cerde of Spain, whom Charles the Bad K. of Navarre, his Bro∣ther-in-Law, caused to be assassinated at Aigle in Normandy, An. 1354. This Accident, and the Under-hand Practices of those of Navarre, drew the English into Normandy: John beat them back stoutly, and made King Edward to retire, An. 1355. The Year following the Prince of Wales, with 12000 Men, pillaged Querci, Auvergne, Limosin and Berri, and proceeded to do the like at An∣jou, Poictou and Touraine. The King, then at Chartres, marched his Troops to meet him, and overtook him within 2 Leagues of Poi∣ctiers, where he intrenched in the Vineyards. The Prince offered to repair all the Hurt he did in his March from Bourdeaux, and to bear no Arms in France for 7 Years. But the King, who suppo∣sed his Victory sure, attacked the English; who making a Vertue of Necessity, fought so well, that they obtained the Victory, and made the King Prisoner. His Valour maintained the Shock long enough, though he was left to the single Assistance of his young Son Philip, afterwards D. of Burgundy, then aged about 16, who ever after was called The Bold. The King surrender'd himself to John of Morebeque, a Gentleman of Artois, whom he formerly ba∣nished for some Crimes. The Prince of Wales generously treated him as his Lord; nay, he served him in the Evening at Table, and omitted nothing that might mitigate his Sorrow; but fearing lest any Accident should deprive him of so fine a Prize, the next Day after the Ba••tel, which was fought Septemb. 19. 1336. he sent him to Bourdeaux, and so to London, where he remained Pri∣soner 4 Years, till the Peace of Bretigni was concluded, May 7. 1360. Immediately after his Deliverance he was desirous, for some Design he had in his Head, to visit Pope Innocent VI. at A∣vignon, where he found Pope Ʋrban V. chosen in his Place; and this Prelate persuaded him to take a Journey to the Holy Land. Before he undertook it, he had a Mind to visit England, not to see •• certain Lady there, which he loved during his Imprison∣ment, •• some were pleased to write, but to testifie to King Ed∣ward, that he was no way concerned in the Escape of his Son, the D. of Anjou, one of the Hostages; and to persuade him to the Ex∣pedition of the Holy Land: And just as he hoped to compleat it, he was taken ill of a sudden, April 8. 1364. and died in the Savoy, London, in the 52^d. Year of his Age, having reigned 13 Years and 8 Months. K. John was looked upon to be the bravest and frankest Prince of his Time. His Word was sacred, and inviolable; being used to say, That if Truth and Faith were banished the rest of the World, they ought to be found in the Mouths of Kings. Petrarque, who lived in his Time, gave him the Title of being the Greatest of Kings, the most Invincible of Men. He was married twice; first An. 1332. with Bonne of Luxemburg, Daughter to John K. of Bohemia; by whom he had Charles V. his Successor; Lovis, the first of that Family, Duke of Anjou, whence descended the 2^d. Branch of the Kings of Naples; John D. de Berri, who died without Issue Male, An. 1416. and Philip the Bold, from whom descended the last Dukes of Burgundy.
  • Iohn Posthumus, Son of Lewis le Hutin, born Novemb. 15. 1316. died within 8 Days after, and, during the Funeral-Solem∣nities,

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  • was proclaimed K. of France and Navarre. Whence some Modern Authors reckon him amongst the Kings of France, and call him K. John I. Mezerai. Godesroy.
  • Iohn of France, D. de Berri, E. of Poictou, Estampes, Auvergne and Bulloigne. He was the Son of K. John, by his first Wife Bonne of Luxemburg. He was born at Bois de Vincennes, Octob. 30. 1340. He was first called Earl of Poictou. He signalized himself at the Battel of Poictiers, An. 1356. and in 1360. he was made Duke de Berri, and Lieutenant of Guienne and Languedoc. This Prince was always successful, and shared in that good Fortune which King Charles V. had against the English; from whom he took Limoges, Poictiers and Rochelle. He was present at the Coronation of King Charles VI. in 1381. and at the Battel of Roselecque, in 1382. and defeated the Tuchins of Auvergne and Poictou, in 1384. After that, he had a Share of the Administration of publick Affairs, but was turned out in 1388. restored again afterwards, with the Duke of Burgundy. The Government of Languedoc was taken from him in 1390. and given him again in 1410. John D. de Berri declared himself for the House of Orleans, against that of Burgundy. Two Years after he was besieged at Bourges, but he made his Peace, and died on June 15. 1416. at the Palace of Nesle in Paris.
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  Kings of Arragon and Navarre of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn I. of this Name, K. of Arragon only. He succeeded his Father, Peter IV. called The Ceremonious, in the Throne, An. 1384. His Subjects despised him for his Weakness, and there∣upon the former Part of his Reign was full of Trouble. He died, May 19. 1395. aged 44 Years, of which he reigned between 9 and 10 Months. His Brother Martin succeeded him, excluding Matthew Comte de Foix, who married his Daughter Jane.
  • Iohn II. first D. of Penafiel, and then K. of Navarre and Arra∣gon. He was Son to Ferdinando of Castile, K. of Arragon. He came to the Crown of Navarre by his Marriage in 1420. with Blanche, Daughter and Heiress to Charles, called The Noble, or The Second Solomon, and Widow of Martin K. of Sicily. John and she were crowned in 1429. and by her he had Charles Prince of Viane. Q. Blanche died in 1441. and her Death was attended with Abun∣dance of Troubles to the Country; for John was married again to Jane Henriquez, the Constable of Castile's Daughter. Charles Prince de Viane could not endure her having any Hand in the Go∣vernment, which belonged to him by the Death of his Mother Blanche. This Quarrel raised two Factions between the Houses of Beaumont and Gramont, two very considerable Families in that State. The first sided with the Prince, who was crowned, and afterwards defeated in Battel; but he was reconciled to the King, his Father, who gave him Catalonia; and then he was to take Pos∣session of Arragon, by the Death of Alphonsus, his Brother, called The Valiant; who died in 1358. After that he maintained a sharp War against Henry IV. K. of Castile. In the mean while Charles, his Son, whom his Mother-in-Law had abused, took up Arms again, was vanquished a 2^d. Time, and made Prisoner. The Ca∣talonians stood up in his Favour, and forced the Father to release the Son. But the very Day of his Deliverance he died (as it is reported) by a Dose of Physick which his Step-Dame ordered to be given him by his own Physician, Septemb. 23. 1461. The Catalonians revolted against John, assisted by the King of Castile: And John lacking Money to answer this urgent Necessity, engaged the Earldoms of Roussillon and Cerdagne to Lewis XI. K of France, for 300000 Crowns of Gold. However, he gave his Daughter E∣leanor in Marriage to Gaston IV. E. of Foix, who was Governor of Navarre during his Father-in-Law's Life. John had by his second Marriage, Ferdinand, who married Isabella, Heiress of Leon and Castile. He died at Barcelona, Jan. 19. 1479. in the 82^d. Year of his Age. He was buried in the Monastery of N Dame de Pob∣let. Eleanor, his Daughter, succeeded him in the Kingdom of Na∣varre. Mariana, lib. 23, 24. Surita Ind. lib. 20. Texere. La Per∣riere. Olhagarai. Chapuis. De Marca, &c. Hist. de Bearn. & Na∣varrae Turquet. Hist. de Esp.
  • Iohn II. K. of Navarre only. He was Son of Alain de Albret. He married (about 1484.) Katharine de Foix, Sister and Heiress to Francis Phoebus K. of Navarre. Their Misunderstanding had well nigh caused the Ruin of the State. She began to renew the Divi∣sions between the 2 Houses of Beaumont and Gramont: The King was for the former, and the Queen for the latter. These Troubles were allayed, but Ferdinando of Spain's Ambition raised new ones against him. This Prince enter'd Navarre in 1512. and seized it in a little Time, K John retiring to Bearn as soon as he appeared upon the Frontiers. When Ferdinando had accomplished his Design, he sought out Pretences to justifie what he had done, but could find none, saving the Law of War, and a Bull of Pope Julius II. who gave the Right to him that could first subdue the Kingdom, be∣cause K. John favoured the Council of Pisa, and was an Ally to K. Lewis XII. an Enemy to the holy See. The K. of France sent Succours to John, his Ally; but they were ill managed, and so did him no Service. This Prince died in a Village of Bearn, June 26. 1516. and Catharine, his Spouse, out-lived him but 8 Months. Their Son Henry was Heir, who, by Margaret, Sister to Francis I. had Jane, Mother to Henry IV. La Perriere. Olhagarai. De Mar∣ca, &c. Hist. de Nav. & de Bearn. Mariana, lib. 30. Sponde in An∣nal. Mezerai. Hist. de France en Louis XII. & Francis I.
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  A King of Bohemia of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn King of Bohemia, the Emperor Henry VII's Son, of the House of Luxemburg, was elected at 14 Years of Age, An. 1309. in Opposition to Henry D. of Carinthia, whose Tyranny had ren∣der'd him intolerable to the Bohemians. He married Elizabeth, Daughter to K. Venceslaus, and was crowned with him at Prague. And since declared Vicar of the Empire, in the Absence of his Father. He reduced Silesia, and left great Tokens of his Cou∣rage in Lombardy, An. 1330, 31, and 32. Before that he was cal∣led into Poland by the Grand Master of the Te••tonick Order in Prussia; and after having fought against the Lithuanian Pagans, he took upon him the Title of King of Poland; concerning whom, the Historians of that Nation and Bohemia vary much. John lost an Eye in this Expedition, and afterwards came to Montp••lier In∣cognito, to consult the Physicians of this famous University for Cure; where a Jewish Doctor made him lose the other. This Blindness did not hinder his Going to the War: And upon this Occasion 'tis reported, that the K. of Poland sent to him, desiring that they might decide their Quarrel in a Room, with each a Ponyard in his Hand. K. John made him Answer, That he must pull out both his Eyes first, in order to make it an equal Combat. John carried Succours with him into France, to Philip de Valois, and was at the Battel of Creci, which the French lost, Aug. 26. 1346. As blind as he was, he fought valiantly: He caused his Horse to be fasten'd by the Bridle to one of the best Horse-men he had, and rushed into the Army so furiously, that he was killed. Charles IV. his Son, K. of Bohemia, and Emperor, gives a fuller Account of all these Things in the Memoirs of his Father's Life.
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  Kings of Castile of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn I. of this Name, King of Leon and Castile, succeeded his Father Henry II. in 1379. aged 21 Years. He married Eleanor of Arragon, by whom he had Henry III. his Successor, and Ferdinando K. of Arragon. The English had some Pretensions to his Estate, upon the Account of Constance, Daughter to Dom Pedro, and Wife of John D. of Lancaster. Edward, Son of this Duke, led an Ar∣my into Spain, and joined Ferdinando King of Portugal's Troops, who were at Variance with John. This Matter was accommoda∣ted however, and the King of Castile, who was a Widower, mar∣ried Beatrix of Portugal in 1383. conditionally, that the Issue of this Marriage should succeed to Ferdinando's Crown: But he dy∣ing soon after, the Portuguese preferred John, the Natural Son of their deceased King, to the Throne. The King of Castile was de∣feated in one Battel, and afterwards killed by a Fall from his Horse as he was hunting, Octob. 9. 1390. which was looked upon as a just Judgment, because he used to hunt on the Sabbath.
  • Iohn II. Henry III's Son, was proclaimed King at the Age of 22 Months, about the End of 1406. and, by the Care of his Un∣cle Ferdinando, afterwards K. of Arragon, who generously refused the Offer of the Crown to himself. Paul de Burgos, or de St. Ma∣rie, Bishop of Carthagena, formerly a Jew, was appointed to take Care of the Education of this young Prince. He was no sooner able to bear Arms, but he found himself obliged to do it against the Kings of Navarre and Arragon, whom he reduced to the Ne∣cessity of asking Peace, which he granted. But it lasted not long, for he was forced to turn his Arms against the Moors of Granada; whose King he had re-established, and yet he ungratefully attacked him; which John made him repent, killing 12000 of his Men in 1431. and ravaging the Country all round Granada. 'Tis said, that he might easily have taken that City, had not Alvarius de Lu∣na, his Favourite, and Constable of Castile, been bribed by the Moors. King John died. Aug. 20. 1454. in the 50^th. Year of his Age, and 48^th. of his Reign. Henry IV. whom he had by Mary of Arragon, succeeded him.
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  Kings of Denmark and Swedeland of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn I. of this Name, K. of Sweden, was Son of K. Suercher III. by Name, surnamed The Pious. He succeeded Eric X. about 1218. or 20. His Bounty got him the Surname of Debonnaire. He was very liberal to the Church; and his People had been very happy if his Reign had been longer: But his Reign did not exceed 3 or 4 Years, for he died in 1222. Olaus Magnus Hist. Got. Martinus Zellier, in Nova Descrip. Sueciae.
  • Iohn II. K. of Denmark in 1482. after his Father Christiern I. He was also crowned K. of Sweden in 1483. But not performing his Promises to the Swedes, he was dethroned. John employed an Army of 50000 Men to restore him, but to no purpose; he could never do it. He died Feb. 20. 1523. He married Christiana of Saxony, Daughter of Ernest Elector of Saxony, by whom he had Christiern II.
  • Iohn III. D. of Finland, was Gustavus I's Son, and Brother to Eric XIV. This last Prince, being jealous and violent, kept John 6 or 7 Years in Prison, in Wibourg-Castle. John got out, and af∣ter several Adventures, he put himself at the Head of some Swedes who disliked Eric's Government, whom he took, and put into the

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  • same Prison, and got himself Crowned King, in 1568. His Reign was extream peaceable. He married Katharine, the Daughter of Sigismund Augustus K. of Poland, and had by her Sigismund K. of Poland, in 1587. and since that, Soveraign of Swedeland, from whence his Uncle Charles routed him.
• ...A King of Hungary of the Name of Iohn. Iohn (de Zapol) Count of Scepus, and Vaivod of Transilvania, was much esteemed in the XVI^th. Century for his Valour. He was Crowned King of Hungary, by some of the States of this Kingdom, Novemb. 11. 1526. This was after the Death of Lewis the Younger, who perished at the dismal Battle of Mochas, Aug. 29. of the same Year. Ferdinand of Austria, who married Elizabeth, K. Lewis his Sister, was Crowned by another Party of the States. John de Zapol put himself under the Protection of Solyman, Sul∣tan of the Turks. These besieged Vienna in 1529. The 2 Kings were in War with each other a long time, which ended in a Peace at last, but did not hold long. King John died, July 21. 1540. His Son John Stephen, afterwards called Sigismund, succee∣ded, who was acknowledged K. of Hungary. The Turks declared themselves in his favour, and took the principal Cities of his Kingdom. The Queen, his Mother, distrusting the Conduct of Martinusius, gave up her Crown to Ferdinando, in 1551. She had a Promise of the Principality of Ratibor, Oppelen, Monsterberg, of a Pension of 25000 Crowns Yearly, and 150000 that were due to her for her Portion. But observing, that they never designed to perform what they promised, she treated with the Grandees of Hungary, for her Sons Re-establishment. The death of the Vaivod of Valachia, who had promised her Succors, and was As∣sassinated a little after, broke her Measures. John Sambuc, Ap∣pend. B••nfin. Thuan. Hist. lib. 9. &c.
• ...A King of Hungary and Cyprus of the Name of Iohn. Iohn of Brienne, K. of Jerusalem, and afterwards Emperor of Constantinople, was Son of Erard II. of that Name, Comte de Bri∣enne, and of Agnes of Montbelliard. He took up the Croisade for the Holy Land with the French, who took Constantinople, in 1204. and got so much Reputation by his Valour, that the Barons of Jerusalem, after the death of Amauri their King, sent to France, to offer him this Kingdom, with Marie de Montferrat, Daughter of Conrade, Marquiss of Montferrat, and of Isabella of Anjou, Queen of Jerusalem. He accepted of this Proffer, with the Consent of K. Philip Augustus, who gave him 40000 Livres. John arrived at Palaestine in 1210, Celebrated his Marriage, was Crowned in the Month of October, and Relieved the City of Acre besieged by Conradin, Sultan of Damascus. He besieged Damiette in Egypt, which he took, after he had lain before it a Year and half, but could not keep it above 8 Months. Soon after, this King lost his Wife, and returned into France for Succours. In the Voyage which he took, in 1222. he made a Second Contract with Berangera of Castile, Sister to K. Ferdinando. The Year follow∣ing, he assisted at the Consecration of K. Lewis the Younger, who gave him 100000 Crowns; next he went to Rome. This Pr. had an only Daughter called Joland, he married her the same Year 1223, to the Emp. Frederick II. upon Condition, that he should enjoy the Kingdom during his life, which was promised him, but never performed. In 1229, the French Barons of the East, chose him for Governor of the Empire of Constantinople, during the Minority of Baldwin II. He took the Title of Emperor up∣on him, as it was the Custom of the Tutors of those Times, and arrived at Constantinople, in 1231, where he was Crowned by the Patriarch Simon. He Defeated John Ducas, called Vataze, several times, in 1233, and 35. They say, That John de Brienne, disho∣noured the latter Years of his Age, by Avarice. He died in March, in 1237. He had by his Second Wife, Alphonsus de Brienne, Comte de Eu.
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  Kings of Poland of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn (Albert) K. of Poland, second Son of Casimir IV. born in 1459. He was chosen in 1492, by the consent of Ladislaus his Brother, K. of Hungary and Bohemia. This was a knowing Prince, principally in History, Liberal to Soldiers, but Unfortunate. He waged War against Stephen, Vaivod of Valachia, who Defeated him in an Ambuscade, and he called the Turks to his help. Fre∣derick of Saxony, Grand Master of Prussia, laid hold upon this oc∣casion, to free himself of the Homage which he owed to Poland, which John Albert would have compelled him to by force of Arms. He died (unmarried) of an Apoplexy, June 17. 1501. Michovius. Sarm. lib. 1. & Hist. Pol. 4. Cromel. lib. 30. &c.
  • Iohn (Casimir): See Casimer V.
  • Iohn III. of this Name, K. of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithua∣nia, Russia, &c. His Valour got him the Throne. He was the youngest Son of James Sobieski, Chatellan of Cracovia, &c. and of one of the Daughters of Stanislaus Zolkiewski, Grand Chancellor and General of the Crown, who fought at the Battle of Cicora, Sept. 19. 1620. The Turks attacked him 15 times Oct. 2. follow∣ing, and he was killed the 6th. of the same, being deserted by his Soldiers. He was Aged 73. James Sobieski, Ambassador from the Crown, made Peace the ensuing Year with the Sultan Osman. He distinguished himself by his Merits upon all Occasions, and died in 1646. The K. of Poland was then at Paris, with Mark Sobieski his Elder Brother, who signalized himself by his Cou∣rage, and was slain by the Turks at the Defeat near Batow. John Sobieski Senator, was Grand Marshal of the Crown, August 24. 1665; Grand General of the Kingdom, in 1667, and Grand Ma∣ster of the King's Houshold, Palatin of Cracovia, &c. He re-took 60 Towns from the Cossack Rebels in Ʋkrania, in 1667. He maintained the Siege of Podhais against the Tartars, and 2 Years after took from them and the Cossacks, all the Palatinate of Brac∣law in Low Podolia. He signalized himself by several other He∣roick Acts. He Defeated the Turks, in 1671. during the Siege of Leopol or Lwow upon Peltaw in Black Russia, and won, in 1673, the famous Battle of Choczim upon the Niester, and upon the Frontiers of Moldavia. It began one Saturday, and was fini∣shed the 3d. Day, by the Reduction of this Fortress. The Turks lost 8000 Janizaries, and 20000 Spahi's in this Action. This grand Victory, one of the most famous in the Age, was obtain∣ed, Novemb. 11. being the next day after the death of K. Michael Koribut Wiesnowiski. The Grand Marshal Sobieski, was only rec∣koned worthy to fill this place. He was Elected, May 19. 1674. and was not Crowned till 15 Months after, during which time, he won several Battles against the Turks, and forced them to make a Peace at Zurowna. In 1676, he received the Order of Knight of the Holy Ghost, from the King of France, by M. Marquiss of Bethune, his Ambassador. This Grand Monarch did, upon several Occasions, give illustrious Tokens of his Amity to the K. of Poland, and likewise contributed much to his Election, by the Care and Prudence of M. Toussaints de Fourbin Janson, Bi∣shop of Marseilles, his Ambassador Extraordinary; for he dissipa∣ted, by his diligent Application, those Factions and Powers that did not affect the Interest of Poland, and who hated the Merit of Grand Mareschal Sobieski. In 1683, he was a main Man in rai∣sing the Siege of Vienna, being present in Person, and got much Honour by it. The K. of Poland speaks several Languages. He loves Books and Scholars, and has all the Qualities of a Hero. He married Dame Maria de la Grange, the Daughter of the Marquiss d'Arquien, of the Noble Family de la Grange in Nivernois, by which Lady, he has had Francis de la Grange, Sieur of Montigni, de Se∣ri, &c. Knight of the King's Orders, Mareschal of France, Go∣vernor of Vandamois, of Bern-Blois, of the Towns and Bishop∣ricks of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, &c. as I said before. The Queen of Poland, was the Widow of Zamoiski. King John III. has seve∣ral Children of this Alliance, and amongst others, James Sobieski Pr. of Poland.
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  Kings of Portugal of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn I. of this Name, K. of Portugal and Algarbes, surnamed Le Pere de la Patrie, the Father of his Country. He was the Na∣tural Son of Peter, called The Judge, his Wife by Theresia Lawrentia. He was Grand Master of the Order of Avis, and af∣ter the death of his Brother Ferdinando, in 1383. the Portuguese made him King, in wrong of Beatrix this King's only Daughter, married to John I. K. of Castile. This last took up Arms against him, and the Portuguese won the famous Battle of Aliubarota, Aug. 14. 1386. against the Castilians; after which, this King lived very peaceably, and to exercise his Arms, he carried the War into Africa, amongst the Barbarians, from whom he took Ceute, and other Places. Pope Ʋrban VI. gave him a Dispensa∣tion from his Oath, of entring into a Religious Habit, which he made, in 1387; and then he married Philippa, the Daughter of King John, surnamed Le Grand, Duke of Lancaster, by Blanche his first Wife, Sister to Henry IV. King of England, by whom he had Edward, his Successor, &c. He died, August 14. 1433. Aged 76.
  • Iohn II. called Le Grand, & Le Severe, that is, The Great and Severe, succeeded his Father Alphonsus V. in 1481. Some of his Lords troubled him much in the beginning of his Reign, they ha∣ving revolted from him. But he spoiled their Designs, and cut off their chief Leaders, and particularly Ferdinando Duke of Bra∣ganza, whom he beheaded. After that, his next Care was to settle his foreign Plantations in the Indies and Africa, where he caused to be built divers Fortifications at Guinnea. He was at the Taking of Azzile and Tangier, in 1471. and signalized himself at the Battle of Toro against the Castilians, in 1476. These glori∣ous Actions, besides many others not here mentioned, procured him the Name of The Great, as his Exactness in the Administra∣tion of Justice, procured him that of Severe. He died, Aged 41, Oct. 25. 1495.
  • Iohn III. succeeded his Father Emanuel, in 1521. David K. of Aethiopia sent Ambassadors, to Congratulate his Access to the Crown, and to continue the Alliance he made with his Father. We have, to this Day, the Accounts of that Embassy; and the Letters which K. John wrote to Pope Paul III. concerning the Progress of his Arms in the Indies, and how the King of Camboia had yielded him the Fort of Diu, one of the most important places of the Indies, in a little Isle towards the Mouth of the Ri∣ver Indus. He died of an Apoplexy, June 11. 1557. by Catha∣rine of Austria, Sister to the Emperor Charles V. He had 5 Sons, who died in their Minority. John, Prince of Portugal, who died in 1554. before his Father, and by Jane, Daughter of Charles V. had Sebastian a Posthumos Son, who was Successor to his Grand-fa∣ther. . . Marie, Wife to Philip III. K. of Spain, and Isabella, and Beatrix, who died young. Damien. à Goez in Coment. Francis Andrada, in his life. Vasconelles, in Anaceph. Nonius, in Geneal. Tom. II. Script. hist. Sponde in Annal. &c.

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  • Iohn IV. called The Fortunate, was Son to Theodosius II. Duke of Braganza, and Ann, Daughter of John Fernandez de Velasco, Constable of Spain. He was next Heir to the Crown, and Pro∣claimed King, in 1640. The Spaniards made themselves Masters of Portugal after the death of the Kings, Dom. Sebastian, and Cardinal Henry in 1580. and kept it under the Reigns of Phi∣lip II. Philip III. and Philip IV. But the Portuguese threw off their Yoak, in 1640, and called home the Duke of Braganza, who was Crowned, Decemb. 1. This Prince happily discovered a Con∣spiracy as ready to break out, in the beginning of his Reign. He executed the Chief of them, and ever after Governed with that Conduct and Prudence, that his Enemies could never hurt him with their Arms, nor Calumnies. 'Tis said, that he was a great Lover of Learning and Musick. He slept little, was of an obliging Temper, and frugal in his Apparel and Diet, which made him often say, that it behoved a King to be affable; that all Habits covered, and that all Meat nourished. In 1643, he took Salva Terra, and got a famous Victory over the Spaniards near Ba∣dajos, May 26. 1644. He likewise got a vast Advantage over the Hollanders in Brazil, Jan. 27. 1649, and 54, when he took the Recif from them. He died at Lisbon, by Stoppage of Urine, Novemb. 6. 1656.
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  French Princes of the Name of Iohn.
  • Iohn of Anjou, Sicilia, Duke of Duras, was the Eight Son of Charles II. called Le Boiteux, K. of Naples and Sicilia, E. of Pro∣vence, &c. and of Marie of Hungary. His Father left him with his other Brothers in Hostage, in 1288. Afterwards K. Robert, his Brother, sent him at the Head of an Army which withstood the Emperor Henry VII. when he Invaded Italy.
  • Iohn d'Anjou I. of this Name, Duke of Calabria and Lorrain, Prince of Heronde, Knight of the Crescent, was the Son of Re∣natus, called The Good, King of Naples and Sicily, Count of Pro∣vence, &c. and of Isabella, Dutchess of Lorrain. He was born, Aug. 2. 1425, and succeeded his Mother in the Dutchy of Lorrain, in 1452 He was a brave, generous, and obliging Prince, and a faith∣ful Friend. He Defeated Ferdinando of Arragon K. of Naples, at the Battle of Sarno, in 1460. But in the end he was Vanquished near Troyes, within the Poüille, and forced to depart the Island of Ischia, whence he retired, to Marseilles, in 1463. Two Years after, he followed the discontented Princes to the War du Bien publick. Some time after, he accompanied the King of Arra∣gon into Catalonia, where he obliged King John of Navarre, to raise the Siege from before Paralta, took Gironne, and had several other considerable Advantages. He died at Barcelona, Dec. 16. 1470.
  • Iohn of Artois, Count of Eu, Lord of St. Valeri and d'Ault, surnamed Without Land, was Son of Robert d'Artois III. of the Name, and of Jane of Valois. He was born about 1321, and made Knight at the Coronation of King John, who gave him the Earldom d'Eu, forfeited by Radolphus of Brienne II. of the Name, Count d'Eu and of Guines, Constable of France, in 1331. John d'Artois was taken at the Battle of Poictiers. He did good Services to Charles V. and Charles VI. He accompanied the last into Flan∣ders, in 1382. He Commanded the Rear Guard at the Battle of Rossebecque, and died a little after, April 6. 1386.
  • Iohn I. of this Name, Duke of Bourbon and Auvergne, Count de Clermont, de Montpensier, and de Porez, Sieur of Beaujolois, Dombes, &c. Peer and Chamberlain of France, was Son of Lewis II. Duke of Bourbon, and of Ann Dauphine d'Auvergne. He declared himself for the House of Orleans, against that of Burgoigne, and dis∣comfited the Rear Guard of their Army, in 1414. The King gave him the Conduct of the Army, sent to Guienne against the English. He was at the Siege of Compeigne and Arras, and in 1415, he Commanded the Van-Guard of the Army, at the dismal Battle of Azincourt, where he was taken. He was carried into England, where he died, in 1434. after 19 Years Imprisonment.
  • Iohn II. of the Name, Duke of Bourbon and Auvergne, Count of Clermont, &c. called le Bon, Peer, Constable and Chamberlain of France, Governor of Guienne and Languedoc, was the Son of Charles I. and of Agnes of Burgundy. He signalized himself in 1450, at the Battle of Formigni, where he was Knighted. He was afterwards at the Taking of Caen, Bourdeaux, and divers other Places from the English; and in 1461, at the Coronation of King Lewis XI. where he represented the Duke of Normandy. Some time after, he was one of the principal Heads of the League du Bien publick, against the same King, with whom he made Peace afterwards, followed him in the Voyage to Peronne, and received from him the Collar of the Order of St. Michael. After that, he retired from the Court till the King's Death, and assisted at the Consecration of Charles VIII. who made him Constable of France, in 1483. John, Duke of Bourbon, died in his Castle of Moulins, without lawful Issue, April 1. 1488. Aged 62.
  • Iohn, surnamed The Fearless, first Earl of Nevers, and af∣terwards Duke of Burgoigne, Peer of France, Earl of Flanders, Artois, &c. was born at Dijon, May 28. 1371. Charles d'Alencon, AB^p of Lyons, baptized him. In 1404, he succeeded his Father Philip the Bold, Youngest Son of King John. Before that, he Conducted the great Army which K. Charles VI. sent to Sigismond, K. of Hungary against Bajazet II. Emperor of the Turks. In this Army of his, he had 2000 Gentlemen of Quality. These brave French-men, who, at first, did things incredible, were Defeated, or made Prisoners in the renowned Battle of Nicopolis, Sept. 28. 1396. Bajazet caused above 600 to be cut to pieces, in the pre∣sence of the Count de Nevers, and saved him, with 15 more great Lords, for whom, he obliged himself to pay 200000 Ducats Ransom, which being paid 5 Months after, they were all set at liberty. After that, the Count de Nevers, having suc∣ceeded to his Father's Estate, renewed the Quarrels of the Houses of Orleans and Burgoigne, and caused Lewis of Orleans, to be mise∣rably Assassinated at Paris, on Novemb. 23. 1407. This kindled the Civil War more than ever. John retired to Flanders, where he assisted John de Baviere Bishop of Liege, against his Subjects, whom he chased from before Maestricht, and Defeated them, Sept. 23 1408. After this he came to Paris in an Hostile man∣ner, during the Weakness of Charles VI. made himself Master of the Government, and caused incredible Mischiefs to the King∣dom. In 1429, he was wheedled to a Conference upon the Bridge of Montereau-Faut-Yonne, by the Dauphin, and there kil∣led, in August, by Tanegui du Chastel, an ancient Servant of the late D. of Orleans. This was on Sunday, Sept. 10.
  • Iohn I. of this Name, Duke d'Alencon, Peer of France, Earl of Perche, Viscount de Beaumont, Lord of Verneuil, Fougeres, &c. surnamed The Sage, was the Son of Peter II. and of Marie Chamil∣lare, Viscountess de Beaumont au Maine. He was born in the Castle of Essai, May 9. 1385. He was in Charles VI's Service, in 1409, and declared himself for the House of Orleans, against that of Bur∣goigne. After that, he contributed to the Treaties of Bourges and Wicestre, and the King raised in his Favour the Earldom of Alen∣con, into a Dutchy, and Peerage, Jan. 1. 1424. The Year after, he Commanded the Army at the Battle of Azincourt, Oct. 25. and was killed there.
  • Iohn II. of this Name, D. of Alencon, &c. surnamed Le Beau, was born at the Castle d'Argentan, on March 2. 1409. He began to show his Valour at the Battle of Verneuil, in 1424, where the English made him Prisoner, and he continued till 1427, that he was Ransom'd. Afterwards he served K. Charles VII. with great fidelity, until 1440, that he was one of the Chief of the Sedition called la Praguerie. This Duke was God-father of the Dauphin Lewis, who was Educated at Niort. He caused the Misunderstan∣ding betwixt him and the King his Father. Some accused him afterwards of Correspondence with the English, and the King, Charles VII. caused him to be imprisoned at the Castle de Loches, and got him Condemned to lose his Head, in 1456. The K. graci∣ously pardoned him, as to his Life, but took away his best Lands, and committed him Prisoner to the same Castle de Loches. Lewis XI. set him at Liberty upon his Access to the Crown, in 1461. John Duke d'Alencon, entered into the League, Du bien Publick, in 1465▪ And being Accused a Second time of holding Correspondence with the Enemies of the Government, was seized and Condemned to be Beheaded, July 1474. The King saved his Life, and he died 2 Years after.
  • Iohn I. of this Name, Duke of Bretaigne, Earl of Richmond, surnamed le Roux, was the Son of Peter de Dreux, called Maucler, and of Alice Countess of Bretaigne. He was born, in 1217. and succeeded his Father, in 1250. He had Wars with the Chief of his Subjects, and especially with the Barons de Lavaux, and de Craon, and Giomar, Viscount de Laon, whom he reduced. He had also some Quarrel with the Clergy, which occasioned his Jour∣ney to Rome, where he gave up his Interest to Pope Innocent IV. After which, he followed King St. Lewis, in 1270, in his 2d. Voyage to Africa, and when he returned, he became an exact Observer of Justice, laid divers holy Foundations, and died Oct. 8. 1286 Aged 69.
  • Iohn IV. commonly called of Montfort, Duke of Bretaigne, &c. Born, in 1293, was Son to Artus II. and of his Second Wife Jo∣land de Dreux, Countess de Montfort, Daughter to Robert IV. Earl of Dreux. This Artus first married Marie, the only Daughter of Guy IV. Earl of Limoges, by whom he had John III. who died without Issue, and Guy of Bretaigne, Earl of Ponthievre, who left a Daughter, Jane, surnamed la Boiteuse, Heiress of Bretaigne, Wife to Charles de Blois. His Uncle John IV. a Valiant and Underta∣king Prince usurped his Country, and this caused these long and mischievous Quarrels between the Two Houses of Mont∣fort and Blois, who had like to have wasted Bretaigne. The first had the Advantage, tho' t'other had the King of France, Philip de Valois, and his Son John, on his Side. John de Mont∣fort was besieged in the City of Nantes, and taken in the Castle. They had him to Paris, and put him into the Tower of the Louvre, where he continued till 1343. He promised to make no Pre∣tensions to the Dutchy, but broke his Word; he over-ran the Country, took Dinan, and went to England for Assistance; but being Disappointed, he died of Discontent, Sept. 1345.
  • Iohn V. called The Valiant, and The Conqueror, because being bred in Arms, during the War which was between his House, and that of Blois, he came off Victorious at last. This was after his Banishment, and his being Attacked by all the Forces of France, after having gained 7 Battles, and slain his Antagonist Charles de Blois in the Fight of Avrai, Octob. 1364. Bretaigne was left him by the Treaty concluded at Gerrande, April 12. 1365. The Year following he came to Paris, to pay Homage to King Charles V. He died at Nantes, November 1. 1399.
  • Iohn I. of this Name, Duke of Lorrain and Marchis, was the Son of Raoul, slain in the Battle of Creci, in 1346. He signali∣zed himself, in 1356, at the Battle of Poictiers, where he was Wounded and made Prisoner. Afterwards having recovered his Liberty, he undertook a Journey to Prussia, and was at the Battle of Hazeland, and returned to Succour Charles de Blois, and de Cha∣tillon his Uncle, Dukes of Bretaigne, against John de Montfort, Charles was killed at the Battle of Avrai, in 1364. John, Duke
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• her Second Husband. He had his Grammar-Learning in St. Mar∣tin's Church School, and then in Westminster School, under the Learned Mr. Cambden, and afterwards was admitted into St. John's College in Cambridge; but wanting Maintenance, he was obliged to come away in a little time, and betake himself to his Father-in-law's Trade, and assisted in building the new Structure in Lincolns-Inn. He was observed to have a Trowel in his hand, and a Book in his Pocket; whereupon some Gentlemen finding his Ingenuity, did, by their Bounty, enable him to follow his Studies. His Parts were extraordinary, yet he was not so ready to run, as able to answer the Spur: And in learned Company, his constant Humour was, to sit silent. He was quick and smart in his Repartees, Paramount in the Dramatick part of Poetry, and was reckon'd the most Learned, Judicious and Correct Come∣dian of his Time. He died, An. 1638. and was buried near the Belfrey in Westminster-Abbey Church, having only on a Pavement over his Grave. O rare Ben Johnson.
• Ioia (Elizabeth) or de Roseres, a Spanish Woman, who, ac∣cording to Franciscus Augustinus della Chiesa, preached in the Ca∣thedral of Barcelona, to the wonder of all that were present. She lived in the XVIth. Century, and, 'tis said, that being at Rome, during the Papacy of Paul III. by the force of her Rea∣soning, she converted a great many Jews, and in presence of the Cardinals, explained the Books of John Dun Scotus, called the Subtil Doctor. Augustin. della Chiesa, Hilarion de Costa.
• Ioiada, or Iehoiada, a Jewish High-Priest, whom Josephus calls Joad. He was a very vertuous Person, and one fearing the Lord; his Zeal for the true Worship of God, Faithfulness to his Prince, and Love to his Country, with many other signal Vertues were eminent in him, and made him truly worthy of so high a Station. 2 Kings c. 11 and 12. 2 Chron. 22.10. to the end. Chap. 23, 24. to verse 17.
• * Ioigny, Lat. Joveniacum, or Iviniacum, a City of Cham∣pagne in France, on the River Yonne, situate on the side of a Hill, and has a fine Castle.
• Ioinville, a small City and Principality of France in Cham∣pagne, situate upon the River Marne, betwixt Chaumont, and St. Dizier, which was made a Principality by King Henry II. in 1552. for the younger Sons of the House of Guise, and in favour of Francis of Lorrain D. of Guise.
• Ioinville, or John Lord of Joinville, Seneschal of Champagne, lived in the time of St. Lewis IX. in 1260. He writ the Life of that King, whereof there are several Editions, the best being that of M. du Cange, who published it with excellent Observa∣tions, in 1668. St. Lewis made use of the Lord of Joinville, in rendring Justice at his Gate, of which he gives this Account in the History of his Life: It was his Custom, saith he, to send the Sieurs de Nesle, Soissons, and me, to hear the Pleadings, and afterwards would send for us, enquiring how all things went, and whether there was any Case in debate, that could not be ended with∣out him; and then many times, according to our Information, he would send for the Parties in Contest, and set them to right. Du Cange.
• Iolaus, the Son of Iphicles, who assisted Hercules in over∣coming the Hydra, by Searing with a red hot Iron, the Necks of that Monster, as fast as Hercules cut off its Heads, to hinder them from growing again; and for a Reward of this piece of Service, Hercules desired Hebe to restore him to Youth, when he was grown Decrepid. Ovid 9 Metamorph.
• Iolaus, or Iolas, Son of Antipater, one of Alexander the Great's Generals, and Governor of Greece, Antipater having been put out of his Government by means of Olympias, that King's Mother, resolved to be revenged on the King's Person; and ac∣cordingly, sent his Son some of the Water of a Lake of Arcadia, called Nonacris, which, by its coldness, was present Death to those that drank it, to the end, he should fill it to the King, for he was his Cup-bearer. Alexander had no sooner swallowed this Draught, but he felt such a pain in his Stomach, as if he had been pierced with a Dart, and the Torment was so violent, that drawing his Sword, he would have killed himself to put an end to his pain. Iolas, who had tasted of it before he pre∣sented it to Alexander, died almost as soon as the King, and was honourably Interred; but Olympias being informed of this Trea∣son, caused his Body to be digged up again, and cast into the Sea. Diodorus. Q. Curtius.
• Iolcos, now called Jaco, an ancient Sea-Port Town of Magne∣sia, a Province of Thessaly, situate near to the City of Demetrias, not far from the Sinus Pegasicus, now Golso di Armiro, and Golfo del Vollo, at the Foot of the Mountain Pelion, which, at present, is called Petras, distant from Pegasis, now Vollo, 20 Stadia's, and as much from Ormenio. This City was of old Illustrious, for the Birth of Jason, and by the solemn Convention of the Argonauts, who met there, to go in quest of the Golden Fleece. Ovid lib. 7. Metam. Lucan. lib. 3.
• Iole, the Daughter of Eurytus, K. of Oechalia, by his Second Wife, of whom Hercules being enamoured, he came to an A∣greement with her Father, that in case he did over-come him, he should have his Daughter. Hercules having beaten him, De∣mands the Price of his Victory, which Eurytus refusing, Hercu∣les kills him, and takes away his Daughter, whom he afterwards bestowed upon his Son Hillus, but Dejaneira, Hercules his Wife, was so jealous of her Husband's new Love, that thinking to re∣claim him, she sent him Nessus his poison'd Shift, which was the Cause of his Death. Ovid lib. 9. Metam.
• Iollyvet (Evert) an Advocate of the Parliament of Paris, received his first Breath at Orleans, July 20. 1601. As he was admired in his Youth for his wonderful Pregnancy, so he was in his riper Years, for his vast Erudition, being not only a skilful Lawyer, but a good Poet, a great Philologist, Philosopher, and Divine; to which he added, what gave him the greatest Com∣fort, the Life of a good Christian, according to the Protestant Faith. He was naturally of a chearful Temper, so he never de∣ni••d himself, at proper Times and Places, the Pleasures of inno∣cent Mirth. His Carmen in Aquilam, a Latin Heroick Poem, wherein he sets out the Atchievements of that famous Hero of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, is a sufficient Argument of his great Skill in Latin Poetry. The Learned may judge of it by these few Lines, which begin the Poem.

  Ille ego sincere Themidis qui Castra secutus, Sed majora petens, animis ut Gloria lampas, Grandia Gustavi miratus Gesta, per Orbem Illa cano. Reges, vos haec Miracula spectant.

• In French, he wrote a Voluminous History of Sweden, from Au∣thentick Memoirs which he had procured thence, and is kept in Manuscript to this day, in the Royal Library at Ʋpsal. Arn∣hemius, who lately wrote in Latin the Life of Count Pontus de la Gardie, quotes it in two several Places. Besides these two Pieces of his, one in Prose, the other in Verse, he has left behind him several learned Manuscripts upon divers Subjects, now in the possession of his Son, Mr. Evert Jollyvet, an Officer in their Majesties Meuse, and formerly Tutor to his Grace the Duke of Richmond; and when time serves, the Publick may have a share in them. His Death happened, An. 1662. and (which is remark∣able) upon July 20. being his Birth-day; which proved accor∣ding to his Wish, expressed in a Verse of his, written some time before with his own hand, and found after his Decease amongst his Papers,

  O utinam Nativa Dies sit Meta Dolorum.

• Ion, the Son of Xuthus, King of Thessaly, and of the greatest part of Greece, to whom his Father gave the Country of Attica, upon which, he bestowed his own Name of Ionia, where he built one City consisting of Four, and was therefore called Te∣trapolis, which Cities were, Marathon, Oenoe, Probalintho, and Tricorytho. He divided the People of Athens into 4 Classes, viz. Of Souldiers, Priests, Artisans, and Labourers, and built 2 Cities, one whereof he called Helice, to perpetuate his Wife's name, and the other Bura or Buris, in Memory of his Daughter, which were both swallowed up by the Sea, by means of an Earth∣quake. This King left 5 Sons behind him, Pitireus, Pythion, Aegicoros, Argadeus, Hoptes, and his Daughter Bura. Apollo∣dorus.
• * Ion, or Yonne, Lat. Joanna, a River of France, which has its source in the Mountain Mordant in Burgundy, waters several Cities of Note; and passing by Auxerre, becomes Navigable, bears considerable Boats, and receiving several other Rivers, falls into the Seine, 17 Leagues above Paris.
• Ionadab, the Son of Rechab, was a Person of great Holiness and Strictness of Life, who never drank any Wine, neither dwelt in any House, sowed Seed, or planted Vineyards, and lived much like the Monks of Old. Which way of living, he recom∣mended to his Posterity, the Rechabites, who observed his man∣ner of Life, and were obedient to his Command, and there∣fore were commended by God, and Blessed by him, as appears, Jerem. 35. ver. 16, 17, 18, 19. It was this Jonadab, Jehu King of Israel took up unto his Chariot, when he was going to exe∣cute Vengeance upon the House of Ahab. 2 Kings 15, 16, 17.
• Ionah, the Son of Amittai, one of the lesser Prophets, be∣gan to preach under the Reign of Joash and Amaziah Kings of Judah, An. Mun. 3211. or according to others, 3168. The Hi∣story of his Denunciation to the Ninevites, is set down in his Prophecy; wherefore I shall only take notice, that the Plant called a Gourd, in our Translation, and which was the growth of one Night, was that which we call Palma Christi. See Bo∣chart, Hierozoicon p. 2. lib. 2. cap. 24.
• Ionah, a Jewish Rabbi, and Physician of Corduba in Spain, lived towards the end of the XIth. Century. He is the most famous of all the Jewish Grammarians, next to R. Jehudah Hiug. He was the Author of an Arabick Grammar and Dictio∣nary, which have been Translated into Rabbinical Hebrew, and are called Ricma. He owns, that the Hebrew Tongue hath been, in some measure, lost, but restored by means of the Neighbour Languages. R. Kimchi often refutes his Dictionary, and that of Jehudah Hiug, whence the ancient Interpreters of Holy Writ may be justified, in those Passages where they differ from the Mo∣dern. The same also proves, That these ancient Hebrew Gram∣marians, did not make any great account of the Masora, at least, did not hold it to be infallible, because they only have a regard to the Sence, and that they do not apply the general Rule of the Masora, but to Places where they think it requi∣site. Baillet Ingenit. des Sçavans.
• Ionas Bishop of Orleans, lived in the IXth. Century, under the Empire of Lewis the Meek, and Charles the Bald. He wrote 3 Books against Claudius of Turin, wherein are found many things contrary to the Modern Opinions of the Church of Rome.

• Dr. Alix's Remarks on the Churches of Piedmont, chap. 9. He composed also a Book for the Instruction of the young King of Aquitain, Pepin, the Son of Lewis the Meek: Which Pi••ce of his we have now restored to us by the Care and Pains of P. D••m Luc. d'Acheri, with divers other Treatises; and, above all, that of the Christian Morals, translated by P. Dom Joseph Mege. He died in 841. Hincmar. Rhemens. Oper. advers. Gotesch. Adre∣valdus de Miracul. Sancti Benedicti, lib. 1. cap. 25. Bellarm. de Script. Eccles. Baron. in Annal. Possevin. in Apparat. Luc d'Ache∣ri, Tom. 4. &c. Spicil. Ant. Robert & San Marthan, Gall. Chri∣stiana.
• Ionas (Justus,) a Protestant Minister of Germany, was born at North-hausen in Thuringia, in 1439. He was a learned Person, and one of the first Maintainers of the Doctrine of Luther. He died Octob. 9. 1555. He writ a Treatise in Defence of the Mar∣riage of Priests; another, Of Private Mass; and, Notes upon the Acts of the Apostles. Sleidan. Chytraeus. Reusner. Melchior Adam.
• Ionathan, the Son of Saul, famous for the entire Love and Friendship he had for David, contrary to his own and Fami∣ly's Interest: And for his miraculous Victory over the Phili∣stines. He was slain with his Father and Brothers, in a Battel against the Philistines, A. M. 2979. See his History in the First Book of Samuel.
• Ionathan, the Son of Mattathias, and Brother of Judas Mac∣chabaeus, was one of the illustrious Generals of the Jews, oppres∣sed by the Kings of Syria. After the Death of his Brother, the Jews made choice of him for their Governor and Captain-Gene∣ral; Simon, his elder Brother, willingly giving way to him. This was about An. Rom. 593. and A. M. 3893. or 94. He compelled Bacchides, General of the Army of the King of Syria, to accept of Peace. He vanquished Demetrius Soter, and after∣wards Apollonius, who was the General of that Prince's Army; but at last he fell into the Snare Tryphon had laid for him at Ptolemais; who, after he had received a considerable Summ of Money for his Ransom, of Simon his Brother, slew him there. 1 Macchab. chap. 9, 10, 11, 12. Joseph. lib. 3. Ant. Jud.
• Ionathan, the Son of Abiathar: He was High Priest of the Jews. There was also another Jewish High Priest of the same Name, who was the Son of Jehotada II. under the Reign of the Persians. Jaddus, who went to meet Alexander the Great, as he was coming to see the City of Jerusalem, was his Successor.
• Ionichus, or Ionithus, the Son of Noah, who, as some Au∣thors suppose, was born to him after the Deluge, about A. M. 1756. There is no mention made of him in Scripture, nor in any other known Record, save only in the Writings of St. Me∣thodius Martyr. It is said, That he was the Inventer of Astro∣nomy, and that he fore-told many Particulars concerning the Foundation and Vicissitudes of Monarchies; and that he disco∣vered these Secrets to Nimrod, that was one of his Disciples. Others add, That Noah having sent him to the Land of Ethan, with some of the Sons of Japhet, he there built a City, which he called Jonica, after his own Name. Comestor, cap. 37. Hist. Schol. Abulensis, Quaest. 5. super Genes. cap. 10. Torniel, A. M. 1756. n. 1. 1956. n. 1.
• Ionia, a Province of the Lesser Asia, now called Sarchan, or Sarchiom, between Aeolia and Caria. Its most considerable Ci∣ties were Miletum, Ephesus, Smyrna, Colophon, Heraclea, Erythraea, Clazomene, &c. Herodotus assures us, that the Situation of all these Cities was very pleasant and advantageous, and the Coun∣try very fertile. The Ionians were addicted to War, Dancing and Musick, and had many famous and magnificent Temples. They had also numerous Colonies abroad, where they signalized their Valour, as well as against their Neighbours nearer Home. The Name of the Ionian Sect was given to the Disciples of Thales of Miletum. The Ionian Sea, so called, is not that which runs along by the Country Ionia, but that which flows between Greece and Sicily, towards Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia and Peloponnesus. Some suppose it took its Name from Io, the Daughter of Inachus: But Others think, the Ionians had their Denomination from Ja∣van, the Son of Japheth. Herodot. lib. 1. & seq. Strabo. Pliny. Pausanias. Diog. Laert. Ortelius. Leunclavius.
• * Ionquiers, Lat. Juncar••a, a Town of Provence in France, upon the Mediterranean, 5 Leagues W. of Marseilles, and 15 S. of Avignon.
• * Ioppa, now Iaffa, a Maritime Town in the Tribe of Dan; in ancient Time the only Haven belonging to Jerusalem; deriving its Name from Japho, or Jasphe, Beauty; and supposed to be built by Japhet, the Son of Noah, before the Flood. Hither the Materials were brought from Libanus, for the Building Solo∣mon's Temple; and thence they were carried to Jerusalem by Land. Here Jonah took Ship for Tarshish. Here St. Peter rai∣sed Dorcas, And here Andromeda, the Daughter of Cepheus, was delivered from a Sea-Monster by Perseus. In the Time of the Macchabees it was Garrison'd by the Syrians, who drowned 200 of its Inhabitants treacherously. Joseph. de Bell. Jud. lib. 2. cap. 22. lib. 3. cap. 15. 2 Macchab. 12. Judas immediately reven∣ged this Cruelty; and levying Forces, burnt the Haven, and all their Boats. It was twice taken by the Romans, and re-built by Lewis K. of France in 1250. Now it has only two Turrets stan∣ding, and is not much frequented by Merchants. This City is said to have been built before the general Deluge, and so the oldest in the World. Pliny, lib. 5. cap. 13. In 1200. the Saracens took this City from the Christians. It was, in the Time of the Mac∣chabees, a fit Port for Pyrates, and therefore often taken, and re-taken. It is mentioned, Josh. 19. 1 King. 5. 2 Chron. 2. Jo∣nah, 1 Maccab. 10.12, 13, 14. 2 Macchab. 12. Act. 9. Jo∣seph. de Bell. Jud. lib. 2. cap. 22. & lib. 3. cap. ••5. Ptolomy pla∣ceth it, Long. 65. 40. Lat. 32. 6. and Gaza, 31.30. by which, it lies 36 Miles N. of Gaza. Ingulphus Abbot of Croyland, in 1064. records, That in his Youth being at Jerusalem, he came down to Joppa, and there, with many other Pilgrims, shipped himself for Italy, on board the Genouese Fleet. Oxon. Edit. pag. 74. This Fleet came yearly to trade, and bring Pilgrims to the Holy Land. In the Times of the Holy War it was the usual Port of all the Christian Fleet; but is sometimes, by the Writers of that Story, called The City of Japhet. See Iaffa.
• Ioram, or Iehoram, K. of Israel, the Son of Ahab, succee∣ded his Brother Ahaziah. See the Account given of him in 2 King. 3. and 2 Chron. 22.5, 6, 7. J••seph. lib. 9. Ant. Jud. Tor∣niel & Salian in Annal. Vet. Test.
• Ioram, or Iehoram, King of Judah, succeeded his Father Jehoshaphat, A. M. 3145. 2. King. cap. 8. from vers. 16. to 24. 2 Chron. 21.
• Iordan, a River of Palaestine, which, according to Pliny, comes from a Spring called Panion. But Josephus assures us, That though it seems to flow from the Cave Panion, yet it ris••th from another Spring, called Phiale, 26 Furlongs distant from Caesarea; from whence it flows under Ground, till it appears at the Cave Panion: Which Spring of this River was not known, till Herod the Tetrarch discovered it by casting Straw into the Spring Phiale, which afterwards was found at Panion. It passeth through the Lake Samachonites, or The Waters of Merom; and, af∣ter a long Course, traverseth the Lake of Genesareth, and from thence runs into the Dead Sea. This River, like the Nile, is low in the Winter, and overflows in Summer, by the Snow melting on Mount Libanus. It abounds with Fish, because the Country through which it runs is little inhabited. Travellers observe, That the Water of this River does not mix with that of the Dead Sea, through which it runs. And some hold, That it communicates by a Subterranean Conduit with the Red Sea, or Mediterranean, as it did before Sodom and Gomorrha were swal∣lowed in that Lake. * Some Authors write, That its Fish, if they do not swim back, die in the Dead Sea. Its whole Course is about 100 Miles. It is half as broad at Jericho as the Seine is at Paris.
• Iornandes, or Iordan, a Goth by Birth, was the Son of Alanus Wamuthe. He was first Secretary to the Goths in Italy, and afterwards B^p. of Ravenna. He writ two Historical Treati∣ses in the VI^th. Century, in the Time of the Emp. Justinian. He composed his Book, De Rebus Gothicis, in 552. for he declares in the 19^th. Chapter of that Book, That 9 Years before he writ it, the Plague had in a manner wholly laid waste the Roman Empire; which happened in 543. in the Consulship of Basilius. He was the Author also of another Treatise, De Regnorum Succes∣sione; which Trithemius improperly calls De Gestis Romanorum, because Jornandes therein also treats of the Assyrians, Medes and Persians. Sigebert in Catalog. Trithem. de Script. Possevin in Appa∣rat. Voss. de Hist. Latin.
• Iortan, a City and Kingdom of the East-Indies, in the Isle of Java, on the North Coast thereof. It abounds with Fruits, and affords vast Quantities of Salt. The City hath a good Ha∣ven, and well frequented, between the Streight of Palambuam and Passaruam.
• Ios, An Isle of the Aegean Sea, being one of the Sporade's towards the North Side of Crete. It is also called Nio, from a City of that Name, the chief of the Island. Pliny assures us, that the Tomb of Homer was to be seen there; which made it very famous. Plin. lib. 4. cap. 12.
• Iosef, the Son of Abu Techisien, and 2^d. K. of Morocco, of the Lineage of Almoravides. Upon his Coming to the Throne, not liking the City Agmet, situate among the Mountains, he built that of Morocco, in 1086. or, at least, finished it; for some say, that his Father begun it. Not long after, he made War with the People of Fez, who were governed by two Princes, and made himself Master of that Kingdom. From thence passing to that of Algier and Tunis, he made them Tributary. And then re∣turning to Morocco, took to himself the Title of Amir-el-Momi∣nin; that is, Commander of Believers: Whence, by Corruption, was framed Miramolin. Josef having succeeded thus far, turned his victorious Arms against the Arabians that dwelt in the Moun∣tains and Desarts of Numidia, which at present is called Biledul∣gerid. Some Time after he resolved to pass over into Spain, at the Request of the K. of Granada, who had engaged the other Moorish Kings there to acknowledge Josef for their Sovereign, and put themselves under his Protection. Josef having accepted this offer, passed the Streights of Gibraltar, and, having joined his Forces with theirs, besieged the City of Toledo; but upon News of K. Alphonso's Approach, retired to Granada, and thence made an Expedition to the City Murcia, which was surrender'd to him. And perceiving that the Moors repented of their having called him in, he subdued the Kingdoms of Murcia, Granada, Corduba and Jaen, with a Part of that of Valentia, and retur∣ned to Africa, where he had left his Nephew Mahomet to govern during his Absence. Being arrived there, he published a Gazia, which is a kind of Croisade among the Moors; and having raised a

• puissant Army, which he embarked at Ceuta, landed at Malaga; and having joined Mahomet, he again laid Siege to Toledo; but upon the Arrival of King Alphonso, raised the Siege a 2^d. Time. Soon after Josef sent Mahomet to besiege Valentia, which he did, and killed the King thereof. In 1109. Josef won the Battel which Historians call The Battel of Seven Counts, because 7 Spa∣nish Counts were killed in it, besides the Prince Dom Sancho; which so grieved K. Alphonso, that he died soon after. The Year following Josef died at Mor••cco, and his Son Ali, or Hali, suc∣ceeded him. Marmol de l' Afrique, lib. 2.
• Iosef II. of that Name, and Second King of Morocco of the Race of the Almohades, came to the Empire after the Death of his Father Abdulmumen, in 1156. After having maintained the Kings of Tunis and Bugia, his Vassals, in their Dominions he passed over into Spain, in 1158, with 60000 Horse, and above 100000 Foot, at the Sollicitation of the Moorish Kings there, who offered Fealty to him in case he would deliver them from the Yoke of the Christians; but seeing himself stronger than they, he made himself Master of all their Dominions; and after having sustained several Losses from the Christians, he at last had some Advantages over them; but at the Siege of Santa∣ren, which he attacked very briskly, he was wounded with an Arrow, whereof he died. Whereupon the Moors raised the Siege, and they of Africa returned to Barbary. Jacob Alman∣sor, h••s Son, succeeded him, An. 1173. Marmol de l' Afrique, lib. 2.
• Ioseph, the Son of Jacob and Rachel, was born, A. M. 2289. Gen. 30.35. & seq. Joseph. lib. 2. Antiq. cap. 1, 2. Torniel. Salian & Spondan in Annal. Vet. Test.
• St. Ioseph, Husband of the Blessed Virgin, and Foster-Father of Jesus Christ, was the Son of Jacob according to St. Matthew, and of Heli according to St. Luke; which may thus be re∣conciled. He was Natural Son of the First, and of the Second according to the Law; Jacob having espoused the Wife of Heli, according to the Ordinance of Moses, to raise up Seed to his Brother. Jul. African. Epist. ad Arist. Euseb. lib. 1. Hist. cap. 7. S. Hieron. in Matth. S. Ambros. in Luc. S. August. lib. 1. De Con∣sens. Evang. lib. 2. Quaest. Evang. qu. 5. & lib. 2. Retract. cap. 7. Greg. Nazianz. in Carm. de Gen. Christ. Baron. in Appar. Annal. Torniel. A. M. 4051. n. 22. Melchior Canus Locor. Theol. lib. 11. cap. 3. Jansen. in cap. 3. Lucae.
• Ioseph I. of that Name, Patriarch of Constantinople, was cho∣sen to that See after Euthymius, in 1419. or, as others say, in 1424. and had before been Metropolitan of Ephesus. He ac∣companied the Emperor Joannes Paleologus to the Council of Ferrara; and was afterwards transferred to Florence, where Jo∣seph died suddenly.
• Ioseph II. or, as others say, Ioasaph I. Patriarch of Con∣stantinople, who lived in the XV^th. Century, about 1460. Au∣thors tell us, That a Christian, who was an Officer under the Turkish Emperor, and in great Esteem at the Court, had a De∣sign to divorce his lawful Wife, to marry the Widow of a Prince of Athens; which this Patriarch opposed. Whereupon, this Officer was so enraged, that he commanded his Beard to be cut off; which is the greatest of Injuries that can be put upon an Ecclesiastick in the East. Yet, for all that, he was not offended at it; but on the contrary, offered his Hands, Feet, yea, and Head too, rather than, by his Connivance, to give way to Sin. Which cost him his Place; for he was put out, and one Mark, called Nylocarabes, made Patriarch in his stead. Turco-Graec. lib. 1. & 2. Spond. A. C. 1461. n. 17.
• Ioseph, the Son of Zacharias, a Jewish Captain, whom Ju∣das Macchabaeus had left to keep Judaea, when he was obliged to go to Gilead, to fight the Ammonites; who hearing of the va∣liant Acts of Judas and his Brethren, and desirous to signalize himself in like manner, was defeated by Georgias. 1 Macch. 5. from vers. 55. to 62.
• Ioseph, the Son of Antipater, and Brother of Herod the Great. He defended the Fortress of Massada against Antigonus, and af∣terwards commanded some of his Brother's Forces, about An. Rom. 700. When, neglecting his Advice of not hazarding any thing, he marched towards Jericho; where being set upon by Antigonus's Forces, he was killed in the Battel. Antigonus caused his Head to be cut off, notwithstanding that Pheroras, another Brother of Joseph, had offered 50 Talents to have his Body restored him entire. Joseph. lib. 14. Ant. Jud. cap. 26, 27.
• Ioseph Albo, a Spanish Jew, who writ a Book in Rabbinical Hebrew, called Sepher Ikkarim, or The Book of Foundations; where he handles the chief Articles of the Faith of the Jews. This Rabbi proves, That it was not possible the Books of Holy Scripture should have been corrupted during the Captivity of Babylon; because there were always Priests and Doctors that taught the Law. To which he adds this farther Argument, That the Samaritans, who were Enemies of the Jews, had an Hebrew Copy of the Pentateuch, in all Things agreeing with theirs.
• Iosephus the Historian, a Jew by Nation, but writ in Greek. He was of Noble Birth, both by his Father Mattathias, who was descended of the Race of the High Priests; and by his Mother, who was of the Blood-Royal of the Asmoneans, or Macchabees. He was born under the Reign of the Emperor Caligula, A. C. 37. and lived under that of Domitian. At the Age of 16, he be∣took himself to Study; and associating with one Banus, an Es∣senian, (a Sect of the Jews, who lived an austere Life in the Desarts,) he continued 3 Years with him; afterwards he be∣took himself to the Sect of the Pharisees, which he compares with that of the Stoicks amongst the Greeks. In the 26^th. Year of his Age he took a Journey to Rome, upon the Account of some Priests whom Foelix the Governor had sent Prisoners to that City. Here a Jew that was a Comedian, and beloved of Nero, countenanced him, and made him known to the Empress Poppaea; by which Means he obtained his Desire. Upon his Return to Judaea he was made Captain General of the Galilaeans, and worthily discharged that Function till the Taking of Jota∣pata, when he was forced, with 40 of his Men, to hide himself in a Pit, where he suffered much. Being taken Prisoner by Vespasian, he fore-told his Coming to the Empire, and his own Deliverance by his Means. He accompanied Titus at the Siege of Jerusalem, and afterwards writ his 7 Books of the Wars of the Jews; which Titus had so great Esteem for, that he ordered them, with an Approbation of his own Hand, to be put in the publick Library. He afterwards continued at Rome, being pro∣tected by the Emperors, and gratified with a Pension, and the Privilege of a Roman Citizen; which afforded him Leisure and Opportunity to finish his 20 Books of the Jewish Antiquities. He writ 2 Books against Appion of Alexandria, an Enemy of the Jews; as also, a Discourse of the Empire of Reason, or concer∣ning the Martyrdom of the Macchabees, which is the most elo∣quent of all his Works; and an Account of his own Life. There is also another Josephus, surnamed Gorionides, who hath writ, or rather falsified an History of the Jewish War. Sueton. cap. 5. Tertul. Apol. cap. 17. & 21. Porphyr. lib. 4. de Abst. St. Jerom. cap. 13. Cat. &c. Euseb. in Chron. & Hist. S. Isidor. Pelus. lib. 4. Epist. 225. Cassidor. lib. 1. Div. Just. cap. 17. Photius, Cod. 47. 76. & 238. Baron. Bellarm. Possevin. Torniel. Salian. Scaliger. Vossius. La Mothe le Vayer au Juge des Hist.
• Iosiah King of Judah, so famous for his extraordinary Zeal and Piety, succeeded his Father Ammon, An. Rom. 94. and A. M. 3394. He was killed in a Battel against Pharaoh-Necho King of Egypt, A. M. 3425. and An. Rom. 125. and interred with Royal Pomp in the Sepulchre of his Ancestors, at the Age of 39, of which he reigned 31. 2 Kings 22. & 23. 2 Chron. 34. & 35.
• St. Iosse, was the Son of Juthaël King of the Britains in France, and Brother of Judichaël, who succeeded his Father; but being wearied with the Burthen of Government, resolved to leave his Kingdom, and to become a Friar in the Monaste∣ry of St. Meen of Gael, which himself had founded; and there∣fore desired his Brother Josse to take upon him the Govern∣ment. But he having as little Love for the World, retired to a Place of Ponthieu, called St. Peter's Town, where Duke Hay∣mo gave him an Apartment in his Palace; and having recei∣ved holy Orders, he became his Chaplain for 7 Years. Af∣ter which, he retired to a Solitude, where he built himself an Hermitage. He died Decemb. 13. A. C. 653. An Abbey was afterwards built in the Place of his Hermitage, which was ve∣ry richly endowed; and its Abbot had the Title of an Earl. M. Abelly Vie de S. Josse. P. Mabillon 2 Tome des Actes des Saintes de l'Ordre de S. Benost.
• Iosua, or Ioshua, the Son of Nun, of the Tribe of Ephraim, was chosen by God, during Moses's Life, to be the Governor of Israel. Which high Function he entred upon immediately after the Death of Moses, A. M. 2584. Of whom read Numb. 13. & 14. Deut. 1.38. & 3.28. & 31.3. to 9. and the whole Book of Joshua.
• Iosua, or Isa, surnamed Zelebis, i. e. The Noble, or Illustri∣ous, the 6^•h. Emperor of the Turks, according to the Greeks; for the Turkish Historians do not reckon him amongst the Number of their Sultans, no more than Musulman, or Moses; but only look upon them as Princes of the Blood. He was the Son of Bajazet I▪ whom Tamerlain shut up in an Iron-Cage in 1402. after having defeated him in the Plains of Angori. After this Defeat Josua took upon him the Sovereign Power, with the As∣sistance of the Janizaries, and the chief of the Turks, who had escaped from that Battel. He took the City Bursa by Storm; and passing into Europe, subdued the People that had re∣belled against him. Musulm••n, his Brother, being jealous of him, with the Assistance of the Greeks, gave him Battel; and ha∣ving taken him, caused him to be strangled, in the 4^th. Year of his Empire, A. C. 1406. Leunclav. in Annal. Turc Chalcondyl. Hist. Turc.
• * Iotabata, or Ionitera, formerly the strongest Town in Gali∣lee, in the Tribe of Zebulon, seated wholly upon a Rock, so very high, that the Top can scarce be seen from the Valleys. It is accessible only on the North Side. Hoffin.
• Ioubert, the 7^th. Great Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. He was elected after Gastus, in 1169. He gene∣rously backed the Attempts of the Christians, against Saladine; but the great Losses they sustained in Syria, and the Truce which the King of Jerusalem was obliged to make with that Infidel, broke his Heart, A. C. 1179. Roger de Moulins succeeded him.
• Ioubertus (Laurentius) a Physician, born at Valence in Dau∣phine, Decemb. 6. 1629. He was the Disciple of Rondeletius, to whom he succeeded in the Place of Chancellor of the University of Montpelier. He writ a Treatise of Popular Errours, and seve∣ral other Works. He died Octob. 29. 1682. at Lombez, as he was on a Journey from Tholouse to Montpelier. San Marthan. in Elog. Doct. lib. 3. Vander Linden de Script. Med.

• Iovianus, whom some call Jovinianus, was the Son of Count Varronianus, and born at Singidon, a City of Pannonia. He was chosen Emperor after the Death of Julian the Apostate, An. Ch. 363, which Dignity he at first refused, protesting he would never be the Commander of Idolatrous Souldiers; but all of them professing themselves to be Christians, he accepted of the Imperial Purple. The Affairs of the Roman Empire, at this time, were in a very bad Condition, which he endeavoured to reco∣ver, by making Peace with the Persians; this done, he Com∣manded the Idol-Temples to be shut up, and forbid any Sa∣crifices to be offered; but above all things, he took care to re∣call the banished Prelates, and assured the Hereticks, that he would not endure those that were the occasion of Discord in the Church. He enjoyed the Imperial Dignity but a little while, dying at a place called Dadastunum, between Galatia and Bithynia, Feb. 17. 364. after having Reigned 7 Months and 22 Days. He was found dead in his Bed by the smoak of Coals, which had been kindled in his Chamber to dry it. Before he was Emperor, he was Captain of the Guard to Julian, who was very earnest with him to renounce his Christianity, which he courageously refused. Ammian. Marcellin. lib. 25. Theodoret lib. 4. Socrat. lib. 6. Sozom. lib. 6.
• Iovinianus, a Monk, under the inspection of St. Ambrose, in the Suburbs of Milan, who about 382, began to teach, That Fasting, and other Works of Penance were of no worth, That the Virgin-state had no Advantage above that of the Married, That there was but one and the same Reward to all the Blessed in Heaven, and, That the Blessed Virgin did not continue a Vir∣gin after she had been delivered of Jesus. He was Condemned by Pope Siricius, and by a Council held by St. Ambrose at Milan, but these Anathema's not reclaiming him, he was banished by the Emperor Theodosius, yet for all that he continued to keep his Meetings near the Walls of the City, wherefore in 412, the Emperor Honorius banished him to an Island, where he died. St. Ambros. Ep. 42. St. August. de Haer. cap. 82. St. Hieron. lib. 1. & 2 contra Jovin. Gennad. cap. 75. Baron. A. C. 382. 390. 412. Sanderus Haeres. 87. Godeau hist. Eccles. lib. 56. Theod. de Haerit. lib. 21. De paenit.
• Iovinus, a Noble and Experienced Captain amongst the Gauls. He was declared Emperor at Mentz, in 412, at the same time that the Tyrant Constantine was besieged at Arles. Goar the Alan, and Gundicairus, Captains of the Burgundians, were the chief Means of his Elevation. He associated to him his Bro∣ther Sebastian, but it was not long that they enjoyed that Dignity, for the Year following, Ataulphus, who was of Jovinus his Par∣ty, having withdrawn himself from him at the instance of Dar∣danus, he and his Brother were soon after taken, and killed on the way to Ravenna. Prosper. Marcellin and Idacius in Chron.
• Iovius (Paulus) an Historian of the XVIth. Century, well known by his Works, but not over commendable for the fide∣lity of his Relations. He writ a History in 45 Books, which ends with the Year 1544. He also Composed The Elogies of Great Men, a Treatise of Motto's or Devices, and many other Pieces. He died, Oct. 11. 1552. Aged 69 Years, 7 Months, and 22 Days. Thuanus observes, That he wrote many things through Prejudice, Interest, and Favour, That his Pen was Mercenary, That he received a considerable Pension from Francis I. but was Discourted by the great Constable Montmorency in K. Henry II's Reign; his Resentment against Montmorency may be seen in the 31st. Book of his History.
• Ioura, which of old was called Gyarus and Gyaros, a little I∣sland in the Archipelago, whither the Romans banished most of their Criminals, because it was a Desart and horrid place, and therefore very fit to be a Prison, as is intimated by that Verse of Juvenal,

  Aude aliquid brevibus Gyaris & Carcere dignum, Si vis esse aliquis.

• This Isle, at present, has no Inhabitants, but some poor Fishers. Philo. Jud. in Flacc. Tacit. Annal. 3. cap. 69.
• Ioyeuse, a Country-Town of France in Vivarais, towards the Frontiers of Languedoc and Gevaudan, with the Title of a Duke∣dom. It gives Name to the Noble and Ancient Family of Joyeuse in France, and lies 26 Miles W. of Viviers, and 43 N. of Nismes, Long. 23. 19. Lat. 49. 57.
• Ioyeuse (Anne de) a great Favourite of Henry III. of France, who made him Duke and Peer of that Kingdom, in 1581, and 2 Months after, married him to Margaret of Lorrain, younger Sister to the Queen his Spouse; and afterwards made him Ad∣miral of France, Knight of the Royal Orders, Gentleman of his Bed-chamber, and Governor of Normandy. In 1587, the King trusted him with the Command of the Army he sent into Guienne against the Protestants, where, after a long resistance, he cut in pieces 2 whole Regiments at Mont St. Eloi, without gi∣ving Quarter to one of them. Some time after, being sent to fight the Army of the King of Navarre, believing himself to be strong enough, he refused the Succours that were brought him by the Mareschal de Matignon. And knowing that the King of Na∣varre, afterwards Henry the Great, lay with his Army on the o∣ther side of the Village Courtras, between the Rivers de Lislo and la Drougne, he said, with a threatning Tone, That he could no longer refuse fighting him, and that he must either fight or perish. This Battle happened, April 29, the same Year, 1587, where his Army was Defeated, and himself, being unhors'd, was killed, tho' he offered to ransom his Life with 100000 Crowns Claudius of Joyeuse, his Brother, was likewise killed there, the Protestants refusing to give Quarter, but crying out Mount St. Eloi, in remembrance of that Duke's Cruelty, who ••••d killed 2 whole Regiments without giving Quarter to any. But the K. of Navarre put a stop to the slaughter. Anne de Joyeuse died with∣out any Posterity. Davila. Thuan. Mezerai, Pere••••x in the Life of Henry IV.