The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary being a curious miscellany of sacred and prophane history : containing, in short, the lives and most remarkable actions of the patriarchs, judges, ... heresiarchs, ... emperors, ... and all those who have recommended themselves to the world ... together with the establishment and progress both of religious and military orders ... ; [with] The genealogy of several illustrious families in Europe ; The fabulous history of the heathen gods and heroes ; The description of empires, kingdoms ... / collected from the best historians, chronologers, and lexicographers ... but more especially out of Lewis Morery ... his sixth edition corrected and enlarged by Monsieur Le Clark ... now done into English ; to which are added by way of supplement ... the lives ... and writings of the illustrious families of our English, Scotch and Irish nobility ... clergy ; as also an exact description of these kingdoms ... by several learned men ; wherein are inserted the last five years historical and geographical collections of Edmond Bohun ... never extant till in this work.

• Iabajahites, a Sect of Mahometans, who say, That God's Knowledge extends not to all things, but is perfected by Ex∣perience. They also hold, That God governs the World, accor∣ding to the Chance of the divers Events; as not having, from Eter∣nity, a perfect Knowledge of all particular Futurities. Ricaut, con∣cerning the Ottoman Empire. Sup.
• Iabel, Lamech's Son, of the Family of Cain and Ada. He liv'd like the Nomades, and is thus spoken of, Gen. 4.20. And Ada bare Jabel, &c.
• Iabesh-Gilead, a Town of Judaea, in the Country of Gilead, whose Inhabitants were put to the Sword, for their unwillingness to help the Israelites against those of the Tribe of Benjamin. Ne∣vertheless, 400 Virgins were preserved, and married to the Rem∣nant of Benjamin. About 400 Years after, Nahash K. of the Ammo∣nites, having ravaged the Country of Gilead, pressed Jabesh ex∣tremely, An. Mun. 2963. and would grant no better Articles to the Besieged, than that they should Surrender the Town, and their Right Eyes together. But Saul defeated the Ammonites, and delivered the Place. Judges 21. 1 Kings 11.
• Iabin, King of Hazor, who opposed Joshua, and was De∣feated.
• Iabin, King of Canaan, that kept Israel in Bondage 20 Years. His Army, commanded by Sisera, was routed by Barak in An. Mun. 2740. The Scripture observes, that Jabin had 900 Chariots of Iron. Joshua cap. 11. Judges 4, & 5.
• * Iabock, or Ieboc, Lat. Jabochus, a small River arising in the Mountains of Arabia, and watering Rabba, Arbel, Panuel, at Sa∣lem fails into the River Jordan, dividing the Tribes of Manasseh and Gad. Jacob passed this River, Gen. 32. and it is mentioned, Numb. 21. Deut. 2, 3. Jos. 12.
• Iacatra, a Town of the East-Indies in Java Island, taken by the Dutch, and named Batavia. See Batavia.
• Iacaya, a Turkish Prince, Son to Mahomet III. Some think him an Impostor; others own him to have been a lawful Prince, and relate his Story thus. Mahomet III. who died in 1603, had 3 Sons, by 3 different Sultanesses, viz. Mustapha, strangled by his Order; this Jacaya, and Achmet, who came to the Crown. La∣para, Jacaya s Mother, a Christian born, foreseeing her Son like to be Sacrificed, out of Policy to secure the Crown to his Elder Brother Mustapha, then living, ask'd the Sultan leave to go to Magnesia, to take the Air, and prevent a Sickness she feared. Be∣ing got thither with Jacaya, she gave out, that he was dead of the Small-Pox, and caused another to be buried in his room, with the usual Ceremonies. She trusted an Eunuch with her Son, who carried him to Macedonia, in the Habit of a Greek Monk, and disco∣vered his Quality to the AB^p of Thessalonica, who educated him, till he was 17 Years old, and then Baptized him. This young Prince, desirous to know his Fortune, disguised himself in the Ha∣bit of a Dervis, or Religious Turk, and leaving Thessalonica, he pri∣vately surveyed the Chief Towns of Greece. At Scopea he was entertained with the News of the Death of his Father, and his El∣der Brother Mustapha. Seeing himself now the lawful Heir, and hoping to possess the Throne, he went into Asia, where he knew, some Bassas had rebelled against the new Emperor. To them he discovered himself to be Mahomet's Second Son, and at the Head of their Army fought Achmet's General: But being wounded, he was forced to retire into Greece. Having sollicited Bassa Druis, a Man very powerful at the Port, and a secret Friend to the Bassa's of Asia, he went to Constantinople in a Persian Religious-Habit. So a Conspiracy was formed against Achmet; but his Friend Bassa Druis dying, the Prince Jacaya was forced to escape out of Con∣stantinople, in the Company of a Polish Ambassador, as far as Cra∣covia. Having been some time in the Service of this Polander, he discovered himself to an Envoy from Tuscany, who conducted him to the King. The Proofs he gave of his Quality, were some Declarations of the Sultaness his Mother, the Eunuch, and the B^p

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• of Thessalonica, with some Letters from the Bassa's of Asia. At that time also, a Chiaus from Achmet, sent formerly to the Bassa's of Asia, whilst Jacaya was with them, arrived at the Court of Poland, knew this Prince, demanded him to be delivered up to his Ma∣ster Achmet; but his Majesty refused it. Jacaya, thinking him∣self not secure in that Country, because the Chiaus corrupted some Tartars to murther him, retired to Vienna in Austria, where the Emperor Matthias received him kindly. But Jacaya still aim∣ing at his Father's Crown, and finding the Emperor not disposed to assist him with an Army, went for help to the Duke of Tusca∣ny, who kindly gave him a considerable Allowance, and endea∣voured to persuade the K. of Spain, and other Christian Princes, to embrace so favourable an Opportunity of Dethroning Achmet, and pulling down the Turkish Empire; but all to no purpose. Jacaya went afterwards into France, with Charles de Gonzague, Duke of Nevers, and since Duke of Mantua, with whom having quar∣relled, he became exposed to many Affronts. It is not known, whether this Lord did lie in wait for him, or not; but 'tis certain, that he vanished away, no body ever finding out what became of him. Some think, that he retired into a Charter-house, but if the Carthusians had concealed him, when alive; yet, after Death, they would have spoken of him, as an Example to Posteri∣ty, and a Glory to their Order. * De Recoles Les imposteurs in∣signes.
• Iacca, a Spanish Town in the N. of Arragon, with a Cittadel, and Bishoprick suffragan to Saragoza. It stands upon the River Ara••ona, at the foot of the Pyrenaean Hills, 16 Spanish Miles from Saragoza to the North, 8 from the Confines of France, and 8 from Huesca in Arragon to the North West. This City is the Capital of the County of Arragon.
• Iachen, a famous Physician in Egypt, in the Reign of Sannis, viz. about An. Mun. 3300. His making use of Charms and Magical Spells to cure Diseases, gained him great Repute. 'Tis said, that hereby he put a stop to a Plague, that did waste Egypt, and that the Egyptians, in gratitude, dedicated a Temple, wherein in Publick Distempers, they sacrificed unto him, and then with Fire from his Altar, kindled some Wood-piles in the City, to clear it from the Infection of bad Air. * Suidas.
• Iacob, Isaac's Son, by Rebeccah, born An. Mun. 2199. His Story is to be found from Gen. 25. to 47. This is added by Jo∣sephus. Torniel, Salian, &c. That the Birth-right, which Esau sold him for a Mess of Pottage, was, besides other Privileges, the Priest-hood, exercised, in those Days, by the Eldest Son of eve∣ry Family, and therefore Esau is called Prophane by the Apostle, because he set Holy Things to sale. They add, that he was particularly well versed in Astrology, and taught it to his Children.
• Iacob, Matthan's Son, mentioned by St. Matthew in the Gene∣alogy of the Son of God, according to the Flesh. * Luke 3. Tor∣niel A. M. 3962. n. 2.
• Iacob, an Hungarian, and Chief of the Sect of the Shepherds. 'Tis said, that in his Youth, he entred into the Order of Citeaux; and afterwards turned Mahometan. Others deny this, and say, he only promised the Sultan of Egypt to depopulate France. He spoke ve∣ry good French, German and Latin, and was wonderfully indu∣strious in cajoling the Mobile. Assuming to himself the name of a Prophet, he preached up an Holy-War, for the Deliverance of the Holy-Land, and to revenge the Quarrel of the King St. Lewis: in which War, he affirmed poor People only were to be employ∣ed, for the greater manifestation of the Power of God, in con∣founding Worldly Powers by the weakest means. He boasted of conversing with the blessed Virgin, and Angels in Visions, and re∣presented them on Banners, which his Company carried; and upon his own, was printed a Lamb holding a Cross. Being fol∣lowed by a great number of Shepherds and Husband-men, he di∣vided them into Companies and Regiments, and appointed Ru∣lers over them, he himself being named the Ruler of Hungary. They entered into Amiens in Picardy 30000 strong, An. 1251. Ja∣c••b went afterwards to Paris, where he insolently consecrated Holy-water in St. Eustache's Church, and preached in Sacerdotal Vestments. Being increased to near 100000, they pretended to separate, in order to take Ship in different places. Jacob, with his reserve, was received in Orleans as a Prophet, in spite of the Bishop's Prohibitions, whose Name was William de Bussy. Thence he went to Bourges, where he endeavoured, in vain, to se∣duce the People. And, because the Queen Blanche had dispatch∣ed Orders to all the Prelates and Magistrates, to exterminate these Fanaticks, the Inhabitants of Bourges armed themselves, pursued, and about two Leagues from the Town, over-took them. Ja∣cob was killed by a Butcher, and all his Men slain upon the place, or carried to the Magistrates, to be Condemned and Hanged. The other Shepherds were likewise killed or hanged at Marseilles, Aiguemorte, Bourdeaux, and other places; so that this Faction scarce survived Jacob's Death. * See Shepherds. Hist. de St. Louis en 1688.
• Iacob Bardeus, commonly called Zanzalus, the Author of the Sect of the Jacobites, composed a kind of Catechism containing an Explanation of his Opinions. At least the Syrians ascribe unto him this Work, quoted by Abraham Ecchellensis, upon a Copy which is at Rome in the Maronites College. * M. Simon.
• Iacob-Ben-Hajim, a Rabbi, famous for the Collection of the Maso••ah printed at Venice in 1625. with the Text of the Bible, the Chaldaick Paraphrases, and Rabbinical Commentaries. This Edi∣••ion of the Bible in Hebrew, and those that have followed the great and little Masorah, compiled by R. Jacob-Hajim, are esteem∣ed by the Jews. Nothing before him was exact upon the Maso∣rah, which is properly a Critick upon the Bible, establishing and fixing the reading of it. This Rabbi, has prefixed a Preface to the great Masorah, wherein he speaks of the benefit of his Work, and withal explains, what the Keri and Ketib are, which are diffe∣rent Readings of the Hebrew Text. He won't allow different Rea∣dings, to have been marked in the Margins of the Copies, and in the Collection of the Masorah, because there were good grounds to doubt about the manner of reading. He observeth also, that the Talmudist-Jews agree not always with the Authors of the Masorah. Besides the different Readings collected by the Masorets, and by this Rabbi put in the Margin of his Edition, some others are super-added, which are not in the Masorah, but are his own Collections out of some Manuscripts. This ought to be ob∣served, because some Learned Men have not distinguished them from the Masorah. * M. Simon.
• Iacob-Ben-Naphtali, a famous Rabbi in the V. Century. He was one of the chief Masorets; and in an Assembly at Tiberias in Palaestine, summoned by the Jews in 476, under Pope Simplicius, he and Ben-Asser, are said to have invented the Hebrew Tittles to serve as Vowels, and the Accents to make the Reading easy. Ge∣nebrard, and many learned Men, think so, though others are of another Opinion. Geneb. in Simpl. & in not. Chron. V. S. Serrarius, lib. de Rabin.
• * Iacobellus, a Bohemian Hussiite, and famous Preacher of the XIV. Century, noted for his Learning and Piety. He is common∣ly said to be the Author of the War undertaken by the Bohemians, because they were refused the Sacrament in both Species. Spanh. Epit.
• Iacob (Florent) an Austin Friar, and Batchelor of Arts in the Sorbonne, about the end of the XVI. Century. 'Tis he, that in a Thesis, boldly asserted the Pope to be Master of the K. of France's Temporalities; for which he was condemned with his President Thomas Blanzi. * Spon. A. C. 1595. n. 13.
• Iacob-jan, an Armenian, born at Zulfa, was in 1641. Negeach-Bachi, or Chief of the K. of Persia's Joiners. He had the greatest Mechanical Head-piece in all the Kingdom, and is Author of ma∣ny fine Inventions. Travelling into Europe, he so well learned the Art of Printing, that he erected a Printing-house at Ispahan, and made the Mattress himself. They printed, in Armenian, St. Paul's Epistles, and the 7 Penitential Psalms, and their Design was to print the whole Bible; but they were at a loss, for the way of making good Ink; and the Copists perceiving their Implovment in danger, made continual Complaints too, to hinder the Settle∣ment of that new Art, that would deprive them of their daily Bread. None may execute the Office of the Chief of the Joiners, but a Mahometan; only Jacob-jan had a particular Privilege, be∣cause of the excellency of his Genius. The King often sollicited him to renounce Christianity, and embrace Mahometanism, but no Advantages proposed to him, could make him Apostatize. * Tavernier's Voyage de Perse.
• Iacob (Lewis) a Carmelite Friar, Councellor and Almoner to the French King, Author of Bibliotheca Pontificia, Traité des plus belles Bibliotheques. Bibliographia Parisina & Bibliog••aphia Gallica Ʋniversalis, An. 1643, 44. & Seq. De Claris Scriptoribus Cabbille∣nensibus. Gabrielis Naudaei tumulus, &c. He died May 10. 1670, at Paris, at Mr. Harlai's, Attorny-General.
• Iacobins: See Dominicans.
• Iacobits: Eastern Christians, so denominated from Jacob Bardeus▪ a Syrian, Disciple to Eutyches and Dioscorus, whose Heresy he spread so much in Asia and Africa, in the beginning of the VI. Century; that at last, in the VII. Century, the different Sects of the Euty∣chians, were swallowed up by that of the Jacobites, which also comprehended all the Monophysites of the East, i. e. Such as ac∣knowledge One only Nature, and that the Humane, in Christ, in which Latitude it included the Armenians and Abyssines. They de∣ny the Trinity, and make the Sign of the Cross with one Finger, to shew there is but One Person. They Baptize, by applying a hot-iron to the Children's Fore-head, after they have Circumci∣sed them; founding that Practise upon the Words of St. John Baptist, quoted by St. Matthew, Cha. 3. He will Baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with Fire. Their Patriarch in Asia resides at Caramit in Mesopotamia. Their African Patriarch's See, is Alexan∣dria, and he follows the Errours of Dioscorus, together with the Cophtes. Their Asiatick Patriarch has the Title of Antioch, though a Schismatick Graecian, whose See is at Damas, pretends a Right to it. So their Patriarch in Egypt claimed the Title of Alexandria, and another for the Graecians lost it not for want of Pretensions. But since the Schism, the Jacobites have all along so far prevailed, as to make themselves Masters of that See, in spite of the Graeci∣ans, and upon that See, that of Aethiopia depends; where the Chri∣stians are Eutychians, and Jacobites, or Papists, according to the Relations of Aethiopia, which tell us, That the Emperor David sub∣mitted himself to Pope Clement VII, that Pope Pius IV. sent thi∣ther the famous Andrew Oviedo Jete in the Reign of Claudius, Da∣vid's Son; and that Gabriel Patriarch of Alexandria, sent in 1595. his Arch-Deacon and two Monks to Pope Clement VIII, to assure him of his Obedience, and Desire to re-unite his whole Church to the Roman See. Those Deputies, acknowledged the Roman for the Mother-Church, but yet we see no Fruits of any such Re∣cognition; and either through the alteration of the Patriarch's mind, a thing usual amongst Eastern Prelates, or the unwilling∣ness of his Successors to approve his Actions; 'tis certain, that
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• Iamaisoit, a great part of Japan, in the Western Coast of Ni∣••••••n-Island. They commonly divide that Country into 12 great Provinces, or Kingdoms; viz. Aqui, Bingo, Bitco, or Bitcou, Foqui, Nangato, Tomo, &c. with some Towns of the same Name.
• Iamama, A City and Province of Arabia Foelix, in Asia, near the River Astan, towards the Limits of Arabia Deserta, going up to the Gulf of Balsera, or the Elcatif Sea; 250 Miles W. of the Persian Gult, and 70 German Miles from Balsera, to the S. E. Lon. 77. 30. Lat. 27. 00.
• Iamba, a City and Kingdom of the Indies, in the Peninsula, on this side the River Ganges, in the Dominions of the Great Mo∣gul, between Patna to the E. Naugracut to the N. Lahor to the W. and Bakar to the S. The City stands near a River, between the Ganges and the Mountains, which divide this Kingdom from that of Lahor. Calseri is also a good Town in that Coun∣try.
• Iambis, a City and Kingdom of the Indies in the Island Suma∣tra. It is situated about 5 or 6 Miles from the Sea, towards Pa∣limban, and is famous for Trade.
• Iamblichus, a Platonick Philosopher in the IVth. Century, born in Chalcis a Town of Syria, and Scholar to Porphyry. They were both excellent Philosophers, though suspected to have dis∣honoured that Science by Magical Superstitions. Jamblichus flou∣rished in the Reigns of Constantine the Great, and his Sons, and Julian the Apostate, who wrote 3 Letters to him, still extant. He composed divers Works; as, The Life of Pythagoras and of Alpius, with some Orations, exhorting to the Study of Philosophy, &c. Eunapius wrote his Life. Consult also Suidas. A Greek Author also of the same Name, lived in the II^d. Century, in the Reign of Antonine the Philosopher, who wrote the History of Rhodis's and Sinonides's Amours. Babylon was his Country; and he boasted himself to be a Magician, as Photius tells us.
• * Iamboli, Lat. Jambole, a Province in the Kingdom of Mace∣donia, bounded to the North by Thrace, to the East by the Archipe∣lago, and to the West by the Gulf of Thessalonica in part, and by the Province of Macedonia, properly so called, in part; and to the South, by the said Gulf and Sea. The Capital of it is Thes∣salonica. It produceth the most generous Horses in all Greece; so that Alexander the Great, kept about Pella and this place, 30000 Mares for breeding.
• S. Iames, called The Greater, Zebedee's Son, was called with his Brother John, by Christ, to the Apostleship, who named them both Boanerges, that is to say, The Sons of Thunder. Herod Agrippa, to please the Jews, caused this Holy Apostle to be Beheaded. Some say, his Accuser was Converted, to see this holy Man die with so much Constancy; and others add, that he Baptiz'd Phygel∣lus and Hermogenes, both Magicians; though afterwards they al∣ter'd their Faith, as St. Paul saith in his 2d. Epistle to Timothy. St. James was the first Martyr among the Apostles. He suffer'd An. Ch. 41. Acts 12.
• The Spaniards, upon some Traditions, pretend this St. James to have been their Apostle, though no ancient Author mentions it. The Bishop of Compostella, alledging this pretended Travel in the Great Lateran Council under Innocent III. to prove his Churches In∣dependency upon that of Toledo; he found the mighty Reasons unanswerable, which Roderick Ximenes his Archbishop, produced to the contrary. Cardinal Baronius, in his Remarks upon the Ro∣man Martyrology, asserted this Chimerical Tradition; but being convicted by many solid Reasons, grounded upon several Epistles of Popes, and divers Evidences of famous Authors, he retracted his Opinion in his Annals, which cost him dear, being handled very unworthily by the Spanish Writers; who to confirm their Opinion, say, They have the entire Body of that Apostle, which cannot be so, if there be a part in St. Saturnine's Church at Tho∣louse, as the Clergy of that City pretend. Nay, Mr. Corier in his History of Dauphine, makes out, That the Reliques, so much boa∣sted of by the Spaniards, are the Remains of the Body of a Holy Man of that Province called James, and not the Apostle. The curious may consult Innocent I's Letter to Decentius, and those of Gregory VII, to the Kings of Spain. In Jerusalem may be seen, a Church dedicated to his Name, about 300 Paces from Sion Gate. 'Tis one of the finest and largest in the Town; the Cupola in the middle is raised upon 4 large Pillars, and is open at the top, like that of the holy Sepulchre, for the conveniency of light. There are three Altars a-breast, in three Quires towards the East. At the left-hand-entrance into the Body of the Church, may be seen a little Chappel, the place, where 'tis thought, this holy Apostle was beheaded, because it was formerly the publick Market-place. The Church belongs to the Armenians, who have there a well-built Monastery, where are always a Bishop, and 12 or 15 Reli∣gious, who celebrate the Ordinary Service. The Church and Lodgings are said to have been founded by the Kings of Spain, to receive the Pilgrims of that Nation. Near that place, is the reputed dwelling-house of St. Thomas the Apostle, according to the Tradition of the Country. They say, neither Mahometan nor Jew can enter this place, but it costs him his life; and there∣fore keep the Doors continually shut, to prevent the Disaster. Doub∣dan Voyage de la Terre Sainte.
• St. Iames, called The Minor, in Scripture The Just, and The Brother, that is to say, Cousin of the Lord, an Apostle, was Alphaeus's Son, and the Apostle St. Jude's Brother. He is said to have been chosen Bishop of Jerusalem, and in that Quality, was President in the Council held by the Apostles at Jerusalem in 49 or 50. St. Paul calls him one of the Columns of the Church; and his Life was so holy, that Josephus looks upon the Destruction of Jerusalem, as a Punishment inflicted on the Jews, for putting him to death. Ananias II. High Priest, caused his Condemnation, and delivered him up to the People. Eusebius, after Hegesippus, saith, That the Jews compelling him to renounce publickly the Doctrine of Jesus Christ, he defended it on the Steps of the Temple, with such wonderful Constancy, that the enraged Pharisees, his chief Enemies, threw him down head-long, where his Brains were dash'd out with a Fuller's Club. So having govern'd his Church about 29 Years, he receiv'd the Crown of Martyrdom in 62. We have an Epistle of his, Addressed to the Faithful dispersed amongst the Jews, but Eusebius does not allow it Canonical; besides this, there is a Li∣turgy in several Editions of the Works of the Fathers which bears his Name, and is said to have been authorised by the Testimony of St. Cyrillus, Proclus of Constantinople, &c. but thought to be coun∣terfeit. There is also a Gospel attributed to him, placed amongst the Apocryphal Books.
• St. Iames of Nisibe, surnamed The Wise, was Bishop of Ni∣sibe, a City of Mesopotamia, and liv'd in the IV. Century. For his Zeal to defend and propagate the True Faith, he suffer'd much from Idolaters and Hereticks. He was present at the Council of Nice in 325. He preserved his City from the Persians, who be∣sieged it in 339 or 350. When 'tis said, That having Curs'd their Army, at St. Ephrem's request, God sent such Swarms of Flies against it, that forced it to withdraw. Baronius will have this to be in 339, soon after the death of Constantine; others, say, it hap∣pened in 350, at the second Siege. He wrote divers Commenta∣ries in Syriack; and Gennadius, beginning his Book of Illustri∣ous Men with him, saith, That he compiled 26 different Treatises.
• ...
  Kings of Scotland of the Name of Iames.
  • * Iames I. the 102^d. King of Scotland, having been detained as Prisoner in England; as he landed to refresh himself at Flambo∣rough in Yorkshire, in his way to France, while Prince, there being then a Truce betwixt the 2 Nations, was Ransomed, and returned home in 1423. On his Arrival, many were the Grievanc••s pre∣sented to him, which the People had lain under since his Father's Death, by the Neglect or Male-administration of the Governors; so that to pacify the Commons, he committed some of the Nobility accused, till the Meeting of Parliament, which was appointed against May 27. 1423. In the mean time, he and his Queen were Crowned, Apr. 20th. that same Year. When the Parliament met, many profitable Laws were made, especially against Robberies. In the next place, they consulted how to pay the King's Ransom, which the Treasury being exhausted, was not able to defray. It was push'd on by the Nobles, whose Sons were left for Hostages. And for that end, a Tax of the 20th. part, was imposed upon all Moveables, which the People reckoned intolerable; both in regard of the want of Money, because of the extraordinary cheapne••s of all things; being also unaccustomed to Taxes, and, that it was like to be a Precedent for time to come; so that the King finding the first Payment come in very hardly, he remitted the rest. The Parliament committed Murdo, D. of Albany, the late Governor of the Kingdom, and 2 of his Sons, the Earl of Lennox, with his Son-in-law, and 24 more of the prime Nobility. The Governor's youngest Son James, enraged at the Disaster of his Family, burnt Dumbarton, and killed John Howard the King's Uncle, with 32 of his Men, and then together with his Counsellor, the Bishop of Lis∣more, fled into Ireland, where he died. This same Year, in a Par∣liament at Sterling, Murdo above-mentioned with his 2 Sons and Son-in-law, were Condemned and Beheaded, and their Heads sent to Isabella, one of their Wives, to try, whether Grief would make her reveal her mind; yet, she was so composed, as to answer, That if the Crimes objected, were true, the K. had done justly, and according to Law. And in a little time, such Places as held out for the Rebels, were reduced. In 1426, John Stuart of Dernly, General of the Scots Cavalry in France, and the AB^p of Rheims, were sent Ambassadors to Scotland, to renew the ancient League with France, and to propose a Match betwixt K. James's Daughter, and Charles VII's Son, both Children, which was agreed. Two Years after, he went to Administer Justice in the High-lands, and repaired the Castle of Innerness, to curb the thieving Clans, who laid the Country under Taxes, Committed 40 of the Ring-leaders, hanged Macrory and Macarthur, and persuaded the rest, by fair Words, to behave themselves as they ought, threatning them severe∣ly, if they did otherwise. Alexander of the Isles, the greatest Man of the Kingdom, next to the King himself, being in like manner guil∣ty, yet made his Peace, by the Interest of his Friends, and was favourably Receiv'd at Court; but returning home, assembled his Comrades, plundered and burnt the Town of Innerness, and besieged the Castle; but on the approach of the King's Forces, retired to Log∣haber, and having 10000 Men with him, resolved to stand Battel; but the Cattans and Camerons, two of the Clans, deserting him, he dis∣missed his Army, retired to the West Isles, and thought of flying to Ireland, but finding that he could not be secure there, he submitted to the King's Mercy, who, at the Queen's desire, pardoned, but im∣prisoned him. A little after this, the Cattans and Camerons fought among themselves, to the mutual Ruine almost of both Clans; and Donald Balock, a Cousin of Alexander's, pretending to revenge him, Surprized and Defeated the King's Forces in Loghaber, com∣manded by Alexander and Alan Stuarts, Earls of Caithness and

• ...
  • ... Mar, wasting the Country with Fire and Sword, but fled with his Plunder to the Isles on the King's approach, who resolved to pur∣sue him thither; but that the Clans humbly petitioned him, not to ruin the Country for the fault of one: So that, on their deli∣vering up 300 of the chief Robbers, whom he hanged every Man, he desisted. Duffus and Murdo, two of the Captains of the High-landers, whom the King had released at the Desire of his Nobles, falling out with one another, and meeting with 1500 on a Side, they fought so eagerly, that only 12 were left of the one Party, and 9 of the other. Yet all those Calamities, did not restrain one Mac Donald of Rosse a notable Robber, who, with his Gang, plundered the Neighbouring Country; and, amongst others, a Wi∣dow, who told him, she would complain to the King; whereup∣on, he caused a Smith to nail Horse-shooes to her Feet, telling her, that would enable her the better for the Journey: The Woman, assoon as recovered, did actually go and acquaint the King with it, and Mac Donald being then in Custody, his Majesty ordered him, and 12 of his Accomplices to be so shod, and led through the City, a Herald going before, to acquaint the People with the cause of that unusual Punishment; after which, the Captain was behea∣ded, his Associates hanged, and their Bodies affixed to Gibbets by the High-ways. His Majesty's next care was, to find out Do∣nald of the Isles, and hearing that he lay conceal'd in a Noble-man's house in Ireland, he sent to Demand him; the Noble-man fearing lest he should escape by the Way, and the Cause be imputed to him, cut off his Head and sent it to the King. Robbery being thus suppressed; he took care to have Justice administred through the Kingdom, and Weights and Measures adjusted; for which end, many wholsome Laws were Enacted. Oct. 14. 1430. The Queen being delivered of Twins, publick Rejoicings were made, and during the same, he pardoned Archibald Douglas and John Kennedy, who had been committed for Speaking rashly concer∣ning the Government. He admitted Douglas to be God-father to his Children, and Knighted his Son. After this, the King applied himself to reform the Ecclesiasticks, and prevent their Tyranny. He erected publick Schools for Learning, encouraged learned Men, and would be present at their Disputations; and gave Charge to the Rectors of Universities, to present none but Scholars of Merit to him for Church-Preferments. And considering that his Kingdom had been a Scene of War for 150 Years together, and Trade neglected; he sent for Artificers from Abroad, and encou∣raged Commerce, by which means the Towns were Re-peopled. Upon the Complaints of the People, that the riotous Way of Li∣ving, as Carousing, Masking, Dancing, and sumptuous Cloaths, brought in Fashion at Court by those who followed him from En∣gland, infected the Country, he reformed that expensive Way of Living among his Nobles, by Reproof, his own Example and wholsome Laws. By the Death of the Valiant Alexander, Earl of Mar, a Natural Son of the Royal Family, (who signalized himself at Home and Abroad, routed the Dutch Fleet, and brought them to beg a Truce) the K. was possessed of Buchan and Mar, because this Alexander had no Issue, and having moreover taken abundance of Wards from the Nobility, who held of him, (i. e. The Profits of their Estates, during their Nonage, after the death of their Pa∣rents, the Charges of Education excepted) which former Kings used to remit, or at least quit for some Gratuity; having also re∣voked some Grants made by the former Governors, particularly of the Forfeiture of George E. of March, and also the Estate of Meliss Graham E. of Strathern, then a Hostage in England; the E. of Athol laying hold of these things, stirred up Disconten••s against the K. which brought him to an untimely Exit, as we shall hear anon. The Reason of the Earl's doing so, was, That being law∣ful Son to K. Robert II. by a former Marriage, but excluded from the Crown by his Father, who prevailed with the States at Scoon, to Legitimate his Eldest Natural Son, afterward Robert III. whom he had by Elizabeth Moor his Concubine, and afterwards his Se∣cond Wife. The E. of Athol thinking himself injured, sought the Destruction of his Natural Brethren, and their Issue, thinking thereby, to pave his Way to the Throne. This was the State of Affairs, when Ambassadors arrived from France, to carry home the King's Daughter Margaret, who was formerly betrothed to the Dauphin. At the same time, came Ambassadors from England, to prevent Renewing of the League with France, and sollicite a perpe∣tual League Offensive and Defensive with themselves; which being referred to the Parliament, the Ecclesiasticks were divided in Opinion, but the Nobility were altogether for France; alledging, That it was only a Trick of the English, to deprive them of the Assistance of their ancient Allies, and render them the more ob∣noxious to themselves; so they carried the Point, and the Prin∣cess was sent to France, having narrowly escaped from the English, Fleet who lay in Wait for her. Here Buchanan wipes of the Calum∣nies thrown upon this Lady, and the King her Father, by the English Historians. K. James prepared tor War with England, and trying to raise a Tax from the People to Rig out his Navy, he found them so averse, that he restored what he had Levied. In the mean time, Piercy of Northumberland invades the Scots Borders, and was opposed by William Douglas E. of Angus, who fought him with an equal Number, Defeated and Took 1500 of his Men, lo∣sing none of Note, but Alexander Johnson, a Noble and Valiant Per∣son. A little after, K. James attacked the Castle of Roxburgh held out by the English, and was like to have carried it, but was obli∣ged to disband his Army on Notice from the Queen, who came Post to inform him of a Conspiracy against his Life, which the E. of Athol, the Chief of the Conspirators, did also improve against him, to make him hateful to the People; as if by the Story of a Woman, he had been frightned from the Siege. And in the mean time, by his Spies at Court, while the King was enquiring into the Plot, he had information of every thing that passed; so that, push'd on by fear of his own danger, having brib'd some of the King's Servants; he, with the rest of his Associates, came to the very Chamber-door, as one of the Servants came out, whom they murdered, and bursting open the Door, which one of the Ladies stood against, putting her Arm instead of the Bar, which one of the Traitors had taken away, they broke the same; and rushing in upon the King, the Queen threw her self upon him, but having forced her away, after several Wounds, they murdered him bar∣barously, and escaped by the darkness of the Night, but were af∣wards apprehended, and condignly punished. See Stuart Wal∣ter. This Exit had James I. being much lamented by the Nobi∣lity and People, the former Assembling voluntarily, pursued the Murderers with utmost diligence, to testify their Love to the Me∣mory of their Prince, whom they lamented, as cut off in the Flo∣wer of his Age, and midst of his Endeavours to settle good Laws. He was a little Man, but very strong and nimble, of a quick Wit, well learned, a good Politician, and every way well accomplish'd for Government. He was Slain Feb. 12. 1437. in the 13th. of his Reign, Aged 44. Succeeded by the Youngest of his Twins, the Elder being Dead. His Wife was Joan Daughter to the Earl of Salisbury, of the Royal Blood of England, the most beautiful Wo∣man of her time, having fallen in Love with her whilst he was Prisoner in England. So that the English Court thought, it would prove a happy Opportunity of engaging him to their Interest. Buchanan.
  • James II. the 103^d King of Scotland, Succeeded his Father James I. at 7 Years of Age, which occasioned a great Dispute among the Nobility, who should be Elected Vice-roy. The Competitors were, Archibald Earl of Douglas, the greatest Man at that time in Scotland for Wealth and Power; and Alexander Levingston and Wil∣liam Creighton, who were both of good Families, and had obtai∣ned great Repute and Authority, by their prudent Management of Affairs under the former King. The Nobility were most for them, and declined the E. of Douglas, as being too formidable even to the Kings themselves, so that Alexander Levingston was chosen Re∣gent, and William Creighton Chancellor; the Convention was scarcely dissolved, when the Peace was broken by Factions, so that the Chancellor kept with the King in Edinburgh Castle, and the Regent with the Queen at Sterling. Douglas being fretted at his dis∣appointment, was pleased to see these Disorders, and the Men of Anandale, who were under his Command, drove booty from the Neighbouring Countries in a Hostile manner, which he was so far from Redressing on the Regent and Chancellor's Letters, that he forbid any under his Command, to Answer, if Summoned to the Courts of Justice; alledging, That he alone had the Power of Judging them according to Royalties granted his Predecessors, so that all on this side Forth was in a Flame, the Regent and the Chan∣cellor issuing Proclamations against one another. In the mean time, the Queen cunningly got her Son, the young King, out of the Chancellor's hands, thus: Coming to Edinburgh-Castle on pre∣tence of giving him a Visit, she insinuated so far into the Chancel∣lor, as to learn all his Designs, and have free Conversation with her Son, whom she perswaded to leave the Chancellor; in order to which, pretending that she was going to a Country-Church, to perform a Vow, she desired that she might have leave to go out of the Castle betimes; which being granted, she carried her Son with her in a Trunk, and before his Servants miss'd him, shipp'd him off at Leith, and ere Night arrived at Sterling, where they were joyfully received, the Queen's Wisdom commended, and the Chancellor's former Reputation blasted. He was accused as the Author of all the Disorders; and it was agreed in Council, to besiege him in Edinburgh-Castle; whereupon he craved Aid of D••uglas, who returned him Answer, That if both he and the Regent sell in the Contest, the Publick would lose nothing; by which, both Parties being terrified, they clapt up an Agreement, and the Chan∣cellor surrendred the Castle. But in a little time after, D••uglas died opportunely for them all, tho' his Son William gave them no little Disturbance, as may be found in his place. At the same time, the Islanders invaded the Continent, destroying all before them, in a most barbarous manner: To all these Miseries, there was an accession of Famine and Pestilence, so violent, that it kil∣led those whom it seized on in a days time, and continued 2 Years. The Queen, and her second Husband, James Stuart, with others, were thrown into Prison, as plotting against the Regent, but quickly released, and grievous things were, at the same time, laid to the Regent's Charge. Not long after, the Chancellor surpri∣zed the King near Sterling, and brought him to Edinburgh with 4000 Horse, where he was received with much joy. The Regent find∣ing himself out-witted, he came to an Agreement with the Chan∣cellor. In the mean time, the Country groaned under the Rob∣beries of the Douglassian Faction, the Earl himself being too Po∣tent to be dealt with by force. The Chancellor, &c. flattered him and his Brother to Court, where, by his, and the Regent's procurement, they were surprized at the King's Table, and imme∣diately beheaded, and some of their chief Followers also put to death; the King being almost of Age, did weep at the Misfortune of this great Man, for which the Chancellor rebuked him. Rob∣beries and Murders were not however, by this means, suppressed;

• ...
  • and still, all was charged upon the Douglasses by their Enemies. About this time, the King took the Government upon himself, and William then Earl of Douglas, acknowledged his Offences, threw him∣self at the King's feet, obtained Pardon, and became a Favou∣rite, which he improved, to be avenged on the late Regent and Chancellor, then out of Office; and procured their being Summo∣ned to give an account of their Administration, which refusing to do, because they alledged that their Enemies were to be Judges, he obtained, that they should be declared Rebels, and confiscated, so that it broke out into an open War between the Factions, seve∣ral Noble-men being engaged on both sides; Douglas besieged Creighton in the Castle of Edinburgh, but came at length to an Ac∣commodation, and Creighton was made Chancellor again. In the mean time, bloody Feuds betwixt divers Noble Families conti∣nued to the disturbance of the Peace of the Kingdom. Douglas procured the publick Disgrace of the Levingstons, the Father, who had been Regent, being imprisoned, and one of his Sons behea∣ded. The Truce being expired, there were mutual Incursions be∣twixt the English and Scots, almost with equal loss, and then the Truce was renewed for 7 Years, but the Publick miserably harass'd by the Factions of Douglas and others, and the Nation expos'd to the Mercy of any foreign Enemy; nor could they have escap'd ruine, had not the English laboured under Factions at home. The Borderers however broke the Truce, and drove great Booties from Scotland, which occasion'd a War, because the Scots in revenge, laid Cumberland almost desolate. So that an Ar∣my being rais'd under the Conduct of the Earl of Northumber∣land, and one Main, who had gain'd much R••putation for Con∣duct and Valour against the French, they pass'd the Rivers Solway and Annan, and Encamped by the River Sars in Scotland, sen∣ding out Parties to plunder the Country. The Day of Battle be∣ing come, the E. of Northumberland commanded the Main Body of the English, Main commanded the Left, and Pennington the Welsh, who made the Right. Douglas E. of Ormond commanded the Body of the Scots. Wallace of Craig Encounter'd Main, and Maxwell and Johnston attack'd Pennington. Wallace finding his Men much gall'd by the English Archers, call'd upon them to follow him, and so rushing in upon the English, came to a close Fight, and put them to the rout. Main lost his life fighting gallantly, and the English lost abundance of Men on the Banks of Solway, the River being swoln with the Tide. So that the English lost about 3000, and the Scots 600. The chief Prisoners, were Pennington, Robert Huntington, and the E. of Northumberland's Son taken, as assisting his Father to escape. The Scots got a great Booty, but lost their Commander Wallace, who died about 3 Months afterwards of his Wounds. After this, a Truce was made with England for 3 Years. This was An. 1448. Next Year, the King married Mary of Guelder∣land of the Blood Royal of France. Some new Disturbances hap∣pen'd with Earl Douglas, whom the King suspected of a Plot with the English, and a Combination with others of the Nobility; but being Potent, and not to be dealt with by open force in that Jun∣cture, the King sent for him to Court, under a promise of safe Conduct signed by many of the Nobility. And being come, took him aside, told him of his Miscarriages, particularly that Combi∣nation, which he advised him to break. Douglas though he had answer'd submissively in all other things, did hesitate on that, and desired time to consult his Associates, whereat the King being en∣raged, stabb'd him with his own hand, uttering these Words. If thou wilt not break the League, I will. This happen'd Feb. 1452. The Earl's Eldest Brother succeeded, and, with the rest of his Brethren and Friends, took to Arms, Declaring the King perjur'd, and tying the Safe Conduct, signed by him and his Council, to a Horses Tail, declared War, which was carried on in several Parts of the Kingdom, by those who adhered to the different Parties. The K. calling a Convention of States, had the Douglasses proclaimed Rebels. And there happen'd Bickerings on both Sides, but no pitch'd Battle. But some of Douglas's Party deserting him, he applied for help to England, but in vain. Douglas at length, being urg'd by his Friends to a Battle, discourag'd them by his Cowar∣dice, so that more deserted; whereupon he fled into England, whence he invaded the Borders, and then joined with Donald of the Isles. The English took the opportunity, and Invaded Scotland under Peircy of Northumberland, but were defeated by George Dou∣glas E. of Angus, which hasten'd the Submission of Donald of the Isle••. So that Tumults being composed at home, the King was meditating War against England for their Breach of Truce, when Ambassadors came from the D. of York, and others of the English Nobility, to desire his Assistance against their own King; in order to which, he march'd with a great Army, but was diverted, and obliged to disband the same, by a counterfeit Legate from the Pope, sent by the King of England, threatning Excommunication, if he proceeded: But being inform'd of the Cheat, he rais'd the Army again, and took Roxborough Town, and just as he was lay∣ing Siege to the Castle, received fresh Ambassadors from the D. of York, signifying that he was Conqueror, and thanking him for his Good-will, but desired him to withdraw the Siege, though he had promised to restore that, and other Places, to him. The K. being nettled at this, push'd on the Siege, and was unhappily Slain, by the Wedge of one of his own Guns, as he was directing a Bat∣tery. The Nobles, though astonish'd at his death, conceal'd it, and the Queen coming into the Camp that same day, did with a Manly Courage, press the Nobles to carry on the Siege. Brought her Son of 7 Years of Age into the Camp, where he was saluted King, and at last the English Surrendred, after a gallant Defence, and the Castle was demolished, lest it should occasion a new War. This End had James II. An. 1460. Aged 29. Being exercised all his time with Wars Foreign or Domestick. He was much la∣mented, because of his Moderation in Prosperity and Adver∣sity; his Valour against his Enemies, and Clemency to those that submitted: But chiefly, that he was killed, when great things were expected from him, and that his Successor was so young, viz.
  • Iames III. the 104^th King of Scotland, who began his Reign about 7 Years of Age, the Nobles swearing Fealty to him in Kelso. After which, he was carried to Edinburgh-Castle, under the Tute∣lage of his Mother, till the Meeting of the States. But the first thing that the Nobles did, was, to invade England, which they ravaged as far as they could, in that Season of the Year, and re∣turned with great Booty, having demolished many Castles. That same Year, King Henry of England being overcome by the D. of York, fled into Scotland, and sought Assistance, delivering up Berwick to the Scots at the same time, the better to engage them; and Treated of a Marriage betwixt the Prince of Wales and K. James's Sister, which took no effect. The States of Scotland be∣ing met, there was a great Dispute, who should be Regent during the King's Minority. The Queen claimed it as her due; but James Kennedy B^p of St. Andrews, a popular Man and Person of great Gravity, together with Douglas E. of Angus, thought it fit, that the States should chuse one, and of this Opinion, were most of the Nobility. The Matter was like to have issued in a War, the People disdaining it, as a thing Unpresidented, to be under the Government of a Woman: But it was at last taken up, thus, The Parliament chose a certain number for Regents, of which, one half were the Queen's Friends, and the other Kennedy's and Douglas's; things being thus composed, Ambassadors came from England to desire a Truce, which was granted for 15 Years. The Queen died the Year after, viz. 1463. Alexander D. of Albany the King's Brother, was taken by the English in his return from France but set at Liberty again, upon the Scots representing it as a Breach of Truce, and threatning a War. Shortly after this, the Kingdom was distracted, by an Invasion of Donald of the Isles, who proclaimed himself King of them, Invaded the Continent, and took the E. of Athol, who had fled for Sanctuary to a Church, which he also plundered; but his Fleet being Shipwrackt in his return, he thereupon fell distracted, which moved his Friends to restore the Booty and Prisoners, and to offer Expiatory Gifts to the Churches which they had robbed. After this, publick Matters were managed with great Prudence and Conduct by James Kennedy, to the Universal satisfaction. About the 6^th of the K's Reign, the Boyds came in favour at Court, the Chief of the Fa∣mily being employed to train up the King in Military Arts. He got the Ascendant so much over the young Prince by Flattery, that he perswaded him to take his Family, as his principal Favou∣rites, and shake off his Tutors, and especially Kennedy, whom they affronted in the grossest manner. This venerable Prelate dy∣ing a little after, the Nation lamented him as a Common Father. About this time, the AB^p of York revived his Claim of Jurisdi∣ction over the Church of Scotland, but the same was annulled by a Decree of the Pope. In the mean time, the power of the Boyds encreased, and Robert the Chief of them was made Regent, and his Son Thomas was married to the King's Eldest Sister. In the mean time, the King sent Ambassadors to demand Margaret Daughter to the King of Denmark in Marriage, which was speedi∣ly granted, and the Danes resigned their Claim to the Islands of Orkney, Shetland, and all others about Scotland, in lieu of her Dowry. But while Thomas Boyd was absent about this Matter, their Faction was undermined. The King and Queen were married, July 10. 1470; and after that, he sought the ruine of the Boyds incessantly, insomuch, that he pursued them to the Courts of Foreign Princes, and persuaded his Sister to be divorced from Thomas Boyd, and en∣tirely ruined their Family: A pregnant Instance of the instability of Humane Affairs, and how much the Favour of Princes is to be relied on. After this, the Courtiers perswaded the King, that it was fit all Men should depend upon him, and therefore that he alone ought to have the Power of Punishing, Pardoning and Re∣warding; whereupon he nominated Bishops and Abbots, which were formerly chosen by their Canons and Societies, but Patrick Graham having obtained the Pope's Bull to be Legatus à Latere and Primate of all Scotland, the King sent an Order of Council to hinder the Execution of his Office, and at last, outed him of his Bishoprick, and kept him Prisoner to his death. In 1476, John of the Isles took Arms, and seized some Provinces, but sub∣mitted at last. After this, a War was like to happen betwixt the Scots and English, who had rifled a Ship belonging to James Kennedy, the biggest which ever had been seen upon the Ocean, but upon Restitution, the Matter was made up. The King after this, listning to Wizards, who told him, that he should fall by his own Subjects. He rejected the Council of his Nobles, and go∣verned all by the Advice of mean Persons, particularly one Ro∣bert Cockrain, who for his great strength of Body, and audacity of Mind, was of an ordinary Tradesman made a great Courtier. The Nobility consulting how to rid the Court of such Cattel were discovered, and John, the King's youngest Brother, speak∣ing too boldly of the State of Affairs, was seiz'd by the King's own Domestick Council, and Ordered to be bled to Death. Alex∣ander, his Brother, was also imprisoned, but escaped to France. A little after, an Agreement was made, That Cecilia Daughter

• ...
  • to Edward of England, should be married to K. James's Son, and accordingly Hostages were exchang'd; but a War quickly followed, the Scots being stirred up to it by the French, and the English by Douglas, and Alexander, the King's Brother, both then in England: So that K. James levied an Army, and marched as far as Lauder, to Invade England, much against the Mind of the No∣bility, highly dissatisfied with his Government and Minions; whereupon Archebald Douglas E. of Angus, having assembled the No∣bles in the Church about Midnight, made a long Speech to them, complaining of the Councellors and the State of Affairs, and ad∣vised them to drive those Fellows from about the King, which was agreed on; and as the Chief of the Nobility, with their Friends, were marching towards the King's Pavillion, to seize his evil Councellors and judge them before the Army. The K. upon notice of their Meeting, sent Cockrain to know what was the matter; but in his way, Douglas taking him by his gold Chain, delivered him to the Marshal, and going forward to the King's Bed-chamber, where his Authority met with no opposition, he took the rest of the Councellors, carried them out, and tried them before the Army; where the Soldiers were so eager for their Execution, that they offered their Bridle-reins to hang them. The principal Things laid to their Charge, were, That they advised the King to coin base Money, To cut off his Kindred, and consult Wizards. The execution being done, the Army was disbanded, the K. having no confidence in them, nor they in him. Alexander, the King's Brother, perswaded the K. of England to invade the Scots during these their dissentions; and he, with Richard D. of Glocester the King's Brother, came with an Army as far as Edinburgh, Berwick having surrendred to them in their March. The K. shut himself up in the Castle, but the Nobility concer∣ned for the publick Safety, raised an Army, and begun a Treaty with the English General, whom a great many Scots had join'd, out of love, to the King's Brother; and desired, That the Mar∣riage, so long promised, betwixt K. Edward's Daughter and K. James's Son, might be consummated: To which, the D. of Glo∣cest••r answer'd, That his Commission was to have the Dowry re∣paid, and the Castle of Berwick restor'd, which was agreed to, and the Castle accordingly surrendred, Aug. 26. 1482. and Alex∣ander the King's Brother, was, by intercession of the Nobility, re∣conciled and made Regent. But the Courtiers accusing him of too much Popularity, he was forced to retire again, and was con∣demned in his absence. A little after, he and James Douglas in∣vaded Scotland with 500 Horse, but were defeated. A Seven Years Truce being concluded betwixt the English and Scots, and James III. having buried his vertuous Queen, and lost his Bro∣ther Alexander the same Year; he returned to his former Cour∣ses, excluding the Nobility, and advancing Upstarts. The Chief of the Court-Faction, was John Ramsey, who had escaped the ••ate of his Comrades at Lauder because of his Youth, and was become so intolerably proud, that the Nobility could not endure him. The K. endeavoured to cajole some of the Nobles, that he might seize and cut them off one by one, and discovered his Design to George Douglas E. of Angus, thinking to engage him in ••t. The E. disswaded him from so treacherous and base an At∣tempt, and pretending to put him in a Method of revenging him∣self l••gally, he acquainted the rest of the Nobility with their danger. The K. finding him elf discovered, presently took Arms, and the Nobles did the like, chusing the King's Son their Gene∣ral, who was easily perswaded, lest the Kingdom might be given up to the English. The K. by this time had repassed the Forth, and Encamped at Blackness, having writ to the French K. and Pope for Assistance: But the Nobility press'd on to a Battel, wherein they had the Disadvantage at first, but at length gained the Victory, the K. himself being slain in the Flight; after which, the Nobility assembled, and created his Son King. This happen'd in 1488. Buchanan.
  • Iames IV. succeeded his Father at 16 Years of Age. He summoned the Governor of Edinburgh-Castle to surrender it, which he did. Then passing to Sterlin, that Castle was delive∣red him by the Garrison. Andrew Wood also submitted; and with his 2 Ships brought into Leith 5 English Men of War, sent by King Edward to plunder the Coasts; and soon after engaged Sir Stephen Bull, sent by the same King to repair the former Af∣front; and after an obstinate Fight, the English Ships drawing more Water than his, stranding at the Mouth of the River Tay, he made himself Master of them, and towed them to Dundee, Aug. 10. 1490. The People of the North of Scotland, upon the News of this second Victory, returned to their Homes. Where∣upon the young King called a Parliament, wherein he shewed so much Moderation, that the dissenting Parties strove to shew him their Love and Duty; who, to shew his Grief for his Father's Death, wore an Iron Chain round his Waste, to which he ad∣ded a Link every Year. About this Time Peter Warbeck arrives in Scotland, and cajoll'd the Council, with a cunning Harrangue, into a Belief that he was the Prince he pretended, lawful Heir to the Crown of England: Whereupon he was honourably trea∣ted, and King James gave him his Kinswoman, Daughter to the E. of Huntley, in Marriage, and assisted him with an Army to invade England, wherewith he plunder'd Northumberland; but K. James perceiving that the English did not join him, began to smell the Cheat. K. Henry of England prepar'd to revenge this Injury, but was prevented by an Insurrection at home. K. James invades England again, but to little purpose; and a little after, Hialas, a Spanish Ambassador, who came to treat of a Marriage with Prince Arthur of England, was desired to mediate a Peace: About which they had a Meeting at Jedburg in Scotland, where the English demanded the Surrender of Peter Warbeck, which K. James refused; so that it ended in a Truce for some Months, du∣ring which Warbeck was sent out of Scotland: A little after, a Peace was made, and, An. 1500. Margaret, Daughter to Henry VII. of England, was betrothed to K. James. After the Marriage the King spent his Time in Tournaments, to which resorted many Foreigners; and then applied himself to Building of Ships, 3 of which were of an extraordinary Bulk, besides many of a middle Rate: One of the great ones was the biggest that, until then, ever appeared in the Ocean; wherein the Kings of England and France striving to outvie him, built each of them one, so great, that they were perfectly useless. K. James having thus exhau∣sted his Treasures, he revived the old Custom of Wardship, which was, to have the Disposal of Minors Estates until they were of Age; which, though a great Grievance to the Country, yet so great was their Love to this Prince, that they did not take Arms. The King, that he might honourably lay by this Exa∣ction, and abridge his Expences, resolved on a Voyage to Jeru∣salem, to atone for having carried Arms against his Father; but was hinder'd on this following Occasion. The Emperor, Vene∣tians and Switzers having Leagued against France, the K. of En∣gland joined in the Confederacy, and renewed his Pretensions on Normandy, &c. King James resolved to side with neither, yet was more inclined to the French, and sent his Fleet, as a Present, to Ann Q. of France, that it might seem rather a Mark of Friend∣ship, than a designed real Assistance. But the Scotch Clergy, bribed with French Gold, endeavoured to alienate his Mind alto∣gether from the English. And Forman B^p of Murray was sent in∣to England, to pick a Quarrel in demanding a Legacy of great Value, left by Prince Arthur to his Sister the Q. of Scots; but this Design miscarried by Henry VIII's mild Answer. In the mean time James Earl of Arran, being sent Admiral of the Fleet for France, did purposely linger until the French laid aside their Na∣val Preparations; but at length arriving at Brest, the great Ship above-mentioned was unrigged, and left there to rot. In the mean time, the Murther of Robert Carr, L^d Warden of the Mid∣dle-Marches of Scotland, by the English, at a solemn Border-mee∣ting; and the Affair of Andrew Barton, a famous Scotch Sea-Ca∣ptain, who was killed, and his Ship taken by Howard, Admiral of England, in a Time of Peace, occasioned a perfect Rupture. So that the E. Hume invaded the Borders of England, and brought thence a rich Booty, but lost a great Number of his Men in an Ambush: And La Motte, the French Ambassador, with the Assi∣stance of the Clergy, prevailed with the King to declare a War with England by Sea and Land, upon the Accounts above-men∣tioned, if Henry VIII. did not desist from his War against France and the D. of Guelderland. To which that Prince returned a fierce Answer. Whereupon K. James raised an Army; but as he was at Vespers, at Linlithgow-Church, an ancient Man, his Hair of the Colour of Amber, with a very venerable Aspect, cloathed in a Country Habit, with a Linen Girdle round his Waste, pressed through the Crowd; and coming to the K. told him, that he was sent to warn him not to proceed, and to abstain from the Fami∣liarity and Council of Women: Otherwise, that he and his Fol∣lowers should not prosper. Having spoken thus he disappeared, no Body knew how, says Buchanan, who had the Relation from David Lindsey of the Mount, an Eye-witness. The King notwith∣standing marched on; though, according to others, he had a se∣cond Warning at Jedborough, from a Spectrum; which entring the Hall where he and his Nobles were carousing, wrote thus upon the Mantle-piece;

    Laeta sit illa dies, nescitur origo secundi Sit labor an requies; sic transit gloria Mundi.

    He enter'd England, and took the Castles of Norham, Werk, Etel, Foord, &c. by Storm, and wasted the neighbouring Country; but falling in Love with Hern of Foord's Lady, whom he had ta∣ken Prisoner, he neglected his Affairs; so that his Army wan∣ting Provisions, deserted a-pace, none but a few of the Nobility, with their Friends and Vassals, and those also disgusted, staying in the Camp. The greater Part advised him not to spend his Time so disgracefully, but to attack Berwick, which he might easily take; but he was deaf to their Council. Whilst Matters were thus, the English challenged them to fight; and they calling a Council of War, the Major Part were for his returning home, and not venturing a Battel with so small a Force; alledging, that he had done enough already to oblige France: But the French Ambas∣sador and the bribed Courtiers prevailed with him to stay. The English not coming on the Day appointed, the Scotch Nobility desired the King again to return home, seeing now he might do it with Honour; telling him, that the English delayed on pur∣pose, because they knew his Army would moulder away through Discontent: Or, if he would not take that Advice, they press'd him to seize a neighbouring Bridge, which might easily be de∣fended by his Great Guns, and would prevent the English passing the River Til. To all which he answered furiously, That he would fight the English, were they 100000 strong. Whereat the Nobility being offended, Douglas E. of Angus, superior to the rest in Age and Authority, endeavoured to persuade him, but in vain, the King in great Anger bidding him go home if he was afraid. Upon which the ancient Noble-man wept; and having

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  • acquainted him, that his former Behaviour had evidenced to the World he was no Coward, fore-warned him of the Hazard he ran, and took his Leave, leaving his Sons and Vassals Pledges of his Fidelity to his King and Country. The rest of the Nobles finding themselves inferiour in Number, prevailed at last with the King to encamp his Army advantageously; which the En∣glish perceiving, marched as if they intended to invade Scotland, and so drew K. James from that Post, and at last they met at Flodden-Hill. The English divided into two Armies, either al∣most equal to the Scots: One of the Bodies was commanded by Admiral Thomas Howard, Edward Howard, and Marmaduke Con∣stable; the other by the E. of Surrey the General, Edward Stan∣ley, and the L^d Dacres. K. James led on the main Body of the Scots, the Earls of Huntley and Hume commanded the Right Wing, the Earls of Lenox and Argyle the Left, Hepburn, with the Nobility of Lothian, being left Reserve. The Gordons soon routed the Left Wing of the English, and Lenox and Argyle, en∣couraged by their Success, broke their Ranks, and fell on in great Disorder; which occasioned not only their own, but the Ruin of the whole Army, though the King's Body and Hepburn's Brigade fought stoutly. The Battel continued till Night, that both Armies withdrew, neither knowing who had the Victory; so that the Lord Hume and his Men, who remained entire, ga∣thered the Spoil at leisure. But next Morning the Lord Dacres being sent out with a Party, to get Tidings of the Enemy, fin∣ding the Scotch Canon left, published the Victory with great Joy. Concerning the K. of Scotland, the English say he was killed in Battel; but the Scots, and particularly one of his Servants, from whom Buchanan had it, says, that he passed Twede after the Fight, and was killed by the Lord Hume's Order; who was tried for this, but acquitted for want of good Proof. The Common People flatter'd themselves, that he was gone to perform the Vow he had made to go to Jerusalem, and would return again. The Scots lost 5000 Men, as appeared by the Parish-Registers; the English an equal Number, but most Common Soldiers, whereas abundance of the Scotch Nobility fell, having followed Alexander Elphinston, who in Countenance, Stature and Habit was very like the King, and fell with him; whose Body being found, was gi∣ven out to be the King's. The Scots were more sensible of this Loss for the Quality than Number of the Slain, having scarce any left to govern their Country in their then Distress. Buc∣hanan.
  • Iames V. the 106^th K. of Scotland, was proclaimed by the Parliament's Order, after his Father's Death, when he was but 2 Years of Age. The Regency was nominally in the Queen, ac∣cording to her Husband's Desire in his Will, before he went to the Battel, so long as she lived unmarried; which, though con∣trary to Law, was submitted unto for Peace-sake in that Jun∣cture. She writ to her Brother, K. Henry VIII. of England, de∣siring that he would rather protect her and her Son, than invade their Country; which he granted. But she soon lost her Regen∣cy, by her Marriage with Archibald Douglas E. of Angus, and the Nobility were divided about chusing another in her Room; but at length pitch'd upon John D. of Albany, then in France; being Son to Alexander, Brother to K. James III. and accor∣dingly he was sent for, and May 20. 1515. he arrived, nobly equipped by Francis I. K. of France, and in a full Assembly of the Nobility was constituted Regent. The Kingdom was quick∣ly distracted into Factions; Archibald Douglas E. of Angus be∣ing reckoned dangerous, because popular, and allied with Eng∣land: The Lord Hume called in Question for his Behaviour at Flodden: So that they, together with the Queen, fled into Eng∣land. Which obliged the Regent to excuse himself to K. Hen∣ry VIII. Wherepon the Queen and her Husband went back again. Hume raising an Insurrection, did afterwards submit; but brea∣king the Peace again, he and his Brother were taken and execu∣ted. The Regent, after this, desired Leave to pass into France, leaving 7 Deputies to govern in his Absence; and carried the Sons of the principal Nobility with him, as Hostages. These Deputies sell out among themselves, and the Nobility of the West conspired against Archibald Douglas, but were worsted. The Regent returned after 5 Years Absence, and raised an Ar∣my against England, but was opposed by the Nobility, and ob∣liged to a Truce. Whereupon he went for France, and during his Absence, and the Intestine Divisions, the E. of Surrey, with 10000 Men, besides a great Number of Volunteers, over-ran the South of Scotland; whence he returned with a great Booty. The Scots plunder'd the Northern Counties by way of Reprisal; and the E. of Surrey invaded them again. But 500 of his Horse, frightned in the Night, no body knows how, ran through and disordered his Camp so, that he retired without any farther At∣tempt. The Regent arrived from France with 50 Ships, 3000 Foot, and 100 Curassiers, having narrowly escaped the English Fleet, which lay in wait for him. The Scots were divided, the Queen and her Faction persuading to a Breach with France; but the French Faction prevailed, by insisting on this; That the En∣glish designed to make a Conquest of the Scots, as Edward I. had done when sworn to decide the Controversie betwixt Bruce and Baliol, according to Law and Equity. So that the Regent marched with another Army against England, but the Soldiers refused to enter it; so that he was forced to content himself with the taking of one Castle, and plundering the Borders. After which, he undertook a third Voyage into France. During his Absence the young King took the Government upon himself. After this, Archibald Douglas E. of Angus, returned from France, through England, with Henry VIII's Leave, who was well plea∣sed that the D. of Albany was degraded, because an active Per∣son. But the Earl in a little time seized the young King, and by the Assistance of two more, whom he quickly outed, mana∣ged the Government: At which the Nobility being discontented, they endeavoured to deliver the King out of his Hands; but some of them were defeated in the Attempt, July 23. 1521. After this John Stewart E. of Lenox renewed the Design, with the King's Consent; but his Party was worsted, and he himself slain. But at length the King escaped from the Douglasses by Night, and by Proclamation forbad them the Administration of the Govern∣ment, or to come within 12 Miles of the Court, upon pain of Death. After which, calling a Parliament, he out-lawed the Earl, and others of the Douglasses; who thereupon took Arms, but not able to make Head against him, retired to England, whence they procured Ambassadors to mediate an Agreement▪ April 24. 1532. the King appointed 15 Judges for deciding Law-Suits; which was looked upon as arbitrary and tyranni∣cal, that the Estates of the Subjects should be committed to the Pleasure of 15 Men. However, these Judges, to gratifie the Pope, were severe against the Lutherans: And the Pope, to gra∣tifie the King, gave him a Years Tithes of all Parsonages. This same Year the English invaded Scotland, having made a Peace with France, wherein the Scots were not included. The main Cause pretended for the War was, to have the Douglasses resto∣red. K. James, that he might prepare against this Storm, divi∣ded his Kingdom into 4 Parts; ordering them to relieve each other, and manage the War by Turns. Whereupon, K. Henry finding himself disappointed, dealt with the French to mediate a Peace; which was effected. After which, K. James transacted with the Emperor and French King about a Match, which the Hamiltons endeavoured to hinder, because they were next Heirs to the Crown. The K. of France's eldest Daughter being dead a little before, whom he was obliged to have married to K. James, by the League, he refused him the second, under pretence of In∣firmity. The Emp. Charles made him an Offer of Mary Queen Dowager of Hungary, Mary of Portugal, or Mary of England, his Niece by his Sister Catharine. K. James answered, Though the last was most advantageous, it would be incumber'd with so ma∣ny Delays, that it was not for him, being the last of his Family, to live so long unmarried; and therefore demanded another of his Nieces, the Daughter of Christian K. of Denmark; but she was promised to another. In the mean time the French King of∣fered him Mary of Bourbon; but K. Henry, to put a Stop to that Match, sent him Ten Books of Controversie in Divinity, and by his Ambassadors desired an Interview; promising to make him D. of York, to give him his Daughter in Marriage, and to de∣clare him Vice-Roy of England. Being allured with such fair Promises, he appointed a Day for the Interview; but the Hamil∣tons, for the Cause above-mentioned, and the Priests, for fear of their Religion, then on the declining hand in Scotland, prevailed with him to break the Appointment; frightning him with the Carriage of the English to K. James I. whom they kept Prisoner 18 Years, though he landed in their Country in a Time of Peace: And their having enticed William K. of Scotland to London, and then carried him over to France, as if he had come to assist them against his ancient Allie the French K. Henry VIII. took the Disappointment in great disdain, as justly he might. In the mean time, King James, weary of a single life, sailed on a sud∣den into France, and having seen Mary of Bou••bon in a disguise, did not like her, so made straight for the French Court, (which tho' surprized at his coming, entertained him honourably,) and on the 26th. of November, married Magdalen Daughter of Francis I. al∣most against that Prince's Will; but they had contracted such Friendship by Messengers, that when they had seen one another, there was no diverting them. Being Married, he arrived in Scotland on the 28th. of May 1537. where the Queen died of a Hectick Fever in July after; at which, all but the Priests, who dreaded her, as being brought up by the Q. of Navarre, were so exceeding grieved, that they went in Mourning, not used until then in Scotland. The K. whilst in France, presaging the loss of his Wife, had cast his Eye upon Mary of Guise, for whom he sent Ambassadors, and on the 12th. of June the ensuing Year, she arrived in Scotland, and was publickly Married. In 1539, some were Burned, some Banished, and others imprisoned for Luthera∣nism; amongst the later was George Buchanan, who when his Kee∣pers were a-sleep, made his escape out at a Window; the Muses, according to a certain Author, letting him down by a Cord. In 2 Years time, the Q. was Mother of 2 Sons, and the K. finding the Succession established, began to slight the Nobility, applying his Mind to sumptuous and unnecessary Buildings, for which, stan∣ding in need of Money, the Nobles and Clergy both afraid of him, endeavoured to ward off the Tempest, each complaining of their Poverty, and magnifying the others Riches; the K. listned to both, and so kept them in suspence betwixt Hope and Fear. In the mean time, K. Henry VIII. desired another Interview at York, which the Priests were mortally afraid of, and prevented, by pro∣mising him 30000 Ducats in Gold Annually, and their whole Estates, if need required; adding moreover, that he might quick∣ly fill his Treasure, by prosecuting the Lutherans according to Law, so that he constituted James Hamilton Bastard-son of the Earl of Arran Judge over the Lutherans; but he being accused of a Design on the King's Life, was soon after executed. From

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  • that time forward the King, being suspicious of the Nobility, was much troubled with frightful Dreams; one of them very re∣markable, viz. That he saw James Hamilton above-mentioned, run at him with his Sword, and first cut off his Right, then his Left Arm, threatning also to take away his Life in a little Time. Being awaken'd by the Fright, and pondering on his Dream, News was brought him that his 2 Sons were dead; one at St. Andrews, the other at Sterling. At the same Time Henry VIII. being affron∣ted at the Disappointments above-mentioned, sent to invade the Borders of Scotland without denouncing War, and Reparation, though demanded, was not made. Hereupon K. James prepa∣red for War, and yet sent to treat about a Peace, but without Ef∣fect. The English received a small Defeat on the Borders, and K. James was very eager to give their Army Battel, but the Nobles were against it; whereat the King was so incensed, that he called them Cowards; adding, That they were unworthy of their Ance∣stors, and had betrayed him. He was also highly enraged against George Gordon E. of Hantley, whom he had sent with 10000 Men to observe the Enemy's Motions, because when the English, on his Approach, had re-pass'd the Twede in Disorder, leaving several of their Colours behind them, he did not pursue them. Maxwell, to appease the King's Anger, offer'd, if he might have 10000 Men, to invade the Western Borders of England, he would do considerable Service; which doubtless he had effected, if the King, incensed against the Nobility, had not given a secret Commission to Oliver Sinclare, a private Gentleman, to be General when he came into the Enemy's Country; designing thereby to deprive the Nobles of the Glory of the Victory. And accordingly, when the Army had enter'd England, and 500 English Horse appeared on the neigh∣bouring Hills, Oliver was proclaimed General by his Party; at which the Army, especially Maxwell, was so much disgusted, that they broke their Ranks, and fell together by the Ears. The English perceiving their Disorder, attacked them with a Shout, and drove Horse, Foot and Baggage into the next Marishes, where many were taken Prisoners by the English, but more by the Scotch Moss-Troopers, who sold them to the Enemy. This News being brought to the King, his Mind was distracted between Anger and Grief; and complaining of the Perfidiousness of his People, died in a manner of a Phrenzy, having a little before his Death, which was Decemb. 13. 1542. had the News of the Birth of his Daugh∣ter Mary, who succeeded him.
  • Iames VI. the 108^th K. of Scotland, was placed on the Throne, after his Mother's Resignation, July 25. 1567. being little above a Year old. Whereupon the E. of Morton and L^d Hume took the Oaths in his Name, that he should govern according to the Laws, and the then Settlement in Church and State. His Uncle, the E. of Murray, Natural Son to K. James V. was unanimously chosen Regent. His Mother escaped out of Prison, raised an Army against the Regent, then at Glasgow with a small Force; by whom she was defeated, and, with the French Ambassador, fled for England; whence Q. Elizabeth sent to demand an Account of the whole Af∣fair, saying, She could not bear with the Injuries done her neigh∣bouring Queen and Kinswoman. Whereupon the Regent, with sev••ral other Persons of Quality, and Buchanan, our Author, one of the Commissioners, went for London, having narrowly escaped an Ambush laid for them by the D. of Norfolk. They made her Charge so plain to Q. Elizabeth, by Letters under her own Hand to E. Bothwell, that Her Majesty declared she had been proceeded against according to Law and Justice. After this, Duke Hamilton dealt with Q. Elizabeth, that he might be made Regent of Scotland by her Means. But the other Party made the Danger so apparent to intrust him with the young Prince, who was the only Person betwixt him and the Crown, that she declared against it, and sent the Regent honourably home, with strong Guards, to pre∣vent the D. of Norfolk's Designs: And at his Return, the States ap∣proved what he had done. Whereupon D. Hamilton and the E. of Argyle submitted, and the E. of Huntley was pardoned. And not long after, Q. Elizabeth sent to the Nobility of Scotland these 3 Demands: 1. Either to restore the Queen to her former Digni∣ty: Or, 2. To reign jointly with her Son: Or, 3. That she might live privately at home, in Honour next to the King. Which last was easily granted, and an Ambassador sent with Reasons why the rest were refused. The D. of Norfolk's Plot to marry the Q. of Scots, and cut off Q. Elizabeth, breaking out in the mean time she designed to have sent home the Scotch Queen. The Regent being gone to suppress the Moss-Troopers on the Borders, seized the Earl of Northumberland, one of the English Conspirators, and pursued others, offering at the same time to assist the Governor of Berwick upon all Occasions; which Q. Elizabeth took so kindly, that she promised to defend him with her whole Force. But the Scotch Conspirators being big with Hopes that their Plot would succeed in England, contrived the good Regent's Death; and as he was riding through Lithgow, he was shot out at a Window by Hamilton Abbot of Aberbrothock, Jan. 23. 1571. The Nobles as∣sembled to chuse a new Regent, but the Hamiltons, and Maitland of Lethington, with others of the Queen's Faction, prevented it; so that the Face of Affairs look'd very cloudy, and might have proved fatal to the young Prince, had not Q. Elizabeth sent 2 Ar∣mies into Scotland, against his Mother's Faction, under the Com∣mand of the E. of Sussex and L^d Scroope; who wasted the Lands of those concerned in the Regent's Murther, or that entertained the English Rebels. And at last Matthew Stuart E. of Lenox, the King's Grandfather, was chosen Regent. The Marquis of Huntley rebelled in the North, and garrison'd Brechin, which the Regent took afterwards. The Rebels sollicited the French and Spaniard for Assistance to restore the Queen, and were continually plotting; but several of the Great Ones submitted to the Regent, who in a little time after surprized Dunbarton-Castle, and caused the B^p of St. Andrews to be executed for being active in the Murther of K. Hen∣ry and the late Regent; which was discovered by John Hamilton, one of the Accomplices, in his Confession to a Priest. In the mean time the E. of Morton and others, who had been sent Ambassadors into England, to justifie the Proceeding against Q. Mary, returned, and their Transactions were approved by the States. A Parliament be∣ing summoned, the Queen's Faction garrison'd Edinburgh, to pre∣vent its Sitting; which occasioned divers Skirmishes, attended with various Success; but the Rebels received a considerable Over∣throw between Edinburgh and Leith. Queen Elizabeth and the French King were blamed by both their Parties, for not being quick enough in their Supplies. The former was put upon by some of her Council who favoured the Duke of Norfolk, to demand the Scotch King as an Hostage from his Party: And the K. of France demanded from the Queen's Faction the Castles of Edinburgh and Dunbarton, as Pledges of their Fidelity. The King's Party abso∣lutely refused to part with him, nor was it in the Power of the Queen's Party to deliver up those Places demanded of them. Af∣ter this the Rebels had another Repulse at Leith, but surpri∣zed the Convention at Sterling, and killed the Regent after they had given him Quarter; but were driven out of the Town again, and John Earl of Marr was chosen Regent. He assaulted Edinburgh without Success; and the King's Party being worsted by the Rebels in the North, several Attempts were made by those of the South, wherein they still came off with Loss. Hereupon the Regent straitned the Rebels in Edinburgh. [So far Buchanan.] After this, the E. of Morton was chosen Regent; and because the Ministers complained that the Church-Revenues were all ingrossed by the Nobility, so as there was not a Competency left for their Maintenance, and other pious Uses, he introduced a sort of Bi∣shops without Jurisdiction, who contented themselves with the Ti∣tle and some additional Allowance, whilst the Nobility still en∣joyed the Revenues. He pressed also for a Conformity with the Church of England, thereby to advance the King's Interest in that Nation, but could never effect his Designs; and the Nobility be∣ing dis-satisfied with him, he was obliged to demitt the Regency, and the King enter'd upon the Government, March 12. 1578. After which, the first Assembly of the Church declared against Bi∣shops. In 1579. Mr. D'Aubigny, of the Family of Lenox, arrived from France, sent, as it was thought, by the Guises, to endeavour an Alteration in Religion, and to procure an Association in the Government between the young King and his Mother. And be∣ing His Majesty's Kinsman, he was in a little Time created Earl of Lenox. A Parliament being called the same Year, the Confession of Faith was established. In December, 1580. the E. of Morton, formerly Regent, was committed to the Castle for concealing the Design against the King's Father's Life; for which he was behea∣ded, June 1. 1581. declaring upon the Scaffold, that he concea∣led it because of the danger of revealing it. The E. of Lenox got the best part of his Estate, and the Guises were supposed to be the chief Promoters of his Fall, because he was a principal Instrument in dethroning Q. Mary. The Earl of Lenox was in a little Time made Duke; and in May, 1582. one Seignior Paul, an Italian, concerned in the Massacre at Paris, came from the D. of Guise with a Present of 8 Horses to the King, with whom he obtained great Credit by the D. of Lenox's Means. The Guises at the same time were raising Forces on pretence of assisting the D. of Anjou in the Low Countries, but really to deliver Q. Mary out of Prison, by the help of the English Roman Catholicks. The D. of Lenox in the mean time endeavoured to raise new Troubles in the Church, by Means of Mr. Robert Montgomery Titular AB^p of Glasgow, who was excommunicated for going with some of the Guard, and pul∣ling a Minister out of the Pulpit at Glasgow; for which and offer∣ing to plead at the Bar, contrary to the Laws, the Magistrates of Edinburgh came to put him out of the Town, being scarce able to secure him from the incensed Rabble: Upon which, the D. of Lenox obtained a Special Commission from the King, to hold a Court, and punish the Actors in this Affair; but it being disco∣vered, that he designed to bring in many of the Popish Nobility, and others of the Queen's Faction, to possess themselves of the City by Force, while he should summon and punish by Death or otherwise such as he pleased, the Earls of Marr and Gowry, with others of the Nobility, met the King as returning from Hunting, and conveying him to Ruthwen-Castle, acquainted him with the imminent Danger both to Church and State, from the D. of Lenox and Earl of Arran, who had banished such as had been most ser∣viceable to him in his Infancy, restored some of those concerned in the Murther of his Father, excluded the Nobility from his Council, and governed all by the Advice of the Bishops of Glas∣gow and Ross, declared Rebels, with the Assistance of the Pope's Nuncio, Spanish Ambassadors, and French Papists. Whereupon they obtained a Charge for the Duke to depart the Country, and that the Earl of Arran should be confined. Septemb. 12. 1582. Proclamations were issued by the King, discharging the Commis∣sions which he had formerly given to the Duke and E. of Arran; and declaring that he did not act thus by Compulsion. The Nobility published a Declaration at the same Time, charging the said Duke and E. of Arran, that by the Influence of France and Spain they 〈1+ pages missing〉〈1+ pages missing〉
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  • and the Magistrates of London concurred. The Convention be∣ing Assembled on the 22d. of January, they presented the P. with an Address of Thanks, for what he had done, and recom∣mended Ireland to his care. About 8 Days after (not without Opposition in the House of Lords) the Convention came to a Resolve, in these Words, That K. James II. having endeavoured to Subvert the Constitution of this Kingdom, by breaking the Original Contract between King and People, and by the Advice of Jesuites, and other wicked Persons; having Violated the Fundamental Laws, and having withdrawn himself out of this Kingdom, hath Abdicated the Government, and that the Throne was thereby vacant; after which, the Convention having drawn up a Declaration, in order to a firm Establishment for the future, and made a Claim of what they thought to be the ancient Rights and Liberties of the People, with the Grievances which they desired to be redressed, they declared the Prince and Princess of Orange King and Queen, the Administration to be in both their Names, but the Exercise of the Power only in his Majesty, settling the Succession on the Heirs of the Body of the Princess, now Queen; and in Default of hers, on the Heirs of Princess Ann's; and in default of hers, on the Heirs of the Prince, now King, and a little after, their Majesties were both Proclaimed. Such of the Nobility and Gen∣try of Scotland, as were at London, petitioned his Majesty to take the Administration of their Government upon him, and to call a Convention there, which he accepted, and during the Sitting of the Convention, they receiv'd a Letter from K. James, and ano∣ther from the K of England; but before they opened the first, they pass'd an Act, declaring themselves a Free and lawful Mee∣ting, and on the 12th. of April 1689, for a numerous train of Reasons, declared in these Words, That whereas K. James VII. being a professed Papist, did Assume the Regal Power, &c. (as may be seen in the Declaration it self) he had forfeited his Right to the Crown, and the Throne was become Vacant. After which, they drew up a Claim of Right, and declared the Prince and Princess of Orange King and Queen, in the same manner, as the English Convention had done. The late K. James, finding that the Con∣vention of Scotland took no notice of his Letter, appointed the Viscount Dundée, who had withdrawn himself from the said Con∣vention, to call another, with the Assistance of the Bishops, but it took no effect; and Dundée being afterwards slain in Battel, the late King's Interest declined there a-pace. He Embarked at Brest, March 10. New Stile, and landing in Ireland, did quickly reduce all that Kingdom but London-derry, after a Siege from the latter end of April to the 11th. of June; in which, the besieged suffered very much, and behaved themselves with extraordinary Gallantry, his Army was repulsed with considerable loss, leaving their Baggage, Canon, Ammunition, &c. behind them, and Mon∣sieur De Momont, the French General of Horse, was killed by Colo∣nel Murray in a Salley. The late King's Forces had no better Suc∣cess against the Inneskillin-Men. Duke Scomberg being sent over by King William, landed on the 24th. of August 1689, not far from Bangor, and took Carickfergus after some Days siege, upon which, the late K. commanded all the Irish from 16 to 60 to take Arms. In October following, the D. took Charlemont, and forced the Irish from Newry Pass, within a few Miles of the late King's Army, which was 30000 strong. In November following, the French Papists in the Duke's Army, having promised to betray it to the late K. he prepared to advance towards the English Camp, but was prevented by the discovery; at the same time the In∣nes••illiners defeated 5000 of the Irish sent against them. The most considerabie thing afterwards, was, his Defeat at the Boyne, after which, he retired again into France, while Ireland was en∣tirely Reduced by K. William's Forces, and his last appearance in the Field was at La H••gue, where he Commanded part of the French Army, and was Eye-witness to the burning of several of the best Ships of the French Fleet by the English, under Admiral Russel. The late K. has been twice married; his first Wife, was Ann, Eldest Daughter of Edward E. of Clarendon, by whom he hath now living, our present Q. Mary and Princess Ann of Den∣mark; his second, is, Josepha Maria d'Este, Daughter to the late Duke of Modena, to whom he was married Novem. 1673. Our present Q. Mary, was born Apr. 20. 1662, and married to the P. of Orange in 1677. Princess Ann was born in 1664, and married to P. George of Denmark in 1683. The particular Battels and Sieges in Scotland or Ireland, since the Revolution, will be found in their proper places.
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  Kings of Arragon of the Name of Iames.
  • Iames I. of that Name, K. of Arragon, being Six Years old, Succeeded his Father Peter II. surnamed The Catholick, killed at the Siege of Muret near Toulouse, in a Battel in 1213, against Si∣mon of Montfort. Being 13 Years old, he married Eleonor, Sister to Ferdinand K. of Castile; and 10 Years after, by a Dispensation from the Pope, he was divorced from her. He took Majorca, and Minorca, Valence, and other Dominions from the Moors. He de∣feated the Princes who rebelled, during his Minority, and ac∣quired the Title of Warlike. He exchanged the County of Mont∣pelier, which descended to him by his Mother, Mary of Montpe∣lier, with King St. Lewis in 1238, for some Territories in Lan∣guedoc; and promised to undertake a War against the Eastern Infidels; but he performed little. His love to Women, made him often quarrel with the Popes. He died July 27. 1276, being 70 Years old, having Reigned 63 Years.
  • Iames II. Peter III's Son, succeeded in 1291. to his Brother Alphonsus III. called The Bountiful, and was Crowned at Saragossae the 24th. of September. He Subjected Sicily, which he pretended to, by his Mother Constance of Sicily, Peter III's Wife; he assu∣med also the Title of Duke of Apulia, and Prince of Capua. He left his Brother in Sicily, who made himself King thereof. In the beginning of his Reign, he made a Peace with France; but proved unfortunate in a War against the Moors, and the Navar∣rois. In a general Assembly of the States of the Kingdom, he caused them to Decree, That Arragon, Valence and Catalonia, should never be parted. He died at Barcelona, Novem. 2. in the 36th. Year of his Reign, and the 66th. of his Age, in 1327.
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  Kings of Cyprus of the Name of Iames.
  • Iames of Lusignan, K. of Cyprus, was Son of Peter I. and Ele∣onor of Arragon. His first Title was Prince of Tabaria. Having sig∣nalized himself upon divers occasions, he was taken in a Fight by the Genoese, who kept him till 1383. In that Year, Peter II. or Petrin, his Nephew, being dead, the Genoese released him, on condition, that he should yield to them Famagusta and its Ter∣ritory. He was Crowned at Nicosia, and Succeeded Leon or Lionel K. of Armenia, and died in 1410.
  • Iames, the Natural Son of John III. K. of Cyprus, by Mary Patra, was designed by his Father for a Church-man, and there∣upon he caused him to take Sub-deacons Orders. But upon his Father's death in 1458. James took Arms against Charlotte, the only Daughter and Heir of John III. and by the Soldan Melec-El∣la's help, turned her out, and Usurp'd the Kingdom. In 1470, he married Catharine Cornaro, Daughter to Marc Cornaro, a Noble Venetian, whom the Common-wealth of Venice adopted, and so she received a Portion, as Daughter of St. Mark. James died June 5. 1473. leaving his Wife with Child.
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  Other Princes called Iames.
  • Iames of Arragon, K. of Majorca, a good Prince, lived in the XIVth. Century. Peter K. of Arragon, called The Ceremonious, dispossessed him of his Dominions with strange Cruelty, about the Year 1343 or 44, tho' Pope Clement VI. and other Contem∣porary Princes, opposed that Tyranny. This K. had a Son also named James, the Third Husband of Jane I. Queen of Naples, Countess of Provence, &c. That Marriage happened in 1363. This Princess, being unwilling to give him the Title of King, James not induring such Contempt, left her 3 Months after Mar∣riage, and died of Grief, in 1375.
  • Iames of Savoy, P. of Achaia and Morea, Earl of Piedmont, Lord of Yvree, &c. Was Son of Philip of Savoy, E. of Piedmont, by Isabella of Ville-Hardouin, Princess of Achaia and Morea, his first Wife. He entred Turin in 1344, and was afterwards, concerned in the Wars of the Earls of Milan and Savoy, and had good Success, chiefly against the Marquiss of Saluces. These happy Omens so flushed him, that thinking nothing could oppose his Designs; in 1359, he undertook to impose in Piedmont, a Tax upon the Commodities to be Imported into Savoy. Amé VI. E. of Savoy, surnamed The Green, disgusted at it, sent Commissio∣ners into Piedmont, one of whom, James caused to be Executed. The Green Count provoked thereat, Armed against the Earl of Achaia, took him prisoner, and seized his best Places. So that this unhappy Prince submitted to his Conqu••ror's Demands for his Liberty, and died May 17. 1366.
  • Iames of Savoy, Governor of Dauphine and Lionnois, &c. Son to Philip of Savoy D. of Nemours, by Charlotte of Orleans, was born Octob. 12. 1531. Two Years after, he lost his Father. ••is Mo∣ther educated him with great Care, and by her Prudence and In∣terest kept her Son's Estate, who at 15 Y••ars old wen•• to the French Court, and signalized himself in several Sieges and Battel••. The most remarkable was that of 4 French-men against 4 Spa∣niards, sought in Piedmont, in 1555. The French were, th•• D. of Nemours, the young Classé Vassé, Gaspa•• o•• Bol••••ers o•• Manes, and Montcha of the House of Simiane. Their Enemies were, the Marquis of Pesquaire, the Marquis of Malespine, Francis ••••••affa, Nephew to Pope Paul IV. and Arboreo of Cende. The D. of Ne∣mours and the Marquis of Pesquaire tilted twice without reaching one another, the third Time they broke their Lances: Vasse and Manes were killed; and Montcha, with his Lance, ran Caraffa through, so he died immediately. This Prince was of comely Presence, generous, civil, witty and learned; spoke several Lan∣guages, and wrote Verse and Prose with a great deal of Facility. He died at Anneci, June 15. 1585.
  • Iames of Savoy, E. of Romont, Baron of Vaud, was the youn∣ger Son of Lewis D. of Savoy, by Ann of Cyprus. His Father gave him his Appennage at Quiers, Feb. 26. 1460. He was stout and courageous, but passionate, and an Enemy to Peace. He greatly loved Charles the Rash, or the Bold, last D. of Burgundy; whom he served against Lewis XI. He was included in the Peace, An. 1475. but did not long enjoy it. 'Tis said, a Switzer driving a Cart loa∣ded with Sheep-skins, and being abused in the Country of Vaud, complained to the Confederacy: The Switzers demanded Satis∣faction, which the E. of Romont neglected to make; and there∣upon they took Arms. The D. of Burgundy espoused his Friend's Quarrel, but was defeated in the 2 famous Battels of Grandson and Morat, in 1476. After this Duke's Death, James of Sav••y stuck to Maximilian of Austria, who married Mary, Heiress of Burgundy, created him Knight of the Golden Fleece, in 1478. and afterwards made him one of the chief Counsellors to Philip, his Son. James did him good Service at the Siege of Theroü••••••, in 1479. in the

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  • Battel of Guinegaste, &c. He was included in the Treaty of Peace in 1482. and died in the Castle of Ham in Picardy, January 30. 1486.
  • Iames Paleologus, a Greek Gentleman, descended from the Emperors of Constantinople. When that City was taken by the Turks, in 1453. he went to Rome, and became a Dominican; but being of an unstable Spirit, and calling in question Orthodox Truths, he was put into the Inquisition; whence escaping, he went into Germany, where he pretended to be a Protestant; thence into Poland, where he adhered to the Arrians. The Emp. Maxi∣milian II. having notice of it, caused him to be brought back to Rome, where he abjured his Errours: But publishing them again, he was condemned and burnt in 1565.
  • Iames Heraclides, or Basilides. Many think him an Impo∣stor. He gave out himself to be descended from the ancient De∣spotes, or Vaivodes of Moldavia and Valachia, Lord of Samos-Island, and Marquis of Paros in the Archipelago. He had a very noble Countenance, and understood well the Greek, Latin, Italian and French Tongues. Many Polish Lords so zealously espoused his Cause, that by Force they established him Despote of Moldavia and Valachia, having vanquished the Des••ote Alexander in 1561. James bribed the Bassa's and Vizier, and so got himself confirmed in his Principality by Solyman II. Emperor of the Turks. But he reigned but 3 Years; for the Valachians having some Suspicion of hi•• Quality, attacked him in his Palace; where taking to himself t•••• ••••••••naments of his Dignity, he underwent Death with a great d•••••• •• ••••••stancy. De Rocoles, les imposteurs insignes.
  • St. Iames of the Sword, a Military Order of Spain. 'Tis affir∣med, t•••••• ••ome Regular Canons observing how the Moors abused the Pilgrims, going to visit the Relicts of St. James at Compostella, buil•• divers Ho••pitals to receive them; and that 13 Gentlemen offered themselv••s to protect them. This properly gave a Be∣ginning to this Or••••r, approved by Pope Alexander III. in 1175. and by Pope I••n••cent III. in 1198. The Knights observed the Rule 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Austin, and th•• Vows of Religion, but they were since per∣mitt••d to marry. The Knights wore formerly on their Breasts and on the Left Side a Scallop-Shell, about their Necks 3 Chains of Gold, from which hung the Form of a Sword, being of Red Satin embroider'd, and a Scallop-shell upon the Sword. The Red Sword denotes their Victory over the Arabians, with whose Blood the Sword was died. The Scallop-shell is a Mark of their Pilgrimage to the Sepulchre of St. James: And the Motto, Rubet ensis sanguine Arabum. At present they wear a Cross in the shape of a Sword, the Pommel made like an Heart, and the Ends of the Guard like Flower-de-Luces. A modern Author saith, that the most part of the Orders of Spain have some such Resemblance in their Arms, to denote how the French assisted the Spaniards against the Moors. This, the most considerable Order in Spain, and was established in Castile and Portugal: The King is the Great Master of it, since the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, who ob∣tained it of Pope Alexander VI. * Roderic of Toledo. Mariana and Favin. Theat. d'honn. & de chev.
• * Iames-Town, so called from King James I. is the princi∣pal City of Virginia, situate upon the River Pauhatan, near its ••all into the Northern Sea. It was built by the English, about 16••7.
• * Iames-Town, a Town of the County of Letrim, in the Pro∣vince of Connaugh••: So called from K. James I. who founded it. It stands upon the Shannon, and is well walled; but its Buil∣dings were for the most part ruined during the Wars in King Charles I's Time.
• Iamers, a little Town of Lorrain, towards the Borders of Luxemburg. belonging to the French, and lately fortified. It is situa•••••• on a small River, between Montmedi, Damvilliers, Stenai and Len••vi. Lon. 24. 43. Lat. 49. 30.
• * Iamnia, or Iabina, a Sea-Port, 30 Miles from Jerusalem, and about 6 S. from Joppa. The Inhabitants of which being Sy∣rians, and designing to murther the Jews, as they of Joppa had done Judas Macchabaeus, fell upon them by Night, and burnt all the Ships in their Haven, the Flame of which was seen at Jerusa∣lem; and thus he prevented their Treachery, Macch. 2.12. Ʋz∣ziah K. of Judah, before this, ruined its Walls, and Judas Mac∣chabaeus overthrew an Army of the Arabians near it. 1 Macch. 4.5.10.15. 2 Macch. 11.
• Iancire, K. of the Scythians. See Idathyrse.
• * Iancoma, A Kingdom of the East-Indies, in the Peninsula be∣yond Ganges, in the Kingdom of Pegu. The River Mecon bounds it on the East, and the River Menan on the West.
• Ianeiro, Rio de Ianairo, or Ganabara Janvarius, a River of Brasil in America, running into the Sea in the South of the same Country. It gave its Name to a Province, or Capitany. Its Towns are, St. Sebastian, which has a good Harbour; Angra de Los Reges, Caza de Piedro, &c. The Country is under the Por∣tuguese. It was first discovered by a French Protestant, in 1515. but Outed by the Portuguese, in 1558.
• Ianiculus, a Mountain of Rome, on the other Side Tyber, where Janus K. of Italy was formerly adored, and where was the Sepulchre of Numa II. King of Rome. Here Porsenna King of Hetruria encamped when he besieged Rome, the Prospect whereof is very fine from this Place because of its heighth. Here St. Peter is said to have suffered Martyrdom. 'Tis now called Montorio, or The Golden Mountain, because of its Colour. Tit. Liv. lib. 1. Plin. lib. 16.
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  Ianisaries, Foot-Soldiers in the Turkish Army. The Name is derived from Jegni, which signifies New, and Tcheri, Soldier; out of which is formed Jegnitcheri, A new Soldier; which we pronounce Janisar••. [See the Reason for this Name under the Head Bectaschites.] This Militia was formerly composed only of Christian Children, whom their poor Fathers gave up for the Carach, or Tribute, exacted by the Grand Signior of all Christians that desire Liberty of Conscience in his Dominions, or else such as were taken Prisoners from the Christians. But the Custom of Tribute-Children is abolished, except in Mingrelia, and other Pla∣ces towards the Black-Sea, where they cannot pay the Cara••h in Money. The Number of them is more or less, according as the Turks are routed. Formerly it was fixed to 33000. Lately they were near 100000. But now this Number is much lessened, though we should reckon all those who buy such Places of the Kiaia and Serdars, or of the Aga of the Janisaries, only to be∣come formidable, or be exempted from Tribute, or for other particular Reasons. Their Pay is from 2 to 12 Aspers a Day, be∣sides the Doliman, or the Coat of Thessalonick Cloth, given them yearly, the first Day of their Ramezan, or Lent. Particular Ser∣vice, or extraordinary Valour increaseth a Janisary's Pay some few Aspers. Besides, it gives him Security that his Pay shall be continued, tho' he should become lame; because he shall be made Otourac, and Asarela, Soldier in Pay during Life. At Constantinople they are obliged to lodge in their Oda, or common Chambers: (For all the Janisaries there are in Constantinople 160 Chambers, where they must lodge, or be severely punished.) These Cham∣bers sometimes hold 2 or 300 Men, more or less, as the Times are. And they are obliged to retire at a certain Hour; after which, the Odabaschi, or Governor of the Chamber, or, in his Absence, the Ashgi, or Cook, mark the Absent, that they may be punished if they had not Leave to stay out, or rebuked only if an extraordinary Accident prevented their Return. Each is bound to give to the Treasury of his Chamber, or to the Janisa∣ries common Treasury, in Time of Peace, One and an half per Cent. of all his Pay; and in Time of War, 7 per Cent. But in Consideration, he is allowed in the Chamber a Place 3 Foot broad, and 6 Foot long, for his Quilt; besides a Dish of Rice, a Piece of Mutton, and some Bread and Water, at Dinner and Supper. So that still out of his Pay he may be a Saver.

  Their Apparel is a Doliman, or a long Coat with short Sleeves: About the middle-part of their Body 'tis girded with a Coussac, or Linen-Cloth Girdle, striped with many Colours, with Gold and Silver Fringe at the Ends. Over their Doliman they wear a Spahi, or Vest of Blue Cloth, carelesly, like our Campaign-Coats. In∣stead of a Turban, they wear a Zarcola, or a kind of Felt-Cap, with a long Felt-Hood hanging on their Shoulders. On high Days they deck their Zarcola with a Quill full of many long Feathers, tied on the fore part of their Cap. In Constantinople they seldom have any thing in their Hand but a long Stick, or Indian Cane. But their Arms for War in Europe are, a Scymiter, and the Gun, or Musket: They have also a Case for Powder hanging on their Left Side, by a Leather-string; and they twist their Right Arm with Match, as with Bracelets. In Asia, for want of Powder, they use Bows and Arrows, and have always a Dagger, or Knife, wherewith they threaten those who refuse to grant their Demands. Bows and Arrows are provided for them by the Alkitefterdars, or Under-Treasurers-General.

  The Janisaries rarely marry, because they think there, as else∣where, that a married Man is not so resolute as one that takes care only for himself. Yet the Law rather encourages it, than forbids it: For when they do it with their Officer's Consent, they are exempted from lodging in the common Chambers; only eve∣ry Friday they must appear, and shew themselves to their Wekil∣harg, or Treasurer of the Chamber; otherwise they lose their Pay. When they have a Child born, the Emperor allows them some few Aspers a Day more. Their Body is not so considerable as formerly. They have been so formidable, that they presumed to dispose of the Government, deposed Sultan Ibrahim in 1648. and strangled him in the Castle of Seven Towers. But since, the Grand Visiers, to maintain their Sovereigns and their own Authority, have endeavoured to humble them; destroying the stoutest at the Siege of Candy, and permitting others to marry, or exercise Trades, against their old Custom and Discipline: So that their Body now consists only of unexperienced and idle Men, not knowing how to support their Predecessors Pride; and yet, in 1687. they had Boldness enough to join with the Spahies, to de∣throne Mahomet IV. and make his Brother Solyman III. Emperor. During which Troubles they put the chief Officers of the Empire to death, plunder'd the richest Citizens, and burnt part of the City. Memoires Historiques.

• Ianisar-Aga, the General Commander of the whole Body of the Janisaries; the first of all the Aga's, or Officers of Turkish Infantry. The Name comes from the Turkish Word Aga, which signifies Master, or Lord, or a Stick, the Token of Command, which he holds in his Hand on extraordinary Days. T••is General was formerly chosen out of the Janisaries; but some Intrigues being perceived among them, and his Election being followed with Jea∣lousie and Hatred, the Sultan chuses him now out of the Icholans of his Seraglio. He has a considerable Allowance assigned upon some Timars affected to his Place, and he often receives Presents from the Sultan, especially when the Janisaries have behaved 〈1+ pages missing〉〈1+ pages missing〉

• 〈1+ pages missing〉〈1+ pages missing〉bitants a silver Mace in 1663, to be carried before their Chief Magistrates.
• Iason, Aeson's Son, K. of Thessalia, who dying, left him under the Guardianship of Pelias, who gave him to Chiron to be instru∣cted, and then to be rid of him, (because for-warned by the Ora∣cle, That he would be in danger of losing his life, by him that came to him with one Shooe, as Jason happened to do, having lost the other in a River, as carrying over Juno in the likeness of an old Woman,) sent him to Colchos, to fetch the Golden Fleece, about An. Mun. 2824. Upon which Design, he rigged out the famous Ship Argo; touching at the Island Lemnos in his way thi∣ther, he was entertained by Hypsipile the Q. at Bed and Board; and going thence for Colchos, by Medea's help, Daughter to the K. of the Country, who fell in Love with him, slew the Dragon that guarded that rich Booty, and, for Reward, married her; to whom afterwards he proved false, and married Creusa, Daughter of Creon K. of Corinth; which so vexed Medea, that she burned them both in the Royal Palace. Some give this farther account of Jason, T••at he received from Venus a little Bird call'd Jynx, which had the Vertue to procure Love, and Medea being thus Enchanted, gave him an Ointment to preserve him from the Bulls which vo∣mitted Fire at their Mouths and Nostrils; and being thus secured, he goes to her Father Aeetas, and Demands the Golden Fleece, which he promised, on Condition, That he yoked those Bulls, sow the Teeth which he should deliver him, and conquer the Armed Men which should spring from them; all which he per∣formed: But Aeetas, unwilling to stand to his Promise, designed to murther him and his Companions. Others say, he gave him his Daughter Medea, and planted Gardens near Pontus, which still bear his Name. Hyginus. Eusebius in Chron. Apollodo∣rus. Ovid l. 7. Metam. Seneca, Med. Valerius Flaccus, de Ar∣gon.
• Iason, a Jew, Brother of Onias the High-Priest. He courted Antiochus Epiphanes so well, that he obtained his Brother's Dig∣nity. And afterwards he endeavoured to abolish the Judaical Customs, to introduce those of the Gentiles, An. Mun. 3879. And 2 Years after, Menelaus, Simon's Brother, of the Tribe of Benjamin, supplanted him. Sometime after, upon the Report of Antiochus's death, he entered Jerusalem by force, drove out Me∣nelaus, and put many Citizens to death, but could not be re-in∣stated in the Dignity he procured so basely. So he left the Ci∣ty, and fled into Arabia for Sanctuary, but Aretas, K. thereof, ex∣pelled him, and he found no more favour in Aegypt; so that he retired to Sparta, where he died miserably, and was left unbu∣ried, a Favour never denied to the greatest Malefactors. 1 Mac∣chabees c. 1. 11. c. 4 & 5. Josephus, in Antiq. & de bello judaico. Torniel & Salian in Annal. Sacr.
• Iason of Cyrene, an Historian of the 150th. Olympiad, An. Rom. 547, in the time of Ptolomaeus Philometer. He wrote 5 Books of the memorable Actions of the Asmonaeans or Macchabees, which the Au∣thor of the 2d. Book of Macchabees acknowledgeth himself to have abridged.
• Iasque, a Principality in the Kingdom of Persia, on the Coast of Kerman. The Country between the Cape of Jasque, and the Cape of Guadel, the two most Southern Points of Persia, and from the Sea side as far as the Province of Kerman, is pos∣sessed by 3 Petty-Princes, one a Mahometan, and the other two, whose Dominions are towards the East, Idolaters. The first is the most powerful, and the nearest the Territories of Ormus. He assumes the Name of Prince of Jasque, which his Ancestors had. The K. Cha-Abas I. having conquered Ormus, exacted from this Prince a yearly Tribute. But Cha-Sephi succeeding his Grand-fa∣ther very young, the Pr. of Jasque took occasion to refuse pay∣ment. Cha-Abas II. to be revenged, sent 20000 Men under the Kan of Ormus, who was drowned in a Fen: But his Command was given to his Brother, who entered into the Pr. of Jasque's Dominions. The Pr. proved victorious, and thinking himself safe, resolved to go to Mecca, to return Thanks. The Kan having notice thereof, sent 20 armed Barks to wait for him on the Coasts of Arabia, where he was taken, and thence carried to Ormus. To avoid the Heat, the Kan had retired to the Mountains 10 or 12 Leagues from the Town, and the Pr. of Jasque was conducted to the Kan's Tent. In the interim, this Prince's Wife, a stout Wo∣man, knowing his Misfortune, went speedily and secretly with 600 Horse, Commanded by her Husband's Lieutenant-General, and about Mid-night, surprizing the Kan in his Tent, killed him with her own hand, cut to pieces the most part of his drousy Men, and delivered her Husband before the face of the amazed Persians. The K. sent a new Kan with 30000 Horse, to subdue this Rebel: But the Prince, assisted by his Neighbours, the two Idolatrous Princes, obtained a second Victory; only lost his Lieu∣tenant-General, who fell into the Enemies Hands. The King hea∣ring thereof, delivered him up to the Kan, that he might re∣venge upon him the death of his two Brethren. The Kan in∣vented the most cruel Punishment that ever was known; causing the Lieutenant's Body to be Larded with Wax-Candles lighted, and then carried every day on a Camel, in this deplorable condi∣tion, through the City, from-Eleven to One in the Afternoon. This was done for 3 Days together, and the brave Captain, en∣dured this Roasting with a wonderful Constancy. At last, the Chief of the Dutch-Company, abhorring such Barbarity, entrea∣ted the Kan, that they should cease to torture this unhappy Man. So they carried him to the Sea-shoar, and beheaded him. Ta∣vernier, Voyage de Perse.
• Iassi, or Yasi, a Town of Moldavia, on the River Pruth, 25 or 30 Leagues from the Borders of Poland. It has a good For∣tress, and is sometimes the Seat of the Vaivodes of Moldavia. It was formerly taken by the Cossacks. The Turks kept a strong Garrison in this Town, yet it was taken by the present K. of Po∣land in 1686, in his March against the Tartars, and then Garri∣soned; but a Fire happening before his return, that consumed most of it, he withdrew his Men, and left the Walachians to re∣build it.
• Iava, Japhet's Son, born about 4 or 5 Years after the Flood, The Ionians were his Posterity. He left 4 Sons; Elishah, Chief of the Aeolians, Tarshish, the Founder of Tarsus, and Head of the People of Cilicia; Kittim, Chief of the People of Cyprus; and, Dodanim, of those of Rhodes. * Genesis cap. 10. Torniel, An. Mun. 1931. n. 22.
• Iava, a great Island of Asia in the Indian Ocean, separated from Sumatra, by an Arm of the Sea, called The Streights of the Sund, which gives its Name to the neighbouring Islands. Java is above 200 Leagues long, and about 50 in breadth; it was for∣merly subject to many Princes, when divided into Nine King∣doms, viz. Bantam, Jacatra, Japara, Tuban, Jortan, Passarvan, Pa∣narucan, Balambuan, and Materan, whereof each had a City of its own Name. Now there are but 2 Princes, one of Bantam, the other of Materan, who is Stiled Emperor of Java. The Country is extreamly fruitful, especially in Aromaticks, abounds with Pepper, Benzoin, Sugar, and Mines of Gold and Brass. The chief City of the whole Island, is Materan, much frequented by the English and Dutch, which last, made themselves Masters of Jacatra in 1617, and called it Battavia, now the Residence of the Chief of the Company, and the best Bank in the Indies. Most of the Inhabitants of this Island are Mahometans. In 1684, the Dutch joining with a Son of the K. of Bantam, then in Rebellion against his Father, seized the City of Bantam, took Possession of the English Factory, and kept the old K. Prisoner in the Castle: But finding that there were Designs to restore him, they perswa∣ded the young Prince in 1686, to remove him to Battavia. The Southern Parts of this Island are still undiscovered. In 1331, Odericus, a Friar Minor, was here; he saith, it was in Circuit 3000 Miles, divided into 8 Kingdoms, but all subject to one Su∣preme Prince; full of People, and one of the richest Kingdoms in the World. The Palace Royal, being paved with Bricks of Gold and Silver chequered; and that this Prince always beat the Tartars when they invaded him. Hackl. T. 2. p. 45. It lies between 130 or 140 Degrees Lon. and 5 and 10 Southern Lat. Texeira. Maffee.
• Iauregui (John.) At 23 Years of Age he went to Antwerp, by the Advice of his Master John de Anastro, Merchant in Biscaia, and being got into the P. of Orange's Castle, he discharged a Pi∣stol at him, and wounded him, March 28. 1582. Endeavouring to escape, he was killed upon the place by some of the Prince's Gentlemen. Emanuel de Meteren Histoire des pais-bas.
• * Iawer, a Town of Germany in Silesia, having the Title of a Dukedom, situated 5 or 6 Leagues off from Breslaw, and it is the Chief Town of a little Country, where are Schonaw, Schmit∣berg, Greiffemberg. This Town Jawer, tho' but small, is popu∣lous. The Dutchy is bounded with Lusatia to the W. Bohemia, properly so called, to the South, the Dukedom of Lignitz to the N. and that of Swejednitz to the East, &c. Lon. 36. 25. Lat. 51. 4.
• * Iayck, a vast River, which riseth in Siberia, towards the Fro∣zen-Sea, and running Southward between the Nagai Tartars, and the Kingdom of Tumen; the Zavolhensii Hord, and that of Cal∣muczk, falls into the Caspian-Sea. The Country is called Pascatir or Siberia. The People, to this Day, speak the Hungarian Lan∣guage, for this was the Seat of the Huns. Wil. de Ruberquis in Legatione, p. 88. Hackl. T. 1. p. 327.
• Iaycza, Giesa, Iaytza, or Gaitia, the Capital City of Bos∣nia. This City was recovered by the King of Hungary, in 1463, from the Turks, and they endeavoured to retake it, without Suc∣cess, the same Year; but took it afterwards, and made it the Seat of a Sangiack or Governor.
• Iaziges, People of Sarmatia in Europe, which Boleslaus The Chast, K. of Poland in 1264, and Lescus in 1282, almost wholly extirpated, as Cromer and Michovius tell us. Many of those Peo∣ple retired into High Hungary, and not into Transilvania, as others say, and they are those that were called Jaziges Metanastes.