The great historical, geographical and poetical dictionary being a curious miscellany of sacred and prophane history : containing, in short, the lives and most remarkable actions of the patriarchs, judges, ... heresiarchs, ... emperors, ... and all those who have recommended themselves to the world ... together with the establishment and progress both of religious and military orders ... ; [with] The genealogy of several illustrious families in Europe ; The fabulous history of the heathen gods and heroes ; The description of empires, kingdoms ... / collected from the best historians, chronologers, and lexicographers ... but more especially out of Lewis Morery ... his sixth edition corrected and enlarged by Monsieur Le Clark ... now done into English ; to which are added by way of supplement ... the lives ... and writings of the illustrious families of our English, Scotch and Irish nobility ... clergy ; as also an exact description of these kingdoms ... by several learned men ; wherein are inserted the last five years historical and geographical collections of Edmond Bohun ... never extant till in this work.

G. (Book G)

• G. THIS Mute is chang'd by Latin Authors in their Preterperfect Tenses into C, and some∣times into S or X. The Ancients made fre∣quent use of N, for Gn; as the Spaniards do at this time, who write Senor for Segnor, and Nino for Nigno, &c. The French change V into G, as Gascons for Vascons, &c.

• Gabali, an Ancient People of Gaul, where now the Pro∣vince of Le Gevaudan, among the Mountains of Sevennes, between le Velay and Vivarais to the East, Rovergne to the West, and Avergne to the North; whose Principal City at that time Mimatum, is now call'd Mende.
• Gabarus, Le Gave, a River of France in Aquitain, and in the Principality of Bearn; or rather, two Rivers of the same Name. The one, Le Gave de Pau, which rising out of the Pyraenean Mountains in the County of Bigorre, and gliding through Bearn, washes Pau and Ourtes, and discharges it self into the Adour, 4 Leagues above Bayonne. The other, Le Gave d'Oleron, which rising also out of the Pyraenean Mountains, waters Oleron and Navareins; and then falling into Le Gave de Pau, together with its Companion, empties it self into the Adour. Baudrand.
• Gabbatha, a Place of Judicature in Jerusalem, Pav'd with Stone, where Pilate sate in Judgment upon Christ; and upon the Jews denying him to be their King, deliver'd him over to his Accusers to be Crucify'd.
• Gabellus, now Secchia, a River of Lombardy; which rising out of the Appenine, waters Sassuolo, and flowing along between Modena to the East, and Rubiera to the West, some Leagues below, falls into the Po, near the Monastery of St. Benedict, in the Territory of Mantua. Baudrand.
• Gabieni, an Ancient People, whose chief City Gabienum, now Gabiano, stood upon a Hill, 3 Miles below Monte Falcone, in the way to Trin, from whence it lyes 7 Miles distant, upon the Borders of Piedmont; but not between Casal and Vercelli, as Ferrarius asserts.
• Gabii, a People bordering upon Rome, whose Principal City was call'd Gabii, seated in Latium, now la Campagna di Roma, toward that part which is call'd Campo Gabio. Which when L. Tarquinius, King of the Romans, had by open force attempted, the Artifices of his Son Sextus, feigning to fly for shelter thither from the Severity of his Father, deliver'd without Blows into the hands of the Romans. Livy.
• Gabin, in Latin Gabinium, a City of Lower Poland, in the Palatinate of Rava, seated upon the River Bzura, be∣tween Uladislau, and Warsaw, on that side next to Rava.
• Gabinius, Governor of Syria and Judaea for the Romans a little before the Birth of Christ. He restor'd Hyrcan to the High Priesthood, and settled the Peace of Judaea: After∣wards he oppos'd Aristobulus, took him Prisoner, and sent him to Rome; restor'd Ptolomy Auletes to his Kingdom; de∣feated Alexander, who usurp'd the Soveraignty of Judaea, and resign'd his Governments to M. Crassus. Josephus.
• Gabriel Sionita, a Learned Maronite, and Professor of the Syriack and Arabick Languages at Rome; whence he was sent for to Paris, to lend his Helping hand to Mr. Jay's Bible. He brought with him Syriack and Arabick Bibles, which he had written with his own hands from the Manuscripts in Rome, which were Printed the first time in Mr. Jay's Bible, with Points; and afterwards Reprinted in the English Poly∣glotton, with a Latin Version by Gabriel Sionita. He was also Author of an Arabick Geography, entitul'd, Geographia Nu∣biensis; which was Printed at Rome.
• Gabrieli, a Noble and Ancient Italian Family that first rais'd it self in Gubio, a City of Umbria, Eminent for learned Men, and Persons of High Dignity, both in Church and State.
• Gabrini, (Nicholas) the Son of a Vintner, or as some say, a Millar; but Bold and Eloquent, rais'd himself to be Tyrant of Rome in 1346. at what time the Holy See was translated to Avignon. He made himself Master of the Capitol, and assuming the Title of Tribune of the People, Summon'd the Ro∣mans, and cited Princes before him, as Chief of Rome, the Mistress of the World. He wrote himself in all his Publick Acts, Candidatus, Spiritus Sancti Miles, Nicolaus Severus & Cle∣mens, Liberator Urbis, Zelator Italiae, amor Orbis, Tribunus Augustus.

  Candidate, Soldier of the Holy Ghost, Nicholas severe and Mild, Deliverer of the City, Love of the World, Tribune August.

  Some∣time after, being expell'd Rome, he was taken and sent to Avignon, where Clement VI. put him in Prison; from whence escaping in 1353. he was received at Rome with a General Applause of the People; but the next Year assassinated by reason of his Tyrannies. Petrarch, Villani, Bzovius.
• Gabrinus Fundulus, took part with the Cavalcabo's, who made themselves Masters of Milan, about the Year 1411. But afterwards aspiring to the Soveraignty himself, invited Charles Cavalcabo, Chief of the Family, with Nine or Ten more of his Kindred, to a Banquet at his Country-House, where he Murder'd 'em all, and then seizing upon the Government, left no sort of Cruelty unexercis'd, to preserve himself; but being taken by Philip Visconti, Successor to John Duke of Mi∣lan, he had his Head cut off in the Place where he had acted all his Tyrannies. At what time his Confessor exhorting him to Repentance, he made Answer with a furious look, That he repented of nothing, but that he did not throw John XXIII. and the Emperor Sigismond from the Top of his Tower, when he had 'em in his Clutches, and had fill'd their Bellies with good Victuals. Fulgosus.
• Gad, in Hebrew signifying a Troop, the Name of the Seventh Son of Jacob by Zilpah, Leah's Handmaid, Born in the Year of the World 2287. from whose Loins were num∣bred in the Wilderness of Sinai 45650. that were able to go forth to War, Numb. 1.24. And his Tribe being one of those that had the greatest Multitude of Cattel, obtain'd of Moses their Settlement in part of the Kingdoms of the Amo∣rites, and Sihon King of Heshbon. Numb. 32.33. Joshua 13.24.
• Gad, the Name of a Prophet in David's Time, to whom he was sent by God, upon his Numbring the People, 2 Sam. 24.11. He was also one of the Three that Compil'd the History of the Acts of David, 1 Chron. 29.29.
• Gadara, or Gadaris, now Gaddi, an Ancient City of Pa∣lestine, in the Tribe of Manasseh beyond Jordan, seated upon a Mountain near the River Gadara, where it falls into the Lake of Genesareth: and famous in the Time of St. Jerome for the Baths that adjoyn'd to it. At present the City lyes in Ruins, and lives only in the Memorable Story of the Gada∣rean Swine.
• Gaddi, in great Favour with Urban VIII. and Innocent X. and much esteem'd for his Corollarium Poeticum, Corona Poe∣tica, Historica Elogia, &c. Jovius, Scipione Ammirato. NI∣CHOLAS GADDI, made a Cardinal by Clement VIII. in 1527. one of the Hostages which the Imperialists deman∣ded for the Pope's Ransom; and by Francis I. employ'd in several Important Negotiations. Jovius.
• Gademes, or Gademessa, a large Country of Africa, with a Desart of the same Name in the Region of Biledulgerid; between the Desart of Fezen to the East, and Guerguela to the West: where also stands the City of Gademes, upon the Ri∣ver Capsus. Baudrand.
• Gadrois, (Claudius) a Native of Paris, a great Admirer of Des Cartes's Philosophy; set forth a Treatise of the In∣fluences of the Stars, as also another Piece, entituled, The Systeme of the World; wherein he gives new Demonstrations of the Motions of the Earth, and by the Laws of Mecha∣nicks, resolves many Questions concerning Ponderosity, Levity, Light, &c. and died in the Year 1678. in the Flower of his Age.
• Gaetan de Thiene, a Native of Vicenza, was Founder of the Order of Regular Clerks, call'd Theatins, in the Year 1524. and died in 1547. In 1629. he was Beatify'd by Urban VIII. and Canoniz'd by Clement X.
• Gaetulia, a Region of the innermost Libya, bordering upon the Garamantes, of whom Salust. At first the Gaetuli and Libyes possess'd Africa, a Rude and Savage People, whose Food was the Flesh of Wild Beasts, and who fed upon the Ground, after the manner of Cattel; without Laws or Government; but roving and wandring till Night constrain'd 'em to fix in a place. The Region was the same where now the Region of Biledul∣gerid, the Kingdom of Terga, &c.
• Gaffarell, (James) Doctor of Divinity and the Canon-Law, wrote a Treatise of Talismans; wherein he discovers the Sub∣tilties of the Ancient Jews, who Grounded their Knowledge upon Aenigmatick Traditions.
• * Gago, a great Town, but unwalled, is seated almost 400 Miles from Tombuto, to the South-East. The Houses, ex∣cept the Palace, are mean; but there is a great Trade for Cloath brought from Barbary, and Sold here to the Negro's. It hath Corn and Cattle in Abundance; but it wanteth Wine, Fruits, and Trees, but they abound in Mellons, Citrons and Rice, and in good Water, and they have a Market for Slaves, which are Sold at 15 Ducats a piece if Young. The King in Person decideth the Controversies of his Subjects. The Trade here is wonderful great, and every thing seems rich and mag∣nificent on that account; A Barbary Horse is Sold for 10 Ducats, and yet Salt is much dearer. The People of this Kingdom are either Shepherds or Husbandmen, who in Win∣ter wear Beasts Skins, and in Summer go Naked. They are Rude, Ignorant, and Unlearned, not One in 100 Miles being able to Write or Read, and they Pay excessive Taxes to the King. Leo Africa. p. 209. About the Year 1594. Thomas Dassel, our Countryman, being then a Factor for the English in Banbury, saith in a Letter to his Correspondent here, Than

• the King of Morocco and Fez, sent one Alcaide Hamode a Moor, with 1700 Men, the greatest part of which perished in the Desarts for want of Water; yet the Remainder took Gago. The Negroes having nothing but Poison'd Poles and Arrows to defend it and themselves, and this Year they sent home 30 Mules laden with Gold; Tho' the Negroes were very Nu∣merous, yet 3000 Men will (saith he) Conquer all their Coun∣try; because they have no defence of Importance. Hackl.
• Gaguinus, (Robert) a Native of Calline, a small Town upon the Confines of Artois, and the River Lys; whose Learning and Parts advanc'd him in the Favour of Charles VIII. and Lewis XII. by whom he was employ'd in several Embassies into Italy, Germany and England. He wrote seve∣ral Pieces, but his greatest Work was his History of France, in XII. Books. He was Keeper of the Royal Library, and General of the Order of Trinitates; and died about 1502. Trithem.
• Gaianites, Herecticks that sprang from the Sect of the Euty∣chians, who maintain'd, That after the Union of the two Natures in Christ, his Body was Incorruptible, and that he suffer'd nei∣ther Hunger nor Thirst, nor any other Infirmity to which Man is liable by the Laws of Natural Necessity; but after another manner. Liberatus, Prateolus, &c.
• Gaianus, Chief of the Gaianites in the VIth. Age, ele∣cted Bishop of Alexandria by the People, at the same time that the Empress Theodora sent to have Theodosius, a Monk, cho∣sen to the same Preferment. Which Rivalship caus'd great Dissentions in Alexandria, till Gaianus was exil'd. Liberatus, Leontius the Scholastick.
• Gajeta, in Latin Cajeta, a City of Italy, in la Terra di La∣voro, with a Bishop's See, under the Archbishop of Capua; which as Virgil says, deriv'd its Name from Cajeta, Aeneas's Nurse, who died there. It is seated in a Peninsula, partly upon the Slope of a Hill, the Foot of which is wash'd by the Tuscan Sea; having a fair Harbour defended by a Strong Ca∣stle, and on the other side a good Cittadel. Gajeta is the Key of the Kingdom of Naples, upon the Frontiers of the Eccle∣siastical State, between Capua and Tarracina. There is within it a fair Cathedral, a curious Chapel in the Cleft of a Rock, an Ancient Tomb, which is thought to be the Sepulcher of M. Minutius Plancus, and the Skelleton of Charles of Bourbon, Constable of France. In 1495. the French took this City, with the rest of the Kingdom of Naples, and restor'd it the next Year after. In 1501. Ferdinand II. King of Na∣ples resign'd it to the French again. But in 1504. the Marquis of Saluces Surrendred it by Composition to Gonzales. Scipio Mazella, Leander Alberti, Mezeray.
• Gaillon, a Castle in Normandy, seven Leagues above Rouen, and two below Vernon, seated upon a Hill in a very pleasant place, about a small League distant from the Seine. It is one of the Houses of Pleasure belonging to the Archbishop of Rouen, and was built by George, Cardinal of Amboise. It has also a very beautiful and rich Charter-House.
• Gainas, a Goth by Birth, by his Valour advanc'd himself to be General of Arcadius the Emperor's Army. In the Year 395. he caus'd Ruffinus to be put to Death, for designing to seize the Empire. Upon the Emperor's favouring Eutropius, he became so jealous, that he call'd the Barbarians out of Asia, and forc'd Arcadius to deliver up his Favourite into his hands, and farther constrain'd him to give him the Heads of Aure∣lianus, Saturninus, and John, his faithful Ministers. Being an Arian, he demanded a Church for the Arians in Constanti∣nople, and had a design to have burnt the Imperial Palace, and to have made himself Master of the Empire. All these Insolencies compell'd the Emperor to Proclaim him an Ene∣my of the Publick Weal; upon which, he ravaged all Thrace, but being vanquish'd by Sea in the Hellespont, and taken in his Flight, his Head was sent to Constantinople. Theodoret, Zosi∣mus, Sozomenus.
• * Gainsborough, a large well-built Market-Town in Lin∣colnshire, in Lindsey Division, and Hundred of Gartree upon the River Trent; Memorable for the Death of Swane stabb'd here by an unknown hand. It drives a considerable Trade, and gives the Title of Earl to the Family of the Noels.
• Galanus, (Clement) a Theatin Monk, who having liv'd several Years in Armenia, collected what he could of all the Acts written in the Armenian Language, which he translated into Latin, with Observations of his own; and which was Printed at Rome in 1650. under the Title of A Reconciliation of the Armenian with the Church of Rome, upon the Testimony of the Armenian Fathers and Doctors. In 1686. was Printed at Cologne, Historia Armenia, Ecclesiastica & Politica, written by the same Author, being a Translation out of the Armenian Language by Galanus, with Notes: Where is to be seen what Patriarchs the Armenians have had, with their present Condition and Opinions. Biblioth. Universelle.
• Galas, (Matthew) a Native of Trent, from a Page to the Baron of Beaufremont, Chamberlain to the Duke of Lorrain, rose to be a General of the Imperial Armies. His first At∣tempts upon Burgundy in 1636. prov'd unsuccessful, the Duke of Lorrain and He being beaten at St. John de Luna. He was more Fortunate upon other Occasions against the King of Sweden: But being at last utterly de••eated by Torstenson, and disgraced with the Emperor, he died in 1647.
• Galata, by another Name call'd Pera, a City directly op∣posite to Constantinople, of which indeed it is accounted but the Suburbs, lyes on the other side of the Port of Constanti∣nople; from whence you may go to Galata by Land, only taking a compass round the Haven, and crossing a River that falls into the bottom of the Canal. This Place belong'd formerly to the Genoeses; and there is still standing a great Tower, which they held out a long time after the Turks were Masters of Constantinople. The Houses are well built, and there are also within it Five Convents of Latin Monks of different Orders. But the chiefest part of the Inhabitants are Greeks, who keep a sort of Publick Houses that draw to 'em all the Rabble of Constantinople, who are oftenimes very disorderly. Thevenot. Voyage du Levant.
• Galatia, a Province of the Lesser Asia, by the Turks call'd Gelas, as Leunclavius witnesses, derived its Name from the Gauls; who, after they had burnt Rome, and wasted Italy, settled themselves in this Country. It is also call'd Gallo-Graecia, to denote, that it was inhabited both by Gauls and Greeks; before whom the Phrygians gave the Name of Paphla∣gonia to one part of that Country. Galatia was bounded to the East, by Cappadocia; to the South, by Pamphylia; to the West, by Asia the Less, Pontus and Bithynia; and to the North, by the Euxine Sea. The Galatians or Gallo-Graecians, have wag'd considerable Wars, especially under Brennus. Their chiefest Cities were Ancira, still the Residence of the Sangiac, Sinope, Amisus, &c. This Country was subdu'd by the Turks in 1537. Pausanias, Ptolomy, Justin.
• Galba, of an Ancient and Noble Roman Family, but no way of Kin to the Caesars, Succeeded Nero in the Empire, according to that Prophetical Saying of Augustus, who when Galba, a young Lad, with others of his own Age, came to salute him, nipping him gently by the Cheek, And Thou Child, said he, shalt taste of the Empire. T••berius also perceiving it would be his Fortune to Reign, tho' in his old Age, Let him live, said he, since it nothing concerns us. His Grandfather also, from a particular Omen portending his coming to the Empire; Yes, said Galba, smiling, when a Mule brings forth. However, he attempted nothing all Claudius's Reign, nor did he stir in all Nero's time, till hearing that a Mule had brought forth indeed, and that Nero had given grivate Orders to have him put to Death, he began to think of a Revolt; and upon the News of Nero's Death, assum'd the Appellation of Caesar. But he obtain'd the Empire with more Favour and Authority than he manag'd it. For he so entirely gave him∣self up to be govern'd by three Favourites, T. Vinius, Cornelius Laco, and his Enfranchiz'd Bondman Icelus, Persons that ruin'd the Publick Weal with various sorts of Vices, that he was never himself: Sometimes more severe and cruel, sometimes more remiss and negligent than became an elected Prince, and a Man of his Age. Thereupon the German Army Stor∣ming that they were defrauded of the promis'd Rewards of their Service against the Gauls and Vindex, first breaking the Bonds of their Allegiance, wrote to the Praetorian Guards, that they lik'd not an Emperor made in Spain, and therefore that they should choose another, who should be grateful to all the Armies. Galba believing he was despised by reason of his old Age, and want of Children, adopted Piso, a Gentleman of great hopes, carried him to the Camp, and declar'd his Choice to the Soldiers. But Otho's Faction growing stronger and stronger, and getting Possession of the Camp, as he came forth to oppose the Tumult, he was Murder'd by certain Horsemen that were sent to dispatch him; not one of those that attended him offering to defend him, unless it were Sempronius Drusus, a Centurion; who withstood the Fury of the Assailants as long as he was able. This happen'd in the 73d. Year of his Age, and Seventh Month of his Reign. He was of a Moderate Stature, his Head bald, blue Eyes, Hawk-Nos'd, but his Hands and Feet so distorted with the Gout, that he could neither endure a Shoe, nor turn over the Leaves of a Book. History furnishes us with several Instances of Valiant Men, who all had Aquiline Noses; as Cyrus, Artax∣erxes, Demetrius Grypus, Scanderbeg, the great Sforza, Mahomet II. Emperor of the Turks, Usum Cassan, Ismael Sophi of Persia, Selim and Soliman, &c. Suetonius, Plutarch.
• Gale, or Gala, a City of the Island of Ceylan, in the Indian Sea. In the Year 1606. a great part of the Island of Ceylan was under the Portugueses, and the City of Gale, was then in a flourishing Condition; as well for that all the Vessels that came from Japan, China, the Isles of Sonde, Malaca and Ben∣gala, were forc'd to double the Point of Gala; as for that it was one of the principal Factories of the Portugueses. The Hollanders therefore designing the Conquest of Ceylan, began with the City of Gala, after they had concluded a League with the King of Candy to assist 'em by Land upon certain Conditions, and took it notwithstanding the stout Resistance of the Portugueses; who beheld the greatest part of their Hou∣ses and Magazines beat down, and blown up, before they parley'd. The Hollanders soon after repair'd the Fortifica∣tions;

• but Rebuilt few of the Houses. The Harbour, tho' it lye convenient, is very dangerous, by reason of the Rocks that lye under Water; so that there is no Entrance for great Ships, without the Assistance of the Town-Pilots. Tavernier.
• Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, Succeeded his Father Francis Sforza I. in 1466. but his Debaucheries render'd him so odious to the People, that he was Murder'd in the Church upon St. Steven's Day, in 1476.
• Galen, (Christopher Bernard de) the Son of Theodore de Galen, Hereditary Marshal of Curland, was elected Bishop of Munster in 1650. not without great Opposition of his Competitors, and in 1657. he Besieg'd the City of Munster and took it by Composition in 1657. In 1660. he Besieg'd it a second time. In 1665. he joyn'd with the King of England against the Hollanders, to whom he gave no small Trouble. In 1672. he Quarrelled again with the States of Holland, for the Sig∣niory of Borklo, and joyning with the French, took several Places from the Dutch, and the Elector of Brandenburgh who took their parts; but the Imperial Forces constrain'd him to make a Peace in 1674. The next Year he allied himself with the King of Denmark against the King of Sweden; from whom he took several Places in the Dutchy of Bremen and Princi∣pality of Ferden. He died in 1678. in the 74th. Year of his Age, leaving behind him the Character of a Restless Prelate. Memoirs du Temps.
• Galenus, (Claudius) of Pergamus a City of Asia, the Son of a Learned Architect, was a most excellent Physician; who flourish'd in the Reign of Claudian. Having learn't what he could at Alexandria, he went to Rome, where he wrote much; From whence returning into Asia, he was re∣call'd by the Emperors Verus and Antoninus; after whose Death, he return'd into his own Country; where, by his Temperance, he prolong'd the Life of a weak and crazy Body to a fair Age. He was the Founder of that Method of Physick now most in use; the Author of 100 Volumes that were burnt in the Temple of Peace; as appears by his Commentaries upon his own Works, number'd by Cardan among the 12 most Subtil Wits of the World. It's said, he fled from Rome in Plague-Time, without daring to trust to the Remedies of his Art; And some add, That he declar'd himself Enemy against the Jews and Christians, and accus'd 'em of believing very difficult things, without any Demon∣stration. But he himself was sometime after forc'd to leave Rome, upon an Accusation that he cur'd by Magick; because he had sometimes the good Fortune to stop dangerous De∣fluxions by Bleeding, and Curing the Falling-Sickness by hanging a Peony-Root about the Sick Person's Neck. He died in the Year 140. and 70th. of his Age. Cardan. Euseb. Volaterran.
• Galeota, known by the Name of Fabio Capece Galeota, descended from one of the most Noble Families of Naples; a famous Lawyer, and Regent of the Grand Council of Italy; in Spain under Philip IV. got great Credit by his Pieces entituled, Controversiae Juris, in II. Volumes, and his Responsa Fiscalia; and died in 1645. Lorenzo Crasso.
• Galeottus, (Martius) Secretary to Mattheus Corvinus, Tu∣tor to his Son, and Keeper of the Library of Buda; wrote De Jocose Dictis & Factis Matthei Corvini. But being sent for into France by Lewis XI. and meeting the King accidentally Riding out of Lyons, as he was entring in, out of his hast to alight, being a heavy fat Man, he fell from his Horse upon his Head, and died of the Bruise in 1478. Leander Alberti. Pierius Valerianus.
• Galerius, (Maximinus) Born in Dacia, near the City Sardica, being made his Companion in the Empire by Dioclesian; Divorc'd his first Wife, and Married Va∣leria the Emperor's Daughter. Upon his ill Success in a Battel against Narses, King of the Persians; he was but coldly welcom'd to Antiochia by Dioclesian. Which Disgrace so provok'd him, that gathering new Forces, he vanquish'd his Enemy, took the Royal Treasury, and drave him out of Mesopotamia, and five Provinces more, beyond Tiger. In 304. after Dioclesian and Maximianus had abdicated, Galerius and Constantius Chlorus divided the Empire between 'em. And now being sole Emperor, he exercised his inveterate Hatred against the Christians with more Cruelty. In the mean time, he created Caesars, Flavius, Valerius Severus, and Maximinus, his Sisters Son, and pursu'd his Designs upon Constantius's share; but Flavius being Kill'd by Maxentius, he set up Lici∣nius in his room. At length, despairing of Success against Maxentius and Constantine, who succeeded Chlorus, He died of an Ulcer in his Genitals that began to swarm with Worms, having reign'd Seven Years after the Abdication of his Father-in-Law. Eutropius, Orosus.
• Galesini, known by the Name of Petrus Galesinus, Apo∣stolick Prothonotary, Born at Milan; Flourish'd under the Pontificates of Gregory XIII. and Sixtus V. He set forth the Sacred History of Sulpitius Severus, that of Aymon of Halber∣stadt, and several other Works of the Ancients; and wrote a History of the Popes, under the Title of Theatru•• ••ontificale. Le Mire Riccioli.
• Galibis, a People of South America, in Guiana, which the Moderns call Equinoctial France. They inhabit toward the North Sea, along by the River of Courbo, between the Rivers of Surinam and Marauvini, which lye to the West; and that of Gaienne, and an Island of the same Name, that lye to the East. Other Maps place them in New Andalousia, to the North of the River Orinoque.
• Galicia, in Latin Gallaecia, the most Western Province of all Spain, which formerly bore the Title of a Kingdom. It is bounded to the West and North by the Atlantick Ocean; to the East by the Kingdom of Leon and Asturies, and by Portugal to the South. This Province was formerly of a much larger Extent than at present; yet we are assur'd, That it extends it self about 100 Leagues upon the Ocean, 40 in Breadth and 50 in Length. Galicia is a Mountainous Coun∣try, that bears Wood and Wine, but little Corn: where it joyns to the Sea; the nearness to the Ocean, and the Springs of hot Water render the Air unwholsom; yet the Sea affords Store of Fish, and the Land abounds in Cattle. At present the whole Province contains no more than Six Episcopal Ci∣ties, of which the Chief is Compostella; the rest are, Orons••, Baiona, Betanzos, Padron, Lugo, Mondomedo and Tuy. The Suevian's passing into Spain in the Vth. Age, settled a King∣dom in Gallicia, in 409. under their King Hermeric, which lasted till about 583. that Eburic was dethron'd by Andecus, who enjoy'd his Usurpation but a short while, being expell'd by Leuvigildus, King of the Visigoths; who joyn'd Galicia to his own Kingdom in 585. In 713. the Moors subdu'd Ga∣licia, with the rest of the Kingdom of the Visigoths. In 759. Froila King of Leon and Asturies, Kill'd Jusaph King of the Saracens, and his Successors making themselves Masters of almost all Galicia, united it to their own Dominions. Alfonsus de Nova, Molino de Malaga, &c.
• Galicia Nova, a Province of New Mexico, or New Spain, in the Northern America. It lyes along by the Sea-side, and is properly the Country of the Guadalajara; so call'd, from the Name of the Capital City, and a Country, which as some say, contains the Provinces of Xalisco, Delos Zacatecas▪ Chiat∣melan, Cinaloa, &c.
• Galilee, a Celebrated Region of the Holy Land, contain∣ing the Northern part of all Judaea, divided into the Upper, or Galilee of the Gentiles, and the Lower; Both bounded to the West, by the Mediterranean Sea; to the East, by the Lake of Tiberias; to the North, by Phoenicia; and to the South, by Samaria. The Upper Galilee comprehended the Tribes of Ashur and Naphtali; and the Lower, those of Zebulon and Issachar. The Principal Cities of Galilee, were Apollonia, or the Tower of Strato, Capernaum, Tiberias, Nazareth where Christ was Conceiv'd; and Cana, where he wrought his first Miracle.
• Galileo, Galilei, Born at Florence, was a famous Mathema∣tician, wrote several Mathematical Pieces, and made most In∣genious Observations upon the Spots in the Sun, upon Saturn's seeming sometimes Round and sometimes Oval, upon the Changes of Venus like those in the Moon; Discover'd the Sa∣tellites of Jupiter, i. e. Four Stars which he discover'd about Jupiter, and call'd the Stars of Medicis, &c. He was Imprison'd 5 Years in the Inquisition, for maintaining the Motion of the Earth about the Sun; Condemn'd by Urban VIII. as contrary to Scripture, and forc'd to Recant at Threescore Years of Age, before he could obtain his Liberty. Yet his Reasons met with such Reception among the Learned of this Age, that most of 'em hold his System, and maintain, That it con∣tains nothing contrary to Scripture; which, they say, ought to be the Rule of our Faith, and not the Standard of Natural Truths. That the Holy Ghost having inspir'd Men to write those Sacred Books, made 'em speak according to the common Opinion; and that he design'd to render us Faithful and Good Men, not Philosophers, Astronomers, and Naturalists. He died in 1642. in the 78th. Year of his Age.
• Gallani, Gallans, a People of Africa, who from small Be∣ginnings conquer'd at length a great Part of Habissinia: At first no more than Slaves to a great Lord in the Kingdom of Bali; by whom being abus'd beyond sufferance, they Re∣volted, and despairing of Pardon, fled to the Mountains and exercised petty Robberies, till their Numbers being encreas'd by such as resorted to 'em in hopes of Spoil and Plunder, they multiply'd into Armies, and of Robbers becoming In∣vaders, subdu'd all Babi, and moulded themselves into a kind of Common-wealth, making such Laws as they thought most conducible to augment their Nation, and preserve that Fierce∣ness which had been so prosperous and favourable to their Enterprizes. Their Young Men are not permitted to cut their Hair till they have Slain an Enemy in the Field, or Kill'd a Wild Beast. At their Feasts, the Best bit is put in the Middle; and he that takes it, must be the first to venture into Danger. To shew they have Kill'd an Enemy, they must after the Battel bring the Heads; or if the Sex be doubted, they must go back and fetch the Member of Gene∣ration. Their Prey is equally divided, to encourage every one to fight for himself. Their Weapons offensive are Spears and Javelins at a distance, Clubs and Stakes burnt at one end 〈1+ pages missing〉〈1+ pages missing〉

• of King Lewis. In the mean time, Gara, who never aban∣don'd the Queen, sought all Means to cut off the Usurper: Which having compass'd at last, he led the Queen and her Daughter into the Provinces, to make their Subjects acknow∣ledge them once more. The Governor of Croatia, taking hold of this Occasion to revenge King Lewis's Death, assem∣bled the Nobility and People, met and kill'd Gara, fowed the Mother in a Sack, and cast her into the River Bozola, and sent Queen Mary into Prison: Whence she was deliver'd by Sigismond, Marquiss of Brandenburgh, (to whom she was pro∣mis'd in Marriage,) who enter'd Croatia with a strong Army, and put the Governor to a cruel Death. Du Puy.
• Garamantes, a People of the Innermost Libya; so call'd from Garamas, the Son of Apollo, formerly inhabiting about the Springs of the River Cinyphus, (according to Isidore;) whose Country was 150 Miles in length, and but 25 broad, and 15 Days Journey from the Temple of Ammon, (as Strabo testifies.) At this day they make a part of the Kingdom of B••rno; partly White, partly Black; but Affable, and given to Trade: In Community of Wives, and Neglect of Religion, like their Ancestors.
• Garamas, a Mountain of Asia, part of Caucasus, in the Confines of Iberia, out of which the River Phasis rises, Ferrarius.
• Garazu, a Town of South-America, in the Region of Brafile, and Province of Pernumbaco, 5 German Leagues from Olinda to the North. Baudrand.
• Garcias I. King of Navarr, succeeded his Father Inigo Ximenez, about 850. He reigned 20 Years, and died in 870. Garcias II. succeeded Sancho in 905. and died in 925. Garcias III. was Noted for Trembling always before he enter'd into Battle; but afterwards, no Man behav'd himself with more Bravery: He succeeded Sancho Abarca, and died toward the beginning of the XIth. Age. Garcias IV. first assisted, then fell-out with his Brother Ferdinand I. and lost both the Battle and his Life, in 1054. Garcias V. the Son of Ramir, recover'd the Kingdom of Navarr, in 1134. made War with his Neighbours that sought to dispossess him, and died of a Fall from his Horse, after a Reign of 20 Years. Mariana.
• Garcias, King of Oviedo and Castille, Son of Alphonso III. sirnam'd the Great: He took up Arms against his Father; but lost the Battle, and was taken Prisoner: However, his Brothers and his Father-in-Law releas'd him, and forc'd his own Father to resign the Crown to him; which he held about 3 Years, and died in 913. Mariana.
• Gardon, a River of France, in Languedoc; which rising out of the Mountains of Cevenes, runs to Alets, where it takes the Name of Gardon d' Aletz. Soon after it joyns the Gardon d' Anduze; and then receiving some small Rivers, discharges it self into the Rhone toward Beaucaire. Over this River the Romans built a Famous Bridge, between Avignon and Nismes, call'd Pont de Gard, for the Support of an Aqueduct to convey Water to Nismes, which they designed to beautifie for a Place of Pleasure. This Water was brought from a Fountain upon a Hill, near the City of Uzez, 2 Leagues from the Bridge. And in regard there were two very high Mountains that stood upon each side of the River, the Romans rais'd three Rows of Arches one above another, built of Free-stone, of a surprising Bigness and Length: The first and lower Bridge is of 6 Arches; the second of 2 Arches of the same Heighth and Breadth; the third has 35, which are neither so high nor so large as the other; the lower Bridge is 150 Paces long; the second 275; and the third 300. The uppermost of these Bridges carries at the top a Canal cover'd with large Free-stones; which is the Conduit, though rough, that carries Water from one Mountain to another. Moreri.
• Garet, a Province of Africa, in the Kingdom of Fez, in Barbary, extending it self along the Mediterranean Sea, to∣ward the Territoies of Argier. It lies between the River Mulvia, that separates it from the Kingdom of Argier and the River Nocor, which parts it from the Province of Erriff. The Mediterranean Sea bounds it to the North, and the De∣sart Mountains to the South. The African Authors divide this Province into Three Parts: The one comprehending the Cities, with their Territories; the other, the Inhabited Mountains; and the third, the Desarts. The Principal Cities of it are Melilla and Cacaca, under the King of Spain; Fezota and Meggea, &c. Marmol.
• Garganus, il Monte Gargano, a Mountain of Puglia, in the Kingdom of Naples, scarce 80 Miles in Circuit, when it is taken at large; that is, with that part of Apulia Daunia, that runs out into the Adriatick Sea: But properly taken, it is call'd Monte St. Angelo, where stands the Episcopal City of Sipon∣tum, or Monte St. Angelo, 5 Miles from the Shore of the Adria∣tick Sea, and as many from Manfredonia to the North, but 15 from Rhodia to the South. Baudrand.
• Gargara, a Mountain of Troas, upon the top of Mount Ida, not far from the Ruines of Troy; Celebrated for its Fer∣tility by Virgil, Ovid, and Claudian.
• Gargaris, King of the Curetes, who first invented the manner of Gathering Honey: Who finding that his Daughter had play'd the Harlot, and brought him a Grand-son, sought all the ways he could think of to destroy him; but se••••••g that he still surmounted all Dangers and Hazards, in Admi∣ration of his good Fortune and Bravery, he gave him the Name of Habis, and left him his Successor. Justin. l. 44. ••c
• Garibay (Stephen) Historiographer of Spain, in 1571. pub∣lish'd a General History of Spain, in XL. Books: And after that, set forth Genealogical Illustrations of the Kings of Spain and France, and the Emperors of Constantinople; and so to Philip II. and his Sons.
• Garisenda, the Name of a Tower, which is a wonderful Structure, erected in one of the Piazza's of the City of Bologua, by an Architect of the same Name. It is built after such a manner, that the more it rises, the more it leans downward; so that the Top, which looks as it would fall, hangs over 9. Foot beyond the Basis of the Foundation. It was never finish'd, by reason that some of the same Trade envying the Skill of so great an Artist, stabb'd him e're he could accom∣plish his Design.
• Garoceli, an Ancient People inhabiting among the Alpes, where now stands Le Mont Genevre, in the utmost Limits of the Dauphinate, by the Testimony of Sanson.
• Garonne, Lat. Garumna, a River of France, which rising out of the Pyrenean Mountains, in the Frontiers of Aragon, near the little Village of Salarda, Waters the Plain of Aran, in the Country of Cominges; and running forward to St. Beat, St. Bertrand, De Cominges, Valentine, Rieux, Moret, comes to Tolose, the Capital City of Languedoc; where being already swell'd with divers other Rivers, it receives the Lesser-Lera. After which, it takes in the Tam, below Moissac; then the Gers, that comes from Leictoure, passes to Agen, and so runs to Aguillon, upon the Confluence of the Lot; and thence, watering Tonnine, Marmande, and La Roole, it re∣ceives the Drott; and running to Cadillac, holds on its Course near Bourdeaux, and beyond it joyns the Dourdagne. These two Rivers form the Canal of the Garonne; which washing Santoigne on the one side, and Guienne on the other, throws it self into the Aquitain Sea. The Mouth of this River is extremely broad, between Royan in Santoigne, and Soulac in Guienne: where stands also La Tour de Cordouan, between which and Xantoigne, on the one side, is Le Pas des Asnes; and on the other, between the Tour and Guienne, the Road call'd Le Pas de Grave. Moreri, Baudrand.
• * Garstang, a Market-Town in Amourderness-Hundred, in Lancashire, situate on the River Wire.
• Gartz, a Town of Germany, in Pomerania, seated upon the Oder, 3 Leagues from Stetin. It has been strongly for∣tify'd; but having been often taken and retaken, during the late German Wars, it was at length totally dismantled.
• Gascoign Lat. Vasconia, a Province of France; which, to speak properly, is no more than the Third part of Aquitain, or the Novem Populonia of the Antients, at least since the Di∣vision of Augustus Caesar. It comprehends Gascoigni Proper, or Cap de Gascogn; Le Pais de Basques; Le Bigorre; Le Comin∣ges, &c. This Province is enclos'd between the Garonne, the Pyreneans, the Ocean, and the present Guienne. So that Querci, Rovergne, and Languedoc, separated by the Garonne, lie to the East of it; Spain, and the Pyrenean Mountains, to the South; Guinne Proper, to the North; and the Ocean, to the West. Gascoign Proper, or La Chalosse, lies between Bearn, Armagnac, Gui∣enne and Landes, abounding in Rye, Millet and Pasturage. This Country, for a long time, belong'd to the Kings of England, as Dukes of Aquitain; but were deprived of it, and of all their Pos∣sessions in France, by King Charles VII. about 1452. It is obser∣ved, As the French change the Letters [V] and [W] into [G] in the Words Galles for Wales, and Gascoign for Vasconia; so particularly the Gascoiners interchange the Letters [U] and [B] with one another, in giving the same Pronunciation to both: Which gave Joseph Scaliger occasion to say of 'em Foelices populi quibus bibere est vivere. Moreri.
• Gassendus (Peter) of Digne, in Provence, one of the greatest Ornaments of France, was born in 1592. and died in 1655. leaving behind him III Volumes of Epicurus's Phi∣losophy: VI others, containing his own Philosophy, his Astronomical Works, with the Lives of Epicurus, Copernicus, Tycho-Brahe, Regiomontanus, &c. All the Learned Men of his Time had a great Esteem for him, and sought his Acquain∣tance; especially St. Marthe, Vossius, Hobbs, Magnan, Mersenne, and the Cardinal of Lyons, who procur'd him a Chair of Royal Professor of Mathematicks, in 1645.
• Gassion, a Noble and Considerable Family in Bearn; from which descended John Gassion, made a Marshal of France in 1643. He signaliz'd himself at the Taking Mardike, the Cities of Link, Bourbourg, Bethune, Courtray, Furnes, Dunkirk, &c. He Besieged Lens in 1647. where he received a Wound, of which he died the same Year.
• Gastinois, Lat. Vastinium, a County of France, bordering upon Beausse; part of the Government of the Island of France, and comprehends the Dukedom of Nemours, the Earldoms of Rochefort and Moret, with Montargis, Montlehery, &c.
• Gaston (John Baptista) Duke of Orleans, Brother of Lewis XIII. was Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, during

• the Minority of Lewis XIV. and Commanded the Armies in Flanders, in the Years 1644, and 1645. During the Civil Wars, he retired to Blois, and died in 1660. He was a great Lover of Curiosities, and had a wonderful Study, stor'd with Medals, Jewels, Miniatures, and other Rarities.
• Gaston, sirnam'd Phaebus III. Count of Foix; a Prince re∣nown'd for his Victories, his Generosity, and his Buildings. He compos'd several Pieces of Hunting, and one which bore the Title of the Mirrour of Phoebus. He died suddenly, in the Year 1391.
• Gaston de Foix, Duke of Nemours, General of the French, reliev'd Bologna, besieg'd by the Forces of the Pope, the King of Spain, and the Venetians; defeated John Paolo Baglione, who Commanded part of the Venetian Army, and won the Battle of Ravenna, in 1512. but pursuing a Body of the Enemy too far, was surrounded by Number, overlay'd and slain in the 24th. Year of his Age. Claud. de Seissel. and John Anton. Hist. Lewis XII.
• Gath, a City of Palestine, in the Tribe of Judah, upon the Frontiers of Dan; One of the Five Satrapies of the Phi∣listines, possessed by the Anakims, or Gyants, in Joshua's days, from whom Goliah, a Native of Gath, descended; but a King∣dom in David's time, under the Dominion of Achish, before whom David counterfeited himself Mad. After that, David, when he came to the Crown, took it, with all the Towns belonging to it. Rehoboam fortify'd it, as a Frontier Town: And Hazael, King of Syria, took it from Jehoash, King of Judah. But being recover'd by the Philistines again, Uzziah made War upon them, re-took Gath, and beat down the Walls of it.
• * Gatton, an ancient Borough-Town in the County of Sur∣rey, an Hundred of Key-Gate, sends Two Members to Parlia∣ment. Roman Coins have been often dug up here.
• ...

  Gauls. To omit the Fabulous Stories of the Ancient Gaules, whom some will have to be descended from Gomer, the Eldest Son of Japhet; others, to be so call'd from Galatus, the Son of Hercules; certain it is, that they were known by the Name of Galli, or Gaules, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, Fifth King of Rome.

  The ancient Bounds of the Gauls were Eastward, the River Rhine, the Alps, and the Var; to the South, the Medi∣terranean Sea, and the Pyrenaeans; to the West, the Main Ocean; and to the North, the British Sea, or St. George's Chan∣nel. But after that, the Gauls in the Reign of Bellovesus, became Masters of some part of Italy, the Celebrated Division of Gallia was made into Cisalpina Italica, or nearest to Rome and Tranalpina, which is most properly call'd Gallia. This same spacious Countrey, which extended it self from the Rhine to the River Rubicon, was also divided into three Pro∣vinces, Togata, which was the same with Cisalpina, from the Alps to Tuscany and the Adriatick Gulph; because the Inha∣bitants wore long Hair, like the Romans: The Second, Brac∣cata, from the Fashion of their Breeches, which has properly Gallia Narbonnensis: And the Third, Comata, by reason the People wore Long Bushie Heads of Hair. Afterwards, Gaul was divided variously, by Julius Caesar, and others. But Au∣gustus divided it into Four Parts, Narbonnensis, Aquitanick, Celtic and Belgic.

  The Ancient Gauls were so particularly enclin'd to War, that all the Ancient Authors have applauded their Courage, and their Generosity. Cicero confesses, That the Romans were more afraid of the Gauls, than of any other Nation in the World. And Salust adds, That Honour was not to be so much disputed for with them, as Life. And therefore the Old Romans made a Law, That when they were to War with the Gauls, the Priests should not be excus'd from bear∣ing Arms. They were extremely Bold, Daring, and Quick to enter into War; but were tax'd of losing their Courage upon the least Disadvantage, and to fail of Resolution in Ad∣versity. The Old Men among the Gauls were not dispenced from taking Arms: And Caesar observes, That Young Men never appear'd before their Parents in publick, until they were of Age to go to War: And adds, That they us'd to put him to Death, that came last to their appointed Ren∣dezvouze; hated Lyes and Artifices, putting their Trust in nothing else but their Valour. Plutarch says, They neither fear'd Fire, Earthquake, nor the Fall of Houses. And Strabo says, That one of 'em being ask'd by Alexander, What his Country-men feared? Answer'd, Nothing so much as that the Sky may fall upon 'em. Tit. Liv. and Polybius write, That they fought Naked, and without Arms, at the Battle of Cannae: That, next to War, their ordinary Exercise was Hunting, keeping themselves always in Action; because they had a Law that inflicted a Penalty upon those that exceeded a certain Bigness. Their Soldiers were of two sorts; some Mercenary; others Volunteers, who follow'd Noblemen, and underwent their Fate, sharing in their Good and Bad Fortune: for when they happen'd to be kill'd, the Atten∣dants all fell with them, or kill'd each other; thinking it the greatest Infamy imaginable, to survive their Master. Their Cavalry was arm'd with Lances and Axes; their Infantry with Javelins, Pikes, Bows and Slings; whil'st their Noble∣men fought in Chariots, arm'd with Scythes on both sides, running up and down to break the Ranks, and put their Enemy in Disorder: each Soldier carry'd his Bundle of Straw, or a Fascine, to sit upon. They never retrench'd their Camp, till after the Loss of Avaric, now Bourges; then they begun to imitate the Romans in that and all their other Inventions. In the Attack of a Place, they made a general Discharge, to beat the Besieged from the Ramparts; and then covering themselves with their Bucklers, scaled them. They had a way to shoot both Bullets and Darts, that carry'd Fire with them. When they happen'd to kill any Noted Enemy, they hung his Head on their Horses Main, or carried it on the top of a Lance. They Swore solemnly by their Standards; and as a Sign of Peace and Alliance, they held up their naked Arm.

  As for Learned Men, they always had some that excell'd in every Science. But what Annius of Viterbo says, That the Greeks and Asiaticks learn'd Liberal Sciences from them, is so far from being true, that they owe 'em to these first; espe∣cially to the Ionian, and a Colony of Phoenicians, who having establish'd themselves at Marseilles, made it so Famous for all sorts of Learning, that Cicero call'd it the Athens of Gaul. And Strabo affirms, That many Romans and Athenians, with a great number of other Graecians, came there to Study.

  There were but Two Ranks among 'em that were in any Esteem, the Priests and the Nobility: The Condition of the People was deplorable, who were in a manner Slaves. Their Funerals were Magnificent; and they burn'd with the Body of the Deceas'd, whatever was most precious and dear to him while he liv'd, even to his living Animals, his Bond∣men, and enfranchiz'd Slaves.

  As for the Government of the Gauls, it's certain it was Aristocratick in several Places; or at least, that their Monarchs were Chosen by the People. In other Parts it was Demo∣cratick, and their Priests had the Management: For Caesar says, They Judg'd Processes, Order'd Recompences and Pu∣nishments; and that if any was so obstinate, as not to ac∣quiesce to their Sentence, they Interdicted him the Commu∣nion of their Sacrifices, look'd upon him afterwards as Wicked and Reprobate, shunn'd his Company, did never admit him to any Place of Trust or Profit, and refus'd to do him common Justice. But after Julius Caesar had made him∣self Master of it, and divided it into 17 Provinces, it was Govern'd by 6 Consuls, and 11 Presidents; Constantine the Great plac'd Counts in the Cities, and Dukes in the Frontier Towns: And when the same Emperor, about 330. divided the Place of Praefectus Praetorio into 4, there was One in Gaul who had Thre Vicars under him; One in Gaul it self, One in Spain, and a Third in Great Britain: and thus it continu'd till the Franks made themselves Masters of it, in 418.

  The Religion of the Ancient Gauls was extremely Super∣stitious, (as Caesar informs us;) and they worshipp'd the same Deities which the Romans did, though under several Names. They had a great Veneration for Mercury, whom they believ'd to be the Inventor of all Arts. They attri∣buted the Cure of Diseases to Apollo: To Minerva, the Governance of Manufactures: To Jupiter, the Government of the Heavens: And allow'd Mars to be the God of War. Saturn they dreaded most of all, and therefore offer'd Hu∣mane Victims to appease him; which they likewise did, for the Preservation of Persons in greatest Esteem among 'em. Which therefore the Roman Emperors were constrain'd to prohibit by very severe Decrees. Their Country was so Fruitful, that though they minded War more than Agricul∣ture, their Wine and Linnen were sent into all the neigh∣bouring Provinces; and Julius Caesar drew such Treasure thence, that having pay'd his Debts, he had wherewith to keep on foot an Army against the Commonwealth; where∣with he, at last, made himself Master of the Empire. They multiplied so fast, that their Country being over-stock'd, some were forced to seek new Habitations. They made themselves Masters of Part of Italy, now call'd Gallia Cisal∣pina; and establish'd themselves in that part of Greece, now call'd Galata, or the Country of the Gallo-Graecians.

• Gavium, Gavi, a fortify'd Town of Italy, in the Terri∣tory of Genoa, within the Appennine Mountain, by the River Lemo, upon the Confines of Montferrat and Milanois, in the Mid-way between Genoa to the South, and Dertona to the North. Baudrand.
• Gauricus Pomponius, a Neapolitan: He publish'd several Pieces in Verse, a Treatise of Architecture, another of Phy∣siognomy, the Lives of the Greek Poets, &c. and dy'd, or (as some will have it) disappear'd in 1530.
• ...

  Gaurs, a People dispers'd over all Persia and the Indies, that observe a particular Religion. They that inhabit in India, are generally Turners of Ivory: Those of Kerman, in Persia, where there are above 10000, follow Woollen Manu∣facture. In that Province stands their Principal Temple, where their Chief Priest resides, and whither all the Gaurs are oblig'd to repair in Pilgrimage once in their Lives. There are also several Gaurs at Ispahan. They pretend to Seven Books which Ebrahim-Zer-Ateuch sent 'em from Paradise, to

• ...

  instruct 'em in the True Religion; and Seven more, con∣taining the Interpretation of all Dreams. Instead of Baptism they wash their Infants with Water, wherein they boyl cer∣tain Herbs, while the Priest says such a number of Prayers. And their Ceremony of Marriage is perform'd, by washing the Foreheads of both Parties with Water first bless'd by the Cazi, or Priest. They acknowledge One God, Creator of Heaven and Earth; and have a great Veneration for Fire.

  Of their Origine, and their Prophets. They say, The Father of their Prophet was a Frank by Nation: That his Name was Azer: And add, That he was an Engraver by Trade: That he left his Country, to settle among them at Babylon; where he marry'd a Wife call'd Goddon, who being visited by an Angel sent from Paradise, was replenish'd with Celestial Fire; of which she conceiv'd, and bore Ebrahim-zer-Ateucht. They say, the Astrologers of those Times fore-saw this Birth, and acquainted therewith a King call'd Neubrout; who Commanded, That all Women with Child should be put to Death. But it not appearing to the Eye, that the Prophet's Mother was with Child, she escap'd. The King of Babylon hearing that she was Brought-to-bed, sent for the Child, and design'd to have kill'd him immediately; but God withered his Arm. This making him Mad, he threw him into a violent Fire: Where the Child (say they) rested, as if on a Bed on Roses. They who then began to Honour this young Prophet, took some of the Fire, kept it carefully, and transmitted it to their Po∣sterity, to preserve the Memory of this Miracle. But no∣thing being capable to convince the impious King, God chastised him for his Unbelief, in plaguing his People with Flyes, whose Sting was Mortal; one whereof having bit the King's Ear, he died Mad. His Successor, Cha-Glotchte's, did, at first, intend to persecute the Infant-Prophet; but having seen the Miracles which he wrought, he ador'd him as the rest. At length the Prophet retir'd from the World. Some say, He was taken Body and Soul into Heaven. Others, That he put himself into an Iron Coffin, near Badgat; and that he was thus carry'd in Triumph by An∣gels. They believe, That all People will at last receive the Religion of their Prophet; and, That this will be the Universal Resurrection. It's easie to see, that these Gaurs have had a confus'd Knowledge of the Mysteries of the Christian Religion. They pretend, That when their Pro∣phet arriv'd in Paradise, God made Use of him to transmit unto them Seven Books, for their Instruction in the True Religion; That they received Seven more afterwards, con∣taining the Explication of Dreams; and Seven other Books, with the Secrets of Physick: But say, That Alexander the Great having Conquer'd their Country, burnt the first, be∣cause none could interpret them, and carry'd the rest away for his own Use: And add, That the Priests and Doctors, who in those troublesom Times had retir'd into the Moun∣tains to save their Lives, met, after Alexander's Death, and made a new Book, of what their Memory could furnish 'em with, out of what they had read before. This is a great Volume, writ in a different Character from the Persian, Arabick, or Indian. Tavernier.

• Gaurus, a Mountain of Campania, near Monte Massico; by the Natives now call'd Gerro, and Garro; Noted for the Goodness of the Wine which it produces. Ferrarius.
• Gaza, now Gazera, a City of Palestine, in the Tribe of Judah: One of the Five Satrapies of the Philistines, won by Judah; but recover'd again by the Philistines, after Jephtha's Death. Samson carry'd away the Gates of the City; and was afterwards brought to Gaza, when the Philistines had put out his Eyes. Alexander the Great took it: And after him, Simon the Maccabaean. It is now under a peculiar Prince, who holds it of the Turk: A small, but the best Peopl'd City of Palestine, at this day; though often plunder'd and ruin'd by the Christians, during their Wars in the Holy Land. But Constantine was so kind, as to repair it, and to adorn it with a Bishoprick. Its best Buildings are of rough Stone, Arch'd within, and Flat on the top; but none Comely, or very Convenient, though there are Foot-steps of a far better Condition; divers simple Roofs being supported by goodly Pillars of Parian Marble, some Plain, some curiously Carv'd, and others broken in Pieces to serve for Thresholds for almost every beggarly Cottage. The Coptick Christians have a Church in it, and the Greek another. Without are several goodly Mosques, fac'd with Marble. The Castle that defends it has four Towers, at each corner one, and is kept in good Order. Near to the Castle is the Seraglio for Basha's Wives.

• Gedaliah, by Nebuchadnezzar made Ruler over the re∣mainder of the People which he left in Judaea. Johanan gave him good Advice, To beware of Ishmael, a Prince of the Royal Blood. Who neglecting his Advice, was treache∣rously murder'd by the same Ishmael, in hopes that the scatter'd Jews that repair'd to Gedaliah would have adher'd to him, and have made him Formidable, in time, to the Chal∣deans. 2 Chron. 25. Jer. 40, 41.
• Gedrosia, a Province of Persia, which now makes the two Provinces of Circan and Macran, between Carmania to the West; and the Dominions of the Great Mogul, and the Mouths of Indus, to the East, near the Indian Ocean. Baudrand.
• Gehan-Abad, a City of the Province of Dehli, which formerly bore the Name of a Kingdom, in the Empire of the Great Mogull, on this side Ganges. The Capital City of this Province was also call'd Deli: but that City is almost ruin'd, since Chagehan caus'd the New City of Gehan-Abad to be built near to it, and made it the Place of his Residence, because the Air of that Place was more temperate. All the Private-Houses are large Enclosures; in the middle of which are the Lodging-Rooms, to the end that no body may approach the Place where the Women are shut up. Most of the Great Lords live without the City, for the Conveniency of the Water. The King's Palace takes up about Half a League in Circuit. The Walls are built of Free-stone, with Battlements, and a Tower between every ten Battlements. The Moats are full of Water, and pav'd with Free-stone. The Omra's, or Great Lords of the Kingdom, keep Guard within the Second Court. The Divan, or Hall of Audience, is in the Third Court, supported with 32 Columns of Marble, and painted with all sorts of Flowers. On the Left-side of the Court where the Divan is, stands a little Mosque, with a Duomo of Lead all over double Gilt, where the King goes to Prayers every Day except Fridays, when he goes to the Grand Mosque, which is a Beautiful Structure upon a Platform Higher than the Houses of the City. The King's Stables stand upon the Right-side of the Court, full of Beau∣tiful Horses, the worst of which stands him in 3000 Crowns, there being some that cost 90000 Crowns. They do not feed of Hay and Oats, as our Horses in Europe, but are serv'd in the Morning with Bales of Wheat, Meal and Butter, in Sugar-Cane time and Season of Millet they are serv'd with some towards Noon; and at Night with a Measure of Grinded Pease steep'd in Water. Tavernier.
• Gehan-Guir, King of the East-Indies, began his Reign in 1604. and dy'd in 1627. His two Sons, Kosrou and Kou∣rom, tir'd with his long Reign, sought to Dethrone him in his Life-time; and to that purpose, Kosrou rais'd a Powerful Army; but being defeated, and taken Prisoner, his Father put out his Eyes, designing to leave the Kingdom to his Grand-son, Bolaki, the Son of Kosrou. To prevent him, Kouron rais'd a great Army, put his Brother Kosrou to Death, and assum'd the Title of Cha-Gehan, or King of the World. Gehan-Guir, upon this, marches against his rebellious Son, but dies by the way. Tavernier.
• Gelasius I. an African by Birth, succeeded Felix III. or, as others say, the IId. Excommunicated Anastasius the Em∣peror, for favouring Acacius and the Hereticks. He Expell'd the Manichaeans out of Rome, and Anathematiz'd the King of the Vandals, who was an Arian, and died in 496. after he had sate somewhat above 4 Years.
• Gelasius II. succeeded Paschal II. in 1118. in a trouble∣som Pontificate, which he enjoy'd but One Year, and some few Days: In which time he was twice expelled Rome, once by Cinci Frangipani, for madness that a Creature of his own Recommendation was not Chosen: The second time, by the Emperor Henry V. who set up Gregory VIII. against him. So that being forc'd to flie into France, he dy'd at the Abbey of Cluny, in 1619.
• Geldenhaur (Gerard) Archbishop of Utrecht, embrac'd the Reformation of Luther, and retir'd into Germany; where he wrote the Histories of Holland, of the Low-Countries, and of the Bishops of Utrecht, and was kill'd by Highway-men in 1542. Melchior Adam.
• Gelderland. See Gueldick.
• Gelo, a Tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Carthaginians that invaded Sicily at the pressing Instances of Xerxes, and dy'd in the Year of Rome 275. and 478 before the Birth of Christ.
• Geloni, a People of Europaean Scythia, bordering upon the Agathyrsi, who with great Patience endur'd Hunger in time of War, living upon Milk mingl'd with Blood which they drew from their Horses. They slea'd their Enemies, and made Coats of their Skins, to render themselves more ter∣rible to others. Mela, l. 1.
• Gemblours, Lat. Gemblacum, a Town of Brabant, with a Famous Abbey, upon the Confines of Haspengaw, between Namur and Nivelle. Ferrarius.
• Geminius (Victor) an African, in the IIId. Age, Excom∣municated by St. Cyprian after his Death, because he made a Priest Guardian to his Children, and thereby involv'd him in the Affairs of the World. Brancanus, Vossius.
• Gemistus (George) a Platonick Philosopher and Mathema∣tician, in great Esteem at the Court of Florence in the XVth. Age. He wrote a Treatise of the Difference between Aristotle and Plato, a Comment upon Zoroaster's Magick; and several other Pieces. Vossius, &c.
• Genabu. See Orleans.
• Genebrard (Gilbert) a great Zealot for the League against Henry III. For which the Leaguers procur'd him the Arch∣bishoprick of Aix, from whence the King expell'd him. He

• wrote a Sacred Chronology, ending in 1584. Translated Jo∣s••phus, though badly, and dy'd in 1597. Thuan. l. 119.
• Geneva, an Ancient City of the Allobroges, upon the Fron∣tiers of Savoy, seated upon the Rhone, at the Extremity of the Lake Leman, is a neat City, well fortify'd, and has an admi∣rable Situation; partly upon a Hill, partly in a Plain which has the Lake to the North. The Rhone issuing out of the Lake, encompasses the City to the West, and divides it from that same delightful part call'd St. Gervase. At the End of the City the Rhone receives the River Arve, which is ano∣ther Rampart of Geneva to the South. St. Peter's Church is built upon a Hill. There are in this City several Piazza's, a fair Town-House, with a Pair of Stairs of particular Work∣manship, an Arsenal in good Order, vast Walks, and beau∣tiful Streets, especially along the Lake. The Rivieres, or Bank-sides, make three different Streets; for there is in the middle a Passage for Coaches and Horses, with Shops on both sides, having Portico's before 'em, supported with Pillars, where you walk securely from the Weather. It is a City of great Trade, in a Soil abounding with Wine. It is very Ancient, and was very Considerable in the time of the Ro∣mans, as several Inscriptions testifie. After several Revolu∣tions, and suffering much by the Incursions of the Barbarians, she had Counts of her own; of which the most Ancient was Robert, in the Year 880. After that, this City preserv'd her Liberty for many Years under Imperial the Protection; till be∣ing deserted by the Emperors engag'd in Civil Dissentions, she had recourse to her own Bishops, then in great Authority; but they embroyling themselves with the Counts of Savoy, those Discords strangely afflicted her, being already twice con∣sum'd by Fire. So that she was forc'd to struggle with the suc∣ceeding Dukes of Savoy for her Liberty; which she did with various Fortune, being reduc'd to great Extremities by Charles Duke of Savoy, after a long Siege, and like to have been seiz'd by Emanuel. Which forc'd her to a strict Alliance with the Cantons of Bearn and Friburgh; by whom she was deliver'd from her Fears, an•• the Dukes of Savoy brought to an easie Composition and Renunciation of all their Pretensions. But nothing conduc'd so much to her Establishment, as her embracing the Reformation, first preach'd to her by Wil∣liam Farel, her first Reformed Minister; to whom succeeded Calvin and Beza, who both died at Geneva. So that after she had renew'd a perpetual League with the Cantons before∣mention'd, by their Support, in 1535. the Council of Geneva abolish'd the Roman Religion; and that they might leave to Posterity an Eternal Memorial of their forsaking the Super∣stitions of Rome, they set up, the next Year, the following Inscription, ingrav'd in Letters of Gold upon a Copper-Plate, still remaining in the Town-House, In Memory of the Grace which God had given 'em, to shake off the Yoak of An∣tichrist, abolish Superstition, and recover their Liberty by the De∣feat and Flight of their Enemies. About 350 Years ago this City was twice Burn'd in seven Years time; and the Change of Religion having heightned their Neighbours Rage against it, it suffer'd a very sharp Siege, and miserable Famine, in 1584. But yet prevail'd so far, by the Help of the Canton of Zurich, that the Duke of Savoy, and their Bishop, were forc'd to renounce all their Pretensions to it. Nor did it reap less Glory from its defeating the Nocturnal Scalado of Charles Emanuel, in 1602. The Province of Geneva, which derives its Name from it, is bounded by the Provinces of Chablais and Fossigni to the East, the Rh•••••• to the West, and in part also to the North; and with Savoy, properly so call'd, to the South. Thuanus, Leti, Moreri, &c.
• Gennepium, Genep, a small City of Germany, in the Dutchy of Cleves, seated upon the River Mers, where it falls into the Meuse. It is well fortify'd, and kept by a Dutch Garrison, though in the Territories of Brandenburgh. It was once taken by the Spaniards, but recover'd by the Hollanders, in 1641.
• Gennesaret, a Lake of Palestine, vulgarly call'd the Sea of Galilee, and the Sea of Tiberias, now the Sea de Tabari, is 18 Miles in Length, from North to South; and 7 in Breadth, from East to West. The River Jordan falls into it near Capernaum; and having cross'd it, issues out of it near Bethsaida, afterwards call'd Scythopolis. The Land of Genne∣saret, so call'd in Matthew, enjoys a Temperate Air. For which reason it bears very large Wallnuts, that love Cold Climates; and Dates, that are pleas'd with Heat; together with Figs and Olives, that require a Temperate Air, grow there in great abundance. The City of Gennesaret, afterwards call'd Tiberias, lies upon the West-side of the Lake. Jo∣s••phus.
• Genoua, Lat. Genua, by the French Gennes, an Archi∣episcopal City of Italy, and a Sovereign Republick upon the Mediterranean Sea, the Capital of a small Country call'd the State of the Republick of Genoua, of la Riviera di Genoua, from the River Var to the Macra, about 160 Miles in Length, and 25 Broad; bounded to the South by the Mediterranean; by Tuscany to the East; by the Dutchies of Parma, and Milan, and Montferrat, to the North; and by the County of Nice to the West. The whole Country is divided into la Riviera di Ponente, and Riviera di Levante; and Genoua, as Mistress of the Signiory, stands in the Middle, between Botz. The Inner-part of the Country is somewhat Mountainous, but the Sea-Coast most Fertile and Delightful; and the Western-part exceeds the other, being all cover'd with Citron and Orange-Trees, &c. The Situation of Genoua is such, that the South∣side stands upon the Sea-shore, partly upon a Plain, partly upon Hills that joyn to the Appennine. 'Tis a City of the greatest Trade in Italy, about 5 or 6 Miles in Compass, with strong Walls, a good Rampart, and 5 Gates toward the Con∣tinent, all planted with Great Guns. The Port of Genoua was formerly dangerous; but the Mole, which is a won∣derful Piece of Work, advancing forward into the Sea, se∣cures the Harbour. The Buildings of the City are so Mag∣nificent and Regular, and there are so many Stately Palaces in it, that she may well deserve the Name of Proud. The Palace of Doria is the most Considerable, extending from the Sea to the Top of the Mountain; the Apartments are Vast and Magnificent, the Furniture Sumptuous, and every thing bespeaks Prodigality: And there is this Inscription upon the Walls, By the Grace of God and the King, the Whole belongs to the Master of the House. In the New Street, which is the Fairest in Genoua, are none but Palaces, or Magnificent Houses; but the Palace of the Signiori, where the Duke resides, la Casa del Imperial, the Arsenal, St. Lawrence's Church, which is the Metropolis; where is to be seen a Plate of one solid Emrauld, the Annunciade; the Churches of the Jesuites and Theatines, and some others, are the Principal both of Sacred and Profane Structures in Genoua. There are in this City two sorts of Noble Families, the Ancient and the Modern. Of the first there are Twenty eight, of which the Four Chiefest are Grimaldi, Fiesco, Spinola, and Doria. The other Noble Families, which amount to the number of Four hundred thirty seven, are annexed to the Principal Twenty eight. After several Revolutions, and various Masters, this City was govern'd by Consuls, from the Year 1099. to 1257. At what time, William Boccanegra was elected President, or Captain, by the People. In 1396. Genoua put her self under the Protection of the French, who sent her Governors, the last of which was Jean le Maingre, sirnam'd Boucicaut; in whose time the People massacred the French, and put themselves under the Marquiss of Montferrat, from 1409. till 1413. After that, they submitted to the Dukes of Milan, who appointed them Governors also, till upon one of the Duke's Releasing without Ransom the Kings of Sicily and Navarr, the Infant their Brother, the Grand Master of the Order of St. James, and above 120 more Great Lords of Sicily and Arragon, which they had taken in a Sea-Engagement, they took that Pretence to recover their Liberty. In 1522. the City was Pillag'd by the Army of Charles V. under the Marquis of Pescara. Francis I. re∣conquer'd it, in 1527. And soon after, Andrew Doria shook off the French Yoke, and set it at liberty. Since which time they have been Govern'd by Dukes of their own, E∣lected every Two Years, and assisted by Eight Senators, who are call'd Governors; besides the Council of 400. So that it may seem to be a mix'd Government of Aristocracy and Democracy. The Genoeses did such considerable Service in the Holy War, that they obtain'd of Baldwin III. part of the Sea-Towns in Palestine. And when the Western Christians took Constantinople from the Eastern Emperors, the Genoese had a great hand in it, and had Pera assign'd 'em. They were then Masters of Lesbos and Chio, and of several Islands in those Seas; and Caffa, in the Black Sea, in Crim Tartary: But aiming to gain Creet too from the Venetians, in 1207. they drew great Troubles upon themselves; which, with their Intestine Broils, occasion'd their Fall. The French pre∣tend that in 1396. this Republick made-over, by a Formal Grant to Charles VI. of France, all the Sovereign Lordship of it, and the States depending; which was executed and con∣firm'd again to Charles VII. in 1458. But afterwards pre∣ferring the Interest of Spain, Lewis XIV. sent his Fleet to Bomb it, in 1674. In this Action the Ducal Palace was burnt, and many other of the Noblest in the City; and an incredible Mischief done. In the end, he forc'd 'em to send their Duke and four Senators to his Court, to make Submis∣sion to him. The State of Genoua is wonderfully Fruitful by Nature, and made much more so by the Industry of the In∣habitants; and has so many Villlages and fine Buildings, especially towards Genoua, that it may seem to be one con∣tinu'd City. It's Govern'd as a Commonwealth, under a Duke, to continue but Two Years, and Two Senates, or Councils.
• Genseric, King of the Vandals in Spain, defeated Hermenric King of the Suevians; and cross'd over into Africa, in the Year 428. to the Relief of Count Boniface: with whom af∣terwards, upon the Alteration of his Mind, he quarrel'd, and defeated him. He vanquish'd Aspar, sent against him by Theodosius the Younger, and forc'd Valentinian to desire Peace; who being kill'd by Maximus, his Widow Eudoxia, whom Maximus had Marry'd by Force, call'd in Genseric into Italy, to revenge her Husband's Death. Upon which, Genseric takes

• ... Rome, Plunders it for 14 Days together, the immense Trea∣sure of the Temple of Jerusalem, brought thence by the Em∣peror Titus, made part of his rich Booty; carries away Eudoxia and her two Daughters, Marries the Mother himself, and gives one of the Daughters to his Son Huneric, sending back the other to Constantinople. Returning into Africa, being an Arian himself, he most cruelly Persecuted the Orthodox. After he had ravag'd all the West, he invaded Illyrium, Pelopon∣nesus, Greece, and the Islands of the Archipelago; which last he destroy'd entirely. The Emperor Marcian, not finding him∣self strong enough to resist him, was forc'd to dissemble his resentment. His Successor Leon in 468. rais'd an Army of a Hundred thousand Foot, and sent a Fleet consisting of a Thousand Ships against him under Basilicus; who being cor∣rupted by that Barbarian, this Gallant Army perish'd. Histo∣rians say, He was a successful Prince, and cry him up for taking the two most renown'd Cities of the Universe in his time, Rome and Carthage. He died in 476.
• Gentilis, (John Valentin) Born at Cosence in Italy, liv'd in the 16th. Century, and imploy'd his Learning in crying down, and endeavouring to ridicule the Divinity of Christ, using Atheistical rather than Arian Arguments. Calvin smelt him out in some Conferences which he had with him, and caus'd him to be seiz'd; whereupon he Abjur'd the Errors he was charg'd with, and had the Liberty of the Town of Geneva, upon his Promise of not leaving it; which he kept no longer than until he found opportunity of making his Escape: Then having over-run Savoy, France, Germany, and Transilvania, he settled at last in Poland, under the Protection of Brandrata, where he and Paul Alciat taught a very refin'd Arianism. Gentilis held among other things, That the Father only was true God, that he did not communicate his own proper Being to the Son and Holy Ghost, but an Inferior. Being banish'd with all the other Hereticks by Sigismond King of Poland, about 1562. he came to Bern in Swisserland, where he was Beheaded in 1565. boasting before his Execution, That whereas other Martyrs died for the Glory of the Son, he was the first himself who suffer'd for the Father's.
• Gentilly, a Village within a small League of Paris, seated upon the River B••evre, of which the Water has a particular Vertue for the Dying of Scarlet; but more famous for the Council which was there held in 767. where were present Six Legates from the Pope, Six Ambassado••s from Cop••••nymus the Emperor, and the King of France with all his Nobility.
• Gentius, King of Illyria, about the Year of Rome 586. for Ten Talents took part with Perseus, and impri••on'd the Roman Ambassadors. Anicius the P••aetor, took Scodra the prin••ipal City of Illyria, and sent away Gentius, with his Brother, his Wife and Children, to Rome; where they were kept to make up a part of the Spectacle, at the Victor's Triumph. Livy.
• Geofrey, or Jeoffridi John, obtain'd of Lewis XI. the Abo∣lishment of the Pragmatick Sanction in France; for which he was made a Cardinal by Pius II. in the Year 1473. In the mean time, the Remonstrances of the University and Parlia∣ment of Paris obstructing the Revocation, the Pope sent the Cardinal to France as his Legat, to endeavour to get it veri∣fied. Paul II. continued him in the same Station, but to no purpose, the Parliament made such Opposition against it, and the Doctors of Sorbonne appeal'd to the next General Council, and enregister'd their Appeal in the Chastillet. Lewis XI. sent him with an Army against the Count of Armagnac, who had made himself Master of Lectour. 'Tis said, That after the Ca∣pitulation, the Prelate broke his word, for that the Town was carried by Storm, and the Count Kill'd in his own House. Afterwards going to Besiege Perpignan, he sick'ned by the way, and died in 1473.
• Geography, a Description of the Earth, from the Greek, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Earth, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to write, or describe. This Science considers the Terraqueous Globe, and so comprehends Hydrography, or Description of Rivers, Seas, &c. Chorography, the Description of Regions, Kingdoms and Provinces. Topo∣graphy, or the Description of particular places. Aristotle was of Opinion, That there was Ten times more Water than Earth; but by the Discovery of America, and of a great number of Islands and Coasts since his time, we have reason to think that the Extension of the Earth equals all the Seas put toge∣ther. Geographers give the Terrestrial Globe 9000 Leagues Circuit, count 2803 Leagues for its Diameter; that is, for the straight Line that may be drawn from us to our Anti∣podes 1431. and •• from the Superficies to the Center. Ac∣cording to this Calculation, the Superficies of the Earth con∣tains 25773000 square Leagues. Scripture informs us, That the first Division of the Earth was made between the three Children of Noah. Sem, had all Asia; Cham, Africa, with what we now call Syria and Arabia; Japhet, Europe, and what Geographers call Asia Minor, or Natolia. Afterwards it was divided into two great parts in the same Hemisphere, separated from each other by the Ocean. One of these vast Continents, contain'd Asia, Europe, and Africa; The other, the Land of the Antichthones, toward the South. But now the Earth is divided into two Hemispheres, one con∣taining Europe, Asia and Africa; the other, America. As for the Figure of the Earth, some of the Ancients thought it Flat like a Table; Others gave it the Form of a Drum; But Thales and the Stoicks, believed it round: which is the Opi∣nion of all the Learned, and is grounded upon a great many Experiments. First, In the Eclipses of the Moon, the Sha∣dow of the Earth appears Circular. Secondly, In travelling from the South, Northwards, it appears Visibly that the far∣ther we go, the greater is the Elevation of the Artick Pole; add to this, That if the Earth were flat, we might see from some of our High Mountains the greatest part of its Super∣ficies. It will not be amiss to observe here, That in all regu∣lar Maps, the upper Part is the North, to the right hand the East, &c. or where it is not so, there are the words, North, South, &c. or the Sea-Rose, whose Flower-de-luce points to wards the North. Briet Geograph.
• George, a Heretick Bishop of Cappadocia, placed in the See of Alexandria, by the Arians, in opposition to St. Atha∣nasius, A. C. 356. he was so violent against the Orthodox, that he even forbad the Poor to receive Alms from any of 'em; his deportment to the Idolaters, drew upon him their Resentment, and his Covetousness a general hatred; for he appropriated to himself the Salt-Works and Lakes whence People had the Rushes and Sedge, for Paper; he dealt in Nitre, and having invented a Litter to carry Dead Bodies in, would force all others to make use of it. At last declaiming against the Abominations of the Gentiles, he excited a furious Sedi∣tion against the Christians, but it fell heavy upon himself; for the enrag'd Multitude having dragg'd him about the Streets, put him to a cruel Death, and then burn'd his Body in 362. Julian the Apostate hearing of his Death, wrote 2 Letters, one to the Inhabitants of Alexandria, the other to Eudicius Praefect of Egypt, to make diligent Search for his Writing, that what concern'd the Sect of the Galileans, i. e. Christians, might be Burn'd; and his Books of Philosophy, Rhe∣torick, &c. sent to his Library to Antioch. Ammian Marcellin. Theodoret. Socrat.
• George, Despot of Servia in 1440. was constrain'd to serve Bajazet I. against Tamerlain: Afterwards he took part some∣times with the Christians, sometimes with the Ottomans: at length Amurat married his Daughter. Mahomet II. took Novograde, the Chief City of Servia from him. He died of a Wound received in his hand, fighting against the Hunga∣rians led by Zillagy, Brother-in-Law to Hunniades.
• Georgia Proper, formerly Iberia, contains the Cities of Teflis, Gory, Suram and My. The Air is dry, very hot in Summer, very cold in Winter; their Summer begins in May, but lasts till the end of November. The Soil is very fruitful, provided it be well water'd; and the Bread and Fruits are Excellent. Their Wildfowl have an Admirable taste, and their Wild-Boar is very delicate. The Common People live generally upon Pig, which never does 'em any hurt, tho' they Eat never so much. The Caspian Sea, and the River Kur, supply them 'em with Fish. Their Wine is extraordi∣nary and cheap.
• Georgia Proper, was a Kingdom of which all the Inhabi∣tants were Christians, but since 1639. the Mahometans are mix'd among 'em; and the King of Persia, having conquer'd the Country, has made two Kingdoms of it, of which he has given the Command to Princes, whom he calls Vice∣roys, and who are obliged to be Mahometans, if they will pre∣serve their Dignity. The Christians are partly of the Sect of the Armenians, and a part observe the Greek Ceremonies. The Georgians are excellent Archers, and compose a good part of the King of Persia's Cavalry, who reposes much upon their Courage and Fidelity. The People are generally ruddy and fresh Complexion'd, and the Women esteem'd the fairest in Asia. They Cloister their Daughters very young, because People steal 'em, to carry 'em into Turkey and Persia, where they have extraordinary Prices for 'em. The Women never Feast with their Husbands; but after these have treated their Friends, they Invite and make Merry with those of their own Sex. Great Numbers of Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Turks, Per∣sians, Tartars and Muscovites dwell in this Country; having the full free exercise of their several Religions. They build all their Churches upon Mountains and Hills, that they might be seen at the greater distance. For Religion, the Natives differ little from the Mingrelians; They do not admit a par∣ticular Judgment, saying, That Souls are carried by their Guardian Angels before Jesus Christ, who, if he finds 'em spotless, sends 'em to a place of Light; if otherwise, to a place of Darkness, without any other Punishment; where they expect the Universal Judgment. They believe Infidels will not appear at the last Judgment, but remain in their place of Punishment. A Priest assists and reads Prayers at their Christnings; but it's the Godfather that Baptizes. They confess very seldom, and when they do, it's only in general terms, viz. That they have sinned against God, &c. They give the Communion to dying Children; They make use of Wooden Chalices; do not say each their Office, but content 'emselves to hear it read. Their Priests for the most part are Gentlemen's Servants; Their Bishops are not in a much

• better Condition, being often forced to take Arms and go to the Wars. The Prince is Absolute as well in Spirituals as Temporals, and each Nobleman has Sovereign Power over his Vassals and Servants; They Divorce their Wives when they are found to be Barren, or convicted of Adultery, or known unsupportably troublesom and quarrelsom. Tavernier.
• Geraldi, (Hugo) Bishop of Cahors, rais'd to that Dignity, by Clement V. in 1312. Who likewise gave him 10000 Flo∣rins in Gold; but was afterwards Accused and Convicted of so many Crimes, that John XXII. publickly Degraded him, and deliver'd him to the Criminal Judges; by whom he was condemn'd to be Flea'd, dragged to the Pile, and then Burnt. Ciconius.
• Gerania, an Ancient Town of Moesia towards Thrace and Mount Haemus, inhabited in old times, if we believe Poets, by a Race of Pygmies, the tallest of whom hardly exceeded a Cubit in height. They add, That these were attack'd, wor∣sted and banish'd their Country by Storks; That their Wo∣men bore Children at 5 Years of Age, and were look'd upon as old and decay'd at 8. Pliny.
• * Gerard, (Gilbert) a Branch of the ancient Family of the Gerards of Brin in Com. Lanc. which derive their Descent from the great Geraldine or Fitz-Geralds Stock in Ireland, was for his Profound Learning and Knowledge in the Laws, made choice of to be Autumn-Reader in Grays-Inn, and in 2 and 3 of Ph. and M. joyn'd with Nicholas Bacon, afterwards Lord-Keeper of the Great Seal, in the Office of Treasurer for that Society. In the time of which Queen, upon the Lady Elizabeth's being question'd at the Council-Table, he was permitted to Plead there on her behalf, and perform'd his part so well, as that he suffer'd Imprisonment for the same in the Tower of London, during the remaining Term of Q. Maries Reign; for which Service, and other great Merits, Queen Elizabeth constituted him her Attorney-General the First of her Reign, in which Trust he continued until the 23th. of her Reign, and then made him Master of the Rolls, having Knighted him two Years before. He built that stately Quadrangular Fabrick of Stone Leaded on the Roof at Gerard's Bromley in Com. Staff. his Principal seat, and dying in 1592. his Son Thomas succeeded, and being constituted Knight-Marshal, was 1 Jac. advanc'd to the Dignity of Baron of this Realm, by the Ti∣tle of Lord Gerard of Gerard's-Bromley before-mention'd; also in 14 Jac. to be the King's Lieutenant in the Marches of Wales, commonly call'd Lord President: departing this Life in An. 1618. he was succeeded by Gilbert his Son and Heir, who dying in 1622. Dutton his Eldest Son and Heir succeeded, Married first Mary Daughter to Francis Earl of Westmorland, by whom he had Issue only one Son Charles, and Mary a Daughter, Married to Sir Anthony Cape of Hanwell in Com. Oxon. Baronet. His second Wife was Elizabeth Daughter and Coheir to Henry Earl of Thomond in Ireland, by whom he had Issue Elizabeth Married to William Spenser of Ashton in Com. Lanc. Esq; a younger Son to the Lord Spenser of Ash∣ton in Com. Lanc. Esq; and dying in 1640. being then 28 Years of Age, was Buried at Ashley, to whom succeeded his only Son, who Married Jane, the only surviving Daughter and sole Heir to George Digby of Sandon in Com. Staff. Esq; and by her had one only Son nam'd Digby. Born 1662. Dugdale.
• * Gerard, (Charles) great Grandson to the above-mention'd Sir Gilbert Gerard Knight, having been train'd up in Martial Discipline from his Youth in the United Provinces, commonly call'd the Netherlands, in 1642. repair'd to His Majesty at Shrewsbury, shortly after the Erection of his Royal Standard at Nottingham the same Year. And in a little time raising a Regiment of Foot and a Troop of Horse at his own Charge, behav'd himself with great Valour in divers sharp En∣counters; First in the Battel of Kineton, where he received some dangerous Wounds; and afterwards in sundry other Fights, viz. at the taking of Litchfield, and Skirmish at Not∣tingham-Bridge, in the first Battel of Newbery and Relief of Newark. Then as General to Prince Rupert in the Parts of South Wales; where his great Valour and judicious Conduct, made him famous for his Victories at Kaerdiffe, Kidwelly, and Kaermarthin; and for his Success in taking the Castles of Cardigan, Emblin, Langhorne and Roche; as also the strong Town of Haverford-West, with the Castles of Picton and Ca∣rew. Besides these his own Personal Actings, he had two Valiant Brothers, Edward a Colonel of Foot, and Sir Gilbert Gerard Knight; as also two Uncles, Sir Gilbert Gerard Knight, then Governor of Worcester, and Ratcliffe Gerard Lieutenant-Colonel; which Ratcliffe had three Sons; 1st. Ratcliffe, 2d. John afterwards put to Death by Cromwell; and 3d. Sir Gilbert Gerard, now Baronet; who were all in the Battel of Keneton and sundry other sharp Encounters, during the whole course of those late Unhappy Wars. In consideration therefore of these his great Services, he was by the King made Lieutenant-Gene∣ral of his Horse; and by Letters-Patent bearing Date at Oxford 21 Car. 1. advanced to the Degree and Dignity of Baron of this Realm, by the Title of Lord Gerard of Brandon, in Com. Suff. and afterwards by King Charles II. created Earl of Macclesfield. Dugdale.
• * Gerard, Surnam'd Thom, Guardian of the Hospital of Jerusalem, and afterwards Founder and First Great-Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. The Merchants of Amalfi, a Town of the Kingdom of Naples, situate upon the Coast of the Mediterranean Sea, between Naples and Salern, having ob∣tain'd leave of the Calife of Egypt and Syria, Built in Jerusa∣lem a Church for Divine Service; Founded a Monastery of Monks of St. Benet, to receive and entertain the Christian Pilgrims, and a Convent of Nuns, call'd of Mary Magdalene, to receive the Women that should visit the Holy Sepulchre, &c. An Hospital was Built in 1080. and the Administration there∣of given to Gerard, who after Godfrey of Bouillon had taken the City, in 1099. Founded the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Instituted a Rule and a Religious Habit for the Knights who at their reception, vow'd Chastity, Obedience, Self-Abdica∣tion; to assist the Christians always, &c. Gerard having Go∣vern'd the Order 18 Years, died much lamented in 1118. and was Succeeded by Raymond du Puy. Bosio. Hist. de Lordre de St. Jean de Jerusalem.
• Geraw, in Lat. Geravia, a Country of Germany in the Pa∣latinate of the Rhine, between the Rhine and the Mein, where stands the Town of Darmstadt; which derives it's Name to the Lantgraviate of Darmstadt, belonging to a Prince of the Family of Hesse.
• Gerberoy, in Lat. Gerboredum, a Town of France in Beau∣voisis, 4 or 5 Leagues from Beauvais upon the Frontiers of Picardy, and a Lordship belonging to the Bishop of that City.
• Gerbes, an Island of Africa upon the Mediterranean Sea, which depends upon the Kingdom of Tripoli. It is separated from the Continent by a narrow Streight, over which there is a Bridge. The Arabians give it the Name of Zerbi, Pto∣lomy's Laetophagitis, Pliny's Meninx, and Polybius's Mirmex. The Spaniards were Masters of it, till defeated by the Infi∣dels in 1560.
• Gergeau, Gergolium, a City of France upon the Loire, Four Leagues above Orleans, with a Bridge for the Passage of the River. The English took it in 1420; but the next Year the D. of Alencon retook it by Assault.
• Germanicus, (Caesar) the Son of Drusus and Antonia, Au∣gustus's Niece, was adopted by the Emperor Tiberius, his Uncle by the Father's side, Questor 5 Years before the Laws allow'd it, and presently after that, Consul. Being sent to the Army in Germany, when the Legions upon the News of Augustus's Death, most obstinately refus'd Tiberius, and would have ad∣vanc'd him to the Imperial Throne, he quieted their exaspe∣rated Minds, and prevented their Revolt; and soon after Vanquishing the Enemy, had the Honour of a Triumph al∣low'd him. Being sent into the East, he overthrew the King of Armenia, and reduc'd Cappadocia into a Province. He died at Antioch of a lingring Disease, not without Suspicion of Poison given him by Piso's contrivance, and the fraudulent Connivance of Tiberius himself. He had by Agr••ppina his Wife, Grand-daughter of Augustus, Three Sons and as many Daughters. Nero, Married to Julia Drus••lla, and kill'd by Tiberius, Drusus, and Caligula the Emperor. Agrippina Mar∣ried first to Domitius, by whom she had Nero, afterwards Emperor. Secondly, to Crispus Passienus; And Thirdly, to the Emperor Claudius. Drusilla, the second Daughter of Germanicus, was Married to Lucius Cassius; and afterwards to Marcus Lepidus. Livia Married to Marcus Vinicius. Tacit. Suetone.
• Germany, a Large fruitful and pleasant Country of Europe, which has the Title of an Empire. Authors do not agree why this Country was call'd Germany. Caesar in his Commentaries, Tacitus, Dion, and other Writers seem to intimate, That the Eburons, Condruses, Segnes, Cereses and Pemanes; having, when they cross'd the Rhine to settle in Gaul, taken the common Name of Tongres, were soon after call'd by the Natives Ger∣mans, or Brothers; others will have it come from Germannen, i. e. all Man; others from Werren, to Dispute or Quarrel; and add, That they were first call'd Weermans, then Guerremans, and at last Germans; but it's more probable, the Country being inhabited by Scythians, Gauls, &c. that leaguing together against the Romans, they took the Name of Germans, to mark their Union and Confraternity. Nor do Authors agree better about its Limits; Some give it for Bounds the German and Baltick Seas, with the Rivers Rhine, Danube and Vistule. When Charlemain undertook its Conquest, it was bounded with the Danube to the South, the Rhine to the West, the Baltick to the North, and Sarmatia to the East. But now it is bounded on the North by the Baltick Sea, and Jutland; on the East by Hungary, Prussia Superior and Poland; on the South by the Alpes, which part it from Italy; on the West by France, the Netherlands, the German Ocean and Switzerland. It's divided different ways; First, into Higher and Lower, the Upper com∣prehends Alsace, Tirol, the Dutchy of Baviere, the Palatinate of Baviere, Franconia, Suabia, Bohemia, Stiria, &c. The Pro∣vinces of Lower Germany, the Lower Rhine, Westphalia, Hesse, Brunswick, Thuringia, Misnia, Lusatia, Upper and Lower Saxo∣ny upon the Elbe. The Emperor Maximilian the First, divi∣ded it into 10 Circles in 1512. Viz. of Austria, Bavaria, Fran∣conia,

• Suabia, Burgundy, of the Upper Rhine, Westphalia, Upper and Lower Saxony; which may be seen under their several Heads. The Length of the whole from East to West, i. e. from the Vistule or Weissel to the Rhine, is esteem'd 840 Italian Miles; the Breadth from North to South from the Ocean to rhe Town of Brixen in Tirol 740. So that the Figure being almost square, it may take up 3160 Miles in compass, or thereabouts, situate in the Northern temperate Zone, betwixt the middle Parallels of the 6th. and 10th. Climates, the longest Day in the most Southern Parts being 15 hours and a half, and in the most Northern 17 and a quarter. The Soil in ge∣neral is very fertile, and there is scarce any Part but furnishes all things necessary for the life or use of Man; there being Silver, Copper, Tin, Lead, and Iron Mines, and some of Quicksilver, excellent Wine, Corn in abundance, Wool, Cat∣tle, &c. The Principal Rivers of this Country are the Danube, which after receiving into it above 60 Navigable Rivers, besides a far greater number of lesser ones, in its long course of 1500 Miles, dis-embogues it self into the Euxine Sea. The Rhine, which after a course of 800 Miles empties it self into the Ger∣man Ocean. The Elbe, which has a course of 400 Miles. The Oder, Weser, Weissel, the Moselle, Neckar, &c. The chief Mountains are, The Chain that encircles Bohemia; The Ad∣nobus in the Dutchy of Wirtemberg; The Thaunus of the An∣cients towards Mayence; The Sudeti or Suditi, now call'd the Mountains Wenenberg and Fietelberg, Mont Godart, Mont Jura, a part of the Alps, &c. It had a famous Forest in the time of the Romans call'd Hercinia, 60 Days Journey in length and 9 in breadth. The Black Forest, which the Romans call'd The Forest of Mars, and Ptolomy, The Desart of the Helvetians is a part of it, and takes up the whole Tract of Land about the Rhine, between Alsace and the Lake of Constance. There is another towards Bohemia, call'd Bohemewaldt, with some other parts of the Ancient Herc••nia. Tacitus speaking of the An∣cient Germans says, They were the first that Sung when they march'd to Fight, and read Verses that animated 'em, they judg'd of the Success of an Engagement by the Shouts and Hussa's of the Onset; The Men were tall and robust, impa∣tient of Heat or Thirst, but could endure Hunger and Cold to admiration; Their Wives as Martial as they themselves, accompanied 'em to the War, dress'd their Wounds, and pro∣vided 'em with Necessaries, and for this reason brought their Husbands no other Portion but Arms; they were very Chast; if any happen'd to be taken in Adultery, the Husband shav'd & strip'd her in the presence of her Friends, then led her about the Town, and turn'd her away. It was esteem'd an unpar∣donable Immorality to shut their Doors, they pass'd Nights and Days in drinking, made their Alliances, Reconciliations, and form'd their Designs so. It's true, they sometime forbore com∣ing to a Resolution until the next day, that having deliberated when they could not dissemble, they might resolve when in no danger of being deceiv'd. Their Year was Lunar, and they ob∣serv'd a ridiculous Maxim, of never sighting in the decline of the Moon; counted time by Nights. Their Infantry sur∣pass'd the Cavalry; for which reason, they sometimes mix'd Foot with Horse, they drew up in Batallions and Squadrons, thought it no dishonour to fly, so that they could come again to the Charge, and often made use of it for a Stratagem; they esteem'd nothing so infamous, as the throwing away or losing their Buckler; they carried off their Dead in the heat of the Battel; Their Burials were without Pomp. They burn'd the Bodies of their Noblemen, but neither incens'd the Pile, nor adorn'd it with costly Apparel, adding nothing but some∣times the Arms and Horse of the deceas'd. The Germans of our Age are laborious, simple, ambitious in Love-Intrigues, cruel in War, ready to serve for Money, constant in the Re∣ligion they embrace, Valiant, true Friends, open Enemies, jealous and mistrustful, plentiful Eaters and Drinkers. The Invention of Printing, Gun-Powder and Fire-Arms, are at∣tributed to 'em; for there have been very Learned Men of this Country in all Sciences, and Able Artists in every Calling. As for the Government of Germany, as the People were al∣ways great Lovers of Liberty, it's well recorded in History how much they resisted the Romans first, and the French after∣wards; For all Authors agree, That they were never all Sub∣dued neither by the one nor other; tho' the whole Body was not under one Sovereign, some Parts living as Common∣wealths, others under Roiolets and Captains, whose Authority was limited by Reason and Law. When Charlemain subdued a great part, they begun to have Dukes, who represented the Prince, and two sorts of Counts, the one to defend the Pro∣vinces, the other to Administer Justice in 'em; the first were oblig'd to a••company the Prince, and were therefore call'd Con••••ves. Charlemain and his Successors to Lewis III. enjoy'd the Empire; but then the Princes chose Conrad, and after him H••nr•• th•• Birder, who was succeeded by his Son Otho, after whom the Emperors had their Dignities by Succession, the consent of the People being necessary only to declare the Capa••ity of those to whom the Empire was devolv'd; this Custom held to Henry IV. who occasion'd the Constitution made for the Election of Emperors. This Prince was depos'd in 11••5. and afterwards to prevent the Confusion which the great number of States and Sovereigns unavoidably caus'd, the whole Power of choosing was committed to the 7 Chief among 'em; some think this was done in Otho III's Reign, others say, it was after Frederick II's Death; however it was confirm'd by Charles IV. in his Ordinance call'd, The golden Bull, which regulates the form of Election and Power of the Electors. This quality is now annex'd to certain Lands, so that whoever is in Possession of 'em, are thereby Electors. These are Ecclesiastick or Secular. The first are the Arch∣bishops of Mayence, Treves, and Cologn. The Seculars, the King of Bohemia, the Duke of Bavaria, the Duke of Saxony, the Marquis of Brandenbourg, the Prince Palatine of the Rhine, and Duke of Hanover; who, besides the Power of Election, have that of Capitulating with or Deposing the Emperor. So that if one Suffrage be wanting, there may be a Protest enter'd against the Proceedings. By that of Capitulation, they at∣tribute to themselves great Priviledges, as of making War, Coining, having a care of the publick Interest and Security of the States, and the Emperor promiseth 'em upon Oath to receive the Empire upon these Conditions, and maintain the Liberties and Priviledges of the whole Body that composes it. The Power of Deposition has been put in Execution sometimes. The Archbishop of Mayence publisheth the Emperor's Death, Assembles the Electors. Tho' the Election is commonly at Francfort, yet there is no inviolable Necessity that it should; for some Emperors have been Crown'd in Aix la Chapelle, Milan, Bologne, and at Rome. The same Elector takes the Ti∣tle of Chancellor of Germany. The Elector of Treves of Chancellor of the Gauls. And he of Cologn, of Italy. The Duke of Bavaria the Great Master of the Empire, carries the Golden Apple. The Elector of Saxony the Sword. The Ele∣ctor of Brandenbourg Great Chamberlain, the Scepter. The Elector Palatine is Great Treasurer of the Empire, and the Duke of Hanover.... The Power of the Electors is equal in all things to the Emperor's, excepting what the Germans call Fahn Lehen, the Mark of Homage. Formerly, when the Empire was vacant, either by the Death or Absence of the Emperor, the Electors Palatine and of Saxony, exercis'd the Office of Vicars and Regents; but now the Elector of Bava∣ria disputes that Honour with the first: when there a King of the Romans, he governs the Empire as Vicar-General, and succeeds the Emperor without the trouble of a new Ele∣ction. The Matriculae of the Empire, are Contracts, wherein the Privileges of Princes are marked, both for Immunities, Precedency, in Diets, &c. The Members or Orders of the Empire consist of Electors Ecclesiastick and Secular, Princes, Counts, Barons, and Imperial or free Towns. The Eccle∣siastick Princes are, the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, the Great Master of the Teutonick Order. The Secular Princes, the Arch-Duke of Austria, the Dukes of Bavaria, Saxony, Marquis of Brandenbourg, the Dukes of Brunswick and Lunebourg, of Juliers, Cleves and Bergue, of Mekelbourg, Pomeren, Wirtemberg, the Landtgraves of Hesse, the Marquisses of Baden, the Dukes of Sax-Lawenbourg, of Holstein, Savoy, Lorrain, the Landtgraves of Leichtemberg, the Princes of Anhalt, the Counts of Arem∣berg and Hohemzolleren. The Free and Imperial Cities are Augsbourg, Cologne, Nuremberg, Stratsbourg, Francfort, Spire, Lubeck, &c. The Emperor must be a Native German, or one by Extraction, a Laick and no Churchman, a Count or Baron at least, but there is no Age specified in the Constitution; for Otho was chosen at 11 Years of Age, Henry III. at 12, Henry IV. at 5, Frederick II. when but in the Cradle. The States of the Empire assembled at Francfort in 1338. and at Cullen in 1339. Voted that the Election alone conferr'd the full Imperial Power, so that the Emperors now after the usual Oath declare, That the two Coronations that were for∣merly done at Rome and Milan are unnecessary. The Popes Protested against these Ordinances, and refus'd to ac∣knowledge the Emperors that were neither Crown'd by themselves, nor by vertue of their dispensing Brief, which confirm'd the Election. Now, when the Place and Day are agreed upon, the Archbishop of Mayence acquaints the Magi∣strates of Aix la Chapelle and Nuremberg, and these send by their Deputies the Imperial Ornaments trusted to their Keep∣ing, viz. the Magistrates of Nuremberg, the Golden Crown of Charlemain, which weighs 14 pound, the Ring, Scepter, Globe, Shooes, Sword, given as is said, to that Prince by an Angel, the Magistrates of Aix la Chapelle, a Skreen covered with Diamonds; wherein, they say, is kept some of St. Stephen's Blood, Charlemain's wearing Sword, with his Belt, and a Book of Gospels in Golden Letters, made use of by that Prince. After Mass and the Coronation, the Emperor is conducted by the three Ecclesiastical Electors, the Secular walking be∣fore 'em to Charlemain's Chair, if the Ceremony be perform'd at Aix la Chapelle, where that Chair is kept; having seated himself thereon, he that Officiates pronounces these words, Take and keep Possession of this Place conferr'd upon you, not by Right of Inheritance or Paternal Succession, but by the free Suffra∣ges of the Electors of the German Empire, and more particularly, by the Providence of the Almighty, &c. Then the Emperor at∣tended by the Secular Electors, creates Knights by touching 'em with Charlemain's Sword, and is made Canon of the Col∣legiate

• Church of Aix la Chapelle. Before Charlemain's time, and after him, not only when the Empire was Hereditary, but even when it pass'd by Election to the Families of Saxony, Franconia and Suabia, to Frederick II. in 1245. its Govern∣ment was purely Monarchical. But the Electors and Princes of Germany, have since that time insensibly attributed to themselves several Privileges; so that now 'tis Monarchical and Aristocratick. There being some things wherein the Emperor acts as Sovereign without the Concurrence of any other, and others wherein he must call the Electors and States of the Empire. He takes all the Marks of the Ancient We∣stern Emperors, with the Titles of Ever-August, Caesar, Sacred Majesty, &c. wears a Globe as Symbole of Universal Monar∣chy on the top of his Crown. He confers the Secular high Dignities of King, Prince, Arch-Duke, &c. For it was Hen∣ry II. that erected the Dukedom of Hungary into a Kingdom in favour of Stephen Duke thereof. Henry IV. created Ura∣tislas Duke of Bohemia King; Frederick I. the K. of Denmark, Otho III. erected the Dutchy of Poland into a Kingdom, in favour of Boleslas. The Emperor has also the Disposal of the Fiefs of the Empire, whereof he gives the Investiture to Ecclesiasticks by the Scepter, and to Seculars by the Banner or Sword. The Electors and Princes of the Empire swear Allegiance to him, he grants Pardons, Institutes or Confirms Universities and Academies, and has several other marks of Sovereignty. But he cannot alienate nor mortgage the Fiefs of the Empire, grant the Priviledge of Coining Money, Confiscate the Goods or Estates of Rebels, make any Inno∣vation in matter of Religion, establish or abolish Laws, raise or sink the value of Money, declare War in or out of the Empire, impose Taxes, raise Men, build New Fortifica∣tions, &c. without the Consent and general Approbation of the States of the Empire, unless in very emergent Cases, and then the Approbation of the Electors sufficeth, as the Au∣thority of the Emperor alone is enough to make a Truce, and grant Suspension of Arms. The Demesns of the Prince and of the Crown are different, in all Elective Kingdoms, the Imperial Demesnes were formerly very considerable, but are fallen so low now, that they hardly defray the posts of the Empire, and pay some of its Officers; for not one Town belongs to the Emperor as Emperor. His whole Revenue consists in Aids, and what they call Roman Months, paid by the States and Members of the Empire, and other Subsidies paid by the Imperial Towns, which amount but to about 40000 Livres, in Taxes of the Chancelery and Impositions upon the Jews, call'd the Money of Oblation. The Title of King of the Romans in the sence it's now taken in, was unknown in the time of Charlemain, for that Prince took the Title as King of Rome, his Successors bestow'd it upon their Presump∣tive Heirs and Successors; so that it was much the same with the Title of Caesar, given by the Ancient Emperors of Rome. Now the King of the Romans, is one chosen by the Electors in the Emperor's Life-time, to have the Management of Af∣fairs in his Absence, as Vicar-General of the Empire, and to Succeed him without any farther Election or Confirmation, they do not swear Allegiance to him until after the Emperor's Death, he is call'd August, but not always August as the Em∣peror; The Spread-Eagle that he bears for Arms has but one Head, and he has no Power in the Empire, but in the Empe∣peror's Absence. The three Colleges of the Empire are, 1. That of Electors. 2. That of Princes. 3. The College of Free Towns; This distinction was establish'd in the Diet at Francfort in 1580. The Electors are Princes of the Empire too, as Princes they are Sovereign in their own Territories, with some certain restrictions that make 'em depend of the Emperor and Empire, as Electors besides the Power of choo∣sing the Emperor and King of the Romans, they have Prece∣dency of all other Princes of the Empire, even of Cardinals and Kings. There is this Difference between the Secular and Ecclesiastick Electors, that the first have an Active and Passive Voice, i. e. may choose and be chosen; the last an Active only. The three Archbishops are to be 30 Years compleat before they can be advanced to the Dignity, the Secular 18, before they can do the Function; when they succeed younger, an Uncle or the next Kinsman takes his Place and Habit, and Administers for him. The Secular Electors have each their Vicars, who officiate in their absence; and these Charges are Hereditary in the Families that possess them. The King of Bohemia Cup-bearer, has for his Vicar the Baron of Lembourg. The Duke of Bavaria Great Master of the Palace, the Count of Truchses. The Elector of Saxony Great Marshal, Count Pa∣penheim. The Marquis of Brandenbourg Great Chamberlain, the Count of Hohenzollern. The Elector Palatin Great Treasurer, the Count of Suizerdorf. The College of Princes consists of all the other Secular and Ecclesiastical Princes of the Empire, of all the Abbots, Counts, &c. The Members of this College have their deliberative and decisive Voices in the general Di∣ets, and Contribute to the Necessities of the Empire, as they are tax'd in the Matricule or Registers of the States. The Arch-Duke of Austria, and Arch-Bishop of Saltzbourg are Alternative Directors of it. The College of the Imperial Cities assembles apart, as the other two, to deliberate upon what is propos'd relating to the Empire; their Deputies have their deliberative and decisive Voices in General Assemblies create Magistrates in their own Jurisdiction, make Laws of their own proper Authority, Coin, Fortifie the Places be∣longing to them, raise and do any thing else that the Princes of the Empire are allow'd to do. The Towns are divided into two Bans, viz. of the Rhine and Suabia; The First Com∣prehends Cullen, Aix la Chapelle, Strasbourg, Lubek, Worms, Spire, Francfort, with the 10 Cities of Alsace, &c. The Se∣cond, Ratisbonne, Augsbourg, Nuremberg, Ulm, with 32 more. The Imperial Diets are compos'd of these three Colleges. The Emperor seated upon a Throne, has on his Right the Electors of Mayence, Bavaria, and Brandenbourg; on the Left, the Electors of Cologn, Saxony and Palatine, the Elector of Treves sitting right over against him. The other Ecclesiastick Princes are on the Right, the Secular on the Left; the De∣puties of the Imperial City upon Forms that cross from Right to Left. The Emperor having propos'd what he thinks fit to the Assembly, they deliberate, and afterwards meet to com∣municate their Sentiments, send the result to the Emperor, whose Approbation makes it an Imperial Constitution. As for the Circles of the Empire above-mention'd, each has its Directors and Colonel; the first have Power to assemble the States of their respective Circles, and regulate the Publick Affairs. The Colonel commands the Militia, has care of the Artillery and Magazines; and as all Members of the Empire are to contribute to its Necessities, each Circle is oblig'd to provide a certain Number of Horse and Foot, or to Pay an Equivalent in Money every Month: These Contributions are call'd Roman Months, words which some think derive their Original from a Tax impos'd first of all to Pay 20000 Foot and 4000 Horse, that attended the Emperors when they went to Rome. The Circle of Austria has for Director the Empe∣ror as its Arch-Duke; the Circle of Bava ia, the Duke of that Name and Arch-Bishop of Saltzbourg; the Circle of Sua∣bia abounding more in Imperial Towns than any other, has for Directors the Bishop of Constance and Duke of Wirtemberg. The Circle of Franconia, the Bishop of Bamberg and Marquis of Bareith or Culmbach; The Circle of Upper Saxony, the Ele∣ctor of that Name; The Circle of Lower Saxony, very consi∣derable for the Powerful States it comprehends, has the King of Sweden, as Duke of Bremen, and the Marquis of Branden∣bourg, as Duke of Magdebourgh, Co-Directors with the Eldest of the Dukes of Brunswick and Lunenbourg. The Circle of West∣phalia abounds with war-like Men and excellent Horses, and has for Directors the Marquis of Brandenbourg and Duke of Newbourg (as Masters of the Dutchies of Juliers, Cleves, Mentz, the Counties of Marck, Ravenberg, and the Lordship of Raven∣stein) with the Bishop of Munster; The Circle of the Lower Rhine, call'd that of 4 Electors, because it comprehends the 3 Ecclesiastical Electorates and the Palatinate, all situate upon the Rhine, has for Directors the Elector of Mayence and Elector Palatine; The Circle of the Upper Rhine, the Bishop of Worms and Elector Palatine, as Duke of Simmeren. The Circle of Burgundy took its Name from the County of that Name, which is now in the Possession of the King of France. The King of Spain is Sovereign Director of what is left of it both in Germany and Flanders, which Charles the Fifth got to be receiv'd as Member of the Empire at the Diet of Augsbourg in 1548. yet independent of the Imperial Chamber of Spire, in the Administration of Justice, but subject to the Charges and Contributions. Justice is administred either in general Tri∣bunals, or particular Courts. All the Princes, States and Mem∣bers of the Empire have Sovereign Power in their own Terri∣tories, except in certain Cases, wherein People may Appeal to the Imperial Chamber of Spire, and the Aulique Council. In particular Courts they follow the Laws of the Empire, which consist in Ancient Constitutions, the Golden Bull, the Pacification of Passaw, the Treaties of Westphalia in the Saxon Law establish'd by Charlemain, and the Roman by the Empe∣ror Justinian; which last is observ'd in all places where the Saxon has not been receiv'd. The two Supream Tribunals are, the Imperial Chamber of Spire, and the Emperor's Coun∣cil. The First by the Treaties of Westphalia was to consist of a R. C. Judge, 4 Presidents, 2 Protestants and 2 R. C.. and 50 Councellors, whereof 24 were to be Protestant, 26 R. C. But now this Chamber consists of a lesser Number of Officers. The Elector of Treves as Bishop of Spire, is Judge; there are but two Presidents, one a Protestant, the other a R. C. 15 Councellors, whereof 7 are Protestants. The other Sovereign, viz. The Emperor's Council, consists of a President, a Vice-Chancellor, 18 Councellors, whereof 9 are Protestants. The Emperor, as Sovereign Judge, presides in both these Courts, and Pronounceth the Sentences when he is there in Person; and because they that preside in his Absence represent him, they have the Priviledge of carrying the Imperial Scepter, as mark of their Dignity. There are two sorts of Free Noble∣men in Germany, one immediate, depending only of the Em∣peror and Empire; the other, tho' it acknowledges the Em∣peror as chief, is under the Jurisdiction of other Princes; the first possess Hereditary Fiefs, for which they are oblig'd to Serve the Emperor in Person, on all occasions, with a 〈1+ pages missing〉〈1+ pages missing〉

• ... stal, Bishop of Durham, advis'd him to Travel. Whereupon he quitted his Cure. Nor could the Bishop persuade him to the contrary, though he promis'd he would procure him a Dispensation; and swore by the Soul of his Father, That otherwise he would want Money to pay the Charges of his Voyage, and at last die a Beggar. To which Gilpin made no other Answer, but that he believ'd the Devil would not hold the Dispensation valid. At his return, Queen Elizabeth offer'd him the Bishoprick of Carlisle. Which he refus'd; alledging, He had a great number of poor Friends in that Province to whom he could not grant what they should de∣sire of him without injuring his Conscience, nor refuse with∣out disgusting 'em. Charlton, Bishop of Chichester.

• Gimnosophists, Philosophers of the Indies, divided into Brachmanes, Germanes, or Sermanes, and Hylobians: Which last liv'd in Woods and Forests, to contemplate, more at leisure, the Wonders of Nature; they cloath'd themselves with the Bark of Trees, and took their Rest in the hollow of decay'd Ashes. All these Philosophers in general held the Metempsy∣cosis, said the Happiness of Man consisted in a generous Contempt of the Goods of Fortune, and gloried in giving good Advice to King's and Magistrates for the Government of their People. Tertul. Clem. Alexand.
• Ginga, Queen of Angola, a Country of Africa, between the Kingdoms of Congo and Bengala; by most horrible Cru∣elties reveng'd the Death of her Father, Beheaded by the Portugueses. She over-ran the Country with a great number of her Subjects, putting all to Fire and Sword, and sparing neither Age nor Sex. She fed upon Humane Flesh, and always went in Man's Apparel, with 600 Negro's in her Train; of which 300 were Men clad like Women, and 300 Women in Mens Habit. However, at last she made a Profession of Christianity, and shewed great Marks of Repentance at her Death. Menezes.
• Gingi, a City and Province of India, in the Peninsula on this side Ganges, upon the Coast of Coromandel. This Pro∣vince, which is known by the Name of the State de Naque de Gangi, has a particular Prince, whom the Natives call Naique, and who is a Tributary to the King of Visapour. This little State is bounded by the Gulf of Bengala to the East; by the Kingdom of Bisnagar to the North; by the Mountains of Malabar to the West; and the Province of Taniaor to the South. The City of Gingi, which gives its Name to the Province, is large, and well peopl'd. There is a Fortress belonging to it, of which the King of Bisnagar was formerly Master. The other Cities are Coloran, Canda∣baran, &c.
• Giovenazzo, Lat. Juvenacium, an Episcopal City of the Kingdom of Naples, in the Terra di Bari: a small Town wherein there is nothing Remarkable, 2 or 3 Miles from Molfetta.
• Giphanius Obertus, in great Favour with Rodulphus II. wrote Commentaries upon Aristotle's Politicks and Morals; upon Homer, Lucretius, &c. with several other Pieces in re∣ference to the Civil Law, and dy'd in 1609.
• Girgio, a City of Africa in the Upper-Egypt, Capital of the Province call'd Cassiff de Girgio, seated upon the River Nile, between Barbanda and Said.
• Giringbomba, a City of Africa in the Upper-Aethiopia, to which 15 more Kingdoms are subject. It lies upon the River Gingiro, or Giring, and borders upon Morocco, by the Testi∣monies of Vossius.
• Giron Garcias, Archbishop of Toledo, wrote a Chrono∣logy of the Gothic and Suevian Kings; as also, Of the Bishops and Councils of Spain; Of the Dignities and Offices in the Palaces of the Gothic Princes, &c. and died in 1599.
• Girone, Lat. Gerunda, an Episcopal City of Spain, in Ca∣talonia, under the Archbishop of Terragone. There is one broad Street that runs the whole length of the City, with several good Suburbs. Gironne is also indifferently well for∣tified.
• Giscala (John of) was Head of the Factious, who refus'd to surrender Giscala to the Romans; but finding he was not able to defend the Place against so Potent an Army, fled to Jeru∣salem; where he drew the Zealots to his Party, and prophan'd the Temple with a thousand Cruelties which he exercis'd upon the Princes and People. At length, after he had held∣out the City of Jerusalem to Extremity, he yielded to the Romans, by whom he was condemn'd to perpetual Imprison∣ment. Josephus.
• Gisco, After he had made War in Africa with good Suc∣cess, was banish'd by his Fellow-Citizens; who envying his Honour, accus'd him to have unjustly put to Death his Bro∣ther Amilcar, under a false Pretence of having aspir'd to Ty∣ranny. But he was afterwards recall'd; and his Enemies being deliver'd up to be us'd as he pleas'd himself, he only made 'em prostrate themselves upon the Ground, while he set his Foot upon their Necks. Soon after, he was sent into Sicily with an Army. Where being arriv'd, he made a Peace with Timoleon, upon Condition, That all the Cities depending upon Greece, should be absolutely Free. Plutarch.
• Gisors, a City of France, in Normandy, in the County of Vexin, seated upon the little River of Epte, being a Bailliage, 14 Leagues from Paris. Not far from hence it was, that when Philip the August, and Henry King of England, heard the News of the Taking Jerusalem by Saladin, they had an Inter∣view, in the Year 1288. between Gisors and Trie, and resolv'd upon a Croisade for the Relief of the Holy Land. In Token of which, they set up a Cross in their Camp, and mutually promis'd to lay all their Differences aside till their return. Roger, in Philip August; Du Chesne.
• * Gissa, Pago, a small Island of the Adriatick Sea, under the Venetian, 3 Miles from the Coast of Croatia, and 60 in Cir∣cuit, Oblong and Narrow, with a Town of the same Name containing 1500 Inhabitants; to whom, as well as to the Republick, the Salt-Pits in the Island yield a considerable Re∣venue. Metellus.
• Givaudan, a Country of France, in Cevenes, bounded to the East by Vivarez and le Velay; to the South, by the Dio∣ceses of Nismes and Usez; to the West, by Rovergne; and by the Upper Auvergne, to the North. It is distinguish'd into the Upper and Lower Givaudan; which is almost all in Cevenes, being, as it were, enclos'd within the High Moun∣tains, which makes it very subject to Snow. The Capital City of this Country is Mende; the rest, Randon, Sialgues, Marige, Barres, &c. This Country, which is very Fertile, though it lie among the Mountains, had formerly Counts of her own, but the Earldom was united to the Crown, in 1271. However, the Bishops of Mende assume the Title of Counts of Givaudan, and have some Privileges.
• Giulia, or Gula, Lat. Julia, a small City of the Kingdom of Hungary, upon the River Kerez, and upon the Frontiers of Transilvania, near the Lake Sarchard, Taken by the Turks in 1566. and by them afterwards Mortgaged to the Prince of Transilvania. It is 20 Miles distant from Waradin, which lies to the South; and as many from Segedin to the East. Some will have it to be the Ziridava of the Ancients.
• Gius-chon, in the Turkish Tongue, signifies a Reader of the Alcoran; whereof there are 30 in every Royal Mosque, that read each a Section of the Alcoran; which being divided into that Number, the Whole is read every Day. This is done for the Repose of the Souls of those that leave Legacies for that purpose, and therefore the Readers stand generally near the Tombs or Graves of those they Pray for. Ricaut.
• Gladiators, Sword-Players, Slaves that were taught to fight at Sharps, by Fencing-Masters, on purpose for the Di∣vertisement of the Roman People, at their Publick Games, or Shows. At first, none but Slaves and Fugitives, that were enforc'd to it, would thus hazard their Lives: Afterwards, Free-men suffer'd themselves to be Hired to it; and they bound themselves by a solemn Oath, to Fight to the last Gasp, or else to yield their Bodies to be Whipt or Branded. — Uri virgis, ferroque necari— But, for the most part, the Prince or People gave their Lives to the Wounded, when they acknowledg'd themselves Overcome, in holding of a Finger up, and dropping the Point of their Weapon, and this was call'd Missio. Sometimes Noblemen themselves, that were decay'd in their Estates, to merit the Emperor's Favour, would engage in these sorts of Combats. The Victor was either Crown'd with a Palm-Tree-Branch; or else, if he were a Slave, was presented with a Wand, call'd Rudis, in Token of his being made a Free-man. Now that there might be a sufficient Number of these Gladiators, there were Schools erected, into which Captives, Fugitives, Servants, and notorious Offenders, were Condemn'd, and many times Sold. Theodoret, King of the Ostrogoths, in Italy, utterly abolish'd these Gladiators, in 500. The Gladiators wore always some Mark of Distinction, as a Peacock's Feather, or other very discernable thing. Nero order'd 400 Senators, and 600 Roman Knights, to Fight for his Diversion. See more in Rosinus.
• * Glamorganshire, Glamorganiensis Comitatus, is a Maritime County of South-Wales: so called (according to Camden) from Mor, the British Word for the Sea, as agreeing to its Situation; or (as others will have it) from one Morgan, a Prince thereof. But, however it was so denominated, cer∣tain it is, that it stands bounded Northward with Brecknock∣shire; Southward, with the Severn Sea; Eastward, with the River Rumney, which parts it from Monmouthshire; and West∣ward, with Carmarthenshire. Its Length, from East to West, is near upon 40 English Miles; its Breadth, from North to South, about 20 Miles. The Whole is divided into 10 Hun∣dreds; wherein are 118 Parishes, and 11 Market-Towns; anciently inhabited by the Silures, possessed of South-Wales, as the Ordovices were of North-Wales; and now being in the Diocess of Landaff. As to the Soil of this Country, the North and South Parts differ exceedingly. For, whereas the North is exceeding Hilly, and yields but little Corn; the South is so Fruitful, that it wants for nothing: And, whereas the Northern Shires yield but little good Fruit, here grows as good, and as soon ripe, as any where in England. In short, This is look'd upon, by some, as the Garden of Wales. Besides the Rumney, which divides this County from

• ... Monmouthshire, and the Hoghon, which severs part of it from C••rmaerthenshire, here you will find the Tave, Elay, Ogmore, Avon, Ne••th, and others of less Note. As for the Wonder of the Well at Newton, and that of a Rock (or Cliff) in the Isle of Barrey, belonging to this County, see the Words Newton and Barrey. The Market-Towns are Cardiff the Principal Places, Cowbridge, Bridgend, Aberavon, Carfilly-Castle, Kanfig-Castle, Lantrissent, Lantwyt, Neath, Penrees, and Swanzey. Among which, Cardiff alone has the Privilege of sending a Member to Par∣liament, besides the Knight of the Shire. Within a Mile of Cardiff, on the River Tave, stands Landaff, a Bishop's See.
• Glandeves, Lat. Glandeva, Glannata, and Glannatica, an Episcopal City of France, near to the River Var, under the Archbishop of Ambrun. This City was formerly an Earldom, but the continual Overflowings of the Var constrain'd the Inhabitants to remove to Entrevaux about a Quar∣ter of a League distant, whither the Cathedral was also translated.
• Glaris, a Town, and one of the Confederate Cantons of Switzerland, being a little Country, 3 German Miles in Length, though not very Broad, almost surrounded with Mountains, between Altorf, Schwits and Appenzel, which first cast off the Austrian Yoak, and enter'd into Confederacy with the rest of the Cantons, in 1351. In the Year 1386. they were again attack'd by Leopold, Duke of Austria; who being worsted the same Year, yet in 1387. advanc'd with 15000 Men as far as Navalia, with a Resolution to have broken into the Country through that narrow Pass. But there being oppos'd by no more than 350 of the Inhabitants of Glaris, and 30 Switzers, that small Number won so Famous a Victory, after they had slain above 3000 of the Enemy, beside what were drown'd in the Lake Rivarius, that they totally recover'd their Li∣berty, which they have preserv'd to this day. The Inhabi∣tants are part Protestants, part Catholicks; the Protestants, upon the Preaching of Zwinglius, embracing the Reformation in 1515. two Years before Luther appear'd in Saxony. The Town of Glaris has nothing Considerable; the rest are Nestel, or Nephel, Urnen, Quart Wesen, &c. Simler, Plantin.
• * Glassenbury, Glasconia, or Avalonia, from the Island of Avalon, so called, in which it stands, is a Market-Town about the Middle of Somersetshire, situate on the North-side of the River Parret, Famous in the Popish Times for its Rich and Stately Abbey: The Monks whereof, for the Credit of it, gave out, That the Body of Joseph of Arimathaed lay there Interred. Certain it is, that this was a Shelter to the Britains in the latter Times of the British Churches, when they were miserably harrass'd and persecuted by the Pagan Saxons. And it might be (as Bishop Stillingfleet says) of far greater Request among the Britains, because it was the Place where the Famous British King Arthur was Buried; whose Body was found there, very deep in the Earth, in the Reign of Henry II. with a Latin Inscription on a Leaden Cross, ex∣pressing that King Arthur lay there buried, in the Isle of Avalon.
• Glats, Lat. Glatium, by the Bohemians Gladsco, a City of Germany, in Bohemia, Capital of a Praefecture of the same Name, seated upon the River Miza, well fortify'd, and having a good Castle.
• Glaucus, the Father of Bellerophon, who, at the Siege of Troy, chang'd his Arms that were of Gold, for Diomed's that were only of Copper. There was another Glaucus, the Son of Sisyphus, who feeding his Horses with Humane Flesh, was by them devour'd himself: Denoting thereby the Vanity of those that consume their Estates by keeping of Race-Horses. Also another Glaucus, a Fisher-man; who putting into his Mouth a certain Herb, the Touch of which reviv'd several sorts of Fish, became Mad, and threw himself into the Sea, where he was turn'd into a Marine Deity. Whence the Proverb, Glaucus, comesâ Herbà, habitat in Mari. Erasmus in Adag.
• Glicas (Michael) of Sicily, liv'd in the XIIIth. Age, about the Year 1250. and wrote Annals in IV Parts: The First containing the Work of the Six Days Creation: The Second, from the Beginning of the World, till Christ's Time: The Third ended with Constantine the Great: The Fourth continu'd on to Alexius Comnenus, who died in 1118. To which Leunclavius added a Fifth, that proceeded as far as the Taking of Constantinople. Vossius.
• Glicerius, Flavius, assum'd the Imperial Crown after the Death of Olybrius, and was Crown'd at Ravenna, in 473. But after he had Reign'd a Year, was Depos'd by Julius Nepos, not far from the Mouth of the River Tiber, and then Consecrated Bishop of Salona, in Dalmatia, where he liv'd till 480.
• Glessaria, an Island upon the Coast of Jutland. now Norstrandt, near Husum, in Sleiswick, 25 Miles in Compass, having in it some few Villages. Baudrand, Cluverius.
• * Glocester, Lat. Glocestria, Glevum, the Chief Place of Glocestershire, and a Bishop's See, in the Province of Canter∣bury, is about 80 Miles W. and by N. from London. A fine and neat City, seated in a fruitful Vale, on the East Banks of the Severn, with a large Key, or Wharf, very commodious for its Trade. The Streets are generally fair, and the Town well built upon an easie Ascent. Among the Romans it was in good Esteem, under the Name of Glevum; and it has been formerly Wall'd about, except on the River's side, with a strong Wall; some Remains whereof are still to be seen in many Places; which shew what Strength they have been of. King Richard III. being Duke hereof, when he came to the Crown, made it a County of it self, by laying to it two of the adjacent Hundreds. Its Cathedral being first an Abbey-Church, was built by Aldred, Archbishop of York, and Bishop of Worcester; and afterwards repair'd, and so well beautify'd by several Abbots, that it is, to this day, one of the Fairest Fabricks of this Realm. In this Church lies Interr'd, under a Monument of Alabaster, the unfortunate Prince, King Edward II. who by the Cruelty of Isabel his Wife, was Murder'd at Berkley-Castle. That Glocester was a Bishop's See, in the time of the Britains, we have this Reason, That the Bishop's Stile does occur in the Synodical Acts of those elder Times, by the Name of Cleviensis, agreeable to Clevid the British Name of it. But whether it were so or not, this is certain, That it came to nothing, by the Heathen Saxons; and that when they embrac'd the Christian Faith, it was first under the Authority of the Bishops of Lichfield, and afterwards of those of Worcester. In the Reign of Henry VIII. it was dismember'd from that Diocess, and made a Bishop's See, with five others of his Erection; constituting therein a Chapter of a Dean, and six Prebendaries; for the Maintenance whereof, he assign'd over most of the Lands belonging to all the Monasteries here. The Diocess con∣tains only Glocestershire, wherein are 267 Parishes, of which 125 are Impropriations. And here is but One Archdeacon, being call'd of Glocester. The Bishoprick, according to the Esti∣mate thereof at the first Foundation, is valu'd in the King's Books but 315 l. 7 s. 2 d. And for a Tenth of all, the Clergy pay unto the King, 358 l. 15 s. But besides the Honour Glocester has, of being a Bishop's See, it has given the Title of Duke to one of the Royal Family.
• * Glocestershire, Glocestriensis Comitatus, is a large In-land County of England, lying betwixt Worcester and Warwickshire Northward, Somersetshire Southward, Oxford and Wiltshire on the East, the River Wye and Herefordshire on the West. So that the Length of it, from North to South, is 48 Miles; its Breadth, from East to West, 28 Miles. The Whole is divided into 30 Hundreds; wherein are 280 Parishes, and 30 Market-Towns: Whose Inhabitants, in the Time of the Romans, went (with those of Oxfordshire) by the Name of Dobuni; the County making Part of the Heptarchy King∣dom of Mercia, and now the Diocess of Glocester. This is a well Water'd County; for, besides the Severn, which runs through it from North to South, here are the North and South Avon, Wye, Windruth, Coln, Churn, Stroud, Frome, and others of less Note; all yielding great Plenty of Fish, and the Severn particularly abundance of Salmon. Here is also Dean Forest, between the Severn and the Wye, reckon'd to be 20 Miles Long, and 10 Broad, but a good part of it con∣sumed by Iron-Mines: And the Cotswold Hills, Famous for the Wool of its Sheep, which feed here in great abundance. As the Air of this Country is Sweet and Pleasant, so is the Soil exceeding Fruitful: And it yields not only Plenty of Corn and Grass, but exceeds all other Parts of England in the Goodness and Abundance of its Fruits; particularly Pear-Trees and Apple-Trees, which grow here of their own ac∣cord, and whereof great Quantity of Perry and Cyder is made: Yet more might be made, were it not for a kind of Bird, that comes hither sometimes, and that in great Com∣panies. A Bird something bigger than a Sparrow, with a Bill thwarted cross-wise at the End, whereby it shaves (or cuts) an Apple in two at one snap, but eats only the Ker∣nels thereof, and so spoils more than he devours. They come about Harvest-time, when Apples begin to be ripe. That here were formerly a great many Vineyards, it appears from the many Places call'd Vineyards to this day, wherof one most Eminent, nigh Glocester; and that, by ancient Records, some Towns in this Shire pay'd Rent-Wines in great Pro∣portions. But in latter Ages this Commodity has been dif∣us'd, partly because Better and Cheaper may be had from Beyond-Sea, and partly because our other Native Liquors prove more Healthful to us. Tabacco likewise grew here very well, and much of it was planted about Winchcomb, whereby many got good Estates, till the Planting of it was (for good Reasons of State) prohibited by Act of Parliament. England has the best Oak in the World, not for Fineness, but Firm∣ness: And the best Oak in England, is in Dean-Forest afore∣said; so Tough, that (when it is dry) 'tis said to be as hard as Iron. For Metals, here is Iron; and Steel, its eldest Bro∣ther, as the first Running of Iron. Among the Memorable Products of this County, there are frequently found about Alderley, Oysters, Cockles, and Perwinkles of Stone, which may be look'd upon as Lusus Naturae. And for Manufactures, here is as good Cloathing as any in England, either for Fine∣ness or Colour: For, as the best Wool grows here on 〈1+ pages missing〉〈1+ pages missing〉

• King of England, after it had been for some time Besieg'd by M. Rabenhauft.
• Graveline, or Gravelinga; Lat. Gravelinga, and Gravelina, a City of the Low-Countries, in France; seated near the Sea, upon the River Aa, between Calais and Dunkirk, 3 Leagues from each, and 2 from Bourbourg. The Normans ruin'd it; but it was afterwards repair'd (as it is said) by Thierry of Alsatia, Count of Flanders, who dy'd there in 1168. And in the Year 1528. there was a strong Castle added to it by the Order of Charles V. So that it is now one of the most Regular and Strongest Places of Europe. It is but Small, though of great Importance; and was taken by the French, in 1658. and relinquish'd to them by the Pyrenaean Treaty.
• * Gravesend, a Noted Market-Town in the County of Kent, in Alesford-Lath; seated upon a rising Hill, on the Banks of the Thames, over-against Tilbury-Fort, in Essex. From London 20 Miles.
• Gravina (Peter) an Italian Poet, who besides that he was highly applauded for his Poems, and much esteem'd for his Writing by the Great General Gonsalvo, and Prosper Colonna, dy'd a Remarkable Death. For being in the Country, as he lay asleep under a Chesnut-Tree, a Chesnut with the prickly Rind fell upon his Cheek, and prick'd it. When he awoke, the Prickles left an Itching in the Skin; which he fell a rubbing so violently, that his continual Rubbing caus'd an Ulcer in the Part, which brought him to his End, in 1527. Jovius, Pierius, Valerianus.
• Graving, is the Art of Engraving upon Pretious-Stones, Copper and Wood. As for the Art of Engraving Precious-Stones, Cornelians and Crystals, the Ancients were the most exquisite Masters of it; as appears by many rare Pieces of their Workmanship still extant: And their Art lay buried with 'em for many Centuries of Years; till Sculpture and Painting being reviv'd in Italy, Engraving upon Precious-Stones began to shew it self again much about the same time, but came not to any Perfection till about the time of Pope Martin V. at the Beginning of the XVth. Age: And one of the first that render'd himself Eminent for this sort of Graving, was John di Corgnivole, a Florentine; so call'd, because he Engrav'd upon Cornelians. As for Engraving upon Copper and Wood, it is to be admir'd that they who Wrought so admirably upon Precious-Stones, never discover'd this Secret, which appear'd not till after the Invention of Printing; and then Albert Dure, and Lucas, were the first that brought this Art to Perfection.
• Gravius (Henry) of Louvain, a Learned Printer, in such Esteem with Sixtus V. that he conferr'd upon him the Care of the Library and Printing-House in the Vatican. He died young, at Rome, in 1591. and had his Epitaph made him by Cardinal Baronius.
• Gray, Lat Graeum, a Town of Franche Comtè, in Burgundy, seated upon the Sone, about 5 or 6 Leagues from Dole; a Pleasant City, though not very Big. It has been very Strong, with a good Castle belonging to it. But Lewis XIV. who took it in 1688. demolish'd both the Fortifications of the Town, and the Castle it self.
• Greece, Lat. Graecia, is a Spacious Country of Europe, now belonging to the Turk; all but the Morea, lately wrested out of their Hands by the Venetians. 'Tis said, That it deriv'd its Name from a certain King call'd Graecus; and that another King, whose Name was Hellen, or Hella, gave his People the Name of Hellenes. But the Name of Greece is taken variously: For at first it comprehended only two little Countries; of which the one was call'd Thessalia; and the other, Hellas, or Greece properly so call'd. Afterwards, Macedon, the Southern Provinces, Achaia, the Peloponnesus, as also all the Islands round about that Extremity of the Continent, receiv'd the Name of Greece. And besides that, the Name of Greece was given to Sicily, and the Lower-part of Italy; and spread it self likewise into the Continent of Neighbouring Asia, which was call'd Asiatick Greece. The Whole that comprehended this same Greece, was enclos'd between the Egean Sea to the East; the Cretan Sea to the South; the Ionian Sea to the West; and to the North, by the Mountains of Mariani. There are several Parts of this same Greece; but principally Epirus, the Peloponnesus, Greece taken according to its proper Signification, Thessaly and Macedon. Hellas, or Greece properly so call'd, between Epirus, Thessaly, the Egean Sea, and the Gulph of Corinth; compre∣hending Aetolia, Doris, Phocis, Attica, Megaria, Boeotia, and the Country of the Locri. Moreover, the Greeks were so Renown'd for their Wit and Courage, that People resorted to 'em from all Parts of the World, either to be instructed in the Liberal Sciences, or else to learn the Art of War. They were the Inventors of Arts, and Improvers of Sciences: And they were the People who first of all submitted to Laws, and who found out the way to govern themselves, and rule others. The Country was so fertile in Men of Learning, that the time was once, when there were found to be above Three hundred Authors who had made the Description of one Bat∣tel. They receiv'd their Laws from several Great Persons: Athens from Cecrops, Draco & Solon: Lacedaemon from Lycurgus; Mantinea from Nicodora; the Locri from Zeleucus, and Candy from Minos. The Romans boasted to have receiv'd their best Laws from Greece; to which purpose, they sent Spurius Posthumus, Aulus Man∣lius, and Publius Sulpitius, to inform themselves of the Manners and Customs of the Greeks. And as they were renown'd for Learning, so were they no less fam'd for their Military Prowess, extending their Arms into several Kingdoms of the Uni∣verse.
• Asiatick Greece, Comprehended Mysia, Phrygia, Eolia, Ionia, Doris, Lydia, & Caria; and great Greece, contain'd Calabria and Sicily. There were also several Republicks in Greece, of which, Athens and Lacedaemon were the most renown'd. She fought a long time in defence of her Liberty; but was at length subjected to the Romans, afterwards she buckled to the Emperors of Constantinople, and now Groans under the Yoak of the Turk: Under whose Government all her Cities lye utterly ruin'd, and without Defence. Greece is at this Day divided into Six large Provinces, Macedon, Albanie, Epirus, Thessaly, Achaia and the Morea, retaining all their Ancient Names, ex∣cept Albanie and the Morea.
• At present the Greeks are so far degenerated from what they anciently were, so cow'd by the Turks, both Priests and People so miserably Ignorant, and so frequently abjure the Christian Religion to embrace Mahumatism, for the more quiet enjoyment of the Conveniencies of this Life, that were it not for those Christian Festivals and Fasts which are in such Veneration among 'em, the Christian Religion would, e're this, in all probability have been eradicated out of the Coun∣try. But by the means of those Solemnities wherein their Holy Performances continue five Hours together, and some∣times, tho' rarely, seven; they still preserve a Face of the Christian Religion under a Patriarch, Bishops and Priests, of which, you have an exact Account by Mr. Smith of Magdalen College, in his Epistle, De Graecae Ecclesiae hodierno Statu, Printed in the Year 1678. The Greek Priests and Prelates wear their Hair long, like the Layety of Europe. Their Pontifical and Priestly Habits are different also from those or the Roman Church. The Patriarch wears a Dalmatic or long Gown with Sleeves all Embroider'd, and upon his Head a Regal Crown instead of a Mitre. The Bishops wear a certain Cap down to their Ears, like the hollow of a Hat without Brims. Nor do the Priests make use of Surplices, or square Caps, but only Albes, Stoles, and Copes. Nor do they bear Crosses in their hands, but only a little Crutch of Ebony, tipp'd with Ivory or Mother of Pearl. In the Sacrament they make use of Lea∣ven'd Bread, and Administer the Sacrament in Both Kinds. They admit of no Images in Base Relief, or Emboss'd Work, but only Paintings or Sculptures in Copper or Silver; nor do they make use of Musick in their Churches. Their Monks or Caloyers, which are generally of the Orders either of St. Basil or St. Chrysostom, lead very Austere Lives; especially those of Mount Athos.
• They observe a great many Holy-Daies, as, The Birth of the Virgin Mary, The Exaltation of the Cross, the Translation of St. John the Divine, The Entrance of the Virgin into the Temple, The Nativity of Christ, and his Baptism. The Purification of the Virgin, the Annunciation, The Finding of St. John's Head, The Festivals of the Apostles and several Martyrs, &c. They also observe four Fasts in the Year more Solemn than the rest; of which, the Great and Holy Fast of Lent before Easter is the Chief. The Second, before the Nativity; wherein tho' they abstain from Flesh, Butter, and Eggs, yet they permit the free Use of Fish, Oil and Wine. The Third, is The Fast of the Blessed Virgin, from the 1st. of August to the 15th. The Fourth, is The Fast of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, which they begin the second Sunday next after the Feast of All Saints, and which they observe so many days as there are between Easter and the Second of May. See more in Smith.
• As for the Ancient Greeks, most certain it is, that they had the Advantage over all other Nations for Learning, and Brav••ry, and Human Wisdom seem'd to be their Inheritance. Which tho' it were true for the most part of all the Greeks, whether Europeans or Asiaticks, yet Athens was still the School of all Greece, and the Athenians distinguish'd themselves from the rest by the Curiosity of their Genius, and the Elegancy of their Style. Nevertheless, if they surpass'd the rest in Polite∣ness and Delicacy of Wit, yet they were great Admirers of Tales and Fictions. Almost all their Authors were addicted to Superstition, and their Poets for the most part were the Fathers of their false Deities and the Inventers of the Pagan Theology. Nor were the Greek Historians any more addicted to Truth than their Poets; particularly Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, whose Example, several others have follow'd. Their Ancient Historians were given to Romance, and their Modern Historians had recourse to Visions and extraordinary Adven∣tures to satisfie their Genius's, which is the reason we have nothing of exact or certain knowledge of what pass'd to∣ward the latter end of the Constantinopolitan Empire.
• Greek Fire, invented in the 7th. Century by an Ingenier of Heliopolis in Syria, call'd Callinicus, by whom it was success∣fully imploy'd in the Sea-Fight, wherein the Generals of the

• Emperor Pogonot's Fleet destroy'd the Saracens Ships, and kill'd em 30000 Men. This Fire had an extraordinary quality of burning brisker in Water, and of diffusing it self of all sides according to the impression given it, nothing but Oil which nourishes other Fire could quench it, or a mixture of Vinegar, Urine and Sand, it was compos'd of Sulphur, Nap∣the, Pitch, Gums, Bitumen, and other Drugs; They that used it, blue it out of long Tubes, and shot it out of Cross∣bows, or other Spring Instruments. P. Maimbourg Histoire des Croisades.
• * Greenwich, a Town of Black-Heath Hundred, in the North-West of Kent, 5 Miles from London. 'Tis a neat and health∣ful Place, pleasantly seated in a Gravelly Soil, on the Banks of the Thames, and well frequented by Gentry. Adjoyning to which is a Royal-House, with a Park about it, yielding a fair Prospect; the Birth-place of Henry VIII. and the Dying-place of Edward VI. his Son and Successor. Another Palace there is by the River's side, first Built by Humphry Duke of Glocester, and after him inlarged and beautify'd by several Kings; till being faln to Ruin, the late King Charles attempted to make it a Stately Building, but left it unfinished.
• * Gregory, 73d. King of Scotland, Son of Dongallus, was set in his stead, having reconcil'd all those to him that were against his Promotion, and restor'd the Old Laws concerning the Immunity of the Ministers of the Church; he march'd against the Picts, left by the Danes in Fife, whil'st themselves were employing their Arms against the English, and drove them thence, as also out of Lothian and Merch too, and be∣ing admitted in the Night time into Berwick, put all the Da∣nish Garrison to the Sword, marching afterwards into Nor∣thumberland, he fought a prosperous Battel against Hardecute, and recover'd all that part of the Country from 'em. Then he turn'd his Arms against the Britains, who had some of the Scottish Dominions, but made Peace with 'em upon their giving up the Land, and promise of Assistance, should the Danes re∣turn. But repenting this Agreement, they entred Scotland in a Hostile manner, and as they were carrying away a great Booty, Gregory met 'em at Loch Maban, and after a bloody Fight, overthrew 'em and their King Constantine; a firm Peace following this Battel, the Scots were left in Possession of what they had got from the Danes. A little after, the Irish making an irruption into Galway, carried off some Booty, upon pretence that the Men of Galway had hostilely seiz'd upon and Plunder'd some Galleys driven on their Coasts, be∣longing to the Inhabitants of Dublin. Gregory follow'd 'em into Ireland with a Strong Army, and having defeated their Forces Commanded by Brienus and Cornelius, two of the pow∣erfullest of the Nobility (who profiting of the Minority of their King Dunachus, had divided the whole Land into two Factions) took Dundalk, Drogheda, and Dublin; where having committed the Care of the Young King, his Kinsman, to such of the old Counsellors as he judg'd most faithful to him, and having exacted an Oath from the Nobility, That they should admit neither English, Danes, or Britains into the Island without his Permission. He return'd home in Triumph, carrying along with him 60 Hostages for the performance of their Agree∣ment. He died Anno 892. that being the 18th. of his Reign. Buch.
• Gregory I. of that Name, Pope of Rome, Surnam'd the Great, succeeded Pelagius II. in 590. and was the first Intro∣ducer of Purgatory, Litanies, Processions, Expiations by Masses, Invocation of Saints, Lustration upon the Purifica∣tion of the Virgin, Stations, Pilgrimages, and the like, into the Church. He forbid the use of Milk, Cheese, Flesh and Eggs to those that fasted; and by a Decree of his own ma∣king, caus'd the Priests to put away their Wives; but one day upon the Draining of a Fish-Pond, seeing above 6000 Heads of Infants drawn out, he repented of what he had done, and Condemning his own Decree, applauded that of the Apostle, 'Tis better to Marry than to Burn. He sate 13 Years, 6 Months and 10 Days, and dy'd in 604.
• Gregory II. Succeeded Constantine I. in the Year 714. In his time, Leo the Emperor call'd a Synod to discuss the Con∣troversies about the worshipping of Images, the Intercession of the Virgin Mary and the Saints, together with the Adora∣tion of Reliques, and after a long Contest it was decreed, That the Worship of Images and Reliques was Idolatry, and the Intercession of Saints a meer Fable. Thereupon, Leo or∣der'd the Images and Statues to be burnt in the Middle of the City, and the Pictures to be daub'd over with Whiting, and commanded Gregory II. to do the same. On the other side, the Pope summon'd a Synod, in the Year 733. wherein the Worship of Images was approv'd, the Emperor's Decree condemn'd, and Leo anathematiz'd. Gregory also forbid the Italians to pay any Tribute to the Emperor; and endeavour'd to alienate all the Western Parts from their Obedience to Leo, and enter'd into a League with the Franks against him. This Contest between the Pope and the Emperor, was the Occasion of great Commotions in Rome and Ravenna; where Paulus the Hexarch was kill'd, supporting the Emperor's Right. At length Gregory dy'd in 731. after he had sate 16 Years, 8 Months, and 20 Days.
• Gregory III. succeeded the Former 5 Days after his De∣cease, and continu'd his Animosity against Leo for abolishing of Images, even to a second Excommunication, which the Emperor laugh'd at. He assisted the Duke of Spoleto against Luitprand, King of the Lombards; but Luitprand proving Vi∣ctorious by the Fortitude of Rachisius, besieg'd Rome; upon which, the Pope sends to Charles Martel for Assistance, through whose Mediation, Luitprand rais'd his Siege. He added several Ceremonies to the Worship of St. Peter and the Saints, and made a Golden Image of the Virgin Mary with Christ in her Arms, which he order'd to be set up in the Church of St. Maries in the Stable, and dy'd in the Eighth Year of his Pontificate, in the Year 741. Platina, Cuthberlet. Pencer.
• Gregory IV. being elected Pope in the Year 827. would not accept of the Dignity till his Election was Confirm'd by Ludovicus the Emperor. He instituted the Feast of All Saints, and dy'd in 843. after he had sate 16 Years. Pla∣tina. Peucer.
• Gregory V. before call'd Bruno, the Son of Otho Duke of Suevia, was made Pope by the Emperor Otho III. in the Year 996. after whose Departure out of Italy, being depos'd by Crescentius, Otho returns and restores him again, and puts Crescentius to an Ignominious Death. By the Consent of this Pope the Decree was made, whereby it was ordain'd, That the Germans only should have the Power of Electing the Em∣peror, and that such and such Persons should be the Electors. He dy'd in the Year 999. after he had sate two Years and five Months. Peucer. Platina.
• Gregory the VIth. bought the Pontificate of Benedict the IXth. who sold it him, because he was not able to with∣stand Sylvester III. who contested the Popedom both with him and Gregory. But the Emperor Hen. III. marching into Italy, put 'em all three by, and made 'em Surrender their Pretensions to Clement II. in 1046. However Gregory sate 2 Years and 7 Months, after which he was carry'd away into Germany, where 'tis thought he dy'd the same Year. Platina, Ciaconius, William of Malmsbury.
• Gregory VII. call'd Hildebrand before his Election, suc∣ceeded Alexander II. in the Year 1073. being advanc'd by the Suffrages of the Cardinals without the Emperor's Authority, and the better to confirm himself in the Pontificate, abolish'd the Imperial Power of conferring Investiture upon Bishops and Clergymen, and became an Inveterate Enemy of the Emperor Hen. IV. whom he cited to Rome upon the Com∣plaint of the Saxons, under the Penalty of Excommunication, absolv'd his Subjects from their Oaths of Allegiance, and pre∣vail'd with Rodolphus Duke of Suevia, to assume the Title of Emperor, and take up Arms against him; to which purpose, he sent him a Crown of Gold with this Inscription,

  Petrus dedit Petro, Petrus diadema Rodolpho.

  But Rodolphus being overthrown and slain, Henry march'd di∣rectly into Italy, Besieg'd Rome, and took the City, and sets up Clement III. upon which, Gregory fled to Salerna, and there dy'd, after he had sate Twelve Years, one Month, and three Days. Peucer. See Henry IV. Emperor.
• Gregory VIII. set up by the Emperor Henry V. in oppo∣sition to Gelasius II. not long after, upon the Election of Ca∣lixtus II. who succeeded after the Death of Gelasius, was thrust into a Monastery, and not reckon'd in the Number of the Popes. However he is mention'd by Platina, and by Guth∣lerbet call'd Gregory the VIIIth.
• But the true Gregory VIII. was of Beneventum, and succeeding Urban III. sate only two Months, and dy'd the same Year he was chosen, in 1187.
• Gregory IX. succeeded Honorius III. in the Year 1227. and continu'd the same imbitter'd Enmity to the Emperor Frede∣rick II. which his Predecessor had done before him. Being desirous to get the Emperor out of Italy, he admonish'd him to hasten his Expedition into the Holy Land, and because he linger'd longer than the Pope was willing, Gregory accus'd him of Perjury, Adultery, and Severity to his Wife; and threatned him with Excommunication. Which the Emperor slighting, and proceeding in his Expedition, without taking his leave of the Holy Father, the Pope Commanded the Army in Syria, not to follow or obey him. But Fre∣derick proving Victorious, at his return, gave Gregory 120 Thousand Ounces of Gold to be Friends with him: which, tho' it atton'd him for a time, yet soon after he began ano∣ther War with the Emperor, that prov'd fatal to all Italy, into which the Emperor thunder'd of a sudden with a mighty Army, laying all wast before him, notwithstanding the Ana∣thema's, which the Pope sent forth with so much Spleen and Bitterness, that many of the Cardinals blam'd his Violence. Thereupon Gregory summon'd a Council to meet in the Late∣ran, and consult about the deposing of Frederick; but Frederick so way-lay'd both Sea and Land, that none, or very few of the Prelates could meet, while Frederick imprison'd all that he took upon the Roads in Pisa; which so perplex'd the Pope, that he dy'd soon after, either out of Grief or Vexation in 1241. after he had sate 14 Years, 5 Months, and 3 Days. Platina, Peucerus, &c.

• Gregory X. was chosen Pope in his Absence, at Viterbo, in the Year 1272. He assembl'd a Council at Lyons; whither Michael Paleologus repair'd, in hopes of Assistance to defend his Ill-got Empire; and consented that the Greek Churches should be Subject to the Roman Pontiff. But the Bishops in Greece reje∣cted the Decree with so much Scorn, that they denied Chri∣stian Burial to those that had submitted to the Agreement. But the main Business of the Council was, to push on a War for the recovery of the Holy Land, which the Pope promoted with all his might, and under that pretence, exacted of the Clergy the Tenths of all their Livings for 5 Years. He ex∣horted the German Princes to choose an Emperor; threatning withal, That if they did not do it, he himself would find 'em a Governor. He labour'd to reconcile the Guelfs and Ghi∣bellines, and dy'd in 1276. after he had sate something more than four Years.
• Gregory XI. succeeded Urban V. in 1390. and was the first of those Popes who translated the Pontifical See from Avignon to Rome, from whence it had been 70 Years absent; and dy'd in the Seventh Year of his Pontificate, in the Year 1378.
• Gregory the XIIth. chosen at Rome, while Benedict XIII. sate at Avignon, with this Condition, That he should resign the Pontificate, if Benedict would do the like. Both promis'd, but neither would be as good as his word. So that the Col∣leges of Both Popes, assembling at Pisa, pronounced both to have forfeited the Papacy, and set up Alexander V. and he dying two Months after, put up John XXIII. and thus there happen'd to be three Popes at one time, Benedict, Gregory, and John. Gregory held his own 8 Years, till the Council of Con∣stance, at what time, for quietness sake, he resign'd the Ponti∣ficate, in the Year 1415.
• Gregory XIII. succeeded Pius V. in the Year 1572. He caus'd the Portico or Walking-Place to be adorn'd with noble Painting, and was the Author of the Gregorian Calendar, and dy'd in the Year 1585. after he had sate 13 Years: being chosen at 70 Years of Age. Platina. See Calendar.
• Gregory XIV. succeeded Urban VII. in 1590. He Pro∣claim'd a Jubilee, and Expended Vast Sums of Money to support the League of France, in Hatred of Hugonots and He∣reticks, sate 10 Months, and dy'd in 1591.
• Gregory XV. succeeded Paul V. in 1621. and publish'd a Bull touching the Election of Popes by secret Suffrages, Canoniz'd St. Isidore, Ignatius, Francis Xavier, Philip de Neri, and Madam Teresa; Erected the Bishoprick of Paris into a Metropolitan See, Founded the Propagation of Faith, sate 2 Years 5 Days, and dy'd in 1623.
• Gregory, a Native of Rome, made a Cardinal by Calix∣tus II. sided with Anaclet the IId. a false Pope; and after his Death in 1138. was himself set up by Roger King of Sicily, in Opposition to Innocent II. but at length, perceiving himself abandon'd by all the World, submitted to Innocent, by the great care of St. Bernard. Baronius.
• Gregory of Nazianzum, the Father, liv'd in the IVth. Age, was Converted to the Faith, upon the Prayers of his Wife Nonna, was Baptiz'd, and sometime after made Bishop of Nazianzum. He generously deliver'd his City from Julian the Apostate's Soldiers, and withstood the same Emperor upon the Election of the Bishop of Caesarea. He govern'd his Church 45 Years, and dy'd a Hundred Years old in 372.
• Gregory of Nazianzum, the Son, Surnam'd the Divine, was one of the most Illustrious Ornaments of the Greek Church in the IVth. Age. He was made Bishop of Con∣stantinople in 379. but finding his Election contested by Timo∣theus, Archbishop of Alexandria, he voluntarily resign'd his Dignity about the Year 382. in the General Council of Con∣stantinople. His Works are Extant in two Volumes, Printed at Paris in 1609.
• Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, slipped into the Error of the Greeks, who taught, that the Light which the Apostles beheld upon Mount Tabor, was an uncreated Light, and consequently the Divine Essence it self; and wrote several Pieces in Defence of this Doctrine.
• Gregory of Tours, a Learned Prelate, flourish'd in the VIth. Age, wrote a History in X Books, with several other Pieces, and dy'd in the Year 595.
• Grenada, a Kingdom with a City of the same Name, in the Southern part of Spain. In Latin Granata and Granatum, and Regnum Granatense. It is bounded by Murcia to the East, by New-Castille to the North; by Andalusia to the West, and by the Sea to the South. The Kingdom was a long time in the Possession of the Moors, who built therein the City of Grenada, more particularly suppos'd to have been rais'd by Bedla, the Son of Aben-Habus, who liv'd in the Xth. Age. The Arabian Annals tell us, that from that time, the Kings of the Moors resided in that City, till Abenhul, who expell'd the Almohades out of Spain. He settled his Court at Almeria, and was there kill'd. Mahomet Alamar, who Succeeded him, return'd with his Court to Grenada, at what time, the City encreas'd to that degree, that as some Authors assure us, it consisted of 60000 Houses; and that Bulhar, King of Grenada, rais'd such Magnificent and Sump∣tuous Structures in it, that his Subjects believ'd him to have the Art of making Gold. Between him and Muley-Assen were Ten Successors. But Ferdinand and Isabell expell'd Bo∣abdili, the Son of Mulei-Assen, and put an End to the Domi∣nion of the Moors in Spain. This Kingdom was then much better peopl'd and richer then now it is. The Situation of most of the Cities belonging to it, and the Form of the Towers, corresponds with the Descriptions in Caesar's Com∣mentaries. The City of Grenada is the largest City of Spain. and the most commodious in Summer, by reason of the Springs and Fountains that are in it, and the pureness of the Air; so that the Moors were wont to say, that Paradise was in that part of Heaven, which was over that City. They freed it once from a Siege, which John II. King of Castille lay'd to it, by a Present which they made him of Twelve Mules laden with Figs, in every one of which was a double Ducat. There is in the City of Grenada a famous Universi∣ty, besides that, it is dignify'd with an Archbishoprick, E∣rected by Alexander VI. after the Expulsion of the Moors. It is seated partly upon Hills, and partly in a Plain, being wash'd by the River Duero, which at a little farther distance, comes to be swell'd by the Xenil and several other Rivers. The whole City is divided into four Quarters, Grenada, Alham∣bra, Albaizin, and Antiquerula, so call'd, because 'tis suppos'd that the Moors came from Antequera. Grenada is about four Leagues in Circuit, encompass'd with a Wall, wherein are counted a Hundred and Thirty Towers with their Battle∣ments. The Cathedral is a Modern and Admirable Piece of Building, wherein are the Tombs of Ferdinand and Isabel; besides a great Number of other Magnificent Buildings, se∣veral Monasteries, fair Piazza's, &c. but it is but thinly in∣habited, as well as the rest of the Kingdom.
• * Grenada, a City of Mexico, or New-Spain in North Ame∣rica, it is seated in the Nicaragua, in the Chancery of Guati∣mala, toward the North Sea, and the Gulph of Nicaragua.
• Grenada, or New-Grenada, which the Spaniards call Nuevo Reyno de Granada, a large Country of Northern America, with∣in that Region which is call'd the Terra Ferma. It lies be∣tween the Provinces of Paria, Popayan, and Santa Martha. The Spaniards are in possession of it, having several Colo∣nies in it. Santa Fè de Bogata, the Capital City of New Gra∣nada stands also in the Terra Firma. The other Cities are Trinidad, Merida, Pampelona, S. Christoval, &c.
• Grenada, an Island of North America, one of the Chari∣bees, the Spaniards gave it that Name, but the French are now Masters of it. It lies between the Islands of the Trinitie Ta∣lago, and the Barbado's. Consult Father du Tertre.
• Grenade, a City of France upon the Garonne, in the Go∣vernment of Guienne, 3 Leagues below Tholouse; the Capi∣tal City of the County of Gaure, famous in the XIII. Age, du∣ring the Wars of the Albigiois.
• * Grenevil, (Sir Bevil) descended from the Earls of Cor∣boil Lords of Grenevelle in Normandy in 1638. rais'd a Troop of Horse at his own proper Charge, wherewith he attended King Charles, in his Northern Expedition against the Scots, and afterwards in the Civil Wars, fought several Battels at the Head of the Cornish Men, and won the Victories at Bodmin, Lanceston, and Stratton in Cornwall, as also at Landisdowne near Bath, in which last Rencounter he was kill'd, leaving Issue John his Son and Heir, who tho' then but Fifteen Years of Age, headed his Father's Regiment, and soon after became Commander in Chief of 5 other in all the Considera∣ble Fights and Skirmishes of the Western Parts; as also in the second Battel of Newbery in Berkshire, wherein he receiv'd many dangerous Wounds, afterwards being one of King Charles II. Gentlemen of the Bed-Chamber, he attended him in his greatest Distresses and disconsolate Travels in France, Flanders, Holland, and into the Isle of Jersey; after which, being made Governor of the Silley Islands, he stoutly defen∣ded 'em against 50 English Ships, Commanded by Blake and Askew, and after all this, seriously consulted with General Monk his near Kinsman about the King's Restauration, for which Services, he was Advanced to the Dignities and Ti∣tles of Lord Grenevill of Kilkhampton and Biddiford, Viscount Grenevill of Landsdowne and Earl of Bath, being at that time Gentleman of his Majesty's Royal Bed-Chamber, as also War∣den of the Stanneries in Devonshire and Cornwall. He mar∣ried Jane Daughter to Sir Peter Wich Comptroller of the Houshold to King Charles I. by whom he hath had Issue, 3 Sons, Charles commonly call'd Lord Landsdown, John, and Bevill, and 11 Daughters; whereof 8 died Young.
• Grenoble, upon the Izere, a City of France, now the Ca∣pital of the Dauphinate, with a Bishop's See under the Arch∣bishop of Vienne, and the Seat of a Parliament. It holds the chiefest Rank among all the most celebrated Cities of Gallia Narbonnensis. Ptolomy calls it Accusium; and several Ancient Inscriptions give it the Name of Cusaro. Maximianus being sent into Gaul by Dioclesian, fortify'd it: after which time, the Emperor Gratian enlarging it and keeping a Garrison in it, the Name of Gratianopolis was given to it, from whence corruptly came Grenoble. The Prelates of this City assume the Title of Princes of Grenoble, by reason of the several Dona∣tions

• with which they have been enrich'd from time to time by several Princes. In the Year 1453. Lewis XI. erected the Dauphinal Council of this Province into a Parliament, and there is still at Grenoble a Chamber of Accounts; the City being large and well built, with several fair Churches in it. The Grand Charter-House, which is the Chief House belonging to the Order of Chartreux or Carthusians, is a most Stately Mo∣nastery 9 Miles from the City, wealthy in Revenues, where Strangers are entertain'd for two or three days.
• Gresivaudan, a Valley of the Dauphinate, not far from Grenoble. 'Tis suppos'd to have been the Habitation of the Tricollori of the Ancients; and that the Name of Gresivaudan was given to it, as much as to say, the Way of the Greeks: but afterwards it was call'd the Province of Grenoble; tho' formerly it had particular Lords of its own.
• * Grevil, (Foulke) of Milcote in the County of Warwick, a branch of the Ancient and Noble Family of Grevile, seated at Campden in Gloucestershire, by his Marriage with Blanche Cousin and next Heir to Robert Willoughby Lord Brook, in her right possess'd divers fair Lordships of her Inheritance, dying in 1559. He left Issue Foulke his Son and Heir, who was Knighted in 7 Eliz. he left Issue by Anne his Wife, Daughter to Ralph Nevil Earl of Westmorland, Foulke his Son and Heir, who having been a Servant in Court to Queen Elizabeth for many Years, continu'd so to King James, by whom he was made Knight of the Bath at his Coronation; and in the 12th. of his Reign, Under-Treasurer and Chancellor of the Exche∣quer, as also one of his Privy-Council; and in the 18 Jac. for his faithful Service in those Imployments, advanced to the Dignity of a Baron of this Realm, by the Title of Lord Brook of Beauchamp's-Court, with Limitation of that Honour in de∣fault of Issue-Male of his own Body unto Robert Grevil, Son of Foulke, Son to the before-specified Robert, second Son to the first Sir Foulke Grevil: about 8 Years after receiving a Mor∣tal Stab in his Back by one Haywood, who had spent the grea∣test part of his Age in his Personal Service, and dying with∣out Issue, Robert his Kinsman, on whom the Honour had been entail'd, succeeded him in that Dignity and Title, who being Commander in Chief of the Parliament Forces, sent to As∣sault the Close of Litchfield, he was shot in the Eye on the Festival of St. Chad, the Titulary Saint of that ancient Church; of which he died, leaving Issue by the Lady Catharine his Wife, Daughter to Francis E. of Bedford, 5 Sons, Francis who next succeeded him in his Honour, but died unmarried; Robert Successor to his Brother, Edward and Algernon, who died unmarried, and Foulke now living. Which Robert took to Wife Anne one of the Daughters and Co-Heirs, and at length sole Heir to Sir William Dodington of Bremer in Com. South. Kt. by whom he hath Issue two Daughters, Anne and Dodington. Dugdale.
• * Grey, (Edmund) lineally descended from Roger de Grey, Son to John Lord Grey of Wilton, in high esteem with King Edw. IV. who made him Lord Treasurer of England, and within 2 Years following, viz. 5 E. 4. using then the Titles of Lord and Baron of Hastings, Weysford and Ruthyn, created him Earl of Kent; King Richard III. confirm'd this Creation-Patent; as did also Henry VII. in the 2d. of his Reign, his Son George succeeding him in this Honour, signaliz'd himself a∣gainst the French, and afterwards in the Suppression of the Cornish Rebels, who were overcome chiefly by his Valour and Conduct at Black-Heath in Kent, departing this Life, 20 H. 7. Richard his Son and Heir succeeding, died without Issue, having first much wasted his Estate by Gaming, whereby the Right to this Earldom came to Sir Henry his Brother, who, by reason of his slender Estate, declin'd to take upon him the Title of Earl, as did his Son and Heir Henry, who left Issue 3 Sons, Reginald, Henry, and Charles; which Reginald, Anno 1571. 13 Eliz. his Estate by frugality being much recover'd through the special Favour of Queen Elizabeth, re-assum'd his Title of Earl, and in 15 Eliz. was one of the Peers for the Tryal of the Duke of Norfolk, dying without Issue, Sir Henry Grey his Brother and Heir succeeding, died also without Issue, leaving the Honour to Charles his Brother, to whom succeeded Henry his Son and Heir; who leaving no Issue, Anthony Grey Rector of the Church of Burbache in Com. Leic. Son of George Son of Anthony Grey of Branspeth, third Son to George Earl of Kent before-mention'd, by reason of the Entail upon the Heir-Male, succeeded in the Title of Earl. But upon Claim made unto the Dignity of Lord Grey, commonly call'd Lord Ruthyn, by Charles Longvile Esq; Son and Heir to Sir Michael Longvile Knight, by Susan his Wife, Sister and Heir to Henry the last Earl of Kent, who died without Issue, after great and long dispute in the Parliament begun at Westminster 1640. Anthony then Earl of Kent, challenging the same, as Appur∣tenant to his Title of Earl, and Charles Longvile setting forth his Claim thereto, through Susan his Mother, as right Heir to that Dignity, it was at length clearly adjudg'd to Longvile, who accordingly sate in Parliament as Lord Grey; he left Issue one sole Daughter and Heir call'd Susan, to whom the Title of Baroness Grey descended. Which Susan being Wed∣ded to Sir Henry Yelverton of Easton-Manduit, in the County of Northampton, Baronet, had Issue by him 3 Sons, Charles, Henry and Christopher; and one Daughter call'd Frances. Anthony to whom the Earldom of Kent devolv'd, took to Wife Magdalen the Daughter to William Purefoy of Caldecote, in Com. Warw. Esq; by whom he had Issue 5 Sons, viz. Henry, John, Job, Theophi∣lus and Nathaniel, and 5 Daughters. Henry after the Death of his Father, succeeding in his Honour, Wedded Mary the Daughter of Sir William Courtene Knight, by whom he had Issue two Sons; Henry, who died ...... and Anthony, who suc∣ceeding him, took to Wife Mary the sole Daughter and Heir to John Lord Lucas. Dugdale.
• * Grey, (Sir Edward) second Son to Reginald Lord Grey of Ruthyn, marrying Elizabeth the sole Daughter of Henry Son to William Lord Ferrers of Groby, by reason of the said Henry's Death, in the Life-time of William his Father, became next Heir to the same Lord Ferrers, and bore the Title of Lord Ferrers of Grosby, to distinguish him from the Lord Ferrers of Chartley. He left Issue Sir John Grey Knight. Edward after∣wards call'd Lord Lisle, and Reginald, slain in the Battel of Wakefield, and Anne a Daughter, married to Sir Edw. Hungerford. Sir John married Elizabeth the Eldest Daughter to Richard Widvile Earl of Rivers, and being slain in the Battel of St. Al∣bans on the King's part, in 39 H. 6. left Issue two Sons, Sir Thomas and Sir Richard; which last was Beheaded at Pom∣fret in 1 R. 3. Elizabeth their Mother still surviving, with whose Beauty King Edw. IV. when she came to him as Peti∣tioner on the behalf of her self and her Son, being Captivated, made her his Queen, and for her sake so much favour'd her Son Sir Thomas, that he created him Earl of Huntingdon, and afterwards advanced him to the Dignity of Marquess of Dor∣set, on the 18th. April, and 1st. of his Reign, after the Death of King Edward, in respect of his near relation to the young King Edward V. whom Richard Duke of Glocester his Uncle, caus'd to be unnaturally Murther'd, he was attainted of High Treason, but he found means to make his Escape into Britan∣ny, with divers other Persons of Note, to the Aid of Henry Earl of Richmond, by whom he was left at Paris with John Bourchier, in Pledge of certain Sums of Money borrow'd there, and after the Battel of Bosworth, tho' he was at first somewhat jealous of him, heaped many Favours upon him. His Son and Heir Thomas in 3 Hen. 8. was General of an Army sent into Spain to joyn with the Forces of Ferdinand the Emperor, to Invade Guyenne, a Territory belonging to the King of France, and in 5 H. 8. with 4 of his Brothers, the D. of Suffolk, and other gallant Englishmen, upon Proclamation of Justs at St. Dennis in France, which Francis de Valois, next Heir to the Crown of France, having married Claude eldest Daughter to Lewis XII. by Anne Inheritrix of Bretaigne, to give Proof of his Valour, had obtain'd leave of the King to be perform'd, went thither, and behav'd himself so bravely therein, that he return'd home with singular Honour, carried the Sword of Estate before King H. 8. as the Duke of Bourbon did before Francis I. of France, at the famous meeting between Ardres and Gisnes, in 14 H. 8. was sent to Calais to attend the Em∣peror Charles the Fifth into England, 21 H. 8. being one of the Witnesses produced in the Case of Divorce betwixt King Henry and Queen Catharine, depos'd to the Age of Prince Arthur, and for his Abilities as to Carnal Copulation, was one of the Lords who Subscribed and Presented to the King 44 Articles of Complaint against the then Great and Potent Cardinal Wolsey, and afterwards subscrib'd a Letter to Pope Clement VII. whereby they importun'd his Allowance of the Divorce. Henry his Son and Heir, 1 E. 6. was constituted Lord High Constable of England, during the Solemnity of that King's Coronation. In 4 E. 6. made Justice Itinerant of all the King's Forests, and in 5. Warden of the E. W. and Middle Marches toward Scotland; having taken to his second Wife, Frances eldest Daughter to Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk, by Mary the French Queen his Wife, her 2 Brothers dying Issueless, was in favour of her, created Duke of Suffolk, 11 Oct. 5 E. 6. by whom he had only 3 Daughters; Jane Married to Guilford Dudley, 4th. Son to John Duke of Northumberland, Katharine and Mary. Upon the Death of King Edw. 6. this Duke was through the Ambition of the then Duke of Northumberland, allur'd to Countenance the Proclaiming of his Daughter the Lady Jane to be Queen, upon pretence of King Edward's designation of her so to be by his Will; but that Attempt not thriving, tho' it cost Northumberland, and some others their Heads; yet was this Henry spar'd, notwithstanding which favour, he was so unhappy as to be stirring again in obstru∣cting Queen Mary's Marriage with Philip, Son to the Emperor Charles the Fifth, and set out Proclamations to incense the People against it; whereupon being closely sought after, he was necessitated to hide himself under the trust of one Under∣wood his Keeper, in a Hollow Tree in his Park at Astley, who after some few Days most basely betray'd him; so that not long after, he lost his Head on Tower-Hill. The Honour being thus lost, did so continue until King James by his Letters Pa∣tents in the 1st. of his Reign, created Sir Henry Grey of Perg•• in Com. Essex Knight, Baron Grey of Groby in Com. Leic. with Remainder to the Heirs-Male of his Body. Henry eldest Son to John his Son, who died in his Life-time, was by K. Charles I. created Earl of Stamford, in Com. Linc. he had Issue by Anne

• his Wife, one of the Daughters and Co-heirs to William Earl of Exetèr 4 Sons; Thomas, Anchitel, John and Leonard, and 5 Daughters; Elizabeth, Wife of George Lord De la Mere; Diana, of Robert Earl of Aylesbury, and Jone; as also, Anne and Mary. Thomas dying in his Father's Life-time, left Issue by Dorothy his Wife, Daughter and Co-heir to Edward Earl of Bathe, Thomas now Earl of Stamford, and 2 Daughters, Elizabeth and Anne. Dugdale.
• * Grey, (William) descended of the Noble and Ancient Family of Chillingham in Com. Northumb. was both for his own personal Merits, and the good Service his Predecessors rendred the Crown, advanced to the Degree of Baronet 17 Jac. and afterwards 21 Jac. to the Honour of Baron, by the Title of Lord Grey of Werke. He Married Anne the Daughter and Co-heir to Sir John Wentworth of Gorfield, in Com. Essex, Baro∣net, by whom he had several Sons, of whom Ralph, the pre∣sent Lord, only survived him. This Ralph Married Catha∣rine, Daughter to Sir Edward Ford, of Hartlong in Com. Sussex, Knight, Widow of Alexander Colepeper, eldest Son to John Lord Colepeper; by whom he had Issue Forde, who Married Mary Daughter of George Lord Berkley, Ralph and Charles. Dugdale.
• * Grey, (Jane) call'd also Jane of Suffolk, Proclaim'd Queen of England in 1553. was the Daughter of Henry Duke of Suf∣folk, and Grand-daughter of Mary, Sister of King Henry VIII. She Married Gilford Dudley, and was 17 Years of Age when Edward VI. declar'd her lawful Heir to the Crown at his Death. She was Proclaim'd Queen accordingly by some of the Gentry; but the greater part, through their hatred to the Duke of Northumberland, whom they suspected to have hast'ned King Edward's Death, sided with Mary King Henry the VIIIth's. Daughter, Seiz'd and Imprison'd Jane Grey, her Husband and Father-in-Law, who were all three Beheaded the same Day, in 1553. Hist. of England.
• Griffe, (Sebastian) a Printer of Lyon, Eminent in the last Age for his Exactness, and the Beauty of his Impressions; to whom Julius Scaliger, more to shew the Esteem which he had of his Wit and Ingenuity, than to engage him to Print his Works, Dedicates his Thirteen Books, De causis Linguae Latinae, in 1540. and writes his Encomium in the Epistle Dedicatory.
• Griffon, stil'd the Patriarch of the Eastern Church, sent by Paul IV. to try whether he could reconcile the Maronites of Mont Libanon to the Church of Rome: He died in 1475. leaving behind him an Itinerary of the Holy Land. Vossius.
• Griffon, the Son of Charles Martel, by his second Wife Sunihild, revolted from his Brothers Pepin and Carloman, and retir'd to the Fortress of Laon, where he was besieg'd and taken by his Brothers, and shut up in Chasteau Neuf in Ardenne. Pepin the Short, releas'd him, treated him Civilly in his Court, and gave him some Counties for his Support. But neither Imprisonment nor Kind Usage could tame his Ambition. He escap'd into Saxony, and there stirring up the People to take his part, Invaded Bavaria, and call'd himself Duke of the Country. But Pepin having vanquish'd his Followers, carried him along with him into France, where he gave him Mans, and Twelve Counties in Neustria for his Subsistance. Never∣theless, he made a third Escape, and betook himself to Duke Gaifre, and at length was assassinated in the Valley of Mauri∣enne, as he was going into Italy, as some say, by Duke Gaifre's Procurement, who was jealous of his being too familiar with his Wife. Aimon, Otho Frisingensis, &c.
• Grignan, a City and County of Provence, in the Lands which are call'd Adjacents; seated two or three Leagues from the Rhone, toward St. Paul and Montelimar. Grignan was for∣merly dignify'd with the Title of a Barony, and afterwards of an Earldom, about the Year 1550. There is in it a Col∣legiate Church, Founded in the Year 1512. and a Castle; which testifies the Ancient Grandeur of the Lords of Grignan.
• Grignan, the Name of an Ancient and Illustrious Family in France, whose Ancestors were the Founders of the City of Montelimar, in the Dauphinate, and from whence have de∣scended several Persons Eminent in the particular Histories of France; whose Posterity still continues a fair Reputation in the Court of France to this day.
• Grima, Grim, a Town of Germany, in the Province of Misnia, upon the River Muld, 3 Leagues from Leipsic, towards Meissen, under the Duke of Saxony.
• Grimaldi, the Name of a Family, one of the most An∣cient and Illustrious in Italy; which justifies the Possession of the Principality of Monaco for Six hundred Years together: and is suppos'd to have deriv'd its Original from Grimoaldus, Master of the Palace under Childebert II. However it were, the Family has been Eminent for great Personages; of which, some have been Admirals of the Fleets of the Genoeses, others Peers of France, and some Cardinals of the Sacred College.
• Grimani, a Noble Venetian Family, eminent in the par∣ticular Stories of that City, having supply'd the Common-wealth with several Dukes, and the Church with 2 Cardinals. Sigenius, Justiniani, &c.
• Grimoaldus, Duke of Beneventum, set up for King of the Lombards, in 662. or 663. after the Death of Aripert; whose Sons Godebert and Perthurit, contending for the Crown one with another, Grimoald laid hold of the Opportunity to wrest it from both. He put the first to Death, while Pertharit retir'd to Chaganus, King of the Avarois. He was a Prince of great Wit and Conduct. By which means he defeated the Franks; and surpriz'd the Emperor Constans, who had set up his Son, the Duke of Beneventum. Duke Lupus having made himself Master of Friuli, Grimoald engag'd Chaganus to drive him out of the Province; and then he made use of the Dex∣terity of his Wit to expell the latter. He also won the Franks to his side, who were about to have succour'd Pertharit, and dy'd in 673. after he had reigned 9 Years. Sigonius.
• Grimoaldus, the Son of Pepin, succeeded him in the Office of Mayor of the Palace of Austratia. After the Death of Sigebert, he caus'd his Son Dagobert to be Shav'd, and sent him to a Monastery in Ireland, intending to have ad∣vanc'd his own Son to the Throne; which so offended the Austrasians, that they surpriz'd him, together with his Son, and carry'd 'em to Paris, where Clouis II. resided; who, in the Year 654. put Grimoald to Death, or (as others say) confin'd him to perpetual Imprisontment. Aimon Me∣zerai, &c.
• Grimoard, an ancient Family of Provence, in the County of Givaudan; from whence descended William de Grimoard, made Pope in 1362. under the Name of Urban V. and his Brother; Cardinal Angelic Grimoard, Legate of Romagna, Marca d'Ancona, and Lombardy, in his Brother's time.
• * Grimsby, a Market and Borough-Town by the Sea-side, in the East of Lincolnshire. It lies in Brodley Wapentake, part of Lindsey Division, and has been formerly a Place of good Trade, before its Haven was choak'd up. It had also a Castle for its Defence, and two Churches for Publick Ser∣vice: Now there's but one; which indeed, for Largeness, appears more like a Cathedral than a Parish-Church. The Town is govern'd by a Mayor and Twelve Aldermen. From London 124 Miles.
• Grinarium, Knaringen, a Town of Germany in Vindelicia, not far from the Danube, in the Marquisate of Burgaw, in Suabia, upon the River Camlach; not one full Mile from Burgaw to the West, in the way to Ulm, (by the Testimony of Cluverius.)
• * Grinstead (East) or Greenstead, a Market-Town in the County of Sussex, in Pevensey Rape, which has the Honour of Electing Two Members of Parliament. The Assizes are sometimes kept at it. It is grac'd with a fair Church, and stands towards the Confines of Surrey.
• Gripswaid, a Hans Town of Germany, in Pomerania, seated Half a League from the Baltick Sea, with a convenient Harbour, between Walgast and Stralsund: A fair City, and well fortify'd. The Swedes won it in 1631. and held it, by the Peace of Munster, in 1648. The Elector of Brandenburgh took it in the Year 1678. but was constrain'd to restore it to the Swedes the next Year. There is in it a University, founded by Uratislaus IX. Duke of Pomerania, in 1456. and re∣confirm'd by Philip, in 1547. (according to the Relation of Bertius.)
• Gris (James) a Favourite of Peter II. Count of Alenson; who falling in Love with the Wife of John de Carouge, an Officer under the same Count, Forc'd her, in her own Chamber, at what time her Husband had taken a Voyage into the Holy-Land. The Lady declar'd her Misfortune to her Husband, at his return: Who receiving no Satisfaction from the Count of Alenson, cited de Gris to the Parliament of Paris; which, for want of convincing Proofs, Ordain'd, That both Parties should decide their Quarrel by a single Duel. Which was done at Paris, in 1387. in the Piazza of St. Catherine, behind the Church, in the Presence of the King, and multitudes of People that sate on Scaffolds rear'd on purpose to behold the Combat. In Conclusion, Victory favouring John de Carouge, perswaded all the Beholders of the Justice of the Victor's Cause, and the Lady's Innocence. And therefore, to signalize the Injustice of his Adversary, and render his Name the more Infamous, the Body of Gris was deliver'd dead to the Hangman; who dragg'd it to Mont∣faucon, and there hang'd it up. Froissart.
• Grisons, a People of Germany, in the Ancient Rhoetia, toward the Sources of the Rhine and the Inn. Their Coun∣try is bounded by Tirol to the East; by the State of Venice and Milanois to the South; and by Suabia, and Switzerland, to the North and West. The Grisons observe a Repub∣lican Form of Government; first entring into a League one with another, in 1471. and afterwards with the Switzers, in 1491. They are divided into Six Parts: The Grey League; the League of the House of God; the League of the Ten Juris∣dictions; the Valteline; and the Counties of Chiavena and Bormio. The whole Country is seated among inaccessible Mountains and Precipices: And indeed, the Grisons are the most Potent Allies of the Swisses; and derive their Name from hence, That the first time they enter'd into the League together, they were wont to wear Grey Scarfs. Goire is their

〈1+ pages missing〉〈1+ pages missing〉

• Capital City, whither Merchandise is brought out of Italy and Germany, for the Conveniency of the Rhine, which there be∣gins to be Navigable. The rest of their Cities are Chiavenne, Firanno, Majenfeldt, Sandrio, Morbegno, Bormio, &c.
• Grodno, a City of Poland, in Lithuania, and one of the Principal Towns of the Palatinate of Troki; seated partly upon a Hill, and partly in a Plain upon the Banks of a River. It was formerly dignify'd with the Title of a Duke∣dom, and is the Place where the States of Lithuania meet. The Muscovites took it, in the Year 1655. and almost ut∣terly ruin'd it.
• Groenland, is that same Northern Part of the Land which winds from the South to the East, declining toward the North from Cape Farwell, in the Deucaledonian, all along the Coasts of the Frozen Sea, that extend themselves toward Spitzberg and Nova Zembla. Some have affirm'd, That it joyns to Tartary; but there is no Certainty in that Relation. It has to the East the Frozen Sea; to the South, the Deuca∣ledonian Ocean; and to the West, the Streight Christian, and the Sea call'd Christian, which separates it from America. The Breadth of it is unknown, to the North. The Danish Chronicle reportes it to be the Extremity of the World, to the North; and that beyond, there is no more Northern Land. There are some who believe that Groenland is a Con∣tinent of America; since the English, who sought to pass the Streight of Davis, in search of a Way into the East, have found, that what Davis took for a Streight, is a Gulph. But Munck, a Danish Captain, who attempted the East Passage through the North-West of Davis's Gulph, is of Opinion, That Groenland is a Country altogether separate from America. The Elevation of Groenland, taken from Cape Farwell, ac∣cording to the Measure taken by Captain Munck, an Under∣standing Seaman, is 60 deg. 30 min. The other Parts, more elevated, approach nearer the Pole: Nor is there any thing certain to be decided, but only of Spitsberg; which the Danes count to be a Part of Groenland, and place in 78 deg. or thereabouts; meaning Longitude all this while: For as to Latitude, there is nothing at all of Certainty; only, that Cape Farwell lies beyond the Canaries, and our First Me∣ridian. * There are two Chronicles, the one Island, the other Danish, that inform us, how one Forvaldus, and his Son Erric, having committed a Murther in Torway, fled into Island; where Erric committing a second Murther, resolv'd to seek out a Land which a Friend of his had discover'd, to the West of Island. Which Land he found, and made his Ap∣proach to it, between two Promontories, the one standing in an Island over-against the Continent of Groenland, the other in the Continent it self; the first call'd Huidserken, the other Huarf: That he landed first in the Island, and call'd it Erric Sun, by his own Name: That all the Winter he stay'd in the Island, and the next Spring pass'd over into Groenland; which he so call'd, from the Verdure of the Meadows and Trees. Being thus landed, in a Port which he call Ericsfiorden, he built a small Mansion, which he call'd Ostrebug, not far from the Port; and thence proceeding Westward, rais'd another Habitation, which he call'd Westre∣bug. Next Summer he went Northward, as far as a Rock call'd Snefiel, or the Rock of Snow, and discover'd another Harbour, which he call'd Ravensfiorden, or the Port of Crows. Upon this, Erric returns into Island, and perswades a great number of the Islanders to go along with him; which they did. And much about the same time, Leiffe, the Son of Errick, went into Norway: Where addressing himself to Olaus Trugger, then King of Norway, he made him a Relation of the Goodness of the Land which his Father had discover'd. Upon which, the King of Norway, after he had caus'd him to be Baptiz'd, sent him back to his Father, with a Priest, to instruct both his Father, and the People that were with him, in the Christian Religion. The Danish Chronicle re∣ports, That the Successors of Erric being multiplied in Groen∣land, advanc'd farther into the Country, and found, among the Mountains, very Fertile Valleys, Meadows and Rivers; divided Groenland into Eastern and Western, and built in the Eastern-part a City, which they call'd Garde, which was afterwards the Seat of their Bishops, with a Church dedicated to St Nicolas. After which, their Posterity went farther, and built another City by the Name of Albe. (See the Specimen Islandicum of Angrimus Jonas, where he speaks of Groenland, from the first Settlement of the People, to the Year 1389.) The Island Chronicle makes mention of ano∣ther City in the Eastern-part of Groenland, call'd Skagefiord; a Church, call'd Korskirk; with two or three Monasteries; and that the County of Vestrebug, or West-Groenland, was inhabited by a sort of Savages, call'd Skreglingres. However it were, it is agreed on all hands, that the Country of Groen∣land abounded in excellent Pasturage, and vast numbers of Horses, great and small Cattle, Deer, Raine-Deer, Wolfs, Foxes, Black and White Bears, &c. And great store of Wild Fowl, especially Grey and White Falcons. The Island Chronicle also further observes, That the Air of Groenland was more Temperate than in Norway. But it seems, that n the Year 1348. a great Pestilence, call'd the Black Pestilence, destroy'd all the Mariners and Merchants of Norway and Denmark that compos'd the Groenland-Companies in those Kingdoms; which caused such an Interruption of the Voyages and Trade to Old Groenland, that the Country is quite lost. Since that, several New Discoveries have been made of other Parts of Groenland, by Martin Forbisher and Hudson, both Englishmen; John Munken, of Denmark; and Others, who have met with People in several Parts, but so Wild and Savage, that they could never be civiliz'd by any Presents or Caresses. The Men Fat, Active, and their Complexions Olive-coloured, using for their Weapons short Bows and Slings. The Women tie their Hair behind their Ears, to shew their Faces, which are generally painted with Blew and Yellow. Their Habits are made of the Skins of Fish, artificially sew'd together with the Sinews, of the Fish; and the Shifts both of the Men and Women, made of the Intrails of Fish, sewed together after the same man∣ner, but very noisome and nasty. Some of the Danish Sea∣men brought away several of the Groenlanders: But notwith∣standing all the kind Usage that was shewn 'em in the King's Court, such was their Affection for their Native Country, that they pin'd away for grief of their being detain'd from it. Relation of Groenland, dedicated to M. de la Mothe le Vayer.
• Grolla, Groll, Groenlo, a City of the Low-Countries, in the County of Zutphen, toward the Frontiers of Westphalia, and the Diocese of Munster. A very strong Place, having good Walls, defended by five great Bastions with Horn-Works, environ'd with Moats supply'd with Water from the little River Sling. Groll lies 4 Leagues from Zutphen, and 2 from Brederwoerde. The Marquis of Spinola took it from the Hol∣landers, toward 1605. And they re-gain'd it again in 1617. In 1672. the Bishop of Munster, joyning with the French, made himself Master of it; but was forc'd to restore it again soon after, upon the Turn of that sweeping Tyde.
• Grollerius (John) Treasurer of France, extoll'd by Thuanus for his Learning, his Bounty toward Learned Men, and the Vastness of his Library, not to be exceeded by any, unless that of Asinius Polio's, at Rome; so Choice, and kept in such Decorum, that the King of France purchas'd it at a great Rate, and order'd it to be added to the Royal Library at Paris. Thuan. l. 38.
• Groningue, a City and Signory, one of the Provinces of the United States. It lies in Frise; but is a particular and separate State by it self, under its own Laws and Jurisdiction. It formerly belong'd to the Bishops of Utrecht; afterwards to the Dukes of Guelders; then to Charles V. till it came to be as now it is. This Province has the last Voice in the Assembly of the States-General. It abounds in Pasturage, having a great number of Canals, which are fed from Delpz'yl, near the Mouth of the River Ems. And for the City it self, it is Large, Beautiful, Wealthy, Strong, and well Peopled.
• Grotesco-Work, a sort of Painting representing the Fi∣gures of Men, and Brute Animals, after a whimsical and ridiculous manner; so call'd, as being first met with, after it had been long lost, in certain Grotto's in Rome, by John d'Udinè, a Famous Painter; who, romaging among the Ruines of Titus's Palace, discover'd those sort of Figures in some of the lower Vaults, with several Pieces of History, and some Or∣naments in Bass Relief, made of Stuke. D'Udinè carry'd Raphael Urbin along with him to see the Work, who admir'd the Beauty of it, being never a-whit the worse, and the Co∣lours fresh, as being preserv'd from the Waste of Time, by being pent up in Rubbish from the Injuries of the Air. Those Pictures D'Udinè Copy'd, and made several others after his own Invention, and so renew'd that manner of Painting. He also reviv'd the Composition of Stuke, by searching into the Materials of those Pieces of Grotesco in Bass Relief, which he found at the same time; and by that means brought Grotesco in Bass Relief in Fashon again. Feli∣bianus.
• Grotius, vulgarly de Groot, Hugh, or Hugo, a Native of Delph, in Holland, and the Phoenix of his Age. He was first Syndik of Rotterdam; which he quitted, in 1613. for that of Advocate of the Treasury. By his siding with Bar∣nevelt, whom he supported as well by his Writings as by his Reputation, he brought himself into great Troubles, and was imprison'd in the Castle of Lovestein; from whence he escap'd by a Stratagem of his Wife, Mary Regersberg, who having obtain'd leave to send her Husband Books in a large Chest, Grotius got into the C••est, and so deceiving the Guards, betook himself into the Spanish Low-Countries, and from thence into France; where he was kindly receiv'd by Lewis XIII. Returning into Holland, upon the Encourage∣ment of Prince Henry Frederic, he stay'd there some small time; but the States not deeming it convenient that he should reside in his own Country, order'd his Departure. Upon which he retir'd into Sweden; where Queen Christina em∣ploy'd him in her most Important Affairs, and sent him her Embassador into France. He died at Rostock, in Meckelbourg, in the Year 1645. leaving several Pieces behind him, well

• Guelders, a Dutchy that makes one of the 17 Provinces of the Low-Countries with a City of the same Name. 'Tis thought to have deriv'd its ancient Original from the Little City of Gelduba, mention'd by Tacitus, in his History l. 4. This County is bounded by Frise to the North, with a Bay of the German Sea, call'd Zuidersee; to the South by the Meuse, and the Province of Juliers; to the East by a Part of the Rhine and the Dutchy of Cleves; and to the West by Holland and the Country of Utrecht. The Country is somewhat Mountainous, and besides the County of Zutphen, encloses 20 Cities, of which Nimeguen, Ruremond and Arnhem, are the most considerable, and belong to the Hollanders, with Bommell, Harderwick, Hattem, the Fort of Schenck, &c. Lewis the XIVth. took several of these Places in 1672. The Pro∣vince of Guelders is divided into Four Quarters; and the Spaniards possess the Upper Quarter, where stands the City of Guelders. Nimeguen stands in Beturve; Arnheim in Veturve, and Zutphen makes the Fourth. The Country is sufficiently Fertile, as being well stor'd with Woods and Pasturage. The City of Guelders, which they of the Country call Gelre, is seated in a Marshy Ground upon the Little River of Niers, which environs it instead of a Moat. The Castle is extreamly Strong, and said to be Impregnable by reason of its Situation. It stands not far from Venloo, which belongs to the Spaniards as well as Ruremond. In 1627. the Spaniards labour'd to have brought the Rhine to the City of Guelders, and into the Meuse, on purpose to have cut off the Commerce between Germany and Holland, but fail'd in their Enterprize.
• Gueldria, a Castle of Asia, upon the Bay of Bengall, in the Hither India, upon the Coast of Cormandell and Kingdom of Narsinga, Built and Fortify'd by the Hollanders. Baudr.
• Guenga, a River of India in the Peninsula on this side Ganges. It rises in the Kingdom of Decan, and runs from West to East: It falls into the Kingdom of Golconda, which it separates from the Dominions of the Great Mogul, and throws it self into the Bay of Bengall, not far from the River Ganges.
• Guerande, a City of France in Bretaigne, in the County of Nantes, seated near the Ocean, between the Mouths of the Vilaine and the Loire, 14 or 15 Leagues below Nantes, in a place where there are some Salt-Pits.
• Le Guerchin, tho' his true Name were Francis Barbieri da Cento, a famous Painter of Bologna in Italy, flourish'd about the Year 1640. and was Surnam'd Le Guerchin, because he squinted with both Eyes. His Paintings were Strong and Bold, a Method which he rather chose, than the soft and luxuriant hands of Guido and Albano, and are still to be seen both at Rome, and in the Palais Royal at Paris; where he had not only the Reputation of an Excellent Painter, but of a Good Man; for such was the Character he left behind him after his Death, which happen'd in the Year 1667. in the 70th. Year of his Age.
• Gueret, the Capital City of Upper Marche, with a Presi∣dial Court, a Court of Assessors of the King's Duties, an Officialty or Chancellorship, and Marshalsea of the Dio∣cess of Limoges, from whence it lyes about 14 Leagues distant.
• Gueret, (Gabriel) an Advocate in the Parliament of Paris, Eminent in this Age for his Wit, Learning and Works; among which were, His Seven Wise Men of Greece. His Enter∣tainments upon the Eloquence of the Pulpit and the Bar. His Parnassus Reform'd. His Wars among the Writers, with several others.
• Guesclin, (Bertrand de) Famous in the History of France, for his Serving that Crown during the Wars between Ed∣ward the IIId. of England, and King John and his Son Charles V. In Spain he was defeated and taken Prisoner by Edward the Black Prince, who took part with Peter the Cruel, against Henry Count of Trastamare, who assum'd the Title of King of Castille; but being set at Liberty, he contributed very much to the settling of Henry in the Throne; Peter being then forsaken by the English: for which Henry made him Con∣stable of Castille, &c. Returning into his own Country, Charles the Vth. made him Constable of France; after which he was greatly Instrumental in the Recovery of Poitou, Rovergne, Li∣mosin, &c. from the English, and dy'd in 1380. in the 66th. Year of his Age.
• Gueux, a Name which was given to the Revolters of the Low-Countries in the Year 1566. For the Dutchess of Parma having receiv'd Order from Philip II. King of Spain, to Pro∣claim the Council of Trent, and set up the Inquisition; the States of Brabant oppos'd it, and the People threaten'd to fall upon the Nobility; so that the Lords of the Country fearing to fall into their Clutches, or feigning at least to be afraid of their fury, assembled at Gertrudenberb, and enter'd into a League among themselves for the preservation of their Fran∣chises. The News of which astonishing the Governess, the Count of Barlayment, who mortally hated those Lords, to lessen the Dutchesses Fears, told her, They were none but a Company of Gueux, or Beggars. Which the Lords under∣standing, took upon 'em to distinguish themselves by that Name, and began to wear upon their Habits a wooden Dish, with this Motto, The King's Servants to the very Wallet, or even to Beggary. Grotius's Annals, Thuanus, Strada.
• Gugerni, an ancient People of Germany, inhabiting upon the Banks of the Rhine below Cologne, afterwards call'd Si∣cambri, according to Cluverius, where now the Dutchy of Cleves is. Baudrand.
• Guiana, or Guaiana, a Country of South America, be∣tween the North Sea, toward the North and East; the King∣dom of the Amazons toward the South; and the Golden Ca∣stille adjoyning to the River Orenoque, toward the West. The Country of the Caribes is inclos'd within Guiana, and lyes toward the North Sea. The most Considerable Peo∣ple of Guiana are the Caribes, the Arvaques, the Yaos, and the Galibi's.
• The Caribes love War for want of other Exercise, and when they march out upon any Enterprize against their Ene∣mies, they are so cautious of surprize, that they post their Out-guards and their Sentinels with as much Care and Art as the Europeans. The Galibi's are a little more addicted to Peace, and never undertake a War, but when they believe themselves to be very much wrong'd; is when their Neigh∣bours refuse to Dance their Dances, or to Sing their Songs. They that border upon the Spaniards, have learnt to handle Fire-Arms. The Inhabitants of this Country are well-pro∣portion'd, moderately tall, and strong of Body. They are for the most part swarthy, and go naked; but there are some who wear before the Privy-Parts, a covering of Feathers neatly wrought together, and upon their Heads a Tonsi or Bonnet made of Birds Feathers, very proper and becoming. Their Food is Cassave and Ozacou. Cassave is the Bread of the Country, made of a Root, which they rasp and fetch the Water out of it, which is perfect Poison, yet loses its malignity when it has boil'd for some time. The Ozacou is a Past made of the Patate's or Figs of the Country, which they steep in Water, to make a Drink of the Colour of Milk. But the greatest part of the Caribes are Boucaniers, and feed upon Man's Flesh gridled upon the Fire. The Galibi's are industrious, and Till such a quantity of Ground as will serve their Necessities, according to the bigness of their Families. They neither care for Gold or Silver; but exchange their Hamacks or Cotton-Beds, their Aloes Wood, their Apes and Parroquets, for Hatchets, Knives, Looking-Glasses, and such kind of Trumpery, but more especially for Green Stones, which they highly esteem, and believe to be a Sovereign Re∣medy against the Falling-Sickness, to which they are very subject. The Air of the Country is very temperate, and the Soil produces Mayz in abundance. Fruit-Trees are there very common, and the Arrana's and Plantains bear Figs as big as an Egg, and as long as a Man's Finger, being also delicious to the Tast. The Chief Commodities of the Country are, Aloes Wood, Brasile, Balsom, Cotton, Silk, and Spices. In some parts also, there grows a Tree, which bears a certain Fruit call'd Mancenille, like a small Apple, delightful to the Sight, but so venomous withal, that immediately it Poisons those that taste but never so little of it. Their Apes and Marmosets are very big, and very flat-nos'd, and their Tur∣kies have long Tufts of black Feathers, like Herons, upon their Heads. De Laet.
• Guibert, or Gibertus de Corrigia, Archbishop of Ravenna, and Chancellor to the Emperor Hen. IV. who advanc'd him to the Papal Chair, by the Name of Clement III. in Opposi∣tion to Gregory VII. and which he held during the Pontifi∣cates of Gregory VII. Victor III. Urban II. and part of Pas∣chal II. who by the Assistance of Roger Count of Sicily, ex∣pell'd him out of Albi, where he sate, and forc'd him to fly to the Mountainous parts of Forconc, where he dy'd a sudden Death. Platina in Pasch. II.
• Guichard, (Claudius) Historiographer of Savoy, Transla∣ted Livy by the Command of Charles Emanuel Duke of Savoy; to whom he also dedicated his Tractate of Funerals. He dy'd in 1607.
• Guicciardin, (Francis) a Citizen of Florence, in great Fa∣vour with Leo X. Adrian VI. and Clement VII. Alexander de Medicis, Duke of Florence, made choice of him for one of his Counsellors of State. He wrote the History of his Time, approv'd by all Men of Learning, and dy'd in 1540.
• Guicciardin, (Lewis) the Nephew of Francis, wrote an Exact History of the Low-Countries, Translated into French by Belle-foret, and into Latin by Brantius and Vitelli. He dy'd in 1589.
• Guiche, a Family of France, both Noble and Ancient, from which descended John Francis de Guiche, Count de Pa∣lice, Marshal of France, and General of King Lewis XIIIth's. Armies at the Sieges of Clerac, Montauban, St. Antonin, and Montpelier. He had a great share in the Affairs of his time, and dy'd in 1632.
• Guido, a famous Italian Painter, who painted in Opposi∣tion to Michael Angelo. But of all his most Excellent Pieces, there is none so remarkable as that of St. Michael the Arch-Angel, in the Church of Capuchins in Rome, where the Devil under the Angel's Feet is said to be so like Innocent X. as if he had drawn him by his Face. Felibianus.

• Guido Aretino or Guido Aretinus, Born at Arezzo in Italy, was a Learned Benedictin Monk, who found the Six Notes of the Gammut, by Singing the Hymn to St. John; wherein are these words,
  • UT queant laxis
  • RE sonare fibris
  • MI ra gestonum
  • FA muli tuorum,
  • SOL ve polluti
  • LA bii Reatum.
  He wrote two Books of Musick, and liv'd about the Year 1028.
• Guidonis, (Bernard) Bishop of Tuy in Spain, and after∣wards of Lodeve in Languedoc, wrote a Chronicle under the Title of Speculum Historicum Pontificum Romanorum, Impera∣torum & Regum Galliae, which he brought down to 1322. and dy'd in 1331.
• Guienne, a Province of France, ennobled with the Title of a Dukedom. It was formerly call'd Aquitain, tho' at this Day it comprehends Countries quite different from those, which anciently Aquitain contain'd. Pliny gives it the Name of Aremorica. Guienne, particularly so call'd, is properly the Seneschalship of Bourdeaux; but that which usually bears that Name is bounded to the West by the Ocean; by Landes and Gascoigny to the South; to the East by Perigort, and Quer∣cy; and to the North by Santoigne. The Country is pleasant and fertile; the Air sweet and Temperate; and the People Ingenious, only they are accus'd of too much rashness and boasting where they get the upper hand. This Country con∣tains Bourdelois, Medoc, Bazadois, Agenois, and Condonnois, with the part between the two Seas, call'd L'Entre deux Mers. The Chief City of it is Bourdeaux; the rest are, Agen, Con∣dom, Bazas, Marmande, St. Foy, Libourn, Bourg upon the Sea, Nerac, &c. The Visigoths won it from the Romans, and held it till they were expell'd by King Clovis; and after that, it was under particular Dukes, but was united to the Crown in the Reigns of Philip the August, Lewis VIII. and St. Lewis. Afterwards the English enjoy'd it till the Reign of Charles VII. In the Year 1469. Lewis XI. gave it his Brother Charles for his Support, and Child's Portion: But he dying without Issue, in 1472. it was again United to the Crown.
• Guifferey, (Guy) one of the most famous Captains of the XVIth. Age, held out Marseilles against the Emperor Charles V. and contributed very much to the winning of the Battel of Cerizoles; where he Commanded the Vanguard in 1544. The next Year he Commanded the Right Squadron of 36 Ships, in the Royal Navy, which Francis I. sent against the the English. Consult Brantome's and Bellay's Memoires, and Thuan. l. 1.
• Guilandinus (Melchior) of Konisberg in Prussia, com∣mended by Thuanus, for his laborious Enquiries into the Nature of Herbs and Simples, tho' Matthiolus and he could never agree in their Judgments, and Joseph Scaliger Cor∣rects many Errors in his Comment upon Paper. Thuanus, l. 96.
• * Guilford, the Capital Town of the County of Surrey, in the Hundred of Woking, which returns two Members to the House of Commons. It is pleasantly situate upon the River Wey, containing 3 Parishes, well frequented, accommodated, and handsom. The Saxon Kings had a Royal Mansion here, in whose time it was a place of greater extent. The Ruins of a large old Castle near the River, remain yet to be seen. In the Year 1660. King Charles II. created Elizabeth Vicoun∣tess of Kinelmacky in Ireland, Countess of this place for life. In 1672. the Title of Earl of Guilford, was granted by the same King to John Maitland, the late Duke of Lautherdale in Scotland. After whom the late Lord Francis North receiv'd the Title of Baron Guilford, from the same King also. It's 30 Miles from London.
• Gulielmus, otherwise known by the Name of Janus Gu∣lielmus; Eminent for his Notes upon Plautus; His Treatise against Sigonius; His Translation of some Pieces of Euri∣pides, &c. and from whom much more was expected, but that he dy'd Young, in the 30th. Year of his Age, in 1584. Thuanus, l. 80.
• Guimaranes, a Town of Spain in the Kingdom of Por∣tugal, and in the Province between the Duero and the Minho, ennobled with the Title of a Dukedom, 4 Leagues from Braccara to the East, in the way to the Mountains. Bau∣drand.
• Guina, Guines, a City of France, in the re-conquer'd Coun∣try of Picardy, seated two Leagues from the Sea, and almost as many from Calais, in a Marshy Country, where, 'tis said, there are Floating Islands; ennobled with the Title of an Earldom, the Earls of which descended from one Sifrid a Dane, to whom Arnold Earl of Flanders, gave the County of Guines, in Fee, for re-conquering it from William Count of Ponthieu in the IXth. Age; which Counts of Guines continu'd till the Year 1351. at what time Ralph de Guines Constable of France, was Beheaded for High-Treason, and the Earldom united to the Crown. In 1360. King John of France surren∣der'd this County to the English by the Treaty of Bretigni. After that Edw. III. of England surpriz'd the Town of Guines, during a Truce between him and the King of France, having corrupted the Fidelity of the Governor with Money. Which surprize, Edw. III. pleasantly excus'd, by saying, That Truces were Merchantable, and that Philip of Valois would have done the same to have had Calais. It was retaken from the English by Francis Duke of Guise, in 1558.
• Guinea, a Kingdom of Africa, between Nigritia which lyes to the North of it; the Atlantic Sea to the South; the Kingdoms of Congo and Biafara to the East, and the Mountain call'd Sierra Leona to the West. The Country is very wide from East to West, and the People of Europe drive a great Trade in it. The French were the first who discover'd it, about the Year 1346. and had sent some Colonies thither. But the Civil Wars of France in the Reigns of Charles VI. and Charles VII. having caus'd an Interruption of Trade, they were driven out of the Country by the Portuguese, Eng∣lish, Hollanders, Danes and Swedes. The Portuguese were for∣merly Masters of St. George de la Mine, but now it belongs to the Hollanders; with the Forts of Nassau, Cormentin, &c. The English possess Cabo Corse, and the Danes Frederick's Burgh. The Soil is fat and fertile, but the heats are insupportable. The chief Productions of the Country are, Cotton, Rice, Su∣gar-Canes, Gold, Elephants, Peacocks, Apes and Ivory. Guiney is divided into three Parts, Guiney Proper, Malagette, and the Kingdom of Benin; The first contains the Gold Coast, the Coast of Malagette, and the Tooth Coast. See the Relation of Guiney by the Sieur Villaud de Bellefond.
• Guiney New, Certain Lands to the East of the East-Indies, in both the Hemispheres; however 'tis not yet certainly known, whether it be an Island or a Continent of the Terra Australis. It is separated by a narrow Streight of the Sea; from the Land of the Papous, which is an Island to the East of Ceram, and Gilolo, extending it self to the first and fifth Degree of Latitude beyond the Equator.
• Guiunther (John) a Physician Born at Andernach in the Archbishoprick of Cologn, in the Year 1487. Physician to Francis I. dy'd at Strasburgh, after he had left France, in the Year 1574. and 87th. of his Age; leaving behind him several Translations of the Ancients, as Galen, Oribasius, Paulus Aegi∣neta, &c. As also several Treatises, De Medicina veteri & nova, de Balneis, de Peste, &c. Thuanus, l. 59.
• Guipuscoa, a small Province of Spain, formerly in Navarre, but for these 300 Years past in Biscay, which bounds it to the West, as Alava does to the South, the Aquitanick Ocean to the North, and Navarre with Part of France, from which it is separated by the River Bidassoa. The Country is well-peopl'd, having in it several neat Cities; of which, the Chief are Tolosa, St. Sebastian, Fontarabia, &c. Baudrand, Moreri.
• Guise, a City and Dukedom of France in Picardy, with a Castle, seated in the Country of Fierrache, upon the River Oyse, above de la Fere; Besieg'd in Vain by the Spaniards in the Year 1528. But that which made this Town most re∣markable, were the Dukes of Guise, who in former times had a very great hand in all the Affairs of France from the Reign of Francis I. to that of Henry IV. This Family was a Branch of the House of Lorrain, advanc'd by Francis I. in 1528. from Counts or Earls of Guise, which was their Inheritance, to Duke of the same place. The first thus rais'd, was Claude the Son of Renatus II. He had Eight Sons, of which were Francis Duke of Guise, Claudius Duke of Aumale, and Renatus Mar∣quiss of Ellebeuf. Francis became very famous by his gallant Defence of Metz against Charles V. and his surprizing Calais from the English. He was assassinated in 1553. being the Fa∣ther of Henry Duke of Guise, and Charles Duke of Mayne, &c. Henry making himself Head of the Holy League, was Slain in the States of Blois by the Order of his Prince, in 1588. Charles the other Brother, took up Arms against Henry III. and continu'd 'em against Henry IV. till at last in 1594. he was forc'd to submit to that Victorious Prince. Charles the Son of Henry succeeded his Father in the Dukedom, and was the Father of Henry II. who has been famous of latter times, being chosen King of Naples; tho' the Spaniards shortly outed him.
• Gulph of Mexico, part of the North Sea, in North America, between the Antilly's, Florida, and Mexico or New Spain. There are five Fisheries for Pearls in this Gulph, successive one to another from East to West. The First along the Island of Cubagna. The Second near the Island of Marguerita, and where the Pearls that are found surpass the rest in Perfe∣ction, both for the Water and for the Bigness. The Third is at Comogota, near the firm Land. The Fourth in Rio de la Hacha. And the last at St. Martha, 60 Leagues from Rio de la Hacha. Tavernier.
• Guntspergh, a Town of Germany, in Latin Guntia, seated upon the Danube, where it receives the little River Guntz; mistaken by some for another Town of the same Name, not far from Auspurgh. Ferrarius, Moreri.
• * Guplo, a Lake of Poland, in the Palatinate of Brest; 6 Leagues from Brest to the West, and 8 from Lanschet to the North. Six Leagues in Length from North to South, and half a League Broad. Upon this Lake stands the Castle of

• ... Krusvich, where Popietus II. Prince of Poland, was devour'd by Mice. Baudrand.
• Gurcum, Gurck, an Episcopal City of Germany in Carin∣thia, under the Archbishop of Saltzburgh; erected into an Episcopal See, by Gebhard Archbishop of Saltzburgh, in 1073. At this Day, the Bishop is a Prince of the Empire.
• Gureigura, or Guregra, a Mountain in Africa, 13. Leagues from Fez, toward the Mountain Atlas. The Inhabitants are very rich, because they abound in Wheat and Barley; as also in great and small Cattel. They have several Villages well-peopl'd; but neither City, nor Castle, nor Wall'd-Town; the difficult Passes of their Avenues being sufficient for their Defence. They have a great Number of Lions among 'em, but so tame and so cowardly, that the Women make 'em run with their Sticks, like so many Dogs.
• Gustavus I. King of Sweden, of the Branch of Waza, was the Son of Eric de Waza, Duke of Gripsholm. Christiern the IId. King of Denmark, Surnam'd the Cruel, who had made himself Master of Sweden, in 1518. Imprison'd him in the City of Copenhagen, and had put him to Death, had he not made his Escape, under pretence of going a Hunting. There∣upon he retir'd into his own Country; after which, the Lu∣beckers gave him Assistance. In the mean time, Christiern having defeated Steno, caus'd himself to be Crown'd at Stock∣holm in 1520. but being expell'd for his Tyrannies, Gustavus was declar'd Prince and Governor of Sweden, and afterwards settled himself so well, that he was elected King in 1523. and so order'd his Affairs, that the Kingdom, which was only Elective before, became Hereditary to his Family. He introduc'd the Lutheran Faith into his Kingdom, and dy'd in 1560. Johannes Magnus, Chytricus, Thuanus, l. 26.
• * Gustavus Adolphus II. stil'd the Great, was Born at Stock∣holm in 1594. and in 1611. declar'd King after his Father's Death. Fortune favour'd the beginning of his Reign with considerable Advantages over the Danes and Polanders. He Re-conquer'd what the first had taken from him, and press'd 'em so hard, that they began to fear the Ruin of their Mo∣narchy, until the King of England's Ambassadors mediating a Peace, they readily restor'd Colmar to the Swedes, and re∣nounced all Pretensions of Right to that Kingdom. After this, Gustavus turning his Arms against the Muscovites, made himself Master of Novogard, Slavesuss, Porcheu, Lodg, and Angdou, and of all the large Territories depending on 'em. These Successes with the Polanders declaring against Muscovy, made the Great Duke sue through the Mediation of the King of Great Britain, and of the States-General, for a Peace, which was Concluded in 1617. The Great Duke of Russia, renoun∣ced Lifeland, and quitting the Title of it, and making over to the King of Sweden, Inovograd, Jamme, Caporit, and Nole∣bourg, to be for ever United to his Crown, promised he would not succour the Polanders against Swedeland. This War being thus ended, he married Maria Eleonora, Sister of George William, Elector of Brandenburg; and soon after march'd against Sigismond King of Poland; who, to recover the King∣dom of Sweden, had made an Alliance with the House of Austria, and tho' he met with a more vigorous Resistance in this than in the former War, and was sometimes worsted, and often in great Danger of being Kill'd; yet he over-ran a great part of that Kingdom, and had brought it to a very low ebb, had not the Emperor sent 10000 Foot, and as many Horse to its Assistance, under General Wallestein and Arneheim, who put a stop to his Glorious Victories, and made him the more inclinable to hear the Ambassadors of Charles of Great Britain and Lewis XIII. of France, who interpos'd with great earnestness for an Accommodation, which they at last brought both Crowns to in 1629. But Gustavus still thirsty of Glory, began to cast his Eyes upon Germany, as the sole-Theatre worthy of his Valour: However, he consider'd a long time before he resolv'd to Attack it; and pass'd through it incognito, to observe the State of the Empire, the Force of the Free-Towns, of the Princes, and of the Emperor Ferdinand II. the Situation of the Provinces, and the Rivers by which they were separated. He represented to himself that the Empe∣ror had then a standing Army of 100000 Foot, and 30000 Horse, newly flush'd with the Defeat of the King of Den∣mark and Elector Palatin, that he was supported by the Elector of Bavaria, and the Catholick League; and Sweden was too weak to oppose so great a Power, but on the other side, the Protestants invited him to take up Arms to suc∣cour 'em, and promis'd to second him. They complain'd That Ferdinand violated their Privileges, and oppress'd their Liberty; That to Subdue Germany, and render the Empire Hereditary in his House, he cover'd the Country with Sol∣diers, and Garrison'd 'em in the most important places, &c. Besides this Invitation, Gustavus built upon the Alliance of Lewis XIII, the French King, of Charles I. King of Great Bri∣tain, and of the States General of the United Provinces, and did easily perswade himself, that for their own Interest, and to humble the House of Austria, they would defend him: upon these Grounds chiefly, he resolv'd upon the War, with the consent of all his States assembled at Stockholm; then causing Maria Eleonora of Brandenburgh, his Wife, to be declar'd Regent of his Kingdom, and the Princess Chri∣stina, his Daughter, the lawful Heiress of that Crown: He rais'd forces as well in Sweden as in Prussia, and with an Army of 20000 Men, Landed in the Isle of Rugen, drove the Imperialists thence, and to encourage his Men, gave all that belong'd to the other up to Plunder; but at the same time, issu'd out Ploclamations, that he suffer'd all the Inhabi∣tants to remain peaceably in their Houses, and order'd Bread to be distributed to all that had none. Soon after he made himself Master of the Isle of Useden: Hereupon the Empe∣ror caus'd it to be Enacted in the Dyet of Ratisbonne, That Arms should be taken against the Swedes throughout the whole Empire, sent to Wallestin, That he revok'd the Power he had committed to him of Commanding his Armies, and to take from him the Letters Patents he had for that pur∣pose; which Walestein deliver'd, without otherwise com∣plaining, than of the Perfidiousness of those, who to ruin him, destroy'd the Emperor's Power. John de Serclaes Count of Tilly, the Elector of Bavaria's General, succeeding him, march'd into Misnia, to contain the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburgh in their Duty; In the mean time, the King is receiv'd into Stetin, which he fortifies with extraordinary Expedition, defeats Torquato Conti, had the better in several Rencounters near the Fort of Gartz; but adventuring too far, and but slightly Guarded, he fell into an Ambuscade, was taken Prisoner without being known, but soon rescu'd by a Collonel of the Finlanders. Count Papenheim retook some places which the Swedes had possess'd themselves of: Yet the Landtgrave of Hesse declaring for 'em, they took Greyfenhagen upon the Oder, Garbz and Coningberg. The Year after, viz. 1630. Gustavus renew'd his Alliance with the French King, for the defence of their oppress'd Friends, receiv'd a considerable Sum of Money from King Charles I. of England, and some from the United Provinces; which was follow'd with the Surrender of several Towns, and the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburgh, with 24 Protestant Prin∣ces, and the Deputies of Lunenburg, Minden, Ratzburg, and other Imperial Cities of the same Religion having met, agreed in defence of the Liberty of the Empire, and of the Protestant Religion, to joyn the King of Sweden, and rais'd 80000 Men, directed by one and the same Council, and Paid by the same Treasurer, and in a little time, Gustavus took Dansmin, one of the Magazines of the Imperial Ar∣my, and told D. Savelly the Governor, That he was fitter for the Court than War. Count Tilly took Feldeberg about the same time, and New Brandenburg, where he put above 2000 Swedes to the Sword, which the King reveng'd soon after by a far greater Slaughter of the Imperialists at Francfort upon Oder; the Plunder of which City, valu'd at several Tuns of Gold, he left to his Soldiers; But Count Tilly having taken Magdebourg by Storm, Massacred 30000 Persons, with∣out distinction of Quality, Age or Sex, and Burnt the Town; then march'd towards Tangermund, to give the King Battel, which he declin'd for good Reasons, and went to Stetin to give Audience to the Ambassadors of the Great Duke of Muscovy, who came to offer him considerable Succours of Men and Money; which very much encourag'd the Swedes, who thereupon made themselves Masters of several Places, and worsted the Imperialists upon all Rencounters. This made Count Tilly march nearer the King, and having Brib'd 4 Peasants to set Werben on Fire, and suborn'd some Trai∣tors to nail the Swedish Cannon, kept in a readiness all his Forces to fall on when these things were executed. The King having intimation of his Design, improv'd it to his Advantage; for ordering great Fires to be made in divers parts of Werben, to draw the Imperialists on, he only an∣swer'd with Musquet Shots their Cannon, until they ap∣proach'd to break down his advanced Barricado's; then he saluted 'em with a Salvo of his whole Artillery, and caus'd 'em to be vigorously Charg'd in Front and Flank; and had certainly entirely defeated 'em, had not Tilly's Wise Con∣duct prevented so fatal a Disgrace; however they lost 6000 Men: And Count Tilly coming a second time to force him to Battel, had little better Success; whereupon he retreated to Tangermund. The Swedes fell upon his Rear, which occa∣sion'd a very sharp Skirmish. Tilly being reinforc'd, enter'd Saxony, where his Army liv'd at discretion, whilst Count Pappenheim over-ran Misnia with 6000 Horse, and both joyn∣ing their Forces, Besieged and took Leipsick. Whereupon the Swedes reinforced with 8000 Men, sent to their Assi∣stance by the King of England, under the Marquis of Ha∣milton, and by several other Troops, together with the Ele∣ctor of Saxony, march'd directly towards Tilly; who forti∣fy'd his Camp with Retrenchments, and propos'd not to fight till Altringer and Tieffembac were come up, unless a fair occasion was offer'd. But Pappenheim and Furstemberg per∣swaded him to Marshal his Army, which consisted of 40000 Men, and give 'em Battel. The King and Elector of Saxony having also drawn up their Troops in good order, the Fight began with great Courage on both sides, and in a little time the Imperialists broke the Saxons; cry'd Victory, and Plunder'd their Baggage; but the King coming to their Suc∣cour,

• beat the Imperialists from their Artillery Tilly rally'd two old Bands, and renew'd the Fight with greater obstinacy than can be express'd, several of his Veteranes having their Legs shot off, fought upon their Knees, and would not quit their Arms but with their Lives. Pappenheim, and Horn and Bannier, with their Reserves, falling in at the same time, Victory was doubtful until the King at the Head of his Fin∣land Cavalry, broke through the Imperialists so often, that he quite routed 'em; about 7 in the Evening, they lost 10000 upon the place, 7000 Prisoners, all their Baggage and Can∣non; Tilly receiv'd 4 or 5 Wounds; Pappenheim was pierc'd with 7 Shots, and lay strip'd among the Dead a whole Night. This Victory was accompanied with great Success. The King took in several Towns, subdu'd Franconia, took Mentz, with several other places in the Palatinate. The Elector of Saxony improv'd that Victory also, by driving the Imperialists out of his Territories; taking Prague, in Bohemia, &c. Things being in this ill Posture with the Emperor, he repented he had discarded Wallestein, and sent to him, to be pleas'd to re-take his Post, with far greater Privileges than he had before: Which he accepted, after some Oppo∣sition, and in less than three Months brought a powerful and well-appointed Army into the Field. Tilly assembl'd also the Remains of his scatter'd Army; which, upon Wallestein's refusal of joyning them, he posted upon the Frontiers of Bavaria, to secure it from the Swedes; where, in a Skirmish, he receiv'd a Contusion from a Cannon-Bullet, and died, at Ingolstadt, much regretted by all the Catholick League, to which he had render'd great Service, having gain'd 32 Bat∣tels before the Swedes came into Germany. After his Death, the Swedes took Munick; and whil'st Wallestein took Prague, and beat the Saxons out of Bohemia, and Pappenheim ra∣vag'd Lower Saxony: They harrass'd Bavaria miserably, and threatned Austria: Whereupon the Emperor order'd Wallestein to march to their Relief. The King, upon his Approach, intrench'd himself near Newremberg, so well, that Wallestein, seeing it impossible to Force his Camp, design'd to Starve him: But finding that impracticable, and having lost 12000 of his Men in Skirmishes with the Swedes, march'd away, owning, That he esteem'd the King of Swedeland the greatest General of the World; and that he should be satisfied, since he despair'd of overcoming him, if he could reconcile him to the Emperor. Turning his Arms towards Saxony, he took Leipswick, with several other Places. The King's Army being re-inforc'd, he follow'd him; and having posted himself in sight of the Imperialists, Novemb. 15. 1632. resolv'd to fight 'em the next Morning. He pass'd the Night in his Coach, discoursing his Principal Officers, who were forc'd to lie on Bundles of Straw, because their Equi∣page was left behind. Both the Armies being drawn up the next day in Battle, the Fight begun with great fury: The King marching at the Head of his Guards, and other Regi∣ments of Horse, after a furious Brush, took part of the Ene∣mies Artillery, and turn'd it upon 'em; but 4 Imperial Bat∣talions, sustain'd by their Cavalry, charg'd the Swedes so vigorously, that they made 'em quit their Ground. The King seing this Disorder, alighted from his Horse, and put himself at the Head of the Regiments of Chrestorph and La Tour, and told 'em, That if, after having pass'd so many Rivers, scal'd so many Walls, and forc'd so many Fortresses, they had not the Courage to defend themselves, they would at least stand firm to see him die. This Reproach touch'd 'em so sensibly, that they fell on with such Fury and Re∣solution, that they regain'd the Artillery, and broke into Wallestein's Retrenchments. The King being over-joy'd at this, made towards the Right, to view a Post he intended to make use of, and fell unfortunately into a Body of Ma∣racini's Curiassiers, who kill'd him. Bernard, Duke of Weymar, having Intimation of it, gave out, That he was taken Pri∣soner, and animated the Soldiers to perish or rescue him. Who thereupon redoubl'd their Fury, and gave no Quarter; so that the Imperialists began to give ground, until Pap∣penheim coming in with 6 fresh Regiments, encourag'd 'em to renew the Fight, which then became more bloody than before; but at last they were forc'd to quit the Field, leaving their Cannon, part of their Baggage, and 12000 slain upon the Place: Among the rest, the Famous Pap∣penheim, and Isolani, General of the Croates. The Swedes, be∣sides the King, lost 6 or 7000 Men. Gustavus Adolphus liv'd 37 Years, 10 Months, and 17 Days, and had receiv'd 13 Wounds before those of which he died. Never was a King more belov'd, or more lamented. He had a Large Forehead, a Fair and Vermillion Complexion, Regular Fea∣tures, a Sparkling Eye, but Short-Sighted. He was Tall, Streight, and Well-Proportion'd. His Port was Majestick; his Body Vigorous and Strong, and harden'd to Labour. He was Vigilant, Liberal, and exemplarily Pious; Easie of Access; an Enemy of Ceremonies. His Judgment was Solid; his Fancy Grave, and Memory Extraordinary. To these Advantages he added the Knowledge of Sciences, especially the Mathematicks, Policy and History; spoke Latin, Italian, French and High-Dutch, as well as his own Natural Tongue. This Incomparable Man was no less a Politician than a General, though in this last Quality he had scarce his Equal. His Camp was ever fortify'd and intrench'd as a strong Town, according as the Situation of the Place did allow of; so that he was always equally advan∣tag'd on all sides for Attack and Defence. His Army pass'd the very Winter in Tents; and to keep out the Cold, wore Coats lin'd with Furrs, which he had caus'd to be made in Sweden. His Cavalry surrounded all his Quarters; and being all along back'd by the Foot, were rang'd in such Order, that there was no Forcing 'em to a Battle. His Artillery was easily manag'd, and always planted in a con∣venient Post, to cover his Men. Obedience, Continency, and continual Labour, were inviolably observ'd in his Army; and Blasphemy and Drunkenness as rigorously punish'd. Upon his Ensigns, whereon his Arms were painted, were written in Golden Letters, Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, Defender of the Evangelical Faith: Or, If God is for us, who shall be against us. And upon those wherein were a Sword and Scepter, were these words, Mars sways the Sword, and Themis the Scepter. Men were advanc'd in his Army according to their Rank, with∣out any Favour; and as they had learn'd to Obey, before they learn'd to Command, they caus'd Military Discipline to be observ'd exactly: Insomuch, that if, upon any Sur∣prisal, the Soldiers were put into Disorder, they easily re∣pair'd the Defect, and of themselves recover'd the Posts they were to defend. This Great Man was Venturous, sometimes, without Necessity; he would go down, sometimes, into Copper-Mines that were 70 Fathom deep, where Stones that drop from the sides do often dash the Workmen in pieces: Especially in War, he neglected his Life, and perform'd ra∣ther the Duty of a Soldier, than of a General; and when some made him this Objection, he said in his Excuse, That Armies slight the Danger they share in with their King: That if Generals did not act in Person, they could not at∣chieve a glittering Reputation, which is always their chief Force: That those that shun Death, meet with it oftner than they that seek it: That Julius Caesar was never wounded though he ever fought in the foremost Ranks of his Troops: That Alexander the Great dyed with his Blood the Way that led him to the Empire of the East: That in the Passage of the River Granicus, he had his Helmet cloven by a Blow with a Hatchet to his very Hair: At the Taking of Gaza, his Shoulder was run through with a Dart: In the Country of the Marcandians, the Bone of his Leg was cloven with an Arrow: In Hyrcania, a blow of a Stone upon his Neck, put him into a Swoon, and had like to have bereav'd him of his Sight: Against the Assacanians his Heel was broke by a Dart: At the Battel of Issus, his Thigh was run through with a Sword: Against the Oxidraques, where (having leap'd from off the Wall of a Town, into it, he alone fought all the Inhabitants) he received a Blow with a Hatchet upon his Head, &c. And that to be as Famous as those Great Men, he ought not to be more Timorous than they. He had abundance of Scots in his Army, who were very ser∣viceable to him; and he, on the other hand, was respectful to them, and in a particular manner ascrib'd his Victory at Leipsigh to a Scotch Brigade. They perform'd great Services for him at other times; as, the Noble Defence of Stral∣sound, the Taking of Frankfort-am-Oder by Assault, and se∣veral Towns in the Palatinate by Scalade, though their Ene∣mies were double their Number. In Consideration of which, he honoured them to be Guard to himself, and the King of Bohemia, at Munichen, for three Weeks; where the latter took particular Notice of them. Besides a great number of Regiments of that Nation, he had in his Service two Scotch Generals, one Velt-Marshal, one Lieutenant-General, two Major-Generals, thirty Colonels, fifty two Lieutenant-Colo∣nels, fourteen Majors; besides Captains and Subalterns, whose Number is not known. Pufendorf, Monro's Expedition.
• Gustrow, a City of Germany, in Meckelburgh, in Saxony, with a noble Fortress, which is the Residence of the Dukes of the same Name. 'Tis seated about 6 or 7 Leagues from Wismar, and 4 from Rostock, John Albert, Duke of Gostrow, was proscrib'd by the Emperor Ferdinand II. for adhering to the King of Denmark; but was restor'd by Gustavus Adolphus, in the Year 1631.
• Gutkaw, a Town of Germany, in the Upper Pomerania, seated upon the River Pene, 3 Leagues from Gripswald to the South, belonging to the Sweeds.
• Guthier (James) an Advocate of the Parliament of Paris: He compos'd, in 1612. Four Books of the Laws of the An∣cient Romans, with several other Pieces of the Roman Anti∣quities. His first Labour was so well receiv'd at Rome, that, in Testimony of their Gratitude, the Senate conferr'd upon him the Honour of being a Citizen of Rome, to him and his Posterity. Which was confirm'd by Lewis XIII. King of France, under his Letters Patents, by the Advice of the Queen-Mother, Mary de Medicis. He died in the Year 1638. Hank. de Rom. rer. Scriptor.
• Guttemberg (John) a Native of Strasburgh, a Gentleman, or (as some say) dignify'd with the Order of Knighthood,

• was the first Inventor of Printing, and made the first Expe∣riments of his new Invention at Mayence, in Germany; where he was made a Burgess of that City, for introducing into the World so Noble and Useful an Art. Polydor. Virgil, Faustus, Coster, J. Mentel.
• Guy, the Son of Lambert, Luke of Spoleto, Emperor after the Death of Charles the Fat, made an Agreement with Be∣rengarius, That the One should hold Italy; the Other France, with the Title of Emperor. But Guy, protracting Time, found France too hot for him; and then Quarrelling with Berengarius, vanquish'd him in two bloody Battels, and took Pavia from him, in the Year 890. But in the Year 893. was himself driven out of all Lombardy, by Arnolphus, the Son of Carloman, and forc'd to retire to Spoleto; where, while he was raising a new Army to recover his Loss, he died in the Year 894.
• Guy, or Guido Lusignanus, King of Jerusalem, in the Year 1184. being expell'd Jerusalem, and almost all the Holy Land, by Saladine, he sold his Title of King of Jeru∣salem to Richard of England, for the Kingdom of Cyprus; which he and his Posterity held till the Year 1473. He died in 1194.
• Guy of Ravenna, flourish'd under the Reign of Charles the Fat, in the IXth. Age; and wrote a History of the Goths, still extant, with the Lives of the Popes. Simler, Vos∣sius, &c.
• * Guy-Clift, in Warwickshire, near Warwick, most plea∣santly seated on the side of the River Avon; where Guy of Warwick, after he had left off his Noble and Valiant Exploits, led an Hermit's Life.
• Guzman (Ferdinand Numez de) known by the Name of Ferdinandus Nonius Pincianus; born at Valladolid; very much honour'd his Country in the XVIth. Age. He wrote Notes upon Seneca's Works, Observations upon Pomponius Mela, and Pliny's Natural History, &c. and dy'd in 1552, or 1553. after he had given Order to have these Words engrav'd upon his Tomb, Maximum Vitae Bonum, Mors. Justus Lip∣sius, Andreas Scotus, &c.
• Guzurat, a Province of the Empire of the Great Mogul, in the Continent of India, to the East of Decan. It is com∣monly call'd the Kingdom of Cambaye; formerly under particular Kings, but now in Subjection to the Great Mogul. About 1545. Achobar usurp'd the Possession of this Kingdom, during the Minority of Madof Her, who was not above 12 Years of Age when his Father left him the Crown. So that the Young King's Guardian, Ehamet-Chan, found him∣self enforc'd to implore the Protection of the Great Mogul, against the Grandees of the Kingdom who were revolted; for which he promis'd him the City of Amadabat. Upon which, Achobar, the Great Mogul, enter'd Guzurat with a Powerful Army. But instead of supporting Mahof-Her and his Guardian, he seiz'd upon the whole Kingdom, and car∣ry'd away the young Prince and his Tutor Prisoners. The Principal Cities of Guzurat, are, Amadabat, Cambaye, Surat, Diu, Broitschia, &c. The Great Mogul governs the Kingdom of Gazurat by a Viceroy, who generally resides at Amadabat; where he has a Court (as Travellers say) more Magnificent than any King of Europe. This Kingdom has no Enemies to be afraid of; only the Mountains serve for Retreats to certain Radia's, or Petty Princes, that live upon the Incur∣sions which their Subjects make into the Mogul's Territories. Mandeslo, Olearius.
• Gyac, Chief Chamberlain, and Favourite to Charle•• VII. of France, who abus'd the Favour of his Prince; for that having the Management of the King's Treasury, he dispos'd of the Publick Money to his own Use. Which Arthur of Bretaigne, Constable of France, not enduring, caus'd him to be taken out of his Bed, without the King's Knowledge, and carry'd to Dion-le-Roy; and after they had ty'd a Stone about his Neck, to be thrown into the River. So perish'd that wicked Minister of State, about the Year 1425. Me∣zeray.
• Gylippus, a Lacedaemonian General, who was sent into Sicily in Aid of the Syracusians; where he vanquish'd, in several Battels, Demosthenes and Nicias, who thought to have made themselves Masters of Syracuse. He accompany'd Ly∣••ander at the Taking of Athens; who entrusted him with all the Gold and Silver taken in the Sacking of the City, amount∣ing to 1000 Talents, put into large Sacks sealed up at the Top. But Gylippus, resolving to have his Share, caus'd the Sacks to be open'd at the Bottom; and after he had taken a Talent out of each Sack, had 'em artificially sowed up again. The Ephori missing the Summ which was set down in Ly∣sander's Letter, made diligent Enquiry after th•• Theft: When Gylippus's Servant, who was Privy to it, not daring to make an open Discovery, reported, in some Company, That there were a great number of Owls under the Tiles of his Master's House. Now, in regard the Athenian Money was stamp'd with the Figure of an Owl, the Ephori readily guessing at the meaning, sent to search Gylippus's House, and found the Money. Which struck Gylippus with so much Shame and Grief, that he left the City, and spent the rest of his Days in Foreign Countries. Plutarch. Diodorus.
• Gymnosophists, Indian Philosophers divided into two Sects, Brachmans and Sermans. There were also some who were call'd Hylobians, because they liv'd in Forests, that they might be more at leisure to contemplate the Wonders of Nature. These Philosophers held the Transmigration of Souls; and, That the chief Happiness of Man consisted in the Contempt of the Blessings of Fortune. They also boasted in giving good Counsel to Kings and Princes, for the Government of their States. The Hylobians cover'd them∣selves with the Barks of Trees, and lay in hollow Oaks. Strabo, Philostratus, Porphyrius, &c.
• Gyndes, a River of Asia, which rises out of the Moun∣tains call'd Mauriani, in Armenia; and crossing through the Dardanians, empties it self into the River Tiger. Cyrus was so enrag'd that one of his Horses was drown'd in it, and to find that the Rapidness of the Stream stopp'd the March of his Army to the Siege of Babylon, that he caus'd it to be cut, and divided into 160 Canals. Herodotus, Ammianus Marcellin.