The new state of England under Their Majesties K. William and Q. Mary in three parts ... / by G.M.

THE NEW STATE OF ENGLAND. PART III. Of the Courts of Judicature. (Book 3)

CHAP. I.

Of the Parliament of England.

THE High Court of Parliament being the Great Council of England, the Supreme Court of Judicature, and One of the most August Assemblies the World, is the Court that I am to speak in the first place.

It came to be called Parliament from the French Parlement, and this from their Verb Parler to speak (or talk) together. The same is taken in a two-fold Sense. First, as it includes the Legislative Power of England, as when we say an Act of Parliament. In which Accepta∣tion it includes the King, Lords, and Commons; each of which have a Negative Voice in ma∣king Laws, so that without their joynt Consent no Law can by either abrogated, or made. Se∣condly, in a Vulgar Sense; as when we say the King and Parliament, or the King has called a Parliament, by which is meant the Two Houses, viz. the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

This Court is a Body Corporate, consisting (according to the first Acceptation of the Word) of the Three Estates of the Realm. And though the Name Parliament, by which it is now called, be not probably older than the Con∣quest by William Duke of Normandy; yet 'tis made plain by ancient Records and Precedents, that the former Kings of England, even in the Saxons-time, had from time to time great Na∣tional Councils, much of the same nature as our Parliaments. In the Saxons Time, says Lam∣bard, the great Council of the Nation consisted of the King, Lords, and Commons. It is most apparent, (says Prinn) by all the old Prece∣dents before the Conquest, that all our ancien•• Councils were nothing else but Parliaments, cal∣led by different Names in several Ages, till at las•• that of Parliament was fixed upon them; and that our Kings, Nobles, Senators, Aldermen Wisemen, Knights, and Commons were usuall present, and voted there as Members and Judge The same is averred by many Records an•• Precedents touching this Matter, in the Appen∣dix

to Petyt's Miscellanea Parliamentaria. Which does not quadrate with the Opinion of those who have affirmed, that there was never any Parliament in England, according to the pre∣sent Constitution thereof, till the Reign of Hen∣ry III, that is, betwixt four and five hundred Years since; and that the grand Council consisted on∣ly of the great Men of the Nation, till that King was pleased to call the Commons to sit also in Parliament.

The Power of Convening (or Calling) a Par∣liament is solely in the King. But, if the King be under Age, or not Compos Mentis, or Ab∣sent out of the Realm upon some Expedition, 'tis lodged in the Protector or Regent, who then summons the Parliament, but still in the King's Name.

The Summons ought to be at least 40 Days before the Day appointed for the Meeting; and it is done by Writ in Law-Latin, expressing that it is with the Advice of the Privy Council. Which Writ is a kind of short Letter directed and sent by the Lord Chancellour (or Commis∣sioners of the Chancery) to every Lord Spiri∣tual and Temporal, to appear at a certain Time and Place, to treat and give their Advice in some important Affairs concerning the Church and State, &c. And, as for the House of Com∣mons, Writs are sent to all the Sheriffs, com∣manding them to summon the People to elect two Knights for each County, two Citizens for each City, and one or two Burgesses for each Borough, according to Statute, Charter, or Custom.

And, whereas there are some Cities and Towns that are Counties of themselves, or that have each within it self the Priviledge of a

County, the Writ is directed to them as it is to Sheriffs of other Counties.

At every County, after the Delivery of the Parliament Writ to the Sheriffs, Proclamation is made in the full County of the Day and Place appointed for the Parliament to sit, and for all Freeholders to attend such a Time and Place for the Election of the Knights for that County. But the Sheriff ought to give a con∣venient Time for the Day of Election, and suf∣ficient Warning to those that have Voices, that they may be present. Otherwise the Election is not good, if, for want of due Notice, part of the Electors be absent.

Now, by an Act in the Reign of Henry VI, it was Ordained, that none should have any Suffrage in the Election of the Knights of the Shire, but such as were Freeholders, did reside in the County, and had a yearly Revenue, at least to the Value of 40 Shillings; which, be∣fore the Discovery of the Gold and Silver in A∣merica, was as much as 30 l. now. And the Sheriff has Power by the said Act to examine upon Oath every such Chuser, how much he may expend by the Year, if he doubt the value of it.

If any Man keep a Houshold in one County, and remain in Service with another Family in another County, yet he may be at the Chusing of Knights of the Shire where he Keeps his Family; for it shall be said in Law a Dwelling in that County.

The Election ought to be in full County be∣tween 8 and 9 of the Clock, according to Sta∣tute. And no Election (says the Lord Coke) can be made of any Knight of the Shire but between 8 and 11 of the Clock in the Forenoon. But, if the Election be begun within the

Time, and cannot be determined within those Hours, the Election may be proceeded up∣on.

Before Election can be made, or Voices gi∣ven, the Precept directed to the Sheriff ought to be read and published. And, if the Party or Freeholders demand the Poll, the Sheriff ought not to deny the Scrutiny, for he cannot discern who be Freeholders by the View. In short, of so many as stand for Competitors, the two that have most Voices are declared to be duly elected for the insuing Parlia∣ment.

Plurality of Voices does likewise carry it for Citizens that stand for Cities, and Burgesses for Boroughs. Where in some Places none but Freeholders have a Right of Election, in others all Housholders have a share in it. And, though no Alien can be a Parliament Man; yet, if he be a Housholder, his Voice is good, as in the E∣lection of the Members for the City of West∣minster.

A Burgess elected for two several Boroughs, as it sometimes happens, must wave one Election when he comes to the House, and chuse for which Place of the two he will serve; so as a Writ may issue for a new Election, that the Number may be full.)

All Elections ought to be freely and indiffe∣rently made, notwithstanding any Prayer or Command to the contrary. Or else the Parlia∣ment is not, as it should be, free. 'Tis true the Elections can never be so free, as not to be lia∣ble to the Temptations of private Interest, or the Influence of Feasting, two unavoidable E∣vils. Yet it does not follow but that a Parlia∣ment may be called Free, when the Court has no hand in the Elections by such unlaw∣ful

Methods as were used in the late Reign, by Closetting, by fair Promises, and foul Threats.

The Returns concerning the Parties chosen are made in the Crown-Office, by the Sheriffs, Mayors, or Bayliffs, whom the Writs were sent to, and to whom it belongs to manage the Elections.

Upon a false Return, which happens but too frequently, the Sheriff who made the Return is liable to the Forfeiture of 100 l. to the King, and 100 l. more to the Party injured, and to be Imprisoned for a Year without Bail or Mainprize And every Mayor or Magistrate of a Town so offending, is to pay 40 l. to the King, and as much to the Party. This Action to be within 3 Months after the Parliament commenced by the Party injured, or by any other Man who will.

In the mean time the Party returned remains a Member of the House, till his Election be de∣clared void by the same.

For denying the Poll when required, also for advising and abetting the same, the guilty Par∣ty has been adjudged by the House to stand Committed to the Sergeant during Pleasure, to pay all due Fees, to defray the Charge of Wit∣nesses, to be Assessed by four of the Committee, to acknowledge his Offence upon his Knees at the Bar, and read a Submission. This was the Case of Thomson Sheriff of York, and his A∣bettor Alderman Henlow, in the Reign of Charles I.

The Persons to be Elected as the fittest to an∣swer the true Interest of the Nation, ought to be Sober, Understanding, Well-principled, and Well-affected to the establish'd Government by Law. If Men of Estates, it is so much the

better, such Men being supposed to be less Cor∣ruptible. But this is left to the Peoples Choice.

'Tis true, that by Law such as stand for Knights of the Shire ought to be Knights, Esquires, or Gentlemen fit to be made Knights.

By the Statute none ought to be chosen a Burgess of a Town in which he do's not in∣habit. But the Usage of Parliament dispenses with that Act.

Neither can any be legally chosen that is not of full Age, that is, 21 Years old at least. And reason good, for, if no Man under that Age can dispose of his Estate, much less should he have any share in the supream Power of the Nation, to judge, vote, or dispose of the Estate of the Realm. Yet the Practice in the House of Commons has often been otherwise; in the House of Lords, but seldom.

Whoever stands to be Elected must be a Native Englishman, or at least must be Na∣turalized by Act of Parliament. No Alien Denizated ought to sit here.

None of the Judges can be chosen, that sit in the Bench, Common Pleas, or Exchequer, because they are Assistants in the Lords House, But any that have Judicial Places in other Courts Ecclesiastical or Civil, being no Lords of Parliament, are Eligible.

No Sheriff, nor Clergy-man can be chosen a Member of Parliament. Not the first, be∣cause his personal Attendance is required with∣in his Bayliwick, during the time of his Sheriffalty. Nor the last, because he is of another Body, viz. the Convocation; and the Clergy of the Convocation-House are no Part or Member of the Parliament.

A Man attainted of Treason or Felony, &c. is not Eligible. For he ought to be magis ido∣n••us, discretus, & sufficiens. But a Person Outlawed in a Personal Cause may be a Bur∣gess. And, tho the Common Law do's disin∣able the Party; yet the Priviledge of the House being urged prevails over the Law.

Anciently the Elected Members had a com∣petent Allowance from the respective County, City, or Borough, for which they served in Parliament. A Knight of the Shire was al∣lowed 4 shill. and a Citizen or Burgess 2 shill. a Day; which in those Days was a considerable Sum. But then the Sessions were but short, sometimes but eight Days, sometimes less, seldom above three or four Weeks; and yet during that short space of time several great and weighty Affairs were dispatched. Which (as some think) were prepared to their hand by the King and Council, as it is now pra∣ctised in Sweden by the 40 Counsellors of State, and in Scotland by the Lords of the Articles. And, if they did only debate upon such Things as the King did propose, a little Time might serve well enough to do it. But it do's not appear to be so by what passed Feb. 9. 1597, 39 Eliz. When the Queen gave her Royal Assent to 24 publick and 19 private Bills; but refused 48 Bills more, which had passed both Houses. Certain it is, that there was less Canvassing, and more Plainness in those Days, than there is at present.

The Place of Meeting for this honourable Assembly is in whatsoever City, Town, or House the King pleases. But of latter times it has been ufually at the Kings ancient Palace at

Westminster; the Lords in a Room by them∣selves, and the Commons not far from them, in another Room, which formerly was S. Ste∣phens Chappel.

When the Day prefixt by the King in his Writs of Summons is come, His Majesty usual∣ly comes in person to the House of Lords, cloathed with his Royal Robes, the Crown up∣on his head, and the Sword of State before Him. At the upper end of the Room is placed a Chair of State under a Canopy, upon which His Majesty sits.

Then all the Temporal Peers appear in their Scarlet Robes, every one according to his De∣gree; and the Spiritual Lords, in their Epis∣copal Habit, which they do all the Sessions.

On the Kings right hand, next the Wall, are placed on a Form the two Arch-Bishops; next below, on another Form, the Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester; then, upon other Forms on the same side, all the rest of the Bishops sit, according to the priority of their Consecration.

The Lord Chancellor, or Keeper (when there is one) stands behind the Cloth of State, or fits on the first Wool-sack, before the Chair of State, with his Great Seal and Mace by him.

On the Kings left hand are placed the Trea∣surer, President of the Council, and Lord Privy Seal, of they be Barons, above all Dukes, but those of the Royal Family; if not Barons, then they sit uppermost on the Wool-sacks. And on the same side sit the Dukes, Marquesses, or Earls, according to their Creation. Cross the House, below the Wool-sacks, the first Form is that which the Viscounts sit upon; and, up∣on the next Forms, the Barons, all in order.

The King being thus seated in his Throne, with this noble Appearance of the Peers of the Realm, all standing uncovered, his Majesty sends for the Commons from their Room where they are assembled. Who being come (at least part of them) stand at the Bar of the Lords House. Whereupon the King makes a short Speech to both Houses, concerning such Matters as He thinks fit to lay before them for the Good of the Kingdom. Amongst which that of a Sup∣ply of Mony is most commonly one, in order to answer the extraordinary Charges of the Crown.

The King having ended his Speech, the Chancellor (or Lord Keeper) did formerly use by the Kings Appointment to inlarge upon it, with all the Rhetorick and Logick the Matter could bear, to dispose both Houses to a Com∣pliance with the King. But His present Ma∣jesty has declined that Method, and being a Prince of few Words gains more upon ratio∣nal Men by his concise and plain Way of De∣livery, (as the more agreeable to a true gene∣rous Nature) than perhaps he might with all the Windings and Turnings of artificial Rhe∣torick.

Then the Speaker of the House of Lords commands, in the Kings Name, the Commons to assemble in their House, there to chuse one of their Members for their Speaker, and to present him such a Day to His Majesty. Up∣on which the King withdraws, and the Com∣mons presently re-assemble themselves in the Lower House, in order to chuse one of their Members for Speaker.

Sometimes, as in the last Session, the Speaker is chosen by the Kings Command, be∣fore

fore His Majesty delivers his Speech to both Houses of Parliament.

After the Speaker is chosen, and the Choice approved by the King, His Majesty leaves both Houses to their private Debates upon the Sub∣ject of his Speech; and do's no more appear amongst them that Session in his Royal Robes, except upon the passing of any Act, or at the Close of the Session, whether it be by Adjourn∣ment, Prorogation, or Dissolution. 'Tis true, upon any extraordinary Debate in the House of Lords, 'tis customary with the Kings of England to assist at the same; not to argue upon it, or to influence the House one way or other, but only to hear the Arguments of the House upon the Matter in Debate. But then the King appears without his Crown and Robes, and every Peer sits (except when he speaks to the House) as if the King were not there.

The House of Lords, otherwise called the House of Peers, or the Ʋpper House, consists of 189 Members. Viz. 163 Temporal Lords, whereof 14 Dukes, 3 Marquesses, 72 Earls, 9 Viscounts, 65 Barons; and 26 Spiritual Lords, whereof 2 Arch-bishops, and 24 Bishops.

But the King may, by virtue of his Prero∣gative, increase the Number of the Peers to sit and vote in their House, as Barons, by send∣ing his Writs for that pupose to whomsoever His Majesty thinks fit for that Service.

The Lord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper (when there is one) is of course the Speaker of this House. Otherwise they may appoint any of their own Members, or else one of the Judges, for that Place; as in the Case of their late Speaker, the Right Honourable the Marquis of

Hallifax, and that of Sir Robert Atkins, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, the present Speaker of the House of Lords.

Besides the first Wool-sack, which is the usual Seat for the Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper, there are other Wool-sacks; Upon which the Judges, the Kings Council at Law, and the Masters of Chancery (not being Ba∣rons) sit, not to give their Suffrage, but only their Advice, when required thereto. The Use of which Wool-sacks is probably to put them in mind of the great Advantages the Eng∣lish Wool has brought to this Nation, so that it may never be neglected.

On the lowermost Wool sack are placed the Clerk of the Crown, and Clerk of the Parliament; The first being concerned in all Writs of and Pardons in Parliament, and the other in keep∣ing the Records of all Things passed therein. Under this there are two Clerks, who kneeling behind the Wool-sack write upon it.

Without the Bar of the House sits the Black Rod, so called from a black Stick he carries in his hand, who is (as it were) the Messenger of this House. For he is imploy'd, amongst other Things, to call for the House of Com∣mons to the House of Lords upon His Majesties Command; and to his Custody are Commit∣ted all such Peers as the House things fit to Commit upon any Trespass. Under him is a Yeoman Ʋsher that waits at the Door within, a Crier without, and a Sergeant at Mace always attending the Speaker.

The House of Commons, otherwise called the Lower house, is by much the greater Body of the two. For, as England consists of 40 Counties, in which there are 25 Cities, 8 Cinque-Ports,

2 Universities, and 168 Borough-Towns, all which are Priviledged to send Members to Par∣••ament, if we reckon two Members from each, the Whole amounts to 486 Members. To which adding 24 from Wales, the Whole is 510.

'Tis true, there are three Boroughs in Eng∣land, each of which sends but one Member; viz. Abington in Oxfordshire, Higham-Ferrers in Northamptonshire, and Bewdley in Wor∣cestershire. But these three, wanting of the Number, are made up by the City of London, which sends four Members; and by the City of Bath, which sends three.

Of all this great Number, many are usually absent, upon Business, or Sickness, &c. So that, if they be three hundred met together, 'tis counted a pretty full House. And, if they be but forty Members in all, they make a house.

This House, representing the whole Com∣mons of the Realm, do's generally consist of the Flower of the Gentry; some of them Noblemens Sons, Privy Counsellors, Courtiers, Men learned in the Law, Officers and Com∣manders, Merchants, &c. but most of them Gentlemen of good Estates, with the advan∣tage of a liberal and genteel Education. This is an aggregate Body from all Parts of the Nation, whose Learning and Eloquence, Wit and Policy strive to outdo each other. A ••oble School for young Gentlemen chiefly, to be versed in Things relating to the English Go∣vernment.

Here they Sit promiscuously; except the ••peaker, who has a Chair placed about the middle of the Room, with a Table before him,

the Clerk of the House sitting near him at the Table. But none wears a Robe but the Speaker, except (as I hinted before) the Members of Parliament for the City of London, who at their first Meeting appear in their Scarlet Robes. Every Member wears what he fancies most, and so do the Temporal Lords in their House, on all Days when the King comes not thither in State. To Strangers, I confess, it looks something odd, that so august an Assem∣bly, vested with a Legislative Power, and met together for the Exercise of the same, should have no proper Garb for so great a Council, but appear in their usual Dress. But Custom has so far prevailed against the Inconveniencies that attend those Formalities, (which the English Ne∣bility and Gentry are generally averse from) that they are not like to be ever ballanced by the Respect and Veneration that might be gained, as in forein Countries, by the small trouble of them.

The usual Time for the Meeting of each House is in the Forenoon, from eight or nine a clock till twelve or one; except Sundays, high Festivals, and Fast-Days.

These Things being premised, my next Bu∣siness is to speak about the Choice of the Speaker of the House of Commons; Who is the Mouth of the House, and so necessary a Part thereof, that they can do no Business with∣out him. For 'tis the Speakers Part to see the Orders of the House observed, to state the Bills that are brought in, to collect the Sub∣stance of the Debates, and the Sense of the House upon them.

The fitst Day each Member is called by his Name, every one answering for what Place he serveth. That done, a Motion is made to chuse their Speaker; who ought to be a Per∣son of great Ability, and is usually one of the long Robe. And, to avoid all Delays, the Choice is commonly such as the King approves of.

This Choice is made by the Plurality of Votes. Upon which the Party chosen desires (according to ancient Custom) to be excused from so weighty an Office, and prays the House to proceed to a new Election. But he is commonly answered with a full Consent of Voices upon his Name. And then two of the principal Members go to him, and lead him from his Place to the Speakers Chair; where being set, they return to their Places.

Then the Speaker rises, and makes a short Speech to the House, consisting of his humble Thanks for their good Opinion of him, with Promises of his best Indeavours for their Ser∣vice.

At the Day appointed for his Presentation to the King (which is usually the next Day) His Majesty being come to the House of Lords in his Royal Robes, and the Lords also in their Robes, the Commons are called in. Who be∣ing come, the Speaker is brought between two of them, with low Obeysance to the Bar, and so presented at the Bar to His Majesty; where he makes likewise a modest Refusal. But the King approving the Commons Choice, and not allowing of his Excuse, the Speaker nakes an Oration to His Majesty; the Matter whereof is left to his own Thoughts, having ••o Direction about it from the Commons. But it usually ends with these three Petitions.

First, that the Commons may have, during their Sitting, a free Acess to His Majesty; Se∣condly, Freedom of Speech in their House; And thirdly, Freedom from Arrests.

Which humble and modest Way of the Peoples addressing to the King, for His Maje∣sties Assent to their ancient Priviledges, is be∣coming the Reverence due to the Majesty of the Prince. But it is no Argument (as some would have it) that either the Laws there∣upon made, or the Priviledges so allowed, are precarious, and may be refused them.

The Speakers Oration being answered in the Kings Name, by the Speaker of the House of Lords, and his Petitions allowed, he with the Commons departs to the Lower House. And then is the first time that the Mace is carried before him. Being come to the Chair, he makes a short Speech to the House to this effect, That, Whereas they have been pleased to chuse him for their Speaker, he hopes they will assist him in that Station, and favourably accept hi•• sincere Proceedings for their Service.

That done, the Custom is to read, for that Time, only one Bill left unpast the last Sessions to give him Seisin (as it were) of his Place.

In the Lords House 'tis observable, that, when the King is absent, the Lords at their en∣trance do reverence to the Chair of State, as is (or should be) done by all that come into the Kings Prefence-Chamber.

And then the Judges, when called in upon any Point of Law, may si•••• but may not be Covered, till the Speaker signify unto the them Leave of the Lords. The Kings Coun∣cil and Masters of Chancery sit also, but may

not to be Covered at all. And, when the King is present, the Judges stand, till the King gives them leave to sit.

But, we have dwelt long enough upon the Preliminaries (if I may say so) of a Session of Parliament; and 'tis time to shew their Proceedings, the manner of their Debates, and Passing of Bills and Acts, which is ••hus.

First, Care is taken in each House to Vote Thanks to his Majesty for his Gracious Speech. Then they appoint their standing Committees, of which more afterwards. And, to discover what Members are absent without just Cause or leave of the House, the House is called from time to time thus. Every Member whose Name is called over, uncovers his Head, and stands up at the mention of his Name. If he be ab∣sent, he is either excused and entred according∣ly; or, if none excuse him, he is entred De∣fieit. Such as are present are marked; and the Defaulters called over again the same Day, or the Day after, sometimes summoned and sometimes sent for by the Sergeant.

If any Intruder be discovered to sit in the ••ouse, being no Member thereof, he is pre∣••ently committed to the Sergeants Custody for ••••me days; and at last, humbly begging the ••ardon of the House upon his Knees at the Bar, ••e is Released, paying his Fees.

As to the Matter of Debates, the House 〈◊〉〈◊〉 free to take what Latitude they please, ••ithout confining themselves to the King's ••peech.

As they are best acquainted with the State of the Nation, and the publick Grievances, these often do take place. If any Laws are fit to be Abrogated, and new ones Made, this is a proper Subject for them to go upon. And, whilst they mind the Welfare of the Na∣tion, 'tis to be supposed they mind that of the King.

In order to which, any Member of the House may offer a Bill for the publick Good 〈◊〉〈◊〉 except it be for Imposing a Tax, which is not to be done but by Order of the House first had. And he that tenders the Bill must first open the Matter of it to the House, and offer the Reasons for admitting thereof; upon which the House will either admit, or deny it.

But, if any member desire, that an Act made, and in force, may be Repealed or Al∣tered, he is first to move the House in it, and have their Resolution, before any Bill to that purpose may be offered. If the House shall think it fit, upon the Reasons alledged, their usual Way is to appoint one or more of the Members to bring in a Bill for that pur∣pose.

A private Bill, that concerns any particular Per∣son, is not to be offered to the House, till the Leave of the House be desired, and the sub∣stance of such Bill made Known, either by Mo∣tion or Petition.

Petitions are usually prescribed by Members of the same County the Petitioners are of. If they be concerning private Persons, they are to be subscribed, and the Persons presenting them called in to the Bar, to avow the sub∣stance of the Petition, especially if it be a Com∣plaint against any.

The preferring of Bills, either to be Read or Passed, ly's much in the Speaker's Power. For, though he be earnestly pressed by the House for the Reading of some one Bill; yet, if he have not had convenient time to Read the same over, and to make a Breviate thereof for his own Memory, he may claim a Priviledge to defer the Reading thereof to some other time. Formerly the Speaker had liberty to call for a trivate Bill, to be Read every Morning.

The Clerk of the House is usually directed by the Speaker, and sometimes by the House, what Bill to read, who with a loud and di∣stinct Voice first reads the Title of the Bill; and, after a little Pawse, the Bill it self. Which done, Kissing his hand, he delivers the same to the Speaker. Then the Speaker stands up un∣covered, whereas otherwise he sits with his Hat on; and holding the Bill in his hand says, This Bill is thus Intituled, and then reads the Title. Whereupon he opens to the House the substance of the Bill; which he does, either by trusting to his Memory, or with the help of a Breviate, filed to the Bill.

The effect of the Bill being thus opened, he declares to the House, that it is the first Read∣ing of the Bill, and delivers it again to the Clerk. For every Bill is to be Read three times, before it can be made an Act. Except a Bill of Indemnity coming from the King, which has but one Reading in each House, because the Subject ought to take it as the King will give it. The same it is with a Bill of Subsidies granted by the Clergy.

At the first Read•••• of the Bill 'tis not usual with the House to speak to it, or put it to the Question; but rather to take time till the se∣cond Reading, in order to consider of it in the

mean while. Nor to move for any Addition to it, which were to imply, that the Body of the Bill is good, before it comes to a regular Trial upon the Second Reading.

But, if any Bill originally begun in the Lower House happen, upon the first Reading to be debated to and fro, and that upon the De∣bate the House do call for the Question; the Question ought to be, not Whether the Bill shall be read the second time (which is the ordi∣nary Course,) but Whether it shall be Rejected Whereas to a Bill coming from the Lords so much favour and respect is shewn, that if, up∣on the first Reading, it be spoken against, and pressed to be put to the Question, the Speak•••• does not make it for Rejection, as in the fo••∣mer Case, but for the Second Reading; and if that be denied, then for Rejection. Or ra∣ther in such a Case the Speaker does forbear t•• make any Question at all thereupon, unless 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be much pressed thereto; it being more pru∣dential to consider of it, before it be put to such a hazard.

When the Question for Rejection is made, and the greater Voice is to have the Bill Reject∣ed, the Clerk ought to set it down Rejected in the Journal, and so to Indorse it on the back of the Bill; and it shall be no more Read that Ses∣sion. But, if it be altered in any Point mare∣rial, both in the Body and the Title, it may be revived and received a second time. If the Voice be to have the Bill Retained, then it shall have his second Reading in Course.

'Tis unusual for one and the same Bill to be Read twice in one Day, ••••less there be special Reasons for it. Yet it has been done some∣times, for want of other Business, when the Bill was not of any great Consequence; but

••ill upon Motion, and special Order. Also, ••hen special Committees, appointed for the ••rawing of a special Bill, have presented the same ready drawn to the House, it has often∣••imes happned, that the same Bill has been twice Read, and ordered to be Ingrossed the same Day. And there are Precedents of late, that a ••ill has been thrice Read, and Passed the same Day. By Sir Simon d'Ewes, Journ. 90. Col. 1. a Bill was Read the fourth time, before it pas∣sed the House; but this is rare, and worth the Observation.

Though a Bill may be secondly Read the next Day after the first Reading, yet the usual Course is to forbear for two or three Days, that Men may have more time to consider upon ••t; except the Business requires haste.

After the Bill is secondly read, the Clerk, as before, in humble manner, delivers it to the Speaker; who reads again the Title and his Breviate, as he did upon the first Reading. Up∣on which he pawses a while, till some Member or other of the House do speak to it. For then ••nd not before, is the time when to speak. And, ••f after some convenient time, no Member ••eak against the Bill, either as to the Matter or ••orm of it, if it be a Bill originally begun in ••e Commons House, the Speaker may make ••e Question for Ingrossing thereof, that is, ••riting of it fair in a Parchment. The same 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may do, if divers speak for the Bill, with∣••t excepting against the Form thereof.

In short, upon the second Reading, the ••eaker having delivered the state of the Bill, ••ebates do commonly arise upon it. After ••hich the House usually calls for the Commit∣••ng of the Bill, that is, for referring of it to a

Committee, in order to amend the Bill, which is done in this manner.

After every Speech is ended, the Speaker ought to stay a while, before he make the Que∣stion for the Committing thereof, to see whe∣ther any Man will speak thereto. And, when he perceives the Debate is at an end, he directs the House in these Words; As many as are of Opinion, that this Bill shall be Committed, say Yea. And, after the Affirmative Voice given he proceeds thus to the Negative, As many as are of the contrary Opinion, say No. The Speak∣er ought by his Ear to judge which of the Voi∣ces is the greatest; but, if the Thing be doubt∣ful, the House does Divide upon it. And, if upon Division of the House, it appear that the Numbers are equal, the Speaker has the casting Voice upon all Questions.

If the Affirmative Voice be the greater, he ought to put the House in mind about Naming of the Committees, which is thus. Any Mem∣ber of the House may be named to be one of the Committee; and the Clerk ought in his Journal to write under the Title of the Bill the Name of every one called for that purpose, at least of such whose Names in that Confusion he can distinctly hear. And this he ought to do without Partiality, either to those that name, or to the Party named. But he that has directly spoken against the Body of the Bill may no•• be named to be of the Committee; it being supposed, that he who is against the Bill is no•• a proper Person to be imployed for the amend∣ing (or improving) of it.

A convenient Number being named, th•• Speaker puts the House in mind of the Tim•• and Place, when and where the Committees ma•• meet; which the Clerk ought likewise to ente••

into his Journal-book. And, when the House is in silence, he ought with a loud Voice to read out of his Book the Committees Names, with the Time and Place of their Meeting, that they may take notice thereof.

When a Bill sent from the Lords is twice Read, the Question ought to be for the Com∣mitment. If it be denied, it ought to be Read the third time; and the next Question, not for the Ingrossing, as when the Bill begun in the ••ower House, but for the Passing of the Bill. For all Bills that come from the Lords come al∣••ays Ingrossed. And, though the Question for ••he Passing of the Bill should in Course be then ••ade, when the Bill is denied to be Committed; yet it is not done, till the Bill be Read the third time.

As to the subject Matter of the Debates, the Speaker is not to argue for, or against any side; but only to hear the Arguments of the House, and (as I said before) to collect the substance of them. Neither has he any Voice, but the Casting Voice.

Whoever speaks to a Bill ought to stand up Uncovered, and direct his Speech to the Speaker. If two rise at the same time, and fall speaking together, the Speaker has power to determine which shall give way to the other. He that speaks is to be heard out, and not interrupted, unless by Mr. Speaker; which he may do in some Cases, as when the Discourse spins out to too great a length, or is from the Matter in hand, &c.

None ought to speak twice to a Bill in one Day, unless sometimes by way of Explication. But, if the Bill be oftner Read than once, a Man may speak as often as the Bill is read.

And, if any Thing be done contrary to the Orders of the House, one may rise up and speak to it in the midst of a Debate, in case the Speaker do not. For, if the Speaker stand up, he is first to be heard; and while he stands up, the other must sit down. But whoever rises up to speak to the Orders of the House in the midst of a Debate must keep within that Line, and not fall to the Matter it self. If he do, he may be taken down by the Speaker, or any other Member, calling to the Orders of the House.

No Member in his Discourse is to mention the Name of any other then present, but to describe him by his Title or Addition, as that Noble Lord, that Worthy Knight. Or by his Of∣fice, as Judge, Sergeant, Gentleman of the long, or short Robe. Or by his Place, as the Gentle∣man near the Chair, near the Bar, on the other side; or that Gentleman that spake last, or last save one, or the like.

No reviling, or reflecting Expressions must be used. And, though freedom of Speech and Debates be an undoubted Priviledge of the House, yet whatsoever is spoken in the House is subject to the Censure of the House. But, if any speak irreverently or seditiously against the Prince or the Privy Council, he is not only Interrupted, but sometimes sent to the Tower.

After the Debate is ended, the Speaker ought to put the Question for Ingrossing. If the Plu∣rality of Voices be against it, the Clerk ought to make an Entry in his Journal, that the same was Dashed, and to make a Note of it upon the back of the Bill, and the Day when. If for

it, he must make his Entry and Note accor∣dingly.

A Bill that has been Committed, and is Re∣ported, ought not in an ordinary Course to be Recommitted, but either Dashed or Ingrossed. Yet, when the Matter is of Importance, it is sometimes Recommitted, and commonly to the same Committee.

Some few Days after the Bill has been order∣ed to be Ingrossed, the same being accordingly Ingrossed, is offered by the Speaker to be Read the third time, for the Passing thereof. And, to prevent carrying of Bills with a few Voi∣ces, it has sometimes been ordered, that no Bills should be put to the Passing until Nine of the Clock; at which time the House is com∣monly full, or shortly after.

But 'tis Observable, that the Speaker seldom puts any one Bill to the Passing by it self alone; for he commonly stays, till there be divers Bills ready Ingrossed for the third Reading. And, when he has a convenient Number, (as four, or five) he gives Notice to the House, that he pur∣poseth next Day to offer up some Bills for the Pas∣sing, and desireth the House to give special At∣tendance for that purpose. Accordingly the Day following, he puts 'em to the third Reading; first private Bills, till the House be pretty full, and then the publick ones Ingrossed.

A Bill being Read the third time by the Clerk of the House, he delivers it to the Speak∣er; who (as before) Reads the Title, explains the Nature of the Bill, and then tells the House that it has now been Read thrice, and that with their Favours he will put it to the Passing. But, before he does it, he pauseth a while, that the Members may have liberty to speak thereto. For, upon the third Reading, the Matter comes

to a fresh Debate, and for the most part it is more spoken unto at this time, than upon any of the former Readings. But then 'tis very rare to have it Recommitted, unless it be for some particular Clause or Proviso.

At last, the Debate being over, (the Speaker still holding the Bill in his hand) puts it to the Passing thus; As many as are of Opinion that this Bill should pass, say Yea. And after the Af∣firmative Voice given, he proceeds thus to the Negative, As many as are of the contrary Opi∣nion, say No. Whereupon the Speaker is to de∣clare his Opinion, whether the Yea's or the No's have it; and his Opinion is to stand at the Judgement of the House, unless the Case be doubtful, and a Motion be made for the Divi∣ding of the House. Then the Question is put, whether the Yea's or No's are to go out of the House. Which commonly falls out to be the Lot of the Yea's, especially upon a new Bill; for it seems but reasonable, that those should sit still who are for the old Law, because they are in possession of it. To count the House, the Speaker does nominate two of the Yea's, and two of the No's. Who, having each a Staff in his Hand, are to count the Members that re∣main sitting in the House; and then to stand within the Door, two on each side, and count the Number of them who went forth, as they come in.

The House being thus told, the two Tellers that have the most Votes, standing at the Bar on the right hand of the two others (the rest being all set in their places) make their ap∣proaches together to the Table, with the usual Obeysance to the House. He that stands on the right hand declares to the Speaker the Num∣ber

of the Yea's and No's. That done, they all depart, with like Reverence into their Places; and Mr. Speaker makes the Report to the House.

If it be carried in the Affirmative, the Clerk is to enter the Vote, Resolved. If in the Ne∣gative, thus; The Question being put (then he sets down the Words of the Question) it passed in the Negative.

While the House is divided, or dividing in order to gather the Voices, no Member is to speak, or to remove out of his Place, except such as go forth upon the Division.

The Bill being thus passed, the Clerk (if the Bill be originally exhibited in the House of Commons) ought to write within the Bill on the top toward the right hand, Soit baille aux Seigneurs, that is, Let it be sent up to the Lords. But, if the Bill passed be originally be∣gun in the Lords House, then ought the Clerk to write underneath the Subscription of the Lords (which always is at the foot of the Bill) Ace Bill les Communes ont assenti.

And, when the Speaker has in his hands a convenient Number of Bills ready passed, he then puts the House in mind of sending them up to the Lords, and desires the House to ap∣point the Messengers. Amongst which a prin∣cipal Member of the House is appointed for that purpose, to whom the Bills are delivered in such Order as he is to present them to the Lords, by the Direction of the Speaker, except the House be pleased to give special Direction therein.

This principal Messenger, coming in the first Rank of his Company (usually consisting of 30 or 40 Members) to the Bar of the Lords House,

with three Congies, the Lords rise from their Places, and come down to meet them at the Bar. Then the chief Messenger tells them, that the Knights, Citizens, and Burgesses of the House of Commons have sent unto their Lord∣ships certain Bills. Whereupon he reads the Title of every Bill, as it lies in order; and de∣livers the same in an humble manner to the Speaker of the House of Lords, who is come down of purpose to receive them.

But, when any Answer is to be delivered by the Speaker of this House, in the name and be∣half of the whole House, to such Knights and Burgesses as come from the Commons, the Lords are to keep their Places, and the Speaker is to deliver their Answer with his Head co∣vered, whilst the Knights and Burgesses stand uncovered toward the lower end of the House.

In this House the Lords give their Voices, beginning at the Puisne, or lowest Baron, and so the rest Seriatim, every one answering apart, Content, or Not Content; first for himself, and then severally for so many as he hath Letters and Proxies.

For any Peer of the Realm, by License of the King upon just Cause to absent, may make a Proxy, that is, may constitute another Lord to give his Voice in the Upper House, when any Difference of Opinion, and Division of the House shall happen. Otherwise, if no such Division fall out, it never comes to be que∣stioned or Known to whom such Proxies are directed.

By an Order of this House in the Reign of Charles I, it was Ordered, that no Peer should be capable of receiving above two Proxies,

or more to be numbred in any Cause vo∣ted.

If a Bill passed in one House, and being sent to the other, this demur upon it, then a Conference is demanded in the Painted Chamber. Where the deputed Members of each House meet, the Lords sitting cover∣ed at a Table, and the Commons standing bare with great respect. There the Business is debated; and if they cannot agree, it is nul∣led.

When Bills are passed by both Houses, upon three several Readings in either House, before they can have the force of Law, they must have the Royal Assent, which puts life into them. For, as there is no Act of Parliament but must have the Consent of the Lords and Commons, and the Royal Assent of the King; so whatsoever passeth in Parliament by this threefold Consent, hath the force of an Act of Parliament.

The Royal Assent, which used formerly to be deferred till the last Day of the Session, is given after this manner, whenever the King thinks fit. His Majesty then comes into the House of Peers, with his Crown on his Head, and cloathed with his Royal Robes. Being seat∣ed in his Chair of State, and all the Lords in their Robes, the House of Commons is sent for up (as before) by the Black Rod. Thus the King, Lords, and Commons being met, the Clerk of the Crown reads the Title of each Bill, and after the Reading of every Title, the Clerk of the Parliament pronounces the Royal Assent, according to his Instructions from the King. If it be a publick Bill, to which the

King assenteth, the Words are le Roy le veut, the King wills it. Whereas to a publick Bill which the King forbears to allow, the Answer is, Le Roy S'avisera, the King will consider; which is look'd upon as a civil Denial. To a Subsidy-Bill, le Roy remercie ses loyaux Sujets, accepte leur Benevolence, & aussi le veut, the King thanks his loyal Subjects, accepts their Be∣nevolence, and so wills it. And to a private Bill allowed by the King, Soit fait comme il est desire, be it done as it is desired.

But, in case of a General Pardon, as it is the King's Gift, so the Return is from the Lords and Commons to His Majesty in these Words, los Prelats, Seigneurs, & Communes en ce Parle∣ment assemblez, au nom de tous vos autres Sujets, remercient tres humblement Votre Majeste, & pri∣ent Dieu qu'il vous donne bonne & longue Vie en Sante, the Prelates, Lords, and Commons in this Parliament assembled in the Name of all Your other Subjects, do most humbly thank your Majesty, and pray God to give You a good and long Life in Health.

'Tis observable in the mean while, how we have retained about making of Laws, so many French Expressions, derived to us doubtless from the Normans.

The Use of Committees is so necessary for the Dispatch of Parliament Business, and their Way of managing Bills so fair and honourable, that it will be proper to add something to what has been said before concerning them.

They consist of such Members as each House chuses from among them, to make a strict Exa∣mination of the Bills, and therein such A∣mendments and Alterations as their Rea∣son will dictate upon a full Debate among

themselves, and to Report the same to the House.

Now there are three sorts of Committees, viz. Standing, Select, and Grand Committees.

There are in the House of Commons five Standing Committees usually appointed in the beginning of the Parliament, and remaining du∣ring all the Session. Viz. One for Priviledges and Elections, another for Religion, a third for Grie∣vances, another for Courts of Justice, and the fifth for Trade.

Amongst which the Committee for Privi∣ledges and Elections has always had the Prece∣dence, being commonly the first Committee ap∣pointed, either the same Day the Speaker did take his Place, or the next day after. Their Power was anciently to examine, and make Re∣port of all Cases touching Elections and Re∣turns, and all Cases for Priviledge as might fall out during the Parliament. But that Power has been since abridged, especially in Matters of Priviledge; which are heard in the House, and not in a Committee, unless in some spe∣cial Cases.

By a Select Committee, I mean a Committee particularly chosen to inquire into a Bill. In the Choice whereof this Rule is observed in the House, that they who have given their Voice against the Body of a Bill, cannot be of the Com∣mittee. And, though any Member of the House may be present at any select Committee, yet he is not to give any Vote there, unless he be na∣med to be of the Committee. As to their Number, they are seldom less than eight, but have been sometimes many more, and com∣monly Men well versed in Parliament Busi∣ness.

Upon the first Meeting of a Committee in their Committee Chamber, they chuse among them a Chair-man, who is much like the Speak∣er in the House.

After any Bill is Committed upon the second Reading, it may be delivered indifferently to any of the Committee. Who are first to read it, and then to consider the same by Parts. If there be any Preamble, 'tis usually considered after the other Parts of the Bill. The Reason is, be∣cause upon Consideration of the body of the Bill such Alterations may therein be made, as may also occasion the Alteration of the Pream∣ble, which is best done last

The Committee may not raze, interline, or blot the Bill it self; but must in a Paper by it self set down the Amendments. Which ought to ••oe done by setting down in the Paper the Number of the Folio where the Amendment is made, naming the Place particularly where the Words of the Amendment are to be Inserted, or those of the Bill Omitted. The Breviat also annexed to the Bill must be amended ac∣cordingly, and made to agree with the Bill.

When all the Amendments are perfected, e∣very one being Voted singly, all of them are to be read at the Committee, and put to the Question, Whether the same shall be Reported to the House. But, when the Vote is to be put, any Member of the Committee may move to add to those Amendments, or to Amend any o∣ther part of the Bill.

If the Vote of the Committee pass in the Af∣firmative, then commonly the Chair-man is appointed to make the Report. Which being done, that Committee is dissolved, and can act no more without a new Power.

The usual Time for the House to receive the Reports is, after the House is full. And 'tis commonly the first Thing they go then upon; unless there be Bills Ingrossed, which are to take place, and publick Bills before pri∣vate.

The Reporter must first acquaint the House, That he is to make a Report from such a Com∣mittee, to whom such a Bill was Committed. Then standing in his place, he reads each of the Amendments, with the Coherence in the Bill; opens withal the Alterations, and shews the Rea∣sons of the Committee for such Amendments, until he has gone through all. When that is done, if his Seat be not next the Floor, he must come from his Place to the Bar, and so come up to the Table; where he delivers both the Bill and A∣mendments to the Clerk, to be read. Whilst he stands by the Clerk, the Clerk reads twice the Amendments only that are to be Inserted, and then he delivers the Bill with the Amend∣ments to the Speaker.

Whereupon any Member may speak against all, or any of the Amendments, and desire the Coherence to be read. But he is to make all his Objections at once to all the Amendments, without speaking again.

Note, that in the House of Lords, the Judges, and other Assistants there of the long Robe, are sometimes Joyned to the Lords Commit∣tees, though they have no Voice in the House.

But whereas in the House they sit covered by the Leave of the Peers, at a Committee they are always uncovered.

A Grand Committee, called a Committee of the whole House, is the House it self resolved into a

freedom of Debate from the Rules of the House to the Nature of a Committee; and therefore 'tis commonly called a Committee of the whole House. These Grand Committees are used, when any great Business is in hand that requires much Debate; as Bills to impose a Tax, or raise Mony from the People. Which Bills particularly do always begin in the House of Commons, as their Representatives.

In these Committees every Member is free to speak to one Question as often as he shall see Cause, (which is not permitted in the House) and to answer other Mens Reasons and Argu∣ments. So that it is a more open Way, and such as leads most to the Truth; the Pro∣ceeding more honourable and advantagious, both to King and Parliament.

When the House inclines to resolve it self into a Committee, it is done by a Question. Which being carried in the Affirmative, the Speaker leaves the Chair, and thereupon the Committee makes choice of a Chair-man. If a Dispute arises about the Choice, the Speaker is called back to his Chair; and after the Choice is cleared, he leaves it. The Chair∣man sits in the Clerks Place at the Table, and writes the Votes of the Committee; the ga∣thering whereof is according to the Rules of the House.

When the Committee has gone through the Matter in hand, the Chair-man, having read all the Votes, puts the Question, That the same be Reported to the House. If that be Re∣solved, he is to leave the Chair; and the Speaker being called again to the Chair, the Chair-man is to Report what has been resolved at the Committee, standing in his usual Place. From whence, if it be not in the Seat next

the Floor, he is to go down to the Bar, and so to bring up his Report to the Table.

In case the Committee cannot perfect the Business at that sitting, Leave is to be asked, That the Committee may Sit at another time on that Business. But, if the Matter has been throughly Debated, and is judged fit to be Resolved in the House, the Speaker is called to the Chair for that purpose.

In other Things the Proceedings are the same as in the House. And so much for the Committees.

I proceed now to the Manner of Adjourn∣ing, Proroguing, or Dissolving the Parliament, which is done at the Kings Pleasure, and that in the House of Lords, with the same Ap∣pearance and Solemnity as I have already de∣scribed.

An Adjournment and Prorogation are to some convenient time appointed by the King him∣self; but with this Difference, that an Ad∣journment do's not conclude the Session, which a Prorogation do's. So that by an Adjournment all Things debated in both Houses remain in statu quo, and at the next Meeting may be brought to an Issue. Whereas a Prorogation makes a Session; and then such Bills as passed either House, or both Houses, and had not the Royal Assent, must at the next Assembly begin anew, before they can be brought to perfection.

Upon an Adjournment, or Prorogation, the King do's usually make a Speech to both Houses of Parliament. And he ought to be there in Person, or by Representation, as on the Day of their first sitting, Now the Kings Person may be represented by Commission under the

Great Seal to certain Lords in Parliament, au∣thorizing them to begin, adjourn, prorogue, &c.

But 'tis Observable, that each House has also a Power to Adjourn themselves, which when they do, 'tis at the most but for a few Days.

A Dissolution is that whereby the House of Commons becomes Vacant, in order to a new Election. Now a Parliament may be Dissolved by the King at any time, whether they be actu∣ally sitting, or not.

But, if a Parliament do sit, and be Dissolved, without any Act of Parliament passed, or Judgment given, 'tis no Session of Parliament, but a Convention.

The King being the Head of the Parliament, if his Death happens when there is a Parlia∣ment, 'tis ipso facto Dissolved.

'Twas a Custom of old, after every Session of Parliament, for the Sheriff to Proclaim, by the Kings Command, the several Acts passed in that Session, that none might pretend Ignorance. And yet, without that Proclamation, the Law supposes every one has noticeby his Represen∣tative of what is transacted in Parliament. But that Custom has been laid aside, since Printing came to be of common Use.

The Parliament ought to sit, by Law, at least once in three Years.

Thus I have laid open the Supream Court of England, which without the Kings Con∣currence can legally, do nothing that's binding to the Nation, but with it can do any thing. For whatever is done by this Consent is called firm, stable, and sanctum, and is taken for Law. Thus the King and Parliament may abrogate old Laws, and make new, settle the Succession to the Crown, Define of doubtful Rights

whereof no Law is made, Appoint Taxes and Subsidies, Establish Forms of Religion, Natu∣ralize Aliens, Legitimate Bastards, Adjudge an Infant (or Minor) to be of full Age, At∣taint a Man of Treason after his Death, Con∣demn or Absolve them who are put upon their Trial, Give the most free Pardons, Restore in Bloud and Name, &c. And the Consent of the Parliament is taken to be the Consent of every Englishman, being there present in Per∣son, or by Procuration.

King John having resigned up the Crown of England to the Pope, and submitted to take it at his hand again at a yearly Tribute, the Pope (in the Reign of Edward III.) demanded his Rent, and all the Arrears. Upon which issued this Resolve of the Parliament, that neither the King, nor any other, could put the Realm, nor the People thereof, into a forein Subjection, with∣out their Assent. This was a high Resolution in Law, in one of the highest Points of Law, concerning the Kings Claim of an absolute Power, when the Pope was in his height. How∣ever this intimates, that with their joynt Con∣sent the Crown may be disposed of.

But, how transcendent soever be the Power and Authority of the King and Parliament, yet it do's not extend so far as to bar, re∣strain, or make void subsequent Parliaments; and, tho divers Parliaments have attempted ••t, yet they could never effect it. For the ••atter Parliament hath still a Power to abrogate, suspend, qualify, explain, or make void the former in the Whole, or any Part thereof, notwithstanding any Words of Restraint, Pro∣hibition, or Penalty in the former; it being a Maxim in the Law of Parliament, Quod Leges

posteriores priores contrarias abrogant. 'Twas therefore but in vain, that the late King James pretended so to settle that Liberty of Conscience which he ushered in by his Declaration, as to make it a Law unalterable, like the Laws of the Medes and Persians. It was but a Blind for Dissenters to bring them into his Snare; and, tho he had really designed it, he must have been at least Immortal to secure it.

One of the fundamental and principal Ends of Parliaments was to Redress Grievances, and ease the People of Oppressions. The chief Care whereof is in the House of Com∣mons, as being the Grand Inquest of the Realm, summoned from all Parts to present publick Grievances to be redressed, and pub∣lick Delinquents punished, as corrupted Coun∣sellours, Judges, and Magistrates. Therefore Parliaments are a great Check to Men in Authority, and consequently abhorred by De∣linquents. Who must expect one time or other to be called to a strict and impartial Account, and be punished according to their Demerits. Remember, said the Lord Bacon to his Friend Sr. Lionel Cranfield, when he was made Lord Treasurer, that a Parliament will come.

In this Case the House of Commons (the Parliament sitting) Impeaches, and the House of Lords are the Judges; the Commons In∣form, Present, and Manage the Evidence, the Lords upon a full Trial give Judgment upon it. And such is the Priviledge of the House of Commons in this particular, that they may Impeach the highest Lord in the Kingdom, either Spiritual or Temporal; and he is not to have the benefit of the Habeas Corpus Act (that is, he cannot come out upon Bail) till

his Trial be over, or the Parliament Dissolved, which last some of the late Judges have de∣clared for. But the Lords cannot proceed a∣gainst a Commoner, except upon a Complaint of the Commons.

In a Case of Misdemeanour both the Lords Spiritual and Temporal are Judges, and the Kings Assent to the Judgment is not necessary. But, if the Crime be Capital, the Lords Spiri∣tual (tho, as Barons, they might sit as Judges, yet they) absent themselves during the Trial; because, by the Decrees of the Church, they may not be Judges of Life and Death. For, by an Ordinance made at the Council at West∣minster in 21 Hen. 2. all Clergymen were for∣bidden agitare Judicium Sanguinis, upon pain to be deprived both of Dignities and Orders.

When a Peer is Impeached of High Trea∣son, a Court is usually erected for his Trial in Westminster-Hall; and the King makes a Lord Steward (which commonly is the Lord Chan∣cellour) to sit as Judge thereof. The Trial being over, the Lords Temporal resorting to their House give Judgment upon it, by Voting the Party arraigned, upon their Honours, Guilty, or not Guilty; and he is either Con∣demned, or Acquitted by the Plurality of Voices. If found Guilty, he receives Sentence accord∣ingly by the Mouth of the Lord High Ste∣ward.

The House of Lords is also, in Civil Causes, ••he highest Court of Judicature; consisting of ••ll the Lords Spiritual and Temporal as Judges, ••sisted with the most eminent Lawyers both 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Common and Civil Law. And from this Court there lies no Appeal, only the cause (or ••ome Point or other of it) may be brought

again before the Lords upon a new Parlia∣ment.

In Case of Recovery of Damages, or Resti∣tution, the Parties are to have their Remedy (the Parliament being ended) in the Chance∣ry, and not in any inferiour Court at the Com∣mon Law. But the Lords in Parliament may direct how it shall be levied.

In short, by the ancient Laws and Constitu∣tions of this Kingdom, it belongs to the House of Peers to interpret Acts of Parliament, in Time of Parliament, in any Cause that shall be brought before Them.

I conclude with the Priviledges of Parlia∣ment, which are great in both Houses, and fit for so honourable a Court.

First, as to the Persons of the Commoners, they are Priviledged from Suits, Arrests, Im∣prisonments, except in Case of Treason and Felony; also, from Attendance on Trials in inferiour Courts, serving on Juries, and the like. Their necessary Servants that tend upon them during the Parliament, are also Priviledged from Arrest, except in the aforesaid Cases. Which Priviledge is their due, eundo, morando, redeundo, that is, not only for that time the Parliament sits, but also during 40 Days before, and 40 Days after the Parliament finished. And that, not only for the Persons of Mem∣bers, and their necessary Servants; but also, in some Cases, for their Goods and Estates du∣ring that Time.

Moreover this Priviledge do's likewise ex∣tend to such Officers as attend the Parliament; as the Clerks, the Sergeant at Arms, the Por∣ter of the Door, and the like.

But, if one was Arrested before he was chosen Burgess, he is not to have the Privi∣ledge of the House.

Many are the Precedents, which shew the Resentments of this House against such as have offered to act contrary to these Priviledges, and their severe Proceedings against some of them, either for serving a Subpoena upon, or Ar∣resting a Member of this House, or refusing to deliver a Member arrested for Debt, the Par∣liament sitting. For common Reason will have it, that the King and his whole Realm having an Interest in the Body of every one of its Members, all private Interest should yield to the Publick, so that no Man should be with∣drawn from the Service of the House.

And so much has been the Priviledge of the House insisted on, that it has been a Question, Whether any Member of the House could con∣sent to be sued during the Session; because the Priviledge is not so much the Person's the House's. And therefore, when any Per∣son has been brought to the Bar for any Of∣fence of this nature, the Speaker has usually charged the Person in the name of the whole House, as a Breach of the Priviledge of this House.

Also, for offering to threaten, or to give abusive Language to any Member of the House, or to speak irreverently of the Court of Par∣liament, in Time of Parliament, several have been sent for by the Sergeant to answer it to the House, and Committed.

Dec. 1641. it was Resolved, that the setting of any Gards about this House, without the Con∣sent of the House, is a Breach of the Priviledge of this House, and that therefore such Gards ought to be dismissed.

Which Resolve was followed by three others Nemine Contradicente, The first, that the Pri∣viledges of Parliament were broken by his Maje∣sties taking notice of the Bill for suppressing of Souldiers, being in agitation in both Houses, and not agreed on. The second, that his Majesty, in propounding a Limitation and provisional Clause to be added to the Bill, before it was presented to Him by the Consent of both Houses, was a Breach of the Priviledge of Parliament. The third, that His Majesty expressing his Displeasure against some Persons, for Matters moved in the Parliament, during the Debate and preparation of that Bill, was a Breach of the Priviledge of Par∣liament.

And, whereas in January following the King did come to the House of Commons in a war∣like manner with armed Men, some posted at the very Door of the House, and others in other Places and Passages near it, to the Di∣sturbance of the Members then fitting, and treating in a peaceable and orderly manner of the great Affairs of the Kingdoms of England and Ireland; and His Majesty, having placed himself in the Speakers Chair, did demand the Persons of divers Members of the House to be delivered unto him; It was thereupon declared by the House, that the same is a high Breach of the Rights and Priviledges of Parlia∣ment, and inconsistent with the Liberty and Free∣dom thereof; and therefore the House doth con∣ceive, they could not with safety of their own Persons, or the Indemnities of the Rights and Priviledges of Parliament, sit there any longer, without a full Vindication of so high a Breach of Priviledge, and a sufficient Gard wherein they might conside.

Lastly, both Houses of Parliament are the proper Judges of their respective Priviledges, and the inferiour Courts have nothing to do with it.

CHAP. II.

Of the King's Privy Council.

NEXT to the Court of Parliament, which is the great Wheel that gives motion to the rest, is the Kings Privy Council. A Court of great Honour and Antiquity; In∣corporated (as it were) to the King Himself, and bearing part of his Cares in the great Bu∣finess of the Government. Insomuch that, up∣on their Wisdom, Care, and Watchfulness de∣pends the Honour and Welfare of His Maje∣sties Dominions, in all Parts of the World. For, according to their Oath, they are chiefly to Advise the King upon all Emergencies to the best of their Judgment, with all the Fide∣lity and Secrecy that becomes their Station. And, as the King has the sole Nomination of them, so 'tis his main Interest to make choice of such eminent Persons as are best able, with their Wisdom, Experience, and Integrity, to ••nswer those great Ends they are appointed for.

They ought to be Persons of several Capa∣cities, that nothing be wanting for good Coun∣sel and Advice in a Court from whence in a great measure depends the Safety, Honour, and

Welfare of the King and Kingdom. General∣ly they are pickt out amongst the Nobility; and, for Things that relate to Church Affairs the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London use to be Members thereof.

In the late Kings Reign, not only Popish Lords were admitted contrary to Law; but, in defiance as it were of the Nation, a Tray∣tor by the Law, and the worst of Counsellours, a mercurial hot-headed Jesuit, whose perni∣cious Counsels and Influences proved accord∣ingly fatal to King James, and all the Po∣pish Party.

As for the Number of Privy Counsellours, 'tis at His Majesties pleasure. Anciently they used to be but twelve, or thereabouts; but, since, their Number has increased sometimes to forty.

The Privy Council is kept in the Kings Court, or Pallace, and the King himself do's commonly sit with them. The usual Days for their sitting is Wednesdays and Fridays, in the Morning out of Parliament or Term-time, and in the Afternoon in Parliament or Term∣time. But, upon extraordinary Occasions, the King calls them together at any time. Ac∣cordingly they wait on His Majesty in the Council-Chamber, and fit at the Council Board in their Order, bare-headed, when the King presides. To whom His Majesty declares what He thinks fit, and desires their Advice in it. At all Debates the lowest Counsellour delivers his Opinion first, that so he may be the more free; and the King last of all, by declaring his Judgment, determines the Matter.

'Tis with the Advice of the Privy Council, that the King puts out Proclamations, Orders, and Declarations, which being grounded upon

Statute, or Common Law, are binding to the subject. And, upon any sudden Emergency, ••herein the publick Safety may be Indangered, ••or want of speedy Redress, the King and Council may take a latitude of Power sutable 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Occasion.

Formerly the Council heard and determi∣••ed Causes between Party and Party. But of ••te, lest private Causes should hinder the Pub∣lick, they seldom meddle with them, but leave ••em to the Kings Courts of Justice.

There are two distinct and important Offices ••longing to this Court. The first is the Lord Presidents, who is one of the Nine Great officers of the Crown. He is called Lord Pre∣••••dent of the Privy Council, because by his office he is in a manner the Director of it. ••Tis he that reports to the King, when His ••ajesty has been absent from the Council, the ••ate of the Businesses transacted there.

The other Great Office is that of Secretary, ••mmonly called a Secretary of State; which ••rmerly was single, till about the end of Henry III. his Reign. Who, considering the Im∣••rtance of this great and weighty Office, ••ought fit to have it discharged by two Per∣••••ns of equal Authority, and therefore both ••ed Principal Secretaries of State.

In those Days, and some while after (says 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Chamberlain) they sat not at Council-board. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, having prepared their Business in a Room joyning to the Council-Chamber, they came 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and stood on either hand of the King; ••d nothing was debated at the Table, until 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Secretaries had gone through with their

Proposals. Which Method afterwards was al∣tered in Q. Elizabeths Reign; who seldom coming to Council ordered the two Secretaries to take their places as Privy Counsellours, which has continued ever since. And a Coun∣cil is seldom or never held, without the pre∣sence of one of them at the least.

Besides the publick Concerns of the Nation, most of which pass through their hands, they are also concerned with Grants, Pardons, Dis∣pensations, &c. relating to private Persons. For in their hands are lodged most of the Sub∣jects Requests to be represented to the King; whereupon they make Dispatches, according to His Majesties Directions. In short, so great is their Trust, and their Imployment of that great latitude, that it requires their constant Attendance upon the King.

As for Home Concerns, whether publick o•• private, both the Secretaries do equally re∣ceive and dispatch whatever is brought to them. But, for forein Affairs, each has his distinct Province; receiving all Letters and Addresse from, and making all Dispatches to the severa•• Princes and States in his Province.

They keep each of them his Office (called the Secretaries Office) at Whitehall: Where they have also Lodgings for their own Accom∣modation, and those that attend upon it; wh•• a liberal Diet at the Kings Charge, or Board wages in lieu of it. Their settled Allowanc•• is little less than 2000 l. a Year to each 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them; besides Perquisites.

The Secretaries and Clerks they imploy u••∣der them are wholly at their own choice, an•• have no Dependance upon any other.

Lastly, they have the Custody of the Signet, one of the Kings Seals. To which belongs the Signet-Office, where four Clerks wait Monthly by turns, preparing such Things as are to pass the Signet, in order to the Privy Seal, or Great Seal. He that is in waiting is always to at∣tend the Court, wheresoever it removes; and to prepare such Bills or Letters for the King to sign (not being Matter of Law) as by War∣rant from the King, or Secretaries of State, or Lords of the Council he is directed to prepare. And to this Office all Grants prepared by them∣selves, or the Kings Learned Council at Law, for the Kings hand, are returned, when signed, and there transcribed again. The Transcripti∣on is carried to one of the Principal Secreta∣ties of State, to be sealed with the Signet. This done, it is directed to the Lord Privy Seal, and is his Warrant for issuing out a Privy Seal upon it. But then it must be first trans∣cribed by the Clerks of the Seal, who are also four in Number; and, when it has the Privy Seal affixt, 'tis sufficient for the Payment of any Monies out of the Exchequer, and for se∣veral other Uses. If the Grant requires the passing the Great Seal, as several Grants do, the Privy Seal is a Warrant to the Lord Chan∣cellour (or the Lords Commissioners) to pass it, as the Signet was to the Lord Privy Seal. But here also a new Transcription must be made of the Grant. The Reason why a Grant must go through so many Hands and Seals, be∣fore it can be perfected, is, that it may be duly considered, and all Objections cleared, be∣fore it take its effect.

The Paper-Office, at Whitehall, is also de∣pending on the Secretaries of State. Where all the Papers and Dispatches that pass through

their Offices (as Matters of State and Council, Letters, Intelligences, and Negotiations of forein Ministers here, or of the Kings Ministers abroad) are from time to time transmitted, and there remain, disposed by way of Library. The Keeper whereof has a yearly Salary of 160 l. payable out of the Exchequer.

To conclude, the Lords of the Privy Coun∣cil have always been of such high value and esteem, that if a Man did but strike another in a Privy Counsellors House, or elsewhere in his presence, he was fined for the same. To con∣spire the Death of any of them was Felony in any of the Kings Servants, and to kill one of them was High Treason.

A Privy Counsellour, though but a Gentle∣man, has precedence of all Knights Baronets, and younger Sons of all Barons and Viscounts. And a Secretary of State has this special Ho∣nour, that, if he be a Baron, he takes place (as such) of all other Barons. So honourable an Imployment it is, that in the late Reign the Earl of Sunderland, was both principal Se∣cretary of State, and Lord President of the Privy Council.

CHAP. III.

Of the High Court of Chancery, otherwise called the Court of Equity.

I come now to the Courts of Judicature held at Westminster, viz. the Courts of Chancery, Kings Bench, Common Pl••as, Exchequer, and Dutchy of Lancaster; whereof the three first are held at Westminster Hall, the Common-Pleas near the Gate, the Chancery and Kings Bench at the further end of the Hall.

All the fore-mentioned Courts are opened four times a Year, called the four Terms; Viz. Easter, Trinity, Michaelmas, and Hilary Term.

Easter-Term begins always the 17th Day after Easter, and lasteth 27 Days. Trinity (or Mid∣summer) Term begins the fifth Day after Trini∣ty Sunday, and lasteth 20 Days. Michaelmas-Term begins the 23th of October, and lasteth 37 Days. And Hilary-Term (so called from S. Hilary a Bishop) beginneth the 23 of Janua∣ry, and lasteth 21 Days.

Next to the Parliament of England, and the Kings Privy Council, by whose Influences the Nation is chiefly governed under the King, the High Court of Chancery is the chief, and the most ancient Court of Judicature. Other∣wise

called the Court of Equity, in opposition to other inferiour Courts, the Judges whereof are tied to the Letter of the Law; Whereas this is a Court of Mercy, in which the Rigour of the Law is tempered with Equity. And there∣fore the Kings of England would have this Court Superiour to the other Tribunals, as well as for being the Original of all other Courts, and the Fountain of all our Proceedings in Law. For, as Sir Edward Coke says, this Court is Of∣ficina Justitiae, out of which all Original Writs and all Commissions which pass under the Great Seal go forth, which Great Seal is Clavis Regni, the Key of the Kingdom; and for those ends this Court is always open.

In the Chancery are two Courts, one Ordi∣nary, and the other Extraordinary. In the first the Proceedings are in Latine, Secundum Legem & Consuetudinem Angliae, according to the Laws and Statutes of the Realm. In the second, by English Bill, Secundum aequum & bonum, accor∣ding to Equity.

The Manner of Proceeding is much like that in the Courts of the Civil Law; the Actions by Bill or Plaint, the Witnesses examined in private, and the Decrees in English or Latin, not in French. No Jury of twelve Men, but all Sentences given by the Judge of the Court.

The Judge is the Lord Chancellour, or Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, the highest Dignity that a Lay-man is capable of in England, and held of the King durante Beneplacito. But now this Office is executed by three Lords Commis∣sioners.

Next to whom there are twelve Assistants called Masters of the Chancery, who are Civilians. Their Salary is each 100 Pound, paid out of

the Exchequer quarterly, besides Robe-mony. Three of these at a time sit in the Chancery Court in Term-time, and two out of Term, when the Chancellour sits to hear Causes at his own House Who often refers to them the further hearing of Causes, &c. These Masters have a publick Office, where one or more of them do constantly attend, to take Affida∣vits, &c.

The chief of them is the Master of the Rolls, whose Place is both very honourable and bene∣ficial. The same is in the King's Gift, either Life, or during his Majesties Pleasure. And he is called Master of the Rolls, as having the Custody of all Charters, Patents, Commissions, Deeds, and Recognizances, which being made up in Rolls of Parchment, gave Occasion for that Name. From whence the ver•• House where the same are Kept is also called 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Rolls; which, being founded at first for the converted Jews, was, after their Expulsion out of Eng∣land, annext for ever to the Office of Master of the Rolls. Here are kept all the Rolls since the beginning of Richard the Third's Reign; and the former Rolls, in the Tower.

In this House the Master of the Rolls may Jure Off••cii, and by vertue of a Commission, hear Causes, with two Masters, and without the Chancellour. He has in his Gift those considerable Offices of the Six Clerks in Chan∣cery, the Examiners Offices, three Clerks of the Petty-bag, and the six Clerks of the Rolls Chappel, where the Rolls are kept.

In Parliament-time, when he sits in the House of Lords, he sits upon the Second Wool∣sack, next to the Lord Chief Justice of Eng∣and.

Next in degree to the Twelve Masters in Chancery are the Six Clerks aforesaid, who keep their several Offices at a Place called the Six Clerks Office in Chancery-Lane, and constantly Keep Commons together in Term-time. Their Business is for the English part of this Court, to inroll Commissions, Pardons, Patents, War∣rants &c. that are passed the Great Seal. They are also Attorneys for Plaintiffs and Defendants, in Causes depending in this Court.

Under these are Sixty other Clerks, viz. ten to each; amongst which some get four, or five hundred Pounds a Year, and some more. These also have their Under-Clerks, who dis∣patch with them the Business of this Of∣fice.

For the Latine Part, there is the Cursitors Of∣fice, Kept near Lincolns Inn. Of these there are 24, whereof one Principal, and two Assis∣tants. Their Business is to make out Original Writs, for which purpose each of them has certain Counties and Cities allotted to him, in∣to which he makes out such Original Writs as are required. These Clerks are a Corporation of themselves, who execute their Offices by themselves or Deputies.

There are several Officers besides, belonging to the Chancery. As the Clerk of the Crown; Who, either by himself or Deputy, is conti∣nually to attend the Lord Chancellour, or Lord Keeper, for special Marters of State, and has a Place in the House of Lords. He makes all Commissions of Peace, of Oyer and Terminer, Goal-Delivery, and upon the Death or Removal of any Members of Parliament sitting, makes all Writs for New Elections.

There is also a Protonotary, whose Office is chiefly to dispatch Commissions for Embassies; A Register of the Court of Chancery, and two Registers for the Rolls.

The Clerk of the Hamper, or Hanaper; Who receives all the Mony due to the King for the Seals of Charters, Patents, Commissions, and Writs. In Term-time, and at all times of Sealing, he attends the Chancery-Court, with all Sealed Charters, Patents, &c. put up in Lea∣thern Bags. Instead of which, Hampers were probably used in our Fore-fathers time, and the Clerk called from thence Clerk of the Hamper. Those Bags are delivered by the Clerk to the Comptroller of the Hamper.

Three Clerks of the Petty-Bag, whose Office is to make all Patents for Customers, Comp∣trollers, all Conge d'Eslires, first Summons of No∣bility, Clergy, Knights, Citizens, and Burges∣ses to Parliament, &c.

The six Clerks of the Rolls Chappel, which to∣gethe•• with the Clerks of the Petty-bag are un∣der the Master of the Rolls. And so are the Two E••••caminers, whose Office is to examine the Witnesses on their Oaths in any Suit on both sides.

A Clerk of the Patents, another of the Re∣ports, and a Clerk (or Secretary) of the Pre∣sentation of Spiritual Benefices.

There is besides a Subpoena Office, to issue out Writs or Summons for Persons to appear in Chancery. Another Office, for filing all Affidavits in the Court of Chancery. Besides the Alienation Office, to which are carried all Writs of Covenant and Entry, (whereupon Fines are levied, and Recoveries suffered) to have Fines for Alienation set and paid thereup∣on.

This Office is executed by 3 Commissio∣ners, who set those Fines

The Warden of the Fleet, or Keeper of the Fleet-Prison, is a considerable Office. His Bu∣siness is to take care of the Prisoners there, who are commonly such as are sent thither from this Court, for Contempt to the King or his Laws; though there are others, upon the Account of Debts, &c.

There is also a Sergeant at Arms, whose Of∣fice is to bear a gilt Mace before the Lord Chan∣cellour, or Keeper.

Lastly, whereas other Courts of Justice are never open but in Term-time, this is at all times open. For, if a Man be wrongfully Im∣prisoned in the Vacation, the Lord Chancellour may grant a Habeas Corpus, and do him Justice according to Law, as well in Vacation as in Term-time. Which is not in the Power either of the King's Bench, or Common-Pleas, to do in the Vacation. This Court likewise may grant Prohibitions at any time, either in Term or Vacation.

CHAP. IV.

Of the Court of Kings Bench.

THis Court is called the Kings Bench, be∣cause in it are handled all Pleas of the Crown; as all manner of Treasons, Felonies, Misprision of Treason, &c.

But it has Power besides to examine and cor∣rect all Errours in fait, and in Law, of all the Judges and Justices of the Realm in their Judge∣ments and Proceeding in Courts of Record; and this not only in Pleas of the Crown, but in all Pleas real, personal, and mixt, the Court of Exchequer excepted.

This Court has also Power to correct other Errours and Misdemeanors extrajudicial, tend∣ing to the Breach of the Peace, or Oppression of the Subject. It grants Prohibitions to Courts Temporal and Ecclesiastical, to Keep them with∣in their proper Jurisdiction; and may bail any Person for any Offence whatsoever. If a Free∣man in City, Borough, or Town Corporate, be Disfranchised unjustly, this Court may relieve the Party, although he has no Priviledge in it.

This Court moreover has power to hold Plea by Bill for Debt, Detinue, Covenant, Promise, and all other personal Actions, against any that is in the Marshals Custody, or any Officer, Mi∣nister, or Clerk of the Court. For, if they should be sued in any other Court, they would

be allowed the Priviledge of this, in respect of their necessary Attendance here; and, lest there should be a failure of Justice, they shall be Im∣pleaded here by Bill, though these Actions be common Pleas. Likewise the Officers, Mini∣sters, and Clerks of this Court, priviledged by Law, may Implead others by Bill here in the foresaid Actions.

In short, the Jurisdiction of this Court is ge∣neral, and extends all over England. 'Tis more uncontrolable than any other Court, because the Law presumes the King to be there in per∣son. For anciently the Kings of England sat sometimes in this Court, and that on a high Bench, his Judges at his Feet, on a low Bench. From whence some think this Court came to be called the King's Bench. However the Judica∣ture always belonged to the Judges, and in the King's presence (as now in his absence) they answered all Motions, &c.

So Supream is also the Jurisdiction of this Court, that, if any Record be removed hither, it cannot (being as it were in its Center) be remanded back, but by an Act of Parlia∣ment.

In this Court sit commonly four Grave Re∣verend Judges, The principal whereof is called the Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and is thus created by Writ. A. B. Militi Salutem. Sciatis quod Constituimus Vos Judiciarium no∣strum Capitalem, ad Placita coram nobis tenenda, durante Beneplacito nostro. Teste meipso apud Westm.

The rest of the Judges of the King's Bench hold their Places by Letters Patent in these Words. Rex omnibus ad quos praesentes Litera pervenerint, Salutem. Sciatis quod Constituimus dilectum & fidelem B. C. Militem unum Justicia∣riorum,

ad Placita coram nobis tenenda, durante Beneplacito nostro. Teste, &c.

Though in the Writ or Patent made to these Judges they are not named Sergeants, yet none can be a Judge of this Court, unless he be a Sergeant of the Degree of the Coif, that is, a Sergeant at Law; who, upon taking this De∣gree, is obliged to wear a Lawn Coif under a black Cap.

These Judges, or Justices, are the Sovereign Justices of Oyer and Terminer, Goal-Delivery, Conservators of the Peace, &c. in the Realm. So that, when this Court comes and sits in any County, the Justices of Eire, of Oyer and Ter∣miner, and Goal-Delivery, &c. are ipso facto void, without writing to them. They are likewise the Sovereign Coroners of the Land; and there∣fore where the Sheriff and Coroners may receive Appeals by Bill, much rather the Justices of this Court may do it.

Their Salary from the King is each 1000 l. per Annum, besides Robes and Liveries out of the great Wardrobe, and two Tun of Wine to the Lord Chief Justice.

In this Court all young Lawyers that have been called to the Bar are allowed to practise.

Here are three distinct Offices; Viz. the Crown Office, the Protonotaries, and the Custos Brevium's Office.

To the first belong, the Clerk of the Crown, a Secondary, and several entring Clerks. The first is a Cap-Officer, who sits covered in Court. The entring Clerks have Counties assigned them, and usually are Attornies for Defendants prose∣cuted at the King's Suit.

To the second belongs the Protonotary, a Cap-Officer, to whom belong all Clerks of the Plea∣side; his Secondary, and Deputy for signing Writs, a Clerk for filing Declarations, a Clerk of the Remembrances, a Clerk of the Bails and Posteas.

To the Custos Brevium's Office belongs the Custos Brevium & Recordorum, a Cap-Officer, who is also Clerk of the Essoins and Warrants of Attorney; two Clerks, one of the Inner, and the other of the outward Treasury, who are all Officers for Life.

There are besides two Book-Bearers, who car∣ry the Records into Court, a Marshal or Keeper of the King's Bench Prison, who has a Deputy, a Clerk of the Papers, a Clerk of the Rules, and his Deputy, a Clerk of the Errours, and his De∣puty, a Sealer of Writs, a Head-Crier, two Un∣der-Criers, two Ushers, and four Tip-staves.

Lastly, there are several Filazers for the se∣veral Counties of England, who make out all Process upon Original Writs, Actions personal, and mixt.

CHAP. V.

Of the Court of Common-Pleas.

THis Court is so called, because here are debated the usual Pleas between Subject and Subject. For in this Court all Civil Causes, real and personal, are usually tried, ac∣cording to the strictness of the Law. And real Actions are pleadable; nor Fines levied, or Re∣coveries suffered, in no other Court but this. Which may also grant Prohibitions, as the Court of the King's Bench doth.

Here are also commonly four Judges, the chief whereof is called the Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, or of the Common Bench. Who holds his Place by Letters Patent, as the other Three do, derante Beneplacito. Their Fee is the same as that of the King's Bench Judges.

None but Sergeants at Law may plead in this Court; and so many of them as the King shall appoint, are bound by Oath to assist all that have any Cause depending here; for which the King allows them Fees, Reward, and Robes.

Many are the Officers belonging to this Court. The principal whereof is the Custos Brevium, who is the first Clerk of the Court, and whose Office is to receive and keep all Writs returna∣ble here, to receive of the Protonotaries all the Records of Nisi-prius, called Posteas. He holds

his Place by Patent from the King, has the Gift of the second Protontaries Place, and of the Clerk of the Juries.

Then Three Protonotaries, who enter and in∣roll all Declarations, Pleadings, Assizes, Judg∣ments, and Actions, and make out Judicial Writs. In whose Offices all the Attorneys of this Court enter their Causes.

Now each of them has a Secondary, who draws up the Rules of Court, &c. And these Se∣condaries are commonly the ablest Clerks or Attorneys of the Court.

There is also a Chirographer, whose chief Bu∣siness is to ingross Fines acknowledged; and for whose Office there is a Register, and se∣veral Clerks, having their several Counties al∣lotted them, for which they Ingross the Fines levied of Lands in their respective Divi∣sions.

All which forementioned Officers are Sworn, and hold their Offices for Life, as a Freehold. They sit in the Court covered with black round Caps, such as were in fashion before the Inven∣tion of Hats.

Moreover, there are in this Court three Of∣ficers unsworn, who hold their Places durante Beneplacito. Viz. 1. A Clerk of the Treasury, whose Office is in the Gift of the Lord Chief Justice. He Keeps the Records of this Court, and makes out (amongst other Things) all Records of Nist Prius. 2. The Clerk of the Inrollments of Fines and Recoveries, who is by Statute under the three Puisne Judges of this Court, and removable at their Pleasure. 3. The Clerk of the Outlawries; who, after the Party is returned Outlawed, makes out the Writs of Capias Uelegatum, in the name of the Attorney General, to whom

this Office does properly belong, and who ex∣erciseth it by Deputy.

There is besides a Clerk of the Warrants, who enters all Warrants of Attorney for Plaintiff and Defendant, and inrolls all Deeds acknow∣ledged before any of the Judges of the Com∣mon Pleas.

The Clerk of the King's Silver, to whom e∣very Fine (or final Agreement upon Sale of Land) is brought, after it has been with the Custos Brevium, and to whom Mony is paid for the King's Use.

The Clerk of the Juries, who makes out the Writs called Habeas Corpus, and other Writs for appearance of the Jury.

The Clerk of the Essoins, or Excuses for law∣ful Cause of Absence.

And the Clerk of the Supersedeas, who makes out the Writs of Supersedeas, which formerly was done by an Exigenter.

Here are also 15 Filazers for the several Counties of England; who (amongst many other Things) make out all Process upon Original Writs. These are in the Gift of the Lord Chief Justice, and hold for Life. As also

The four Exigenters; whose Office is to make all Exigents and Proclamations in all Actions where Process of Outlawry does ly. Now an Exigent is a Writ so called, because it requires the Parties Appearance to answer the Law, and lies against a Transgressor of the Law that can't be found, nor any of his Goods within the County. Whereupon he is Summoned by the Sheriff at five several County Courts; and, if he appear not, he is Outlawed, that is, exclu∣ded from the Protection of the Law. Which

looks upon him as unworthy of it, that acts in contempt of the Law.

Lastly, there are four Criers, and a Porter, belonging to this Court.

CHAP. VI.

Of the Courts of Exchequer, and Dutchy of Lancaster.

THese two I joyn together, because they both concern the King's Revenue, and take Cognizance of all Causes arising from it.

The Judges of this Court are called Barons of the Exchequer, ever since Barons of the Realm used to sit here as Judges; though in latter times Men learned in the Law have usually fil∣led up this Station. They are commonly four that sit in this Tribunal, as in the two former Courts; the principal whereof is stiled Lord Chief Baron. But 'tis to be observed, that the Lord Treasurer and the Chancellour of the Ex∣chequer, may sit here as Principal, though they seldom do it.

The Lord Chief Baron is created by Letters Patents, to hold this Dignity, Quamdiu se bene gesserit, which the Law intends for Life; so that he is better fixed than either of the Chief Justices. His Place is of great Honour and Profit. In Matter of Law, Information, and Plea, he answers the Bar, and gives Order for Judgement thereupon. He alone in the Term-time

doth sit upon Nisi prius, that come out of the King's Remembrancer's Office, or out of the Office of the Clerk of the Pleas, which can not be dispatched in the Mornings for want of time. He takes Recognizances for the King's Debts, for Appearances, and Observing of Or∣ders. He takes the Presentation of all Officers in Court under himself, and of the Mayor of London, and sees the King's Remembrancer to give them their Oaths. He also takes the Declaration of certain Receivers Accounts of the Lands of the late Augmentation made before him by the Auditors of the Shires, and gives two Parcel-makers Places by vertue of his Office.

In his absence, his Place is supplied by the o∣ther three Barons, his Assistants, according to their Seniority.

These Judges, and those of the two former Courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas, make up the Number of Twelve; who all sit in on their Tribunals in Robes, and square Caps.

Next to the four Barons of this Court, is first the Cursitor, who administers the Oath to the Sheriffs, Under-Sheriffs, Bayliffs, Searchers, Surveyors, &c. of the Custom-House.

Then the King's Remembrancer, in whose Of∣fice are entred the States of all Accompts what∣soever concerning the King's Revenue, except Sheriffs and Bayliffs Accounts. Here also are taken all Securities, either by Bonds or Recog∣nizances to the King, for the faithful Perfor∣mance of those Persons imployed in the Collect∣ing of his Majesties Revenue, and for the Pay∣ment of his Debts. And all Proceedings upon

the said Bonds or Recognizances, or any other Bonds taken in the Kings Name by Officers thereunto appointed under the Great Seal of England, besides all Proceedings upon any Sta∣tute by Information for Custom, Excises, or any other Penal Law concerning the Kings Re∣venue, are transmitted hither for the Reco∣very thereof, and properly belong to this Office. From whence accordingly issue forth Process, to cause all Accountants to come in, and ac∣count. And, as the Exchequer do's consist of two Courts, the one of Law, and the other of Equity, all Proceedings touching the same are in this Office, with many other Things relating to the Kings Revenue. To this Office, being in the Kings Gift, belong eight sworn Clerks, whereof the two first are called Secondaries.

The Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer, who makes Process against all Sheriffs, Receivers, Bayliffs, &c. for their Accompts; and into whose Office all Charters and Letters Patents, upon which any Rents are reserved to the King, are transcribed and sent by the Clerk of the Pettibag. Out of this Office Process is made to levy the Kings Fee-Farm Rents, &c. This Office is likewise in the Kings Gift, and there are several Clerks belonging to it, the two first being distinguished from the rest by the Name of Secondaries.

The Remembrancer of the First-fruits and Tenths, who takes all Compositions for the same, and makes Process against such as do not pay them. He has two Clerks under him.

The Clerk of the Pipe, who receives into his Office all Accompts which pass the Remem∣brancer's Office. He makes Leases of the Kings Lands and extended Lands, when he is ordered so to do by the Lord Treasurer and Chancellor

of the Exchequer, or the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. He has under him 8 sworn Clerks, by whom all Accounts of Sheriffs and Bayliffs are made up; and, when the Accounts are even, he gives the Accomptants their Quie∣••us est. All Tallies which vouch the Payments contained in such Accounts are examined and allowed by the chief Clerk in the Pipe, called the Secondary.

The Comptroller of the Pipe, who writes out the Summons twice every Year to the high Sheriffs, to levy the Debts charged in the great Roll of the Pipe. He also writes in his Roll all that is in the great Roll, and nothing enter∣ed in this can be discharged without his pri∣vity.

The Forein Opposer, whose Office is to oppose all Sheriffs upon the Schedules of the Green Wax. This Office is kept in Grays-Inn.

The Clerk of the Pleas, in whose Office all the Exchequer Officers, and other Debtors to the King, are to plead and be impleaded, as at the Common Law. The Reason why it is done here is, because their Attendance is re∣quired in this Court. And therefore here are four sworn Attorneys.

The Clerk of the Estreats, who receives every Term the Estreats (or Extracts) out of the Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer's Office, and ••rites them out to be levied for the King. He ••lso makes Schedu••es of such Sums as are to be ••ischarged.

A Clerk of the Parcels, and another of the ••ichils.

Two Auditors of the Imprest, who Audit the great Accompts of the Kings Custo••s, Wardrobe, ••int, First-fruits and Tenths, Naval and Mi∣••tary Expences, Moneys Imprested, &c.

Seven Auditors of the Revenue, who Audit all Accompts of the Kings Lands Revenue, and all Taxes granted by the Parliament.

There are also several Receivers of the Kings Revenues, arising from Lands and Rents, whose Accompts are yearly made up by the Audi∣tors.

To which add a Receiver of the First-Fruits Revenue. As for the Tenths, the Bishops are Collectors of them, and account yearly for the same.

But there are two other considerable Officers, not to be omitted, viz. the Deputy Chamber∣lains. In whose Office at Westminster are pre∣served all the Counterfoils of the Tallies; ranged by Months and Years, and by that means easily found out, to be joyned with their respective Stock or Tally.

There is also the chief Ʋsher of the Exchequer; an Office of Inheritance, four Ʋnder-Ʋshers, a Marshal, and six Messengers.

As to the Court of the Dutchy of Lancaster, also kept at Westminster, it concerns particularly the Revenue belonging to that Dutchy, long since annexed to the Crown.

The chief Judge of this Court is the Chan∣cellour of the Dutchy, assisted by the Attorney of the same.

Next to whom is the Receiver General, the Vice-Chancellor of the Dutchy, the two Auditors; the Clerk of the Dutchy, and a Messenger.

CHAP. VII.

Of the Sheriffs, and their two Courts, called the County-Court, and the Sheriffs Turn; of Justices of Peace, and their Quarter-Sessions; with an Account of the Grand Jury; of the Coroners, Clerks of the Markets, and their Courts.

FOR the Civil Government of Counties, Cities, Towns, and Villages, there are divers Officers, to whom belong several Courts for the due Administration of Justice.

First in every County (except Durham and Westmorland) there is a Sheriff, which is a yearly Office, the Power whereof extends all over the County, except such Cities and Towns as are Counties of themselves, that is, which have the Priviledge of Counties. In Middle∣sex only there are two Sheriffs, upon the ac∣count of London the Capital City of the King∣dom.

The Sheriffs were heretofore chosen, as Knights of the Shire, by the Suffrages of the People: But now they are appointed by the King, after this manner. First the Judges no∣minate six fit Men of each County, that is, Knights or Esquires of good Estates. Out of

that Number three are chosen by the Privy Counsellors, and the twelve Judges assembled in the Exchequer, and there sworn in order to it. And out of this Number the King him∣self chuses whom he thinks fit.

Heretofore the same Sheriff served many years together, and to this day this Office is hereditary to the Cliffords in the County of Westmorland, by Charter from King John.

The Sheriffs Office is both Ministerial, and Judicial. As Ministerial, he is to execute the Kings Mandates, and all Writs directed to him out of the Kings Courts, to Impannel Juries, to bring Causes and Criminals to Trial, and to see the Sentences executed. In short, there is no Execution of the Law but by the Sheriff, for by him all Suits begin, and all Process served. He is likewise to collect all publick Profit, as Taxes, Fines, Distresses, and Amer∣ciaments into the Kings Exche quer, or where∣ever the King shall appoint; and to make such Payments out of it, as he shall have due Order for. At the Assizes he is to wait on, and gard the Itinerant Judges, so long as they continue within the County.

As to the Judicial Part of his Office, he holds, by virtue thereof, two several Courts; the one called the County-Court, and the other the Sheriffs Turn.

The County-Court is held every Month by the Sheriff himself, or his Deputy the Ʋnder Sheriff wherein he hears and determines Civil Causes of the County under 40 shillings, which an∣ciently was a considerable Sum. But this is no Court of Record.

The Sheriffs Turn is held twice a Year, viz. within a month after Easter, and within a mont•• after Michaelmas. In this Court he inquire

of all Criminal Offences against the Common Law, wherein he is not restrained by any Statute. For all the Bishops, Earls, Barons, and all such as have Hundreds of their own to be kept, are exempted from the Jurisdiction of this Court. In short, this is a Court of Re∣cord, in all Things that belong to it. 'Tis the Kings Leet through all the County, whereof the Sheriff is Judge, this Court being incident to his Office.

The Justices of Peace, anciently called War∣dens (or Gardians) of the Peace, are such a∣mongst the Gentry (and sometimes amongst the Clergy) as are appointed by the Kings Com∣mission to attend the Peace of the County where they dwell.

Their Original is from the first year of Ed∣ward the III, but they were not called Justices till the 36th Year of his Reign.

Their Office is to call before them, ex∣amine, and commit to Prison Rioters, wan∣dering Rogues, Thieves, Murderers, false Moneyers, those that hold Conspiracies, and almost all Delinquents that may occasion the Breach of Peace and Quiet to the Kings Sub∣jects, and to see them brought forth in due time to Trial.

If any one Swears himself to be in danger of his Life upon the Threats of another, he may bind him over to his good Behaviour, and the Justice shall commit him to Prison, unless the finds good Security for his good Behaviour during a Year and a Day.

Among the Justices of Peace, the Number whereof is as His Majesty thinks fit, there are some particularly called Justices of the Quorum, from these Words in the Commission, Quorum

A.B. unum esse volumus. As for Example, Where a Commission is directed to seven Persons, or any three of them Whereof A.B. and C.D. to be two, these are said to be of the Quorum, because the rest cannot proceed without them. So that a Ju∣stice of Peace and Quorum is one without whom the rest of the Justices in some Cases cannot proceed.

Every Quarter, or three Months, the Justices of each County meet at the chief (or Shire) Town; from whence this Court came to be called the Quarter Sessions. Where the Grand Inquest (or Jury) of the County is summoned to appear; who upon Oath are to inquire of Malefactors, Rioters, and suspected Persons.

The G and Jury do's commonly consist of 24 grave and substantial Gentlemen, or some of the better sort or Yeomen, chosen indiffe∣rently (or at least ought so to be) by the Sheriff out of the whole Shire, to consider of all Bills of Inditement preferred to the Court. Which Bills they do either approve by Writing upon them Billa Vera, or disallow by indorsing Ignoramus. Presently upon the Allowance of a Bill, the Party concerned is said to be Indited, and is committed to Prison. But what Bills are Disallowed are delivered to the Bench, by whom they are forthwith cancelled or torn. If the approved Bills touch Life and Death, they are further referred to another Jury to be considered of, because the Case is of such Importance; but others of lighter moment are proceeded upon by fining the De∣linquents, without any more ado. Unless the Party traverse the Inditement, or challenge it for Insufficiency, or remove the Cause to a higher Court by Certiorari; in which two former Cases it is referred to another Jury, and in the latter transmitted to a higher

Court. In short, the Trial is usually referred to the next Assizes, when the Judges at West∣minster go their Circuits.

Originally this Court seems to have been erected only for Matters touching the Peace, but now it extends much further. The She∣riff, or his Under-Sheriff, is bound to attend upon this Court, with his Constables, Bay∣liffs, &c.

There are also in every County commonly four Officers, called Coroners (vulgarly pro∣nounced Crowners) because they deal princi∣pally with Pleas of the Crown, or Matters concerning the Crown. His Office is to In∣quire by a Jury of Neighbours how and by whom any Person came by a violent Death, and to enter the same upon Record. And, whereas the Sheriff in his Turn may inquire of all Felonies by the Common Law, except a Mans Death; the Coroner can inquire of no Felony but of the Death of Man, and that super visum Corporis, upon view of the Body. Which Inquisition of Death taken by him he ought to deliver at the next Goal-Delivery, or certify the same into the Kings Bench. Therefore he ought to put in writing the ••ffect of the Evidence given to the Jury be∣••ore him, and has power to bind over Wit∣nesses to the next Goal-Delivery in that Coun∣••y.

For doing his Office, he is to take nothing, ••pon grievous Forfeiture. But by 3 H. 7. he 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to have upon an Inditement of Murder 13 s. d. of the Goods of the Murderer.

But, besides his Judicial, he has likewise a ••inisterial Power as a Sheriff. As, when there 〈◊〉〈◊〉 just Exception taken to the Sheriff, Judi∣cial

Process shall be awarded to the Coroners for the execution of the Kings Writs, in which Cases he is locum tenens Vicecomitis, or supplies the Sheriffs place. And in some special Case the Kings Original Writ shall be immediately directed unto him.

There are, as I said before, commonly four of these Officers in every County of England. But Cheshire has but two, and each Shire in Wales has no more.

The same are chosen by the Freeholders of the County, by virtue of a Writ out of the Chancery; and continue, notwithstanding the Demise of the King, in their Office. Which was of old in so great esteem, that none could have it under the degree of a Knight. And, by the Writ De Coronatore eligendo, the Party to be chosen must have sufficient Knowledge and Ability to execute this Office; which is implied in these Words, Et talem eligi facias qui melius sciat & possit Officio illi intendere. After he is elected, the Sheriff is to take his Oath, only to execute his Office. And the Court which he holdeth is a Court of Record.

Every County also has an Officer called Clerk of the Market. Whose Office is to keep a Standard of all Weights and Measures, ex∣actly according to the Kings Standard kep•• in the Exchequer, and to see that none other be used in the same County. He is to seal a•• Weights and Measures made exactly by th•• Standard in his Custody, and to burn such a are otherwise. He has a Court, wherein h•••• may keep and hold a Plea.

CHAP. VIII.

Of Mayors and Aldermen, Bailiffs, Stewards, and their respective Courts; with an Account of the Constables.

Every City of England, says Dr. Chamber∣lain, is, by their Charters or Priviledges granted by several Kings, a little Com∣mon-wealth apart; governed, not (as the ••••ties of France and Spain) by a Nobleman 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Gentleman placed there by the King, but wholly by themselves. For in Cities the Ci∣tizens chuse themselves for their Governour Mayor, commonly out of 12 Aldermen. And, ••n some other Corporations, a Bayliff is chosen ••f a certain Number of Burgesses.

The Mayor is the Kings Lieutenant, and ••uring his Mayoralty (which is but for one ••ear) is in a manner a Judge to determine ••atters, and to mitigate the Rigour of the ••••w. Therefore he keeps a Court, with his ••ethren the Aldermen. With these, and the ••ommon Council, he can make By-Laws, for ••e better Government of the City, provided ••••ey be not repugnant to the known Laws of ••••e Realm. So that the Mayor, Aldermen, ••••d Common Council assembled, are in a man∣ner,

an Image of the King, Lords, and Commons convened in Parliament.

If the Citizens be Taxed, 'tis by themselves or their Representatives; every Trade having some of their own Members always of the Council, to see that nothing be enacted to their Prejudice.

But the Sheriffs have also a good share in the Government of Cities; as being the proper Judges of Civil Causes within the same, and the principal Officers appointed to see all Executions done, whether Penal or Capi∣tal.

As every County of England is divided into Hundreds, so the King's Subjects formerly had Justice ministred to them by Officers of Hun∣dreds, called Bayliffs, who might hold Plea of Appeal and Approvers. But, in the Reign of Edward III, these Hundred Courts (certain Franchises excepted,) were dissolved into the County-Courts. Yet there are still divers con∣siderable Towns, the chief Magistrates whereof have retained the name of Bayliff, as Ipswich, Yarmouth, Colchester, &c. Where the Bayliff's Authority is the same with the Mayor's in other Places, and they keep Courts accord∣ingly.

The Truth is, they differ in nothing but the Name. For the Mayor of London, before the Reign of Richard the First, was called the Bay∣liff of London. So King John, following the Example of Richard, made the Bayliff of Kings Lynn a Mayor, in the year 1204; and Henry V. made the Bayliff of Norwich a Mayor, Anno•••• 1419.

But there are others to whom the name of Bayliff is still appropriate; as the Bayliff of Do∣ver Castle; that is, the Governour thereof. There be likewise Bayliffs of Mannors, or Hus∣bandry; such as have the Oversight of Under-Servants to private Men of great Substance, that set every Man to his Labour and Task, gather the Profits to their Lord and Master, and give him an Account thereof.

The vilest sort of Bayliffs to this day are those Officers that serve Writs, and Arrest Peo∣ple by virtue thereof. And these are of two Sorts, Bayliffs Errants, and Bayliffs of Franchi∣ses. The first are such as the Sheriff makes and appoints to go any where in the County to serve Writs, to summon the County, Sessions, Assizes, and such like. Bayliffs of Franchises be those that are appointed by every Lord of a Mannor, to do such Offices within his Liberty as the Bayliff Errant doth at large in the Coun∣ty.

By Stewards, I mean here such as are Im∣ployed by some Lords of Mannors to hold their Courts, called Court-Leet, or View of Frank∣pledge; the word Leet signifying properly a Law-Day.

This is a Court of Record, not incident to every Mannor; but to those only which by spe∣cial Grant, or long Prescription, hold the same. For 'tis likely Kings did not intrust any with this Power, but such as they had great Kind∣ness for and Confidence in. To this Court those that are within the Homage, and some∣times those out of it, are called to Swear Fi∣delity to the Prince. Here also Inquiry is made of Privy Conspiracies, Frays, Bloodshed, and

Murders. To which was added the Oversight of Measures. And what Offences are found, especially great ones, ought to be Certified to the Justices of Assize, by a Statute made in the Reign of Edward III. For in whose Mannor soever this Court be Kept, it is accounted the King's Court, because the Authority thereof originally belongs to the Crown.

In short, this Court (first derived from the Sheriffs Turn) is ordinarily Kept but twice a Year, and that at certain times.

But there is another Court incident to every Mannor, called Court-Baron, because in ancient times every Lord of a Mannor was stiled Ba∣ron.

To this Court are all the Tenants Summoned that belong to the Mannor; where part of the Tenants being Sworn, make a Jury, which is not called the Inquest, but the Homage. Here the Steward sits as Judge, and directs the Jury to enquire of such Things as are proper for this Court. And these principally Inquire of Copy-holders and Free-holders that be dead since the last Court, and bring in their Heirs and next Successors. They likewise Inquire of any Incroachment or Intrusion of Tenants a∣gainst the Lord, or among themselves. They also make Orders and Laws amongst them∣selves, with a Penalty annexed for Trans∣gressors payable to the Lord of the Man∣nor.

In short, these Courts are of great Use for Men that are willing to be ordered by their Neighbours, and who prefer their Quiet and Advantage in Husbandry to the Trouble and Charges of Law-Suits. Otherwise either Party

may procure a Writ out of a higher Court, to remove the Plea to Westminster.

Courts-Baron may be held every three Weeks, or at any longer time, according to the Lords pleasure.

I conclude with Constables, called in some Places Headboroughs, and in others Tithing-men, whose Office is only Ministerial. These Men, says Sir Thomas Smith, were formerly called Custodes Pacis, or Guardians of the Peace, and were in much greater esteem than they be now, whose Power and Authority he supposes to have been equal with that of the present Justices of Peace.

Lambert looks upon this Office as a Stream of that great Dignity lodged in the Lord High Constable of England. Out of this high Ma∣gistracy, says he, were drawn those lower Con∣stables, which we call Constables of Hundreds and Franchises. First ordained by the Statute of Winchester, 13 Ed. I. which appoints for the Conservation of the Peace, and view of Ar∣mour, two Constables in every Hundred and Franchise, called in Latine Constabularii Capita∣les, in English, High Constables. And, by reason of the Increase both of People and Of∣fences, others were made in process of time, called Petty Constables, which are of like Nature, but of inferiour Authority to the o∣ther.

The Office of a Constable is properly to ap∣prehend such as break the Peace, and common Malefactors, and even Persons suspected of any Crime, upon a Charge given them, or a War∣rant for it from a Justice. For a Badge of his Authority, he carries a long Staff painted, with the King's Arms; and, for a Surprise, some∣times

he uses a short Staff, which he hides till he thinks it convenient to produce it. The Party apprehended he keeps in his Custody, till he can bring him before a Justice of Peace; who, upon a strict Examination of the Fact, and hear∣ing of the Evidence, commits the Party to Prison, if he sees cause, in order to his Trial. Upon which the Constable conducts him to Prison, and there delivers him to the Goalers Custody, with the Committimus directed by the Justice of Peace to the Jayler. And the Party mustly in Prison, till the Justices of Peace do meet either at their Quarter-Sessions, or at their Goal-Delivery, when the Prisoners are by Law either condemned, or acquit∣••ed.

When he is upon Duty, and about to appre∣hend one, he may call his Neighbours to aid; and whoever declines to give him assistance, is liable by Law to Punishment.

In case of Theft, Robbery, or Murder, in a Country Town or Village, and the Malefactor be upon flight, the Constable having notice of it, is to raise the Parish in pursuit of him. And this is called Hue and Cry. If the Malefactor be not found in the Parish, the Constable and his Assistants are to go to the next, to get the Hue and Cry raised there by the Constable of it. In this manner the Hue and Cry is carried from Parish to Parish, till the Criminal be found. And that Parish which does not do its Duty, but gives way by its Negligence for the Male∣factors Escape, is not only to pay a Fine to the King, but must repay to the Party robbed his Damages.

When the Malefactor is taken, he is pre∣sently carried by the Constable, or any other by whom he was apprehended, to a Justice of

Peace. Who examines the Malefactor, writes the Examination, and (if he do confess) his Confession. Then he binds the Party robbed, or him that sueth, together with the Constable, and so many as can give Evidence against the Malefactor, to appear at the next Sessions of Goal-Delivery, there to give their Evidence for the King. He binds them in a Recognizance of 10. 20. 30. 40. or 100. l. more or less, accord∣ing to his Discretion and the quality of the Crime. Which, being certified under his hand, fails not to be levied upon Recognizance, if they fail of being there.

Thus the Constables, which formerly had much the same Authority as our modern Justices of Peace, are now subservient to them upon all Occasions, either to bring the Criminals before them, or to carry them by their Command to the common Prison. And accordingly this Of∣fice does commonly fall into the hands of Tradesmen and Artificers, and Men of small experience and ability; who hold it for a Year, there being commonly two of them to each Parish, chosen by the Vestry. But the hardest part of their Office in London, especially is their Watching a Nights, and walking the Rounds in their several Parishes. But then they have the chief Command of the Watch; and because seldom a greater Power appears a∣broad at that time, therefore a Constable came to be called the King of the Night.

CHAP. IX.

Of the Assizes.

BEsides the publick Justice administred at four times of the Year in Westminster, both for Civil and Criminal Causes, the Twelve Judges take twice a Year a Progress in the Country, and exercise their Judicial Power in the several Counties the King is pleased to appoint them for. The Times of the Year fixt for it are presently after the end of Hilary-Term, and after the end of Trinity Term; that being called the Lent, and this the Summer Assizes. In relation to which, England is divided into Six Parts, called Circuits. Viz.

• 1. Home-Circuit, Comprehending Essex, Hartford, Sussex, Surrey, Kent.
• 2. Norfolk Circuit, Comprehending Bucks, Bedford, Huntington, Cam∣bridge, Norfolk, Suffolk.
• 3. Midland Circuit, Comprehending Warwick, Lei∣cester, Derby, Not∣tingham, Lincoln, Rutland, North∣ampton.

• 4. Oxford Circuit, Comprehending Berks, Oxon, Glocester, Mon∣mouth, Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester.
• 5. Western Circuit, Comprehending Southampton, Wilts, Dorset, So∣merset, Cornwal, Devon.
• 6. Northern Circuit, Comprehending York, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, West∣morland, Lanca∣ster.

Besides the two Circuits for Wales, viz. North and South Wales, for each of which two Ser∣geants at Law are appointed.

Now these Courts are called Assizes, and the Judges thereof Justices of Assize, from their Commission of Assize; by vertue whereof they are to do Right upon Writs called Assizes, and brought before them by such as are (or pretend to be) wrongfully thrust out of their Lands. The Writs so called, 1. Because they settle the Possession, and so an outward Right in him that obtaineth by them. 2. Because they were originally executed at a certain Time and Place formerly appointed. 3. For that they are tried commonly by special Courts appointed for that purpose.

But, besides this Commission, there are four others, by which these Itinerant Judges admi∣nister Justice in the Country. As, the Com∣mission to take Nisi-prius, directed to none

but the Judges themselves, and their Clerks of Assizes, by which they are called Justices of Nisi prius. Which is a common Adjournment of a Cause in the Common Pleas, to put it off to such a Day, Nisi prius Justiciarii venerint ad eas Partes ad capiendas Assisas, from which Words Nisi prius the Writ came to be called a Writ of Nisi prius, the Justices, Justices of Nisi prius, as well as Justices of Assize. Yet there is this Difference, that as Justices of Assize, they have Power to give Judgement in a Cause, whereas Justices of Nisi prius take only the Ver∣dict. Besides that those in a strict sense, med∣dle only with the possessory Writs called Assize; but these do deal in Causes both real and perso∣nal.

Another is a Commission of Peace, in every County of the Circuit.

But the largest Commission of all is That of Oyer and Terminer, directed to the Judges, and many others of the best account in their Cir∣cuits; but in this Commission, the Judges of Assize are of the Quorum, so as without them there can be no Proceedings. This Commission gives them Power to judge of Treasons, Mur∣ders, and all manner of Felonies and Misde∣meanors.

Lastly, they have a Commission of Goal Deli∣very, directed only to themselves, and the Clerk of the Assize associate. By which Commission they are to deal with every Pri∣soner in Goal, for what Offence soever he be there.

Now these Courts are usually held at the principal Town of every County, with great pomp, splendour, and feasting, two Judges being appointed for every Circuit. Then the Sheriff of the County is bound to attend in

person, with his Under-Officers, the Clerks, Stew∣ards of Courts, Bayliffs of Hundreds, Consta∣bles, Jaylors, Sergeants or Beadles, and a gal∣lant Train of Servants in rich Liveries, all ri∣ding on Horseback at the Reception of the Judges; whom they wait on and guard, so long as they continue in the County. If the Sheriff cannot come himself, he must depute one to fill up his Place; who is to be allowed by the Judges. The Justices of Peace are also to wait on the Judges. And, if either the Sheriff, or they fail in this part of their Duty, without lawful Impediment, the Judges may set a Fine upon him or them, at their pleasure and dis∣cretions.

The Dispatch of these Itinerant Judges in the Administration of Justice in their several Cir∣cuits is worthy our Observation. For with∣in each County all Controversies grown to Issue in the Courts at London, are commonly deter∣mined here in two or three Days. Which is done, not as in forein Countries, by the sole Arbitrement of the Judges, but by a Jury of Twelve Men in each County, chosen by the Sheriff thereof, and only directed in point of Law by the Judges. For every Trial by Assize (be the Action civil or criminal, publick or private, personal or real) is referred for the Fact to a Jury, as it is in most Courts of the Com∣mon Law; and, as they find it, so passeth the Judgement.

The Way of Trying Criminals in England being something singular and different from o∣ther Nations, it will not be improper (after that excellent and most ingenious Author, Sir Thomas Smith) to shew the Manner of it,

were it but for the satisfaction of Forei∣ners.

How Criminals are taken into Custody in order to their Trial, and how the same are In∣dited at the Quarter-Sessions, I have already shewed. The Inditement is no definitive Sen∣tence, but only Praejudicium, or the Opinion the Country has of the Malefactors Case. There∣fore Men are often Indited in their absence. But no Man once Indicted can be delivered without an Arraignment; for as a Jury of Twelve Men have given a Prejudice against him, so Twelve again must acquit or condemn him.

At the Assizes the Judges sit either in the Town-house, or in an open Place, where a Tribunal is set up for Judgement The Judges sit in the middle, the principal Justices of Peace on each side of them according to their Degree, and the rest on a lower Bench before the Judges Seat. Something lower a Table is set before them, at which the Custos Rotulorum or Keeper of Writs, the Under-Sheriff, the Es∣cheater, and the Clerks do sit. Near the Table there is a Bar for the Jury to come in, when they are called; and behind that space another Bar for the Prisoners to stand at, who are brought thither in Chains.

Then the Cryer crieth, and commandeth Si∣lence. One of the Judges makes a short Speech, wherein he declares (amongst other Things) the cause of their coming. His Speech is no sooner ended, but the Prisoners are called in by Name, and every one must answer to his Name. Then the Keeper of the Writs produces the In∣ditements, and the Judges name one, or two, or three of the Prisoners Indited, to proceed upon their Trial.

The Clerk bids one of them come to the Bar, and hold up his hand. Then he charges him with his Crime, to which he bids him answer Guilty, or Not Guilty.

If the Prisoner stands mute, and will not answer, after he has been once or twice so In∣terrogated (which happens very seldom,) he is Judged Mute, or Dumb by Con∣tumacy; the Punishment whereof is to be Pressed to Death, of which more after∣wards.

If the Prisoner cries Guilty, (which is but seldom too) his Trial is over, and all the Bu∣siness is to pronounce Sentence upon him, ac∣cording to Law.

But the common Answer is Not Guilty, though the Party be never so apparently Guilty, and his Answer be perhaps contrary to his Confes∣sion of the Fact before the Justice of Peace by whom he was examined and committed. The Reason is, because he flatters himself, that he may chance to come off for want of right Evi∣dence. For the Law of England is so ten∣der of Mens Lives, that unless the Evidences (which are upon their Oaths) be positive and clear against any Prisoner, he may come off.

Upon the Prisoner's pleading Not Guilty, the Clerk asketh him, whether he will be Tried by God and the Country. If he answer Yes, the Clerk tells him, he has been Indited of such a Crime, &c. That he has pleaded Not Guilty to it, ••nd that being asked how he would be Tried, he has answered by God and the Country. Then he tells him of the Jury present, that represent the Country; and, if he has something to ob∣ject against any of them, he bids him take a

view of them, and speak, for that he stands upon Life and Death.

Upon this the Jury is Sworn, consisting of 12 Men at least. And, if the Prisoner be a•• Stranger, 'tis a Party Jury, consisting half o•• Englishmen, and half of Foreiners. In case the Prisoner has no Exception to make against any of them, by that time Twelve are Sworn, these stand to give the Verdict. Whereupon the Crier says aloud, If any one can give Evi∣dence, or can say any thing against the Prisoner, let him come now, for he stands upon his Deli∣verance. If none come in, the Judge doth ask who sent him to Prison. And, if the Ju∣stice of Peace be present who did it, he de∣livers up the Examination he took of him, subscribed by those whom he has bound to give Evidence; who, for not appearing, must pay their Recognizance. In the mean time the Jury acquit the Prisoner, tho he has con∣fessed the Crime to the Justice of Peace.

But, if they come in that are bound to give Evidence, first the Justices Examination is read; and then the Party robbed (being pre∣sent) is sworn, next to him the Constable and such as were with him at the taking of the Prisoner, and at last as many more as are there to give Evidence. Who are all set in a con∣venient place to see the Judges and Justices, the Jury, and the Prisoner, so as to hear them, and to be heard of them all.

The Judge, after they be sworn, asketh first the Party robbed, if he know the Prisoner, and bids him look upon him. The Party rob∣bed says Yes, and upon that relates the Rob∣bery, with all its Circumstances. But the Prisoner standing still upon the Negative, those who were at the Taking of him, or any other

that can Evidence against him are heard one ••fter another.

The Prisoner on the other side is free to make what Defence he can. And, tho the ••••ing be Party against him as one that has ••••oke his Peace, yet the Judges do freely hear what he can say for himself, provided he keep within bounds. But he is allowed no Council, which in Civil and Pecuniary Matters is ne∣ver denied; be it for Land, Rent, Right, ••or Possession, tho he plead against the King.

When the Judge has heard them all, he ••sks them if they can say any more. Upon their silence he directs the Jury, and bids them dis∣change their Consciences. If the Case be plain, they consult together without going from the Bar; and, if they do all agree, the Fore-man of the Jury, in the Name of himself and the rest, pronounces the Prisoner Guilty. If the Case requires a Debate, they withdraw into a Room, only with a Copy of the Inditement; ••and there they are to remain by themselves, till they be all agreed on the Verdict, with∣out bread, drink, meat, or fire. To which purpose there is a Bayliff appointed to watch them. If but one of the Jury stands it out against the rest, he must either bring them over to him, or they must bring him over to them, before they can stir out of the Room, or have the least Refreshment in it. So that it is in the power of one to make all the rest ••n a manner Prisoners; and, if he be obsti∣tate, to put them to Inconveniencies for want ••f Necessaries, till he himself can bear with ••hem no longer.

When the Jury have agreed upon the Ver∣••ict, they give notice of it to the Bayliff, and ••••ay to be heard. Then the Prisoner being

sent for again to the Bar, each one of the Jury is called in by his Name, and he answer to it. The Clerk asketh, if they be agreed and who shall speak for them. Which being answered, the Prisoner is bidden to hold up his hand, to whom the Clerk speaks in these Words; Thou art Indited by the Name of A of such a Place, &c. and being Arraigned Tho•• pleadest thereto Not Guilty; being Asked how Thou wouldst be Tried, Thou saidst By God and the Country; These honest Men were given t•• thee by God and thy Prince for thy Country Hearken what they say. Then he asketh of the Jury, What say you? Is he Guilty, or No•• Guilty? The Fore-man makes answer 〈◊〉〈◊〉 one word, Guilty, or in two, Not Guilty. The first is Death to the Prisoner, and the last Acquits him; for neither the Judges, nor the Justice can alter or reverse this Judgment.

Then the Clerk asketh, what Lands or Chat∣tels the Prisoner had at the time of the Fe∣lony committed. Which is commonly an∣swered by the Jury with an Ignoramus. But the Sheriff and the Escheator are diligent enough to find it out, both for the Princes and their own Advantage.

Upon this the Judge doth ask the Prisone•• Convicted what he can say for himself, why Sentence should not pass upon him. If he ca•• read never so little, he demands the Benefit of the Clergy, an ancient Liberty of the Church, which has been confirmed by divers Parlia∣ments. By vertue whereof one in Orders ar∣raigned of Felony by a Secular Judge, might pray his Clergy, which was as much as if he prayed to be delivered to his Ordinary, to purge himself of the Offence objected. But

the ancient Course of the Law in this point of Clergy is much altered, so that Lay-men have been made capable of this Benefit in many Cases; As in Theft of Oxen, Sheep, Mony, and other Things, not forcibly taken to the terrour of the Owner. So favourable is our Law, that for the first Fault the Felon shall be admitted to his Clergy. In order to which the Bishop sends a Clergy-man, with a Com∣mission under his Seal, to be Judge in that matter at every Goal-Delivery. If the Pri∣soner demands to be admitted to his Book, the Judge commonly gives him a Psalter, and turns to what place he pleases. The Prisoner reads as well as he can, and it happens most times but sadly. Then the Judge asketh of the Bishops Commissary, Legit ut Clericus? To which the Commissary must answer Legit, or Non legit; for these be the formal Words, and our Men of Law are the most precise in their Forms. If he say Legit, the Judge pro∣ceeds no further to Sentence of Death. But, if he say Non legit, the Sentence follows either that Day or the next, in these Words, Thou A. hast been Indited of such a Felony, and there∣fore Arraigned; Thou hast pleaded Not Guilty, and put thy self upon God and thy Country; They have found thee Guilty, and Thou hast no∣••hing to say for thy self; The Law is, that Thou halt return to the Place from whence thou camest, ••nd from thence Thou shalt go to the Place of Execution, where Thou shalt Hang by the Neck ••ill Thou be dead. Whereupon he charges the ••heriff with the Execution. But he that ••••aimeth his Clergy in Cases where it is ad∣••itted is in the presence of the Judges burnt 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the brawn of his Hand with a hot Iron,

marked with the Letter T. for a Thief, or M. for Manslayer. Then he is delivered to the Bi∣shops Officer, to be kept in the Bishops Prison; from whence, after a certain time, he is deli∣vered by a Jury of Clerks. But, if he be taken and found Guilty again, and his Mark discovered, then 'tis his Lot to be hanged.

But he whom the Jury pronounces Not Guilty is Acquitted forthwith and Discharged, paying the Jaylor his Fees.

And, as to those Prisoners who stand not Indited, but were only sent to Prison upon Suspicion, the Way is to Proclaim 'em first in this manner; A. B. Prisoner stands here at the Bar; If any Man can say any thing against him, let him now speak, for the Prisoner stands at his Deliverance. If upon this no Evidence ap∣pears against him, he is set free, paying the Jaylor his Fees. Which Way of Deli∣verance is called Deliverance by Proclama∣tion.

CHAP. X.

Of the Court Martial, and Court of Admiralty.

THE Court Martial, otherwise called Court of Chivalry, is the Fountain of Martial Law, and is only held in Time of War, for Martial Discipline.

The proper Judges of this Court are the Lord High Constable, and the Earl Marshal of England; which last is also to see Execution ••tone.

The Court of Admiralty is about Maritime Concerns, and the Judge thereof is commonly 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Dr. of the Civil Law. For, the Sea being out of the reach of the Common Law, the Pro∣ceeding of this Court, in all Civil Matters, is according to the Civil Law.

And, whereas the Sea by its Flux and Re∣••ux advances and runs-back twice a Day, which makes the Bounds of the Sea and Land ••ovable every Day; It is agreed upon, that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 far as the Low-Water Mark is observed, is within the Counties Jurisdiction, and Causes ••ence arising are Determinable by the Com∣mon Law. But, upon a full Tide, the Admiral has ••urisdiction (as long as the Sea-flows) over ••ll Matters done between the Low-Water Mark and the Land. So that here is, as Dr.

Chamberlain says, Divisum Imperium between the Common Law and the Court of Admi∣ralty.

Besides the Civil Law which this Court pro∣ceeds by, great Use is made here of the Mari∣time Laws of Rhodes and Oleron; two Islands, the former whereof is in the Mediterranean not far from the Continent of Asia, the other in the Ocean near the Mouth of the Garonne in the Bay of Aquitain.

The Rhodian Laws were compiled by the Inhabitants of Rhodes, a People anciently very powerful at Sea; and whose Maritime Laws were esteemed so just and equitable, that the very Romans (so skilful in making of good Laws) referred all Debates and Controversies in Sea-Affairs to the Judgment of the Rhodian Laws.

Those of Oleron, called le Rolle d' Oleron were made by Order of King Richard I, the•• possessed of Aquitain, and being at Oleron Which proved such excellent Laws for Sea-Matters, that they came to be almost a•• much respected and made use of in these Western Parts, as the Rhodian Laws in the Levant. To which King Edward III, added very excellent Constitutions concerning Ma∣ritime Affairs, still in force. In Imitation whereof several other Sea-faring Nations have done the like, for their respective Sea-Trade.

As to Criminal Matters, especially about Piracy, the Proceeding in this Court of Ad∣miralty was, according to the Civil Law, till the Reign of Henry VIII. When two Statute were made for Criminal Matters to be trie•• by Witnesses and a Jury by the Kings spe∣cial Commission to the Lord Admiral, where

〈◊〉〈◊〉 some Judges of the Realm are ever Com∣missioners.

The Writs and Decrees of this Court run in ••he Name of the Lord High Admiral, or Lords commissioners executing that Office; and are ••irected to all Vice-Admirals, Justices of ••ace, Mayors, Sheriffs, Bayliffs, Constables•• ••arshals, and other Officers and Ministers as ••ell within Liberties as without.

To this Court belongs a Register, and a Mar∣••al. The Marshal attends the Court, and car∣••es a Silver Oar before the Judge, whereon ••e the Kings Arms, and the Lord High Ad∣••irals.

Here the Lord Admiral has his Advocate, ••d Proctor; by whom all other Advocates and ••••octors are presented, and admitted by the ••••dge. All the Places and Offices belonging 〈◊〉〈◊〉 this Court are in the Gift of the Lord ••••igh Admiral, and now of the Lords Com∣••issioners.

The Court is held in the Afternoon in the common Hall at Drs. Commons. But the Ad∣••iralty-Session, for the Trial of Malefa∣tors and Crimes committed at Sea, is still ••eld at the ancient Place, viz. S. Margaret's ••ll in Southwark.

CAHP. XI.

Of the Court of Marshalsea, the Courts of Conscience, the Court of Requests disused, the Forest-Courts, and Pie-powder Courts.

THE first is the Court (or Seat) of the Knight Marshal of the Kings House, where he judges of Debts for which the Party has been Arrested within the Kings Verge, and sent to the Marshalsea. Which i•• a Prison in Southwark, where this Court i•• kept.

King Charles I. erected a Court by Letters Parents under the Great Seal, by the Name o•• Curia Hospitij Domini Regis, &c. which takes Cognizance more at large of all Causes tha•• the Marshalsea could; of which the Knight Marshal or his Deputy are Judges.

The Courts of Conscience are inferiour Court•• established and settled by Parliament in many Parts of the Realm, for the Relief of po•••• People whose Debt do's not amount to forty Shillings. So that by any of these Courts the Creditor may recover his Debt, and the Debtor pay it at an easy rate.

As for the Court of Requests, 'twas a Court of Equity, much of the same nature with the

Chancery, but inferiour to it. Called Court ••f Requests, as being principally Instituted for the help of such Petitioners as in conscionable cases dealt by Supplication with the King. This Court followed the King, and was not ••xt in any Place. But in process of time it ••sumed so great a Power, and grew so burden∣•••• and grievous to the Subject, that it was ••ken away (together with the Star-Chamber) 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Statute made in the Reign of Charles I.

For the Conservation of the Kings Forests, ••••d to prevent all Abuses therein, there are ••ree Courts established; one called the Ju∣••ice of Eyres Seat, another the Swainmote, and ••••e third the Court of Attachment.

The first is (or should be, by ancient Cu∣••••m) held every third Year by the Justices Eyre of the Forest, journeying up and down 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the purpose aforesaid.

Swainmote is another Court, as incident to a forest as a Pie-powder Court to a Fair. By ••e Charter of the Forest it is held thrice a ••ear before the Verderors, as Judges. What ••hings are Inquirable in the same, you may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Cromp. Jurisd. fol. 150.

The lower Court is called the Attachment, because the Verderors of the Forest have there∣•• no other Authority, but to receive the At∣tchments of Offenders against Vert and Veni∣••n taken by the rest of the Officers, and to Inrol ••••em, that they may be presented and punish∣•••• at the next Justice-Seat. Now the Attach∣ments are made three manner of Ways, 1. by ••oods and Chattels, 2. by the Body, Pledges, ••••d Mainprise, 3. by the Body only. This ••ourt is kept every 40 Days.

Pie-powder Court is a Court held in Fairs, to yield Justice to Buyers and Sellers, and for Redress of all Disorders committed in them. These Courts are so called from the French Pie a foot, and poudreux dusty; the Fairs be∣ing kept most usually in Summer, to which the Country people use to come with dusty feet. A Pie-powder Court is held de hora in horam, every hour; and such is the Dispatch made here, that Justice ought to be summarily ad∣ministred within three ebbing and three flow∣ing of the Sea.

CHAP. XII.

Of the Ecclesiastical Courts, and first of the Convocation.

TO consult of Church-Matters, and make Ecclesiastical Laws, now and then the Convocation meets, and that in time of Parliament. Which Convocation is a Nati∣onal Synod, or general Assembly of the Clergy, convoked after this manner

Some time before the Parliament sits, the King, by the Advice of his Privy Council, sends his Writ to the Arch-bishop of each Province, for Summoning all Bishops, Deans, Arch-Deacons, &c. assigning them the Time and Place in the said Writ. Upon which the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury directs his Letters

authentically sealed to the Bishop of London, as his Dean Provincial, wherein he cites him peremptorily, and willeth him to cite in like manner all the Bishops, Deans, Arch-Deacons, Gathedral and Collegiate Churches and all the Clergy of his Province, to the Place and Day prefixt in the Writ. But he directeth withal, that one Proctor be sent for every Ca∣thedral or Collegiate Church, and two for the Body of the Inferiour Clergy of each Diocese. All which the Bishop of London takes accord∣ingly care of, willing the Parties concerned person 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to appear, and in the mean time to cer••ify to the Arch-Bishop the Names of every one so warned in a Schedule annexed to the Letter Certificatory. Upon which the other Bishops of the Province proceed, the Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, and the inferiour Clergy of each Diocese, make choice of their Proctors. Which done, and certified to the Bishop of London, he returneth all at the Day. And the same Method is used in the Pro∣vince of York.

The Chappel of Henry VII. annexed to Westminster Abbey is the usual Place where the Convocation of the Clergy in the Province of Canterbury meets; Whilst the Arch-Bishop of York holds at York a Convocation of all his Province in like manner. Thus, by constant Correspondence, these two Provinces (tho so ••r distant from each other) do debate and ••onclude of the same Matters.

The Convocation is, like the Parliament, di∣sided into two Houses, the higher and the ••wer. And all Members have by Statute the ••••me Priviledges for themselves and menial ••ervants as the Members of Parliament have.

The higher House in the Province of Can∣terbury (which is by much the larger of the two) consists of 22 Bishops, whereof the Arch-Bishop is President. Who sits in a Chair at the upper end of a great Table, and the Bishops on each side of the same Table, all in their Scarlet Robes and Hoods; the Arch-Bishops Hoods furred with Ermin, and the Bishops with Minever.

The lower House consists of all the Deans, Arch-deacons, one Proctor for every Chapter, and two Proctors for all the Clergy of the Diocese. Which make in all 166 Persons, viz. 22 Deans, 24 Prebendaries, 54 Arch∣deacons, and 44 Clerks representing the Dioce∣san Clergy.

The first Business of each House, upon their Meeting, is to chuse each a Prolocutor, or Speaker. The Prolocutor of the lower House being chosen, he is presented to the upper House by two of the Members; whereof one makes a Speech, and the elect Person another, both in Latine. To which the Arch Bishop answers in Latine, and in the Name of all the Lords approves of the Person.

The Matters debated by both Houses are only such as the King by Commission do'•• expresly allow, viz. Church and Religion Mat∣ters; first proposed in the Upper, and th•••• communicated to the Lower House. And the major Vote in each House prevails. Some∣times there have been Royal Aids granted to the King by the Clergy in Convocation.

Anciently this Assembly might without, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 now with the Royal Assent, make Canon touching Religion; binding, not only them selves, but all the Laity, without Consent o•• Ratification of the Lords and Commons i••

Parliament. Neither did the Parliament meddle in the making of Canons, or in Doctrinal Mat∣ters, till the Civil Wars in the Reign of Charles I. Only, when thereto required, they by their Civil Sanctions did confirm the Re∣sults and Consultations of the Clergy; where∣by the People might be the more easily in∣duced to obey the Ordinances of their Spiritual Governours.

To conclude, the Laws and Constitutions whereby the Church of England is governed are first general Canons made by general Councils, with the Opinion of the orthodox Fathers, and the grave Decrees of several holy Bishops of Rome, which have been admit∣ted from time to time by the Kings of Eng∣land. Then our own Constitutions made an∣ciently in several Provincial Synods, both by the Popes Legates Otho and Othobon, and by several Arch-Bishops of Canterbury; all which are of force in England, so far as they are not repugnant to the Laws and Customs of England, or the Kings Prerogative. Next to those Constitutions, this Church is also go∣verned by Canons made in Convocations of lat∣ter times, as in the first Year of the Reign of King James I, and confirmed by his Au∣thority. Also, by some Statutes of Parliament ••ouching Church-Affairs, and by divers Imme∣••orial Customs. But where all these fail, the Civil Law takes place.

CHAP. XIII.

Of the Court of Arches, the Court of Audience, the Prerogative-Court, the Court of Delegates, the Court of Peculiars, &c.

FROM the Church Legislative, I come to the Executive Power, for which there have been several Courts provided. Amongst which is the Court of Arches, the chief and most ancient Consistory that belong∣eth to the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury, for the debating of Spiritual Causes. So called from the arched Church and Tower of S. Mary le Bow in Cheapside London, where this Court is wont to be held. The Judge whereof is called Dean of the Arches, or the Official of the Court of Arches, because with this Officialty is commonly joyned a peculiar Jurisdiction of 13 Parishes in London, termed a Deanry, be∣ing exempt from the Bishop of Londons Ju∣risdiction, and belonging to the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury. All Appeals in Church-Mat∣ters within the Province of Canterbury are di∣rected to this Court. In which the Judge sits alone without Assessors, hearing and de∣termining all Causes without any Jury.

The Advocates allowed to plead in this Court are all to be Doctors of the Civil Law. Who, upon their Petition to the Arch-Bi∣shop of Canterbury, and his Fiat obtained, are admitted by the Judge of this Court, but must not practise the first Year.

Both the Judge and the Advocates always wear their Scarlet Robes, with Hoods lined with Taffety if they be of Oxford, or white Minever Furr if of Cambridge, and all round black Velvet Caps.

Besides the Advocates, here are also ten Proctors, to manage other Mens Causes. Who wear Hoods lined with Lambs-Skin, if not Graduates; but if Graduates, Hoods proper to the Degree.

According to the Statutes of this Court, all Arguments made by Advocates, and Petitions by the Proctors, are to be made in Latine. All Process of this Court runs in the Name of the Judge.

To this Court belong two principal Officers that attend it. Viz. an Actuary, who sets down the Judges Decrees, registers the Court Acts, and sends them in Books to the Registry.

Then a Register, whose Office is by himself, ••or Deputy, to receive all Libels or Bills, Al∣legations, and Exhibits of Witnesses, to file all Sentences, and keep the Records of the Court.

Next to which is the Beadle, an inferiour Officer, who carries a Mace before the Judge, ••nd calls the Persons that are cited to ap∣pear.

All Places and Offices belonging to this Court are in the Arch-Bishops Gift.

The Audience Court is a Court of equal Au∣thority with the Arches, tho inferiour both in Antiquity and Dignity. The Original of this Court was thus. The Arch-Bishop of Can∣terbury heard many Causes extrajudicially at home in his own Pallace; but, before he would finally determine any thing, he did usually commit them to be discussed by certain Men learned in the Civil and Canon Laws, who thereupon were called his Auditors, till at last those Causes were committed to One, thence named Causarum Negotiorumque Audi∣entiae Cantuariensis Auditor seu Officialis. And with this Office was joyned heretofore the Arch-Bishops Chancery, which properly meddles not with any point of contentious Jurisdi∣ction, or deciding of Causes between Party and Party, but only of Office; as the Grant∣ing the Custody of the Spiritualities during the Vacation of Bishopricks, Institution to Benefices, Dispensing with Banes of Matri∣mony, &c. But this is now distinguished from the Audience.

The Prerogative Court is the Court wherein all Wills are proved, and all Administrations taken, that belong to the Arch Bishop by his Prerogative; that is, where the Deceased had Goods of any considerable value out of the Diocese wherein he died. And that Value is usually 5 l. except it be otherwise by Compo∣sition between the Arch-Bishop and the Bi∣shop, as in the Diocese of London, where it is 10 l. If any Contention arise between Two or more touching any such Will or Admini∣stration, the Cause is properly debated and decided in this Court. The Judge whereof is

termed Judex Curiae Praerogativae Cantuariensis, the Judge of the Prerogative Court of Can∣terbury.

Who is attended in the Court by a Register, or his Deputy, whose Office is to set down the Decrees and Acts of the Court, to Keep the Re∣cords, all Original Wills and Testaments of Parties deceased that have left Bona Not abilia, &c. His Office is commonly called the Prerogative Office, now Kept in the Deans Court near St. Paul's Church-yard; where, for a moderate Fee, one may have a Copy of any such Testament. And Under the Register are Six Clerks, severally appointed for such and such Counties.

This Court, formerly held in the Consistory of St. Pauls, is now Kept in the Common-Hall at Drs. Commons, next Day after the Ar∣ches, in the Afternoon.

All Places belonging to this Court are in his Grace's Gift.

The Archbishop of York has also the like Court, which is termed his Exchequer, but far inferiour to this in Power and Profit. He has also an Audience Court.

For Civil Affairs that concern the Church, the highest Court is the Court of Delegates. A Court which consists of Commissioners delega∣ted or appointed by the King's Commission, to sit upon an Appeal to Him in the Court of Chancery, and is granted in three Cases. First, when a Sentence is given in any Ecclesiastical Cause by the Archbishop, or his Official. Se∣condly, when any Sentence is given in any Ecclesiastical Cause in Places exempt. Thirdly, when Sentence is given in the Admiralty in Suits Civil and Marine, by order of the Civil Law.

The Judges are appointed by the Lord Chan∣cellour, under the Great Seal of England, pro illa vice; and upon every Cause or Business there is a new Commission, and new Judges, according to the nature of the Cause. As some∣times Bishops, Common-Law Judges, Noble∣men, Knights, and Civilians; sometimes Bi∣shops, and Civilians; at other times Common Law Judges, and Civilians; and sometimes Ci∣vilians only.

This Court is Kept in the same Place as the former, the next Day after the Prerogative-Court in the Afternoon. Here the Citations and Decrees run in the King's Name, and to this Court belongs a standing Register.

From this Court lies no Appeal in common Course. But the King may (and sometimes does) grant a Commission of Review, under the Great Seal.

The Court of Peculiars is about certain Pa∣rishes that have Jurisdiction within themselves for Probate of Wills, &c. being exempt from the Ordinary, and the Bishops Courts. 'Tis an ancient Priviledge of the See of Canterbury, that wheresoever any Mannors or Advowsons do belong to it, they forthwith become exempt from the Ordinary, and are reputed Peculiars. And there are reckoned in his Province no less than 57 such Peculiars. So the King's Chappel is a Royal Peculiar, exempt from all Spiritual Jurisdiction, and reserved to the Visi∣tation and immediate Government of the King himself, who is supreme Ordinary.

Besides these Courts serving for the whole Province, every Bishop has his Court held in the Cathedral of his Diocese. Over which

he hath a Chancellour, anciently termed the Church-Lawyer, who being skilled in the Ci∣vil and Canon Law, sits there as Judge. But, if his Diocese be large, he has in some more remote Place a Commissary, whose Authority is only in some certain Places of the Diocese, and certain Causes limited to him by the Bishop in his Commission. These are called Con∣sistory Courts.

Every Arch-Deacon besides has his Court and Jurisdiction, where smaller Differences a∣rising within his Limits are pleaded. The Dean and Chapter of every Cathedral or Collegiate Church have also a Court, wherein they take Cognizance of Causes happening in Places be∣longing to the Cathedral.

The proper Matters belonging to Ecclesiasti∣cal Courts are Ordinations, Institution of Clerks to Benefices, Celebration of Divine Service, Tythes, Oblations, Obventions, Mortuaries, Dilapidations, Reparation of Churches. Rights of Matrimony, Divorces, general Bastardy, Probate of Wills, Administrations, Pensions, Procurations, Commutation of Penance, &c. the Cognizance whereof does not belong to the Common Law. Also Apostacy from Christia∣nity, Simony, Heresy, Schisms, Blasphemy, Fornication, Incests, Adulteries.

The Manner of Trials here is different from those at Common Law, as thus. First goes forth a Citation, then a Bill and Answer, after that they proceed to Proofs, Witnesses, and Pre∣sumption, the Matter being argued pro and con, and the Canon and Civil Laws quoted. Upon which the definitive Sentence of the Judge

passeth without any Jury, and then Execution. follows.

And for Criminal Causes, they are here tried by Accusation, as when one takes upon him to prove the Crime. Or by Denunciation, when the Church-Wardens present, and are not bound to prove, because it is presumed they do it without malice, and that the Crime is noto∣rious.

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Courts of London; and first of the Mayor's Court, the Court of Aldermen, the Common Council Court, the Hustings, the Court of Goal-Delivery, the Two Sheriffs, and the Chamberlain's Courts.

THE City of London is, amongst other Things, so remarkable for her trans∣cendent Priviledges in Keeping her own Courts of Justice, that it will not be im∣proper to describe 'em here.

I begin with the Lord Mayor's Court, which is a Court of Record, held in the Chamber of Guildhall. The Recorder of the City is Judge of this Court; but the Lord Mayor and Alder∣men may sit as Judges with him, if they please. In this Court all manner of Actions may be entred and tried by a Jury, as in other Courts,

for any Debt, Trespass, or other Matter what∣soever, arising within the Liberties of London, and to any value. There are only four Attor∣neys belonging to it; and six Serjeants at Mace, one of them constantly attending at the Lord Mayor's House, and the rest at the Attorneys Offices.

The Charge of entring an Action in this Court is but 4 d. besides the King's Duty. It may be brought to a Trial for 30 s. Charge, and in 14 Days time; the Day for Trials being every Tuesday. An Action entred in this Court will remain in force for ever; although no Proceedings; be had thereupon. Whereas an Action entred at either of the Compters dies, and may be crossed after 16 Weeks.

The Advantages of making Attachments in this Court are considerable, as you may see in the Book called Lex Londinensis, or the City Law.

The Court of Aldermen is a Court of Record, held in the Inner Chamber of Guildhall every Tuesday and Thursday, except Holy-days, and in the Time of Sessions of Goal-Delivery. This Court does constantly appoint the Assize of Bread, determines all Matters touching Lights, Water-courses, and Party-Walls, and here must be sealed all Bonds and Leases that pass under the City-Seal.

Several Places are in the Gift of the Lord Mayor and this Court. Viz. The Recorder, Sword-bearer, Four City Counsel, a City Re∣membrancer, the Common Hunt. Water-Bay∣liff, Cities Sollicitor, Comptroller of the Cham∣ber, two Secondaries, Four Attorneys of the Lord Mayor's Court, Clerk of the Chamber, Hall-Keeper, Three Sergeant Carvers, Three

Sergeants of the Chamber, Sergeant of the Chan∣nel, Yeomen of the Chamber, Four Yeomen of the Water-side, Yeoman of the Channel, Under Water-Bayliff, Meal-Weighers, Clerk of the Cities Works, Six Young-men, Two Clerks of the Papers, Eight Attorneys in the Sheriffs Court, Eight Clerk-sitters, Two Protonotaries, Clerk of the Bridge-house, Clerk of the Court of Requests, Beadle of the Court of Requests, Thirty Six Sergeants at Mace, Thirty Six Yeo∣men, the Gager, Sealers and Searchers of Lea∣ther, Keeper of the Green-Yard, Two Keepers of the Compters, Keeper of Newgate, Keeper of Ludgate, Measurer, Steward of Southwark, Bayliff of Southwark, and Bayliff of the Hun∣dred of Ossulston.

There are other Places in the gift of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriffs; as the City-Carpenter, and other Artificers. But the Rent-Gatherer has been put in by Mr. Chamberlain.

If any Officer (says Lex Londinensis) shall misbehave himself in his Office, upon Com∣plaint made thereof to this Court, and Proof of the Fact, such Offender may be, and is usu∣ally suspended from the Profits of his Place, during the pleasure of this Court.

The Rulers of the Company of Watermen are annually elected and appointed by this Court.

The Court of Common Council consists of two Orders, as the Parliament of England; viz. the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, which represent the House of Lords, and the Common Council Men which represent the House of Commons, whose Number amounts to 231, belonging to their respective Wards, whereof some have more, some less. This Court is held in the

Chamber of Guildhall, at such Times as the Lord Mayor appoints and directs, being in his Lordships power to call and dismiss this Court at his pleasure.

Several Committees are annually appointed and elected by this Court for the better and more speedy Dispatch of the City-Affairs, who make Report to this Court of their Proceedings, as Occasion requires. Viz. a Committee of 6 Al∣dermen and 12 Commoners, for letting and de∣mising the Cities Lands and Tenements; who usually meet every Wednesday in the After∣noon at Guildhall for that purpose. A Com∣mittee of 4 Aldermen, and 8 Commoners, to let and dispose of the Lands and Tenements given by Sir Tho. Gresham, who usually meet at Mercer's Hall, at such Times as the Lord Mayor for the time being directs and appoints; and the Lord Mayor himself is commonly cho∣sen one of this Committee.

This Court does also annually elect Com∣missioners for the Sewers, and Pavements. And by this Court are annually elected a Governour, Deputy-Governour, and Assistants, for the Ma∣nagement of the Cities Lands in Ulster in Ire∣land.

A Stranger born may be made free of this City by Order of this Court, and not other∣wise. The Places of Common Serjeant, Town-Clerk, and Common Crier, are in the Gift of this Court. The Judges of the Sheriffs Court have sometimes been elected by this Court, and sometimes by the Court of Alder∣men.

The Hustings is a very ancient Court of Re∣cord, always held in Guildhall, and commonly every Tuesday, before the Lord Mayor and

Sheriffs of London for the time being. When any Matter is to be argued or tried in this Court, Mr. Recorder sits as Judge with the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, and gives Rules and Judgement therein. And, though the Original Writ be directed to the Mayor and Sheriffs joyntly, yet these by Commandment of the Lord Mayor, are Ministers to execute all Pro∣cess out of this Court.

In this Court Deeds may be Inrolled, Reco∣veries passed, Wills proved; and Replevins, Writs of Error, Right, Patent, Waste, Parti∣tion, and Dower may be determined for any Matters within the City of London, and the Liberties thereof.

The Attorneys of the Lord Mayor's Court are Attorneys also in this Court; and the se∣cond Attorney is always Clerk of the Inroll∣ments, and Inrolls all Deeds brought for that purpose. Now a Deed Inrolled in the Hustings is counted as good as a Fine at Common Law; for that it bars the Wife from claiming her Dower.

In this Court also the Burgesses to serve for the City in Parliament are elected by the Live∣ry-men of the respective Companies, which is done after this manner, in the presence of the Court. First, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen are put up (according to ancient Custom) for Candidates, and after them are usually nomina∣ted four Commoners. And out of them all, the four that have the plurality of Voices are declared by the Sheriffs to be duly chosen. But, if there be any Contest about the Election, it is usually decided by a Poll.

The Court of Goal Delivery is usually held 8 times a Year at the Old-Baily, both for the Ci∣ty

of London and County of Middlesex, for the Trial of Criminals. The Lord Mayor is the chief Judge of this Court, assisted by some of the Judges, besides the Recorder, and the two Sheriffs. He has the Power of Reprieving condemned Persons.

The Two Sheriffs Courts are held in Guild∣hall, the one by one Sheriff, every Wednesday and Friday, for Actions entred at the Wood∣street Compter, the other by the other Sheriff, every Thursday and Saturday, for Actions entred at the Poultry Compter.

To these Courts belong 8 Attorneys, whose Business here is not to keep any Record, but only to assist their Clients, and take their Fees due to them in every Cause. Two Secondaries, who allow and return all Writs brought to re∣move Causes out of these Courts. Two Clerks of the Papers, whose business is to draw the Subpoenas for Witnesses to appear, and to file and copy all Declarations upon Actions in these Courts. Two Protonotaries, who draw and ingross all such Declarations. Eight Clerk-sit∣ters, who enter Actions and Attachments, and take Bails and Verdicts.

In these Courts may be tried Actions of Debt, Case, Trespass, Accompt and Covenants broken, Attachments, and Sequestrations. And, if ei∣ther Party shall have a Witness that cannot stay in London till the Day of Trial, his Testimony may be taken in writing, which will be allow∣ed as good Evidence.

As to the Chamberlain's Court, or Office, 'tis Kept in the Chamber of Guildhall. As he is intrusted with the Cities Cash, and the Orphans Mony, so when he takes this Office upon him,

he must give good Security to the Court of Aldermen; and he is accountable to Auditors appointed and chosen for that purpose. To him belongs the Business of Apprentices, over whom he has a great Authority. There∣fore he attends at Guildhall usually every Forenoon, to Inroll and turn over Ap∣prentices, and to make such Free as have duly served the full Term of 7 Years, and have not married nor taken Wages in that Time.

When any Difference happens betwixt a Ma∣ster and his Apprentice, the most prudential Way is to refer the matter before the Cham∣berlain, who will freely hear both Parties, and decide the Controversy for 3 Shill. Charge, viz. 1 Shill. to the Officer for the Summons, and 2 Shill. to the Clerk for the Order. Whereas, if they proceed at Law for Relief, it may cost both Parties five or six pounds in Charges; and the Conclusion may be less satisfactory, than if decided by such Reference as afore∣said.

If an Apprentice shall be unruly or disorder∣ly in his Master's House, or commit any noto∣rious Fault, Mr. Chamberlain (upon Complaint made thereof) will send one of his Officers for such Apprentice, and send him to Bridewell, or punish him otherwise, according to the nature of the Offence.

And, if any Master shall misuse his Ap∣prentice, by beating him unreasonably, or with unlawful Weapons, or by neglecting to instruct him, or to find him Necessaries, Mr. Chamberlain (upon Complaint thereof made) will send a Summons for the Master to appear before him; and upon hearing both Parties, will relieve the Apprentice, or leave him to

take his Remedy against his Master in the Lord Mayor's Court. And, if the Master shall refuse to appear before the Chamberlain being duly Summoned, My Lord Mayor, or Mr. Re∣corder (upon Complaint made thereof) will grant a Warrant to apprehend such Freeman, and compel him to appear.

When an Apprentice is, by Consent of his Master, to be turned over to another Master of the same Trade, it must be done first before the Company where he was bound, and then before the Chamberlain. For hereby the first Master is discharged from him, and the second obliged to keep him, as the Apprentice on his side is obliged to serve him the full Term of the Indentures. Other∣wise there is no Obligation upon the second Master to Keep such Apprentice, nor upon this to serve him, so that the Apprentice may sue out his Indenture against his first Master.

If any Master shall refuse to make his Ap∣prentice free when the Term in his Indenture 〈◊〉〈◊〉 expired, upon Complaint thereof made, Mr. Chamberlain will cause the Master to be Sum∣moned before him; and, if he cannot shew good Cause to the contrary, will make the Ap∣prentice free.

Lastly, if any Freeman, to make an Appren∣••ice Free of London, do testify, that he has ••eally served him the full Term of 7. Years, when he has not served him so long, both he 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Apprentice may be Disfranchised, and ••ined at the pleasure of Mr. Recorder, and Mr. Chamberlain will in such Case cause the Free∣mans Shop to be shut up.

CHAP. XV.

Of the Orphans Court, the Court of Conscience or Requests, the Court for the Conservation of the River, and the Pie-powder Court.

THE Orphans Court is held before the Mayor and Aldermen, who are Guar∣dians to the Children of all Freemen of London, that are or shall be under the Age of 21 Years at the time of their Father's De∣cease. This Court meets at Guildhall but once a Year, viz. on the Munday morning after Mid∣lent Sunday, which is termed Call-Day. For then they meet purposely to hear the Name called over of all the Securities that stand bound for Orphans Portions; and upon that Day on of every of the Sureties ought to appear to give an Account, whether the other Securi∣ties are living, and in good Condition, an•• whether the Orphans are living and mar∣ried.

If none of the Securities appear upon th•• Day, they forfeit their Bonds and Recogn••∣zances. Then the Clerk of this Court (wh•• is always the youngest Attorney in the Lo•• Mayor's Court) makes out Process against the••

forces 'em to an Account, and they must pay the Charges of the Process.

But, that you may Know more fully how this great Concern of the Orphans is managed for their benefit, and what Care is taken of their Welfare, I shall make bold to inlarge a little upon this Subject, out of Lex Londinen∣sis.

When a Freeman of London dies, leaving Children under Age, the Clerks of the respec∣tive Parishes within the Bill of Mortality ought to give the Name of such Freeman to the com∣mon Crier of the City. Who is thereupon to summon the Widow or Executor of such Free∣man to appear before the Court of Aldermen, there to be bound to bring in an Inventory of the Testator's Estate, within the space of two Months. And, that the Inventory may be given in due time, the Court of Aldermen have made an Order, not to allow any finding Mony (or Interest) for any Mony that shall be paid into the Chamber of London by any Executor or Ad∣ministrator belonging to any Freemans Estate, until such time as the Executor or Admini∣strator do bring in and exhibit upon Oath a true and perfect Inventory to the best of his Knowledge.

If the Party summoned do not appear, the Lord Mayor sends his Warrant, and forces an Appearance. And, if any Executor re∣suse to become bound to bring in an In∣ventory, the Court of Aldermen have power to send him to Newgate, there to remain till ••he submit; and the Courts at Westminster will not release such Person.

After the Bond given, the Executor must procure 4 Freemen to appraise the Testator's Goods. In order to which he must cause them

to appear before a Justice of Peace in Lon∣don, and take their Oaths, that they shall make a just and true Valuation and Appraise∣ment of the Goods and Chattels of the Decea∣sed, according to the best of their Judgements and Skills.

When the Appraisement is to be made, the Common Crier is to have notice of it before∣hand, being appointed by the Court of Alder∣men to see the same be fairly done, and to the best advantage of the Orphan. And, un∣less the Common Crier, or his Deputy be present, and the Inventory signed by the Com∣mon Crier, the Court of Aldermen will not al∣low thereof.

The Appraisement being made as aforesaid, and signed by the Common Crier and the Ap∣praisers, it must be given to the Common Ser∣geant of the City, or one of his Clerks, at his Office in Guildhall-Yard; he being the only Person intrusted by the Court of Aldermen, to take all Inventories and Accounts of Freement Estates. If he approves thereof, he will cause it to be Ingrossed, and a Duplicate of it to be made for the Executor or Administrator. And, when the same is examined by him, and his hand set thereto in testimony thereof, the Exe∣cutor or Administrator must in the Court of Aldermen swear the same Inventory to be a true Inventory of the Goods and Chattels of the Party deceased, according to the best of his Knowledge.

When the Inventory is so exhibited, the Executor must become bound in a considerable Penalty, either to bring in the Mony that shall appear due to the Orphans by the Inventory, or within two Months to give good Security to pay the same into the Chamber of London for

the Use of the Orphans, when they shall come to Age, or be married.

If the Executor pay the Mony into the Chamber of London, the Court of Aldermen usually allow five per Cent Interest for so much Mony of the Testator's Estate as is due to the Orphans by the Custom of London, so as the same exceed not 500 l; and for Legacy-mony, 3 l. 6 s. 8. d. per Cent.

But, if the Executor shall not think fit to pay the Mony into the Chamber, he must become bound with 3 Sureties to the Chamberlain of London for the time being in one or more Re∣cognizances, or else by Bond to pay the Mony due to Orphans. And, in case the Security live within the Liberties of London, they must be bound by Bond.

Now, as to Recognizances, the Custom is ne∣ver to make any touching Orphans of greater Penalty than 400 l. and not for the Payment of above 300. Therefore, if the Sum (for Example) be 900 l. the Security must become bound by 3 Recognizances, each for the Pay∣ment of 300 l.

If a Freeman leaves Lands and Tenements to his Children, the Executor must become bound with Sureties to account for the Rents and Profits thereof.

The Securities must take particular care that ••one of the Orphans marry, or be put Appren∣••ice with their Consents, without the Leave of the Court of Aldermen first obtained for that ••urpose. And as the Orphan comes to be of the Age of 21 Years, or to be married with the Consent of the Court of Aldermen, the Se∣curities must take care to bring him to Guildhall, with a person to prove his Age. Then the Or∣phan must acknowledge satisfaction for the Mo∣ny

due to him, or her, of the Testator's E∣state, which must be done in the Court of Al∣dermen. And, upon Motion made by Mr. Common Sergeant, the Court does order, that all Bonds entered into for the Payment of such Orphan's Portion, shall be delivered up, and cancelled. And, if the Security became bound by Recognizances, the Clerk of the Or∣phans will cross and discharge such Recogni∣zances.

The Chamber of London is counted the sa∣fest and best Security in or about London 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Moneys paid therein to the Use of the City, or any Orphan, being constantly repaid upon Demand, without any trouble. And when Orphans come to Age, or be married with the Consent and Approbation of the Cou•• of Aldermen, they may receive their Portion (if paid into the Chamber) at an hours notice though the Sum be 10000 l. or more, M•• Chamberlain and his Clerks attending daily 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that purpose.

The finding (or Interest) Mony is constant∣ly paid as it becomes due; and the Court ha•• always taken great Care, that every Orpha•• shall receive his (or her) Portion out of the Chamber of London, without paying any o∣ther or greater Fees than has been paid tim•• out of mind.

The Custody of Orphans is committed by the Court of Aldermen to such Person or Per∣sons as they think fit. And, if any Person whatsoever do intermarry with any Orpha•• without Leave of the said Court, such Perso•• may be fined by that Court, according to the quality and portion of the Orphan. And, un•••• less such Person do pay the Fine, or give Bon•• to pay the same in some reasonable Tim••

though he shall have ten times a better Estate 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Orphan he intermarries, yet the Court may commit him to Newgate, there to remain ••••til the Fine be paid. But, if he settle an Estate upon the Orphan as the Court shall di∣••••ct, and make application to the Court ••••y Petition to have the Fine remitted, they ••ill in probability shew favour to such Per∣••on, as they have done in the like Ca∣••s.

The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Commons of the City of London in Common Council, ••ave made several good Acts and Orders to pre∣••ent Freemens Children from Marrying with∣out the Consent of their Parents and Guardians, ••nd to keep them from vicious Courses. More ••articularly an Act of Common Council, called Judds Law, made in the Mayoralty of Sir An∣drew Judd, Knight, in the Fifth year of King ••dward VI. Which Law, though unrepealed, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen have some∣times for special Reasons thought fit to dis∣pense with, in favour of Orphans that have ••ought Relief against the Penalties therein men∣tioned.

By the Custom of London, a Freemans Wi∣••ow may require a third part of his Personal ••state after his Debts paid, and Funeral Char∣••es discharged, besides her Widows Chamber ••mished; and his Children may require ano∣••er third part thereof. The other third part ••f his Estate he may by his last Will give away, ••ther to his Wife, or any of his Children, or ••ny other Person whatsoever. But, if he die ••thout Issue, his Widow may require a Moity ••f his personal Estate, after Debts paid, together ••ith her Widows Chamber furnished. And, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a Freeman make his Will contrary to this

Custom, and give away more than a third of his Estate from his Wife and Children, they may be relieved against such Will, by exhibi∣ting their Bill in this Court against the Execu∣tor, and so much of his Will as shall be contra∣ry to the Custom, will be declared void and of none effect.

But, if a Freeman die without a Will, and leave a Wife and Children, this Court grants Administration of his Estate to his Widow By the Custom of London she will claim a third part of his Estate, one third must be divided amongst his Children, and the other third be∣tween the Wife and Children; but so that usual∣ly the Widow is allowed two Thirds of the Free∣mans third part, and the Children one Third thereof.

If a Freeman shall in the time of his last Sickness give and deliver any part of his Goods, Chattels, or Moneys to his Wife or Child, or any other Person, with Intent that such Person shall keep the same to his or her own Use; such Gift, being against the Custom of Lon∣don, shall be accounted part of the Freemans Estate at the time of his Death, and may be recovered by Bill in this Court. For a Freman cannot in the time of his Sickness whereof he shall die, give away any part of his Estate, otherwise than by his last Will.

If a Freeman, having given in his Life-time part of his Estate to any of his Children, in Marriage or otherwise, do afterwards make his Will, and give all his Estate away to his other Children, with a Declaration that the Child he so disposed in Marriage, had received 500 l. or more of his Estate, and was thereby fully advanced; such Declaration shall not bar the

Person so married, but he or she may recover after the Father's Decease an equal share with the other Children. But then the Mony re∣ceived of his Father in his Life-time, must come into the Account, and be reckoned part of the Estate left by him at his Death. Which is called bringing of the Mony into Hotchpot.

Moreover, if a Freeman shall settle or make over any part of his Estate to the Use of his Children, with design to defraud his Wife of her full third Part, the Widow may, after his Death, set aside such Settlement by a Bill in this Court.

Lastly, when an Inventory is exhibited in this Court, and the Orphans can prove any Goods omitted or undervalued, or any Debts charged to be owing from the Deceased, which were not real and just Debts; In such Case, up∣on Complaint made, the Clerk will summon a Jury, to inquire whether the Inventory so ex∣hibited be a true and perfect Inventory or not. And, if the Jury find any Omissions, Under∣valuations, or Surcharges, then the Clerk will sue the Executor upon the Bond he gave for exhibiting an Inventory, and will thereby com∣pel him to make so much as shall be found by the Jury to be omitted, undervalued, or surchar∣ged. Unless he can by Proof discharge him∣self thereof before the Court of Aldermen; who, upon Application made by any Executor, will examine into his Accounts, and do right to all Parties, without any Expence to the Exe∣cutor or the Orphans.

And, when it shall appear by an Inventory, that many Debts are standing out due to the Deceased, the Court of Aldermen do constant∣ly compel the Executor to give Bond, to ren∣der

a true Account from time to time, when he shall be thereunto required; which is usu∣ally once in a Twelve-month. And, if upon the Exhibiting thereof, it shall appear that any Mony is due to the Orphans, the Exe∣cutor must either pay it into the Chamber of London, or give good Security to pay the same. Which if he omit, or refuse, his Bond will be put in Suit against him.

The Court of Conscience, otherwise called the Court of Requests, is a Court established and settled by an Act of Parliament in the 3d Year of the Reign of King James I. Which Im∣powers this Court to hear, examine, and de∣termine with Equity or good Conscience, all Matters brought before them, between Party and Party, Citizens of London, where the Debt do's not amount to forty shillings. An Act very beneficial, both for the Relief of such poor Debtors as cannot make present Pay∣ment of their Debts, and for such poor Per∣sons as have small Debts owing to them, and are not able to prosecute a Suit in Law for the same.

This Court sits in Guildhall every Wednes∣day and Saturday in the Forenoon, consisting of two Aldermen and four Commoners, month∣ly appointed by the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen; but any three of them make a Court.

A Cause may be brought and determined in this Court for 10 pence Charge, viz. 6 pence for the Plaint and the Summons, and 4 pence for the Order. But, if the Defendant do not appear the second Court-Day after Summons, an Attachment will be awarded against him,

which will compel him to appear, and increase the Charge.

If any Citizen be Arrested for a Debt under ••o Shill. this Court will grant a Summons for the Plaintiff in the Action. And, if he ap∣pear not the first Court-day after the Sum∣mons left at his House, the same will grant an Attachment against him, force him to take his Debt, and to pay the Defendant his Costs.

The Court for the Conservation of the Thames is held before the Lord Mayor at such Times ••s he appoints and directs within the respe∣ctive Counties near adjacent to the Cities of London and Westminster.

The Water-Bayliff for the time being is My Lord Mayors Deputy, and ought to give notice to his Lordship of all Offences commit∣ted by any Persons, contrary to the Orders made for Preservation of the Brood and Fry of Fish in the said River. To which pur∣pose he is by this Court Ordered and Im∣powred, from time to time to Authorize Two ••onest Fishermen or more, in such Town and Places as he shall think convenient, aswell be∣••ow as above the Bridge, to be assistant to him ••n the Execution of his Duty, and (when they ••hall think fit) to go out and search for any ••uch Offenders, take away their Nets, and give ••heir Names to Mr. Water-Bayliff, that they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 severely proceeded against according to ••aw.

This Power of the Lord Mayor for the Con∣servation of the River of Thames, and the ••unishment of all Offences within it, has been ••ercised by the Mayor of London and his ••redecessors time out of mind. By King Ed∣ward the Thirds Charter to this City, the Ci∣tizens

are Authorized to remove and take away all Kidels in the Water of the River of Thames and Medway, and have the Punishment to the King belonging thereof coming. And, by a Statute made in the 17th Year of the Reign of Richard II. it is Ordained, that the Mayor of London shall have the Conservacy of the Thames, and put in execution the Statutes of 13 Edward I. & 13 Richard II. from the Bridge of Stanes to London, and from thence over the same Water, and in the Water of Med∣way.

The Pie-Powder Court is a Court held du∣ring the first 3 Days of Bartholomews Fair, by Stewards assigned by the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, to examine and try all Suits brought for petty Matters and Offences there committed, contrary to the Proclama∣tion made on Bartholomew Eve in the Afternoon at the great Gate going into the Cloth-Fair, for the better regulating this Fair.

Besides the foresaid Courts, every Alder∣man keeps a Court in his Ward, called Ward∣mote, for Things relating to his Ward; but still under the Direction of the Lord Mayor. Who annually issues out his Precept to every Alderman to hold his Wardmote, for the Election of Common Council-Men and other Officers.

The Companies of Traders have also their Courts called Halmotes, for regulating what be∣longs to their several Trades; and so called from the Halls (or Assembly Places) where they meet, many of them very stately Build∣ings.

CHAP. XVI.

Of the Punishments inflicted on Malefactors.

IN the 9th Chapter of this Part I have shewn at large the Manner of Trying Criminals in England; wherein is to be commended our English Humanity towards Prisoners that are upon their Trial. When other Nations, under pretence that no Man ought to be put to Death but upon his own Confession of the Crime he stands charged with, have devised such racking Tortures to extort the Confession, as make often the Innocent cry Guilty, and prefer Death to the Rack. But this I have al∣ready toucht upon in my first Part.

My Business is now to speak of the Punish∣ments inflicted here upon Criminals of what nature soever.

Hanging is the usual Punishment to Death in England, either for High Treason, Petty Trea∣son, or Felony. But the Manner is different.

For a Traytor to the King and Govern∣ment is to be drawn upon a Hurdle or Sledge to the Gallows, and there to be hanged by the Neck. But then he is presently cut down ••live, his Entrals pulled out of his Belly and ••urnt before his Face, his Head cut off, and his Body divided into four Parts, and both the Head and Body hung up or impaled where the King shall command.

This Punishment indeed, considering all its Circumstances, seems cruel to such as do not narrowly consider the nature of the Crime. Whereas the Law thinks it but reasonable, that whosoever indeavours to cut off the King, or rend the Government, should be himself cut off and rent, as before said.

As for his Lands and Goods, they are for∣••eited to the King; his Wife, if married, loses her Dower; and, if he be Noble, his Children lose their Right of Nobility, aswell as Inheritance. For, by the Law, Treason taints the Bloud.

But it is observable, as to the Kings Person, that it is not only downright killing (or mur∣dering) the King which makes it High Treason. For the very imagining (or contriving) his Death, without any overt Act, is High Trea∣son.

Falsifying and Clipping of Mony is also High Treason, by Law. But the Offender's Punish∣ment is only to be Drawn, and Hanged by the Neck, till he be dead.

The same it is with one guilty of Petty Treason, as when a Servant kills his Master or Mistris, a Wife her Husband, or a Clergy-man his Prelate, to whom he ow's Obedience.

For Felony, as Murder, Theft or Robbery, and other Capital Crimes, for which anciently there were several sorts of Punishments, the Malefactor is but Hanged, since the Reign of Henry I.

But, when the Robbery is attended with Murder, the Criminal, after he is hanged and dead, is taken down to be hanged in Chains; and so to hang in terrorem till the Body be quite rotted off, or eaten up by the Birds of the Air.

As to Persons of great Birth and Quality, convicted of High Treason, Petty Treason, or Felony, tho the Judgment be the same with that of common Persons, yet by the Kings Fa∣vour they are usually Beheaded. Which is performed with an Ax, upon a Block lying on the Scaffold; and not as in other Countries, by a Sword, kneeling or standing.

The Notion of Murder, as a Capital Crime, invites me to explain two Law-Terms relating to it, viz. Manslaughter and Chance-medley.

Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of one without prepensed Malice. As when two, that formerly meant no harm one to another, meet together; and falling out upon some sudden Occasion, the one kills the other. It differs from Murder, because it is not done with fore-going Malice; and from Chance∣medley, because it has a present Intent to kill. 'Tis Felony, but it is allowed the Benesit of the Clergy for the first time.

Chance-medley, otherwise called Manslaughter by Misadventure, signifies the casual Killing of a Man, not altogether without the Killer's Fault, though without an evil Intent; for which the Offender shall have his Pardon of course. But here must be considered, whether the Offender, when he committed this Man∣slaughter by Chance-medley, was doing a law∣ful Thing. For, if the Act were unlawful, it is Felony. As if two are fighting together, and a third Man comes to part them, and is killed by one of the two, without any Malice fore-thought, or evil Intent in him that killed the Man, yet this is Murder in him, and not Manslaughter by Chance-medley or Misad∣venture, because they two that fought toge∣ther were doing an unlawful Act. And, if

they were met with prepensed Malice, the one intending to kill the other, then it is Murder in them both.

Burning alive is sometimes used, but only for Witches, and Women convicted of High Trea∣son, or Petty Treason.

In the Time of Popery, especially in the Reign of Queen Mary, this was the proper Punishment for Hereticks, that is, in the Po∣pish Sense, for Protestants. When the Pa∣pists, who ever delighted in humane Sacrifices, made Bonefires of them, and reserved Hell-fi••e for themselves.

Pressing to Death, called by the Law Peine forte & dure, is a Punishment for those only that being Arraigned either of Petty Treason or Felony, refuse to Answer, or to put them∣selves upon the ordinary Trial of God and the Country. Which by the Law is called to stand Mute. And for this Contumacy the Of∣fender is to be sent back to the Prison whence he came, there to be laid in some low dark Room, all naked but his privy Members, his Back upon the bare Ground, his Arms and Legs stretched with Cords fastened to the se∣veral Quarters of the Room. Then is laid up∣on his Body Iron and Stone as much as he may bear, or more. The next Day he shall have three morsels of Barley-bread without Drink; and the Day after he shall have for his Drink as much of the next Water to the Prison as he can drink three several times, except it be running Water, and that with∣out any bread. And this is to be his Diet, till he Die. Which grievous kind of Death some stout Men have chosen, to save their

Estates to their Children, and keep their Bloud from being stained. But, in case of High Treason, though the Criminal stand mute, yet Judgment shall be given against him as if he had been Convicted, and his Estate shall be Confiscated.

In many Parts beyond Sea the Criminals hanged or beheaded are denied Christian Burial, their Society being declined in the Grave who were not fit to live in the World. In England, where they are charitably lookt up∣on as reconciled to God upon their penitent Departure out of this World, their Friends are allowed to inter them decently where they think fit. He therefore that has Friends to look to his Burial go's to the Place of Execu∣tion, his Coffin in the Cart with him, a good Memento Mori. And, after he has hanged about a quarter of an hour, he is cut down, laid in his Coffin, and conveyed in a Coach to the Place from whence he is designed to be buried. But Apostates, Hereticks, and Extor∣sioners, all perjured Persons, and such as die Excommunicate, also any one that is Felo de se, or that has wittingly made himself away, all such are by Law denied Christian Burial. And so are for the most part Men that die for High Treason, and Robbers guilty of Murder.

For Petty Larceny, or small Theft, that is under the ancient value of 12 d. the Punish∣ment since Edward III. is by Whipping, and in the late Reigns has been often by Transporta∣tion into the West-Indies, where they live for some Years a slavish Life. But, if the Of∣sender be found by the Jury to have fled for the same, he forfeits all his Goods.

For Misprision of High-Treason, that is, for neglecting or concealing it, the Offender's Pu∣nishment is Forfeiture of the Profits of his Lands during Life, and of all his Goods, be∣sides Imprisonment for Life.

Perjury, whereby Mens Estates, Reputation, and Lives ly at stake, is commonly punished only with the Pillory; never with Death, though it has cost the Lives of many. 'Tis true a Per∣jurer Convict is by Law incapable of being a Witness, or Administrator, or of bearing any publick Office. And, in the strictness of the Law, he ought to be burnt in the forehead with a P, his Goods to be Confiscated, and his Trees growing upon his Ground rooted up.

But all this is counted too little by those Nations where wilful Perjury is punished with Death. At least it seems but equi∣table, which is the Practice of Spain, that the Perjurer should suffer the same Punish∣ment which he intended for another by his Perjury.

Forgery, Blasphemy, Cheating, Libelling, False Weights and Measures, Forestalling the Market, Offences in Baking and Brewing, are also punish∣ed with standing in the Pillory. But sometimes the Offender is Sentenced besides to have one or both Ears nailed to the Pillory and cut off, or his Tongue there bored through with a hot Iron.

For Striking in the Kings Court, so as to draw Bloud, the Criminal is to have his right Hand cut off in a most solemn manner. And for Striking in Westminster-Hall, whilst the Courts of Justice are there sitting, the Offender is im∣prisoned during Life, and all his Estate for∣feited.

For one found in a Praemunire, that is, one who incurs the same Punishment which was inflicted on those who transgressed the Statute of Rich. II. commonly called the Statute of Prae∣munire (which Statute was properly made a∣gainst such as avouched the Popes pretended Right of bestowing by Provision most of the best Livings in England, by Mandates,) the Punishment is Forfeiture of all his Estate, to be put out of the King's Protection, and Impri∣soned during the King's Pleasure.

Vagabonds, and the like, who can give no good account of themselves, are punished by setting their Legs in the Stocks for certain hours. And Scolding Women (that are always teazing their Neighbours) by being set in a Cucking Stool placed over some deep Water and duck'd therein three several times, to cool their heat and choler.

Other Misdemeanours are commonly punished with Imprisonment or Fines, and sometimes with both.

Those are the Corporal Punishments common∣ly used in England for Criminals that happen to fail into the hands of Justice. But there are also Spiritual Punishments, such as concern the Soul especially, and are in the power of the Spiritual Courts. 'Tis true they are but seldom put into practice, but let us see however what the Law is in this point.

First, for refusing to appear in the Ecclesiasti∣cal Court upon Summons, or for not obeying the Orders of the Court, the Party Delinquent is admonished. If he slight the Admonition, then comes upon him Minor Excommunicatio, the Lesser Excommunication, whereby he is Excommunicated, or excluded from the Church;

if not from the Church, at least from the Com∣munion of the Lords Supper. And by this lesser Excommunication, he is disinabled to be Plaintiff in a Law-suit, &c. Which Power of Excommunication the Bishop may dele∣gate to any grave Priest with the Chancel∣lour.

But for Heresy, Incest, Adultery, Perjury, and other grievous Crimes, Excommunicatio ma∣jor, or the greater Excommunication, is used, and pronounced by the Bishop himself in person. Now this is not only an Exclusion from the Com∣pany of Christians in Spiritual Duties, but also in Temporal Concerns. For a Person so ex∣communicated cannot in any Civil or Eccle∣siastical Court be Plantiff, or Witness. And, if he continue 40 Days Excommunicated, with∣out acknowledging and giving satisfaction for his Offence, the Chancery grants the King's Writ against him, De Excommunicato capiendo, to take him up and cast him into Prison, with∣out Bail; where he is to ly, till he has fully satisfied for his Offence.

Then comes the Anathema, but this is only inflicted upon an obstinate Heretick. Where∣by he is declared a publick Enemy of God, cursed, and delivered over to eternal Damna∣tion. And this is to be ••one by the Bishop him∣self in Person, assisted by the Dean and Chap∣ter, or twelve other grave Priests.

Sometimes the Delinquent is compelled to make a publick Confession of his Fault, and to bewail it in the Church before the whole Con∣gregation. Now this is called a publick Penance, and the Manner of it is thus. The Delinquent is to stand in the Church-porch upon a Sunday, bare-headed and bare-footed, in a white Sheet, and with a white Rod in his hand. Having

there bewailed himself, and begged every one that passes by to pray for him, he enters the Church, falling down, and Kissing the Ground. Then he is placed in the middle of the Church in a conspicuous Place over against the Mini∣ster. Who makes a Discourse upon the foul∣ness of his Crime, and having received his humble Acknowledgement of the same, and his solemn Promise with God's help and as∣sistance to watch more carefully for the time to come against the Temptations of the World, the Flesh, and the Devil, pronounces in Christ's Name the Absolution. The Penitent on his side humbly beseeches the Congregation to par∣don him, and receive him into their holy Com∣munion, and in testimony thereof to vouch∣safe out of their Christian Charity, to say with him aloud the Lord's Prayer. Which seems to be the Way used by the Primitive Churches.

But, when the Crime is not notorious and publick, the foresaid Pennance may, by the Ca∣nons of the Church, be commuted (at the Par∣ties Request) into a Pecuniary Mulct, for the Poor of the Parish, or some pious Uses; Pro∣vided that it may appear to be the more pro∣ble Way for the Delinquents Reformation. Such is the Temper of some Men that, far from being likely to be reclaimed by a publication of their Offence, they will rather grow obdu∣rate and impudent, when they perceive their Reputation to be lost.

To all the foresaid Punishments and Censures of the Church both the Laity and Clergy are subject. But there are other Punishments to which the faulty Clergy only are liable, which are four in Number; commonly called Sus∣pensio

ab Officio, Suspensio a Beneficio, Deprivatio a Beneficio, and Deprivatio ab Officio.

The first is, when a Minister for a time is de∣clared unfit to execute his Office. The second, when he is for some time deprived of the Pro∣fits of his Benefice. Both which are wont to be for smaller Crimes.

Deprivatio a Beneficio, is when a Minister, for a greater Crime, is wholly, and for ever deprived of his Living. And the last is, when he is wholly and for ever deprived of his Or∣ders; which is properly called in English a De∣posing, or Degradation.

This is commonly for some hainous, or Ca∣pital Crime. And then the Minister is solemn∣ly stript by the Bishop of his Priestly Vestments in the presence of the Civil Magistrate, to whom he is then delivered to be Punished as a Lay-man for the like Offence.

THE CATALOGUE.

And first a List of Their Majesties Houshold-Officers and Servants, attending their present Service, according to the late Establish∣ment.

• LOrd Steward of the King's Houshold, Wil∣liam, Earl of Devonshire.
• The Lord Chamberlain, Charles, Earl of Dorset.
• The Master of the Horse, Henry Nassaw, Lord Overkirk.

In the Accompting House.

• Treasurer and Cofferer of the Houshold, Francis, Lord Viscount Newport.
• Comptroller, Thomas Wharton, Esquire.
• Master of the Houshold, Thomas Felton, Esq
• Clerks of the Greencloth, Sir William Forest∣er, Knight, Sir James Forbes, Knight.
• Clerks Comptrollers, Peter Isaac, Esq Thomas Vivian, Esq
• Yeomen, Petley Garnham, Charles Morgan.

• Grooms, Gilbert Thornburgh, John Shaw.
• Messenger, Henry Sampson.

Bakehouse.

• The Clerk, Henry Gascoigne, Esq
• Yeomen, Henry Hartloe, —
• Grooms, Edward Ball, William Walton.

Pantry.

• Gentleman and Yeoman, Richard Walker.
• Yeoman Mouth to the Queen, Charles Potter.
• Grooms, William Lingen, Thomas Whitmore, Charles Justice.

Cellar.

• Serjeant, Matthew Harvey, Esq
• Gentleman and Yeoman, Richard Dalton.
• Yeoman Mouth to the Queen, and Keeper of Ice and Snow, James Frontine.
• Joynt Grooms, Richard Jones, Francis Clark.
• Yeoman Field to the King, James Hyman.
• Yeoman Field to the Queen, Philip Lemon.
• Groom, Charles Watts.

Buttery.

• Gentleman and Yeoman, Peter Bechon.
• Yeoman, David Lloyd.
• Grooms, Henry Cockseidge, John Murray, Thomas Jones.

Spicery.

• Joint Clerks, Joseph Somner, Esq Charles Toll. Esq
• Purveyor, Peter la Vine.

Chandlery.

• Serjeant, Daniel Deering, Esq
• Yeomen, Richard Vokins, John Higham.
• Grooms, Richard Tull, Thomas Pavey, John Melon.

Confectionary.

• Yeomen, John Du Commun, Peter Mortimer.
• Grooms, Peter Derains, Richard Thurman.

Ewry.

• Yeomen, Benjamin Pordage, Josias Poulter.
• Grooms, Peter Berry, Edward Reddish.

Laundry.

• Laundress of the Table and Houshold Linnen, Mrs. Jane Potter.

Kings Privy Kitchin.

• Chief Clerk, James Clark, Esq
• Second Clerk, Charles Issac, Esq
• Third Clerk, Thomas Webb, Esq
• Master Cook, Patrick Lamb, Esq
• Yeoman of the Mouth, Ulrich Horitiner.

• Yeoman Pottagier, Joseph Centlivre.
• Grooms, John Lincicomb, James Beacher.
• Children, Gabriel Cooper, Phillip Drew.
• Two Scourers,
• Six Turn-broaches,
• One Door-keeper.

Queens Privy Kitchin.

• Master Cook, James Castres, Esq
• Yeoman of the Mouth, Stephen Leimbeck.
• Yeoman, Emanuel Hicks.
• Grooms, Leonard Welbeck, Arthur Beacher.
• Children, John Sell, William Golding.
• Two Scourers,
• Four Turn-broaches,
• One Door-keeper.

Houshold Kitchin.

• Master Cook, Henry Smith, Esq
• Yeoman, John Thompson.
• Groom, Henry Sandes.
• Children, John Prichard, William Arnold.
• Two Scourers,
• Four Turn-broaches,
• One Door-keeper.

Larder.

• Yeomen, Jasper Lisney, Luke Smith.
• Grooms, Nicholas Howard, John Whilden, Ro∣bert Bray.

Accatry.

• Serjeant, James Halsey, Esq
• Joint Clerks, Thomas Fox Esq Henry Lowman Esq
• Yeoman of the Salt Stores, Hugh Mayo.

Poultry.

• Clerk, Roger Jackson, Esq
• Yeoman, Andrew Whittingham.
• Grooms, Esme Clark, Anthony Scarlet.

Scalding-House.

• Yeomen, James Goodwinne, John Cranwell.
• Grooms, John Thornburgh, Henry York.

Pastry.

• Clerk, Matthew Perkins, Esq
• Yeomen, Patrick Lamb, Samuel Brown,
• Grooms, William Murray, —
• A Child,
• One Salsary-man,
• One Furner.

Scullery.

• Clerk, Robert Manning, Esq
• Yeomen, Thomas Hardyman, Francis Forrester.
• Grooms, James Tooth, Samuel Farley.
• Pages, Thomas Robinson, John Alsop.
• Children, James Rodd, Josuah Nightingale, Thomas Fox.
• Two Pan-keepers.

Wood-yard.

• Clerk, John Thompson, Esq
• Yeoman, Edward Siston.
• Grooms, Jaspar English, Leonard Hancock.

Almonry.

• Sub-Almoner, Jonathan Blagrave.
• Yeoman, Thomas Norris;
• Groom, Richard Bennet.

Ʋerge.

• Clerk, John Hardesty.
• Coroner, Robert White.

Harbingers.

• Gentlemen Harbingers, Matthew Whitfield, Esq William Tozer, Esq
• Yeomen, William Wall, Hugh Jones, Peter La Roche, James Tye, William Merrit.

Porters at the Gate.

• Serjeant Porter, Michael Hubbert, Esq
• Yeomen, John Dawson, Richard Miller, Charles Segar.
• Grooms, Aaron Kinton, John Gibbons, James Lovet.

Cartakers.

• Yeomen, Harold Miller, Charles Scoresby, John Zevenhoven.
• Grooms, Edward Kilmayne, Ralph Blackwell, John Pierman.

Officers of the Hall.

• Marshal, Charles Parsons.
• Daily Waiter, William Everal.
• Waiters, John Kemp, Thomas Moody.

Knight Marshal.

• Sir Edward Villiers, Kt.
• Five Marshals Men, Leicester, Ni∣chols, Bulstrode, Burt, Booth.

Cock and Cryer.

• ...William Sampson.

Porter at St. Jame's.

• Yeoman, Henry Rainsford.

Ʋnder the Lord Chamberlain.

• THe Vice-Chamberlain. Sir John Lowther, Knight.

The Cup-bearers.

• Sir John Pettus, Kt.
• Edward Lloyd, Esq
• James Compton, Esq
• Thomas Boteler, Esq

Carvers.

• Will. Champenies, Esq
• Clement Saunders, Esq
• Sir Rob. Killegrow.
• Jos. Rossington, Esq

Sewers.

• Richard Smith, Esq
• Robert Saintclair, Esq
• John Skelton, Esq
• Nicholas Fenn, Esq

Esquires of the Body.

• Henry Kingsmel, Esq
• Sir Tho. Granthan, Kt.

The Gentlemen Ushers of the Privy-Chamber.

• Henry Austin, Esq
• Sir John Eloes, Kt.
• Sir Edward Sutton, Kt.
• Spencer Gerard, Esq

Grooms of the Privy Chamber.

• Thomas Duppa, Esq
• Robert Thompson, Esq
• Christopher Jeffrys, Esq
• Humphrey Graves, Esq

Gentlemen Ushers, Daily Waiters.

• Sir Thomas Duppa, Kt. and Black Rod.
• Fleetwood Sheppard, Esq
• Jeremy Bubb, Esq and
• David Michel, Esq

Gentlemen Ushers, Quarter Waiters.

• Robert Jeggon, Esq
• Henry Cooling, Esq
• Francis Ashton, Esq
• Robert Murray, Esq
• Jeremy Chaplain, Esq
• James Meyrick, Esq
• William Smith Esq
• Alex. Griffith, Esq

Barbers.

• Mr. Simon de Brienne.
• Mr. William Fremin.

Pages.

• Mr. John Fen,
• Mr. John Dawson,
• Mr. Alex. Reynold,
• Mr. Charles Segar.

To the Great Chamber.

Grooms, or Messengers.

• ...William Whitmore,
• ...Henry Rogers,
• ...Edward Kennet,
• ...Charles Sheppard,
• ...Edward Cooper,
• ...Richard Llewellin,
• ...Josias Sewe••,
• ...Amandy Houwart,
• ...Richard Sherer,
• ...Adam Lisney,
• ...Humphrey Ambler,
• ...Michael Michel.
• ...Arnold Waldwyn,
• ...James Cook.

The Gentlemen of the King's Bed-Chamber.

• William, Earl of Portland, Groom of the Stole, and first Gentleman of the Bed-Chamber,
• ...James, Duke of Ormond,
• ...Charles, Earl of Monmouth,
• ...Charles, Earl of Shelkirk,
• ...Henry, ••iscount Sidney,
• ...James, Earl of Drumlangrig,
• ...John, Earl of Clare.
• ...John, Earl of Marlborough,
• ...Richard, Earl of Scarborough.

48 Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber in Ordinary.

• The Right Honoura∣ble the Earl of Mount∣alexander.
• The Right Honoura∣ble the Lord Vis∣count Buttavant.
• Sir William Haward, Kt.
• Sir Walter Plunket, Kt.
• Sir Jam. Humbleton, Kt.
• Sir Purbeck Temple, Kt.
• Sir Matth. Andrews, Bar.
• Charles Nich. Eyre, Esq
• Sir Ja. Chamberlen, Bar.
• Sir Phillip Coote, Kt.
• Sir Robert Barkham, Bar.
• Sir Thomas Piers, Bar.
• William Hambleton, Esq
• Sir Robert Bacon, Bar.

• Sir James Caldvel, Bar.
• Sir John Ashfeild, Kt.
• Sir Thomas Wiseman, Kt.
• Sir John Clayton, Kt.
• Sir William Waler, Kt.
• Sir John Sparrow, Kt.
• Edward Bulwer, Esq
• Charles Ridegrew, Esq
• John Spicer, Esq
• Dalby Thomas, Esq
• Sabaya Coal, Esq
• Sir Francis Lawly, Bar.
• Sir Tho. Grantham, Kt.
• Sir John Morton, Bar.
• John Duval, Esq
• Sir Thomas Ogle, Kt.
• Sir Char. Rawleigh, Kt.
• Sir Edward Sutton, Kt.
• Sir John Elloways, Kt.
• Sir Edmond Andros, Kt.
• Edward Randolph, Esq
• Roger Whitley, Esq
• James Hambleton, Esq
• Bezaleel Knight, Esq
• Thomas Wheate, Esq
• Tracy Ketchmay, Esq
• Peter Stepkin, Esq
• Sir Edw. Eveling, Bar.
• Sir Jame Clark, Kt.
• Sir Robert Killegrew.
• William Killegrew, Esq
• The Honourable Ar∣thur Annesly, Esq
• James Colley, Esq
• Sir Francis Vincent, Kt.

Grooms of the Bed-Chamber.

• Charles Trelawney, Col.
• John Sayers, Esq
• Piercy Kirke, Esq
• Adrian Van Borcelan, Esq
• Hatton Compton, Esq
• Emanuel Scroophow, Esq
• James Stanley, Esq

Pages of the Bed-Chamber, or Back-Stairs.

• Mr. Maximilian van Amen.
• Mr. John Sewel,
• Mr. William Watson,
• Mr. John Smith,
• Mr. Benjamin De la Fontain,
• Mr. Randolph Kegne.

The Secretaries of State.

• ...Daniel, Earl of Nottingham.
• ...Henry, Lord Viscount Sidney.

Clerks of the Signet.

• Sir John Nicholas, Kt.
• Nicholas Morris, Esq
• Sir Will. Trumbal, Kt.
• John Gauntlet, Esq

Master of the Great Wardrobe.

• ...Ralph, Earl of Montague.
• His Deputy, Robert Nott, Esq
• The Clerk, Laurence Townsend, Esq

Master of the Robes.

• ...Mounsieur Zulesteyn.
• Clerk of the Robes, James Gibbons.
• The Yeoman, — Bransenbargh.
• The Grooms, Gilbert Spencer, Benjamin Drake.
• Brusher, Patrick Williams.
• Page of the Robes, Charles Bland.

Master of the Jewel-house.

• Sir Francis Lawley, Bar.

Treasurer of the Chamber.

• Sir Rowland Gwyn.

Privy Purse.

• William, Earl of Portland, Groom of the Stole.

Master of the Ceremonies.

• Sir Charles Cotterel, Kt.
• His Assistant and Marshal, — La Bache.

Kings of Arms.

• Sir Thomas S. George, Knight Garter.
• Sir Henry S. George, Knight Clarencieux.
• Sir John Dugdale, Kt. ••arroy.

Heralds of Arms.

• Robert Devenish, Esq York Herald.
• Henry Dethick, Esq Richmond Herald.
• Francis Burghill, Esq Somerset Herald.
• Thomas Holford, Esq Windsor Herald.
• Gregory King, Esq Lancaster Herald.
• Charles Mawson, Esq Chester Herald.

Pursuivants of Arms.

• John Gibbon, Bluemantle.
• Peerse Mauduit, Rougedragon.
• Laurence Cromp, Portcullis.
• Peter Le Neve, Rougecroix.

Serjeants at Arms.

• Sir Roger Harsnet, Kt.
• Thomas Topham, Esq
• John Topham, Esq
• Edmund Williamson, Esq
• Orlan. Fitz. Symous, Esq
• John Temple, Esq
• Thomas Charnock, Esq
• Richard Shoreditch, Esq
• Philip Ryley, Esq

Groom Porter.

• Thomas Neal, Esq

Master of the Revels.

• Henry Killegrew, Esq
• His Yeoman, — Harris.

Knight Harbinger.

• Simon Smith, Esq

Keeper of the Standing Wardrobe.

• — Child, Esq

Keeper of the Removing Wardrobe.

• —
• Yeoman, Thomas Sackvill, Esq
• Grooms, Peter Humes, Jonathan Chase.
• Pages, Thomas Taylor, Michael Ballow, Christo∣pher Smith.
• Keeper of the private Armory, Peter Beaubuis∣son.
• Surveyor of the Chamber, and Dresser, George Wellington.
• House-Keeper at Whitehall, Piercy Kirk, Esq
• Theater-Keeper at Whitehall, John Clark.
• Gallery-Keepers, Richard Champion, William Pawlet.

Messengers in Ordinary.

• George Bromwich, Clerks of the Checque.
• Samuel Clark, Clerks of the Checque.
• ...Philip Maddox,
• ...Henry Legat,
• ...Thomas Smith,
• ...Thomas Beak,
• ...St. John Taylor,
• ...Henry Evans.
• ...James Kitson,
• ...George Collings,
• ...Ralph Young,
• ...Simon Chapman,
• ...William Sharp,
• ...Samuel Cook,

• ...Francis Clark,
• ...Edward Gibs,
• ...Stephen Gythins,
• ...Henry Allen,
• ...Christopher Seymour,
• ...John Freeman,
• ...Charles Keynge,
• ...Robert Knowles,
• ...Nicholas Hill,
• ...John Thompson,
• ...Thomas Davis,
• ...William Richardson,
• ...Ralph Gibs,
• ...John Loggins,
• ...Joh Bale,
• ...William Knight,
• ...James Manners,
• ...John Jones,
• ...Henry Sheldon,
• ...John Symonds,
• ...Peter Newlyn,
• ...William Sutton.
• ...George Fry,
• ...Richard Poyke,
• ...John King,
• ...George Shipside,
• ...Charles Maris,
• ...Peter Marisco.
• Messenger of the Press, Robert Stephens.

Master Faulconer.

• ...Charles, Duke of S. Albans.
• Sergeant of the Hawks, William Russel, Esq

Master of the Hart and Buck-hounds.

• James de Gastigny, Esq

Rangers.

• Of S. James's Park, John, Earl of Bath.
• Of Hide-Park, William Chiffinch, Esq
• Master of the Barges, — Warner.
• Master of the Tennis Courts, Captain Thomas Cook.

The King's Physicians.

• Dr. John Hutton,
• Dr. Charles Frazier,
• Dr. William Stokehan.
• Dr. Thomas Goodman.

Apothecaries.

• ...John Chace
• ...Abraham Rottermond,
• Dr. John Jones.
• —

Surgeons.

• William van Loon, Esq Surgeon to his Ma∣jesties Person.
• Charles Peter, Surgeon of the Houshold.

To which add,

• Principal Painter, John Riley, Esq
• Poet Laureate, Thomas Shadwell, Esq
• Hydrographer, John Seller.
• Library-Keeper, Henry Thynne, Esq
• Bookseller, Major Will. Churchill.
• Publick Notary. —

Officers of the Works.

• Surveyor General, Sir Christopher Wren.
• Master of the Mechanicks, Sir Samuel Mor∣land.
• Comptroller, William Talman, Esq
• Pay-master, Thomas Lloyd, Esq

Clerks of the Works.

• ...Leo. Gamon,
• ...Henry Symons,
• ...Charles Browne,
• ...John Scarborough,
• ...Henry Winstanly,
• ...Nicholas Hawksmoor.
• Mason, John Oliver.
• Carpenter, Matthew Banks.
• Sergeant Painter, Robert Streeter.

• Sergeant Plummer, Charles Atherton.
• Bricklayer, Maurice Emet.
• Joyner, Alexander Froth.
• Glazier, William Ireland.
• Plaisterer, John Grove.

Other Tradesmen, sworn Servants to his Majesty.

• Jeweller, Sir Francis Child.
• Goldsmith, Bernard Eale.
• Mercer, —
• Draper, James Smithsby.
• Watch-maker, Thomas Herbert.

Officers and Servants under the Master of the Horse.

• The Avener, and Clark Marshal.
• Anthony Row, Esq

Querries, or Ecquerries.

• Sir Henry Hobart, Bar.
• Henry Ireton, Esq
• John Letten, Esq
• Thomas Butler, Esq
• Thomas Fairfax, Esq
• James Cockain, Esq
• Peter Lorin Gram∣mar, Esq

Pages of Honour.

• Joost Capel, Esq
• Nicholas Needham, Esq
• Charles Dormer. Esq
• Sergeant of the Carriages, James Du Peron.

• Master of the Studs, and Surveyor of the Race, Michael Studholme.
• Surveyor of the Stables, Francis Negus.
• The Riding Surveyor, Robert Hayes.
• Clerk of the Avery, Robert Manley.
• Yeoman of the Stirrup, Peter Paul Jeundcalf.
• The Yeomen Riders, John Walfraet.
• Clerk of the Stables, Euvestre Jollyvet.
• Sergeant Farrier, Andrew Snape.
• Marshal Farrier, Andrew Snape, Junior.
• Yeoman Farrier, Richard Snape.
• Groom Farriers, John Willis, Humphrey Bannes, William Harris.
• Esquire Saddler, John Rawlins.
• Yeoman Saddler, Laurence Schacht.
• Groom-Saddler, Francis Francklyn.
• Coach-maker, Samuel Aubery.
• Purveyors and Granitors, Anthony Row, Arthur Powell, Robert Bainton.
• Riding Purveyor, Richard Pye.
• Keeper of the Mews, Brian Conery.
• The three other Keepers, John Robson, Thomas Eagle, West Young.
• The Coachmen, Derick Stork, Jacob de Grave, Robert Young, William Welsh, Samuel Kelby, William Noble.
• The Footmen, George Sewell, John Haycock, Henry Callop, John Davis, Isaac White, Tho∣mas Hall, Richard Sampson, John Cooper, John Scarping, Giles Vandreburg, Jacob Wi∣gering, John Watke, Abraham Barton, Cren

• ...Hendrick Bed, Daniel van Breda, John van Leven.

A List of the Gentlemen Pensio∣ners, under

Their Captain.

• ...John, Lord Lovelace.
• Lieutenant, Henry Heveningham, Esq
• Standard-bearer, Boucher Fane, Esq
• Clerk of the Checque, Robert Manley, Esq
• Thomas Hales, Esq
• ...Abraham Clerk,
• ...John Hubbart,
• ...Walter Baker,
• ...Sir Ger. Fleetwood,
• ...Daniel Vivian,
• ...Thomas Chid,
• Sir Tho. Knyveton, Bar.
• ...Charles Turner,
• ...William Rolls,
• ...Abraham Carter,
• ...Amb. Seckum,
• ...John Cooper,
• ...Abraham Duplex.
• ...Thomas Orme.
• ...John Tidcomb,
• ...Charles Norton,
• ...Thomas Butler,
• ...Thomas Pyrke,
• ...Paul Colton,
• ...Alexander Barham.
• ...Charles Summer,
• ...Edward Wroth,
• ...Henry Paget,
• ...Philip Reeves,
• ...John Grub,
• ...Thomas Freckleton,
• ...Henry Bowyer,
• ...Thomas Musgrave,
• ...Henry Lenny,
• ...Henry Purefoy,
• ...William Pitts,
• ...Nicholas Arnold,
• Sir Christopher Hum∣phreville, Kt.
• ...William Spencer,
• ...Thomas Lloyd,
• ...Sterry Knyveton,
• ...Stephen Ashton,
• ...Benjamin Stroude,
• ...William Cook.
• Their Pay-master is William Smith, Esq
• The Gentleman Harbinger, Ceorge Shipway.

A List of the Yeomen of the Gard-Officers.

The Captain.

• Charles, Earl of Manchester.
• Lieutenant, Thomas Howard, Esq
• Ensign, Thomas Maul, Esq
• Clerk of the Checque, — Clerk.

The Corporals.

• ...Robert Sayers,
• ...William Haughton,
• — Uphill,
• — Bigg.

Officers of the four Troops of Horse.

(First Troop.)

The Captain.

• ...Richard Earl of Scarborough.

Lieutenants.

• ...Edmund Ashton,
• ...Robert Binns,
• ...George Colmondly.

Cornet, and Guidon.

• ...Sir Thomas Beaumont,
• ...Charles Butler.

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Exempts.

• ...Stephen Dyer,
• ...John Bayns,
• ...Thomas Wilford,
• ...John Goddard.

Brigadiers.

• ...Clement Arminger,
• ...Anthony Morgan.
• ...Philip Cheviuyz,
• ...John West.

Adjutant.

• ...William Oglethorpe.

Sub-Brigadiers.

• ...John Middleton,
• ...Anthony Craggs,
• ...Samuel Wells,
• ...William Barns.

(Second Troop.)

The Captain.

• ...James, Duke of Ormond.

Lieutenants.

• ...Lord Fairfax,
• ...Lewis Billingsly.

Cornet, and Guidon.

• ...Henry Boyle,
• ...Norris B••rtie.

Exempts.

• ...George Collingwood,
• ...Robert Watson,
• ...Thomas Smith,
• ...Gilbert Edward.

Brigadiers.

• ...Theodore Dager,
• ...James Butler,
• ...James Cornard,
• ...John Petree.
• Adjutant, Theophilus Wildgoose.

Sub-Brigadiers.

• ...Meredith Felton,
• ...Adrian Fulgham,
• ...John Walkadine,
• ...John Denty.

(Third Troop.)

The Captain.

• ...John Earl of Marlborough.

Lieutenants.

• ...Edmund Maine,
• ...John Lord Berkley.

Cornet, and Guidon.

• ...George Churchill,
• ...Hat. Compton.

Exempts.

• ...William Springall,
• ...William Molton,
• ...Thomas Obryan,
• ...Benjamin Monger.

• Adjutant, —

Brigadiers.

• ...Ralph Barrow,
• ...John Peachy,
• ...William Holmes,
• ...Henry Snary.

Sub-Brigadiers.

• ...Charles Williams,
• ...William Maddox,
• ...William Taylor,
• ...Lom. Hansburgh.

(Fourth Troop.)

The Captain.

• ...My Lord Overkirk.

Lieutenants.

• Capt. Heer Latan,
• Capt. Heer Posterne.
• Cornet, Capt. La Lech.

Exempts.

• Capt. Menes,
• Capt. La Rue,
• Capt. Goris.
• Capt. —

Brigadiers.

• Capt. Vander Horst,
• Capt. Wegervoort
• Capt. Eresteyn,
• Capt. Mels.

Sub-Brigadiers.

• Capt. Verhorst,
• Capt. Ruysen,
• Capt. Van Geen,
• Capt. Katterpole.

The Lieutenants of the Grana∣diers belonging to the three first Troops.

• In the first Troop, Thomas Guy, and William Oglethorpe.
• In the second, Richard Potter, and John Mar∣shal.
• In the third, James Bringfield, and — Butler.

The Chaplains, and Surgeons.

• Chaplain to the first Troop, Francis Blackston.
• To the second, John Hartstonge.
• To the third, William Rolls.

• Surgeon to the first Troop, John Brown.
• To the second, Abraham Rousseau.
• To the third, Gabriel Jones.
• To the fourth, — Schr••nbe.

A List of the Officers of the Ox∣ford Regiment.

Captains.

• Aub. Earl of Oxford, Col.
• Sir Francis Compton, Lieut. Col.
• Henry Boade, Major.
• ...Edwin Sands,
• ...Charles Adderly,
• ...John Took,
• ...Rowland Selby,
• — Kirk,
• ...Davenport Lucy.

Lieutenants.

• ...Warlf. Cornwall,
• ...Edward Green,
• ...William Ascough,
• — Eaton,
• — Mortimer,
• ...Robert Millington,
• ...Richard Leigh,
• — Eaton,
• ...Edward Johnson.

Cornets.

• ...Thomas Coningsby,
• — Sydenham,
• — Mazin,
• — Middlecoat,
• — Nichols,
• — Marsham,
• — Wroth,
• — White,
• ...Daniel Moor.

Quarter-Masters.

• — Bryan,
• — Mund,
• — Britting,
• — Cardiff,
• — Harrison,
• — Mountford,
• — Stow,
• — Lloyd,
• ...Samuel Neath.

Here follows a List of the principal Officers of the Foot-Gards.

Of the First Regiment.

Note, that where the Officers Names are in the Roman Letter, they pro∣perly belong to the Granadiers.

Captains.

• Henry Viscount Sidney, Col.
• Sir Charles Harah, Lieut. Col.
• William Matthews, Ma∣jor.
• ...Richard Dalavell,
• ...Sir Francis Wheler,
• ...Edward Warcup,
• ...George Hamilton,
• ...Edward Rouse,
• George Villiers,
• Charles Robinson,
• ...Francis Saynds,
• ...Anthony Hastings,
• ...Charles Henn,
• ...Edward Hastings,
• ...John Greenvill,
• ...George Wingfield,
• John Bristow.
• ...Francis Eaton,
• ...John Seymour,
• ...Charles Cludel,
• ...Robert Smith,
• ...Matthew How,
• — Stanly,
• — Progers,
• — Webb,
• — Curthope,
• ...Thomas King,
• — Farewell.

Lieutenants.

• — Harrison,
• ...John Dalavel,
• ...Peter Wheeler,
• ...Charles Gorsouch,
• ...John Bucknel,
• ...Nathaniel Stroud,
• ...George Primrose,
• ...Charles Slaggins,

• ...Richard Dalby,
• ...Charles Lewis,
• ...William Ashton,
• ...John Morice,
• ...John Upcot,
• ...Jo. Throgmorton,
• ...Francis Manly,
• ...Thomas Hotson,
• ...John Forster,
• ...Thomas Seymour,
• ...David Eaton,
• ...Eb. Bucknel,
• ...Edward Warcup,
• ...Sir William Queriston,
• — Russel,
• ...Matthew Palmer,
• ...Adam Saynds,
• — Leslie,
• ...Charles Povy,
• ...Fr. Luppincott,
• ...William Herlakinden,
• ...Matthew Adams,
• ...Henry Wine.

Ensigns.

• — Villiers,
• ...William Evans,
• — Rawly,
• — Courtney,
• ...Francis Fawcet,
• — Austin,
• ...Francis Purcel,
• — Rauney,
• ...Samuel Danvers,
• ...Samuel Swannock,
• ...Edward Matthews,
• ...Anthony Hastings,
• ...William Goddard,
• ...John Chripgny,
• ...Thomas Leighton,
• ...Richard Berkley,
• — Games,
• ...Matthew Dixwell,
• ...Charles Griffiffe,
• ...John Jane,
• ...Anthony Gaudy,
• ...John Pickering,
• — Filks,
• ...David Lloyd.

As for the second and third Regiments of Foot-Gards, I have not been able to get a time∣ly List of their respective Officers. So I am forced to cut short, by telling you only, that the second Regiment, formerly the Earl of Cra∣vens, is now commanded in chief by Colonel Talmash; and the third Regiment, being the blue flegiment of Dutch Gards, by Count Solms.

A List of Their Majesties Servants in the Chappel Royal, at Whitehall.

The Dean.

• ...Henry Lord Bishop of London.

Sub-Dean.

• ...Mr. Ralph Battle.

Clerk of the Closet.

• ...Dr. John Tillotson.

The Priests of the Chappel.

• Mr. Stephen Chrispian,
• Mr. Confessor of the
• Mr. Houshold,
• Mr. John Sayer,
• Mr. George Yordeley,
• Mr. Blase White,
• Mr. James Hart,
• Mr. Andrew Trebeck,
• Mr. John Gostlling,
• Mr. Sa. Bentham, &c.

The Clerks of the Chappel.

• Mr. Leonard Woodson,
• Mr. Deacon.
• Mr. Tho. Richardson,
• Mr. Geo. Bettenham.
• Mr. Edw. Braddock,
• Mr. Clerk of the Checque. st,
• Mr. James Cobb,
• Mr. Alphonso Marsh,
• Mr. Nath. Watking,
• Mr. John Goodgroome,
• Mr. Joseph Boucher,
• Mr. Nath. Vestment,
• Mr. William Turner.

The Organists.

• Dr. William Child,
• Dr. John Blow, Master of the Children,
• Mr. Henry Purcel.

• Sergeant of the Vesstry, Henry Parker.
• Yeoman, Marmaduke Alford.
• Groom, George Oulner.
• Bell-ringer, William Sampson.
• Organ-Blower, —

To the Chappel are also referred

• The Lord Almoner, Bishop of S. Asaph.
• The Sub-Almoner, Mr. Blagrave.

The 48 Chaplains in Ordinary. Viz.

• March. Dr. Horneck,
• March. Dr. Bright,
• March. Dr. Kiddar,
• March. Dr. Fowler.
• April. Dr. Sharpe,
• April. Dr. Paine,
• April. Dr. Young,
• April. Dr. Mills,
• May. Dr. Brograve,
• May. Dr. Scott,
• May. Dr. Aldridge,
• May. Dr. Wake.
• June. Dr. Fuller,
• June. Dr. Grove,
• June. Dr. Herne,
• June. Dr. Bayly.
• July. Dr. Hescard,
• July. Dr. Meggot,
• July. Dr. Hesketh,
• July. Mr. Brampston.
• August. Mr. Gee,
• August. Mr. Dent,
• August. Dr. Williams.

• Septemb. Mr. Manning∣ham,
• Septemb. Dr. Craddock,
• Septemb. Dr. Edwards,
• Septemb. Mr. Staino.
• October. Mr. Wickart,
• October. Dr. Beveridge,
• October. Dr. Hickman.
• October. Dr. Turner.
• Novemb. Dr. Jane,
• Novemb. Dr. Littleton,
• Novemb. Dr. Hall,
• Novemb. Dr. Doughty.
• Decemb. Dr. Roise,
• Decemb. Dr. Pelling,
• Decemb. Dr. Freeman,
• Decemb. Mr. Blagrave,
• January. Dr. Lambe,
• January. Dr. Birch,
• January. Dr. Hooper,
• January. Mr. Wiggan.
• February. Mr. Feilding,
• February. Dr. Bringhurst,
• February. Mr. Brabant,
• February. Dr. Tennison.

At S. James's Chappel.

• Two Chaplains.
  • Mr. John Smith,
  • Mr. John Pullen.
• The Chappel Keeper, John Richardson.
• The Closet Keeper, —

A List of the Officers and Servants of the Queens Houshold.

Lord Chamberlain.

• ...The Marquess of Winchester.

Vice-Chamberlain.

• John How, Esq

Principal Secretary.

• Abel Tasien d' Allonne, Esq

Cup-Bearers.

• John Stanley, Esq
• George Watson, Esq

Carvers.

• Charles Nicholas Eyre, Esq
• Thomas Lister, Esq

Sewers.

• Henry Mordant, Esq
• Edward Heron, Esq

Gentlemen Ushers of the Privy-Chamber.

• Thomas Walsingham, Esq
• Philip Bertue, Esq
• Oliver de la Muce, Esq

Gentlemen Ushers, Daily Waiters.

• Henry Bulstrode, Esq
• Charles Sawyers, Esq
• John Remy de Montig∣gny, Esq

Gentlemen-Ushers, Quarterly Waiters.

• Charles Lloyd, Esq
• William Oldes, Esq
• Thomas Paltock, Esq
• Simon Archer, Esq

Grooms of the Privy Chamber.

• Mr. Michael East,
• Mr. John Marsh,
• Mr. Thomas Herbert,
• Mr. Anthony Casan.

Pages of the Presence.

• Mr. Bernard Gales,
• Mr. Abraham Kempe.

Page of the Robes.

• Mr. John Ketell.

Pages of the Back-Stairs.

• Mr. James Worthing∣ton,
• Mr. John Jones,
• Mr. Peter van Lewen,
• Mr. Daniel Pulse,
• Mr. Hamlet Kirk,
• Mr. Richard Brad∣ley.

Grooms of the Great Chamber.

• Mr. Randolph Sparrow,
• Mr. William Snow,
• Mr. John Viccars,
• Mr. Rowland Pierce,
• Mr. John Willson,
• Mr. Matthew Clarke.

Physician.

• Sir Charles Scarborow, Kt.

Apothecary.

• ...Christian Harel.

Clerk of the Closet.

• William Stanley, D. D.

Treasurer and Receiver General.

• Richard, Earl of Bellomont.
• His Clerk, Mr. Edward Godfrey.

Auditor General.

• Edward Clarke, Esq
• His Clerk, —
• Messengers, Timothy Goodwin, Richard Hancoc
• Porter of the Back Stairs, David Harris.
• Master of the Barges, Mr. Christopher Hill.
• Four and Twenty Watermen.

Officers and Servants of the Stables.

Master of the Horse.

• Sir Edward Villiers, Kt.

Ecquerries.

• Charles Goltstein, Esq
• Henry Killigrew, Esq
• Charles May, Esq

Pages of Honour.

• John Broeckhuysen, Esq
• George Fielding, Esq

• Purveyor, Anthony Rowe, Esq
• Yeoman Rider, John Lauze, Esq
• Yeomen of the Carriages, Mr. Joseph Hough.

Coachmen.

• ...Wessel Bosshof,
• ...Christopher Ronch,
• ...Herman Vanswell,
• ...Lender Snellard,
• ...John Catchlove.
• —

Grooms.

• ...Thomas Clarke,
• ...Thomas Millet.

Footmen.

• ...Samuel Clarke,
• ...John Trantur,
• ...Benjamin Booth,
• ...Robert Howe,
• ...Isaac Grafar,
• ...Jacob Finke,
• ...William Causey,
• ...Herman Bongurs,
• ...Jacob van Woestine,
• ...Benjam in Ramsey.

Chair-men.

• ...Thomas Chamberlain,
• ...Benjamin Cotton,
• ...Oswald Fawne,
• ...Robert Giddins.
• Bottleman, Henry Gardies.
• Groom Farrier, Andrew Snape.
• Groom Saddler, John Bignell.

Her Majesties Women Servants.

Groom of the Stole, and Lady of the Robes.

• ...Elizabeth Countefs of Derby.

Ladies of the Bed-Chamber.

• ...Gertrude, Marchioness of Hallifax,
• ...Mary, Marchioness of Winchester,
• ...Mary, Countess of Dorset,
• ...Bridget, Countess of Pli∣mouth,
• ...Frances, Countess of Scar∣borough.

Maids of Honour.

• Mrs. Eleonora Francklin,
• Mrs. Stewart Walburt Howard.
• Mrs. Mary Villiers.
• Mrs. Mary Compton,
• Mrs. Jane Martha Tem∣ple,
• Mrs. Anne Greenvill.

Women of the Bed-Chamber.

• Mrs. Anna van Golt∣stein,
• Mrs. Cary Jesson,
• Mrs. Dorothy Cason,
• Mrs. Agnes Uygh,
• Mrs. Rachel Wynd∣ham,
• Mrs. Martha Lockhar••.
• Laundress, Mrs. Elizabeth Worthington.
• Seamstress and Stearcher, Mrs. Dorothy Ireland.
• Necessary Women, Elizabeth Wiele, Anne Daw∣hurst.

A List of the present Nobility, and Bishops.

Where you find the Star prefixt, the Title was conferred by His present Majesty.

Princes of the Blood.

• PRince GEORGE of Denmark, Duke of Cum∣berland.
• * William Duke of Glocester, his Son.

Dukes 13.

• Henry Howard, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal o•• England.
• Charles Seymour, Duke of Somerset.

• Henry Cavendish Duke of Newcastle.
• Charles Leons Duke of Richmond.
• Charles Fitz-Roy Duke of Southampton.
• Henry Fitz-Roy Duke of Grafton.
• James Butler Duke of Ormond.
• Henry Somerset Duke of Beaufert.
• George Fitz-Roy Duke of Northumberland.
• Charles Beauclair Duke of S. Albans.
• James Fitz James Duke of Berwick.
• Charles Pawlet Duke of Bolton.
• Charles Schombergh Duke of Schombrgh.

Marquesses 3.

• George Savile Marquess of Hallifax.
• William Herbert Marquess of Powis.
• * Thomas Osborne Marquess of Carmarthen, Lord President of the Council.

Earls 71.

• Aubre de Vere Earl of Oxford.
• Charles Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury.
• Anthony Grey Earl of Kent.
• William Stanley Earl of Derby.
• John Manners Earl of Rutland.
• Theophilus Hastings Earl of Huntingdon.
• William Russel Earl of Bedford.
• Thomas Herbert Earl of Pembroke.
• Edward Clinton, Earl of Lincoln.
• George Howard Earl of Suffolk.
• Charles Sackvile Earl of Dorset, Lord Chamber∣lain of the Houshold.
• James Cecill Earl of Salisbury.
• John Cecill Earl of Exeter.
• John Egerton Earl of Bridgwater.

• Philip Sidney Earl of Leicester.
• George Compton Earl of Northampton.
• Edward Rich Earl of Warwick.
• William Cavendish Earl of Devonshire, Lord Steward of the Houshold.
• Basil Fielding Earl of Denbigh.
• John Digby Earl of Bristol.
• John Holles Earl of Clare.
• Pawlet St. John Earl of Bolingbroke.
• Charles Fane Earl of Westmorland.
• Charles Mountague. Earl of Manchester.
• Thomas Howard Earl of Berkshire.
• John Sheffield Earl of Mulgrave.
• Thomas Savage Earl Rivers.
• Robert Bertie Earl of Lindsey, Lord Great Cham∣berlain of England.
• Henry Mordant Earl of Peterborough.
• Thomas Grey Earl of Stamford.
• Charles Finch Earl of Winchelsea.
• Evelyn Pierpoint Earl of Kingston.
• Charles Dormer Earl of Carnarvan.
• Philip Stanhope Earl of Chesterfield.
• Thomas Tufton Earl of Thanet.
• William Wentworth Earl of Strafford.
• Robert Spencer Earl of Sunderland.
• Robert Leke Earl of Starsdale.
• Edward Mountague Earl of Sandwich.
• Henry Hyde Earl of Clarendon.
• Algernon Capel Earl of Essex.
• Robert Brudenel Earl of Cardigan.
• James Annesley Earl of Anglesey.
• John Granvile Earl of Bath.
• Edward Howard Earl of Carlisle.
• William Craven Earl of Craven.
• Thomas Bruce Earl of Ailesbury.
• Richard Boyle Earl of Burlington.
• Anthony Ashley Cooper Earl of Shaftsbury.

• Edward Henry Lee Earl of Lichfield.
• Thomas Lennard Earl of Sussex.
• Lewis de Duras Earl of Feversham.
• Charles Gerard Earl of Macclesfield.
• Charles-Bodvile Roberts Earl of Radner.
• William Paston Earl of Yarmouth.
• George Berkeley Earl of Berkeley.
• Daniel Finch Earl of Nottingham.
• Laurence Hyde Earl of Rochester.
• James Bertie Earl of Abingdon.
• Baptist Noel Earl of Gainsborough.
• Coniers D' Accie Earl of Holderness.
• Other Windsor Earl of Plimouth.
• Francis Ratcliff Earl of Derwentwater.
• Henry Howard Earl of Stafford.
• William Bentinck Earl of Portland.
• Thomas Bellassise Earl of Falconberg.
• * Charles Mordant Earl of Monmouth.
• * Ralph Mountague Earl of Mountague.
• * John Churchill Earl of Marlborow.
• * Arthur Herbert Earl of Torrington.
• * Richard Lumley, Earl of Scarborough.
• * Henry Booth, Earl of Warrington.

Viscounts 9.

• Edward Devereux Viscount Hereford.
• Francis Brown Viscount Mountague.
• William Fiennes Viscount Say and Selc.
• Francis Newport Viscount Newport.
• Charles Townesend Viscount Townesend.
• Thomas Thynne Viscount Weymouth.
• Christopher Hatton Viscount Hatton.
• Henry Sidney Viscount Sidney.
• Henry Yelverton, Vscount Longueville.

Barons 66.

• George Nevill Lord Abergaveny.
• James Touchet Lord Audley.
• Robert Bertie Lord Willoughby of Eresby.
• John West Lord de la Ware.
• Charles Berkely Lord Berkeley of Berkeley.
• Thomas Parker Lord Morley.
• Robert Shirley Lord Ferrers.
• Charles Mildmay Lord Fitzwalter.
• William Stourton Lord Stourton.
• Ralph Eure Lord Eure.
• Philip Wharton Lord Wharton.
• Thomas Willoughby Lord Willoughby of Par∣ham.
• William Paget Lord Paget.
• Francis Howard Lord Howard of Effingham.
• Charles North Lord North.
• James Bruges Lord Chandos.
• Robert Carey Lord Hunsden.
• Robert Sidney Lord Sidney of Penshurst.
• Thomas Petre Lord Petre.
• Charles Gerard Lord Gerard.
• Henry Arundel Lord Arundel of Wardour.
• Christopher Roper Lord Tenham.
• Foulk Grevil Lord Brook.
• Ford Gray Lord Gray.
• John Lovelace Lord Lovelace.
• John Pawlet Lord Pawlet.
• William Maynard Lord Maynard.
• Thomas Coventry Lord Coventry.
• William Howard Lord Howard of Escrick.
• Charles Mohun Lord Mohun.
• Henry Herbert Lord Herbert of Cherbury.
• Thomas Leigh Lord Leigh.

• Thomas Jermin Lord Jermin.
• William Byron Lord Byron.
• John Vaughan Lord Vaughan.
• Francis Carrington Lord Carrington.
• William Widdrington Lord Widdrington.
• Edward Ward Lord Ward.
• John Culpeper Lord Culpeper.
• Charles Boyle Lord Clifford of Lanesborough.
• Robert Lucas Lord Lucas.
• Henry Bellassise Lord Bellassise.
• Edward Watson Lord Rockingham.
• Robert Sutton Lord Lexington.
• Marmaduke Langdale Lord Langdale.
• John Berkeley Lord Berkeley of Stratton.
• Charles Granvile Lord Granvile.
• Francis Holles Lord Holles.
• Charles Cornwallis Lord Cornwallis.
• Thomas Crew Lord Crew.
• John Arundel Lord Arundell of Trerice.
• Hugh Clifford Lord Clifford of Chudleigh.
• Peregrine Osborn, Lord Osborn.
• George Carteret Lord Carteret.
• John Bennet Lord Ossulston.
• George Legg Lord Dartmouth.
• Giles Allington Lord Allington.
• John Stawell Lord Stawell.
• Francis North Lord Guilford.
• ••idney Godolphin Lord Godolphin.
• ••lenry Jermin Lord Dover.
• ••ohn Jeffreys Lord Jeffreys.
• ••enry Waldegrave Lord Waldegrave.
• ••dward Griffin Lord Griffin.
• Hugh Cholmondley Lord Cholmondley.
• John Ashburnham Lord Ashburnham.

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Archbishops 2, and Bishops 24.

• Dr. William Sandcroft, Lord Archbishop of Can∣terbury.
• Dr. Thomas Lampleugh, Lord Archbishop of York.
• Dr. Henry Compton, L. Bishop of London.
• Dr. Nathaniel Crew, L. Bishop of Durham.
• Dr. Peter Mew, L. Bishop of Winchester.
• Dr. Herbert Crofts, L. Bishop of Hereford.
• Dr. Thomas Wood, L. Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.
• Dr. William Lloyd, L. Bishop of Norwich.
• Dr. Thomas Barlow, L. Bishop of Lincoln.
• Dr. William Beau, L. Bishop of Landaff.
• Dr. William Lloyd, L. Bishop of S. Asaph.
• Dr. Robert Frampton, L. Bishop of Glocester.
• Dr. Francis Turner, L. Bishop of Ely.
• Dr. Thomas Smith, L. Bishop of Carlisle.
• Dr. Thomas Sprat, L. Bishop of Rochester.
• Dr. Thomas Ken, L. Bishop of Bath and Wells.
• Dr. Thomas White, L. Bishop of Peterborough.
• * Dr. Jonathan Trelawney, L. Bishop of Exeter.
• Dr. Thomas Watson, L. Bishop of S. Davids.
• * Dr. Gilbert Burnet L. Bishop of Salisbury.
• * Dr. Humphry Humphrys L. Bishop of Bangor.
• * Dr. Nicholas Stratford L. Bishop of Chester.
• * Dr. Edward Stillingfleet L. Bishop of Worcester.
• * Dr. Simon Patrick, L. Bishop of Chichester.
• * Dr. Gilbert Ironside, L. Bishop of Bristol.
• * Dr. John Hough, L. Bishop of Oxford.

1. Note, That the Lord President of the Council takes place of all Dukes not of the Royal Bloud.

2. That the Lord Great Chamberlain of Eng∣land, the Lord Steward of the Kings Houshold,

and the Lord Chamberlain of the Houshold take place above all of their Degree.

3. That the Archbishop of Canterbury takes place next to the Princes of the Blood, and above all the Nobility and Great Officers; The Arch∣bishop of York, above all the Nobility and Great Officers, except the Lord Keeper; and the rest of the Bishops, next after the Viscounts, and a∣bove the Temporal Barons. Whereof the Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester do always precede the other Bishops, the rest taking place according to the Seniority of their Consecrations.

A True List of the Knights, Citi∣zens, and Burgesses of the Par∣liament at Westminster, in Octo∣ber, 1690.

Bedfordshire 4.

• THE Honourable Ed∣ward Russel Esq
• Thomas Browne Esq
• Town of Bedford.
• Thom. Hillersdon Esq
• Thom. Christie Esq

Berks 9.

• Sir Hen. Winchcombe Bar.
• Sir Humfrey Forster. Bar.
• Borough of New-Windsor.
• Sir Charles Porter Knt.
• William Adderly Esq
• Borough of Reading.
• Sir William Rich Bar.
• Sir Henry Fane Kt of the Bath.
• Borough of Walling∣ford.
• William Jennens Esq
• John Wallis Esq
• Borough of Abington.
• Simon Harcourt Esq

Bucks 14.

• The Right Honourable Tho. Wharton Esq
• The Right Honourable Rich. Hambden Esq

• Town of Buckingham.
• Sir Richard Temple Knight and Baronet
• Alexander Denton Esq
• Borough of Chipping-Wicomb.
• William Jephson Esq
• Thom Lewes Jun. Esq
• Porough of Ayli••bury.
• Sir Thomas Lee Bar.
• Thomas Lee Esq
• Borough of Agmon∣desham.
• Will. Mountague Esq
• Edmond Waller of Be∣consfield Esq
• Borough of Wendover.
• Richard Beake Esq
• John Backwell Esq
• Borough of Great Marlow.
• James Chase Esq
• Sir Will. Whitelocke Knt.

Cambridge 6.

• Sir Levinus Bennet Bar.
• Sir Robert Cotton Knt.
• University of Cam∣bridge.
• Sir Robert Sawyer Kt.
• The Honourable Edward Finch Esq
• Town of Cambridge.
• Sir John Cotton Bar.
• Granado Pigott Esq

Chester 4.

• Sir John Mainwaring Bar.
• Sir Robert Cotton Kt. and Bar.
• City of Chester.
• Sir Thomas Grosvenor Bar.
• Richard Leving Esq

Cornwal 44.

• The Honourable Francis Robert Esq
• The Right Honourable Hugh Boscowen Esq
• Borough of Dunhivid, alias Launceston.
• The Right Honourable Will. Harbord Esq
• The Honourable Bernard Granville Esq
• Borough of Leskard.
• Sir Bourchier Wray Kt. of the Bath, and Bar.
• Emanuel Pyper Esq
• Brough of Lestwithiel.
• Sir Bevill Grenville Kt.

• Walter Kendall Esq
• Borough of Truro.
• Sir Henry Ashurst Bar.
• Henry Vincent Esq
• Borough of Bodmin.
• Sir John Cutler Kt. and Bar.
• Nicholas Glynn Esq
• Borough of Helston.
• Sir John St. Aubin Bar.
• Charles Godolphin Esq
• Borough of Saltash.
• Sir John Carew Bar.
• Richard Carew Esq
• Borough of Camel∣ford.
• Ambrose Manaton Esq
• Henry Manaton Esq
• Borough of Port-Hig∣ham, alias Westlow.
• Edward Sevmour Esq
• Jonathan Trelawny Es.
• Borough of Gram∣pound.
• John Tanner Esq
• Walter Vincent Esq
• Borough of Eastlow.
• Charles Trelawny Esq
• Henry Trelawny Esq
• Borough of Peryn.
• Sidney Godolphin Esq
• Alexander Pendarvi Esq
• Borough of Tregony.
• Sir John Tremaine Kt. Serjeant at Law.
• Hugh Fortescue Esq
• Borough of Bossiny.
• Samuel Travers Esq
• Sir Peter Colleton Bar.
• Borough of St. Ives.
• James Praed Esq
• William Harris Esq
• Borough of Foway.
• Jonathan Rashleigh Esq
• Shadrach Vincent Esq
• Borough of St. Ger∣mans.
• Daniel Elliot Esq
• Henry Fleming Esq
• Borough of St. Mi∣chael.
• Francis Scobell Esq
• Humph. Courtney, Esq
• Borough of Newport.
• The Right Honourable Charles Lord Cheyne.
• John Speccot Esq
• Borough of St. Maws.
• Sir Joseph Tredenham Kt.

• John Tredenham Esq
• Borough of Kellington.
• Francis Fulford Esq

Cumberland 6.

• Sir George Fletcher Bar.
• Sir John Lowther of Whitehaven Bar.
• City of Carlisle.
• Jeremiah Bubb Esq
• Christopher Musgrave Esq
• Borough of Cocker-mouth.
• Sir Orlando Gee Kt.
• Sir Wilfred Lawson Bar.

Derby 4.

• Sir Gilbert Clarke Kt.
• Henry Gilbert Esq
• Town of Derby.
• The Honourable Anchi∣tel Gray Esq
• Robert Wilmot Esq

Devonshire 26.

• Francis Courtney Esq
• Samuel Rolle Esq
• City of Exeter.
• Sir Edward Seymour Bar.
• Christopher Bale Esq
• Borough of Tornes.
• Sir John Powell Bar.
• Henry Seymour Esq
• Borough of Plimouth.
• The Honourable John Greenville Esq
• Borough of Oakhamp∣ton.
• William Cary Esq
• Henry Nortleigh Esq
• Borough of Branstable.
• The Right Honourable Sir George Hutchins Kt.
• Arth. Champneys Esq
• Borough of Plimpton.
• Sir George Treby Kt.
• John Pollexsen Esq
• Borough of Honiton.
• Sir William Drake Kt. and Bar.
• Sir Walter Yonge Bar.
• Borough of Tavistock.
• The Honourable Robert Russel Esq
• Sir Francis Drake Bar
• Borough of Ashburton.
• Sir Richard Reynel Kt. and Bar.
• William Stawell Esq

• Borough of Clifton, Dart∣mouth and Hardness.
• Sir Joseph Herne Kt.
• William Hayne Esq
• Borough of Beralston.
• Sir Francis Drake Bar.
• John Swinfen Esq
• Borough of Tiverton.
• Samuel Foote Esq
• Thomas Bere Esq

Dorsetshire 20.

• Thomas Strangeways Esq
• Thomas Freke Esq
• Town of Pole.
• Sir Nathaniel Napier Kt. and Bar.
• Sir John Trenchard Kt.
• Borough of Dorchester.
• Sir Robert Nappier Kt. and Bar.
• James Gould Esq
• Borough of Lime Regis.
• Henry Henley Esq
• John Burridge Esq
• Borough of Weymouth.
• Sir John Morton Bar.
• Michal Harvey Esq
• Borough of Melcomb Regis.
• Henry Henning Esq
• Nicholas Gould Esq
• Borough of Bridport.
• John Michel Esq
• Sir Stephen Evance Kt.
• Borough of Snafton, a∣lias Shaftsbury.
• Sir Matthew Andrews Kt.
• Edward Nicholas Esq
• Borough of Wareham.
• Thomas Erle Esq
• William Okeden Esq
• Borough of Corf-Castle.
• Richard Fownes Esq
• William Culliford Esq

Durham 4.

• Sir Robert Eden Bar.
• William Lambton Esq
• City of Durham.
• William Tempest Esq
• George Morland Esq

Essex 8.

• Henry Mildmay Esq
• Sir Fran. Masham Bar.
• Borough of Colchester.
• Samuel Reynolds Esq
• Edward Cary Esq
• Borough of Maldon.
• Sir Thomas Darcy Bar.

• Charles Mountague Es.
• Borough of Harwich.
• The Right Honourable Charles Lord Chyne.
• Sir Thomas Middleton Kt.

Glocestershire 8.

• Sir John Guise Bar.
• Sir Ralph Dutton Bar.
• City of Glocester.
• William Cooke Esq
• William Try Esq
• Borough of Cirencester.
• The Right Honourable Henry Powle, Esq
• Richard Howe Esq
• Borough of Tewksbury.
• Rich. Dowdeswell Esq
• The Right Honourable Sir Henry Capell Kt.

Herefordshire 8.

• Sir John Morgan Bar.
• Sir Herbert Croft Bar.
• City of Hereford.
• Paul Foley Esq
• Henry Cornwall Esq
• Borough of Lempster.
• Tho. Conyngesby Esq
• John Dutton Colt Esq
• Borough of Weobly.
• John Birch Esq
• Robert Price Esq

Hertfordshire 6.

• Sir Tho. Pope Blount Bar.
• Ralph. Freeman Esq
• Borough of St. Albans.
• Sir Samuel Grimston Bar.
• George Churchill Esq
• Borough of Hertford.
• Sir Will. Cowper Bar.
• Sir Will. Leman Bar.

Huntingtonshire 4

• The Honourable Robert
• Mountague Esq
• John Driden Esq
• Borough of Hunting∣ton.
• The Honourable Sidney Wortly, alias Moun∣tague Esq
• The Honourable Richard Mountague Esq

Kent 10.

• The Honourable Sir Ve∣re Fane Knight of the Bath.
• Sir John Knatchbull Bar.

• City of Canterbury.
• Sir William Hony∣wood Bar.
• Henry Lee Esq
• City of Rochester.
• Sir Joseph Williamson Kt.
• Francis Clarke Esq
• Borough of Maidston.
• Sir Tho. Taylor Bar.
• Thomas Ryder Esq
• Borough of Queenbo∣rough.
• Sir John Bankes Bar.
• Robert Crawford Esq

Lancashire 14.

• The Right Honourable Charles Lord Bran∣don Gerrard.
• The Honourable James Stanley.
• Borough of Lancaster.
• Roger Kirby Esq
• Thomas Preston Esq
• Borough of Preston in Amounderness.
• Christopher Greenfeild Esq
• Borough of Newton.
• The Honourable George Cholmondely Esq
• Sir John Chichley Kt.
• Borough of Wigga••••.
• Sir Rich. Standish Kt.
• Peter Shakerly Esq
• Borough of Clitheroe.
• Anthony. Parker Esq
• Roger Kenyon Esq
• Borough of Leverpool.
• The Kight Honourable Richard Lord Col∣chester.
• Tho. Norris of Speak Esq

Leicester 4.

• The Right Honourable Bennet Lord Sherrard.
• Sir Thomas Hesilridge Bar.
• Borough of Leicester.
• Sir Edward Abney Kt.
• Lawrence Carter Esq

Lincoln 12.

• ...The Right Honourable
• George, Viscount Ca∣stleton.
• Sir Tho. Hussey Bar.
• City of Lincoln.
• Sir John Bolles Bar.
• Sir Edw. Hussey Bar.
• Borough of Boston.
• Peregrine Berty Esq

• Sir William Yorke Kt.
• Borough of Great Grimsby.
• Sir Edw. Ayscogh Kt.
• John Chaplin Esq
• Town of Stamford.
• The Honourable Charles Bertie Esq
• William Hyde Esq
• Borough of Grantham.
• Sir John Brownlowe Bar.
• Sir William Ellis Bar.

Middlesex 8.

• Sir Char. Gerrard Bar.
• Ralph Hawtery Esq
• City of Westminster.
• Sir Will. Poultney Kt.
• Sir Walter Clarges Bar.
• London.
• Sir Will. Pritchard Kt.
• Sir Sam. Dashwood Kt.
• Sir Will. Turner Kt.
• Sir Tho. Vernon Kt.

Monmouth 3

• The Right Honourable Charles Lord Mar∣quess of Worcester.
• Thomas Morgan Esq
• Borough of Monmouth.
• Sir Charles Kemeys Kt.

Norfolk 12.

• Sir Jacob Astley Kt. and Baronet.
• Sir William Cooke Bar.
• City of Norwich.
• Thomas Blofeild Esq
• Hugh Bokenham Esq
• Town of Lyn Regis.
• Sir John Turner Kt.
• Daniel Bedingfeild Esq
• Town of Great Yar∣mouth.
• George England Esq
• Samuel Fu••ler Esq
• Borough of Thetford.
• Baptist May Esq
• Sir Francis Guybon Kt.
• Borough of Castle∣rising.
• Right Honourable Sir Robert Howard Kt.
• Robert Walpole Esq

Northampton 9.

• Sir St. Andrew St. John Bar.
• John Parkhurst Esq
• City of Peterborough.
• Will. Brownlowe Esq
• Gilbert Dolben Esq
• Town of Northampton.
• Sir Tho. Samuel Bar.

• Sir William Langham Kt.
• Town of Brackley.
• The Honourable Sir Wil∣liam Egerton Knight of the Bath.
• John Blencowe Ser∣geant at Law.
• Borough of Higham-Ferrers.
• Thomas Andrews Esq

Northumberland 8.

• William Forster Esq
• Philip Bickerstaff Esq
• Town of Newcastle upon Tine.
• Sir Ralph Carr Kt.
• William Carr Esq
• Borough of Morpeth.
• The Right Honourable Charles Lerd Mor∣peth.
• Roger Fenwick Esq
• Town of Berwick upon Tweed.
• Sir Francis Blake Kt.
• ••amuel Ogle Esq

Nottingham 8.

• Sir Scroop How Kt.
• Will. Sacheverel Esq
• Town of Nottingham.
• Char. Hutchinson Esq
• Richard Slater Esq
• Borough of Eastret∣ford.
• John Thornehagh Esq
• Town of Newark up∣on Trent.
• The Right Honourable William Lord Eland.
• The Honourable Nicho∣las Sanderson Esq

Oxon 9.

• The Right Honourable Mountague Lord. Norreys.
• Sir Robert Jenkinson Bar.
• University of Oxon.
• The Honourable Heneage Finch Esq
• Sir Tho. Clerges Kt.
• City of Oxon.
• The Honourable Henry Bertie Esq
• Sir Edw. Norreys Kt.
• Borough of New-Woodstock.
• Sir Tho. Littleton Bar.
• Thomas Wheate Esq
• Borough of Banbury.
• Sir Robert Dashwood Kt. and Bar.

Rutland 2.

• Sir Tho. Mackworth Bar.
• Bennet Sherrard Esq

Salop 12.

• The Honourable Richard Newport Esq
• Edward-Kynaston of Oately Esq
• Town of Salop.
• The Honourable An∣drew Newport Esq
• Richard Mitton Esq
• Borough of Bruges, a∣lias Bridgenorth.
• Sir William Whitmore Bar.
• Sir Edward Acton Bar.
• Borough of Ludlow.
• Thomas Hanmer Esq
• William Gower Esq
• Borough of Wenlock.
• Sir Will. Forester Kt.
• George Weld Esq
• Town of Bishops-Castle.
• William Oakeley, Esq

Somerset 18.

• Sir Edward Phillips Kt.
• Nathaniel Palmer Esq
• City of Bristol.
• Sir Richard Hart Kt.
• Sir John Knight Kt.
• City of Bath.
• Sir William Basset Kt.
• Joseph Langton Esq
• City of Wells.
• Edward Barkeley Esq
• Hopton Wyndham Esq
• Borough of Taunton.
• John Speke Esq
• Edward Clark Esq
• Borough of Bridg∣water.
• Sir Francis Warr Bar.
• Henry Bull Esq
• Borough of Minehead.
• Borough of Ilchester.
• Sir Edw. Winham Bar.
• John Hunt Esq
• Borough of Milborn-Port.
• Sir Thomas Travel Kt.
• Sir. Charl. Carteret Kt.

Southampton 26.

• The Right Honourable Charles Lord Mar∣quess of Winchester.
• Richard Norton Esq
• City of Winchester.
• The Right Honourable William Lord Pawlet

• Frederick Tilney Esq
• Town of Southampton.
• Sir Char. Windham Kt.
• Sir Benj. Newland Kt.
• Town of Portsmouth.
• The Honourable Edward Russel Esq
• Nicholas Hedger Al∣derman.
• Borough of Yarmouth.
• The Right Honourable Sir John Trever Kt. Speaker.
• Charles Duncombe Esq
• Borough of Petersfield.
• Robert Michel Esq
• Richard Holt Esq
• Borough of Newport, alias Medona.
• Sir Robert Holmes Kt.
• Sir Will. Stephens Kt.
• Borough of Stock∣bridge.
• Will. Mountague Esq
• Richard Whithed Esq
• Borough of Newtown.
• The Right Honourable Richard Earl of Ranelagh.
• Thomes Done Esq
• Borough of Christ-Church.
• Francis Gwyn Esq
• William Ettrick Esq
• Borough of Whitchurch.
• Henry Wallop Esq
• The Honourable James Russel Esq
• Borough of Leming∣ton.
• John Burrard Esq
• Thomas Dore Esq
• Borough of Andover.
• The Honourable Francis Pawlet of Amport Esq
• John Pollen Esq

Staffordshire 10.

• The Honourable John Grey Esq
• Walter Chetwind Esq
• City of Lichfield.
• Robert Burdet Esq
• Richard Dyot Esq
• Borough of Stafford.
• John Chetwind Esq
• Jonathan Cope Esq
• Borough of Newcastle∣under Line.
• Sir William Levison Gower Bar.
• Sir Thomas Bellot Bar.
• Borough of Tamworth.
• Sir Henry Gough Kt.
• Michael Biddulph Esq

Suffolk 16.

• Sir Samuel Barnardi∣ston Bar.
• Sir Gervas Elwes Bar.
• Borough of Ipswich.
• Sir John Barker Bar.
• Sir Charles Blois Bar.
• Borough of Dunwich.
• Sir Robert Rich Kt. and Bar.
• Sir Philip Skippon Kt.
• Borough of Orford.
• Thomas Glemham Esq
• Thomas Felton Esq
• Borough of Alborough.
• Sir Henry Johnson Kt.
• William Johnson Esq
• Borough of Sodbury.
• John Robinson Esq
• Borough of Eye.
• Henry Poley Esq
• Thomas Davenant Esq
• Borough of St. Ed∣monsbury.
• Sir Robert Davers Bar.
• Henry Goldwell Esq

Surrey 14.

• Sir Rich. Onslow Bar.
• Sir Franc. Vincent Bar.
• Borough of South∣wark.
• Anthony Bower Esq
• John Arnold Esq
• Borough of Blechingly.
• Thomas Howard Esq
• Sir Robert Clayton Kt.
• Borough of Rygate.
• Sir John Parsons Kt.
• John Parsons Esq
• ...Borough of ••uilford.
• Morgan Randyll Esq
• Foot Onslow Esq
• Borough of Gatton.
• Sir John Thompson Bar.
• Thomas Turgis Esq
• Borough of Haslemere.
• Geo. Rodeney Bridges Esq
• Denzill Onslow Esq

Susser 20.

• Sir John Pelham Bar.
• Sir Will. Thomas Bar.
• City of Chichester.
• Sir Thomas Miller Kt.
• Thomas May Esq
• Borough of Horsham.
• John Machell Esq
• Thomas White Jun. Gent.

• Borough of Midhurst.
• Sir William Morley Knight of the Bath.
• John Lewkner Esq
• Borough of Lewes.
• Thomas Pelham Esq
• Richard Bridger Esq
• Borough of Shoreham.
• Sir Edward Hunger∣ford Knight of the Bath.
• John Pery Esq
• Borough of Bramber.
• Nicholas Barbon Esq
• Dr. John Radcliffe.
• Borough of Steyning.
• Sir John Fagge Bar.
• Robert Fagge Esq
• Borough of East-Greensted.
• The Honourable Thomas Sackvile Esq
• Sir Thomas Dyke Bar.
• Borough of Arundel.
• William Morley Esq
• James Butler Esq

Warwickshire 6.

• William Bromely Esq
• Andrew Archer Esq
• City of Coventry.
• Richard Hopkins Esq
• John Stratford Esq
• Borough of Warwick.
• The Right Honourable William Lord Digby.
• William Colemore Esq

Westmorland 4.

• The Right Honourable Sir John Lowther, of Lowther, Bar.
• Sir Christopher Mus∣grave, of Musgrave, Kt. and Bar.
• Borough of Appleby.
• The Honourable William. Cheyne Esq
• Charles Boyle Esq

Wilthshire 34.

• The Right Honourable Edw. Viscount Corn∣bury.
• Sir Walter S. John Bar.
• City of New Sarum.
• Thomas Hoby Esq
• Thomas Pitt Esq
• Borough of Wilton.
• Sir Richard Grubham How Kt. and Bar.
• Thomas Windham Esq
• Borough of Downton.
• Sir Charles Raleigh Kt.
• Maurice Bockland Esq

• Borough of Hindon.
• Robert Hide Esq
• Thomas Chaffyn Esq
• Borough of Westbury.
• The Honourable Pere∣grine Bertie Esq
• Richard Lewys Esq
• Borough of Hytesbury.
• William Ash Esq
• Will. Trenchard Esq
• Borough of Calne.
• Henry Baynton Esq
• Henry Chivers Esq
• Borough of the De∣vizes.
• Sir Tho. Fowles Kt.
• Walter Grubb Esq
• Borough of Chipenham.
• Richard Kent Esq
• Alexander Popham Esq
• Borough of Malmes∣bury.
• The Honourable Good∣win Wharton Esq
• Sir James Long Bar.
• Borough of Criclade.
• Edmund Webb Esq
• Charles Fox Esq
• Borough of Great Bedwin.
• The Right Honourable Anth. Viscount Falk∣land.
• Sir Jonath. Raymond Kt.
• Borough of Ludger∣sale.
• Thomas Neale Esq
• John Deane Esq
• Borough of Old Sarum.
• Sir Thomas Mompes∣son Kt.
• William Harvey Esq
• Borough of Wootton-Basset.
• Henry St. John Esq
• John Wildman Jun. Esq
• Borough of Marl∣borough.
• Sir John Ernle Kt.
• Sir George Willough∣by Kt.

Worcestershire 9.

• Sir John Packington Kt.
• Thomas Foley Esq
• City of Worcester.
• Sir John Somers Kt.
• William Bromely Esq
• Borough of Droitwich.
• ...The Right Honourable••

• Richard Earl of Bel∣lemont.
• ••hilip Foley Esq
• Borough of Evesham.
• Sir James Rushout Bar.
• Edward Rudge Esq
• Borough of Bewdley.
• Henry Herbert Esq

Yorkshire 30.

• The Right Honourable Thomas Lord Fair∣fax.
• Sir Joyn Kay Bar.
• City of York.
• Robert Waller Esq
• Henry Thompson Esq
• Town of Kingston upon Hull.
• John Ramsden Esq
• Charles Osborne Esq
• Borough of Knares∣borough.
• William Stockdale Esq
• Thomas Fawkes Esq
• Borough of Scare∣borough.
• Will. Thompson Esq
• Francis Thompson Esq
• Borough of Rippon.
• Sir Edm. Jenings Kt.
• Sir Jonath. Jenings Kt.
• Borough of Richmond.
• Sir Mark Milbanck Bar.
• Theodore Bathurst Esq
• Borough of Heydon.
• Henry Guy Esq
• Matth. Appleyard Esq
• Borough of Borough∣brig.
• Sir Henry Goodrick Kt. and Bar.
• Sir Bryan Stapleton.
• Borough of Malton.
• Sir William Strickland Bar.
• William Palmes Esq
• Borough of Thriske.
• Thomas Frankland Esq
• Richard Staines Esq
• Borough of Aldborough.
• Sir Mich. Wentworth Kt.
• Christopher Tancred Esq
• Borough of Beverly.
• Sir Michael Wharton Kt.
• William Gee Esq
• Borough of North-Allerton.
• Sir William Robinson Bar.
• Thomas Lascells Esq

• Borough of Pontefract.
• The Honourable Henry Dawney Esq
• Sir John Bland Bar.

BARONS of the Cinque-Ports (16.)

• Port of Hastings.
• The Honourable John Beaumont Esq
• Peter Gott Esq
• Town of Winchelsea.
• Sir Robert Austin Bar.
• Samuel Western Esq
• Town of Rye.
• Sir John Austen Bar.
• Sir John Darrel Kt.
• Port of New Rumney.
• Sir Charles Sidley Kt.
• John Brewer Esq
• Port of Hythe.
• Sir Philip Butler Bar.
• Will. Brockman Esq
• Port of Dover.
• Thomas Papillon Esq
• James Chadwick Esq
• Port of Sandwich.
• John Thurbarne Serje∣ant at Law.
• Edward Brent Esq
• Port of Seaford.
• William Campion Esq
• Henry Pelham Esq

WALES (24.)

Anglesey 2.

• The Right Honourable Rich. Viscount Bul∣kely.
• Town of Beaumaris.
• Thomas Bulkely Esq

Brecon 2.

• Sir Rowland Gwyn Kt.
• Town of Brecon.
• Jeossery Jeffreys Esq

Cardigan 2.

• Sir Carbety Price Bar.
• Town of Cardigan.
• Hector Philips Esq

Carmarthen 2.

• Sir Rice Rudd Bar.
• Town of Carmarthen.
• Richard Vaughan Esq

Carnarvan 2.

• Sir Wil. Williams of Vaynal Bar.

• Town of Carnarvan.
• Sir Robert Owen Kt.

Denby 2.

• Sir Richard Middleton Bar.
• Town of Denby.
• Edward Brereton Esq

Flint 2.

• Sir Roger Puleston Kt.
• Town of Flint.
• Thomas Whitley Esq

Glamorgan 2.

• Bussey Mansel Esq
• Town of Cardiffe.
• Thomas Mansell Esq

Merioneth 1.

• Sir John Wynne Kt. and Bar.

Montgomery 2.

• Edward Vaughan Esq
• Town of Montgomery.
• Charles Herbert Esq

Pembroke 3.

• Sir Hugh Owen Kt.
• Town of Haverford-west
• Sir William Wogan Kt.
• Town of Pembroke.
• Arthur Owen Esq

Radnor 2.

• Richard Williams Esq
• Town of New Radnor.
• Robert Harley Esq

In all 513.

A List of the Lords, and others, of His Majesties most Honourable Pri∣vy Council; with the Clerks of the Council.

• HIS Royal Highness, Prince George.
• Thomas Marquess of Camarthen, Lord President.
• Henry, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal.
• ...Charles, Duke of Bolton.
• Robert, Earl of Lindsey, Lord Great Cham∣berlain of England.
• William Earl of Devonshire, Lord Steward.
• Charles, Earl of Dorset, Lord Chamberlain.
• ...Aubrey, Earl of Oxford.

• ...William Earl of Bedford.
• ...Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, and Montgomery.
• ...John Earl of Bath.
• ...Charles, Earl of Macclesfield.
• Daniel, Earl of Nottingham, Secretary of State.
• ...William, Earl of Portland.
• ...Thomas, Earl of Faulconberg.
• ...Charles, Earl of Monmouth.
• ...John, Earl of Marlborough.
• ...Richard, Earl of Scarborough.
• ...Henry Earl of Warrington.
• ...Ralph, Earl of Montague.
• ...Henry, Viscount Sidney.
• ...Henry, Lord Bishop of London.
• ...Francis, Lord Newport.
• ...Marquess of Winchester.
• ...Lord Chief Justice Holt.
• ...Sir Robert Howard.
• ...Sir Henry Capel.
• ...Sir Henry Goodrick.
• Sir John Lowther, Vice-Chamberlain.
• Richard Hampden, Esq
• Hugh Boscawen, Esq
• Thomas Wharton, Esq Comptroller of the King's Houshold.
• Edward Russel, Esq
• William Harbord, Esq
• Henry Powle, Esq Master of the Rolls.

Lords Commissioners of the Privy Seal.

• William Cheyne, Esq
• Sir John Knatchbull, Bar.
• Sir William Palteney, Kt.

The Clerks of the Council.

• Sir John Nicholas, Kt.
• ...Mr. Blathwait.
• ...Mr. Mountague.
• ...Mr. Coleing.

A List of the Lords Commissioners, and other Officers of the Court of Chancery.

The Lords Commissioners.

• Sir John Trevor Knight.
• Sir William Rawlinson Knight.
• Sir Geo. Hutchins Knight.

Masters of Chancery.

• Henry Powle Esq Master of the Rolls, whose S••cretary is Mr. John Rawlinson.
• Sir William Child.
• Sir John Hoskins.
• Sir John Franklyn.
• Sir Adam Oatley.
• Sir Robert Legar.
• Sir John Edgeburg.
• Sir James Astrey.
• Sir Miles Cook.
• Roger Meredith, Esq
• John Methwyn, Esq
• Samuel Keck, Esq

The Six Clerks in Chancery.

• Sir Rob. Marsham Kt.
• Sir W. Perkins Kr.
• ••hem Bridges, Esq
• Littleton Powel Esq
• Rich. Garth Esq
• Basil Herne Esq

The Cursitors.

• Mr. Abraham Nelson, Principal.
• Mr. Mich. Terry Assistants.
• Mr. Geo. Davies Assistants.

• For Suffolk and Huntingt. Mr. —Nelson.
• For Nottingh. & Northamp. Mr. —Terry.
• For Devon and Kent. Mr. —Davies.
• For Devon and Kent. Mr. —Shorthose.
• For Essex and Berks. Mr. Abr. Skinner.
• For Hartf. and Derbysh. Mr. Mat. Colborn.
• For Lond. and Middlesex. Mr. S. Laytow.
• For Lond. and Middlesex. Mr. Hen. Martin.
• For Lond. and Middlesex. Mr. Wil. Fish.
• For Lincoln and Somers. Mr. Hen. Caesar.
• For York and Westm. Mr. J. Hawkins.
• For York and Westm. Mr. Jo. Paget.
• For Glocester and Camb. Mr. J. Hungerford.
• For Glocester and Camb. Mr. Fra. King.
• For Southampt. and Warw. Mr. J. Reynolds.
• For Norfolk and Cumb. Mr. Cha. Pickering
• For Dors. and Northumb. Mr. Will. Finch.
• For Leicest. and Cornwal. Mr. John Hussey.
• For Surrey and Salop. Mr. Steph. Terry.
• For Heref. and Monm. Mr. Osb. Newman.
• For Oxon and Rutl. Mr. Rob. Hart.
• For Staff. and Wiltsh. Mr. Jer. Hale.
• For Bedf. and Buck. Mr. Ric. Plompton
• For Sussex and Glocest. Mr. Wil. Wickliff

Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.

• Henry Barker, Esq
• His Deputy, Tho. Milton, Esq
• Clerk of the Office, Mr. Ralph Hale.

The Register.

• Deputy-Registers, Mr. Geo. Edwards, Mr. Carew Guidot, Mr. Edw. Goldsborough, Mr. Richard Price.

• The Deputy-Register for filing the Reports, and Keeper of the Books of Entry, Mr. Richard Bournford.
• The Entring Clerks in the Register's Office, Mr. Robert Davenish, and Mr. Henry Davenish.

Secretary of the Presentation of the Spiritual Benefices.

• Mr. Richard Brook.

Clerk of the Patents.

• I Richard Pigot.

Clerk of the Affidavits.

• Mr. Samuel Poynter.

Clerk of the Hanaper.

• Mr. Edward Seymore.

The Principal Clerks in the Petty-Bag Office.

• Mr. Aaron Pingrey.
• Mr. John Lloyd.
• Mr. John Dauling.

Clerks in the Rolls Chappel.

• Mr. William Grimes.
• Mr. — Woodford.
• Mr. Sam. Killingworth.
• Mr. Henry Watson.
• Mr. —Vincent.
• Mr. —Haley.

Clerks in the Inrollment Office.

• Mr. Andrew Young.
• Mr. Edw. Portington.

Master of the Subpoena Office.

• Sir Walter Vane, Kt
• His Deputy, Mr. Nich. Hook.

Master of the Patent Office.

• Sir Richard Pigot, Kt.
• His Deputy, Mr. — Brook.
• The two Clerks, Mr. Richard Pickering, and Mr. Nicholas Nichols.

In the Alienation Office.

• The Commissioners Peregrine Bertue, Esq
• The Commissioners John Sanderson, Esq
• The Commissioners William Glandvil, Esq
• The Civilian, formerly a Doctor, Mr. George Morley.
• His Clerk, to indorse the Writs, Mr. Bernard Halfpeny.
• Receiver of the Fines, Edward Nicholas, Esq
• The Register, Mr. Thomas Web.
• Porter, Charles Brook.

Examiners in Chancery.

• William Adderly, Esq Francis Twisden, Esq

To which add the

• Usher to the Court of Chancery, Mat. Bluck, Esq
• Cryer, Mr. James Sparrow.
• Warden of the Fleet, Richard Manlove, Esq
• Sergeant at Arms, George Charnock, Esq

A List of the Judges, and Officers of the Court of Kings Bench.

The Judges.

• Sir John Holt, Lord Chief Justiee.
• Sir William Dolben, Justices.
• Sir William Gregory, Justices.
• Sir Giles Eyres. Justices.

Clerk of the Crown in the Kings Bench.

• Sir Samuel Astrey, Kt.
• His Secondary, Simon Harcourt, Esq
• The Entring Clerks, Mr. Rob. Seyliard, Chief Clerk.
• Mr. Rich. Horton.
• Mr. John Weekely.
• Mr. John Cook.
• Mr. William Eyre.
• Mr. Lionel Fanshaw.
• Mr. Rice Foulks.
• Mr. Benedict Brown.
• Mr. Rob. Wintour.
• Mr. Wil. Leighton.
• Mr. Edward Croke.

Praenotary, or the Kings chief Clerk on the Plea-side.

• Sir Robert Henley Kt.
• His Secondary, Mr. Richard Aston.
• Receiver and Signer of Writs, Mr. Thomas Bromfield.

To which add the

• Masters of the Nisi-Prius Office, Custos Brevium and Recor∣dorum. Thomas Goodwin, Esq
• Masters of the Nisi-Prius Office, Custos Brevium and Recor∣dorum. Simon Foulks, Esq
• Clerk of the Rules. Robert Pugh, Esq
• His Deputy, Mr. Barth. Pickering.
• Clerks of the Papers on the Plea-side,
  • Mr. Robert Stone.
  • Mr. Giles Clark.
• Clerk of the Errors, Mr. Thomas Waerg.
• Clerk of the Bills of Middlesex, Mr. Fr. Rouse
• Clerk for filing Declarations, Mr. John Slater.
• Clerk of the Remembrances and Dockets, Mr. Robert Walker.
• Clerk of the Bails and Posteas, Mr. Fr. Thacker

Filazers and Exigenters.

• For Bedf. Mr. — Child.
• For Berks. Mr. Rob. Hastings.
• For Kent, Cornwal, Nott. Warw. Cumberl. Rut∣land, Nor∣thumb. Suff. Mr. James Fuller.
• For Darbyshire, Mr. Tho. Statham.
• For Devon, Mr. John Green.
• For Dors. Mr. John Martin.
• For Essex. Mr. Geo. Woodson.
• For Gloc. London, Middesex, and Surrey, Mr. John Teye.
• For Hartf. Mr. Wil. Ravenhill.
• For Heref. Mr. Wil. Hastings.
• For Huntingt. Mr. —
• For Kent, Mr. Tho. Bathurst.

• For Leicest. Mr. William Benson.
• For Lincoln. Mr. John Browning.
• For Monmouth. Mr. John Smith.
• For Norfolk, Mr. William Avery.
• For Northampt. Mr. Godfrey Wildbore.
• For Oxon, Mr. Henry Dod.
• For Salop, Mr. Basil Herne.
• For Somers. Mr. Rob. Randal.
• For Southampton, Town and County, Mr. Francis Caplyn.
• For Staff. Mr. Michael Martin.
• For Sussex. Mr. Rich. Aylwin.
• For Westmorl. Mr. John Hind.
• For Wiltshire, Mr. Sam. Porter.
• For Worcest. Mr. —
• For Yorksh. Mr. George Woodson.
• For Canterbury, Mr. —
• For Coventry, Mr. —
• For Bristol, Mr. John Ayres.
• For Exeter, Mr. —
• For Glocester, Mr. Henry Ewen.
• For Kingston upon Hull, Mr. William Osborn.
• For Lincoln. Mr. —
• For Newcastle upon Tine. Mr. —
• For Norwich, Mr. —
• For Nottingham, Mr. William Bennet.
• For Pool, Mr. —
• For York, Mr. —
• Marshal hereditary of the Kings Bench, William Lenthal, Esq
• Marshal sworn, William Brigs, Esq
• Sealer of Writs, —
• Keeper of the Stamp, —
• Head-Cryer, Mr. Coling.

• Under-Criers, Mr.
  • ...John Partridge,
  • Mr. —
• Ushers, —
• Tipslaves,
  • Mr. William Atton.
  • Mr. — Weaver.
  • Mr. John Hopper.
  • Mr. — Fielder.

A List of the Judges, and Officers of the Court of Common Pleas.

The Judges.

• Sir Henry Pollixfen, Lord Chief Justice.
• Sir John Powel, Justices.
• Sir Tho. Rokesby, Justices.
• Sir Peyton Ventris, Justices.

Custos Brevium.

• Sir Joseph Ash, Kt.
• His Deputy, William Thursby, Esq

Chief Praenotary.

• John Cook, Esq
• His Secondary, Mr. Richard Cook.
• Clerk of the Jdgments, Mr. — Leyton.

Second Praenotary.

• Thomas Winford, Esq
• His Secondary, Mr. Charles Cox.
• Clerk of the Judgments, Mr. Will. Winford.

Third Praenotary.

• Charles Tempest, Esq
• His Secondary, Mr. George Walker.
• Clerk of the Judgments, Mr. George Wheeler.

Clerk of the Warrants.

• Mr. William East.
• His Deputy, Mr. Robert Fish.

Clerk of the Essoins.

• Mr. William Hall.

Clerk of the Juries.

• Mr. — Sympson.
• His Deputy, Mr. Rich. Hamden.
• Chirographer, Francis Lane, Esq
• Secondary, John Storer, Esq
• Register, Francis Blake, Esq
• Clerk of the Proclam. Mr. Tho. Basket.
• Clerk of the King's Silver, Henry Ludlow, Esq
• Clerk of the Seal, —
• Clerk of the Treasury, Mr. — Green.
• Keeper of the Treasury, Mr. — Williams.
• Clerk of the Inrolment of Fines and Recoveries, Mr. Edw. Mills.
• Clerk of the Out••••wries, Mr. — Franklyn.
• Clerk of the Errors, Mr. — Halse.
• Clerk of the Supersedeas, Mr. Rich. Abbot.
• Chief Proclamator, Marshal and Barrier, John Walker Esq

Filazers.

• For Bedford, Berks, Bucks, and Oxon. Mr. Francis Child.
• For Lond. Middlesex, Cambr. and Hun∣tington, Mr. — Philips.
• For Devon Dorset, So∣merset, Exeter, Bristol and Pool, Mr. Guy Fuller.
• For Glocestersh. Wor∣cestersh. and their respective Cities Corn. and Heref. Mr. Henry Dottin.
• For Warwicksh. Leice∣stersh. Notting∣hamsh. and Not∣tingham Town, Derby, and City of Coventry, Mr. — Spicer.
• For Salop, Staff. North∣amptonsh. Rut∣land, and City of Litchf. Mr. — Shephard.
• For Suffolk, — Mr. Ric. Middlemore.
• For Norfolk, and Nor∣wich, Mr. — Caunter.
• For Essex and Hartf. Mr. — Herbert.
• For Kent, Surrey and Sussex, Mr. — Hodgson.
• For Wiltsh. Southamp∣ton, and South∣hampton Town, Mr. Nath. Ryder.
• For York, City of York, and Kingston upon Hull, Mr. Tho. Stringer.

• For Lincolnsh. and City of Lincoln. Mr. — Lydel.
• For Northumb. West∣morl. Cumberl. and Newcastle upon Tine, Mr. — Farrington.
• For Monmouthsh. Mr. — Yates.

Exigenters.

• Charles Broughton, Esq
• Mr. John Faringdon.
• Mr. Thomas Gouge.
• Mr. — Norcliffe.
• Mr. — Yates, one of the Filazers.

Cryers.

• Mr. Whorhood.
• Mr. Holmes.
• Mr. Booth.
• Mr. Gray.

Court-Keeper.

• Mr. Smith.

A List of the Judges, and Officers of the Court of Exchequer.

The Barons.

• Sir Robert Atkins, Lord Chief Baron.
• Sir Edward Nevil, Barons.
• Sir Nich. Lechmore, Barons.
• Sir John Turton, Barons.

The Cursitor Baron.

• — Bradbury, Esq

King's R••••embrancer.

• — Ayloff Esq (in right of Charles Lord Viscount Fanshaw.)
• Deputy Remembrancer, Tobias Eden, Esq
• His Secundary, Robert Den, Esq
• Eight Attornies in the Kings Remembrancer's Office; Tho. Hall, Esq first, Secondary and Butler Buggin, Esq second Secondary.
• Mr. George Watts.
• Mr. Francis Butler.
• Mr. Gabr. Armiger.
• Mr. William Bathurst.
• Mr. William Walker.
• Mr. John Eyres.

Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer.

• Sir John Osborn, Kt.

Remembrancer of the First-Fruits and Tenths.

• Sir Charles Porter, Kt.
• His Deputy, William Porter, Esq
• Two Clerks, Mr. William Prittiman, and Mr.
• ...Walter Smith.

Pipe Office.

• Clerk of the Pipe, Robert Russel, Esq
• Comptroler, John Potenger, Esq
• Secondaries, Walter Wallinger, Esq and Mr. Tho. Cole.

• Attorneys, Joseph Cranmer, Simon Musgrave, Charles Milborne, Peter Frowd, Philip Tulley, William Wroth.

Office of Pleas.

• Master of the Office, Richard Beresford, Esq
• Secondary, and first Attorney, Tho. Arden, Esq
• The other Attorneys, Mr. Charles Hayns, Mr. Sa∣muel Anderson, and Mr. David Feilder.
• Forein Opposer, Charles Whitacre, Esq
• Clerk of the Estreats, John Hastings, Esq

Auditors of the Imprest.

• Thomas Done, Esq
• Brook Bridges, Esq

Auditors of the Revenue.

• Sir Jos. Seymour, Kt.
• John Philips, Esq
• Anthony Stevens, Esq
• John Shales Esq
• Anthony Parsons, Esq
• VVilliam Aldworth, Esq
• — Herbert, Esq
• Auditor for VVales.

Receiver of the first Fruits Revenue, and Clerks of the Nichils.

• Mr. Thomas Squib.

Chief Usher.

• John VValker, Esq
• His Deputies, or Under-Ushers,
• Mr. Samuel Brewster.
• Mr. August. Brewster.
• Mr. VVilliam Ballow.
• Mr. VValter Peirce.
• Marshal, Mr. Michael Baker.

Of the Dutchy of Lancaster.

The Chancellour.

• Robert Lord Willoughby, Baron of Eresby.

Vice-Chancellour.

• James Lighboun, Esq
• Attorney General, Edward Northey, Esq
• Clerk of the Dutchy, Cheek Gerard, Esq
• Receiver General, Sir John Elwes, Kt.
• Auditors, John Fanshaw, Esq for the North.
• Tobias le Gros, Esq for the South.
• Deputy Clerk, Mr. Benjamin Ayloff.
• Deputy Register, Mr. John Baker.
• Attorneys, Mr. Richard Husbands (who is like∣wise Deputy Auditor for the North,) and Mr. Thomas Asheton.
• Usher, Mr. Thomas Desborough.
• Messenger, Mr. Abraham Millen.

Their Majesties Attorney and Solli∣citor General, Sergeants, and Council at Law.

Attorney General.

• Sir George Treby, Kt.

Sollicitor General.

• Sir John Somers, Kt.

Sergeants at Law.

Their Majesties Sergeants.

• Sir Ambrose Philips,
• Sir William-Tomson,
• Sir William Wogan.
• Sir Nathaniel Bond,
• Sir John Tremain,
• Sir John Trenchard.

The other Sergeants.

• Sir Robert Shaftoe, Kt.
• Sir Francis Pemberton, Kt.
• Thomas Rawlins, Esq
• Thomas Stroude, Esq
• Edward Bigland, Esq
• Sir Creswel Levinz, Kt.
• John Windham, Esq
• Edwyn Wyat, Esq
• Edward Birch, Esq
• An••hony Farrington, Esq
• John Jeffreson, Esq
• Thomas Powel, Esq
• John ••ate, Esq
• William Killingworth, Esq
• Hugh Hodges, Esq
• Thomas Geers, Esq
• Christopher Milton, Esq
• John Powel, Esq
• Sir Francis Withins, Kt.
• William Leffant, Esq
• John Rotheram, Esq
• V•• Denn, Esq
• Salathiel Lovell, Esq
• Sir Henry Chancy, Kt.
• Henry Trinder, Esq
• Henry Fuller, Esq
• John Thurburn, Esq
• William Pawlet, Esq
• Henry Hatsell, Esq
• John Blencow, Esq
• Roger Bellwood, Esq

Council at Law.

• Sir William Williams, Kt. and Bar. Mr. Conyers.
• Sir Charles Porter, Kt. Mr. Trevor.
• Sir William Whitlock, Kt. Mr. Cooper.

A List of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, and other Officers, appointed for Managing Their Majesties Revenue.

The Lords Commissioners of the Treasury.

• Sidney, Lord Godolphin.
• Sir John Lowther, Kt.
• Richard Hambden, Esq
• Sir Stephen Fox, Kt.
• Thomas Pelham, Esq
• Their Se••retary, William Jephson, Esq

Chancellour of the Exchequer.

• Richard Hampden, Esq one of the Lords Com∣missioners.

The Chamberlains.

• Sir Nicholas Steward.
• — Hilliard, Esq

Deputy Chamberlains.

• Mr. John Low,
• Mr. Peter Le Neve.

Auditor of the Receipts.

• Sir Robert Howard.

The four Tellers.

• Henry Maynard, Esq
• Francis Villiers, Esq
• John Loving, Esq
• Thomas Howard, Esq

Clerk of the Pells.

• William Wardour, Esq

Ushers of the Receipt.

• Mr. — Packer, &c.

Tally-Cutter.

• Mr. Samuel Langford.

Officers of the Custom Revenue.

The Commissioners of the Custom-House

• The Honourable George Booth, Esq
• The Honourable Sir Richard Temple, Baronet, and Knight of the Bath.
• The Honourable Sir John Woorden, Bar.
• The Honourable Sir Robert Southwell, Kt.
• The Honourable Sir Robert Clayton, Kt.
• The Honourable Sir Patience Ward, Kt.
• The Honourable Henry Guy, Esq

• Collector Inwards, Sir John Shaw.
• Collector Outwards, Sir Nicholas Crisp.
• Customer of the Cloth, and petty Customs, —
• Customer of the great Customs, Edward Bertie, Esq
• Comptroller general of the Accompts, Giles Litcot, Esq
• Comptroller of the Cloth and. petty Customs, Richard Breton.
• Surveyor general, George Nicholas.
• Surveyor of the Out-Ports, —
• Register of the Seizures, John Earl.
• Surveyors of the Land-Waiters, George Talbot, Thomas Blechynden, Robert Burgoine, Henry Serpant, John Ward, Isaac Manley, William Parsons.
• Surveyor of the Searchers, Peregrine Bertie, Esq
• The Searchers, Henry Canby, Richard Boys, Ed∣ward Le Neve, Laurence Prior, John Man, John Greathead.
• Usher of the Custom-House, Matthew Humbur∣ston.

Officers of the Excise.

The present Commissioners.

• Sir Henry Ashurst, Baronets.
• Sir John Morden. Baronets.
• Sir Samuel Dashwood, Knights.
• Sir Humphrey Edwin, Knights.
• William Strong, Esquires.
• John Foche, Esquires.
• Stephen Evans. Esquires.
• The Register and Secretary, Edward Noel, Esq
• Auditor, John Birch, Esq
• Comptroller, Elias Ashmole, Esq
• House-Keeper, Richard Ferguson.

Officers of the General Post-Office.

• Post-Master General, Major Wildman.
• Comptroller of the Outland Office, John VVild∣man, Junior, Esq
• Comptroller of the Inland Office, Thomas Gar∣dener, Esq
• Receiver General, Mr. Stephen Lilly.
• Accomptant General, Mr. George Serle.

Six Clerks of the forein Office.

• Mr. John Leeson,
• Mr. Ashburnham Frowd,
• Mr. John Saladine,
• Mr. William Sweeting,
• Mr. Francis Clewitt,
• Mr. Ferand Spence.

Six Clerks of the Roads of the In∣land Office.

• Mr. John Salter, For Chester Road.
• Mr. John Middleton, For the North Road.
• Mr. Richard Minors, For Bristol Road.
• Mr. William Serle, For the Western Road.
• Mr. Francis Garret, For the Kentish Road.
• Mr. James Cumber, For Yarmouth Road.

Of the Peny-Post Office.

• The Comptroller, Nathan. Castleton, Esq
• The Accomptant, Mrs. Thomas Lawe.
• The Receiver, Mr. Francis Gelling.

A List of the Officers of the Mint in the Tower of London.

Warden of the Mint.

• Benjamin Overton, Esq
• Master and Worker, Thomas Neale, Esq
• Comptroller, James Hove, Esq
• Assay-Master, Sir John Brattell.
• Auditors, Thomas Dove, and Brook Bridge••, Esq
• Surveyor of the Melting, George Evans, Esq
• Weigher and Teller, Thomas Fitch, Esq
• King's Chief Clark, Thomas Hall, Esq
• Engineer of the Mint, Mr. Thomas Doyley.
• Graver, Henry Harris, Esq
• Provost, Mr. Thomas Anderson.
• M••••ter, Mr. Jonathan Ambrose.

A List of the Officers of the Ord∣nance.

The Master General of the Ord∣nance.

• Lieutenant General, Sir Henry Goodrick, Kt. and Bar.
• Surveyor, John Charleton, Esq
• Clerk of the Ordnance, Sir Thomas Littleton, Kt.
• Keeper of the Stores, Thomas Gardiner, Esq
• Clerk of the Deliveries, Philip Musgrave, Esq
• Assistant Surveyor, William Boulter, Esq
• Treasurer, or Pay-master, Charles Bertie, Esq
• Master Gunner, Capt. Richard Leak.
• Principal Engineer, Sir Martin Beckman, Kt.
• Keeper of the small Guns, Mr. Charles Beau∣mont.

The Lords Commissioners of the Ad∣miralty, and of the Admirals.

The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

• The Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery
• The Earl of Carbery.
• Sir Michael Wharton, Bat.
• Sir Thomas Lee, Bat.
• Sir John Chichley, Bat.
• Sir John Lowther, Bat.
• William Sacheveril, Esq

Admirals.

• Sir Richard Haddock, Kt.
• Henry Killigrew, Esq
• Sir John Ashby, Kt.

A List of the Commissioners, and o∣ther Principal Officers belonging to the Navy.

The Commissioners.

• Sir Richard Haddock, Kt.
• Charles Sergison, Esq
• Sir John Tippet, Kt.
• Sir Richard Beach, Kt.
• The Treasurer, Edward Russel, Esq
• Comptroller, Sir Richard Haddock, Kt.
• Surveyor, Sir John Tippet, Kt.
• Clerk of the Acts, Charles Sergison, Esq
• Victuallers of the Navy, Thomas Papilion, Si∣mon Macne, John Agur, Humphrey Ayles, and James How, Esquires.

Commissioners for Sick and Wounded Seamen, and exchange of Prisoners of War.

• Thomas Addison, Esq
• Edward Leigh, Esq
• Anthony Shepherd, Esq
• John Starkey. Esq

Of the Martial Court.

THis Court you have too short an Account of, in my Third Part, Page 91. I therefore beg leave here to inlarge upon it.

'Tis called the Martial (or Military) Court, or High Court of Chivalry, otherwise the Court of Honour, and in Latine, Curia Milita∣ris. The Place anciently appointed for holding thereof was the King's Hall, wherein the Con∣stable and Earl Marshal of England sat as Judges. Where any Plaintiff, in case of Digni∣ties, or Matters of Arms, or of any other Sute or Controversy concerning Nobility, Gentility, or Arms, might sue the Defendant. But now, that great Office of Constable of England is hid aside, the whole Power is vested in the Earl Marshal. And the Present Possessor of that honourable Office is his Grace Henry, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England. Who has appointed the Hall in the Colledge of Arms to be the Place for Keeping the said Court. And, upon Application made to him by any of the Nobility or Gentry of this Kingdom, being a∣bused in Matters of Honour and Arms, may there have relief from his Grace.

Officers belonging to this Court.

• Their Majesties Advocate, William Odys, Dr. of Laws.
• Register of the Court, Robert Plott, Dr. of Laws.
• Secretary, and Seal-Keeper, Francis Negus, Esq
• Deputy-Register, Mr. John Cheek.

Proctors.

• Samuel Francklyn, Esq Batchelour of Laws.
• Mr. Ralph Suckley.
• Mr. Everard Exton, Batchelour of Laws.
• Mr. John Hill.
• Mr. Francis Nixon.
• Mr. Robert Chapman.
• Mr. Samuel Wiseman.
• Mr. Keate Waller.

Marshal of the Court.

• Mr. John Curry.

A List of the Lords Lieutenants.

• Bedford, Earl of Bedford.
• Berks, Duke of Norfolk.
• Bucks, Earl of Bridgewater.
• Cambr. Earl of Bedford.
• Cheshire, Earl of Warrington.
• Cornwal, Earl of Bath.
• Cumberland, Earl of Carlisle.
• Derbysh. Earl of Devon.
• Devonsh. Earl of Bath.
• Dorcetsh. Earl of Bristol.

• Essex, Earl of Oxford.
• Gloc. and Heref. Earl of Maclesfield.
• Hartfordsh. Earl of Shrewsbury, during the Minority of the Earl of Essex.
• Huntingt. Earl of Manchester.
• Kent, Earl of Winchelsey.
• Lancashire, Earl of Derby.
• Leicestersh. Earl of Rutland.
• Lincolnsh. Earl of Lindsey.
• Middlesex, Earl of Clare.
• Monmouthsh. Earl of Maclesfield.
• Norfolk, Duke of Norfolk.
• Northampt. Earl of Monmouth.
• Northumb. Earl of Scarborough.
• Nottinghamsh. Earl of Kingston.
• Oxon, Earl of Abington.
• Salop, Lord Visc. Newport.
• Somersetsh. Lord Visc. Fitz-Harding.
• Southampton, Duke of Bolton.
• Staffordsh. Lord Paget.
• Suffolk, Lord Cornwallis.
• Surrey, Duke of Norfolk.
• Sussex, Earl of Dorset and Middlesex.
• Warwicksh. Earl of Northampton.
• Wiltshire, Earl of Pembroke.
• Worcestersh. Earl of Shrowsbury.
• York East-Riding, Earl of Kingston.
• York North Riding Earl of Falconberg.
• York West-Riding Earl of Derby.
• South and North Wales, Earl of Maclesfield.

Governours of Garrisoned Places.

• Barwick, Christ. Babington, Esq
• Calshot, Francis Pawlet, Esq
• Carlisle, Jeremiah Bubb, Esq
• Chepstow,
• Chester, Sir John Morgan.
• Cinque-Ports, Col. John Beaumont, Esq
• Dartmouth, Nich. Roope, Esq
• Graves-end, William Selwyn, Esq
• Guernsey, Lord Hatton.
• Holy Island,
• Hull, Marquess of Caermarthen.
• Hurst-Castle, Henry Holmes.
• Jersey, Lord Jermyn.
• Isle of Wight, Sir Robert Holmes.
• Landguard-Fort, Henry Killigrew, Esq
• S. Maws,
• Pendennis, Earl of Bath.
• Plimouth, Earl of Bath.
• Portland,
• Portsmouth, John Gibson, Esq
• Scarborough,
• Scilly Islands,
• Sheerness, Robert Crawford, Esq
• Tinmouth, Sir Edw. Villiers.
• Tower of London, Lord Lucas.
• Upner Castle, Robert Minors, Esq
• Windfor Castle, Duke of Norfolk.

Governours of Foreign Plantations.

• Of Jamaica, Earl of Inchqueen.
• Virginia, Lord Effingham.
• New York, Col. Sloughter,
• Barbadoes, James Kendal, Col.
• Leeward Islands, Col. Godrington.

As for New England, the Governor is not yet setled. Mary-Land, Pensylvania, and Carolina are governed by their respective Proprietors, who have there their Deputies.

Their Majesties Embassadors, En∣voys, and Residents Abroad.

• At Vienna, Lord Paget.
• At Constantinople, Sir William Hussey.
• In Holland, Lord Dursley.
• Spain, William Stanhop, Esq
• Flanders, John Eckart, Esq
• Sweden, William Duncomb Esq
• Denmark, Robert Molesworth, Esq
• Brandenburg, James Johnston Esq
• Lunenburg and Brunswick, Sir William Dutton Colt.
• Swisserland, Thomas Cox, Esq
• Hamburg, Sir Paul Rycaut.
• Geneva, Philibert Herbert, Esq
• Agent in Germany Hugh Hughes, Gent.

Consuls in Foreign Parts.

• At Venice, Hugh Broughton, Esq
• Cadiz, & S. Ma∣ries, Sevil, S. Lucar, in Spain. Wartin Nescomb, Robert Godschall, Walter Doleman, E••••
• Alicant. Genoua, Leghorn Naples, in Italy. Thomas Kirk, Esq Robert Serle, Esq Sir George Davis, Kt.
• Argiers, in Barbary. Thomas Baker, Esq

Foreign Ministers, at present residing in their Majesties Court.

• Spain, Don Pedro de Ronquillo, Am∣bassador in Ordinary.
• Portugal, Don Simon de Soza de Ma∣gellanes, Envoy Extraor∣dinary.
• Sweden, Baron Leyonbergh, Envoy.
• Denmark, Monsieur Alfeldt, Envoy.
• Holland, The Heer Van Zitters, Am∣bassador in Ordinary.
• Brandenburg, Monsieur Dankelman, Envoy.
• Lunenburg, Baron de Schutz, Envoy Ex∣traordinary.
• Savoy, The President de la Tour Envoy Extraordinary.
• Vienna, Monsieur Hofman, Resident.

A Scheme of the Sovereign, and Knights Companions of the most Noble Order of the Garter.

••••e King of Denmark.	The Sovereign.	The King of Sweden.	Prince George of Denmark.
* Elector of Brandenb.	Earl of Oxford.
Earl of Strafford.	Duke of Beaufort.
Earl of Bedford.	Duke of Southampton.
Earl of Mulgrave.	Duke of Newcastle.
Marquis of Caerm.
Duke of Richmond.	Duke of Hamilton.
Duke of Somerset.	Duke of Northumb.
Duke of Norfolk.	Earl of Peterborough.
Earl of Rochester.	Earl of Feversham.
Earl of Sunderland.	Duke of Ormond.
* Earl of Devonshire.

A List of the Knights made by His Present Majesty, King William.

Knights Baronets.

• Hender Moulesworth, Esq created Baronet July 19th. 1689.
• Sir John Ramsden, of Yorkshire, Esq created Baronet Dec. 30. 1689.
• Sir William Robinson, of Newby in Yorkshire, Esq, created Baronet Febr. 13th. 1689.

Knights Batchelours.

• Anthony Keck, Esq Coun∣sellor at Law. Knighted at White∣hall, March 5th. 1688.
• William Rawlinson, Esq One of the Lords Com∣missioners of the Chan∣cery. Knighted at White∣hall, March 5th. 1688.
• Henry Pollixfen, Esq Lord Chief Justice of the Common-Pleas. Knighted at White∣hall, March 5th. 1688.
• Charles Sidley, Knighted at Whitehall, March 12. 1688.
• Thomas Pilkington, Esq Lord Mayor of Lon∣don, Knighted April 10th. 1689.
• William Whitelock, Esq of the Middle-Temple, Knighted April 10th. 1689.

• Robert Harrison, Esq Knighted at Whitehall, April 12. 1689.
• Captain John Ashby and Captain Clovesty Shovel, both Knighted on Shipboard, May 16th. 1689.
• Charles Hedges, of Doctors Commons London, Judge of the Admiralty, Knighted at White∣hall, June 4th. 1689.
• Edward Mosely, of Huling in Lancashire, Esq Knighted at Whitehall, June 4th. 2689.
• Ralph Box, of London, Esq Knighted at Whitehall, Octob. 25th. 1689.
• Christopher Lethulier, and John Houblon, Knighted at Whitehall, Octob. 29th. 1689.
• Edward Clerk, Alderman, and Francis Child, Goldsmith, Knighted at White∣hall, Octob. 29th. 1689.
• Nicholas Lechmere, Esq One of the Barons of the Ex∣chequer. All four Knighted in the Bedcham∣ber, at Whitehall, Oct. 31. 1689.
• Tho. Rokesby, Esq One of the the Justices of the Com∣mon-Pleas. All four Knighted in the Bedcham∣ber, at Whitehall, Oct. 31. 1689.
• Giles Eyres, Esq One of the Justices of the Kings-Bench. All four Knighted in the Bedcham∣ber, at Whitehall, Oct. 31. 1689.
• Peyton Ventris, Esq one of the Justices of the Com∣mon-Pleas. All four Knighted in the Bedcham∣ber, at Whitehall, Oct. 31. 1689.

• John Turton, Esq One of the Barons of the Exchequer. All Knighted in the Bedchamber at Whitehall, Oct. 29. 1689.
• George Hutchins, Esq One of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. All Knighted in the Bedchamber at Whitehall, Oct. 29. 1689.
• Will. Wogan, Esq Their Majesties Serjeants at Law. All Knighted in the Bedchamber at Whitehall, Oct. 29. 1689.
• J. Tremain, Esq Their Majesties Serjeants at Law. All Knighted in the Bedchamber at Whitehall, Oct. 29. 1689.
• W. Thompson, Esq Their Majesties Serjeants at Law. All Knighted in the Bedchamber at Whitehall, Oct. 29. 1689.
• J. Trenchard, Esq Their Majesties Serjeants at Law. All Knighted in the Bedchamber at Whitehall, Oct. 29. 1689.
• John Somers, Esq their Ma∣jesties Sollicitor General. All Knighted in the Bedchamber at Whitehall, Oct. 29. 1689.
• James de Castillo, Knighted at Whitehall, Dec. 1. 1689.
• William Cranmer, Merchant, Knighted at White∣hall, Dec. 14th. 1689.
• Thomas Miller, of Chichester, Esq Knighted at Whitehall, Dec. 23. 1659.
• Pury Cust, of Stamford, Esq Knighted at Whitehall, April 10th. 1690.
• William Hussey, of London, Merchant, lately sent Embassador to Constantinople, Knighted at Whitehall, April 17th. 1690.
• Joseph Herne, of London, Mer∣chant, Governor of the East-India Company. Both Knighted at Kingsington, Sept. 15th. 1690.
• Thomas Cook, of London, Goldsmith, Deputy-Go∣vernor of the said Com∣pany. Both Knighted at Kingsington, Sept. 15th. 1690.

• George Meggot, Esq of Horsey Down in Surrey, Knighted at Kinsington, Oct. 9th. 1690.
• Stephen Evans, of London, Knighted at Kinsing∣ton, Octob. 14th. 1690.

A List of the present Deans, both in England and Wales.

• ...S. Asaph,
• ...Bangor,
• ...Bristol,
• ...Canterbury,
• ...Carlisle,
• ...Chester,
• ...Chichester,
• Christchurch, in Oxford.
• ...S. Davids.
• ...Durham,
• ...Ely,
• ...Exeter,
• ...Glocester,
• ...Hereford,
• ...Lichfield,
• ...Lincoln,
• ...Norwich,
• ...S. Pauls, London.
• ...Peterborough.
• ...Rochester,
• ...Salisbury,
• ...Wells,
• ...Westminster,
• ...Winchester,
• Windsor, and
• ...Woolverhampton,
• ...Worcester,
• ...York,
• Dr. Bright.
• Dr. Jones.
• Dr. Levet.
• Dr. Sharp.
• Dr. Mr. Musgrave.
• Dr. Ardern.
• Dr. Hawkins.
• Dr. Aldrich.
• Dr. Ellis.
• Dr. Greenvill.
• Dr. Spencer.
• Dr. Annesly.
• Dr. Jane.
• Dr. Benson.
• Dr. Addison.
• Dr. Brevint.
• Dr. Fairfax.
• Dr. Tillotson.
• Dr. Kidder.
• Dr. Ullock.
• Dr. Pearce.
• Dr. Bathurst.
• Dr. Sprat, Bp. of Rochester.
• Dr. Meggot.
• Dr. Haskard.
• Dr. Hicks.
• Dr. Wickham.

The Colledge of Civilians, called Doctors Commons, exercent in London.

• DR. George Oxinden, Dean and Official Prin∣cipal of the Arches-Court of Canterbury, and Vicar General of the Arch-Bishop of Can∣terbury.
• Sir Charles Hedges, Kt. Dr. of Laws, Judg of the High Court of Admiralty, Master of the Faculties, and Chancellor of the Diocese of Ro∣chester.
• Sir Richard Raines, Kt. Dr. of Laws, Judg of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, and Chancellor to the Bishop of Lichfield and Co∣ventry.
• Dr. Thomas Bourchier, Commissary of the Di∣ocese of Canterbury.
• Dr. Watkinson, Vicar-General to the Arch-Bishop of York.
• Sir Thomas Pinfold, His Majesties Advocate-General, Chancellor to the Lord Bishop of Peter∣borough, and Official to the Dean and Chapter of St. Pauls.
• Dr. Edward Masters, Chancellor to the Lord Bishop of Exeter.
• Dr. William Oldys, Their Majesties Advocate for the Office of Lord High Admiral of Eng∣land,

• and to the Lords of the Prizes, and Chan∣cellor of the Diocese of Lincoln.
• Dr. Henry Falconbridge, Chancellor to the Bi∣shop of St. Davids.
• Dr. Pepper, Chancellor to the Bishop of Nor∣wich.
• Dr. Henry Newton, Chancellor to the Bishop of London.
• Dr. Henry Aileworth, Chancellor to the Bi∣shop of Oxford.
• Sir Timothy Baldwin, Chancellor to the Bi∣shops of Hereford and Worcester.
• Dr. Briggs, Chancellor to the Bishop of Chi∣chester.
• The Honourable — Mountague, Batchelor of Laws, Chancellor to the Bishop of Durham.
• Dr. John Cook, Chancelor to the Bishop of Ely.
• — Morley, Batchelor of Laws, Chancellor to the Bishop of Winchester.
• Dr. Powel, Chancellor to the Bishop of St Asaph.
• Dr. Richard Parsons, Chancellor to the Bishop of Glocester.
• Dr. Henry Jones, Chancellor to the Bishop of Landaff.
• Dr. — Nicholas, Chancellor to the Bishop of Carlisle.

• Dr. Baylie, Chancellor to the Bishop of Bath and Wells.
• Dr. Wainwright, Chancellor to the Bishop of Chester.
• Dr. Jones, Chancellor to the Bishop of Bri∣stol,
• Dr. Pennington, Chancellor to the Bishop of Bangor.
• — Chancellor to the Bishop of Salisbury.

Doctors of Laws.

• Sir William Trumball, Kt. late Ambassador at Constantinople.
• Dr. John Edisbury, Official to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster.
• Dr. Joseph Taylor.
• Dr. Charles Davenant.
• Dr. Fisher Littleton.
• Dr. John St. John.
• Dr. George Brampston.
• Dr. Stephen VValler.
• Dr. Mathew Tindale.
• Dr. John Conant.
• Dr. Thomas Lane.
• Dr. Richard Paget.
• Dr. Philip Foster.
• Dr. Bryan VValton.
• Dr. John Harwood.
• Dr. John Rudston.

Registers.

• Thomas Oughton, Gent. Register to the High Court of Delegates.
• John Clements, Esq Register of the Arches Court of Canterbury.
• Thomas Smith, Deputy Register.
• Thomas Tillot, Actuary of the same.
• Orlando Gee, Esq Register of the High Court of Admiralty.
• Thomas Bedford, Gent. Deputy Register.
• John Cheek, General Marshal.

Proctors of the Arches, and in all other Courts.

• Samuel Francklyn, Esq Batchelor of the Laws, Their Majesties Proctor-General.
• Mr. Ralph Suckley.
• Mr. Everard Exton,
• Mr. Batchel. of Laws.
• Mr. VVilliam Cole.
• Mr. John Hill.
• Mr. Ric. Newcourt.
• Mr. Thomas Smith.
• Mr. Francis Nixon.
• Mr. Godfrey Lee.
• Mr. Robert Chapman.
• Mr. Thomas Tillot.
• Mr. Thomas Swallow.
• Mr. Peter Parret.
• Mr. Thomas Rock.
• Mr. Samuel Wiseman.
• Mr. John Hungerford.
• Mr. John Miller.
• Mr. Thomas Shepard.
• Mr. Keate VValler.
• Mr. Edward Shaw.
• Mr. John Lovell.
• Mr. Richard Martin.
• Mr. John Roberts.
• Mr. Robert Bargrave.
• Mr. John Tomlinson.
• Mr. George Sayer.
• Mr. Robert Constable.
• Mr. Robert Peirson.
• Mr. John Playdell.
• Mr. John Chase.
• Mr. Joseph Patten.
• Mr. Goldsmith Mills.
• Mr. Edward Cooke.

The Prerogative Office, or Registry for the Prerogative Wills, in the Arch-Bishoprick of Canterbury.

Register of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.

• Everard Exton, Batchelor of Laws.
• Deputy Register, Mr. Thomas VVelham.

Clerks in the said Office.

• Mr. Charles Pinfold.
• Mr. John Cottle.
• Mr. John Holman.
• Mr. — Dew.
• Mr. Smith.
• Mr. Rupert Brown.
• Keeper of the Wills, Mr. Richard Eades.

The London Colledge of Physicians.

The Fellows.

• Dr. Walter Charleton, President.
• Sir Charles Scarborough, His Majesties chief Physician, Elect.
• Sir Thomas Witherly, His Majesties Physician in Ordinary.
• Dr. Edmund Dickenson, Physician to the Kings Houshold.
• Dr. Charles Frazier, Physicians in Ordina∣ry to His Majesty.
• Dr. Robert Brady, Physicians in Ordina∣ry to His Majesty.
• Sir George Ent, Elect.
• Dr. George Rogers,
• Dr. Thomas Burwel, Register,
• Dr. John Betts, Elect,
• Dr. Peter Barwick, Elect.
• Dr. Samuel Collins,
• Dr. Sir Thomas Mil∣lington, Trea∣surer,
• Dr. John Lawson,
• Dr. Humphrey Brook,
• Dr. John Bidgood,
• Dr. Nathaniel John∣son, Censor.
• Dr. John Atfield,
• Dr. Henry Paman,
• Dr. William Wal∣grave,
• Dr. John Downs,
• Dr. Charles Conquest,
• Dr. Will. Stokeham,
• Dr. Robert Pierce,
• Dr. Richard Griffith, Censor.
• Dr. Walter Needham,
• Dr. Ferdinand Men∣dez, Physician to the Queen Dowager.
• Dr. Richard Lower,
• Dr. Josias Clark,
• Dr. Richard Torles,
• Dr. Edward Brown,
• Dr. Edward Hulse,
• Dr. Samuel Morrice,
• Dr. Phineas Fowke,
• Dr. Edw. Baynard,
• Dr. Charles Goodall,
• Dr. Richard Morton,
• Dr. Theodore Colla∣don,
• Dr. Andrew Clench,

• Dr. Thomas Alvey,
• Dr. James Rufine,
• Dr. Sir Edmond Ki••••••
• Dr. William Johnston,
• Dr. Walter Harris, Censor.
• Dr. Richard Black∣bourn, Censor.
• Dr. William Briggs,
• Dr. Francis Bernard,
• Dr. Robert Gray,
• Dr. Richard Smith,
• Dr. Frederick Slare,
• Dr. George How,
• Dr. William Daw∣kins,
• Dr. Christopher Love-Morley.
• Dr. Walter Mills.
• Dr. John Harrison,
• Dr. Edward Tyson.
• Dr. Richard Robinson,
• Dr. William Dawes,
• Dr. John Elliot,
• Dr. Joshua le Feure,
• Dr. Thomas Walsh,
• Dr. Thomas Gill,
• Dr. Richard Darnel∣ly,
• Dr. Christian Harrel,
• Dr. Robert Pitt,
• Dr. John Bateman,
• Dr. John Radcliff,
• Dr. John Harrison,
• Dr. John Hungerford,
• Dr. Martin Lister,
• Dr. Thomas Palmer,
• Dr. Edward Betts,
• Dr. Richard Field,
• Dr. Hans. Sloan,
• Dr. Rich. Blackmore,
• Dr. Tancred Robinson,
• Dr. Richard Carr,
• Dr. Simon Welman.

Candidates.

• ...Robert Midgeley,
• ...Peter Geltsthorp.

Honourary Fellows.

• ...William-Denton,
• ...John Skinner,
• ...William Langham,
• ...Otw. Meverell,
• ...Robert Fielding,
• ...John Windebank,
• ...Sir Theod. De Vaux,
• ...John Yardley,
• ...Thomas Moore,
• ...William Burnet,
• ...Henry Sampson,
• ...John Masters,
• ...John Jones,
• ...Daniel Cox,
• ...Nehemiah Grew,
• ...Thomas Gibson,
• ...Peter Alder,
• ...Nehemiah Cox.

Licentiates.

• ...Thomas Sydenham,
• ...John Reak,
• ...Richard Brown,
• ...Jeremiah Butt,
• ...Praise Watson,
• ...Edward Bell,
• ...Isaac Chauncey,
• ...Christopher Crell,
• ...John Martin,
• ...Philip Guide,
• ...John Groenvelt,
• ...Joshua Palmer,
• ...Henry Morelli,
• ...John Peachy,
• ...Thomas Hobs,
• ...William Sydenham,
• ...John Jones,
• ...Charles Nicholls,
• ...John Nicholson,
• ...Clopton Havers,
• ...Bernard Soames,
• ...James Disbrow,
• ...David Hamilton,
• — Deffray,
• ...Salisbury Cade,
• ...William Grimbalston,
• ...Cal. Coatsworth,
• ...Sebast. Le Feure.

The present Lord Mayor, and Alder∣men of London.

• Sir Thomas Pilkington, Lord Mayor.
• Sir John Lawrence,
• Sir William Turner,
• Sir Robert Clayton,
• Sir Patience Ward,
• Sir John Moor,
• Sir William Pritch∣ard,
• Sir Robert Jefferies,
• Sir Jonathan Ray∣mond,
• Sir Peter Daniel,
• Sir Peter Rich,
• Sir Thomas Stamp,
• Sir S••muel Dashwood,
• Sir Benj. Thorowgood,
• Sir Thomas Kensy,
• Sir William Ashurst,
• Sir Thomas Lane.
• Sir John Fleet.
• Sir Humphry Edwin.
• Sir John Parsons.
• Sir John Houblon.
• Edm. Clark and Francis Cild She∣riffs.
• Jo. Wildman Esq
• Ric. Lovet. Esq
• Will. Gore. Esq

Chief Officers under them.

• The Recorder, Sir George Treby.
• Chamberlain, Leonard Robinson, Esq
• Common Sergeant, Henry Crispe, Esq
• Town Clerk, —
• Comptroller of the Chamber, and Vice-chamberlain, Joseph Lane, Esq
• Deputy Recorder, Martin Rider, Esq
• Sword-Bearer, VVilliam Man, Esq
• Common Hunt, Walter Masters, Esq
• Common Crier, Lovet Goring, Esq
• Water-Bayliff, James Cumber, Esq
• Coroner, Mr. John Broom.

Judges of the Sheriffs Courts.

• Christopher Goodfellow, Esq
• James Mundy, — Esq

The Lieutenancy of London.

• Sir Thomas Pilkington, Mayor.
• Sir John Lawrence,
• Sir William Turner,
• Sir Robert Clayton,
• Sir Patience VVard,
• Sir VVill. Pritchard, Colonel of the White Regi∣ment.
• Sir James Smith, Col. of the Orange.
• Sir Jonathan Ray∣mond, Col. of the Green.
• Sir Peter Rich, Col. of the Blue.
• Sir Thomas Kensey, Col. of the Red.

• Sir Tho. Stamp, Col. of the Yellow.
• Sir Robert Jefferies,
• Sir George Treby, Re∣corder,
• Sir Samuel Dashwood,
• Sir Benjamin Tho∣rowgood,
• Sir William Ashurst,
• Sir Humphrey Edwin,
• Sir John Fleet,
• Sir Benj. Newland,
• Sir Thomas Fowles,
• Sir John Matthews,
• Sir Henry Ashurst, Baronet.
• Sir John Leithelier,
• Sir Peter Vandeput,
• Sir VVilliam Russel,
• Sir Jer. Sambrook,
• Sir William Hedges,
• Sir John Mordant, Baronet,
• Sir Gabriel Roberts,
• Sir Francis Child,
• Sir Edward Clark,
• Sir John Houblon,
• Sir John Cutler,
• Sir Edw. Desbovery,
• Sir James VVard,
• Sir Robert Adams,
• Sir Thomas Vernon,
• Sir Ralph Box,
• Sir Christopher Lei∣thelier.
• Sir William Hussey,
• Sir Joseph Herne,
• Sir Thomas Cook,
• Sir Tho. Papilion,
• Sir Thomas Frederick,
• Sir Joseph Birch,
• Sir VVilliam Kiffin,
• Sir Edward Underhill
• Sir George Sitwell,
• Sir Thomas VVesterne,
• Sir John Jolliffe,
• Sir Charles Thorold,
• Sir Nathaniel Tench,
• Sir Francis Chamber∣lain,
• Sir James Hudson,
• Sir Tho. Langham,
• Sir Peter Houblon,
• Sir James Houblon,
• Sir Leonard Robinson,
• Sir VVilliam Jarret,
• Sir Daniel Mercer,
• Sir Andrew Kendrick,
• Sir John Flavil,
• Sir Robert VVhit∣tingham,
• Sir VVilliam VVarren
• Sir John Raylor,
• Sir Francis Gosfright,
• Sir VVilliam Seaven,
• Sir John Foach,
• Sir John Johnson,
• Sir Samuel Powel,
• Sir Joseph Bowels,
• Sir Abraham Wessel,
• Sir Walter Coven∣try,
• Sir James Denue,
• Sir John Scriveu,
• Sir Daniel Allen,
• Sir Ralph Grange,

• Sir Robert Raworth,
• Sir Francis Moore,
• Sir Thomas Shaw,
• Sir John Cook,
• Sir William Faulkner,
• Sir James Bodding∣ton,
• Sir Henry Hatley,
• Sir John Adams,
• Sir Jeremiah Whitch∣cot,
• Sir Percival Gil∣burn,
• Sir James Chamber∣lain,
• Sir John Kent,
• Sir Richard Aley,
• Sir John Nichols,
• Sir Thomas Colson,
• Sir Nicholas Charle∣ton,
• Sir John Midgeley,
• Sir Edward Beacker,
• Sir VVilliam Gore,
• Sir William Withers,
• Sir Richard Hoare,
• Sir Jeffery Nightin∣gale.
• Sir James Smith,
• Sir Joseph Hornby,
• Sir Richard Beau∣champ,
• Sir Richard Norman∣sell,
• Sir Joseph Smart,
• Sir Robert Bedding∣field,
• Sir Peter Joye,
• Sir William Hooker,
• Sir John Steventon,
• Sir William Carpen∣ter.
• Sir Arthur Baron.
• Sir William Tempest.
• Sir Peter Floyer.
• Sir Roger Norton.
• Sir Henry Clerk.
• Sir John Geneu.
• Sir John Sawyer.
• Sir Thomas Wood.
• Sir Jeoffry Jefferies.
• Sir Nath. Haws.
• Sir William Strong,
• Sir John Jefferies.
• Sir Adrian Quiney.
• Sir John Wallis.
• Sir John Cogs.
• Sir John East.
• Sir Richard Pearce.
• Sir Edmund Bolter.
• Clerk, John Burret.
• Muster-Master, Joseph Hide.
• Messenger, Benjamin Leech.

The present Governours of the Char∣ter-House.

• Archbishop of Can∣terbury.
• Lord President of the Council.
• Duke of Ormond.
• Duke of Beaufort.
• Marquis of Hallifax.
• Earl of Craven.
• Earl of Clarendon.
• Earl of Rochester.
• Earl of Mulgrave.
• Earl of Berkly.
• Bishop of London.
• Bishop of Wincester.

Master of the House.

• Thomas Burnet, Esq

Under-Officers.

• The Register, Mr. William Lightfoot.
• Receiver, Robert Pain, Esq
• Auditor, Mr. Richard Spour.
• Physician, Dr. Walter Needham.
• Chaplain, Mr. John Patrick.
• Reader, Mr. Charles Ludgole.
• Organist, Mr. Nicholas Love.
• School-Master, Mr. Thomas Walker.
• Usher, Mr. John Stacy.

A List containing the Names of the present Chancellor, Vice-Chancel∣lor, Heads of Colledges and Halls, Proctors, Orator, and Professors, in the Ʋniversity of Oxford.

The Chancellour.

• His Grace, James, Duke of Ormond.

Vice-Chancellor.

• Dr. Jonathan Edwards.

Heads of Colledges.

• University Col∣ledge. Dr. Edw. Farrar, Ma∣ster.
• Baliol Col∣ledge. Dr. Rog. Mander, Ma∣ster.
• Merton Col∣ledge. Dr. Tho. Clayton, War∣den.
• Exeter Col∣ledge. Dr. Arth. Bury, Rector.
• Oriel Col∣ledge. Dr. Rob. Say, Provost.
• Queen's Col∣ledge. Dr. Tim. Halton, Pro∣vost.
• New Col∣ledge. Dr. Hen. Beeston, War∣den.
• Lincoln Col∣ledge. Dr. Fitz-Herbert A∣dams, Rector.
• All-Souls Col∣ledge. Dr. Leopold Finch, Warden.
• Magdalen Col∣ledge. Dr. John Hough, Pre∣sident, and Bi∣shop of Oxford.
• Brazen Nose Col∣ledge. Dr. J. Meare, Principal.
• Corpus Christi Col∣ledge. Dr. Tho. Turner, Presi∣sident.
• Christ-Church Col∣ledge. Dr. Henry Aldrich Dean.
• Trinity Col∣ledge. Dr. Ralph Bathurst, President.
• S. Johns Col∣ledge. Dr. Will. Levinz Pre∣sident.
• Jesus Col∣ledge. Dr. Jonathan Edwards, Principal.
• Wadham Col∣ledge. Dr. Thomas Dunster, Warden.
• Pembroke Col∣ledge. Dr. John Hall, Master.

Heads of the Halls.

• Magdalen Hall, Dr. Will. Levet, Prin∣cipal.
• Edmund Hall, Dr. John Mill, Prin∣cipal.
• Alban Hall, Dr. Tho. Bouchier, Prin∣cipal.
• Hart Hall, Mr. Will. Thornton, Prin∣cipal.
• S. Mary Hall, Mr. Will. Wyat, Prin∣cipal.
• Glocester Hall, Dr. Bryan Eaton, Prin∣cipal.
• New Inn Hall, Dr. Tho. Bayly, Prin∣cipal.

Proctors for this Year.

• Mr. Francis Brown, Fellow of Merton Colledge.
• Mr. Francis Bernard, Fellow of S. John's Col∣ledge.

Publick Orator.

• Mr. William Wyat.

Professors.

• In Divinity, Dr. William Jane, Regius Pro∣fessor; and Dr. John Hall, Margaret Professor in Divinity.
• Civil Law, Dr. Thomas Bourchier, Regius Pro∣fessor.
• Physick, Dr. John Luffe, Regius Professor.
• Natural Philosophy, Dr. Stephen Fry.
• Botanick, Mr. Jacob Bobart.
• Astronomy, Dr. Edward Bernard.
• Geometry, Dr. John Wallis.
• Musick, Mr. Richard Goodson.
• Moral Philosophy, Mr. William Christmas.
• Hebrew and Arabick, Dr. Edward Pocock.
• Greek, Dr. William Levins.
• Cambden Professor, Mr. Henry Dodwell.

A List of the Chancellor, Vice-Chan∣cellor, Heads of the Colledges and Halls, Proctors, Orator, and Pro∣fessors, in the Ʋniversity of Cambridge.

The Chancellor.

• Charles, Duke of Somerset.

Vice-Chancellor.

• Dr. Roderick.

Heads of Colledges, and Halls

• King's Col∣ledg, Dr. Roderick.
• Quen's Col∣ledg, Dr. James.
• St. John's Col∣ledg, Dr. Gower.
• Trinity Col∣ledg, Dr. Montague.
• Christs Col∣ledg, Dr. Coval.
• Magdalen Col∣ledg, Dr. Quadring.
• Corpus Christi Col∣ledg, Dr. Spencer,
• Jesus Col∣ledg, Dr. Saywell.
• Emanuel Col∣ledg, Dr. Balderston.
• Sidn. and Suss. Col∣ledg, Dr. Johnson.
• Gonv. and Cajus Col∣ledg, Dr. Brady.
• ••eter-House Hall, Dr. Beaumont.
• Catharine Hall, Dr. Echard.
• Clare Hall, Dr. Blithe.
• Pembroke Hall, Dr. Coga
• Trinity Hall, Dr. Oxenden.

Proctors.

• Mr. Cook.
• Mr. Wotton.

Orator.

• Dr. Felton.

Professors.

• Professor Regius, Dr. Beaumont.
• Margaret Professor, Dr. Gower.
• Professor of Casuistical Divinity, Dr. Smoult.
• Of the Civil Law, Dr. Oxenden.
• Physick, Dr. Brady.
• Mathematicks, Mr. Newton.
• Hebrew Professor, Dr. Stubs,
• Grek Professor, Mr. Payne.
• Arabick Professor, Dr. Luke.

FINIS.

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