A discourse of Bathe, and the hot waters there also some enquiries into the nature of the water of St. Vincent's rock, near Bristol, and that of Castle-Cary : to which is added a century of observations, more fully declaring the nature, property, and distinction of the Baths : with an account of the lives, and character, of the physicians of Bathe / by Tho. Gvidott ...

A Discourse of BATHE, AND THE HOT WATERS There.

CHAP. I. The Introduction.

HAving formerly, in the year 1668, annexed a brief discourse of Bathe to one of Doctor Jorden's of Natu∣ral Bathes and Mineral Waters, un∣der the name of an Appendix con∣cerning Bathe, by which and some other pains I had taken about the Treatise it self, I thought I had obliged (as was the opinion of most) not only the Relations of the deceased Au∣thor, but all his Friends and Well-wishers; but meeting, contrary to all expectation, with ••ude and unhandsom returns from an Impudent person, to

whose Temper the modest Doctour was a great stranger, and of whose behaviour he would be much asham'd, were he now alive; who on his pretended relation hath repaid me with ill lan∣guage, and foolishly threatned me with Trouble for my good will. Now to put an end to all disputes of this kind, I have thought fit to appeal to any understanding person, that hath his senses exercised, and his wits about him, (for all have not, and some have none at all) whether my Additions have been any impair to the Doctor's Reputation, whom I have treated with all the Civility imaginable; and for the Sale of the Book (a good argument of its acceptance) I believe there were not more sold in the Doctor's life time, of what he printed himself, than went off the first year of my Impression. But to silence all Cavils and silly Objections of this nature, I have discharged that Author, and published in this discourse my own thoughts and Observations, and how much different they are from his, or agreeable to Truth, may best be de∣termin'd by the ingenious Reader.

I did intend indeed, according to my Promise in the end of my Preface to the Edition of Dr. Jorden, to have amplified that small discourse into an History of Bathe; but finding no encouragement since to that de∣sign, and many things that have made me alter my resolution, my intentions are to wave that, and apply my self, in some convenient time, to the Roman Court, where I shall have a fairer Trial, and more Justice done me. In the mean time, I hope this may in some measure stop the gap, and release me of my obligation to the Candid world; especially consi∣dering that the Antiquities of the Baths and City can hardly, I think, be improved higher, and the Mystery of the Sacred Waters of Minerva, is not

to be profan'd, which it wants little of if idly pro∣stituted to vulgar Capacities; which, besides that they are incompetent Judges in other matters, are apt to put a sinister interpretation on those very things, that really are, and were so intended for their own advantage; neither had I published the Observations I now do in this language, had it not been on a more particular account.

The ill Usages and great Indignities I have al∣ready met withal, from an ungrateful people, in the prosecution of my design of making further En∣quiries into the Nature of those Waters, are not here to be mentioned; they are sufficiently known to be products of Envy and Malice, and as I have hitherto contemned what pitiful opposition could be made against me by the united strength of En∣vy, Pride, Beggery and Revenge; so I shall not surcease my Thoughts in due time of performing that which will be better esteem'd by more Judici∣ous persons, and render me and my design most acceptable when best understood. It was a fit re∣turn of a grave Divine to a vainglorious opposer of his good Inclinations, Nec propter Te coepi, nec propter Te desinam. Thou, Satan, said he, hast nothing to do with my Concerns, for thou art at neither end of my design; and as I did not begin to do thee a kindness, so I will continue notwithstanding thy rage. Such unclean Spirits have no more to do with pub∣lick affairs, than to interrupt the quiet of better than themselves; and are like a troublesom Curr on the Road, that doth little else, with a besom tail and a whiffling bark, than make a man well mount∣ed look back, his horse kick, and so returns.

It hath ever been the fate of New Discoveries to meet with Course entertainment at their first appearance; and whereas men are usually courteous

and civilly demean'd to strange Persons, they treat strange Opinions and new Inventions at another rate. 'Tis the only Policy accounted to keep a bal∣lance among men, and if any one by a more than ordinary industry and God's blessing on it, hath made at any time a conquest in the Intellectual world, whereby 'tis thought he may get the start of his Neighbours, a rotten Cabal shall make head a∣gainst him, and perhaps, use him with as much se∣verity as a forceable Intruder on another's right; whereas the Secrets of Nature are free to all, and the Victor here enters not by Blood, and Rapine, and Tyrannical oppression, but in a way both innocent in it self, and advantagious to others.

When I reflect on the hard measure the Re∣nowned Dr. Harvey met withal from the pride and peevishness of some conceited Brethren (who esteem nothing Currant but what bears their image and superscription, if not minted in their own brain) on his first demonstration of the Circulation to the World, I cannot but conclude, if I had no other instance for it, That neither Ingenuity, Learning, Modesty, nor any thing that is good and truly valua∣ble can give protection from, though a sufficient antidote against, the poyson of Envy; Envy, that spreading Ring-worm, that Ʋbiquitarian infection, that Canker of what is sound, and Rust of what is bright! to be found almost in all places, in Town and in Country, in the Shop and in the Street, in the Tavern and in the Ale-house; it hovers over all, and pitches where it can, till at last, if it hurt not others, it preys upon it self:

Thou wicked Fiend! that ne'r didst good, But hast perversly it withstood, And ever will, till Time shall be No more, or We Be rid of Thee.

But to pass by things of this nature with that of the unconcerned Graecian to as abusive persons, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; or that of Tacitus, Convitia spreta exolescunt, the best answer being nothing at all; I shall rather chuse to acquaint the Read••r, That whereas I conceive, when I writ my Letter of Observations, that Bitumen and Sul∣phur were not primarily concern'd in the Body of the Waters, and therefore no way observable in the Contents; by fresher Experiments and Observations of a later date, I am inclin'd to believe, that Sul∣phur is one ingredient in the Contents of the Wa∣ters, though not proportionable in quantity to the Salts, and lost in the bringing them to a better co∣lour. For if two or three ounces of the Contents, which at first much resemble the courser sort of Sugar, be put into a Crucible in order to fusion, when the Crucible is red, and before the Salt doth run, there is the perfect colour and smell of Brim∣stone, insomuch that it may be sensibly discerned in any part of the room, and as the Salt draws nearer the state of Fusion, the Sulphur wasts and is dimi∣nished; so that as dross or Recrement it burns off in Calcination, and is no way concerned in the refined Salt, though one Ingredient in the Waters, and contained in their body.

I shall further add, that I made a Lixivium of the Salt calcin'd before fusion, when probably the Sulphurous parts, or so reputed, were not all con∣sum'd, and observ'd so great a foetor in the Lixivi∣um representing Sulphur so effectually to my smell, that it presently obtain'd the Testimony (if that be any thing) of that sense.

CHAP. II. The Opinion of a late Author concerning the Nature of the Baths of Bathe.

* 1.1AND here I cannot but take notice of a Novel Writer, who Magisterially thus determines: Quod ad Nitrum & Sulphur attinet, quibus Thermas Bathonienses imbutas esse hactenus creditum est, eorum neutrum Aquis Thermarum istarum solutum esse arbi∣tror: As to what concerns Nitre and Sulphur, with which the Bathes of Bathe have hitherto been thought to be impregnated, I suppose there is nothing of either of them dissolved in the Waters.

A bold assertion! which had it been vented and believed but 50 years ago, would have prevented much trouble in evincing the contrary; but, since 'tis in fashion to be peremptory, I do assert, That both Nitre and Sulphur are to be found in all the Bathes of Bathe, and that dissolved in, and mixed with, the Body of the Waters. In order to the Proof of which, I shall take some account of the forementioned Author's 15th. Chapter of his Tract of Sal-Nitre, the arguments he hath against it, and his opinion to the contrary.

His words therefore, as well as I can translate them, are these:

Among the most celebrated Bathes, we may justly reckon those of Bathe, in which admirable Waters, a continual Vestal and sacred Fire is maintain'd, as if things of a most different na∣ture were interleagu'd. Before I come to the manner how these Bathes receive their Heat, it will not be improper if I make some enquiry into the Contents of these Waters.

It is therefore manifest, that the Bathes of Bathe are impregnated with a certain Salt of an acid na∣ture, for if any Sal alkali, or volatil Salt purely salin'd, be mixed with these Waters, a precipita∣tion will ensue, and the Waters will become tur∣bid, and of a milky nature.

Moreover, The Bathe-water powred on boyl∣ing Milk, will coagulate it, as any other acid doth.

Neither doth this acid Salt seem to be the only Salt of the Bathe, but is complicated with an Al∣kali; for if the Water be evaporated quite away, a certain Salt of a more fixt nature will be found in the bottom of the vessel, which, on the powr∣ing of any acid on it, will ferment.

Of the same nature also are the Mud and Sand of the Bathe, which are wrought up with the Springs; for any acid liquor being powred on them, an Ebullition will follow.

There may be also observed in these Waters a Salt, or rather a Lime-Chalk kind of Earth, sticking to the bottom of the Gouts, or passages, almost in all places where the Water passeth.

From what hath been said may be collected; That the Bathes of Bathe are impregnated with a certain acid saline Salt, and the Salt of the Bathe seems not much unlike Tartar vitriolated, or Aluminous Salt.

The Reason why these Salts destroy not one another, but each of them ferments with its con∣trary Salt; may be understood from what hath been delivered in the former Chapter: To wit; These Salts are so imperfect, that in Conjunction they cannot destroy one another. But more of these Salts, hereafter.

As to Nitre and Sulphur, with which the Bathes

have hitherto been thought to participate, I sup∣pose, That neither of them is dissolv'd in those Waters.

That there is no Nitre in the Waters appears by this, That the Salts that remain after the Eva∣poration of the Bathe-water, put on a Coal, burn not, as Nitre doth. Although I shall not deny, that those immature Salts of an Alkali nature, (which are also contained in the Sand, and* 1.2 Mud of the Bathe) being expos'd sometime to the air, may, perhaps, by its influence be converted into Nitre.

As to Sulphur, which hath been so much re∣ported to be in all Bathes, 'tis not, I believe, dissolved in these Waters. Because,

If a Solution of Alom, Vitriol, or any other Salt, whether acid, or fixt, be mixed with the Water of the Bathe, Sulphur discovers not it self to be precipitated, either by a fetid smell, or any other sign; which notwithstanding in the Soluti∣on of Sulphur in the water of unslak't Lime, or made into a Lixivium, doth appear, where the Sulphur by the affusion of any acid Liquor is precipitated.

I am not ignorant that the Water of these Bathes, if Salt of Tartar, or a purely vola∣til Salt, be cast into it, will presently turn white, as is declared before; which colour proceeds not from Sulphur, but a stony, or Aluminous matter precipitated, not much unlike to what is observed in the Water of unslak't Lime, when any fixt Salt is mixed therewith; in which notwithstand∣ing it is not to be supposed the Sulphur is dissolv∣ed; for if Sulphur be boyled in Water of un∣slak't Lime, the Water becomes white, not by the affusion of a fixt Salt, as before, but of an

acid; so that fixt Salts may dissolve Sulphur, but not precipitate it. Wherefore if Sulphur be contained in the Waters of the Bathe, they would be precipitated, not by a purely saline, as former∣ly, but an acid Salt, and the Sulphur so precipi∣tated would discover it self by a fetid smell, which it doth not do.

To which I add, That an acid Salt, or some∣thing Aluminous, doth seem to predominate in the Bathes aforesaid, so that they become altoge∣ther unfit to dissolve the Sulphur.

Moreover, If Common Sulphur be boyled in those Waters, they are never tinged with a yellow or Sulphurous colour, neither can Sulphur, by any means, be precipitated from the decoction, as I have often experimented.

And therefore I much admire the famous Wil∣lis, in his Treatise of the heat of the Blood, should affirm, That Sulphur boyled in Bathe-wa∣ter may be dissolved after the same manner, as if boyled in Water of unslak't Lime.

Now if Sulphur seems to be dissolved in the Waters aforesaid, the occasion of the mistake, I suppose to be, That the decoction was made in a vessel, in which some fixt Salt had been decocted, so that the Solution of the Sulphur may be made by some particle of a fixt Salt, with which the vessel might be season'd.

Concerning the Baths of Bathe, 'Tis the com∣mon Opinion that Silver dipped into them is co∣loured yellow, in the same manner as if it were cast into a Solution of Sulphur, and hence it is supposed that the Baths have Sulphur in them; but experience evinceth the contrary; for Silver put into the Bath-water becomes not reddish, or yellow, but rather black.

The mistake may seem to arise from this, That 'tis customary with the Bathe-Guids to tinge, and as it were guild over pieces of Silver with a Salino-Sulphurous Mud, or Dung, such as is often found in houses of Office, and put them off to Strangers, for a little profit, as if they were coloured with the Bathe-water.

And here this is to be noted, That a kind of Bituminous Mud, with a small pittance of Com∣mon Sulphur, is brought up with the Springs, which only swims on the top, or else continues at the bottom, but never is dissolved in the Waters themselves.

Neither is Sal Armoniack, as some imagine, to be found in these Waters; for if on the So∣lution of Sal Armoniack, Salt of Tartar be in∣jected, the purely saline volatil Salt (of which Sal Armoniack in part doth consist) being at li∣berty from the acid Salt, to which it was former∣ly united, will presently fly off into the air, and will quickly be discover'd by a pungent affecting the nostrils, which is never observ'd in the Bathe-waters.

Lastly; As to Vitriol, the Crosse and Hot Bathe seem to have none at all; for if Galls are beaten, and infused in these Waters, they nei∣ther turn purple nor black; which would cer∣tainly be, if these Waters had Vitriol in them.

The King's Bathe seems to have a little Vitriol in it; for if some beaten Galls are cast into that Water, it will have a light tincture of a black purple colour.

'Tis also to be noted, That a certain* 1.3 Mineral of a Metallick nature, ariseth out of the Earth, with the Springs of the Bathe, which is easily turn'd into Vitriol. For if any acid liquor be

affused on the Sand (which breaking out with the Springs, is found in the bottom of the Bathe) it being corroded with an acid Menstruum, not without a remarkable effervescence, will in part be converted into Vitriol, just as it happens to the filings of Iron corroded with an acid liquor.

For if that Sand of the Bathe corroded with an acid liquor, be put into the Infusion of Galls, the liquor acquires an atropurpureous colour. Whereas if the Infusion of Galls be put on the Sand newly taken out of the Bathe, and not cor∣roded with an acid liquor, it will, by no means, be of a purple colour; an apparent sign, that the Metallick Sand of the Bathe, unless corro∣ded with an acid Menstruum, doth not turn to Vitriol.

It is further observable; That the Sand of the Bathe kept some time, and exposed to the open air, will of its own accord, be converted into Vitriol; for if that Sand be mixed with the Infu∣sion of Galls, the Water will contract an atro∣purpureous appearance.

Moreover, If it be laid on the Tongue, it hath a perfect Vitriolick taste; and no wonder, for the Nitro-aereous Spirit, after some time, closeth with the Metallick Mineral, and Salino-Sulphureous Marchasite, of which Vitriol useth to be made, mixed in the Sand, and causeth it to ferment, and at last, as was shewed before, con∣verts it into Vitriol, &c.

CHAP. III. An Examination of some Particulars in the former Chapter.

HOW far this Author hath ploughed with my Heifer, I leave to the consideration of those that have been any way acquainted with my design; and shall only here take notice, what Observations are agreeable with, or different from those I have often made with the greatest exactness, and repeat∣ed Trials, submitting all to the unbiast judgment of Indifferent persons.

And first of all, I concur with him, that the Baths of Bathe are in part impregnated with a certain Salt of an Acid nature; but why this acid Salt should be called Aluminous, I am not yet so fully resolv'd, as much on other accounts, so some∣what on this, That although an acid Spirit be in Alom, yet the most perceptible taste is either acerbe or austere; which being not observed in these Wa∣ters, I have so much reason to judge Alom not predominant, as asserted here.

The Experiment he mentions of precipitation or alteration of the Waters to a milky colour, or almond Milk, we owe to the Ingenuity of the In∣dustrious Mr. Stubbe, who, though he had not the good hap to discover what was precipitated, yet gives it the general name of an insipid Magistery,* 1.4 and is nothing else but Freestone finely wrought, and intimately mixt with the body of the Wa∣ters.

If any blame me for calling it by so homely a name, I desire they would consider, that I had

rather call it so than a Metallick Mineral, or a Sali∣no-sulphureous Marchasite, supposing it more agreea∣ble to all their apprehensions that will be concern'd in things of this nature, and whom I would not have abused with hard names and uncouth ex∣pressions; the effect of Ostentation, or sanctuary of Ignorance.

That this is Freestone appears by this, that 'tis insipid, gritty, scowrs, leaves a white colour like Chalk on the fingers after it, and is inclinable to an union into a stony consistence.

That this is not Calx vive, or any lapis Calca∣rius that holds affinity with it, I am much induced to believe from this,* 1.5 That neither the Insipid ma∣gistery, nor the more gritty powder, being no∣thing different but in fineness and colour, will, either alone or together, open the body of Sul∣phur, which is usual with Calx vive, as I have fully experimented by decocting two parts of the powders with one of Sulphur in a proportionable quantity of Water, which gave the water very lit∣tle alteration, and as little was precipitated. To make it further evident, I calcin'd a large Cruci∣ble of it with as strong a fire as could well be given, yet nothing quick or limy did appear, but dead and gritty ashes, which, mixed with water, neither made it white, nor created any disturbance. But more of this in what will follow.

That the Bath-water will coagulate milk, I con∣fess, but not as any other acid liquor doth; for this doth it sooner upon affusion, and makes a hard curd; that with the Bath-water, must boyl again and that pretty smartly, else a soft white Curd, as commonly it is, will not appear.

I also agree with the forementioned Author in this, That there is a considerable quantity of

an* 1.6 Alkalizate Salt, mixed with some other Salt in the body of the waters, and apparently distin∣guishable by the taste, as well in a Lixivium made of the Contents of the waters, as in both the Courser part, the result of the Evaporation, and also the purer part, when made white and refin'd; and that this Alkali doth constitute good part of the Saline matter, with which the Baths are im∣pregnated.

For I am apt to believe, that great part of the acidity is breath'd off in evaporation, either in the Bath or over the fire, or both ways together, in re∣gard very little of that taste is perceptible in the Salt extracted, but the Saline is easily discover'd. To the confirmation of which the acting also of acids on it may somewhat conduce, and the expe∣rience of many this Summer, who according to my directions have dissolved the Salt in the Bath-water to improve it, and have sensibly found an in∣crease in the other taste, but little or nothing at all in acidity.

Neither doth the Lixivium, though made very strong, nor the Oleum per deliquium dropt 20, 30, or 40 drops into a small proportion of water, tinge with Galls either purple or black.

I may also urge as an Argument for the evapo∣ration of Vitriol, the abundance of a yellow Ochre which ascends with the steam of the Bath, and is there chiefly to be found where the steam of the Water meets with any resistance, as I have noted elsewhere, which probably may be the Terra Vi∣trioli:

And although 'tis not very easie to give the reason, why the Vitriol should not be as visible as the Ochre, or else make it more acid than we find it to be; yet if we conceive it to be in succo primiti∣vo, aut Solutis principiis, and there per halitum, and so per transitum too, it may better be conceived to go off, and not imbody as the other Salts do. Yet that all the Acidity is not breathed of, will appear from this, That the Bath-water cold will coagulate Milk. And what is more, the same water distill'd from a gallon to a pint, a fourth part of that pint will make a curd, when the distill'd water in the Receiver will do nothing at all: Which may pro∣bably proceed either from something Vitrioline, or rather from the acidity of Sulphur, in regard the Salt made white, in which is nothing wanting but the Sulphur, will not coagulate, as the water doth; whereas the browner Salt before calcination, dissol∣ved in Spring-water, will. So then, this Alkali is but one part of the fixt Salt, found in the bot∣tom of the Vessel after evaporation ad siccita∣tem.

For a further confirmation that an Alkali is contained in the waters, which, considering the Quantity that may continually be made evident both to light and taste, will scarcely be judged to need other demonstration. Yet 'tis observable, that the Cross-Bath having lately been kept drawn four or five daies, the Saline matter not meeting with water sufficient for its dissolution, was driven up in substance from the Springs, and again reverberated by the ambient air, and incrustated on the tops of the stones that were above the water in the bottom of the Bath, which gave me some divertisement to behold, and, on examination, appeared much alkalizate both by taste and ignition; some pun∣gency

also I observ'd in it, which I rather judg'd to proceed from the acrimony of Nitre than Tartar, but the predominant taste was clearly alkalisate, which after the Nitrous parts were wasted, was less exceptionable in the remaining calx on the I∣ron after burning, in which the Alkalisate taste was most remarkable; not to mention its crepitation, and that some pungency also is observed in an Al∣kali it self.

To make it further evident that this accretion did probably arise from the Minera, I believe, not far distant, and was not engendred or contracted from some floating particles in the air derived elsewhere, and there settling by way of Magnetism, as some may imagine; 'tis further remarkable, That nei∣ther the stones under water, nor, what is more ma∣terial, any stone either of the Seats, or in the sides of the bottom of the Bath, remote from the water, had any Salt affixed to them, but only those, as I may so term it, that peeped out of the water, the tops of which only, as I said before, were incru∣stated. So that had a Magnetism any place here, the Salino-Nitrous particles must, I conceive, have lighted as well on the stones of the same nature hard by, as where they were, the reason of the thing being much the same. For a fuller Testimo∣ny of this, See Obs. 88.

I acknowledge also this, That a great Fermen∣tation is produc'd by the affusion of Acids on the Sand and Mud of the Bath, (but do not tell you who first observ'd it) and a much less on the Scum; yet I must be excus'd in this, if I say, That I cannot conceive how this should arise from the action of Acids on a Saline matter, in regard it transcends my understanding to apprehend, how any Salt can possibly lie at the bottom of the Bath,

either in the Sand or Mud, undissolved, and the waters no higher impregnated than we find they are.

'Tis a trivial Observation, that what is dissolva∣ble in any liquor, the pores of it will receive till it can hold no more; neither can I be yet perswaded, that there are just so many porosities in the Bath-water assigned for Vitriol, and the rest taken up with other Bodies, seeing the dissolution of Vitriol in the Bath-water afterwards, and the alteration in taste that happens thereupon, is sufficient to give me satisfaction to the contrary.

But to speak a little more to this, because the Author insists so much upon it; If any Vitriol be contained in the Sand, 'tis no absurdity to conceive that warm water may dissolve it and fetch it out; now, if half a pint of warm water be poured on an ounce of Sand, with what agitation you shall think convenient, and thus let stand infused ten or twelve hours, the water then decanted, and the sand dried and weighed again, there will be little wanting in the weight, abating for the Ochre, which ariseth first to the top, through the body of the wa∣ter, much like white Vitriol, afterwards precipitates and settles at the bottom on the Sand, and is hardly preserved in the decantation.

The Ebullition therefore, on the affusion of acid liquors on the Sand, I conceive doth arise from somewhat not Saline (if Taste be the judge) of which I shall treat more at large by and by: So that the Sand and Salt are no further of the same nature, than as fermentation may arise upon different Commixtures. How this may be reconcil'd to the Experiment I sometime made, of making Ink with Bath-water and Galls, and the Sand of the Bath, with other things which might have been

no small encouragement to this opinion, I shall have occasion in part to declare hereafter, but more when I find my Answer is required.

As to the Salt, or rather, to use the new-made word, Calcineous kind of Earth, sticking to the bottom of the Gouts and passages, almost in all places where the water passeth, I was never yet so happy, though I have searched particularly to find any such thing. I confess I have heard it spoken, that five years ago, or thereabouts, there was a Gout out of order at the Cross-Bath, in the recti∣fying of which there was observed some such matter adhering to the Passage; but this, I sup∣pose, was as much above the Civilian's knowledge, as the Physicians, and whether a bare Tradition with some other uncertainties, to say no worse, be a sufficient foundation for this Hypothesis; That the Salt of the Bath doth much resemble a Vitrio∣lated Tartar, or Aluminous Salt, I shall leave those to determine that know the meaning of this ap∣proved Sentence, Nullum simile est idem. And seeing that the Author chooses to call this adherent matter by the name of a Chalky kind of substance rather than a Salt, I think I may not be much mistaken if I imagine it to be Freestone; concerning which I can say no more, till I shall happily meet with the like accretion.

That the Fermentation on the affusion of Acids on the Sand, ariseth chiefly from the acting of that liquor on Freestone in conjunction with some Te∣staceous particles, and not from any other Saline matter, seems evident from this; That whereas these parts with a blew Clay or Marle, Rubrica, Ochre, and Chrystal-pebbles, are clearly distin∣guishable by a Magnifying-glass in the Sand, when the a••i•• liquor hath done its worst, and the dif∣ference

between the Sand and it, is amicably com∣pos'd, the remaining particles of Sand that will not ferment, are only some part of the Marle and Chrystals; And this I call Arena castrata, be∣cause, by this means, the Sand loses its fermenting vigour, though the stones do remain.

And whereas the Mud of the Bath, which seems chiefly to consist of this blew Clay or Marle, with something Sulphurous, will do the like; the Fermentation I conceive doth arise not so much, though something I confess, from the Earth it self, as the Testaceous particles with which it a∣bounds, in which Earth nothing Saline can be discovered to which the ebullition may make any pretence.

To this may be added; That the colour of the Acid liquor, after Saturation by the Sand, is altogether the same with what ariseth from the Freestone, both equally resembling the infusion of the filings of Steel; so that in this also there is an agreement.

CHAP. IV. Of Nitre in the Bath-Water.

THat Nitre is contained in the Body of the Waters is evident from this, that it may, by art, be extracted thence; and I may as well sus∣pect, and, if I please, believe, that I had not mo∣ny in my pocket, when I took out some silver for a necessary use; as when I see Nitre taken out of the Bath, say it was never there.

But the difficulty will be to prove the thing; now, I say, a Sceptick may doubt whether a Man be a Man, a Brute a Brute, or whether he makes use of his voice that asks the Question; but whe∣ther he be not the wiser man that takes these for granted, and not pragmatically contradicts the u∣nanimous consent of Judicious Writers, is easie to determine.

I confess it burns not as Common Salt-Peter doth, because it leaves a Calx behind it; but in that more resembles the Nitre of the Ancients, a pound of which being burnt will leave four ounces of Ashes:* 1.7 Salt-Peter will leave none.

Neither doth it huff, nor melt altogether in a small quantity as Salt-Peter doth, on the account of an allay it receives from the mixture of ano∣ther Salt of an Alkalisate taste with some bitter∣ness withal, which remains on the Iron-plate after accension, and is little more than a fourth part of the Body; wherefore to deny the being of Nitre in the Salt, because 'tis not all so, is as absurd, to make a Linsey-woolsey Comparison, as to affirm, there is no Woollen in that sort of Vesture where

Linnen is; or to say, That a man that is both Lawyer and Physician, hath nothing of Physick, because he hath something of Law.

But that Nitre is there, though not predominant, seems clear by the shooting in stiria's, which is concluded to be the proper form of that Salt; and although Tartar, and perhaps some other Salts, may somewhat resemble it; yet the diffe∣rence is easily perceptible by the sight, but more by the taste.

And now I am discoursing of this matter, I conceive the Author did not hit the mark, because he did not make the Bath-water shoot, in that he only mentions, the Salts that remain after evapora∣tion, which, he says, put on a Coal, burn not as Nitre doth. But the shootings so called, in a fi∣gure somewhat pyramidal, with many Columellae, or small pillars closely united, put on a red-hot Iron-plate, and so burnt, may alter the case, which I affirm to do, as I mention'd before.

And, what is not a little considerable, on the burning of six ounces of the Chrystals, in order to the Examination of the remaining Calx, the Nitrous parts of the shoots, being many in number, in a short time melted, and ran down both sides of the Iron-plate in a stream, consonant to Pliny's ob∣servation of Nitre,* 1.8 which he affirms ingentibus ri∣vulis profluxisse.

To which I may add the bitter Taste apparent∣ly discoverable in the Salt, insomuch as to bring it within the verge of a suspicious appearance of a Sal amarum (if any such Salt there be distinct from Nitre) which bitterness hath been accounted pro∣per to Nitre, and the waters impregnated there∣with,* 1.9 of which the Laborious Ballius gives this Testimony; Differunt etiam Nitrosae Aquae à Salsiae,

quòd amarorem Nitrosae sapiunt potius quam Salsu∣ginem, & quo magis syncerum habent Nitrum eo sunt amariores. So that the bitter Calx mention∣ed before, seems, if any, to be the true Calx of Ni∣tre, and no small argument of its sincerity, although this taste be not perceptible in the water, in regard the Nitre is much diluted, and though sufficient for the purpose, not in so great a proportion there.

Also for a further satisfaction, if any Aluminous parts were contained in the Chrystal shoots, I ob∣serv'd, That the six ounces mentioned before, after they had hufft, melted and ran upon the Iron-plate, were in little more than one minute reduced to somewhat less than two ounces of a dead white Calx; which being again dissolved, filtred and e∣vaporated, gave me a plain Alkali with some re∣maining bitterness, which on the affusion of any acid would ferment, and being put to undergo the fire-ordeal Trial, would neither melt nor boyl, but crackle and leap.

To make a further Trial, whether what was bitter and suspiciously Nitrous might be separated from the Alkali; I dissolved and filtred the same Salt again, and evaporating it ad Cuticulam, it shot pa••tly into a white hoary down, penetrating cooling, and bitter, distinct from the Alkali with which before it was mixt, and partly into an in∣spissated juyce, which I judge to be the succus primitivus of Nitre, with the same qualities; both which put on the Plate did huff and melt as the former, leaving a small bitter Calx behind it, which, I believe, by frequent dissolutions, evaporations, and coagulations, would huff and melt all off, to the utter consumption of its whole body that way, I mean as far as Nitrous, the Alkali shewing

it self proportionable in the Calx, after every trial.

And here I would not be mistaken, as if I pre∣tended to that grand Arcanum, the discovery of the Nitre of the Ancients, for I am well assured, that the description of that is very much different from what I am now discoursing of, being acknowledged by Pliny, Dioscorides, and others, to be of a rosie colour, and almost purple, which they used some∣times to dye that colour with (though some white there was also) and came nearer to the nature of or∣dinary Salt, whereupon Dioscorides in his 85th. Chapter hath these words, Nitre, and the froth of Nitre (or Aphronitrum) have the same virtues as Salt, and are burn't like that; yet because some measures may be taken from that, for the better un∣derstanding of what is now under the test, I thought fit in that regard at present, only to make this bare mention of it.

Neither can the contrary, I think, be evinced from the effects; for cooling, penetrating, and purg∣ing, are attributed to Nitre, and confessedly in the waters, the two former evident in allaying thirst, abating inflammations, and quickness of passage: the latter, as plain in its operation, for Nitre as well as Salt, is said both alvum laxare, and urinas ciere, and Baccius treating of nitrous waters, af∣firms, that they do vacuare, virtute Nitri, per al∣vum, & per urinas. The like may be said of the external effects by Bathing, which can no way pre∣judice the being of Nitre there.

Besides, This way of arguing from the effects is but à posteriori, and less significant where there is matter of fact, which may be useful in the dark; but if it thwart with a plain experiment, must yield; for, Quid verba audiam, cum videam facta? And

whoever shall undertake a business of this nature may consider, that the best judgment to be made of the effects, is from a constant observation of particu∣lars on the place, which cannot be conceived to be so well done at a distance, but must require, besides some time, a good attendance, as well as practice here. But to return.

These Stiriae, or Needles, I observed in the wa∣ter of all the Baths, yet in a different shape and consistence; for the King's Bath-water after a full imbibition of the Salt dissolved, and a strong Lixi∣vium thence procured, evaporated ad Cuticulam, and set in a cool place, shot from the inside of the evaporating Glass into its Cavity, into strong, and compacted Needles, with that strength, that it took some of the Common Salt with it, which ap∣peared in the Nitrous shoots, something like the stars in a clear sky, but white, and in a Cubical form, in perfect squares, or Tessera's distinct from the body of the Nitrous shoots, with which the Nitre was studded, being impacted into it.

The Cross Bath shot in smaller Needles, but long∣er and very thin, in great number, directly from the bottom of the glass, very close together, but distinct each from other, much like the Finnow, or hairy excrescence, that oftentimes ariseth from cor∣rupted matter, which on the least violence offer'd would break, and not endure any kind of resist∣ance.

The Hot Bath gave me more trouble to bring it to shoot, insomuch as being frustrated in two or three Experiments, I had almost concluded there was nothing Nitrous there, but the thing after∣wards succeeding, I had on a small quantity of the Salt dissolved, and the Lixivium evaporated ac∣cording to Art, five, or six single Stiria's, bigger,

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Fig I

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Fig II

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Fig III

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Fig IV

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Fig V

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Fig IV

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Fig VI

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Fig VII

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Fig VI

and stronger, though not so long, as those I observ∣ed in the water of the Cross Bath, which gave me satisfaction as to that Bath also, in the particular thing of Nitre now under debate. Since which time on another Experiment, I had as firm and com∣pacted Needles from the Hot Bath, as I had formerly from the King's, both which Baths shoot much alike, and different from the Cross.

I shall not lay any great stress on these observati∣ons, in relation to the difference between the three Baths mentioned before, in regard it must be a bu∣siness of greater experience, and more exact obser∣vation of many Circumstances, to state that affair as it ought to be, and is, in good part done in the Miscellaneous Observations hereunto annex'd; only this use I may safely make of them, to confirm what I had before asserted, That there is Nitre dis∣solved in the Water of all the Baths of Bathe. And if this be not the thing that hath hitherto been de∣scribed under that name, by the most approved Writers, I presume we may afterwards take it for a Chimerical notion, that hath no foundation in any work of Nature, but owes its subsistence to a phantastical brain.

To this may be further added; That the Liqua∣men, or oleum per deliquium, being closely stopt, and but heated by the fire, presently, as soon as cold, concretes into a Nitrous form; so that we need not call in the secret, and invisible assistance of the external air, to make a Metamorphosis almost as strange as those mentioned by the Poet, when we have clear, and unalterable principles of Nature, and innate propensities, and disposition in matter it self, with a divine impression, that will serve the turn.

In the rear of these Philosophical Arguments, I shall offer one (supernumerary) Grammatical, which is this; That the Salt I call Nitrous, either in the Sun, or by Candle-light, shines and sparkles very much, consonant to the Notation of the word Nitrum, which probably, may not be so much a Grecian, as the great Etymologist would have it, and derived 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from its scouring, and absterging nature; as a Latinist, and so called à Ni∣tendo; because it gives a greater lustre than any other Salt doth.

CHAP. V. Of Sulphur in the Bath water.

AS to Sulphur, the next thing to be insisted on, as contained in the Waters, I conceive that many that have endeavoured to avoid Charybdis, have fallen into Scylla, and because the ancient Au∣thors have asserted that Sulphur was undoubtedly concern'd in all Baths, they will affirm there is none in any; but whoever builds a fabrick on this foundation, and certainly concludes, that Sulphur is not in the Bath-waters, because it cannot be disco∣ver'd by precipitation, I would have forbear a posi∣tive determination on a negative experiment, till I see Vitriol precipitated in substance from the King's Bath-water, which is acknowledg'd to be there. And if I cannot light on an apt precipitater, which every way opposeth the particles to be so discover'd, and have some other reasons to incline me to the contrary, I should not be so fond of my own con∣ceit,

as to be prevail'd upon by a comparative in∣stance of unslak't Lime, to wipe my own Nose, and put out my Eyes, which as far as they can, assure me to the contrary.

I shall refer the Reader to what is mention'd be∣fore concerning the Colour and Smell, in calcining the Contents of the Bath-water in general, and till I shall meet with something that will both burn blew, and give a fetid smell, that is not Sulphur, I shall so esteem that, till ascertain'd of the con∣trary.

I may further add, That the Sulphur is proba∣bly incorporated with the Salt, as appears by its passing with it into the Lixivium, and through pa∣pers in filtration, and not discoverable but by a strong fire, by which the body of the Salt is open'd, and a solution of the Continuum made, in order to fusion; so that if you do not precipitate both, you can precipitate neither, unless a separation of the Sulphur from the Salt be made, which, I presume, is not easie to be done, without the help of fire, by which the Sulphur is consum'd: so that the com∣parative instance of unslak't Lime is little to the pur∣pose; where the Sulphur is separated, decocted, and precipitated; here not so, being not apart, but residing in a Saline-Sulphureous Salt, a piece of whose Body, as we now have it, it seems to be.

Moreover, Whereas he collects from the Bath-waters not ringing Silver yellow, but rather black, that there is no Sulphur contained in the same; I may retort, and that very justly, this as an argu∣ment to assert it. For the proper colour that Sul∣phur dissolved gives to Silver is not so much yellow as black, as may be e••sily discerned by putting any piece of Silver, but a very little while, into the de∣coction

of Sulphur made in the water of unslak't Lime, which gives as near the colour of the Silver I have caused to lye some time near the Springs of the Bath, as may be, so that the difference is not discernable; not to mention that some yellowness is observed on the Silver tinged by the Bath.

Neither am I fully satisfied that the only, or in∣deed the best, precipitator of Sulphur is an acid; for on the decoction of that Mineral in the water of quick Lime (the Lixivium, though with much Sulphur, not succeeding) and very sudden change, on the affusion of Spirit of Vitriol, into a milky, and much whiter Consistence, the Liquor after∣wards settled, and precipitated not as Sulphur, but Lime-stone; so that the Sulphur, although it gave a greater fetid smell, yet was not so apparently pre∣cipitated, as by Oyl of Tartar in another glass, which gave the Sulphur in proper colour precipita∣ted, without a permanent lacteous opacity. Where∣upon I made this observation, as to the present ex∣periment, That although acids do not precipitate of this lapideous matter alone, yet if in the embraces a strong sulphurous commixture, they will, and the Lime-stone is most properly precipitated by an acid, if Sulphur be decocted with it; whereas the Body of Sulphur, decocted as before, is best precipitated by a fixt Salt, the Sulphur appearing without white∣ness, in its own garb, though not so fetid as on the affusion of an acid.

It may be also noted that S. Closseus, in his pre∣paration of Lac Sulphuris, in which the body of Sulphur is open'd with Calx Vive, directs the Sul∣phur to be precipitated with Urine.

The occasion of this mistake (seeing he pretends to give the reason of another, concerning an expe∣riment of a like nature) I conceive to be, That

the white matter precipitated on the affusion of any acid, was, without much examination, reputed wholly sulphurous, as appears from these words; For if Sulphur be boyled in the water of unslak't Lime, the water becomes white, not by the affusion of a fixt Salt, as before, but of an acid: so that fixt Salts may dissolve Sulphur but not precipitate it. Where∣as the whiteness ariseth much from the mixture of the Lime-stone, as appears by the open confession of what is precipitated, if standing some time, fil∣ter'd, and brought to the test by fire, where the Lime-stone is discover'd, the Sulphur being rather disturb'd than precipitated by the acid liquor, which makes it give a greater fetor, but never kindly pre∣cipitates; the other precipitation with oyl of Tar∣tar, which here, contrary to its wonted course, joyns with the Lime-stone, which it usually preci∣pitates, and opposeth the Sulphur, is very apparent, and sulphurous beyond contradiction.

I am not ignorant, that in the preparation of Lac Sulphuris mentioned before, Sulphur also is precipitated by an acid, but that fixt Salts should dissolve Sulphur, but not precipitate it, is what I said I was not so fully satisfied in. Not to mention that the matter precipitated by a fixt Salt is white on the first affusion, though the whiteness be not so permanent, the Sulphur in a short time precipita∣ting in proper colour.

Besides, If Sulphur be boyled in the Bath-wa∣ter, and doth not tinge it with a yellow colour, I presume, it cannot thence be argu'd that there is no Brimstone there, for the colour of the water in which Sulphur is dissolved, is not so much yellow as Lixiviate, or reddish; and therefore Schroder gives this direction for the making that preparation of Sulphur mentioned before, that after the Sul∣phur

and Tartar are mixed, they ought to boyl, donec fere omne Sulphur solutum sit, liquor{que} rubeus appareat; though some addition I confess it may have from the Tartar. Yet Closseus, in his way of making that preparation where there is no Salt of Tartar, but, instead of that quick-Lime, which gives no such tincture of it self, hath this Note; Coque, donec partes tres aquae sint consumptae, ruborem∣que contraxerit instar sanguinis, ex Sulphure disso∣luto.

I therefore think it no ill advice here, that they that are so much concern'd to give the reason of the mistakes of others, would a little mind to rectifie their own, and not be an Argus abroad, but a Mole at home.

I do also acknowledg, that I believe that the white Magistery or in-palpable Powder, precipita∣ted from the Bath-water on the affusion of Salt of Tartar, or any other analogous, or agreeable Salt, is not Sulphurous, much less Aluminous; but ra∣ther Stony, of a lapideous substance, the result of an intimate Commixture, with the body of the Wa∣ters, which may have no small influence on their fer∣mentation, as may hereafter be more fully consi∣der'd.

And as to what reflects on that famous Practitio∣ner, the Ingenious and Learned Dr. Willis, I shall, at present, say no more than this, That ob∣serving one so pedantickly drest up in his own clothes, he ought not to be affrighted with his own shape; only this may be further noted, That where∣as Dr. Willis had desired of me the exacter trial of that Experiment of decocting Sulphur and An∣timony in the Bath-water, I well remember I re∣turn'd him something of both that was precipita∣ted after a double filtration, and the decoction per∣formed

in a Vessel altogether free from the season of any fixt Salt.

Yet I must acknowledg, that what was precipi∣tated was very inconsiderable to what was decoct∣ed, and not so much as to make much alteration in the colour of the water; which may deserve their consideration wh•• affirm, a Lime-Chalk Stone, or Lapis calcarius, to be contained in the Waters, and yet deny them to dissolve Sulphur, and again affirm, that Sulphur is dissolved in the water of Lime.

The same alteration of the water into a turbid milky appearance, and the precipitation by oyl of Tartar, of an insipid powder, mentioned before, was also observed in the Spaw at Scarborough, and Sulphur-Well at Knaresbrough, by William Simpson Doctor in Physick, as appears from several places in his Hydrologia Chymica, and Hydrological Essays, which he there asserts to be Aluminous, and page 118. of the latter Treatise saith; By the addition of Oyl of Tartar this Sulphur-water turns white, and that because it is impregnated with a small quantity of a Simple natural Alom Salt. How far Alom is concerned in that water, I shall not here dispute, but leave it to the Learned Dr. Wittie, whose con∣cern it is: only thus much I can say, that the like Phaenomenon appearing in these waters, what is thus precipitated here is not Aluminous, as hath been acknowledged by many eminent Physitians, who have seen some quantity of the precipitated powder; and was particularly noted by the ever Honoured Sir Charles Scarbrough, this Summer, here.

But to prevent any mis-understanding, I must acknowledg that this assertion stands on this founda∣tion, That the white powder precipitated by oyl of Tartar from the Waters, is the same with the finer

sort of what I had, in greater quantities precipita∣ted spontaneously per decubitum, on the evaporati∣on of many Hogsheads of the Water, and is now to be seen, though not altogether so white nor fine, having undergone many alterations, which being decocted in Spring-water, the water filter'd will precipitate with oyl of Tartar, as the Bath-water doth; yet if any one shall think fit to deem this Saline, and perhaps, Aluminous; he ought to con∣sider, how any Salt can so soon be devested of the essential property of what is saline, as to be rendred perfectly insipid, when saline at first: though I do not absolutely deny, but that we may attribute, though somewhat Catachrestically, the name of Salt, to something not saline, communicating with it in some other of its properties.

I know very well that Alom dissolved in Spring-water, the Water filter'd and the Salt precipitated with oyl of Tartar, will be impaired much in its saline taste; yet so much of the sowrness, and stip∣ticity will remain, as will be sufficient to discover its nature.

CHAP. VI. Of Vitriol in the Bath-water.

TO pass by the Reason of the Common Arti∣fice of tinging Silver at the Bath, what con∣cerns the Scum, and Sal Armoniack, as of no great moment; Vitriol is, by Him, denied to be in the Cross and Hot Bath, because Galls beaten and in∣fused in these Waters, will never turn them purple nor black, which is confessed would certainly be, if these Waters had Vitriol in them.

How true this is, a slight Experiment will soon evince, and if the Author had ever made trial, his Galls or Sight, must be worse than mine, if a pur∣ple colour did not appear.

To which may be added the Experience and Te∣stimony of my Honoured and Learned Friends Sir Edward Greaves, and Dr. Nat. Highmore, who have both made trial, and found the Waters turn. With the former of whom I lately further observ'd, that when we had been sufficiently satisfied in the turn∣ing colour of the Hot Bath Pump-water, with less than half a pint of Water and but two grains of Galls, and had thrown away the Water and Galls, in order to the trial of something else, more of the same Water, though much cooler than when brought at first, being powred into the same glass, turn'd colour also, receiving a brisk light purple, from the remaining particles of the former infusion about the glass, though nothing of the Galls did appear at all.

'Tis also confirm'd by this, That whereas the Leaves of Oak make little or no alteration in the Water of the King's Bath, the Chips, or inner Bark of the same make rather a better purple in the Water of all the Baths, than the Galls; only the King's Bath tingeth deeper than the other two, as in all Experiments of this nature, it appears to do. The like also will happen on the Seeds of Sumach contus'd and infus'd, but with Pomegranate Flow∣ers most apparently, so that the Water of any of the Baths affused hot on that, will presently turn purple; though the colour doth not keep so long in strength, as that which ariseth from the Oaken Chips.

These things consider'd, I conceive it no injury to the King's Bath to allow it a little Vitriol, though manifestly derogatory to the other two to deny it, since they make their claim by the same evi∣dence, and that Judg will hardly free himself from the censure of injustice and partiality, that will not hear a poor mans Tale, but suffers an honest Cause that hath weak lungs and a weaker purse to be lost, on the louder clamours of more importunate addresses.

The truth of this Experiment being thus far call'd in question, I am the more afraid of the cer∣tainty of some others; for I remember an old Story of Mr. Thief in the University, that was wont to be very busie in some Booksellers Shops, and entred in the Shop-Book under that name, whoever there∣fore was taken in the fact but one time, was oblig'd to quit the whole score, on this account, That he that was really convicted once, might commit the same thing five, ten, or twenty times before, and therefore he the man from whom all was re∣quir'd.

The Metallick Mineral, so called, hath nothing Metallick contained in it; and if this be so easily, by the air, converted into Vitriol, 'tis very strange we have not yet had any Houses of Vitriol, which surely have endur'd the air long enough to experi∣ence a Transmutation.

As for the Sand breaking out with the Springs in which Vitriol is supposed to lye undissolv'd, as was mentioned before, if there were no better ar∣guments for Vitriol than this, I shall not stick to say, that he that depends on this, builds at best but on a sandy foundation.

That the purple colour appearing from the mix∣ture of the Sand of the Bath, with the infusion of Galls, may not arise from the tincture of Vitriol, seems more than probable by this Experiment. I have formerly declared, that the Sand of the Bath may be so far corroded with an acid Menstruum, as not to ferment any longer, but lye quiet in the bot∣tom of the glass without any motion at all; now, this Sand on the affusion of Common Water gave an excellent purple, when 'tis not likely that any thing saline should remain, after so many washings and re∣affusions, as are requisite to reduce the Sand to that condition. Moreover 'tis considerable, the infusion was not acid, nor any way alter'd from its common tast. But this Experiment I made but once, and had not an opportunity of repeating it again.

'Tis likewise more observable, That after some hours standing, a purple floccous matter did sponta∣neously precipitate, upon which there being a clear separation, the Water return'd to its pristine colour, and the floccous matter subsided in the bottom of the glass, which being filter'd per Chartam, and exa∣min'd, was perfectly insipid, and not at all Vitrio∣line.

Besides, On the Calcination of half a pound of the Sand, when the Crucible was as red and the Sand as hot as usually it is when the Salts do run, the Sand powred out glowing hot, nothing saline was observ'd to concrete among it, which it would certainly do, if any fusible Salt were there, as in other Calcinations it appears to do.

I therefore rather judg it to proceed from an in∣sipid but astringent Ochre, such as is mentioned by Fallopius,* 2.1 which lying some time in the open air, becomes more sowr than when taken out of the Bath, which may occasion the difference between the Sand newly taken, and that which is kept some time; the Ochre it self infus'd making the liquor much blacker after some standing, as is more fully declared in the following Chapter.

CHAP. VII. Containing a farther Proof and Illustration of the former particulars.

TO make this a little clearer; 'Tis an easie Ex∣periment to powr warm water on the Sand, in what proportion you please, which if kept some time will alter the water in which it is infus'd, into a yellowish or amber colour: when the water is impregnated very well, mix some of this with the infusion of Galls, and presently an atropurpureous colour will appear, in which if you infuse white paper but a very little while, you will quickly be satisfied what colour it will tinge. Now, if this infusion be permitted to cool, the Ochre will preci∣pitate, leaving the water somewhat yellower than in it self it is, to which it also communicates a harsh tast, and at last settles on the top of the Sand, from which it may be separated by decantation. The contrary happens to the Sand newly taken, in which the Ochre clogg'd with too much moisture cannot shew it self, as when older, and more dry. So that I see no reason or necessity, from this Phaeno∣menon, to assert the existence of Vitriol in the Sand of the Bath, otherwise than as it hath relation to this astringent Ochre, which I do believe receives this tinging property by the impression of Vitriol, this being in all probability, as is noted elsewhere, the Terra Vitrioli, or Earth, in which the Vitriol is contain'd before exhalation; as I conceive, the Marl or Mud is the bed of Sulphur, or the Terra, to which that Mineral doth more nearly ad∣here.

And that 'tis this yellow matter that occasions the alteration, may be further evident from this; That after the first decanting, if the Ochre be powred all off, and warm water affused on the Sand again, and that infusion mixed with the infu∣sion of Galls, no change of colour will ensue. To which may be added, that the Ochre it self kept some time, and infused in the decoction of Galls, will, after lying a pretty while, turn that Liquor into a much blacker appearance.

I shall end this dispute with the observation of one,* 2.2 who affirms, That Artificial Alom will not with Galls strike a purple colour, but the Natural Alom with its inbred Ochre, will; ascribing more to the Ochre than the Alom. So that this may be the end of that Controversie about Alom and Galls tinging Water purple, That Alom, as Alom, doth not tinge, but as in conjunction with this inbred Ochre, or as Vitrioline; for between Vitriol and Alom there are many resemblances, and a worthy Author hath observed,* 2.3 that the Basis of Vitriol is Alom, both these being much alike, but that Vitri∣ol hath a garb from Copper or Iron, which in the Ochre gives the tinging quality, the Alom, as di∣stinct from Vitriol, contributing nothing at all.

If any shall affirm this Ochre to be Vitrioline, I have not deny'd it, having formerly supposed it might be Terra Vitrioli; but what I here question is, whether any Vitrioline saline body, different from the Ochre, be contained in the Sand, or can lye undissolved there.

'Tis very remarkable what is said, That if the Sand of the Bath, impregnated with an acid Li∣quor, be put into the infusion of Galls, the Liquor acquires an atropurpureous colour; and no wonder, since the acid Liquor may do much alone, as may

be seen in the mixture of Vinegar, with the deco∣ction or infusion of Galls, which supplying in some measure the place of Vitriol, by a kind of analogy inclines the infusion to an inky complexion.

And as for the Metallick Mineral contained in the Sand, which on the affusion and corrosion of an acid Menstruum, will in part be converted into Vi∣triol, I have said before that 'tis nothing else but a Common Freestone, a Mineral, I confess, but how far Metallick, I leave to the judgment of the men of that Art.

For a partial satisfaction in this thing; if the sharpest Vinegar be powred on the Sand in one glass, and on Freestone in another, the same fermentation will appear for the present, and the same blewish colour of the infusion afterwards upon Corrosion; so that it much resembles the colour and smell of the saturated Liquor, on the affusion of Vinegar on the filings of Iron. But whether this be a suffici∣ent argument to dub it Metallick, I shall be better satisfied, when I am convinced of this, That Truth hath never suffer'd by meer Resemblances.

But that it may appear that I desire to proceed in this Affair with all ingenuity and freedom from animosity, unless what will seem necessary to disco∣ver truth; I shall here recite a Passage out of Dr. Wittie's Answer to Hydrologia Chymica, leaving how far it may be applicable to the saline Stiria's mentioned before, to the judicious Reader and further observation.

The Candid Doctor, pag. 63. among other Pre∣parations out of the Minerals of the Spaw at Scar∣brough, made by Mr. Sam. Johnston, a Physician at Beverly, and by him communicated to the Doctor, m••kes mention of an Essential Salt, which Mr. Johnston calls Anomalous, or sui generis, as differ∣ing

much from the factitious or natural kinds of Alom, Vitriol, or Nitre, though in some properties it agree with each of them.

The Reason of this Scruple, he adds, is this, which Paracelsus hath clearly made out, That here they are not corporally, but* 2.4 percolated, not perfect in their several kinds, but in suo primitivo, not single, but all mixed together, which as yet I could never attain to separate. And therefore this Salt is nothing so acid as Vitriol, nor stiptick as Alom, nor inflammable as Nitre, notwithstanding it doth shoot in Stiria's. I'le only add this, That they are all here, though in fra∣ctis, imminutis, & debilitatis viribus, and the vir∣tues of the Waters to be judged from them all.

To which I shall only subjoyn this Remarque, That the Nitre, undoubtedly here, being allay'd with the mixture of some other Salts, could not be expected to do altogether as sincere Nitre doth, and the best way, I conceive, to discover the distinct natures in this Compositum, had been to have at∣tempted a separation by frequent Calcinations, Dis∣solutions, and Coagulations, which, if done, I much admire the several Salts did not appear in proper form, as they did in the anomalous Salt of these Waters, subjected to the same way of trial: and then I somewhat question, whether Alom would have deserved so much favour, as the Doctor's good nature hath allow'd it here.

I shall forbear, at present, to trace this Author or follow his track any further, as also to examine his Opinion, concerning the Cause of the Heat of the Bath-waters, till my Treatise, in the same lan∣guage he hath written in, be presented to the World; only thus much I shall say now, That I conceive an Hypothesis founded, though not on a subterranean ••ire, yet on things under ground, may probably

give more satisfaction than some airy notions, con∣sidering especially, that nothing external to the Body of the Earth, can in reason be supposed capable of reaching these Waters, but rather somewhat inclu∣ded in its own Bowels, which may be near at hand, of an active, even, and durable nature; when, to say no more, nothing is more variable than the air, nor unconstant than rain.

I shall also distinguish the whole bulk of what relates to the Body of the Waters, into things Sa∣line, and non-Saline: the former I shall endeavour to evince to be Nitre, Common Salt, and Vitriol; the latter, to be partly unctuous, as Bitumen and Sulphur; partly gritty, as Freestone; and partly earthy, as Marl and Ochre. I shall likewise exa∣mine what pretences Alom can make, and further discourse of the difference between that and Vitri∣ol: and lastly, enquire into the competition of Lapis Calcarius with Freestone; so that the Bath-water will have relation to, or comprehend in its largest extent, eight distinct Substances, at least ac∣cording to my Observations, which will be the bu∣siness, God willing, of the first Book of my Trea∣tise De Thermis Bathoniensibus, viz. de Aquarum Principiis, una cum earundem appendiculis, nimi∣rum, Arena, sive Sabulo, Luto, & supernatante uligine, sive Spumâ. The second Book shall treat De Aquarum Calore. The third De usu Thermarum; ubi de modo Balneandi; de Aquarum potatione; de Antliatione jam in usu loco dulciae, aut Stillicidii Veterum; de usu Luti, &c. The fourth and last Book, I intend, shall be De Aquarum Virtutibus, & Nocumentis, observationibus quibusdam rarioribus, quantum res ipsa patitur confirmatis: Which Emo∣luments and Inconveniences shall be both evidently deduced from the precedent Principles, the one re∣commended,

the other provided against. But this will require some time; for I am willing to prevent that fault in my self, which I find in another, and would not have it justly said of me, Canis festinans coecos parit Catulos.

CHAP. VIII. Being a Letter formerly written to Sir Edward Greaves.

I Know you (as well as other Ingenious and In∣quisitive Persons) are somewhat concern'd, and desirous to understand, what Success my late En∣quiries have had into one of the Grand Mysteries of Nature, I mean, the BATHS of this Ci∣ty: considering especially that you were pleased the last Summer to afford me the Honour of your Com∣pany and particular Acquaintance, and to express a more than ordinary desire of my proceeding in this Thing.

Concerning which I must tell you, That as I have not been wanting, either to Pains or Pay, in my Proceedings hitherto; so I have had the good Hap (which hath been my Encouragement) to meet with many considerable Discoveries. And though the main Body of the Matter collected touching this Affair, be not yet ripe for the Laun∣cet, but will require a longer time to digest; yet some Observations I shall now communicate, which will give a little satisfaction to an earnest desire, and make, in some measure, appear that we have been

lame and defective hitherto in a rational Account and true Understanding of the Nature of these Waters.

It hath been indeed the ill fortune of these Baths, (which I may truly say are as good if not better than any Baths in the world) to lie a long time in obscu∣rity, and not so much as to be mentioned among the Baths of Europe by any forreign Writer, till about the Year 1570. when that Excellent Person Sir Edward Carne, sent Ambassadour by Queen Eliza∣beth to Pope Julius the Third, and Paul the Fourth, made some Relation of them to that famous Wri∣ter Andreas Baccius, then at Rome, and writing his elaborate Book de Thermis, into which he hath in∣serted them, upon his Relation, Lib. 4. Cap. 13. (though somewhat improperly) among Sulphurous Baths.

About the same time also one John Jones, an ho∣nest Cambro-Britan, frequenting the Baths for Pra∣ctice, composed a little Treatise of them, which he calls Baths Aid, in which are some things not con∣temptible, though in a plain Countrey dress, and which might satisfie and gratifie the Appetite of those times, which fed more heartily and healthily too, on good Beef and Bag-Pudding, than we do now upon Kickshaws and Haut-gusts; yet no∣thing of the true Nature is there discovered, only, as almost in all former Writers of Baths, chiefly Ca∣tholick, a strong Stench of Sulphur, and a great ado about a Subterranean Fire, a fit resemblance of Hell, at least of Purgatory.

Our Countrey-man Dr. William Turner, I con∣fess, was more particularly concern'd to give a bet∣ter account, than I find is done in his Discourse of English, German, and Italian Baths: And whether want of opportunity, or any other impediment was

in cause, I know not; but I find that at this stay they stood till the Famous Dr. Jorden took Pen in Hand, about the Year 1630. To whom I thought fit to make some Additions, at my first entrance on this Place, some five Years since. And although that Learned and Candid Physician had chiefly and more especially an intent to enlarge the Knowledg of our Baths in Somerset-shire, (as he declares to my Lord Cottington, in his Dedicatory Epistle) and hath per∣formed more than any Man before him, yet what was first in Intention, was last in Execution; and how small a part of that Treatise is spent upon this Subject, how short he is in some Material Points, and what Objections may be framed against his Opi∣nion, I may sometime or other, with due Respect, more largely treat of; and for the present shall here, with good Sem and Japhet, cast a Garment over the Nakedness of this my Father.

What hath been done since (except in some par∣ticular pieces of other Tracts, to the Authors of which the Baths are also indebted for their kindness and good will) is not worth the mentioning. The old saying's true, Little Dogs must piss, and what is writ upon an Ale-bench claims the greater affinity to the Pipe and the Candle; especially if the best Wine at the Feast (which is usually kept till last) be but a silly Story of Tom Coriat, and an old Taun∣ton Ballad new vampt, abusing the dead Ghosts of Lud, Hudibras and Bladud, with a Nonsensico-Prag∣matical, Anticruzado-Orientado-Rhodomontado-Untruth-Le Grand, which we Westerly Moderns, call a GROTELYE, into the Bargain. A pretty Artifice in Rhetorick, to cry a thing up, and besmear, and shed plentifully on the Founder Ordure, both Humane and Belluine.

Rode Caper, vitem,* 3.1 tamen hic cúm stabis ad aras In tua quod fundi cornua possit, erit.

Goat, Bark the Vine; yet juyce enough will rise To drench thy Head, when made a Sacrifice.

I have Industriously omitted Dr. Johnson, Dr. Venner, and some others, in regard it would be improper here to Write more Historically. I shall therefore now let you know not so much what hath been done by others, as what further discoveries have been made by my endeavours, assisted by the careful Pains of Mr. Henry Moor an expert Apothe∣cary and Chymist of this City.

And here at first I cannot but take notice how that opinion hath so much prevailed as to be ac∣counted Orthodox, and not only received by Tra∣dition as certain, but Printed as such, that the Body of the Waters is so jejune and empty, as to afford little or nothing at all whereby to make a discovery of its Nature, and that what impregnates the Baths is not Substantially, Materially or Corporally there, but potentially, virtually and formally, or to use the Author's own words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 3.2 with much more canting after this manner, in a small discourse in Latin written by an Itinerant Exotick; when as a slight operation will soon evince it, though white and transparent of it self, being taken imme∣diately from the Pump, to contain a considerable quantity of a Dusky, Gritty, and Saline Matter, with many transparent Particles intermixed with it, to the proportion, (as near as I can calculate) of two drams to a gallon of the Water. And this I can ascertain, having had several ounces of it done in Earth, Iron, Bell-metal, and Glass, and have

at this time three or four ounces by me, untoucht, beside what I have made use of in other Experi∣ments.

But the thing I shall more Peculiarly insist on, at this present, is, That by God's blessing on my In∣dustrious Search, I suppose I have lighted on the main Constituent of the Virtues of the Bath, in which chiefly resides what benefit can be expected from the use of these Waters, and lodgeth in a Sa∣line substance, in a very small proportion to the Bo∣dy of the Waters; so that as they are now, not much more than forty grains is contained in a Gallon, insomuch that this little Soul, as I may so term it, is almost lost in so Gigantick a Body, and cannot animate it with that vigour and activity as may be rationally expected, were a greater quantity of the Salt contained in a less proportion of the Water. The Remainder, which is not Saline, being, as I judg, two Parts of Three of the Bulk of the con∣tents, is partly Whitish, Gritty, and of a Lapide∣ous Nature, concreting of it self, into a stony con∣sistence not easily dissolvable; partly more Light, and Dirty, resembling Clay, or Marle, and disco∣vers it self by an apparent separation from the Sa∣line and Gritty part mentioned before.

Now the chief Virtue of the Bath, as I conceive, consisting in the Salts, which appear by undeniable Experiments, to be Nitrous, and I believe Vitrio∣line (Bitumen and Sulphur being not Primarily, as these Salts, but Secondarily concern'd) and no small proportion of other things blended with it, the best way to make it most serviceable I conceived to be, to free it from those incumbrances and al∣lays it hath from the other Ingredients, and prepare it as exactly as may be performed by Art, for the benefit of those especially who are willing to Drink

the Waters with greater success in a lesser quantity; which they may now do, and have more of the virtue of the Waters in a quart, three pints, or a pottle, than they formerly had in two or three Gallons, did they drink so much; which will be, besides other Conveniencies, a great relief to the Stomach, which certainly must be relaxed, and the Tone of it injured by that vast quantity of Water which is usually taken, diluting its ferment over∣much, and distending its Membranes beyond all the bounds of a reasonable Capacity.

Besides, What is separated only by an artificial Extraction will better unite again, and mix with the Waters, as much more familiar, than the ex∣traneous Salts of Sal Prunella, Cream of Tartar, &c. which are usually dissolved and drunk with the Waters; so that a great part of the Operation may be ascribed to that; and the Waters being, as we say, between two Stools, that of it self, and the dissolvent in it, hath not attained to that degree of Reputation as they have deserved, and may be pro∣cured with much more advantage, if nothing but the same be spent upon the same, a way of Improve∣ment altogether equally beneficial to Fluids and So∣lids, to the wet as to the dry.

Again, Whereas it is a custom here as in all other places of the like Nature, when Persons are not willing, or have not conveniences to come to the Fountain Head, to send for the Waters to the pla∣ces of their Residence, not thinking it much material whether Mahomet go to the Mountain, or the Moun∣tain come to him, whereby the Virtue of the Wa∣ters is much impaired, if not stopped and sealed up with very great care; this defect may in good part be supplyed by the addition of a Quantity of the same Ingredients, which may repair the loss that

hath been sustained by Evaporation in the Carri∣age, or other way of damage, and restore it again, as near as may be, to its pristine Virtue, and genuine advantage. Not to mention, that if need require, and the poorer sort cannot procure or pay the Fraight for the Waters, they may take a short∣er course, by mixing the Salt, which they may have at reasonable Rates, with Spring-Water, brought to a proportionable degree of heat at home, and expect more advantage, for ought I know, than those that drink the Waters themselves at so great a distance.

And because I am now fallen on this Subject, I shall crave leave to remind you of what you well enough understand already, that not only Dulcius but Ʋtilius ex ipso Fonte, &c. and Waters especially impregnated with volatile Spirits, such as most acid are, and peculiarly Vitrioline, to avoid the incon∣venience and expence, not so much of Money as Virtue, in the Carriage, must be drank on the place where they are, which, in some kind resembling Children, that must live by sucking, if once remov∣ed from their Mother, or Nurse, by degrees dwin∣dle away, and at last die.

It is observable in these Waters, that with four Grains of Galls injected into a Pint Glass of Water, or the Water poured on it, it immediately turns of a purple Colour, which in short time after, as the Water cools, abates much of its vividity, and be∣comes more faint: if the Waters be suffered to cool, and be quite cold before the Galls are injected, but little alteration happens upon a much greater proportion of Galls superadded, and (what is more remarkable) if the Water, which is permitted to cool, be recruited by the Fire, and the same Tryal reiterated, it offers no greater satisfaction in change

of Colour, than the second Experiment. Consonant to what Andreas Baccius hath formerly observ'd, who in his second Book de Thermis, Cap. 10. Pag. 69. hath these words, Nulla Balnei Aqua, eodem cum successu ac laude bibitur longe exportata, quo ad fontem proprium; maxima enim parte ex ipso fonte haustae ac delatae, amittunt omnem virtutem; multae non servantur per hyemem, dilutae pluviis; & quae ut∣cunque servantur delatae à propriis fonticulis, fieri non potest, quin amittant, cum calore suo Minerali, vivificos illos Spiritus in quibus omnis Juvamenti vis consistit, quae semel amissa, nullo postea extrinseco calore restituitur. Quod est valde notandum.

I have been the more particular in this, in regard it is a very useful and practical Discovery, and may procure more real advantage to Mankind, than the vain and unattainable attempts of the Philosophers Stone, making Glass malleable, and the Quadrature of a Circle.

Some other Observations I shall also mention, of a less magnitude, and more contracted circum∣ference, as the dying of the Bath-guides skins, the Bathers Linnen, and the Stones in the bottom of the Bath, of a yellow colour, and the eating out of the Iron Rings of the Bath, the Iron Bars of the Windows about the Bath, and any Iron infused in it; insomuch as I have now by me a Gad of Iron by accident taken up among the Stones of the Kings-Bath, so much eaten out, and digested by the Ostrich stomach of these Waters, that, the sweetness extracted, what remains resembles very much a Hony-comb, a deep perforation in many places be∣ing attempted, and the whole Gad it self reduced to a thing very much like a Sponge.

The first, viz. the Tincture I have discovered to arise from an Ochre, with which the Bath abounds,

and hath afforded me a considerable quantity, so that now I have near a pound by me, and with an infusion of that in warm water, tinge Stones as exactly of the Bath colour, that they are not discern∣able one from another. It is further observable, that the nearer the place of ebullition, where the Springs arise, the deeper and finer is the Yellow colour, so that in some places, about the Cross in the Kings Bath, and at the head of the great Spring, at the Southwest corner thereof, it is almost made a natu∣ral paint, being laboured together by the working of the Springs, and a continual succession of new Matter coming on, free from those impurities it contracts in other places, which make it distinguish∣able into two or three sorts, according to its mix∣tures with, or freedom from, more adulterating Matter. The Clouts also and Woollen Rags, which the Guides use to stop the Gouts withal, besides the Walls, Slip-doors and Posts, when the Bath is kept in a considerable time, as in the Winter season it useth to be, are all very much tinged with this yel∣low substance, and if at any time they chance to lie unwash'd or not thrown away, they send out so ungrateful a scent, that a man had rather smell to a Carnation, Rose, Violet, or a Pomander, than be within the wind of so unwelcom a smell, it being the greatest policy to get the Weather-gage in this encounter. The same thing I have experienced in Vessels at home, where after it had stood some time in a common infusion of warm water, I have the same reverence for that as Pictures, and do aver it to be true, E Longinquo reverentia major.

One thing more is to be noted before I leave this particular, that although so much of this yel∣low Matter is continually bred, with which the neighbouring Ground is sufficiently replenisht, as I

have found by digging in some places not far distant, yet nothing of that colour is discovered in the Con∣tents, a probable argument it either evaporates, to which I am more inclin'd, in regard I find it much more copious where the Steam of the Bath meets with any resistence, or else it may be, which is less probable, turns colour by the fire in evaporation that way; less probable, I say, because for further satisfaction, I have decocted the Ochre more than once, and find rather that it gets than loses in its colour.

The Reason of this I conceive to be, That this Ochre being probably, as I have elsewhere dis∣courst, the vehicle of Vitriol, on its separation from it in the open air, precipitates to the bottom, and tinges the stones with a yellow colour, leaving the body of the waters through which it passes much unconcern'd; which may be one reason, why the Water of the open Bath tingeth not with Galls, as I have observ'd, like that from the Pumps, though the avolation of Spirits may not perhaps be alto∣gether ridiculous, considering especially, that the water from the Pump when cold, will lose its ting∣ing property, though nothing be observ'd to be precipitated. And that some of this yellow matter is contained in the water, though with some difficulty observed, doth appear from the fifty second Obser∣vation.

The greenish colour ariseth from another cause, which I conceive may be the effect either of the Salt or Vitriol, or both, the former making that colour in meats long in salt, and the latter, if from green Copperas, may easily be understood.

The eating out of the Iron I conceive must proceed from something Corrosive, and till any one can assure me 'tis something else, I shall judge

it to be Vitriol, though the Salt also may contribute not a little. And that it may appear not to be cau∣sed by the bare steam, as Rust is bred upon Pot∣hooks and Cotterels, besides the difficulty to con∣ceive how the steam should operate under water, as in the case of the Gad before mentioned, I made a Lixivium of the contents of the Water, and in it infused Iron but a very small time, and found it to do the same as in the Bath it self, considering the time of infusion; and the very Knives and Spatules I put in to stir some residence in the bottom, were almost as soon as dry, crusted over and defended with a rusty coat.

I have other Arguments I suppose will contri∣bute something more to the confirmation of this opinion; as that with the help of the Sand of the Bath, with Water and Galls, I made good writing Ink, which in a short time comes to be very legible; but the infusion of the Contents in Common wa∣ter, or the Lixivium thereof, with an addition of an inconsiderable proportion of the decoction of Galls makes it tolerably legible on the first com∣mixture, only the first, viz. that made with Sand, casting an eye of decayed red from a mixture of Ochre contained in the same. Neither is it altoge∣ther to be slighted, that the Water it self hath been heretofore used by the best writing Masters for the making of Ink, who observing by their experience, that Ink made with Bath-water, and the other u∣sual Ingredients, had a better colour, and was more lasting than any other, preferred this Water before any other for this use, as I have been informed by some credible persons. Also having not long since occasion to pour warm water on the Contents of the Bath, in order to the making a Lixivium, some of the water happened by an accident to fall on a

Bazil skin I sometimes use, and immediately turn∣ed the Red into a Black more than the breadth of an ordinary hand, with as much facility as any Curriers Liquor. Alum I know will do the like, but I find no necessity to assert that, which had it any thing to do here, must make the Water much rougher, whiter and sowrer, than I find it to be. To which I may add, that many judicious persons, my Patients, and some intelligent and eminent Phy∣sicians also have assured me, that they have perfect∣ly discerned by the taste a mixture of Vitriol, and that I need not doubt, but that was one principal Ingredient. 'Tis also not very inconsiderable, that the Bath-water alone will coagulate Milk, though not after the usual way of making a Posset; for after the Milk and Water are put together, it must boil pretty smartly, else the Curd will not rise. I may likewise subjoyn as a further probability, that on the relenting of the Salt extracted into an Oyl per deliquium, there is a very sharp Stiptick and Vitrioline taste perceived in the gross deliquium, as also in the clear Oyl, and the Salt it self; not to mention its shooting into glebes, of which I have some small assurances by trials I have made, not yet sufficiently satisfactory, and therefore I dis∣miss this part for the present, with the greatest pro∣bability, till a further inquiry shall make me po∣sitive.

But as to Nitre, there can be no question made about that I suppose; for besides the quick, acri∣monious, cooling, and nauseous taste, most apparent∣ly discoverable both in the infused contents, the Salt and Oyl (the latter of which, viz. the nauseous Taste, I take more particular notice o••, in regard it is most predominant, and assigned by Fallopius to Nitre, and the Waters impregnated with it, which,

he says, sometimes do subvertere stomachum, & facere nauseam, de Therm. Aq. & Met. cap. 9. besides, I say, these probable conjectures) what will set it beyond all contradiction, is, that it hath the true Characteristick of Nitre, and shoots in Needles, of which I have now lately shot above twenty Stiriae.

I the rather mention this, in regard it hath been my good hap to bring this thing to perfection and autoptical Demonstration, which hath been in vain attempted by some industrious persons; not that I am, in the least, willing to arrogate to my self, or derogate from them, more than what is fitting, but to confirm this truth, that there are some Mollia tempora fandi; some opportunities, when Nature will give willing audience, without much ceremo∣ny or ado, confessing more by fair perswasions, than racks and torments, and greater importunity. And that we ought to be very cautious how we affirm a thing not to be, upon the failure of a single, or some repeated Experiments.

In fine, Lest I should too much exceed the bounds of a Letter, what concerns the cause of the Heat of the Waters, I say little of here, only tell you, that when I shall come to discourse of that Subject, of which I intend, God willing, a large Disquisition in another Language, I believe I shall find my self obliged not so much to depend on a subterranean Fire, as to expect greater satis∣faction from another Hypothesis.

Many more Experiments I have made upon the Sand, Scum and Mud of the Bath, with some Observations drawn from the Natura Loci, or Ground hereabouts; but, I fear, I have been too tedious already, and therefore, without further

ceremony, shall release you out of this Purgatory, with the Subscription of,

Honoured Sir,

Your most Faithful, &c.

CHAP. IX. Of the Antiquity of the Baths and City.

AND now it may be expected I should say something concerning the Antiquity of the Baths and City, which I the rather do here, in regard since my writing any thing of this kind heretofore, in many Particulars I have met with better information.

Not to mention any thing of Bladud, and the British Histories, as at best, uncertain,* 3.3 I shall first take notice of the Opinion of those that ascribe their discovery to Julius Caesar, fifty years, or there∣abouts, before Christ, which the Learned Antiqua∣ry Mr. Cambden thinks not so probable,* 3.4 because Selinus, who lived in the time of Titus Vespasian, 130 years after, and 83 (rather 81) years after Christ, was the first of the Romans that made men∣tion of them. But if it be uncertain when So inus lived, and most likely after the year three hundred, as my Judicious friend,* 3.5 the Reverend and Learned Dean of Bangor hath observ'd, then the Antiquity reaches not so high.

To which may be added most assuredly, That Julius Caesar came not so far up into the Land: For

whatever some Poets and Poetical Historians that lived a thousand years after him, may deliver, certain it is that J. Caesar made not so great a Con∣quest here as they made for him; whence Tacitus writes, That he discover'd only, not delivered un∣to the Romans, Britain. His words in the life of Julius Agricola are these; Primus omnium D. Julius cum exercitu Britanniam ingressus, quanquam pros∣pera pugna terruerit incolas, ac littore potitus sit, potest videri ostendisse posteris, non tradidisse. Horace also calls the Britain, before Augustus, Untoucht;

* 3.6Intactus aut Britannus ut descenderet Sacra Catenatus via.

Nor yet, Th'unconquered Britain to convey Captiv'd, in Chains, down Sacred way.

And Cambden saith, That 'tis so far from being true what Paterculus reports, Bis penetrata Britan∣nia à Caesare, That Caesar passed twice through Bri∣tain, or twice a great way into Britain, which is all can well be understood by those words of that Hi∣storian, that he scarce made entry into it. For ma∣ny years after this Entrance of Caesar, the Inhabi∣tants of this Island were left to the free govern∣ment of their own Kings, and used their own Laws.

* 3.7Another Learned Antiquary treating of Caesar's Conquest here, is of opinion that it extended no farther than Kent, some part of Sussex, Surrey, Mid∣dlesex and Essex, and perhaps, as the Learned Dr. Lloyd hath further noted,* 3.8 into the edge of Berks, Ox∣ford and Bucks; for he mentions the Bibroci and Anealites, which Cambden with good probability places there. The words of Twine are these; Mihi quidem videtur universum Cantium, Sussexiae vicina

loca, & Suthreiam, quae Regni nomine, itemque Mid∣dlesexiam & Essexiam, qui hodiè à Doctorum vulgo, Trinobantum appellatione intelliguntur, legionibus suis invasisse; nec, si ad plures penetrasset, aut in gra∣tiam recepisset, puto praeterire silentio valuisse. Re∣liqui vero populi manus quidem dederunt, quorum tamen regiones nunquam à Caesare conspectae sunt. To me, indeed, it seemeth probable, that Julius Caesar, with the Souldiers under his Command, conquered all Kent, the neighbouring parts of Sussex and Sur∣rey, called by the name of Regnum, also Middlesex and Essex, which the Learned call Trinobants; neither do I believe but that if he had conquered or made peace with more, he would have mentioned them: Some other Inhabitants nearest to danger yield∣ed, whose Country Ca sar never saw.

The Saxon names of Bathancester, Hat Bathan, and Akmanchester, are of later date, the Saxons not arriving here till the time of Theodosius the younger, about the year of Christ, according to the most probable account of Venerable Bede, 449.* 3.9 Nay the later name of Akmanchester was not given till some few years after the year of Christ 577; when from a mean condition, to which this City was then reduced by War, it again recovered strength and great dignity, and from the great concourse of Diseased people that came for Cure, was called Akmanchester, or, The City of Sickly folks.

Anno 575, saith the Saxon Chronicle, the City of Bathe, as also Glocester and Ciceter, were taken by Cuthwin and Ceaulin the Saxons from the Britains, after the slaughter of three British Kings, Commail, Condidan, and Farinmail, that year in a battle at Deorham.

Neither can their Antiquity be much more ad∣vanced

by the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Hot waters in Pto∣lomy, who flourisht about Anno Christi 161, being also the first year of the Reign of the Emperour Antoninus; Aquae Solis, or Waters of the Sun of Antonine, or Badiza of Stephanus, who lived Anno Dom. 540. But what may seem to some of greater consequence are the British Names of Yr Ennaint Twymin, as Cambden hath it, or rather Caer En∣naint, the City of Oyntment, from the Diseased people that came hither for relief, Ennaint in Welch signifying Ʋnguentum:* 3.10 or else, Caer yn nant Twy∣min, the City in the warm Vale; whence Bristol was anciently called, Caer Dorr yn nant Badon, the City Oder in the Vale of Bathe. Caer Baddon, or Bathon; and Caer Paladdur, the City of Pallas, or Minerva's Water; especially since Solinus affirms Minerva to have been the Patroness of these Baths, if of them he writes, as most probable, in these words, Chap. 25, where speaking of Britain, he saith, In quo spatio magna & multa flumina sunt, fontesque calidi opiparo exculpti apparatu ad usus mortalium: quibus fontibus praesul est Minervae nu∣men in cujus aede perpetui ignes nunquam canescunt in favillas, sed ubi ignis tabuit, vertitur in globos saxeos; i. e. In which space are many great Rivers, and Hot springs, very curiously adorned and kept for mens use, the Patroness of which is the Goddess Mi∣nerva, in whose Temple perpetual fires never turn to ashes, but when the heat is over, become round lumps of stone. There being also a Tradition here, that there was formerly a Temple dedicated to Minerva, where the Church of St. Peter and Paul, common∣ly called the Abbey-Church, now stands. I say, if Solinus writes of them, because the Baths of Buck∣stones in Darbyshire are likewise in Britain, and were formerly much frequented.

I know very well that Mons Palader was a name amongst the Britans for Shaftsbury,* 3.11 Paladr in that Language signifying a Shaft; but Ponticus Vi∣runnius, who lived 1500 years since Christ, cor∣ruptly calls it Paladur; Rudhudibras condidit oppi∣dum Montis Paladur quod nunc Sefronia dicitur; and therefore gave occasion to some inconsiderate per∣sons to confound it with Bathe: Now although any one that knows a Mountain from a Plain may see the difference, yet I must be so impertinent here as to say, That I see no reason to the contrary but that Palladdur may be two words, and rendred Minerva's Water; Dwr being the word for Water in Welsh, and Mons Palader, Paladr, or Baladr, as it should be written, and Caer Palladdur, to be two distinct places; the former Shaftsbury, the latter Bathe: However if Cambden be mistaken, and my self also following his Authority, we are both un∣der the correction of those that have better con∣verse with the British Writers.

I shall only add, That Ptolomy reckons Therma and Ischalis as Cities of the Belgae, whereof Ischa∣lis, now Ilchester, he places in 16 degrees 40 minutes of Longitude; 53 degrees 30 minutes of Latitude; and the other City Therma, or Bathe, in 17 degrees 20 minutes of Longitude, and 53 degrees 40 mi∣nutes of Latitude.

Antoninus his Itinerary hath Aquae Solis in the way between Venta Silurum, now Caer Guent, and Verlucio, now Warminster: from Venta to the ferry over Severn, called Trajectum, he makes six miles; from that Ferry to Aquae Solis eighteen miles; and from Aquae Solis to Verlucio sixteen miles. This may serve to prove, that Therma in Ptolomy, and Aquae Solis in Antonine, were meant of Bathe.

Let this then suffice for the Antiquity of the

Waters, That we have a Tradition, and the Autho∣rity too of some suspected Writers, that the Baths were discovered eight hundred and odd years be∣fore Christ: That not long after Christ, we have undoubted mention made of them in credible Au∣thors, and that doubtless they were known, and made use of too, long before any Author writ of them: So that to trace their Original, is to unravel the Creation, and to make enquiry for their com∣mencement, little different than to seek after the Head of Nile.

To give but a taste of the Philosophy of the Times, but little more than two hundred years ago, in reference to these Waters, I shall mention a part of the Riming History of Unfortunate Prin∣ces, composed by John Boccace, who lived about A. D. 1450, and translated by Dan. Lidgate, where fol. 31, Bladud speaks thus:

I.

Some say I made the Holesom Baths at Bath, And made therefore two burning Tuns of Brass, And other twain seven kinds of Salts, that have In them inclos'd; but these be made of Glass; With Sulphur fill'd, Wild-fire emixt there was. And in four Wells those Tuns so placed heat, for aye The Water springeth up before it pass away.

II.

Which Waters heat, and cleansing perfect power, With vapours of the Sulphur salts and fire, Hath vertue great to heal, and cleanse, and scower The bathed Sores therein that health desire. If of the Vertues more thou dost require To know, I will recite what old Experience tells In Causes cold, the noble Vertues of those Wells.

III.

The Baths to soften Sinews Vertue have, And also for to cleanse and scowr the skin; From Morphews white and black to heal and save; The bodies freckled, faint, are bath'd therein, Scabs, Lepry, sores are old, and fester'd in The Scurf, Botch, Itch, Gout, Pox, swell'd Joynts and humors fell, The Milt and Liver hard it heals, and Palsey well.

IV.

I must confess, by learned skill I found These Native Wells whence springs that help for men. But well thou knowst, there runs from under ground Springs, sweet, salt, cold and hot, even now as then, From Rock, Salt Peter, Alom, Gravel, Fen, From Sulphur, Iron, Lead, Gold, Silver, Brass and Tin, Each fountain takes the force of vein it coucheth in.

V.

Then whoso knows by Natures work in these Of Mettals or of Mines the force to heal, May sooner give his Judgment in disease For curing by the Bath; and surer deal With sickly people of the Publick weal: And also find of Fountains salt, or hot, or cold, And for to heal by them the sick with honour be bold.

VI.

The City eke of Bathe I founded there, Renowned far by reason of the Wells: And many Monuments that ancient were, I placed there, Thou knowst the story tells, &c.

What probability the Philosophical part of this Poetry may carry concerning the seven kinds of

Salts inclosed in four Tuns, and things relating thereunto, may be concluded much from what is Historical, and mentioned in the last place, con∣cerning the Monuments, which cannot possibly pre∣tend to that Antiquity, being not in the least British, but purely Roman, as is made appear in the follow∣ing Chapter; This therefore is to be taken as a fan∣cy, and so let it go.

Alexander Necham, somewhat above 400 years ago, wrote these Verses on the Baths.

Bathoniae Thermis vix praefero Virgilianas Confecto prosunt Balnea nostra Seni; Prosunt attritis, collisis, invalidis{que} Et quorum morbis frigida Causa subest. Praevenit humanum stabilis natura laborem, Servit Naturae legibus Artis opus. Igne suo succensa quibus data Balnea fervent Aenea subter aquas Vasa latere putant. Errorem figmenta solent inducere passim, Sed quid? Sulphureum novimus esse locum.

Which I thus made English:

Baths Baines with Virgil's I compare, Useful for ancient folk they are, Bruis'd, weak, consum'd, as well as old, And in all griefs whose source is cold. Nature mans Labour doth prevent, And Art again serves her Intent. There's fire under ground some say That thus makes Baths great Pots to play. Fancy doth often Error breed, But what? from Brimstone these proceed.

As to the City, it is not, I think, to be doubted, but that the Baths were before that, and gave name to it, sick people making small Cottages first for their Conveniences, which were afterwards improv∣ed into fairer Buildings. Constat Latinum nomen huic Civitati ab Antiquis inditum, Aquae Calidae ex his Balneis, saith Andr. Baccius, if the Testimony of a Stranger may be admitted; It is certain the City was called Aquae Calidae, from the Baths. The Statues also of Coil a Britti h King, and Edgar a Saxon, who are said, how truly I know not, to have given Charters to this City, placed at the end of the Town-Hall, or Council-House, are argu∣ments of its Antiquity, although perhaps they might be Patrons that were chosen by the Monks.

That Edgar was Crowned at Bathe above 700 years ago, Bathe being then called an Old Borough, with great Solemnity, on Whitsunday, appears from these words of the Saxon Chronicle, written by one that then lived, and writ his History but three years after his Coronation. Anno 973. May 11. being Whitsunday, Edgar was Consecrated King with great glory, in that Old Borough Ake∣mannesceastre, which by another name they call Ba∣thon, there was great joy to all men on that Blessed Day, which they call Pentecost; there was a great Assembly of Priests and Monks, and the Wise met there in Councel.

Edgar had lived 29 years full of trouble and mi∣sery, when this came to pass, and in his 30th. year was Consecrated.

Anno 520. or 71 years after their arrival here out of Germany, the English Saxons besieged this City, with whom K. Arthur fought a great Battel on Mons Badonicus, now called Bannesdown, and

slew so many of them, that they had little heart to make any further attempt for a considerable time, but left it to the quiet possession of the Britains. Yet Ninnius writeth, that the 12th. of K. Arthur's Battels against the Saxons, was at the Hill or Town of Bathe, where many a one was slain by his force and might. The Saxons then had besieged Bathe, K. Arthur rais'd their Siege, and after besieged them on Mons Badonicus,* 3.12 where he took their Camp, made a great slaughter of them, and then kept his Christmas in Bathe. This was the year that Gildas was born, and thereupon was called Badonicus ever after.

Anno 676. Osbrich founded here a Nunnery, and not long after Offa K. of Mercia built a Church, both which in the time of the Danish Wars were demolisht. Out of the Ruines of these two arose the Church of St. Peter, in which Edgar was Crown'd. But more of the Church in its place.

Anno 775. the year in which Offa is said to have began this Church, he fought with Kinewulf K. of the West-Saxons at Bensington near Oxford, over∣came him, and took Bensington. This Offa is said to have spent much of his time at Bathe; Iste Offa (saith the Author of Brutus abbreviatus) multum morabatur Bathoniae.* 3.13 He began his Reign Anno 755. reigned 39 years, and died Anno 794.

In the Time of Edward the Confessor Bathe flourished exceedingly,* 3.14 the King having there 64 Burghers, and 30 Burghers of others, the City paying T••ibute according to 20 Hides, which amounts to about 30 yard Land.

* 3.15In the Reign of William Rufus, Robert Mowbray Nephew to the Bishop of Constance sackt and burnt it.

The Industrious Mr. Pryn in his* 3.16 Brevia Parlia∣mentaria rediviva, and† 3.17 4th. part of a brief Re∣gister of Parliamentary Writs, hath given an ac∣count of Citizens return'd to serve in Parliament for this City, ever since the 26th. year of K. Ed. 1. about A. D. 1298. or 377 years since.

In Bathe are three Hospitals, it self, indeed, being but one great one, St. Johns, Bellots, and the Bimburies, otherwise called St. Katherines, besides a Free-School erected in the Time of Ed. 6.

The Hospital of St. Johns was founded A. D. 1174. by Reginald Fitz-Joceline, a Lombard,* 3.18 Bishop of Bathe and Wells, and afterward transla∣ted to Canterbury, but, before he was possessed of his new honour, died, and was buried at Bathe. It was valued at the yearly Rent of 22 l. 19 s. 6 d. since which time its revenues are much increas'd, to the great advantage of him that hath it, and no less profit and reputation to the City, with the per∣petual entailment of God's everlasting curse and blast, on the treacherous head and posterity of him, that is notoriously known to have been the Author of this mischief. He gave it this name from St. Johns in the Savoy, where he was Consecrated Bi∣shop, after his return from beyond Sea, by Richard Archbishop of Canterbury.

Bellots Hospital was built by Thomas Bellot Esq; one of the Executors of the Lord Cecil, in the Time of K. James, of whom we shall treat more largely in the Chapter of the Church, to which he was an especial Benefactor.

As for the Bimburies, I can learn no more con∣cerning it than this, That it was bu lt by seven Sisters, who left this Hospital behind them as a mo∣nument to Posterity, both of their Charity and Name.

CHAP. X. Of the Roman Antiquities in Bathe.

BUT the greatest Argument of Antiquity the Place affords, I suppose to be the Roman Coins found in or near it, with the Inscriptions and Ima∣ges in the Town or Borough Walls, the latter of which, to wit, the Inscriptions and Images, Mr. Cambden took notice of, and inserted into his Bri∣tannia.

To begin with the Roman Coins: The first I shall mention is that of Vespasian, made 1600 years since, this Emperour's Reign beginning A. D. 71. with this Circumscription on the Face-side: IMP. CAES. VESPASIAN. P. F. AUG. Imperator Caesar Vespasianus, Pius, Felix, Augustus. The Re∣verse; PIETAS AUGUSTI, with an Image be∣tween S. C. signifying Senatus Consultum. This is of Brass, and Communicated by Mr. John Par∣ker of Bathe, where it was also found.

The second is of Trajan, made A. D. 101. the year this Emperour was 5th. time Consul; read thus: IMP. TRAIANO. AUG. GER. DAC. P. M. T R. P. Imperatori Trajano Augusto, Ger∣manico, Dacico, Pontifici Maximo, Tribunitiae potestate. Reverse; COS. V. P. P. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINC. Consuli quintò, Patri patriae Senatus Populus{que} Romanus optimo Principi. This is Silver, and was found at Wrigleton five miles off of Bathe, and given by Mr. Hugh Ivy, Rector there.

A third is of Carausius, who usurpt Empire in Britain Anno Christi 285. reigned seven years, was slain by Alectus who usurpt after him, and was himself killed by Asclepiodotus praefectus Praeto∣rio Anno 295. The Circumscription thus: IMP. C. CARAUSIUS P. F. AUG. Imperator, Caesar Carausius, Pius, Foelix, Augustus. On the other side PAX. AUG. Pax Augusti. And underneath an Image M. L X X. denoting Miles, or Milites Legionis vicesimae. A Souldier, or the Souldiers of the 20th. Legion, with B. E. on both sides of the Image signifying Britannicus Exercitus.* 3.19

The fourth is of Constantine the younger, made Caesar together with Licinius and Crispus in March, Anno Christi 316. with these Letters round the Head: CONSTANTINUS IUN. NOB. C. Constantinus Junior Nobilissimus Caesar. The Re∣verse a Palace, and PROVIDENTIAE CAESS. Providentiae Caesarum. It is the Palace in which he lived at Triers, expressed in the Letters underneath P. T R E. that is, Pecunia Treviris.

The fifth of Alex. Sever. A. D. 224. with this Inscription: IMP. C. M. AUR. SEV. ALEX∣AND. AUG. Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus. The Reverse; P. M. T. R. P. II. COS. P. P. Pontifex Maxi∣mus, Tribunitia potestate Secundo Consul, pater pa∣triae. These three are Brass, and were found in Bathe, and given by Mr. Parker.

The sixth is a Coin of Constantius made Anno Christi 357. in May, when he kept his Vicenalia, as appears by Votis XXX. Votis triginta, Multis XXXX. Multis quadraginta, within a Wreath. On the Reverse; The Coin stampt at Constantinople, as is evident from the Letters P. CON. signifying Pecunia Constantinopoli. On the Face-side DN.

CONSTANTIUS P. F. AUG. Dominus Constan∣tius Pius, Felix, Augustus. This is Silver, and was found in Glocestershire, not far hence, and given by Mr. Edward Barnard, a skilful Bone-setter at Tedbury in that County.

The seventh is a Brass piece of Valentinian the Second, who Reigned A. D. 375, with this Inscrip∣tion on the face-side DN. VALENTINIANUS P. F. AUG, Dominus Valentinianus Pius Foelix Augustus. The Reverse, Victory holding a Palm-branch in the left hand, and offering a Garland with the right; the Motto, SECURITAS REIPUB∣LICAE, and P. CON. Pecunia Constantinopoli, un∣derneath.

The eighth is a Brass Coin of Constantine the Great, about the year of Christ 307, with this In∣scription CONSTANTINO CAES. Constantino Caesari. Reverse, Victory with a Spear and Shield, only these letters under P. TRE. Pecunia Treviris. These two were the gift of that Worthy Gentleman John Harington Esquire, Grand-son to the Inge∣nious and Noble Sr. John Harington (of whom more in the Chapter of the Church) and were found in his own grounds at Kelston, three miles distant West of Bathe.

These are all the Coins I have met with yet of any value, among many others of none at all.

The Inscriptions and Images next succeed; and the first I take notice of is the nearest to the North-gate, being a Memorial of a Roman Senator, of the Colony of Glocester,* 3.20 a City built by the Romans, who also placed there a Colony called Colonia Gle∣vum. The Inscription thus:

DEC. COLONAE GLEV. VIX✚ AN. LXXXVIII.

i. e. Decurioni Coloniae Glevi. Vixit annos Octoginta octo.

Leafes folded in are at the East end of this In∣scription, Fig. 13. A little lower more leasage not exprest.

And whereas I render Decurio a Senator, I pitch on this signification of the word as most proper here, of which Rosinus gives this account:* 3.21 Sena∣tores in Coloniis, ut etiam in Municipiis, Decuriones vocabantur, eam ob causam, quòd, Pomponio I. C. Authore, decima pars eorum qui deducerentur, sit solita Conscribi. I know Festus mentions another and more usual signification of the word, to wit, an Officer over 10 Horsemen; Decuriones, inquit, ap∣pellantur qui denis Equitibus praesunt. Of which if any please to understand it, he shall have my leave.

The next is a little Image about a foot and half in length, supposed by Mr. Cambden to be Hercules, bearing his left hand aloft, with a Club in his right. See Fig. 11.

Next to that lower, toward the West-gate, is the Monument of one of the Children of two Romans, Primulus, Romulus, Vipomulus, or rather Vete∣romulus (for that word in the stone is somewhat difficult to be read) and Victisarina, with a longer and exactly Roman Inscription, in a sepulchre Ta∣ble,

between two little Images, whereof the one holds the Horn of Amalthaea, or Cornucopia; the other bringeth a flying Rowl, or winding List or Banner over the left shoulder.

The Inscription thus:

[illustration] depiction of a sepulchral tablet bordered by the bas relief of a person on each side

D M
SVCC. PETRONIAE. VIX
ANN. JJJ. M. JJJJ. D. IX. VERO
MULVS. ET. VIC TSARINA
FIL. KAR. FEC

Diis Manibus Successae Petroniae, Vixit annos tres, menses quatuor,* 3.22 Dies Novem. Veteromulus & Victi∣sarina filiae Carissimae fecerunt: i. e. To the Ghost of Successa Petronia, who lived three years, four months, and nine daies. Veteromulus and Victisa∣rina, in memory of their dear Child, made this.

A little after follow these Letters, in a Cut stone, very imperfect:

V R N.
I O P.

In the outside of the Wall, pretty high, is a Head, which seems of no great moment. Fig. 9. And as for Hercules straining two Snakes, I cannot yet be so fortunate as to light upon it. Fig. 14.

Between the West and South-gates stand these Letters cross, which, by reason the stone is cut on both sides, are unaccountable:

III. VS. SA.
VS. VX. SC.

Then two fierce heads, one within the cope of the Wall, and another in the outside thereof hard by. Fig. 7, 8.

After that, these Letters standing overthwart, of which no sense can be made:

I L L A.
I L L A.

Near this place formerly was a Hare running (now lost) which might be the Rebus of a Lepori∣us that set up this Monument. There were of that name in Britain, and it is now the name of the Ho∣nourable Family of my Lord of Colerain. Fig. 15.

An angry man laying hold of a poor Peasant, which may be a bold insulting Roman, on a poor distressed captivated Britan. See Fig. 6.

Leafage, with leafs folded in, Fig. 5.

Two kissing and clipping each other, which by the Crook in the right hand of one, and the Dog upon the other, seem to be a Shepherd and his Mi∣stress;

the Dog reaching up towards the head of the Woman. See Fig. 4.

A Foot Souldier brandishing his Sword, and bearing out his Shield. Fig. 3.

A Footman with a Truncheon in his right hand. Fig. 2.

A great Face, or a Giants Head, with hair. Fig. 1.

As for Medusa's head all Snakes, I cannot, on the best enquiry I can make, find it out. See Fig. 10.

Neither doth Ophiuchus occur to me. 'Tis there∣fore, I believe, lost in the alteration of the Wall, as the Hare, and Medusa's head mentioned before. See Fig. 12.

At Walcot, a Parish adjoyning to the City, was found a stone with this Inscription:

VIBIA IVCVNDA H. S. E.

i. e. Here lies Vibia Jucunda.

Jucunda was an Agnomen of the Family Car∣vilia, and it seems of Vibia, as Loetus of the Clau∣diae and Pomponiae.

[illustration] illustration described as a great face, or a giant's head, with hair. Resembles a sun with a face

1

[illustration] depiction of a man with a club or truncheon in his right hand

2

[illustration] depiction of a soldier with a sword in his right hand and a shield in his left

3

page. 72

[illustration] depiction of a triangular tympanum depicting a man and woman reclining with a dog

4

[illustration] depiction of a flower spiralling out into stem and leaves

5

[illustration] depiction of two men, one with his hand on the other man's head

6

[illustration] depiction of a right-facing bust

7

[illustration] depiction of a left-facing bust

8

[illustration] depiction of a man in a window

9

[illustration] depiction of a left-facing bust of Medusa

10

[illustration] illustration a man standing on his right foot with a club in his right hand

11

[illustration] depiction of a boy holding a snake in his right hand

12

[illustration] depiction of a flower spiralling out into stem and leaves with leaves along the bottom

13

[illustration] depiction of a woman carrying two snakes

14

[illustration] depiction of a right-facing hare

15

In Bathe also might be seen this Inscription, On Henry Coriat.

MORTUUS. HIC. ET. SEPULTUS. JACET. BIPEDUM. NEQUISSIMUS. H. C. IMPIE∣TATE. ARROGANTIA. LOQUACITATE. IMPUDENTIA. FASTU. ET. FRAUDE. NULLI. SECUNDUS. MALUS. PARENS. GUBERNATOR. PEJOR. CIVIS. PESSI∣MUS. QUI. POSTQUAM. LX. ANNORUM. CURRICULUM. RAPINIS. ET. LITIBUS. ARMATUS. ET. IN ERMIS. LONGANI∣MITATE. DEI. MAXIMA. TRANSEGIS∣SET. PAUPERUM. PTOCHOTROPHII. S. JOANNIS. BATHONENSIS. ALIMON∣IAM. IN. ALTERIUS. MANUS. PERFIDE. DEDISSET. ET. FISCUM. CIVITATIS-PUBLICUM. IN. PRIVATOS. USUS. CON. VERTISSET. INTER. ALIORUM. ODI∣UM. CONSANGUINEORUM. MISERI∣CORDIAM. SINE. PLANCTU. ET. LA∣CHRYMIS. A. NEMINE. DESIDERATUS. EX. HAC. VITA. MIGRAVIT. IN. VENTU∣RAM. UT. POENAS. AEQUALI. IMPU∣DENTIA. SUSTINEAT. AETERNAS. NISI. EI DEM. SUCCURRAT. QUOD. MINIME. SPERANDUM. SALUS. ALTIS∣SIMI. QUAE. ILLUM. QUIDEM. IPSA. NON. POTUIT. SALVARE.

Lastly, There are two fair Inscriptions, in two Grave-stones, erected in the North wall of a Gar∣den

by the Cross Bath, belonging to Mrs. Crofts, preserved by Mr. Robert Chambers, Father to Dr. Humphry Chambers, born in this City, between which, Robert Chambers hath this Inscription, which preserveth him as he has done the other two.

HEC. MONUMEN. VIO LATA. SVLCIS. IN. CA MP. DE. WALCOT. R. C. CVLTOR. ANTIQ. HVC. TRANSTVLIT. A N^o. VER. INCAR. 1592.

The Inscription on the East of this, is an Epi∣taph of Caius Murrius, of the Tribe called Ar∣niensis, the 25th. Tribe among the Romans (so called from Arnus a River in Tuscany, as Carolus Sigonius, and Onuphrius Panvinius relate,) born at Friuli, or Forum Julium, a modest Souldier of the Second Legion called, Adjutrix pia foelix, under the Command of Julius Secundus, 25 years of age; how long in pay is broken out of the Stone, but, I suppose, eight. The Inscription as fol∣lows:

C. MVRRIVS. C. F. ARNIENSIS FORO. IVLI. MO DESTVS. MIL. LEG. II. AD. P. F. IVLI. SECVNDI. AN. XXV. STIP. H. S.

Caius Murrius, Caii filius, Arniensis, Foro-Juli∣ensis, Modestus Miles Legionis Secundae, adjutricis piae, foelicis Julii Secundi, Anni Viginti quinque, Stipendio octo, Hic situs est.

The other on the West is an Epitaph of Marcus Valerius a Latin (as I read, Mr. Cambden Eatinus, it seems to be an Agnomen) a Souldier of Augustus his Legion (or the 20th.) 35 years of age, and 20 years in pay.

The true Copy thus:

DIS MANIBUS M. VALERIUS. M. FIL. LATINUS. C. EQ. MILES. LEG. AV. AN. XXXV. STIPEN. XX. H. S. E.

i. e. Dis Manibus. Marcus Valerius Marci filius Latinus Coh. Equitum Miles legionis Augustae (aut vicesimae) annis triginta quinque, Stipendio viginti, Hic situs est.

Where it may be noted, that this man was ad∣mitted at 15 years of age,* 3.23 when the usual time of listing Souldiers was not till 17.

Ophiuchus, Hercules straining two Snakes, Me∣dusa's head, and the Hare, are lost. Vid. Fig. 10. 12. 14, 15.

CHAP. XI. Of the Church of St. Peter and Paul in Bathe.

COncerning that neat and curious fabrick, the Church of St. Peter and Paul, commonly called the Abbey Church in Bathe, I need not give any other account, than what Sr. John Haring∣ton, a neighbouring Knight, whose good will to this Church and City did rival the acuteness of his Wit and Learning, being both very great, hath done sometime since, in a Latin Poem writ and spoken to Bishop Mountague, at his first Visitation and sight of the Church, then uncover'd. The Manuscript Copy found in Sr. John's Study, and Communicated by his Grand-son, John Harington of Kelston, Esquire, hath this Title; Conditiones variae Ecclesiae Sancti Petri & Pauli Bathoniensis, à primis fundamentis jactis Anno 775, ad annum de∣currentem 1609, Historico-poetica 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; deque foelicissima ejusdem Ecclesiae restauratione, Vaticini∣um. Ad Reverendissimum in Christo Patrem, Ja∣cobum, providentiâ divinâ, dignissimum Ecclesiae Bathoniensis, & Wellensis, Episcopum, Bathoniam primò foeliciter invisentem & Visitantem.

The Poem.

MActe: bonis avibus, recidivi limina Templi, In Christo Reverende Pater, gratissimus intras. Macte: sed haud pigeat prius, aequa mente, parumper Pristina Delubri perpendere fata miselli.

Temporis Elapsi studio monumenta revolvens Attento, invenies,* 3.24 hujus fundamina templi Prima Offam, priscum regem, jecisse:* 3.25 Secunda Elphegum, regni Primatem,* 3.26 tertia tandem (Cum duo Danorum rabies, ignisque, priora Vastasset) Sumptu posuit majore JohannesLine 10 De villa, natu Gallus,* 3.27 non infimus artis Professor medicae; Wellensi ingratior aedi; Qui quùm illic variis viguisset Episcopus annis Sedem, Thermopolim, Cathedralem transtulit illine, Ʋrbe hac quingentis Marcis, à Rege coempta. Pulchrius antiquis fanum construxit; at ipsum Aevo, Combussit pariter Jovis ira, sequenti.

Structorem Celebris misit Normannia, quartum Officio Monachum, Rodbertum nomine, molem Subversam toties qui restanravit,* 3.28 & interLine 20 Presbyteros, litem, de Sedis honore, diremit, Exornans titulis utramque aequalibus urbem.

Tandem, post seriem numerosam, munificamque, Insignis praesul pietate, vicesimus atque Tertius, hunc sequitur, qui faustum nominis omen Expressit factis, Oliver King dictus;* 3.29 Olivam Et Regem vere referebat: adinstar Olivae Pacis erat populo, simul ubertatis & author; At magis hoc retulit, regali munere, regem, Quippe opus incultum Rodberti sustulit: atquiLine 30 Illius, extemplò, vice fundamenta locavit

Ista; dedit Solidis speciosa pterômata muris. Tecta superstruxit sublimibus alta columnis. Areolas Soleis longas substravit & amplas. Omnia, ad hanc pulchram, structurus caetera, formam, Et spoliis, dubio procul, instructurus, opimis, Morte immortales, subito est arreptus, ad arces. (Tantae molis erat tam clarum condere Templum!) Ne tamen his tantis perfectio debita coeptis Deforet, huic operi colophonem attexuit almusLine 40 Abbatiae Rector Gulielmus Birdus. At eheu Sanctis stare diu, fatis (proh fata) negatum est! Horrida de innocuis fertur sententia fanis; Abbatiae pereunt, spoliantur Templa, rapinis Tecta patent, reditus, fundi, sacraria: quid non? (Ʋnde nefas tantum Zeli fautoribus?) una. Ipse, vel in cunis, insons discerpitur infans. Impete diripitur violento haec fabrica; prostant Saxa, vitrum, plumbi, Campanae, ac omnia praeter Hoc miserùm 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Tantae at quae causa ruinae?Line 50 Num pietatis amor? vel amor sceleratus habendi? Hic amor exitio est Templis, Templi{que} ministris. Hic amor extinxit clarissima lumina regni; Nec finit hic amor haec extincta resumere lucem. Nemo bonum Templi, Templi bona quis{que} requirit. Hinc haec, Cimmeriis, per tot, tam turpiter, annos, Maxima lux Ʋrbis, latuit suppressa, tenebris. Sed pater omni-bonus, cui provida cura suorum est, Hanc piceam, nuper, coelesti lampade, noctem Dispulit è multis Sanctorum cordibus, undeLine 60 Accendere suo nostrum de Lumine lumen. Sic tamen ut quivis magis hinc sibi luceat ipsi Ʋt tacito ad praesens reliquo veneremur honore, Vivida quos totum celebrabit fama per orbem;

Nobile Bellotti Sidus sic emicat, omnes Inter nutritios Templorum jure colendos, Plena velut Stellis praefulget luna minutis.

Singula quae cernis pulchrae ornamenta Capellae, Area, porta, solum, subsellia, rostra, fenestrae, Bellottum unanimi compellant voce parentem.Line 70 Bellottum Sonitu reboat Campana Sonoro, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 sonant Bellottum, Balnea, Vici, Compita, Bellotti jactant ad sidera nomen. Quod Christi est cultor, simul excultor{que} sacrorum.

VATICINIUM.

Desine plura: sat est veterum: peragenda peractis Succedant, meliora bonis, majora minutis.

Auspiciis huc misse sacris (Sanctissime Praesul) Sensibus haec imis superum consulta repone, Quae Tibi fatidico dispandit carmine Vates, Laeta ruinoso proclamans omnia Templo.Line 80 Quo decet hanc specta, vultu, sine nube, sereno Faecundam laudum segetem sine fine Tuarum. Molliter ossa cubent Offae, ac Elphegi, Oliveri, Rodberti, ac Birdi: merito celebrentur honore. Debita Bellotto reddatur palma benigno. Perpius extento Bellottus floreat aevo. Non equidem invideo, laetor mage: gratulor illi. Quod si tam celebrem mereatur guttula laudem, Praemia quae referet, largos qui funditat imbres?

Tantum at honorifico cedes, Bellotte, Jacobo,Line 90 Effuso tenuis quantum imbri guttula cedit. Bellotti guttis rorata Capella virescit; Imbribus assiduis divi madefacta Jacobi, Integra quam laetos diffundent Templa racemos?

Nec tamen haec aqueo, vitis cupit, imbre rigari: Aureolo hanc Dana••m Saturabis, Jupiter, imbre. Hinc quae spreta diu languenti Ecclesia morbo Intabuit; vitam, Te, Te medicante, resumit, Ʋt redit infuso flaccescens Vena Lyaeo. Line 100

Hujus sint alii fautores, sidera, fani:Line 100 Cinthia Bellottus; solus Tu 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Apollo. Haec Tu vivifico reparabis membra calore: Haec Tu magnifico decorabis Tecta nitore.

Aspice surgenti laetentur ut omnia Templo? Grandaevum videor mihi prospectare Jacobum, Aspectûs Virtute Tui, torpore solutum, At{que} reornato scandentem climace Coelos. Ʋt renovat vires? ut concipit aethera mente? Insuper alatos, ultro citro{que} meantes Coelicolas video, bona climacteribus istisLine 110 Nuncia portantes Superis: ac gaudia divûm Inde renarrantes terris de Praesule tanto, Te{que} cohortantes, (propria sat sponte citatum) Euge: opus hoc mirae pietatis perfice Praesul!

Te nempe ad decus hoc peperit Natura; replevit Dotibus eximiis Deus: Ars perfecta polivit: In gremio refovet ter magni gratia regis: Ditavit{que}* 3.30 bonis, tanta ad molimina, natis. Huc opulenta Tibi sua fundit viscera Tellus, Huc Tua Te Virtus, sorte ancillante, propellit.Line 120 Euge; opus hoc mirae pietatis perfice Praesul! Aggredere aeternos (servit Tibi tempus) honores. His petitur Coelum scalis, hac itur ad astra.

Nec mora fervet opus. Structor, Lapicida, peritus Gypsator, Sculptor, Fusor, Vitrarius: omnes Artifices instant ardentes. Maenia surgunt, Dissita quae fuerant loca concamerantur Erismis; Extima plumboso velantur tegmine, pulchris Intima caelantur laquearibus: omnia miris Sunt decorata modis: respondent omnia votis.Line 130 Nec deerunt Mystae, celebrent qui sacra, frequentes: Sed numerosa brevi totam quae compleat aedem Pompa Sacerdotum, Psalmodorum{que} decano Praeducente chorum, cantabis grata Jehovae Cantica, tantorum fonti, authori{que} bonorum.

Haec mihi praesagit mens non ignara futuri.

Corpore (quis neget hoc?) specioso haec Templa Jacobus Donavit Praesul, (pia na mdecreta proborum Aequivalent factis) animum Rex ipse Jacobus (Hoc quo{que} quis dubitat?) tribuet. Deus alme JacobiLine 140 Decretis benedic factis{que} utrius{que} Jacobi. O fortunatam nimium bona si Tua nôris Thermopolim, tali frueris quae Praesule, Rege! Funde Deo summas ex imo pectore grates, Et cole perpetuo pietatis honore Jacobos.

Quo pede caepisti, Praesul Sanctissime, pergas.

Episcopi Responsio.

Cupivi diu, has ruinas, & haec rudera videre & contemplari; has vero ruinas & haec rudera videre, & contemplari, jam dolet: Ingrediar tamen, sed hoc animo, ut nunquam, hoc more, sim reingressurus, priusquam isthaec melius tecta videro.

The Translation. AN HISTORICO-POETICAL ACCOUNT Of the various state of the Church of St. Peter and Paul in Bathe, from its first foundation, in the Year 775, to this present Year 1609. ALSO, A PROPHESIE of the happy Restau∣ration of the same Church.

WElcome, Right Reverend, to this place, Invited both by Heart and Face; Enter; but first let me relate This ruin'd Churches former fate.

If ancient Monuments you turn over, * 3.31King Offa first you will discover To found a Temple in this Place, * 3.32Arch-Bishop Elphege next his Grace; The third (when Danish rage and fire To ruine both these did conspire)Line 10 * 3.33With greater cost John clep'd de Villa, A French man born, but, silly fellow, * 3.34Profest the Art, if stories true. The Grounds of which he never knew.

This man at Wells did take a pett, And many years did Bishop sitt;

But once in rage remov'd his See, And caus'd it here in Bathe to be. Five hundred Mark the City cost The Bishop from the King, at most.Line 20 Where he a neater Pile did raise, Which did not long proclaim his praise; For God not pleas'd with him that quackt, Made Sacrifice his Pious act.

Brave Normandy a Fourth sent, Monk Robert, who with good Intent This ruin'd Fabrick did repair, Compos'd the strife about the Chair; Caus'd his Successors, story tells, To bear the Name of Bathe and Wells.Line 30

At length, when Benefactors store Had grac'd this Church where we adore, The Three and twentieth Bishop came, Who minded by his Lucky name, Oliver King,* 3.35 could do no less Than King and Olive both express. Like Olive, peace and plenty great, Were products of this Bishops Seat; But, to say Truth, in this grand thing, He did resemble more a King:Line 40 Roberts attempt away he took, And rais'd this Chuch on which you look; Strong Walls, fine Buttresses, the Roof, With stately Pillars bearing proof: Made Walks and Isles both long and fair: In short, this handsom Pile did rear; And doubtless it was his Intent, (But sudden death did him prevent) To have endow'd this Church with Lands, (He must obey, when God Commands.)Line 50 So great a task it was, I wis, To build so fine a Church as this!

Now lest the Work at stay should stand, Good Prior† 3.36 Bird put his last hand, He finisht, with his cost, the Thing, And found some work after a King.

But, Oh the fate of what is holy! And, Oh the mad Religious folly! Nothing that Sacred is must hold, And men with Temples must make bold;Line 60 Abbeys are ruin'd, Churches sackt, Roofs sold, and Rents are more than rackt; Deluge of Sacriledge! what not? Have Zealots thus their God forgot? This innocent Chrysom's boxt about, And torn in its Swadling-clout: The Fabrick's spoil'd, they sell the Stones, Glass, Lead, Bells, all except these Bones; Of this great Spoil, what was the cause? Was't love of Mony, or God's Laws?Line 70 'Tis that hath ruin'd Church and Priest, And laid our greatest Heads to rest. 'Tis that extinguisht, and keeps out The Lights, that erst shone all about. None seek the Churches good, but all What they steal from it, their own call; Hence in the darkest blackest night, Hath lodg'd the Cities greatest light. But our good God, who loves his own, This pitchy storm away hath blown,Line 80 And with his heavenly Lamp dispell'd, The Chains of darkness which us held,

So that we now beholding are To them for light they to us spare; Yet so as each hath light enough To give due praise without a snuff, To whom deserts shall gain a Name, And spread or'e all the World a fame.

So far hath Bellot's Star outshin'd Whoever hath to Church been kind,* 3.37Line 90 As doth full-Moon, in Starry night, Exceed the lesser Torches light. The Chappel ornaments, the Floor, The Benches, Windows, Seats and Door, Call Bellot Father; and the Bell Rings Bellot, though it ring a Knell. Hospitals, Baths, Streets and High-waies, Sound out the Noble Bellot's praise, 'Cause he was Pious, and hath given Much, whose Reward shall be in heaven.Line 100

THE PROPHESIE.

Forbear my Muse; change now thy Text, Come to things greater, better next. Enough of old things: now succeeds A good supply to former Deeds.

Thou, Reverend Prelate, sent to us By God Almighty's Mittimus, Consider deeply what he saies To thee, through my Prophetick bays, Wishing this Church no other ill, Than to be built, and flourish still.Line 110 View with clear aspect from the top, Your endless Praises fruitful crop. Let Offa, Elphege, Oliver, rest Robert and Bird in Honours nest.

Let bounteous Bellot take the Palm, And after Age his Name embalm, I envy not, but more rejoyce, And give him too my thankful Voice. If to a drop this Laud be due, What's to a greater stock, think you?Line 120 He well deserves a grateful sense That showrs down Benevolence.

Bellot alone to James gives way, Diff'ring as drop and showr may. Bellot's drops make the Chappel thrive, When James divine long showrs shall give, How'll all the Fabrick sprouting live?

This Vine loves not a Watery show'r; Gold into Dande Jove will pour, So that this Church that long hath beenLine 130 Consumptive, by thy skill agen Gets strength, as the flagg'd vein plumps up And swells, with Bacchus cheerful cup.

Others this Church may somewhat steed, Bellot's the Moon, You Sun indeed: With lively rays these limbs restore, Thy Roof you'll nobly cover o're.

Behold! how all things now are glad, Old Jacob wakes, and as a Lad Enliven'd by Your presence here,Line 140 Ascends the Ladder quick and clear; Look how he mounts, striving to rise. And makes with vigour to the skies?

Methinks, I see the Winged host Of their new Message seem to boast, Telling the news above, and then Returning with Gods Joy to men: And quickning you, though quick before, Compleat this work we You implore.

Nature hath bred you for this end;Line 150 To this God's great endowments tend. Art you hath wrought, the King embraces, Who seldom doth misplace his Graces. And you hath aptly given a* 3.38 Mine, Prepared for this great design: The Earth her bowels op's to you, And your good Nature prompts you too. Finish the work, Time serves, My Lord, Which will eternal praise afford. This way you will to Heaven climbe,Line 160 And to the Stars your self sublime.

Praestò, The work advances, all The Labouring men are come at call; Builder, Stone-cutter, Plaisterer, Graver, Bell-founder, Glazier, All busie. Walls are up; The space That common was, Arches embrace. The outside's leaded, Roof adorn'd, And all things to my wish perform'd.

Nor will there wanting be a Quire,Line 170 Which to this place may all retire, And with resort, and their own Train Fill this whole Temple once again. Priests in their habits, Singers, and A Dean the Quire to command: Will Anthems sing to God above, And praise the Fountain head, his love. My mind perswades me this will be, And I can at some distance see.

The Prelate James (none can deny)Line 180 Hath given a Body large and high, (For those things that good men decree Are equal with their deeds to me) A Soul King James (who can this doubt?) Will add, to make this compound out.

Now Jacob's God bless James's twain, Their Actions and Intents maintain! O happy Bathe, if thou didst know From whence thy happiness doth flow! A King and Bishop now thou hast,Line 190 Ne'r yet outdone in Ages past; Give Thanks to God with all thy heart, And Honour to both James impart.

Proceed, Most Worthy Prelate, in The Thing you did so well begin.

The Bishop's Answer.

I have long desired to see and contemplate these Ruines and Rubbish; and now it grieves me to behold Them: However, I will enter, but with this intent, never to re-enter till I see them better cover'd.

For a fuller confirmation of the precedent parti∣culars, I think fit to insert in this place an extract out of an ancient Record, now in the house of my Honoured friend Edward Cosin Esquire, whose genius inclining him to the study of Antiquity, hath collected, and communicated it to me.

Johannes de Villula, the 16th. Bishop of Wells, having bought the Town of Bathe of King Henry the First for five hundred Marks, transferred his Seat unto that City, 1088. Hence grew a jar between the Monks of Bathe and Canons of Wells, about the Election of the Bishop. At last the difference was composed by that Bishop Robert whom before I spake of: That from thence forward the Bishop should be nominated from both places, and that precedency in the style should be given to Bathe. That in the Vacancy of the See, a great number of

Delegates from both Churches should elect their Prelate, who being elected should be installed in them both: both of them to be reckon'd as the Bi∣shops Chapter, and the Grants and Patents con∣firmed in both. And so it stood until the reign of King Henry the Eighth; what time the Monastery of Bathe being dissolved, there passed an Act of Parliament for the Dean and Chapter of Wells, to make one sole Chapter for the Bishop, A. 35. H. 8. c. 15. Thus far Mr. Cosin.

The Church that now is, was first begun A. D. 1137. by Oliver King Doctor of Laws, of Kings Colledge in Cambridge, Principal Secretary to three Monarchs of this Land, Edward the fourth, Edward the fifth, and Henry the seventh; Register of the Knights of the Garter, Bishop of Exeter, and thence translated hither Novemb. 6. 1495. died 24th. of Jan. 1503, and is thought to lie buried at Wind∣sor, where he was sometime Canon. It was four hundred seventy five years before it was compleat∣ed and brought to perfection (having made many halts by the way) and was finisht about the middle of King James's Reign, near. A. D. 1612, as by the Munificence of Noblemen, Knights, Gentlemen and others, so especially by the liberal hand of the Learned Dr. James Mountague Bishop of this Diocess, to whom the former Poem was directed, who at one time gave a thousand pounds towards its Reparation, and lies buried, by his own ap∣pointment under a fair Marble Monument, in the body of the Church, deceased July 20. 1618, with this elegant Epitaph on the South-side:

MEMORIAE SACRUM PIETATE VIRTUTE ET DOCTRINA INSIGNIS JACOBUS MONTACUTUS EDVARDI MONTACUTI DE BOUGH∣TON IN COMITATU NORTHAMTO∣NIAE EQUITIS AURATI A SAR. CO∣MITIBUS DEDUCTA PROPAGINE FI∣LIUS QUINTOGENITUS A SAPIENTIS∣SIMO JACOBO REGE SACELLO RE∣GIO DECANUS PRAEPOSITUS AD EPISCOPATUM BATHONIENSEM PROMOTUS ET DEINDE AD WIN∣TONIENSEM OB SPECTATAM IN MAXIMIS NEGOTIIS FIDEM DEXTE∣RITATEM ET PRUDENTIAM IN SANCTIUS CONCILIUM ADSCITUS REGIQUE CUI CHARISSIMUS ERAT IN AULA ASSIDUUS IN MEDIO AC∣TUOSAE VITAE CURSU QUAM DEO ECCLESIAE ET PATRIAE DEVOVERAT AD AETERNAM VITAM EVOCATUS 20. JULII ANNO DOMINI 1618. AETATIS 50.

Sacred to Memory.

For Piety, Virtue and Learning, very eminent, James Montague, fifth Son of Sr. Edward Montague, of Boughton, in the County of Northampton, Knight, lineally descended from the Earls of Salisbury, by the most wise King James made Dean of the Chappel, then Bishop of Bathe, afterwards Bishop of Winche∣ster, and for his faithfulness, dexterity and prudence in weighty affairs, chosen one of the Privy Councel,

and very much at Court, being in great favour with the King: In the midst of a busie life, which he had devoted to God, the Church, and Country, was sum∣moned to life everlasting, 20 July 1618, in the 50th. year of his age.

On the North side, this Inscription.

REVERENDISSIMUS HIC EPISCOPUS IN HOC TEMPLO ANTIQUISSIMO QUOD INTER ALIA MULTA EGRE∣GIA PIETATIS MONUMENTA MAXIMIS IMPENSIS INSTAURAVIT CORPUS DEPONI JUSSIT DONEC CHRISTO REDEMPTORI VIDEBITUR EUM CUM JUSTIS AD INTERMINATAM VITAM QUAM IN TERRIS SEMPER ANHE∣LAVIT EXCITARE EDVARDUS MONTACUTUS DE BOUGHTON HENRICUS MONTACUTUS CAPITALIS IN BANCO REGIO JUSTITIARIUS CAROLUS MONTACUTUS TESTA∣MENTI CURATOR ET SIDNEIUS MONTACUTUS A SUPPLICUM LI∣BELLIS EQUITES AURATI FRATRI OPTIME MERITO CUM LACHRIMIS POSUERUNT.

In this most Ancient Church, which, among many other Monuments of Piety, with great charge, he re∣paired; This most Reverend Bishop commanded his Body to be laid, until Christ the Redeemer shall please to raise him, with the Just, to life eternal, which, when on Earth, he earnestly desired.

Sir Edward Mountague of Boughton, Sir Henry Mountague Lord Chief Justice of the Kings Bench, Sir Charles Mountague his Executor, and Sir Sidney Mountague Master of the Requests, Knights, to their most deserving Brother, in much sorrow, erected this Monument.

* 3.39Concerning Oliver King, the founder of this Church, Sr. John Harington tells this pretty story: That lying at Bathe, and musing or meditating one night late, after his Devotions and Prayers for the prosperity of Henry the Seventh and his Children (who were then all or most part living) to which King he was Principal Secretary, and by him pre∣ferred to this Bishoprick; he saw, or supposed he saw a Vision of the holy Trinity, with Angels as∣cending and descending by a Ladder, near to which there was a fair Olive Tree supporting a Crown, and a voice said, Let an Olive establish the Crown, and let a King restore the Church. Of this Dream or Vision he took exceeding great comfort, and told it divers of his friends, applying it to the King his Master in part, and some part to himself. To his Master, because the Olive being the Emblem or Hieroglyphick of Peace and Plenty seemed to him to allude to King Henry the Seventh, who was worthily counted the wisest and most peaceable King in all Europe of that age. To himself (for the wisest will flatter themselves sometimes) be∣cause he was not only a chief Counsellour to this King, and had been his Ambassadour to conclude a most Honourable Peace with Charles the Eighth, who paid, as Holinshead writeth, 745 Duckets, be∣sides a yearly Tribute of 25000 Crowns, but also he carried both the Olive and King in his Name; and therefore thought he was specially designed for

this Church-work, to the advancement of which, he had an extraordinary inclination. Thus though (as St. Thomas of Aquin well noteth) all Dreams, be they never so sensible, will be found to halt in some part of their coherence: yet most certain it is, for the time, he was so transported with his Dream, that he presently set in hand with this Church, and at the West end thereof he caused a Representation to be graved of this Vision of the Trinity, the Angels and the Ladder; and on the North side the Olive and Crown, with certain French words (which I could not read) but in English is this verse taken out of the book of Judges, chap. 9.

Trees going to chese their King, Said, be to us the Olive King.

All which is so curiously cut and carved, as in the West part of England is no better work, than in the West end of this poor Church. And to make the credit of all this more authentick, he added this word to it, De sursum est, It is from on high. Thus much the Stones and Walls (though dumb witnesses, yet credible) do plainly testifie.

Thus far that Learned Knight, and Great Well-wisher to this Church; where it may be noted, that the Olive and Crown are on both sides of the Church, North and South, with an Elephant on each side of the Olive crown'd; and the words Sr. John saies he could not read, are not French, but Latin, being the old Translation of the English writ on both Pillars, of either side, in good Text hand, though now not so legible, above the Eng∣lish in this manner:

Ierunt ligna ut ungerent super se Regem, Dixeruntque Olivae Impera nobis. Trees going to chese their King, Said, Be to us the Oliver King.

Which gave occasion to some in the late Times to take it for a Prophesie, but was intended nothing more than to preserve the Memory of the Bishop that was Founder.

CHAP. XII. Of the Baths of Bathe.

COncerning the Nature, Use and Virtues of the Baths, I purpose, if God permit, to write a large and particular Account, in a Just Treatise on that Subject, consonant to my own Principles, which for the greater Credit of this Nation and Place (nothing having ever been before attempted in this kind) shall be in the general Language; the design of which I have expressed Chap. 7. For I well remember what I writ in my Appendix, seven years ago, in these words: I come now to speak some∣thing of the Nature, Ʋse and Virtues of the Baths. And here it cannot be expected I should say much, be∣cause my Experience of them as yet hath been but lit∣tle, and the Observations I have made seem fitter, as they are intended, for a foundation to a greater Work, which Time and Variety of Experiments must compleat, than at present to be Communicated to the Publick. And to make some compensation for my Brevity in this

Thing, which is justly deemed the most material of all other, I shall take the boldness to engage, as soon as Time and Opportunity shall permit, to make a through search into the Cause of the Heat, Nature, and Effi∣cacious Operations of the Baths, and perhaps give a more satisfactory Account of the former, than hath yet been given by any; and for the latter, I shall not build on the Hay and Stubble of the Talk and Rela∣tions of persons byast and concern'd, but on the solid basis of Reason, Observation, and Experience. And again, the last words: But I hope I may be excused on the score of my former Engagement, if I am not more particular at this time in things of this nature, till a just amassment of Observations and Experiments, and a rational deduction of Conclusions from them, which I hope in some time to accomplish, shall either confirm me in the opinion I now have of the Nature and Virtues of the Baths of Bathe, or supply me with a better.

Having, I say, intended a Piece of this nature, and also published many Particulars relating to this Affair, in the ensuing Century of Observations, which I now make publick, as a Specimen of my way of procedure, and ground-work or foundation of my next Superstructure, I shall content my self at present with some few Remarks.

The Baths then in some Things do agree; in others are different.

They agree in this, That though chiefly three in number, the King's, Cross, and Hot (the Queen's being but an Appendent to the King's, as the Le∣per's to the Hot) yet they all participate of the same Minerals, only the Hot Bath, if some of my Observations hold, hath something more than the King's, or Cross, both which as to the particulars, and particular proportions, in a Hogshead, Gallon,

and Pint, are much the same, and what is defe∣ctive in one Ingredient in one Bath, is made up by another, in the other. So that herein the wonder∣ful Contrivance of the Almighty hath appeared, in making so fine a Composition of such various In∣gredients, and acted (with Reverence be it spoken) not only the Physician, but the Apothecary too, a good example and precedent for his Creatures to follow, who have liv'd to see that unhappy day, wherein a blear-ey'd Leah hath been advanc'd, though with shame and destruction too, above a legitimate Rachel.

They differ chiefly in Dimension, and degree of Heat.

In Dimension; The King's Bath being 57 foot, or 19 yards, 10 inches, long; 40 foot, 8 inches, or 13 yards ½ and 2 inches in breadth.

The Queen's, 8 yards, or 24 foot, 2 inches, in breadth; in length 25 foot, 4 inches; or 8 yards, 16 inches.

The Cross Bath, 24 foot; or 8 yards, 6 inches long; 19 foot 11 inches, or 6 yards ½ and 5 inches over Northward; 12 foot, or 4 yards, 7 inches over on the South.

The Hot Bath, 10 yards 8 inches ½ long; 4 yards 13 inches ½ broad South; 4 yards ½ and 5 inches over North.

From this undeniably is deduc'd that they differ in the Water they contain; for being of different dimensions, the greater must hold more, and the lesser less. To pursue this Curiosity a little further, I find by Gage, The King's Bath being 1 yard 18 inches in Water, to contain three hundred and fourteen Tun, thirty six Gallons.

The Queen's, eighty one Tun, three Hogsheads, and eleven Gallons.

The Cross, fifty three Tun, and forty seven Gallons.

The Hot, fifty four Tun, and twenty seven Gallons.

As to the difference arising from the degree of Heat, though I must acknowledg my defect of Ob∣servations in that kind, which I will hereafter sup∣ply, yet I may say thus much now, That the King's and Hot Baths are not more different in that parti∣cular than the Queen's, and Cross, and that this latter is the most temperate of all.

And here it may be noted, That what is written concerning the difference in degree of Heat in the Baths, is so to be understood as esteemed now; for the Hot Bath was formerly accounted the Hottest of all, whence it had its name, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the rest being ever, and so reputed Hot, though in some degrees inferior to that. Hence Jones says, From what he there deliver'd, the reason may be gather'd why some of the Waters of Baths break out most Hot, as the Hot Bath at Bathe; others meanly Hot, as the Cross Bath; others between both, as the King's Bath. And in another place; The King's Bath is Hot between both the other. But of this I intend, God willing, to make further Try∣als.

The Cause of this Variation I conceive to be not an Intention, and Remission of a Subterranean Fire, (which meeting with an Enemy that hath had so many recruits and reinforcements as the Water hath, and will have till the end of all Things, 'tis much should yet keep its ground, and not be extinct, to mention no other Absurdities at present, that unde∣niably follow on that Hypothesis, this Variation, I conceive, doth not arise on that score) but rather is caused by a greater or lesser fermentation, arising

from the Acting of an Acid on an Alcalizate Salt, both which are contained in the Bath, and much as∣sisted by the vast Quantity of an impalpable Pow∣der, the greatest Ingredient in the Waters, and seems to serve for no other end, except, what shall be hereafter mentioned, to administer a perpetual supply to the Fermentation.

'Tis likewise observable, That where the greatest Heat is, as in the King's, and Hot Bath, there is the greatest Quantity of this fermentative matter, insomuch as I have Calculated that near 50 pound weight goes off in little more than 24 hours in the King's; but in the Cross Bath, where less need is, there is less of this gritty matter, and much less goes off in a longer time. So that having sometime resembled this Fermentation to Generation, the fa∣ther of it being an acid saline Spirit, and the mo∣ther this gritty matter and Alcalizate Salt, the Conjunction made, and the Thing produc'd, the father slips away invisibly in a Mist of Steam, and the mother passes out at a back-door as soon as may be, resigning the Work to be successively promoted in the same manner, to future generations. And indeed should the matter still continue that hath done its work, the Springs and Channels would be quickly obstructed, so that what is acid being of light burden, and more active, quickly exhales, and the more Corpulent passeth off by convenient Sluces and Draughts, as an Excrement, upon which the Wheel of Fermentation is kept continually going, by an immediate succession of new matter of the same kind. That not only the acid part, but the more fixt Salts also do in part exhale, may be found confirmed by the 88th. Observation, which cannot but part with something of their Substance in the Lucta of Fermentation.

Again, In some places where the fermentation is less, as in the Water of St. Vincents Rock near Bristol, which hath not half the heat that the Cross-Bath hath, the Water abates near the proportion in the quantity of Ingredients; and although for the most part the same, yet in so small a proportion, cannot act as a greater quantity would do, and the acidity being so little as scarce to coagulate Milk, or turn with Galls, may not be expected to do wonders in a fermentation.

To conceive a continuation of the Hot waters of Bathe to that of Bristol, by way of Drein, as some Ingenious persons have imagin'd, is unphilo∣sophical. For if very Salt water becomes insipid by running but the tenth part of that course under ground, how can it rationally be expected that any Salt should be left of that little in the Bath here, after such a tedious journey, in which it may hap∣pily meet with many fresh Subterranean passengers in cross roads, that may intrude upon it, and, by mixing with it rob it long before both of its Salt∣ness and Heat.

I must therefore say here, what I shall further discourse of more at large in another place, That since my first consideration of this matter, I was ever inclin'd to believe, that the cause of the Heat and impregnation of the Baths was not far off from the Baths themselves, (Coram adest quod quaerimus) for to me it seems not a little strange, that on dig∣ging so many Wells, Stone-quarries, Cole-pits, and other penetrations of the Earth to a considerable depth, that have been made about the City, no Hot water should appear, but only in one Stone-quarry near Dunkerton about an hundred years ago,* 3.40 mentioned by Jones to have been so hot, that they were fain to forbear working: The truth of which

Relation I somewhat question, and rather believe the honest Cambrobritan, being a Stranger here, might the easier be imposed on by some fabulous Relator.

Another Argument for a different Fermentation I take to be the different forms of shooting of the Nitrous stiria's; otherwise, why should the Kings and Hot-Bath, that have the strongest heat, shoot into more compact needles, and much thicker than the Cross? but that the stronger fermentation ripens, and invigorates better the Crude matter of the shoots, when the other not so strong leaves the matter crude and weak.

Before I give a rough Draught of my own Hy∣pothesis, which I only here propose, and shall further, God willing, illustrate and polish in my next undertaking, I must premise these few parti∣culars, which in part contain a Survey of this Country.

First, That the ground on which the City of Bathe in good part stands, especially near the Baths, is raised ground, and that probably, under some yards of Gravel is a Bog, made by the confluence of Waters hither. This seems in good measure e∣vident from this, That on the digging some foun∣dations not long since, the Workmen came at last to a soft Mud, which yielding much, and a Soul∣diers Pike of a good length thrust into it, no bot∣tom was discovered, but a warm, Marly, Sulphurous mud adhering to the Pike. This was observ'd in the North and South-west parts of the Town.

Secondly, That the Springs of Cold water a∣bout this place are very numerous, insomuch that sometime since, having been desired by that Inge∣nious and Learned Knight Sr. Anthony Morgan, since

dead in France, to search what Springs I could find hereabouts, in order to the making several mixtures, if that way we might give any light to a Fermentation; I remember I brought Water from twenty two several Springs, and might have done from as many more, within two miles com∣pass, on one side.

Thirdly, That the two Water-houses supplying the City, are placed on two Hills, one on the North, and another on the South, for the more convenient supply of the whole with Water.

Fourthly, That the Bowels of the Earth on the South of the Town, with the South-east and South-west parts, for four or five miles compass, are sufficiently replenisht with great plenty of Free∣stone, which supplies the Country round about with good Materials for building, and would do many Counties more were there a way agreed upon for its better conveyance.

Fifthly, That on the North part of the Town little or none of this Freestone is digged, but Wa∣ter arises in abundance, and on the Hills about Marshfield some Marcasites have been found, of which Vitriol is made, and probably more of that kind are contained in that ground. I mean not the white Marcasite found on Lansdown: what that was is notoriously known.

Sixthly, That another sort of Earth that abounds about Bathe, is blew Marle and Ochre. This is discovered almost in all sides of deep hollow ways, the River sides, and particularly at Lambridge, a mile off, is a blew Marly slate with Ochre sticking to it, and under that clear Ochre alone. And

Seventhly, That almost all things about the Bath, as Marle, Ochre, Freestone, Sand, Mud, Scum, Shells and Salts, will ferment on the affusion of any acid.

These things premised, I proceed to my Con∣jecture concerning the Rise, Continuation and Heat of the Baths; and man can do no more; for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the best Prophesie is but a good Guess.

I conceive then, that the Salts and Marle with the conflux of Waters into this compass of lower ground, being created in the beginning, and then placed under or near where the Baths now stand, by the virtue of those words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, increase and multiply, have increased ever since from their own seeds, in their proper Seminaries, as the great∣est part of the Creation doth and ever will, till the consummation of all things. Neither do I see much more reason to admire the breeding and in∣crease of those Minerals under ground, than the perpetual springing and inexhaustible growth of the little spires of Grass we tread on above it: But it ever was and will be the humor of the gene∣rality of Mankind to overlook what's before them, and pay their admiration to what they do not see, it faring with many other things as with Vertue in the Poet:

— Praesentem odimus Sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidi. Vertue remov'd we dote on; present slight: And darkness thus prefer before the light.

The Salts being here sufficiently fixt, two large Currents of Water may come down upon them, and meet very near or under the Baths themselves; the one from the South, bringing with it its Cargo of Freestone, the commodity, as was said of that part of the Country; the other from the North, acuated by some Vitrioline Marcasites, over which

it may pass, and meeting near the place with all this matter that is fermentative, a fermentation may arise sufficiently productive of what heat we find; considering especially the closeness of the Caverns of the Earth in which it is bred, where little air can abate it, but rather by that advantage, reduplicate the heat.

Much to this purpose are the words of that In∣genious and Learned Physician Dr. Sherley, whose Philosophical Essay came late to my hands, and some considerable time after I had framed, and in these words written, my own Hypothesis; yet in regard some coincidencies, though at this di∣stance, and without any converse, have happen'd, which may confirm and illustrate what is before discoursed, I shall, by his permission, crave leave to say, That if the words I now recite be under∣stood of the Bath-waters, as he intended them of Water in general, the duration and equality of these Waters will be better understood, and found to be according as I have before asserted. He therefore saith in the beginning of the eighth Se∣ction of this Philosophical Essay, p. 112. In the beginning God infused into the bosom of the Waters the Seeds of all those things that were afterwards to be made out of the Waters, setting them their con∣stant rules and laws of acting, and by the power of the words, Increase and Multiply, they had a faculty given them to continue themselves in the same order till the World shall be destroyed by fire; at which time all Seminal beings shall desert their gross bodies, and return to their first fountain and grand Exemplar, GOD, on whom they have at this time a constant de∣pendance.

This I am apt to believe might be made de∣monstrative, if digging about the Baths might be

admitted and practic'd without prejudice to the Springs, which, 'tis feared, will ensue, and there∣fore I must be content with that kind of Demon∣stration, which Art will afford in imitation of Na∣ture, some of which I could now propose; but I will not prevent my self in things of this nature, and therefore shall end this Subject for the present with these two Remarks:

First, That the Baths having the same Minerals, and but little differing in proportion neither, must be equally advantagious in the same distempers, but with this difference, that the different degrees of Heat altering somewhat the case, judgment must ad∣vise what Bath the Patient shall be committed to; how long it may be convenient to stay, and what government is to be used more in one Bath than another, besides the determination of the Distemper 'tis proper to relieve.

And, Secondly, Whereas great discourse hath arisen here concerning the conveyance of some Nuts that were observed in the Cistern over the main Spring of the Kings Bath, upon the altera∣tion of a firm stone cross in the middle, to that pretty Wooden device that now stands there; some whereof were black and rotten, others fresh with their kernels in them, and some with shales very green about them: the way of passage may be con∣ceived to have been by the currents of Cold water from an open Spring, if not the River, near a Cop∣pice or Wood-side, with which the water of the Bath may in part be supply'd, the Bath being, as I suppose, the great Exchequer, into which the lesser Rivulets do return their tribute, and to which they pay their homage, as to their Liege Lord and Soveraign, constituted such by Him, by whom Kings reign, and from whom alone they receive their Scep∣ters.

That these Nuts could not come, by a nearer cut, from the Bath-side, is most evident from this, That the Cistern was so well plaister'd about with Plaister of equal hardness with a stone, that it cost very many blows to get it up; presently from the rise of which the Nuts did appear, immediately shot up from the Springs themselves.

As to the Internal use of the Waters, so much of late applauded, and not without cause;* 3.41 as a grave Physician, sometime of this Place, hath in his Wri∣tings condemned that, the Reason of which he ne∣ver understood; so would not I on the contrary, give my Vote for that which I had not throughly examin'd, and on good grounds judged and found advantagious.

It being therefore clear, that Vitrioline, Nitrous, and Saline springs, are recommended by the most Intelligent Writers to be used as a drink; and the forementioned Salts, the two latter fixt and visible to the eye, the former more invisible, transient and halituous, being contained in the Waters, I may conclude them by good consequence to be potable and most proper to be drank. Neither is the heat offensive, but amicable to the stomach, and doth not of it self, unless ingurgitation procure it, incline to Vomit. But because the drinking of the Wa∣ters hath so much obtain'd, I have the more par∣ticularly discours'd of that in the two following Chapt••rs.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Use of the Bath-Water in Potion.

HAving in the close of the former Chapter de∣bated and determin'd in short the Question, Whether the Bath-water may be safely used inward∣ly, and on good grounds carried it in the Affirma∣tive: The next Thing I am to proceed to, is, The manner how, and what course is to be taken by those that would use it so as to find benefit thereby. But before I treat of this, I shall enervate one grand Objection, and then give some preparatory directi∣ons for the better information, and greater benefit of the Patient.

An OBJECTION.

It may then be said; That the Bath-Water, ac∣cording to present discoveries, containing those In∣gredients that may be prejudicial to the Body, the use of them in potion may not seem to be safe, and the best way to decry the internal use, is to Anato∣mize their body, and declare their Contents; some of which being gritty, and of a Lapideous nature, may obstruct the mesentery, milky veins, and other passages, and conduce much to the heaping up a fa∣bulous matter in the Body, and thereby give occasi∣on to the intolerable excruciations of the Stone and Gout, besides the foundation it may lay for other distempers; others being of a relaxing and effemi∣nating nature, may have no good effect and influence upon the Nervous parts, especially the Stomach and

intestines, through which they pass; and therefore this use of the Waters seems rather to be avoided, and the inconveniences arising in probability from some parts non-saline, may be thought much to overbear the advantages expected from the Salts.

The ANSWER.

To this, I think the Substance of all that can be objected, I return this Answer;

That the supposed Culpable parts in and about the Contents of the Bath-water, being only three, Grit, Bitumen and Sulphur, the former, though in the greatest proportion, is so finely wrought and intimately mixed with the Body of the Waters, that in truth it cannot deserve that name, and there∣fore I call it so in relation to the more brown and gritty, appearing on Evaporation,* 3.42 as I have else∣where observ'd; this then in the Waters that are drank being soft and impalpabable, and no magiste∣ry more finely pulveriz'd, must pass in Conjunction with the Water through all its Meanders; neither is the stay usually so long in the Body, as to occasion any fear of a Separation, which probably may be if they pass not well, and therein chiefly, I suppose, to lye the danger, the natural heat being not so vio∣lent, but of a more moderate and even tenour, and too weak to make an analysis of the Water in so short a time, or dissolve its body, as the fire doth, but having discharged its office, is discharged also by the usual ways of Evacuation, if the Water stay not in the Body too long.

Besides, The benefit of this Insipid magistery may not be a little; for if the acrimony of the blood be abated, and sharp humours allay'd, miti∣gated

and dulcifi'd, as the Experience of many per∣sons, the two Summers last past especially seem to testifie; I know nothing else in the Waters I can attribute this effect with greater justice to, than this impalpable powder, which like Coral and Pearls, being in themselves gritty and insipid, are known to produce the same effects without preju∣dice to the body, by imbibing the Acrimony, or altering the property of those humors they are found to allay. I confess indeed, some expecta∣tion might in reason be of a fermentation within, as by the means of this powder, in good part▪ there probably hath been without in the Waters them∣selves, according to my Hypothesis mentioned in the former Chapter, if the Powder were separated and immediately mixed with acids in the Bowels, Stomach, Spleen, or elsewhere, upon which, Eru∣ctations, Inflations, and other inconveniences might ensue; but the Water passing quickly off, and there being not that constant supply as underground, nor proportionable acids neither, as may be there, no such ill effects can reasonably be fear'd, nor yet have been observ'd.

As to Bitumen, either Liquid or Solid, the first of which is chiefly condemned by Mineral Writers, no inconvenience can arise from that, in regard I do not conceive it mixed, or indeed capable of mixing with the body of the Waters, but is at some certain times eructed from the Springs, chiefly in the Months of June, July and August, it ascends, being driven through the Waters, without mixture, to the surface, and there remains as a Scum, which taken off and dried burns like Stone-pitch, and is noted elsewhere:* 3.43 So that the quantity being in∣considerable to any other of the Minerals, and the times of breeding and appearing not constant, with

an incapacity of mixing with the body of the Wa∣ters, otherwise certainly it would not ascend and float on the surface as we find it doth: these things, I say, considered, I cannot but think it strange, the Learned Dr. Jorden should assert these Baths to be Bituminous à praedominio, or consist principally of Bitumen, which I shall hereafter make appear to be but a less principal Principle, and rather an ap∣purtenance to, than an Ingredient in the waters. So much also I must further say, That the swim∣ming of a Bituminous substance on the surface of the waters; the shrivelling of the tops of the fingers in the Bath; and the bare smell of Sulphur by the Baths-side; are no masculine foundations for as∣serting those Principles, and making that the great∣est ingredient in the waters, that is not capable of mixing with them.

Whereas Sulphur (the third Ingredient of Dr. Jorden, and least proportionable,* 3.44 affirming the Baths to consist principally of Bitumen, with Nitre and some Sulphur) is in much greater proportion than the Bitumen mentioned but now, and contains, I judge, near a fourth part of the courser Contents, the result of evaporation, for so much or there∣bouts is lost in Calcination, this, I say, though much in quantity, cannot relax or effeminate, either by fattiness or otherwise, as some Authors pretend; for, whatever it may have of that, 'tis certainly so much alter'd by the other Ingredients into whose bosom it is taken, and to which it is so nearly u∣nited, that nothing of that nature doth appear at any time, and is in nothing discovered more than its inflammability. We ought therefore here to expect the known vertues and benefits of Sulphur, to befriend the Lungs, to comfort and cherish weak parts, and do all those good offices we experience

in a Composition though made of many things be∣sides, rather than to imagine the Water of the Foun∣tain Salmacis,* 3.45 to be continued hither, or be fright∣ed with any Sardanapalian nature in Sulphur, which may create inconveniences we know not what. But if any person, notwithstanding what hath been said to the contrary, may be in some suspicion of any no∣cument from the Sulphur, he may have a Salt made out of the Waters to be dissolved in it, in which Sulphur is not concern'd, and so the Waters may be drank in lesser proportion.

Having therefore combated these three supposed Enemies to the Waters inward use, and found them weak and insufficient to maintain the opposition they pretend to, the greater confirmation will accrue from the consideration of the three-fold encourage∣ment, arising from the mixture of the triple Salt, Nitre, Salt and Vitriol, the further enlargement on which I shall at present forbear, and now give some few directions for the Patient's benefit I men∣tioned before.

The first of which is, That 'tis very necessary the Body be well prepar'd before the Waters be ta∣ken, and consequently that good advice be had whe∣ther it be proper or no, for the inconsiderate use of any thing must be very prejudicial; and the best rea∣son why many Effects are not produc'd, is because in reason they could not be expected. This prepa∣ration must be made, not slightly with a little Bath-water and Salt, Syrup of Roses, and Manna, and such like alimentary Medicines, but with proper, effectual, and frequent Purgations, as the knowing Physician will think requisite sometimes. For what Impurities are in primis viis, the Stomach, Inte∣stines, &c. will certainly with the Current be car∣ried further into the Body, defile the blood, and

thereby create an Iliad of evils; whereas if the Bo∣dy be well prepar'd, the Water hath besides a cleaner passage, a more free one too, unto the parts it must relieve.

'Tis also less beneficial for the Patient to drink the Water in the Bath, and contrary to the rules and directions of intelligent Physicians; but if thirst be troublesom, somewhat may be taken to al∣lay that, and half an hour before rising a quantity may be drank, and the rest in bed, if occasion shall require; otherwise to set aside some time for drink∣ing alone, and never, during that time, to use the Bath at all, is what may give both Uses due liberty to exert their operations, and not cramp or supplant one another, as they often do when made use of together.

It is likewise requisite that a good course of Diet be observed in the use of the Waters, both as to Meat and Drink; that dinner be of meats of light and easie digestion, at twelve or one a clock, when the Waters have made a considerable pass; and that supper be in good time, that the Body may be clear against the next morning again.

The best time for drinking is in the morning ear∣ly, from the Pump, at the place it self, if it may be, otherwise, if near, at home, very warm, with a quarter of an hours walking after every Pint or Quart, at utmost; arising from three to six pints, four to eight, or five to ten, as the Body will bear, for no set gage can be given; and the best Rule is, that it ought to be taken pro Tolerantia, every one as they are able to bear, without ingurgitation, or relucting again. The number of days, 7, 14, 21, or a month, after which time I have observ'd the like effects not to be produc'd, as in the intermedi∣ate space, and therefore none ought to use it longer at one season.

But these Things, and many more of this nature, shall be further discuss'd, and the whole Circuit of the way of drinking gon, and comprehended, in the Solution of the following Questions, which I shall only here propound.

Question I.

Whether the Bath-water ought to be drank Hot, or Cold?

Quest. II.

Whether in a great or little Quantity?

Quest. III.

Whether it may be drank at Meals?

Quest. IV.

Whether Bathing and Drinking may be done on the same day?

Quest. V.

Whether Drinking may be in the morning, and Bathing in the evening of the same day?

Quest. VI.

Whether the Bath-water ought to be taken many days together, or else some days to Bathe, and others to Drink?

Quest. VII.

Whether large Draughts may be taken, or more moderate; and what time is required should be be∣tween the Draughts?

Quest. VIII.

How many days it is convenient the Bath-water should be drank?

Quest. IX.

Whether any Medicines may be usefully taken with the Waters, to further their operation?

Quest. X.

What times of the year are most proper to Drink it in?

Quest. XI.

Whether the Bath-water may be taken in Winter?

Quest. XII.

Whether the Leap-year hath any malign Influence on drinking the Waters?

Quest. XIII.

Whether the Waters may be safely used in the Dog-days?

Quest. XIV.

Which is first to be done, either Bathing, or Drink∣ing?

To give a greater security and Credit to the drinking these Waters, with which I shall conclude this Chapter, it may be noted, That, besides the common Discourse of things within the memory of

man, the Bath-water hath been order'd to be drank above an hundred years ago;* 3.46 for I find in a Physi∣cian that writ concerning them, A.D. 1572. among other things, these directions:

About an hour after Sun-rising in the morning, drink the Water out of the Spring; the Body afore purged, the digestion fulfilled, and the Bath first cleansed, remaining clean six hours before.

So much of the Water as shall not be grievous to the Stomach may be drank.

The Water being drank, the Patient must walk gently a few paces in a temperate air.

By which it appears, how careful they were then of preparing the Body, and having the Water pure, which ought not to be less regarded now, other∣wise the danger will be more, and the benefit less, according to the right or wrong use of the Waters. That this was discontinu'd, no better reason, I think, can be given, than the Humour of the Times, to which also, a want of a due method in drinking, and a true understanding of the nature of the Wa∣ters, may much conduce.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Virtues of the Bath-water taken inwardly.

THat the Water, and consequently the Salt ex∣tracted from it, and dissolved in it, may not be defrauded of their just Commendation internally used by way of Potion, as well as by Bathing, or Lotion, outwardly, and that it may be rightly made use of in a due way and manner, without expecting more from it than in reason is to be done; I shall give a short Account of the Distempers in which it may be profitable, and used with advan∣tage.

And first, in General, I conceive it very proper in all Diseases or Symptoms, that require cooling, cleansing, opening, or gentle Evacuation; under which Heads are comprehended many Maladies, which I shall but briefly touch on, and leave the fuller discovery of its Virtues to experience, and a longer use.

I shall begin with the Stomach, both in regard it is the part it first descends into, and also, because in righting that, it is a general Benefactor to the whole Body, the use of the Stomach being of absolute ne∣cessity to every part, without which there can be no supply.

It must therefore infallibly cleanse this useful Re∣ceptacle from any impurities lodging in the Bottom or Plicatures thereof, (which may render what is taken in more foul) and prepare it the better for digestion of the food, on which depends the main∣tenance

of the lesser Universe, conducing much this way to the making better Chyle, purer blood, and more clear and active spirits, the wheels and ma∣chines of all sense and motion.

The next Advantage is, That it procures an Ap∣petite, and makes those that drink it receive and enjoy their food with more delight and satisfaction. This is generally known to all that use it, and is ef∣fected partly by removing what lines the inner Coat of the Stomach with too much Viscosity, with which the fibres, and nervous filaments, the Organs of Sensation, are obstructed; partly by an Esurine quality residing in the Salt, provoking the desire of Sustenance, which we call Hunger, by its immedi∣ate application to the parts mentioned before. And in this Esurine Quality it doth exceed Common Water, of which Hippocrates hath written, That it makes men hungry; viz. by its washing and cleansing the Stomach, as is declared before; but this by the mixture of the Salt, is made more ef∣fectual.

A third Convenience is, That it allays Thirst, which is often very troublesom, and sometimes dan∣gerous to take in Liquors to suppress it, that may create farther disturbances in the Body, and prove more offensive; whereas this, by its cooling and moistening nature, is the best Remedy that can be provided, and that in no great proportion neither, as hath been often experimented.

It is also of good use in the Heart-burning, or Cardialgia, occasioned by the sharpness and acri∣mony of a bilious humour, vellicating the nerves and membranes of the upper orifice of the Sto∣mach, called by the Ancients, by reason of its great communication therewith, the Heart; which sharp and acrimonious humour it alters, washes off, and

at last evacuates, upon which the Passion ceaseth, and ease doth ensue.

Also it clears by its immediate passage out of the Stomach, for some water, I suppose, doth pass that way, whatever obstructions are found in the Ves∣sels about the Stomach, relating either to that or the Caul, arising from the Vena Porta, and known commonly among Anatomists by the hard names of Venae Gastricae, Epiplociae, and Gastro-Epiplociae, conveying what is transmitted from the Celiack Ar∣tery, to the Liver, and so by the Vena Cava, to the Heart, according to the undoubted and esta∣blished doctrine of the Circulation.

Moreover, It is of singular use in all Fluxes, whether with blood, or without; Diarrhea's, Dy∣senteries, or bloody Urine; not that it hath any strong astringent quality, which oftentimes is pre∣judicial, but by its absterging and cleansing virtue, and gently evacuative withal, it allays Acrimony, sweeps away pungent particles, and discharges them by the draught. However, if astringent Medicines shall at any time be judged necessary, the Cure will be facilitated, and more speedily performed, if the Water be drank, or used by Clyster, or both ways made use of, before they are advised, which will be a good preparatory to other Remedies.

It is also good in the Colick, on the account be∣fore specified, and with the addition of its Heat; insomuch that those that drink the Bath-water, are observed to break more wind than other people, and find great relief in that case.

It is proper also in the Distemper that is com∣monly, though improperly, called the Heat of the Liver, when the Face is red, pimpled, and the Bo∣dy afflicted with cholerick and pustulous Eruptions, having its foundation in the blood, which the Wa∣ter

attemperates, and brings down to a just degree, proportionable to the Natural and Balsamick Tem∣per of its prime Composure.

It opens likewise the obstructions of the Liver, Spleen and Gall, and therefore proper in the Spleen, so far as it ariseth from that Cause, and not impro∣per, but very advantagious, in the Scurvy, Jaundise, and obstructions of the Mesentery, which, if the Waters pass, must be much advantage to the Body; in regard there most commonly lyes the Sentina Corporis, or Sink of the whole, which is cleansed this way, as the Sewers in Bristow, by St. David's Flood.

It is also very beneficial, if moderately taken, in the Gravel of the Kidneys, or any Gravel or Phlegm obstructing them, or the Ureters, which it undeni∣ably cleanseth, and prevents Concretions, which may afterward terminate in Tophes and Stones; so that 'tis a good preservative against the Stone, and will dissolve what is not too firmly impacted, which may be discover'd, if the water pass not freely that way.

It is also of incomparable use in the Diabetes, or pissing Disease, which is usually attended with a great drought, which it allays above any thing; and, the quantity moderated for fear of pissing too much, produces great effects, as hath been experi∣enced of late by a Person of Honour.

I doubt not also to commend it in the Dropsie, but care must be taken that it pass well away, other∣wise it may prove more prejudicial than advan∣tagious. The like also may be said of the Gout.

'Tis beneficial likewise in the Whites in Women, and what is somewhat consequential, prepares them for Conception; so that in some kinds of Barren∣ness,

no more effectual Medicine can be used. Pli∣nius dicit, Aquarum aliquas sterilitatem foeminarum abolere, & conceptus ipsis representare, sicut Sinues∣sanas in Campania; Thespiarum fontis in Boeotia; Elati fluminis in Arcadia; qui effectus significant hu∣jusmodi Aquas esse Nitrosas: Etenim hae vulvam, quo∣niam eam abstergunt, Conceptioni faciunt habilem, saith Georg. Agricola; and again, a little after,* 3.47 Nitrosae vulvam ad Concipiendum aptam faciunt. Nitrous Waters dispose the Matrix to Conception. So that I question not but that outwardly and inwardly used, but chiefly the latter, these Waters are very advantagious in that condition.

The inward use is also very profitable in all foul∣ness of the Blood, the Itch, Scabs, Leprosie, and the Worms.

For the Distempers of the Head it may be less useful, being somewhat remote, yet in many not prejudicial; for the fore-quoted Author says, speaking of Nitrous Waters; Capita, succis frigid s qui mentem obtundunt, repleta exiccantes & robo∣rantes, tandem mentem denuo acuere, & sanitati re∣stituere possunt. Those Heads that are filled with cold humours, which dull the mind, Nitrous Waters, by their drying and corroborating faculty, do relieve; and sharpening the understanding, restore to perfect health. Yet in regard this may be referred to the general Head of Obstructions, as before, I shall say no more at this time of the Virtues of the Water in parti∣cular: only add what Kircher says of Nitrous Wa∣ters in his Chapter of that Subject: When Nitre is* 3.48 predominant, it makes the Water that hath imbib'd it powerful in operation; enables it to correct an ill habit of Body, which such as are phlegmatick are prone to; it looses the Belly; is good in the diseases of the Nerves, and for such as are subject to defluxions

upon the Lungs; heals the Itch, and other diseases of the Skin; cures the ringing of the Ears, dropt into them; and, in a word, makes it to be of an emi∣nent absterging property. Where it may be noted, That whereas this Author affirms Nitrous Waters to be good for such as are subject to defluxions upon the Lungs, and consequently for those that are weakned by a consumptive disposition, in extenua∣ted persons; it is easie to determine to which of the Minerals chiefly we may attribute that great advan∣tage an Eminent Chirurgion of this Nation hath lately found by drinking the Waters, who from a thin body, and hoarse voice, hath now recover'd a plump Corpulency, clear speech, and good habit of Body and Lungs, to the great credit and reputa∣tion of the Water.

For the satisfaction of those that desire to know which way the Water comes to the Kidneys and Bladder, whereby they may somewhat judg of the usefulness of the Water, and true extent of its operation; I shall briefly, for a close, discourse of that.

The Drink, or Water, which descends into the Stomach by the Gullet, passes thence, either imme∣diately by the Veins, that have a more immediate relation to the Stomach, Caul, &c. or mediately, by the lower orifice of the Stomach, called Pylorus, into the Guts, whence the most part passeth by the milky Veins to the Lumbar glandules, or Kernels of the Kidneys, ascribed to the Learned D. Th. Bartholine, Professor at Copenhagen, as the first inventer, and answering to the Receptacle of Chyle in Brutes; and partly, perhaps, by the Mesaraicks, passeth to the Liver. From those Glandules, or the Receptacle, some affirm that the Potulent mat∣ter passeth directly to the Emulgents and Kidneys;

but since this opinion seems not to be beyond dis∣pute, as I have noted elsewhere, I shall add no more as to that here, only admit, that the greatest share of it passes from the Receptacle or Glandules, by the milky veins of the Breast, into the right Ven∣tricle of the Heart, thence, through the Lungs, into the left, then into the great Artery, and so, by the Circular motion of the Blood, is carried to the emulgent Arteries, and discharged into the Kid∣neys, where, by reason of their fabrick, aptly ac∣commodated to the work of Straining, the Serum is separated from the Blood, and drops down by the Ureters, into the Bladder, whence through the Ʋrethra, or passage of the Yard, it again visiteth the open air, where I shall now leave it, as of no further use, till it come into the Urinal, and meet with some juggling and quacking Phy∣sician.

CHAP. XV. Of the Water of St. Vincent's Rock, near Bristol.

HAving in the 12th. Chapter of this Discourse made some mention of this Water, as a neighbouring Water to Bathe, and supposed only a Continuation thither, which I did not think pro∣bable on the Reasons there alledged; it will not be altogether improper in this place, to treat a little more largely of that, which hath a name among the useful Mineral Waters of this Land.

As to the Principles of this Hot-Well Water, as 'tis usually call'd, without which the Reason of the Virtues can never be understood, they have been variously reported; what I have found on my own observation, I here declare.

On the Evaporation of two Gallons of the Wa∣ter, I had ℈v. of the Contents; of which ℈iv. were a reddish ferrugineous Earth, somewhat re∣sembling in colour, an Iron Ore, but in substance, very light and friable, with a mixture of a Lime-stone: The other ℈. which the Lixivium gave me, evaporated in Glass, seemed to be Alom, yet in re∣gard the Lime-stone may counterfeit Alom, especi¦ally when precipitated, I could not absolutely con∣clude it to be Aluminous.

To be a little better satisfied, I caused Mr. Ri∣chard Millechape, an industrious and skilful Apothe∣cary in Bristol, to evaporate one Hogshead of the Water of the Hot-Well, which he did in a furnace, first, to three or four Gallons, afterwards finished

it in an evaporating Glass, and sent me the Con∣tents, which were little wanting of ℥v ss. four Ounces of which were, on examination, that red, rusty colour'd Earth, mentioned before, and some∣what, though much less in quantity, more white.

Upon this non-Saline part, as I call it, to distin∣guish it from the Saline part that constitutes the Lixivium, being put into a Crucible and calcin'd, I observ'd: That the red Earth was not harder, but more friable, and lost its rusty colour, becoming more blew; but the white being cold, and mixed with fair water, did, upon the first injection, hiss, and afterwards dissolve, leaving the water white, and a Limy residence in the bottom of the Vessel I infused it in; and both white and blew, after infu∣sion, being dryed again, became very white and limy.

The other part being Saline imbibed into a Lixi∣vium, I evaporated away to half a Pint, and set∣ting it in a cool pla••••, found the next morning, it had shot into long ••••nall Stiria's, much resembling those of the Cross Bath here, to the quantity of ʒiii. the remaining part of the Liquor that did not shoot, I breath'd away, and had ℥i. of another kind of Salt, now under examination; so that the Saline part is here much exceeded by the non-Saline, to which it seems to bear proportionably not much more than a 5th. part, and to be contained accor∣ding to this Estimate, scarce twelve Grains in a Gallon, whereas that of Bathe hath about forty impure.

To give then a short Account of the Principles of this Water, I judg it to consist of Iron, a Nitro-Sulphureous Salt, and some Lime-stone, according to the proportions before deliver'd, and the Con∣tents

tents Saline, and non-Saline, to be, in all, near half as much as in the Waters of Bathe, where the Salts are a third, and here a fifth, or thereabout, as was mentioned before.

That very little of an acid is contained in these Waters, may appear from this, That neither the cold Water, nor a strong Lixivium made of the Salt, will either turn with Galls, or coagulate Milk; neither doth any thing glebous shew it self among the Shoots I have had yet.

What the other Salt is, which I have not yet ful∣ly examin'd, and tasts much Alcalizate, I do here promise to declare on another occasion: only for the present, which is all I shall say of the Principles of this Water now, To make it further evident, that this is Lime-stone, after the non-Saline part was well calcin'd, with a strong fire, in the water of that I decocted Sulphur, which it did dissolve, and was precipitated with a fetid smell, both by di∣still'd Vinegar, Spirit of Vitriol, and Oyl of Tar∣tar, in a considerable quantity.

This Water then though participating of the same Salts with the Water of Bathe, but not in that proportion, cannot be expected to be as advantagi∣ous in the same Distempers, as it is less hot; but containing so much of Iron, hath that advantage above it, and may be as effectual as Tunbridg Wa∣ters, in any Diseases that Water is proper for, and, for ought I know, do every way as well.

CHAP. XVI. Of Castle-Cary Water.

THE Mineral Water in Somersetshire, common∣ly known by the name of Castle-Cary, or Alford-water, being of a quick working nature, and by some persons made use of at Bathe, deserves also an Examination; which I the rather do here, in regard it may confirm and illustrate what I for∣merly discourst of, concerning the Nature and Vir∣tues of the Baths of Bathe, to which it may be also very subservient.

By Tryals therefore, according as I had done on the Waters of Bathe and Bristol, I find it to consist of some parts Saline, some non-Saline. The Sa∣line part is chiefly Nitrous, Nitre being almost double to the other Salts; and therefore I judg this Water, Nitrosa à praedominio; Nitre appearing in a nauseous taste, apparent bitterness, cooling, pe∣netrating, and shooting into as long and firm Sti∣ria's, as I have ever seen in the King's, or Hot Baths.

The other Salt, is common brown Salt, arising, I conceive, from a small Rock or Mine, of that sort of Salt in the ground about the Spring. This, I said, is little more than half the proportion of the former, and shews it self in proper Squares or Cubes, peculiar to that Salt, the Nitre shooting first, and this Salt last of all.

The parts non-Saline are likewise double:

First, A red Gritt, arising also from a Rock of that colour, and is the proper Gritt of the ground;

next the Earth under the Sward, of which I am now to treat a little. The Earth under the surface of the ground is first, a stiff blew Marl: under that a white Clay: and last of all the Red Rock.

The Earth, the second part non-Saline contain∣ed in the Water, is chiefly the latter, I mean the white Clay, which with the Rocky Sediment, makes up near the proportion of the brown Salt, or rather somewhat more, the Rock bearing not a fourth part to the Clay.

Out of 12 Gallons of this Water wanting 3 Pints, I had ℥18. ʒvi ss. of the Contents, besides dross and scum in the depuration of the Water, of which ℥iii. Nitre; ℥i. ʒvi. brown Salt; and ℥ii. Earth and Rock. ℥iii. gr. 30. lost in working. So that ℥ss. of Salt is contained in every Gallon of the Water, or proportionably ʒss. in every Pint, or between 20 and 30 Grains, of which two parts are Nitre, and one brown Salt.

Note, That out of the quantity of Water men∣tioned before, I had of the pure refined Salt only ℥iv. 2 Drams, and 40 Grains, in a Gallon; 20 Grains in a Pint.

This Water then must be of good use to cool, cleanse, penetrate and attenuate gross humours; allay acrimony; attemperate and suppress undue fermentation. Good in the Spleen, Scurvy, Jaun∣dise, and all obstructions of the Mesentery and Bowels, having all those properties Kircher gives of Nitrous Waters, mentioned Chap. 14.

It cleanses the Kidneys and Ureters, and is very beneficial in the Stone, moving by Siege, Urine and Sweat, and that very effectually, in regard the Minerals are so strongly imbibed, which makes it better to be mixed with the Water from the Springs

at Bathe, which, having the same Salts are less, operative, because less impregnated.

And thus having discours'd of Three Mineral Waters, by the Salts, the main of their Compositi∣on, somewhat related, St. Vincent's Hot Well, less impregnated; Bathe, more; and Castle-Cary Wa∣ter, in the highest degree; I hope the best use will be made of them all. And so I take leave of this Subject for the present, referring the Curious to more Particulars, concerning the principal part of my Design, to the ensuing Century of Observa∣tions.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Joh. May∣ow LL. D. & Med.
• * 1.2

  If that be meant by Fimus in the Au∣thor, to express which, Limus or Lutum had been more proper.
• * 1.3

  Minera, for Mine∣rale, is corrupt∣ly, though Chymi∣cally, used here
• * 1.4

  Pl. ult. red. To a Non∣pl. p. 135.
• * 1.5

  See Obs. 83
• * 1.6

  Ʋnder this Notion, I take the liberty to understand Common Salt, or Sal Mari∣ne, conso∣nant to the proper no∣tation of the word: for the Salt of Kali or Glassewort is Marine, though used indifferently by the Chymists for the fixt Salt of any Vegetables, by Cal∣cination.
• * 1.7

  Jord. Nat. Bath. & Min. Wat. chap. 7. p. 53.
• * 1.8

  (Q)
• * 1.9

  De Therin. l. 5. c. 5.
• * 2.1

  De Met. & Foss. c. 35. de Ochra.
• * 2.2

  D. Simpson
• * 2.3

  Jord. Nat. Bath. chap. 7. p. 52.
• * 2.4

  I suppose, the Doctor doth not mean, that what is percolated hath no body or substance, but only that 'tis more re∣fin'd.
• * 3.1

  N. B.
• * 3.2

  Carolus Claro∣mont de Aer. Aq. & Loc. T. A. pag. 32.
• * 3.3

  Gul. Malm.
• * 3.4

  Br. p 234.
• * 3.5

  Dr. Will: Lloyd.
• * 3.6

  Lib. E∣pod. Od. 7.
• * 3.7

  Twin. Comm. p. 146, 147.
• * 3.8

  De Bell. Gall. lib. 5.
• * 3.9

  Hist. Eccl. l. 1. c. 15.
• * 3.10

  H. Lloyd. F••agm. descr. B••it p. 16.
• * 3.11

  Mr. Tho. Wilkins, Prebend of Llandaffe.
• * 3.12

  Dr. Lloyd.
• * 3.13

  MS.
• * 3.14

  Dooms-day Book.
• * 3.15

  Cambden. Br. p. 234.
• * 3.16

  P. 298.
• † 3.17

  P. 299.
• * 3.18

  Godwin Cat. p. 364
• * 3.19

  If M••. X X. as it rather seems, it may denote Miles, or Militia vicesima,
• * 3.20

  Cambd. Br. p. 3••0.
• * 3.21

  Ant. Rom. l. 10. c. 24.
• * 3.22

  This In∣scription Cambden sent to Gruterus; and may be seen in Grut. In∣script. pag. DCC. fig. 6.
• * 3.23

  Al. ab. Al. Gen. Dier, l. 1. c. 20.
• * 3.24

  Historia.
• * 3.25

  An. 775.
• * 3.26

  1010.
• * 3.27

  1088.
• * 3.28

  1137.
• * 3.29

  1495.
• * 3.30

  Plumbi fodinae in agro Mendi∣pensi.
• * 3.31

  An. 775.
• * 3.32

  1010.
• * 3.33

  1088.
• * 3.34

  Ʋsu, non Literis, Medicus probatu••. G. Malm.
• * 3.35

  An. 1137.
• † 3.36

  William Bird, the last Prior of Bathe. In the South side of the Chappel, outward, is a Memorial of his Name, a W. and a Bird in Stone, with his Coat of Arms in the Chappel built by himself, and called, after him, Bird's Chappel. He was not buried here, but died very poor, having been blind for some time, and given much to Chy∣mistry, while Prior here. See Mr. Ashm. Theatr. Chym. Brit. p. 475, in Annot.
• * 3.37

  Thomas Bellot Esq; one of the Execu∣tors of W. Lord Burghly, sometime Lord Trea∣surer of England.
• * 3.38

  The Lead Mines of Mendip.
• * 3.39

  Br. View, &c. p. 101, 102, 103.
• * 3.40

  Bathes Aid, lib. 2. fol. 20.
• * 3.41

  Dr. Ven∣ner Tr. of Bathe, p. 12.
• * 3.42

  Obs. 83.
• * 3.43

  See Obs. 100.
• * 3.44

  N. B. Ch. 16. p. 150.
• * 3.45

  Salmacis, fons Cariae limpidissi∣mus, juxta Halicar∣nassium; eo nomine olim malè audiens, quòd la∣vantium in eo, aut ex eo bibenti∣um corpora effoemina∣ret. Ste∣phanus.
• * 3.46

  Jon. Bath. Aide. lib. 4. fol. 28.
• * 3.47

  De Nit. Eor. quae effl ex Ter∣ra, lib. 2.
• * 3.48

  These Virtues are proportio∣nably in all Nitrous Waters, according as they more or less parti∣cipate of that Mine∣ral.