A systeme of anatomy, treating of the body of man, beasts, birds, fish, insects, and plants illustrated with many schemes, consisting of variety of elegant figures, drawn from the life, and engraven in seventy four folio copper-plates. And after every part of man's body hath been anatomically described, its diseases, cases, and cures are concisely exhibited. The first volume containing the parts of the lowest apartiments of the body of man and other animals, etc. / by Samuel Collins ...

The Following SCHEMES, Are Adorned with many FIGURES, Representing the VISCERA of MAN and other Animals; Engraven in large Copper-Plates.

Tab. I. A Humane Body opened.

• a a. THe Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria, which are not perfectly circular.
• α α. The long Fibers passing down the Aspera Arteria.
• β β. The circular Fibers every way surrounding the Aspera Arteria.
• b b. The outward Skin of the Arm being turned back, the first and Reticular Coat of the inward Skin appears.
• c c. The Papillae Pyramidales (seated in the wrinkles of the Skin) are derived from the Nervous Coat, and terminate into the Cuticula.
• d d. The Reticular Coat of the Skin being turned up, the Nervous appears, being com∣posed of long, transvers, and oblique Filaments.
• e e. The minute Membranous Fibers, are derived from the Membrana Musculorum Com∣munis, and passing through the Fat and Membrana Adiposa, are inserted into the Skin.
• f f. The Nervous Coat being turned back, the Glandulous discovereth it self, beset with small Glands, which are Colatories of the Blood having recourse to the Am∣bient part of the Body.
• g g g g. Part of the Ribs seated on each side of the Thorax.
• h. The Thymus (being fastned in its Base to the Pericardium) climbeth up till its top arriveth the highest Rib.
• ii. The right Lobes of Lungs turned toward the right side.
• k k. The numerous divarications of Blood-vessels, seated in the Surface of the right Lobes, after the manner of Network.
• l l. The left Lobes of the Lungs (lifted up that the Heart may appear) are beautified with Blood-vessels after a reticular manner.
• m m. The right Auricle of the Heart, surrounded with many circular Fibers, running Horizontally.
• n n. The Base of the Heart seated exactly in the middle of the Thorax.
• o o. The Cone of the Heart inclining toward the left Pap.
• p p p p. The Coronary Blood-vessels Enameling the Surface of the Heart.
• q q q. The Diaphragm passing horizontally in an Arch, parteth the lowest Apartiment from the middle, and hath in its Relaxation a Convex Surface toward the Thorax, and a Concave toward the Belly.
• r. The broad suspensory Ligament, derived from the Peritonaeum, by which the Liver is fastned above to the Midriff.
• s s. The right Region of the Liver turned backward, that the Stomach may be dis∣cerned.
• t t. The left Region of the Liver, being put out of its situation, inclineth toward the left Hypocondre.
• u u. The Blood-vessels branching themselves upon the Surface of the Liver after the man∣ner of Network.
• w w. The minute Glands besetting the ambient parts of the Liver.
• x x. The Bladder of Gall, which in its natural situation is lodged in the concave part of the Liver.
• α α. The Trunk of the Gastrepiploick Vessels running horizontally over the Caul after the form of an Arch.
• β β. The Gastrepiploick Vessels, sprouting out of the Trunk, are branched downward all along the Caul.
• δ δ. The greater Adipose Ducts accompanying the Blood-vessels.
• Υ Υ. † ε ε. The more numerous small Adipose Ducts, seated in the Area † of the greater Vessels, are branched after the manner of a curious small Network.
• y y. The body of the Stomach appearing upon the turning up the Liver.
• z z. The first Coat of the Stomach Enameled by Blood-vessels.

[illustration] engraving of dissected woman

Tab. 1.

Tab. II.

Fig. 1. Represents the Ʋpper-Lip, Cheeks, Teeth, Palate, Uvula, of a Man.

• a a. THe transverse Fissures of the Upper-Lip.
• b b. Some part of the Upper-Lip stripped of its Coat, wherein the spongy substance of it may be discovered, as interspersed with many minute red Glands.
• c c c c. The Fat of the Cheeks cut open, wherein are seated many Particles of Fat, as in so many Membranous Cells, resembling Glands of divers magnitudes and figures.
• d d. The Cheek being cut, many small Glands may be discerned accompanying the fleshy parts of the Buccinators.
• e e. The four Fore Teeth are called Incisores, from their thin edg, whereupon the Antients conceived them to cut the Aliment.
• g g. The Dogs Teeth are seated on each side, near the great ones, and assist the Incisors.
• f f f f. The Great Teeth, called by the Antients Molares, or Grinding-Teeth, so called from their motion inward and outward exerted by the Musculi Pterigoeidei interni & externi, whereupon the Aliment is broke into small Particles, but in truth the common actions of the lower Man∣dible (in which the Teeth are fastned) are celebrated downward and upward (to make a comminution of the Aliment into small Particles) not by way of grinding but rather stam∣ping or pounding the Aliment.
• h h. The Glands, covered with white tough Membranes, are seated in the top of many Arches, (to∣ward the beginning of the Palate) sprouting out of two Trunks, crowning the Branches as with Fruit.
• ii. The double Trunk (running the whole length of the middle of the Palate) is parted with a long Fissure, and dividing the Palate and Ʋvula into Portions. The holes seated toward the end of the Palate, are terminations of the Conglomerated.
• k k. Part of the Muscles, which I deem to be Masseters.
• l l. The Ʋvula is broadest in the middle, and endeth in a Cone, and being denuded of its Membrane, it may be plainly seen to be a Body composed of many Glands, which are encompassed with one common Membrane.
• m m. The Cavity, seated beyond the Ʋvula, is encircled every way with Conglomerated Glands, which discharge themselves into it as into a common Duct or Cistern; this Cavity receiveth Air from two Cavities of the Nostrils, and transmitteth it through the Cavity of the Mouth into the Larynx, Aspera Arteria, and Bronchia of the Lungs.
• n n. The entrance of the Cavity is encircled with divers minute Glands.
• o o. The tendinous Fibres of long Muscles, are seated near the Vertebers of the Neck.
• p p. The Carnous Fibers of the long Muscles.
• q q q. The tendinous Fibers of the Scaleni which assist the long Muscles and are both Flexors of the Neck.
• r r r r. The fleshy Fibers of the Scaleni placed between the tendinous.
• s s s. The Glands relating to the outside of the Maxilla, called Glandes Maxillares externi, into which an incision being made, many small Glands do offer themselves, placed not far from the Ear.

Fig. 2. Represents the Lower-Lip and Tongue of a Man.

• a a. The Lower-Lip is of a Semicircular figure when the Mouth is opened.
• b b. The acute Process of the lower Mandible, called be the Antients Corone, is a pointed Head upon which the motion of the lower Mandible is performed.
• c c. The blunt Process, is the greater termination of the lower Mandible, upon which its motion is ac∣complished as upon a Center.
• d d. Within the lower Mandible are seated numerous Glands.
• e e. The tip of the Tongue is furnished with divers Figures preternatural, as I conceive, in this Body, and is interpersed with divers red minute pointed Protuberancies, and some larger round Prominencies.
• f f. The middle and root of the Tongue is embossed with larger white round Prominencies.
• g g. The termination of it is enlarged with two Hillocks beautified with many Glands of several figures and magnitudes.
• h h. About the Root of the Tongue is seated a round hole, into which I conceive some Excretory Glands of the Tongue do discharge themselves.
• ii. On each side of the Tongue are seated two Glands in a transverse posture, and consist of many small Conglomerated Glands.
• k k. The Epiglottis is a Cartilage that covereth the Rimula of the Eure-like Cartilage, to defend it from the trouble of Meat and Drink passing into the Gulet.
• l l. The Rimula of the Cartilago Arytaenoeides, which in its contraction and dilatation maketh the sound of the Voice grave or acute, which is performed by divers Muscles of the Larynx.
• m m. The Musculi Hyothyroeidei which cover the Buckler Cartilage, and derive their origen from the lower side of the Os Hyoeides, and are inserted into the lower Margent of the Cartilago Thy∣roeides, which being contracted lift up the Buckler Cartilage, and lessen the Rimula of the Eure∣like Grisle.
• n n. On each side of the Cartilago Threyoeides are seated two Carotide Arteries which are cut off in this figure.

[illustration] engraving of dissected jaw

Tab. 2.

Tab. III.

Fig. 1. The Palate and Upper-Lip of a Calf.

• a a. THe Lip, the Skin being taken off, appeareth bedecked with minute Glands.
• b b. The origen of the Palate is beset with a company of Glands of several shapes and sizes.
• c c c c. The Comblike Processes are beautified with various Colours, and consist of many rows, supplying the defect of the Fore-Teeth, and run cross-ways in a kind of Semicircles, and are parted in the middle by a Fissure.
• d d d d. The Fissure running all along the middle of the Palate, doth divide the opposite Combelike rows of Processes, from each other.
• e e e e. The hinder part of the Palate is very much wrinkled and more glandulous then the anterior Region, and is perforated in divers places, out of which the Sali∣val Liquor destilleth out of the numerous small Glands in order to Mastication.
• f f f f. The white Protuberancies seated on each side of the Cheeks, resembling Barley Corns.
• g g g g. The grinding Teeth seated on each side of the upper Mandible about the middle of the Palate.
• h h. The system of Glands being of a Semicircular figure, which are the Tonsillae, and are seated on each side of the Palate near its termination, and near the Root of the Tongue, to which they are adjacent.
• iiii. The holes by which the Salival Liquor is discharged out of the Tonsils into the Cavity of the Palate.
• k k. The Aperture into which do terminate the Cavities of the Nostrils, by which the Air and Breath are conveyed forward and backward into and from the Mouth.

Fig. 2. The Tongue of a Calf.

• The Tongue of a Calf is beset with many greater and less pointed Prominencies of various shapes, some being Circular, and others Triangular, some resembling Lozenges, and Barley Corns, and others are Pyramidal, of oblong roundish Figure, encircled with a cartilaginous and horny substance; these Prominencies are numerous Salival Glands, furnished with Excretory Ducts discharging a thin Limpid Liquor into the Mouth assi∣sting the mastication of Aliment, and preparing it for Concoction in the Ventricles of Animals.
• a a. The Prominencies of the tip of the Tongue being oblong and small, bending to∣wards the Blade, do resemble short Brisles.
• b b b b. The Protuberancies of the Blade being the least of the Tongue.
• β β. or holes of the Excretory Ducts, relating to Glands.
• c c c. The Prominencies of the Root of the Tongue, which exceed the other in dimen∣sions, and end in Points inclining towards the Blade of the Tongue.
• d d. The Bones of the Os Hyoides.
• e. The Larynx or beginning of the Aspera Arteria.
• f f. The Eure-like Cartilages having a Rimula passing in the middle of them.

Fig. 3. The Palate of a Cat.

• a a. The small Teeth of the upper Jaw seated in the beginning of the Mouth.
• b b. The two long Teeth or Fangs.
• c c c c. The greater and smaller Teeth of the upper Jaw.
• d d. The first Arches of Glands in the Palate that are less in circumference.
• e e. The second Arches of Glands that grow greater.
• f f. The third Arches of Glands.
• g g. The fourth Arches of Glands.
• h h. The fifth Arches of Glands.
• ii. The sixth Arches of Glands.
• k k. The Palate furnished with a Glandulous substance.
• l l. The less bony Prominencies.
• m m. The greater bony Protuberancies.
• n. The beginning of the Spine.

Fig. 4. Of the lower Jaw and Tongue of a Cat.

• a a. The Fangs of the lower Jaw.
• b b b b. The Teeth of the lower Jaw.
• c c c c. The Cartilaginous long Processes of the Tongue ending in points, seated in the origen and middle of the Tongue.
• e e. The Glandulous soft part of the Tongue.
• f f. The Cavities seated in the termination or Root of the Tongue, out of which the Sa∣lival Liquor is discharged into the Mouth, in order to Mastication.
• g. The Epiglottis covering the Larynx in eating.
• h. The Eure-like Cartilage.

[illustration] engraving of dissected cow mouth

Tab. 3.

Tab. IV.

Fig. 1. Of the upper Beak and Palate of a Swan.

• a a a. THe Semicircular figure of the origen of the upper Region relating to the Beak of a Swan.
• b b b b. The indented Processes resembling Teeth seated on the margent of each side of the upper Beak.
• c c c c. The oblique Membranous Processes of the upper Beak conjoyned to the indented Processes.
• d d d d. Many short Processes seated at the end of the oblique Membranous, sprouting out of one common Trunk resembling a Tree.
• e e e. The bony ridge of the Palate running through its greatest part, consisting of many partitions or joynts, whose termination endeth in a Triangular figure.
• f f. The Fissure of the Palate, fringed on each side with many white pointed Processes.
• g g. The utmost parts of the Palate dressed with many small white pointed Protuberancies, which are Conglo∣merated Glands.
• h h. Two oblong glandulous Processes into which the Palate doth terminate.

Fig. 2. The lower Beak and Tongue of a Swan.

• a a a. The lower part of the Beak adorned with a Semicircular figure.
• b b b b. The indented Processes of the lower Beak, in whose hollow Interstices or Cavities the Teeth of the upper do play for the reception or grinding of Aliment.
• c c c. The Semicircular figure of the tip of the Tongue which is very thin, modelled according to the shape of the Beak, in which it is lodged.
• d d d d. The sides of the Tongue fringed with various Filaments.
• e e e e. The indented Processes (seated on each side of the Tongue towards the end of the Blade) consisting of divers Filaments.
• f f. The Fissure of the Blade of the Tongue dividing it into two equal parts.
• g g g g. The pointed Glands seated on each side of the Fissure.
• h h. The white glandulous termination of the Blade of the Tongue more thick, plump, and prominent then the anterior part, and consisteth of two Glands.
• i. The Fissure of the posterior part relating to the Blade of the Tongue.
• k k. The termination of the Blade fringed with three rows of pointed Processes set one above another, of which the uppermost is the largest.
• K. The Root of the Tongue consisteth of two divisions, and is composed of a soft glandulous substance covered with a thin Membrane.
• l l. The first division or story relating to the Root of the Tongue, is the broadest and shortest, fullest of pointed Processes, enclosing the beginning of the second Apartiment in its embraces.
• m m. The second division, or Apartiment, is made up of many small pointed Prominencies, and encloseth the top of the Aspera arteria, with a double Arch, and inserteth it self into the anterior part of its Fissure.
• n n. The Fissure parting the Larynx, is fringed on each side with a row of small pointed white Protuberancies, and the hinder region is dressed also with numerous large pointed Prominencies.

Fig. 3. The Palate of a Wild-Goose, and the upper Beak.

• a a. The Saw-like Processes seated in the margent of the upper Beak, are small in their Origens, and larger to∣ward their terminations.
• The Palate consisteth of seven rows of boney Processes, three on each side, and one in the middle.
• b b. The first row of Processes seated on each side, is Saw-like, and is the longest of all.
• c c. The second row of Processes are broadest in their Bases, and begin in Cones, and are shorter, and less then the first Processes.
• d d. The third row of Processes is endued with the same figure and length with the second.
• e e. The seventh row of Processes, seated exactly in the midst of the other, hath each one most protuberant in the middle.
• f f. Two Cavities placed under the middle row of Processes, have their terminations fringed with oblong small Processes.
• g g g g. The glandulous parts of the Palate, beginning in a large crooked Figure, and ending in a Cone.
• h. The termination of the glandulous substance of the Palate made in a Cone.
• i. The Fissure, or Cavity of the Palate, letting in Air out of the Nostrils into the Mouth.
• k k. The Fringe besetting each side of the Aperture of the Nostrils with small pointed Processes.
• l l. The Origen of Nerves cut off, derived from the Brain.
• m m. The Bones enclosing each side of the Palate.
• The diverse ranks of bony Processes are instituted by Nature, for breaking the Aliment into small Parti∣cles, which I saw in some part sticking to the bony Processes.

Fig. 4. The Tongue of a Wild-Goose, and the lower Beak.

• a a. The Cavities of the lower Beak, into which the Saw-like Processes of the upper, do insinuate themselves, and play up and down for the comminution of Aliment.
• b b. An oblong narrow Cavity running all along the middle of the Tongue.
• β β. Two Protuberances being a soft substance, beset with many small Glands, into which the Tongue doth ter∣minate.
• c c. The first row of Processes fringing the Termination, or Root of the Tongue.
• d d. The second row of Processes seated near the root of the Tongue, parted in the middle by a Star-like Process.
• e. The Star-like Process seated in the middle of the second row of Processes, dividing it into two.
• f f. The Saw-like Processes enclosing each side of the Tongue.
• g g. The entrance into the Larynx or head of the Aspera arteria, beset with short minute Processes.
• h h. The small white Processes resembling Purl, or small Lace, fixed to each side of the entrance into the Aspera Arteria.
• ii. The glandulous part placed on each side of the entrance of the Aspera arteria.
• The termination of the glandulous Compage is laced, or beautified with many rows of Processes.
• k k. The first row of oblong narrow Processes, seated near the Aperture, into the Aspera arteria.
• l l. The second row of Processes.
• m. The third row of Processes.
• n n. The irregular Processes.
• o o o o. The arched Bones encircling each side of the glandulous substance, placed about the entrance of the Aspera arteria.

[illustration] engraving of dissected swan mouth

Tab. 4.

Tab. V.

Fig. 1. The Palate of a Gurnet.

• a a a a. THe Semicircular confines of the Palate of a Gurnet, are somewhat alike the upper Lip of more perfect Animals.
• b b. The origen of the Palate is guarded with a Semi-circle, beset with many small Teeth.
• c c c c. The Arch of the Palate is invested with a Silver coloured Membrane.
• d d d d. The termination of the Palate is attended with two Protuberancies, full of small Teeth.
• e e e e. The Gills are affixed in their extremities to two bony Prominencies adjoyning to the end of the Palate
• † f f. Beyond the Palate is seated the Origen of the Spine, covered with a white Mem∣brane †, full of numerous streaks.
• † g g g g. On each side of the said Membrane are placed many small Glands.†
• The Glands of the Palate and Tongue in this and other Fish, I conceive are sali∣val, attended with excretory Ducts, spuing out a Liquor into the Mouth, and carried into the Gulet and Stomach, as conducive to Concoction.

Fig. 2. The Tongue of a Gurnet.

• a a. The Semi-circles parted in the middle, and adjoyning to the Tongue, do some∣what resemble a Lip.
• † b b b. Between the Lip and the tip of the Tongue is lodged a glandulous Body† beset with minute Glands, covered with a thin Membrane.
• c c. The Tongue of a Gurnet is plump in its Origen, and is composed of a bony substance, enclosed within a thin Coat.
• † d d d d. The bony Semi-circles of the Gills are embossed in their upper regions, (adjoyning to the Tongue) with bony Knobs or Prominencies † somewhat like the great Teeth of more perfect Animals.
• e e e e. Within the circumference of the first Gill, are lodged two Protuberancies (some∣what resembling Pectoral Lozenges in shape) dressed with small Teeth.
• f f. Beyond the two rough Protuberancies in a Gurnet, are seated a company of small Glands, covered with a Membrane.
• g g. About the termination of the Palate beginneth the entrance of the Gulet, in whose in∣side being opened, appear many folds.

Fig. 3. The Palate of a Pike.

• a a a. The Palate of a Pike is fortified with three Protuberancies, of which those of the sides are broadest and shortest, all dressed with pointed Teeth.
• b b b b. The longest Teeth are those of the side Prominencies, confining on the middle
• c c. Protuberance, or Septum.
• d d. The Anterior part of the bony Intersepiment, seated in the middle of the Palate, is divided into two branches.
• † e e. A third Protuberance † (seated between the two branches of the bony Process) is dressed with many minute Teeth.
• f f f f. The Process passing all along the middle of the Palate, is to fortify the lower regions of the Skull, which is very thin for the most part.
• g g g g. The Palate is covered with a thin Membrane full of wrinkles.
• h h h h. The hinder part of the Palate is enclosed with Gills, beset in their lower region with small Teeth.

Fig. 4. Of the Tongue and parts adjoyning of a Pike.

• † a a a a. The upper edges of the lower Mandible † are garnished with sharp Teeth.
• b b b b. Between the sides of the Mandible, and near the fore-part, and under the begin∣ning of the Tongue, is seated a glandulous substance, clothed with a fine Mem∣brane.
• c c. The Tongue is composed of a bony substance, vailed with a thin Coat.
• d d d d. To this bony Process adjoyning to the Tongue, is affixed two Protuberancies, dressed with many small Teeth.
• e e e e. The bony Protuberancies and the Gills in a great part, are encompassed on each side with a broad thin Bone, beautified in its outside with a Silver-coloured Mem∣brane.
• f f f f. The originations of the Gills are conjoyned, either higher or lower, to the bony Process joyned to the Tongue.
• g g g g. The Gills have their sides fringed with Blood-vessels, and their upper region dressed with small sharp Teeth.
• h h h h. Within the inmost Gills are seated two Protuberancies, placed above the Aparti∣ment (in which the Heart is lodged) and are furnished with a number of small Teeth

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish jaws

Tab: 5.

Tab. VI.

Fig. 1. Of the Palate of the upper part of the Beak of a Bustard.

• a. THe upper region of the Beak of a Bustard is hooked in its Origen, and hath on each side a sharp edge, which in pointed beaked Fowls, serveth instead of Teeth.
• b b b. On the beginning of the inside are lodged three membranous ridges, the largest being in the midst. A little lower beginneth the Palate in a point, and endeth much broader. The Palate is com∣posed of seven rows of Processes (Three on each side, and One in the middle) and are (as I imagine) as well as the other Processes of the Palate and Tongue of Birds, so many sa∣lival Glands.
• c c c c. The outward are Comb-like Processes, conjoyned in the Origen of the Palate.
• d d d d. The two inward Processes of each side are pointed.
• e e e e. † f f. The middle are finely carved, consisting of many joynted Processes, and terminated into the mid∣dle of the transverse Comb-like Processes † seated a little above the Aperture of the Palate, conveying Breath into the Mouth.
• † g g. h h. The Apertures † of the Palate, are parted by an intersepiment running between them †.
• † ii. k k. A little below the Apertures of the Palate, are placed two Comb-like Processes † fringing a Red glandulous substance, or rather a Systeme of many minute Glands † furnished with many excretory Ducts.

Fig. 2. Of the lower part of the Beak and Tongue of a Bustard.

• a a. The lower part of the Beak of a Bustard, hath a more straight Origen, and more blunt edges, then the upper.
• b b. On each side of the Tongue is seated a glandulous substance, dressed with miliary Glands.
• c c. This glandulous Body on each side near the termination of the Tongue, is fringed in its margent with many white pointed Processes.
• d d. The Tongue near its Origen is endued with a pyramidal Figure.
• e. The Tongue in its termination is garnished with a Semi-circular rowe of Comb-like Processes.
• f f. The Fissure, or entrance of the Aspera arteria, is fringed on each side with a rowe of Comb-like Processes.
• g g g g. About the termination of the Aperture, leading into the Aspera Arteria, are seated three or four rowes of pointed Processes.

Fig. 3. The Palate of a Turkey.

• a a. The Margent seated on each side of the upper Beak, passeth in right lines, without any Saw-like Processes, as in a Wildgoose.
• b b. The Bones enclosing the Muscular and Glandulous part of the inside of the Mouth.
• c c. The Cavities relating to the inside of the upper Beak.
• d d. The Margent seated on each side of the Palate, terminates into Comb-like Processes, fringing their Extremities.
• e e. Divers ranks of white Comb-like Processes, resembling the Branches of Trees.
• θ θ Many irregular minute Protuberancies, or Comb-like Processes placed in the beginning of the Pa∣late.
• f f. The first rank of white Comb-like Processes running after the manner of an Arch.
• g g. Divers irregular Comb-like Process, seated between the first and lowest rank.
• h h. The lower rows of the Processes passing after the manner of Arches.
• i. The first rank of transverse Comb-like Processes, placed near the lower Arches.
• k k. The second rowe of transverse Comb-like Processes running in a right Line,
• l. The termination of the Cavity of the Nostrils, fringed with Comb-like Processes.
• m m. The minute irregular Processes.
• n n. Divers little Glands besetting the inferior part of the Palate, fringed in their Origen with Comb-like Processes.
• o o. Three straight rows of Comb-like Processes.

Fig. 4. The Tongue of a Turkey.

• a a. The Margents of the lower Beak.
• b. The Origen of the Tongue made into an acute Cone.
• c. The body of the Tongue consisting of many minute Glands.
• d. A round glandlous Protuberance, seated near the root of the Tongue.
• e e. The Arched rows of white Comb-like Processes fringing the Root of the Tongue.
• f f. Two Cartilages enclosing the glandulous substance, adjoyning to the Aspera arteria.
• g g. The glandulous Compage seated on each side of the entrance into the Larynx.
• h h. The plain white glandulous Margents (immuring the entrance of the Aspera arteria) fringed in the bottom with Comb-like Processes.
• i. The entrance into the Aspera arteria.
• k k. Two white ranks of transverse Comb-like Processes, fringing the termination of the glandulous substance, encompassing the entrance of the Windpipe.
• l l. The Aspera arteria, consisting of many annular Cartilages, interspersed with many thin Mem∣branes.

[illustration] engraving of dissected bird jaws

Tab. 6.

Tab. VII.

Fig. 1. Of the Mesentery.

• A A. THE Mesenterick Blood-vessels, being branches of the Porta.
• b b b b. The Milky-vessels passing through the Mesentery, towards the com∣mon receptacle.
• c c c c. The Nerves distributed through the body of the Mesentery.
• d. The Blood-vessels of the Duodenum.
• e e. The Blood-vessels of the Jejunum.
• f f. The Sanguiducts propagated from the bottom of the Stomach.
• g. An eminent Gland seated in the Origen of the Mesentery, called the Pancreas by Asellius.
• h. The Milky-vessels of the Guts swelling upon a Ligature.
• ii. The Milky-vessels of the Mesentery, made turgent by a Ligature.
• k k. The Valves in the Milky-vessels.

Fig. 2. Of the Stomach and Guts of a Humane Body.

• a. The bottom of the Stomach turned upward, to give us the advantage of discerning the Pancreas.
• b b. The Left Orifice of the Stomach, through which the Meat and Drink is immediately transmitted into the bosom of the Stomach.
• c c. The Right Orifice of the Stomach, through which the Chyle, and gross Excrements are conveyed into the Origen of the Guts.
• d d. The second Coat of the Stomach, garnished with long Fibres, making their progress the length of the Ventricle.
• e e. The third Coat of the Stomach is adorned with transverse Fibres (of which a small prospect is only given in the Left side of the Stomach) encircling the body of the Stomach.
• f f. The fourth Coat of the Stomach is furnished with oblique Fibres, of which a small sight may be taken in the Right side of the Ventricle.
• g g. The Pancreas seated behind the Stomach, and is a kind of Pillow for it to lean upon, and to impart heat unto it.
• h h. The Blood-vessels branched on the surface of the second Coat of the Stomach, after the manner of Network.
• ii. The Pancreas is an aggregate Body, composed of many minute Globules, which are distinct Glands, of various shapes and sizes, encircled with proper Membranes.
• k k. The Ileon, composed of many circumvolutions, is encompassed by the Colon.
• l l l l. Part of the Colon creeping cross-ways under the Stomach, maketh five Anfractus.
• m m. Part of the Colon seated in the Right side, in which it immureth some part of the Ileon.
• n n. Part of the Colon guarding the Left side of the Ileon.
• o o o o. The Ligament passing all along the middle of the Caecum and Colon, contracting them into many Cells.
• p p p p. The Cells of the Colon are nothing but so many peculiar, or distinct Cavities, or Corrugations of the Gut, made by a Ligament, straightning it.
• q q q q q. The Valvulae Conniventes of the Ileon, Colon, are Semi-circular Valves, affixed to the inside of the Guts, straightning them but half way, and having the other free for the passage of Excrements.
• r r. The Intestinum Caecum, is appendant to the Colon, and resembleth a Worm in Fi∣gure.
• s s s s. The divaricarions of Blood-vessels, variously enamelling the Intestines.
• T T. The Colon tending toward the Spleen and Left Kidney, is formed into short cir∣cumflexures, resembling the Letter S.

[illustration] engraving of dissected nerves and human guts

Tab: 7.

Tab. VIII.

Fig. 1. The Viscera of a Fish.

• a. THE Heart turned upward out of its natural situation.
• b. Part of the Liver.
• c. The body of the Stomach.
• d. The bottom of the Stomach.
• e e. The Intestinnla Coeca affixed to the Origen of the Guts.
• f. The great Bowel.
• g. The Intestinum rectum.

Fig. 2. The Thymus of a Calfe.

• a a. The beginning of the Thymus of a Calfe is different from that of the Jugular Glands, and is more narrow then its terminations, which may be clearly seen when they are divested of their common Coat.
• b b b b. The body of the Thymus is composed of many Globules of unequal Magnitude and Figure, some orbicular, others oval, and others quadrangular of unequal sides, and most of them are endued with irregular shapes.

Fig. 3. Of the Pancreas of a Man.

• a. The Origen of the Pancreas in a Man, is much less then the termination, and adjoyneth to the Spleen.
• b b b. The common Trunk, into which all the excretory vessels are insetted.
• c c c c. † d d d The lateral branches of the excretory vessels, whose roots are seated in the numerous minute Glands † which may be easily seen when the Coat is stripped off, and are endued with diverse shapes and sizes.
• e e. The termination of the Pancreas is much greater in dimensions then its Origen, and is attended with a Perforation into the Duodenum, by which the Pancreatick Liquor is discharged into its Cavity.
• f. The Pancreatick Duct which is implanted into the first Gut.
• g g. Part of the Duodenum (cut off) which confineth on the Pancreas.

Fig. 4. The Pancreas of a Calfe.

• A A. The body of the Pancreas of a Calfe.
• b. The Trunk of the Artery cut off.
• c c c. The Glands of the Pancreas, endued with various shapes and sizes.

[illustration] engraving of assorted dissected animal and human organs

Tab: 8.

Tab. IX.

Fig. 1. In which is represented the Concave part of the excarnated Liver of Man.

• A. THE part of the Liver next the Back.
• B. The right side of the Liver.
• C. The fore-part of it.
• D. The Left Side.
• E. The Vena Cava, where it passeth through the Midriffe.
• E. 1. E. 2. E. 3. The three first Branches of the Cava, distributed through the whole Liver.
• F. The Vena Porta turned back and upward.
• F. 1. F. 2. F. 3. F. 4. Four branches of the Porta dispersed into the lower fouth part of the Liver.
• G. The Bladder of Gall.
• H H. The umbilical Vein, degenerated into a Ligament.
• I. The common Duct leading into the Intestines.
• K. The venous Channel, serving instead of a Ligament.
• L. The Trunk of the Cava.
• a. The Membrane investing the Liver.
• b. Part of the Midriffe.
• c. The Porus Bilarius.
• d. The Meatus Cysticus.
• e. The concourse of these excretory Vessels.
• f. The Hepatick Artery.
• g. o. The Hepatick Nerves.
• p p p p. The common Capsula opened.
• q q. The Lymphaeducts.
• m m m. The lesser branches of the Porta.
• n n. The small Branches of the Cava.

Fig. 2. Of a Man's Spleen opened.

• a a a a. The substance of the Spleen.
• b b. The Tunicle being Dissected, and Inverted, that the progress of the Blood-vessels and nervous Plexes may be the better discovered.
• c. A part of the Vena Porta cut off.
• d. The Splenick Branch.
• e. The Splenick Branch being opened, that the Valve may be discerned.
• f f f f. The Splenick Trunk of the Artery, passing through the whole sub∣stance of the Spleen.
• g g g g. The Branches of the Splenick Artery arising of the great Trunk.
• h h h h. Nervous Fibrils wonderfully complicated, between which the Ar∣teries do make their progress, to which the Parenchyma of the Spleen is affixed.
• i. The Valve of the Splenick Branch looking outward toward the Porta.
• k. Many holes are very conspicuous in the termination of the Splenick Branch
• l. Nerves passing by the sides of the Splenick Artery.

[illustration] engraving of a human liver and spleen, flayed open

Tab: 9.

Tab. X. Of the Kidneys of several Animals.

Fig. 1. The Kidney of a Man opened crossways.

• A. THE emulgent Arterie distributed through the Glands of the Kid∣ney.
• B. The emulgent Vein, dispersed into the body of the Kidney, and having its root in the cortical part of it.
• c. The Ureter derived from the Pelvis, or common Cistern of Urine.
• d d. The Pelvis, or common Channel, into which the papillary Caruncles do discharge the serous Recrements of the Blood.
• h h. The Red cortical part of the Kidney, consisting of numerous small Glands, furnished with the extremities of several Vessels.
• ...... The Origens of the urinary Ducts seated in the glandulous part of the Kidneys.

Fig. 2. The Kidney of a Lion opened.

• a a a a. The Membrane encircling the ambient part of the Kidney.
• c c c c. The glandulous part accommodated with variety of Vessels.
• b b. The urinary Ducts, taking their rise in the ambient parts.
• e e. The papillary Caruncles receiving the serous Vessels.

Fig. 3. The Kidney of a Fox opened.

• a a a a. The Membrane encompassing the Kidney.
• b b. The Red cortical part, full of minute Glands, made up of various vessels.
• c c. The Origen of the serous Ducts lodged in the glandulous part.
• d. The progress of the serous Ducts terminating in the papillary Caruncles.
• f. The Pelvis, or common Channel, into which the papillary Caruncles discharge their Liquor.

Fig. 4. Of the Kidney of a Man excarnated according to Bellinus.

• The halfe of a humane Kidney, freed from the Pelvis, and many vessels, that the union of the excretory Ducts may be represented.
• a a. The extream Filaments ending near the surface of the Kidney.
• b b b. The meeting of the Renal Ducts, making the papillary Body.
• c c c. The serous drops squeezed out of the extremities of the papillary Ducts.

Fig. 5. Of the Blood-vessels relating to the Kidneys of a Man.

• The Blood-vessels running in diverse Maeanders, endued with various shapes.
• a a. The Vessels running in numerous Gyres.
• b b. The wide spaces interceding the Vessels.
• c c c. Certain vermicular Sinus, which are conceived to encircle the said spaces.

Fig. 6. The Kidneys of a Calfe.

• a a a a. The Globules of various shapes and sizes, which are as it were so many Kidneys, consisting of many small Glands, and diverse kinds of Vessels.
• b b b. The Blood-vessels shading the surface of the Globules.

[illustration] engraving of assorted dissected animal kidneys

Tab: 10

Tab. XI. The Kidneys, and Trunks of various Vessels, Blad∣der of Ʋrine, Prostates, and Seminal Vesicles.

• a a a a. THe Cortical part of the Kidney composed of numerous mi∣nute Glands, and various kinds of Vessels.
• b b b b b b b b. The Urinary Ducts having their Roots seated in the glandu∣lous part of the Kidneys.
• c c c c. The Papillary Caruncles.
• d d. The Pelvis.
• e e. The Trunk of the Aorta cut off.
• f f. The Emulgent Arteries derived from the Trunk of the Aorta.
• g g. The Trunk of the Vena Cava cut off.
• h h. The Emulgent Veins springing out of the Trunk of the Vena Cava.
• ii. The Iliack Arteries.
• k k. The Iliack Veins.
• l l. The Iliack Arteries passing to the Bladder.
• m m m m. A branch of the Emulgent Artery going to the Seminal Ventricles and Prostates.
• n n n n. The Spermatick Arteries coming out of the anterior part of the de∣scendent Trunk of the Aorta, unite themselves after some space, with the Spermatick Veins, and then pass down to the Testicles, into which they are inserted.
• ω ω. The right Spermatick Vein, arising out of the Trunk of the Vena Cava.
• π π. The left Spermatick Vein arising out of the Emulgent Vein.
• o o o o. The Testicles, consisting of a glandulous substance interspersed with great variety of Vessels.
• p p p p. The deferent Vessels, passing from the Parastates or Epidydymides to the Seminal Vesicles, and Prostates.
• q q q q. The Seminal Vesicles being so many small Cells, or repositories of Seminal Liquor.
• r r r. The Prostates being glandulous Bodies, the Receptacles of Semen, as being endued with peculiar Cavities.
• s s. The Ʋrachus contracted, and growing into a Ligament after the birth of the Child.
• t t t t. The Ureters make another progress, and are inserted a slant into the hinder part of the Bladder.
• u. The Bladder of Urine endued with the figure of an Urinal.
• w. The neck of the Bladder is fleshy as made up of divers fleshy Fibers.
• A. The body and bottom of the Bladder (which is more large then the Neck) in which the Urine is lodged.

[illustration] engraving of dissected renal system

Tab: 11.

Tab. XII. The Capsulae Atrabilariae, Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder of Urine, and parts of Generation, relating to a Female Porpess.

• A. THe ascending Trunk of the Vena Cava, going up the right side of the Spine toward the Heart.
• B B. The Glandulae Renales, seated near the origens of the Kidneys.
• C C. The Kidneys, composed of numerous Conglomerated Glands, attended with many Urinary Ducts.
• d d. The Ureters, derived from the Pelvis.
• E E. The Bladder of Urine.
• f f. The Umbilical Arteries.
• G. The Pudendum.
• h. The Clitoris, as Dan Maior will have it.
• ii. The two Teats, being part of the Ubera, seated on each side of the Pu∣dendum.
• K. The Anus or termination of the Intestinum Rectum.
• L. The Ʋterus or body of the Womb.
• N N. The Cornua Uteri, which are extended to a considerable length.
• O O. The Tubae Fallopianae, or deferent Vessels of the Womb.
• P P. The Testicula or Ovaria, composed of many Seminal Vesicles or Eggs.
• Q. Q. Muscular Fibers, that go to the Cornua Uteri.
• S S S. Numerous branches of Blood-vessels, that make their progress to the Cornua Uteri, Ovaria, &c.
• T T. The Alae or Wings of the Womb.
• U U. Part of the Peritonaeum, or Rim of the Belly.

[illustration] engraving of dissected and flayed renal and reproductive systems of a porpoise

Tab. 12.

Tab. XIII.

Fig. 1. The Organs of Generation relating to Man.

• A. THe fore-part of the Bladder of Urine.
• B. The neck of the Bladder.
• C C. Part of the Ureters.
• D D. Part of the deferent Vessels carrying Seminal Liquor to the Vesicles.
• E E. Blood-vessels running to the Seminal Vesicles.
• F F. The Seminal Vesicles.
• G G. The fore-part of the Prostates.
• H. The Ʋrethra or passage of Urine, adjoyning to its spungy part.
• I I. The spungy part of the passage of Urine.
• K K. The Musculi, called Erectores Penis.
• L L. The origens of the Nervous Bodies (severed from the Share-bones) which are blown up like Bellows, when the Penis is erected.
• M M. The Cutis of the Penis being opened, is turned to each side.
• N N. The Duplicature of the Cutis, which maketh the Prepuce.
• O O. The Cutis seated behind the Glans.
• P P. The Dorsum or Back of the Penis.
• Q. The Glans of the Penis.
• R. The Urinary passage, perforated in the fore-part of the Glans.
• S S. Nerves running upon the Back of the Penis.
• T T. Arteries divaricated upon the Dorsum Penis.
• Ʋ. The Corpora Nervosa being united.
• W W. Two Veins uniting run with a great Trunk upon the back of the Penis.
• X. A Vein opened that the Valves may be discovered.

Fig. 2.

• A. Part of the deferent Vessels, endued with a thick substance, and small Cavity.
• B. Part of the deferent Vessels, endued with a thin substance, and large Cavity.
• C C. The Extremities of the deferent Vessels inserted with a small hole into the Seminal Vesicles.
• D D. The neck of the Seminal Vesicles is divided into two parts by the interposition of a Membrane, to keep the Semen of one side from mixing with that of the other.
• E E E E. The Seminal Vesicles distended with Wind, that their Meanders may be plainly seen.
• F F. The Blood-vessels going to the Seminal Vesicles.
• G G G. The Membranes keeping the deferent Vessels and Seminal Vesicles in their due situation.
• h h. The Blood-vessels, going to the sides of the deferent Vessels.
• I I. The Prostates.
• K. The Ʋrethra.
• L. The Muscle improperly said to dilate the passage of Urine.
• M. The same Muscle turned on one side out of its situation.
• N. The spungy part lying under the Ʋrethra.
• O O. The Ʋrethra with its spungy part.
• P P. The Nervous Bodies of the Penis.
• Q. The lower Region of the Glans.
• r r. The Extensors, improperly called the Erectors of the Penis.

Fig. 3.

• A A A A. The numerous Seminal Vessels of the Testicles runnning in various short Maean∣ders, are disposed (among the fine Membranes) in excellent order.
• B B. The Seminal Vessels passing through the membranous substance adhering to the back of the Testicle.
• C. Part of the Seminal Vessels (perforating the Albugineous Coat) cut off before in Serpentine Ducts; they constitute the greater Globe of the Epididymis.
• D D D D. The Albugineous Coat of the Testicle is open in its fore-part, and turned to the Sides.

Fig. 4. Shewing the Testicles of Bruits and their Vesicles.

• A. The Preparing Vessels cut off.
• B. The confused posture of the Preparing Vessels.
• C. The branches of the Preparing Vessels tending to the Epididymis.
• D D. The greatest branch of the Preparing Artery, going through the body of the Testicle.
• E E. The ramification of Preparing Veins.
• F. A Dogs Testicle full of Seminal Matter.
• G. The greater Globe of Epididymis turgid with Semen.
• H. The lesser Globe of the Epididymis distended with equality of Genital Liquor.
• I. The termination of the Epididymis, or the beginning of the deferent Vessel.
• K. The deferent Vessel having a Ligature, that the Seminal Vessels may be more clearly discerned.

[illustration] engraving of dissected and flayed human male reproductive organs

Tab: 13

Tab. XIV. The Uterus of a Virgin, according to Learned Swammerdam.

• A A. THe Spermatick Vessels of each side, implanted into the Ovary, Tube, and Body of the Uterus.
• B B. The Preparing Veins and Arteries of each side, which constitute the Pyramidal body.
• C. The left Testicle or Ovary with its transparent Eggs.
• D. The Veins and Spermatick Arteries branched through the Ovary.
• E E E. The Membranous Ligament (resembling the Wing of a Bat) through which the Spermatick-vessels are carried into the Tube.
• f f f f. The union of the Hypogastrick and Preparing-vessels, climbing up the sides of the Womb under the Tube and round Ligament.
• G G. The Hypogastrick Veins seated in each side.
• H H. The Hypogastrick Arteries placed in each side.
• I I I I. The Inosculations of the Arteries of the Womb.
• K K. The divarications of Veins of the Womb.
• L L. The left Fallopian Tube.
• M. The large hole of the Tube opened, attended with its Fimbriae or Fringes.
• N. The Membrane of the right Ovary taken off and turned back, that the in∣sertion of the Spermatick-vessels into the Ovary and Eggs, may be seen.
• O. The inversion of the right Tube that the Cavity may be seen, through which the Eggs pass into the Body of the Womb.
• P. The Fimbriae or Fringes seated in the origen of the right Tube.
• Q. The Fundus or rather the top of the Womb obscurely swelling.
• R. The Fundus of the Womb a little opened.
• S. The open Orifices of the Vessels, cut cross-ways in the substance of the Womb.
• T. Part of the Membrane covering the Intestinum Rectum.
• Ʋ Ʋ. The round Ligaments seated in each side, and terminating near the Clitoris, and the Fat of the Pubes.
• X X. The outward Thighs of the Clitoris.
• Y Y. The inward Thighs of the Clitoris.
• Z Z. The Vessels branched through the Clitoris.
• a. The Bladder removed out of its place toward the right side.
• B. The insertion of the neck of the Bladder near the Clitoris.
• c c c c c c c c. The Ureters.
• D D. The insertion of the Ureters into the Bladder.
• E. The Hydatids.
• F F. The Valves of the Veins.

[illustration] engraving of dissected virgin human femle reproductive organs

Tab: 14.

Tab. XV.

Fig. 1. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart opened

• a. THE Foramen ovale, by which the Blood of the Foetus is carried into the pulmonary Vein, adjoyning to the Left Ventricle.
• b b. The Left Auricle is endued with an oval Figure, and beset with diverse ranks of fleshy Fi∣bres, lodged one above another, so that it seemeth to be a kind of a little Heart.
• c c c. The mitral Valves, or Membraness encircling the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein.
• d d d. The Ligaments arising out of the Heads of the carnous pyramidal Columns, do termi∣nate into two or three, or more branches, implanted into the mitral Valves.
• e e. The carnous Columns adorned with a pyramidal Figure, their Bases enclining toward the mitral Valves, and their Cones toward the Cone of the Heart.
• f f. The Ligaments by whose mediation the carnous Columns are tied to each other.
• g g. The Ligaments of the carnous Columns, inserted into the fleshy Fibres, seated on each side of them.
• h h. The carnous Fibres placed on each side of the Columns.
• iiii. The ranks of fleshy Fibres, lodged within the Columns, after the manner of Lattise∣work, which do intersect each other, and are mutually tied by strong Ligaments and Fibres.
• k k. The Areae or Interstices of the fleshy Fibres, of which, most are Rhomboides, some Oval, and others Parallelograms.

Fig. 2. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart opened, and other ways described.

• a a a. The Aorta opened, which is encircled with three semi-lunary Valves, of which the great∣est is placed in the middle.
• b b b. The Semi-lunary Valves, consisting of many Semi-circular Fibres, immuring the Orifice of the Aorta.
• d d d. The Membranes belonging to the Semi-lunary Valves, made up of many right Fibrils filling up the surface of the Valves.
• e e e e. The Ligaments sprouting out of the carnous Columns, and inserted into the mitral Valves.
• f f. The carnous Columns endued with a pyramidal Figure.
• g g. The fleshy Fibres seated between the Columns, and resembling Lattise-work.

Fig. 3. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Pig opened.

• a a. The Left Auricle, consisting of many ranks of Fibres, enwrapping each other.
• b b b. The mitral Valves encompassing the pulmonary Vein.
• c c. The Ligaments arising out of the top of the carnous Columns, and implanted into the mitral Valves.
• d d d. The carnous Columns are more small and numerous then those of greater Animals.
• e e e. Ligaments fastning the various Columns to each other.

Fig. 4. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Wild-Duck opened.

• a a. The Left Auricle of the Heart composed of many ranks of Fibres.
• b b. The mitral Valves, encompassing the pulmonary Vein.
• c c. The Ligaments springing out of the heads of the carnous Columns, and inserted into the mitral Valves.
• d d d d. The carnous Columns beautified with a pyramidal Figure.
• e e. The Ligaments fastening the carnous Columns to each other.

Fig. 5. The Heart of a Salmon opened.

• a a. The Auricle of the Heart opened, into which the orifice of the Vena cava is implanted.
• b b. The Fibres of the Auricle propagated into greater and lesser Branches.
• c c. The Areae running between the Fibres, which are of different shapes and sizes.
• d d. The Columns relating to the Ventricle of the Heart.
• e e. The Fibres of the Ventricle.
• f f. The Areae, or Interstices of the Fibres, endued with diverse Figures and Magnitudes, wrought after the manner of Network.
• g g. The Tendon seated near the Base of the Heart, into which the Fibres are inserted.
• h h. The two Semi-lunary Valves, intercepting the retrograde motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the Left Ventricle.
• ii. Fibres of the Origen of the Trunk of the Aorta (impelling Blood through it into the Arte∣rial branches, leading into the Gills,) do much resemble the Left Auricle of the Heart.

[illustration] engraving of dissected and flayed open animal hearts

Tab: 15.

Tab. XVI.

Fig. 1.

• A A A A. HAlfe a Lobe of the Lungs of a Man.
• b b. The Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery.
• c. A hole where the Artery is cut off.
• d d. The Branches of the pulmonary Artery cut off
• e e e e. The Trunks of Arteries, out of which many Branches do sprout.
• f f f f. The Branches of the Artery.
• g g g g. The Branches of the Bronchial Artery cut off.

Fig. 2.

• A. The Trunk of the pulmonary Artery cut off.
• B B B. The lower part of the Artery opened by Dissection.
• a a a. Little holes leading into diverse Branches of Blood-vessels.
• b b b. Diverse muscular Fibres, upon which other circular do rest.
• c c. The smaller and upper Trunk of Arteries left unopened, that the an∣nular Cartilages may be discerned.
• d d d d. The Branches of the Aspera arteria, constituting the lesser Lobules, in which the annular Cartilages may be discovered.
• e e e e. Part of the arterial Branches are opened, that the right muscular Fi∣bres may be seen.
• f f f f. Some Trunks of the Aspera arteria are cut off, that the rest may be rendred more conspicuous.
• g g g g. The secondary Lobules, appendant like Grapes to the Branches of Wind-pipe, which may be divided into more small Lobules, whose interior Ducts do lead into the vesicular Cells of Air.
• h h h h. Blood-vessels shading the surface of these Lobues.

Fig. 3.

• A. The Trunk of the Wind-pipe.
• b b b b. The Branches of the Wind-pipe sprouting out of that Trunk.
• c c c c. The passages of those Branches, leading into the orbicular. Vesicles, which seem to resemble bunches of Grapes.
• d d d. Vessels distinct from the pulmonary, covering the Aspera arteria.

Fig. 4.

• The pulmonary Arteries, and Veins, which do make numerous divari∣cations, which being interspersed with the ramifications of the Aspera Arteria, do constitute the greatest part of the Compage of the Lungs.

[illustration] engraving of dissected lungs

Tab: 16

Tab. XVII.

Fig. 1. The Tongue of a Lion.

• a a. THe tip of the Tongue which is smooth near its origen.
• b b. The pointed Protuberances seated in the middle, and do bend inward.
• c c c c. The pointed Prominencies placed on the sides of the Tongue which are more small then those of the middle.
• d d. The pointed Protuberancies are more large toward the roots of the Tongue.
• e. The Larynx or top of the Wind-pipe.
• f f f f. The Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria, which is almost circular

Fig. 2. The Spleen of a Lion.

• a a a. † A A. The Convex part of the Spleen, furnished with an eminent Pro∣minence †.
• b b. The origen of the Spleen confining on the left Hypoconder.
• d d d. The part of the Spleen growing less and less, hath a more straight pro∣gress.
• e e. The Termination of the Spleen, much smaller then the Origen.
• f f f. The Concave part of the Spleen adorned with a Semicircular figure.
• g. The connexion of the Spleen with the Stomach in its Protuberance.
• h h. And the connexion of the Spleen with the but-end of the Pancreas.

Fig. 3. The Pancreas of a Lion.

• a a. The but-end of the Pancreas, much larger then the rest.
• b b. The small Glands seated in the but-end of the Pancreas.
• c c c. The greater Glands of the Pancreas.
• d d d d. The circular part of the Pancreas.

[illustration] engraving of dissected lion tongue

Tab. 17.

Tab. XVIII.

Fig. 1. The Viscera of an Ape.

• a. THe origen of the Stomach.
• b b. The body of the Stomach.
• c. The bottom of the Stomach.
• d. The termination of the Stomach, or Pylorus.
• e e. The Duodenum.
• E. The Spleen resembling the Heart of a Bird.
• f. The Base of the Spleen confining on the greater part of the Pancreas, which I conceive to be its origen.
• g. The Cone of the Spleen turned upward.
• h. The larger part of the Pancreas, which I conceive is its origination.
• iii. The body of the Pancreas, which seemeth to be endued with an oblong flattish crooked Figure.
• k. The termination of the Pancreas, as it hath a dust inserted into the Duo∣denum
• l l l l l. The larger or greater circumvolution of the Guts, which is adjacent to the Duodenum.
• m m m m. The smaller Maeanders of the Guts which belong to the Ilia.
• N. The Caecum which is very large in this small Animal, and hath many
• ...n n n n. Valvulae Conniventes.
• o. The origen of the Bond in the Caecum which contracteth it into Cells.
• p p p p p p. The Valvulae Conniventes of the Colon.
• q q q q q q. The Bond that contracteth the Colon into Cells, and passeth all along through the Coat of it.
• r r r. The Intestinum Rectum.
• s s s. The Bond passing through the Intestinum, doth contract it into Cells, as not being of the same length with the Gut.

Fig. 2.

• a. The neck of the Bladder of Urine.
• c c. The body of the Bladder.
• d. The bottom of the Bladder.
• b b. The Ureters inserted into the backside of the Bladder.
• e e. The Vesiculae Seminales (the repositories of Seminal Liquor) seated about the neck of the Bladder.

Fig. 3.

• a a. The Root of the Penis which is larger then the rest.
• b b. The body of the Penis.
• c. The Glans of the Penis.

[illustration] engraving of dissected ape viscera

Tab: 18

Tab. XIX.

Fig. 1. Of the Bowels of a Goose.

• a. THE body of the Heart being of a round Figure.
• b. The Base of the Heart.
• c. The Cone of the Heart looking upward out, of situation.
• β κ κ The Auricle of the Heart lying under the Heart.
• d d. The entrance of the bulbous Body, being divided from the rest of the Gulet.
• e e. The body of the Echinus being of a kind of Oval Figure, and encircled with Oval Glands.
• f. The short Neck of the Gulet, passing between the Echinus, and the entrance of the Gizard.
• g g g g g. The Semi-lunary Muscles fringing the Margents of the Gizard with Red.
• iiii. The fleshy Fibres of the Semi-circular Muscles, making their progress in Flexures long∣ways.
• k k k k. The tendinous Fibres sprouting out of the Semi-lunary Muscles in the manner of Rays.
• l l. The upper Tendons of the Muscles, being a union of tendinous Fibres, intersecting each other, and uniting in the middle of the Gizard, as in a Center.
• m m. The first transverse Muscle affixed to the entrance of the Stomach.
• n n. The long Fibres of this transverse Muscle, running from one extremity of the Muscle to the other, and being contracted gently, do protrude the Aliment into the Cavity of the Gizard, and being strongly contracted, do close the entrance of the Stomach, intercepting the pas∣sage of the Corn into the Gulet, in time of its grinding.
• o o. The Second transverse Muscle seated opposite to the other.
• p p. The long Semicircular Fibres of this Muscle, which being gently moved, do force the ground Aliment into the Origen of the Intestines; and being more briskly contracted, shut up the Pylorus, and keep the Aliment from passing out of the Stomach, till it is perfectly ground and concocted.
• q q. The Tendons consisting of united Fibres, propagated from the transverse Muscles, do creep under the first Tendons, and intersect them in oblique lines.
• r r. The Concave part of the Liver turned up.
• s. The termination of the Right Lobe of the Liver.
• t t. The Bladder of Gall, is of a Greenish colour, seated in the Concave part of the Liver.
• u u. The Left Lobe of the Liver being much shorter then the other.
• w. The termination of the Left Lobe of the Liver.
• x. The Spleen being of a triangular Figure, is fastned to the Gizard and Guts, by the mediation of diverse Membranes.
• y y. The beginning of the Intestines, wherein a short circumvolution is made.
• z. The Pancreas lodged in a Flexure belonging to the Origen of the Intestines.

Fig. 2. Of the Gizard of a Goose.

• a a a a. The Laminae, or fleshy Expansions of the lateral Muscle opened.
• b b b b. The numerous Laminae of the lateral Muscle, as they are in their natural situation, without any division by Art.
• c c. The Fibres running variously cross the Laminae, which being contracted, put the Laminae closer to each other, and move the Cartilages (to which the Laminae are fastned by tendinous Fi∣bres) up and down in several Positions.
• d d. The first transverse Muscle encircling the entrance into the Stomach.
• e e. The Fibres passing obliquely long-ways, from the beginning to the end of the Muscle.
• f f. The Second transverse Muscle of an Oval Figure, placed opposite to the other, and is be∣fet with many Fibres of a Semi-circular Figure.
• g g. The lower Tendon (appearing as the other) is taken off in the form of a St. Andrews Cross, and is made up of fruitful tendinous Fibres (coming from the lateral and transverse Muscles) uniting in a great broad common Tendon.
• γ γ γ γ. The Origens of the lower Tendon, derived from the lateral and transverse Muscles, ha∣ving Semi-circular tendinous Fibres.
• b. Part of the Bulbous Body.
• i. The Neck passing between the Echinus, and entrance into the Gizard.
• k. The Pylorus, or termination of the Stomach.

Fig. 3. Belonging to the Gizard of a Goose.

• a a a a. The Cartilaginous Plates of a kind of circular Figure.
• b b. The Fissures of the Scute or cartilaginous Plates.
• c c. The tendinous Fibres of the lateral Muscles fastned to the outward surface of the cartilaginous enclosures, seated in the inside of the Gizard.
• d d d. The Cavities of the Scuta, of Cartilaginous Plates.
• e e e e. The Semi-circular ridge, or prominence of the Scutum seated in the upper region of the right side of the Gizard.
• f f f f. The Semi-circular ridges of the Seutum, placed in the lower region of the left side of the Gizard.
• g g g g. The Cavities of the Cartilaginous Plates.

[illustration] engraving of dissected goose bowels

Tab: 19.

Tab. XX.

Fig. 1. The Body of a Brand Goose opened.

• a a. THE Wind-pipe.
• b b. The annular Cartilages, perfectly encircling the Wind∣pipe.
• c c. The Gulet.
• d d. The Trunks of the Aorta, arising out of the Ventricle of the Heart.
• e e. The carotide Branches arising out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Left side.
• f f. The Base of the Heart, lodged near the entrance of the Thorax.
• g g. The Cone of the Heart adjoyning to the Intersepiment, parting the middle and lower Apartiments, and inclineth toward the Right Side.
• h h. The right, broader and thicker Lobe of the Liver.
• I I. Part of the left Lobe of the Liver.
• k k. Part of the Membranes lacerated, and turned to each side of the Thorax.
• l l. The lower region of the Gizard.
• m m. The oblong Muscles fringing the Gizard on each side.
• n n. The transverse Muscle intersecting the oblong Muscles.
• o o. The numerous nervous Fibres, or Tendons, passing the length of the transverse Muscle of the Left side.
• † p p. The Origen of the Intestines creeping out of the lower region of the Gizard † inclining toward the left side.
• q q q. The first Gut wheeling immediately after its Origen for a little space, and then goeth in a kind of a straight course.
• r r r. The short Gyres of the Intestines lodged within the great circum∣volutions.
• r r. The oblong circumvolutions are three or four.
• s s s. The most inmost oblong circumvolution.
• T T T. The next Circumvolution seated in the middle.
• u u u. The third circumvolution.
• w w. The fourth and outmost.
• x x. The Intestina Coeca arising out of each side of the Intestinum notum.

[illustration] engraving of dissected goose body

Tab: 20.

Tab. XXI.

Fig. 1. The first Figure of a Curlue relating to the Middle and lower Apartiment.

• A. THe Aspera Arteria.
• B. The branching of the Aspera Arteria, under which the Gulet passeth.
• C. The Gulet.
• D. The Vena Cava.
• E. The Arteria Magna.
• F. The body of the Heart.
• G. The Cone of the Heart.
• H. The two Ligaments by which the Heart is fastned to the Stomach.
• I. The right and longer Lobe of the Liver out of its situation.
• K. The left and shorter Lobe of the Liver.
• L. The origen of the Gizard or Stomach.
• M. The upper Region of the Stomach.
• N. The thin Membrane investing the Heart and inside of the Thorax.
• o. Part of the Call.
• p. The Guts running in five Arches.

Fig. 2.

• A. The smaller and upper part of the Gulet.
• B. The part of the Gulet near its insertion into the Gizard.
• C. The origen of the first Gut arising on the beginning toward the left side of the Gizard, passing over the Gulet in the form of an Arch.
• D. The body of the Gizard.
• E. The Protuberance seated near the termination of the Gizard.
• F. The first Intestine where it appeareth again after it hath passeth under the Gizard.

Fig. 3.

• G. The Colon.
• H. The Intestinulum Caecum, arising out of the left side of the Colon about its termination, or rather the beginning of the Intestinum Rectum.
• I. The Intestinulum Caecum ascending on the right side.
• K. The beginning of the Intestinum Rectum, where it is smaller.
• L. The broader part or termination of the Intestinum Rectum.

Fig. 4. The Kidneys and Testicles of a Turkey, &c.

• a a. The Testicles seated between the originations of the Kidneys fastned to the Spine, of which the left is the largest.
• b b. The renal Glands placed above the Testicles, and affixed to the Spine.
• c c. The Glands adjoyning to the termination of the Testicles.
• d. The right origen of the Kidneys being single and of a Conick figure.
• e. The left origen of the Kidneys consisting of two Lobules of divers figures.
• f f f f. The middle Lobules of the Kidneys being different in shape and size.
• g g g g. The terminations of the Kidneys made of two Lobules.
• G G. The outward is Semicircular and much longer then the other.
• h h. The inward is much less and of a Pear-like figure.
• iiii. The Spine of the Back passing between the Kidneys.

[illustration] engraving of dissected bird body

Tab: 21.

Tab. XXII.

Fig. 1. The Body of a Heron opened by Dr. Edward Tyson.

• A. † a a. THe Larynx, or top of the Wind-pipe, which had no Epiglottis, but a large Glottis or Rima encompassed with two large Muscles †.
• B B. The Aspera Arteria, or Wind-pipe was long, consisting of an abundance of annular Cartilages seated above the Branches.
• C C. The Cartilages are almost Semicircular, where the Wind-pipe was di∣vided, first into two Branches, and afterward into many.
• D. The Lungs, which were full of holes both in the outward Surface, and more inwardly.
• E. The Heart of this Fowl is very long and large.
• f f. The great Artery arising out of the Heart.
• G G G. The Gulet, which is inserted into the origen of the Stomach.
• H. The Stomach being curiously enameled with Blood-vessels, is outwardly Membranous and lined inwardly with a white hard Pellicle, resem∣bling that of a Gizard of other Fowls; the Stomach of this Fowl being opened, was found to be crammed with Water Scarabaei, or Beetles, and it was curious to observe toward the upper Orifice between the Coats, that many small Glands were beset with Excretory Vessels, spuing out a white Juice, as a Ferment (to open the body of the Ali∣ment lodged in the Stomach) which is the better imparted by the strong Muscles of the Gizard squeesing out a fermentative Juice into its Cavity.
• J. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach.
• K K K. The Intestines are long and of one bigness, and full of many Maeanders.
• L. The Mesentery.
• M. The Intestinum Caecum, which is single and small in this Fowl, and dou∣ble in most others.
• N. The Cloaca is a large bag filled with a whitish clammy mucous Matter which may be conceived to be muted on the Wings of a Hawk (by a Heron soaring above her) to hinder her pursuit.
• O O. The Liver divided into two Lobes.
• P. The Bladder or Gall.
• q q. Two Ductus Bilarii.
• R. The Spleen (as I conceive) is of a very florid Red Colour.
• S S. The Pancreas is very large.
• t t t. This Bowel hath three fair Excretory Ducts, of which two were seated in the Intestine near the Ductus Bilarii, and the third more re∣mote from thence.
• U U. The Testicles.
• W W W. The Kidneys are large in this Fowl.
• X X. The Ureters.
• Y. † Z. A Bladder or Bag, containing a transparent Liquor, which I conceive to be Urine emptied by an Orifice † into the Cloaca. N. as above.

[illustration] engraving of dissected heron body

Tab: 22.

Tab. XXIII.

Fig. 1. Of a Parrot opened.

• a. THE Tongue which is flat and soft.
• b b. Some Foramina which lead into a Cavity, Analogous possibly to to the Tonsils.
• c. The Glottis, or Rima into the Windpipe.
• d d. The Os Hyoides.
• D D. The Aspera arteria, or Windpipe.
• E. The Larynx seated at the lower extremity of the Windpipe.
• e e. Two small Cartilages of the Larynx.
• f f. Two Muscles, which arising from the sides of the Larynx, do run in∣to the two Branches of the Bronchia.
• The flat Tongue and contrivance of the Larynx, seem particularly to be designed for the advantage of the Birds speaking; seem Gastriloqui when they speak.
• g g. The two Branches of the Bronchia, or Windpipe within the Lungs.
• H. The Lungs.
• I. The Ovarium full of small Eggs.
• K K. The Kidneys.
• L L. The Ureters.
• M. The Choaca.
• N. The Oviduct.
• O O. Two Membranes that fasten the Oviduct.
• P. The Heart.
• Q. The Liver which had no Vesicula fellis.
• r r. Two small Ductus Biliarii
• S. The Gula, or Gulet.
• T. The Ingluvies, or Crop.
• V. The Proventriculus.
• W. The Spleen.
• X. The Gizard.
• Y Y. The Guts.
• Z. The Pancreas.

[illustration] engraving of dissected parrot body

Tab: 23.

Tab. XXIV.

Fig. 1. The Body of a Snipe opened.

• a. THE Aspera Arteria, or Wind-pipe.
• b b. The annular Cartilages.
• c c. The Gulet lying under the Wind-pipe.
• d d The Branches of the Aorta.
• e e. The Base of the Heart adjoyning to the upper part of the Thorax.
• f f. The Cone of the Heart lying near the Intersepiment, dividing the middle from the lower Apartiment.
• g g. The right Lobe of the Liver, which is the broader and more long covering the upper region of the Gizard.
• h h. The Left Lobe of the Liver, is the shorter and narrower, and covereth some part of the Left side of the Gizard.
• ii. The Origen of a Gizard beginning in a Cone.
• k k. The termination of the Gizard which is the broadest part of it.
• l l. The Intestines appear in the outward view, to be composed of four seg∣ments of Circles.
• L L. The first and least segment of a Circle.
• m m. The second Gut is the greatest Segment.
• n n. The Third Segment is somewhat less then the Second.
• o o. The Fourth is more minute then the former.

Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Woodcock.

• a a. The Bowels of a Woodcock.
• b b. The Origen of the Gizard, which is the broadest part of it.
• c c. The termination of the Gizard ending into a Cone.
• d d. The Origen of the Intestines.
• e e. The First Intestine.
• f f. The least Anfractus of the lower region of the Guts.
• g. The First Circle of the Intestines.
• h. The Second Circle of them.
• i. The Third Circle of them.
• k. The Fourth Circle.
• l. The Fifth Circle.

[illustration] engraving of dissected snipe body

Tab: 24.

Tab. XXV.

Fig. 1. An Explanation of the parts of the Eye.

• a a. THe Levator of the upper Eye-brow.
• b. The Expansion of the Tendon.
• c c. The Hairs of the Eye-lids.
• D. The Caruncula Lachrymalis seated in the inward Angle of the Eye.
• e e. The Puncta Lachrymalia.
• f. The outward Angle of the Eye-brow.

Fig. 2.

• a a. The Fat, overspreading the hinder region of the Eye.
• b b b. The Muscles severed from the Eye.
• c c. Part of the Eye covered with the Tendons of Muscles.

Fig. 3.

• a a. The right Muscle lifting up the Eye.
• b. The Motory Nerves.
• c. The Muscle drawing the Eye downward.
• d. The Adductor of the Eye.
• e. The Abductor of the Eye.
• f. The oblique inferior Muscle whose Tendon is partly severed.
• g. The oblique upper Muscle.
• h. The Pulley of this Muscle.
• i. The Tunicle called Sclerotes encompassing the hinder region of the Eye.
• k. Part of the Optick Nerve inserted into the Eye.

Fig. 4. Explaining the Eye of a Sheep.

• A b c d. The four right Muscles.
• e. The large oblique inferior Muscle being small.
• f. The oblique superior Muscle.
• G. The Troclea of this Muscle.
• h. The seventh Muscle relating to the Eye of Bruites.
• i. The posterior region of the Eye covered with the Tendon of the seventh Muscle.
• k. Part of the Optick Nerve inserted into the seventh Muscle.

Fig. 5.

• A b c d. The four Muscles (expressed in the former Figures) when the oblique Muscles are removed.
• b b b b. The common Membrane, called innominata.
• a. The Iris with the Pupil appearing through the Tunicle of the Cornea.

Fig. 6.

• a a a. The Tunicle of the Sclerotes dissected.
• b. The Membrane of the Cornea.
• c. Part of the Optick Nerve.

Fig. 7.

• a. The Tunicle of the Ʋvea.
• b. The hole of the Ʋvea commonly called the Pupil of the Eye.
• c c c. The Ciliary Ligament with its Fibrils.
• d d. The black Tunicle called Choroides.

Fig. 8.

• a a. The Retiform Tunicle, being the subject of Vision.
• b b. The Retiform broken in dissection upon the Tunica Vitrea.
• d d. The Choroidal Membrane not parted by dissection.
• c c c. The thickness of the Membrane of the Eye, called Sclerotes.
• E. Part of the Optick Nerve.

Fig. 9. The Humors of the Eye parted and received into a Vessel.

• A. The Cristalline humor placed in the bosom of the Vitreous.
• b b. The footsteps of the Ciliary Processes.
• c c. The Vitreous Humor.
• d d. The watry Humor encompassed by the Vitreous.

[illustration] engraving of dissected and flayed eyes

Tab: 25.

Tab. XXVI. Of a Dory opened.

• a a. THe Muscle expanding the Mouth to a great wideness.
• b b. The entrance of the Stomach being turned up, whereby you may see the inward Folds of it.
• c c. The short neck of the Stomach, which may be styled a Gulet.
• d d. The body of the Stomach adorned with an orbicular or short oval figure.
• e e. The bottom of the Stomach running in a Semicircular figure.
• f. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach.
• g. The origen of the Intestines, which is very slender, and afterward goeth down for some space, and then maketh a Circumvolution.
• H. The Intestinula Caeca affixed to the Intestines.
• h. The first Circumvolution goeth in a straight course, and then ascendeth for three inches, and maketh a second Circumvolution.
• ii. The second Circumvolution, where the Intestines grow larger, maketh a Semicircular progress round the bottom of the Stomach.
• k k. Part of the Liver seated in the left side.
• l The Bladder of Gall being of an oval figure, is seated in the left side.
• m. The Spleen affixed to the left side of the Stomach, is of a kind of oval figure.
• n n. The Vesicle of Air, which is only one, and is large above and more contracted below.
• o. Part of the Pancreas being an expansion lodged under the other.
• p p. The upper Pancreas consisting of many Plicatures.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish

Tab: 26.

Tab. XXVII.

Fig. 1. A Kingston opened.

• a a. THE Fins resembling Wings, parted with Bones, running cross-ways obliquely like Ribs.
• b b. The lower Fins (to which are affixed two round thick Processes) which assist the Fish in swimming in the nature of Oars.
• c c. The right Fibres of the Gulet.
• d d. The circular Fibres of the Gulet.
• e e. The body of the Stomach inclining toward the Left Side.
• f f. The Process of Appendix of the Stomach (making an Arch with the body of the Stomach) ascendeth toward the Right Side.
• g g. The soft Rowe, or Milte, consisting of many partitions seated in the Right Side.
• h h. The Vessel running all along the middle of the Rowe, or Milte, from the top to the bottom.
• ii. The Rowe seated in the Left Side, somewhat out of situation.
• k k. The beginning of the Intestines.
• ii. The termination of the Pancreas, appearing upon the upper surface of the great Gut.
• l l. The Body of the Intestine lodged in the Left Side, and passeth down without the Appendix of the Stomach.
• m m. The Intestinum Coecum, or Blind Intestine.
• n n. The last Intestine.
• o. The Spleen is of a Semi-lunary Form, encircling the bottom of the Stomach.
• p. The Anus, or Vent.

Fig. 2.

• a a. The Stomach.
• b b. The great Gut, or Intestine.
• c c. The termination of the Gut.
• d d. The Vessel passing from the Stomach into the great Gut, and may be called Gastri∣ca intestinalis.
• e e. The body of the Pancreas lying underneath, between the Stomach and great Gut.
• f f. The Neck of the Pancreas
• g g. The termination of the Pancrcas, conveying a Duct into the great Gut.
• h h. Another vessel holding communion between the great Gut and Stomach, passing between the Gut and Stomach, above the Pancreas, and lesser Spleen.
• ii. The lesser Spleen being like a Delta, but out of its proper seat, and obscured by the neighbouring parts, doth resemble somewhat of a Semi-circle.
• k k. The Vessel arising out of the Pancreas, and inserted into the great Gut.
• l l. Another Vessel passing over the Stomach, is inserted into the middle of the Arch, relating to the Semi-lunary Spleen.
• m m. A Vessel arising out of the lesser Spleen, and inserted into the middle of the Sto∣mach.
• n n. A Vessel encircling the Stomach.
• o o. A Vessel arising out of the middle of a Vessel, going out of the lesser Spleen, and passing over the Pancreas, and Stomach, tendeth downward, and terminates into a Gland.
• p p. The great Semi-lunary Spleen encompassing the bottom of the Stomach.

Fig. 3.

• a a. The partition of the first rowe of Glands relating to the Milte.
• b b. The Origen of the second rank of Glands being Spiral.
• c c. The two Ducts that transmit the milky Humor into the Glands affixed to the Spine.
• d d d d. The second rank of Glands, running all down the Spine.
• e e. The terminations of the ranks of Glands having Ducts inserted into the last Gut near the Anus.
• f f. The last Gut into which the excretory Ducts of the second of Glands is inserted.
• g g. The beginning of the Kidney in a point.
• h h. The Kidney seated on the outside of the second rowe of Milky Glands.
• ii. The termination of the Kidney in a small Process of Glands, and is inserted by a Cen∣ter into the Gut near the Anus.

[illustration] engraving of fish

Tab: 27.

Tab. XXVIII. A Fireflaire opened.

• a a. THE cover of the Nostrils.
• b. The Mouth.
• c. The Trunk of the Aorta.
• d. The Heart.
• e. The right Auricle lying under the lower region of the Heart.
• F. † g. Part of the Membrane encompassing the cartilaginous Arch † (part∣ed in the middle, to give sight to the Heart) is Concave toward the lower Venter, and Convex toward the upper.
• H. The top, or origen of the Gulet, much broader then the rest, and af∣ter groweth narrower, as it approacheth toward the Ventricle.
• I. The Gulet.
• K. The Left Orifice of the Stomach.
• l l l. The circumference of the Stomach representing an Arch.
• m. The Right Orifice of the Stomach.
• n. The beginning of the Duodenum, or great Gut, having a narrow Neck.
• o. The turn of the Duodenum, where the Pancreas beginneth.
• p p. The Pancreas arising near the turn of the Duodenum, inserteth it self into the inside of the Right Gut, and that part of the Pancreas, that lieth under the Duodenum is of a kind of triangular Figure.
• q. The Spleen lying within the circumference of the Arch of the Stomach.
• r. The ridge of the Spleen.
• s s s. The great Gut lying in the Right Side.
• T. The Intestinum rectum.
• u. The termination of the Intestinum rectum.
• w. The part of the Gut that lieth in the Left Side.
• x. The Milte, consisting of numerous minute Glands, and Vessels.
• y. The Kidney consisting of many Red Glands, interspersed with white Membranes.
• z. The Ureter discharging it self into the Intestinum rectum.
• 1. The descendent Trunk of the Artery, lodged near the Spine in the Left Side.
• 2. The Artery seated in the Left Side, derived from the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and passing the length of the Milte, transmitteth many Branches into the minute Glands of it.
• 3. The ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, climbing all along near the Spine.
• 4. The termination of the Intestine (seated in the Left Side) to which are affixed a company of white minute Glands, all joyned together by thin small minute Membranes.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish

Tab: 28.

Tab. XXIX. The Viscera of a Skait, &c.

• A. THe Nostrils seated above the Mouth on each side of a Skait.
• B. The Mouth with three rows of Teeth above and below.
• C. The Heart being endued with a Pyramidal figure.
• d. The right Ventricle running cross-wise under the Heart.
• E. The common Trunk arising immediately out of the Heart.
• F. The first and Tripartite branches sprouting on each side out of the com∣mon Trunk, and inserted into the three lower Gills.
• G. The Bipartite Branches emitted on each side out of the Arterial Trunk, implanted into the two upper Gills.
• H. The five Gills seated on each side.
• J. The Cartilaginous Intersepiment or Wall parting the Middle from the lower Apartiment.
• K. The left Lobe of the Liver.
• L. The middle Lobe.
• M. The right Lobe.
• N. The Bladder of Gall.
• O. Part of the Pancreas seated upon the first Gut.
• p. Part of the Spleen.
• q. The Cava entring into the right side of the Appendix of the Heart lying under the body of it.
• R. The descendent Trunk of the Aorta arising out of the left side of the Ap∣pendix of the Heart.
• S. Part of the Gulet appearing between the Lobes of the Liver.
• t. The orbicular Fibers of the Gulet.
• u. The long Fibers of the Gulet.
• w. Part of the Surface of the Stomach.
• A. The Vessels appertaining to the Gills.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish

Tab: 29.

Tab. XXX.

Fig. 1. Containing the Gulet, Ventricle, Pan∣creas, &c. of a Skait.

• THe Gulet, according to Aristotle, is only found in those Animals which are endued with Respiration, whereupon Learned Steno was of an opinion that a Skait had no Aesophagus, as he hath it in the 4th Page of the Anatomy of a Skait; His words are these, treating of a Skait, Ori continuus sine Aesophago Ventriculus unam eandem{que} cum illo in mortuis videtur conficere cavita∣tem, The Ventricle being continued to the Mouth without a Gulet, doth seem to make one and the same cavity with it in dead Fish. With deference to this Learned Author, I take the boldness to make this Reply, That the di∣mensions and form of the Gulet and Stomach are very different in a Skait, in which the Aesophagus in this Fish holdeth much Analogy with the Gulet of other Animals (having Respiration) in point of Figure.
• A A. The Gulet adorned with a round figure and much less then the Ventricle.
• a a a The annular Fibers of the Gulet, so called as encircling it.
• b b. The oblong Fibers making their progress through the length of the Gulet.
• C. The beginning of the Stomach.
• D. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach.
• d. The great Branches of Blood-vessels belonging to the Stomach.
• E E. The transverse or circular Fibers dressing the first Coat of the Stomach.
• f. The oblique Fibers of the second Coat of the Stomach passing in bevil lines.
• g g. The Duodenum or beginning of the Guts.
• h. The greater part or beginning of the Pancreas.
• i. The branches of Blood-vessels shading the Surface of the Pancreas.
• k. The smaller parts or termination of the Pancreas.
• l l l. The branch of the Porta encircling the lower region of the Stomach.
• m. The Spleen being endued with a livid Colour, and a triangular Figure, is seated in an Arch of the Stomach.
• n n. The Milte being dispoiled of its Coat, may be seen to be composed of many small Glands.

Fig. 2. The Skull of a Cod.

• a a. † b b. The Process running in the middle of the Skull, is endued with a thin edge, and terminates into a Sword-like Bone †, being a thin Expansion ending into a Angle, carried an inch and half beyond the Occiput.
• c c. † d d. Two Cavities seated on each side of the Ridg, beset with divers oblong Creces, and end into two pointed Processes †.
• e e. † f f. The Processes being styled Lateral, as placed on each side of the Cavities, are carried all along the sides of the Nostrils, (and conjoyned to the middle Process) guarded on each side with Wing-like Processes †, made up of many bony Fibres.
• g g. † h h. Two thicker Processes do guard the lateral Processes, and are conjoyned in their Origens to the Wing-like Processes, and end into two Mam∣miform Processes †.
• i. The Column fortifying the Base of the Skull, in reference to violent motions of the Head.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish viscera

Tab: 30.

Tab. XXXI.

Fig. 1. The Body of a Base opened.

• a. THE Heart is of a triangular Figure.
• b b. The Semi-circular Figure of the Liver.
• c c. The points of the Liver, ending in the Right and Left Side.
• d. The Bladder of Gall is endued with a conical Figure, beginning in an acute, and ending in an obtuse Cone.
• e. The First and under Process, is the Gulet or Neck of the Stomach.
• f. The Body of the Stomach.
• g. The botom of the Stomach ending in a Cone.
• h. The upper and Second Process of the Stomach.
• i. The beginning of the Guts, where they are united to the end of the Second Process, maketh the First Circumvolution.
• k k. The First Gut going in a straight course.
• l l. The beginning of the Second Gut, where the Second Circumvolution is made.
• m m. The Second Intestine.
• n. The beginning of the Third Gut, where the Third Circumvolution is framed.
• o o. The Third Gut which groweth greater toward its termination.
• p. The end of the Intestines.
• r. The beginning and largest part of the Spleen.
• s. The Cone of the Spleen.
• t. The Body of the Spleen affixed to the upper region of the Stomach.
• u. The Right Ovary which is the shortest
• w. The Left Ovary.
• x x. The Swimmer, which is only a large one in this Fish.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab. 31.

Tab. XXXII.

Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Dog-Fish, called by the Latines Galeus Laevis.

• A. THE Trunk of the Aorta, coming out of the Base of the Heart.
• B B. The Branches springing out of each side of the Aorta.
• C. The Cone of the Heart.
• D D. The body of the Heart resembleth a Shepherds Pouch.
• e e. The Auricle of the Heart, in which being opened, may be seen many muscular Fibres, interwoven after the manner of Network.
• f f. An Intersepiment parting the middle from the lower Venter.
• F F. The upper and thick part of the Liver.
• G G G. The Left Lobe which is very long, extended to the end of the Colon.
• H H. Part of the Right Lobe cut off.
• I I. The sides of the Gulet.
• K K. The transverse Fibres of the Gulet.
• L. The upper part of the Stomach.
• M. The lower part, or Base of the Stomach is more contracted.
• N N N N. The Branches of the Gastric Veins.
• o o o o. The Trunk of the Gastric Veins.
• Q Q. The Gastrepiploic Vessels, seated near the bottom of the Stomach in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Dog-fish on the right side.
• R R R. A Gut ascending up to the top of the Ventricle, and there maketh an Arch.
• S S S. The great Gut, which may be termed the Colon for greatness, (did it not want the connivent Valves) is endued with large Blood-vessels.
• T T. The Pancreas enclosed in its upper region within the Arch of the Gut.
• u u u u u u. The Process of the Pancreas of a Red fleshy colour.
• w. The Fissure near the termination.
• x. The termination of the Process, where it seemeth to be inserted into the Left side of the Stomach.
• y y. The Milte.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 32

Tab. XXXIII.

Fig. 1. A Mustela Fluviatilis Barbata, or an Eel-pout opened.

• In this Figure are represented the Viscera of an Eel-pout.
• a a. THe Teeth in the upper Jaw, which were of two sorts, the outer∣most much the largest, and set at a greater distance, the inner∣most much lesser and closer set.
• b. Another order of Teeth in the upper Jaw.
• c c. Two burs of Teeth set in the Throat.
• d d. Other small burs of Teeth set on the Bones or Radii of the Gills.
• Fishes have Teeth not to chew, but to catch and retain their Prey, and they are so placed with their Hooks or Extremities inward, that they cannot but with great difficulty loose what they have once got hold of; Nature making abundance recompence by their number for what single they want in strength.
• e. The Throat or entrance into the Stomach.
• f f. The Stomach which was almost three inches long.
• g. The Pylorus that did arise out of the side of the Stomach.
• h h. The Intestina Caeca, of which there were about 17 or 18, an Inch and half long.
• ii. The first Intestine which from the Intestina Caeca, to the Rectum, was about ten Inches, making one Flexure.
• K. The Rectum or other Gut about two Inches and half long, when blown up, was as large again as the former Gut, and made a remarkable Flex∣ure, where 'twas joyned fast.
• l l. The Swimmers or Air-bladders.
• m m. The Kidneys.
• n n. The Liver which was white and about three Inches and half long, about one Inch and ¼ broad, but at the top, where it sends forth a Process or Lobe at (o) 'twas an Inch and ¾.

Fig. 2. The Embryo of a Dogfish opened.

• a. The Heart resembling a Shepheard Pouch.
• B B. The two Lobes of the Liver passing the whole length of the Abdomen.
• C. The bladder of Gall.
• D. The Stomach which was of a great length.
• E E. The Spleen.
• f f. The first Gut or Duodenum
• g. Bursa Entiana, so called because first discovered by most Learned and Re∣nowned Sir George Ente, my worthy Friend and Collegue.
• H. The Colon, the last and great Gut.
• J. The Yolk of the Egg, which in this Fish was received into the Belly.
• I. The Pedunculus or Ductus Intestinalis, inserted into the Bursa.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 33.

Tab. XXXIV. The Body of a Bream opened.

• a. THe Base of the Heart.
• b. The Cone of the Heart.
• c c. The greater and broader part of the Liver.
• d. The smaller part running in length for some inches.
• e e. The Bladder of Gall.
• f. The entrance of the Stomach.
• g. The Arch of the Stomach.
• h h. The Body of the Stomach, which is very long.
• i. The termination of the Stomach.
• k. The origen of the Intestines, where the Stomach and Guts being con∣joyned, make the first Circumvolution.
• l l. The first and greater Gut.
• m. The second Circumvolution where the second Gut beginneth.
• n n n. The second Gut which is much less then the former, and taketh its progress between the Stomach and first Intestine.
• o. The termination of the Guts.
• p p. The first and great row.
• q. The second row.
• r. The third row.
• s. The fourth row.
• t. The upper and least Vesicle of Air beginning in a point, and ending more large dimensions.
• u u. The lowest and longest Vesicle of Air beginneth large and endeth in a Cone.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 34.

Tab. XXXV.

Fig. 1. Of a Pope opened.

• a. THE great Trunk of the Artery.
• b. The body of the Heart.
• c. The Cone of the Heart, which may be resembled to one part of the cloven Foot of a Deer.
• d. The entrance into the Gulet.
• e. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach.
• f. The body of the Stomach.
• g. The bottom of the Stomach.
• i. The termination of the Stomach.
• k. The beginning of the Guts, where it immediately maketh a Maeander, and goeth down for some short space, and then maketh a Circumvolution.
• l. The first Circumvolution, and then ascendeth for an Inch, and maketh another Cir∣cumvolution.
• m. The Second Circumvolution, and passeth down in a straight course between the Ova∣ries to the Vent.
• n n. The two Ovaries, which discharge themselves into the Intestinum rectum, near the Vent.
• o o. Part of the Liver turned up.

Fig. 2. The Body of a Perch opened

• a. The entrance of the Gulet, which is large.
• b. The Gulet, or Neck of the Stomach.
• c. The Body of the Stomach.
• d. The beginning of the Intestines.
• e e. Two Intestinula Caeca seated on each side of the Origen of the Guts.
• f. The first Circumvolution of the Guts, beginning immediately after the Pylorus, and goeth in a straight course for an Inch or more, and then maketh a Circumvolution.
• g. The Second Maeander of the Intestines, mounting up for some space, and then maketh a third Circumvolution, and afterward passeth in a straight course between the Milt.
• h h. The Milt placed on each side of the Intestines.
• ii. Part of the Liver seated in the Left Side.
• k. The Bladder of Gall placed in the Right Side.

Fig. 3. The Body of a Smelt opend.

• a. The Heart being as in other Fish, of a triangular Figure.
• b b. The Liver being of an Ash-colour, hath its Origen broad, and is a little parted to∣ward the Right Side, where it hath a small pointed Process.
• c. The Origen which is broader then the rest of the Liver.
• d. The small pointed Process on the top of the Liver.
• e e. The Gulet, or Neck of the Stomach, seated in the Left Side, and the Process climb∣ing up the Right Side, maketh an Arch with the body of the Stomach, and is like a Pike, larger above, and endeth in an obtuse Cone.
• f f. The Process sprouting out of the Right side of the Body of the Stomach, which de∣termineth near the Pylorus.
• g. The Pylorus, or termination of the Stomach, where the Gut begins.
• h. The Origen of the Guts makes a short Circumvolution and then goes down between the Sides of the Arch for some space, and afterward creepeth under the Process of the Stomach and then maketh its progress almost in a straight line.
• ii. The straight course of the Guts, from their turning above, to the Anus below.
• k k. The Bladder of Gall being of a Brownish colour, and very large (considering the smallness of the Fish) is affixed to the Concave part of the Liver, as in other Animals.

Fig. 4. The Body of a Gudgeon opened.

• a a. The Heart of a Triangular Figure.
• b. The Auricle of the Heart lying under it, in a supine posture, runneth cross the Thorax.
• c. The Gills.
• d d. Part of the Liver put out of its proper situation.
• e e. The Stomach seated in the Right Side, is larger and narrower toward its termination where it is conjoyned to the beginning of the Guts.
• f f. † g g. The Guts begin in a short Maeander, and then climb up toward the beginning of the Stomach, where the Second begins, making a short Maeander, and then passeth in a straight line †.
• h. The termination of the Guts near the Lef•• Side.
• i. The vesicle of Gall being of a Black colour, is seated in the right Side, in the concave part of the Liver.
• k k. The hard Rowes, or Ovaries seated on each side of the Guts.
• l l. The Swimmer, or Bladder of Air.
• m. The Spleen of a Red colour, and pyramidal Figure.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish

Tab: 35.

Tab. XXXVI.

Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Grey Mullet.

• a. THE Heart endued with a triangular Figure.
• b. The Auricle of the Heart out of its situation.
• c. The common Trunk of the great Artery.
• d d. Part of the Liver out of its situation.
• e. Part of the Gulet, adorned with a round Figure.
• f. The Body of the Stomach, beautified with a circular Figure in its outward circumference, con∣taining within it another Circle, and both are beautified with many transverse Fibres.
• g. A round Cavity lodged in the center of the Stomach, encircled with transverse carnous Fibrils.
• h. The Fundus, or bottom of the Stomach, terminating into an acute Cone.
• ii. The Intestinula Caeca affixed to the Origen of the Guts.
• k. The beginning of the Intestines.
• K K. The Spleen hued with a dark Red, and endued with a conick Figure.
• l l l l. The Guts making many Maeanders.
• m. The long neck of the first Milte implanted into the Gulet.
• n. The neck of the Second Milte, implanted into the Poke or Process of the Stomach, below the Body of it.
• o. The excretory Ducts of the First Milte, inserted into the Intestinum rectum, near the Anus.
• p. The excretory Duct of the Second Milte, ending as the First.
• q. The Body of the Milte (lodged near the Left side.)
• r. The Body of the Second Milte (seated near the Chine) beginning and ending in a Cone.
• s. The Anus.

Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Red Mullet.

• a. The Heart adorned with a triangular Figure.
• b. The great Trunk of the Aorta.
• c. The Auricle of the Heart.
• d. Part of the Liver seated in the Left side.
• e e. The Gulet placed in the Left side.
• f. The Body of the Stomach seated in the Left side.
• G. The Body of the Stomach placed in the Right side.
• g. The bottom of the Stomach terminating into a Cone.
• h. The Pylorus.
• i The Origen of the Guts, making a Circumvolution.
• k k. The Intestinula Caeca affixed to the Duodenum.
• l. The Second Maeander of the Intestines, which is very short.
• m m. The great Gut ending into a double Branch.
• n. The First, or upper Spleen is seated near the Stomach, and endued with an oblong round Figure, and hued with a Purple colour.
• o. The Second and lower Spleen is somewhat more large, and dressed with a conick Figure.
• p p. The hard Rowes, or Ovaries, consisting of many Eggs.

Fig. 3. An Eel opened.

• a. The Heart of an Eel beautified with a Conick Figure, beginning in an acute, and termina∣ting into a more obtuse Cone.
• b b. The Liver is adorned with a bright Yellow colour, and taketh its rise in two little Processes or Heads, and terminates into a kind of Cone.
• C. The Bladder is endued with a deep Blue colour, and with a Pear-like Figure.
• d d d d. The Guts have but one Circumvolution, and seem to be two in number.
• E. The upper Spleen being of a dark colour, is beautified with a conick Figure, and seated between the Guts, near the Circumvolution.
• e. The Second, or lower Spleen is seated between the two Guts, much lower then the former, and is adorned with an Oval Figure.
• f f f f. The Kidneys beginning near the Guts, take their progress on both sides of the Spine in various waves, and have their lower Extremity endued with a point, near the termina∣tion of the Intestinum rectum, into which they discharge the Urine by the Ureters.
• g g g g. The Blood-vessels descending all along on the right side of the Spine.
• h h h h. The Milte running on each side of the Guts in many plicatures.
• iii. The Spine passing between the Kidneys all down the Back.
• k. The Anus, or termination of the Intestinum rectum.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 36

Tab. XXXVII.

Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Gurnet.

• a. THe Gulet or Neck of the Stomach seated on the left side.
• b b. The body of the Stomach.
• c. The termination or bottom of the Stomach ending in a Cone.
• d d d. The Intestinula Caeca turned up, which are three, conjoyned by the mediation of Membranes, and in the natural situation do lie upon the beginning of the Guts.
• e e e. The Intestines descend the length of the Body, and have three Circumvolutions.
• f. The right Process of the Stomach which joyneth to the origen of the Intestines.
• g. The Vesicle of Air, commonly conceived the Bladder, by which the Fish swimmeth.
• h h. The transverse Fibres of the Vesicle of Air.
• i. The Muscle of the Vesicle of Air running long-ways.
• k k. The Ovaries seated on each side.
• l l. The termination of the Kidneys lodged near the end of the Intestines.
• m. Part of the Liver put out of its natural situation the better to discern the Stomach.

Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Whiting.

• a. The Gulet seated in the left side.
• b b. The Process arising out of the body of the Stomach, bendeth toward the right side, and there is conjoyned to the origen of the Intestines.
• c c. The body of the Stomach beginning large and ending small.
• d. The Cone or termination of the Stomach.
• D. The Spleen adjoyning to the Stomach.
• e e. The Intestinula Caeca lifted up out of their proper place, in which they cover the Gulet and Process of the Stomach both above and below.
• f f. The Gut descending on the left side in several windings.
• g g. The Sounds being large in their origen near the Head and smaller toward their termination.
• h h. The transverse Fibers or Filaments of the Sounds.
• iii. The Liver descending down the left side being broader above and narrower below.
• k k. The Seam going down the middle of the Liver long-ways.
• l l. The Intestinula Caeca lodged between and under the Gulet and Process of the Stomach.

Fig. 3. The Bowels of a Turbes.

• a a. The entrance of the Stomach of a Turbat turned up, which is very large, consisting in the inside of many folds.
• b b. The Folds seated in the inside of the entrance of the Stomach.
• C. The lower Spleen seated between the Stomach and Guts, and is hued with a deep Red.
• c c c c. The Stomach running in a Semicircular figure:
• d. The Pylorus conjoyned to the termination of the Great Gut.
• e e. The beginning of the Intestines resembling another Stomach.
• f f f. The Intestines run round in a Circular figure, and begin large and grow less and less a great way.
• g g. The end of the Guts seated in the upper part of the left side not far from the head.
• h. The Caecum an Appendix fastned to the beginning of the Guts.
• J. The upper Spleen adjoyning to the Liver being endued with a florid Red.
• ii. Part of the Liver fastned to the beginning of the Stomach.
• k k. The Liver parted by Fissures into many Lobes, encompassed by the Circular Intestine.
• l l. The Pancreas adjacent to the Convex part of the Stomach.
• m. The Excretory Duct of the Pancreas inserted into the Stomach.

Fig. 4. The Bowels of a Prill.

• a. The Mouth of the Gulet cut open and turned up, in which being large the inward Surface is furnished with many Folds.
• b b. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach, that conveyeth the Aliment into it.
• c c. The body of the Stomach running in a Semilunary figure.
• d. The Protuberance of the Stomach near its termination, where it maketh a Circumvolution.
• e e. The body of the Stomach resembling a Semicircle in figure.
• f. The winding of the Stomach near its termination and conjunction with the Origen of the Intestines, which goeth first underneath the Intestines, and afterward appears in a greater Circular figure, containing three Globules of the Liver, and the Guts appear in many more short Maeanders.
• g g. The great circular Circumvolution of the Guts, in which some part of the Liver is lodged.
• h h. The short Maeanders of the Intestines.
• i. The Cloaca in which the Excrements are lodged till the time of Excretion.
• n. The Caecum, an Appendant of the Guts.
• l. The Globules of Liver enclosed within the circumference of the circular Intestine.
• o. The Vessels Enameling the Mesentery.
• q. Part of the Spleen out of its situation appearing between the circular Intestine and the Stomach.
• R. The termination of the Intestines attended with a Vent, seated in the left side about an Inch from the Mouth.
• m. The Bladder of Gall seated near the Origen of the Liver.
• p. The Origen of the Liver where its endowed with the greatest thickness, and afterward the Liver passeth under the Guts, and at last discovereth it self in diverse Globules placed within the circumference of the circular Intestine.

Fig. 5. The Bowels of a Plaice.

• a a. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach making part of the Circle.
• b b. The Body of the Stomach which is circular.
• c c. The narrow and thick part or Origen of the Liver.
• d d. The body of the Liver encircled with the Stomach ending broad and thin.

This Fish hath a double Spleen.

• e. † E. The upper Spleen (endued with a triangular Figure) is fastned to the Concave part of the Liver † near its Origen.
• f. The lower Spleen is fastned to the Guts by an Excretory Duct terminating into the Cloaca.
• g g g. The Excretory Duct.
• h. The Cloaca or termination of the Guts near the Anus.
• i. † k. The Bladder of Gall hath two Excretory Ducts, the one coming from the Concave part of the Liver, and the other Duct † is inserted into the Stomach near its Origen.

Fig. 6. A Flounder opened.

• a. The Origen of the Gulet.
• b. The Gulet or neck of the Stomach.
• c c c. The Ventricle which hath somewhat of a Semicircular figure.
• d. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach.
• E. The upper Spleen tied to the Concave part of the Liver.
• e e e. The Guts and situation.
• F. The Bladder of Gall.
• f f. Part of the Liver (furnished with Glands) turned up.
• G. The lower Spleen.
• g. The Mesenterick Vessels.
• h. The beginning of the Kidney which is most large.
• iii. The body of the Kidney, endued with a Pyramidal figure, the Base being in its origen, and Point in its termination.
• k. The Cone or termination of the Kidney.
• l. The Ureter coming from the Kidney, is inserted into the Bladder.
• m. The Ureter cut off.
• n. The beginning of the Bladder of Urine.
• o. The body of the Bladder, endued with an oblong round Figure.
• p. The termination of the Bladder confining on the Vent, seated on the right side of the Fish.
• q q q. The Ovaries beginning in large dimensions, and ending into a Cone, and are double, lying upon one another in the right side, and after the same manner the Milts are placed.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab. 37

Tab. XXXVIII.

Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Lamprey.

• † a a. THe Heart of a Lamprey is covered with a white Cartilaginous substance † as being the Pe∣ricardium resembling the form of a Heart, which is double in this Autopsy; for I saw the left Lobe, or Ventricle being often pricked, make many Vibrations, three or four every time it was wounded, and immediately after the right Lobe or Ventricle being pricked with the point of a Knife, did not make the least motion.
• b. The Lobe seated in the right side of the Heart.
• c. The Lobe or Ventricle placed in the left side of the Heart.
• d d. The Gulet is very different from the Stomach both in thickness and length, and especially in the first entrance, and its lower Region is enwrapped with a thick glandulous substance, and is covered all over with a more thin expansion of the same nature.
• The Gulet is encircled for an inch or more with a white Pyramidal Cartilage, its Base lieth near the Mouth, and its point downward.
• e e. The Stomach is bigger above, and endeth into a kind of point, out of which there is a very small passage into the Guts.
• f f f. The Caul is composed of many parts, enclosed with proper Membranes, and resemble the In∣testines, running up and down in many Gyres, the whole length of the Abdomen to the Anus.
• g g g. The Intestines in this Fish are most large in their Origen, and they pass from the right to the left side, and then make a Circumvolation, and afterward maketh its progress in a straight course under the Liver; The Intestines have greatest dimensions in their beginning, and less in their termination near the Vent.
• The Intestines are of a red colour resembling Blood-vessels in colour, and are endued with numerous folds (passing the length of the Guts) which give a check to the over-quick mo∣tion of the Chyle and gross Excrements.
• † h h. The Liver † of a Lamprey is destitute of Lobes, being of one entire substance, as in a Sal∣mon, and is bigger and thicker in its origen, and endeth in a kind of point, its body co∣vereth the upper part of the Intestines.
• ii. The Globules appearing very fair in the Liver where the Coat is stripped off.

Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Garfish.

• † a. † b. The Heart of a Garfish is a Triangular figure (its Base † is seated upward, and its Cone † downward, as in most Fish, and is lodged in a small apartiment under the Tongue, which may be styled the Thorax, which is parted from the lower Venter by a thin membranous Diaphragm.
• † c c. Under the Heart (lying in a supine posture, as most convenient for Dissection) is seated a large Auricle †, to which the Vena Cava is fastned, carrying Blood into the Heart.
• † d. And the right side of the Auricle, hath a minute Body † somewhat of a Pyramidal figure, whose more large part is affixed to the Base of the Heart inclining toward the right side.
• † e e. The Stomach † is as it were the upper part of the Intestine, or origen of it having no Plica∣tures, as are found in most Fish, and hath the same structure, and differeth only as some∣what bigger, and no Sphincter relating to the Pylorus, there being no straightness where the Stomach endeth.
• † f f. † g. The Gut † of this Fish is destitute of any Circumvolation, and maketh its progress in a straight course all down the lower Venter to the Vent †.
• This long Intestine hath no Valves in its inside, nor any Cells like those of a Honey-comb (which have been discovered in the single Intestine of a Sturgeon) which are instituted by Na∣ture, as I conceive; to give many stops to the overhasty passage of the Excrements.
• And the reason, I conceive, why this Fish hath but one Gut, destitute of Folds, Valves, and Cir∣cumvolations, is, because the Ferments of the Stomach and Gut being one continued Ca∣vity, are very spirituous, active, and full of Volatil saline parts, which can quickly col∣liquate the Aliment, and extract the Liquor; so that there needs no Folds, Valves, or Gyres, to give a long stay to the nourishment of easie Concoction in the Stomach and Guts.

Fig. 3. The Liver of a Garfish.

• a a. The upper Region of the Liver which is very broad.
• b b. The lower Region of the Liver which groweth less and less, and endeth in a Cone.
• c. The Cone of the Liver in which it terminateth.
• d d d d d. The Glands besetting the upper and under Region of the Liver.
• e e e e. The Ducts importing bilious Matter secerned in the body of the Liver into the greater Cavity of the Bladder of Gall.
• f f. The Bladder of Gall full of small oblong Fibers, by which the Bladder is contracted, and the Oyl excerned out of its Bosome.

Fig. 4. The Kidneys of a Gurnet.

• a a. The broader and upper part of the Spine.
• b b. The progress of the Spine all along the Back, in a Pyramidal figure.
• c c. The upper Region of the Kidneys, which is much expanded after the manner of an imperfect Triangle, and consisteth of two large Lobules.
• d d d. The progress of the Kidneys which are very narrow.
• e e. The termination of the Kidneys when they are conjoyned, which is much broader and thicker then the middle, and terminate on each side near the extremity of the Intestines into two Co∣nick Lobules much larger then any of the rest.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 38.

Tab. XXXIX.

Fig. 1. A Crab opened, By Doctor Edward Tyson.

• This Figure was chiefly designed to represent the Intestina Cae∣ca, which are more numerous in a Crab then in any other Animal.
• A. THE Mouth.
• b b. The Stomach.
• c c c c c c. The Intestina Caeca, filled with a Chymous substance, and is that part that is dressed in eating a Crab.
• d. Other Intestina Caeca that lye upon the straight Gut that lies in the Body.
• e e. The Rectum, or straight Gut that lies in the Tail.
• f. The Finns.
• g g. The two Penes.

Fig. 2. Of a Crab opened.

• ...This Figure represents the Mouth, the Stomach, the Intestine, and double Penis of a Crab.
• a a. The Mouth.
• b b. The Stomach.
• c. The First Gut.
• d. The Rectum in the Tail.
• e. The Finns.
• f f f f. The double Penis in situ naturali, as retracted in the Body.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected crab

Tab: 39.

Tab. XL.

Fig. 1. Asellus Virescens opened.

• a a. THE entrance into the Stomach.
• b b b. The Stomach which is of one equal bigness.
• c. The bottom of the Stomach out of which the Aliment ascendeth a little space, and passeth into a Process to the Pylorus.
• d. The Process of the Stomach ending in the Pylorus.
• e. The Pylorus, or termination of the Stomach.
• f f. The Intestinula Caeca, which are very numerous, resemble a bunch, made of very short Bodies, beginning near the Pylorus, and encircling the Origen of the Intestines, where the First Circumvolution is Semi-circular, and passeth under the Intestines, and goeth down some∣what wheeling to the bottom of the Belly, and passeth at last under the other Intestines, and maketh first a Semi-circle, and afterward diverse other Maeanders, which in some manner resemble Spires.
• g. The Maeander of the first Gut, which is Semi-circular.
• h h. The spiral windings of the Intestines lodged in the lower part of the Belly.
• ii. The Second Gyre, or Circumvolution of the Intestines seated above.
• k. The Anus, or termination of the Guts.
• l l l. The largest Lobe of the Liver turned out of situation, to discover the Stomach.
• m. Part of the Liver in situ.
• n n. The Spleen of a dark Red colour, and of an oblong Figure, beginning and ending is Cones.
• o o. The Bladder of Air, vulgarly called the Swimmer.
• p p. A glandulous Body, affixed to the upper region of the Swimmer. Another Gland not repre∣sented, fastned to another part of the Swimmer, not far remote from the other.
• q q. The Ʋreters passing in a wheeling posture, inserted into the Cloaca, or termination of the Guts.

Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Rochet.

• a a. The Liver lifted up, and put out its natural situation.
• b b. The Gulet seated in the Left side, wheeleth under the body of the Stomach.
• c c. The body of the Stomach large above, and groweth less and less, ending in an obtuse Cone.
• d d. The Process of the Stomach, arising out of the Right side, and at last conjoyned to the Origen of the Intestines.
• e. The Cone of the Stomach in which it terminates.
• f f. The Blood-vessels of the Stomach.
• g. Some part of the Bladder of Gall appearing near the Right side of the Stomach.
• h. Some part of the Intestinula Caeca, which were lodged in their natural situation on the Lest side.
• k k. The Intestinula Caeca arising out of the Origen of the Intestines, or termination of the Stomach, do cover them.
• i. The Origen of the Bowels, where they make the first Circumvolution.
• l l. The progress of the Intestines, making a Second Circumvolution below.
• m m. The Filaments of the Nerves wrought after the manner of Network.
• n n. The Intestine that runneth obliquely toward the Left side, and terminates at the Vent.
• o o o. The Ovary ascending on both sides of the Vesicles of Air, vulgarly called Swimmers.
• p. The Ducts arising out of the termination of the Ovaries, through which the little Eggs are trans∣mitted into the Cloaca, or end of the Intestines, in the time of Spawning.
• q. Part of the Kidney seated above.
• r. The terminations of the Kidneys near the Vent, where they both unite.
• s s. The Vesicle of Air, or the Swimmer in the Right side, which is much the larger.
• t t. The Swimmer, or Vesicle of Air in the Left side, which is less in dimensions.

Fig. 3. The Bowels of a Tench.

• A A. The Cones encompassing the Palate.
• a. The Palate beset with many minute Glands, attended with excretory Ducts, discharging a thin Liquor into the Cavity of the Mouth.
• b. A Bone, of a kind of pyramidal Figure, biggest above, and smallest in the termination, and is seated near the root of the Palate, conceived to be after the manner of a Millstone to grind the Aliment upon.
• c c. Part of the Liver seated in a circle of the Intestines, and consisteth of many Globuli and every one of them is composed of diverse minute Glands.
• d d. Part of the Liver descending in the Right side on the consines of the Liver.
• e e. The entrance of the Stomach opened, and the inside is full of folds.
• f f. The Stomach beginning in large dimensions, groweth smaller towards the end.
• g. The termination of the Stomach, which is much less then the Origen.
• h h h. The Intestines which make a Circumvolution, encircleth diverse Globules of the Liver.
• i. The Intestinum rectum.
• k k. The lower and larger Vesicle of Air, commonly called a Swimmer, lodged under the Guts, and is of a pyramidal Figure, beginning in large dimensions, and ending in an obtuse Cone.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 40.

Tab. XLI.

Fig. 1. The Body of a Viper opened.

• a a. THe outward Skin belonging to the Neck consisting of many Scales of diverse shapes and sizes.
• b b b b b b. The inward Skin consisting of many Scales (endued with a kind of quadrangular figure) mutually connected by the interposition of Membranous Ligaments encircling each Scale.
• c. The Gulet being very long and narrow, passing on the left side of the Aspera Arteria.
• d. The origen of the Stomach.
• e. The termination of the Stomach.
• f f f. The body of the Stomach, which seems to be double, as parted by an oblong narrow Neck.
• g. The beginning of the Guts.
• h h h h. The Guts having but few Maeanders, and are endued with various dimensions.
• l. The Anus or Termination of the Guts.
• m m. Two Glandulous substances which seem to be a double Pancreas lying on each side of the great Gut, and tied to the Kidneys.
• n n n n. The Kidneys lodged on each side of a small Gut, and are larger about their Origens, and end into a kind of obtuse Cones.
• o o. The Aspera Arteria passing over the beginning and neck of the Stomach, and after creeps under its Body.

Fig. 2. The Body of a Snake (falsly called a Viper) opened.

• a a. The inward Cutis.
• b b b b b b b b b. The outward Cutis variegated with many colours.
• c c c c. A fatty glandulous substance.
• d d d d d. † E. A Trunk of a Blood-vessel (as I conceive) passing near the Spine † to the Auricle of the Heart.
• f. The origen of the Heart, made in an obtuse Cone.
• g. The termination of the Heart endued with a more acute Cone.
• h. The Auricle of the Heart, seated on the right side.
• i. The Aspera Arteria, or Wind-pipe, which creepeth under the Heart to∣wards the Lungs.
• k k. The Lungs consisting of many Vesicles of Air.
• l l. The Liver beginning in a more acute, and ending into a more obtuse Cone, passing all along the right side of the Stomach.
• m m m m m. The Stomach is of a great length.
• n n n n n n. The Guts for the most part are framed in numerous short Maeanders.
• o o o o. The last Gut running more straight without any Gyres.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 41

Tab. LXII.

Fig. 1. The Viscera of a Carp.

• a. THe Origens of the Kidneys of a Carp which are small, beginning as it were in obtuse Cones.
• b b. The Progress of the Kidneys or body of them full of diverse Glands, some oval or round, others of Oblong and a conick figure of various Angles.
• c c. The Cruciform Processes of the Kidneys, as going transverse to the insides of this Fish, in the form of a Cross.
• d d d d. The Ureters coming out of the cross-like Processes, and passing on each side of the Kidneys are implanted into the origination of the Bladder.
• e e e e. The small Processes of the Kidneys derived from the Cruciform Processes, taking their pro∣gress on each side of the Spine to the origen of the Bladder of Urine.
• f. The origen of the Bladder of Urine.
• g. The body of the Bladder of Urine endued with a kind of Orbicular figure.
• h h. The Spine descending between the Kidneys.
• ii. The greater Glands of the Milt cut off, and passing on each side of it.
• k k. The smaller Glands making a Ridg in the middle of the larger Glands, and descending the whole length of it.
• l. The deferent Vessels (going down the side of the Bladder) is inserted into the Vent, and dischargeth the Seminal milky Liquor through it.
• m. The Deferent Vessels cut off.
• n. The Vent into which the Ureters and Deferent Vessels disburden their various Liquors.

Fig. 2. Of the Viscera of a Codling, the Kidneys, Ovaries, &c.

• The Kidneys of a Codling are very small in their Origens, and run down on each side of the Spine, and are much less on the right side then on the left, in which they are chiefly seated, and they are Compounded in this Fish of many small Globules consisting of innumerable minute Glands, of a round Figure, as far as I could judge by the help of a Glass, and have short Ureters in∣serted into an oblong Bladder of Urine of a Pear-like figure, which ascendeth under the Guts on the left side of the Kidneys.
• The Kidneys are lodged under the Sounds, which are a thick tough Membrane full of Glands, and sits hollow under the Guts at some distance from the small tender Glands, to guard them against the outward assaults, against the pressure of the Stomach when distended by a Fish received into it.
• a a. Part of the Sounds of a Codling, which being whole, do enclose the Kidneys like a Sack, and secure them against outward assaults, and are of a Membranous substance full of small Glands, and being well Cooked, are a delicate Dish of Meat.
• b b. These Sounds have many small oblong white Processes (interspersed with the red Processes of the Kidneys) into which their terminations are implanted.
• c c. The Originations of the Kidneys which are very small, and run down on each side of the Spine.
• d d. The Spine passing between the Kidneys.
• e e e e. A Blood-vessel running all along the Spine among the Glands of the Kidneys.
• f f f f. The bodies of the Kidneys are much larger then their beginning, and are compounded of many small Glands of different shapes and sizes, and have their Ureters inserted into the Bladder of Urine not far from its Neck.
• g g. Near their termination the Kidneys are Pyramidal, and end in acute Cones.
• h h. The Bladder of Urine is endued with a kind of Pear-like figure, and ascendeth under the Guts on the left side of the lower end of the Spine.
• ii. The Ovaries being lodged near the Intestines, are full of an innumerable company of small Eggs.
• k. The Vagina or Duct through which the Eggs do pass into the cavity of the Intestinum Rectum.
• l. The Blood-vessels which are divaricated through the Ovaries, and sport themselves in numerous minute Branches.
• m. Part of the Intestinum Rectum into which the Vagina or Neck of the Ʋterus and the Duct of the Bladder of Urine are inserted.
• n. The Vent or Anus through which the Eggs are discharged.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 42.

Tab. XLIII.

Fig. 1. The Ovaries, Oviducts, and Uterus of a Thornback.

• f f f f. g g g g. THE Ovaries integrated of greater and lesser Eggs, are many divarications of small Blood-vessels, shading the Ovaries.
• h h h h. The Membranes to which the Ovaries are affixed.
• ii. Two Semi-circular white Bodies placed near the Origens of the Ovi∣ducts.
• k k. The Oviducts beginning near the Ovaries, and ending in the Ʋterus, or Cloaca.
• l l. The Blood-vessels tied together by Membranes, and placed near the Convex Surface of the Semi-circular Bodies.
• m m. The Eggs incrusted over with Cartilagiuous shells, enclosed within the thin transparent Membranes of the Oviducts.
• n. The Intestinum Caecum confining on the Intestinum rectum.
• o. The Cloaca, or rather Uterus.
• p p. The Glands seated on each side of the Cloaca or Uterus.

Fig. 2.

• a. The Body or Center of the Egg, taken out of the Cloaca, or Uterus.
• b b. The cartilaginous Shell of a quadrangular Figure.
• c c c c. The Processes, or Horns, inserted into the Angles of the Shell.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish female reproductive system

Tab: 43.

Tab. XLIV. A Female Porpess opened.

• a. PArt of the Buckler Cartilage belonging to the Larynx.
• b. The Wind-pipe, consisting of annular Cartilages, interspersed with Membranes.
• c c. The Lobe of the Lungs, encompassing the Right side of the Heart.
• d d. The Lobe of the Lungs enclosing the Left side of the Heart.
• e e. The Surface of the soft Lobes, adorned with the terminations of vessels, resembling Network.
• f. Part of the Pericardium, covering part of the Right side of the Heart.
• g. The Base of the Heart.
• h. The Cone of the Heart.
• i. The Blood-vessels passing down on one side from the Base toward the Cone.
• k k. The Diaphragme having its Concave-Surface toward the Stomach, and Convex toward the Heart.
• l l. The Right Lobe of the Liver greater then the other.
• m. The Left Lobe of the Liver covering part of the lesser Stomach.
• n. The lesser Stomach seated under the greater, in the Left side.
• o. Some part of the Origen of the Guts (cut off) which adjoyned to the lesser Stomach.
• p. The upper part of the Stomach.
• q. The bottom of the Stomach ending into an obtuse Cone.
• r. The Pancreas made up of numerous Glands.
• s. The Spleen hued with a livid colour, adorned with a Pear-like Figure, fastened to the upper Surface of the Stomach, by Ligaments.
• t. The Ligaments tying the Spleen to the Stomach.
• u. One small orbicular Body adjacent to the beginning of the Spleen.
• w w. The Kidneys (endued with an Oval Figure) made up of many Glands.
• x x. The Testicles, or Ovaries, endued with an obtuse Conick Figure.
• y y. The Oviducts passing in short Maeanders, and terminating into the beginning of the Cornua.
• α α. The Cornua of the Uterus, being narrow in their Origen, and afterward are more enlarged.
• β. The Body of the Uterus.
• υ υ. The Blood-vessels running to the Cornua and Ovaries.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected porpoise

Tab: 44.

Tab. XLV A Female Dogfish opened, called by the La∣tines Galeus Laevis.

• a a. THe holes relating to the Olfactory Nerves.
• b b. The Palate beginning in a Semicircular figure.
• c c c. The Gills seated on each side of the Palate.
• d d d. Part of the Stomach turned up.
• e e e. The Blood-vessels of the Stomach.
• f f f. The Eggs of different magnitudes.
• g. The beginning of the Oviducts.
• h h. The body of the Oviducts.
• i. The termination of the Oviducts.
• k. The Intestinum Caecum.
• l. The Intestinum Rectum.
• m m m. The Ʋterus lodged in the right side not opened.
• n n. The Blood-vessels of the Uterus not opened.
• o o o o. The upper rank composed of four Embryos.
• p p. The Tails of the Embryos turned up.
• q. Part of the Chorion covering somewhat of the Embryos.
• r r. Part of the Uterus belonging to the left side, covering the lower rank of Fish.
• s s. The Sinus seated on each side of the Vent.
• t. The Vent.
• u u. The upper Sinus seated below the Gills.
• w w. The Vent.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish

Tab: 45.

Tab. XLVI.

Fig. 1. Of a Silkworm.

• a a. THe two Processes about the Mouth, by which being contracted, it taketh Ali∣ment into its Mouth.
• b b b b b b. The Incisures or Rings of the Silkworm wherein it resembleth a Caterpiller.
• c c. The Legs affixed to the Wings, seated about the Belly.
• d. Part of the Anus, coming out of the Body.

Fig. 2.

• a a. The open and rough Contexture of the outward Coat relating to a Silkworm.
• b b. The large Network and large empty Spaces of the outward Coat.
• c c. The Frame of the middle Coat, more loose then the third.
• d d. The Areae of the middle Coat are greater then the outward.

Fig. 3.

• a a. The third Coat made up of Filaments finely spun.
• b b. The Areae of this Coat more large then the third Coat.

Fig. 4. Of the upper Region of a Silkworm.

• The Skull being Cartilaginous consisteth of five Processes, two small ones near the Mouth endued with a round oval figure, and two great oblong Ovals, besetting each side of the middle Oval much broader then the rest, beginning in a kind of Se∣micircular figure and ending into an obtuse Cone, which hath many slender crooked Processes adjoyning to its Extremity.
• a a. The roundish Oval Processes adjoyning to the Mouth.
• b b. The greater and more oblong Oval Processes besetting each side of the middle Process.
• c. The middle Process being broader, and ending into an obtuse Cone.
• d d. The crooked narrow Processes adjoyning to the Cone of the middle Process.
• e e e e e e. The Silkworm resembling a Maggot, is made up divers Incisures or Rings which grow less in Circumference toward the Tail.
• f. The joynted Case is narrow in its Origen, sitting close to the Head like a Coife.
• g g. The obtuse Cone or Termination of the Annular Case.
• h. The brown Shade running along the middle of the Back.

Fig. 5. Of the lower Region of the Silkworm resembling a Maggot.

• a a. The Eyes of the Maggot.
• b b. The Mouth of the Maggot.
• c c. The Wings lying close to the Breast, being bound down by the Case.
• d. The Fissure of the Anus dividing the last Incisure ending in a Cone.
• e e e e. The black spots seated on the sides of this Animal, being the Origens of the Tracheae, or Air-Vessels.

Fig. 6. Of the upper Region of a Silkworm resembling a Moth.

• a a. The Horns springing out of the Head and running cross-ways.
• b b. The Head or Skull consisting of many Processes covered with Down.
• c c. The Comb-like Fibers sprouting out of an oblong crooked Trunk.
• d d. The Semicircular Incisures near the Head.
• e e. The Circular Incisures seated in the Body, clothed with Down or fine Feathers.
• f f. † g g. The upper Wings being larger then the under †, are endued with a Trunk, out of which do arise many smaller Branches of Fibres.
• h h. The Thighs attended with Legs, are affixed to the lower Region of the Incisures of the Breast.

Fig. 7. Of the lower Region of a Silkworm.

• a a. The Horns are affixed to the sides of the Apex of the Head, and have many Comb∣like Fibers arising out of a large Horn.
• b b. The Eyes being black and round, are distinguished by the interposition of a small Prominence dressed with fine Down.
• c c. The Down between the Eyes and upper Thighs ending in a point, doth somewhat resemble a Beard.
• d d d d d d. The Thighs, Legs, Feet, and Clawes, consisting of three Joynts, and beset with fine Feathers, and have their Thighs almost conjoyned upon the Inci∣sures of the Belly.
• e e. The double Wings fastned to the side of the Head, whose lower Region have concave Surfaces.
• f f. The Ovary through which the covered Eggs appear.
• g g. The Eggs appearing more plain (as their Ovary is taken off) endued with a flattish Oval Figure.
• h. The Anus.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected silkworm

Tab: 46.

Tab. XLVII.

Fig. 1. The Explanation of some part of a Humane Brain.

• a a a a. THE two Hemisphaeres of the Brain, parted by the Falciforme Process.
• b b. The Dura Menynx covering the Right Hemisphaere.
• c c c. The Blood-vessels branched through the Dura mater.
• d d d d. The Vasa serosa, being a kind of Lymphatick Vessels, appearing in the Coats of the Brain.
• e e e. The Anfractus, or Gyres of the Brain, resembling Intestines.
• f f f f. The Pia Mater divested of the Dura Menynx.
• g g. The Blood-vessels of the Pia Mater.
• h. The Origen of the Falciform Process, near the Os spongiosum.
• i. The termination of the Falciform Process in the Occiput.

Fig. 2. Relating to the upper region of the Skull.

• a a a. The Bone of the Forehead parted from the Bones of the Synciput, by the Coronal Suture.
• b b. The Coronal Suture passing through the Skull transversly.
• c. A hole of the Forehead made for the egress of the Fifth pair of Nerves.
• d. The Right Bone of the Synciput.
• e e. The Sagittal Suture dividing the Bones of the Synciput.
• f. The Left Bone of the Synciput.
• g. The Bone of the Temples.
• h. The bastard Suture.
• i. The Mammiform Process.
• k. The Process of the Os Jugale.
• l. The first Bone of the upper Mandible being somewhat obscured.
• m. The third Bone of the upper Jawe.
• n. The fourth Bone of the upper Jawe.
• o. The fifth Bone of the said Jawe.
• p. The lower Jawe.
• q. The acute Process of the lower Jawe.
• r. The blunt Process of the said Mandible.
• s s. Part of the Lamdoidal Suture.

Fig. 3. Relating to the lower region of the Skull.

• a a. The Process of the Occiput to which the first verteber of the Neck is conjoyned.
• b b. Part of the Bone of the Temples.
• c c. The Mammiform Processes.
• d d. The Styliform Processes.
• e e. The Process called Jugalis.
• f f. The outward Surface of the wedg-like Process.
• g g g g. The wing-like Process, called by the Latines, Processus aliformis.
• h h. The Bridge of the Nostrils.
• i. The sixth Bone of the upper Mandible.
• k k. Part of the fourth Bone of the lower Mandible.
• m. The four Teeth, called Incisores.
• n n. The two Dog-like Teeth, called Canini.
• o o. The rest of the Teeth, called Grinders.

[illustration] engraving of a human skull and brain

Tab. 47.

Tab. XLVIII. Represents an Humane Brain, with its Basis upward, and divested of the Dura and Pia Mater; the better to shew the true Origination of the Nerves, and the running of the Fibres, laid open by Learned Dr. Ed∣ward Tyson, in the Theater of the Colledge of Physicians in London.

• A A A A. THE four Lobes of the Brain, wherein the division of the Anterior from the Posterior, as also the Anfractus in each, are more plainly represented
• B B. The Cerebellum, and here the Circles which compose it, are plainer and truer than in any Figure yet.
• C C. The edges of the Medullary part of the Brain, which lines the insides of the Ventricles which were here opened, only by separating the Membranes, and Blood-vessels, and gently dilating it with my Fin∣gers, only at (c c c c.) a small Incision was made with the knife.
• D D. The Ventricles of the Brain.
• e e e e. Four large Blood-vessels on the inside of the Ventricles.
• F F. The Tunica, or Plexus Coroides in its natural situation, but a little ex∣panded.
• g g g. The Carotide Arteries.
• h. The Infundibulum.
• ii. Two round protuberant Bodies which Dr. Willis calls Glands, but are of the same substance with the Medullary part of the Brain.
• K K. The Crura Medullae oblongatae, composed of several Fasciculi of nervous Fibres, which continued, makes the Striae in the Corpora Striata; be∣tween these Fasciculi, run several Blood-vessels, which pierce them quite through.
• L L. The Caudex Medullae oblongatae, whereby the Cerebellum is joyned to the Cerebrum, and is covered with several Fasciculi of Fibres, which make the Protuberantia annularis of Dr. Willis.
• M. The Medulla oblongata, seu Medullae Spinalis principium. This, as like∣wise the former body (L L) by Dr. Willis, are both called Medulla oblongata; but I think there is great reason to distinguish them, since Nature has so remarkably done it to our hands; for the Surface of one is striated, the other plain; the former is common to the Cerebrum and Cerebellum; the latter is conjoyned to neither of them, but im∣mediately to the Caudex.
• N N. The Olfactory, or first pair of Nerves, where it is observable.
• o o o o. Its double Origination, not before remarked.
• P P. The Optic, or Second pair of Nerves.
• Q Q. Of the Thalami nervorum Opticorum.
• r r. The Motory, or Third pair of Nerves.
• s s. The Pathetic, or Fourth pair of Nerves.
• t t. The Fifth pair of Nerves
• v v. The Sixth pair of Nerves.
• w w. The Auditory, or Seventh pair of Nerves, which are double.
• x x. The Par vagum, or Eighth pair of Nerves.
• y y. The accessary Nerve, that runs to the Par vagum, or Eighth pair.
• z z. The Ninth pair of Nerves.
• α α. The Tenth pair of Nerves.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected human brain, seen from below

Tab. 48.

Tab. XLIX. This Table was made from the Brain of a Blackmore taken out as the former; only here the Cerebellum is turned over to the fore-part of the Brain, by which means are discovered these following Parts.

• A A. THe Ventricles, and in them the running of the Fibers, which were finer in Nature, then is here represented.
• B B. The Fornix.
• c. The Glandula Pinealis is so called, as conceived to resemble a Pine Nut.
• d d. The Protuberantiae Natiformes.
• e e. The Testes.
• F F. The Thalami Nervorum Opticorum, which are here divided and broken asunder by turning over the Cerebellum, but naturally are joyned.
• g g. The Optick Nerves.
• h h. The Olfactory Nerves and their double Origination.
• ii. The Processes from the Cerebellum to the Caudex Medullaris, which make the Protuberantia annularis.
• k. The Scobs which makes the fourth Ventricle.
• l. A passage which leads to the third Ventricle under the Nates and Testes, and so runs to the Infundibulum.
• M M. The Cerebellum.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected animal cerebellum

Tab. 49.

Tab. L.

Fig. 1.

• † A A. THe Cerebellum of a Man taken out of the Skull, and the Brain turned up †, in which many Anfractus may be seen.
• † a a. The Vermiform Process †, seated in the middle of the Cerebellum, being larger in its Origen and more small in its Termination.
• † b b b b. The Lateral Provinces †, or Hemisphaeres placed on each side of the Vermiform Pro∣cess.
• † c c c c. Each Lateral Province is made up of three Apartiments or Stories; The first † is next to the Brain, and the least of all in dimensions.
• † d d d d. The middle Story † of each Province is less then the Posterior, and less then the highest.
• † e e e e. The lowest Apartiment † of each Province is the greatest of all, and confineth above on the middle Story.
• † f f f f f f. Each Hemisphaere is shaded with various Blood-vessels †, intersecting the Lamellae.
• † g g g g g g. The Lamellae † are so many greater or less Semicircles running cross-ways in Parallel lines, adorning the Stories of each Province.
• † h h. The Origens † of the Cerebellum, the Apices of the Hemisphaeres, where it is affixed to the Brain.
• † ii. † k k k. The Terminations † of the Hemisphaeres, or Provinces of the Cerebellum, which are beset with numerous small Glands †.

Fig. 2. Of the Cerebellum of a Calf.

• The Cerebellum of a Calf having this situation, is composed of three Provinces, one in the mid∣dle, and two lateral.
• † a a a a a a a a. The middle Province consisteth of eight ranks of Processes †, (running cross-ways) which are endued with various kinds kinds of irregular Figures.
• † b b b b. The Lateral Provinces † are furnished with numerous Processes observing no order, nor determinate Figures, and begin in a kind of Points, and end in large dimensions, with round heads.
• † c c. The beginning † as well as the rest of the Medulla Spinalis, is divided into two equal parts.

Fig. 3. Of the Cerebellum of a Lamb.

• The Cerebellum of a Lamb (having this position) is made up of a middle, and two lateral Pro∣vinces.
• The middle Province consisteth of four ranks of Provinces.
• † a a. The two uppermost rows go cross-ways †, and are oblong and crooked.
• † b b. The two lower ones † are much shorter, and seem to tend right downward, and have Fi∣gures much different from the former.
• † c c c c c c c. The Lateral † have many rows of Processes, endued with different irregular Fi∣gures.
• † d d. † e. † f f. Part of the Medulla Spinalis †, divided into two equal portions by a kind of Fissure, and near the Cerebellum, may be seen the Glandula Pinealis †, and below this Gland may be discerned the Natiform Processes †, which are very large in this Animal.
• † g g. The Testiform Processes † are appendant to the Natiform, and seem to encircle their lower Regions as with a double Arch.

Fig. 4. Of the Cerebellum of a Pig.

• The Cerebellum of a Pig is composed of three Provinces, a middle and two lateral ones.
• † a a. The middle Apartiment † begins and ends in smaller dimentions in a kind of obtuse Cones, and is made up of many Processes (running cross-ways) resembling a sort of Parallelograms in Figure.
• † b b b b b b b. The lateral Provinces † consist on each side of three or four rows of Processes, dres∣sed with different shapes.
• † c c. Not far from the Cerebellum may be seen the Natiform Processes † endued with a kind of Or∣bicular Figure.
• † d d d d. Above them may be seen some other Medullary Processes † of the Brain of different Magnitudes and Figures.

Fig. 5. Of the Cerebellum of a Spaniel Bitch.

• † a a. The Cerebellum of a Bitch, is framed of many Provinces, two lateral ones; and one seated in the middle Province † hath a more large Origen, and ends in more narrow dimensions, and is endued with many oblong Processes going cross-ways, and some what like Parallelo∣gramms in shape.
• † b b b b b b b b. The lateral Provinces consist of divers ranks of Processes † which seem to be five on one side, and three on the other; near the Origen of the Cerebellum may be dis∣cerned the Testiform Prominencies, encompassing the lower Region of the Nati∣form Processes.
• † c c. † d d. † e. In this Animal the Natiform Processes † do adjoyn to the Terminations of the Thalami Nervo∣rum Opticorum † parted from each other by a Fissure †.

Fig. 6. The Cerebellum of a Doe.

• The Cerebellum of a Doe is composed of one middle and two or three lateral Apartiments.
• † a a. The middle Province † is much larger then the other, and is made up of many oblong trans∣verse Processes.
• † b b b b b b. The lateral Apartiments, † are three on each side, of which the largest encircles the mid∣dle Province.

[illustration] engraving of various dissected animal brains

Tab. 50.

Tab. LI.

Fig. 1. The Brain of a Calfe, taken out of the Skull and opened.

• a a. NEar the Origen of the Brain of a Calfe, on each side of the olfactory Nerves, are seated two orbicular Processes, endued with a white Medullary sub∣stance.
• † b. † c c. † d d. And about the Origen of the Brain near the Skull, is placed the Os spongiosum †, full of small Cavities, made for the transmission of Air into the Ventricles, and for the discharge of Recrements out of them, into the Cavities of the Nostrils †, into which are transmitted the olfactory Nerves †, which do furnish the inward coat of the Nostrils with numerous Fibrils, the immediate Organ of Smelling.
• † e. † f f f f f f. † g g g g g g g g. The Brain of a Calfe, and other Animals begin † in small dimensions, and afterward enlargeth it self, and hath its outward Surface rendred uneven, with many Anfractus † (as so many Cells of Blood-vessels for their greater security) which are not so deep as in a Humane Brain. And about the Blood-vessels lodged in the Anfractus, are seated many vessels † (full of serous Liquor, encirc∣led with fine Coats) adorned with diverse shapes and sizes.
• † h h. The Brain being in some part opened, the Corpus striatum † may be discerned out of its situation in the Left side of the Brain, in which, being scraped, a great company of streaks may be seen running cross-ways, through the Medullary substance of the Brain.
• The Medullary part of the Brain is beset with numerous shapes, running crossways.
• † ii. † k k. The Brain being laid open, the natiform Processes † (being appendages of the Me∣dulla oblongata) are presented to our view, which are larger in Beasts then Men; These Protuberancies have their lower regions encircled with the Testiform Proce∣ses † as with two Arches.
• † l. The Cerebellum being taken off, the Medulla Spinalis appeareth.

Fig. 2. The Falciform Process taken out of the Brain.

• † A A A A A. The Falciform Process † of this Animal, as well as of other Animals, is made up of a double Membrane (which is a Duplicature of the Dura mater) between which are lodged a number of miliary Glands, besetting the inward sur∣face of the Membranes.
• † a a a a. † b b b. About the middle of this Process are seated many carnous Fibres † (which have a power to move the Dura Menynx) accompanied with many vessels †. This Process is much larger then of a Humane Brain, and is different in Figure from it, as no way resembling a Sickle.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected cow calf brain

Tab: 51:

Tab. LII. The Head of a Doe Dissected.

Fig. 1. The Brain of a Doe not opened.

• † a a a a. † b b. THE Brain is beautified with two Hemisphaeres † divided in the middle by a Fissure † in which is lodged a Duplicature of the Dura Mater, commonly called the Falciform Process.
• † c c c c. The serous vesicles † are placed about the Blood-vessels, lodged in the An∣fractus of the Brain, and are adorned with variety of Figures, some being orbicu∣lar, or Oval, others Triangular, or Pyramidal, and appear turgide, with a Li∣quor, much like Lympha, embodied with Particles of Air.
• † d d d. † e e. † f f f f. † g g g g. The Brain is first covered with a thick Coat (immediately encircling the Pia Mater) denominated the Dura Menynx † which being stripped off, the Pia Mater † appears (as being a fine vail immediately encompassing the Brain) shaded with fruitful Branches of Blood-vessels † which being conjoyned with nume∣rous Anfractus † do resemble a fine Landscip in the Pia Mater, when it is divested of the Dura Mater turned up, and placed at the Margent of the Brain.
• † ii. † l l. † k. Near the Origens of both Hemisphaeres are seated two Medullary Processes † (beau∣tified with a triangular Figure, adjoyning to the olfactory Nerves † inserted at last into the inward Coats of the Nostrils, beset with many Fibrils, the Instrument of Smelling. These Nerves are parted by a bony Intersepiment † called vulgarly The Bridge of the Nose.
• † m m. The Fissure severing one Hemisphaere from another, and taking its progress from the Origen to the termination of the Brain, is beset with a great company of small Glands †.

Fig. 2. The Brain of a Doe opened.

• † a a a a. † b b. Under the Falciform Process is lodged the Corpus callosum † which consisteth of many parts, separated from each other by two Fissures, the First † being much shorter then the other, divideth some part of the Corpus callosum into equal parts, which seem to be endued with a kind of Semilunary Figure, and their lower Angles adjoyn to the Origen of the Second Figure.
• † c c. The lower and longer Region of the Corpus callosum, is divided also into equal parts (by a longer Fissure †) which begin in acute, and end in more obtuse Cone.
• † d d d d. The Medullary part of this Brain, when opened, is bespecked with many streaks †, passing crosswise, which I humbly conceive are the nervous Fibrils of the Brain.

Fig. 3. The inward Recesses of the Brain of a Doe opened.

• † a a. † b b b b. Under the Corpus callosum, are lodged the Corpora striata †, the Apices of the Medulla oblongata, and have their origens endued with obtuse Cones, and their ter∣minations in more acute, contrary to those of a Humane Brain, which begin in more acute, and end in obtuse Cones. The Corpora striata in this Animal have two oblongue white productions † conjoyned to their terminations, which I have not seen in the Dissection of a Humane Brain.
• † c c c c. When the inward penetrals of the Brain of this Animal are laid open, on each side of the Corpora striata appear a white Medullary substance † enamelled with many white Striae, the fibrous Compage of the Brain.
• † d d. † e. In the most inward recesses of the Brain, are seated the Thalami † nervorum opti∣corum, which are parted from each other by a Fissure †, going almost the whole length of the Thalami nervorum opticorum, which being considered as conjoyned, do constitute a kind of Triangle.
• † f f. † g g. To the lower region of the Thalami nervorum opticorum, are adjacent the natiform Protuberancies †, which seem to be adorned with an orbicular Figure, and to the hinder part of the natiform Processes are the Testiforme † appendant, and seem to be of an oblongue shape, much different from the natiform Prominencies.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected doe head and brain

Tab: 52

Tab. LIII.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Spaniel Bitch opened.

• † a a. † b b. TWo Medullary Processes †, somewhat resembling Glands, are situated near the Origens of the Brain, endued with obtuse Angles †, under which do creep the Olfactory
• † c c. Nerves, running in length † toward the Nostrils.
• † d d d d. The Anfractus † of the Brain, are much shallower then that of Man.
• † e e e e e e. In the Maeanders of the Brain relating to this Animal, are seated a company of Blood-ves∣sels † divaricated into numerous Branches.
• † f f f. † g g g g. About the Ramulets of many Sanguiducts may be seen divers Vessels of Limpha †, or Serous Liquor, encompassed with fine Membranes; within the Brain being opened, may be discerned a white Medullary substance † dressed with numerous streaks, as with so many Fibrils of Nerves.
• † h h. † ii. Above the Origens of the Thalami nervorum opticorum, may be seen the Corpora striata †, begin∣ning in large rounded Heads †, and closing in oblong narrow Terminations.
• † k k. † l l. † m m. The Thalami nervorum opticorum † seem to be seated between the Corpora Striata and Natiform Processes, to which they appear to be appended by two Processes † as by Stalks; And the Tha∣lami nervorum opticorum are divided from each other by the interposition of two Semicircular Processes †.
• † n. These white Semicircular Protuberances are also parted by the mediation of a Fissure †.
• † o o. The Natiform Processes †, confining on the Thalami nervorum opticorum, are adorned with a kind of Oval figure.
• † p p. The Testiform Protuberances † are adjacent to the terminations of the Natiform Processes which they seem to enclose with as with a double Arch.
• The Cerebellum of this Animal is framed of many Apartiments, of which two are seated on each side, and one in the middle.
• † q q. The middle Apartiment † is endued with a more large Origen, and ends in greater dimen∣sions, and is beautified with many oblong Processes, going transversely, and resembling Parallelogramms in shape.
• † r r r r r r r r. The lateral Provinces are composed of many ranks of Processes †, which seem to be five on one side, and three on the other.

Fig. 2. The Head of a Cat opened.

• The Cerebellum is composed of six Apartiments, one in the middle, and another in the termi∣nation, and four lateral, two on each side the middle Apartiment.
• † a a. The middle Apartiment † is adorned with many oblong transverse Processes somewhat like Parallelogramms in figure.
• † b b. The inward lateral Apartiment † are endued with a kind of Semilunary figure, and are en∣dued with many oblong transverse Processes more short then those of the middle Apartiment, and somewhat akin to them in Figure.
• † c c. The outward lateral Apartiments † are accommodated with divers ranks of Processes, endued with various figures and sizes.
• † d. The posterior Apartiments †, adjoyning to the middle, is greater and shorter then it, and is dressed with many Processes of irregular figures.
• † h h. † g g. The Testiform Processes † adjoyn to the Origen of the Cerebellum, and are naturally conjoyned by their Neck, and enclose the terminations of the Natiform Processes †, placed above them, and seem to be adorned with an oval shape; above the Natiform Processes I observed on each side of the Fissure, two Semicircular, narrow, Medullary Processes, encompassing it.
• † i i The Thalami nervorum opticorum † in a Cat, have their Butt-ends approaching toward each other, and run obliquely cross-ways toward the sides of the Brain, and end in more acute Angles.
• † l l. Their Butt-ends † approach near each other (as only parted by a narrow Fissure) and are en∣circled with a white Medullary Process.
• † k k. † m. The Corpora striata † are almost of the same length, figure, and magnitude, with the Thalami nervorum opticorum; to which the lentiform Processes are adjacent, and their Butt-ends are parted from each other, by the mediation of a short and narrow medullary Process †.
• † n n. The Brain being opened, at the Margent of it may be seen some remanent Anfractus †.
• † o o o o. And within the Anfractus of the Brain opened, may be observed two Semicircular medullary Pro∣cesses † of it.
• † p p. At the Origens of the Brain are seated two medullary Processes †, beautified with a trian∣gular Figure.
• † q q. Under these medullary Processes, do creep divers Branches of the Olfactory Nerves †.

[illustration] engraving of dissected head of a female spaniel and dissected head of a house cat of indeterminate sex

Tab: 53

Tab. LIV. The Head of a Pigg opened.

• † a a. THe Olfactory Nerves near their terminations do divide into ma∣ny small Fibrils †, seated near the beginning of the Nostrils for the greater advantage of a quick sensation.
• † b b b b. † d d. The Trunks of the Olfactory Nerves † which creep out of the Brain and take their progress the whole length of the Nostrils, on each side of the grisly Intersepiment †, parting the Nostrils.
• † e e. A double Case † (is lodged near the Origination of the Trunks of Nerves when crept out of the Brain) beset with many Cartilaginous Lines, passing cross-ways. Within the said Cases as in a Cabinet, are kept two soft medullary substances, not unlike that of the Brain.
• † f f. About the Origens of the Brain are seated two other Processes † (en∣dued with an Oval figure and a Medullary substance) somewhat less then the other, contained in two Cartilaginous Repositories.
• † g g. † h h. † i. About the circumference of the Brain (left unopened) may be dis∣cerned some Anfractus †, the allodgements of Blood-vessels; within the Anfractus (the Brain being opened) may be seen a white Me∣dullary substance, consisting of many small Globules †, and if you divest a Corpus striatum † of its Membrane, and gently scrape it, we may discover its Surface, enameled with numerous streaks (running cross-ways) which are a system of Nervous Fibrils
• † k. And if the Corpus striatum be encompassed with its thin Membrane many Blood-vessels † appear, shading the Surface of the Lentiform Process.
• † l l. Two oblong narrow medullary Processes †, may be seen, which encir∣cle a great part of the Thalami nervorum opticorum, as with two Arms,
• † m m. And the Brain being opened may be observed an oblong narrow Pro∣cess † (like a Staff) going down from the Origen of the Brain all along it, and between the Arms of the Medullary Processes, and Thalami nervorum opticorum, to the Natiform Protuberancies.
• † n n. The Thalami nervorum opticorum † are lodged between the Arms of the said Medullary Processes and the Natiform Protuberancies. The Thalami nervorum opticorum are endued with a Pyramidal shape, and their Bases confine on the Natiform Prominencies, and their acute Cones, on the Arches of the Medullary Processes.
• † o o. † p p. The Natiform Processes (being adorned with an Orbicular figure) do adjoyn on one side of the Bases of the Thalami nervorum opticorum, † and on the other side to the Testiform Processes †, which are Appen∣dages of the Natiform Protuberancies, and are more long and slender then the Natiform.
• † q. At last beyond the Natiform Prominencies appeareth a part of the Ce∣rebellum. †

[illustration] engraving of dissected pig head

Tab. 54.

Tab. LV.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Rabbet opened.

• † a a. TWO Processes † of a Rabbet (endued with an orbicular Fi∣gure) do confine on the Origen of the two Hemisphaeres.
• † b b. On each side of these Processes doth appear a compage of many Glands †, on which the Eyes do lean as on soft pillows.
• † c c. The optick Nerves † do creep under the sides of the Hemisphaere, near their Originations or Points; and are inserted into the inside of the Eyes.
• † d d d d. The Hemisphaeres † of the Brain seem to be beautified with a kind of conical Figure, beginning in more acute, and ending in blunt Cones.
• † e e. The Hemisphaeres are parted by a long Fissure †, in which, as in a Trench, a Blood-vessel takes its progress the whole length of the di∣vision.
• † f f. The Surface of the Brain is shaded with many Branches of Blood-ves∣sels † sprouting out of the said Trunk, seated in the Fissure, inter∣ceding the Hemisphaeres.
• † g g g g g g. The Hemisphaeres of the Brain of this Animal, are beautified with many Prominencies †, adorned with various shapes and sizes.
• h h h. The Cerebellum, adorned with many Processes, seated in various po∣sitions, dressed with several Figures.

Fig. 2. The Head of a Hare opened.

• A A. A Hare also as well as a Rabbet hath two large orbicular Protuberances † adjoyning to the Origens of the Brain.
• † a a. † b b. The † optick Nerves creep under the points of the Hemisphaeres, and are implanted into the inner region of the Eyes under these orbi∣cular Processes do creep the olfactory Nerves † and bend their course toward the Nostrils.
• † c c c c. The Hemisphaeres † of the Brain are dressed with a kind of inverted pyramidal Figure, beginning in Cones, and ending in Bases.
• † d d. † e e e. The Hemisphaeres also of this Animal are divided by a Fissure † (pas∣sing the whole length of the Brain) in which is seated the Trunk of a Blood-vessel, out of which do sprout many Ramulets † divarica∣ted through the Surface of the Brain.
• † f f. † g g g g g g. The Surface of the Brain is adorned with diverse Protuberances † some Semi-circular, or rather Pyramidal, which are seated in the posterior part of the Brain; other Processes of the Brain † are endued with irregular Figures of different Shapes and Magnitudes.
• † h h. The Anterior Processes † of the Brain seem to be adorned with a kind of Pyramidal Figure.
• The Cerebellum of the Animal hath diverse Apartiments, composed of one middle, to which on each side a double lateral adjoyneth.
• † ii. The middle Apartiment † somewhat resembleth the Vermiform Pro∣tuberance of a Humane Brain, and is somewhat of an Oval Figure, and is dressed with many Processes passing in transverse positions, somewhat like Parallelograms.
• † k k k k k k. The lateral are seated on each side of the middle Apartiment, † and are beautified with various Processes of different Figures, some being Pyramidal, others out, and a third Conical, and a fourth irregular.

[illustration] engraving of dissected rabbit heads

Tab: 55.

Tab. LVI.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Goose opened.

• THE Brain of a Goose much resembleth that of a Bustard, and is composed of Four Processes (ap∣pearing in the upper part of the Brain) two of which are seated in each Mediety.
• a a. The outward Processes are very large and long, beginning in small points, and ending in blunt Cones.
• b b. The inward Processes are much smaller then the other, and are placed about the middle of the long Sinus, and are adorned with a kind of Oval Figure.
• In the two Provinces of the Brain being parted a good space on both sides toward the Base, may be discern∣ed a number of small Globules, dressed with various shapes and sizes, and seem to resemble so many Glands, which I conceive to be Systemes of vessels, made of Arteries, Veins, and nervous Fibrils.
• Near the Base of the Brain is seated on each side an Oval Prominency (somewhat resembling in Figure the natiform Processe of a Humane Brain;) and are like in colour and substance to the Medulla oblon∣gata, to which they are appendant as its Processes.

Fig. 2. The Head of a Swan opened.

• a a. The Brain of a Swan is composed of six Processes, the two anterior are adorned with a kind of Oval Figure.
• b b. The posterior Processes are endued with a Semi-circular Shape, and have their points below joyned on each side of the Cerebellum.
• c c. The interior Processes are also two in number, of a pyramidal Figure, and agree in their Apices, or points above to the Oval Processes, and do terminate in their Cones below to the Processes of the Semicircular.
• d d. In the middle of the Brain, is seated a Falciform Process, running all along from the anterior to the posterior part,
• † e e. The Cerebellum †.
• † f f. † g g. † h h. The olfactory Nerves † seem to take their rise under the Second pair of Processes, and passing on the sides of the orbicular Processes, do afterward encircle the Os spongiosum, and terminate into many Fila∣ments † (the Organs of Smelling) about the Perforations, placed not far from the middle of the Beak.

Fig. 3. The Head of a Mallard opened.

• † a a. † b. † c. The olfactory Nerves † creep under the Apices of the Hemisphaeres, and pass over the optick Nerves, and then encircle the Os spongiosum † as with two Arches, and afterward closely approach each other for some time, and at last terminate into many Filaments † near the extremity of the upper Beak.
• † d d. The optick Nerves † seem to come out of the Medulla oblongata, and Origens of the Hemisphaeres, and creep under the olfactory Nerves, and then are implanted into the inner region of the Eyes.
• † e e. † f f f f. The Hemisphaeres of the Brain † being divested of the Dura and Pia Menynx, the Brain may be disco∣vered to be made up of many little Globules † which are Systemes of several minute Vessels.

Fig. 4. The lower region of the Brain of a Mallard.

• † a a. † b. In the lower region of the Brain of a Mallard, the Nerves may be more clearly, discovered, and the Audi∣tory † sprouting out of the Medulla oblongata, and passing under the olfactory Nerves, which are also derived from the said Medulla, and encompass the Os spongiosum † tending toward the extremity of the Bill.
• † c c. † d d. † e. The optick Nerves † do proceed more highly out of the Medulla oblongata, and make their egress near the Apices of the Hemisphaeres † and afterward intersect each other † and then pass obliquely to∣ward the Orbs of the Eyes.
• † f f. † g g. The Hemisphaeres † of the Brain are parted in the midst by a Fissure † and are beautified with a kind of Oval Figure.

Fig. 5. The Head of a Bird (called a Shuffler) opened.

• † a a. † b b. The Bird (called a Shuffler) much resembleth a Mallard in Figure, and its Brain hath a great likeness in colour, substance and shape in reserence to its Hemisphaeres † (parted by a Fissure †) adorned with an Oval shape.
• † c c. † d d. † e e. † f. † g g. The olfactory Nerves † come out of the Brain about the Origens of the Hemisphaeres, and encircle the Os spongiosum as with two Arches, and then closely associate each other, and after a small space, have branches of Nerves † arising out of the Trunk of the olfactory Nerves, and terminate near the perfo∣ration of the Bill † and afterward the Trunks make their progress on each side the Intersepi∣ment † of the Bill, and end near its extremity into numerous Filaments †.

[illustration] engraving of dissected goose heads

Tab: 56.

Tab. LVII.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Bustard opened.

• † A A. A Bustard being a Bird of high esteem, as having a Body as good in quality as great in bulk, is endued with a Brain (of small dimensions) which consisteth of two Hemisphaeres, parted from each other by a long Fissure or Sinus †, which are much larger in their Posterior Regions or Butt ends, and begin in narrow points, or Apices near the Beak.
• † a a. † b b. The great part of the Brain is framed of two large Processes (which make the Hemisphaeres of the Brain) each of them beginning in points † placed near the Eyes, and terminate into round Protuberances †.
• † c c. The Cerebellum is accompanied on each side with an oval Process †, whose acute points confine on the Cerebellum, and their blunt Cones run under the sides of the Brain, tending forward.
• The Cerebellum is seated on the posterior part of the Brain, and insinuates it self a good space between the two blunt Cones of each Hemisphaere, and is fastened to the inside of them, not far distant from the middle.
• D D. This Cerebellum hath no Vermiform Process, but many Lamellae †, resembling a kind of Parallelograms, and dif∣fer only as they are somewhat rounded in their terminations; these oblong Processes have some obscure parti∣tions, in which the Blood-vessels are allodged; and upon this account these Processes of the Cerebellum have analogy with the Anfractus of the Brain (relating to other more perfect Animals,) as they are Repositories of Arteries and Veins.
• † e e. The beginning of the Medulla Spinalis † is parted in the middle into equal parts, and so continues the whole length of the Spine.
• † f f f f. † g g. † h h. † iiii. The Olfactory Nerves † are derived from two Prominencies, adjoyning to the anterior part of the Medulla oblongata, and climbing upward, creep out of the Brain, near the Apices of the Hemisphaeres, and are con∣joyned for some space, and afterward part, encircling the Os spongiosum †, and then unite again; and after a little space, are emitted out of the Caudex of the conjoyned Nerves, (to a Branch resembling a kind of Arch †) which terminate into many minute Fibrils †, seated about the two oblong Foramina perforating the upper Beak, the immediate Organ of Smelling.

Fig. 2. The Brain of a Bustard opened.

• † a a a a. Both Provinces of the Brain of a Bustard being opened and turned on each side, the greatest part appeareth Cortical, endued with an Ash-coloured substance, made up of numerous small Globules † (of various sizes) Enamelled with many minute branches of Arteries and Veins, interspersed with very small nervous Fibrils, as being the most proper Compage of the Brain.
• † b b. † c c. † d d. Under the two Hemisphaeres, on the upper Region of the Medulla oblongata, are seated two Oval Processes, with oblong Necks †, which are united near the anterior part of the Brain; and two other Processes † are placed on the posterior part of the former oval Prominencies, which are less, and endued also with an Oval Figure, and are united by a narrow oblong Medullary substance †. And are lodged in some part near the anterior Region of the Cerebellum, which is endued with a White Process, fastning it to the Medulla oblongata.

Fig. 3. The Brain of a Turkey opened.

• † a a a a. The Brain of a Turkey being stripped of its Coats and laid open, seemeth to consist of many Globules † of different magnitudes, and many of them are endued with an orbicular Figure; and are framed of a Cortical and Medullary substance.
• † b b. † c c. The Mammillary Processes † are dressed with a kind of triangular Figure, and are seated near the Origen of the Brain, and have a pair of Olfactory Nerves † creeping under them out of the Brain into the Membrane, lining the Nostrils.
• † d. About the termination of the Brain, are lodged two Medullary Processes, beautified with an Oval Figure (somewhat resembling the Natiform Processes) and are tied together by the interposition of an oblong Medullary Process †.
• † e e. † f f f f. The Cerebellum beginneth and endeth in blunt Cones † and is adorned with oblong Processes † running cross-ways, somewhat resembling Lamellae.

Fig. 4. The Brain of a Turkey taken out of the Skull and opened.

• The Medullary part of the Brain of a Turkey seemeth to be full of streaks, which are Nervous Fibrils, and many small Prominencies, which are Bodies aggregated of variety of Vessels.
• † a a. Near the hinder part of the Brain is seated the Origen of the Medulla Spinalis † which is nothing else but the clongation of the Medulla oblongata.

Fig. 5. The Cerebellum of a Turkey taken out of the Skull and Dissected.

• † a a a a. The Cerebellum of a Turkey parted from the Brain, and taken out of the Skull, when it is variously opened with a Knife, it giveth a fine prospect of many Ramifications, resembling the Branches of Trees †, which are numerous Medullary Processes, furnished with variety of Vessels.

Fig. 6. The Head of a Woodcock opened.

• † a a. Each Hemisphaere relating to the Brain of a Woodcock, may (if inspected with a curious Eye) be seen to be composed of three Processes, the Anterior † is larger than both the other, and begins in a point, and endeth in much larger dimensions.
• † b b. The middle Process † is adorned with a kind of triangular Figure, having its Base outwardly, and its pointed to∣ward the more inward part of the Brain.
• † c c. The posterior Process † of each Hemisphaere is endued with an irregular shape, and beginneth more narrow, and endeth more dilated in the hinder part of the Brain, adjoyning to the Natiform Processes.
• † d d. Near the hinder Region of the Brain are situated two Processes † endued with a kind of Semicircular Figure, beginning and ending in Cones, and in one Extremity, adjoyned to each side of the Cevebellum near its Origen.
• † e e e e. † f f. The Cerebellum of this Bird is beautified with many transverse Lines, as being numerous Lamellae †, the various allodgments of Vessels, and another Line † passeth the whole length of the Lamellae, almost from the top to the bottom.
• † g g. The Olfactory Nerves † do seem to spring out of the points of the Anterior Processes, and after a little space do encompass with Arches the Os spongiosum, and afterward unite again, and make their progress the whole length of the Bill.

Fig. 7. The Head of a Teal opened.

• † a a. The Brain of a Teal is made up of six Processe•• as each Hemisphaere is graced with three Processes, the two An∣terior † are beautified with a kind of Oval Figure, beginning in acute, and ending in more obtuse Cones.
• † b b. The lateral Processes † have a triangular Figure, and do enclose within their Angles the inferior Precesses, which are adorned with an oval Figure, beginning in small Extremities, and end into more blunt round Heads, ad∣joyning to the Origen of the Cerebellum.
• † c c. † d d. The Cerebellum † in this Bird seemeth to be double, as consisting of two Natiform Processes, on which do confine two orbicular Processes † seated on each side of the Cerebellum.

Fig. 8. The Head of a Jack Snipe opened.

• † a a. A Snipe, in reference to its Brain, is adorned with four Processes, the anterior † are very small (endued with an oblong Figure) adjoyning to the Apices of the Brain.
• † b b. The other Processes are very large †, taking their rise in small Extremities, and have much greater Termi∣nations.
• † c c. Near the hinder Region two other Processes † may be discerned, which lean upon the Cerebellum, and are dressed with a kind of oval Figure.
• † d d. † e e e e. The Cerebellum † is Enamelled with many Red Lines running cross-ways, and have two other Lines † in∣tersecting the former, and passing down the whole length of the Cerebellum.

[illustration] engraving of dissected bird heads

Tab. 57.

Tab. LVIII.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Curlue opened.

• † a a. THe Head of a Curlue being opened, we may take the prospect of its Brain, beautified with two Hemisphaeres † di∣vided by a long Fissure.
• These two Provinces of the Brain have their Apices, adjoyning above to the Olfactory Nerves, and their Terminations lean∣ing upon two Processes, somewhat like the Testiform Protuberances of the Brain.
• † b b b b. The Hemisphaeres are enamelled with variety of Blood-vessels †, divaricated through the Dura and Pia mater, the fine vails of the Brain.
• † c c c c c c. The Hemisphaeres are rendred uneven by many Risings † of different Figures and Magnitudes, in which they seem to resemble various Processes.
• † d d. Between the Termination of the Hemisphaeres, and the Origen of the Cerebellum, are seated two oblong narrow Pro∣cesses † of a Semicircular Figure, not unlike the Testiform Prominencies of the Brain.
• † e e e e. The Cerebellum † hath many transverse Processes, somewhat like Parallelograms, and is adorned with a kind of an in∣verted Pyramidal Figure, as the Base being turned upward, and the Cone downward.

Fig. 2. The Head of a Godwit opened.

• † a a a a. † b b. † c c. A Godwit being highly esteemed for its delicacy of Flesh, hath a Brain beautified with two Hemisphaeres † parted by a long Fissure, dressed with oval Figures, having their greater Extremities † leaning upon the Cerebellum † and its adjacent Processes, and its lesser upon the Olfactory Nerves.
• † d d d d d d. The upper surface of the Brain is rendred unequal by many unevennesses † seeming to resemble Processes of di∣verse Figures, some Pyramidal, or Quadrangular, others irregular and difficult to be described.
• † e e. About the Origens of the Brain are placed two small Processes †, (endued with a kind of orbicular Figure) somewhat like Glands.
• † f f. † g g. The Olfactory Nevers †, go first in straight lines, and then pass after the manner of Arches †, encircling the Os spongiosum, and afterward make their progress in a direct course the whole length of the Beak.
• The Cerebellum of this Bird is composed of three Apartiments, one being seated in the middle, and one on each side of the greatest Province.
• † h h h h. † ii. The middle Apartiment † is the largest of all, and begins in a great rounded Head, and terminates in smaller dimensions, and is beautified with many long and shorter Processes † (going in parallel lines) somewhat resembling Parallelograms in Figure.
• † k k. The lateral Apartiments of the Cerebellum, seem to be two small Processes † (endued with a Semilunary Figure) en∣circling the sides of the upper part of the middle Apartiment.
• † l l. On the Convex part of these Semilunary Processes do confine two other somewhat larger Processes † which are also adja∣cent to the Terminations of the Hemisphaeres, and are endued with different Figures, the one being oval, and the other triangular.

Fig. 3. The Head of a Virginia-Nightingale opened.

• The Head of a Virginia Nightingale hath not only its Brain encircled with two Membranes, but also with two Skulls too, as with more thick Walls, the upper is made of two Laminae, interlined with a spungy substance, and the lower Skull i•• thinner than the other (all beset with fine Down) immediately encompassing the Dura mater.
• † a a. The Head being opened, the Brain may be discovered to be composed of two Hemisphaeres †, graced with a pyramidal Figure, the Bases being the Terminations, and the Cones the Origens of the Brain.
• † b. One of the Hemisphaeres, being invested with its Coats, seemeth to be adorned with three Processes, the first being an∣terior † is endued with a pyramidal Figure, and exceedeth the other in dimensions.
• † c. The second may be called lateral †, and seemeth to be dressed with a pyramidal Figure, and is crooked, and somewhat Semicircular.
• The third being seated in the termination of the Hemisphaeres, may be named Posterior, and is less then the other, and is adorned with a kind of Semilunary shape.
• The other Hemisphaere being divested of its Coats, and scraped in its upper surface, doth present the Spectator with a pleasant sight of many Globules, resembling Glands.
• † d. The Cerebellum of this Bird is beautified with an Oval Figure; † The smaller Extremity insinuates it self between the ter∣mination of the Hemisphaeres, and the greater end is encircled with a Semicircular Process, which I conceive is part of the Cerebellum.
• † e e. On each side of the Cerebellum is contiguous a Semilunary Process † enclosing the terminations of the Hemisphaeres.
• † f f. About the termination of the Cerebellum is placed another Process † divided into many partitions, and is embellished with a Semilunary shape.

Fig. 4. The Head of a Partridge opened.

• † a a a a. † b b. The Brain of a Partridge in its outward surface, is dressed with many Prominencies †, (endued with different Figures and Magnitudes) and is made up of two Hemisphaeres †, adorned with a pyramidal Figure, beginning in Cones and end∣ing into Bases, seated in the posterior part of the Brain.
• † c c. The Hemisphaeres in this Bird (as well as in others) are divided from each other in their ambient parts by a Fissure †.
• † d d. The Olfactory Nerves † are derived from the Medulla oblongata, and do seem to make their egress out of the Brain, un∣der the Apices of the Hemisphaeres.
• † e. † f f. † g g. † h h. The Cerebellum † hath its dimensions more enlarged toward the Brain, and more contracted toward the Medulla Spinalis, and is beautified with many Semicircular narrow Processes †, making their progress obliquely cross-ways on each side of the Cerebellum; near its Origen is seated a small Process †, adorned with an oblong oval Figure: Below the Cerebellum may be discerned the Medulla Spinalis †, divided into equal parts by a Fissure.

Fig. 5. The Head of a Pidgeon opened.

• † a a. † b b. † c c. The Brain of a Pidgeon is composed of two Hemisphaeres † which seem to he adorned with a pyramidal, or rather oval Figure, and are parted by the interposition of a Fissure † (running the length of the Brain) in which is lodged the Fal∣ciform Process, being a Duplicature of the Dura Menynx in Birds as well as other Animals, and taketh its rise about the points of the Hemisphaeres, and passeth all the Fissure, and at last encircles their Terminations, as with two Arches †.
• † d d. The Olfactory Nerves † take their origination out of the Medulla oblongata, and seem to creep under the Origens of the Hemisphaeres.
• † e. † f f. The Cerebellum † is endued with a kind of oval Figure, and is dressed with many narrow oblique Processes †, passing cross-ways.
• † g g. To each side of the Cerebellum is adjacent a small Protuberance †, beautified with an oval shape.

Fig. 6. The Head of a Kings-Fisher opened.

• The Brain of a Kings-Fisher seemeth to be beautified with diverse Prominencies of different shapes and sizes, and some of them seem to be pyramidal.
• † a a. The Hemisphaeres † in this Bird as well as others, begin in points, and end in more enlarged dimensions.
• † b b. The Olfactory Nerves seem to be double, the more outward † take their Origen from the sides of the Medulla oblongata, and creep under the Brain, a little space from its Origination.
• † c c. The inward Olfactory Nerves † borrow their rise from the Medulla oblongata, and creep under the Origens of the He∣misphaeres, and pass along towards the Beak.
• † d. The Gerebellum † in this Bird is endued with a kind of inverted pyramidal Figure, by reason its Base is upward, and its Cone downward.

Fig. 7. The Head of a Goose opened.

• † a a a a. This Figure of a Goose is much different from the former, in which the Brain of the Goose is divested of its Coats, and appeareth to be a Systeme of many Globules † (besetting each Hemisphaere) composed of several kinds of Vessels, so that they have much affinity with Glands, as being strainers of the Blood, whereby the albuminous part of the Blood is separated from the Red Crassament, in order to the preparation of the Nervous Liquor.
• † b b. † c c. The Hemisphaeres † begin in Apices or Points, and end in much greater rounded Heads, and between passeth a Fi∣gure †, separating the Hemisphaeres from each other.
• † d. Beyond the Apices of the Hemisphaeres, is seated the Os spongiosum †, adorned with a Conical Figure.
• † e e. The Optick Nerves † take their rise near the Origen of the Medulla oblongata, and are inserted into the inward Region of the Eyes.
• † f f. † g g. The Olfactory Nerves † sprout out of the sides of the Medulla oblongata, and afterward pass over the Optick Nerves, and encircle the Os spongiosum with Arches, and then associate, and out of their Trunks arise on each side a Branch †, and terminate near the perforation of the Bill.
• † h h. † ii. These Trunks of Olfactory Nerves end in two round Protuberancies †, out of which do arise many nervous Fibres † terminating near the Extremity of the Bill.
• † k k. Near the posterior Region of the Brain, is seated the Cerebellum †, adorned with an oval Figure, and beset with many oblong narrow Processes, somewhat like Parallelograms in shape.

[illustration] engraving of dissected bird heads

Tab: 58.

Tab. LIX.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Kings-Fisher opened.

• THE Brain of a Kings-fisher seemeth to be beautified with diverse Prominencies of different shapes and sizes, and some of them seem to be pyramidal.
• † a a. The Hemisphaeres † in this Bird as well as others begin in points, and end in more enlarged dimensions.
• † b b. The olfactory Nerves seem to be double, the more outward † take their Origen from the sides of the Medulla oblongata, and creep under the Brain, a little space from its Origination.
• † c c. The inward olfactory Nerves † borrow their rise from the Medulla oblongata, and creep under the Origens of the Hemisphaeres, and pass along toward the Beak.
• † d. The Cerebellum † in this Bird is endued with a kind of inverted pyramidal Figure, by reason in Base is upward, and its Cone downward.

Fig. 2. The Head of a Goose divested of its Coats.

• † a a a. This Figure of the Goose is much different from the former, in which the Brain of the Goose is di∣vested of its Coats, and appeareth to be a Systeme of many Globules † (besetting each Hemisphaere) composed of several kinds of vessels; so that they have much affinity with Glands, as being strainers of the Blood, whereby the Albuminous part of the Blood is separated from the Red Crassament, in order to the preparation of the nervous Liquor.
• † b b. † c c. The Hemisphaeres † begin in Apices, or points, and end in much greater rounded heads, and be∣tween passeth a Fissure † separating the Hemisphaeres from each other.
• † d. Beyond the Apices of the Hemisphaeres, is seated the Os spongiosum †, adorned with a Conical Fi∣gure.
• † e e. The optick Nerves † take their rise near the Origen of the Medulla oblongata, and are inserted into the inward region of the Eyes.
• † f f. † g g. † h h. † ii. The olfactory Nerves † sprout out of the sides of the Medulla oblongata, and afterward pass over the optick Nerves, and encircle the Os spongiosum with Arches, and then associate, and out of their Trunks arise on each side a branch †, and terminate near the perforation of the Bill. These Trunks of olfactory Nerves end in two round protuberancies †, out of which do arise many ner∣vous Fibres † terminating near the extremity of the Bill.
• † k. Near the posterior region of the Brain is seated the Cerebellum †, adorned with an Oval Figure, and beset with many oblong narrow Processes, somewhat like Parallellograms in shape.

Fig. 3. The Head of an Owl opened.

• a a. The Dura mater, endued with many branches of Blood-vessels.
• The Brain consisteth of four Processes.
• b b. The two anterior are beautified with an Oval Figure.
• c c. The two posterior are adorned with a Semilunary Shape.
• d. The Cerebellum seated beyond the posterior Processes of the Brain, dressed with many Blood-vessels.

Fig. 4. The Body of an Owl opened.

• A. The Neck consisting of many small muscular Fibres.
• a. The Aspera arteria consisting of many annular Cartilages,
• b b. The bipartite Branches of the Aspera arteria (before it is divaricated into the Lungs) seeming to be a Red substance, interspersed with many white Cartilages.
• c c. The Lungs hued with a slorid Red colour, made up of many vesicles of Air.
• d d. The Blood-vessels coming out of the Base of the Heart.
• E. The Heart endued with a pyramidal Figure.
• e. The Auricle of the Heart.
• f f. The Concave parts relating to the Lobes of the Liver.
• g. The Bladder of Gall being of a bluish colour.
• h. The Spleen clothed with a bright Red, and seated in the Left side, not far from the side of the Stomach.
• i. The Gulet, passing under the Liver
• k. The Stomach being of a membranous substance, as in Carnivorous Birds, Hawks, &c.
• l. The Pylorus, or termination of the Stomach.
• m. The beginning of the Guts.
• n n n. The Guts (having many circumvolutions) of which the first is the greatest.
• o. The Intestinum rectum going in a straight line.
• p. The Cloaca, into which the Guts discharge their Excrements.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected bird body

Tab: 59:

Tab. LX.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Dog-Fish opened.

• UNder the Skull of a Dog-fish (called Galens Laevis) may be seen three sorts of clammy Liquor, The First is lodged immediately under the Skull, being thick and highly viscide; The Second is a Cristalline Humor, seated in the middle; and the Third Liquor is a most glutinous gross Matter, immediately covering the Coats of the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Medulla spinalis.
• † a. † B B. The Brain of this Fish is very remarkable, and very different from that of other Fish, as being made of three Apartiments, or large Processes, which consist of diverse parts, The First is adorned with a Semilunary Figure †, whose Convex Surface is set upward, and the Concave below, encircling the upper region of the middle Province of the Brain. To the Horns of the Semilunary Prominence, are affixed two other Processes, (which resemble Legs) to which are appended two Processes, not unlike Feet †. These parts, I conceive, are the Thalami nervorum opticorum.
• † b b. The middle story of the Brain † is very Prominent, and somewhat resembleth in plump∣ness, the Breast of a fat Child; its Convex part is received into the Concave bosom of the upper Province, and is the Medullary substance of the Brain.
• † C C. The Third Province of the Brain consisteth of Two Processes † (much less then the other) and each of them is beautified with a Semi-lunary Figure; these Processes are instituted by Nature (as I apprehend) to supply the place of Natiform Processes.
• † c. † d d. † e e. The Cerebellum is composed of diverse ranks of Processes, a middle, and two lateral ones: The middle † is made up of many greater and less Semi-lunary Processes, enclosed above in the Con∣cave Surface of the Testiforme or Natiforme Processes; and below to the inward rowe of late∣ral † c c. small Processes † which are again immured on each side with greater Processes †, graced with an Oval Figure.
• † f f. The optick Nerves † are derived from the sides of the Medulla oblongata, and passing through proper perforations of the Skull, are inserted into the inside of the Eyes.
• † g g. † h h. On each side of the beginning of the Medulla Spinalis proceedeth a Nerve † covered with a Black Tunicle, and passing all along the outside of the Skull, over the upper part of the Eye, after an Inch, is inserted with many Fibrils † into the upper Mandible, and assisteth its Muscles in their contraction, by which it is lifted up.

Fig. 2. The Scales of a Gar-Fish.

• These Scales are various in Magnitude and Figure, and all consist of various Triangles, dressed with several Fibrils, running in variety of postures.
• a a. Some seem to be of an Octangular Figure, seated in the middle of the Scales, and are beauti∣fied with different Fibrils.
• b b b b. Scales resembling Lozanges, placed on each side of the Octangular Scales, which consist of various Figures, dressed with diverse Triangles.

Fig. 3. Of the Scales of a Carpe.

• The situation of the Scales of a Carp, and other Fish is very curious, as they are placed one over another, after the manner of Tiles or Slates, and at last inserted into the Skin.
• a a a a. The Figure of these Scales seemeth to resemble Scolops, as being narrower in the upper regi∣on, and broader in the lower.
• b b b b. They are dressed with many Filaments, passing downward in length.

Fig. 4. Representing one Scale of a Carp.

• The Scale of a Carp, as well as other Fish, is a Quadrangle made of unequal sides, and compo∣sed of Four Triangles, whose points are united in the Center of the Scale, where they are conjoyned by a clammy Matter of a Conick Figure.
• a a. The Superior and Inferior Triangle, consisting of perpendicular lines, meeting in the middle as in the Center.
• b b. The lateral Quadrangles are framed of many Fibrils running in transverse lines, and meet all in a Center.
• Both the Superior, Inferior, and lateral Triangles, have their straight and transverse lines, cover∣ed with obscure lines, running in different positions.

[illustration] engraving of a dissected fish head

Tab: 60.

Tab. LXI.

Fig. 1. The upper Region of the Brain of a Skait taken out of the Skull.

• THe Brain of a Skait being taken out of the Skull, a Bel visto, appears composed of many ranks of Processes, to which are appendant (as outlets) the Optick and Olfactory Nerves.
• † a a. The Brain and Cerebellum is framed of five rows of Protuberances, the first is made of four Processes, two lateral, and two interior; the out-ward † are graced with a kind of pyramidal Figure, the Bases adjoyning to the middle Processes, and the Cones to the Olfactory Nerves.
• † b b. The middle pair † are greater and longer then the lateral, and somewhat resemble Parallelograms.
• † c c. The second row † are endued with an oval Figure, and are much less then the first.
• † d d. The third rank † are after a manner adorned with a pyramidal shape.
• † e e. The fourth row † are somewhat of a triangular Figure.
• † f f. The fifth row † make the Cerebellum, and have an oblong irregular Figure, as well as the rest of the Processes.
• And each side of the Processes of the Cerebellum is encircled with Processes of irregular shapes, not unlike Intestines, and somewhat resembling the Anfractus of a Hu∣mane Brain.
• † g g. † h h. † iiiiiiii. Beyond the Cerebellum appears the Medulla Spinalis † divided into two equal parts by the interposition of a small Fissure † and each side of the Medulla Spinalis is garnished with numerous Nerves † deriving themselves from its inward Re∣cesses.
• † k k. The Optick Nerves † take their rise from the Medulla oblongata, and afterward creep out of the Brain, and after some space are inserted into the Eyes.
• † l l. The Olfactory Nerves are two pair, of which the least † seem to spring out of the second row of Processes (endued with an oval Figure) and after some space, are inserted into the greater Trunk of the first pair of Olfactory Nerves.
• † m m. † n n n. The greater pair of Olfactory Nerves † do sprout out of the Apices of the first rank of Processes, and after an Inch or more, are branched obliquely on each side into the numerous Fibrils † making a fine System, the immediate Organ of Smelling.

Fig. 2. The lower Region of the Brain of a Skait.

• The lower Region of the Brain of a Skait seemeth to be composed of three ranks of Processes, and an odd one.
• † a a. The first rank † consist of two pair of Protuberances, endued with a kind of pyramidal Figure.
• † b b. The second rank † are made up of three Processes, of which the middle one is Or∣bicular, and the lateral are adorned with an oval Figure.
• † c c. The third rank † are also composed of three Processes, of which the middle is the least, and are all adorned with a kind of triangular shape.
• † d. † e e. The odd Process † is seated between the third rank of the Processes, and the Cere∣bellum †, which in its lower Region as well as upper, is parted into two equal portions, adorned with an inverted pyramidal Figure, whose Base is seated in the beginning, and its Cone in the termination of the Cerebellum.
• † F F. On each side of the Medulla Spinalis, is seated a Cavity, † (full of Cristalline Liquor) beautified with an Oval shape.
• † f f f f. The fine Systems of Fibrils † springing out of the Trunks of the Olfactory Nerves, are endued in their lower Region with a Concave, and in their upper with a Convex Surface.
• g g. The inside of the Fibrils springing out of the Trunks of the Olfactory Nerves.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish brain

Tab: 61.

Tab. LXII.

Fig. 1. The Brain of a Thorneback taken out of the Skull.

• THe Brain of a Thorneback somewhat resembleth that of a Skait, and is made up of four pair of Processes.
• † a a. The first pair of Protuberancies † are the greatest of all, and may be called Pyriform, as they resemble a Pear in Figure, and terminating in the Olfactory, as in Stalks.
• † b b. The second pair of Processes † are the smallest, and seem to resem∣ble a triangular Figure, consisting in unequal sides.
• † c c. The third pair of Protuberancies † are endued with a short oval shape.
• † d d. The fourth pair of Processes † are adorned with an oblong oval Figure.
• † e e. The fifth pair † belonging to the Cerebellum, beginning more large, and end in more small Dimensions, and in some sort are endued with a pyramidal Figure.
• † f f f f. The Cerebellum is encompassed on each side in some sort, after the man∣ner of a Skait, with Processes † resembling Intestines, or the Anfractus of a Humane Brain.
• † g g g g. † G G. † h h. Last of all, the Medulla Spinalis † appears (garnished on each side with numerous Nerves †,) and parted in the middle by the me∣diation of a Fissure † dividing the Medulla Spinalis, as into equal portions.
• † iiii. The Nerves of the Eyes † are double, as consisting of two pair, the one Motory, the other Optick, and arise out of the sides of the Medulla oblongata.
• † k k. † l l l l. The Olfactory Nerves † seem to arise out of the Apices of the Pyriform Processes, and make their progress obliquely cross-ways; and near their Terminations, are trimmed on each side with many small Fibres (cover∣ed with a black Tunicle †) the immediate instrument of Smelling.

Fig. 2. The lower Region of the Organ of Smelling in a Skait.

• † a a. † b b. The Organ of Smelling † in this Fish, is much more conspicuous in the lower Region (endued with a Concave Surface) in which the nervous Fibrils, † sprouting out of the Trunk of the Olfactory Nerves may be more clearly seen, running in transverse parallel lines.

Fig. 3. Of the upper Region of the Brain of a Kingston.

• † a a. † b b. † c c. The upper Region of the Brain of a Kingston consisteth in three pair of Processes; The first pair † (much resemble those of a Skait and Thornback) as adorned with a Pyriform Figure: The second pair of Prominencies †, are dressed with a kind of Oval shape: The the third pair are graced with the Figure of Mamillae, and thereupon may be called Mammillary Processes †.
• † d d. † e e. The Medulla Spinalis in this Fish is very remarkable, as being double in its Origen. The interior or middle † is parted into equal parts by a small Fissure, and is much less then the other to which it is united after an Inch or more. †
• † f f. The outward Medulla Spinalis at first is divided from the Interior by double Fissure † passing on each side, and parting the external Medulla Spinalis into equal portions.

Fig. 4. The lower Region of the Brain of a Kingston.

• The lower Region of the Brain of a Kingston is very like to the upper, in number, shape, and size of Processes, which is very rare in other Fish.

[illustration] engraving of dissected animal brain

Tab: 62.

Tab. LXIII.

Fig. 1. The Head of a young Cod opened.

• † a a. THE Brain of a Cod is composed of two pair of Processes, The First † and the least, are beautified with an orbicular Figure.
• † b b. The Second pair of Protuberancies †, are adorned with an Oval shape.
• † c c. The Cerebellum is made of two Processes †, standing opposite to each other, and are graced with a pyramidal Figure.
• † d d. The beginning of the Medulla Spinalis † is parted by a Fissure (running in the midst) into equal portions.
• † e e. The optick Nerves † take their rise from the Medulla oblongata.
• † f f. † g g. The olfactory Nerves †, pass on each side of the orbicular Processes, and pass in length till they arrive near the Mouth, and end in two small Prominencies, out of which do sprout many small Fibrils † the im∣mediate Organ of Smelling.

Fig. 2. The lower region of the Brain of a Codlin.

• The lower region of the Brain of a young Cod consisteth of five Processes, one single one, and two pair of Processes.
• † a. † b b. The single one † is adorned with an orbicular Figure, and the first pair of Processes is beautified with small pointed Processes †, beginning and ending in acute Cones.
• † c c. The Second pair of Processes † are dressed with an Oval Figure.
• † d d. Above the Inferior Processes of the Brain do offer themselves seven Plexes of Nerves, dispensed with many parts. The First Branch † coming out of the Plexe, is carried upward and inserted into the Eyes.
• † e e. † f f. The next Plexe of Nerves hath diverse Branches, one † is carried near the upper part of the Mouth. And others † to the Muscles of the Face, ending in a broad Expansion.
• † g g. The Third Branch †, coming out of the same Trunk, is opposite to the Smelling Nerves, and is implant∣ed into the Muscles of the Neck.
• † h. At the lower end of the Processes is seated the beginning † of the Medulla Spinalis.

Fig. 3. The Head of a Lamprey opened.

• The Head of a Lamprey being opened, the Brain seemeth to be composed of two pair of Protuberancies, and a single one seated between them.
• † a a a. † c C. † b. † d d. The First pair † are somewhat the larger, adorned with an orbicular Figure. The Second pair † are endued with an Oval shape. The Single Process † seated between the two pair of Protuberancies, is beautified with a Triangular Figure. Under this Prominence ariseth optick Nerves † from the Medulla ob∣longata, and pass obliquely to the Eyes.
• † e e. Below the Second pair of Processes, the Medulla Spinalis † seemeth to take its Origen.
• † f f. Above the First pair, (being orbicular Protuberancies) are seated two round Cavities † parted from each other, and encircled with white Membranes.
• † g g. Above these Cavities appeareth a white Membrane, beset with many long narrow streaks †, like so many Rays, and are nervous Filaments, of somewhat a more dark colour then the Membranes.
• † E. The Olfactory Nerves doth terminate into many Filaments † (running crossways, which are the Organ of Smelling.

Fig. 4. The many rowes of Teeth besetting the Mouth of a Lamprey.

• † a a a a a a. The Mouth of a Lamprey is garnished with many ranks of pointed Teeth † (running in Circles, and Semi-circles) somewhat resembling the Teeth of a Sawe in Figure.
• † b. Some of the Teeth are covered with a Case † furnished with many holes, adapted to the Teeth in shape and size.

Fig. 5. The Head of a Trout opened.

• The Brain of a Trout is composed of two pair of Processes, and the last being single, maketh the Cerebellum.
• † a a. The First pair of Protuberancies † are very much the smaller, beautified with an orbicular Figure.
• † b b. The Second pair † are endued with an oblong Oval shape, adjoyning below to the Cerebellum, and above the Orbicular Processes.
• † e. The lowermost Process † is beautified with a Trianglar Figure, which is the Cerebellum.
• † d. Below this Process appeareth the Origen of the Medulla Spinalis † parted into equal parts by the interpo∣sition of a Fissure,
• † e e. The optick Nerves † seem to arise under the orbicular Processes, and are derived from the Medulla oblongata, and pass crossways, and are inserted into the inside of the Eyes.
• † f f. The Olfactory Nerves † also seem to creep under the Orbicular Protuberancies, and take their rise from the Medulla oblongata.

Fig. 6. The Head of an Ʋmber opened.

• The Brain of an Umber much resembleth that of a Trout in the Number and Figure of Processes, only the Cerebellum differeth, as being adorned with a kind of orbicular shape.
• † a a. † b b. † c. The First pair † of Processes are decked with an Orbicular Figure; and the Second pair † with an oblong Oval shape. And the Cerebellum † is beautified with an Orbicular Figure.
• † d, A little below, as it were coming out, of this Process, may be discerned, the Origen of the Medulla Spinalis † divided into equal portions by a Fissure.
• † h e. The Optick Nerves † seem to sprout out of the oblong Oval Processes, and take their course obliquely toward the inside of the Eyes.
• † f f, The Olfactory Nerves † seem to arise out of the Orbicular Processes, and take their Progress in straight lines, toward the Mouth.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish head

Tab: 63.

Tab. LXIV.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Carp opened.

• THE Head of a Carp being opened, the Brain seemeth to be composed of five ranks of Protuberancies, and one single one.
• † a a. The First rowe † consists only in two Processes, dressed with an Oval Figure.
• † b b. The Second rank † is made up of four Prominencies, trimmed with an orbicular shape.
• † c c. The Third rowe † of Processes are bigger then the former, and are endued with an Oval Figure, standing obliquely.
• † d. The fourth † is One single Process, dressed with an irregular shape.
• † e e. The fifth rank † is adorned with a kind of Oval, or pointed Processes.
• † f. The single Process † is small, and seated between the last Protuberancies, and is beautified with a Triangu∣lar Figure.
• † g g g g. The Nerves of the Eyes † are double the one Optick, the other Motory, and seem to arise out of the first pair of Processes.
• † h h. † ii. † k k. The Olfactory Nerves † begin in knots, and are carried close for some space, and afterward do part, and near their terminations have two orbicular Prominencies † and are at last branched into many Filaments, running transversely (after the manner of a Scolop-shell) the immediate Organ of Smelling.

Fig. 2. Of the transparent substance, encircling the Brain of a Carp.

• † a a a. The Brain of a Carp is every way above and belowe, and laterally immured with a transparent clammy Liquor, bestudded with an innumerable company of specks †, or minute Globules of a yellowish co∣lour, somewhat resembling the Lytharge of Gold; And here I beg the freedom to speak my conjecture, about the first production of this viscide Matter, whence its Transparency proceedeth, and as such it clearly bespeaketh its Conception and Nativity, as the progeny of the more clammy part of the Semi∣nal Liquor, receptive of Concretions caused by Saline Particles; so that this substance, In solutis principiis in its primitive Nature, being beautified with Transparency, may well retain it, when coagulated into a more solid consistence; and being formerly fluid, as Seminal Liquor hath its constituent part, aranged in such orderly positions, fitted to receive Transparency, by reason it being formerly a fluide Body, du∣ring which time it was easy for the subtle and bright Rays of Light to pass through the regular Pores, and make themselves passages every way, and afterward so to dispose the more minute Particles, when consolidated, to retain the same Pores through which the beams of Light were transmitted, when it had the more loose Nature of a liquid Form, which afterward growing more solid with the same passages of Light, keep the primitive Constitution of a Transparent Body, when metamorphosed into a more solid substance, bespangled with a numerous train of little specks, or Globules (of a yellowish colour, resembling the Lytharge of Gold) produced of the more dense and opaque Particles of the Seminal Liquor, affected with disorderly Pores (not answering those of the transparent substance) which do shut out the beams of Light, transmitted through the more regular passages of the other Transparent Body.

Fig. 3. The upper Region of the Brain of a Carp.

• † a a a a a. † b b. † c c. The upper Region of the Brain of a Carp is here added, by reason I found it (upon Dissection) much dif∣ferent from the former. In this Brain I discovered a great Lusus naturae (as oftentimes in other Fish) which hath numerous Prominencies † sporting themselves in various Suapes, Magnitudes, and irregular Situations, interspersed with Processes, running in pleasant Maeanders †. These different Protuberancies do not answer each other in rank, but seem to be confused, as not seated one against another, as in regu∣lar Brains of Fish, and the Processes are not of the same Figure, which is only found in the first pair of Pro∣cesses † endued with somewhat of an orbicular Figure, and small, if compared with diverse other Protu∣berancies; some are of the same shape, and much greater, but not seated in pairs, opposite to each other, but in confused positions. Other Processes seem to resemble Semi-circles in Figure: And the Posterior prominencies are the greatest; and the most minute are seated for the most part, on the margent of the Brain; so that in sine, this Systeme of various Processes (relating to the Brain of a Carp) doth seem to resemble a bunch of Grapes, of greater and less size, confusedly growing to the stalk.

Fig. 4. Of the lower Region of the Brain of a Carp.

• † a a. † b. The lower Region of the Brain of a Carp, is garnished with eight Processes of several Magnitudes. The First pair † are somewhat small, endued with an Oval Figure, and coated with a Red colour. The Promi∣nencies † (confusedly placed between the first and last pair) are four in number, small in size, and orbicular in Figure.
• † c c. † d. The Posterior pair of Processes are much the greatest, as seated near the Medulla Spinalis, and are hued with a Red colour, and of an Oval Figure. The Medulla Spinalis † parted in the middle by a Fissure.
• For the most part, the Processes besetting the Medulla oblongata both above and below, are Red, and incli∣ning somewhat to a cineritious colour, as being cortical. And there are three Prominencies, which are White, as being chiefly made of a Medullary substance.

Fig 5. The Head of a Rochet opened.

• † a a. † b b. The Brain of a Rochet, consisteth of two pair of Processes, The First pair † are much less in size then the other, and are beautified with an orbicular Figure; The Second pair † of Protuberancies are adorned with an Oval Figure.
• † c c. The last pair of Processes † make the Cerebellum, and are endued with a kind of inverted pyramidal Figure, having their Bases above, and Cones below, toward the Medulla Spinalis.
• † d. The beginning of the Medulla Spinalis † as also its farther progress, is divided into two equal portions, by the interposition of a Fissure.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish head

Tab: 64

Tab. LXV.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Prill opened.

• THe Brain of a Prill is irregular, as the Processes of one side do not answer the other, either figure, magnitude, or number.
• † a. The right side of the Brain of this Fish is composed of two Prominencies, the first † is minute and orbicular.
• † b. The second Protuberance † is much greater, and beautified with an Oval figure.
• † c. The left side is composed of a double number, of four Processes; The two first † are seated i•• the Van, and are adorned with a small Orbicular figure.
• † d. The third Process † of the loft side is much more enlarged; and dressed with an Oval figure.
• † e. The fourth † of this side is endued with an Oblong figure somewhat resembling an Oval shape.
• † f f. The Optick Nerves † are of unequal length.

Fig. 2. The Head of a Place opened.

• The Brain of a Place is also irregular, as being confused in the situation, shape, size, and number of its Protuberances.
• † a. The first row of Processes are two in number †, and seem to be endued with a minute Orbicular figure.
• † b. The second row † seem to be three in number, (of which the largest are seated in the middle) adorned with an Oval shape.
• † c. In the close of the Prominencies, is seated a single Prominence † on the right side of the Medulla Spinalis, and is (as I conceive) the Cerebellum, which is very minute in this Fish.
• † d. The Olfactory Nerves † do creep under the anterior Processes, and take their progress toward the Mouth in straight lines.
• † e e. The Optick Nerves † are different in length; The Right being shorter then the Left.

Fig. 3. The Head of a Dabbe opened.

• The Brain of a Dabbe is disorderly in figure, size, and number of its Processes.
• † a. The first Process † is single standing toward the right side of the Brain.
• † b. The second Processes † are seated directly opposite to each other, the middle Prominence is adorned with a round shape.
• † c. The other Protuberancies of this row †, are seated on each side of the middle Prominency, and are adorned with a kind of Oval figure.
• † d. The posterior Processes † are many, seated in a Cluster, of different shapes and sizes.
• † e. The Medulla Spinalis † is divided into equal parts by a Fissure.
• † f f. The Optick Nerves † are various in length, the left being longer then the other.

Fig. 4. The Head of a Flounder opened.

• † a. The Brain of a Flounder is composed of various Processes of different shapes and sizes; The three first † run in length in a kind of Line, and have various figures and magnitudes.
• † b. The next Protuberancies † are also three in number seated in a row, and are beautified with an Orbicular figure.
• † c. The posterior rank of Prominencies † seem to be endued with an Oval figure, the middle only appeareth fair, shading the other, making them to represent a Semicircular figure.
• † d. The last Prominency † is single, placed on the right side of the Medulla Spinalis, and seemeth to be adorned with an Orbicular shape, and is the Cerebellum in this Fish.
• † e e. The Medulla Spinalis † near its Origen hath larger dimensions, and groweth less and less, of a Pyramidal figure.
• † f f. The Nerves of the Eyes are two pair, one being Optick † (which are the uppermost) and the left is longer then the right.
• † g g. The other pair are Motory †, and exceed the other in greatness.
• † h. † ii. The Olfactory Nerves † creep under the minute first Processes, and pass toward the Mouth in a straight progress, † and end in Fibres.

Fig. 5. The Head of a Soale opened.

• † a a. The Brain of a Soale hath divers Processes † seated in the Origen of the Brain, and are endued with several figures and magnitudes, and grow less in size, as they approach the Mouth.
• † b b. After the anterior Processes follow a pair † larger then the former, endued with an Oval figure.
• † c. The posterior Process is single † (seated on the right side of the Medulla Spinalis) adorned with an Orbicular shape.
• † d d. The Medulla Spinalis † is parted by a Fissure running in the midst.
• † e e. The Optick Nerves †, as in many other flat Fish, are endued with an unequal length.
• † f f. The Olfactory Nerves † creep out of the Brain under the cluster of anterior Processes, and go in a straight course.

Fig. 6. The Head of a Turbat opened.

• The Brain of a Turbat is very regular in the situation, size, and figure of its Processes.
• † a a. The first rank of the upper Region † are two in number, dressed with an Orbicular shape.
• † b b b. The second row † consists in three Prominencies (beautified with an Oval figure) of which the biggest are seated in the middle.
• † c. The posterior Process †, is somewhat of a Triangular figure, and is the Cerebellum.
• † d d. The Optick Nerves † are of a different length, and the right exceedeth the other in dimensions.
• † e e. The Olfactory Nerves † do arise under the first pair of processes, and take their course in straight lines.
• The lower Region relating to the Brain of this delicate Fish, is furnished only with three short oval Protuberancies.
• And I have observed in the Brains of Fish, that their lower Region hath less Processes then the upper, which I have seen in many Dissections.
• † f. The Medulla Spinalis † (as in other Fish) is parted by a Fissure.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish head

Tab: 65.

Tab. LXVI.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Whiting opened.

• The upper Region of the Brain of a Whiting is formed of six Processes of dif∣ferent shapes and sizes.
• † a a. THe first pair of Protuberancies †, being the smallest of all, is adorned with an Orbicular figure.
• † b b. The second pair † being above double in magnitude, are beautified with an oblong Oval shape.
• † c c. The third pair of Processes † are adorned with an inverted Pyramidal figure, as their Bases are above and the Cones below; and do constitute the Cerebellum, divided in the middle by a Fissure.
• † d d. † e e. Below may be seen the Medulla Spinalis † out of whose beginning on each side of it, doth arise a Nerve †, which olimbing up, doth encircle the Processes of the Cerebellum and Brain, and afterward intersect the Optick Nerves, and passing all along the Head, do intersect each other, and at last terminate into Arches.
• † f f. The Optick Nerves † do creep out of the Brain under the Orbicular Processes, and pass obliquely into the inside of the Eyes.
• † g g. † h h. The Olfactory Nerves † creep out of the Brain under the Orbicular Processes, and do associate for some space, and afterward part and are at last implanted with va∣rious Fibrils into the Organs of Smelling †.

Fig. 2. The lower Region of the Brain of a Whiting, consisteth of a row of five Processes, and the most minute is seated in the middle † dressed with a Globular figure.

• † a. † b b. The inward adjacent Processes † are trimmed with an Oval shape.
• c c. The outward Protuberancies seem to be pointed †, beginning in acute and ending in obtuse Cones.

Fig. 3. The Head of a Pearch opened.

• The upper Region of the Brain of a Pearch is made up of two pair of Processes, and of a single Protuberance.
• † a a. The first pair † are the smallest, and decked with an Orbicular figure.
• † b b. The second pair † are adorned with an Oval figure.
• † c. The last is a single Process †, beautified with a kind of Triangular figure.
• † d. The Medulla Spinalis † is parted in the middle (as in other Fish) into two equal parts.

Fig. 4. The lower Region of the Brain of a Pearch is endued with four Processes seated in a rank.

• † a a. † b b. The two middle Prominencies † are dressed with an Oval figure, and the two lateral (as they are placed by Nature) seem to enclose the middle Processes after the man∣ner of Semicircles.

Fig. 5. The Head of a Gudgeon opened.

• † a. † b. The Brain of a Gudgeon is composed of three pair of Processes: The first † are en∣dued with a minute Orbicular figure; And the second pair † are somewhat larger, and are beautified also with the same figure.
• The third are the largest, adorned with an Oval shape.
• † c c. † d. The two last are single † Processes †, placed one below another, the one great and the other small, and both Orbicular, and make the Cerebellum.
• † f f. The Medulla Spinalis † is disposed into equal parts by the mediation of a Fissure run∣ning in the middle.
• † e e. The Olfactory Nerves † arising under the minute pair of Globular Processes, make their progress toward the Mouth.

Fig. 6. The Head of an Eel opened.

• The Brain of an Eel consisteth of two ranks of Processes, and a single Protuberance.
• † a. The first rank † hath three in number, dressed with a Globular figure.
• † b b. The second rank † hath two decked with an Oval.
• † c The posterior Process † seemeth to be adorned with a quadrangular figure.
• † d d. The Medulla Spinalis † is little different from that of other Fish, as consisting of two parts, equally divided in the midst by a Fissure.
• † e e. The Optick Nerves † seem to be derived from each side of the lateral Orbicular Pro∣cesses, seated in the first rank, and pass in an oblique transverse posture, and are inserted at last into the inside of the Eyes.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish head

Tab: 66.

Tab. LXVII.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Dory opened.

• THe Brain of a Dory is composed of five Processes, endued with greater and less Ovals.
• † a a. The first pair † are the least, and are endued with a short Oval Figure
• † b b. The Second † are much greater, adorned with an oblong Oval shape.
• † c. The last Process † is Oval too, and is the Cerebellum.
• The Medulla Spinalis consisteth of two equal parts (divided in the middle by a Fissure) re∣sembling a pyramidal Figure.
• † d d. The optick Nerves † seem to Creep under the first pair of Oval Processes, and passing in an oblique transverse posture, are at last implanted into the inside of the Eyes.

Fig. 2. The lower Region of the Brain of a Dory taken out of the Skull, is made up of five Processes as well as the upper.

• † a a. The First pair † are orbicular.
• † b b. The Second pair † seem to be Conical, beginning and ending in Cones, and are adjacent to each side of the Cerebellum.
• † c c. The last Processes † divided in the middle by a Fissure, and conjoyned, do resemble a Triangle, and are the Cerebellum, which is sometimes one Process, and other times two, as in this Fish.

Fig. 3. The Head of a Gurnet opened

• The Brain of a Gurnet is framed of nine Protuberancies, somewhat like a cluster of Grapes.
• † a a. The First pair † seemed to be endued with an Oval Figure.
• † b b. The Second pair † are dressed with a kind of Triangular shape.
• † c c c. The Third rank of Processes † are three in number, the two lateral seem to be beautifi∣ed with a kind of Semi-circular Figure, and the middle Process with a Triangular.
• † d d. The last pair of Processes † are the least, and are endued with an Oval Figure.
• † e e. The optick Nerves † creep under the first pair of Processes, and take their progress in a transverse posture, and are inserted into the inside of the Eyes.

Fig. 4. The Head of a Smelt opened.

• The Brain of a Smelt is made up of Seven Protuberancies, consisting of three pair and an odd Process.
• † a. The First pair † are very small, and of an orbicular Figure
• † b b. The Second pair † are endued with an Oval Shape.
• † c c. The Third pair † are adorned with an Oval Figure.
• † d d. The Posterior Process † (being the Cerebellum) is beautified with a kind of Triangular shape.
• † e e. The optick Nerves † in this Fish seem to arise under the Second pair of Processes, and tend toward the inside of the Eyes obliquely crossways.
• † f f. The olfactory Nerves † do arise under the first pair of Processes, and climb upward to∣ward the Mouth.
• † g g. The Medulla Spinalis † in this as in other Fish, is divided into equal parts, endued with a Pyramidal Figure.

Fig. 5. The Head of a Pope opened.

• The Brain of a Pope consisteth of nine Processes, various in size and shape.
• † a a. The First rank † is two in number, and are very minute, and of a Conical Figure.
• † b b. The Second † rank is made up of two Processes which are very small.
• † c c. The Third rank † of Prominencies are the greatest of all, and are dressed with an Oval Fi∣gure.
• † d. The Posterior Process † (being the Cerebellum,) is also beautified with an Oval shape.
• † e. The Medulla Spinalis † passing under the Posterior Process, is dressed with an inverted pyra∣midal Figure.

Fig. 6. The Head of an Herring opened.

• The Brain of a Herring is composed of nine Processes.
• † a a. The First rowe † are a pair of Processes, beautified with an orbicular Figure.
• † b b. The Second rank † are much larger then the former, and are adorned with an oblong Oval shape.
• † c. The last Process † is dressed with a triangular shape.
• † d. The Medulla Spinalis is much like that of other Fish in Figure, † only it seemeth not to be di∣vided into equal parts by a Fissure.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish head

Tab. 67.

Tab. LXVIII.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Garfish opened.

• THis Fish is very remarkable for its Head, as having a long Process affixed to it, full of many Asperities, as so many Teeth, holding its Aliment when first seiz∣ed. This oblong Process much resembleth the Beak of a Woodcock, Godvit, or Curlue in Figure.
• † The Brain of this Fish consisteth of four pair of Protuberancys. The First † are the most minute, and seem to be endued with a Conical Figure.
• † b b. The Second pair † appear to be adorned with a triangular shape, and do ex∣ceed the first in dimensions.
• † c c. The Third pair † are the largest of all the Processes, and are adorned with an ob∣long Oval Figure.
• † d d. The Fourth pair † are dressed with a kind of inverted Pyramidal Figur, by reason their Bases are placed upward, and their Cones downward: This pair doth con∣stitute the Cerebellum of this Fish.
• † e e. The Medulla Spinalis † is much akin to that of other Fish in situation and Fi∣gure.

Fig. 2. The Head of a Grey Mullet opened.

• The Brain of this delicate Fish is composed of Three pair of Protuberancies.
• † a a. The First † is beautified with a kind of Triangular shape.
• † b b. The Second pair of Processes † is adorned with an orbicular shape.
• † c c. The Third pair † is dressed with an Oval Figure, parted by a Fissure in the mid∣dle, into two equal parts, which make the Cerebellum.
• † d d. The optick Nerves † are like those of other Fish in situation and progress, and do arise under the first pair of Processes, and take an oblique transverse course toward the inside of the Eyes.

Fig. 3. The Head of a Salmon-Peal opened.

• The Brain of this Fish is made up of three pair of Prominencies.
• † a a. The First pair † are very small, and dressed with an orbicular Figure.
• † b b. The Second pair † are much greater then the First, and are decked with an oblong Oval Figure.
• † c c. The Third pair † are Ovals, and as I conceive, do represent the Cerebellum.
• † d d. The Medulla Spinalis † is the same with other Fish both in Shape and Situa∣tion.

Fig. 4. The Head of a Horse-Mackerel opened.

• The Brain of this Fish seemed to be composed of many Processes.
• † a. The First rank † is three in number, endued with a Globular Figure.
• † b b. The Second rowe † is a pair of Oval Protuberancies, much exceeding the other in bigness.
• † c. The Third seemeth to consist of three Processes.
• † d d. The middle one † is endued with an orbicular Shape, and the other being late∣ral, seem to be endued, as far as they appear, with Semi-circular Figures.
• † e. The posterior Processes †, being the Cerebellum, is dressed with a Triangular Fi∣gure.
• † f f. The Medulla Spinalis † is divided into two equal parts, by the mediation of a Fissure.

Fig. 5. The lower region of the Brain of a Horse-Mackerel.

• † a a a a. The lower region of the Brain of a Horse-Mackerel is composed of four Protu∣berancies †, which are endued with a Globular Figure.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish head

Tab. 68.

Tab. LXIX.

Fig. 1. The Head of a Pike opened. The Brain of a Pike is composed of five Processes of different Figures and Magnitudes.

• † a a. THe first pair † are dressed with a short, or rather Orbicular figure.
• † b b. The second † is very much larger then the first, and beautified with an oblong Oval figure.
• † c. The posterior Process † is adorned with a Triangular figure, and is the Cerebellum in this Fish.
• † d. The Medulla Spinalis † is not different in Figure and Parts from that of other Fish.

Fig. 2. The lower Region of the Brain of a Pike consisteth of Four Processes different in Figure and Magnitude.

• † a a. The two uppermost † seem to be dressed with an Orbicular figure.
• † b b. The last † have the appearance of a short Oval shape.
• † c c. The Optick Nerves † in the Base of the Brain being turned up, do plainly appear to Intersect each other.

Fig. 3. The Head of a Tench opened. The Brain of a Tench is composed also of Five Protuberancies some∣what different in Figure from a Pike.

• † a. The first pair † are the least, and seem to be endued with a short Oval figure.
• † b b. The second pair † of Processes are adorned with an Oval figure.
• † c. The posterior Process † seemeth to be beautified with an Orbicular figure.

Fig. 4. The lower Region of the Brain of a Tench is composed of Three Processes.

• † a. The first Process † is endued with an Oval shape.
• † b b. The pair of Protuberancies † are adorned with an Oval figure.

Fig. 5. The Head of a Pearch opened. This Brain is much different from that of the Third Figure of the Sixty sixth Table, and consisteth of Ten Protuberancies.

• † a a. The first pair † are dressed with a kind of Orbicular figure.
• † b b. The second pair † are adorned with an Oval shape.
• † c c. The third pair † of Prominencies are trimmed with an Orbicular figure.
• † d. The seventh Process † is beautified with a kind of Triangular figure.
• † e. The three last Processes † are placed after the manner of a Triangle, and are endued with several shapes and sizes.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish head

Tab: 69.

Tab. LXX.

Fig. 1. The Medulla Oblongata and Spinalis of Animals.

• † a a a a a. † b b b. THe Medulla oblongata of a Rabbet is a system of many Processes which are seated in a double row † parted from each other by a Fissure †.
• † c c c c. † d d. The origen † of Medulla oblongata of this Animal hath two Arms †, and each of them is composed of four or five Processes.
• † e e e e e e. † f f f f. † g g. The ranks have smaller Processes † (endued with an Oval figure, toward the beginning, and have large Ovals † about their termination, and end in three orbicular Processes †.
• † h h. † iiii. † k k. The Medulla Spinalis is made up in its origen of two ranks of Processes, the two high∣est † are beautified with a Pyramidal figure †, and the rest seem to be pa∣rallelograms, † parted from each other by a Fissure.

Fig. 2. The Medulla oblongata of a Gray Mullet.

• † a a. † b b. The Medulla oblongata of a Gray Mullet, is a fine Compage made up of many ranks of orbicular Processes, and have only three (in their origen or Neck †) which are the more minute, out of which the Optick Nerves † do arise.
• † c c. The body of the Medulla Spinalis in this Fish seemeth to be a fine system composed of five Orbicular Processes, of which the next to the Neck are the greatest †.
• † d d. The Medulla Spinalis is divided into two parts, by a Fissure †, and doth not con∣sist of any Processes, which are found in a Rabbet.

Fig. 3. The lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis of a Gurnard.

• † a a. † b b. The lower Region of a Gurnard seemeth to be made up of five Processes, the anterior are a pair † much larger then the rest, endued with an Oval figure; out of these Processes arise the Optick Nerves †, intersecting each other.
• † c. The three posterior Protuberancies † are very minute, beautified with an Orbicular shape.
• † d. The Medulla oblongata is framed of two rows of Processes, of which the anterior Pro∣tuberancies † are the most large, and grow less toward their termination, and are all of an Oval figure.
• † e e. The Medulla Spinalis is parted by a Fissure †, and destitute of Processes.

Fig. 4. The Medulla oblongata of a Carp.

• † a a. The Medulla oblongata of a Carp, is composed of two ranks of Protuberancies (parted from each other by a Fissure †) beautified with an Orbicular figure.
• † b. † c. † d. Its Origen consists in two single Processes, of which the first † is of a kind of Oval figure †, and the second is adorned with an Orbicular †.
• † e e. † f f f. The first pair of Processes † are the greatest, and lead the Van in the Company of Protuberancies, which grow less and less as they approach the Medulla Spinalis composed of two parts, severed from each other by a Fissure †.

Fig. 5. The Medulla oblongata and Spinalis of a Pike.

• † a. The Medulla oblongata of a Pike beginneth in an apex or obtuse Cone †, and the body of the Medulla is a Compage framed of four rows or more of small Orbicular Pro∣cesses.
• † b b. The Medulla Spinalis in this Fish as well as most other, is constituted of two parts separated from each other by a Fissure †.

Fig. 6. The Medulla oblongata and Spinalis of a Gudgeon.

• The Medulla oblongata of a Gudgeon is integrated of a double rank of Protuberancies endued with a round shape.
• † a. † b b b. Its Origen † begins in an obtuse Cone, and seemeth to be composed of three ranks of small Processes † of an Orbicular figure.
• † c c. † d d. † e e e. The body † of the Medulla oblongata is framed of a double rank (severed by a Fissure †) beginning large, and growing less and less as they come toward the Medulla Spinalis, which is divided into two parts by a Fissure † running all along the Spine.

[illustration] engraving of dissected animal body parts

Tab: 70.

Tab. LXXI. Of a young Dog-fish, called by the Latines Canis Cachaorius.

• THE Skin above the Mouth is dressed with Nerves and Semi-cir∣cular streaks, interspersed with numerous specks.
• a. The Heart of this kind of Dog-fish is endued with an oblong round Fi∣gure, ending in an obtuse Cone.
• b. And hath as other Fish, one Anricle lying under the Heart placed in asu∣pine position.
• c. The great Artery (seated in the Base of the Heart) is beautified with a triangular Figure, and afterward groweth small, being divided into two Branches.
• d d. The Liver is turned up, and is naturally seated for the most part in the Left side, consisting of two Lobes, of which that of the Left side is the greatest, and the Right hath a Fissure, and two or three little Creces.
• e. The beginning of the Stomach is much larger then its termination, as confining on the Gulet in the Left side.
• f. The termination of the Stomach or Pylorus, is much more narrow then the Origen.
• g. The body of the Stomach is beautified with a kind of round Oval Figure and dressed with numerous branches of Blood-vessels.
• h.ii. The entrance of the Duodenum is beset on each side with an Intestinum Caecum, (adorned with a conick Figure) of which that of the Right side is the greatest, and most long, and endued with short Gyres.
• J. k. The Duodenum, passeth down the Right side of the Stomach in a right course, and afterward the Guts make many Maeanders, or Circumvo∣lutions, and at last end into the Intestinum rectum, making its progress to the Anus in an oblique posture, into which it discharges its bilious excrements.
• l. The Vesicula fellis is lodged among the Guts, and is endued with a kind of Conick, or rather Oval Figure, and a yellowish colour.
• The Pancreas is lodged under the Intestines in the Left side, hath a double Origen near the bottom of the Stomach to which they are fastened, and consisteth of diverse partitions, and maketh its progress in many Cyres, somewhat resembling the Intestines.
• m. † n n. The upper surface of the Pancreas is Convex, and hued with an Ash-co∣lour, and the lower Surface † is Concave, and is endued with a White colour shaded with Red, hath a Trunk of a Blood-vessel, pas∣sing in a straight course in the middle, beset on each side with many divarications of small Ramulets.
• o. Part of the Spleen seated under the Stomach, and is beautified with an Oval Figure, and hued with a Purple colour, all beset with many branch∣es of Blood-vessels.
• p p. This Fish hath four Finns, the two upper are the smallest, of a white colour, somewhat resembling little hands.
• q q. The lower Finns are in some part adorned with a White colour, inter∣spersed with Black spots, and fringed with Black, and dressed with ma∣ny Creces
• † r r. † s s. † t t. The inside of the Tail is beset in the middle with many Quadrangular Bo∣dies † passing in length toward the Tail (attended with many Fila∣ments †.) ending into many Creces; at the termination of the Tail † resembling a Fann.

[illustration] engraving of dissected fish

Tab. 71.

Tab. LXXII.

Fig. 1. The Skeleton of the whole Body of Man.

• A A. THe inside of both the Shoulder-bones.
• B B. Both the Clavicles.
• C C. The Shoulder-bone, or Bone of the Arme.
• a a. The head of the Shoulder-bone coming from its Appendix.
• b b. The outward knob of each Shoulder-bone.
• c c. The inward Protuberance of the Shoulder-bone.
• D D. The Bone of the Cubit, called the Radius.
• E E. The Bone of the Cubite, called the Ʋlna.
• F F. The Bones of the Wrist, being eight in in number.
• G G. The Thumb, composed of three Bones.
• H H. The Metacarpe, framed of four Bones.
• I I. The four Fingers, each being made of three Bones.
• K K. The Thigh-bone.
• L L. The Pasella, or Pan-bone of the Knee.
• d d. The head, or upper Appendix of the Thigh-bone.
• e e. The neck of the Thigh-bone.
• f f. The Trochanter, or Rotator major.
• g g. The Trochantor, or Rotator minor.
• h h. The Appendix, or lower heads of the Thigh-bone.
• M M. The Tibia of each Leg.
• N N. The Fibula.
• ii. The inward Ankle-bone.
• k k. The outward Ankle-bone.
• l l. The Bones of the Tarsus, being seven in num∣ber.
• p p. The Bones of the Metatarsus, being five,
• m m. The Bones of the Toes, of which the great Toe hath but two, and the other have three a piece.

Figure 2.

• A. The Clavicle.
• b. The Head by which the Clavicle is conjoyn∣ed to the Sternon.
• c. The other extremity of the Clavicle, fasten∣ed to the Scapula.
• d. The Scapula, or Shoulder-bone.
• e. The first Process of the Scapula, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• f. The lower Process, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• g. The neck of the Scapula, or least Process.
• h h. The Base of the Scapula.
• i. The inferior Angle of the Scapula.
• k. The superior Angle of the Scapula.

Figure 3.

• A A A. The vertebers of the Back.
• B B B. The Ribs.
• C C C C. The Sinus engraven in the lower part of the Rib.
• D D. The two Protuberancies, by which they are articulated with the Chine.
• E. The Sinus of the Verteber.
• F. The Transverse Process of the Verteber.
• G. The lower Rib having but one Protuberance.

Figure 4.

• A A. The anterior region of the verteber of the Loins.
• B. The lower Surface, covered for the most part with a Cartilage.
• C. The Foramen for the passage of the Medulla.
• D D. The Transversal Processes.
• E. The hinder Process or Spine.
• I I. The oblique Processes.

Fig. 5.

• A A A A. The hinder Region of the Os Sacrum, endued with many roughnesses.
• B. The Foramen for the descent of the Medulla Spinalis.
• C C. The oblique Processe.
• d d d. The hinder Processes.
• e e e e. The Foramina for the egress of the Nerves.
• f f f f. The hinder Process being double.

Figure. 6.

• The Os Coccygis being compounded of four Bones.

Figure 7.

• The Os innominatum.
• A A. The Os Ilium.
• b b b. The Spine of the Os Ilium.
• C. The Dorsum, or back of the Os Ilium.
• D D D. The Os Pubis, or Share-bone.
• E. The large hole of the Share-bone.
• F F F. The Os Iskium, or Coxendicis.
• G G. The Acetabulum, or Sinus of the Iskium.
• I. The Protuberance of the Iskium.
• K. The Appendix of the Os Iskium.

[illustration] engraving of human skeleton

Tab: 72

Tab. LXXIII.

Fig. 1. The Kidneys, Ovaries, and Ovi∣ducts, &c. of an Estridge.

• a a. THE Origen of the Kidneys relating to an Estridge, is endued with a kind of an Oval Figure.
• b b b b. The oblong Processes of the Kidneys being less then their Origi∣nations.
• c c c c. The body of the Kidneys are beautified with a kind of Conick Figure, and are much larger then the Origens and oblong Pro∣cesses.
• These several parts of the Kidneys are adorned with many Globules, of various shapes and sizes.
• d d. The emulgent Blood-vessels.
• e e. The Ureters creeping out of the Terminations of the Kidneys, and end near the Vent.
• f f. The Ovaries consisting of many Eggs of diverse Magnitudes.
• g g. The Oviduct consisting of various Maeanders, inserted into the Uterus.
• h. The Cloaca, or great receptacle of Excrements.
• i. The Intestinum rectum.
• k k. The Glandulae renales.

[illustration] engraving of dissected ostrich viscera

Tab: 73.