A systeme of anatomy, treating of the body of man, beasts, birds, fish, insects, and plants illustrated with many schemes, consisting of variety of elegant figures, drawn from the life, and engraven in seventy four folio copper-plates. And after every part of man's body hath been anatomically described, its diseases, cases, and cures are concisely exhibited. The first volume containing the parts of the lowest apartiments of the body of man and other animals, etc. / by Samuel Collins ...

CHAP. LXXXI. Of the Bones of the Scapula, Shoulder or Arm, &c.

THE Bone of the Scapula (called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, * 1.1 is lodged on each side upon the Ribs, like a Buckler, and is thin and broad, * 1.2 a∣dorned with a kind of triangular Figure, and is endued with a Concave Sur∣face within, and with a Convex without; and is instituted by nature, * 1.3 not so much for the guard of the hinder region of the Thorax, as the inarticu∣lation of the Shoulder, and the implantation of diverse Muscles, fastning the Scapula to the Ribs, and Occiput, to which it is tied, and some Spines rela∣ting to the vertebers of the Neck above, by the Musculi Cucullares, taking their rise from the hinder part of the Head, and from the Apices of Fourteen Spines, whereof Five belong to the lower spondyles of the Neck, and Nine to the upper Vertebers of the Back, and is inserted into the whole Spine of the Sca∣pula, so that this Bone is firmly tied by the Musculi Trapezii to the Occi∣put above, and lower, to some of the Vertebers of the Neck and Back; this Bone is also affixed to the Neck, and hinder parts of the Trunk, by the Mus∣culi Rhomboides (lodged under the Cucullaris) which borroweth its origen from the Spines of the Three lower Vertebers of the Neck, and the Three upper of the Thorax; and this Muscle is inserted into the outward Base of the Scapula; whose Bone is also tied forward to the Four upper Ribs, by the Musculus serratus minor, lying under the pectoral, which taketh its origi∣nation from the said upper Ribs, and is extended to the Processus Coracoides of the Scapula; This Bone is also connected to the transverse Processes of the Se∣cond, Third, and Fourth Verteber of the Neck.

This Bone is affected with great variety of parts (making a great unlike∣ness to it self) as having diverse Processes, Sinus, Appendices, * 1.4 and resemble a kind of Triangle, by reason of diverse unequal sides, of which the First, (being called the Base † 1.5) is that region of the Scapula, which passing in length along the Back, adjoyneth to the Spines, relating to the Vertebers of the Thorax, and is formed of an oblique line, inclining above and below toward the ambient parts, making the Convex of a Circle, and is some∣what hollow and semi-circular in the middle.

The lower side of the Triangle (relating to this Bone) maketh its pro∣gress from the lower region of the Base obliquely upward toward the out∣ward parts. * 1.6 But the upper side of the Triangle (being as much shorter then the lower, as the lower then the Base) passeth downward toward the ambient parts, after a kind of transverse posture; both these sides meeting in an angle, do contain the broad part of the Scapula, circumscribed with a narrow termination, (called the Neck of the Scapula) into which the Sinus is engraven, receptive of the head of the Shoulder-bone.

The Basis of the Scapula for the most part is very thin, and somewhat thicker about the sides then middle; to this Base, * 1.7 most commonly Two Ap∣pendices are conjoyned, one of which being thicker, larger, and longer, is seated at the lower angle † 1.8 of the Base, and is very blunt, and almost orbi∣cular in its termination.

But the other Appendix is placed somewhat under the Superior Angle † of the Base, and is united to it, where the Spine is said to take its Origen.

Beside these Appendices, * 1.9 a soft Cartilage is appendant to the Base, and is much akin to those Cartilages, with which the extremities of Bones are furnished.

The Neck of the Scapula † 1.10 coming out of a thin large Base, groweth more narrow and thick, and this Neck making its progress outward, is dila∣ted; * 1.11 so that it being oblong, is engraven with an oblong Sinus, terminated in its lower region into a circular circumference, and in its upper part into an acute. * 1.12 Farthermore, the upper part of the Sinus of the Scapula is more protuberant, that Two strong Ligaments may more aptly spring out of it; This Sinus of the Scapula is incrusted with a Cartilage, after the manner of the Sinus in other joynts, and is not very deeply engraven; so that its greatness and depth, do not answer the largeness and length of the head of the Bone of the Shoulder (which is received into the Sinus of the Scapula) by rea∣son of various loose motions, performed in this articulation of the Shoulder∣bone, with the Sinus of the Scapula.

And Nature hath instituted a kind of Cartilage (endued with the sub∣stance of a Ligament) which doth increase and render the Sinus more deep, * 1.13 which doth highly correct the laxity of the articulation.

In the circumference of this Sinus a Cartilage is seated, not inwardly conjoyned to the head of the Shoulder Bone, and the Sinus of the Scapula, but only connected to Ligaments, * 1.14 orbicularly encompassing the Joynt, and much resemble the Cartilages (which are found in the joynt of the Knee) not unlike a new Moon in Figure.

The outward region of this Cartilage is thick, and making its progress toward the center of the Sinus, groweth less in dimensions, and terminates before it arrives the Center, as if the Sinus should be rendred more large and deep, by the apposition of a ring (to its circumference) which being de∣pressed, did somewhat resemble a Triangle, as the outside of that Triangle did relate to the outside of the circumference of the Joynt, and below the Side did rest upon the Sinus, and above it looks toward the head of the Shoulder-bone; * 1.15 so that by the benefit of this Cartilage, the Sinus of the Scapula becomes more deep, and the Cartilage being of a pliable Nature, gi∣veth way to the force and compression of the Bones, and no way impedes the laxe motion of this joynt.

The Scapula is adorned with Three Processes, * 1.16 the First passeth through the middle, all the length, from the Base of the Scapula to the Neck of it, and is called the Spine, * 1.17 being a bony ridge made for the safe allodgment of many Muscles, seated on each side of the Spine, whose extremity being conjoyned to the Clavicle, formeth the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 † 1.18, called by the Latines, Humeri mucro.

The Second Process of this Bone is seated lower, and is less, and acute, resembling the Bill of a Crow; whereupon it is styled 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 † 1.19, which is concave in its lower region, and in its upper rough and unequal, and hath a Prominence, to which the Clavicle is firmly tied, by others this denominated 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and by other 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from resembling some part of an Angle: And the use of this strong Process is to preserve the joynt from outward assaults and accidents, * 1.20 offering violation to the Joynt.

That I may give a short History of the parts of the Scapula, the Basis, Spine, Neck, the Crow-bill Process, and that of the top of the Shoulder, which must be supposed, to have various degrees of Ossification; and its First

rudiments, as of all other Bones, is membranous, and in the latter end of the Second Month, is a round Cartilage (not distinguished into various parts) marked in the middle with a white point, which is the beginning of ossi∣fication; and this Cartilage terminates into a narrow part (without any di∣stinction) into a long white line placed in the middle, which afterward is formed into the Bone of the Shoulder, distinct from the Scapula.

In the Third Month the Scapula is adorned with its perfect Figure, and the Spine perfectly bony, and is only encircled above with a Cartilaginous Margent, to which the top of the Shoulder is affixed, which is wholly Car∣tilaginous, as well as the Processus Coracoides, the Neck, and the Base is above half grisly; and its Cartilaginous Margent groweth less, which encircling it the Fourth Month, and the Fifth, and other Months, becomes less grisly; and in its lower region, where it terminates into a point, it is more slowly ossified, because that part is more distant from the center of a circle, which nature makes in its various steps of ossification, and both the Processes of the Scapula are cartilaginous for the most part, as well as the Sinus, engra∣ven in the Anterior part of the Scapula, and the head of the Bone of the Shoulder (relating to it) doth not obtain the solidity of a Bone after the Birth; whereupon a new Born Child lifteth up its Arm with great weak∣ness and difficulty; and the Fissure, or Interstice which passeth between the Processus Coracoides, and Base of the Scapula, hath no footstep appearing before the Fifth Month, and afterward is more and more hollowed, and adorned with a semi-lunary Figure, and afterward beautified with the shape, found in persons of mature age.

The Bone inarticulated above with a Scapula, * 1.21 and below with the Cu∣bit, is called by Celsus, Os Humeri, and commonly the Bone of the Arm, which in its higher part, * 1.22 (where it is conjoyned to the Scapula) is adorned with a fair Appendix, or Protuberance, as Vesalius will have it, which in truth doth consist in Two heads; of which, that of the inward region is large and orbicular, and protuberant after the manner of above half a Globe; but the outside of the Appendix, hath another rough and unequal Head, not applied to any Inarticulation, but only endued with a Prominence, into which many strong Ligaments are implanted, tying the Bone of the Shoulder to the Scapula: At the outside of the inward head, that relates to the emi∣nent and upper region of the Appendix; and in the Anterior and Posterior part of this Head, a great Sinus is formed orbicularly, distinguishing the in∣ward Head from the outward, and preparing a place fit for the insertion of Ligaments; and into this Sinus, (being more enlarged in its Anterior, rather then Posterior part) as into a Valley the Ligaments are inserted, and some are also inserted into the head of the Shoulder-bone, as into a Hill, or Pro∣montory.

The Bone of the Shoulder or Arm, is large, round, and unequal, * 1.23 and more flat and plain in its hinder part toward the Cubit, and hath above, a great orbicular Head (guarded with a soft Cartilage) insinuated into a Sinus of the Scapula encircled in its outward circumference with a grisle, rendring the Sinus deeper and larger for the more firm Inarticulation of the Shoulder-bone insinuated into the Sinus of the Scapula, encompassed with Ligaments.

In the hinder part of the great Head of the Shoulder bone, * 1.24 may be found Two rough and unequal Prominencies, to which strong Ligaments are affix∣ed; these Protuberancies are attended with Two Sinus, of which one is or∣bicular, seated at the side of the great Head, and is the origen of a Liga∣ment; the other Sinus is outward, and oblong, (parting the said Pro∣minencies)

is the seat of the origen of the Muscle, called Biceps.

The lower region of the Bone of the Arm is Inarticulated with Two Bones, * 1.25 the Ulna and Radius, and is adorned with an obscure Appendix in Children, but is more conspicuous in persons of more mature age, beautified with variety of protuberancies, Sinus, endued with diverse shapes and sizes.

In the middle of the lower part of the Bone (relating to the Arm) a Si∣nus may be seen with its Prominencies, * 1.26 resembling a little wheel of a Pulley, by reason this wheel is orbicular in its circumference, and in its sides broad and plain; so after the same manner in the lower region of the Shoulder-bone, a plane, or round part may be discerned, which is not unlike the small wheel of a Pulley; Farthermore, as in the wheel (where the cord is placed) a Sinus is engraven, and the sides are every where protuberant about the Si∣nus, which do equally receive the rope, lest it start out of its place. So this part of the Shoulder-bone hath a Sinus engraven into it, protuberant on each side: and differeth in this, from the Prominencies of the wheel, because the sides belonging to the Sinus of the wheel are equally protuberant; but this part of the Shoulder-bone in its inside is very prominent, and exactly answers the wheel of a Pulley; but in the outside it is much more flat, and depressed, which is occasioned by the head of the Shoulder-bone, inarticula∣ted with the Radius, which is seated at the outside of the orbite of the Shoul∣der, without any eminent Prominence, which together with the Radius, doth hinder the outward Luxation of the Ulna. But in the upper part of this orbite, or wheel (as Learned Vesalius calls it) Nature hath engraven Two eminent Sinus, one in the fore, and the other in the hinder part of the Shoulder, much deeper and larger then the former; These Sinus being part∣ed, as it were with a long scale, do receive the Processes of the Ulna, which are very conspicuous in its upper part; and the Anterior Protuberance (when the Cubite is bent) doth admit the Anterior Sinus; and when the Cubite is extended, the Posterior Sinus of the Shoulder-bone doth receive the Posterior Process of the Ulna: And these Sinus are terms of the extreme Flexion and Extension, contrived by the grand Architect, that the Cubite may be brought to a most acute angle in Flexion, and cannot be extended beyond a right line; and the Sinus of the lower region of the Shoulder-bone, are Bases and Obstacles, hindring the luxation of the Joynt in violent motions.

The Articulation of the lower region of the Shoulder-bone, * 1.27 with the up∣per of the Ulna, may be styled 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the resemblance of Hinges, containing each other in mutual embraces; so that the parts of the said Joynt, in reference to Sinus and Processes, do receive, and are received, as the Pro∣cesses of several Bones are mutually entertained into the various Sinus of others.

At the outside of the orbite of the Shoulder-bone, * 1.28 is seated an oblong roundish head (lined with a Cartilage) insinuated into the upper Sinus of the Radius, and by the help of this Inarticulation, the said Bone, as fur∣nished with antagonist Muscles, may be put into supine and prone positi∣ons; and the length of this Head (passing toward the body of the said Bone) giveth it a more firm articulation; that in the Flexion and Tension of the Cu∣bite, the head of the Shoulder-bone cannot easily slip out of the socket of the Radius.

And upon this account, the head of the lower part of the Shoulder-bone, is incrusted with a soft Cartilage, to give a more free play to it in the Si∣nus of the Radius, to prevent the grating of the head of one Bone against the Sinus of the other.

And at the outside of this Head it is very protuberant, and from an acute line, passing along the outside, various Muscles take their origens, making several motions in the joynts of the Fingers, and not only the outside of the Head is protuberant in the lower region of the Shoulder-bone, but from the inside of its Orbite an acute Process, (called the inward Tuberance) is wisely fo••med by Nature, not for any inarticulation, but upon the account of the origination of Muscles, and progress of Nerves.

The middle part of the Shoulder-bone running in length, * 1.29 seemeth to be adorned with a round Figure, and is somewhat depressed, and larger to∣ward the lower region, then in the Anterior. Farthermore, this Bone is round in some parts, and depressed in others, endued with Concave and Con∣vex Surfaces in several Regions, of which some parts are plane, and others rough, for the better insertion of Muscles.

Any considerable holes cannot be found in the Shoulder-bone, except some small ones which are engraven about the margent of the Sinus and Processes, * 1.30 for the more firm originations or insertions of the Ligaments; and about the sides of the Shoulder-bone, some holes may be discovered for the transmis∣mission of Blood-vessels to, and for the Marrow contained in the Cavity of the Bone.

In the Second and Third Month of a Foetus, appears no articulation of the Shoulder-bone above with the Scapula, nor of it below with the Radius and Ulna, which are first Membranous, and then Cartilaginous; and the Origen of the Shoulder-bone first may be seen in a long line; the first rudi∣ments of the Ulna and Radius may be discerned in Two long lines, which are the first steps of Ossification, which groweth first in the middle, and af∣terward the sides are rendred bony; and last of all, the Joynts are formed of the Shoulder-bone above with the Scapula, and below with the Bones of the Ulna and Radius.

And the Bone of the Shoulder in its first origination, is endued with a Ca∣vity (the repository of Marrow) which is encircled first with membra∣nous, and then Cartilaginous substance, which afterward becomes bony, whose ambient parts are most hard, and inwardly more spungy.

The Cubite is framed of Two oblong round Bones, * 1.31 called Ulna and Radius by the Latines. The First being the Radius † 1.32 is seated near the orbite of the lower region of the Shoulder-bone, with which the Ulna is articulated, as endued with Processes, insinuated into the Sinus of the Shoulder-bone; The Ulna being thick and solid in its upper region, ob∣tains Two eminent Processes, of which the Anterior looks toward a Sinus, engraven in the Shoulder-bone; and the Ulna hath its Processes fitted to the said Sinus, which is large, and furnished with an obtuse Angle.

The hinder Process of the Ʋlna (somewhat resembling the Anterior in Figure) doth enter into a Sinus, made in the hinder region of the Shoulder-bone; this Sinus is larger and deeper then the Anterior, and hath the forme of an obtuse Angle. The hinder Process is styled by Galen 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 by Hypocrates, and the Elbow in English.

In the middle of these Processes, a great Sinus is engraven, * 1.33 receiving a Pro∣cess of the Shoulder-bone (called Rotula by Vesalius) this Sinus answers the Process in largeness, and is adorned first with a semi-circular Figure, some∣what resembling a C, and that it might more agree with the Rotula of the Shoulder, it is endued in the middle with an obtuse Protuberance, which maketh its progress in length, and is compressed on each side, and rendred sinuous, which Vesalius resembles to the round Concave of a Wheel (rela∣ting

to a Pulley) receiving a Cord. After the same manner the substance of the Sinus of the Ulna, is somewhat like the Cord placed in the Sinus of the Wheel, belonging to a Pulley, as the Learned Author will have it.

A great part of this Sinus (appertaining to the Ulna) is smooth and li∣ned with a Cartilage, * 1.34 and is so fitted with its Processes, to the Wheel of the Shoulder-bone, that the Cubites may be safely extended, and bent, without the danger of the luxation of the joynt, which is very much promoted by the mutual ingress of diverse Bones, and the strong ties of Ligaments, arising out of many rough Prominencies, with which the Bone of the Shoulder and Ulna are adorned, for the better implantation of Ligaments and Muscles.

But the Radius, the other Bone of the Cubite, is slender, where it is con∣joyned to the Bone of the Arm, or Shoulder, and out of an oblong slender Neck, groweth into a large orbicular Head, and in that part that looks to∣ward the Shoulder-bone, it hath a round Sinus, not very deep, into which the head of the Shoulder-bone is received; * 1.35 by this Articulation the Cubite receiveth diverse postures of prone and supine, while the Ulna lieth quiet, as not acted with any motion; and the Articulation of the Radius with the Shoulder-bone, doth not hinder the Flexion and Extension of the Cubite, performed by the Articulation of the Ʋlna.

By reason the length of the Head of the Shoulder-bone is so great, and in its lower region is endued with such a smooth and slippery Cartilage (easily giving way to the motion of the Joynt) that the Sinus of the Radius is not dis-joyned from the head of the Shoulder-bone (when the motion of the Cu∣bite is celebrated in pronation and supination) which is very much assisted by strong Ligaments, encircling the Joynt, and keeping it in its due place.

The Radius is conjoyned to the Ulna, * 1.36 both aboveand below, and taketh its progress in the middle, after the manner of an Arch, that it might be dis∣joyned from the Ulna; that the Radius in its oblique situation, might be un∣der-propped by the Ulna, which may the more easily exert the various moti∣ons of pronation and supination, and partly, that a fit allodgment might be made for Muscles in the outward and inward region of the Cubite.

At the outside of the upper part of the Ʋlna, * 1.37 near the Process of the Shoulder-bone, a Sinus is engraven (passing transversely the Fourth part of a circle) which is smooth, and incrusted with a Cartilage; to this Sinus, the inside of the head of the Radius (for which the Sinus is formed) doth most fitly agree, and being the head of the Radius is made smooth and orbicular, and doth easily turn in the Sinus of the Ulna: But below, near the Wrist, where the Radius groweth greater, and is dilated, as with an eminent Appendix, a Sinus is formed in the lower region of this Protuberance, not unlike that which is engraven in the Ʋlna; * 1.38 In this Sinus lined with a Cartilage, the upper region of the Appendix of the Ulna (being protuberant after the man∣ner of a head, and covered with a grisle) is revolved; and upon this ac∣count, the Radius, by the help of both Joynts, doth celebrate a prone and supine posture.

Not far from the upper Joynt, where the neck of the Radius is seated, it emits a rough Process (looking toward the inner region of the Cubite) which maketh a fit seat for the insertions of the Flexors of the Cubite: Farther∣more, the Radius in its progress from the Shoulder-bone toward the Wrist, is not perfectly round and smooth, but according to its length, in reference to the lower region, doth produce a prominent line, which looking toward the Third line of the Ulna, doth receive a Ligament, tying together the bones of the Cubite, (that they should not part) after the manner of a strong

bandage, and the outside and inside of this line is reduced flat and hollow, that it might make fit allodgments for the Muscles of the Cubite; And the Radius groweth thicker and broader in its lower region, to make a fit articu∣lation with the Carpus, it being requisite, that the joynt made in the lower part of the Cubite with the Carpus, should almost wholly be referred to the Radius, by reason the Ʋlna resting at the Shoulder-bone belowe, the hand may obtain a prone and supine posture by the help of the Radius; by rea∣son, if the Sinus receiving the Wrist, was equally engraven in the Ʋlna and Radius; it is impossible the Hand should have its back and palme put into various positions when the Ulna rests, as a Base and Fulciment of this moti∣on; and the part of the Wrist inarticulated with the Sinus of the Ulna, * 1.39 would prove an obstacle, that the Radius could be moved, when the Ulna lieth quiet; Therefore Nature hath provided a large Appendix, into which the Sinus of the Radius is engraven, and by reason this small Bone could not be very much enlarged, part of the Wrist is sustained by the Ulna, to which its acute Process is somewhat assistant, though it touch the Wrist but in a point; And by reason lest the Ʋlna in the other region of its Appendix, should be conjoyned to the Wrist, * 1.40 without the interposition of some other body, Nature hath emitted a Cartilage (from the lower part of the Sinus, engraven in the Appendix of the Radius for the benefit of the Wrist) which climbing up the Appendix of the Ʋlna, doth part it from the Wrist, and fits the Joynt, that the Ulna may in some sort support the Wrist, and doth not immediately touch it, by reason the whole Sinus belongs to the Radius, out of which do proceed strong Ligaments for the preservation of the Joynt.

The Articulation of the Carpus with the Radius is not performed by one, * 1.41 but three Bones (which look toward the Radius and Ulna) of which two be∣long to the Radius, and the third Cartilage (properly springing out of the Ra∣dius) chiefly relates to the acute Process of the Appendix of the Ulna; and the Sinus of the Radius appears to be double, because it is somewhat protu∣berant, where it is conjoyned to the Second Bone of the Wrist.

The external region of the Radius, as well as Carpus, is Convex, * 1.42 that it might resist outward accidents; and that the Tendons of Muscles taking their progress to the Hand, and being derived from the gibbous part of the Radi∣us should lose their way, many Sinus are engraven about this region, through which the Tendons (covered with transverse ligaments) should pass, as through so many rings.

And there are no holes in the bones of the Cubite, except these which are ministerial to the Origens of the Muscles, and are endued with a firm solid substance, except the Appendices which are more spungy, and have a large Sinus ingraven in their inward penetrals (encircled with bony Walls) fit for the reception of Marrow, and to render the Bones light, lest they should be a burden in progressive motion.

The Great Masters of our Faculty, Galen and Hypocrates, * 1.43 called the Arm from the Scapula to the extremity of the Fingers 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, but the Latines and more modern Anatomists, Manum appellant, call a Hand the part that joyns to the Cubitus, and end at the terminations of the Fingers.

The Hand, * 1.44 according to this acception may be distinguished into Three parts, Carpum, Metacarpum, and Digitos. The first part called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, is composed of Eight Bones, endued with diverse shapes, sizes, and situa∣tions, in which not one Bone answers another exactly, and yet they are so cu∣riously conjoyned (ad Harmoniam) that they may seem, after a manner, to be one entire Bone, and cannot easily be parted, unless you cut the Mem∣branes

and Cartilages, by which they are mutually affixed; and being fine∣ly set together (as adapted to each other with curious Artifice) are adorn∣ed with a double surface, in their upper region with a Convexe, and in their lower with a Concave; and both above where they being conjoyned to the Bone of the Cubite, and below to the Metacarpium, are smooth, and in∣crusted with Cartilages; and are also encompassed with grisles where they are coarticulated in Heads and Sinus with each other, Eight in number.

Nature hath framed two ranks of Bones, † 1.45 making the Wrist, by which the First is conjoyned to the Radius, * 1.46 and the Second to the Metacarpium, and the First Bone of the Thumb. The First, Second, and Third Bone of the higher rowe of Bones, are so closely united to each other, that they seem to constitute but one broad Bone, and are in part received into the Sinus of the Radius, * 1.47 making a joynt in the lower region of the Cubite. The First and Second Bone of the Carpus are reposed in a Sinus, engraven in the Appendix of the Radius, and the Third doth rest upon a Cartilage, taking its rise from the Radius, and doth partly distinguish the Ʋlna from the Carpus, and the outside of the Third Bone, doth touch the acute Process of the Ap∣pendix of the Ulna, when the Head is moved outward.

The Fourth Bone of the upper rowe of the Wrist doth not lean upon the Ulna, * 1.48 but in its upper region doth receive that part of the Ligament (be∣longing to this Joynt) which taketh its Origen from the acute Process of the Appendix, relating to the Ulna: And into the upper region of the Fourth Bone of the Carpus is inserted a Tendon of a Muscle, called the inferior Flex∣or of the Wrist; and out of the lower part of this Bone ariseth a Muscle, sty∣led the Abductor of the little Finger. And this being proper to the Fourth Bone, is conjoyned only to one Bone of the Wrist, and is less protuberant, and hollowed then the rest, as being the least of the Bones.

The First Bone of the upper rank of the Wrist is articulated with the Ra∣dius, * 1.49 and conjoyned to the Second Bone, as it insiuates its large Head into the Sinus of the Second Bone; and with another more large Head (coming from its lower region) enters into a common Sinus, engraven into the Fifth and Sixth Bone of the Wrist.

And the First Bone is not only adorned with diverse Heads, * 1.50 but with a large Sinus too, by which it is conjoyned to the head of the Seventh Bone, and to the Second, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh.

The Second Bone is connected to the First Bone, * 1.51 and to the Seventh, and to the Third, with a great plane surface; so that the Second Bone is conjoyn∣ed to the lower region of the Radius, and to the First, Third, and Seventh of the Wrist, and adjoyneth to the Eighth Bone.

The Third Bone of the Wrist, * 1.52 or Carpus, is not only articulated with the Fourth, but enters into the Sinus of the Eighth Bone, with a large Head; and it is farther conspicuous upon Dissection, that this Bone is conjoyned to the Ʋlna by a peculiar Cartilage, and to the Second, Fourth, and Eighth Bone of the Carpus.

The Fifth Bone of the Wrist in its upper region doth receive the Head of the first Bone into its Sinus, * 1.53 and being hollowed in its outside, doth enter∣tain the Head of the first Bone into its bosome.

The Fifth Bone of the Carpus (being the First of the Second rank of Bones) receiveth the Head of the First Bone into its Sinus, engraven into its upper part, and being Concave into its outside, doth admit the Head of the Sixth Bone; and in its lower region is endued with a large oblong Sinus, which is engraven also in its inward and outward region, to which the Head of the

First Bone is conjoyned per modum Arthodiae, which is a loose Articulation, re∣quisite to a manifest motion, after a different manner, from the Bone of the Carpus, articulated with each other, per modum Harmoniae, there being no oc∣casion of any great motion in this Articulation; and after the same manner the Bones of the lower rank of the Wrist are connected to the Bones of the Metacarpium; the Metacarpium adjoyning to the first Bone of the first Finger, is a great part articulated with the Sixth Bone of the Wrist.

The Sixth Bone of the Carpus is conjoyned to Two Bones of the Metacar∣pium, viz. To that which adjoyneth to the First, * 1.54 and obscurely to the middle Finger, and the two other Bones of the Metacarpium (which support the Third and Fourth Finger) are coarticulated with the Eighth Bone in shallow Cavities; and this Bone is connected in Two Bones of the Metacarpium, to that which is near the First Finger, and obscurely to that Bone which adjoyn∣eth to the middle Finger; and the Sixth Bone of the Carpus is also connected to Three Bones, and receives the First Bone into its Sinus, and farther insi∣nuates its Head into the Sinus of the Fifth Bone, and is superficially articula∣ted with the Fifth Bone.

The Seventh Bone of the Carpus is endued with a large Head, * 1.55 which is ad∣mitted into a Sinus common to the First and Second Bone; and in its inside, is conjoyned to the Sixth Bone, and in its outside to the Eighth, in a broad ar∣ticulation made with a flattish Head, and a shallow Sinus; and this articu∣lation is strengthened in some part, by the interposition of a cartilaginous Ligament, which though it strongly ties the Seventh to the Eighth Bone, yet is more commonly luxated inwardly, then any other Bone of the Carpus; which is occasioned, by reason of its greatness, and cannot so strongly oppose outward assaults, as the neighbouring Bones, which have their Heads entring into more deep Sinus, and by reason the Ligament (tying in the inside the Seventh to the neighbouring Bones) is not so thick and strong as those of the other Bones of the Wrist, which is wisely instituted by Nature, lest the over thickness of the said Ligament, should hinder the passage of the many Ten∣dons of Muscles, called Flexors, coming from the inside of the Cubite, and this Bone is conjoyned to Four Bones of the Wrist, to the Second, Sixth, Eighth, and to the Bone adjoyning to the middle Finger.

The Eighth Bone of the Carpus (as Vesalius hath well observed) insinu∣ates it self after the manner of a Wedge, * 1.56 between the Seventh and Third Bone, to both which the Eighth is conjoyned, and is articulated with two Bones of the Metacarpium, which adjoyn to the Third and Fourth Finger; and the Eighth Bone hath a peculiar Process in its inside (where it looks to∣ward the palme of the Hand) inclining from the outside of the Eighth Bone inwardly, and engraven in the inside, after the manner of a C, so that it makes a fit seat for the Tendons of the Flexors of the joynts of the Fingers, and out of the joints of the Muscles of the Eighth and Fifth Bone of the Carpus, a strong Ligament is propagated, which being transversly encircled with Ten∣dons, keep them that they cannot start out of their proper places. This seat of the Tendons of Muscles is rendred hollow, and though lined with Liga∣ments, yet is smooth, as well as the other Sinus, through which the Ten∣dons are conveyed, as through Rings; and when these Ligaments are pulled out of the Sinus, and the Bones freed from them, they are found endued with Asperities, that the Ligaments might be more strong, and more firmly affix∣ed to the Bones, that the Bones of the Carpus and Metacarpium might be more firmly conjoyned to each other.

That part of the Bone (relating to the Hand) which is extended from the Carpus to the extremities of the Fingers, is called by the Greeks and by Celsus, Palma, aut Vita Manus by others.

The Metacarpium (according to Galen) is composed of Four Bones † 1.57, and of Five, * 1.58 according to Celsus, and are longer then the other Bones of the Fingers, and for the most part round; and the longest Bone and most thick, adjoyneth to the Bone of the First Finger, and so they grow less and shorter, as they come toward the little Finger, which hath a Bone of the Metacarpium, least in dimensions, adjoyning to it.

The Bones of the Metacarpium agreeing in number with those of the Fin∣gers (to which they are adjacent) do support them with their neighbourhood, * 1.59 and are made Concave within, for the reception of Marrow, and to ren∣der them light, and more fit for motion, without trouble to the Hand, which their weight would give, were they not inwardly made Concave; and are accommodated both above and below with Appendices, or Protube∣rancies (of which the Superior are not turned into Bone in a Foetus in the First Month) conjoyned to the Bones of the Carpus. * 1.60 The Bones of the Me∣tacarpium are somewhat broader in the outside, then they are in the inferior region; and have their upper Surface Convexe, and their lower Concave; and their Appendices touch each other in their sides, and are mutually con∣joyned by the interposition of a Cartilaginous Ligament. The inferior Ap∣pendices are united to the Bones of the Fingers by a manifest Connection; They are very great, and inclining from the outside of the Head toward the inside, do terminate into oblong round heads, which being lined with a grisle, do enter into the Sinus of the First Bones of the Fingers; the inferior Ap∣pendices of the Bones of the Metacarpium, are not so nearly conjoyned (as the superior) and are somewhat hollowed when they look toward each other, out of which do spring cartilaginous Ligaments; and because these Bones are greater in the upper then lower region, therefore it must be attended with empty spaces, passing between the Bones of the Metacarpium, in refe∣rence to the lower region, which thereupon becomes fit for the allodgment of Muscles; and the Bone of the Metacarpium, adjoyning to the first Fin∣ger, is adorned with an Appendix, into which, a Muscle moving the Wrist, is inserted; and the Bone of the Metacarpe (adjacent to the little Finger, when it is conjoyned to the Wrist) is somewhat protuberant, that it might receive the insertion of the Tendon of a Muscle, belonging to the Wrist, and the Bones are beset with Asperities, to give admission to the insertions of the Tendons of Muscles.

The Bones of the Fingers are Fifteen in number, * 1.61 as every one is made up of Three, which are set in an elegant order, as composed of several ranks, which are pleasant to behold.

They are framed of Three ranks of Bones, * 1.62 that the Hand might be drawn into greater variety of Figures and Postures, more or less contracting the Palme to lay hold upon greater or less things; and if our Fingers were beset with more ranks, then Nature hath wisely instituted, they would much weaken the grasping of Objects, and render the motion of the Hand less nim∣ble, as being burdened with a superfluous number of Finger-bones.

And the use of the Hand doth most clearly appear in Dissection, * 1.63 that the Bones of the Fingers are not endued with the same shape and size, but of great variety of Bones, and they are the most part round, when covered with Muscles and Skin (only they are somewhat depressed in the upper and lower region) lest they should be rendred more liable to outward violations,

and not so fit to graspe any thing within the Hand, if they were perfectly round; whereupon the Fingers, as being perfectly a round body, * 1.64 should on∣ly touch an object in puncto, and so not perfectly and strongly contain it with∣in the inward circumference or Palme of the Hand; and four of the Fingers being placed in one order, have one Finger opposite to them, called Proma∣num, aut 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 by the Greeks, or Pollex by the Latines, a Pollendo, because it is the most strong Finger, and able to ballance all the rest in strength: And as the Fingers are less in Longitude, Magnitude, and ability, so their offi∣ces do vary, and the first Bone of the Finger is most large, * 1.65 as the Base and Fulciment of the rest, and they grow less and less toward their termination, that they may easily close with an object in Flexion.

The region of the First Bone of the Carpus (made for the first joynt of the Thumb) is incrusted with a smooth and slippery Cartilage, and is promi∣nent transversly, endued with a large oblong protuberance; and the First Bone of the Thumb is engraven with a great and oblong Sinus, to give a reception to the head of the Fifth Bone of the Wrist, and is ex∣tuberant forward and backward, but chiefly forward, as most agreeable to the mutual ingress of the Fifth Bone of the Wrist, with the First of the Thumb, to constitute its first Joynt, which is not acted with one single, but various motions; and although it is most eminent for lateral motions, whereby the Thumb is brought toward the first Finger, and from it again by abducti∣on; and moreover, this joynt of the Thumb doth admit Flexion or Extensi∣on, as it is carried inward toward the Palme, or outward toward the back of the Hand.

The first Bone of the Thumb is inarticulated with the Second, * 1.66 as its low∣er region doth terminate into one head, insinuating into one Sinns; and this head is not perfectly round, and is not altogether orbicularly depressed, and is protuberant in its lower part, and most of all in its sides; and its protube∣rance is propagated toward its inside, where it is afterward somewhat depres∣sed, and covered with a Cartilage, that the Second Bone of the Thumb might move more softly and safely in its various motions of Flexion, Exten∣sion, Abduction and Adduction.

The third joynt of the Thumb, * 1.67 is very much different from the structure of the First and Second, by reason the lower part of the Second Bone, is divided into Two oblong heads (bearing from the outward to the lower region) en∣dued with an orbicular Figure. These heads are parted by an oblong Sinus, and covered in some part with a Cartilage, more relating to the inside, then outward region.

The superior region of the Third Bone is engraven into two Sinus (sepa∣rated by an oblong Protuberance, * 1.68 arising between them) receiving two heads of the Second Bone; and the Protuberance of the third Bone enters in∣to a Sinus, made in the middle of the head of the Second Bone; and upon this account, the Protuberances of the second Bone enter into the sockets of the third: and the third also insinuates its Prominence into a Cavity of the Second, and both the Bones have such an articulation in a mutual ingress, that the joynt is only capable of Flexion and Extension, and not of a lateral mo∣tion; and after this manner of articulation the second and third joynts of the Thumb are framed, and make an acute Flexion, and a straight Extension, without any lateral motion.

The first joynt belonging to each Finger, * 1.69 consists in one Head and one Sinus in various Bones receiving, and being received by each other; And every Bone of the Metacarpium, doth determinate into one Head, being

long in the Inside, then broader, as taken transversly from one side to the other, by reason the Head belongs more to the inside; and is incrusted a great∣er space with a Cartilage. And the Sinus engraven in the upper region in the first Bone relating to every Finger, is endued with an orbicular Figure, and the first Bone upon this Head, doth celebrate the various motions of Flex∣ion, and Extension, and Adduction, and Abduction. And the lateral motions and extensions are not so eminent, by reason they do not make such acute Angles, as Flexion, because the head of the Bones of the Metacarpium, is but a little depressed, both outwardly and laterally.

And by reason the head of the first Bone of the Fingers is externally more covered with a Cartilage, * 1.70 then the heads of the second and third Joynts; therefore the first Joynt is more extended then the rest beyond a right line.

Farthermore, the first Finger doth incline more inward in motion, and the little one more outward then the rest of the Fingers, because the heads relating to the Bones of the first Joynts of those Fingers, are more easily car∣ried to the said sides, and moved somewhat orbicularly; And by reason we can move the first joynts of our Fingers laterally, a laxe Articulation is or∣dered by nature, * 1.71 which is not requisite in the second and third joynt, which cannot move laterally, and are only capable of Flexion and Extension, as the most useful motions in the conduct of our Life, in order to take things into our hands, and hold them by Flexion, and let them go again by Extension of our Fingers.

The third Bone of the Finger in its lower region (where it is conjoyned to no Bone) is protuberant, * 1.72 and is endued with a rough head, and with two crooked Processes, that the Tendons of the Flexors might be propaga∣ted out of the lower part of the third Bone, which is inserted in its termi∣nation into the apex of the Bone, which becomes Cartilaginous, that the Tendon might be the more firmly implanted into it: And by reason of this Tendon, the third Bone in his inside (where it is somewhat protuberant) is rendred rough and uneven.

Learned and curious Vesalius, * 1.73 beside the common Bones of the Fingers, made a discovery of some other small Bones in the Hands and Feet, (not ex∣ceeding the dimensions of Sesame, or Faenugreek-seed) which are chiefly found among the Tendons. As the renowned Author hath it, De lib. Hum. Fabrica. Lib. primo. pag. 91. Ait ille praeter ossa tribus jam proxime praeceden∣tibus capitibus explicata, alia quaedam exigua in manu occurrunt, sesami semini a dissectionum peritis comparata. Cujusmodi tamen ea sint, & quibus sedibus, quoque numero in homine, aut etiam simia reponantur, neminem observasse, de∣scripsisseve scio, at{que} adhuc minus illorum ossiculorum usus a quoquam exacte ve∣re{que} est pertractatus, oportune igitur quot hujus generis ossicula diligenti musculo∣rum tendinum{que} examine hactenus invenerim, hic persequor. Musculorum nam{que} magis quam ossium inspectione, presentium ossiculorum non poenitendum numerum, tam in pede, quam in manu comperi: Cum scilicet maxima ex parte, ac tota fe∣re, tendinibus innascantur, unaque tantum superficie, laevi & lubrica Cartilagi∣ne incrustata, alterius cujusdam ossis lubricam levem{que} sedem, contingant, peculi∣aribus ligamentis illi ossi nusquam commissa.

All these small Bones are lodged among the Tendons, * 1.74 that by reason of their hardness, they might receive and sustain the force of the Bone (in some motions) to, and by which the Tendon is conjoyned, and enlarged. And these Bones are chiefly found in old persons, and in Children are of a Car∣tilaginous nature, and are not very conspicuous in their Tendons, and are commonly found in Dogs, Apes, and other Brutes, who are endued with

more dry Costitution then Man; in whom, when he cometh to mature age (saith Vesalius) he hath two Bones (not far from the second joynt of the Thumb) adjoyning to the head of the first Bone, where it is received into the Sinus of the second, and are bred among the Tendons of Muscles, which taking their rise from the Palme of the Hand, do bend the second joynt of the Thumb.

And these small bones are not only seen about the second joynt of the Thumb, but also about the first joynt of the four Fingers, * 1.75 which are less then those of the Thumb, and seated among the Tendons of the Muscles, which having their Origens from the Bones of the Metacarpium, do bend the first joynts of the four Fingers; and another soft Bone, and almost Cartila∣ginous, is found about the Third and Fourth Joynts of the Fingers; and in very old Men, other very small Bones are found in Tendons about all the joynts of the Thumb and Fingers.

The ranks of Bones in the Carpus, and Metacarpium, * 1.76 seem in the second Month of a Foetus not to be one Cartilage, and to be parted into five Grisles, as the Origens of Fingers) in whose extremities some white points may be discovered, the first steps of ossification.

In the Seventh and Eighth Months of a Foetus, the Cartilages of the Car∣pus and Metacarpium are somewhat obscure, * 1.77 and are most conspicuous in the Ninth Month, in which they are plainly distinguished; as also in the Car∣tilages of the Fingers, the rudiments of Bones.

Notes

• * 1.1

  T. 72. F. 2. d. The seat of the Scapula.
• * 1.2

  The Figure of the Scapula is triangular.
• * 1.3

  The Scapula is made for the inarticu∣lation of the Shoulder, and implantation of Muscles.
• * 1.4

  The Sinus, Processes, and Appendices of the Scapula.
• † 1.5

  F. 2. h h. The Base of the Scapula.
• * 1.6

  The lower side of the Triangle re∣lating to the Scapula. The upper side of the Triangle.
• * 1.7

  The Two Ap∣p••ndices of the Scapula.
• † 1.8

  T. 7. F. 1, 2. i.
• * 1.9

  A Cartilage appendant to the Base of the Scapula.
• † 1.10

  F. 2. g. The Neck of the Scapula.
• * 1.11

  The Sinus of the Scapula.
• * 1.12

  The Liga∣ments of the Scapula, and its Sinus, covered with a Cartilage.
• * 1.13

  The Sinus is deepened with a Carti∣lage.
• * 1.14

  Ligaments orbicularly encompassing the Joynt.
• * 1.15

  The use of the Cartilage of the Scapula.
• * 1.16

  The Three Processes of the Scapula.
• * 1.17

  The First Process, cal∣led the Spine.
• † 1.18

  F. 2. e.
• † 1.19

  F. 2. f.
• * 1.20

  The use of the Crow-bill Process.
• * 1.21

  The Bone of the Shoulder or Arm.
• * 1.22

  The Appen∣dix of the Shoulder∣bone, one Head is large and orbicular. The Second rough Head into which strong Liga∣ments are im∣planted.
• * 1.23

  The descri∣ption of the Shoulder-bone.
• * 1.24

  The hinder part of the Shoulder-bone hath Two Promi∣nencies, at∣tended with so many Sinus.
• * 1.25

  The lower re∣gion of the Shoulder-bone, is arti∣culated with the Ʋlna and Radius.
• * 1.26

  A Sinus ap∣pearing in the middle part of the Bone, with its Pro∣minencies, resembling the little wheel of a Pulley.
• * 1.27

  The articula∣tion of the lower part of the Shoulder-bone with the Radius, is made per Ginglynum.
• * 1.28

  The head of the Shoulder-bone is recei∣ved into the Sinus of the Radius where it is firmly articu∣lated, so that it cannot slip out of the looket, in the moti∣ons of Flexi∣on and Exten∣sion.
• * 1.29

  The Figure of the body of the Shoulder-bone.
• * 1.30

  Some small holes are found about the Sinus, for the implanta∣tion of Liga∣ments.
• * 1.31

  The Two Bones of the Cubite.
• † 1.32

  F. 1. D D. The First is the Radius, F. 1. E E. The Second is the Ʋlna, en∣dued with Two Proc••s∣ses The Anterior Process. The hinder Process of the Ʋlna.
• * 1.33

  A Sinus seated in the middle of the Proces∣ses of the Ʋlna.
• * 1.34

  The Sinus is lined with a Cartilage.
• * 1.35

  The articula∣tion of the Radius with the Shoulder-bone, making Pronation and Supinati∣on.
• * 1.36

  The progress of the Radius.
• * 1.37

  A Sinus en∣graven in the outside of the Ʋlna, and passeth trans∣versly.
• * 1.38

  A Sinus en∣graven in the Radius, near the Wrist.
• * 1.39

  Part of the Wrist is arti∣culated with the Sinus of the Ʋlna.
• * 1.40

  The Ʋlna is conjoyned to the Wrist by the interposi∣tion of a Car∣tilage.
• * 1.41

  The articula∣tion of the Carpus is per∣formed by Three Bones.
• * 1.42

  The Tendons of the Muscles pass through an annular Si∣nus.
• * 1.43

  The accretion of the Hand according to the Antients.
• * 1.44

  The Three parts of the Hand.
• † 1.45

  T. 71. F. 1. G G.
• * 1.46

  The Wrist is framed of two ranks of Bones.
• * 1.47

  The seat of the First and Second Bone of the Carpus. The Third Bone.
• * 1.48

  The Fourth Bone of the upper rowe.
• * 1.49

  The articula∣tion of the First Bone of the upper rank, is arti∣culated with the Radius.
• * 1.50

  The Con∣nection of the First Bone.
• * 1.51

  The connecti∣on of the Se∣cond Bone of the Carpus.
• * 1.52

  The articula∣tion of the Third Bone with the Fourth and Eighth Bone of the Wrist.
• * 1.53

  The Fifth Bone is arti∣culated with the First.
• * 1.54

  The Connex∣ion of the Sixth Bone of the Wrist with Two of the Metacar∣pium.
• * 1.55

  The Seventh Bone of the Wrist is arti∣culated with the First, Se∣cond, Sixth, and Eighth Bone.
• * 1.56

  The Eighth Bone of the Wrist is con∣joyned to the Second, and Third, Bones, and to Two Bones of the Metacarpium.
• † 1.57

  Tab. 7. F 1. H H.
• * 1.58

  The Metacar∣pium is made up of Four Bones.
• * 1.59

  The Bones of the Metacar∣pium do sup∣port the con∣tiguous Bones of the Fingers.
• * 1.60

  The Bones of the Metacar∣pium are endu∣ed in several regions, with a Convexe and Concave Surface. The Bones of the Metacar∣pium are con∣joyned to the Bones of the Fingers, by the interposi∣tion of a Car∣tilage.
• * 1.61

  The number of the Bones of the Fingers.
• * 1.62

  The use of the Hand.
• * 1.63

  The Bones of the Fingers have various shapes and sizes.
• * 1.64

  The Bones of the Fingers are not per∣fectly round. The Thumb answereth all the four Fin∣gers, as ap∣posite to the most strong.
• * 1.65

  The first Bone of the Fin∣gers is the most large, as the Base of the rest. The region of the fifth Bone of the Carpus, is incrusted with a Carti∣lage.
• * 1.66

  The articula∣tion of the first Bone of the Thumb.
• * 1.67

  The third Bone of the Joynt of the Thumb is dif∣ferent from the structure of the first and second.
• * 1.68

  The upper region of the third Bone of the Thumb hath two Si∣nus.
• * 1.69

  The first joynt of each Finger, con∣sists in one Head, and one Sinus.
• * 1.70

  The first joynt of the Fin∣gers is more extended then the second and third, and is capable of la∣teral motion, as having a laxe Articu∣lation.
• * 1.71

  The second and third joynts of the the Fingers can only be bent and ex∣tended.
• * 1.72

  The third Bone of the Fingers is protuberant in its lower region, and hath a rough Head, and two crooked Pro∣cesses.
• * 1.73

  The Bones of the Fingers called Sesami∣na, from their smallness, in which they resemble the S••eds of Se∣sami.
• * 1.74

  The sesamine Bones are lodged among the Tendons of Muscles.
• * 1.75

  These small Bones are lodged about the Joynts of the Thumb and Fingers.
• * 1.76

  The Origens of the Bones belonging to the Carpus and Metacarpium in a Foetus.
• * 1.77

  The rudi∣ments of the Bones of the Fingers.