A systeme of anatomy, treating of the body of man, beasts, birds, fish, insects, and plants illustrated with many schemes, consisting of variety of elegant figures, drawn from the life, and engraven in seventy four folio copper-plates. And after every part of man's body hath been anatomically described, its diseases, cases, and cures are concisely exhibited. The first volume containing the parts of the lowest apartiments of the body of man and other animals, etc. / by Samuel Collins ...

BOOK II. (Book 2)

CHAP. I. Of the common Receptacle and Chyliferous Thoracick Ducts.

IN the former Book I have endeavoured to entertain you with the pleasant sight of Utensils relating to the lowest Apartiment outward∣ly immured in its Exterior Region and Sides, with the four common Integuments and the Abdominal Muscles; and behind, with the Musculi latissimi & longissimi dorsi, Sacrolumbares, quadrati & sacri, and supported with Vertebres of the Loins as with a Column finely Carved with variety of Processes. And this lowest Story is more inwardly enclo∣sed with the rim of the Belly and Caul, as curious Hangings (made up of many minute Filaments, rarely interwoven, and embroidered with variety of Vessels) encircling the Pancreas, Spleen, Liver, Kidneys, attended with the bladder of Gall and Urine, as Cisterns of bilious and serous Re∣crements of the Blood.

I have also Treated of the various parts, manner and principles of Ge∣neration in Man and Woman (as well as in other Animals) espousing each other to impart a kind of Immortality to Humane Nature, and other Entities too, by innumerable repeated acts of Propagation.

And in order to preserve every particular Animal by a proper Nourishment, as well as the Species by Generation; I have given an account how Concocti∣on is begun in some manner in the Mouth, by the Comminution of Ali∣ment impregnated with Salival liquor (ousing out of the Excretory Ducts of the Glands belonging to the Pallat, Tongue, and adjacent parts) mixed with the Elastick particles of Air, opening the Compage of Meat after∣ward transmitted through the entry of the Gulet into the Kitchin of the Sto∣mach, where the Concoction of the Aliment is farther Elaborated, as mixed with various Ferments of the mild parts of the Blood and Nervous Liquor (destilling out of the extremities of Arteries and Nerves) confederated in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach, and conveyed into its Cavity by secret Pores, whereby the body of the Aliment is opened, and a white Tincture extracted.

My design in this Book is to shew you the Noble Furniture of the middle Apartiment of the Body, and its structure, actions, and uses; and in this Chapter, how the Milky humor is transmitted through the Guts and Lacteae of the Mesentry into the common receptacle; and afterward how it is conveyed through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins, Heart, and Lungs, wherein it is exalted by Local and Intestine motion, and then impelled with the Blood by the contraction of the Heart, and circular Fibres

of the Arterial Channels, into all the apartiments of the Body in reference to Filtration in the Interstices of the Vessels and glandulous parts, belonging to the fine Contextures of the Membranes and Viscera, as so many strainers of Vital Liquor.

In order to its production, I intend now to discourse the Chyle as the Materia substrata of Blood, and of its motion through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Vessels into the Subclavian Veins, where the Chyle first espouseth the association of Blood.

Chyle being a white Liquor somewhat resembling Barley Creme, * 1.1 is first ex∣tracted by Serous and Nervous Ferments out of Aliment concocted in the Sto∣mach, and thence being transmitted into the Intestines, receiveth a farther Elaboration, appearing in its more white Colour and thinner consistence, by the Pancreatick and Bilious Liquors, and is afterward received into the Ori∣gens of the Lacteae, as much assisted by the Peristaltick motion of the Guts, and the Contraction of the Abdominal Muscles in Expiration.

The Chyle being carried by the first kind of Lacteal Vessels into the next Glands of the Mesentery, * 1.2 and in their substance is mixed with a choice Li∣quor, destilling out of the extremity of the Nerves, whereby it is improved, and then received into the Orifices of the second kind of Lacteae, and so trans∣mitted into the common Cistern of Chyle and Limphatick Liquor.

This Receptacle is seated under the Caeliack and Emulgent Arteries, near the Lumbary Vertebres, between the Tendons of the Midriff, or rather its Fleshy Processes, almost in the middle region of the Loins between the Psoas, Kidneys, and Renal Glands, and doth not observe in all Animals the same situation, but in Bruits somewhat inclineth toward the left side.

In most Men this common Cistern is endued with one Cavity, * 1.3 but Learn∣ed Bartholine hath observed three, two greater leaning one upon another, and conjoyned to each other by the interposition of Lacteal Vessels, between the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and the Aorta, seated in an Angle, which the Emulgents make with the Cava: And the third Receptacle is lodged above the first near the Midriff, under its Appendix.

For the most part the common Receptacle is beautified with a round flat∣tish Figure, * 1.4 somewhat inclining toward an Oval, that it may be capable to entertain a larger proportion of Chyle and Lympha.

The substance of this common Cistern is Membranous in most Animals, as composed of a double Coat, of which the outward is propagated from the rim of the Belly; but in Man Bartholine saith it is Glandulous, (resem∣bling the other Glands of the Mesentery) beset with many Milky Vessels.

It is very different in divers Persons in reference to its magnitude, * 1.5 some∣times, when extended it filleth up the space between the Psoas and the Kid∣neys, and their Glands.

The Cavity is much enlarged when distended with a large proportion of Chyle and Lympha, and much lessened, as losing its size and roundness of Figure, when it groweth lank as destitute of Liquor. In Man the Cavity is much less than in Bruits, but its substance more solid and thick.

The use of this common Cistern is very obvious, * 1.6 to give an entertainment to the Chyle and Lymphatick Liquor, which are imported by the Milky Vessels and Lymphaeducts inserted into the inward Coat of the Receptacle.

The Thoracick or great Lymphatick ducts arise out of the upper region of the common Receptacle immediately under the Diaphragm, * 1.7 about the middle of the Spine below the great Artery, and being covered with the Pleura (as a guard to them for the greater security of their thin Coats,) are reflected some∣what

toward the right side of the Artery; wherein it is more conspicuous, when the Intestines, Mesentery, and the cut Midriff are removed toward the left side: From hence the Thoracick Ducts taking their ascent under the great Artery, do bend about the fifth and sixth Vertebre of the Thorax toward the left side, and then do climb up below the Intercostal Veins and Arteries, under the Pleura and Thymus to the left Subclavian Vein, into which they do insert themselves near the place where the left Jugular Vein is implanted. And the Chyliferous and Thoracick Ducts do not dis∣charge themselves by one large common passage, but with six or seven holes, which are covered in the inside of the Subclavian Vein with one broad Valve, (looking from the Shoulder toward the Vena Cava) whereupon the Rivulets of Chyle and Lympha have a free current out of the Chyliferous Ducts into the Subclavian Vein, and the course of the Chyle and Lympha as well as Blood, is intercepted toward the Thoracick Ducts.

These Vessels are double almost in their whole progress from the common Cistern to the Subclavian Vein, * 1.8 (unless near the region of the Heart) and are often united as by so many scales of a Ladder, wherein they have fre∣quent Inosculations with each other, upon this account (as I humbly conceive) that they might have a mutual entercourse by transmissi∣on of Chyle mixed with Lympha from one Duct to the other, to prevent the Stagnation of the said Liquors, which are necessary for the support of Blood as its Materia Substrata.

Sometimes these large Thoracick Ducts ascending out of the common Re∣ceptacle and climbing up the sides of the Spine, * 1.9 are not only often united by cross branches importing soft white Liquor from one Trunk to the other, but do also Coalesce into one large Duct in the middle under the great Artery.

The Insertion of the Thoracick Ducts is commonly made into the left Subclavian Vein both in Man and other Animals, * 1.10 and is very rarely seen in the right Subclavian Vessel. Learned Pecket giveth an account of two Tho∣racick branches ascending with divers parallel branches, here and here con∣joyned in the middle way, and uniting themselves about the third Vertebre of the Back, and then observed them parted again; and after some space one Thoracick Duct made its ingress into the right, and the other into the left Subclavian Vein.

These Thoracick Ducts are inwardly furnished with many Valves, * 1.11 which are instituted by Nature to hinder the falling back of the ascending Chyle and Lympha toward the common Receptacle, which would frustrate the in∣tent of Nature, which is to repair the decay of Blood by the immission of Chyle into the Subclavian Vein.

The use of the Valves may be rendred manifest, * 1.12 by reason the Chyle con∣tained in the Thoracick Ducts may be easily Impelled by Compression up∣ward toward the Subclavian Vein, and cannot be forced downward toward the common Receptacle, unless the Valves be Lacerated by offering a great Violence unto them.

If any curious Person be desirous to see the Thoracick Ducts, * 1.13 which are hard to be discovered in Dissection, by reason they are covered with a tran∣sparent Coat, which easily escapeth our Eyes, and especially when the Ducts are void of Chyle, which is frequent many hours after the assumption of Ali∣ment; whereupon the Milky humor is discharged into the Subclavian Vein, and then the Thoracick Vessels grow lank and not to be seen: So that I hum∣bly conceive, the best way to find these Ducts lodged under the Pleura and great Artery, is to cut up a Dog four hours after he hath been plentifully fed,

and then the Chyle is passing through the Thoracick Ducts rendring them big, and obvious to our sight: And I conceive, they may be seen in well fed Men (after they have been Executed) upon a Dissection celebrated present∣ly after they are dead. And sometimes they may be seen in Persons dead of Diseases, which have rendred Men thirsty and obnoxions to drink free Cups of various Liquors, making a quantity of Chyle, which being imparted to the Thoracick Ducts doth swell their Coats, and present them to the Eye upon Dissection not long after death.

And now I conceive it worthy our Pains to consider how the motion of the Chyle and Lympha is accomplished in the Thoracick Ducts.

The Chyle being first generated in the Stomach, * 1.14 is thence transmitted in∣to the Intestines, and afterward received into Origens of the Lacteae, by the Peristaltick motion of the Guts, and the Contraction of the Abdominal Mus∣cles, squeezing the Chile into the Milky Vessels, which import it through the Mesentery into the common Receptacle, (being lodged between the Processes of Diaphragm) Compressed when the Midriff is moved and brought toward a Plain, whereupon the Milky humor is Impelled farther and farther upward through the Thoracick Ducts, till it landeth in the Subclavian Vein. This ascent of the Chyle is much assisted by the Mechanism of the Ducts as furnished with Valves, which give way to the ascent of the Chyle upward, toward the Subclavian Vein, and give a check to its retrograde mo∣tion toward the common Receptacle.

The ascent of the Chyle and Lympha may be proved by this Experiment in the Dissection of living Animals, * 1.15 made good by putting a Ligature upon the Thoracick Ducts; whereupon they grow big with Chyle below the Li∣gature between it and the common Receptacle.

The motion of the Chyle is very much helped by the motion of the Lym∣pha, derived partly from the Recrements of the Liquor, destilling out of the Terminations of the Nerves, and principally out of the extremities of the Arteries, inserted into the Glands of the Liver, Spleen, and other parts of the lower Apartiment; So that the Lympha is Impelled in the Lymphae∣ducts by the motion of the Intestines and Abdominal Muscles through the Mesentery into the common Receptacle, where it meeteth with the Chyle and diluteth it, and being in association with it, doth assist its motion through the Thoracick Ducts, as having a more constant and brisk ascent in greater proportion than that of the Chyle.

These Thoracick Chyliferous and Lymphatick Ducts are the only way by which the Chyle is transmitted into the Subclavian Vein, * 1.16 whereupon the de∣cays of the Blood are repaired, by reason if the current of the Milky hu∣mor be intercepted, the Animal becometh famished, as Learned Dr. Lower my worthy Friend and Collegue hath experimentally demonstrated in his Treatise, styled Transitus, & Transmutatio Chyli in sanguinem, p. 206. At{que} hac via sola & unica est, qua Chylus è Ventriculo & Intestinis in ipsum sangui∣nem & Cor infunditur; Verum quia nonnulli in eodem cum veteribus errore etiam∣num versantur, venas{que} mesaraieas Chylum ex Intestinis excipere confidenter sta∣tuunt, ipse ut de hac re certior fierem, seriam aliquando impendi operam, at{que} non uno experimento tandem mihi constitit, totum Chyli penum nulla alia via, quam per ductus Chyliferos, in sanguinem infundi; si enim cursus ejus per vasa Thora∣cica impediatur, Animal qualicun{que} cibo satiatum intra paucos dies fame penitus interibit; quod in duobus canibus, diverso licet modo expertus sum. Alterius enim Thorace dextri latoris intra duas costas inferiores aperto, digitum immisi & ungue velut in serram resecto commune receptaculum tribus horis à pastu valde

turgidum perfregi & laceravi, ut Chylo in cavitatem Thoracis exitu dato, transi∣tus ejus in ductus Chyliferos penitus interciperetur, quo facto & consuto vulnere, Animal hoc quantum capere voluit, postea satiari; Cum autem intra paucos dies ex∣spiraret, & à me statim dissecaretur, ventriculum & Intestina valde repleta, quia & Venas Lacteas Chyli plenas inveni, nihil autem ejus in toto ductu Thoracico apparuit, verum in eo pectoris latere, in quod commune Receptaculum disruptum est, duae librae Chyli repertae sunt; unde certo constare arbitror ob perpeditum Chyli per ductus Thoracicos transitum Animal hoc ventriculo licet cibis referto utcun{que} fame periisse

This Learned Author doth farther Illustrate the motion of the Chyle blend∣ed with Lympha in the Thoracick Ducts by another Ingenious Experiment, * 1.17 by making an Apertion in the left side between the third and fourth upper Ribs, in which region the Chyliferous Vessels do commonly meet in one Trunk, which leaneth over against the Gulet upon one of the Muscles, and passeth under the Pleura toward the Subclavian Vein; So that a Finger being immit∣ted through an Orifice of the wound, did Lacerate the tender wall of the Duct whereupon the Chyle was Exonerated into the cavity of the Thorax, and could by no means insinuate it self into the Subclavian Vein: The wound being sowed up, and the Dog though well, fed for some days, grew faint and died; and afterward the Thorax being opened, was found full of Chyle. And to give a farther Demonstration of the progress of the Milky Juice through the proper Vessels of the Thorax, an Injection was made below into the Thoracick Duct, and the Liquor was found to discharge it self through the wounded Ducts, and was wholly lodged in the cavity of the Thorax, as not being capable to make its way into the Subclavian Vein.

And a wound being made in the left side of the Thorax between the third and fourth upper Ribs, and a strong Compression made of the Thoracick Duct for an hour or more, the Chyle cannot insinuate it self through the Ter∣minations of the Chyliferous Vessels into the Subclavian Vein, whereupon the passage of the Milky humor being intercepted above, is forced to make a retrograde current downward into the common Receptacle and Lacteal Vessels of the Mesentery, which is a pleasant sight to behold.

CHAP. II. Of the Midriff.

HAving given you a prospect of the parts of the lowest Venter at large in the former Book, I will now contract them into a more narrow Model, and shew you how they are subservient to the Viscera of the middle Apartiment, with which I design hereafter to entertain you Part by Part according to the same Method, as Nature hath instituted them.

The goodly structure of Man's body may be styled the Master-piece of Na∣tures Architecture, * 1.18 as beautified with a comely Figure, and composed of va∣riety of Parts, set together in excellent order, and compiled of three Sto∣ries, standing upright one above another.

I have given an History of the Lowest, * 1.19 encircled with the four common Coverings, as so many Out-buildings, and decked more inwardly with the rare expansions of the rim of the Belly, and Caul, immuring within their soft embraces the tender Bowels, as so many choice Utensils furnishing the lowest Apartiment; The Aliment is prepared with divers Ferments, as so many Menstrua in the cavity of the Stomach, as in a Retort, whereby a Milky Tincture is extracted by the gentle heat of the neighbouring parts, tan∣quam Balneo Mariae, and is imparted to the Intestines, as so many Recipi∣ents, wherein it is farther concocted by new Ferments, and is afterward transmitted into the Mesenterick Lacteal Vessels, while the Magma or gros∣ser reliques of the concocted Aliment, are conveyed through the Membra∣nous Tubes of the Intestines in order to Expulsion.

The Spleen prepareth a ferment for the Liver in reference to the Secre∣tion of Bile from the Blood; * 1.20 and the Liver, Pancreas, and Kidneys, are so many Colatories of the Vital Juice, and thereupon are attended with the bladder of Gall, and Urine, as Receptacles to entertain Bilious and Serous Recrements.

The lowest Apartiment is ministerial to the middle, as it prepareth and transmitteth to it a Milky Extract (the Materia Substrata of Blood) by the Thoracick Ducts.

Thus having given you a short Narrative of the select Houshold-stuff of the lowest Story, * 1.21 with your permission, I will take the freedom to Treat you with a sight of the more noble furniture of the middle Apartiment, out∣wardly encompassed with four universal Coverings as so many fine walls, and more inwardly behind with the Musculus latissimus & longissimus dorsi, sacrolumbares, semi-spinalti, serrati postici superiores & inferiores, supported with a Column made up with many Vertebres of the Back, finely Carved with acute, oblique and transverse Processes: And this Story is encircled on each side with twelve Ribs, as so many bony Arches, interspersed with in∣tercostal Muscles; and is guarded before with the Musculus pectoralis, sera∣tus anticus major & minor, and more firmly with the Sternon, as with a strong Breast-plate.

The middle Venter is closed below with the Midriff as with a Floor, * 1.22 en∣dued in its repose with a concave Surface toward the lowest Apartiment, and with a Convex toward the middle, and with a kind of Plain in its Contra∣ction,

and is seated above with the bigest Ribs and Clavicles, and adorned within with the thin wall of the Mediastine (parting the middle Aparti∣ment into two Allodgments) and with the fine hanging of the Pleura, en∣wrapping the excellent Utensils of the middle Story, the Heart and Lungs, the various Machines of the motion of Blood and Air.

In the lowest Venter the Milky Extract is prepared out of Aliment as as∣sociated with various ferments of the Stomach, and Intestines, and is thence conveyed through the Mesentery and Thorax by proper Milky vessels, into the Subclavian Veins, and by branches of the Cava into the Heart, and bro∣ken into small Particles against the wall of its right Chamber; And the Chyme mixed with the Blood is receptive of a farther comminution, as it is transmitted into the substance of the Bronchia and sinus of the Lungs, where it meets and confederates with the Nitrous and Elastick Particles of Air, open∣ing the Compage of the Blood and Chyme, and converts its purer Parti∣cles into Vital Liquor, which receives more and more perfect Assimilation while it circulates farther, and converses more with the Blood in its motion through the Arteries.

Thus having given a short Account in general of the Utensils relating to the middle Apartiment, I will endeavour now to give a more particular de∣scription of them, beginning with the Midriff, as the first in order.

The useful Machine of Motion may be offered to our Consideration under divers Notions, in reference to Situation, Connexion, Figure, Compage and Use.

The Midriff is called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, &c. by the Latines, septum transversum, praecordia, * 1.23 and is seated in the lower region of the middle Apartiment as a Floor closing its circular Aperture, and is a part of the Thorax, as it assisteth respiration by its contraction, and serveth as a party-wall † 1.24 to sever the Middle from the lowest Story: And hath its Con∣nexion behind by the mediation of two Carnous Processes, interspersed with many tendinous Fibres inserted into the lower Vertebres of the Back and up∣per of the Loins: These Fibres being propagated from the Membranous Circle of the Diaphragm do pass transversely to the Vertebres of the Spine (and accompany for some space the great Artery) adhering to the Muscles of the Loins, and growing less by degrees do creep under the Trunk of the Aorta, till they find the Vertebres void of Flesh, and then are most strongly inserted into them. The Diaphragm also is firmly fastned by many Tendi∣nous Fibres both above and below to the extremities of the bastard Ribs, and to the inside of the Sternon, which defends the exterior confines of this soft moving engine as with a Wall; and the Midriff is not only inserted in∣to the Cartilage of the twelfth Rib, but is fastned according to its fleshy margent by the interposition of Fibres to the circular Termination of the Ribs, and to the oblique, ascendent, and transverse abdominal Muscles.

This fine Organ of Motion is beautified with a circular Figure † 1.25, and is carried round in an oblique posture from the Vertebres of the Back and Loins, all along the confines of the lowest Ribs to their Cartilaginous Ex∣tremities, and the inward region of the Sternon, and hath not only one or∣bicular Figure seated in its fleshy circumference, but another Nervous kind of smaller Circle placed within the other, and if it be curiously inspected, it cannot be called a true Circle by reason it is more expanded in its Origen, and terminates after a manner into an acute Angle.

As to its Fabrick, * 1.26 it may be styled a Compage, made up of Membranes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Carnous and Tendinous Fibres finely interspersed with each other.

The Diaphragm is composed of a double Membrane, * 1.27 the uppermost fa∣cing the middle Apartiment, may duly claim its birth or origen from the Pleura, and is a Texture finely wrought with variety of small membranous Filaments intermingled with Nervous.

The lower Membrane is somewhat more thick than the other, * 1.28 and bor∣roweth its rise from the rim of the Belly, and framed of divers Membra∣nous, Nervous and Tendinous Fibres (running in various positions) finely spun, and closely struck, and curiously interwoven; So that they seem to make an entire piece, which fronteth the upper region of the lowest Apar∣timent.

The Midriff hath also many Felshy Fibres, * 1.29 which impart motion to it, and thereby enlarge the inward Perimeter of the Thorax in order to give reception to the expanded Lungs in inspiration: These Fibres beset the Cir∣cumference, and give it a red hue, and render it more thick about its con∣fines, and in its Center, or white expansion; it is furnished with many Tendinous Fibres which are main Integrals constituting the beginning, * 1.30 as some will have it; or the Termination or Tendon of this Muscle, as others imagine; The Tendinous Fibres pass through the Center to the Circumfe∣rence, as so many Rays, and about the Foramen (enclosing the Origen or left Orifice of the Stomach) are seated many Circular Fibres, which being convulsed, do cramp the beginning of the Ventricle with repeated Girks, vulgarly called Hiccops.

The Diaphragm is also accommodated with variety of Vessels, * 1.31 two Arte∣rial branches, styled Phrenick, which are derived from the great descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and do shade the Coats of the Midriff with numerous great and smaller Divarications, * 1.32 which are accompanied with many Venal branches, (having the same appellative with the Arteries) and export Blood from the Diaphragm toward the Cava to make good the circulation of Vital Liquor hastning to the right Ventricle of the Heart.

This circular Muscle, * 1.33 different in figure and way of motion, is endued with many Nerves, derived from the Rowl, relating to the Neck, and from divers vertebral Branches, as also from the par vagum, which are propaga∣ted through the whole substance of this part, as being very considerable in the Tunicles and Center of it, as being Nervous, and of a most acute Sensation.

It is endued with three Perforations; * 1.34 The first, according to Learned Vesalius, receiveth the great Artery and Nerves of the par vagum, passing into the Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Intestines. The second Foramen, inclining toward the right side, is seated about the Tendinous part, and giveth admis∣sion to the ascendendent Trunk of the Cava in its ascent toward the right Ven∣tricle of the Heart. The third Formane of the Midriff bendeth toward the left side to give reception to the Oesopaghus, or rather Origen of the Stomach with some Nerves of the par vagum, implanted into it.

Learned Casparus Bartholinus, * 1.35 pleaseth himself very much in a new disco∣very of the Diaphragm to be compounded of two Muscles, adorned with a Semicircular Figure; The upper is fastned in one Extremity to the bastard Ribs, and the other is implanted into the Aponeurosis, making the Center of the Midriff, composed of divers tendinous Fibres (besetting the upper and lower Membrane) in which the Midriff somewhat resembleth the Digastrick

Muscle, as having a Nervous expansion or body, interceding the Carnons Circumference, as Learned Steno imagineth.

The lower Muscle (as the Learned Author supposeth) taketh its rise from the Vertebres of the Loins, and doth not come from the other, nor touch it, * 1.36 only by the interposition of the Aponeurosis, in which the Tendons of both Muscles do intermingle.

One Argument by which the Author endeavoureth to prove the Midriff to be a double Muscle, is, because the lower is furnished with proper Blood-vessels and Nerves, and hath Veins not only from the Cava, the same with the upper Muscle, but Lateral branches (that discharge themsels into the Adi∣pose Vein) which are accompanied with Arteries, derived from the Loins.

And the lower Muscle in its upper region is encompassed with circular Fi∣bres, running round the Perforation of the Midriff entertaining the origen of the Stomach, in which a Hiccop is made by the Convulsive motions of the diaffected Fleshy Fibres.

The upper Muscle (saith he) is accommodated in its circumference with many Carnous Fibres coming from every Rib (which seem to be so many origens of distinct Muscles. * 1.37

The plain of the ranks of Fibres (called by him inaequaliter aequales) is seated in the interior region of the upper Muscle, where the Tendon is im∣planted into the Ribs: And the Tendon of the lower Muscle maketh the Center of the Diaphragm, and the Parallelogramms of Fleshy Fibres are some∣times attended with Tendinous, and other times with Carnous sides; This simple Muscle may be called the Shorter Diagonal, as it maketh obtuse An∣gles with the Tendinous sides, by reason the longer Diagonal maketh acute Angles with the said sides.

And the lower Muscle of the Midriff hath almost the same fabrick with the upper, and different in this, * 1.38 that the distance of the ranks interceding the Carnous sides, is somewhat greater in the lower than in the upper Muscle; and the ranks observe the same distance in both Muscles in reference to their Tendinous sides.

The lower Muscle is made up of many Carnous Fibres running in right lines, which coming out the right and left circumference, * 1.39 are implanted into the Tendinous center of the Midriff.

In Beasts and other greater Animals (in which all parts of Nature are very conspicuous by reason of their eminent greatness) the Lateral Region of the Diaphragm may be seen, to be fastned not to the Sternon but Ribs, * 1.40 and at each of them an Elongation of a Fibre may be discovered, which is con∣tinued with the upper part of the transverse Muscle, relating to the Abdo∣men; whereupon I humbly conceive that this Abdominal Muscle hath great affinity with that of the Midriff; * 1.41 So that there may be a kind of Trigastrick Muscle (as Learned Bartholine will have it) composed of three Carnous Venters, of the inferior and superior Muscle of the Diaphragm, and a third of the transverse Abdominal Muscle, between which divers Tendinous Fibres in∣tercede, which constitute a considerable part of the Center belonging to the Diaphragm: This renowned Author giveth a farther account of the Tri∣gastrick Muscle in point of its use:

Ait ille; In hac cum Costis annexione magnum latet Naturae Mysterium: Quia Costae in inspiratione ubi pectus dilatabitur sursum trahi debent, quo tempore etiam relaxantur carnes Trigastrici, & Diaphragma interea incurvato magis planum, & relaxatum, at{que} in Abdomen protrusum, Costas, pro dilatatione pectoris, non ni∣hil attolli & Elongari sinit. By the leave of this Famous Author, I humbly

conceive, * 1.42 That the transverse Muscles of the Abdomen being part of the Triga∣strick, do not assist the Diaphragm in bringing its Concave Surface toward a Plain (in which the Fibres of the Midriff are rendred Tense and not Relaxed) by reason the transverse Muscles are Antagonists to the Dia∣phragm, and by compressing the Abdomen, do force the Viscera upward, and relax the Midriff in reducing its more plain Surface to a Concave, in or∣der to Expiration.

Having given you a sight of the structure of the Diaphragm, I will now present you with the action and uses of it.

Learned Pecket affirmeth it to have a double motion; So that the lower Mediety adjoyning to the Vertebres of the Loins and Back, is depressed by the Fleshy Fibres relating to the hinder Semicircular part, and at the same time the anterior Segment of the Midriff fastned to the Sternon and bastard Ribs, is lifted up by the neighbouring Carnous Fibres; But the Sentiments of this Famous Author seem very strange, * 1.43 as disagreeable to Ocular Demon∣stration, because in the Dissection of living Animals both the posterior and anterior Semicircles of the Midriff, may be clearly discerned to move down∣ward at the same time, in being brought nearer to a Plain, by reason the whole Perimeter of the Diaphragm is tied behind by the Carnous producti∣ons interspersed with many Tendinous Fibres to the lower Vertebres of the Back, and to the upper of the Loins, and on each side to the margents of the eleventh and twelfth Ribs, and before to the Sternon and Cartilages of the bastard Ribs, and in its Center to the Mediastine and Pericardium; where∣upon when this Orbicular Muscle doth exert its motion, * 1.44 it contracteth the lower and upper Fibrous Diameters, or Semicircles; So that the pliable Car∣tilaginous Terminations of the bastard Ribs are drawn downward, and Con∣cave Nervous Center is depressed toward the lowest Apartiment, and its Vis∣cera forced downward; whereupon the Cylinder of the Breast is lengthened, and its bosom enlarged to give reception to the distended Lungs in Inspira∣tion.

But on the other side, * 1.45 the Midriff in Exspiration hath a Diastole, as freed from Motion by the relaxation of its Fleshy Fibres (seated in the circumfe∣rence of the Diaphragm) performed by the Abdominal Muscles as Antagonists, which by forcing the anterior part and sides of the Abdomen inward, do force the Viscera of the lowest Venter upward toward the Thorax, whereupon the Center of the Midriff loseth its Plain, as lifted up toward the Heart and Lungs, whence the Perimeter of the Thorax is lessened to comply with the lank con∣dition of the Lungs, when despoiled in a great proportion of the Nitrous and Elastick parts of Air, squeesed out in Expiration.

CHAP. III. The Pathology of the Midriff and its Cures.

THe Midriff is taken with an Inflammatory Disease, * 1.46 proceeding from an exuberant quantity of Blood, carried out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and through the Terminations of the Phrenick Arteries into the substance of the Diaphragm, whereupon it is Tumefied, by reason the Blood is so great in quantity, or so gross in quality, that the minute extremi∣ties of the Phrenick Veins are not capable to receive it.

This Disease is accompanied with a continued acute Fever, * 1.47 attended with a difficulty of Respiration, and much pain; and afterward if this inflamma∣tory malady prevail, the Brain is drawn into Consent, whereupon it is called Paraphrenites, because the center of the Diaphragm is Nervous, as also its Membranes are interspersed with many filaments of Nerves; whence ariseth a delirium, sometimes associated with Convulsive motions.

As to the Prognosticks of this Disease, they speak great danger, * 1.48 as the Diaphragm is highly disaffected, which is a necessary Organ of Respiration, conducive to the preservation of life.

This Disease as founded in a quantity of Blood (setled in the Interstices of the Blood-vessels, relating to the Diaphragm) doth denote Blood-letting, * 1.49 to divert the current of Blood from the part affected, also to lessen its quan∣tity, and to make good its Circulation.

And in reference to the acute Fever attending this Disease, cooling Ju∣lapes and Apozemes may be very proper (given with Testaceous Powders of Crabs Claws, Pearl, &c.) which attemper the Blood, and gently promote Sweat; and in point of a farther method of Cure, I refer you to a Pleurisie, Peripneumonia, and other Internal Inflammations.

The Diaphragm is highly disordred by wounds, made in the Fleshy, * 1.50 and cheifly in the Tendinous part, as made up of many Nerves, often producing a Delirium, attended with a Sensation of weight, caused by the wounded Tendinous Fibres, hindring the free play of the Diaphragm; whereupon ariseth a great difficulty of breathing, and high pain and Cough, wherein some∣times the Stomach and some part of the Intestines are forced through the Per∣foration of the Midriff into the Cavity of the Thorax. Of this case Lear∣ned Paraeus giveth two Instances, Lib. nono, Cap. trigessimo de Vulneribus Tho∣racis. p. 308. Cum Diaphragma vulneratum est, ponderis sensus eo loci molestus est, Delirium invadit per nervorum, qui à sexta Conjugatione in Diaphragma ef∣funduntur, sympathiam, Dyspnoea, tussis & dolor acutus aegrum male habent, sursum ilia convelluntur, adeo ut inspirationis vehementia contingat aliquando Ventriculum & Intestina per vulnus in Thoracis capacitatem pertrahi: Quod ego in duobus observavi. Horum unus latomus medium Diaphragma qua parte Ner∣vosum est transfixus, triduo post interiit. Dissecto ventre inferiore ventriculum cum non reperirem, rem Monstri similem arbitrabar. Sed tandem anxie perquirens, raptum ipsum in Thoracem Animadverti, etsi vulnus pollicem vix esset latum. Erat vero ventriculus pauco admodum humore distentus.

Alter Franciscus Dalon dicebatur, Capitaneus Saxto. Huic ad Rupellam Glans mannuario tormento emissa, per sterni fines juxta Xyphoidem Cartilaginem

subiens, Diaphragmatis partem carneam transfodit: At{que} per Interstitium quod quintae & sextae Costae nothis interjacet, Excessit: Vulnere parte externa Cicatrice obducto, restabat ipsi nihilominus ventriculi debilitas, ex quo Intestinorum dolor Colico similis sub vesperam & de nocte praesertim exurgebat: qua de causa Caenare ipse nisi admodum parce non audebat. Sed octavo demum Mense Acrius solito saeviente per imum ventrem dolore, è vivis excessit, etsi ad minuendam doloris acer∣bitatem nullum remedii genus à Simone Malmedrano & Antonio Vallensi Medicis, in omni Medicinae parte versatissimis, qui ipsi aderant, esset praetermissum. Mortui Cadaver Jacobi Guillemeau Chyrurgi peritissimi manu Dissectum est, animad∣versum{que} magnam Coli Intestini partem flatu multo turgidam, ipsi per Diaphrag∣matis vulnus in Thoracem irrupisse, vulneris tamen amplitudo vix minimi digiti Capax erat.

CHAP. IV. Of the Midriff of greater and less Animals.

THe Midriff of greater and less Animals have much affinity in Situa∣tion, * 1.51 Connexion, Figure, Substance, with that of Man's, vid. In Lions, Elephants, Bears, Horses, Mules, Sheep, Goats, Tygres, Wolves, Foxes, &c.

The Midriff in these Animals is situated between the middle and lowest Apartiment, * 1.52 by whose interposition they are parted from each other, as by a wall. It is Connected behind by the mediation of two Carnous Processes, interspersed with many Tendinous Fibres, implanted into the lower Verte∣bres of the Back, and upper of the Loins, and is firmly affixed before by many Tendinous Fibres both above and below into the Terminations of the bastard Ribs, and to the inside of the Sternon, and according to its Fleshy margent by the mediation of Fibres to the circumference of the lower Ribs.

The Midriff of other Animals as well as that of Man, * 1.53 is beautified with a circular figure, as it maketh an oblique progress from the Vertebres of the Back and Loins, all along the Perimeter of the lowest Ribs to their grisly Ter∣minations, and within this greater Carnous circumference is seated, as Ve∣salius will have it, another lesser Membranous Circle, but in truth it is made up of divers Angles.

And the Midriff in Beasts of various kinds, * 1.54 hath the same substance with that of Man's, as composed of two Membranes interspersed with Carnous and Membranous Fibres, and great variety of Blood-vessels.

The Midriff of a Land Tortoise, * 1.55 is very remarkable in reference to its Contexture and Situation, as to the first it seemeth to be a Membranous Expansion, as viewed by a careless Eye, but upon a more curious inspection, it is found to be furnished with many fine Fleshy Fibres; and it's very emi∣nent for its situation, which is different from other Animals, as being more ele∣vated

in the hinder parts, contrary to that of Man, Beasts, and more perfect Animals, which is lower in the Loins, and higher about the Cartilages of the Ribs.

The Diaphragm in this Animal ascendeth obliquely from the lower part of the Breast, and is first Connected firmly to the sides, and then to the Back, (where it is most highly seated) by the interposition of Ligaments and Fleshy Fibres.

The Midriff in this Animal is different also from others, by reason it is not an Intersepiment, parting the Viscera of the middle Apartiment from the lowest; so that a great part of the Lungs Perforate the Midriff, and are lodged in the Abdomen, passing down to the lowest part of it, as I saw it in a diffected Tortoise, when the Lungs were blowen up, and were affixed to the lower region of the Abdomen, and the Midriff in this Animal is fastned in some part above to the Pericardium, and below to the bladder of Urine, from which it can scarce be parted without Laceration.

The Midriff of a Crocodile, is a very thin Membranous expansion, * 1.56 com∣posed of many fine Fibres, curiously framed and interwoven, and seemeth to resemble a Spiders Web in thinness, and is furnished with many minute Car∣nous Fibres, as rare Engines of Motion.

The Midriff of Castors, Otters, Cats, &c. * 1.57 have the same structure with those of greater Animals, and are composed of Fleshy and Tendinous Fibres, covered with thin Membranes.

A Mouse hath a very thin Diaphragm, * 1.58 as composed of fine Membranes (interspersed with small Tendinous and Carnous Fibres) whereupon it is transparent in the Center, and more opace toward the circumference; and is endued with an oblong roundish figure.

Vipers, Lizards, Frogs, Toads, have no Diaphragm parting the middle from the lower Apartiment; So that these Animals have but one Venter, in which the Heart, Lungs, and other Viscera are lodged.

CHAP. V. Of the Midriff of Birds.

ALthough Birds having their Lungs affixed to their Backs and Ribs are not endued with a Diaphragm, * 1.59 like a wall in other Creatures sever∣ing the Heart and Lungs from the Viscera of the Venter; yet they have a Mem∣brane adjoyning to the Lungs, which separates them from the Guts and other Viscera, and upon that account may be styled a kind of Midriff, as endued with Membranes and fleshy Fibres (coming as I conceive from the Intercostal Muscles) which may be plainly discovered in great Birds, as Estriges, Swans, and the like.

This Membrane parting the Lungs from the other Viscera, * 1.60 may challenge to it self the Appellative of a Diaphragm, as being beset with many Carnous Fibres, assisting the respiration of the Lungs, which being Perforated, do transmit Air into the empty space, interceding the Lungs and the neighbour∣ing Membrane, whereupon it groweth distended by the impulse of the Breath expanding it in Inspiration.

And in Expiration, * 1.61 the tender Compage of the adjacent Membrane is Dilated by inspired Air, with which it being Irritated, doth endeavour to bring it self to a Plain by the motion of its Fleshy Fibres, whereupon it les∣seneth the Cavity, passing between the Lungs and the adjacent Membrane, and Compresseth the inspired Air, and Repelleth it through the Perforations into the substance of the Lungs.

This Membrane differeth from the Midriff of other Animals, * 1.62 in its si∣tuation, and connexion, and passeth longways down the Abdomen, and not transversely, as from the Back to the termination of the Ribs, as in greater Animals.

Secondly, This Membrane hath a different Figure from the Diaphragm of other Animals, as it is affected, when relaxed with a Concave Figure to the Lungs, and Convex to the Intestines; whereas the Diaphragm of other Animals, in its posture of restitution hath its Concave Surface, facing the Viscera of the lowest Venter, and its Covex toward those of the middle.

Farthermore this Membrane doth not enlarge the Perimeter of the Breast in length, * 1.63 as the Midriff of other Animals doth in Inspiration, to give recep∣tion to the Lungs Dilated with Air; but when this Membrane is moved with fleshy Fibres, doth norrow the Cavity of the Abdomen, and help Ex∣piration by beating the Air backward (brought in by Inspiration) through holes into the body of the Lungs.

CHAP. VI. Of the Midriff of Fish.

THe Midriff of Cetaceous Fish differeth very much from that of other, as it is an Engine of Motion, consisting of Carnous and Tendinous Fibres, enlarging the circumference of the Thorax in dimensions, by bring∣ing its Concave Surface to a Plain, to entertain the Lungs Dilated with the Elastick Particles of Air, puffing up their substance.

The Midriff of ordinary Fish is not capable of motion, * 1.64 as being a Carti∣laginous substance or Membranous Contexture, not interspersed with Fleshy and Tendinous Fibres, the fine Machines of Motion, whereby the Dia∣phragm of most Fish serveth only as an Intersepiment to part the Gills and Heart from the Viscera reposed in the lowest apartiment of the Body.

But the Midriff of a Porpess is made up of an upper and lower Membrane, * 1.65 interlined every way with a thick Muscular Expansion, and differeth from the Diaphragm of Quadrupeds, because it is destitute of an Aponeur••sis in the middle, where it is also Fleshy, as well as in the circumference, which I clearly saw in a Porpess opened, wherein I separated the two Membranes from the inward Fleshy substance; passing every where between the two Coats.

The Diaphragm of this Animal is fastned one way to the Vertebres of the Back, and on the other to the Terminations of the Ribs and Sternon, * 1.66 and on each side to the Arches of the lower Ribs, by the interposition of various Fibres.

The Muscular Expansion seated in the middle of two Membranous Inte∣guments, is made up for the most part of right Fibres, * 1.67 (running from the Center to the Circumference) and some few seem to be oblique, and others circular about the Perforation made by the Gulet:

The Midriff of a Porpess is not only beset with many Fleshy Fibres but Ten∣dinous too; some being very large do pass down the Spine, and others creep over the Psoas, and many other smaller Tendinous Fibres are intermingled with the Fleshy, which may be discerned on each side of the Diaphragm.

The Fleshy and Tendinous Compage of this Orbicular Muscle is invested above and below with a fine Covering.

The outward or rather upper Tunicle, is very thin, * 1.68 and made up of many minute Membranous Filaments rarely framed in variety of Positions.

The lower Integument is a thicker Coat, made up of many Nervous Fi∣brils, finely spun, closely struck, and curiously interwoven.

The use of the Midriff in this Animal, * 1.69 is the same with that of Man and Quadrupeds, to be a machine of Motion, whereby it bringeth it self from an Arch toward a Plain, to render the Cavity of the Thorax more long to give way to the expanded Lungs in Inspiration.

The Midriff of most if not all Fish, except those of a Cetaceous kind, * 1.70 have a Cartilaginous (which is rare) or Membranous substance not inter∣lined with a Muscular Expansion, nor beset with Fleshy and Tendinous Fi∣bres, as they are not Machines of ordinary Motion, but serve only as a party-wall, severing the middle from the lowest apartiment.

A Fire-flaire, * 1.71 or Sting-Ray, is so called from a Bone composed of many Processes or Teeth, (received into many Cavities near the Spine) with which Nature hath armed this Fish against outward assaults.

This Fish hath a Cartilaginous Diaphragm, having a Concave Surface to∣ward the lower Venter, and Convex toward the Mouth and Heart.

The Midriff of a Dog-fish is a Membranous Compage, * 1.72 composed of two Coats, and is endued with a Concave Surface toward the Mouth and middle Apartiment, and a Convex toward the lowest Venter.

CHAP. VII. Of the Pleura.

THe Pleura is called by the Latines, Membrana Costas Succingens, as en∣circling the Ribs, and by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; This Membrane in∣vesteth the whole company of Ribs, except the twelfth, which is taken up with the Midriff; * 1.73 and it encloseth the Vertebres of the Back, and the up∣per Surface of the Midriff, and is extended in the hinder region of the Tho∣rax from its first to its eleventh Vertebre, and in the fore part lineth the in∣side of the Sternon from the upper region to its lower part, where the Dia∣phragm is implanted.

The figure of the Pleura is like that of the inside of the Thorax, * 1.74 as it eve∣ry where lineth it, and upon that account holdeth Conformity in shape to the inward circumference of the Thorax, whereupon the Pleura is endued with great variety of Figures; in its upper region it is more narrow, and more enlarged toward the Midriff, and obtaineth a greater shortness in the fore part, than in the hinder; and passeth in an oblique position from the Sword-like Cartilage to the eleventh Vertebre of the Thorax.

This useful Membrane hath a connexion with divers adjacent parts, * 1.75 the Intercostal Muscles, Ribs, Sternon, and Vertebres of the Back, to which it firmly adhereth, not immediately, but by the interposition of the Periosti∣um, relating to the Ribs and Vertebres of the Back.

The Pleura hath its inward Surface smooth toward the Lungs, anointed with unctuous Matter, and its outward full of Asperities, as it admitteth a connexion with variety of neighbouring parts.

This tender part is made up of a double Membrane, which is most conspi∣cuous about the Vertebres of the Back and the Mediastine, which is a Du∣plicature of the Pleura.

The outward Membrane is more thick and strong (as consisting of grea∣ter Fibres, * 1.76) and the more inward, more thin and tender.

The fine Contexture of these Coats is made up of numerous well spun Fi∣bres, of which some are right, others tranverse and oblique, and are all so closely struck and so curiously interwoven, that their Interstices cannot be discerned; so that this part, composed of many Filaments, seemeth to be one entire substance.

It emitteth many Membranous Processes or Nervous Fibres, as Learned Diemerbroeck will have it; by which the Pleura is tied sometimes to the

Lungs after a Lax position; so that this connexion giving a free play to the Lungs, doth not hinder Respiration.

The Pleura is not only framed of a great company of Fibres running in se∣veral postures, * 1.77 but hath a Parenchyma too (interlining and filling up the In∣terstices of the Filaments) which proceedeth (as I humbly conceive) from the Succus Nutricius, or Seminal Liquor, accreted to the sides of the Fibrils in their first formation.

The Parenchyma of this, as well as all other Membranes, is of great use, * 1.78 in reference it filleth up the vacuities of the Fibrils, and giveth an evenness and smoothness to the Coats of the Pleura.

This fine part is Perforated in many places in order to the passage of the Vena Cava, Aorta, Aspera Arteria, Thoracick Ducts, Lymphaeducts, Gulet, * 1.79 and the par vagum of Nerves.

It is adorned with many Divarications of divers kinds of Vessels, Veins, * 1.80 a Vena sine pari, and the upper Intercostal Branch; and Arteries from the Trunk of the Arteria Magna, and from the Intercostal Branch and twelve pair of Nerves from the Vertebres of the Back.

The Pleura hath two uses, The first is to propagate Coats to the Heart, * 1.81 Lungs, Sternon, Ribs, and all parts contained in the Thorax, as the Perito∣naeum doth to the Stomach, Spleen, Liver, Kidneys, Intestines, and all parts of the lower Apartiment.

The second use of it (as I conceive) is by encircling the inward circum∣ference of the Thorax with a soft Vail to secure the viscera of the middle story of the Body, the Heart, and Lungs, * 1.82 from dashing in their motion against the more hard walls of the Sternon, Ribs, and Vertebres of the Back.

The Pleura ariseth from the bones of the Back, * 1.83 from which on each side of the Thorax it climbeth up to the Sternon, under which the Membrane of each side is conjoyned, and so being doubled (which is called the Media∣stine) is carried through the middle of the Thorax straight toward the Back, and parteth like a wall the Lungs and the Cavity of the middle Apartiment into two Allodgments. This conjunction of the Membranes of each side, constituting the Mediastine, is rendred conspicuous in Dissection, when the Sternon is parted from the Ribs, and turned up.

The Mediastine is much akin in structure, to the Pleura, * 1.84 as being a Du∣plicature of it, and hath its Coats more soft and thin toward the Lungs.

The Texture of it hath much likeness to that of the Pleura, as composed of many Fibrils, taking their progress in variety of Postures, whose empty spaces are filled up with a Succus Nutricius, or rather Genital Liquor in its first production, and is nothing else but a continuation or elongation of the Coats of the Pleura; passing through the middle of the Thorax, by which it is divided as by a Partition into two Chambers.

Learned Dr. Highmore, is of an opinion, that the Thorax hath an empty space running about the Sternon. The Author's words are these, Non ob∣scure duplex Mediastinum est, ut Pleura, sed conspicue, ut tantum intercedat spa∣cium, quanta est Sterni latitudo. In Canibus juxta Diaphragma tanto à seinvi∣vicem separantur, ut pro quinto Pulmonum lobo in hominibus desiderato, spatium amplum constituant, in quam cavitatem, si vulnus penetret, sine periculo esse po∣test, Intenstitium hoc ad Sternon amplum est, Membranis tamen per Fibras quas∣dam sibi invicem annexis, cum vero ad Vertebras appropinquat magis angustatur, & Membranae committuntur.

In Cavitatem hanc Vapores flatus{que} Crassiores contexti, cruciatus ac dolores acu∣tissimos excitant ad Sternon, Membranas scilicet istas divellentes, Fibras{que} qui∣bus invicem Connectuntur violantes.

But with deference to this learned Author, I humbly conceive that this Ca∣vity of the Thorax, in which he affirmeth many Diseases are generated, is made by the pressure of the Hand, when the Membranes are parted from each other in the taking of the Sternon; So that if a Dissection be made by taking off the Ribs near the Vertebres of the Back, then you may discern the Du∣plicated Pleura to be affixed by Fibres to the Sternon, without any interme∣dial Cavity, only a hollowness may be seen about the Heart when a Dupli∣cature of the Membranes (relating to the Mediastine) embraceth the Heart with its Pericardium; and another long but narrow Cavity may be discovered about the Vertebres, Gulet, and Aorta.

The Mediastine is accommodated with divers kinds of Vessels, * 1.85 Veins, Ar∣teries, Nerves and Lymphaeducts, as some imagine.

It hath Veins from the Vena sine pari, Arteries from the Mammary Branch, Nerves, from the par vagum, and the Phrenick and Stomacick Nerves, which passing between the Duplicature of the Mediastine do in their progress impart some Branches to it.

Bartholine saith it is endowed with Lymphaeducts, * 1.86 Ait ille, Vasa Lympha∣tica obtinet, quae multis rivulis hinc inde per Mediastinum exorta, uno tandem tra∣mite ingrediuntur lacteas Thoracicas, sicut patet in figuris Rudbeckii, quorum usus ex eodem, ut aquam inter Sternum & Mediastinum, ejus{que} Duplicaturam Condensatam emungant, at{que} ad Lacteum Thoracicum Ductum amandent. How rational this use may be, I leave to the more mature Judgment of the Learn∣ed Reader.

The Mediastine, * 1.87 as I apprehend, may have many uses, of which the first may be, that by parting the Lobes of the Lungs one from another, it may pre∣serve those lodged in one side from suffering, when those of the other are afflicted with Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Wounds, &c.

The second may be, * 1.88 as it is tied to the Pericardium, to keep the Heart in a due position, lest it should incline too much to either side, and so hinder its regular motion.

The third is to assist the restitution of the Diaphragm, * 1.89 and keep it from too much pressing down the Stomach, Viscera and Intestines, after its motion is performed in Inspiration.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Thymus.

IN my Discourse of the Thymus, I will endeavour to give a short Ac∣count of its Situation, Origen, and Termination, and of its Coats, Surfaces, Figure, Substance, and Uses.

As to the first, it is seated adjoyning to the Mediastine, * 1.90 in the highest regi∣on of the middle apartiment between the Arteries and Subclavian Veins, and most commonly under the Clavicle, climbing up to the lower part of the Neck; but in Calves, Lambs, and many other young Animals, * 1.91 it taketh its rise above the left Auricle of the Heart, and is fastned to the Pericardium, where its lower region is extended from the Heart to the highest Rib, and then is contracted into a slender Neck, which creepeth out of the Thorax, between the Spine and greater Thoracick Vessels, and then is enlarged again, and after a little space above the uppermost Rib, is divided into two bran∣ches climbing up the sides of the Aspera Arteria, and passing by the Glandule Thyroeideae, is terminated near the Maxillary Glands.

The Thymus is covered with a double Membrane, * 1.92 the outward is more thick, and the inward of a more fine consistence, so closely cover∣ing the Interstices of the Glands, that at the first sight the Thymus seemeth to be one Gland, but upon a stricter search in Dissection, it may be disco∣vered a system of many Glands, whereof every one is invested with a pro∣per Coat, and peculiar Vessels.

This rare Compage made up of innumerable minute Glands, * 1.93 is divided in the Middle, and consisteth of an upper and lower Apartiment, each of which is garnished with two rows of small Glands, and every one is enwrap∣ped in a proper Tunicle (parting them one from another) and are all at last encircled with two common Integuments, conserving them in due order and situation, from starting out of their proper sphaeres.

These numerous Glands are adorned with various Surfaces, some are plain, other Convex, and a third Concave, by which they are so fine∣ly lodged one within another, and so closely conjoyned by the interpo∣sition of Vessels and Membranes, that they seem to make up but one entire Gland, but indeed are many, and may be separated from each other, with∣out the violation of their proper substance and Coats, as I have often expe∣rienced in Dissection.

These fruitful Glands are beautified with variety of Figures, * 1.94 some are oblong, flat, roundish, pyramidal, and others orbicular, triangular, quadran∣gular, rarely equal in their sides.

The substance of these Glands, constituting the Thymus, is soft and white, as having great affinity with the Pancreas, and is endued with a more delicate taste, and consisteth principally of Membranes, and somewhat of a Paren∣chyma.

The Membranes are integrated of numerous Fibrils, so closely united, * 1.95 that they seem to be one entire substance, but being streined by a violent ex∣tension, the small Membranes holding the Fibrils together, are broken, and so they start and part from each other, and then the Fibrils are plainly disco∣vered.

And as the Membranes are composed of many Fibrils, * 1.96 so again every little Fibre is made up of many Filaments, finely tied together by the medi∣ation of little Tunicles.

These Glands are furnished with variety of Vessels, * 1.97 Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, which are divaricated through their substance.

The Arteries take their origen from the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, and the Veins from the Jugular Branches, Nerves from the par vagum and Sub∣clavian Plex; and the Lymphaeducts having an obscure origen, do terminate into the Subclavian Veins.

Between these numerous Vessels is a soft, * 1.98 tender, white substance, which may be called the Parenchyma of these Glands, and is produced by a Liquor destilling out of the Nerves, and the Albuminous part of the Blood, the reliques of the Nutricious Particles, which by reason of their grosness cannot be received into the Pores of the Vessels; or if this Hypothesis doth not please you, I humbly conceive the Parenchyma may proceed from the Seminal Matter adhering to the sides of the Fibrils in their first Rudiment, filling up the Interstices of the Vessels and Nervous Fibrils.

And if any Person should deny these Assertions, as affirming the substance of the Glands to consist of Vessels, curiously interwoven in variety of Po∣stures, to which it may be replied, That some part of the Albuminous mat∣ter of the Blood in its Circulation (or Seminal Liquor in the first Formation of the Fibrils) may accresce to their Coats, which groweth again Colliqua∣ted by immoderate preternatural heat in Fevers, and other diseases, and being again rendred fluid, as embodied with Vital Liquor, are received into the neighbouring Veins, whereupon the Glands become flabby, being lessened in their plumpness and dimensions, as being in part despoiled of the soft sub∣stance or parenchyma interlining the Vessels.

The use of the Thymus commonly assigned to it, * 1.99 is to support the divari∣cations of the Aorta, and Vena Cava, whereof some branches are lodged in the body of the Glands, and others transmitted into the arms and muscles relating to the Scapula.

Another use some Anatomists do conceive is to defend the Subclavian Ves∣sels from Compression, * 1.100 which else might be produced (as they imagine) by the motion of the Clavicles in Respiration.

But these uses (if any) are of less moment; and I believe the Thymus being a system of many Glands, consisting of variety of Vessels, is ordain∣ed by Nature for nobler ends; One may probably be to transmit a thin Spirituous Liquor by the Nervous Fibres, * 1.101 into the body of the Glands, to attenuate and exalt the Milky Liquor, of which some part is carried by bran∣ches of the Thoracick Ducts inserted into the substance of the Thymus: Deu∣singius reporteth he saw a quantity of Milk flow out of the Thymus of a Dissected Puppy: And other Authors of great Name and Worth, Learned Harvey (Sneider) and Hostius, relate upon Autopsy, That they have disco∣vered the Thymus of Infants to be turgent with Milk. Bartholine giveth this reason of it, Sine dubio (ait ille) ex Lacteo Thoracico illuc divertit Chylus, ne copia oneretur Vena subclavia. And I humbly conceive the Milk bedewing the substance of these Glands, to be impregnated with the Volatil Saline Particles of a select Liquor destilling out of the Nerves; whereupon the Chyle being enobled with Spirituous parts, is afterward con∣veyed into the Subclavian Veins, and Cava, from whence it is entertained with the Blood into the right Chamber of the Heart.

Another use may be more clearly evinced from the Mechanism or structure of the part, for the Thymus being chiefly, * 1.102 if not wholly a Contexture con∣sisting of variety of different Vessels, doth receive and transmit several Li∣quors, some importing Vital and others Nervous Liquor, as the Arteries and Nerves, and other Vessels, as the Veins do export the Blood, exalted with Nervous Juice, and the Lymphaeducts a Serous Lympha Secerned from it; So that it may seem very probable the great number of Nerves derived from the par vagum and Subclavian Plex, are branched and inserted into the Glands of the Thymus, not to give motion or sense (with which these are not af∣fected in any great degree) but to impart a choice Liquor, which is freely dispensed through the terminations of these Nerves into the substance of the Thymus; where it being separated from some Recrements, meeteth and asso∣ciates with the Blood, which is afterward discharged into the Capillary Veins, whose Extremities do hold a due proportion in shape and size with the said Defaecated Liquors. Dr. Wharton giveth another account, Telling us in his Chapter de Thymo, That the Lymphaeducts receive the more gross parts of the Nervous Liquor, and the purer are resumed into the Nerves, for the use of the Nervous parts in reference to the whole Body; whereupon to do the Author Justice, I will give you his own words, which relate to the Ner∣vous Liquor, Ubi superfluae ejus partes in transitu per Glandulae substantiam secernuntur & per Lymphaeductus, purus{que} liquor per Nervos in eandem dissemi∣natos resumitur in partium Nervosarum totius Corporis usum; But it will be diffi∣cult to apprehend this Learned Author's more curious Sentiments, how the Liquors strained through the smaller Pores of the body of the Glands, as through a fine Colatory, should be readmitted in the Extremities of the Nerves, and stem the tide of the Nervous Liquor, whose current runneth down from the Brain between the Filaments of the Nerves, clean contrary to this Retrograde motion, which tendeth upward and thwarteth the con∣stant Deflux of the Animal Liquor from the Brain, whose gentle motion squeeseth it forward by the weight of the Liquor, as one drop presseth ano∣ther forward.

Lastly, * 1.103 I humbly conceive the most noble use of the Animal Liquor drop∣ping out of the terminations of the Nerves, into the substance of the Thy∣mus, is to contribute its Mite to the gentle fermentation of the Blood: The Animal Liquor being impregnated with Spirituous and Volatil Saline Parti∣cles in the Cortical Glands, and other Processes of the Brain, is at length transmitted into the par vagum, and thence communicated to the Subclavian Plex, into the substance of the Thymus, where it is embodied with the Blood, and conveyed with it into the Capillary Veins, and thence into the Subclavian Branches and Vena Cava, into the right Ventricle of the Heart, by whose repeated contractions the Succus Nutricius being dashed against the inward walls of the Chambers of the Heart, is broken into most minute Particles, whereupon the fine Saline parts of the Nervous Liquor being em∣bodied with the Acide Atoms of the Blood, do produce a great part of its In∣testine motion, consisting in a gentle effervescence and expansive motion (much assisted by the Elastick parts of Air) in which the more Volatil Atoms of the Nervous Liquor do endeavour to quit the more crude and more fixed parts of the Blood and Chymous Liquor, which confine the more Spirituous till the grosser parts grow refined and exalted, whereupon the Homo∣geneous parts, being of a Fraternity, do embody and assimilate them∣selves, for their mutual preservation, and the disagreeing Particles that can∣not be reconciled by Intestine motion, to the Nervous Liquor blended with

Blood, are Secerned by several Colatories of the Body, where the Compage of Liquors being opened, their Recrements are discharged by numerous Ex∣cretory Ducts, where the Salival Liquor is thrown off by the Oval and Maxillary Glands, as well as Tonsils, and the more Serous Saline Recre∣ments of the Blood and Nervous Liquor by the Glands of the Kidneys, and the more gross Sulphureous, by those of the Liver.

CHAP. IX. Of a Pleurisy.

A Pleurisy and Peripneumonia hath great affinity with each other, * 1.104 as being frequent companions; Sometimes the Pleurisie precedes the Pe∣ripneumonia, and other times the latter is antecedent to the first, and both have the same Cause, a gross Blood apt to stagnate and beget Inflammations both in the Pleura and Lungs.

The Pleurisie is solitary sometimes, * 1.105 as being destitute of the company of a Peripneumonia. These Diseases may be distinguished from each other by proper Symptoms; an Inflammation of the Lungs is accompanied with a higher Fever and greater difficulty of breathing, than a Pleurisie, which is attended with a pricking pain in the Side, which sometime inclineth toward the Neck, and other times toward the Hypocondres, as the different parts of the Pleura are affected.

In a Bastard Pleurisie, * 1.106 which is an Inflammation of the Intercostal Mus∣cles, there is little or no Fever, or Cough, no spitting of Blood, the Pulse less high, the pain of the Side is less pricking, and more beating, and doth not affect the parts adjoyning to the Neck and Hypocondres.

The symptoms attending a true Pleurisie or Inflammation of the Pleura, * 1.107 are first a violent pricking pain of the Side, a continued acute Fever, though not so high as in a Peripneumonia.

Secondly, a Pleurisie is accompanied with a quick and low Respiration, by reason the Fleshy Fibres of the Intercostal Muscles cannot so highly contract themselves because the Pleura is enflamed; So that the disordred Oeconomy of Nature endeavoureth to compensate the defect in magnitude, with the frequent repeated acts of Respiration, in order to the reception of Air to give an allay to the immoderate Effervescence of Blood, and to attenuate its grosness by its fluid Elastick Particles, in reference to motion, the great pre∣servative of Life.

A Pleurisie may be thus described, * 1.108 vid. an Inflammation of the Pleura (caused by gross Blood stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels) accompa∣nied with violent pricking pain of the Side, an acute Fever, and a great difficulty of breathing.

The immediate or continent cause of this Disease, * 1.109 is a thick mass of Blood associated with indigested Chyme, not well assimilated into Blood, whence it is rendred gross and clammy, and being carried by the intercostal Arteries, into the substance of the Pleura, it Stagnates, and inflames the part, as gain∣ing an Effervescence by Extravasation.

The more remote causes of a Pleurisie, are gross humors, * 1.110 as indigested Chyme, caused first by Aliment hard to be Concocted; as also by prohibited Transpiration, flowing from cold Ambient Air, shutting up the Pores of the Skin, and detaining the gross steams in the Blood, which else would have been thrown off by Transpiration; these having recourse with the Blood in∣to the empty spaces of the Vessels, do produce a Pleurisie, to which a watry Air clogged with thick Vapours, free Cups of Wine, and immoderate eat∣ing do dispose the Blood, as rendring it gross and depauperated, and fitted for Stagnation in the substance of the Pleura.

As to the Prognosticks of this Disease, * 1.111 the danger appeareth very much in the height of the Fever, and the difficulty of Breathing: And Hypocrates giveth his opinion in it by Spittle, when it hath none, or else unconcocted, or discoloured, and conceiveth a Pleurisie to be sooner determined, if the Spittle be excerned in the beginning of the Disease.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Quinetiam & per ea quae mox apparent eadem indicantur quale quid in morbo laterali laborantibus, Sputum si statim circa initia subappareat, morbum brevem, si vero posterius videatur, longum futurum denunciat.

And the Pleurisie is most dangerous when there is no excretion of Spittle, and less dangerous, when some thin Serous Liquor is ejected, and more safe when the Spittle groweth thicker and concocted, which if it hap∣pen about the third or fourth day, the Disease will determine about the seventh.

Yellow Spittle being accompanied with much watry Recrements, is not safe, especially green or black Spittle, seemeth to be fatal, as shewing the humor to be of a depraved nature, flowing from the great decay of the Vital heat.

A Flux of Blood by the Nostrils, Haemorrhoides, or Menstrua, doth often presage a good termination of this Disease, if the signs of Coction do ap∣pear in the Spittle, as being thick and not too clammy, and expectorated with ease, attended with a freedom of breathing.

But if the Patient hath his body unequally affected, in some parts hot, in others cold, outwardly afflicted with chilness, and inwardly with a burn∣ing heat, associated with great pain, anxiety, and a high Delirium, they speak the approaches of Death.

This Disease presenteth us with three Indications in reference to its Cure, * 1.112 the first relateth to the Disease it self, which is an Inflammation of the sub∣stance of the Pleura, flowing from a quantity of Blood, lodged in the In∣terstices of its Vessels; whereupon a Vein is to be opened in the Arm, and a free mission of Blood to be celebrated, to empty the Vessels, and to make good the circulation of the extravasated Blood in the Pleura, which lessens the Inflammation, and cannot be so well effected by often taking away a small proportion, as by letting out a great quantity of Blood at once, which hasteneth the motion of the Blood, and not permitteth it to grow over len∣tous, and Concreted by its long stay in the spaces of the Vessels, which ren∣dereth its motion very difficult, or not at all feasible; whereupon the Blood putrifieth if long Extravasated, producing first an Abscess, and afterward an Ulcer, attended with an Empyema: Whereupon it is requisite at the first time, (if the Pulse be great in a Plethorick body) to take away a large proportion of Blood, as most prevalent to obtain a conquest of the Disease.

So that Bleeding hath been advised in a Pleurisie with the general suf∣frages of the Grecian, * 1.113 Arabian, Italian, and French Physicians, in the Hand or Arm of the opposite side, to make the greater revulsion; But Great Do∣ctor Harvey and the Modern Physicians, as better versed in Anatomy have discovered the circulation of Blood, and have since found by experi∣ence, that opening a Vein in the same side where the Pleurisie is seated, to be far more beneficial to take off pain, and the Inflammation, by promoting the current of stagnated Blood in the part affected, by solliciting the motion of the Blood out of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Subclavian, Axillary, and Brachial Arterial branches, and by consequence freeth the affected side of the Pleura from a load of Blood.

And if the mission of Blood cannot be celebrated by reason of a languid Pulse, though the pain of the Side and Fever be high in the Pleurisie, it de∣noteth Cupping Glasses with Scarifying, to be applied to the affected Side, which hath often spoke great ease by drawing off Blood from the afflicted and inflamed part, and by renewing the interrupted course of Blood.

This Disease doth no way admit strong Purgatives and Vomits (often ad∣vised by Empyricks) which highly exagitate the offensive Recrements of the Blood, * 1.114 and render the Inflammation greater, and weaken the Patient, and strengthen the Disease, by hurrying the Blood more impetuously into the parts affected, and by lessening the strength of the sick Person, whereby the Coction of the Morbifick Matter is hindred, and Death hastened, by the Ignorance and Impudence of unlearned Practisers in Physick, who boast much, and do little or nothing, who aim to make themselves great by lessen∣ing others, which rendereth them guilty of Injustice, Arrogance, and Un∣charitableness.

Gentle Purgatives may be advised, if the Fever be not high, as also Ju∣lapes and Apozemes (that allay the heat of the Blood) mixed with gentle Diureticks and Sudorificks.

The second Indication relateth to the cause of the Pleurisie, * 1.115 which pro∣ceedeth from a gross mass of Blood apt to stagnate, and doth denote attenua∣ting Medicines made of Apozemes, prepared with Dogs Grass, Wild Aspa∣ragus, and mild Pectorals, in case of a Cough and in a Peripneumonia, which is often a companion of this Disease; Testaceous Powders, full of Volatil Salt, as Crabs Claws, Pearl, the Mandible of a Pike, the Bone of the Heart of a Stag, as also Sal Prunellae, Salt of Coral, Urine, and Volatil Salt of Harts Horn, the Infusion of Horse Dung made in red Poppy Water, and White Wine are very useful.

In reference to the sensible evacuation of the Matter of the disease by Spittle, * 1.116 the Medicines admit great variation: In case of thin Recrements (which Nature endeavoureth to throw off by Expectoration, but cannot well attain to it, by reason the humors being of a thin consistence, do elude the impulse of the thinner Air) thickning Medicines are to be advised, made of Jujubes, Sebesten, Gum of Tragananth, Arabick, Looeh de Psyllio, de Pontulaca; and a Pectoral Decoction made with the Flowers of Red Poppy, Seeds of Melons, Pumpions, White Poppy, Barley, Jujubes, Dates, &c.

In a thick Matter, * 1.117 which is gross, lentous, and viscid, attenuating, in∣ciding, and detergent Medicined may be prescribed, as all kinds of Oxy∣mels, (especially that of Squills) are very proper, and a Linctus made of Linseed Oyl, or Oyl of sweet Almonds, mixed with White Sugar Candy; Apozemes made with Dogs Grass, Wild Asparagus, Hysope (if the Fever be not high) Maiden Hair, Coltsfoot, Scabious, Liquorice, Shavings of Ivory, &c.

In a gross Matter, which cannot be Expectorated without great difficulty, an Infusion of Horse dung made with the Leaves of Maries and the blessed Thi∣stle, made in Water and Wine, and being strained, may be frequently gi∣ven with good success.

Topicks are very beneficial in this Disease, * 1.118 made of Oyntment of Marsh Mallows, Oyls of Chamemel, Horse dung, &c. as also Cataplasms prepa∣red with White Lilly Roots, Leaves of Mallows, Marsh Mallows, St. John's Wort, Seeds of Fenugreek and Flax, boiled in Water to a due consistence.

Aetius, an Antient Physician, adviseth in this case Cupping-Glasses to be applied with Scarification, as a most present Remedy to evacuate the Matter of the Disease, and to take off pain.

The third Indication in a Pleurisie, is preservative of strength, * 1.119 which may be satisfied with a thin Diet of Water and Barley Gruel, Panada, thin Chic∣ken broth, Barley Cream, &c. as also ordinary Drink, Ptisanes, Small-Beer boiled with a Crust of Bread and a Blade of Mace, and being strained, may be sweetned with double Refined Sugar; Posset-drinks are also proper made most with Small-Beer, and a very little White Wine, and dulcified with Sugar, and Emulsions made with the cooling Seeds, sweet Almonds blanched, and sweetned with Sugar-Candy; Cordial Julapes made with coo∣ling and temperate Medicines, are profitable, made with destilled Water of Maries, and the blessed Thistle, Balm, Black Cherries, Citrons, to which a small Plague-water may be added, and prepared Pearl, or Coral, with a little Sugar-Candy.

Powders of Crabs Eyes, Coral, Pearl, Flowers of Red Poppy, being that of the Field, &c. given with a draught of a proper Cordial Julep, which do produce gentle Sweats, and allay the heat of the Blood, which is some∣times very high in a Pleurisie.

And to conclude, Horse dung, Leaves of Maries, and the blessed Thistle, * 1.120 Scabious, Hysope, Pimpernel, Flowers of Field Poppy destilled in a little White Wine, and a far greater proportion of Milk, do speak a great advan∣tage in this Disaffection.

CHAP. X. Of an Empyema, or Collection of Matter in the Cavity of the Breast.

AN Empyema is an unhappy Companion, or rather a sad consequent of other Diseases, which being not well determined, do fall into this disaffection, flowing either from an inflammation of the Pleura, Mediatine, Lungs, Larynx, or a quantity of Blood flowing out of a broken Vessel of the neighbouring parts into the Cavity of the Thorax; whereupon I humbly con∣ceive that an Empyema is not a primary Disease seated in the Pleura, Lungs, Larynx, but a quantity of dislodged Matter, as discharged the Confines of the adjacent parts into the empty space of the Breast.

An Empyema, * 1.121 following an inflammation of the Pleura, proceedeth from a source of Blood stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels, which being long Extravasated, doth degenerate into a Pus, making an Abscess, which being not discharged, doth Corrode the tender Membranes of the Pleura, and run into the Cavity of the Breast.

This Disease is derived also from a Peripneumonia, * 1.122 wherein a large pro∣portion of Blood being setled in the substance of the Sinus and Bronchia of the Lungs, and not discharged out the Terminations of the Pulmonary and Bronchial Arteries, into the Origens of the Veins, accompanying the said Arteries; whereupon the Blood for want of motion is despoiled of its due Tone and Disposition, and acquireth a putrid Disaffection, giving it a kind of Caustick quality, Corroding the Coats of the Bronchia and appendant Membranous Cells of the Lungs; So that if the Purulent Matter being lodg∣ed in a small quantity in the empty spaces of the Air-vessels may be dis∣charged by Expectoration, the Patient may recover without any further pre∣judice; but if the Putrid Matter be so Exuberant that it cannot be expelled by a Cough, but farther Corrodes the substance, and at last the outward Coat encompassing the Lungs, it breaketh the Confines of its Banks, and over∣flowes into the Cavity of the Thorax.

A third kind of Empyema, * 1.123 may take its rise from a true Squinancy, where∣in so great a proportion of Blood is lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels relating to the Muscles, besetting the head of the Wind-pipe, that the cir∣culation of the Blood cannot be made good out of the Extremities of the Arteries into the beginnings of the Veins; whereupon the setled Blood losing its innate bounty by a long Stagnancy, doth degenerate into a putrid Matter, which first maketh an Abscess and then an Ulcer in the Muscles of the La∣rynx, and then descends by the outward surface of the Bronchia to that of the Lungs, and afterward into the capacity of the Thorax, producing an Empyema.

The fourth kind of Empyema is assigned to Extravasated Blood, * 1.124 coming out of broken Blood-vessels of the Lungs, discharging a quantity of Purple Liquor into the Cavity of the Breast, where it is rendred destitute of its Spi∣rituous and good Particles, as wanting motion, but by reason the Blood is not turned into Pus, (as I imagine) it cannot be called an exquisite Empyema,

which speaketh not every kind of a degenerate Extravasated Blood, but such a one as is turned into a true Sanious or Purulent Matter, which is produ∣ced from Blood first stagnated in the substance of Membranes, Muscles, or the Parenchyma of the Viscera, as of the Lungs, Heart, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, &c. wherein the Serous Particles of the Blood are turned into Pus, produced by the heat of the said parts, which cannot be effected by Extravasated Blood flowing out of a broken Vessel, and lodged in a Cavity relating to any of the Venters.

The Continent cause of an Empyema, is a Pus or purulent Matter, * 1.125 flowing out of the Muscles of the Larynx, body of the Lungs, Pleura, Mediastine: A Learned Physician was of an opinion, that Pus and Purulent Matter, might admit a distinction, as the first proceedeth from the corrupted Succus Nu∣tricius of the Blood, and the second from its Serous Recrement, as com∣ing from the hindred motion of the Blood, rendring it putrid.

And another worthy Author conceiveth, That true Pus, being white and of a middle consistence, is confined within a proper Membrane or Cystis, and being brought to a perfect Maturation, and broken, soon dischargeth it self, and the part affected is Cured; but Purulent Matter unconfined and left at large, as destitute of any Cystis or Membrane, when it is discharged by an Ulcer, appeareth Sanious, unconcocted, as the putrid Excrements are mixed with Purple Liquor, which maketh the Diseased part more difficult to be Cured, by reason it is clogged with a great source of Crude, Sanious Excrements not easie to be discharged.

It may be also considered, that both the pure Pus and the Puru∣lent Matter, are sometimes affected with an ill savour, and other times are destitute of an ill scent; So that Apostemes brought to Maturation, and broken, do emit a stink, and sometimes none; whereupon I humbly con∣ceive that Purulent Matter flowing out of an Ulcer, doth often discompose our Nostrils with a faetide smell; and it may be observed that an Apertion be∣ing made between the Ribs, to discharge an Empyema, the Purulent Matter hath little or no smell, and after two or three days, when the Air hath had a frequent recourse by the Wound into the Thorax, the Purulent Matter groweth very offensive, which may be quickly alayed by some injections of Wine, as washing and cleansing the sides of the wound and adjacent parts, and diluting the stinking corrupt humors with pleasant Aromatick smells: And I humbly conceive that the faetide smell of Pus and Purulent Matter, doth arise out of gross exalted sulphureous depressing the Saline Particles; but on the other side, when the sulphureous parts are somewhat Concocted, and reduced under the power of the Saline, they give a check to the ill savour of Pus and Purulent Matter.

As to the Diagnosticks of an Empyema, some of them, * 1.126 and the most chief may be these; When the Inflammation of the Muscles of the Larynx, Lungs, Pleura, or Mediastine, do not cease upon the due application of Remedies, and are attended with Rigors and Fevers, it is very suspicious, the Inflam∣mation is determined by an Ulcerous Matter discharged into the Cavity of the Breast.

If the Extravasated Blood setled in the substance of the Muscles of the Larynx, Lungs, Pleura, or Mediastine, * 1.127 be not taken off by due Applica∣tion in fourteen days or thereabouts, it doth degenerate into Pus, productive of an Abscess in the part affected, which sometimes breaketh about the twen∣tieth day, and other times about the thirtieth or fortieth; Of which Hippo∣crates giveth these Symptoms, A Rigor, saith he, proceeding from a Puru∣lent

Matter, Vellicates the neighbouring Membranous parts, accompanied with a dull pain, arising from the weight of the corrupt Matter (afflicting the Lungs in their Diastole) depressing the Diaphragm, and hindring its re∣laxation, in order to a farther motion made by Contraction; hence ensueth a difficulty of Respiration, flowing from a quantity of Purulent Matter stuffing the Cavity of the Breast, giving a check to the free play of the Lungs and Diaphragm.

The sign of a long continued Empyema, * 1.128 is, That the Fever groweth more mild upon the great part of the Pus transmitted out of the body of the parts affected, into the empty space of the Thorax; So that the Fever is rendred part∣ly Putrid and partly Hectick, always infesting the Patient, and is more gentle in the Day, and receiveth the beginning of an Exacerbation about the Even∣ing, and is more hightened about the middle of the Night. This Disease is associated with a perpetual Cough, sometimes throwing up Purulent Mat∣ter, whereupon ariseth a great Anxiety, and dejection of strength, proceed∣ing from free Sweats in the Night; whence follow the hollowness of the Eyes, and redness of Cheeks, and at last a swelling of the Legs, producing a Leucophlegmatia flowing from a gross and dispirited mass of Blood, stagna∣ting in the substance of the parts affected.

The Prognosticks of this Disease are hopeful, * 1.129 if when the Abscess is bro∣ken, the Fever groweth gentle, attended with an easie Expectoration of Pu∣rulent Matter, or rather of a Pus that is smooth, white, and equal, and with a free Respiration, which sheweth the Thorax not to be overcharged with a quantity of Pus.

But on the other side the Prognosticks imply imminent danger, * 1.130 when the Eruption of the Pus is accompanied with a violent Fever, frequent Trem∣blings, or Rigors, which are Convulsive Motions, proceeding from ill-con∣ditioned Purulent Matter, highly irritating the Nervous parts.

A great Cough (accompanied with a difficulty of breathing) is very dangerous, * 1.131 by which a thick, yellow, green, black, or faetide, corrupt Matter, of an unequal consistence is thrown up, especially in an Orthopnaea, wherein the whole Breast is lifted up; whereupon most commonly ensueth a Suffocation, proceeding from an Exuberance of Purulent Matter, lodged in the Cavity of the Breast, and intercepting the motion of the Intercostal Mus∣cles, Diaphragm and Lungs.

It also foretelleth great danger, if a silver Probe be put into the wound of an opened Thorax for an Empyema, and groweth hued with the colour of Gold or Copper, which is caused by the exalted Sulphureous Particles of the Purulent Matter, discolouring the Silver. But it is more safe, if the Patient grow strong, as having a good Pulse, and free Respiration, upon the Aper∣tion of the Thorax; whereupon floweth a white well Concocted Matter, speaking an Alleviation of the Fever and all the symptoms of the Disease.

In case an Ulcer of the Larynx, Lungs, or Pleura, cannot be prevented by Bleeding, Expectoration, Diurecticks, and Diaphoreticts, gentle Medi∣cines may be advised both inwardly and outwardly, that promote Suppu∣ration.

In reference to a Cough derived from gross, * 1.132 lentous, viscide Matter, Hy∣dromels are very proper, made up of the five opening Roots, the Leaves of Ground-Ivy, Coltsfoot, Horehound, Scabious, Maiden-Hair, and Raisins of the Sun stoned, boiled in Water, to which White-Wine may be added at the latter end of the Decoction, and when it is strained, some Honey may be gently boiled in it.

Medicines made into Pills with Chio Turpentine, Iris Root powdered, and Syrup of Ground-Ivy, which may be rowled in Powder of Liquorice, and given Morning and Evening with a Vulnerary Decoction made of the Roots of Sarsa Parilla, and China, Hartshorn Shavings, Prunell, Bugles, Sanicle, Mouse-Ear the Great, Ground-Ivy, boiled in three parts Water, and one part White-Wine, to which, being strained, Honey may be added. These Medicines do satisfie all the Indications of an Ulcer as they cleanse, dry, and Consolidate.

As to an Empyema flowing from an Ulcer of the Muscles of the Larynx, * 1.133 Lungs, Pleura, and Medicine, the Pus or Purulent Matter cannot be vacua∣ted if it be lodged in a very great proportion in the empty space of the Tho∣rax, unless a wound be made in the Intercostal Muscles, as near to the Mid∣riff as may be (with great regard of its preservation) that the Purulent Matter may be the better expelled through the Aperture of the Breast, which is sometimes made between the fourth and fifth, and other times be∣tween the sixth and seventh Rib.

Sometimes the Succus Nutricius of the Blood (being lodged in a great quantity in the substance of the Bronchia, and Membranous Cells, * 1.134 their Ap∣pendants) is turned into a Pus, making first an Aposteme, and afterward an Ulcer, through which some Corrupt Matter is received into the Bronchia, and Expectorated, and some of the other part of the Pus was lodged in the Cavity of the Thorax, and other parts may be evacuated downward by Stool, and upward by Vomiting, as also by Urine, by reason Nature is very sollici∣tous by all ways possible to preserve it self by various Evacuations of ill Matter.

Of this admirable case I shall take the boldness to give an Instance, * 1.135 in Mr. Echins, a Gentleman of Northampton-shire, (related to a Person of Ho∣nour, Colonel Stroade, Governor of Dover-Castle) who was oppressed with a great Cough, a high difficulty of Breathing, accompanied with a slow pu∣trid Fever, and many other Diagnosticks, which follow an Ulcer of the Lungs and an Empyema, flowing from a source of Purulent Matter (enter∣tained from the confines of the Lungs into the capacity of the Breast) falling down upon the Diaphragm.

In order to evacuate the Matter of this Disease, and to relieve the ag∣grieved Lungs, and Midriff, an Apertion was made in the Intercostal Mus∣cles between the Ribs, by Mr. Pierce, a Skilful Chyrurgeon, relating to the Hospital of St. Thomas; whereupon the Thorax being opened, a quantity of Sanious and Purulent Matter was discharged through the wound; and he also freely Excerned it by Coughing, Vomiting, by Stool, and by Urine; All these Evacuations were plain to sense, but the great difficulty remaineth, how Nature could expel the Peccant Matter by these several ways; which I humbly conceive, may be accomplished after this manner; Some part of the Pus was transmitted into the Bronchia, and thrown up by Coughing, and some other portion of it was entertained out of the substance of the Bron∣chia and Sinus (only Apostemated and not Ulcered) into the Extremities of of the Pulmonary Veins, and carried through the left Ventricle of the Heart (causing great faintness and dejection of Spirit, attended with a Fever) and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, into the Caeliack Artery, and its Termina∣tions into the Cavity of the Stomach, whence it was expelled by Vomiting, and afterward some part of the Pus was conveyed farther by the Descendent Trunk, into the Branches and Extremities of the upper and lower Mesente∣rick Arteries, into the Cavity of the Intestines, and thrown off by Stool; and the reliques of the Purulent Excrements not carried off by the Caeliack and

Mesenterick Arteries, did descend lower by the said Arterial Trunk, into the Emulgent Arteries and their Capillaries, implanted into the Glands of the Kidneys, in which a Secretion was made of the Purulent Matter, (from the Blood) and embodied with the Serous Recrements, whereupon they were received into the Urinary Ducts, and carried through the Pelvis and Ureters, into the Cavity of the Bladder, and thence Excerned with the Urine through the Urethra.

In order to the Cure of these many Complicated Diseases, * 1.136 I advised Hy∣dromels made of Pectorals, to help the Expectoration of Purulent Matter, and of Diureticks to carry it off by Urine; and in reference to the Ulcer, I prescribed cleansing, drying, and Consolidating Medicines; and in point of the Hectick Fever, I ordered attemperating and restorative Applications made of Chyna, Sarsa Parilla, Ground-Ivy, Maiden-Hair, Shavings of Ivory, and Harts-horn boiled in Water and Honey; as also destilled Milks made with Pectorals, Diureticks, Vulneraries, Restoratives, which were given with new Milk; as also in this case Balsomick Pills and Syrups may be ad∣ministred with good success; and in point of Diet the Patient did eat and drink Milk all manner of ways, Milk boiled with Bread, and Water boiled sometimes with Barley, and other times with Oatmeal, to which Milk was added to make a Pottage, which is proper in this Disease, as being cleansing and restorative: By this method of Physick and Diet, the Patient was per∣fectly restored to his health and strength, many years ago, and is yet alive and healthy as a Monument of God's wonderful Mercy; And I hope will live long to speak his great Praise and Glory in the land of the Living.

CHAP. XI. Of the Pericardium or Capsula of the Heart.

THe Capsula or Membrane, encompassing the Heart, * 1.137 is a strong firm Enclosure, made up of minute Fibrils, curiously Enterwoven, and is Contiguous to the Heart at some distance, to give it a free play in its vari∣ous Alternate motions of Systole and Diastole, or rather Contraction and Relaxation.

It deriveth its Origen near the Base of the Heart from the external Coat of the Pleura or Mediastine, * 1.138 which encircleth the Vessels divaricated through the outward surface of the Heart.

Most Anatomists do assign but one Membrane to the Pericardium, and Learned Riolan two, and I humbly conceive it to be furnished with three; The first and outward proceeding from the Mediastine, * 1.139 is fastned to the Mid∣dle Coat by the interposition of many thin Tunicles, which I discovered in parting it from the second Membrane.

The outward is accommodated with many Cells or Membranous Vesicles, the repositories of Fat, which in a well stalled Ox doth very much shade and immure this first Integument.

The middle Coat being closely conjoyned to the outward, * 1.140 is somewhat thinner than it, and is composed of a great company of Fibres finely inter∣woven and close stuck, and interspersed with a white Parenchyma.

The third Tunicle whose inside maketh the inward surface of the Pericar∣dium, is the most fine of all the Coverings, * 1.141 which I severed from the mid∣dle Coat, and discovered it to be beset with many minute Glands, the Fon∣tinels, as I apprehend, of the Serous Liquor contained in the Pericardium.

As to its Connexion, * 1.142 it is fastned in its outward surface to the Mediastine by the interposition of many Fibrils, and conjoyned to it about the Base of the Heart, where a passage is made to the Blood-vessels, and in its lower Re∣gion to the Center of the Diaphragm.

The Contexture of this Membrane hath much affinity with that of other Membranes, relating to the Body of Man, * 1.143 as it is a strong Compage made up of a great store of Membranous Filaments or Nervous Fibrils, curiously spun and interwoven, and interspersed with a Succus Nutricius, or Seminal Matter, adhering to the sides of the Coats of the Fibrils in their first Ge∣neration.

This Membrane is furnished with small Vessels of different kinds, * 1.144 Veins from the Phrenick and Axillary branches, and Arteries, though very small, from the Coronary branches of the Heart, and small Nerves from the left recurrent Nerve; and also Lymphaeducts, as Learned Rudbeck will have it, proceeding from the Trunk ending near the Heart.

The Figure of the Capsula holdeth great conformity with that of the Heart, and is much more enlarged toward its Base, * 1.145 and groweth more narrow near its Cone; So that the Pericardium is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal figure.

In this Capsula Serous Liquor is contained as in a Cystern, * 1.146 which some account to be Alimentary, and others Excrementitious, as being a Watry hu∣mor proceeding from the steams of the Blood arising like Clouds, and con∣densed against the inside of the Pericardium.

Learned Steno deriveth its Origen from the Lymphaeducts coming from the Conglomerated Glands, in his Books de Musculis and Glandulis, p. 41. Quo∣cun{que} corporis Animalis loco aquosus quidam naturaliter reperitur humor ejus super∣ficiem oblinens, eandem superficiem Lymphaticorum pertusam ostiis a Conglome∣rata Glandula oriundorum: unde colligere liceret, eandem aquae Pericardii esse originem, but with the leave of this great Author (I humbly conceive) that the Liquor lodged within the confines of the Pericardium doth not arise from the Lymphaeducts, which is a thin watry Liquor, but this of the Cap∣sula Cordis is the Serous part of the Vital Juice, * 1.147 as I apprehend, by reason it being exposed to the Fire, will Coagulate like the white of an Egg, which sheweth it to be the more soft and albuminous Particles of the Blood.

Renowned Dr. Lower, doth fetch the Liquor contained in the Capsula Cordis from its Glands, as he hath in the first Chap. de Cordis situ & structura, p 5, 6. Quare ut aquae hujus fontem alibi quaeramus, advertere oportet naturam in variis corporis partibus ubi operis aut functionum eadem aut par ratio est, iisdem plerun{que} Machinis at{que} instrumentis uti; & quemadmodum glandulas La∣crymalis ad humorem suggerendum quo Oculi illinantur, at{que} madefiant (abs{que} quo sicci & motus inhabiles evaderent) pariter & juxta Cordis basin diversas Glandulas constituit, è quibus humor intra Capsulam exstillat, & vacuo isto spa∣cio huc illuc agitatus Cordis superficiem undi{que} alluit, quo promptior & facilior ejus motus redderetur.

CHAP. XII. Of the Diseases of the Pericardium, and their Cures.

THe Pericardium (as composed of many Coats, furnished with nume∣rous divarications of Vessels) is rendred obnoxious to variety of Diseases, as Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Tumors, &c.

The inflammation of the Capsula Cordis, * 1.148 is derived from a source of Blood coming out of the Terminations of the Coronary Arteries of the Heart, in∣serted into the substance of the Pericardium, in which it is Extravasated, as not being received into the Extremities of Phrenick Veins by reason of its great plenty or grosness; whereupon it being stagnant in the empty spaces of the Vessels, loseth its laudable temper and bounty, by gaining an un∣kindly Ebullition; This part confining on the Heart easily affected with an unnatural effervescence (productive of an acute Fever, Syncope, Palpitation) imparted to the Blood first derived from the substance of the Pericardium into the Origens of the Phrenick Veins, and from thence to the Vena Cava, and right Ventricle of the Heart, and afterward into the Lungs, where it creates a great difficulty of Breathing, a dry Cough, a great Plog••sis, &c. Thirst, and sometimes with a pain in the Thorax toward the Sternon, as the Pericardium is affixed to the Mediastine; So that this Dis∣ease is taken for a Pleurisie, Zacutus Prax. adm. Lib. 2. Observat. giveth a History. Quidam in aetate florente acuta febre est prehensus cum siti ingenti, anxie∣tate, Respiratione celerrima & frequenti, Thoracis incendio, tussi sicca, Syn∣cope, Cordis tremore, levissimo in Thorace dolore Sternum versus, cum angustia summa, pulsu duro & inaequali. Hic pro Pleuritico Curatus, triduo è vita sublatus.

Sectio à morte palam fecit fuisse Pericardii Inflammationem, nam tota fere tunica livida & rugosa visa est, & in multis partibus asperitudines apparuere Milliaceae, nigrore infectae, omnia ab adurente calore profecta.

The Curatory Indication of this Disease being a quantity of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the Pericardium, * 1.149 doth denote the Mission of Blood with a free hand, to make good the Circulation of the stagnant Blood in the parts affected; That it may be received into the Phrenick Veins, and take off the Inflammation of the Pericardium.

Bleeding also satisfieth the preservatory Indication in lessening the cause of the Disease, by taking away the exuberant quantity of hot Blood, and by diverting its current from the Pericardium by opening a Vein in the Arm. Cooling Juleps and Apozemes are very proper in being given with tempe∣rate Cordial Powders, which do cool the Mass of Blood, by Sweat and a free Transpiration, as discharging the hot steams of the Vital Liquor by the Pores of the Skin.

Sometimes an Inflammation may proceed from a great Contusion of the Thorax affecting the Capsula Cordis, whence ariseth first an Inflammation, * 1.150 coming from a Laceration of the small Arteries pouring out so great a quan∣tity of Blood into the Interstices of the Vessels, that the minute Origens of the Veins are not capable to give a reception to it; So that the Extravasated Blood losing its motion, the Albuminous part degenerates into a Pus, which

often Corrodeth the Membranes of the Pericardium, and produceth an Ul∣cer, which vitiateth the Liquor encircling the Heart.

A Husband-man overturning a load of Hay by his imprudent Conduct, * 1.151 some part of it fell upon his Breast, which thereupon was highly afflicted with pain, and the Patient was afterward infested with an acute Fever, flowing from the Contusion of the Pericardium, which proved fatal unto him, and the Thorax being opened and his Heart inspected, the Pericardium was found full of Pus, in which the Heart did swim as in a noysom Lake, giving it a stench and suffocation.

The Pericardium is sometimes swelled, * 1.152 as overcharged with too great a quantity of Serous Liquor, making a kind of Dropsie, whereby the Capsula being of tender Membranous Compage, is highly discomposed with pain, and the Heart compressed with a load of Liquor so incumbent upon it, that its branches cannot admit a due Dilatation to give reception to the Blood, which is attended with a pain of the Breast, a trembling of the Heart, and a Dropsie of the whole Body.

A young Man being tortured with a pain of his Side, and a great Palpi∣tation of his Heart, proceeding from a superabundant quantity of Water lodged in the bosom of the Capsula, which generated a Hectick Fever, de∣structive of the Patient, who being opened in his middle Apartiment, the Pericardium was found highly distended, as being Hydropical and full of Se∣rous Liquor drenching the Heart, and rendring it very soft and flabby.

On the other side the Capsula Cordis is sometimes found wholly destitute of any Water lodged in it, * 1.153 and the Pericardium closely affixed to the Pe∣rimeter or Convex Surface of the Heart by the interposition of many Mem∣branes, which are hardly broken, and the Capsula not easily severed from the circumference of the Heart, which I saw some years since, in an Executed Felon, privately Dissected by dextrous Chyrurgeons of London, at the Hall, where Learned Dr. Needham, and many other Gentlemen were present.

This Disease is attended with many dismal Symptoms, * 1.154 difficulty of Breathing, Synope, Lypothymy, Palpitation of the Heart, and a languid intermittent Pulse, which proceed from a small proportion of Blood recei∣ved into the Ventricles of the Heart (and Lungs) by reason they cannot be expanded for the free admission of Blood, as enclosed within the narrow confinement of the Pericardium, compressing the Heart.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Pericardium of other Animals.

THe Pericardium in greater and smaller Beasts, * 1.155 holdeth great simi∣litude in Situation, Connexion, Figure, and Substance with that of Man.

The Capsula Cordis in more perfect Animals is made up of three Tunicles, The outward being fastned to the middle Coat by many fine Ligaments, is beset with many Cells, the allodgments of Fat.

The middle Tunicle, being somewhat thinner than the outward, is inte∣grated of a great number of Fibres (finely spun, and curiously interwoven) which is interlined with a whitish Parenchyma.

The third Pellicle making the inside of the Pericardium in Beasts, is the thinnest of all the Coats, this I discovered in a Bullock to be furnished with many minute Glands, which I humbly conceive may be the Colatories of the Blood, transmitting its Serous parts into the Cavity interceding the Pericardium and Heart.

The Capsula Cordis in other greater Animals, as well as Man, hath a quantity of thin, transparent Liquor (seated in the empty space between the Pericardium and Heart, as in a Cystern) flowing out of the adjacent Glands.

The Pericardium of a Land Tortoise, is thick, * 1.156 as composed of many Membranes, and is sometimes distended with Wind, and most of all with a large proportion of thin, transparent Liquor.

A Lyon is furnished with a dense Pericardium, * 1.157 as made up also of many Coats, closely conjoyned to each other by the interposition of many thin Li∣gaments, and is most eminent for abundance of Fat, shading the outside of this useful Integument.

The Capsula Cordis in Birds is very thin, * 1.158 as being one Membrane (which is three in Beasts) made up, and curiously wrought with divers Fibrils, closely united, without any seam or visible commissure.

This fine Integument of the Heart in Birds, hath but a small space run∣ning between it and the Heart; So that it cannot contain any great quantity of Serous Liquor.

The Figure relating to the Capsula Cordis in Fish, * 1.159 is different from that of Man and other Animals, which is Pyramidal, but in Fish it is Triangular, as holding conformity to the shape of the Heart which is Tricuspidal, and en∣dued with divers Angles.

The Pericardium of Fish hath great affinity with that of Birds, in refe∣rence to its fineness; and it is more close in Conjunction, than is found be∣tween the Integument and body of the Heart, in greater Animals; in most Fish it is Membranous, but in a Lamprey Cartilaginous.

Insects also as well as other Animals have a Pericardium, though in some it is scarce discernible by reason of its great thinness and close union to the Heart; whereupon it seemeth to be a proper Coat of the Heart.

The Hearts of greater and small Beasts, as perfect Animals, have their Pe∣ricardium free, as not conjoyned to the Diaphragm, as it may be seen in the

Pericardium of Man, to help the Diastole of the Midriff, and in its Laxa∣ment to reduce it from a Plain to an Arch, which is more different in Man, by reason of his erect posture of Body.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Heart.

THe Heart being the most noble Machine motion, belonging to the ex∣cellent Fabrick of Man's Body, may be truly entitled the Sun of its Microcosm, from which the rays of Life, seated in the Blood, are displayed by Arteries into all parts of this little World; and in some sort may receive the appellative of the fountain of Life and Heat, * 1.160 as by its frequent repeated motions the innate heat, vigor, and spirit of the Blood, are conserved, and the gentle flame of Vestal Fire, the preservative of Life, is maintained.

And my intention is to treat first of its Structure (as the ground and foundation of its motion, afterward of its motion, as the use and accom∣plishment of this choice Machine consisting of variety of parts, disposed by the hand of the All-wise Architect in most Elegant order.

The first part that accosteth our fight, * 1.161 after the Pericardium is stripped off, is its proper Integument, which is a thin, strong, and dense Tunicle, as made up of many Membranous close-struck Fibres (very curiously interwo∣ven, in divers postures) whose Interstices are filled up with a Succus Nutri∣cius or Seminal Liquor, adhering to the sides of their Coats in their first formation; whereupon they are rendred plain and smooth and easie to this choice Compage, as giving no discomposure to its outward parts in a con∣stant and necessary motion.

This Tunicle, I humbly conceive to be the same with the thin outward Coat of the Arteries, which derive their origen from the Heart, and doth invest the Ventricles of this noble part as well as its ambient parts.

As to its use it may be to give a great firmness to the Heart, * 1.162 as confining its spiral Fibres in their due seat, and to preserve the tender branches of the Coronary Blood-vessels, which sport themselves in numerous divarications through the substance of this fine Tunicle, overshadowing and encircling the Perimeter of the Heart.

The situation of the Heart is generally conceived to be in the middle of the Thorax, * 1.163 which must be understood of its Basis, and not of its Cone, which somewhat inclineth in Man toward the left side; and as to the length of the Thorax, the Base of the Heart is much nearer to the first Vertebre, than the Cone to the twelfth, and moreover the Base of the Heart is more distant from the upper Bone, than from the lower, the Sword-like Cartilage. And its Base may be more truly said to be placed in the middle of the Thorax in reference to its left and right side, and the upper region of the Base is

equally distant too in relation to the Sternon, as being measured by a right line; whereupon the Base will be found not to incline to either Extremity of the Sternon. And farthermore the Hearts of Bruits are seated more truly in the middle of the Thorax, than this of Man.

The Connexion of the Heart is made principally by the Vena Cava and Aorta, which fasten its Base to the backside of the Thorax, * 1.164 and it is tied also to the Pericardium, and Diaphragm by its interposition.

The greatness of this noble Viscus, is various in several Ages, * 1.165 and it hath greater dimensions in Man, if regard be had to the proportion of his Body, than in any other Animal, and it is commonly in Persons of mature age, six fingers longs, and four broad; and it hath been observed to be less, and more firm and compact in daring men of Eminent courage, than in Cowards who are said to have flabby great Hearts.

The Heart is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal Figure, * 1.166 as being more enlarged in its Base, and ending in a Cone, somewhat resembling a Pine Nut; and is not perfectly Orbicular, as being somewhat more depressed in its anterior and posterior Region, and more Protuberant on each side.

The Surface of the Heart is for the most part smooth, * 1.167 only it hath some little inequality in reference to the Blood-vessels, which are divaricated through its Ambient parts, and admitteth some Asperities in relation to its Fat.

This Noble Machine of Motion may be truly styled a Muscle, * 1.168 as being furnished with all its parts, disposed in a most Elegant order, and is Com∣pounded of Carnous Fibres, Nerves, Tendons, Arteries, Veins, &c.

This excellent Muscle being beautified with a kind of Circular Figure in point of its Circumference, and Pyramidal in reference to its length, is fur∣nished with divers rank of Fleshy Fibres, which do not take their progress in right Lines but in oblique, before they are inserted into their Tendons, to give them the advantage of Contracting themselves with greater force, as making their approaches nearer to each other; whereupon the body of this Eminent Muscle groweth more strong, rigid, and tense, as being highly in∣vigorated in its Contraction.

And in a well boiled Sheeps or Bullocks Heart, * 1.169 being divested of its Ves∣sels and Auricles, a strong Tendon may be discovered, which encircleth the Margents about the right and left entrance into its Ventricles: Into this Ten∣don (as Learned Dr. Lower hath well observed) many Carnous Fibres (in∣tegrating the Ambient parts of the Heart) are Inserted with an oblique position.

And not only the outward region of the Heart, * 1.170 but the inward recesses of the Ventricles too, are beset with Fleshy Fibres carried in Flexures, ex∣cept some few Fibres, which climb directly upward through the out∣ward surface of the Ventricle, and are inserted into the Base of the Heart.

The other Fibres which beset each Ventricle of the Heart, * 1.171 have a double rank and order, and are carried in a contrary progress, by reason the Fibres lodged under these right ones, do climb up obliquely from the left side to the right, and terminate into the Base of the Heart, and do very much re∣semble the winding Cavities of the Ear, in their Spiral Circumference.

Other Fibres are also seated under the Ambient Fibres, which pass in an opposite posture to the former, and as the other treated of before, run from the left side toward the right; So these arise out of the right side of the Heart, and take their progress toward the left in oblique manner, and encir∣cle both Chambers of the Heart, and ascend to the Base of the left side, and

make many Spires in inverted positions, to those Fibres that proceed from the left side of the Heart.

This extraordinary Muscle is made up of divers ranks of fleshy Fibres, * 1.172 which present themselves to our Eye one after another upon the Excarna∣tion of a boiled Heart. The first rank appear as soon as the Tunicle is taken off, and these lodged more deeply cannot be discovered unless the Heart be di∣vested of its outward row.

The tracts and windings of these Fibres may be discerned as if we were led by a thread, * 1.173 as Learned Dr. Lower phraseth it; but by reason some threads being less fine, are wound into a Skain, and seem at the first sight, to resemble the complicated Fibres, not made up after the same order as threads in a Skain, but have very different Progresses, observing various me∣thods, which very much thwart each other; So that the Tunicle of the Heart being removed, some may fancy that all Fibres of the Heart are car∣ried obliquely from the Base of the Cone in one continued Duct; but upon a more curious search he shall find, * 1.174 that few of them do make half the length of the Heart, but a little space after they have arose out of the Ten∣don, they are reflected under the superior rank and then wholly disappear: And moreover it is remarkable, that the Ambient rank of Fibres are not all extended from the Base to the Cone of the Heart, but some of them, when they have arrived to the middle of its Circumference, or rather Length, are reflected in the manner of an Arch, and are inserted with an oblique Duct into the Tendon of the other side and Ventricle.

The right Ventricle being cut off, let us consider the Mechanism of the left, which in some sort holdeth Analogy with the right, and is different by reason the double rank of Fibres in the left Chamber of the Heart hath an inverted order terminating into opposite Tendons; * 1.175 because the outward Fi∣bres being carried the whole compass of the Ventricle in the left side, do climb up with Spiral Flexures, and end into the Base of the Heart.

But the more inward Fibres of this Ventricle which have the same elonga∣tion with the outward in reference to the Cone, are carried in an opposite posture, and ascend to the Base, and being inserted into its Tendon, do con∣stitute the inward wall of this Chamber.

And the external Fibres of this Cavity are not carried from the Base to the Cone, * 1.176 but quit their progress in the middle way, and creeping under the superior Fibres, do climb up obliquely to the Tendon of the opposite side.

And another rank of the Fibres having a contrary progress, do meet about the Cone of the Heart, and have mutual Convolutions; So that the Fibres seated in the exterior wall of the left Ventricle, do rencounter those of the inward, about the Extremity of the Cone.

Whereupon it is very visible to a clear Eye, * 1.177 that the Fibres besetting the outward and inward wall of the left Chamber of the Heart to be continued, though they may seem to have a contrary progress, yet they all concur to ac∣complish the same motion, and do constring and bring inward the opposite Tendons, and by drawing themselves closer to each other, do lessen the Ca∣vities of the Chambers of the Heart, and squeese the Blood out of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery, and out of the left into the common Trunk of the Aorta.

And this is worthy our remark, * 1.178 That all Fibres do not terminate into the Tendons of the Margent, encircling the Ostia of the Chambers of the Heart, but many do end in the great Fleshy Fibres, called Columns, which do emit

many Tendons into the Mitral Valves, conjoyned with the Tendon lodged in the Base of the Heart.

And having discoursed the various ranks and Progresses of the Carnous Fi∣bres surrounding the sides and walls of the Heart, * 1.179 it may seem not impro∣per to treat of the Fibres enclosing the Cone of the Heart, which seem to be adorned with somewhat of a Spiral or winding Circular Figure, as resem∣bling the circular motion of the Blood.

And as the inward Fibres of the Ventricle have a progress opposite to that of the outward, so the Fibres of the inward part of the Cone, proceed in a different method to the outward, as they are framed in spiral Circumvolutions about the Cone of the Heart.

And because the Blood is to be impelled out of the left Chamber of the Heart into the Aorta, * 1.180 and by smaller and smaller Branches into the most re∣mote regions of the Body; Therefore Nature hath most wisely provided far more thick and strong Fibres for the left Ventricle than for the right, which protrudeth Blood only out of it into the adjacent parts of the Lungs.

So that if we truly survey the substance of the Heart, * 1.181 we shall find it not to be a Parenchyma holding similitude with that of the Lungs, Liver, Spleen, or Kidneys, the first being a system of Vesicles of Air, Bronchia Blood-vessels, and the other a company of innumerable Glands, as most of the Viscera are, being so many Colatories of the Blood, secerning it from its Bilious, Serous, or other kind of Recrements. But the Heart is a true Muscle of the same nature with those of the Limbs, as it is most manifest to Autopsy, if the Fleshy Fibres of the Heart be rendred more firm and compact by boiling, and then the Heart will appear to be an Organ made up of many ranks of strong Fibres adorned with a Prismatick Figure, of the same hue, consistence, * 1.182 and strength (as being united to each other by the mediation of many strong Membranes and Ligaments † 1.183) with those of the Limbs, and after the same manner are not capable to receive much greater dimensions in length, and its Fibres cannot be severed from each other at any great distance, without Laceration of the Membranes con∣joyning the many rows of fleshy Fibres; and when they act, are rendred hard and tense, as having their ranks drawn closer together; where∣upon the Compage of the Heart becometh more firm and rigid, and the Cavities of the Ventricles more narrow, whereby their Contents are dis∣charged.

The Fibrous substance and constitution of the Heart, * 1.184 is different from that of other Muscles, as having a more solid, firm, uniform Compage, Coat∣ed with a more bright Red than the Flesh of other Muscles, which is more loose and flabby, whose more weak Prismatick Columns may be more easily dis-joyned from each other by a less violent Laceration of their thinner Membranes.

Again, The Configuration of the Fibres of the Heart, * 1.185 is not the same with other Muscles, as not being truly equidistant, but crooked and spiral, full of many Circumvolutions surrounding each other.

Under the Coat encircling the Heart, * 1.186 is derived a rank of fleshy Fibres from the Base of the Heart, and from its Circular Tendinous substance, in∣to which the Vena Cava and Pulmonary Vein do terminate in both Ventri∣cles of the Heart; These outward ranks of Fibres do at first tend in a direct course toward the Cone, and afterward being variously Implicated, have a Retrograde progess toward the inward recesses of the Ventricles.

Under this outward row of Fibres is seated other ranks, * 1.187 which are car∣ried in oblique and spiral postures toward the Cone, and make many inter∣sections, being interwoven with divers other ranks of fleshy Fibres † 1.188, and from thence are reflected toward the outward Compage of the Heart, with winding Circumvolutions, and transverse Bandages; whereupon they seem to Constitute the inward Columns, to which the Cords † 1.189 of the Tri∣cuspidal Mitral Valves are affixed.

The most inward fleshy Fibres are most large near their Origens, * 1.190 as so many Trunks adjoyning to the Tendons of the Auricles, and grow less and less as they branch themselves in oblique or spiral Positions toward the Cone of the Heart.

And after the same manner the most inward rank of fleshy Fibres seated in the inside of the Ventricles are greatest and most strong, * 1.191 and the neighbour∣ing Lairs, as they more and more approach the ambient parts become less and less in dimensions.

The Carnous Fibres are placed on each side of the Columns, and inter∣sect each other after the manner of Latise-work, and are firmly tied to each other by strong Membranes, Ligaments and Fibrous branches † 1.192, which keep the various ranks of Fibres close to each other, as mutual Auxiliaries; So that they cannot part when they are engaged in a joynt action, produ∣cing the Systole of the Heart.

The Areae or Interstices lodged between the intersections of fleshy Fibres, * 1.193 are most of them Rhomboids, and some of them Oval, and others Paral∣lelograms † 1.194.

Many Ligaments do arise out of the Tendon (encircling some part of the left Auricle near the Base of the Heart) and pass down the Wall rela∣ting to the left Chamber, † 1.195 * 1.196 and end in some few larger Ligaments, which are sometime fastned about the top of a strong pyramidal Column, which I con∣ceive is made up of many fleshy Fibres, giving strength to the Ventricle, in reference to Motion.

For the present, I will not treat of Arteries and Veins of the Heart, but refer them to a subsequent discourse.

The Heart is inchased in every Region, * 1.197 with various Nerves and Nervous Fibres, partly proceeding from the recurrent Nerve, which about the Nodes of Reflection transmit many branches into the Posterior and Anterior Com∣page of the Heart, as also into its Surface.

Whereupon it is adorned with two eminent Plexes distributed into it; the upper and greater passeth between the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery, * 1.198 and taketh its rise from great branches derived in each side from the Par Vagum; And also many considerable Nerves of the Heart do arise out of the Inter∣costal branch; as Learned Dr. Willis will have it; which most Ingenious Dr. Lower, very Skilful in the discovery of the Nerves (as having a curious and dextrous hand in Dissection) denieth in these words; Cum propagines nervosa à solo octavi paris Nervo in Cor humanum inferantur.

These Cardiack Nerves have great Divarications through the numerous ranks of fleshy Fibres, besetting the whole substance of the Heart, and are inferted into the Walls relating to both Chambers, and into the outward Mem∣brane, every where encompassing and guarding this excellent Muscle of the Heart.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Auricles of the Heart.

THe right and left Ventricle of the Heart are adorned with an Auri∣cle, as with two Appendages, and in truth are two little Hearts, * 1.199 as having peculiar Fibres, if not Blood-vessels, and Nerves, and are Auxiliary Muscles subservient to the greater Machine of the Heart, and are like two Servants waiting at the doors of the Chambers, to convey the Blood more readily into the greater Cisterns or Lakes of this rare Engine of Motion.

The right Auricle is affixed to the right side of the Base of the Heart, and doth cover the termination of the Vena Cava (and not its Origens, as Great Vessalius conceiveth) which hath its length somewhat answering that of the right Auricle.

This Auricle is endued with somewhat of a Pyramidal Figure, * 1.200 as some will have it, because it hath an oblong Base ending into a more acute Cone, and is not far extended above the Base of the Heart.

The Base of this Auricle being distended with Blood, hath a Longitude far exceeding its Latitude, and its outward surface doth much vary according to its Repletion, by reason when the Auricle is distended, it is endued with an equal Convex Surface, and when it is rendred lank, as being emptied by the contraction of its Fibres, the Surface is full of roughness, as endued with many wrinkles, and its Surface is outwardly bedewed with watry Li∣quor, in which it is akin to the ambient parts of the Heart.

The inward surface of this Auricle, encircling its Cavity, holdeth great Analogy with that relating to the Ventricles of the Heart, and is smooth only where the Vena Cava doth terminate, and for the most part is rough and full of Furrows, as consisting of many implications of Carnous Fibres; So that it seemeth in some sort to outdo the Ventricles in eminent Asperities, and the dimensions of the Auricles are rendred greater or less, as distended or emptied of Blood.

And hath its Connexion after this manner, as I humbly conceive; * 1.201 The left side of its Base is conjoyned to the Confines and extreme parts of the substance of the Heart, where the anterior Region of the Vena Cava is lodg∣ed in the right Sinus, and the right side of the Base is connected to the body of the Vena Cava (according to the length of its insertion into the Heart) to which the Auricle is so united in its Anterior Region, as it seemeth to make one body with it, and in all other parts the Auricle seemeth to be free from all Connexion, and is lodged as well as the body of the Heart with∣in the Confines of the Pericardium, to which it is no where affixed by the interposition of any Membrane.

The left Auricle of the Heart is in conjunction with the termination of the Pulmonary Vein, and is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal, * 1.202 or rather Oval † 1.203 Figure, whose Cone is more acute than that of the right Auricle, and is not carried upward (as is the Cone of the other Auricle) but bendeth somewhat sidewise toward the left.

The left Auricle in persons of more mature years, or rather in old age, * 1.204 groweth much less in dimensions than the right Auricle and the Orifice

seated in the termination of the Pulmonary Vein (to which the left Auricle is conjoyned) which is more narrow than that of the Termination belonging to the Vena Cava, to which the right is affixed.

The outward Surface of the left, when rendered turgent with Blood, is like the right Auricle in its smooth Convex Figure, and the left doth very much resemble the other in its inward Surface as furnished with many Fur∣rows and Roughnesses.

The left Auricle also observeth much Analogy with the right in its Con∣nexion, * 1.205 by reason as the right is conjoyned to the termination of the Vena Cava in one side, and to its Body in the other, so the left Auricle in the right side of its Base is tied to the substance of the Heart near the egress of the Pulmonary Artery, and in the left side of the Base of the said Auricle to the body of the Pulmonary Vein.

The Auricles are accommodated with Arteries, * 1.206 Veins, and Nerves, of which the last are divaricated through the substance of those Muscles before they enter into the body of the Heart, and are derived from the Par Vagum.

The Auricles are furnished with many ranks of fleshy † 1.207 Fibres, from di∣vers Muscular Columns, * 1.208 very much resembling those in Figure, which are lodged in the Ventricles of the Heart: These intermedial Fibres are carried with an oblique course, and are inserted into the opposite Tendons, by reason they being seated in the Base of the Heart, are also imparted to the Auricles, and upon these Tendons the fleshy Fibres do rest as upon a Prop, or Fulci∣ment; And on the other side, the right Auricle, where it is concerned with the Vena Cava, is guarded with a hard Tendinous Circle, into which the fleshy Fibres are implanted.

Now I will discourse somewhat of the use of the Auricles, * 1.209 and respite the greatest part till I treat of the Motion of the Heart, and compare the Au∣ricles with the Ventricles; wherein it may be observed that the Auricles have not the same Analogy which passeth between the Ventricles, moving together with equal pace, by reason a greater proportion of Blood ought not to be impelled by the contraction of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery, than can be received out of the Pulmonary Vein into the left Cham∣ber of the Heart; So that an equal quantity of Blood must be entertained into both Cisterns of the Heart, and thence be distributed by a due measure through the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs, and by the Aorta and its Branches and Ramulets, into all parts of the Body.

The motion of the Blood being so constant and orderly in the Ventricles, it may be worth our disquisition, why the Auricles do not observe the same Analogy with each other in dimensions, which Nature ordained (as I hum∣bly conceive upon this account) by reason the current of the Blood is more slow out of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle; * 1.210 therefore it is is requi∣site that the Cavity of the right Auricle should be more enlarged, as recep∣tive of a larger proportion of Blood, thence to be injected into the right Ventricle, sufficient for its Repletion; by reason the Blood in Expiration is more speedily squeesed by the pressure of the Lungs out of the Pulmonary Vein into the left Ventricle; whereupon the motion of the Blood is more highly accelerated, and therefore a less Cavity will suffice in the left Auricle.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Ventricles of the Heart.

HAving discoursed of the outward Walls of the Heart, it may be fit now to shew you the inward Recesses and Chambers, common∣ly called the Ventricles, the one being seated on the right, and the other on the left side, as the Cisterns of Vital Liquor, from thence transmitted by the one into the Lungs, and by the other into the great Artery, and after∣ward by smaller and smaller Branches, into all parts of the Body.

The right Chamber of the Heart hath thinner Walls, * 1.211 and a more large Cavity than the other, and is endued, not with a round, but rather a Se∣micircular Figure, not extending it self to the Cone.

This Ventricle in its right side is adorned with a Convex, and its left with a Concave figure.

The Orifice of the Vena Cava transmitting Blood into the right Ventricle, * 1.212 is guarded with a Membranous Circle, divided into three Valves looking inward, commonly called Tricuspides from their Triangular figure, as some imagine, though in truth they are not endued with this shape, but have the appellative of Tricuspides, by reason each of them hath three Fibres, as so many Ligaments, by which they are fastned to the fleshy Columns, re∣lating to the Septum of the Heart.

These Valves give way to the stream of Blood, coming out of the Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Cavity of the right Ventricle, and do hang pen∣dulous, as some conceive, in the Contraction of it, to shut up the termination of the Cava, to intercept the Retrograde motion of the Blood into it.

The Wall of the right Ventricle is much thinner than that of the left, * 1.213 and narrowed only with a Semicircular Contraction according to its Figure; whereupon the Furrows of this Ventricle are more shallow, and the Carnous Fibres more small, as being an Appendage of the other more strong Ven∣tricle; And least the right Chamber of the Heart, having a slight enclosure, should be overmuch distended by great Rivulets of Blood beyond its due tone; So that the Carnous Fibres should be so far weakned, as not to be able to Contract themselves in order to discharge the troublesome current of Blood into the Lungs; Nature hath wisely framed a round Muscle about its middle Region, proceeding from the Septum Cordis, which is very con∣spicuous in the Heart of Bruits, and in that of Man three or four Fibres may be discovered, which supply the place of this Muscle found in the Heart of some other Animals.

Before I quit the discourse of the right Ventricle, * 1.214 I deem it convenient to speak somewhat more of the fine Valves seated near the Orifice of the Cava, and to consider their Mechanism (in which their use may be seen.) That their Papillae or Columns are rendred Prominent beyond the Surface of the inside of the Ventricle, and that some of these Valves are seated in the opposite side, and that the Columns are placed in a side opposite to the Membranes to which they are affixed; as Learned Dr. Lower, hath observed.

The Columns having this Fabrick, * 1.215 are so seated, that the Membranes might keep some distance from the sides of the Ventricle, that they being lifted up in every Systole of the Heart (by reason the Fibres of the Columns are relaxed) might hang croswise in the middle of the Ventricle, and be∣ing beaten backward by the Retrograde motion of the Blood, they might be so expanded, that the extended Membranes might shut up the recourse of the Blood into the Orifice of the Cava, as some Learned Authors have obser∣ved. And if these Tricuspidal Fibres should immediately arise out of the sides of the right Ventricle, and lean closely upon the inward surface of the Heart, they could not be receptive of the recourse of the Blood, and thereby be ele∣vated; whereupon the Vital Liquor would return by the same passage it was admitted into the right Ventricle, and so frustrate the design of Nature in order to transmit Blood into the Pulmonary Artery, to make good the Cir∣cuit of Blood through the Lungs into the left Ventricle.

This Hypothesis is grounded upon the drawing the Cone toward the Base of the Heart in its Systole, whereby the Ligaments of the Tricuspidal Fibres are conceived to be relaxed, and the Membranes expanded; but with defe∣rence to these Anatomists, I humbly conceive it more consonant to Autopsy, that the sides of the Ventricles are brought nearer each other in the Systole of the Heart (and not the Cone to the Base) So that the Ligaments of the Valves are not relaxed, * 1.216 and the Membranes distended, but the Valves eve∣ry way encompassing the Orifice of the Cava, have their inward Cavities contracted and rendred close by having the sides of the Membranes nearly to meet each other by the Systole of the Heart; So that the Valves become as Damms intercepting the current of Blood in its motion toward the en∣trance of the Cava, and promote it toward the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery, in order to import it into the Lungs.

Hence the use of these Tricuspidal Valves may be easily discovered if the fleshy Colmuns, * 1.217 swelling out of the side of the right Ventricle, be curiously considered; and an injection of Liquor being made into it by a Wound, you may discern by the contraction of the Membranes a Damm to be made at the Orifice of the Vena Cava, upon the motion of the Injected Liquor towards it.

These Valves also giving a check to the Retrograde motion of the Blood, * 1.218 do make a greater mixture of the Chyme with the Blood when it is dashed against these Membranes, and so forced by the Systole of the Heart toward the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery.

Having given some account of the right, I will now endeavour to shew you a prospect of the left Ventricle, * 1.219 which taketh its rise in a large Base, and Gradually Terminates into a Cone, somewhat resembling that of the Heart; And as to the inward surface of the Ventricle, it is adorned with an Orbicular Figure, by reason the Septum, (relating to the inward Recesses of the Heart) seated in the left side, where it formeth the right side of the left Ventricle, is endued with a Concave Surface, and not with a Convex, as it is found in the right Chamber of the Heart.

The left Ventricle is encircled with a round Wall of an equal thickness, * 1.220 and less in compass in point of Latitude, and greater in length, than the right Ventricle.

The left Chamber being consigned by Nature to a stronger impulse of the Blood, as it is imported by the great Artery, and its greater and less Branches into the remote parts of the Body, doth very much exceed the right

Ventricle in the thickness of its Walls, * 1.221 and greatness and strength of its fleshy Fibres; and the Carnous Columns and their appendant Membranes, do much transcend the like furniture of the right Ventricle in largness and firmness; by reason as the Vibration of the left Ventricle is much more impetuous in the Systole, so it is requisite it should have greater fleshy Fibres, as stronger instruments of motion to sustain the vigorous Pulsations, made by strong contractions of the Walls, encircling the left Ventricle, in order to throw the Blood into the Orifice of the Aorta, and least the Vital Liquor should have recourse again out of the common Trunk of the great Artery into the left Cystern, and out of it into the Lungs.

The Great and All-wise Architect hath appointed three Membranes ador∣ned with a Semicircular Figure, stopping the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein, and that of the Aorta; So that the Blood by the interposition of these Flud∣gates cannot have any reflux out of the left Ventricle into the Lungs, nor out of the Aorta into the neighbouring Sinus.

The left Ventricle is accommodated with far greater Muscular Fibres, * 1.222 and deeper Fissures than that of the right, that the Walls of the Heart might be more strongly contracted in its Systole, that the inward Surfaces of the Ventricles might be brought nearer to each other; and therefore Nature hath assigned more deep Furrows to the left, because more strong Vibra∣tions are requisite in this Sinus to impel the Blood more briskly, first into the common Trunk, and thence into the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and by their branches, into all regions of the Body.

And because the Walls of the left Ventricle are chiefly made up of oblique Circular Fibres, * 1.223 which are every way contracted into themselves to make the sides of the Vetricle to meet, which could not be so closely performed, and the inward Surfaces of the left Sinus be brought so near to each other, unless these deep Fissures were fitted for this motion.

In the left Ventricle are seated the Mitral Valves, * 1.224 which in truth are Membranes, akin to the Tricuspidal Valves, and are endued with no regular Figure, whose Margents are waved into various inequalities, no ways resembling a Mitre; and do encircle the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein † 1.225.

The Carnous Columns † 1.226 seated in the left Ventricle, are adorned with a Pyramidal Figure, whose Bases encline toward the Mitral Valves, * 1.227 and their Cones toward the Cone of the Heart.

The Ligaments springing out of the heads of the fleshy Columns, have two, three, or more Branches inserted into the Mitral Valves † 1.228.

The use of the Mitral Valves is, * 1.229 to hinder the Retrograde motion of the Blood out of the left Ventricle of the Heart, into the Pulmonary Vein, as the Mechanism of the Valves doth clearly denote, as they every where immure the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein † 1.230, which is shut up close when the sides of the Valves are brought near each other by the compression of the Walls of the left Ventricle in the Systole of the Heart, wherein the Re∣flux of the Blood is intercepted (by the closely-conjoyned Membranes of the Valves) into the Pulmonary Vein, and the Blood impelled into the open entrance of the Aorta, to make good the motion of the Vital Liquor into all parts of the Body.

The Semilunary Valves lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart are part∣ly made up in its lower Region of many Semicircular Fibres, * 1.231 and in their upper with many right fine Fibrils, filling up the Surface of these Valves † 1.232,

which are three in number (encompassing the Orifice of the great Artery, of which the greatest is seated in the middle † 1.233.

The use of these fine Valves is to hinder the recourse of Blood out of the Ori∣fice of the Aorta into the Cavity of the left Ventricle, * 1.234 which may be clearly pro∣ved by the structure of the Valves, which being Concave bodies (seated in the entrance of the great Artery) are receptive of the Blood entertained into the Aorta, and moving toward the left Ventricle; So that Blood being detained in these Valves, as so many Receptacles, doth impede its motion backward to∣ward the left Chamber of the Heart, and at the same moment the Cavity of the Aorta being straightned by many Circular Fibres, doth impel the Blood more and more forward toward the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, to promote the Circulation of the Purple Liquor into the several Apar∣timents of the Body.

When the Blood is received out of the left Ventricle into the Cavity of the Aorta, Nature hath provided Semilunary Valves affixed to the mouth of the great Artery) which do detain some parts of the Blood beaten back by the Pulsation of the Arteries in their Cavities, * 1.235 as so many Membranous Cells beset with divers Semicircular and right Fibres, which do Contract themselves and narrow the hollowness of the Semicircular Valves, and help to impel the recoiling Blood forward into the common Trunk of the great Artery, and afterward into the greater and smaller Arterial Branches, to give Life and Heat to all regions of the Body.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Motion of the Heart.

THe Heart is the most noble piece of Houshold-stuff, * 1.236 belonging to the middle Apartiment, as it is a rate Machine of Motion (ordained by Nature to make good the Circulation of Blood, the great Preservative of Life;) whereupon it may justly claim to it self a Prerogative of being the chief Muscle of the whole Body as it is in perpetual motion, and there∣upon hath most strong Carnous Fibres, considering its small bulk; So that its Flesh is very solid, firm, and uniform, tinged with a bright Red, and its Prismatick Columns are so strongly conjoyned that they cannot be easily severed from their Membranes and numerous Tendinous Fibres; And above all, the fleshy Fibres of the Heart are so linked together, in each Ventricle, that they will hardly admit any separation.

And moreover, the Fibres of this rare Engine of Motion, * 1.237 being as it were so many minute Muscles, have a different disposition and configuration from those of other Muscles, as they do not run in parallel, but more irregular Lines, as variously intersecting each other sometimes in Obtuse, and other times in right Angles, and make their progress in various positions, vid. right, obli••ue, transverse, and spiral.

The Walls belonging to the Chambers of the Heart, * 1.238 are framed of di∣vers ranks of Carnous Fibres (as so many Machines of Motion) seated one above another, which are not only affixed to each other by the interposition of strong Membranes or Ligaments; but are also firmly, and mutually tied by the mediation of fleshy Fibres.

This curious Fabrick of the Heart is contrived with wonderful Artifice, speaking the infinite Wisdom of the Grand Architect; and under the Mem∣brane immediately encircling the Heart, and from its Base, and from the Tendinous Circular Orifices (in which the Vena Cava, and the Pulmonary Vein do Terminate) and from the Origens of the Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery, is propagated a rank of fleshy Fibres, * 1.239 which observe a kind of equidistance from each other, and passing in right Lines toward the Cone, where they being variously interwoven, are reflected toward the inward Walls of the Ventricles: Under this outward row, are seated other more inward ranks of fleshy Fibres, running in oblique and spiral postures, which tending toward the Cone, do bend backward before they arrive its point, and decussate each other with various Plexes, and afterward do pass inward in oblique and spiral wreaths, (being in conjunction with many ranks) to∣ward the Base of the Heart, and do partly make the inward Columns of the Ventricles, to which the Ligaments of the Tricuspidal and Mitral Valves are affixed; and the most inward ranks of these strong fleshy Fibres do integrate the Walls of the right and left Chambers of the Heart.

Their inward fleshy Fibres are large, * 1.240 like so many Trunks where they are implanted into the Tendon about the right Auricle near the Base of the Heart, and afterward grow less and less, as they branch themselves in oblique and spiral positions toward the Cone.

The most inward Lair of Carnous Fibres have greatest Dimensions, * 1.241 and the next ranks grow smaller and smaller, as they more and more approach the Circumference of the Heart, and all the rows of Fibers are curiously interwoven, and strongly tied to each other by many Ligaments and fleshy Fibres, which I have often clearly viewed upon Dissections: Whereupon the many ranks of Fibres being firmly and mutually conjoyned, do joyntly assist each other as one Compage, in order to move the Heart, which is made inward toward the Center, in which the most strong Fibres are seated, as most able to Contract the Ventricles of the Heart, and make the more brisk impulse of the Blood into the Origens of the Arteries.

The Areae, * 1.242 or Interstices of the fleshy Fibres (interwoven with each other in a kind of Network) are endued with variety of Figures, some resembling Rhomboids, others Prismes, a third Ovals, and a fourth have se∣veral irregular shapes, and different magnitudes.

And these fleshy Fibres have not only divers empty spaces interceding their numerous intersections, * 1.243 and Plexes but the Fibres themselves are beset with numerous minute Pores, capable to receive Vital Liquor, which distendeth the Compage of the Fibres, rendring it tense and rigid.

Learned Borellus, * 1.244 a great Master of Reason, as highly versed in the Ma∣thematicks, hath Mechanically Illustrated the Motion of the Heart, made up of divers spiral Fibres, by a Clue or Rope, consisting of many Threads, spi∣rally interwoven, as he hath it Lib. 2. do motu Animalium, Cap. 1. to p. 95. Propos. XLIII. Si glomus compositus ex fibris aeque crassis ac similis consistentiae concentrice, sive spiraliter involutis circa Vesicam inflatam, ut habeat cavitatem intermediam. Dico quod si per humectationem filorum cavitas glomi repleatur, spirae interniae glomi necessario Corrugari debent, remanentibus externis tensis; If a Clue be composed of many threads of equal greatness and consistence, con∣centrically or spirally wreathed about a Bladder blown up, that it may have an intermedial Cavity; I say, That if by the moistning of the threads, the cavity of the Clue be filled, the inward spires of the Clue must necessarily be Corrugated, the External remaining tense.

And that this Hypothesis may be more clearly understood, a Rope may be Diametrically out, out of which being dry, a Circular Zone will arise, as framed of Contiguous spiral, or Concentrick threads; But in a wet Rope cut through the Axis, a Circle will appear, consisting of tense Corrugated threads, which being of an equal bigness and consistence, as equally Po∣rous, do obtain a proportionable Tenseness and Corrugation, as filled with the like measure of drops of Water.

The ambient parts of the Rope made up of many Threads, are not easily capable of disunion, by reason the Threads cannot be extended in length, as closely lodged within each others embraces in Spiral Wreaths, and is filled with watry drops insinuated into their Pores; whereupon they are so strongly Contracted, that they resist, as if they were encircled with Iron Hoops the Renitence of the inward distended parts; So that though the out∣ward threads of the moistned Rope be filled and thickned, yet they do not render their tense Surface more Prominent and Convex, as having their outward confines strongly bounded by Spiral Wreaths of numerous Filaments vari∣ously intersecting each other, which give a check to the swelling or expan∣sion of the outward Walls, or Perimeter of the Rope; So that the Com∣page of the more inward threads must necessarily acquire greater dimensions, and the more internal ranks of threads are more and more forced inward as they approach nearer and nearer to the Center of the Rope, and fill up the Cavity of it.

The outward rank of Filaments making the circumference of the wet Rope, doth remain rigid, * 1.245 without any greater expansion of its Convex Sur∣face, as not obtaining a more elevated Protuberance; but the subsequent or second rank of moistned Threads, doth not observe an equal tenseness with the Ambient, but as being puffed up with watry Particles, and not having their Convex Surface more Dilated, must of necessity bend inward, when their Threads are Corrugated, as shortned in divers parts, thereby filling up the cavity of the Rope tending toward the Center, as the Concave Surfaces lodged within the Flexures of the outward rank of shortned Filaments do approach and encircle the Convex Surface of the more inward rank; where∣by the various ranks of Filaments seated one within another, as they become Contracted by having their innumerable Pores stuffed with watry Particles, do more and more promote their course inward as they come more and more nearly toward the Center, till the inward cavity of the Rope is wholly filled up by the various Corrugations of the moistned Filaments.

Whence it may be inferred with good reason, * 1.246 That the inward spires of the Clue are affected with unequal Corrugations, as they have more Flexures, whereby they nearer and nearer approach the Center of the Rope, which I humbly conceive is accomplished upon a double account; First by rea∣son the more outward ranks of Threads, being great with liquid Atoms, do Contract themselves inward, and do press the next subsequent ranks more and more toward the Center of the Clue; and secondly, The spiral rows of Filaments lodged near the Center, have their Pores more distended with watry drops, and are thereupon contracted into more Flexures, as they come nearer to the Center of the moistned Rope.

And upon these Premises it may be farther proved, That the external Fi∣gure of the moistned Clue, retaineth the same Position, as not being Expand∣ed nor Contracted; and first of all the Threads of which the outward face of the Clue is composed, cannot be Dilated, as not being capable of a farther extension in length, and as being closely and strongly con∣joyned in Spiral Wreaths, in manner of a Rope, which being moistned, it's twisted threads are so firmly bound together in the Circumference, that they will not give way, that their Convex Surface may admit a farther Expansion or greater Protuberance. Secondly, The outward threads of the Clue cannot be Contracted, by reason the Compage of the inward Fila∣ments is rendred tense and rigid, as having their Pores highly filled with wa∣try Particles; that the inward ranks of Threads by their great stiffness and renitence, do so bear up the most outward, that they will not admit them to bend inward, and thereby make a variation of the Figure of the Heart.

Farthermore, to make the Instance more applicable to our purpose, I will take the freedom, with your permission, to make this addition, That a hol∣lowed Rope is made of many Flaxen Threads, Spirally interwoven, and that the outward rank of Spires, admitteth no change of Figure, while the more inward rows grow big by having the Interstices of their Threads filled with watry Atoms; and by reason the inward ranks when distended, cannot free∣ly Dilate themselves toward the outward Perimeter of the Rope, they are forced inward, and are Corrugated into many small Flexures, which are rendered more and more numerous, as they come nearer and nearer to the Center; So that the variously Contracted Threads of divers inward ranks, do make their progress more and more inward toward the Center, till they wholly fill up the cavity of the Rope, while the Figure of the utmost rank of Threads, admits no alteration of Figure, either by a greater Expansion or Contraction.

The Heart as it hath a curious Compage, * 1.247 made up of various ranks of fleshy Fibres, encircling the cavities in many spiral lines, holds great Analogy with a Clue or Rope composed of many rows of Threads, which being Spirally twisted with each other, do enclose a hollowness, lodged in the inward parts of the Rope.

Again, * 1.248 The Fibres of the Heart are beset with numerous Pores as well as the I hreads of the Rope with many Interstices, capable to be filled up (as being both spongy Bodies) with a great company of liquid Particles.

A third Similitude intercedeth the Perimeter of the Heart, and that of the Rope, that their Figure is not receptive of any alteration, as acquiring greater dimensions by Expansion, or lesser by contraction, when the inward ranks of the Fibres of the Heart, and the rows of Filaments, relating to the Rope, have their innumerable Pores swelled with Liquors.

A Fifth likeness may be said to pass between the ranks of Fibres of the Heart, * 1.249 and the rows of Threads, Integrating the Rope, that when their In∣terstices are big with many liquid minute Bodies, they do not vary the Con∣vex Surface of the Heart or Rope, but their several inward ranks do make their progress toward the Center.

A sixth Analogy, * 1.250 that runneth between the inward Lairs of the Fibres of the Heart and the Threads of the Rope, is, that both of them, when ren∣dred tense and rigid with liquid Particles (insinuated into their spongy sub∣stances) do more and more contract themselves, as they come nearer and nearer to the Center; which I humbly conceive may be fetched from a dou∣ble cause; the first may be this, That the first rank of inward Fibres is pres∣sed first by the outward Lair, which doth not give way, whereupon the sub∣sequent rank is drawn inward by the renitence of the outward, and after∣ward the inward ranks being so many Auxiliaries tied to each other, do more and more protrude each other by their many Contractions which are most vigorous toward the Center. A second reason may be taken from this, That the most inward ranks of Fibres have their Pores most highly filled with most small liquid Bodies, and thereupon they most briskly Con∣tract near the Center, and do joyntly and perfectly close on each side and whol∣ly fill up the Cavities, relating to the Heart.

This curious Machine of Motion is strongly affixed in its Base, * 1.251 to the Back, by great Trunks of the Vena Cava and Aorta, (adjoyning to the Ver∣tebres) by whose interposition the Base of the Heart is kept firm and fixed, as not disjoyned from the Back in its repeated Pulsations, which are exerted by many ranks of strong fleshy Fibres, seated within each other in elegant order, and mutually tied by the mediation of many Ligaments, and the en∣tercourse of various Fibres, wonderfully interwoven, and strengthning each other; So that they are mutually assistant in joynt Contractions, whereby the Cavities are more and more lessened, as the Walls of the Chambers of the Heart are brought nearer and nearer to each other, till a perfect closure of the sides of the Ventricles are made, and their intermedial hollow Spaces wholly taken away.

The rare Compage of the Heart much resembleth a Clue or Rope, as made up of many Lairs of innumerable Fibres (interwoven in Spires; So that they cannot be extended in length into right Lines) implanted into strong Annular Tendons, as so many Hypomoclia, or Centers of Motion; and the Terminations of the most inward rank of Fibres are mutually tied to the Con∣cave Perimeter of the Hearr.

The Fabrick of the Heart, as an Engine of Motion, * 1.252 is composed of ma∣ny Lairs of Fibres running in Spiral Lines, which render them strong, as composed of many Segments of Circles, wherein the crooked Fibres by doubling their point, do obtain a new Center, and gather up their parts in∣to many narrow Circumferences, whereby they have them strongly united, and do make more brisk Contractions toward the Center of the Heart.

The spongy substance of the fleshy Fibres, * 1.253 is receptive of numerous drops of Blood, which are insinuated into their innumerable Pores, whereupon the Compage of the Fibres groweth big, tense, and rigid, (after the manner of a Clue or Rope, whose Pores and Interstices of innumerable Threads, are filled up with a great number of drops of Water) whereupon the Fi∣bres (being irritated by the distention of their Compage) do endeavour a freedom from their burden, by Contracting themselves, not by bringing their Extremities toward their Middle, (as it is effected in the motion of other Muscles) but by drawing the Muscular Fibres of each side of the Heart inward, by a mutual Approximation, in order to which the Columns and other Fibres (seated in the inside of the Heart) do most strongly Con∣tract toward the Center, as being the largest, and highly distended with more numerous drops of Blood, then the more small Fibres (placed more remote from the hollow Perimeter of the Heart) which do Contract more faintly, as being smaller and less tense, and more remote from the Center.

The Heart may be said to be composed of many Muscles, as inte∣grated of several great fleshy Fibres, and every one of them is made up of Veins, Arteries, Nerves, and many Carnous and Tendinous Fibrils, * 1.254 making up a Muscular Compage encircled with a proper Coat, into which many Ten∣dinous and Nervous Fibrils are inserted; whereupon a great source of Blood being impelled into the Cavities of the Heart, is dashed against the Coats of the fleshy Fibres, beset with numerous Fibrils, which being irritated by a quantity of Blood highly compressing them, do more and more Contract themselves toward the Center, till the walls of the Heart mutually closing, do squeese out the Blood into the Origens of the Pulmonary Artery and com∣mon Trunk of the Aorta, whence it is transmitted into all parts of the Body, as their great Preservative.

To give a more full account of the manner of its motion, * 1.255 I humbly con∣ceive it is not accomplished by drawing the Cone of the Heart toward the Base, but by the mutual conjunction of the Sides, relating to the Ventricles of the Heart, and not by lessening the length of the Heart, which may ad∣mit a proof Mechanically, by reason if the Mucro and Base be drawn to∣ward the Middle, it must be performed by a multitude of fleshy Fibres im∣planted into each Extremity, of which the Base is wholly destitute, and the Cone hath but few inserted into it, by reason most of the Fibres tending to∣ward the Cone, do not arrive it, but are reflected toward the Ventricles, into which they Terminate.

Another Argument may be brought against the Motion of the Cone to∣ward the Base, because almost all Fibres of the Heart, which are very nu∣merous, are carried either obliquely or transversely about the sides of the Heart, which are beset with many Laits of Fibres, mutually conjoyned by

the interposition of strong Ligaments, and by the entercourse of Fibres, which mutually unite their several ranks; So that when the Fibres grow tense and rigid by the free reception of drops of Blood through their fruit∣ful Pores into their inward Compage, the intermedial spaces of the Fibres are lessened; and seeing the bodies of the Fibres being enlarged in dimensions, cannot have recourse outward, as being confined by the ambient parts of the Heart not capable to have their Convex Surface dilated; the distended Fibres must of necessity be more and more drawn inward, as they approach the Center of the Heart, till the Concave Perimeter is first lessened and then taken away to discharge the Blood into the Orifices of the adjoyning Arte∣ries, for the support of the whole Body.

Farthermore, * 1.256 the Septum or Partition-wall of the Heart, being thick, is not easily Contracted as made up of many Spiral Fibres, which hinder the motion of its Extremities toward the Middle; So that it is more easie, ac∣cording to the Mechanism of the Heart, for the Walls by approaching each side of the Septum to lessen the Cavities of the Ventricles, than for the Ex∣tremities of the Septum to be drawn toward the Middle.

Farthermore, to illustrate this discourse of the Motion of the Heart, I will add, that the outward Perimeter of the Heart being not alterable, as guarded with a multitude of Spiral Fibres, and the more inward ranks ac∣quiring greater dimensions, by having their spongy substance distended with the reception of a quantity of Blood, must be drawn inward by making more Corrugations, as they approach the Center; whereupon the sphaere re∣lating to the Ventricles of the Heart, must be lessened, as being filled up by the enlarged Fibres of the Heart, which being inwardly imitated by a large proportion of Blood imbibed into their inward Recesses, and outwardly by a compression made by a current of Blood bearing upon the Walls of the Heart; do often Contract inward appearing in repeated Vibrations to ease their Intrals and outward Surface from a load oppressing them, by discharging it into the neighbouring Vessels.

And it is very conspicuous that the Motion of the Heart is exerted by fleshy Fibres moving in several ranks toward the Center (by various Corruga∣tions straightning the inward Perimeter of the Ventricles,) by making an Incision into the Ventricles, whereby a Finger being immitted into either of them, is highly pinched by the strong Contractions of the fleshy Fibres, more and more approaching the Center; * 1.257 And it is also agreeable to Ocular demonstration, that at the same time when the divers ranks of fleshy Fibres are carried more and more inward in various Flexures toward the Center, to lessen the Cavities of the Ventricles, that the outward Perimeter of the Heart is neither Distended nor Contracted, which I plainly saw in a Dog Dissected alive in the Theatre of the Colledge of Physicians in London.

And the Heart is a Machine of Motion, * 1.258 not as acted alone by fleshy Fi∣bres (qua pure & praecise tales) but as accompanied with Nervous and Ten∣dinous Fibres, which are inserted into, and mixed with Carnous, and are great Auxiliaries, if not principal Actors in the repeated Systoles of the Heart; This may be clearly proved by a Ligature made upon the eighth Pair of Nerves in the Necks of Animals; whereupon the Heart will be

highly afflicted with great Palpitations, faint Pulsations, and difficult Brea∣thing, caused by the current of Nervous Liquor (inspired with Animal Spi∣rits) much intercepted in its progress toward the Heart by a strong compress of the eighth pair of Nerves.

The Nervous Liquor is enobled with Animal Spirits seated in the Brain, * 1.259 be∣ing a system of numerous Fibres, as in a Fountain, from which many con∣stant streams of Animal juice are gently transmitted through several divari∣cations of Nerves (relating to the eighth pair and Intercostal Nerves) into the fleshy Fibres and Tendons of the Heart, which are rendred Tense with their Nervous Liquor, expanded and invigorated with the Subtle and Ela∣stick Particles of Animal Spirits, as well as the Carnous Fibres are swelled with innumerable drops of Vital Liquor, received through many Pores into their spongy substance, whereby the many Lairs of fleshy Fibres, fastned to each other by strong Ligaments, and the mutual union of fleshy Fibres (interceding them) do more and more Contract toward the Center, and cause the Walls of the Ventricles to make brisk Appulses upon the Blood, and by a violent Compression force it out of the Cisterns of the Heart into the adjoyning Sanguiducts.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Pathology of the Motion of the Heart.

HAving given a History of the Motion of the Heart, Mechanically performed by the Contraction of various ranks of fleshy Fibres, associated with many Tendinous and Nervous Fibres; My design at this time is to speak of the Pathology of its Motion, as it is after a manner abo∣lished, diminished, or depraved.

The two first irregular Motions of the Heart may be comprised in a Syn∣cope, * 1.260 and Lipothymy, which do not formally or essentially differ, but only gradually, secundum Magis & Minus, as the first is higher than the latter; So that they being both symptoms attending the Motion of the Heart are near akin to each other as proceeding from the same causes, as affected with higher or lower degrees, vid. From the defect of Blood, or too great a quantity, or from its grosness or Concretion, or from Corruption, or lastly, by the de∣fect or fault of the Animal Spirits.

The defect of Blood in the Heart, * 1.261 may proceed from a weak concoctive faculty of the Stomach, derived from a want of due Ferments and kindly heat in Chronick and acute diseases; whereupon a small quantity of Chyle (the Materia substrata Sanguinis) is produced.

Another cause of the defect of Blood in the Heart, * 1.262 may be deduced from an obstruction of the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, caused by some Fleshy substance, or by some concreted Blood intercepting the current of Blood into the right Cistern of the Heart, or by the same causes in the Pul∣monary Vessels, giving a check to the motion of Blood out of the Lungs into the left Ventricle.

An Instance may be given of the hindred circulation of Blood, produced from its Coagulation in the Trunk of the Vena Cava, in a Maid of Four∣teen years old, who after she had been highly afflicted for a day with a great heaviness, and a vertiginous indisposition and frequent Syncopes, took her farewell of her Friends and her miserable life; and afterward she being opened to inspect the cause of her death, the Brain was found to be free from any disaffection, and the Vena Cava to be filled with concreted Blood, which rendred the right Ventricle empty of it, which proved satal to this young Virgin.

Another cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope (often attended with a fatal stroke) may arise out of so great a torrent of Blood, * 1.263 carried into the Ven∣tricles, that the Heart is not able to discharge it out of the right into the Pul∣monary Artery, nor out of the left into the Aorta; whereupon a suddain

Suffocation the Heart immediately ensueth, and the motion of the Blood wholly taken away.

Sir Robert Fen, a worthy Gentleman, * 1.264 and Servant of King Charles the First, of most blessed Memory, being subject to great Passion, was so highly surprized with Fear, upon the occasion of a conceived imminent loss, that he fell down dead in a moment, which was (as I humbly conceive) cau∣sed by a great sourch of Blood suddainly impelled into the right Ventricle, and Suffocated the Heart.

A third cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope, * 1.265 may be deduced from a gros∣ness or concretion of Blood, proceeding from an over-fibrous disposition, that is, from numerous Films and Vesicles containing gross Atoms of Blood full of fixed Saline Particles, Coagulating the Blood in the Ventricles, often producing a Polypus, inducing these ill accidents of the Heart.

These symptoms may also be caused by some fleshy Excrescence filling up either of the Ventricles; So that they are not receptive of Vital Liquor; * 1.266 whereupon the Heart loseth its use and motion, as being designed by Nature to transmit Blood into all parts of the Body.

A Woman of great Honour and Birth, was frequently tortured with a pain of the Heart, and great Fainting Fits, which could not be taken away by the power of Art, and at last the pain and Lipothymies growing more and more afflictive, Death became the best remedy. And afterward her Body being opened, and her Heart inspected, a black Flesh substance some∣what resembling a Medlie in figure, was discovered in the left Sinus of the Heart.

Another cause of these ill symptoms of the Heart, * 1.267 may be taken from a Purulent Matter flowing from an Ulcer of the Heart, tainting and distoning the mass of Blood passing through the Ventricles; whereupon the Fibres of the Heart grow faint, and at last lose their Contractions proceeding from a vitiated dispirited corrupted Blood, received into their inward Compage, whence follow Lipothymies, Syncopes, and Death it self.

A Citizen long afflicted with a high Hypocondriacal passion, and an acute Fever, accompanied with Lipothymies and Syncopes, determining in a hap∣py departure, as the period of pain and misery, his Body being Dissect∣ed, the Cavity of the Thorax was found full of a thin, red, faetide humor, which was also lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart, flown from an Ulcer.

These severe accidents of the Heart do often arise out of the Ulcers of the neighbouring parts, as the Lungs, Pleura, Mediastine, Midriff, Liver, * 1.268 Spleen, Pancreas, which being oppressed by Ulcerous Matter, do transmit it by smaller branches of Veins peculiar to the said Viscera, into the as∣cendent Trunk of the Cava, and from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart, whereby its Fibres are highly discomposed by Pus imbibed in∣to them with the Blood.

These most troublesom accidents of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of its Motion, * 1.269 are often produced in Malignant Fevers, by Venenate Steams corrupting the native disposition, and distoning, and destroying the Spirituous parts of the Blood, whereupon it groweth Concreted in the great Vessels, and Ventricles of the Heart; So that the poysonous steams being received with the Blood into the substance of the fleshy Fi∣bres, do weaken, if not take away their Contractions, whence ensue Li∣pothymies and Syncopes, the forerunners of Death.

Another cause of these dreadful Symptoms may be derived from the indisposition of the Brain, * 1.270 either not generating a sufficient quantity of Nervous Liquor to invigorate the Nerves of the Heart, or else if it be ge∣nerated, cannot be transmitted to the Cardiack Nerves, caused by some ob∣struction of them, whereupon the Fibres are not able to play their parts in the scene of repeated Motions, as not impregnated with Animal Spirits, which may be one cause of Lipothymies and Syncopes, speaking a conclu∣sion to Life.

And the motion of the Heart is not only lessened in Lipothymies, * 1.271 and abolished in Syncopes, but depraved also in Palpitations, which are sometimes so great, that the Cone striketh the left side near the Pap with so great a violence, that it may be plainly seen, felt, and heard too at some distance.

The Mechanick cause of an erection of the Heart whereby it striketh the Breast, * 1.272 proceedeth very much from the oblique situation of the Heart and disposition of the Fibres, which are obliquely and spirally wreathed and brought round from the right toward the left side of the Heart, and this posture of the Fibres is very much assisted by the conformation of the Heart, as the left Wall is more short and less Carnous, and crooked, in the left Ventricle of the Heart than in the right, which is encompassed with two Walls, as Learned Borellus hath observed: Unde (ait ille) in Systole erigi debet Cordis mucro versus sinistram partem pectoris, eam{que} percutere potest pro gradu violentiae, qua erigitur. Hoc salvari quo{que} potest, vel adjuvari ab erectione Cordis obli{que} jacentis, vel à situatione, & dispositione Fibrarum, quae obli{que} spiraliter circumducuntur à parte dextra basis Cordis versus sinistram par∣tem Verticis, unde in inflatione Fibrarum anterius versus sinistram partem, & sic percussio fieri potest.

The erection of the Heart, perverting the Oeconomy of Nature (where∣in the Mucro of the Heart maketh violent strokes upon the left side) is called Palpitation, * 1.273 which may be derived from many Causes, one may arise from too great a quantity of Blood, which the Heart being unable wholly to discharge in every Systole, is so oppressed, as to make strong and frequent Contractions of its Fibres, (wherein the Cone of the Heart being elevated, maketh strong Appulses upon the left side) to discharge the exuberant Blood by most brisk Vibrations.

A second cause of the Palpitation of the Heart, * 1.274 may be fetched from an undue fermentation of the Blood, as consisting of unactive, and too much depressed Elements, hindring the Intestine motion of the Vital Juyce, which is often found in Cachectick bodies in the Scorbutick Distempers of Men and Women, wherein the dispirited mass of Blood is apt to Coagulate in the Ventricles of the Heart; So that the Heart is forced to make many brisk and often repeated Systoles, and erections of the Cone against the left side.

A third cause of this Disaffection may take its rise from the great effervescence of the Blood, proceeding from a high Fermentation of it, * 1.275 as composed of too much exalted saline and sulphureous Particles often found in Hypocondriacal and Hysterical Distempers. Wherein the Fibres of the Heart, being highly aggrieved with the fiery heat of overmuch fermenting Blood, do produce vigorous Constrictions of the Ventricles, and strong Vibrations of the Cardiack Cone against the Thorax.

The fourth cause of this disorderly Convulsive motion of the Heart, * 1.276 may be derived from the indisposition of the Cortex of the Brain, in which an ill Animal Liquor is generated, as partly consisting of exalted Saline and Oyly Particles, produced from ill Blood, whose Albuminous part is the Materia Substrata of Nervous Juyce, which is transmitted through the Fibrous parts of the several processes of the Brain, into the Origens of the eighth pair of Nerves, and from thence into the Cardiack branches, whereupon numerous Nervous Fibrils (inserted into the Carnous Fibres) being highly irritated by an ill Succus Nervosus, do draw the Fibres into violent irregular Convulsive motion; So that the elevated Cone of the Heart maketh many impetuous strokes against the Thorax.

As to the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart arising from too great a quantity of Blood clogging the Heart, * 1.277 and putting the Fibres upon irre∣gular Contractions; it denoteth a free mission of Blood which will speak an Alleviation to great Vibrations of the Heart.

An instance may be given of this disaffection in a Knight, a Pensioner of his Majesties, who being endued with a Plethorick constitution, was of∣ten afflicted with a great Palpitation proceeding from an exuberant quantity of Blood (evidenced in a high Pulse) oppressing the Heart, and was im∣mediately freed from this troublesome Distemper, in opening a Vein, by which a large proportion of Blood was immediately discharged, and the Pa∣tient relieved.

The irregular motions of the Heart (derived from the want of Fer∣mentation of Blood, * 1.278 produced by improper Ferments) do indicate bit∣ter Medicines, which Corroborate the Stomach, and Anti-Scorbutick Me∣dicines mixed with Chalybeates, which rectifie the fixed saline and sulphu∣reous parts of the Blood, and endue it with proper Fermentative Prin∣ciples.

A Mercers Wife in Covent-Garden, endued with a thin Body, a weak Pulse, and an ill Concoction of Stomach, was often highly afflicted with Palpitations of the Heart, proceeding from the defect of a good Intestine motion of the Blood, whereupon it grew depauperated, and the Patient liable to fainting Fits, and a great difficulty of Breathing, which were much alleviated by bitter Decoctions, Pearl Julaps, Spirit of Hartshorn, and Chalybeates given in Apozemes made of opening Roots, Sarsa Parilla, Pine and Fir, and at last by the drinking Tunbridge Waters.

The Palpitation of the Heart arising out of the Blood (over acted with too high an Intestine motion of the Blood, * 1.279 produced by exalted saline, and sulphureous parts) doth denote Testaceous Powders, as Pearl, Crabs Claws, Crabs Eyes, Coral, and the like, which do dulcifie the mass of Blood, given with temperate Diuretick Apozemes, and discharge the fixed saline Particles by Urine, and attemper the hot Atoms of Blood: In this case also Chalybeates mixed with temperate Anti-Scorbuticks, may be given with good success.

Dr. * 1.280 Huit, a Person of great Vertue, Learning, and most eminent Loy∣alty (for which he was Murdered in the time of Usurpation) was affect∣ed with a hot Scorbutick habit of Body, and highly discomposed with great Palpitations of the Heart, taking its rise (as I humbly conceive) from too great a Fermentation of the Blood, as consisting of active Heterogeneous Elements, whereupon I advised him to take Testaceous Powders, taken with cooling Julaps, and temperate Cordials, mingled with Pearl, as also Chalybeate Syrups, taken with Diureticks and temperate Anti-Scor∣butick Apozemes, by which the Patient (God be praised) was perfect∣ly recovered.

The fourth kind of irregular motion of the Heart being Convulsive, * 1.281 (as produced by an ill Succus Nervosus, transmitted into and irritating the Cardiack Nerves) doth denote proper Medicines to refine the Al∣buminous part of the Blood, the Materia Substrata of Animal Liquor, and also Cephalick Medicines to Corroborate the Brain, and Nerves of the Heart.

Palpitations of the Heart are accompanied also with Convulsive mo∣tions of the Nerves seated in divers parts of the Body, * 1.282 and chiefly about the Base of the Heart (which is backed by the Sentiments of Learned Dr. Willis) encircling the Trunks of the Aorta, and Vena Cava to hin∣der the immediate flux and reflux of the Blood, and its great efferves∣cence and Stagnations, produced by vehement passions of Anger, Fear, Sorrow, and Joy, which highly disorder the various Nerves inserted into the Coats and make irregular motions in the Arteries, and especially in the Aorta near the Heart, whereby its Nerves are drawn into Consent, and are productive of Convulsive Motions.

Another cause of the unkindly motion of the Heart may proceed from the frequent Pulsation of the Arteries, caused by the Carnous Fibres, * 1.283 irri∣tated by the Convulsive motion of the great company of Nervous Fibrils, implanted into the fleshy Fibres of the Trunks relating to the Arteries, which renders their repeated Contractions very violent, whereupon the Blood is impetuously moved first through the Arteries, and then through the smaller and greater branches of the Vein into the right Ventricle of the Heart; So that the Carnous Fibres are highly sollicited to make many irre∣gular Motions, which are in truth Convulsive in order to discharge the great torrent of Blood into the Pulmonary Artery, which being highly aggrieved by impetuous streams of Purple Liquor, doth make irregular Con∣tractions (to discharge the exuberant source of Blood into the Pulmonary Vein) which draweth the Heart into a Sympathy, as the Orifice of the Pul∣monary Artery is implanted into the right Ventricle of the Heart.

A fourth cause of the inordinate motion of the Heart may be deduced from the Nerves, * 1.284 animating the Carnous Fibres of the Arteries which do interrupt the equal and natural course of the Blood, by reason the Cavities of the Arteries are very much narrowed by the Convulsion of the Nerves inserted into the Carnous Fibres; whereupon the impulse of Blood is stop∣ped, as in the disorder of the Nerves in great passions of Anger, Fear, Sorrow, and the like, which cause great consternation and confusion: So that it is probable that the Trunk of the Aorta being very much lessened by the Convulsion of the Nervous Fibril drawing the Carnous (seated in the Coat of the great Artery adjoyning to the left Chamber of the Heart) much hinder the motion of the Blood out of the Heart into the Aorta; whereupon the Ventricle of the Heart being highly distended by overmuch Blood, will cause many violent Pulsations or Convulsive Contractions, to discharge the exuberant quantity of Blood into the Orifice of the great Artery.

Persons subject to immoderate passion of Anger, Grief, Joy, and those that are much afflicted with Hypocondriacal, and Scorbutical Diseases, are very obnoxious upon every light occasion, and sometimes without any pro∣vocation to passions and convulsive motions of the Heart, called vulgar∣ly the Palpitations of it, as having the Cardiack Nerves affected with a gross Succus Nutricius, proceeding from ill humors in a Cachectick body op∣pressed with Acide Ferments of the Blood, acted also with gross saline Par∣ticles. Palpitations of the Heart also proceed from a great quantity of Blood, ready to suffocate the Heart, and put the Fibres of the Heart into inordi∣nate

Motions, as well as the Nerves highly irritated by an exuberance of Blood, compressing of the Heart, and thereby hindring the passage of the Nervous Liquor in the Interstices of the Filaments often productive of Convulsive motions afflicting the Heart; These irregular motions are al∣so generated in the origen of the Nerves, when they are disordered with some Acrimonious Matter vellicating the Fibres seated in the ambient parts of the Brain.

As to the Cure of these Convulsive Motions producing a great exube∣rance of Stagnant Vital Liquor in the Heart, it denoteth frequent opening of a Vein, to sollicite the motion of Stagnant Blood to abase its quantity.

And in reference to the cause of Convulsions (seated in the Nerves) producing the palpitation of the Heart, Cephalick Apozemes, Electuaries, Spirit of Hearts Horn, Spirit of Amber Succinated, &c. may be of great use.

CHAP. XX. Of the Motion of the Blood.

HAving given my Sentiments of the Structure and Motion of the Heart, I will now Treat of the Motion of the Blood, as the End and Complement of the other; by reason the Heart is designed by Nature, to be a rare Engine of Motion, to make good the circulation of the Vital Li∣quor.

The All Wise and Omnipotent Agent created Man as the Soveraign of this lower Orb, after his own Image, and inspired him with the Spirit of life, conserved by Motion of the Blood; and to this end the Grand Architect hath framed a fit Apparatus of Organs; the Heart as a noble Blood-work, furnish∣ed with numerous appendages of Channels, as so many Sanguiducts, the Veins and Arteries to import and export streams of Blood to, and from the Heart, as a choice Engine to promote the Motion of the Blood, the great preservative of Life.

In order to the better understanding of the Motion of the Blood, these Con∣siderables may seem to offer themselves to our notice; First, The manner how this Motion is accomplished: Secondly, What quantity of Blood passeth through the chambers of the Heart in a short space of time. Thirdly, The Cisterns and Ducts through which this noble Liquor floweth out of the Heart, first into the Lungs, and after runs into all parts of the Body: And Lastly, the end to which the Motion of the Blood is consigned. * 1.285

The Motion of the vital Liquor is performed by the Diastole and Systole of the Heart; the First is rather a Laxament than a Motion wherein its Fibres are relaxed by streams of Blood (expanding the cavities of the Heart) which being received through numerous Pores, into the inward Compage of the fleshy fibres, do enlarge their Dimensions, and put them upon greater and greater Contractions, as they more and more approach the center, where∣by the Concave surface of the Ventricles grow less and less, as they ap∣proach nearer and nearer to each other.

In the Diastole of the distended fibres, * 1.286 the Ventricles are dilated with a quantity of Blood, filling up their Cavities, and in the Systole, their con∣cave Perimeter is taken up with fleshy fibres, having imbibed innumerable drops of Blood; whereupon the inward swelled walls of the Heart being drawn close to each other, do squeeze the drops contained in the pores of the Fibres, and the greater streams of Blood (lately received into the emp∣ty spaces of the Ventricles) into the neighbouring Arteries, to make good the Motion of the Blood.

As to the manner how the motion of the vital Juyce is managed out of the Cistern of the Heart, into the adjacent Sanguiducts; * 1.287 some conceive it to be acted mechanically, by a spiral wreathing of the Fibres, after the same man∣ner as water is squeezed out of wet Cloaths, by a greater and greater wind∣ing them round, whereby the drops of liquor lodged in the many interstices of the Filaments, do quit their Allodgments; but it may be proved by Reason and ocular Demonstration, that there can be no such straining the Blood by the constriction of the Ventricles of the Heart, by the same Organs,

and the same mechanical action; by reason the filaments of the Cloth were laxe before their Contorsion, as having many interstices, obtaining a reple∣tion by many drops of Water; but afterward when the Cloth was various∣ly modelled into divers wreaths, the filaments were forced to make many Circumvolutions about the body of the Cloth; whereupon the threads were not only lengthened into oblong Gyres, but were also lessened in bulk, and rendred more tense; but the repletion of the Cavities of the Heart with Blood, was made in a different manner from that of the Inter∣stices of the Filaments of the Cloth filled with Water, in which the Threads re∣quire greater Dimensions in length; but the Fibres of the Heart are rather contracted, according to the nature of all Muscular Fibres, and the Cavi∣ties of the Heart grow greater in breadth, as being expanded by the re∣pletion of Blood; and above all the Pores of the Fibres, and Cavities of the Ventricles, are not emptied by any Contortion, as it is made inward in the Filaments of Cloth, when the Water is squeezed out of their Interstices; but the Blood is strained out of the Pores of the Fibres, and Ventricles of the Heart, not by various wreaths, but by many corrugations of the Fibres more and more contracting, as they come nearer and nearer to the Center of the Ventricles, whereby their Walls are brought close, and briskly dash against each other, produced by the strong Contractions of many ranks of Fibres tied together by firm Ligaments, and a mutual entercourse; so that the sides of the Cisterns of the Heart, by joynt appulses being dashed against each other, do squeeze out the Blood not by Contorsion of the Fibres, (as when the Water is wrung out of the Interstices of a wet Cloth by the force of many Circumvolutions) but by the mutual Contacts of many ranks of contracted Fibres, running close to each other, whereby the Concave Peri∣meter of the Ventricles is taken away, and the Blood squeezed (after the manner of a Presse) into the adjoyning Blood-Vessels.

Learned Borellus is of an Opinion, * 1.288 that the constrictive power of the Heart is less then the resistance which the Blood maketh in the Ventricles of the Heart, as this renowned Author hath it, Tomo 2^do. De motu animalium Propos. 70. P. 139. Potentia Cordis Musculum constringens minor est resistentia, quam exercet sanguis in ventriculis ejus Contentus in proportione subsesquiatera; which if true, (as I humbly conceive) the Blood would be stagnant in the Ventricles, as over-balancing the power of the Fibres, by the resistance of its Elastick Particles, countermanding the Appulses of the Fibres, upon the Blood, in order to its Compression and Exclusion, which contradicteth Ex∣perience and Autopsy, because the Fibres of the Heart do more and more contract as they come nearer to the Center of the Heart, till the Concave Surface is reduced toward a Plain, whereby the constrictive power of the Fibres do so highly compress the Blood, that they wholly overpower the re∣sistance it maketh in the Ventricles, by impelling it into the neighbouring Sanguiducts.

The External Fibres of the Heart, * 1.289 (as the said Learned Author appre∣hendeth,) do act after the manner of a Rope, encircling a Globe or Cylinder; so that the power contracting the External Fibres of the Heart, hath the same proportion in reference to the resistence of the compressed Blood, as a Semidiameter to the circumference; that is, saith he, in the recited Page, that the power of the Fibres is less by a Sixth part then the resistance of the compressed Blood. Praeterea, ait ille At Fibrae Cordis profundiores, & Exter∣narum partes cavae agunt rugas & plicas inflando & adeo actione Cunei, vel Em∣boli

impellunt directo motu a peripheria ad Cordis centrum Sanguineum ei inclu∣sum.

Quia vero in hac actione aequalibus momentis per eosdem diametros, eodem∣que tempore fit impulsus & repulsus, ergo potentia Fibrarum internarum aequalis resistentiae Sanguinis ab eis Compressi. So that here this Great Author granteth a greater constrictive power to the Fibres of the Heart, then in the beginning or proposition of the Chapter, where he saith it is inferior to the resistance the Blood maketh in the Ventricles of the Heart, to which I have given my reply above, for which I humbly beg pardon in not complying with his Learned Sense, which I submit to the most Candid and Judicious Reader.

The manner of the Motion of the Blood having been discoursed, * 1.290 now followeth in order the Quantity of Blood that passeth through the Heart eve∣ry pulsation, which some Anatomists have made very inconsiderable, as be∣ing a Scruple, Drachme, or half an Ounce; And I humbly conceive that the Heart of greater Animals as endued with more large Cavities, are receptive of a greater proportion of Blood, of which the chief part, if not all, is dis∣charged in every Sistole.

In every Diastole the Cisterns of the Heart are filled with Blood, * 1.291 and are emptied every Sistole into the adjoyning Sanguiducts, by reason the Walls of the Ventricles are so closely conjoyned by the strong contractions of the Fibres, that the Blood must be wholly squeezed out of the greater Cavities of the Heart, into the smaller Cylindres of Arteries in every Pulsation.

This assertion may be made good in the Dissection of live Animals, * 1.292 where∣in the Cone of the Heart being cut off, and a Finger immitted into the Left Ventricle, it will be found to be highly pinched by the strong Contraction of Fleshy Fibres, narrowing the Cavity of the Ventricle; whence it may be clearly inferred by the same reason, that the Blood contained in the bosom of the Heart, must be discharged by a powerful Compression in every Systole.

This Hypothesis may be farther proved by ocular Demonstration upon the opening the Bodies of Frogs, Eels, Vipers, Snakes, &c. * 1.293 wherein it may be plainly discerned that their transparent Hearts turn pale every Systole, as having their Ventricles empty of Blood, and their hearts grow Red again in the Diastole, as filled with streams of Purple Liquor, tinging them with a more vivid colour.

And by Analogy of Reason, the Cavities of the Hearts of greater Ani∣mals are filled with Blood in every Diastole, and emptied in the Systole, though it cannot be discerned by reason of the thick and opace fleshy Walls, within which the chambers of the Heart are enclosed.

These Premises being granted, it will not be difficult to compute what quantity of Blood passeth through the Cysterns of the Heart into the San∣guiducts, in the space of an hour; and upon a supposition that Two Ounces of Blood, as transmitted out of the Left Ventricle in every Pulsa∣tion (as Great Dr. Harvey, and Renowned Dr. * 1.294 Lower have observed) and that all the Blood received every Diastole into the Cisterns of the Heart, is discharged by every Sistole into the adjacent Sanguiducts, and that in the space of an hour, Two thousand Pulses being counted; it will fol∣low of necessity, that Four thousand Ounces of Blood are carried through the bosom of the Heart in Threescore Minutes; So that the said quantity of Blood doth amount to Three hundred thirty and two pound; and it be∣ing supposed that a Man is furnished with Twenty five pound of Blood,

(which is a liberal proportion) it may be inferred, * 1.295 that the whole Mass of Blood doth circulate through the Ventricles of the Heart above Twelve times in an hour, and oftner in Men that have quick Pulses, and small Masses of Blood, and in Persons sick of Fevers, and in Footmen (who run violently) whose Hearts are acted with frequent Pulsations; the streams of Blood, are carried more impetuously through the Caverns of the Heart, into the neigh∣bouring Arterial Channels.

On the other side in Chacochymick Habits of Body, as in Hypocondriacal, Scorbutick Dispositions, and in divers Chronick Diseases, the Heart is affect∣ed with faint Pulsations, as often obstructed in some parts with gross faecu∣lent and dispirited Blood, and the Fibres being Languid, the Systole must be week, rare, or unequal, and sometimes intermittent; so that a much less proportion of Blood passeth through the Heart in a sick, then in a vivid healthy Man, having quick, equal, and strong Pulsations.

And I most humbly conceive, * 1.296 that it is not possible to give a true estimate of the Motion of the Mass of Blood in several Ages, Sexes, Tempers, in what time it is certainly performed, only this may be maintained as a great Truth; that the current of Blood runneth more hastily through the Heart of healthy and strong Animals, whose hearts are furnished with large solid Fibres.

The vital streams run more quick in the greater Cylinders of Arteries, whose Trunks adjoyn to the Heart, then in the smaller Channels seated in the Ambient parts, at a great distance from the vital machine of Motion.

If any curious Person shall desire a farther account of the quick passage of the Blood through the Heart, * 1.297 and various arterial and venal Tubes into all parts of the Body; it may be made clearly appear, by the associati∣on of Blood with the Saline watry Particles, which are carried by the Emulgent Arteries, in great quantities into the Renal Glands, wherein the serous Recrements are Secerned from the Vital Juice, and transmitted by the Urinary Ducts, Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder; so that if free Draughts of Wine, or Ale, be received into the Stomach, they will be conveyed through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Milky Vessels, into the Subclavian Veins, where the potulent Matter mingleth with the Blood, and is transmitted through the Vena Cava, Right Ventricle, Lungs, and Left Chamber into the common Trunk of the Aorta, and thence through the Descendent Trunk, and Emulgent Arteries, into the Kidneys; so that the potulent Liquor is carried through several stages of various parts and Vessels, in a great proportion, and in a short time conveyed out of the Body; Whereupon the serous part being but a small portion, mixed with the Blood, and transmitted with it through many Sanguiducts in great quantity, in a very short space, doth render it most conspicuous, that the Blood hath a very hasty Current through the Heart and other parts of the Body.

And it may be farther evidenced by an Experiment, * 1.298 that the streams of Blood running through the Chambers of the Heart, and other Channels of the Body, are very quick, by opening the Carotide Artery in the Neck; Whereupon the greatest part of Vital Liquor will be let out in a very short space.

The Blood consisting of innumerable fluid minute Bodies, * 1.299 being in per∣petual Motion, runneth after the manner of a River, in a constant Cur∣rent out of the Cavity of the Heart, by various Sanguiducts, as so many Channels confining its streams (as within Banks) into all parts of the Body.

The Veins are the primary Ducts in which the Blood beginneth its Mo∣tion in the Womb, in the Ambient parts of the colliquated Seminal Liquor, * 1.300 (enlivened by the heat of the Uterus) where the Blood receiveth its first Formation in a rough draught, and is afterward conveyed through a Vein (formed out of the united Filaments of the Seed) to the beating, point of the first Rudiment of the Heart, and is thence impelled through an Artery, as an∣other kind of Sanguiduct arising near the Heart, (to which it is united) out of the Filamentous parts of the Seed, conjoyned in a round Concave Fi∣gr••e, after the manner of a Cylinder: And when the Viscera, and the other more Ambient parts of the Foetus, by divers processes of Generation, do arrive to greater and greater Maturity; the Rivulets of Blood grow greater, and the Cysterns of the Heart grow more ample, and the various venal, and Arterial Tubes, become more numerous and enlarged.

The Origen of Venal Branches seated in the more remote parts from the Heart, in a formed Embrio, receive Blood, * 1.301 and import it out of the Vena Cava by a large Foramen (endued with an Oval Figure) into the Arteria Venosa, and from thence into the Left Ventricle of the Heart. And in a new born Infant, when respiration is celebrated, the current of Blood is diverted another way, and passeth out of the Orifice of the Vena Cava, in∣to the Right Auricle and Ventricle; from whence it is transmitted through the pulmonary Artery, into the substance of the Lungs, and then received into the Origens of the pulmonary Veins, and afterward through the Left Chamber of the Heart, into the common and Ascendent and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and branches into the upper, middle, and lower Apar∣timents; And afterward the Blood being discharged into the substance of all parts of the Body, is brought back again by innumerable branches of Veins (inserted into the Descendent and Ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, into the Right Cistern of the Heart.

This rare Engine of Motion may truly deserve the Appellative of a no∣ble and well contrived Blood-work, consisting of Cisterns, and Ducts, in some sort resembling a Pump, furnished with appendant Pipes.

This Machine of Motion hath its Cisterns filled with vital Liquor, which is received into the Pores of many ranks of Fibres, whereby they becoming swelled, do approach more and more toward the Center, and draw the Wall of the Ventricles close together, which dashing against each other (made by brisk Contractions of Fibres, irritated by a plenty of rarefied Blood) do by a strong Compression overpower the resistance of the Blood in the Ventricles, and of the incumbent Blood, contained in the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Carotide Arteries; Whereupon the Blood being forced, as by a Pump out of the Ventricles into the Sanguiducts, as out of Cisterns into appendant Pipes, doth make a Current by pressing one part of the Blood after another, which is not solely performed and act∣ed by the impulse proceeding from the Systole of the Left Ventricle, by rea∣son the Arteries, as consisting of many Coats made up of divers Fibres, are endued with a pliable disposition, and subject to be dilated by Blood, in∣jected into the Cavities of the Arteries, which is rather a cause of Retenti∣on, rather then Motion of the Blood, which ought to be made in a direct, and not a lateral progression, which giveth somewhat of check to the flow∣ing of the vital streams.

Furthermore, by reason the Rivulets of Blood are impelled out of great∣er Trunks into smaller branches, and at last into most minute capillary Ramulets of Arteries, the divided streams do lose much of their

impulse imparted to them from the Systole of the Heart; and also because the extremity of the capillary Arteries are very narrow, and do not easily admit the expulsion of Blood into the substance of various parts, relating to the Body; Therefore Nature hath most wisely contrived some other Machines of Motion (seated in the Blood-Vessels) as Auxiliaries to the Fibres of the Heart, to assist the impulse of the Blood, derived from the Systole of the Heart.

It is most evident, that the Arteries being soft membranous Tubes, are apt to be expanded, as acquiring greater Dimensions in breadth, caused by the immission of some Ounces of Blood into their bosom (in every Systole of the Heart) which cannot be discharged by the innate motive power of the Blood: Therefore the All-Wise Protoplast hath made External Agents to give an impulse to the Blood, first communicated by the Fibres of the Heart, * 1.302 and afterward aided by little fine Organs of Motion (seated in the Coats of the Sanguiducts) which are long and circular fleshy Fibres, con∣tracting and narrowing the Cavities of the Arteries, by bringing their insides closer to each other; whereby the current of Blood is quickned by the Compression of the Vessels, by causing one part of the fluid Compage of Blood to press another forward, and so make good its Flux and Reflux, from and to the great Blood-work of the Heart, by various pipes of Arte∣ries and Veins.

I humbly conceive the contraction of the Blood-vessels, * 1.303 in order to pro∣mote the Flux and Reflux of Blood, is celebrated after this manner,

The Arteries being dilated by the transmission of Blood into their Cavi∣ties, their distended Coats made up of nervous and fleshy Fibres, are irritated, as having their tender Compage enlarged by a quantity of Blood, so that the fleshy Fibres finding themselves aggrieved, do contract and les∣sen the bore of the Arterial Cylinders, and by compression do hasten the current of Blood, by making one part of this fluid Body crowde another forward.

The Heart after the manner of a Pump, * 1.304 throweth out of the Left Cistern, a quantity of Blood, every pulsation, into the Cavity of the Arteries, whence they grow dilated, and thereupon the Motion of the Blood would be inter∣cepted, or much retarded at least, did not the Heart and Arteries by a joynt constrictive power of their Fibres, countermand the resistance of the Blood, made in the expanded Arteries, especially in the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Carotide Arteries, where the weight of the incumbent Blood maketh a high opposition to the impulse of the Blood, immitted every Sy∣stole, first into the common Trunk, and afterward into the ascendent Trunk of the great Artery; Whereupon it is very requisite that the Arteries should have their Coats furnished with circular Fibres, that by their Con∣tractions they might assist the Constrictive power made in the Left Ventri∣cle of the Heart, whereby a quantity of Blood is first thrown into the common Trunk, and afterward carried upward, and contrary to the inclination of the Blood, (as a heavy Body) by the contracted circular Fibres of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Carotide Arteries, into the membranes and substance of the Brain.

Furthermore it is very needful that the Blood transmitted into the com∣mon Trunk of the Aorta, by the power of the Heart, should be seconded with another new force, carrying the Blood through greater and less branches, and capillaries of the Arteries, (wherein the impulse of the Blood given by the Heart groweth Languid) through whose minute terminations,

the small and faint vital streams cannot pass through the Interstices of the Vessels, unless their passages, much compressed in the Muscles, * 1.305 and Paren∣chyma of the Viscera, be dilated by a new impulse of Blood, imparted to it by the contraction of the circular Fibres, relating to the Arteries.

And the narrowness of the bore of the capillary Arteries, and their Terminations, and the straitness of the passages between the Intersti∣ces of the Vessels, do make a great resistance to the impulse of Blood, open∣ing the Passages and Pores of the solid part, which are not only small, but have divers Figures like a Sive, through which every particle of Blood in∣sinuating it self, receiveth a like Configuration, as Homogeneous, ut simile a simili nutriatur; so that the Pores being prepossessed by the impelled nu∣tricious parts of the Blood, do exclude the Excrementitious Atomes, from being admitted into the Pores of the solid parts.

And farthemore, the impulse of the Blood coming originally from the Systole, is promoted by the contracted circular Fibres, seated all along in the Coats of the Arteries, that the Motion of the Blood may be continued through the small capillary Arteries, and their terminations inserted into the cutaneous Glands, wherein a secretion is made of the Recrements (from the pure parts) which are carried off through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin by Sweat, and insensible transpiration.

And I most humbly conceive, * 1.306 that there is not only a constrictive Pow∣er seated in the Arteries, but in Veins too, which are accommodated with circular Fibres (plainly discernable in the Trunk of the Vena Cava) by whose Contractions the Blood received into the extremities of the Veins (of the lower Limbs and Muscles, and Viscera of the lowest Apartiment) and after∣ward transmitted by their greater and greater Branches, and the Trunk of the Vena Cava, into the Right Ventricle of the Heart; so that the new cur∣rent of Blood passing out of the Terminations of the Arteries, First, into the Interstices of the Vessels, and afterwards received into the Veins, could not over-power the resistance of the weight of the incumbent Blood, * 1.307 (seated in the ascending Veins) by virtue of a former Impulse given to the Blood by the Systole of the Heart, and Arteries, unless it were acted with a new impulse, made by the constrictive power of the circular Fibres, forcing the Blood upward (contrary to its innate disposition to move downward, as a weighty Body) through the Veins of the lower Limbs, and Muscles, and Viscera of the lowest Venter, and through the ascendent Trunk of the Cava, into the larger Cistern of the Right Ventricle of the Heart.

Perhaps some may object against this Hypothesis, by reason the Valves are seated in the inside of the Veins, to aid the progress of the Blood, tend∣ing to the Heart, lest it should make a retrograde Motion toward the Origens of the Veins. To which I take the freedom to make this Reply, that the Valves are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood, * 1.308 through the ascending Branches and Trunk of the Cava, and through the Branches of the Jugulars, and descendent Trunk of the Cava, when the impulse of the Blood, caused by the Systole of the Heart, and Arteries, groweth faint in the Termination of the Carotide Arteries, and Intersti∣ces of the Vessels of the Membranes, and substance of the Brain; so that when the Blood is received into the Veins at a great distance from the Heart, it is necessary that that the slow Motion of the Blood toward the Heart, should be hightened by the Cantractions of the circular Fibres, encompassing the Veins, seeing the Valves of the Veins do only hinder the

Motion of the Blood toward the extremities of the Veins, and are not able to promote it all along their less and greater Cavities, ending in the Right Ventricle of the Heart.

In fine, I cannot but admire and adore the infinite Wisdom of the Omnipotent Agent, who hath mechanically contrived the Motion of the Blood, by the great Apparatus of Organs, in giving a constrictive power to the great Blood-work of the Heart, and in several appendant Tubes of Arteries and Veins, acted by various fleshy Fibres, as so many Machines, lessening the greater and smaller Cavities of the Heart, and different Sanguiducts, whereby the resistance of the Blood is counter∣manded by a strong Compression, and its Flux and Reflux are maintained to and from the Heart, to impart Life, Heat and Nourishment to all parts of the Body.

The Motion of the Blood, being a great instrument of the preservati∣on of Humane Nature is consigned to many ends. The production of Blood, the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits; the depu∣ration of the Blood in various parts of the Body, and the formation of se∣minal Liquor in the Testicles.

The First and main end of the Motion of the Blood, * 1.309 is Sanguification, which is produced by Chyle assimilated into Blood, as more and more mix∣ed with it in the Heart, Lungs, Arteries, and Veins.

The manner how the Blood may be produced, is this; The Chyle be∣ing associated with Lympha in the common Receptacle, is carried through the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Veins, where it confederates with the Blood, and is transmitted with it through the Cava into the Right Au∣ricle, and Ventricle of the Heart, wherein it is dashed impetuously against its Walls, by the strong Contractions of fleshy Fibres, highly compressing the Chyle (confused with the Blood) and breaking it into small Particles; and then the Chyle somewhat mingled with the Blood, is carried through the greater Trunk, and smaller and smaller Branches, and capillary Arte∣ries, where the Chyle receiveth a greater Comminution, which is made by a great Compression, by reason in inspiration, free draughts of Air are received into the Bronchia and Appendant Vesicles, whereby they being much, dilated do Compress the Sanguiducts, and break the Chyle (confederated with the Blood into smaller Particles; then in the Right Chamber of the Heart, and in expiration, the Diaphragme being brought from a Plain to an Arch, and the Ribs from Rig••t to more obtuse Angles, do press down the Lungs, whereby the cavities of the greater and smaller pulmonary Vessels are narrowed, and the Chyle being in conjunction with the Blood, is squeezed in∣to small Particles, as protruded first through the small Terminations of the capillary Arteries, and straight Interstices of the Vessels, and through the more minute Origens of the pulmonary capillary Veins, Branches, and greater Trunk, into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart; wherein the Chyle being more embodied with the Blood, is farther beaten, as by a Pestle into many minute Atomes, against the sides of the Left Ventricle of the Heart; and from thence the Chyle mingled with the Blood, is car∣ried through the numerous Divarications and minute extremities of Ar∣teries and Veins, wherein by their innumerable circular Fibres, the Chyle receiveth greater and greater comminution, till it is perfectly assimi∣lated into Blood; as making many circuits in an hour through the Heart, Lungs, Arteries, Veins, in which the Chyle in its progress with the Blood, is more and more exalted by the elastick Atomes of Air in the Lungs, and

with spirituous and volatil saline Particles in its Converse with the vital Liquor, till the Chyme receiveth its ultimate Disposition and Form.

The Second end of the Motion of the Blood, * 1.310 is in order to the genera∣tion of nervous Liquor, and animal Spirits in the Cortex of the Brain.

The nobler part of the vital Liquor is impelled out of the common Trunk of the Aorta into its ascendent Trunk, and from thence carried through the internal, greater and less Carotide Arteries, passing through the Membranes, and inserted into the Cortical Glands of the Brain, wherein the more deli∣cate, the albuminous part of the Blood is separated from the Red crassament, and turned into animal Liquor, inspired with exalted Spirits, as its more choice and refined Particles.

The Third end of the Motion of the Blood is its refinement from its Re∣crements, in its passage through the Interstices of the Vessels or Glands, * 1.311 lodged in the Muscles, Viscera, and Cutis.

The mass of Blood consisteth of two Essential parts, the Red Crassament, * 1.312 and albuminous Juyce, associated with Lymphatick, Bilious, and po∣tulent Liquor, which are secerned from it by its motion through many different Glands, as so many Colatories, seated in different parts of the Body.

The Blood being impelled by many branches of Arteries, into the sub∣stance of the Lungs, and the minute Glands of the Muscles, Spleen, Liver, wherein the Blood and Motion hath its Lympha, secerned from its nobler Liquor, and conveyed into the Lymhaeducts of the parts (seated below the Diaphragma) into the common Receptacle, and into the Lymphaeducts of those above, into the subclavian Veins.

The vital Liquor is transmitted out of the Left Ventricles of the Heart through the common, and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and thence through the Caeliack Artery into the Stomack, and Spleen, and through the upper and lower Mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines; afterward the Blood is re-conveyed from the Stomack, Spleen, and Guts, by several branches of the Ponta, and common Trunk, * 1.313 into the substance of the Glands of the Li∣ver, wherein the more thin bilious Particles of the Blood, passing through the Interstices of the Vessels, is received into the Origens of the excretory Ducts and Trunk, relating to the Vesicula fellea, into its more enlarged Ca∣vity. And the more gross parts of Bile, are severed from the Blood in the empty spaces of the hepatick Glands, and entertained into the excretory Vessels, leading to the Porus Bilarius, and from thence by a Trunk into the termination of the Duodenum, or beginning of the Jejunum.

Another serous and saline watry Excrement, * 1.314 is thrown off from the Blood in the Kidneys, in whose Glands the vital Liquor is depurated by Motion, as being carried out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, into the emulgent Arteries (inserted into the Kidneys) through whose terminations, the Blood pas∣sing into the empty spaces of the Vessels, is severed from its potulent Recre∣ments, which are transmitted through the Urinary Ducts, into the Pelvis.

And Lastly, the Blood is defaecated from its serous Recrements, by its mo∣tion from the Center to the circumference from the Heart, and greater Trunks of Arteries, into smaller and smaller branches, till the Blood be transmitted by the Capillarys, into the ambient parts of the Body, * 1.315 into the substance of the cutaneous Glands, wherein the watry faeculencies and streams of the Blood are severed from the more refined Particles, and received into the excretory Ducts of the Skin, and thrown off by Sweat and Transpiration.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Blood.

HAving given a History of the Motion of Blood, I will now with your permission, speak of its constituent parts and Elements, as the Principles of Life, and of its various Disaffections, being the causes of dif∣ferent Fevers, as to many eminent Diseases of the Heart.

The Blood is a noble, if not the most excellent Liquor of the whole Bo∣dy, as all humours are preparatory to it, or part of its Liquor, or Recre∣ments blended with it, or separated from it; In this Liquor the early Rays of Life, the first operations of the Soul are displayed: so that the Blood is a part of as great Dignity as use, and well worthy of a curious search, and sober consideration, as preliminary to our farther discourse of the Brain, by reason the albuminous part of the Blood is preparatory to the nervous Li∣quor, as being its Materia Substrata, and is separated from the Purple Juice in the Cortical Glands of the Brain.

The Blood, * 1.316 the Theme of our present Discourse, may admit a double No∣tion, as considered in its natural, or disaffected Constitution; as relating to its Salutary, it may not be improper to pry into its Nature and Properties, which may in som e sort be comprized within three Heads, First of the Origen and Channels of it. Secondly, Of the constituent and integral parts. Mhirdly, Of its Motion and Uses, to which it is consigned.

This generous Liquor, * 1.317 the first Particle of the Faetus, seemeth to take its first rise from the seminal Matter, the true radical moisture, whose purer and refined part, the vital Liquor is Colliquated by the Ambient heat of the Uterus, which every way encircling it, renders it more and more spirituous, in which the more subtle are severed from the grosser Particles; First, in the circumference (where the first glimmerings of Life appear) as being conti∣guous, and bordering upon the inside of the Womb, whose glowing heat maketh the first impression of Life upon the Ambient colliquated parts of the Seed, and then enters into its more viscide Compage, making its way from the circumference to the Center, in streams, bounded on every side with the clammy parts of the seminal Liquor, which by the heat of the Blood grow more and more consolidated, and receive the Models of membra∣nous Tubes; the first rudiments of Veins conveying the Blood from the Chorion and Margent of the Seminal Liquor, to its more inward recesses, wherein the Punctum Saliens is lodged, by whose contraction the Blood pas∣seth from the center of the genital Matter, toward the circumference, which maketh its retrograde Motion through the viscide part of the Seed, indurated into membranous Pipes, the first lineaments of Arteries, that export Blood from the beating point, to the skirts of the genital Liquor.

Having given you a short Narrative of the first production of Blood, and the formation of its Channels, the Veins and Arteries: The constituent and integral parts in order offer themselves to our consideration; The constitu∣ent parts are divided into the Crystalline and Purple Liquor, and the Chyme is no part but the Materia substrata, preparatory to the Blood, and its potulent, or serous parts are a Vehicle, which being impraegnated by Sa∣line

and sulphureous Particles, the recrements of the Blood are carried to the Kidneys, and by the secretion of the Glands, * 1.318 the serous Faeculencies are dis∣charged by the excretory Ducts, into the Pelvis and Ureters. But the Cristalline or Albuminous Liquor is of another Nature, as being the soft and mild part of the Blood; and though it is a thin transparent Liquor, yet it will not evaporate like the potulent Matter, but resembleth the Albu∣minous Liquor of an Egg, which being exposed to the Fire in a Spoon, will become concreted into a whitish Matter, not unlike the coagulated White of an Egg.

But the Purple Liquor, or Red Crassament of the Blood, * 1.319 is an opace vis∣cous Juyce, which being let out of the Body, and left quiet, soon coagula∣teth into a gross solid Matter, whose surface is sometimes hued, with a florid Red in laudable Blood, proceeding from the Air.

Sometimes the ambient part of the Blood is coated with a Whitish colour, * 1.320 which I conceive is derived from exuberant Chyme, newly associated with it, without any great alteration; at other times the upper region of the Blood is party-coloured, in some part of a darkish White, in others of a muddy colour, interspersed with Greenish and Yellowish Particles, which floweth from an ill Chyle, as not well concocted in the Stomach; so that when it is transmitted by the lacteal Vessels into the Blood, it cannot be so matured, as to be assimilated, but receiveth some alteration in its circuit with the Blood, from its saline and sulphureous Recrements, * 1.321 which give that va∣riety of Colours to the crude Chyme, swimming like an Efflorescence on the top of the Blood, appearing in a tough viscide Skin, which speaketh the crudity of the Chyle (not capable to be well attenuated by the heat and motion of the Blood) so that Nature endeavoureth often to free her self from this indigested Liquor, by making a secretion of it from the Blood in the Glands of the Kidneys, where it mixeth with the serous Matter, and is trans∣mitted by the Ureters to the Bladder, where it maketh the gross white Con∣texts falling to the bottom of the Urinal.

Under the surface of extravasated Blood (which is affected with variety of Colours, partly Florid or Red, others more dark seated in a clammy Matter) is lodged the body of the Red Crassament, coated with a deep Pur∣ple or Blackish hue, and is a considerable part of the mass of Blood, * 1.322 inter∣spersed with numerous minute white Filaments, which cannot be well discern∣ed, as being clouded with the opace body of the Red Crassament, except when the Vein is opened, and the Blood received into warm water, which washing the serous Liquor from the Red fibrous parts, causeth the round White Filaments to discover themselves by swimming on the surface of the Water: And the fine threads of the Blood being embodied with the serous potulent Matter, produceth the Hypostasis of Urine, which is wanting in ill habits of Body, by reason their Urine is commonly turbid, as having no Hypostasis, very frequent in crude watry masses of Blood, destitute of well elaborated Fibres, when in an adust mass of Blood too, the Chyme is not concocted into proper Filaments, with which the Red Crassament of well-tempered Blood, is highly furnished.

And it may be expected, that I shall give an account, * 1.323 how this Crassa∣ment cometh to be tinged with a Red colour, which (as I humbly con∣ceive) is derived from subacid and sulphureous Particles, often circulating with, and dissolved by the heat of the Blood, and blended with its Mass, which may be rendred in some manner plain, by the artificial operations of Chymistry, whereby the saline and chiefly the acide Particles being mixed with

sulphureous, give a Red tincture, as in the distillation of Nitre, which aboundeth with sulphureous Atomes; and the affusion of a few drops of Oil of Vitriol, or Sulphur, made upon Liquor or Conserves, that have only a blush of Red, giveth them immediately a more deep tincture of the same colour.

But some may object how cometh it, * 1.324 that the Chyle is not arayed in Scarlet, by reason its liquid substance is impregnated with Salt and sulphu∣reous parts, which do not impart a Red hue to the Chyle, because its Ele∣ments are in a state of crudity, as not being sufficiently attenuated, till they have espoused a union with the mass of Blood, wherein they grow more con∣cocted and spirituous by a constant digestion of heat, and repeated circulati∣on with the mass of Blood through the Heart.

The Blood is very pale in Maids afflicted with the Green Sickness (as it is vulgarly called) springing from a crude and indigested mass of Blood, * 1.325 wherein the fixed Salt and gross sulphureous Particles, are not well attenu∣ated, and associated with the substance of the Blood.

And it is well known to most Artists, well versed in Chymical Operations, that the mass of Blood is not only compounded of the constituent part of Cristalline Liquor, and Red Crassament, embodied proper Vessel; but doth also associate with other integral parts, saline, sulphureous, airy, watry, and earthy Atomes, as the different Elements which make up its Mass.

As to the Sulphureous, * 1.326 they may be clearly proved by our nourishment; because we frequently Treat our selves with sweet, oily, fat Aliment, which being concocted in the Stomack, and transmitted to the mass of Blood, doth generate and support the fat parts of the Body.

And as to the salt Nutriment, * 1.327 it imprinteth the same disposition on the Blood, which may be extracted out of its Mass by Art, clearly demonstra∣ting the many Particles of Salt, which may be evinced by the power of Na∣ture too, by reason the salt Atomes of the Blood, are separated by the Glands of the Kidney, and confaederated with its serous parts, and afterward convey∣ed by the small Channels of the Ureters, into the larger Cistern of the Bladder.

As to the Airy parts of the Blood, * 1.328 we need no better arguments to prove it, then the florid froth, mixed with Blood by inspiration, and is sometimes coughed up in great quantity, when the vessels of the Lungs are lacerated or corroded by the sharp particles of the Blood; and it is very agreeable to Rea∣son, that the volatil, saline, and sulphureous parts of Blood should be go∣verned, as receiving a due allay from the more fixed and cool parts of Earth and Water.

In order to a further demonstration of the Elementary parts of Blood, I will add the clearness of Sense to the authority of Reason, plainly deducible from Chymistry in the distillation of Blood, whose moist vapours being ele∣vated by the force of an intense Heat (the volatil Particles being deeply im∣mersed in the more fixed and earthy) do ascend the sides of the Alembick, where they are condensed into drops, * 1.329 making a clear transparent Liquor somewhat resembling the Spirit of Wine) impregnated with volatil, sul∣phureous, and saline Atomes; the sulphureous betray themselves in a stink∣ing Smell, and the saline in a brackish pickant Taste, seated in the Spirit of Blood, which being drawn off, next ascend the grosser sulphureous parts, under the form of a blackish Oil, which by reason of the Empyreuma, hath a most faetide offensive Scent. Lastly, The saline parts of the Blood incor∣porated with its Flegme, rise by the sides of the Alembick, till all the

other Elements are extracted out of the earthy parts, leaving them debased into a dull insipid Matter, commonly called Caput Mortuum, and Salt too, * 1.330 which being frequently calcined, doth degenerate into this sluggish Body.

And now the different Active and Passive Elements of the Blood, being dis∣coursed, do fairly usher in a History of its Motion, which is differenced by local and intestine, of which the last is more intricate, * 1.331 as being com∣pounded of subtle Heterogeneous Particles, Actively and Passively concurring, not as Essential, but integral parts (perfective of the Blood) of which the more active and spirituous are always upon the wing, ready to take their flight from the Blood, were they not depressed by the more fixed and grosser, which are attenuated and refined, till they receiving greater and greater ex∣altation, by the expansion of the more subtle parts, do contribute their Mite to the completion of the Blood.

And the Blood is not only exalted by gentle intestine Motion, but more and more hightened by local too, which is first of all performed in the semi∣nal Liquor, and as being a fluid Body, cannot govern it self, so that it is put un∣der anothers dispose, the covers of Membranes every way encircling it, to con∣firm and secure it from extraneous Matter, about these Membranes. The Blood beginneth its first stage of Motion, caused by the ambient heat of the neighbouring parts, which colliquates the more spirituous portion of the se∣minal Liquor, which becoming vital near the confines of it, is afterward pro∣pagated in a gentle stream by channels (cut through the viscide Matter) uniting themselves in the Punctum Saliens, as in a small Cistern; so that the original of the Motion, belonging to the vital Liquor, is caused by extra∣neous heat, without any impulse made from the Circumference to the Cen∣ter, from the outward part of the seminal Liquor (adjoyning to the Amnion and Chorion) passing through minute Ducts, the first rudiments of Veins, ending in the Vesicula Pulsans, where by its tremulous Motion, beginneth the first impulse of the Blood, making Rivulets through different Channels of Arteries, growing smaller and smaller toward the ambient parts of the seminal Matter; whereupon this may be called the retrograde Motion of the Blood, impelled by the Punctum Saliens from the Center to the Circumfe∣rence. But the first Motion springeth from the ambient parts of the colliquated Seed, where the first rudiment of the Blood is discernible, before the rough draught of the veins is made; And when the Veins, Heart, Arte∣ries, Lungs of the Faetus are perfectly formed, a greater current of Blood is transmitted out of the Vena Cava, by the Foramen ovale in arteriam venosam, and so conveyed into the Left Chamber of the Heart, and thence impelled in∣to the Trunk of the Aorta. And after the Foetus is born, it is receptive of greater proportion of Aliment, which being concocted in the Stomach, is afterward imparted to the mass of Blood, which being highly increased, in∣largeth its territories, and quitteth the Anastomosis, with which the Vena Ca∣va correspondeth with the venous Artery; so that the Foramen Ovale being shut up after the Foetus is born, the Blood hath a free access to the right Chamber of the Heart (before uninhabited) which being straightened by the contraction of fleshy Fibres, throweth the stream of Blood into the pulmona∣ry Artery, which is thence conveyed by the Veins into the Left Ventricle, and afterward by the mediation of the Ascendent and Descendent Trunks of the great Artery and their fruitful branches to all parts of the Body, giving them Life and Heat, which is primarily excited in the vital Liquor, from the heat of the Ʋterus, which reviving its faint innate Heat, colliquates, and more and more expandeth one part of the Infant Blood after another, by

raising its gentle flame by soft Motion, * 1.332 toward the Vesicula Pulsans, by whose repeated Motions, the heat of the Blood groweth more and more exalted, as the Heart becometh more perfect and abler to make more strong vi∣brations, the chief instruments of vital heat; to which I conceive, the intestine Motion of the Blood may somewhat contribute, as the sulphureous Parti∣cles have an inbred heat, and constant volatil inclinations to their flight, were they not inclosed within the confines of Channels, and detained by gros∣er parts of other Elements, which are enobled by the warmth and subtilty of the Sulphureous spirits, ever acting upon the passive Elements, subduing and raising them to some greater degree of assimilation by intestine Motion, which in some manner is productive of innate heat in the Blood, which is hightened, or depressed according to the greater or lesser intestine agitations of the vo∣latil sulphureous Particles, which would soon grow faint and extinguished, were they not supported and advanced by the repeated Motions of the Heart.

Blood as well as other Liquors is constituted of sulphureous and saline Particles, * 1.333 as its integral parts; whence it may be reasonably inferred, that the Blood compounded of them, must consist of several unequal parts, some subtle, others gross, some volatil, others fixed; Whereupon the vital Liquor is more or less disposed to Fusion, and Attenuation, as the more Intense or Re∣miss heat, acteth upon the various Elements of the Mass of Blood, and col∣liquates, and attenuates the more subtle and less fixed parts, rendring them more and more spirituous by divers periods and progressions, so that these highly attenuated and exalted Particles, are Entituled Spirits, by reason of their great subtilty and agility, not as they were Bodies existing of them∣selves, separate from the purer, and volatil, saline, and sulphureous Particles, with which the vital Spirits have great affinity, and concur as integrals of the Blood, as being its more noble, subtle, and active parts, sustained and ex∣alted by Motion and Heat, which being deficient, these spirituous parts of the Blood, lose their vigor and activity, as being condensed, and coagula∣ted with the other more gross and fixed parts, which is most conspicuous in extravasated Blood, as being soon destitute of Heat as well as Motion.

Having in some sort described the Motion of the Blood, and Heat, as an effect and consquent of it; I conceive it proper now to render you some account of the composition of it, as it may be diversly considered according to the several Liquors; some being constituent, or Elementary, others Ve∣hicles, or Recrements of the Blood; as to the first, the Red Crassament is fraught with hot oily Particles, and the albuminous Liquor, is impregnated with more mild volatil Salt.

The disagreeing Airy, Earthy, Oily, and Saline Principles, are founded in the different Christalline, and Purple Liquors, which are associated with Lymphatick and Potulent Matter, the divers Vehicles of the Blood; and as they concur in fusion, making up the mass of vital Liquor, cannot in∣corporate with each other, without Solution and Liquation; and more parti∣cularly, no Oily Matter can embody with a Saline, except they receive a most exact comminution, * 1.334 breaking them into small Particles in some liquid substance, as a Menstruum, or Vehicle, which is very well accomplished in the Ventri∣cles of the Heart, by a brisk Motion of dashing the Blood against its walls, caus∣ed by many impetuous vibrations, made by the repeated Contractions of the strong Fibres of the Heart; so that all the different Elements of the Blood, when they are reduced to minute Particles, consisting of divers Figures, and

sizes, do meet with Pores in the different Liquor, answering them in pro∣portion, and the Magnitudes and Figures of the Elementary Atomes, and Pores of the Blood, are so exactly modelled in a fit likeness, so that the confi∣gured Particles are embodied with each other, in a most strict and near union of mixtion.

And Lastly, The Chyle meeting with the Lympha, in the common re∣ceptacle, is transmitted by the Chyliferous Ducts, to the Subclavian Vessels, when it commenceth an association with the Blood; and this White Liquor being in its own nature very crude, hath its spirituous Particles, highly en∣gaged or immersed in gross Oily, Earthy, and Saline, which confine the more refined operations of the Chyle, from exerting themselves till it is far∣ther exalted by the heat of the Blood, colliquating the grosser Elements of the Chyme, more and more hightened by an intimate converse and mixture with the Blood, made by frequent Contractions of the Heart, breaking the Chyme into most minute Particles, which espouse a most near conjunction, as blended with, and at last assimilated into Blood, which I conceive is not ma∣tured, when the Chyle is first entertained into an association with Blood, but is more and more colliquated and attenuated in the warm Chambers of the Heart, and afterward hath its crude parts rendred more spirituous, by as∣sociating with nitro-aereal Particles in the substance of the Lungs, and often addresses to the Heart in repeated circulation, productive of greater and greater exaltation of the Chyme.

And the several Elements mixed with the Purple parts of the Blood, being ambulatory to its temperament, do fairly lead us to it, which according to the Antients, is a result and harmony, immediately flowing from, and made up of the four first qualities, which being endued with contrary dis∣positions, do act and re-act in mixto, till fitly subduing each other, they ob∣tain such a Mediocrity of temper, the proper instrument ministerial to all the functions of the Soul; so that according to this Hypothesis, the tempe∣rament of the Blood, is a union of the four qualities, reduced to Mediocri∣ty, which may be considered in a double Notion; First, when one quality somewhat over-powereth another, * 1.335 yet so far as it is consistent with the bond of Mixtion, and is commonly styled Temperamentum ad justiciam, in reference to distributive Justice, as observing a Geometrical proportion, according to the dignity of the person: But the other temperament being that ad pondus, is when the four first qualities equally ballance each other, to a great ex∣actness in Arithmetical proportion: This temperament, (as I humbly con∣ceive) is meerly imaginary, as being only in conceit, and never in act, by reason it is very difficult to reduce the contrary disposition of Elements, to a perfect aequilibrium; which being supposed, it could not continue in that temperament a moment, when the various temper of the Air, and the diffe∣rent qualities of Aliment, would soon pervert this exact Crasis of the Blood, and produce a different temper, which would soon debase this absolute Eucrasy.

And I humbly conceive, that the temperament of the Blood, is not only seated in the Mediocrity of the first qualities, relating to the Element of vital Liquor, but may have a reference to the Second too, whose due proportion does produce, or at least assist the intestine and local Motion of the Blood, the great Instruments and Conservators of Life.

The Blood consisteth of Airy, Oily, and Saline Elements, * 1.336 as Active Prin∣ciples, and Serous, and Earthy, as Passive, which being broken into small Particles, do incorporate with the mass of Blood; And these different, if not

contrary Principles being mixed in most minute Bodies, duly united, do coun∣termand each others, disagreeing qualities. The cool and moist disposition of Air, gives an allay to the hot and oily; its volatil and thin parts, exalt the fixed Salt, and gross Oil of the Blood, rendring its solid consistence more li∣quid and fluid, as it appeareth in the Chymical operations of Spirit of Sul∣phur, and Vitriol, which forced by heat, arise in dry streams, and ascend the sides of the Campana, where they being embodied with Air, do descend in Liquid forms, and are commonly called Oils, but are truly Spirits, arising from fluid Salts of Sulphur and Vitriol.

And on the other side, the gross Sulphur, or Oil, fixed Salt, and earthy Particles, do depress the over fierce and thin oily, and do check the extrava∣gant volatil aspirings of the Saline and spirituous parts of the Blood, by con∣fining them to their proper stations.

The Air, Lympha, and serous Particles do moisten and attenuate the Red Crassament, and crude Chyme, rendring them thin and fluid, by putting them into a fit capacity of Motion, to comply freely with the contraction of the Heart.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Pathology of the Heart, in relation to its Sub∣stance and Blood passing through it.

HAving discoursed the natural Structure of the Heart, as a noble En∣gine of Motion, consisting of great variety of parts, set together in an excellent order; I will now use my endeavour, with your leave, to shew how the choice Oeconomy of Nature is discomposed by various Disea∣ses, offering many violations to the regular temper and motion of this choice Machine, by which the Blood maketh its circuit through all parts of the Body, to impart Life and Heat, the great preservatives of the stately Fabrick of Mans Body.

The Diseases that principally disorder the frame of this curious Organ of Life, are variety of Fevers, Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, obstructions of its Ventricles, produced by Worms, and different kinds of concreted Matters.

The prime subject of Fevers is the Heart, * 1.337 as the Blood is acted in it with an unkindly Heat, and is thence communicated by Trunks, and great∣er and less Arterial Branches into all parts of the Body.

This disorderly Fermentation of the Blood, is much hightned by the vio∣lent Motions of the Heart, dashing the vital Liquor against the inward Walls; whereupon its inflammatory disposition is highly intended, appear∣ing in stronger Pulsations, and the intolerable heat of the Praecordia, and ve∣hement Thirst, very much afflicting Patients in this fiery Disease.

This unkindly fermentation and heat of the Blood, * 1.338 vehemently troubling the Heart, seemeth chiefly to depend upon two Causes, either its due Crasis, or Temperament is disordered by the undue mixtion of its Elements, or by the too much exalted Principles of Spirit, Salt, and Sulphur; or Secondly, by the innate ferments of the Heart (as famous Dr. Willis and others will have it) much rarefying the Blood, in its passage through the Chamber of this choice Muscle; whereupon its frothy effervescence is much increased, and is impel∣led out of the Ventricles, and through the channels of various Arteries with great violence into all parts of the Body.

Learned Borellus maintaineth an Hypothesis, * 1.339 that a Fever doth not pro∣ceed from an inflammatory indisposition of the Blood, or from its putri∣faction, or from an unnatural fermentation, arising out of the Heterogeneous Elements of mixed Saline, and Sulphureous Particles, but from the sharp Spirits or Atomes of the nervous Liquor, as it may be seen, Parte Al era de Motu Animalium, Pag. 460. Spiritus (Ait ille) seu succi nervei solito redditi acriores, nervos, & cor irritantes, sunt causae productivae primae, & immediatae excandescentiae febrilis. This famous Author confirms his Opinion, Pag. 466. Comprobatur ex febrili motu, qui exoritur, dum pus conficitur in pustulis, & ulce∣ribus, in quibus succi pravi pus efficientes, & fermentantes, non per venas ad cor, sed per nervos ad cerebrum traducuntur. Quod suadetur ex eo, quod Cor nihil fere afficitur a contactu similium succorum fermentatorum, ut patet ex transitu puris pleuritici per Cor. Quare praedictus succus fermentatus pustularum, qui valde mor∣dicare nervos ibidem definentes potest, facile veneficam suam qualitatem cerebro, & hinc Cordi commotionem communicare potest; ejusque rithmum alterare, febremque

efficere, to the beginning of the Paragraph, that the fermenting Pus of Ulcers is not carried to the Brain by Veins, but by Nerves (which he after instances in a pleuritical Pus) I take the boldness to speak this return, that the termi∣nations of the Nerves being very small, or not capable to receive a purulent Matter, which is gross, and convey it through the straight Interstices of the Filaments to the Brain, which is attended with a greater improbability, by reason the constant Motion of the nervous Liquor from the Brain through the Nerves, must necessarily resist the retrograde Motion of the Pus, or else a contrary Motion of different Humors, must be admitted at the same time in the same vessels, which I humbly conceive implieth a Contradiction, that the nervous Liquor should have a Flux from the Brain, and the purulent Matter to it, at the same time through the same Nerves.

About the middle of the said Paragraph, the Renowned Author saith, that the Heart is little or nothing affected with the passage of the Pus, which is transmitted to the Right Ventricle, by the veins of the Pleura and Cava, and not by Nerves to the Brain; and with deference to this Author, that I am not of his Opinion, because I have seen one Mr. Echins, a Patient of mine, afflicted with a great Fever and Faintness, when in an Ulcer of the Lungs, the purulent Matter was conveyed by the pulmonary Vein into the Left Ven∣tricle of the Heart, and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, Emulgent Artery, Vein, and Ureters into the Bladder, and from thence excerned with the Urine through the Urethra; so that I saw a great quantity of Pus setled with the Urine in the bottom of the Urinal.

Ingenious Borellus proceedeth to give a farther account, how the nervous Liquor degenerates, and becometh the cause of a Fever. In fine, Pag. 471. * 1.340 Animadverto, quod succi illi destinati, at Nervis expellantur, deponantur∣que in Glandulis, fieri potest, ut casu aliquo detineantur in eisdem Nervis, obtura∣tis nimirum meatibus & ostiolis Nervorum in Glandulis desinentium, ob plethoram, vel ob gluten aliquod in eis contentum, hi vero succi retenti in Nervis degenerare facile possunt fermentatione quadam in alienam naturam animali noxiam; In this Paragraph, he sheweth how the nervous Juyce being stagnant in the Interstices of the Nerves (terminating into the substance of the Glands) doth acquire an ill nature, by reason the extremities of the Nerves belonging to the Glands are shut up (as I conceive) either by compression, produced by a quantity of Blood, lodged in the Glands, in a plethorick Con∣stitution; or by some viscid Matter (like Glue) obstructing the terminati∣ons of the Nerves; so that they cannot transmit the nervous Liquor into the Glands; Whereupon it having lost its Motion, groweth sharp; which being granted, the difficulty will yet remain, how this ill nervous Juyce can be transmitted to the Brain, which sendeth a perpetual Flux of Liquor, first in∣to the origens of the Nerves (seated in the Cortex) and from thence through the several Trunks and Branches to the Fibrils, ending into the sub∣stance of the Glands; so that this constant motion of the Liquor, flowing from the fountain of the Brain in divers soft streams, through the Interstices of the Filaments, to the terminations of the Nerves, doth hinder the reflux of Liquor from the extremities of the Nerves toward the Brain, as I have more largely proved above: Whereupon the stagnated acrimonious Liquor would with greater probability produce Convulsive motions in the tender compage of the Nerves, to disburden themselves through this extremity, into the body of the Glands, rather then recoile by a contrary Motion, through the Inter∣stices of the nervous filaments into the Brain, and by other Nerves be thence conveyed to the substance of the Heart, and raise a Fever.

This Great Author to make good his Hypothesis, * 1.341 denieth a Fever to pro∣ceed from the fermentation, or effervescence of the Blood, whereby the Heart is not irritated to make frequent pulsations, as he hath it much after this sense; Parte Secunda de motu animal. Pag. 446. Febris (Ait ille) non accenditur a sanguine alterato, fermentatoque, neque ob mordacitatem ejus Cor irritatum Febrilem excandescentiam efficit. But by the leave of this excellent Author, I humbly conceive, that a Fever proceedeth from the unnatural in∣testine motion of the Blood, as it is made up of different Liquors, and Ele∣ments, associating with the Nervous, Chymous, and serous Juyces, and the animal Liquor comming from the Brain, is transmitted through the Nerves, into the substance of the Muscles, and Glands of the Viscera, and all other parts of the Body, where its near part confederates with the Blood; and if its Recrement is not conveyed into the Lymphaeducts, the nervous Liquor groweth sharp, and much disordereth the Crasis, and due Fermentation of the Blood, and disposeth it to a Fever.

If the Chyme being crude, and not easy to be assimilated, * 1.342 meeteth with a mass of Blood, too highly impregnated with sharp and sulphureous Ele∣ments, ariseth an ebullition of the Blood, oftentimes productive of a Fever.

The serous Particles of the Blood, being watry and saline, * 1.343 being too exuberant, as not severed from the purer parts of the vital Liquor in the Re∣nal Glands, do vitiate the temper of the Blood, and incline its hot mass to an effervescence.

The mass of Blood is not only composed of different Liquors, * 1.344 but of va∣rious Elements too, of Spirit, Sulphur, and Salt.

The Spirituous as the more subtil and volatil parts of the Blood, are bound∣ed and kept in due order by the more fixed; whence ariseth a good Fer∣mentation; but if heterogeneous Particles of crude Chyme not easily to be subdued, be mixed with the Blood, the bond of Mixtion is relaxed, then the spirituous parts are too predominant, and the ebullition of the Blood is raised, often ending in a Fever.

When the sulphureous part is too much exalted, * 1.345 as being triumphant in the mass of Blood, its temperament is perverted; whereupon the Chyme being not well Concocted, as being over bilious, doth raise a great effer∣vescence of the Blood, inducing a Fever.

If the saline Atomes of the Blood be too much elevated, * 1.346 they are brought to a Fluor, and the Blood turneth Acide, which is found to be the cause of a Quartane Ague.

These being premised, it is most probable that the Causes of various Fevers are seated in the Blood, as it is made up of divers fermentative Liquors and Elements, producing many Feverish Inflammatory Dispositions.

But the nervous Liquor cannot be so truly said the cause of Fevers (as most acute Borellus will have it) as being a mild Liquor, not consisting of many several Liquors, contrary Principles, and Recrements, with which the Blood is endued, and therefore the animal Liquor is not subject to so many various Ebullitions, and Feverish indispositions.

Farthermore, the apertion of a Vein, and the critical evacuations of Blood by the Nostrils, Hemorrhoids and Menstrua in Women do determine a Fever, which plainly evinceth, that the Morbifick cause in a Fever is seated in the mass of Blood, whose hot steams, and watry saline Particles, are severed from the Blood in the cutaneous Glands, and discharged by the excretory Ducts of the Skin.

And in order to the more clear understanding of the nature of Fevers, consisting in the various ill Crasis of the Blood (disturbing the Motion of the Heart) I will give you a short History of the various constitution of the Blood, as productive of its Ebullition in the Heart.

Galen and his followers made four Temperaments, * 1.347 supposing the mass of Blood to be compounded of four distinct Liquors, Phlegme, Bile, Melan∣choly, and laudable or pure Blood; but I conceive it will be very difficult, ac∣cording to this Opinion, to solve the Phaenomena that may occurr; so that it seemeth more probable to determine the Blood (as well qualified) to be one Liquor, consisting of Heterogeneous parts, and not of those different humors, which do not constitute the mass of Blood, but are only accidental to it in a depraved habit of Body, in which three of those humors may be called Recrements of the Blood (and not constituent parts) which Nature endeavoureth to secern from it, and therefore it is more consonant to Rea∣son, and Sense, not to believe the Blood to be made of many distinct Hu∣mors, but one Liquor consisting of different parts, pituitous, framed of crude indigested Chyme, * 1.348 or bilious, made of exalted Oily Particles, or melancho∣lick, compounded of Tartareous, or earthy, Saline, put into a Fluor, as the chief Spirituous and Oily parts are breathed out.

Hence spring the four Constitutions of the Body, derived from the seve∣ral Temperaments of the Blood, when it is integrated of different Elements, reduced to a good harmony in due proportion; The constitution of hot, oily, and saline Particles not too much exalted, nor the gross and fixed too much depressed, and the solid and liquid Atomes well mixed, may be truly stiled the Sanguineous temper of the Blood, * 1.349 and is the rule from which the others may be termed more or less ill, as they have greater or less deflections from it, as being ill tempers upon which the Pathalogy of the Blood dependeth.

The First I will Treat of, * 1.350 is the Pituitous Constitution, derived from cold, moist, or gross Aliment, not well concocted, for want of a fit Menstruum, or good natural heat, whence proceedeth an ill prepared Chyle, conveyed through proper Channels to the Heart, where it being not well attenuated and colliquated, runneth confused with the Blood, without being broken into small particles, by reason of its over viscide substance, generating a crude mass of Blood, which being imparted by great and less arterial Branches to the whole Body, maketh a cold and moist temperament, commonly called Pituitous, seated in a gross mass of Blood, apt to be stagnant, which produ∣ceth various inflammations in reference to several parts, in which the crude Blood is lodged, vid. a Perinumonia in the substance of the Lungs, and Pleu∣ritis in the Pleura; An Angina in the Muscles of the Larynx; A Polypus in the Ventricles of the Heart, and the Trunk of the pulmonary Artery and Veins; An Apoplexy in the substance of the Brain, and an Anasaerca in the habit of the Body.

Some Physicians, and those Learned too, do conceive the Phlegmatick mass of Blood to be composed much of Chyle, or nervous Liquor, as being akin in colour and manner of consistence) Whereupon it being thick and indigest∣ed, when extravasated and Cold doth concrete into a white and discoloured Cruor, or skinny substance, facing the upper region of the Blood, when it is let out of the Vein into a Porringer, and coagulated.

But upon a more curious inspection, * 1.351 this white, clammy, tough surface of the Blood, will be found to be a Fibrous contexture, made up of many thin Membranes, seated one within another, in whose Interstices are form∣ed a reticular Plexe, composed as it were of nervous Fibrils, interspersed

with divers small Cells, (resembling little holes interceding Combs, * 1.352 filled with Honey) in which a serous Liquor is contained.

This Compage of the Blood may be made evident by ocular demonstrati∣on which I saw in concreted Blood, covered with a white Surface, almost halfe an inch thick, which was integrated of many fine Membranes, as so many thin Flakes, constituting this coagulated Systeme, framed of nume∣rous Filaments, curiously interwoven, and closely set together, which I discerned by my naked Eye, without the help of a Microscope; and also many small network Plexes, interspersed with Areae, or little Loculaments, affixed to the inside of the Membranes, as so many Repositories of the icho∣rous Liquor of the Blood: And afterward upon a deeper search made into the more interior recesses of the Blood, I discovered first a reticular Plexe, full of Cavities tied to the inside of the Membrane, constituting the lowest Membrane of the white viscide contexture, finely wrought with interwo∣ven Filaments, pinked with many holes, as so many allodgments of the Pur∣ple Liquor, divided also into many Fibrils, which run in length downward, making an elegant Compage, beset with curious Embroidery, made up as it were of nervous Filaments, adorned with Interstices of divers Figures, as so many minute Receptacles, big with Red Liquor in the lower region of the Blood let out into a Vessel, and concreted; the structure of the Blood seem∣eth to be more loose then the Crust swimming a top, as framed of Filaments endued with larger Cavities, which are receptive of the Red Crassament, or rather (as some will have it,) a black melancholy Liquor the Faeces of the Blood, in whose Pores, as well as in the Interstices of the white coagulated Liquor, is lodged an ash-coloured pale Serum, somewhat resembling the con∣creted albuminous matter of the Blood, or the White of an Egg.

And to the oblong Filamentous Productions, propagated through the Red mass of coagulated Blood, are appendant divers small reticular Plexes interlining the spaces of the long Fibres.

And the Body of the concreted Blood being washed in divers waters, hued before with Red, whereby the Serum being parted from its Recep∣tacles (many Plexes making the fine Network) may be seen arayed in White; and as they are longer and longer gently washed, the Whiteness coating the fibrous contexture of the Blood, may be more clearly seen.

And besides these white and fibrous Particles, which are the first Stamina, giving a bulk and body to the Blood, the most eminent are the Red Particles, enclosed in many Cells and Filaments, and being highly attenuated with Motion, do intimately associate with the albuminous part of the Blood, and wholly obscure it.

In this Crystalline Liquor are seated the fine volatil Salts (attenuated and dissolved by Heat and intestine Motion) which are the chief ingredients constituting the Ferments of the Viscera, helping the Stomack and Intestines in the concoction of Aliment, out of which a white tincture is extracted, the Materia Substrata of Blood. And it is very probable that the fibrous parts of the Blood are propagated from small Capillaments, which being united, do constitute many thin Filmes in the Body of the vital Juyce, and more thick and tough Membranes, cloathing the upper region of extravasated Blood. The Filaments are very visible in the Concretions of Salt. The con∣trary Principles of the Blood affecting Dis-union, and Concretion; where∣upon Nature hath contrived with great Artifice, the Confederation of va∣rious parts by Motion, which rendreth them Fluid, least the Heterogeneous Elements should be divorced from each others embraces, by a kind of pre¦cipitation;

to this end the Grand Architect hath made a great Apparatus of Organs, the Heart and its appendants, as so many Engines and Chan∣nels dedicated to the Motion of the Blood, that its little Filaments, and Filmes, might be broken into small Particles, and pass through the small Pores and extremities of the capillary Arteries and Veins; and the Compage of the Blood gaineth a disposition to be fluid, as acted with the intestine Motion of its proper parts, which agreeth to all Fermented Liquors, and agitateth, and attenuates the integrals of fluid Bodies, by bringing them to a high Com∣minution, whereupon they become more moveable, and acquire greater freedom in a restless agitation of Parts, which being of a different nature, are preserved in union by a constant and continued Motion.

On the other side, the Blood groweth gross, and apt to be Stagnant, when the Fermentation is very much Dispirited, as the several Liquors of vital Juice are not well filtred in the Interstices of the Vessels, relating to the Conglo∣bated Glands of the Viscera, giving to the Blood many unnatural Films and Filaments, whereby it acquireth an over-gross Fibrous disposition apt to concrete into Membranes, and White conglobated Bodies, producing proly∣pose coagulations, often found in the Heart, Lungs, Veins and Arteries, which I intend more freely to discourse in the diseases of the Heart.

Another ill constitution of Blood, proceedeth either from a hot, and sharp nourishment, and more free Cups of generous Wine; as also immoderate eating of Oil, and Meats highly seasoned with Spices, or from the inward Compage of the Blood, abounding with hot oily Particles, conveyed to all coasts of the Body, * 1.353 which do render it hot and dry, called the Bilious Con∣stitution, which furnisheth the Blood with inclinations to Intermittent, and Continued Fevers; the First is differenced by Tertian, Quotidian (by reason the Quartan is proper to a melancholick temper) commonly called Agues in our Tongue, of which the Tertian, if single, is distinguished by its accession every other day, and if double, every day,

I humbly conceive the Materia Substrata of this disease, is seated in an over bilious mass of Blood, * 1.354 impregnated with large proportions of subtle oily Particles, rendring it unable to subdue the quantity of indigested Chyme, by not breaking it into very minute portions, in reference to assimilation, which cannot be accomplished, by reason of the hot Diathesis of the Blood, which being not capable to reduce the crude Chyme to a perfect association, is put upon a great ebullition in the Heart, sending forth toward the ambi∣ent parts, very hot Effluvia, which arriving, the Membrana Carnosa force it into great Concussions, commonly called Rigors, which begin the Scene of the Paronysme, relating to an Ague; in which the more hot steams, carri∣ed with great fierceness by the Capillary Arteries to the surface of the Bo∣dy, produce the state of the Fit; and lastly, the fiery exhalations being associated with the serous recrements of the Blood, do end in steams of Sweat, which distilling through the miliary Glands and Pores of the Cutis, do freely bedew the surface of the Body; whereupon the Tragick Scenes of the Fit do close in a pleasant interlude of an 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the matter of the Paronysme being breathed out by a free transpiration, and the Patient is treated with a grateful Repose, till a plenty of fresh Crude Alimentary Liquor is transmitted to the bilious mass of Blood, which is perverted into nitrous sulphureous Particles, causing an inordinate effervescence, beginning a new Scene of another Paronysme of a Tertian Fever, which often de∣generates into a double Tertian, called by some a Quotidian, which in truth is very different from it, as being a double Tertian, because every

other days Fit doth answer in Measure and Time; and one Paroxysme inva∣deth every day; often caused by ill Diet, producing a great proportion of ill concocted Chyle, every day transmitted to the mass of Blood, overcharg∣ed with hot oily Particles, which being severed from other Elements of the Blood, do embody with each other, causing an inflammation of the Purple Li∣quor whence its Compage is loosed in some part, and rendred uncapable to unite with the crude Chyme, as not being broken into minute Particles, by reason of its indigested viscide substance; whereupon the Heart being highly aggrieved, is put upon inordinate Contractions, making a great Motion and Effervescence of the Blood, endeavouring to discharge its fierce steams through the exterior parts, by a free Diaphoresis, and plentiful Sweat.

It may not be altogether improbable, * 1.355 that Intermittent Fevers may arise from a vitiated Succus Pancreaticus, degenerating into a more or less Acide indisposition, according to the time of Stagnancy in the substance of the Pancreas; whereupon the more volatil Particles of the Pancreatick iuyce, contempering the Acide, do lose their spirituous ingeny.

The Stagnancy of the Succus Pancreaticus proceedeth from the obstructi∣on of the excretory Ducts of the Pancreas, (leading into the Guts) caused by some gross pituitous Matter, lining the inside of the First or Second Intestine; so that the pancreatick Liquor cannot be discharged into the Ca∣vity of the Guts, and thereupon recoileth by many excretory Ducts, into the substance of the Pancreas, and is from thence carried into the origen of the Veins, and afterwards into the Vena Cava, and right Ventricle of the Heart, where it making an Effervescence, doth produce a Tertian or Quartan Ague, according to variety of Paroxysms, the one happening every other day, and the other every Third, according to the greater or less Acidity of the Pan∣creatick Recrements.

Another cause of Stagnation of the Pancreatick Juyce may arise from its grosness, as not being commensurate in its Atomes, to the Shape and Size, of the extremities of excretory Ducts of the Pancreas; whereupon this Pancreatick Liquor is received into the roots of the Veins, and then into the Cava, and Right Chamber of the Heart, wherein this Heterogeneous Liquor mixeth with the Blood, and putteth it into a Febrile Fermenta∣tion, by raising an Ebullition, which is quieted by throwing off the hot Steams through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin.

Of this distemper of Intermittent Fevers, proceeding from the obstructed Ducts of the Pancreas, Learned de Graaf giveth an account, Tractatu de Succo Pancreatio, Cap. 2. Obstructionem in Pancreatis ductibus observavimus in Faemina Febrem intermittentem passa, in cujus Dissectione, per Syringam infudimus liquorem volatilem & caeruleum in Ductum Pancreatis majorem, ex quo in pleros∣que Ductus laterales penetrabat, dum in perpaucis propter obstructionem sistebatur, unde dicto colore inficiebatur ipsa Pancreatis substantia in uno loco, & non in alio.

Having given you a short view of Intermitting Fevers, proceeding from an ill concocted Chyme, transmitted by proper Vessels to the mass of Blood, (disordering the Heart) predisposed with a Feverish disaffection, springing from too much exalted oily Particles; * 1.356 I conceive it may now be opportune to speak somewhat of Continued Fevers, which admit no perfect 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, but on∣ly a remission, and are therefore more dangerous, because a hot inflammatory temper is not only made (as in intermittent Fevers) but also the Mixtion and Compage of the Blood is in some degree loosned, as its Liquor is turgent with luxuriant spirituous oily Particles too much exalted; whereupon the

Elements of the Blood are set much at liberty, and run confused in the vital Liquor, as not duely confined within the bond of Mixtion, so that the Spirituous and Volatil parts of Blood, moving to the Ambient parts, are breathed out through the Pores of the Cutis, whereby the vital Liquor grow∣eth very faint, as made destitute of many Spirituous Particles.

The Continued Fevers are for the most part reducible to Three kinds, * 1.357 The First may be called Ephemera, seated in the most subtle and spirituous parts of the Blood, which are inflamed by a great Effervescence somewhat dissol∣ving the volatil oily parts of the Blood in the Chambers of the Heart, which are moved with frequent pulsations, to squeeze out this troublesom inflamed Liquor.

The Febris Ephemera is often quickly appeased, * 1.358 as being founded in the thin volatil Atomes of the Blood, which do evaporate through the secret passages of the Skin, in insensible transpiration, and more free dews of Sweat.

The Second kind of Continued Fevers hath for its Procatarctick Causes, a hot and moist temper, often accompanied with a corpulent habit of Body, derived from luxurious Diet, and frequent Blood-letting, which highly in∣crease the oily parts of the Blood, in the place of Saline taken away; where∣upon persons accustomed to be often let Blood grow fat, as having their Blood filled with oily parts, and rendered obnoxious, to acute continued Fe∣vers, proceeding from the less thin and volatil Atomes inflamed, as the na∣tural Crasis of the Blood is perverted by want of a due Ventilation upon the restriction of the Pores of the Skin, * 1.359 coming from the coldness of the Am∣bient Air, wherein the hot steams of the Blood, are unduely confined with∣in the Body; so that the too highly exalted sulphureous part over-pouring the other Elements, do somewhat unty the bond of Mixtion, and in a great proportion associate with each other, producing a great Ebullition of Blood in the Ventricles of the Heart, which is stiled by the Antients a putrid Fe∣ver, * 1.360 but is now rejected by many, because the Blood as long as it is acted by motion, cannot well be liable to putrefaction; yet in reference to the Adust Oily Particles, the temper of the Blood is very much violated, and the natural union of the integral parts much infringed, highly tending to putrefaction; a Continued Fever may be in some sort truely termed Putride, and hath divers Steps commonly called Types, wherein as in so many Stages, the Continued Fever taketh its course, and by several Types and Periods, as so many intermedial paces of accessions and remissions; * 1.361 the acute Fever ar∣riveth its 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: The first step of the Disease is called by Galen 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the rise or beginning of it, which first betrayeth it self in an unnatural Effervescence of the Blood, arising from a violent eruption of combined oily Particles, communicated by degrees to the mass of Blood, and this continueth for three days or more, during which time the Morbifick Matter remaineth crude and unseparated from the mass of Blood.

The Second step or time of a Continued Fever (stiled by the Author 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) is when the unnatural heat of the Blood groweth more intense every Fit, * 1.362 de∣rived from a great quantity of inflamed oily Particles, which though they most eminently appear in the Praecordia, as parts confining on the Heart, (in which the Effervescence of the Blood is chiefly seated, yet these hot oily Particles of the vital Liquor are also diffused thence, through the whole mass to all parts of the Body. The increase of this hot Disease continueth for three or four days, or thereabouts, more or less, according to the greater or less degrees of acuteness of the Fever, when the first glimmerings of the

Concoction begin to dawn in a small secretion of the impure adust Particles from the purer Blood, which at this time of the Fever is discovered in the Urine, growing more clear toward the Surface, as the grosser parts begin to precipitate toward the bottom of the Urinal.

The third step of a Continued Fever (named by that Great Ma∣ster of our Faculty, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the state of the Disease, * 1.363) wherein the Ebul∣lition of the Blood in the Heart arriveth to the highest degree, procee∣ding from a great confederacy of numerous Oyly Particles breaking forth as it were into a flame, through all the apartiments of the Body, and in the state of this Fever, the two great Combatants, Nature and the Disease, do briskly enter the list, making violent thrusts at each other upon the account of life and death; whereupon they both highly en∣deavouring a conquest, one of them loseth the day, sitting down in a loss of victory, while the other triumpheth in the pleasant success of Life, happily changing the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of the Disease into a 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the state into a declination, * 1.364 which is the fourth and last stage of this Fever, succeeding the state, wherein the Vital Spirits the more active and volatil parts of the Blood triumph as con∣querors, and the Febrile heat is receptive of an allay, and the most eminent signs of Concoction appear, as the Crisis of the disease is instituted by Nature; whereupon the secretions of the recrements of the Blood are made, whereof some are oily, and others Volatil Saline, embodying with the serous parts of the Blood (being put into a Fluor) which are conveyed from the greater Arte∣rial Branches to the Extremities of the Capillaries terminating into the Skin, which being very Porous, receiveth the fierce Effluvia, * 1.365 and ferous Recre∣ments of the Blood, freely besprinkling the ambient parts of the Body. And this I humbly conceive is the best, and most natural Crisis of a Fever, when the Morbifick Matter is universally expelled through the habit of the Body.

But the Crisis (I conceive) is less perfect and beneficial, * 1.366 when more particular Evacuations of the peccant Matter are instituted by Nature, as when the Pores of the Skin being shut up by ambient cold, a Crisis is some∣times ordered by a Haemorrhage through the Nostrils; when the inflamed oyly, and the exalted saline Particles being in high commotion with the mass of Blood (cannot be protruded by plentiful Sweats in a free transpiration) are translated into distant parts from the Heart, and being hur∣ried by impetuous motions of the Blood through the internal Carotide Arte∣ries, into the Membranes and Cortex of the Brain, are thence conveyed by the Internal Jugulars into the Nostrils. Whence the danger of their Crisis is, lest some part of the Morbifick Matter should be conveyed with the Blood into, and so fixed in the substance of the Brain, as to vitiate the Animal Liquor, and thereby produce a Delirium, Convulsive Motions, as the Subsultus Tendinum, and many other Cephalick distempers.

Again (I conceive) another Crisis may be made in a continued Fever by another particular Evacuation, * 1.367 when the gross Adust Particles are se∣vered like a Caput Mortuum from the Blood after its Deflagration, and are transmitted by the emulgent Arteries into the substance of the Glands rela∣ting to the Kidneys, wherein a Secretion is made of the Morbifick Matter with the serous Particles from the more refined Blood; and transmitted first through the Urinary Ducts into the Pelvis, and thence by the Ureters, as Aqueducts into the Cistern of the Bladder, which appeareth in a reddish Urine, when

first made, which a little while after groweth thick and turbid, and is af∣terward precipitated; So that the Adust Particles, the more gross Contents having recourse to the bottom, the substance of the Urine groweth clear and transparent.

CHAP. XXV. Of Malignant Fevers.

THe third kind of Continued Fevers, * 1.368 commonly called Malignant, differeth in substance from the rest, and ariseth from the mass of Blood secretly envenomed with some noysome Miasmes, whence immedi∣ately ensueth a suddain dejection of strength, wherein the temper of the Blood being violently disordered, its Compage is perverted, and its Mixtion is in a great part dissolved, as the Elements, the integral parts of the Blood, are in a manner separated one from another, attended with horrid symp∣toms, vid. Stupor, Delirium, Convulsive Motions, the trembling of the Tendons, and the like, the same kind of accidents, which accompany the drinking of Poyson, or the biting of Vipers, and other venemous Animals infecting the Blood with subtle venenate Atoms, small in quantity, but great in power (destructive to the constituent principles, relating to the mass of Blood) which is discovered in the speedy perverting the Crasis of the Vital and Nervous Liquors; whereupon the functions of Life, Sense, and Motion are ill celebrated; So that the harmony of temper belonging to the Blood is disordered, and the Oeconomy of Nature violated, the dismal forerunners of death.

If a curious search be made (for the better understanding of Malignant Fevers) into the nature of Poysons, what alterations they make in the con∣sistence of the Blood, they will be found very different, by reason some Poysons making a fusion of the Blood, do precipitate its serous parts; others do produce Swellings, by throwing the malignity of the Blood into the ex∣treme parts, and do impel the serous Recrements by the terminations of the Arteries inserted into the Cuticular Glands, wherein a separation being in∣stituted by Nature, the serous parts do puff up the Cuticula and make Pu∣stles; which I saw in a Person of Honour, a Patient of mine poysoned with Arsnick, in whom the sulphureous and saline Particles of the Blood being highly enraged, do produce a great ebullition of Blood, emulating the Fit of a Malignant Fever, which was at last discharged by the eruption of numerous Pimples (filled with the Serum of the Blood highly precipitated) besetting the Cuticula of the whole Body. Sometimes the Spirituous parts of the Blood are highly evaporated by poysonous Miasmes, wherein the particles of Salt and Sulphur are so highly exalted, that the Blood becometh icterical, * 1.369 by too great an assation; So that it is sometimes hued with Yellow, and other times with Black.

And there are other Poysons of another nature, which are more dangerous, as destructive to the Compage of the Blood, in producing first a Coagula∣tion, and afterward Putrefaction; So that the Spirits of the Blood being

evaporated, the equal Mixtion is dissolved, and the grosser parts being asso∣ciated, do quit the Serous Particles, and the poysonous Miasmes infecting the Blood, do cause it to Coagulate somewhat after the manner of Milk mixed with Runnet; whereupon the red Crassament is rendred Grumous, as well as the Chymous parts, whence ariseth the Polypus of the Heart, as also Syncopes and Lipothymies, &c.

The way of communicating poysonous steams to the Vital and Animal Liquor, in reference to the production of Malignant Epidemical Fevers, * 1.370 is from the Air by inspiration, wherein many saline and sulphureous Mercurial, Arsenical, and other Exhalations of the same figure and nature (coming from poysonous Minerals of the Earth) being confederated and received in∣to the Lungs, do mix with the mass of Blood: These Effluvia being of a most subtle disposition, do insinuate into the Blood, sometimes precipitating it by the separation of the Serous Particles from the more thick Purple Li∣quor, and other times making it stagnant in the Vessels and Ventricles of the Heart, do generate a coagulation of the Blood, producing dreadful symp∣toms.

The Malignant Vapours residing in a poysonous Air, make impressions more readily in ill masses of Blood, full of sulphureous Particles easily brea∣king out into a feverish flame, especially in timorous persons, wherein the steams of infected Air are speedily conveyed inward with the Blood into the Chambers of the Heart.

CHAP. XXIV. Of Intermittent Fevers.

HAving given in some sort a Narrative of Diseases in reference to Pe∣tuitous and Bilious Recrements; I shall now take the freedom to speak somewhat of the Distempers of a Melancholick Constitution of Blood sprinkling from gross Aliment, * 1.371 abounding with earthy parts and fixed Salt, which being above measure exalted, are productive of an Acid indisposition, which being elevated to a great height, maketh it degenerate into a Fluor, wherein the Saline before espoused to the oily and earthy Particles, do suffer a divorce from them; So that the bond of Mixtion is in a great part dissol∣ved in the mass of Blood, and the Saline parts being not under the controul of the Elements, have a kind of absolute power, as commanding the Com∣page of the mass of Blood; whereupon the spirituous and sulphureous Par∣ticles being much evaporated, * 1.372 the Saline do exercise a dominion over the rest, by inducing an Acor to the whole Mixtum, relative to the Blood, from whence sometimes proceedeth a Quartan Ague, differing in types and periods from the Tertian, as having its accession every third day; and its continent cause is assigned by the Antients, to a Melancholick humor putrefying in the lower apartiment of the Body; But I humbly conceive it more rea∣sonable that the origen of a Quartan Ague is in the Vital Liquor, * 1.373 whose sweet Balsamick quality is debased into an acide and austere indisposition, in which the spirituous and oily parts being much withdrawn, the Tartareous (con∣sisting of earthy and Salt parts) are too much heightned to a Fluor, productive of Acid Particles, which are carried by the greater Channels of Arteries to the smaller, and cause Concussions in the Membrana Carnosa (in the beginning of the Paroxysm) which when violent, are called Rigors, when more remiss are termed Horrors; and these Convulsive Motions accompany the first rise of the accession, and when the heat followeth, the Increment of the Fit beginneth, and when the unnatural heat arriveth to a height, the Fit cometh to a state, and when the ebullition of the Blood is abated, the declination of the Paroxysm appeareth, which terminateth into a plentiful Sweat.

The reason why the Periods of a Quartan have longer Intervals than those of a Tertian, * 1.374 is, because the distemper of the Blood, tending to Acid, is more remiss in heat, disaffecting the Chyme in a less degree, per∣mitting somewhat of Assimilation into Blood, and the perverting the other Particles of it, do not make so great a disorder, as is found in a Tertian; So that the Materia Substrata of the Blood being less depraved in a Quartan, doth more slowly fill the Vital Liquor with indigested Particles, and the Sa∣line Atoms being more moderate in heat, require longer time before the peccant Matter is exalted, producing an Ebullition in the Heart, the conti∣nent cause of a Quartan, which hath often a most difficult Cure, and is long afflictive, because it is derived from an Acid Dyscrasie of the Blood,

which is not easily redressed by Medicines; whereas the bilious indisposition consisting in an effervescence of Vital Juyce, proceeding from an association of oily Particles, is more speedily discharged by a free transpiration; but a Melancholick Constitution, springing from a depauperated mass of Blood, hath its more spirituous Particles retired from it, and the saline and earthy parts are too much exalted; * 1.375 And therefore Purgatives alone are not avail∣able in a Quartan Ague, in which the fixed Saline parts of the Blood must be rendred Volatil, and the lost sweet Balsamick repaired by Medicines Dulci∣fying the Acid, and by impregnating them with oily spirituous Particles, which is of as great moment as difficulty to effect.

And also in an acid disaffection of the Blood, when its laudable portion is over-powered with a too highly exalted Salt, it is rendred dispirited, productive of a Fluor, whence arise the great variety of Scorbutick diseases (abounding in numerous symptoms, Emulating divers Distempers) procee∣ding also from concreted saline Particles, transmitted from the mass of Blood, and vitiating the Nervous Liquor, whence is propagated a prodigious off∣spring of Chronick diseases, as the Strumae, Rheumatisms, Gouts, Scabs, Scurf, Cancers, Leprosies, and the like.

CHAP. XXV. The Cures of Intermittent Fevers.

THe diseases of the Blood (afflicting the Heart) being Intermittent, Continued, and Malignant Fevers, I will now (having heretofore discoursed their Causes) propound some short means of their Cures, deri∣ved from several Indications.

As to the most urgent and chief Indication, That the great effervescence of the Blood may be taken off, Vomiting, Bleeding, and Purging, are very important. Vomiting Medicines do clear the Stomach of gross, pituitous, bilious, and acid humors, and put the Ventricle into a good capacity to concoct Aliment by extracting a laudable alimentary Tincture, which is the Materia Substrata of Blood, whose constant decay of Spirits is repaired by good Chyle; * 1.376 whereupon Intermittent Fevers flowing from undue Chyme, are often Cured, or much alleviated in more gentle Paroxysms; by Vomi∣tories also the Bilious Recrements are thrown out of the Liver by the com∣mon Duct into the Intestines, whereupon the Blood is rendred more pure as severed from its adust Particles of Sulphur and Salt.

The opening a Veing in a Plethorick constitution of Body, * 1.377 doth by les∣sening the quantity of Blood, give a more nimble Circulation, and also an allay to the great Ebullition of Blood, the continent cause of Fevers.

Gentle Purgatives consisting of opening, cooling Medicines, do take away the obstructions of the Liver, and freely discharge the bilious humors out of it, and the Blood, and so rendereth it cool and depurated from its Oily Recrements.

The second Indication in Intermittent Fevers, * 1.378 is taken from the inhibition of a depraved Chyme, which is performed by exact rules of Diet, that it might be thin, and of easie Concoction, and not over sweet, oily, and too spirituous; So that generous Wines being taken, must be mixed with serous or watry Liquors, which subdue the sulphureous and spirituous parts of the Blood, in reducing it to a good temper by checking its great Ebullition.

The third Indication is taking of the Paroxysm of Intermittent Fevers by proper Specificks, * 1.379 as by several kinds of Decocta Amara, mixed with some cooling Julaps; and the Cortex of Peru, a most powerful and safe Medi∣cine, may be given after the Body is well prepared by Vomitories, Purga∣tives, and Venaesection, cooling and cordial Julaps, made of Pearl, do highly temper the Blood, and Testaceous Powders are proper in Fevers too, as promoting Sweats, and insensible transpiration, breathing out the fiery steams of the Blood.

Salt of Carduus, or Wormwood given with Conserves of Wood Sorrel, as also in a Specifick Menstruum, mixed with a few drops of Oyl of Vitriol, or Sulphur, which do give a check, and often take away the Fits of Inter∣mittent Fevers, by appeasing the immoderate heat and fermentation of the Blood.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Cure of Continued Fevers.

AS to the Cure of Continued Fevers, The one proceedeth from the ac∣cession of the Volatil and spirituous parts of the Blood, called Febris Ephemera. The second is produced by the more sulphureous Atoms inflamed, styled Continua, as being without any perfect 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The third kind is named Malignant, as derived from poysonous Steams, either precipitating the Blood into serous Particles, or coagulating its red Crassament or the Chymous part (the Matter of Blood) which is found in Polypo Cordis, à Chymo in Ventriculis Concreto.

Febris Ephemera, consisting in the subtle parts of the Blood inflamed, * 1.380 hath three Indications; The first is the Remotion of the Procatartick cause, as the immoderate heat of the Sun, or assumption of generous Wines, playing in hot Baths, violent exercise, and the like.

The second Indication in this Fever supposeth the thin oily parts of the Blood to be allayed by cooling Juleps, or discussed by plentiful Sweats, * 1.381 or a free insensible transpiration.

The third denoteth a deflagration of the Blood, * 1.382 in reducing it to its pro∣per temper and mixtion, by the perfect assimilation of the Chyme into Blood, and the secretion of its Recrements in various Colatories, which is accomplished by Blood-letting (making good its Motion) as also by a thin Diet, and temperate Aperient, Diuretick, and Sudorifick Medicines dis∣charging the Blood from its inflamed Volatil, and more gross feculent Particles.

As to the Therapeutick of a Continued Fever of many days, * 1.383 it is made up chiefly of three Intentions, in the first it is requisite to quench the fiery sul∣phureous parts of the Blood; or at least to mitigate them, which is the se∣cond; and the third is, to throw off the adust Recrements, when the defla∣gration of the Blood is very much alayed.

About the beginning of this Fever, gentle Clysters may be administred, * 1.384 and Bleeding too is very proper, in a Plethorick Body, to lessen the mass of Blood enraged with inflammatory minute sulphureous Particles, and a spare Diet is to be used, made of thin Broths, prepared with cooling Herbs, as also strained Barley-Gruel, Water-Gruel, Barley-Cream, and the like.

And in the increase of this Disease, if the Pulse be high, * 1.385 and the Vessels much distended with Blood, attended with a want of Sleep and great pain of the Head, a Vein may be opened the second time, and blistering Plaisters ap∣plied between the Shoulders, and to the inside of the Arms, Thighs, Legs, and Cataplasms to the Feet.

In the state of a Continued Fever, Bleeding is not so proper, except in a most exuberant mass of Blood, attended with a Phrenitis, Angina, Perineu∣monia, Pleuritis, or some other great inflammation of the Viscera; and a most slender Diet is to be observed in the height of this Fever, lest Nature being overpowered with Aliment hard of Concoction, should be diverted from its proper work of conquering the Disease, by making a Secretion of the adust from the more refined parts of the Blood, * 1.386 and by discharging them by gentle Sweats through the Cutaneous Glands and their Excretory Ducts termi∣nating into the outward Skin.

In the declination of the Disease, * 1.387 care must be taken lest Flesh be eaten (before the Fever is some time gone) which consisting of Heterogeneous parts will put the Blood upon a new Fermentation, and increase the Inflam∣mation of the Blood, which hath often proved fatal to the Patient: If the strength of the Patient be not brought very low, a gentle Purge may be ad∣vised to carry off the reliques of the disease, and cleanse the Stomach and Guts of gross Excrements, and to render them fit for concoction and dristri∣bution of Aliment.

And when the Fever is discharged, it is requisite, in order to preserve the Patient in health, to advise him to begin with Broth, new laid Eggs poched, and afterward to eat Fish, easie of digestion before the free eating of Flesh.

A Malignant Fever proceedeth from Air infected with poysonous steams, whereupon the mixtion of the Blood is dissolved, and the various Elements severed from their intimate union, and the Purple Liquor Concreted, and the more serous Precipitated, and the Animal Juice vitiated, which is accompa∣nied with a great difficulty of breathing, a Delirium, Convulsive Motions, Vomitings, universal Horrors, tremblings of the whole Body, Syncopes, Lipothymies, vid. greater or less fainting Fits, &c.

This Fever is called Malignant or Pestilential, by reason of its venenate nature, in which it resembleth the operation of Poyson taken into the body, which produceth the same symptoms, and is akin to this Fever in the types and periods of its Paroxysms: Of this case I will give you a most remarkable instance of a Patient of mine, basely poysoned by a Servants Mother (con∣trary to all duty and gratitude) putting a quantity of Powder of Arsenick into Coffee-water.

A Knight of the Bath, * 1.388 a Person of great Fortune, Vertue, and Honour, about eleven a Clock the Third day of October, 1676. drunk two dishes of Coffee, and immediately Vomited with great violence, and so continued about ten hours, in which (he conceived) he vomited thirty times, which was accompanied many hours inwardly with a great heat and thirst, with an uni∣versal horror or coldness affecting the whole surface of the body, which was acted with general Convulsive motions of the Muscles, and trembling of the Nerves and Tendons, whereupon his strength was so dejected in a very few hours, that his Legs could not support him, and his Pulse grew quick, weak, and sometimes intermitting; he laboured also with a great difficulty of breathing, which was now and then for some short time intercepted, and then returned again; he was also afflicted with a high Flatus, distending his Stomach and Guts, productive of great tensive pains: These symptoms or some of them at least, affected him from the taking of the Coffee till Wed∣nesday at noon, and then had some alleviation till about two on Thursday morning, and then many of the former accidents returned (much aping a Malignant Fever) and afflicted him till about eleven a Clock on the same day, and then had ease all the afternoon, and fore part of the night till two the next morning, and then the Fever and symptoms were renewed, and held him till about eleven the same day, so that this Malignant Disease and symptoms, lasted at first for two days and nights, and afterward lasted but nine or ten hours in Four and twenty, for six or seven days more; and upon the application of proper Cordials, and great Doses of Oriental Bezoar, he had free Sweats for five or six days together, which brought out an innumerous company of Pimples (full of Serous Liquor) besetting the whole surface of the Skin, which spake a period to the Disease, to the Glory of God, and the Joy of his Physician and Friends.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Diseases of the Heart, and their Cures.

HAving done with the various kinds of Fevers, I will now with your permission Treat of other Diseases relating to the Heart, * 1.389 begin∣ning with an Inflamation, which proceedeth from a quantity, or from thick∣ness of Blood, impelled out of the beginning of the Aorta, into the Coronary Artery, and out of the terminations of its Capillaries, is transmitted into the empty spaces of the Vessels (appertaining to the fleshy Fibres of the Heart) where it groweth Stagnated, as not being in a capacity to be recei∣ved into the minute Origens of the Coronary Veins; whereupon it being some time extravasated in the carnous Fibres of the Heart, doth gain an un∣natural Effervescence, highly discomposing the Motion of the Fibres, in or∣der to make good a due Systole of the Heart; whereupon ensueth an In∣termittent Pulse, flowing from an exuberant quantity of Blood lodged in the Ventricles, as not able to be discharged by the contraction of the weak∣ned, inflamed, and tumefied carnous Fibres, which produce Lypothymies, Syn∣copes, and palpitations of the Heart.

If the Blood be long extravasated in the fleshy Fibres of the Heart, it lo∣seth its Native bounty (as wanting intestine and local Motions) and dege∣nerates into a corrupted condition, whence ariseth an Abscess, * 1.390 derived from a collection of Matter, lodged in the empty spaces of the Vessels, belong∣ing to the carnous Fibres of the Heart, which being Corroded by the Acri∣monious Particles of the Pus, do discharge it into the more enlarged Ca∣vity of either Ventricle; whereupon an Abscess becometh an Ulcer, * 1.391 which is a Flux of Pus or sanious Matter, out of the substance into some Cavity of the inward parts, or thrown out of the Confines of the Body, by the cor∣ruption and perforation of the Cutis and Cuticula

An instance may be given of an Ulcer of the Heart (flowing from an In∣flammation and Abscess) in a Citizen, * 1.392 afflicted with the deadly symptomes of a Fever, Lypothymies, Syncopes, &c. and the Thorax and Ventricles of his Heart being opened, were found to be filled with thin stinking sanious Matter.

To prevent this fatal stroke, * 1.393 caused by Abscesses and Ulcers of the Heart, the only way is timely to take off the Inflammation, before the Di∣sease getteth too great a Head, which is done by free and repeated Bleed∣ing in a plethorick Constitution, which emptieth the Coronary Vein into the Vena Cava, and Right Ventricle, whereby the Coronary Blood-Vessels may be in some degree emptied, and the Stagnancy of the Blood (in the Interstices of the Vessels) taken away by the reception of it into the extre∣mities of the Vein.

As to the Fever cooling and opening Apozemes, * 1.394 mixed with gentle Diu∣reticks, are very proper, which do cool and attenuate the hot and gross Blood, and take off its aptness to Stagnate, by promoting its more dull Motion.

As to Syncopes and Lypothymies attending Inflammations of the Heart, Pearl Emulsions are very advantageous, adding to each Dose, many drops

of Spirit of Hartshorn, of Salt Armoniack succinated, Compound Spirit of Lavender, Spirit of Saffron, &c.

The Ventricles of the Heart are liable to many Obstructions, * 1.395 proceeding from variety of Matter, sometimes with Stones, produced by a Lapides∣cent quality of the Blood, turning the Tartar of it (composed of many Saline and some earthy Particles) into a hard stony substance, lodged in the Cham∣ber of the Heart; whereupon the contracted Fibres cannot perfectly close with each other to squeeze the Blood out of the Right Ventricle into the pulmo∣nary Artery, and out of the Left into the Trunk of the Aorta, whence arise an Intermittent Pulse, Lypothymies, Syncopes, and Palpitations, caused by a quantity of Blood (lodged in the Cisterns of the Heart) threatning a Suffocati∣on. These sad symptomes are also attendants of an obstruction of the Heart, produced by Caruncles growing in the Ventricles, generated out of gross red Filaments of Blood, united together in the form of Vessels, interlined with reliques of the Red Crassament, so that these concreted parts of Blood, seem to resemble a fleshy substance, which being adherent to the walls of the Ventricles, made of fleshy Fibres, do intercept their Contraction, and give a great check to the motion of the Vital Liquor.

The Ventricles of the Heart are also liable to an Obstruction coming from a white Concreted Mucous Matter, * 1.396 called a Polypus, from the likeness it hath, with a Fish in Figure; The cause of it is (as I humbly conceive) the white Fibrous part of Blood (which maketh a crust or clammy membranous substance, when extravasated) consisting of many long Threads, somewhat resembling nervous Filaments, which do much contribute to the Body and Compage of the Blood, by which it Concretes when it hath lost its Motion and Heat, as extravasated; These oblong Filaments in an ill mass of Blood not wel attenuated, do not wholly pass the Ventricles of the Heart, and do stop while the more thin and Spirituous, well attenuated parts of Blood do run into the Lungs, so that by degrees, the gross Fibrous parts do more and more associate, and being Concreted, do clog the Cavities of the Heart, and sometimes through these Fibrous gross parts of the Blood (having their Compage loose, as not perfectly coagulated) the more subtle and fluide pars of the vital Liquor, do insinuate and make a Channel, and make good the Circulation through the Right Ventricle into the Lungs, and afterward by the access of new gross Fibrous parts, the Filamentous passage is wholly closed up, and the Polypus compleated, filling up the Right Ventricle, pulmona∣ry Artery, Vein, and Left Ventricle.

If any Man shall doubt the truth of this Concretion of Blood in a Poly∣pus, * 1.397 as being made up of many white Filaments, or little Cells, in which the serous and Red parts of the vital Liquor are lodged, he may discover this Fibrous Contexture (after the manner of a membranous Compage, made up of open Fibres) when the Blood is despoiled of its Red aray, by frequent washings in fair water; whereupon, the white Filaments, giving solidity to the Blood, may be clearly discerned; as also the many vesicles, enter∣taining the Albuminous parts of the vital Juyce, as so many small reposi∣tories, making a kind of reticular Compage, which is replenished with a Diaphanous, and more light Liquor. If a more deep inspection be made after the Ambient parts have been viewed, into the more inward recesses of ex∣travasated Blood, where the concreted Particles grow Red, the Fibrils may be seen interspersed with divers Sinus, immuring the Red Atomes of Bloood, and if a farther search be had into its lower Region, it becometh hued with a Purple or deep Red, (beset with the ultimate production of more loose

large, vulgarly and improperly called Melancholick Blood. And the whole extravasated Mass, both in the bottom, middle, and crust, or surface, is in∣termingled with a concreted Serum, coated with a pale Ash-colour, some∣what resembling the White of an Egg; And moreover, if the extravasated Blood be highly inspected, many oblong Appendices, or Filaments, may be seen passing through the whole Compage, to which the numerous Vesicles (containing the Serous and Red Particles of Liquor) are appendant.

That the Truth of this Hypothesis may be farther illustrated, * 1.398 how all the parts of the Blood may be styled Fibrous, in reference to its many Filmes, beset with divers Sinus, you may take a Polypus (generated in the Left Ventricle of the Heart) sometimes bespotted with Red specks, and other times endued all over with a deep Red, or Purple colour, proceeding from the Red Crassament of Blood, setled in many Vesicles, or encompassed with divers thin Films. A Polypus is also faced with a White Crust, or high clam∣my Skin, under which is seated a Red Concreted substance (interlined with many Fibres, resembling the Red parts of Blood.

I have seen a Third Polypus different from the former, * 1.399 which had its outward and interior Recesses clothed with White, and its Ambient parts inclosed in a White Membrane, which proceeded from the Serous or Chy∣mous parts of the Blood (severed from the Purple Particles) which were composed of White Filaments, and Vesicles, containing a White Concreted Liquor, making up the Body of the Polypus, which clogged the Right Ven∣tricle, the pulmonary Artery, Vein, and Left Chamber of the Heart, which I saw in the Heart of worthy Dr. Timothy Clarke, (one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary) Dissected by Learned Dr. Walter Needham, in the presence of renowned Dr. Croyden, and Dr. Belvoir.

The Fibres of the Blood, (if diluted with Liquor, * 1.400 as streaming out of the Vein, and received into hot boiling Water,) grow less, and if they be much boiled, the Filaments of the Blood are conjoyned, and coalesce into a thin Tunicle, very much resembling that which encircleth the coagulated substance of a Polypus.

A Polypus flowing from the Chymous, Serous, * 1.401 or Red part of the Blood Concreted, is more easily, and commonly generated in the Trunks of the Vein, and in the Right Chamber of the Heart, then in the Arteries and Left Ventricle, by reason the Blood after it is much divested of its thin and spi∣rituous Particles, expended in nutrition and transpiration in the habit and cu∣taneous parts of the Body) and when a gross mass of Blood is confound∣ed with Chyle in the subclavian Veins, its White Fibrous Particles being precipitated by the contiguity of Heterogeneous Atomes, are apt to coa∣gulate in the Right Ventricle, before the depauperated Blood (mixed with crude Chyle,) is exalted and attenuated by the association of nitroaereal Particles in the substance of the Lungs.

The production of a Polypus holdeth some Analogy with that of the Stone of the Kidneys, and other parts, * 1.402 as the Stone is made up of divers thin Concreted Laminae, closely conjoyned and lodged one above another; The generation of a Polypus may in some manner resemble this of the Stone, as it is a Compage integrated of many thin Filmes (somewhat like the flakes of a Stone) to which are appendant several Sinews, containing Serous and Red Particles of Blood, which being Concreted in the intermediate spaces of the Pellicles, do increase the Body of the Polypus, which is more and more enlarged by the accretions of new Fibres, and Saline Particles of crude Blood.

Most ingenious Malpighius proveth this Hypothesis by a remarkable in∣stance communicated to him by Learned Borellus. Ait ille, in hujus confirmati∣onem licebit his exarare mirabilem Polypi structuram, & magnitudinem Floren∣tiae in sene sexagesimum quartum annum agente inopinatò defuncto observatum, à Doctissimo viro Jo. Alphonso Borello mihi humanissime Communicatam. In Aorta prope Cor, quae in tumorem excreverat ad mensuram duorum pugnorum, Po∣lypus consimilis magnitudinis repertus est, absque appendicibus, & Caudis, ejus au∣tem moles membranosis tunicis ad invicem super impositis absque Continuitate con∣surgebat, quae crassitie non superabant vulgarem chartam haedinam: super his pro∣ducebantur filamenta quaedam alba, quae foliorum fibras, seu vasa aemulabantur, quae omnia ab albidiori trunco dependebant. Tunicarum Polypum efformantium co∣lor cinereus erat cum rubicundis quibusdam maculis, ita ut tota haec structura brassicam capitatam aemularetur. Out of this History it may be clearly inferred, that the production of a Polypus is made of many Filmes (seated one above another) whose Interstices being kept open by an interceding current of Blood, do somewhat resemble the Leaves of Plants, as the Membranes of the Polypus are composed of divers united Filaments, not unlike the Fibres branched through the foliage of Trees.

Some do entertain themselves with an opinion, that the Membranes of the Polypus hath divarications of Blood-Vessels, which may seem somewhat probable, by reason the small streams of Blood, may be confined within the united Fibres, as within so many Tubes, or Vessels, and after this manner Vessels may be formed in the Colliquaments of Seed in the Ʋterus of Ani∣mals, and in false Conceptions, and in the ascititious Glands, and all other fleshy excrescences.

This Disease when it hath arrived a height, * 1.403 is incurable, as obstructing the greater Trunks of Blood-Vessels, and the Ventricles of the Heart; where∣upon the current of Blood is intercepted, the fore-runner of death; so that a Polypus admitteth no curatory indication, as the Disease is mortal, and therefore it concerneth the Professors of Physick to be careful to prevent this fatal malady in a timely taking away the cause, consisting in a gross mass of Blood, made up of over-fibrous Particles, productive of a Polypus, whose preservatory indication denoteth, in reference to the procatartick Cause, a Serene Air, Diet easy of Digestion, and moderate exercise; and in relation to the antecedent cause, Antiscorbutick, Diuretick, and Chalybeat Medi∣cines, and chiefly Turnebridg, Knawsborough, and the German Spaw Waters, which put the Blood into a kindly Fermentation, in attenuating its gross∣ness by a due precolation from bilious recrements, in the Hepatick Glands, and from fixed Salt (a main cause of Concoction in a Polypus,) in the Glands of the Kidneys.

In the beginning of this Disease, * 1.404 Bleeding and Purging will speak a great advantage to the Patient, by taking away the gross Faeculencies of the Blood, and by promoting its circulation through the greater and less Tubes of Blood-Vessels, and through the more enlarged Cisterns of the Heart, in which the Disease is principally seated.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Hearts of great Animals.

THe Heart of other more perfect Animals have much conformity with that of Man, in relation to Situation, Connexion, Figure, * 1.405 and Substance.

The Hearts of greater and less Beasts, * 1.406 are conceived to be lodged about the middle of the Thorax, which must be meant of their Bases, and not of their Cones, as somewhat inclining toward the Left Side; and the Hearts of Brutes have their Situation much nearer the middle of the Breast, then that of Mans.

The Hearts of other Animals, as well as Mans, * 1.407 are Connected to the Back by the Trunks of the Vena Cava, and Arteria Magna.

The Hearts of more perfect Animals are endued with a round pyramidal Figure, and Cetaceous Fish, with a flattish pyramidal shape.

And these of most Animals have a Compage, encircled with a thin Mem∣brane, and made up of variety of Vessels, and many ranks of fleshy Fibres, (interspersed with tendinous and nervous Fibrils) conjoyned to each other by the interposition of strong ligaments, and carnous Branches, that they may not be divided, but assist each other in joynt Contractions in the Sy∣stole of the Heart.

Learned Thomas Bartholine giveth an account, * 1.408 that he discovered in a Hog, an elegant contexture of Nerves about the Cone of the Left Ventricle, corroborating the fleshy walls of the Heart, and further discerned many per∣forations about the bigness of a Brisle, which passed quite through the Sep∣tum of the Heart, from the Right to the Left Ventricle, where he found a Membrane, covering the holes, to intercept the regress of any Liquor from the Left to the Right Chamber of the Heart.

The Heart of a Pig being opened, * 1.409 the Left Ventricle may be discovered to be adorned with various ranks of carnous Fibres (enwrapping each other) as also the mitral Valves † 1.410 encircling the Orifice of the pulmonary Veine. The carnous Columns † 1.411 of this Ventricle are more small and numerous then those of greater Animals; and have many Ligaments † 1.412 arising out of the tops of these Columns, implanted into the mitral Valves.

These Columns have many Ligaments, † 1.413 (seated near their small Extre∣mities) fastning them to each other.

The Heart of a Lion is bigger then that of other Animals, † 1.414 according to the proportion of his Body, * 1.415 And hath a very hard and firm Compage (as Learned Borichius affirmeth) endued with a thick wall in the Right Ven∣tricle, and may be observed in a Dissected Lion, the Septum to be extend∣ed, the whole length of the Heart, and not to exceed Paper in thickness; and both Ventricles to be stuffed with a glutinous Polypose Matter, and one Valve only to be set before the beginning of the Aorta.

The Heart of a Land Tortoise resembleth Fish in its Figure, * 1.416 as tricuspi∣dal, and also in one Ventricle, and Auricle, which is very eminent in this Animal, and being blown up, is threefold as big as the body of the Heart, and is hued with a Blackish colour, and the Heart with Red.

A Camels Heart is wonderful, * 1.417 in reference to its dimensions, as being Nineteen transverse Fingers in length, and Seven in breadth, and is ador∣ed with a very acute Cone, considering the great bulke of the Heart.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Hearts of Birds.

THe Hearts of Birds have great affinity with those of greater and more perfect Animals, * 1.418 both in Figure, Situation, Connexion, and Substance, as having fleshy, tendinous, and nervous Fibres, as large as other Animals considering the proportion of their Body; and the part of the Septum ad∣joyning to the Right Ventricle is smooth, as for as any Prominency, but the interior part of the Septum is Fibrous; The Lungs and Aorta are furnish∣ed with Semi-lunary Valves, which are open to give admittance to the Blood passing out of the Right Ventricle into the Lungs, and out of the Left in∣to the Aorta; and on the other side, these Semi-lunary Valves, do hinder the regress of the vital Liquor out of the Lungs into the Right Chamber, and out of the Trunk of the Aorta, into the Left Ventricle of the Heart.

The Ingress or Orifice of the Right Chamber of the Heart hath no tri∣cuspidal Valves (which are found in great Animals) but a fleshy Valve (endued with a Semi-lunary Figure) supplying their defect, * 1.419 and resteth straight upon the entrance of the Ventricle, facing the Right Auricle, and is open, as giving a Reception to the Blood, coming out of the Terminati∣on or Orifice of the Vena Cava, into the Right Cistern of the Heart, which being filled with Blood, this Carnous Valve, shutteth up the entrance of the Right Ventricle so close, that the Blood cannot possibly recoil into the Orifice of the Vena Cava.

And though the Right Ventricle in one side seemeth smooth and plain, yet the Left Chamber of the heart in Birds of a small size, is every where fibrous, and also furnished with fleshy Columns, which are more prominent then the other Fibres, as having greater Dimensions; and the Left Ventricle is acco∣modated with mitral Valves, so well contrived by Nature, that the Blood cannot have any recourse into the Lungs, when the Left Ventricle of the Heart is contracted, which may be experimented by cutting of the Cone of the Heart, and by injecting Water into the Left Cistern, so that the mitral Valves are swelled, and joyned close together, whereby the entrance of the Lungs is so stopped, that it hindreth the passage of the Water into the pul∣monary Vein, and forceth it all into the Orifice of the Aorta, which treat∣eth the Eye with a pleasant sight.

The Heart of a Goose is beautified with a kind of Pyramidal crooked Figure, * 1.420 which is flattish on each side; and its Base leaneth toward the Right, (and its Cone toward the Left side) which is connected to the Back, by the inter∣position of the Vena Cava and Aorta.

And by reason in this and other Birds there is no Intersepiment passing between the Heart and Liver (as in greater Animals and Fish) The Cone of the Heart insinuates between the Lobes of the Liver, which are hol∣lowed

in the inside with two Cavities, to give reception to the Heart, as within Sockets, wherein it hath free play in its various alternate Motions. * 1.421

The Heart of a Pidgeon is large, if a regard be had to its small Body, and is adorned with a Pyramidal Figure, as well as other Birds; its Base is con∣nected to the Back by the mediation of the Vena Cava, and Arteria Magna, and its Cone is affixed by a Membrane to the Left Lobe of the Liver. Learned Borichius saith, the Heart of this Bird is seated in the middle of the Breast, but with deference to this renowned Author, I have seen in a Pid∣geon (which I have Dissected) the Heart bending in its Base toward the Right, and in its Cone toward the Left Side: The same Author saith he discovered a little hole, into which he immitted a Hogs Brisle, which passed clean through the Septum of the Heart into the middle of the Left Ventricle.

Swans, Eagles, Bustards, Estridges &c. * 1.422 have one kind of situation of the Heart, as the Cone pointeth toward the Left, and the Base inclineth toward the Right Side; The Apex also, both in greater and smaller Birds, is lodged in the Cavities, as in cases made in the inside of the Lobes of the Liver, for the Heart to play up and down in its Diastole and Systole.

The Left Auricle of the Heart of a Wild Duck, (as well as other Birds, * 1.423 being opened) is found to be composed of many lairs of fleshy Fibres, lodg∣ed one within another. † 1.424

And the mitral Valves † 1.425 may be seen in the Left Ventricle, encompassing the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein, hindring the refluxe of Blood out of the Left Ventricle into the Lungs.

The Heads of the Carnous Columns are Crowned with divers Branches of Ligaments † 1.426 implanted into the mitral Valves.

These Carnous Columns being beautified with a Pyramidal Figure † 1.427 have many Ligaments † 1.428 making their progress crosswise, which fasten the ma∣ny Columns to each other, and keep them in their proper place.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Hearts of Fish.

THe Heart of a Porpess holdeth great Analogy with that of Man and Quadrupeds, * 1.429 and is beautified with a pyramidal Figure, beginning in a Base, and with a pyramidal Figure, beginning in a Base, and terminating into a Cone; it is endued with two Auricles, one seated in the Right, and the other in the Left Side, and are furnished with many lairs of fleshy Fibres, intersecting each other, and interspersed with many Areae of divers Figures, interceding the numerous Fibres.

The substance of this Heart is made up of many ranks of Carnous Fibres, tied to each other by the mediation of Ligaments, Membranes, and Fibrous Branches, to preserve them from starting out of their natural Situation, in their constant, and sometimes violent Contractions; the Fibres besetting the Am∣bient parts, are more small, and grow greater and greater, as they more and more approach the inward Recesses of the Heart.

This Fish also is like in its Heart to other more fleshy perfect Animals, * 1.430 in reference to the Right and Left Ventricles, which have many fleshy Co∣lumns, adorned with a pyramidal Figure, whose Bases are seated toward the tricuspidal and mitral Valves, and their points toward the Cone of the Heart.

Out of the tops of the Columns do sprout many Ligaments, which are inserted into the tricuspidal and mitral Valves, encompassing the Orifices of the Vena Cava, and pulmonary Vein.

The Extream of the Vena Cava in the Heart of this Fish, * 1.431 is encircled with tricuspidal Valves, in the Right Ventricle, and the Orifice of the pulmona∣ry Vein seated in the Left, is immured with mitral Valves in the Left Ven∣tricle.

The Orifices of the pulmonary Artery and Aorta, * 1.432 are enclosed with semi∣lunary Valves, which are Concave, Membranous Compages, beset with many Semi-circular and Right Fibres.

The Hearts of Fish, * 1.433 (except those of a Cetaceous kind) are lodged in a small Apartiment, a little below the Mouth, not far from the Gills; This Chamber of the Heart in a Thornback, Skaite, Fireflair, and other carti∣laginous Fish is immured in its upper Region (if considered as it swim∣eth) with a Cartilaginous or Bony cieling, enwrapped above and below with a White Membrane, to secure the Heart from a violent compressi∣on (which would intercept the Motion of the Blood) in swallowing of whole Fish.

This Receptacle, * 1.434 or Allodgment, entertaining the Heart of a Thornback, is endued with a round, and somewhat depressed Figure, much larger then the Heart, to give it a free play in order to frequent Motions.

The Heart of this and most other Fish dressed with Gills, * 1.435 is adorned with a triangular, or rather tricuspidal Figure, and hath the Aorta (arising out of the Base of the Heart) guarded with a Cartilaginous substance.

The Heart of a Skait is endued with triangular, * 1.436

The Heart of a Skait is endued with triangular, or tricuspidal Figure † 1.437 and hath but one Auricle lodged under the Heart (and runneth cross-wise † 1.438

as dissected in a supine posture, and above it as the Fish swimmeth.

This Fish hath a Gland, hued with a yellow colour, * 1.439 besetting the great Artery, near the Mouth, where it emitteth its Branches into the Gills.

A common Trunk ariseth immediately out of the Base of the Heart † 1.440 and out of the great Artery do sprout a tripartite Branch † 1.441 on each side, * 1.442 and after a little space ariseth out of the common Trunk, a tripartite Branch † 1.443 * 1.444, (which are inserted into the Gil••s † 1.445) from whence are propagated numerous Ramulets, fringing their bony Semi-circles.

The Heart of a Dog-Fish (called by the Latines) Galaeus levis, * 1.446 is adorn∣ed with an inverted pyramidal Figure, its Base † 1.447 is naturally seated upward, and its Cone † 1.448 downward, * 1.449 and hath but one Auricle seated under the Heart † 1.450, according to the posture of Dissection.

This Fish, as well as other, hath a common Trunk † 1.451, (coming imme∣diately out of the Base of the Heart, and hath many Branches † 1.452 springing out of it.

The Heart of a Lamprey is encircled with a Cartilaginous integu∣ment, as being the pericardium † 1.453, suitable to the Heart in Figure. * 1.454

The Heart in this Fish is very remarkable, as seeming to be double, con∣sisting of a Right and Left Lobe (which is manifest to Autopsy) the First is seated in the Right side of the Heart † 1.455 in an Auricle, * 1.456 which is not placed as in other Fish, under the Base of the Heart, but maketh its progress all along the Left Ventricle, and seemeth to constitute another Heart, which being pricked made no motion; but the Left Lobe † 1.457 or Ventricle, * 1.458 being wounded with the point of a knife, made many vibrations, and was quiet before it was pricked.

The Heart of a Salmon, * 1.459 is adorned with a triangular Figure (which is found in most Fish) and hath only one Auricle (into which the Vena Cava is implanted) † 1.460, in which, being opened, many greater and less Branches † 1.461 may be plainly discovered, somewhat resembling the Right Auricle of more perfect Animals. These Fibres are interspersed with many Areae, or Interstices, endued with different shapes and sizes † 1.462.

The Ventricle in this Fish is strengthened with Columns † 1.463, much assist∣ing the contraction of the Heart, and hath a great company of fleshy Fibres † 1.464, seated in several ranks, one lodged above another, as in other Animals; between these Fibres are placed many Interstices † 1.465 after the manner of Network, finely wrought in various Figures and Magnitudes.

This Ventricle is guarded with a Tendon † 1.466 seated in the inside, near the Base of the Heart, into which the carnous Fibres are inserted.

The Trunk of the Aorta, (arising out of the Base of the Heart) being opened, two Semi-lunary Valves † 1.467 may be seen, which intercept the retrograde Motion of the Blood, out of the Aorta into the Ventricle.

This Trunk the of Aorta is inwardly Embroidered with various Branches † 1.468 of fleshy Fibres (which render the inward surface full of unevennesses, and much alike the Left Auricle of the Heart) impelling the Blood out of the Trunk of the Aorta, into the Arterial Branches leading into the Gills.

The Heart of a Viper † 1.469 is different in shape from other Animals, * 1.470 as its Origen hath small Dimensions, and its Termination much greater, somewhat resembling a Bladder, which beginneth in a Neck, and endeth in a far larg∣er extent, and its origination adjoyneth to the Termination of the Liver.

The obtuse Cone or Base of the Heart † 1.471, relating to a Snake, * 1.472 is seated

immediately above the Origen of the Lungs, and the Heart endeth in an acute Cone.

The Auricle of the Heart † 1.473 running in length, and not cross-wise, as in Fish, embraceth a great part of the Right Side of the Heart, out of whose obtuse Cone, or Base, ariseth the Trunk of the Aorta. † 1.474

CHAP. XXX. The Hearts of Insects.

THe heart of a Silk-worm is seated among the Muscles, * 1.475 implanted in∣to the Incisures, and passeth all along the Back from the head to the Extremity of the Body, so that its Pulsation may be obscurely discerned in the Ambient parts, (by the apposition of the hand,) as a Learned Ana∣tomist will have it. I have seen the frequent Vibrations of the heart, when it hath been laid bare, by opening the Body.

Learned Malpighius saith, * 1.476 It is a Compage made up of thin Membranes, which in their first rudiments are Diaphanous, and afterward grow opace, as being rendred Yellow, and afterward Brown, or deeply Red, which are Died with the vital Liquor, hued with several Colours.

And I humbly conceive, with Deference to this great Author, That the heart of this admirable Animal, * 1.477 is not only made up of a Membranous sub∣stance, but of fine carnous Fibres too, besetting the Ventricle, which is thereby contracted in its frequent Systole, impelling the vital Juyce out of the Chamber of the heart, into the entrance of the great Artery, which being encircled with fine Membranous Valves doth intercept the retrograde current of Blood out of the Aorta, into the Ventricle of the heart.

The hearts of most Animals end in a Conick Figure, but in this not one Cone can be seen, nor one continued Cylindrical Cavity may be discovered to be endued with equal Dimensions, running through the White Body of the heart from one Extremity to the other, * 1.478 but there may be found a Duct, made up of many small oval Tubes, which seem to constitute so many hearts, mutually conjoyned, giving assistance to each other, in order to impel the vital Juyce into the origen of the Arteries.

The heart of an Ephemeron, * 1.479 as well as Silk-worms, Bees, Caterpillars, Grashoppers Locusts, and the like Insects, are seated near the Back, and hath a Ventricle beset with fine fleshy Fibres, which make the Motion of the heart by their Contractions, whereby the Liquor of Life is impelled out of the Ventricle of the heart, into the Origen of the Aorta, and from thence through many Arterial Divarications into all the parts of the Body.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Arteries of the Heart.

HAving spoke of the Heart and Blood, it may be now methodical to discourse the Arteries and Veins, as so many Membranous Cylin∣ders, exporting and importing Vital Liquor from and to the Heart.

The Arteries of the Heart are Trunks, attended with smaller and smaller Branches, and Ramulets, as so many fine Tubes of different sizes, transmit∣ting Blood into the Heart, Lungs, and other apartiments of the noble fabrick of Humane Body.

The Heart is furnished with three Arteries, the Pulmonary, the Aorta, * 1.480 and Coronary. The first being inserted into the upper part of the right Ven∣tricle, hath its Orifice leading into the Lungs, whose substance is adorned with numerous Divarications.

The Origen of the Pulmonary Artery is beset with Tricuspidal Valves, * 1.481 hindring the reflux of Blood out of the Lungs into the right Chamber.

The Aorta hath its Orifice placed about the left Ventricle, * 1.482 which first conveyeth Blood into a common Trunk, which hath its first entrance guard∣ed with Semilunary Valves, to give a check to the Retrograde motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the right Ventricle.

The Orifice of the great Artery is contrived with great Artifice, lest the Blood conveyed with a brisk Impulse, should be unequally distributed into the parts of the Body; and therefore Nature hath made the Arterial Channels of Blood somewhat winding, so that it cannot be transmitted with a rapid current into the Brain, lest it should overflow it and destroy the Animal Functions, by an Apoplectick Fit. To obviate this destructive disease, the All-wife Agent hath so ordered the Trunk of the Aorta not far distant from the confines of the Heart, that the Rivulets of Blood should not be carried in a straight course, but in a kind of Meander, into the Axillary and Cervical Arte∣ries; And in the middle space between the left Ventricle and said Arterial Chan∣nels, the great Artery taketh its progress with a Circumvolution, that its crooked Angle might sustain the first brisk impulse of the Blood, and divert the greater stream (toward the descendent Trunk of the Aorta) which else would be imported with great violence through the ascendent Trunk into the Carotide Arteries, and make an inundation of the Brain.

The Coronary Artery sprouteth out of the Trunk of the Aorta, * 1.483 imme∣diately after it taketh its rise out of the left Ventricle of the Heart, before it perforates the Pericardium, and encircleth the Base of the Heart, and trans∣mitteth many branches toward the Cone, especially in the left Side.

This Artery receiveth Blood out of the Trunk of the Aorta, and trans∣mitteth it into the substance of the Heart, and chiefly toward its outward surface, which is then discharged out of the Parenchyma of the Heart into the Extremities of the Coronary Veins, and afterward into the Trunk of the Vena Cava, and right Ventricle of the Heart.

If any be so curious as to make a search into the first formation of the Ar∣teries, I humbly conceive they are produced after this manner; * 1.484 The Vi∣tal Liquor receiveth its first Rudiment in the Seminal Matter, wherein

the most select part being Colliquated by heat, doth separate from the more gross, and not move promiscuously at large, but is confined within proper Channels which first take their progress toward the rough draught of the Heart, by whose motion it is impelled through the Retrograde Tubes, which are the first origens of the Arteries, as being produced out of the more clammy Particles of the Genital Matter concreted into Concave mem∣branous Vessels, importing Vital Juice into the ambient parts of the Semi∣nal Colliquated Liquor, to give it life and heat in order to the rough draught of the parts belonging to several Animals.

Arteries, as to their Figure, are Cylinders, having oblong, round, con∣cave bodies fitted for the reception and transmission of Vital Liquor from the Center to the Circumference, from the Heart to the ambient parts of the Body.

Their substance is framed of numerous small nervous and membranous Fi∣laments (interspersed with fleshy Fibres) closely conjoyned to each other, * 1.485 produced originally out of the more tensil and clammy parts of the Se∣minal Liquor; These Fibres intersect each other in various postures, some being right, others oblique, and a third transverse. This Hypothesis of Fibres integrating this membranous Tube, may be proved, as I humbly conceive, by reason if the Vessels were made of one continued concreted substance, without the texture of various Filaments, their Coats would not be distended with a quantity of Blood, without Laceration; So that the numerous minute Filaments being tough and flexible, being of a firm pli∣able nature, can give way and grow swelled by a large proportion of Li∣quor immitted into this membranous system of Fibres, without any viola∣tion of their round minute Bodies.

The Compage of the Aorta, * 1.486 and its Branches, is composed of four Coats. The first and outward Tunicle is propagated from the Pleura, in the middle Apartiment, and from the rim of the Belly in the lowest, and is destitute of it when it enters into the Viscera; This Coat is of a Ner∣vous constitution, as integrated of many Nervous Fibres, finely spun, and curiously interwoven with each other, after the manner of Network, wrought in the inside.

The second Coat of the Arteries is affixed to this retiform Tunicle, * 1.487 and is a Membrane beset with numerous minute Glands, overspread∣ing its inward surface and is adorned in its upper side, with a retiform plex of divaricated Fibrils; this Tunicle, as I conceive, is propagated from the Coat (investing the Heart) to which it is continued.

The third Tunicle of the Arteries is more firm and thick, * 1.488 then the out∣ward, especially in the common Trunk of the Aorta, conjoyned to the left Ventricle of the Heart, that it might contain the hot spirituous thin blood im∣mediately received from the left Ventricle without the dissipation of its Vo∣latil Spirituous parts, and as the Arteries are more distant from the Center of the Body they grow more thin and soft.

This Coat is furnished with many transverse, or rather circular fleshy Fi∣bres which are very conspicuous in the common Trunk of the Aorta, re∣lating to a great Beast. Learned Rolfinchius, conceived the substance of the Arteries to be wholly Membranous, as not having any fleshy Fibres; Lib. 6. Anatomes, Cap. 4. Ait ille, nos statuimus substantiam Arteriarum esse 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Membraneam, ne{que} apte posse referri ad aliquam dictarum partium, sed esse propriam & sui generis, similitudine tamen Coloris & Crassitiei aemulari Car∣tilagines. Fibrae in hac Arteriarum substantia non dantur propriè dictae; but

with deference to this worthy Author, I humbly conceive this Conjecture opposeth Autopsie, for we may easily discern the fleshy Fibres in the com∣mon Trunk of the Aorta, when boiled. Farthermore I apprehend that the fleshy Fibres of the Arteries may be clearly evinced by Reason, because if the Arteries were not beset with Carnous Fibres, when they are dilated by a great quantity of Blood in strong Pulsations, they would remain in the same distended posture, had they not a power to restore themselves to their former tone by the power of Fibres. And I farther believe, that the cause of an Aneurism, that when the second Coat of the Arteries, and its Fibres being broken, the Blood hath a recourse to the outward Tunicle, which being soft, is easily distended, whence ariseth oftentimes a large bea∣ting tumor.

The fourth Tunicle of the Arteries, as Great Galen hath observed, * 1.489 is as it were a thin membranous Tunicle, resembling a Spiders Web, which is visible to a curious Eye making inspection into the inward recesses of the great Artery, and seemeth to be the off-spring of the inward Tunicle in∣vesting the inside of the left Ventricle, as being a continuation of that thin Coat. This Tunicle is Membranous, as composed of many Fibres of the same kind, some of which being carried in length, do intersect the annular fleshy Fibres, according to right Angles.

As to the substance of the Arteries, some hold it to be wholly Nervous, * 1.490 as being composed of many Fibres, which cannot be the sole off-spring of Nerves, by reason the Arteries are endued with little or no sense: Others conceive the Compage of the Arteries to be Cartilagineous, by reason many great Anatomists have found the Arteries near the Heart to be grisly and sometimes bony, but this is preternatural, and cannot be termed the true and proper substance of the Arteries, which is chiefly made up of many Membranous Fibres, endued with an obtuse sense, and these Fibres are pe∣culiar to the Coats of the Arteries and Veins, and to no other Membranes relating to the Body.

The Arteries seem to have a double motion, Diastole and Systole; * 1.491 The first, I humbly conceive, is produced by the systole of the Heart highly con∣tracting the Ventricles, impelling the Blood out of the right Ventricle in∣to the Pulmonary Artery, and out of the left into the common Trunk of the Aorta, and so into all Arteries; but the manner how the pulsation of the Arteries is made in all parts of the body in the same instant is hard to be understood; Learned Dr. Harvey expresseth it after this manner, That the pulsation of Arteries is performed by the impulse of the Blood, * 1.492 at the same time affecting all the Arteries, as when an immission of Breath is made into the great cavity of a Glove, at the same moment all the Fingers are distended; In Lib. de Motu Cordis, Cap. 35. Ait ille, Deni{que} Arteriarum Pulsum fieri ab impulsu sanguinis è Ventriculo sinistro, eo pacto, quo cum quis in Chirothecam inflat, omnes digitos simul videt distendi, & Pulsum aemulari: To which I make bold, with the Great Author's leave, to speak this Reply, That the Simile of immission of Breath from the Hand to the Fingers, doth not hold by reason the distance is very small between them, so that the Breath may be immediately conveyed from one part to the other, which cannot be so easily effected in the motion of the Blood from the left Chamber of the Heart into the Extremities of the Arteries, which are seated at a great distance from each other.

Learned Diemerbroeck backeth this Hypothesis by a farther argument, That the Blood being hot and thin, as it is rarefied and easily moveable, and thereupon may be impelled from the Heart into the Arteries filled with Blood. Ait ille, Anatomes Lib. 6. pag. 807, Sanguinem Arteriarum esse rare∣factum, calidum, tenuem, & hinc facile mobilem, eum{que} é Corde impelli in Arterias simili sanguine antea repletas, unde pauxillum quid è Corde in Arteriam magnam propellitur, mox ab illo pauxillo etiam necessario totum, quod omnibus Arteriis inest, simul propelli, sic{que} omnes Arterias eodem tempore simul distendi, si in Orbe stanneo, vel Scutella deponatur circulus Globulorum Contiguorum, & unus eorum manu promoveatur seu impellatur, ille proximum, alter tertium, & sic deinceps omnes eodem momento promoventur & impelluntur, ita se habet in Arteriis, in quibus una parte sanguinis mota, moventur omnes.

This famous Author Illustrates the Motion of the Blood in the pulsation of the Artery by the motion of many Bullets put into a Vessel, wherein one being moved, all do move; So that by this instance he concludeth that the Bullets move at once, which seemeth to contradict Reason and Sense, because though they be Contiguous, yet they press one another forward by a successive motion, and is done so quickly, as it seemeth to be but a mo∣ment, whereas in truth it supposeth more.

And in like manner the Blood is carried out of the left Ventricle of the Heart into the common Trunk of the Aorta, wherein it meeteth with a con∣tinued stream of Blood, which by degrees is moved by divers Channels into all parts of the Body, which cannot be effected any other way than by un∣dulating Motion, by pressing one part of the Blood forward after another from the beginning to the Terminations of the Arteries; So that these San∣guiducts being propagated in many Flexures, by reason of their numerous Divarications, must necessarily give such a check to the over-hasty current of the Blood, that it cannot be impelled from the Heart at one moment through all the Arteries, which are seated at a great distance from the Center.

Whereupon I conceive, that the motion of the Blood out of the left Chamber of the Heart, making the Diastole (vulgarly thought) first in the common Trunk, and afterward in the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and divers crooked branches of the lesser Arteries, is not the cause of the pulsation of the Artery, which is performed in a moment in one brisk con∣tinued motion, and not successively by way of Undulation, which suppo∣seth many Instants in which one part of the Artery is elevated after another, as it groweth distended by a great stream of Blood; * 1.493 So that I imagine the pulsation of the Arteries doth proceed from the vigorous contraction of the right and left Ventricle of the Heart, to which the Trunks of the Pulmo∣nary and great Artery are affixed; whereupon their Trunks being briskly strook by the pulsation of the Heart, their continued Coats being ever distended with Vital Liquor, have the Vibration immediately imparted to them in all parts, after the manner of an Impulse made upon one part of an extended Mu∣sical string, the same stroke is immediately transmitted to every part of it, as the whole string is made up of one continued substance of a twisted Gut.

So that, I conceive, the Diastole of the Artery, taken in a strict notion, is not made by the successive motion of the Blood (first produced in the Heart, and then carried out of it, into the common Trunk, and afterward into the Arteries, furnishing all parts of the Body) but by the Systole of the Heart, first making a Vibration in it (which I have seen in a Dog dissected alive in the Colledg Theater) imparted in the same moment to all parts of

the Arteries, which is the Pulse, commonly felt in the Wrist, and is at the same instant in all parts of the Body.

The Systole of the Arteries is their proper motion, * 1.494 as made solely in them by their peculiar power, without the assistance of the Heart, causing the Diastole, flowing from the vigorous motion, tension and contraction of the numerous strong fleshy Fibres of the Heart, but the Systole of the Arteries is a motion distinct from their Diastole, formed by the trans∣verse or rather annular fleshy Fibres of the Arteries, whereby their cavity is narrowed, and the Blood pressed through their Channels with a greater quickness.

The contraction of these circular Fibres, causing the Systole of the Ar∣teries, doth very much contribute to the motion of the Blood, flowing primarily from the Impulse, made in the Ventricles of the Heart by strong contracted fleshy Fibres lessening their Cavities; whereupon the Blood is squirted as by a Syringe out of the Right Chamber of the Heart into the Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery, and out of the Left into the Aorta, * 1.495 and then into all other parts of the Body, which is very much promoted by the motion of Carnous Fibres encircling Artery, else the Blood would have but a slow cur∣rent upward through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries; and especially in the small Capillary Arteries of the Brain, in which the Blood would become stagnant, if its motion were not quickned by the Systole of the Arteries, produced by the Contraction of the fleshy circular Fibres.

CHAP. XXXIII. The Pathology of the Arteries.

THe Arteries, * 1.496 being so many Cylinders, as oblong round concave Bo∣dies, consisting of many Coats, are liable to many Diseases, some of which relate to their Cavities, and others to their Tunicles.

As to the Cavities of Arteries, their disaffections proceed chiefly, either from Obstruction or Compression; the first may be derived from the gross∣ness of the Blood, stagnant in small Branches, or capillary Arterys, inter∣cepting the current of the vital Liquor in these obstructed Channels.

The obstruction of greater Arteries may be produced by some carnous sub∣stance, * 1.497 adhering to some parts of their inward Coats, and so clogging their Cavities, that they are rendred dis-serviceable, in order to the transmission of Blood from part to part.

Sometimes the course of Blood is wholly hindred by gross concreted Chyme, * 1.498 mixed with Blood lodged in the pulmonary Artery, which I have often seen in Dissections of the heart (and Lungs) labouring with a Poly∣pus, proceeding from a White gross coagulated Matter, stuffing up the Ven∣tricles of the Heart, and pulmonary Vessels. Dr. Timothy Clark, a Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians, in London, and one of His Majesties Physi∣cians in Ordinary, was afflicted with a high continued Fever, attended with a great Thirst and difficulty of Breathing, and a small quick Pulse, the fore∣runner of a fatal stroke. After which his Body being opened, the Viscera of the lower Venter, were ill affected with great Obstructions, and the Ventricles of the Heart being opened, were found filled with a thick White concreted Substance, which also stuffed up the pulmonary Artery, the im∣mediate cause of his death.

The Cure of these Diseases, * 1.499 propagated from obstruction of Arteries, caused by gross concreted Blood and Chyme, may be effected by Blood-letting, and by aperient, Diuretick Medicines, mixed with well prepared Chalybeats, which do correct the gross clammyness of the depauperated Blood and Chyme, by rendring it Flud, Volatil, and Spirituous, which hindreth its coagulation, by making it thin, and apt for Motion, as rea∣dily complying with the impulse of the Heart, made by the fleshy Fibres, contracting its Chambers.

Another Disease to which the Arteries are incident in reference to their Cavities, * 1.500 may be deduced from Compression, whereby the bores of the Arteries are so much lessened, that they cannot freely, or not at all make good the circulation of the Blood, through the disaffected vessels, so that the neighbouring Arteries, sprouting out of the same Branch, do supply their defect, as having their Cavities free and open, which are dilated by the reception of a greater source of Blood, flowing into them, by reason the adjacent Channels belonging to the same Arterial Branch, were stopped up by the compression of an adjoyning swelled part, * 1.501 which is frequent in In∣flammations, or any other swellings of Muscular parts.

In this case often produced by Inflammation of Muscular, or Membra∣nous parts, Bleeding may be very proper, by which the Tumor is lessened,

and at last the compressed Artery set at liberty; gentle aperient, and cooling Apozemes, may be also very serviceable in these kind of swellings, as be∣ing accompanied with a Fever, and a hot distempered mass of Blood.

So much of the Diseases coming from the obstructed and compressed Ca∣vities of the Arteries; I will now with your permission, Treat somewhat of Disaffections of the Coats relating to them, which may spring from Laceration, or Wounds affecting some or all of their Tunicles.

An Aneurisme is much akin to these Diseases, * 1.502 as making a stop of the course of Blood, in a disaffected Artery, which doth not proceed (as Learn∣ed Regius, and de Back will have it) from the effusion of Blood, into the Interstices of the Vessels, whence ariseth a great Tumor of the fleshy parts; but from breaking of the inward Tunicles of the Artery, and their annular Fibres, not being able to assist the Motion of the Blood by their Contraction; Whereupon the Blood not performing its due course through the Cavity of the Artery, doth stop and enlarge the outward Coat, * 1.503 whence often suc∣ceedeth a large beating Tumor, not derived as the Learned Regius imagin∣eth, from a broken, or wounded Artery, who was courted into this Opini∣on by de Back; which is recounted by Diemerbroeck in lib. 6. Anatomes de Arteriis, Pag. 801. In hanc opinionem deductus est Regius a Jacobo de Back, Medico Reterodamensi, qui ipse narravit casum viri in brachio vulnerati, cum laesione Arteriae, in hoc aperto, & valde tumente brachio, dixerat se sangui∣nem Arteriosnm inter Musculos copiosum, & pellicula conclusum invenisse. Ab hac unica narratione Regius mox artis fundamentum instituit, ac sibi hinc casum pra∣cticum effinxit, eumque, tanquam in suo aliquo aegro sibi visum, suae praxeos Medicae, lib. 4. Medicam inseruit, & inde docuit, semper aneurisma tali modo generari (scilicet effusione sanguinis plane extra Arteriam) idq. quotidianam experientiam (qualem credo nec illum, nec alium quenquam hac de re unquam vidisse) docere & nugari, immo delirare eos dicit, qui putant Aneurisma fieri a Fibrarum, & ipsius media tunicae laesione at{que} exterioris extensione. To which I make bold to give this Reply to the bitter and indisc••ete Language, in which he lesseneth his Esteem and Reason, which ought to be accompa∣nied with courteous, soft words, which beget a good opinion in the Reader, and maketh way for an impression of his Sentiments in him, if they be not very extravagant, and contradictory to common Reason. * 1.504

Again this Learned Author did not consider, when he affirmed an Aneurisme to flow from extravasated Blood, it would breed an Inflam∣mation first, and then an Abscess, and not an Aneurisme, which is fetched from Blood, lodged in the Cavity of an Artery, whose inward Coats being broken, the outward is highly distended, sometimes pro∣ductive of a large swelling, wherein a Pulsation may be plainly disco∣vered, which sheweth the Tumor to be caused by a quantity of Blood, confined by a Coat within the Cavity of an Artery.

This Disease being a great Tumor of the Artery, * 1.505 springing from the Dilatation of the outward Coat, (made up by stagnant Blood, upon he Rupture of the inward Tunicles) doth not denote the lessening of the Swelling by opening the outward Tunicle of the Artery; whereupon a vent being given to the impetuous Motion of the confined Blood, it will let out the Life with a quantity of Spirituous vital Liquor. I conceive it more agreeable to Reason, * 1.506 to apply a Plate of Lead to the swelled part, or an Ointment of Bole, or redoubled linnen Cloaths, dipped in the juyce of Nightshade, or a Plaister against a Rupture, to keep down the

Distention of the Artery, by corroborating the swelled Tunicle, and re∣pelling the Blood inward, which giveth it Motion, and alleviates the swel∣ling of the dilated Vessel.

Another Disease relating to the coats of Arteries, is produced a soluta tu∣nicarum unitate flowing from the piercing, * 1.507 or Laceration of the coat of the Artery; the First is made by wounding an Artery, which I have seen done by an imprudent Artist, not well versed in Chyrurgery, in open∣ing the Artery of the Arm, with the Basilick Vein; whereupon the Arm grew very Black, as swelled with a great Exuberance of extravasated Blood.

The Arteries are Lacerated by great Contusions in the Trunk and Limbs, * 1.508 whereupon ensueth a great proportion of Blood let out of the broken Arterial Branches, and lodg'd in the Interstices of the Vessels; Whereupon immediately ariseth an Inflammation of the bruised part, which may be cured by Emollient Discutient, and Anodyne Fo∣mentations, Ointments, Cataplasmes, &c. In this Case Bleeding may be very proper, after an Emollient and Discutient Clyster hath been ap∣plyed, and then it is most fafe to administer Topicks.

Another Disaffection (to which the Arteries, * 1.509 and principally those of the Head are incident, is a violent pulsation, which is found in Persons Hypo∣condriacal, and Historical, and proceedeth, (as I conceive) either from a vaprous mass of Blood, highly distending the Artery in the Diastole, as consisting of Elastick parts; or from a great exuberance of Blood, dilating the Coats of the Vessels, or from grossness of Blood, whereby the annular fleshy Fibres strongly contract the Artery, to make good the circulation of Blood, by impelling it through the small terminations of the Carotide ca∣pillaries into the Interstices of the Vessels, lodged in the Cortex and Me∣dullary parts of the Brain.

An Instance of this case may be given in a worthy Gentleman, * 1.510 of a Ple∣thorick Constitution, who was sensible of a great heaviness in his Head, caused by a fulness of Blood; as also of a violent Pulsation of the Artery (which he conceived to be inward in the Brain) derived from a gross mass of Blood, (appearing upon the opening of a Vein,) which was often re∣peated to lessen the exuberant mass of Blood.

I also often advised Purgations, * 1.511 mixed with Antiscorbuticks, and Ce∣phalicks; as also Chalybeat, Syrups, and Electuaries, and Waters made of Scorby-Grass, Water-cresses, of the tops of Pine and Firr, Millepedes, Nutmegs infused in Mumme, and after Distilled in it, and new Milk, which are often crowned with good success, as being very efficacious to attenuate and sweeten a foul mass of Blood, disaffected with gross Tartar, and many thick Filamentous Particles, and Filmes, which are much rectisied by Anti∣scorbutick and Chalybeat methods of Physick.

CHAP. XXXIV. Of the Veins relating to the Heart.

VEins of the Heart are oblong, round, concave Vessels, importing Blood into the Right and Left Ventricles; and the venal Tubes are different from those of Arteries, because the first begin in Capillaries, and go on in Ramulers, and at last end in Trunks, and are inserted into the Right and Left Cistern of the Heart; and whereas the Arteries export Blood out of the Heart, and begin in the Heart in large Orifices, and great Trunks, and make their progress in less and less Channels, and do at last terminate into small Capillaries.

The Ventricles of the Heart are accommodated with the terminations of the Cava, and pulmonary Vein, the one being seated in the Right, * 1.512 and the other in the Left Side; and the Body, and surface of the Heart, is furnished with numerous divarications of the coronary Vein.

The small Capillar origens of Radication, and the lesser and greater Branches of Veins, * 1.513 relating to all the inward and outward parts of the whole Body (except those of the Porta) and pulmonary Veins, are implanted in∣to the Ascendent or Descendent Trunk of the Cava, which are conjoyn∣ed in one common Trunk, terminating into the Right Ventricle, into which, as a common Cistern, all the parts of the Body, except the Lungs, do discharge the numerous Rivulets of vital Liquor: on the confines of the Right Auricle, where the Ascendent espouseth a union with the Descen∣dent Trunk of the Cava, * 1.514 being ready to discharge its vital streams into the Right Auricle, a Bunch or Prominence ariseth (which is worthy our re∣mark) in the nature of a Damm, giving a check to the stream of Blood (passing in the descendent Trunk of the Cava) and turneth it into the Right Auricle, else the descendent leaning upon the ascendent Trunk, would hinder the current of Blood, passing upward toward the Heart; And by reason there is greater danger in a humane Body, placed in an erect posture, therefore Nature hath made this bunch, or prominence, greater in Man then other Animals, as Learned Dr. Lower, my worthy Collegue, hath most ingen iously discovered.

And farthermore, * 1.515 lest the torrent of Blood being stopped in the adjoyn∣ing Cava, by the contraction of the Right Auricle, therefore the Vena Cava about its termination (in greater Animals, as Man and Bruits) is encircled with annular fleshy Fibres, to give the Vena Cava strength to prevent a Laceration, when highly distended with a large torrent of Blood, whose Current is much hastened when the circumference of the Cava, is lessened by the contraction of these strong Fleshy Fibres; So that the vital stream is injected, as by a Syringe into the Right Auricle of the Heart; and in the Vena Cava of Horses, and other Beasts, these muscular Fibres are very large, and being strongly moved inward in a circular posture, do narrow the com∣pass of the Cava, and squeeze the Blood with great force into the Cavity of the Right Auricle.

The small capillary extremities, and greater fruitful divarications of the pulmonary Vein, dispersed through the substance of the Lungs are all

implanted into one Trunk, which emptieth the torrent of Blood by a large Orifice, into the Left Ventricle of the Heart.

The coronary Veins do shade the Heart with great variety of Branches, encircling the Base, and ascend toward the Cone; these Veins begin in most numerous minute Capillaries, and afterward are enlarged into greater and greater Branches, * 1.516 which are all implanted into one Trunk of the Cava.

The Veins, * 1.517 (as I conceive) have their principle of Generation after this manner; the vital Liquor after it hath received its first Rudiment in the am∣bient parts of colliquated seminal Liquor, doth separate it self from the other more gross viscid parts, which are concreted on every side of the vi∣tal Liquor into a round membranous Tube, in which the Blood is conveyed to the beating point; and afterward maketh its retrograde Motion from a rough draught of the Heart, not confusedly transmitted through the inward seminal Recesses, but is transmitted by other Tubes, formed on each side of the Blood, of the more gross genital juyce, coagulated by Heat into mem∣branous Cylinders, conveying the gentle stream of Blood from the cir∣cumference of the melted Seminal Liquor; And it being granted that the parts of Blood being near akin, do espouse a confederacy in their first formation, and affecting Motion as their great preservation and complement, do by their heat and spirit, separate the more faeculent adjacent parts of the semi∣nal Liquor, which is coagulated on each side of the Blood, into round ob∣long Tunicles, through which, as so many Channels, the Blood is first con∣veyed by Veins from the circumference of the seminal Liquor, to the Center, and then from the beating point, the origen of the Heart, it is carried in by a retrograde Motion, by other Tubes, as Rudiments of Arteries, into the ambient parts of Crystalline Liquor, in which the Plastick power doth reside, which is an efficient cause of the first production of all parts of the Body.

The Veins of the Heart are endued with a substance common to all veins of the whole Body, * 1.518 which is for the most part Membranous, as capable of Distention, without any Laceration, which else would happen, were they not accommodated with variety of membranous Fibrils.

The substance of the Veins is thinner then that of Arteries, * 1.519 and is made up of two Coats only, the outward may receive the appellative of Common, as taking its rise from the neighbouring parts, in the middle apar∣timent from the Pleura, and in the lowest from the rimm of the Belly, and are not invested with this Coat, when they make their Ingress, and are branched through the substance of the Viscera; * 1.520 This Tunicle is framed of many small Fibrils, running in variety of positions, whereupon this outward Coat is receptive of Distention, without prejudice to its Compage.

The Second Coat of the Veins may be stiled proper, * 1.521 which is its inward Tunicle, composed of threefold Fibres, rarely interwoven, of which some are right, others oblique, and a Third Transverse, and though this variety of Membranes can hardly be demonstrated by the evidence of Sense, as being so fine and close struck, that they elude the most quick Eye; yet they being considered by Reason, may be rendred manifest, as being wisely insti∣tuted by Nature, to conserve the due tone of the Veins, when much di∣stended by an exuberant quantity of Blood, of which they being freed, have a power to reduce their Coats to their former Primitive, more easy posture.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Tenuis & rare est haec venarum tunica, teste Galeno, lib. 6. cap. 10. De usu partium. Hanc ut reliquarum partium similarium; Idem lib. 10. Methodi medendi, cap. 21. Seu ultimo, Ʋbi hane venarum tunicam,

Membranosam, Fibrosam, & Carnosam Constituit. * 1.522 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. In singulis simplicium ac pri∣marum, quas vocant, partium (ut 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dissectionibus es contemplatus) alia por∣tio substantiae est veluti Fibrosa, al•••• Membranosa, alia Carnosa; sicut exempli causa, cum vena unicam tunicam habeat, & eam tenuem, licet Fibras in ea in••e∣niet multas, quae sunt araneosis quibusdam intersitis contextae, quibus utrisque pro∣pria venae substantia adnascitur.

This Hypothesis of Great Galen may be plainly proved by Autopsy in the Vena Cava, of large Animals adjoyning to the Right Side of the Heart; * 1.523 and I humbly conceive, that other parts of the Trunk, and branches of the Cava are beset with fleshy Fibres too, which are much smaller in those pla∣ces, then about the termination of the Vena Cava, whereupon they are not so easily seen.

And I humbly conceive the annular fleshy Fibres, * 1.524 encircling the Tunicles of the Veins, are of a very important, if not necessary use, to further the cir∣culation of Blood, which else would be very slow in the Veins, were they not assisted with circular fleshy Fibres, which contracting themselves, do very much promote the motion of the Blood in all Veins, and more particu∣larly, its ascent in the ascendent Trunk of the Cava, toward the Right Ven∣tricle of the Heart.

And this Hypothesis may be farther confirmed, that the fleshy Fibres are of great importance to give vigor and strength to the coats of the Veins, which being highly dilated by great torrents of Blood, or by a quantity of gross vital Liquor, have their inward coat broken with its annular Fibres, so that it groweth so relaxed, that it cannot contract it self, by reason the Fibres are lacerated, which is very conspicuous in varicibus venarum, a Fi∣bris circularibus disruptis, provenientibus.

The Veins have many Valves affixed to their inward Concave Surface, * 1.525 and are framed of a thin compacted membranous substance, derived (as I apprehend) from the interior Tunicle of the Veins.

They are adorned with a semilunary Figure, * 1.526 and are for the most part single, and sometimes double, and sometimes treble, as some conceive, seated against each other, which are found only in the great Veins of large Animals: Some Anatomists have discovered Three Valves, seated opposite to each other in a triangular Figure.

The set number of the Valves feated in the inside of the Veins, * 1.527 cannot be recounted, by reason the eminent Valves, placed in the great Veins, can only be discerned, and the infinite number of minute Valves, beset∣ting the small Veins, can no ways be discovered, but it is very clear to Reason, that there be such Valves, which are consigned to a great use, to give a check to the retrograde motion of the Blood toward their Origens, which else would destroy its circuit toward the Heart, which is absolutely necessary to preserve the choice vital Flame.

And seeing the Veins and Arteries are both Channels, * 1.528 importing and ex∣porting rivulets of Blood, to and from the Heart; it may be worth our conside∣ration, to assign the Vessels, in which the motion of the Blood is commen∣ced, and carried to the Heart, as the great machine of Motion, which I humbly conceive is first performed in the Veins, by reason they have their first rudi∣ment in the seminal Liquor, before the Arteries were formed, because the Veins first received the Blood, formed originally in the ambient parts of the colli∣quated

Seed, and so conveyed it to the beating point, and afterward the Ar∣teries were framed to make good the retrograde Motion of the Blood, began in the Heart, and carried on to the circumference of the genital matter. And as many small Rivulets of Water begin in little Ducts, and af∣terward meet in the large channel of a River, conveying a great torrent of Water; so in like manner the minute streams of Blood begin their Motion in numerous capillary Veins, and are afterward transmitted through greater and greater Branches and Trunks, till they arrive to the greater Cistern, seat∣ed in the Right Ventricle of the Heart.

CHAP. XXXV. The Pathology of the Veins, and its Cures.

THE Veins being the associates of the Arteries, are near akin to them as they are, both Channels transmitting Blood from part to part, and both much alike in Figure, as they are both Cylinders, endu∣ed with oblong, round, concave Bodies; whereupon these different Ducts are much related to each in affinity of Diseases, and the Veins as well as Arteries are disaffected with Obstruction, Compression, Laceration, and Varices too, which is a Disease peculiar to the Veins: and as being a swel∣ling (arising from stagnant Blood) hath some little Analogy with that of an Aneurisme.

An obstruction of the Veins, * 1.529 making a more general unnatural distention, then that of the Varices (which make particular swellings, especially in the smaller Branches) doth arise from the grossness or quantity of Blood dila∣ting the Veins, which happeneth mostly in the ascendent Branches of the Ca∣va, wherein the weight of the Blood much hindreth its ascent toward the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart; whereupon its pulse groweth faint and languid upon the defect of a due proportion of Blood to give spirits to, and fill the Pores of the fleshy Fibres, with its warm juyce.

The Cure of this Disease in reference to a quantity of Blood, * 1.530 obstructing the Cavity of the Veins, doth indicate the opening of a Vein with a large Orifice, and a free mission of Purple Juyce.

In relation to this Dilatation of the Veins, caused by grossness of a Fae∣culent Blood, Purging Medicines, accompanied with antiscorbutick Apo∣zemes, and Chalybeat Tinctures, Syrups, Powders, (given in a fit Menstruum) are very proper to attenuate and refine the thick dispirited mass of Blood, disaffected with a melancholick Constitution.

An obstruction of the Veins may proceed also from a crude Chyme, * 1.531 ob∣structing them, in which it is sometimes concreted, which I have seen in the pulmonary Vein, obstructed with a White coagulated substance, wholly intercepting the Current of Blood in the Lungs, toward the Left Ventricle of the Heart.

This Disaffection may be cured before it cometh to a hight, by prescribing a thin Diet of easy ••igestion, which maketh a well concocted Chyle and

attenuateth the mass of Blood, which is effected also by purging Antiscorbu∣tick, Diuretick, and Chalybeat Medicines, refining the Blood, and prepa∣ring good Ferments for the Stomach, consisting in the more mild Particles of the Blood, and good nervous Liquor, associated in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach, and conveyed into its Cavity by proper Ducts, or Pores.

Another Disease of the Veins cometh by their Compression, * 1.532 whereby their Cavities are lessened by the neighbouring parts, which frequently hap∣peneth in very corpulent persons, whose lumps of Fat adjoyning to the Veins do highly retard the motion of the Blood, rendring the pulsation of the Heart very slow; whereupon all the Body becometh Languid, by want of a due supplement of vital Liquor. A gross habit of Body, surcharged with over much Fat, as lessened by spare Diet, and constant exercise, and proper Purgatives, and Diet-drinks, which give an allay to the excessive oily Parti∣cles of the Blood, the Materia Substrata of Fat, which are extravasated sulphureous Atomes of vital Liquor, concreted in proper Receptacles. * 1.533

Another Disease denoting Bleeding, (to which the Veins are incident by Compression) may be deduced from the tumors of adjacent parts to the Veins, as from the inflammation of the Musculous Psoas, which bor∣dering upon the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, doth narrow its Ca∣vity, and hinder the free recourse of the Blood to the Heart, in like man∣ner all Inflammations of the Viscera, do hinder in some degree or other, the refluxe of Blood toward the Center.

This Disease denoteth Bleeding, (as it floweth from a quantity of Blood setled in the Interstices of the Vessels,) by reason the opening a Vein, doth lessen the quantity of Blood, and diverteth the course of it from the part affected; whereupon it is most readily relieved, by taking away the Tu∣mor; so that the neighbouring Veins are freed from Compression, and regain their proper use and liberty of transmitting Blood toward the Heart.

A Disaffection of this kind may proceed from the great distention of the Womb (caused by a great Faetus) compressing the Iliack Branches, * 1.534 and the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, whereby the ascent of the Blood toward the Center is very much hindred, producing a languid Pulse in the Heart and Arteries.

And on the other side, the Veins are not lessened only by the Compression of the adjacent parts; but dilated too by a gross mass of Blood, making Varices, to which the Veins of the Tibiae are very much incident, whence Knots and Tumors arise in small Veins, from a quantity of Faeculent Blood, stagnant in some parts of the Veins; whereupon they grow some∣times very much distended from the Knee to the Ankle-bone, which gi∣veth a great discomposure in walking.

In this case a straight Stockin may be used, and astringent Plaisters prescribed, and in some Varices, the Tumors may be opened, after Liga∣tures have been above and below the swellings, and proper Medi∣cines, endued with astringent qualities, may be applied; As Learned Pa∣raeus hath advised in Lib. 12. De Ulceribus, Fistulis, &c. Cap. 20. P. 390.

Cum multi Varices & varie impliciti in crucibus existunt, thromboso sae∣pe & resiccato sanguine tument, doloremque faciunt, qui incessu, & Compres∣sione exacerbatur. Ejusdem Varices scalpello divisa vena aperiendi sunt, & Compressione sursum, deorsumque facta sanguis ille exp rimendus atqué vacuan∣dus. And addeth afterward at the end of the Chapter, Peracto opere, (vid.

incisione varicis) adstringens medicamentum vulneri vicinis{que} partibus imponi∣tur: neque nisi exacto triduo, circa vulnus quicquam movetur. Caetera deinde, quae reliquis communia sunt, peraguntur.

Tumors also arise in many parts of the Body, * 1.535 as in the Membranes, Muscles, and Viscera, produced from a large quantity of Blood, flowing from the laceration of Veins upon great Contusions; in this case a Vein is proper to be opened, and a quantity of Blood let out, to divert the cur∣rent of Blood from the swelled bruised part.

Inflammations also proceed from a large proportion, * 1.536 or the grossness of extravasated Blood, lodged in the substance of the solid parts; where∣upon they grow distended, by reason the Origens of the Veins, are ei∣ther obstructed by some crass Matter, or as too small to give reception to the thick melancholick Purple Liquor.

In this case also Bleeding freely is very good and safe, and afterward cool∣ing Juleps to contemper the hot mass of Blood, and take away the Symp∣tomatick Fever, which is an attendant of Inflammations; and I am here very concise in the Cure of this Disease, because I have advised in it more largely heretofore

CHAP. XXXVI. Of the Blood-Vessels of other Animals.

THE Blood-Vessels of other perfect Animals hold great Analogy with those of Man, * 1.537 both above the Heart in the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, and its great Branches of Subclavian, Axillary, and Carotide Arte∣ries of the Brain; and also in their Associates, the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, the Subclavian, Axillary, and Jugular Veins, answering the Carotide Arteries of the Brain.

And not only the Sanguiducts of other Animals observe a great likeness with those of Man, above the Heart, but below it too, in the descendent Trunk of the great Artery, and the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, and their Intercostal, Phrenick, Mesenterick, Emulgent, Spermatick, Iliack, Hy∣pogastrick, Crural Branches of Arteries and Veins.

In Fish, the pulmonary Arteries and Veins are deficient, * 1.538 and are supplied with numerous Branches, and divarications of the Blood-vessels, seated in the Gills, which are substituted by Nature, for the passage and refinement of the Blood instead of the Lungs: In Fish the Subclavian, Axillary, and the Crural Arteries and Veins, are wanting, by reason they are destitute of Lungs.

In Insects these Arteries and Veins are not only deficient, * 1.539 but the Sple∣nick, Hepatick, and Emulgent Arteries; And these minute Animals are ac∣commodated with less variety of Blood-vessels, as having small Trunks, and less Divarications, more minute Branches running through the Heart, Sto∣mach, Intestines, Genitals of both kinds, below, and through the Brain above.

The Heart in Insects, as well as other more perfect Animals, * 1.540 doth impell Blood through the Arterial Trunks and Branches, into all parts of the Body, which is afterward received into the extremities of the Veins, and brought back again to the Heart; so that their gentle flame of Life is as well preserved in them by motion, as in greater Animals.

And I humbly conceive that in these fine Epitomes of Animals, * 1.541 the great variety of minute Branches dispersed to all parts of the Body, do impart vital Liquor to each other, by many inosculations curiously made after the manner of Network, as it is in other Animals.

The vital Liquor exported and imported from, and to the Heart by various Cylinders in Insects, is arrayed in White or Yellow, and not in Scarlet or Pur∣ple, as in other Animals, by reason those deeper colours are not belonging to the Essence of Blood, which is white in them too in its first production in the skirts of the seminal Liquor, from whence it beginneth its Motion toward the beating point, and by degrees, when it obtaineth greater perfection by motion, it quitteth its White or Yellow array, and putteth on its Scarlet or Purple Robe.

CHAP. XXXVII. The Sap-Vessels of Plants.

THe various Tubes entring into the Co••page of Plants, * 1.542 are somewhat akin in likeness to the Viscera of other Animals (which are more distinct in them) as they are curious Systemes, integrated of innumerable ob∣long round Vessels, as so many Cylindrical Channels, chiefly constituting the fine frame of Plants.

The Antients not well versed in the knowledge of the several parts belonging to Trees, have treated of them in a more general notion of Wood and Bark, which in truth may be more clearly distinguished into Veins or Vessels, * 1.543 as various lacteal, Gummy and Resinous Chan∣nels, transmitting divers Liquors into the Trunks and Branches of Plants, which do somewhat resemble the several Vessels of Animals, conveying Chyle, Vital, Nervous, and Lymphatick Liquor; so that the milky hu∣mor resembleth the Chyle, and the Sap the Blood, and their Resinous and Gummy Juyces being transparent, do in some manner represent the Nervous and Lymphatick Juyce.

And these different Liquors do not only hold Analogy with those of Animals, but their Vessels too in structure, (as they are Cylinders adorn∣ed with a round oblong Figure) made up of numerous Fibres rarely in∣terwoven with each other. * 1.544

In Trees the greater Cylinders are beset with many minute Pipes, * 1.545 which confining close to them in an orbicular Figure, do make use of the sides of the larger Tubes; so that every part of a Tree is integrated of va∣rious ranks of greater and less concave Fibres, resembling the larger and smaller Branches of Vessels in Animals.

And the various Ducts of several Liquors in Plants and Trees, do not only in some sort resemble the Vessels of a humane Body in Figure, * 1.546 but in Divarication too; because the ascendent and descendent Trunks of Ar∣teries and Veins, as well as Sap-Vessels, take their progress the whole length of the Body; and as Animals have fruitful Branches running ho∣rizontally from their Trunks into the Muscular parts, and substance of the Viscera; So in like manner in Plants and Trees, the cortical Branches of Vessels are carried transversly from the Bark through the body of the Trunk toward the Pith, and from it too many lignous Vessels are propaga∣ted through the Compage of the Wood to the Bark.

And as the Viscera of Animals are collective Bodies of different Ves∣sel as Arteries, * 1.547 Veins, Nerves, and Lympheducts, as so many Channels, con∣veying several Liquors of Blood, Sucous Nervosus & Lympha; so after some manner the Trunks and Branches of Firre, and Pine-tree, &c. are alike the Viscera of Animals in their various Tubes, fraught with Gumms, Resine, interspersed with Vessels of Sap, which for the most part run per∣pendicularly from the Root, through the Trunk to the top, and some of those Vessels pass Horizontally, as so many Diametral Rays from the Bark through the Body to the Pith, and others from it to the Bark, from

the circumference to the Center, so that these transverse Vessels have a sem∣blance with the Veins and Arteries of Animals, which take their progress from the Skin, through the Trunk and Limbs to the inward Recesses of the Viscera.

The curious frame of Plants are made up of different Cylinders, * 1.548 fine∣ly set together, and Engraven with numerous Cells (adorned with se∣veral shapes and sizes, placed between the Sap-vessels) as so many little Cisterns, supplying the Vessels with different Liquors, exalted by airy Particles, (impregnated with sulphureous and saline Atomes) transmitted by proper Cylinders into the Concave Areae, big with alimentary Juyces, which after a due Fermentation, are refined by the extremities of nume∣rous different Sap-Vessels, as so many Colatories (of various Figures and Magnitudes,) holding Analogy in some manner with the minute Glands of the Viscera, which are Systemes composed of numerous Vessels, whose Extremities are distinguished by their various Perforations,, receptive of such Liquors, as hold Conformity with them in the likeness of Shape and Size.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Lungs.

HAving Treated of the Diaphragme as the Floor, and of the Pleura as the Hanging, and of the Mediastine as the Party-Wall, and the Heart as a noble Utensil of the middle apartiment: my aim at this time is to discourse of the Lungs, as part of its choice Housholdstuff, which is a Machine of Air, composed of variety of rare parts.

This excellent Utensil of the middle Story, relating to the elegant Fa∣brick of Man's Body, may be considered according to its Situation, Connexi∣on, * 1.549 Figure, Membranous Substance, Vessels, Glands and Use.

The Lungs are seated near the Heart, which it encircleth with Lobes, as with so many wings fanning this hot Engine of Motion, and it filleth up the two Chambers of the middle apartiment, except that part of them possessed with the Pleura, Mediastine and Heart.

This curious Engine of Air is divided into two Regions, * 1.550 parted by the Mediastine, the one placed in the Right, and the other in the Left Chamber of the middle Story, and each part consisteth of two Lobes, the Superior and Inferior, as Partitions, wisely ordered by Nature, that when one Lobe is wounded or corrupted, the other may be preserved.

The rare structure of the divided Lobes are mutually conjoyned by Membranes, * 1.551 and have entercourse with each other, by the union of variety of Vessels, importing and exporting different kinds of Liquors.

The Right and Left partitions of Lobes are severed from each other by the mediation of the Mediastine (as by a middle Wall passing between them) by whose help they are connected in their fore parts to the Sternon, and in their hinder to the Vertebres of the Back, below to the Midriff, and above to the Neck and Back, by the interposition of the Wind-pipe. Learn∣ed Spigelius conceiveth the Lungs to be tied to the Pleura and Ribs, * 1.552 by Fi∣bres, which being short, saith the worthy Author, they produce an incura∣ble difficulty of Breathing; but with the permission of this skilful Anato∣mist (I humbly conceive) these Fibres are very rare and preternatural, as proceeding either from an ill conformation in the Womb, or from some Disease; and if these Fibres were natural, they might be discerned in all Men upon Dissection, which contradicteth Autopsy.

The Figure of the Lungs do conform themselves to that of the Thorax, * 1.553 and have their upper ambient parts invested with a convex Surface, as lodged within the circular Walls of the Ribs, and the lower Surface of the Lobes is Concave, as fitted to receive the Heart within their soft embraces.

The two Lobes seated in each Chamber of the middle apartiment, * 1.554 may be most fitly resembled to a Heart or Bullocks Hoof, consisting of two Claws, parted all along in the middle, and begin in more large, and end in more narrow Dimensions; and also are covered in their upper region with a Convex, and in their lower, with a Concave Surface.

The ambient parts of the Lungs are coated with a thin Porous Membrane, * 1.555 borrowing its Origen, as some will have it, from the Pleura, and as others, from the outward Tunicle of the Vessels, entring into the substance of the Lungs.

This Membrane is beset with many Pores (which may be seen, when the Lungs are blown up with a pair of Bellows) and are so minute, that they hold no proportion in Figure, and magnitude with the Particles of Air, con∣tained within the substance of the Lungs, or else they would soon transpire the Pores of the Membrane encompassing the Lungs, before it had suffici∣ently impregnated the Blood with its Nitrous and Elastick Particles, conser∣ving the vestal flame of Life.

Learned Diemerbroeck asserteth, that though Pus cannot be received through the Pores (pinking the Coat) into the substance of the Lungs, yet he saith, thin Liquors injected through the wound (made between the Ribs) in case of an Empyema, into the Cavity of the Thorax, may insinuate them∣selves through the secret Meatus of the Tunicle (encircling the Lungs) in∣to their inward Recesses, and Bronchia, and thence into the Mouth, as the renowned Author hath it in lib. 2. Cap 13. de Pulmo. & respirat. Pag. 511. Ait ille, Memini me Noviomagi sex septemve Empyricis ad puris evacuationem Thoracem inter Costas sectione aperuisse, ac denique evacuato pure nonnullis eo∣rum injectiones abstergentes amaras in Thoracis Cavitatem infudisse, quaruni non tantum amarum saporem ore perceperunt (quod etiam a Fernelio, Paraeo, Lommio, & aliis observatum) verum bonam quoque partem per sputa rejecerunt, quod certum judicium erat, in illis aegre poros tunicae pulmonis adeo angus••os fu∣isse, ut nullum Pus crassius, sed duntaxat tenuiores liquores admittere potuerint.

Hypocrates the great Oracle of our Art asserted the substance of the Lungs to be glutinous, and full of Cells, and numerous Blood-Vessels, * 1.556 as he hath it Sectione Tertia, lib. de carnibus; his words are these in the Original: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Pulmo atem juxta Cor sic extitit; quod in humido glutinosissimum erat, Cor calefaciens, celeriter exsicavit, veluti spumam, & Fistulosum reddidit, mul∣tis{que} venulis respersit. I conceive the moist clammy seminal Matter, accord∣ing to Hypocrates, is concreted by heat into a loose spungy substance of the Lungs, which this great Author calleth Froth, as Boys raise Bubbles out of Water, impregnated with some fatty substance, which are watry Vesicles filled with Air; so that the soft frothy Parenchyma of the Lungs, is no∣thing else but a spungy Systeme of many Vesicles of Air (without any ef∣fusion of Blood, as the Antients imagined) which Cicero seemeth to assert 2. Natura Deorum, raritas pulmonis celebratur, * 1.557 & assiduis spongiis mollitudo ad∣hauriendum spiritum aptissima. This great Philosopher as well as Orator con∣ceived the Lungs to be a loose Compage, made up of Spunges, which are loose Bodies furnished with numerous Cells, the Receptacles of Air, which much resembleth the Vesicles, chiefly constituting the spungy body of the Lungs, often filled, and emptied by the many repeated Expan∣sions, and Contractions of the Lungs, celebrated in inspiration, and expi∣ration, the one being assisted by the Midriff and Intercostal, and the other by the Abdominal Muscles.

Ingenious Malpighius hath given a greater Light to the more intricate and obscure Opinion of Hypocrates, who left us much in the dark, * 1.558 in refe∣rence to the curious structure of the Lungs, whose substance is integrated of parts, Air-pipes made up of Cylinders and Orbs; as also Sanguiducts and Lympheducts.

The Cylinders of Air are branched through the whole body of the Lungs, * 1.559 in many Divarications, highly dilated in inspiration.

These oblong Tubes have many Membranous appendages, * 1.560 affixed to them as so many Outlets and Receptacles of Air, which being big with it, do ve∣ry much enlarge its Perimeter.

That I may give a more full History of these Membranous Cells, rela∣ting to the Lungs as a Machine of Air; I will Treat of their Situation, Con∣nexion, Figure, Origen, Termination, Substance, and Use.

These fine Cells are seated every way near the Bronchia, * 1.561 as so many ap∣pendants of them, and every Cell hath a double passage, an Egress from, and In∣gress into the Bronchia, to give the Air a free play in and out upon inspiration and expiration.

These Membranes or Orbs of Air are connected to the sides of the Bron∣chia, * 1.562 as being a part of them, in reference to their continued inward Mem∣branes, and do participate the same structure.

They are adorned for the most part with an orbicular Figure, * 1.563 as being the best and most capacious, wisely instituted by Nature (as I con∣ceive) for the greater reception of Air in inspiration, and the more easy exclusion of it in expiration.

These fine round Machines of Air take their Origen from the inward coat of the Bronchia, * 1.564 as being alike in Substance, Texture, and Use.

So that these round Cells, or membranous Expansions take their rise from the inward Recesses of Air-Tubes, and are propagated through the whole substance of the Lungs, and at last terminate into the Coat, investing the ambient parts of the Lungs.

The substance of these Orbs, * 1.565 which constitute a considerable part of the Lungs, are chiefly Membranous, and are a fine contexture made up of nu∣merous Fibrils, passing in various Right, oblique, and transverse Positions, which give strength to these thin Expansions, which would be lacerated when distended with Air, were they not framed of many Fibres, made in different postures, close struck, and curiously interwoven with each other.

These receptacles of Air are not only endued with membranous Fibres, * 1.566 but fleshy too, which being annular, as those of the Bronchia, are derived from them, and have a power of contracting these Cells, to squeeze out the Air in expiration, and throw the gross Chymous, or phlegmatick Matter lodged in them into the Bronchia, in Coughing, and afterward into the Wind-pipe, and Mouth.

Ingenious Des Cartes conceiveth these Vesicles of Air, * 1.567 according to their variety of Figure, to be consigned to a double use, the one to retain the in∣spired Air, and the other to expell it; These sentiments of this Learned Author, are more witty then profound, by reason both the Bronchia, and these appen∣dant Cells of Air are constituted by Nature, First to be Receptive, and after to be Expulsive of Air, and not to have a distinct Office, at the same time to be some of them Repositories of Air, and others to throw it out in expira∣tion.

The Pulmonary Artery springing out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart, * 1.568 and inclining toward the Bronchia, is divided into a Right and Left Trunk, out of which do sprout on both sides, an innumerable company of minute Bronchia (making numerous inosculations) Associates of the divarications of the Bron∣chia, and are afterward dispersed into the Lobules of the Lungs, and be∣ing also companions of the Bronchial Artery, and pulmonary Veins, do of∣ten touch each others Coats; and making great Complications, do at last

encircle the small orbicular Vesicles, and shading them with a fine Network, do swath their circumference to enliven and corroborate their fine Compage.

The pulmonary Vein borroweth its rise from the substance of the Lungs in small Capillaries, encompassing the Vesicles of Air, * 1.569 belonging to the Bronchia, with fruitful Ramulets (accompanying the Arterial Divarications) which often uniting, and parting again after a small distance, do make a kind of reticular Plexes, or Masshes; these pulmonary Veins do answer those of the Arteries, almost in number and order, and do much contri∣bute to the fine contexture of small Vessels, with which the orbicular Cells are enamelled.

And the substance of the Lungs is not only framed of numerous Divarica∣tions of Arteries and Veins, but of Nerves too, which do take their Ori∣gen from the Par Vagum, or eight pair of Nerves, and are propagated, not only into the outward Membrane, enwraping the exterior parts of the Lungs; * 1.570 but are also distributed into the body of the Lungs, and do also associate with the pulmonary Artery and Vein, when they make their Divarications over the sur∣face, and over the orbicular vesicles of Air.

The Lympheducts of the Lungs are small Tubes, * 1.571 clothed with most fine Diaphanous Tunicles, which are affixed with minute Membranes to the Coats of the pulmonary Vein, and then tend to the inward recesses of the Lungs, and after pass out of them, and are at last inserted into the common Thoracick Channel, into which they discharge their Lympha, the recrement of the Blood, (separated from it in the substance of the Glands which are very numerous in the Lungs) and is afterward conveyed into the extremity of the Lympheducts.

If a greater inspection and deeper search be made into the substance of the Lungs, the Compage of them may be discovered to be in part com∣posed of numerous Lobules, of which every one is immured within a proper Membrane, distinguishing them from each other, by several thin Walls, as so many different boundaries.

These small Lobes of the Lungs, are endued with divers kinds of Blood∣vessels, furnishing them with many Divarications, accompanying the branch∣es of the Bronchia.

The Lobules may be discerned, if the Lungs be blown up, and held up against the Light, whereby some transparent Interstices may be discovered (according to most ingenious Malpighius his observation) whereupon a gentle incision being made, and by tracing the Interstices, the Lo∣bules may be found adhering to the sides of the Bronchia, and Blood-ves∣sels, from which they may be severed with a tender touch, and may be seen to be invested with proper Tunicles; and in truth are nothing else (as I humbly conceive) but many Systemes of various Vessels, confined within peculiar Coats, for the better security of the numerous minute Ves∣sels (branched through the body of these Lobules) and to keep them in a due order, for the better circulation of the Blood.

The Figure of these Lobules is in some sort Conical, as having greater dimensions in the middle, and ending into an obtuse Cone, resembling some∣what of a Cypress Nut.

And it will be difficult to describe the Situation, Origen, and Insertion of the Lobules, by reason they are branched with the appendant vessels on eve∣ry side of the Bronchia, after the manner of the branches sprouting out of the trunk of a Tree; and these ramifications, are terminated into the out∣ward surface of the Lungs, which ought to be plain and equal; and some∣times

these Lobules are affixed to the extream Angles of the adjoyning Branches, that their due Situation, Union, and Connexion may be preser∣ved; whereupon these Lobules are seated sometimes in the lower Region of the Windpipe, and other times in the sides or extreme parts of it.

Next to the Lobules, their Interstices present themselves, as the subject of our Discourse, which are not meerly empty Areae, but are endued with extended Membranes, sometimes parallel to themselves, and sometimes an∣gular, which are not propagated from the ambient parts of the Lobules (seated on their sides) but from their more inward Recesses: And between these Membranes, filling up the vacuities of the Lobules, many minute Blood∣vessels do run, and are derived from some, and are implanted into the ad∣joyning Lobules: Into these Membranes interceding them, the Air is recei∣ved as into more large Sinus, which have a mutual entercourse, that the recei∣ved Air out of one Cell, may be ejected into another by Compression; so that these Interstices, interspersing the Lobules, are nothing else but the membranous Vesicles of Air, rendring the Areae transparent.

These Interstices distinguishing the Lobules from each other, are most con∣spicuous in great Animals, and do equal in Dimension half a Fingers breadth, and are conducive to the distinction, and connexion of the Lobules, by whose interposition they are united; and when these Interstices, or mem∣branous Cells are distended with Air, they do straighten the adjacent Lo∣bules, and assist the mixture of the Blood with the Chyme.

In these Interstices seated between the Lobules, in diseased Lungs, may be discerned the Hydatides, which are the membranous Cells filled with wa∣try Recrements, instead of Air, which produceth a difficulty of breathing.

And if any scrupulous persons be not fully satisfied, that there are any such Lobules, or Membranous Sinus interceding them, I would advise them for their better satisfaction, to view the Lungs of divers Animals (newly killed) while they are warm, and then with Glasses, if not with a naked Eye, may be discovered a multitude of small orbicular Vesicles distended with Air, and may be farther discerned in the emptied Lungs, cut through the middle, which then are less conspicuous, and may be better seen in Lungs blown up and dried, by reason the round membranous Sinus may be clear∣ly discerned in the outward surface of the Lungs, and in the Dissecting of them, may be clearly viewed the off-spring of numerous hollow Membranes, distended with Air.

And this Hypothesis of Lobules, and their Areae, garnishied with orbi∣cular Vesicles, may be proved by injecting water again and again, in∣to the pulmonary Artery, whereby the Blood is dislodged, and the Sangui∣ducts washed clear, so that the whole substance of the Lungs may be ren∣dred whitish, and almost transparent, as divested of its opace Scarlet Robe.

And when the Lungs are sufficiently washed from the stagnant Blood, the Water may be ejected by a gentle Cempression, and after a quantity of Air being immitted by a Blow-pipe into the body of the Aspera, and its numerous smaller Pipes, and the Lungs dried in the Shadow or Sun, you may plainly see, not only the round transparent Vesicles, seated in the cir∣cumference of the Lungs, which being cut, you may also inspect the White Compage of the membranous Cells, making the mote inward substance of their noble machine of Air.

These thin Cells of Air seem to be framed of the fine inward Coat of the Bronchia, which being variously distended, do produce the Airy Sinus,

whichaccrescing to the Sides, and extremities of the Branches relating to the Wind-pipe, and do terminate into unequal Areae and Vesicles.

And it is most consonant to reason, that the membranous Sinus should be a continuation of the inward Tunicle of the Bronchia, and that these nu∣merous curious Receptacles of Air should be appendant to the ramificati∣ons of the Aspera Arteria, that the Air might be in one continued stream, and flow into the numerous Pipes and their appendages, for the more easy in∣gress and egress of it in inspiration and expiration, of which the one is ce∣lebrated by the distention of the Pipes, and their appendant Sinus, and the other by Compression, made by the abdominal Muscles, and weight of the Lungs, and the Contraction of the fleshy Fibres, besetting the Aspera Arteria and its adjacent Sinus.

This may seem to prove this Hypothesis, That the membranous Cells are the off-spring of the inward Tunicle of the Wind-pipe, because in dried Lungs, the inward Coat of the Aspera Arteria, and its appendant Sinus, have the same substance, colour, and transparency.

The Lungs are furnished with many small Glands, seated between the reticular Tunicle of the Vessels, and the inward coat of the Bronchia, and the use of these Glands is (as I imagine) that they may separate the Lym∣pha from the Blood and nervous Liquor, and carry it into the Origen of the Lympheducts, and afterward convey it into the subclavian Veins, and mix it with the Blood.

These Glands, I conceive have another use, as being conglobated; where∣upon some part of the Lympha (as I conceive) may be transmitted through secret Pores, into the Cavity of the Bronchia, and membranous Vesicles; lest they should be too much exsiccated by the heat of the Blood (passing through the Bronchial Artery, into the substance of the Aspera Arteria, and its Sinus) so that they cannot be freely distended and compressed without Laceration, in the Ingress and Egress of Air, in Inspiration and Expira∣tion.

CHAP. XXXIX. Of the Lungs of greater Animals.

THE Lungs of greater and more perfect Animals have much Ana∣logy with each other in their Structure, as consisting of a spongy sub∣stance made up of numerous Branches of the Aspera Arteria, called Bronchia, to which are appendant many Vesicles, filled with Air in Inspiration; and are not only furnished with Pipes and Cells of Air, but with many Divari∣cations of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lympheducts, integrating the rare Com∣page of the Lungs, immured within a fine membranous Enclosure.

The Lungs of greater and less Animals do differ from each other in their colour, shape, more or less spongy Compage, and multitude of Lobes.

The Lungs of a Lion, described by the Learned Parisian Anatomists, are furnished with only six Lobes, as being a sick and decayed Lion, in his no∣ble parts, by reason Renowned Borichius in a sound Lion that he Dissected, recounteth Eight Lobes, Four being seated in the Right, and Four in the Left Side.

Diseased Lions die of Asthmas, being subject to great obstruction of the Bronchia, and appendant Vesicles of Air, produced by a thick mucous Mat∣ter, stuffing up their Pipes, and hindring their Reception of Air; whereupon they dye suffocated.

The Left Side of the Lungs of a Calf is composed of Three Lobes; * 1.572 the First taketh its progress upward, and is endued with a pyramidal Figure, whose Cone looketh toward the Neck, and its Base toward the Second Lobe, to which it is adjoyned.

The Second Lobe is seated in the middle, * 1.573 between the Pyramidal, and the greater and lowest Lobe, to which it is fastened, and passeth cross-ways to∣ward the Left Side; and its upper Surface hath a plane oblong form, and its lower Region is decked with a tricuspidal Figure.

The Third and lowest Lobe in the Left Side, * 1.574 is much greater than any of the other, and is very thick in its Origen and Body, and is endued below with a very thin Margent.

The Right side of the Lungs is framed of Four Lobes, the uppermost hath a kind of Semicircular Figure, * 1.575 and is seated in the highest part of the Thorax.

The Second Lobe taketh its progress transversly toward the Right Side, and is endued with an oblong narrow flat shape in its upper Region, and in the lower part is adorned with a tricuspidal form, somewhat like the Se∣cond Lobe of the Left Side.

The Third Lobe is lodged under the lowest, * 1.576 and is the most small of all the Lobes, and is larger in its Origen, and more narrow in its Termination, and hath a ridge passing all along its upper Region.

The Fourth Lobe relating to the Right Side of the Lungs of a Calf, * 1.577 far exceedeth in Dimensions all the other Lobes belonging to it, and hath a protuberance running all along, and endeth in a kind of Cone, and is en∣compassed for the most part with a thin Margent.

The Lungs of a Sheep do hold much Analogy with those of a Calfe, as to their number of Lobes, and likeness of Figure.

The Lungs of a Camel and Bear, have much affinity with those of per∣fect Animals, only they differ in greatness of Dimensions: and as being ve∣ry large, have only one Lobe seated on each side.

In a Tigre the Lungs are found jagged, and hued with a Red colour; sometimes this Animal is liable to Inflammations, Abscesses, and Ulcers of the Lungs.

A Guiney Hog hath Lungs consisting of Seven Lobes, Three lodged on each side of the Heart, and one in the middle running up the length of the Heart toward the Cone.

But the Lungs of an Otter are endowed only with Six Lobes, encircling each side of the Heart, and arrayed with a Yellowish colour, which is rare in the Lungs of Animals.

The Lungs of a Hare are beautified with a bright Red, and the Heart is encompassed on each side with three Lobes, one greater and two lesser ones, and the Seventh may be discovered about the Back of a more spungy sub∣stance than the rest, as Learned Thomas Bartholine hath observed.

An Animal (called Hyaena by the Latines) hath beautiful Lungs, as adorned with variety of colours, Brown shaded with White, and bespecked with numerous Purple spots.

The Lungs of a Porcupine are admirable in reference to number, as be∣ing Fourteen small Lobes, of which Seven encompass the Heart on each side.

A Bever hath Lungs of a very spungy substance, beautified with a Whitish colour, interspersed with somewhat of Red.

A Civet Cat hath each side of his Heart immured with Three Lobes, en∣dued with a Red colour, interspersed with Black lines, somewhat resembling a Spiders web in fineness.

The Lungs of a Tortois are Two, on each side one, of a very light and spongy substance, as composed of many vesicular Sinus; and take their pro∣gress from the Neck all along the Back, and seem at last to be composed of divers parts, which are several Vesicles of Air, running one into another, so that when they are blown up, they seem to make but one great Bladder.

CHAP. XL. Of the Lungs of Birds.

THE Lungs of Birds are no less admirable than those of more perfect Animals, in reference to their excellent structure, contrived with great artifice (speaking the infinite wisdom of the Omnipotent Protoplast) as they are a rare Systeme, composed of many pulmonary Arteries and Veins, ma∣king numerous Divarications, finely wrought in the form of curious Network; and above all, the Aspera Arteria is divided, and subdivided into greater and smaller branches (the associates of Arteries and Veins) to which are appen∣dant many small Cells or Vesicles of Air, which is discharged out of the Ra∣mulets of the Bronchia, into these fruitful Sinus, as so many receptacles of Breath in Inspiration.

This rare Compage of the Lungs of Birds, is chiefly different from that of other more perfect Animals, as it is affixed to the Back and Ribs; whereas the Lungs of other Animals are left loose, that they may have a freedom to be expanded, and contracted in Inspiration, and Expiration; but the Lungs of Birds being fastned to the Back and Ribs, have many perforations into the Abdomen, through which the Air hath a free Egress and Ingress, out and into the body of the Lungs, in Inspiration and Expiration.

The Lungs of Birds are every way encompassed with a thin dense Mem∣brane, composed of many Fibrils (running in straight, oblique, and transverse po∣sitions) so curiously interwoven with each other, that they seem to be one en∣tire piece; as the Fibrils have no visible Commissures or Seams, where they are conjoyned.

At some distance from the Lungs is seated another more thick and strong Membrane, integrated of greater membranous Fibres, making their pro∣gress in various postures, and curiously set together, interspersed with ma∣ny fleshy Fibres (coming from the Ribs, and inserted into this dense Mem∣brane) by which this Coat is affixed to the vertebres of the Back.

The Air being impelled through the greater and smaller Branches of the Bronchia, terminating into common Ducts, which perforating the substance and proper membrane of the Lungs, do transmit Air into the Cavity of the Venter, where it is stopped in its current by the interposition of the Membrane (adjacent to the Lungs) as by a Wall.

Respiration in Birds, as well as other Animals, consisteth of a double operation, Inspiration and Expiration, wherein the Lungs are expanded by the reception of Air in the First, and contracted upon the exclusion of it in the Second.

Inspiration is performed in Birds by an impulse of Air, made by the weight of the incumbent Atmosphere, crouding one part after another through the Mouth and Aspera Arteria, as greater Channels into the smaller Pipes of the Bronchia, through which it is transmitted into a common Trunk, (made up of many extremities of Arterial Branches) piercing the Body and Coat of the Lungs, into the empty space of the lower Apartiment, wherein the impelled Air sporteth, and expandeth the neighbouring Membrane, where∣by the adjoyning Intestines, being compressed, do relaxe the Abdominal Muscles.

Expiration is a different Motion of the Lungs (as following Inspiration) produced by the Air, after it hath been impelled through Trunks, and va∣rious Ramulets of the Aspera Arteria, and the common Ducts, perforating the Compage, and Membrane of the Lungs) making a strong appulse upon the adjacent Membrane; whereupon its tender Texture being irrita∣ted, draweth its carnous Fibres (derived from the intercostal Muscles) in∣to Consent, so that these fine Engines contracting, do draw the Membrane inward, which is assisted by the abdominal Muscles, pressing the Intestines toward the Back, forcing the adjacent Membrane of the Lungs inward, whereby the inspired Air is repelled through the perforations of the Lungs, and common Ducts, to the terminations of the Bronchia, and from thence through less, and greater Branches of the Aspera Arteria, into the Mouth.

This Membrane enclosing the Lungs of Birds at a distance, and confi∣ning the extravasated Air, transmitted through the perforated Lungs, is furnished with many fleshy, and membranous, or fine tendinous Fibres, making a kind of fine muscular Expansion, supplying the place of a Dia∣phragme, and different from that of other more perfect Animals, upon a double account, by reason, First this of Birds when relaxed, hath its Concave Surface facing the Lungs, and Convexe toward the Intestines; but the Diaphragme of Man and Beast in its state of restitution, hath its Convexe Surface bending toward the Lungs, and its Concave facing the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment; Again, this membranous Contexture, interlined with fleshy Fibres, may be discriminated from the Midriffs of other Animals, by reason the First, when it is contracted, lessens the pe∣culiar Cavity, in which the Lungs are lodged; and thereby squeezeth the extravasated Air into the perforations of the Lungs; but the Diaphragme of other Animals, when contracted, doth enlarge the Perimeter of the Thorax in length, to give entertainment to the Lungs, dilated with Air.

Of the Lungs and Gills of Fish. CHAP. XLI.

WHales, and all cetaceous Fish have Lungs much resembling those of Quadrupedes in their Divarications of the Bronchia, Vesi∣cles, and Blood-vessels.

The Lungs of a Porpess are furnished only with two Lobes, * 1.578 † 1.579 on each side one, encompassing the Right and Left Region of the Heart, they are most thick in their Origens, and grow into more narrow and thin Expansions about their Terminations; and are beautified with a pale Red, and in one part do somewhat adhere to the Midriff, and are every way immured with∣in a strong Membrane.

As to their substance, * 1.580 they may be stiled a curious Compage, made up of nu∣merous greater and smaller Branches of Air-pipes, and appendant Sinus, accom∣panied with many pulmonary and bronchial Divarications of Arteries and Veins, framed in reticular Plexes, which I plainly saw in a Dissected Por∣pess, with Wonder and Delight.

The Lungs in this Fish are accommodated with many Nerves, * 1.581 branched through the substance of the Lungs, and accompanying the Blood-vessels.

The Bronchia are associated with many small Glands, which Dr. Tyson observed to be Steatomatous in a Porpess he Dissected. And I humbly con∣ceive that humane Lungs, have Glands too, seated about the Divarications of the Trachaea in the substance of the Lungs, and the use may be to per∣colate the Blood, whose purer part is received into the extremities of the Veins, and the recrements into the origens of the Lympheducts, and con∣veyed into the subclavian Vessels.

The Gills of Fish are Systemes of numerous Branches of Arteries and Veins formed into Arches, * 1.582 and affixed to bony Processes, to keep them in due order, and to give them a defence against the assaults of ill accidents.

These curious Contextures of Vessels have some affinity with those of the pulmonary Arteries, and Veins, as the Blood, coming from the Ventricle of the Heart in most Fish, is first impelled into the Trunk and Branches of the Aorta, and then into the Branchial Arteries, and afterward received into the extremities of the Branchial Veins, so that the Blood of Fish maketh a circuit through the various Blood-vessels of the Gills, in some manner re∣sembling that in the pulmonary Vessels, whereby the Blood of Fish is im∣pregnated with airy Particles in the Gills, as well as in the substance of the Lungs relating to other Animals.

And now I will endeavour to give you an account of the Fabrick of the Gills in a Skaite, * 1.583 and of the Trunk and Divarications of the Artery, † 1.584 en∣tring into them after this manner; out of the base of the Heart ariseth a great Trunk of an Artery, (encircled with a white hard Shell) which climb∣eth upright single, for an Inch or thereabouts, and is then divided into Two Branches, on eachside one, and afterward each Branch is subdivided into three, which on each side run along the lower Region of the Three first bony Arches of the Gills, which are beset with many minute Divarications, sprouting out of the first greater Branches, and end into one common Trunk.

And about an Inch or more above the First Branches of Arteries, * 1.585 ariseth on each side one, springing out of the arterial Trunk, and each of them is subdi∣vided into a pair of Branches, which take their progress all along the lower part of the two semicircular bony Arches, belonging to the upper Gills, and these greater Branches are again divaricated into many smaller Ramu∣lets, terminating into one common Trunk, which wheeling backward, is afterward divided into numerous arterial Branches, transmitting Blood into all parts of the body of Fish, which is brought back again to the Heart by venous Branches and Trunks; so that every indentment of the semicir∣cular Arches (garnished with many Branches of Arteries) is again answer∣ed with an equal number of venous Divarications; * 1.586 And those of the descen∣dent Trunk of the Cava, do address themselves to the ascendent of the Aorta; and the Branches of the ascendent Trunk of the Cava, do apply themselves to those of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, which may be manifest by opening the arterial and venous Branches, appendant to the lower regions of the arches of the Gills, fringed with many Red indent∣ments, into which may easily be seen the rows of holes leading into them; so that a Black Liquor being injected into the Arteries of the Gills, * 1.587 it will return again by the Veins; And the Black Liquor being immitted into the Arteries, some part passeth into the Fringes of the Gills and another part is carried in a straight course into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta; whence it may be clearly deduced, that the Gills in Fish, do supply the place of Lungs in more perfect Animals, through which the Blood taketh its circuit, to be impregnated with the more pure and nitrous parts of Air, which being as∣sociated with Water, are received into the Mouth and Gills of Fish, and affect the Blood, passing up and down the Red Fringes of the bony Arches, * 1.588 which are ranks of Arteries and Veins, exporting and importing vital Liquor from and to the Heart.

So that the Water inspired with the more thin and nitrous Particles of Air, may diffuse it self through the Pores of the Arteries (affixed to the Red Ar ches of the Gills,) into the mass of Blood, passing and repassing through Arteries and Veins, from and to the great machine of Motion, ma∣king good the circulation of the Purple Juyce.

Whereupon Fish may be said to have a kind of Respiration, made in a fre∣quent Reception, and spurting out great streams of Water, inspired with Air, which being transmitted through the Gills (dressed with Arteries and Veins) enobleth the Blood with elastick and spiritous Particles, which do very much contribute to the preservation of the vital flames, which is extin∣guished in Fish residing in waters, enclosed with Ice, wholly intercepting the current of Air.

CHAP. XLII. Of the Lungs of Frogs, Lizards, Vipers, &c.

THE Lungs of Frogs are worthy our remark, * 1.589 as being contrived by Nature, with great Artifice, and are a rare Compage made up of various Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Branches of the Trachaeae, inter∣spersed with divers Cells, as so many Receptacles of Air.

This rare contexture of different Tubes is divided, as it were into two Lobes, enclosing each side of the Heart, and each consisting of a large Blad∣der, beset in the inside with numerous Sinus, somewhat resembling the Ca∣vity of a Honey-comb.

The various minute Cells of Air have their Area shaded with various Cy∣linders, * 1.590 with numerous Blood-Vessels running in many Flexures, made by the frequent association, and parting of the Branches of Veins and Arte∣ries (whence ariseth a kind of fine Network) terminating into the substance of the small Vesicles, beautifying the greater bladders of the Lungs.

The minute Sinus of the Lungs are propagated from the more large Blad∣der, and are many small Cavities, whose sides are immured with thin Mem∣branes, consisting of divers Angles, and are Hexagons, as most ingenious Malpighius will have them.

These fruitful Vesicles are expanded with Air, (transmitted by the Aspera Arteria, and numerous Branches) which is insinuated by many very little Pores, into the substance of the Sinus, where it associates with the Blood, brought in by the terminations of the Bronchial Arteries; and afterward the Blood, embodied with Air, is received into the Extremities of the pulmo∣nary Veins.

And I most humbly conceive, * 1.591 that the innumerable Ramulets of Arteries and Veins have their progress, not in direct, but crooked lines, to give a check to the over-hasty streams of Blood, that they may receive the greater impregnation of Air, and that the Chyme may be more perfectly mixed with Blood, as being long entertained in the many Meanders of Vessels, wherein the different Liquors of Blood and Chyme may be broken into Atomes, by repeated alternate acts of Inspiration and Expiration, in or∣der to a more perfect mixture tending to assimilation.

The Compage of the Lungs of a Snake, * 1.592 is framed of numerous Vesi∣cles of Air, endued with a membranous substance; and the outward coat of the Lungs is very remarkable for many Vessels † 1.593 passing crosswise in crooked lines, from one side to the other; and the Lungs are adorned with a conical Figure, as beginning and ending in a Cone.

The Lungs of Toads, * 1.594 Lizards, Vipers, Camelions, Tortoises, Water-Salamanders, &c. have the same structure with a Frog, as being very light and spongy, as composed of numerous little Bladders, inclosed with fine Membranes, and enamelled with variety of Blood-vessels, (and Nerves) curiously wrought, * 1.595 after the manner of Network.

In these more minute Animals, the fabrick of the Lungs is more conspi∣cuous as vesicular, and transparent, because the Sanguiducts are smaller and thinner in their Coats; and as the Sinus (bedecking the inside of the greater

Bladders (are encompassed with finer Tunicles; Whereupon the rare Com∣page of the Lungs is more manifest, and holdeth a great Analogy with the frame of more perfect Animals, which is less distinct, and more gross, as fil∣led with a great quantity of Purple Liquor, and its large Vessels, do much cloud the Vesicles of the Lungs.

CHAP. XLIII. Of the Lungs of Insects.

INsects being the Epitome of greater Animals, * 1.596 in reference to their noble parts; and although they have no distinct Lungs, not composed of a Parenchyma, integrated of variety of Vessels, and Membranous Sinus; yet they have numerous Pipes of Air (Analogous in some sort to the Lungs of more perfect Animals) imparted in numerous Divarications to the Viscera and Muscular parts of the Body.

In Insects under their Fibres, many spots may be viewed, or as I con∣ceive, the Orifices of innumerable vessels of Air, beginning about the Se∣cond and Third rings, or incisures of the Back. These Pipes of Air have no manifest Trunk, but in every Orifice in some Insects may be seen Ten, and in a Silkworm Eighteen Branches, or more of Air-vessels, which end in∣to one common Duct, from this aperture, or rather from a short Trunk many Plexes do arise, which do communicate themselves upward and downward, holding a natural Entercourse by various Inosculations from the Head to the Tail, as Learned Malpighius hath discovered.

From the same Origen many Circles are propagated, which do furnish the habit of the Body, and Muscles with many Trachaeae, visiting the neigh∣bouring Viscera in their progress through the territories of the Body, where∣in they make divers Divarications, which perforate each other in several Branches, so that Air is transmitted from one Ramulet to another, that the free current of Air might pass through all parts of the Body, which if it should be checked in some Branches, (caused by some obstruction,) it may have re∣course immediately to some other adjoyning Branches, with which they hold correspondence by Anastomosis.

These Trachaeae, resembling the Bronchia of the Lungs, * 1.597 are divaricated af∣ter the manner of Arteries, whose Branches obtain less and less Dimensions, as they pass to a greater and greater distance from their Trunks, making re∣ticular Plexes, as may be observed in the foliage of Trees, which is most pleasant to behold.

These numerous Flexures and Gyres of the Air-Vessels may be seen immedi∣ately under the Skin in the Muscles, and in all other parts of the Body; They are coated with a dark hue, and afterward become bright, as beauti∣fied with a kind of Silver colour, and sometimes with a Pearl, and some∣times Straw or Gold colour.

These Air-Vessels, forming the Lungs of Insects, are made of a thin Membranous substance, composed of many fine Fibres, curiously interwo∣ven.

The Incisures adorning the Backs of Insects, * 1.598 are furnished as it were with Two lobes of Lungs, derived from their Origens, seated near the Backs of these Animals, so that every ring is accommodated with an Hiatus, or kind of Trunk, from which the various Plexes of Air-pipes in Insects are pro∣pagated; these Rings, or Incisures of Insects, are dressed with a kind of Black Girdle, and in a Palmer-worm, and the like Insects, the formation of Air-vessels is made after this manner: the outward skin is bespecked with divers oval spots, which are the Origens of the Trachaeae, or begin∣ning of the Lungs, some of which are divaricated about the Incisures of the Back, and others are carried toward the lower region of the Venter, and in their progress above and below, they do bestow many Branches upon the Muscles and Viscera of the whole Body; to assist the concoction of Ali∣ment in the Stomach and Intestines, and to improve the Blood in its cir∣cuit through all parts of the Body.

CHAP. XLIV. Of the Aspera Arteria, or Wind-pipe.

THE Windpipe is so styled from its use, as being made by Nature for the reception and transpiration of Air into the substance of the Lungs, and hath the appellative of Aspera Arteria from the antient Anatomists, by reason of many unevennesses, as encircled with numerous prominent Carti∣lages, seated above its Membranes.

This fine Tube of Air hath its situation in the fore part of the Neck, lean∣ing in its hinder region upon the superior part of the Gulet, lodged between the Vertebres and Windpipe; and hath one continued Duct, like a Trunk, reaching from the Fauces, or hinder part of the Mouth to the Lungs, and is connected above to the Muscles of the Os Hyoides; and when the Wind∣pipe enters into the upper region of the Thorax, the Origens of the Muscu∣li Mastoeidei do border upon this Tube, to secure it from any violence in the motion of the neighbouring parts.

This Pipe of Air is a Cylinder, as endued with an oblong round Figure, in some parts more depressed, in others more orbicular; so that the anteri∣or part of it when distended, is more round, and the posterior region, when rendred more lank, as empty of Breath, groweth more flattish, and tend∣eth toward a plain; the top of this Tube hath more large Dimensions, and afterward hath its bore somewhat lessened.

The Aspera Arteria in its upper part, before it arriveth the Lungs, doth somewhat resemble a Trunk of a Tree (in its outward shape) as free from all Limbs, and when the Aspera Arteria cometh over against the Fourth Verte∣bre of the Back, is divided into Two Branches, which being propagated in∣to the Lobes of the Left and Right Side of the Lungs, do sprout into fruitful Ramulets (like so many roots of a Tree) implanted into the sub∣stance of the Lungs.

The Wind-pipe consisteth of many parts, the head of it is called Larynx, the middle or single Tube may be called Bronchus, which is seated between

the Larynx and Lungs, and afterward it may be named Bronchia, from their Plurality as being many Branches, and Ramulets of the Bronchus, when they enter into the body of the Lungs, in most numerous sprouts.

The Larynx, or top of the Aspera Arteria, is composed of divers substances, which are Membranous, Cartilaginous, and Muscular, beset with many dif∣ferent Tubes, Importing and Exporting various Liquors, of which I intend a particular discourse in the next Chapter.

The middle of the Aspera Arteria, called the Bronchus, is also Membranous, and Cartilaginous (but not Muscular) inclosed too with various Vessels; and hath one continued single Duct, reaching from the Mouth to the Fourth Vertebre of the Back.

The Bronchia or Branches of the Wind-pipe, are integrated of divers sub∣stances, some part is membranous, and another Cartilaginous, and a Third wholly Membranous, as ministerial to different ends.

The Bronchia, when they are entred into the Body of the Lungs, alter the Figure of their Cartilages, and grow in some places perfectly orbicular; in others triangular and quadrangular; and when the Bronchia, associate with the Sanguiferous Vessels, they quit their Cartilages, and turn wholly Membranous, lest they should discompose the whole tender frame of the Vessels, by gauling them with their hard Compage, and when dilated, should too much narrow the small bones of the Sanguiducts, and hinder the motion of the Blood through the substance of the Lungs.

So that this curious Tube of Air hath a rare Mechanisme, as being a Compage made up of divers Integrals, Membranes, Cartilages, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Muscles, guarding the Heads of it, and are so many Machines ministerial to various motions of the Cartilages, productive of Speech.

The outward surface of the Wind-pipe, beside that of the Larynx, is en∣dued with divers Asperities, so that it seemeth unequal in many regular ranks of prominencies, and for the most part circular Cartilages; as with so many Ribs, and when this Cylinder is distended with Air, it is smooth in its hin∣der Region, as being a continued Membrane, destitute of Cartilages; but this Wind-Tube is full of unevennesses in its lateral and anterior Region, as the Membranes are interspersed with many protuberant Cavities, rising above them.

This surface of the outward Coat, being Membranous (as lodged be∣tween the numerous rows of Grisles) hath a connexion by the interposition of many thin Ligaments, to the upper part of the Aesophagus, and the Larynx is tied to the top of the Gulet, by the mediation of many small Muscles, which embracing the top of the Gulet, as in some part im∣planted into the buckler Cartilage, and the fore part and sides of the Wind∣pipe are affixed to the Blood-vessels, and chiefly to the recurrent Nerves, which are adjoyned to the Aspera Arteria.

The inward surface of the Wind-pipe (bating the unevennesses of the Car∣tilages, giving strength to the tender membranous structure) is very smooth and slippery, as anointed with an unctuous Matter.

The Wind-pipe is composed of many Membranes, of which the out∣ward is very thin (made up of many minute Fibres, running in different Positions, and curiously interwoven) by which it is tied to the annular Cartilages; This Coat is derived, as I conceive, from the Pleura, (the com∣mon reputed Parent of all the outward Membranes in the Thorax,) encom∣passing the Viscera.

The inward Membrane (investing the inside of the Aspera Arteria) is more thick then the former, and much contributeth to the Connexion of the Membranes with the annular Cartilages.

This inward Coat of the Wind-pipe is lined with a Mucilaginous hu∣mor, to soften the voice which is rendred hoarse, when this humor is mix∣ed with thin, or salt Catarrhs, or exsiccated by immoderate heat.

This unctuous humor, with which the inward Coat of the Aspera Arteria, is embrochated, is transmitted from the terminations of the Bronchial Arte∣ry; or when it doth abound, or is mixed with Saline Recrements, is the cause of a Cough, caused by discomposing the inward Coat of the Aspera Arteria.

The inward Coat is surnished with many Right and annular fleshy Fibres, which by contracting themselves, do give it a power to narrow the Cavity of the Wind-pipe, and by brisk Contractions, to throw up the offensive Matter, either lining the inward Coat of the Aspera Arteria, or thrown out the Bronchia of the Lungs into the greater Trunk, and afterward into the Mouth.

Between the outward and inward Membrane, is lodged an intermedial proper Coat of a divers substance from the other, partly Cartilaginous, and solid to form the sound of the voice; and partly ligamentous, whereupon it is capable to be expanded and contracted in successive Motions in the re∣ception and return of Air in respiration.

The use of this rough Artery is to receive and transmit Air by Inspiration, into the Lungs, through many small Pipes, branched every way through the substance of them; And also the Lungs when they have received the more volatil, nitrous, and elastick parts of Air into the mass of Blood, they throw out the more effaete and sluggish Atomes, with the fuliginous steams of the Blood, First, through the minute Pipes into a greater Trunk, and afterward into the Mouth.

Whereupon the Grand Architect hath most wisely contrived this fine Cylinder to be made for the greatest part of a membranous substance, to ren∣der it capable of Dilatation in the reception of the elastick Particles of Air in Inspiration, and to be able to contract it self in Expiration, when the Lungs do subside for the exclusion of Air, and the smoaky reeky vapours of the Blood.

This fine Tube is not only framed of a Membranous, but of a Cartila∣ginous substance too, as consisting of many grizly Rings, besetting the mem∣btanous Compage, to keep it constantly open for the free Ingress and Egress of Air, and the gross effaete steams of the Blood; and I humbly conceive that this choice Cylinder was furnished with numerous, almost circular Carti∣lages, to render it Rigid and Tense, in order to the formation of the voice, by making brisk verberations, or appulses of expired Air, against the inside of numerous Cartilages.

The Bronchia are furnished with an Artery (imparting many Branches to the Wind-pipe) First discovered by Ingenious Frederick Ruisch Hanc Ar∣teriam, inquit, Bronchialem appellare visum fuit, supra Bronchia enim Ser∣pens, ea concomitatur ad finem us{que} Ortum sumit ab Arteriae magnae descen∣dentis postica parte, digiti latitudine plus minus, supra supremas arteriolarum intercostalium, ex Aorta descendenti exortarum; aliquando etiam Duorum Di∣gitorum latitudine supra Arterias modo dictas; nonnunquam etiam infra eas, originem habere Comperio: placet enim naturae aliquando varietate frui. Nunc unica assurgit, nunc gemina, ita ut saepius, Arteria magnâ cadavere exemptâ,

intercostalibus & Bronchialibus abscissis, Trunculi Bronchialium remanentes, ex∣ortum Intercostalium mentiantur. Hinc pulmones oblique subit, Bronchia{que} sub Arteria venosa ad extremum us{que} Comitetur, donec Capillaris facta visus aciem effugiat. In pulmonibus humanis observavi, hanc Arteriam saepius anticam Bronchiorum perrepere partem, quod in brutorum pulmonibus raro vidi.

The Bronchial Artery branched over the Bronchia, is attended with nume∣rous Divarications of Branches of Veins, as the Associates of the Bronchial Artery, the one importing Blood to the Bronchia, and the other exporting it from them.

The Bronchia of the Lungs are not only beset with Arteries and Veins, but with Nerves too, as both their associates, which being derived from the Par Vagum, do transmit many Fibres into the Membranes of the Bronchia.

CHAP. XLV. Of the Larynx, or Head of the Wind-pipe.

THE Larynx, or Head of the Aspera Arteria, is the most eminent part of the Windpipe in reference to Order and Dignity, as it formeth and modelleth the voice more Grave or Acute by the greater or less Con∣tractions of the Eurelike Cartilages, made by more strong or soft motions of different Muscles, belonging to the Larynx.

This choice part of the Wind-pipe is beautified with a circular Figure, * 1.599 more protuberant in its anterior region, and more depressed in the hinder, that it might more easily comply with the deglutition of Aliment, especially when it is solid.

This rare Head, adorning the Cylinder of Air, * 1.600 is a fine Compage fra∣med of variety of parts, Membranes, Cartilages, Vessels, and Muscles; As to the Membranes, they are the same with the other part of the Wind∣pipe, as composed of an outward more thin, and inward more thick Coat, which are guarded within the confinements of more solid Cartilaginous and Muscular substances.

The Larynx is made up of many Cartilages as well as Membranes, which famous Columbus (an antient Anatomist) calleth Bones, as endued in their more inward Recesses, with a medullary substance, which I have not been so happy to see; * 1.601 this bony substance is only found (as I conceive in persons very antient) whose Cartilages of the Larynx are turned into Bones, as ha∣ving their more soft parts exhausted by age; whereupon they become more indurated, and solid.

The First is called the Buckler Cartilage, * 1.602 and hath its appellative from the resemblance of an oblong quadrangular Shield, which the Antients used in War, and the Turks now manage in their defence in Naval Fights; or like a Breast-plate of Iron, outwardly Convexe and Prominent, and inwardly of a Concave Surface.

This Cartilage is adorned with four Processes, * 1.603 the Two upper seated in each Angle, are the longest, being affixed by the interposition of Liga∣ments or Membranes, to the lower sides of the Os Hyoides; and the other

more short processes of the buckler Cartilage, are conjoyned to the annular Cartilage, somewhat inclining to its hinder region.

The Buckler Cartilage is accommodated with two pair of Muscles (which are called Common) the First are named Hyothyroides, * 1.604 which cover the Convex part of the Buckler Cartilage, and take their origination from the lower Margent of the Os Hyoides, and are inserted into the lower part of the Buckler Cartilage; these Muscles being contracted, do lift up the Buckler Cartilage, by bringing it more and more toward the Os Hyoides, and thereby

The Second pair of Muscles belonging to the Buckler Cartilage, * 1.605 are called Sternothyroides, as taking their rise from the upper, and inward part of the Sternon, and are inserted into the lower side of the Buckler Cartilage, and by the motion of these Muscles, the Buckler Cartilage is drawn downward toward the Sternon. * 1.606

The Third pair of Muscles, which are very small, and have the Ap∣pellative of Cricothyroides, as having their Origens derived from the an∣terior part of the annular Cartilage, and do terminate into the lower region of the Buckler Cartilage.

The Second Cartilage appertaining to the Larynx, * 1.607 is entitled Cricoides, or the annular Cartilage, because its anterior Region is beautified with a round Shape, and hath a broad Plane backward, somewhat like a Seal set upon a Ring, and this Cartilage is called annular, as much resembling the Ring, which the Turkish Archers use in drawing their Bows.

The Third and Fourth Cartilages, * 1.608 relating to the Larynx, are styled Arytaenoides, by reason when they are conjoyned, they resemble the Lip of an Euer in Figure, and constitute the Rimula or Chink of the Larynx, commonly called Glottis.

The Rimula, consisting of these Two Cartilages, is acted with Four pair of Muscles, modelling the voice after the variety of tones, accord∣ing as these Muscles do play in several Contractions.

The First pair of Muscles belonging to the Eure-like Cartilages, * 1.609 are Thyroarytaenoidei, which do borrow their Origens from the middle, and interior part of the Buckler Cartilage, and climbing upward, are im∣planted into the Sides of the Eure-like Cartilages; These Muscles be∣ing Contracted, do by compressing the Eure-like Cartilage, straighten the Rimula of the Larynx, and render the voice more acute.

The Second pair of Muscles, * 1.610 called Arytaenoidei, being very small and fleshy, do fill up the space between the Cycoidei, and Arytaenoidei, deriving their beginning from the Eure-like Cartilages (where they are conjoyned to the annular Cartilage) and are terminated into the Eure-like Cartilage; and these Muscles in their Contractions, pulling the Base of these Eure∣like Cartilages downward, do open the Rimula of the Larynx.

The Third pair relating to the Eure like Cartilages, are denominated Cricoarytaenoides postici, and are seated in, and take their Origen from the broad Back of the annular Cartilage, and are implanted with a short Tendon into the lower Region of the Eure-like Cartilages, (near the Rimula) which they pull outward, and dilate the Rimula of the Larynx.

The Fourth pair are called the Cricoarytaenoidei laterales, and do borrow their rise from the annular Cartilage, and are inserted backward into the Sides of the Eurelike Cartilages; these Muscles being Contracted, do draw the Arytaenoidei downward, and open the Rimula of the Larynx.

The Fifth Cartilage, appropriated to the Larynx, is the Epiglottis, * 1.611 so sti∣led, because it is seated at the root of the Tongue, instituted by nature upon occasion, to be a cover of the Glottis, or Rimula Laryngis, to in∣tercept the disorderly course of Aliment into the Wind-pipe, lest it should, if it receive in a quantity, cause a Suffocation, which happened in a Person of Honour, who being merry with his Friends in eating the Rump of a Pullet, it slipped down the Aspera Arteria into the Lungs, and immedi∣ately choaked him. * 1.612

This Cartilage is endued with a softer Consistence then the other, as be∣ing covered with a Membranous substance, lined with many small Glands, and hath Dimensions answerable to the Glottis, so that if the Rimula be greater or smaller, the Epiglottis is proportionable to it, and the voice grow∣eth stronger or fainter, according to the largeness or straightness of the Rimula, as it is receptive of greater or less impulses of Air.

Learned Mr. Steno giveth an account of the Glandulous substance of the Epiglottis; Observat: de Glandulis oculor: * 1.613 in Epiglottidis Vituli superiore parte notat carnem quandam ex Globis Glandulosis Compositam, a qua per ipsam Car∣tilaginem, us{que} ad inferiorem partem, dicit meatus reperiri conspicuous.

This Ingenious Author hath observed (in the Glands of the Eies) in the upper Region of the Epiglottis of a Calfe, a kind of fleshy substance (com∣posed of glandulous Globules) from which (he saith) may be found mani∣fest holes passing through the Cartilage, to its inferior Region.

Through these Meatus (I humbly conceive) a serous Liquor, secerned from the Blood in the body of the Glands, is conveyed into the Aspera Arteria, which rendreth it moist and smooth; and in Man, if this Liquor be Salt and Exuberant, it will imitate the Aspera Arteria, and cause a Cough, produced by the aggrieved Muscular Fibres of the Wind-pipe, violently contracting themselves to expel the offensive Matter.

CHAP. XLVI. Of the Wind-pipe of other Animals.

THE Wind-pipes of larger, * 1.614 and more perfect Animals, have great similitude in Structure, and may be styled a rare Mechanisme (in∣tegrated of Membranes, annular Cartilages, Arteries, Veins, Nerves) whose Head is Crowned with various fine Muscles. And when the Bronchia or Branches of the Wind-pipe enter into the Body of the Lungs, where they are made associates with the Blood-vessels, they quit their Cartilaginous nature, and turn wholly Membranous, lest they should give a trouble to the soft frame of the Vessels, in the various motions of the Lungs.

The Wind-pipe of more perfect Animals, * 1.615 differ in greater or less bores, and sometimes in the disposition of their annular Cartilages; but those of smaller and less perfect Creatures, as Birds, and cetaceous Fish, have a dif∣ferent Larynx.

The Wind-pipes of a Lion is different from other great Animals, * 1.616 as ha∣ving perfect circular Cartilages, except two or three adjoyning to the La∣rynx, which were very large (parted with two lines) ordained by na∣ture for roaring. The Eight or Nine upper Cartilages were lodged close to each other, squammatim, aut imbricatim, with little or no interposition of Membranes (which are found in other Animals) to give the greater strength to the Wind-pipe; the Buckler Cartilage is very oblong, the Epiglottis fur∣nished with fine carnous Fibres, and different from that of a Dog, which hath a Muscle to lift up the Epiglottis.

In a Sheep the annular Cartilages seated above, * 1.617 seem to be different from those that enter into the Lungs, and the Aspera Arteria about its division, hath divers hooks, which do not run transversly, but in length, somewhat resembling the Figure of an X

A Learned Anatomist affirmeth the annular Cartilages of the Wind-pipe in an Ape to be wreathed, * 1.618 like the spires of the Intestines, and the Epiglot∣tis to be free from carnous Fibres; and between the bifurcation of the Aspera Arteria (lodged in the Lungs) are seated many small soft Glands, endued with a deep colour, which are sometimes Red, and othertimes White, or Ash-coloured in a Cat.

A Camelion of Egypt hath a very short Wind-pipe, * 1.619 made up of many se∣micircular Cartilages, like those of other Animals, and hath a double Epi∣glottis, closing the chink, seated in the top of the Aspera Arteria, which is single in most Animals, and Muscular in Tigers.

CHAP. XLVII. Of the Wind-pipe of Birds.

THE Wind-pipe of a Swan is adorned with an admirable Fabrick, and being an associate of the Gulet, passeth all along the Neck, till it ariveth the Sternon, into whose Capsula it insinuateth it self, with a crook∣ed posture, in which it is lodged as in a safe Repository, and descending to the bottom of this Cavity, it is reflected upward, and creeping out through a narrow passage of the Sternon, climbeth up to the middle of the Clavicle leaning upon the Trachaea, as a prop when it bendeth toward the Thorax; and before it cometh to the Breast, and the Lungs contained in it, it seem∣eth to form a kind of Larynx with the Os Hyoides, clothed with a broad Mem∣brane; and is like a Musical Pipe, as being more broad above and narrow be∣low, and endued with a small Fissure; under this Larynx, made after a man∣ner with the Os Hyoides, before the Aspera Arteria entreth the Lungs, it is divided into Two Branches (not unlike to Bronchia of other Animals) which grow more narrow as they approach the Lungs, and differ from a humane Wind-pipe, which hath no Divarication till it entreth into the substance of the Lungs; so that this curious structure of the Wind-pipe is highly advantage∣ous for Respiration, while the Swan endeavoureth to support it self by search∣ing out Aliment in the bottom of Rivers, Lakes, and Ponds, wherein this large Bird stayeth a good space of time, with Head and Neck immersed in∣to the shallow water, and Feet turned upward toward the Sky, in which posture, all reception of Air is intercepted, but what it draweth out of the Capsula of the Sternon as a Cistern of Breath, with which it is maintained du∣ring the time of its Head and Neck are under water.

The Trachaea of a Crane maketh a direct progress to the Right Side of the the Sternon, into whose Right Tube it is insinuated, * 1.620 which is endued with di∣vers Circumvolutions, till it find a passage toward the Left Tube, while the Trachaea tendeth toward the Lungs, making a kind of Larynx with the Os Hyoides, as hath been described above in the History of the Wind-pipe rela∣ting to a Swan.

The Aspera Arteria of a Crane passeth through the Sternon, in various Me∣anders, by reason the Sternon in this Bird is not endued with one single Cavity, as in a Swan (made for the long recourse of the Trachaea) but is wreathed in∣to many Flexures, in which the Wind-pipe sporteth it self up and down in many circumvolutions, resembling the Gyres of a moving Serpent, as Learn∣ed Bartholine hath given a most ingenious account, Hist. 12. Cent. 4. speaking of the Sternon and Trachaea of a Crane. Sternum psum non simplici Cavitate prae∣ditum erat, uti in Cygno notavimus, ad Asperae Arteriae oblongum recursum, sed variis ambagibus intus patebat velut labarintheis flexibus, per quos incurvato ductu Serpentis instar, Arteria sursum deorsumque ferebatur, jucundo plane & admirando spectaculo.

The Aspera Arteria of a Parrot is contrived with great Artifice, the Head, * 1.621 or Larynx consisteth of divers Cartilages, as the Hypomoclia of various moti∣ons relating to divers pair of curious Muscles, made for different Dilatations, and Contractions of the Rimula, in order to form variety of sounds, somewhat resembling the Articulations of humane voice.

The Trachaea of this pratling Bird, is adorned with many annular Carti∣lages,

which are not perfectly circular; and the Anterior and posterior part of them, are alternately broader and narrower, and are beautified, not with a Circular, but Oval Figure.

About the lower end, where the Wind-pipe is Divaricated, is placed a Cartilage (decked with an elegant Figure) which seemeth to be entirely one, but is made up of Three Cartilages, of which the upper doth resemble a piece of a hollow Cone cut off, and its Base doth emit Processes on each side, ending into Apexes, resembling those of Quills; and the intermediate space interceding the Apexes, is Semi-circular, to which on each side a Car∣tilage is annexed, endued with a Parabolical Figure, where it is conjoyned to the upper side; but in the opposite side, it hath as it were Two Horns, and between them a Right Line, as Ligerus Jacobaeus hath observed.

A Heron hath a Trachaea very wonderful in Structure, whose Head is com∣posed of Three Bones, * 1.622 or rather Cartilages (filled up with Muscles, the En∣gine of various motions) of which the lowermost is affixed to the uppermost Ring of the Aspera Arteria, by the interposition of a firm Membrane; The up∣permost Cartilages seated on each side, being of a Triangular Figure, do be∣long to the Palate, and are hollowed outwardly with a Sinus, replenished with Muscles, and endued inwardly with an eminent Process, straightening the Cavity of the Wind-pipe, and these higher bones of the Larynx are con∣nected to the lowest, by the help of the Membrane, inwardly investing the Aspera Arteria, and conjoyning all the annular Cartilages: At the termination of these Bones, where the Rings are united, is seated a jagged Fringe, about whose middle many Glands are seated.

The Larynx relating to an Eagle is encircled with a strong Buckler Carti∣lage, * 1.623 and is made up of perfect Cartilaginous circles, and the annular Car∣tilages besetting the other part of the Trachaea, do terminate into membra∣nous Expansions adjoyning the Gulet, to give way to it, when distended in Deglutition with great gobbets of Aliment.

The upper part or Head of the Aspera Arteria in a Peacock, is furnished with two Muscles, * 1.624 on each side one; and the Trachaea, beset with annular Cartilages, hath a peculiar Fabrick, because, after it is entred into the sub∣stance of the Lungs, and maketh a Divarication of Branches, those of one side have larger Dimensions then the other, in reference to their annular Carti∣lages, and emit a Membrane, through which the inspired Air may be transmit∣ted through the Interstices of the Cartilaginous Rings, into the Cavity of the Membranes.

The Trachaea of a Pidgeon, hath the Rimula of the Larynx beset with many White Processes, * 1.625 as so many Glands, and the Wind-pipe doth not take its progress all along the Neck, resting upon the Gulet, as in most Animals, but seemeth to be lodged on its Right side, and sometimes at a distance from it; and near the Heart, the Aspera Arteria is divided into Two Branches, which being transmitted into the substance of the Lungs, are not subdivided into more Ramulets; so that the First Divarication of Branches, do terminate into the Perforations of the Lungs.

The Rimula belonging to the Larynx of a Duck, is dressed with many white protuberances, * 1.626 as so many Glands, and each side of the Trachaea is furnished with a small long Muscle, running from the Fauces to the top of the Thorax, and about the termination of the Muscles, the Aspera Arteria obtaineth a kind of bony Nature, and greater dimensions, as a large pipe of Air, and is divided into two Branches, which afterward grow Membranous; and all the Cartila∣ginous Rings are parted before and behind, with a Membranous Line or In∣terstice, which rendreth the circles of the Cartilages imperfect.

CHAP. XLVIII. Of the Wind-pipe of Fish.

THE Epiglottis, and Glottis, or Rimula of a Porpess, * 1.627 being joyntly considered, do somewhat resemble the Bill of a Swan or Goose, on∣ly the lower part or Glottis, hath a Fissure in its Origen, and the Epiglottis being shorter then the Glottis, leaveth a great part of the Rimula uncovered.

The Epiglottis being very thick and Cartilaginous, * 1.628 is welted round about with a Prominent round grisle, and both the Epiglottis and Glottis have a gri∣sly Compage, covered with a thick Membrane.

The Epiglottis is outwardly clothed with a Convex Surface, * 1.629 in which the middle is most Prominent, somewhat like an edge; the inside of the Epiglottis is Concave, and it being inspected every way, is but one entire Cartilage, encompassed with a thick Membrane.

The Epiglottis is conjoyned on each side to the Glottis, by the mediation of a thick Tunicle, and seemeth to take one extremity from the beginning of the Buckler Cartilage, and terminates not far from the fissure of the Rimula.

The Glottis or Rimula, * 1.630 is nothing but a Fissure proceeding from the part∣ing of the Cartilages of the Arytaenoides.

The Larynx of a Porpess, as well as other cetaceous Fish, * 1.631 and Animals, is composed of divers Muscles (and Cartilages) by which, being variously contracted, and dilated, this Hog-like Animal maketh a different kind of grunting, when he tumbleth near the Surface of the Water, lifting up his Head above it for the reception of Draughts of Air, and then de∣scends, and drencheth his Body and Mouth in Water, treating himself in variety of Elements, to cool and refresh his agitated Body and Blood, pro∣duced by long swimming, through the large territories of great Rivers and Seas.

The Layrnx is framed of many Cartilages (as well as Muscles) the First called the Epiglottis, hath been discoursed already, * 1.632 the Second may be called the Buckler Cartilage, which beginneth narrow with a process, * 1.633 adorned with a semicircular Margent; on each side of this Process are adjoyned a wing, which is a broad Expansion ending in small Extremities, or Cones.

The middle of this Cartilage is most protuberant, and terminates into a thin semicircular Expansion.

Near the Buckler Cartilage, the Cricoides, * 1.634 or annular Grisle taketh its rise, which are tied to each other by the interposition of Membranes, and the annular Cartilage is near akin to that of Quadrupedes in Figure.

The Fourth and Fifth Cartilages, being conjoyned by Membranes, * 1.635 do constitute the Arytaenoides, and the space of their partition is vulgarly called the Glottis, or Rimula.

The Aspera Arteria is very short in this Animal, as holding conformity to the Neck, which is endued with a small length, upon which account the Trachaea is beset with a few annular Cartilages, which do not make perfect Circles as parted by the Interstices of Membranes: When the Windpipe entreth in the substance of the Lungs, it is divided into two Branches, and afterward into more numerous Divarications of the Bronchia.

CHAP. XLIX. Of the Winde-pipe of less perfect Animals.

THE Aspera Arteria of a Sea Tortoise, * 1.636 seemeth to have no Larynx, by reason the top of the Wind-pipe hath the same, or not much larger dimensions than the other parts of it, but in regard of its Rimula (commonly called the Glottis) though it be very small, yet it must be a part of the Larynx, as being a Fissure of the Arytaenoides, where the two Carti∣lages are not conjoyned: * 1.637 And the Aspera Arteria is beset with many annular Cartilages, which are perfectly Circular as far as I could see in a Tortoise, Dissected by Learned Dr. Browne, at Mr. Hobb's House, in the presence of Renowned Dr. Whisler, and divers other Persons of Quality.

The Trachaea of this Animal hath an equal bore, till it is divided into two branches, before it entreth into the body of the Lungs, which is rare in more perfect Animals.

The Aspera Arteria of a Crocodile, * 1.638 is very remarkable for its Epiglottis, as being very broad, and of a Semicircular Figure, filling up the Interstice of the Fauces; and the Trachaea is beset with many annular Cartilages, ma∣king up complete Circles (as in a Sea Tortoise) without the interposition of any Membranous substance.

The Aspera Arteria of a Viper, * 1.639 is endued with a great length, and beset with numerous Cartilages, interspersed with Membranes, as in other Ani∣mals, and passeth over some part of the Stomach † 1.640 (as Dissected in a Su∣pine posture) and afterward creepeth under it, and then after a little space entreth into the Lungs.

The Aspera Arteria in an ordinary Snake, * 1.641 hath the structure of a Viper, and of other Animals, and maketh its progress all along the inside of the Spine † 1.642, and then creepeth under the Heart, and after small space is received into the Compage of the Lungs.

The Larynx of a Snake (called Caprimulgus) from the sucking the Teats of Goats) is rendred Conspicuous, * 1.643 as being exerted in the distortion of the Mouth; and the root of the Tongue being often vibrated near the head of the Aspera Arteria, maketh the hissing sound, when they are much surprised with fear.

The Trachaea in this Animal is furnished with many Cartilaginous rings, which grow Membranous when they lean upon the Gulet, as it is found in most Animals.

Insects have a great Apparatus of Trachaeae, which transmit Air into most, if not all the Viscera, as most Ingenious Malpighius hath discovered in these admirable Minute Animals.

A Silk worm is furnished with a great company of Air-vessels, * 1.644 that every Annulus or Section of it is endued with a pair, and the sides all along the Body in length, are marked with many black spots, which are so many Orifices of Trachaeae, transmitting Air through various Pipes into the Heart, Stomach, Intestines, Spinal Marrow, and Bowels of the whole Body; So that the Concoction is not only performed in the Stomach and Intestines by Air conveyed by the Air-vessels, but the Spirit of Life and Motion is main∣tained

by Air, conveyed into the Heart and Muscular parts by Trachaeae, which may be made good by this experiment of anointing the black Specks, the extremities of the Wind-pipes with Oyl, Butter, or any other unctious Matter, which produceth Paralytick Indispositions and Convulsive motions, the forerunners of Death, caused by intercepting the current of Air into the noble parts, by stopping up the Orifices of the Trachaeae, with clammy Liquor.

CHAP. L. Of the Air-vessels of Plants.

VEgetables have also somewhat analogous to the Aspera Arteria, and its various divarications in the Lungs, as they both have Organs insti∣tuted by Nature for the reception of Air, maturing the Blood in Animals and Sap in Plants, which containeth in it a principle of Life and Intestine motion, which are preserved and advanced by Air received into the Vessels of Vege∣tables, admitting in them, as well as Animals, great variety of situation, magnitude, and number.

In some Plants, near the inward confines of the Back, * 1.645 in the lignous apar∣timent, about the black circles of Sap-vessels, are seated many Pipes of Air, appearing sometimes in white bespotted rings; and other times the Air-ves∣sels do clear up as short bright Rays within the clouded undulated rings of Sap-Cylinders; other times they appear in divers Columns, erected in straight lines, ascending the whole length of the body of Vegetables.

And also the Tubes of Air are lodged after a Conglomerated manner in a kind of Clusters in divers irregular postures, * 1.646 as being confusedly divarica∣ted through the body of the Wood, without any distinct order.

The Air-vessels of Plants are also placed after the manner of Bends in an Escucheon; So that besides those greater Tubes, that make the Ring, * 1.647 there are others less, which being seated in oblique lines do intersect each other.

In some Vegetables the Pipes of Air make many bars, passing aslant after the form of Fesses.

The Cylinders of Air do differ much in size, both in reference to each other in the same, as well as in different kind of Plants, and have much lar∣ger perforations than those of Sap-vessels, placed in the Wooden territo∣ries, but are much less than the Tubes of Sap, seated in the Bark; so that then divers kinds of Air-vessels (adorned with different magnitudes) as well as Cylinders of Sap.

And the Tubes of Air, besetting the wooden apartiment, * 1.648 are not only different in size, but number too, in which they very much transcend one another in several Plants; So that it is admirable to view the great variety of Air-vessels, in situation, size, and number, which speak the wonderful Power and Wisdom of the Omnipotent Architect.

The structure of these Air-pipes, hath great affinity with those of Sap, * 1.649 and are oblong concave bodies, as a Contexture made up of many minute hollow Fibres, without any seam or unevenness.

Most Ingenious Malpighius giveth this description of the Fabrick of Air∣vessels, relating to Plants, that they are white flakes wreathed in Spires, and framed into Pipes, which adhere to each other like the Scales of Fish, and are hollowed into Tubes and Vesicles like the Lungs of Insects; and as in Humane Bodies and other less perfect Animals, the Wind-pipe without the Lungs, is dressed with a number of Cartilaginous rings, united to each other by the mediation of Membranes interspersed with fine fleshy Fibres; and when the Wind-pipe entreth into the body of the Lungs, it is divested of its grisly Circles, and groweth wholly Membranous as it is branched into numerous small Tubes, out of which an innumerable company of Vesicles are successively filled with, and emptied of Air in Inspiration and Ex∣piration.

These Membranous Cylinders of Air are accompanied with divers Glo∣bules fastned to each other like so many Scales lodged one below another. * 1.650

And in like manner in Vegetables, we may discover by the help of Glas∣ses, instead of Cartilaginous rings, a company of Spiral Flakes, beset with Tubes big with Air; and when the Trunks and Arms of Trees are waved up and down with boisterous blasts of Wind, the Air, confined within its pro∣per Channels, is liable to brisk agitations, heightening its common Elastick motion.

These Air-pipes in Plants do not pass Horizontally the breadth of the Trunk and Limbs, * 1.651 but ascend almost Perpendicularly in straight lines from the Root to the Trunk and Arms, and being carried into the lesser Branches and Leaves, do make great Maeanders and Plexes in the manner of Network.

In some trunks of Trees adjoyning to the Roots, * 1.652 may be discerned seve∣ral thin lignous Prominencies (which encircle the Pipes of Air, in which they are lodged as so many Repositories) having variety of magni∣tudes; some seem to be a System compounded of many Tubes, and the Vessels of Air sometimes pass horizontally through these Protuberan∣cies; whose fruitful Branches are beautified with several Cells wreathed with divers Spires.

Plants being animated with a principle of Life, * 1.653 have their lower regi∣on dwelling in the bowels of the Earth, wherein they borrow the Matter of their Aliment from Water (filtred through the Cranies of the Earth, and associated with Air, and impregnated with steams floating in the lower Orb,) which is conveyed through the Pores of the Bark, investing the Root, into the Vessels of Sap residing in the Bark; whereupon Sap, inspired with airy Particles, doth fill and distend its proper territories.

And as Men and other less perfect Animals, are bedewed with Lacteal Liquor inspired with Air, * 1.654 in the Stomach and Intestines, and Blood exalted with Air in the Lungs, and Nervous Liquor improved by it in the Cortex of the Brain; so in like manner the Sap-vessels of Plants, containing divers milky, gummy, resinous, and aqueous Liquors, do hold an entercourse with Pipes of Air, which discharge themselves by numerous Extremities into several Tubes, conserving these different Juices much advanced by Air, im∣pregnated with aethereal Particles and variety of Effluvia, enobled with Vo∣latil Saline and sulphureous Particles, rendring these Liquors more fluid and apt for motion, much quickned by the active parts of Air, which do not only enter by the Pores of the Bark relating to the Roots of Vegetables, but also by the small Meatus of the Rine, encircling their Trunks, Arms, and lesser Branches. And herein Plants do hold some analogy with Animals, through whose Pores of the Skin the Air insinuates through the Extremities

and Channels of the Veins into the more inward Recesses of the Body. And somewhat after this manner the Air being conveyed through the minute pas∣sages of the Bark into the more inward penetrals of Plants, doth not only contribute to the Local, but Intestine motion too of several alimentary Li∣quors, as they are receptive of Fermentative dispositions, chiefly imparted to them from airy Particles heightened with Celestial Emanations consisting of Heterogeneous Elements, which being embodied with the Sap of Vege∣tables, do put it into motion, proceeding from contrary principles, as so many Combatants endeavouring by various brisk actions to gain a Conquest upon each other (for their mutual advantage of greater maturity and per∣fection) ending in a happy reconcilement of their disagreeing Natures.

Hence the more spirituous and more volatil steams of Air, * 1.655 being espoused to the more gross and fixed parts of Sap, do attenuate and refine it, and by imparting more active dispositions do render it more fluid, generous, alimen∣tary, and fruitful, which are very much propagated from Air, not only impregnated with Effluvia, transpiring the Pores of the triple Family of Minerals, Vegetables, and Animals, but are also exalted with more noble qualities flowing from Celestial Bodies, whose warm and benign influences do make the Air more nimble and spirituous; which being embodied with the Sap of Plants, do give them nourishment, growth, and propagation, by whose vertue they sprout, blossome, bear Fruit and Seeds, as so many pledges of a farther production and duration, in which Nature is Emulous of Eternity by a kind of resurrection from Death to Life.

CHAP. LI. Of Respiration.

NAture hath seated the Lungs near the Heart, in the sacred and inward Recesses of the middle apartiment, as remote from our eyes, as un∣derstanding, and it might be wished that our Breast had been made transpa∣rent, that we might have a clear prospect of its secret Intrals, and under∣stand the nature of Respiration, the end and perfection of this noble en∣gine of Air, and the great Preservative of Life.

To give a History of Respiration, it supposeth its efficient cause pro∣ductive of it; Secondly the Organs, Thirdly the manner how it is celebra∣ted, and the Fourth is the Use of it.

The efficient cause is the motive faculty, * 1.656 by which this noble operation is accomplished, proceeding originally from the Animal Liquor generated in the Cortex of the Brain, conveyed by Nerves into the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm, and into the Lungs too; Some hold, the operation of Re∣spiration to be Natural, others Animal, and a third, a mixed action.

Learned Diemerbroeck is of an opinion, that the motion of Respiration is merely animal. Anatomes lib. 2. de Thorace, p. 532. Ait ille de isto Respira∣tionis motu inter Philosophos agitatur quaestio, scilicet qualisnam sit actio: Quippe alii naturalem, * 1.657 alii animalem, alii mixtam ex naturali & animali esse tradunt, suas{que} opiniones singuli plurimis rationibus confirmant, quas omnes hoc referre ni∣mis longum foret. Ex modo dictis satis liquet respirationem esse actionem mere animalem, quia peragitur motui animali inservientibus instrumentis, scilicet Mus∣culis, & pro arbitrio nostro potest accelerari, tardari, intendi & remitti, ut vi∣demus in Cantoribus, Tubicinibus, aliis{que} & quilibet in seipso experitur: immo etiam ad mortem us{que} cohiberi potest in iis, qui mori non timent; Cujus exemplum habet Galenus, lib. 2. de motu Musculor. Cap. 6. De Servo barbaro, qui respira∣tione cohibita sibi mortem conscivit: The great difficulty that perplexeth this opinion, is, because this necessary motion made for the preservation of our Life, is not merely arbitrary, as being celebrated for the most part without the command of the Will, by a kind of natural action, as it is wholly found in time of repose, when we have not the least apprehension of the motion of the Thorax, Diaphragm, or Lungs, which seem to hold great similitude with that of the Heart, in the time of rest, as all these different Engines of Motion are acted without the least dictate of the Will.

The Organs of Respiration, * 1.658 are first the Intercostal Muscles, the arched Ribs, Sternon, and Diaphragm, as antecedent to it; and the Lungs are the immediate machine, whose different motion doth constitute the various kinds of Respiration.

The Intercostal Muscles are lodged between the Ribs, and do begin and end in their several Tendons, implanted into the upper and lower mar∣gent of the Ribs; these long slender Organs of Motion, have many fleshy Fibres decussating each other, and being contracted, do lift the Ribs upward and outward. * 1.659

It is a received opinion, that the outward Intercostal Muscles are ministe∣rial to the Dilatation, and the inward to the contraction of the Thorax; but,

as I humbly conceive, it is mo•••• 〈…〉〈…〉 reason, that both the out∣ward and inward Intercostal Muscles do assist each other in the dilatation of the Thorax, by reason the Ribs elevated in order to Respiration, need no Muscles to depress and restore them to their former posture, which they ob∣tain of themselves, actu quodam resiliendi, which is agreeable to any solid body when it is drawn by some outward principle beyond its own natural situation.

And moreover it is reasonable to affirm, * 1.660 that the Ribs being moved up∣ward and outward, do dilate the Thorax, and being pulled downward, do narrow the cavity of the Breast.

And it is very evident to any intelligible Person that hath curiously inspected a Sceleton, that the Ribs (especially the lower ones) are most conducive to the dilatation of the Thorax, and are not articulated with the Spine and Sternon, according to exact right angles; So that if the Ribs be elevated upward and outward by the motion of the Intercostal Muscles, that then the Ribs do quit somewhat of their Semicircular Figure, and come nearer to right angles, in reference to their articulation with the Spine and Sternon.

Farthermore it may be conceived, that the Ribs being lifted up to right angles, that the Cavity of the Thorax is enlarged; but if we suppose divers arches to be placed upon a Plain, the space interceding them, cannot be great, because they make near approaches to each other in point of situation; but if these arches be lifted up somewhat above a Plain, a space must necessarily pass between them, and the nearer these arches do come to right angles, the Sinus, or empty spaces, running between them must be so much the greater: And let us borrow an instance from the Breast, in reference to the Spine, Ster∣non, and Ribs; So that the Plain interceding the Spine and Sternon, is the Mediastine, or any other imaginary Plain, dividing the Thorax, into equal parts; wherefore the arched Ribs upon the Plain (or which is the same, upon the Spine, and Sternon placed upon the same Plain) do rise toward right Angles by the contraction of the Intercostal Muscles, the space must be more enlarged, passing between the elevated Ribs, and the Mediastine.

As to the lower or bastard Ribs, though their Terminations are not af∣fixed to the Sternon, but Diaphragm, yet they participate the same motion with the other Ribs, and do also dilate the Thorax; so that any man may experiment in himself that in Inspiration, the Ribs are drawn upward and come outward toward right Angles; and in Expiration, when the Intercostal Muscles are relaxed, the Ribs do descend, and receive their former Semicircular Figure, and the Thorax is reduced to its Pristine more narrow Perimeter.

And not only the external Intercostal Muscles (as some imagine) but the Internal too do contribute to the dilatation of the Thorax, * 1.661 by reason both kinds of Muscles have their Extremities implanted into the margents of the next upper and lower Rib; whereupon the most loosely fastned, doth approach the more strongly, by the contraction of the Intercostal Muscles; wherefore the lower Rib having a more lax articulation than the upper, must necessarily be drawn upward by the motion of the Muscles, toward the upper more fixed Rib, as to the Center of Motion; whence it may be reasonably deduced, that both the External and Internal Intercostal Muscles, though they have different insertions into the Ribs, yet in their contractions they assist each other at the same time to lift the Ribs upward toward the Throat; and fur∣thermore these Ribs are articulated in such fit positions, that the Ribs may receive an elevation for the joynt motion of the Intercostal Muscles, seat∣ed

between the confines of the neighbouring upper and lower Rib.

And this Hypothesis may be farther proved by the oblique and contrary si∣tuation of the Intercostal Muscles, which hath been contrived by Nature, that the Muscles being inserted into the confining Ribs in an oblique position, may have a greater power to contract themselves, to raise up the Ribs; and again the Interstices of the Ribs are so small, that if these Muscles should be inserted in right angles, they would be too short to do the work conferred upon them by Nature; wherefore that the Intercostal Muscles may be endued with a proper length, they are obliquely implanted into the sides of the adjacent Ribs, which by reason of an oblique insertion of the Muscles is not fit to carry the Ribs upward, as to incline them outward, or inward; therefore the grand Architect hath most wisely contrived the divers situations of the External and Internal Intercostal Muscles, that both pulling obliquely with equal force, might mutually concur to the carrying Ribs upward; by reason the Ribs are so seated in the articulations with the Spine, that they are more easily drawn toward the higher than lower region of the Thorax, whereupon its Cavity is enlarged in order to give reception to the enlarged Lungs, dilated by Air in Inspiration.

And it is worthy our remark, * 1.662 that the Ribs have not only one, as is com∣monly thought, but two Articulations, discovered by Learned Dr. Mayow, in his Treatise de Respiratione, p. 284. Advertendum est hic loci, quod Costae non unicâ, uti vulgo creditur, sed duplici articulatione cum Spina conjungantur: Articuli{que} isti adeo oblique collocentur, tali{que} artificio formentur, ut Costae à Mus∣culis Intercostalibus sursum trahi nequeant, quin eaedem simul extrorsum pro majori pectoris dilatatione trahuntur: Quum caput Costae sit rotundum, ut sinum in Spina excavatum ingrediatur, quae Articulatio superior & interior est. E contra vero in Articulatione altera, sc. inferiori, & interiori sinus, is autem minus con∣spicuus in Costa excavatur, qui cum protuberantia Spinae, articulatur. Jam vero supponamus Caput Costae istius in cavitate Spinae collocari, & sinum Costae protuberantiae Spinae incumbere, & dein Costam eam, binis istis Articulationibus Spinae connexam, sursum moveri; facile est conceptu, Costam eam ad laevam, sive quod idem est, respectu pectoris extrorsum latum iri.

And it hath been farther observed by this Learned Author, that this said articulation of the Ribs with the Spine, and their oblique posture is more eminent in other Animals, which are liable to violent progressive motions, and thereupon require higher Respiration, and a more great dilatation of the Tho∣rax. Ait ille, Praedictae Articulationes, uti etiam eadem obliquitas in Sceleto Ovino, Equino, quam in Humano magis manifestae sint; Etenim annotare est, quod Ar∣ticulationes istae in aliquibus Animalibus, quae multo magis, quam in aliis obliquae sint: Nempe Animalia, quae exercitiis violentioribus dicata, Respiratione intensiori opus habent, iis Costarum Articuli valde obliqui sunt, quò vid. eorum Costae per Musculorum Intercostalium contractionem magis extrorsum ducantur, spa∣tium{que} in thorace pro pulmonibus late explicandis satis amplum aperiatur.

And it may be farther observed, * 1.663 that the Cartilages of the Ribs, by whose interposition the Ribs are conjoyned to the Sternon, are inserted into the Ribs with an eminent obliquity, which is wisely framed by Nature, that the Ribs might be carried outward in their extension, made by the mutual contraction of the External and Internal Intercostal Muscles, to render the Cavity of the Thorax more large in Inspiration; in which the extremities of the bastard Ribs, have a contrary position, as being drawn inward, in a difficulty of breathing, which is caused by reason the termination of these Ribs are tied to the fleshy circumference of the Diaphragm, which being violently con∣tracted,

doth draw the neighbouring extremities of the lower Ribs inward, which are restored to their natural position upon the relaxation of the Dia∣phragm.

Having treated of the Intercostal Muscles, Ribs, and Sternon, being part of the Organs of Respiration, as ambulatory to it; another as requisite as any of the other, may be offered to our consideration, and is the Midriff, whose contraction doth concur with the foresaid to the enlargement of the Breast, to give reception to the Lungs, distended with Air in the act of In∣spiration.

The Diaphragm seems to be acted with a double motion, * 1.664 the Diastole and Systole; but the first, as I humbly conceive, is rather a relaxation of its motion, when the Fibres, formerly made tense by Contraction, are relax∣ed, and the cavity of the Thorax rendred narrow, when the Diaphragm in its state of restitution is brought unto an Arch, having its upper surface, loo∣king toward the Heart Convex, and Concave toward the Stomach and In∣testines, whereby the Lungs are compressed, and the Stomach and Guts are set at liberty, as ascending upward into the cavity of the Thorax toward the concave surface of the Midriff.

In the Systole, which is the true motion of the Diaphragm, * 1.665 it is pressed downward, and quitteth its arched position, and is brought very much to∣ward a Plain, and the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment lodged within its Cancave walls, are beaten downward and outward, whereupon the Cavity of the Thorax becometh much enlarged, as acquiring greater dimensions of length, to entertain the dilated Compage of the Lungs when rendred big with Air.

The most proper and principal Organ of Respiration, are the Lungs, as a Machine, in which the Air sporteth it self in and out in various motions, productive of Inspiration and Expiration.

In the first the stream of Air is received, either through the Nostrils, or immediately through the Mouth into the greater Channel of the Wind∣pipe, and afterward into the Branches of the Bronchia, as so many smaller Pipes, and from thence into the numerous Membranous Sinus, as so many Out-lets of the Bronchia, interspersing the Lobules with white Interstices; whereupon this fine spungy Compage, made up of different Cylinders and membranous Orbs, groweth highly expanded with thin, spirituous, and Elastick Particles of Air.

In Expiration the Air maketh its retrograde motion out of the Lungs, as the receptacles of Air are compressed by the Ribs, Diaphragm, and weight of the Lungs, whereupon the numerous small Tubes of Air and their appen∣dant Sinus grow lank, as being lessened also by straight and circular Fibres, contracting the Cavities of the fruitful Cylinders and Orbs of Air; so that in Expiration it is squeesed out of the smaller Pipes into a greater Tube, and so into the larger Portal of the Mouth, and afterward confederates with the outward Air, as coming from it, and being near akin to it in its fluid temper.

And let us admire and adore with Joy and Eucharist, the wondrous con∣trivance of the Great Architect, who hath framed in infinite Power and un∣speakable Wisdom, the excellent Oeconomy of Nature, as made up of va∣riety of Noble parts, disposed in excellent order.

The Body of Man (the rule and standard from which all the Bodies of other Animals take their measures) may be called an 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a kind of Watch or Clock, consisting of numerous Wheels, moved by variety of Springs, as

those Wheels of the Gulet, Stomach, Intestines, Arteries, and Muscles, the greater and stronger engines of Motion are all contracted by Fleshy Fibers, acted by the Elastick Particles of Animal Spirits, the more refined Atomes of Nervous Liquor.

And the Oeconomy of the Vital parts, the Heart and Lungs seated in the middle Story of Mans Body, hath a kind of peculiar Oeconomy somewhat different from that of the other parts of the Body, as the Lungs) a great machine of Motion) are chiefly managed by an external principle by the spring of Air, distending its curious Frame, consisting of many Cylinders and Orbicular Tunicles, as so many Channels and Cisterns of Air.

And having taken the little Clock (composed of many Respiring Organs) in pieces, and treated singly of every Wheel; of the Intercostal Muscles, and Semicircles of Ribs, how they are affixed to the column of the Spine, and Sternon, and of the Circular Diaphragm, and of the Lungs, as the great Wheel of Life, to whose motion all other lesser Wheels are assistant; I will now set all these Wheels together, and endeavour to shew you the reason and manner of Respiration, which is a thing of as great Difficulty, as Importance.

In the order of Nature the motion of the Lungs is first designed as its chief Machine, * 1.666 made up of various Receptacles of Air, but in point of Time, this great, and other lesser Wheels do celebrate their motions together.

At the same instant the Intercostal Muscles, * 1.667 Arched Ribs, Sternon, Dia∣phragm, are engaged in various motions, contributing to the main motion of the Lungs.

The two ranks of Semi-Elliptick Arches of the Ribs, seated in both sides, have two Extremities, the hinder are obliquely fastned in a double movable Articulation with strong Ligaments to the Spine (curiously Carved with va∣riety of acute, oblique, and transvers Processes) as to a firm immovable Column; The anterior grisly Terminations of many of the Bony Arches, are conjoyned in oblique lax Positions to the Sternon (as to a Breast-plate;) So that these extremities of the Ribs may be dilated with the Sternon, an∣nexed to them.

These are called Parallel Bony Semicircles, because they observe an equal distance from each other, as interspersed with the Intercostal Muscles, being thin oblong quadrangular Bodies, consisting of a kind of Parallelogramms in Figure.

The Intercostal Muscles, seated between, and affixed to the Ribs in oblique Positions, consist of two Ranks, the one External, the other Internal, which are furnished with numerous equidistant Fibres, intersecting each other.

The double row of Fibres besetting the Intercostal Muscles, * 1.668 was wisely instituted by Nature upon this account, to assist each other at sometime in a concurrent motion, by reason two ranks of oblique Fibres would else distort the Ribs in the motion of the Breast; For instance, Suppose the Ribs, being parallel with each other in point of Concave Surface, it may seem evident, when the oblique Fibres are shortned, it will disorder the equidistant posture of the Ribs, if the different oblique Fibres of several Muscles should move the Ribs in various inward and outward Positions at the same time.

Therefore it is prudently contrived by Nature, that all the Fibres decussa∣ting each other, and affixed to the Margents of the Ribs, should jointly produce the same operation of moving them upward and outward at the same time.

To give a more clear sight of the manner of Breathing, * 1.669 I will improve my utmost endeavours to shew you all the Instruments of Respiration mo∣ving together, as serving each other in a great order and decorum, sometimes enlarging the Perimeter of the Thorax, ••o give the distended Lungs a free play upon the reception of Air, and another time to contract the circumfe∣rence of the Breast to exclude its effaete reliques in Expiration.

When the free streams of Air run through the larger Channel of the Aspera Arteria, * 1.670 into the lesser Pipes of the Bronchia and its appendant round Tunicles, the spungy substanc of the Lungs groweth swelled, acquiring grea∣ter dimensions, whereupon the neighbouring parts give way at the same mo∣ment for its more easie reception, the Midriff contracteth it self by various Fibres, and is brought to less and less Arches, till it arrives a kind of Cir∣cular Plain; So that the Stomach, Intestines, and Liver, lately entertained into its arched bosom, in the Thorax, are now depressed into the lowest apar∣timent, whereby the Perimeter of the middle Story is much lengthened, to give a free entertainment to the greater dimensions of the Lungs, and not only the Midriff hath quitted its Convex Position toward the Lungs, and Concave toward the Viscera of the lowest Story, but the Ribs at the same instant lose somewhat of their Arches too because they being tied to the Spine (as a fixed Column, the Center of Motion) are pulled upward and outward; by reason their Articulations are so framed with the Vertebres of the Back, that they may give way to the contractions of the Intercostal Muscles, bringing their inward Concave Surfaces to a Plain, thereby making acute Angles, where∣upon the Ribs being brought in a Perpendicular toward the Neck, and more horizontally toward the Back, the Perimeter of the Thorax becometh grea∣ter in breadth, as a more easie allodgment for the tumefied Lungs in Inspi∣spiration.

In Expiration the contracted Abdominal Muscles force up the Liver, In∣testines, and Stomach into the bosom of the Midriff, which is thereby re∣laxed, as having its Circular Plain reduced to an Arch, and at the same time the decussated Fibres of the Intercostal Muscles being unbent in their re∣pose, the Ribs are brought downward and inward, actu quodam resiliendi, (as hard Bodies) from acute to obtuse Angles, whereby the Perimeter of the Thorax is narrowed at the same moment in latitude by their arched Ribs, * 1.671 as well as lessened in longitude by the Convex Surface of the Midriff; So that the Lobes of the Lungs are horizontally and perpendicularly compressed, and the Membranous Sinus, and numerous Pipes, discharge the Effaete re∣mains of Air (not associated with the Blood) into the greater Pipe, the Aspera Arteria, and thence into the Mouth.

And I humbly conceive, that the Orbicular Tunicles, * 1.672 and the numerous smaller and greater Cylinders of Air, are not only emptied by the compres∣sion of the Convex Surface of the Midriff, and the Arches of the Ribs brought to obtuse Angles, but also by the motion of the right and circular Fleshy Fi∣bres, contracting the Cavity of the Membranous Orbs, and various Cylin∣ders; whereby the Air is squeesed out of them into the larger receptacle of the Wind-pipe.

In short, Inspiration is made by all the Organs moving the same time, while the Lungs are distended by the inflation of Air, the arches of the Ribs are brought from obtuse to more acute Angles, and the Concave Surface of the Midriff to a plain circular Position, to give reception to the greater di∣mensions of the expanded Lungs.

In Expiration the lately distended Lungs grow soft and lank, as their many round Concave Sinus and Tubes of the Bronchia are disburdened of Air by a compression made by the recoyling of the Ribs, brought from acute to obtuse Angles, and from the Midriff forced upward by the contracted Abdominal Muscles, throwing the Viscera of the lowest Story into the bosom of the Diaphragm, whereby the Perimeter of the Thorax is lessened, and the Lungs compressed to expell the Effaete reliques of Air, with the unprofitable steams of the Blood.

Having Mechanically described the motion of the Ribs, Sternon, and Midriff, as instruments of Respiration, the great difficulty remaineth, which doth highly perplex us, how the Lungs, the curious Machine of Air, and great Organ of Breathing do move, which is most worthy our remark and deep inquiry.

The Lungs being a fine Compage of various parts, * 1.673 have no Internal prin∣ciple of Motion, as not being furnished with any Muscles or Muscular Fi∣bres, which are the machines consigned by Nature to the production of Lo∣cal motion; neither are the Lungs fastned to any neighbouring Muscles, as the Intercostal, and Diaphragm, the one moving the Ribs, and the other it self, to enlarge the circumference of the Thorax, to give reception to the greater bulk of the expanded Lungs.

Whereupon this noble Mechanism having no Muscles, * 1.674 nor fleshy Fibres (which hold some analogy with them) borroweth its motion from some Ex∣ternal Principle, from the fluid and elastick parts of Air, expanding the rare and tensive Compage of the Lungs, as composed of membranous Cylinders and Orbicular Tunicles.

The different parts of Breathing produce Inspiration, making the Di∣astole of the Lungs, caused by the inflation of Air, and the Systole, acted by the contraction of the Lungs, ejecting Air out of its Concave Re∣ceptacles.

These different repeated motions of the Lungs do not keep time with the Diastole and Systole of the Heart, * 1.675 but have different pauses and intervals of motion, as the dilatation and contraction of the Lungs, are acted with more slowness, quickness, or magnitude, as subject to the dictates of the Under∣standing, and commands of the Will, to which the meerly natural motions of the Heart are in no manner liable, by reason the Heart maketh its con∣stant uninterrupted Pulsations, when the Lungs for some time do suppress their several motions in obedience to the commands of the Will.

Again, many Pulsations are celebrated in the Heart, while the Lungs have but one Diastole and Systole, as any may easily experience in himself, as comparing the pulsations of the Artery (observed by a touch of his Fin∣ger in his Arm) with the Diastole and Systole of the Lungs, the ex∣pansion and contraction of them made in Inspiration and Expiration, by the immission and emission of Air into and from the Bronchia and Sinus of the Lungs.

Farthermore, * 1.676 the matter and external efficient cause of Respiration in terrestrial and flying Animals, are the elastick particles of Air, and cannot be the more gross fluid parts of Water, which being immitted into the Bronchia of the Lungs, will immediately confound the different motions of Re∣spiration, and produce Suffocation, which is very conspicuous in drowned Animals.

And it is also requisite in Air, that it should have a moderate consistence, by reason if it be too thick, as mingled with gross Vapours, coming out of

stagnant Waters; or ill Minerals of the Earth, it will produce first a diffi∣culty of Breathing, and afterwards Suffocation, or at least a loss of Breath, found upon the expiration of Animals, long living in gross or corrupt Air.

If we make an Inspection into the motion of the parts exercised in Respi∣ration, we may easily experiment in our selves, * 1.677 that the Air is immitted through the Mouth into the greater and less Cylinders of the Bronchia, and their Orbicular Appendages, whereupon the whole Compage of the Lungs, is blown up like a Bladder, or like Bellows, whose concave Leathers are dilated by Air, much resembling the expansion of the Lungs in Inspiration; This may be made manifest to our Eye after the Dissection of one or more Intercostal Muscles, wherein part of the Thorax being opened, a Lobe of the Lungs may be handled, and found hard and tense, as distended with numerous particles of Air insinuated into the greater and less Pipes of the Lungs.

And also in a fleaed Animal alive, * 1.678 we may view how much the Perimeter of the Breast is enlarged in breadth by the Ribs, (brought from obtuse to right Angles, effected by the contracted Intercostal Muscles,) and much in length, when the Midriff is drawn by its Fleshy Fibres from an Arch, to a circular Plain.

Learned Borellus giveth an account mechanically in his second Book de Motu Animalium, p. 163. * 1.679 how much the circumference of the Breast is enlarged in Inspiration, by taking a Glass Cylinder of Fifty Foot long, and the Diameter of its Bore was somewhat greater than the fourth part of a Fingers breadth; whereupon part of its Cavity might be filled with a Fluid, containing fourteen Cubick Digits; after the Orifice of the Cylinder being put into a Saucer full of Soap Suds, and took a little part of the clammy Liquor into the base of the Cylinder, somewhat resembling the Cylindrick bottom of the Breast covered with the Midriff, and afterward his Nostrils being stopped, and the upper Orifice of the Cylinder being applied to his Mouth, he sucked out of its Cavity such a proportion of Air, as his Lungs did usually receive in one gentle Inspiration, in the interim the watry liquor did not ascend to his Lips; whence it may be inferred, That the quantity of Air received at one breath into the Pipes of the Lungs, was not equivalent to Fourteen Cubick Digits, by reason some part of the cavity of the Cylin∣der, containing the said Digits, was filled partly with remainent Air, and partly with Water received lately into the base of the Cylinder.

And to give you a more full History of this Experiment, I will make bold to trouble you with the Renowned Author's own words, least I should do him some prejudice in the Translation. Ait ille, Quanta vero sit ampliatio Thoracis facta ab aeris inspiratione haberi potest hoc artificio; Sumpsi Fistulam vitream Cylindricam, cujus longitudo 12 Digitos aequabat, & basis, seu cavitatis diameter quadrante digiti unius paulo major erat. Quare capacitas ejus repleri poterat à fluido 14. Digitorum Cubicorum; postea immerso Orificio fistulae intra scutellam Saponis lotura repletam, excepi exiguam aquae viscidae portiunculam, quae replebat infimam basim sistulae ad instar Diaphragmatis. Naribus deinde constrictis, applicato ore exuxi ex vitrea fistula tantam molem aeris, quantam unica leni Inspiratione Pulmones excipere solent; & tunc aquea illa gutta elevata, ad os non pervenit. Hinc deduxi quod moles aeris à me Inspirati 14 Digitos Cubicos non aequabat; sed supponamus fuisse quindecem postea, quia mei thoracis ampli∣tudo, seu Diameter 15 Digitos non aequat, erit proxima moles Sphaeroidalis com∣pressa mei thoracis aequalis 3375 Digitis Cubicis, quare post Inspirationem additis

15 aliis Digitis Cubicis aeris & molis aucta thoracts aequalis 3390, Digitis Cubicis, & hujus radix Cubica est 1550; Ergo intrusio aeris Inspirati auxit Diametrum mei thoracis non amplius, quam una quinquagesima parte crassitiei unius Digiti.

Whereupon he addeth the motion of the Breast to be obscure in Inspira∣tion, by reason a small elevation of the Sternon toward the Neck can only be discerned, and the Abdomen being opened, the Midriff may be disco∣vered to be brought from a Concave Surface to a Plain in a gentle Inspiration, because in a violent one the Thorax is more dilated, as receiving a double proportion of Air, more than is admitted in a quiet breathing.

The great difficulty is yet unsolved, how the Air is immitted through the greater and lesser Channels into the spongy compage of the Lungs, making its Diastole in Inspiration. Some conceive that Air being a fluid body, hath a power to protrude one part after another; * 1.680 so that the ambient Air is forced through the Nostrils or Mouth into the Aspera Arteria, and smaller Pipes, into the Orbicular Tunicles, and thereby raiseth the body of the Lungs, by rea∣son the Air by virtue of the weight of the superincumbent Atmosphaere doth not only rush into the empty spaces of Pipes, but strongly presseth through the neighbouring parts endued with round concave Surfaces, receptive of this movable body of Air; which is continued from the circumference of the Body to the greater and smaller Tubes and Orbicular Sinus; So that the mo∣tion of Air is favoured by the insides of the Thorax (which before did resist the pressure of Air by compression) as dilated by the Intercostal Muscles, whence a freedom is given to the motion of the ambient Air pressed for∣ward by the weight of the Atmosphaere into the Cavities of the numerous Pipes, relating to the Lungs

The structure of the Lungs much contributeth to the motion of this fluid Body, * 1.681 as it is composed of greater and less Tubes leading into appendant Or∣bicular Sinus, affixed to the sides of the Bronchia, whereby the Air hath a free access into these numerous Pipes and Sinus, enlarging the bulk of the Lungs in their Diastole.

And not only the pressure of the Atmosphaere, * 1.682 but the elastick force of the Air, as having inclinations immensely to extend it self, do much promote the inflation of the various Cylinders and Orbicular Tunicles; by reason the power, by which the compressed Air doth endeavour to expand it self, is equal to the pressure of the Atmosphaere, which being more intense or re∣miss, doth impart greater or less Elasticity to the Air; So that its Elastick power (as I humbly conceive) doth arise from hence, That the nearer it is to the Globe of Earth, it is the more compressed by the weight of the super∣incumbent Air, whereupon it groweth more Elastick as it hath a natural en∣deavour to dilate it self to take off its confinement, caused by many superior Columns of Air testing upon its ambient parts, encircling the Earth; and when the ambient Air near this Globe is compressed by the weight of its in∣numerable parts leaning upon its lowest region, it hath a natural proneness to free it self from pressure, by expanding it self with a motion of restitu∣tion; as it may be made evident by a known Experiment, vid. if a Bladder having the greatest part of Air taken out of it by compressing, and afterward a stronger Ligature being made in the Neck, and then the Bladder be placed in the Glass, (out of which the Air is afterward drawn out) whereupon the Bladder will presently swell, and be highly blown up, which is pleasant to behold, by reason the Air, though very little, is confined within the Blad∣der, and the external Air (by whose pressure it was brought into a narrow

compass) being withdrawn, doth immediately dilate it self, and blow up the Bladder: After this manner it may be conceived that the inflation of the Lungs is accomplished, because as soon as the sides of the Thorax (which compress the Lungs in their contraction) are drawn upward and outward, the ambient Air, confining on the entrance of the Wind-pipe, is impelled by the pressure of the Atmosphaere, and by its own Elastick power into the greater and lesser Pipes, and round Sinus of the Lungs, whereby they grow immediately distended.

Learned Dr. Mayow, * 1.683 doth illustrate the inflation of the Lungs in Inspi∣ration by another Experiment, in which a Bladder, being included within the cavity of the Bellows, with this contrivance, that the neck of the Blad∣der may be so fastned to the inside of its nosel, that the Air received by it, be immitted into the body of the Bladder; So that the Bellows being opened, the Air will immediately rush into the Bladder, lodged in the body of the Bellows, which the Ingenious Author conceiveth to resemble the distention of the Lungs in their Diastole, as it may be read in his Treatise of Respi∣ration, p. 274. Supponamus ergo Vesicam in cavitate Follis inclusam, ejusdem{que} collum rostro Follis sibi indito, ita affixum esse, ut aer rostro ei inflatus, non nisi in vesicam dictam transire possit, ut autem illud fiat, vesica ista rostro Follis eo modo adaptanda est, cum Follis iste nondum compaginatur: Porro foramen, illud vero non, uti assolet, in inferiore lamina Follis, sed in superiore jam, idque satis amplum excudatur; idem{que} vitro ope caementi idonei laminae ei affixo strictim obturetur; quo vesica intus inclusa, per vitrum istoc, tanquam per fenestram conspici possit. His ad hunc modum paratis, si Follis iste aperiatur, illius lami∣nas ab invicem diducendo, vesicam dictam intumescere, & in cavitatem Follis ampliatam extendi percipies; & quidem cadem plane ratione Pulmonum inflatio in pectore dilatato efficitur.

Both these Experiments, the one being performed by the reception of Air into a Bladder (placed in a Glass) and the other in Bellows, do seem to prove the motion of the Air into the Aspera Arteria, and its Branches, (diva∣ricated through the body of the Lungs) made by the pressure of the At∣mosphaere, and the elastick parts of Air.

Some Learned Anatomists have this sentiment, * 1.684 That the inflation of the Lungs in Inspiration is not performed wholly by the weight of the superin∣cumbent Air, but by the attraction of it through the Nostrils or Mouth in∣to the Wind-pipe and its smaller Tubes, and their appendant Sinus, after the manner of sucking Water through a Pipe or Quill into it; whereupon one extremity of the Pipe being put into the Mouth, and the other into Water, the ambient Air is wholly secluded from its access to the Pipe, which causeth the Water, by the power of the breath drawn inward, to ascend through the Pipe into the Mouth, to preserve the Oeconomy of Nature by avoiding a vacuity which would ensue, when the Air, lodged in the cavity of the Pipe, is gradually exhausted, if the Water did not rise up by degrees, and supply its place in the Pipe. * 1.685 After this manner it may seem the Air is drawn into the Wind-pipe, and its smaller Branches lodged in the Lungs, to prevent a Va∣cuum, when the Perimeter of the Thorax is enlarged by the motion of the Intercostal Muscles, bringing the Ribs upward and outward from obtuse to somewhat right Angles, and by the contraction of the Midriff, pulling it downward from a Concave Surface to a Circular Plain; whereupon the di∣mensions of the Breast being rendred much greater in length by the depression of the Diaphragm, as well as in breadth by the pulling the Ribs outward, a Vacuum must immediately follow, if the distended Lungs did not at the same

moment gradually fill up the cavity of the Thorax, as it is more and more amplified by the greater and greater depression of the Midriff; so that the inflation of the Lungs supplying the else empty place of the Thorax, is pro∣bably produced by the attracted Air, moving into numerous Cylinders of the Lungs, as when the upper and lower region of the Bellows are parted from each other, the inward cavity groweth greater, and the Air hath an imme∣diate impetuous recourse through the Nosel into the more inward recesses of the Bellows. But the learned Anatomists of the opposite opinion, may re∣ply, This repletion of the Bellows with Air may be accomplished not by At∣traction, but Impulse, caused by the pressure of the superincumbent Air, forcing its ambient Particles into the Nosel and cavity of the Bellows.

Somewhat may be farther offered in favour of Inspiration, * 1.686 produced by the attraction of Air into concave Vessels of the Lungs, which may be fetched from Divers, that can live some time under Water, which is contrived by an hollow Engine (fixed about the Breast, so closely, that it is not receptive of Water) in which the Diver breaths, while he remaineth under the wa∣ter; so that he can receive no other Air (but what is contained within the close Engine) which cannot admit any ambient Air forced into his Mouth by the weight of any superior incumbent Particles; This may be said in an∣swer to this Experiment, That this way of breathing is unnatural, by which the Diver can be supported but a very short time, and must be speedily drawn out of the water, to be revived by fresh Air, else he will be suffocated.

In conclusion, * 1.687 I most humbly conceive, That the inflation of the Lungs in Inspiration is not celebrated by the attraction or suction of Air, but by the pressure of the Atmosphaere, and elastick particles of Air impelling it into the greater and less Tubes, and Orbicular Sinus, blowing up the Lungs and fil∣ling up the Cavity of the Breast in time of Inspiration.

This Hypothesis is very highly made good by Learned Mr. Boyles most ex∣cellent Experiments in his well contrived Machine, wherein the minute Animals died, when the greatest part of Air was drawn out by art. Whereupon it may be reasonably deduced, that Air endued with such degrees of thinness, and grosness, beyond which on each side it is rendred unfit for Respiration. As to the thinness of it an evident Experiment is given by the said Experiment of the most Ingenious Author, in which the most part of the Air being exhau∣sted out of an Air-pump, so that almost nothing but Aether remained, as di∣vested of the Particles of Air for the most part, so that its reliques lost their Elastick power, and are made uncapable of Motion into the greater and lesser Cylinders of Air in order to Respiration.

CHAP. LII. Of the use of Respiration.

THE Lungs being in it self a Compage (consisting of variety of Organs) is attended also with many neighbouring parts, assistant to its several motions, as being a noble, as well as useful Machine of Air, ministerial to Respiration, the great preservative of Life.

This excellent operation of Breathing is consigned by Nature to variety of uses, as it is made up of divers alternately repeated acts of Inspiration and Expiration, consisting in the various motion of Air, playing to and fro in the Diastole, and Systole of the Lungs.

The inspired Air is profitable to Smelling, Tasting and to the local motion, Fermentation, and mixture of the Blood with the Chyme; as also to the moti∣on of the Chyle and Lympha.

The Expired Air is conducive to Speech, Voice, Coughing, Sneezing, and Spitting; and the Air being detained in the Lungs, doth promote the excre∣tion of Urine and grosser Excrements, and also facilitates the Birth of Chil∣dren.

The Antients have conceived the use of Respiration was only to cool the Blood, * 1.688 but if we well consider how Nature is supported in its vital flame of Life, we shall find the Blood, (by which it is maintained) to have a greater need of Heat then Coolness, to make good its local Motion, and Fermen∣tation.

Hippocrates, the Great Master of our Art, did attribute a necessity to Re∣spiration, in reference to conserve Life; saying, that we can live some time without the entertainment of Aliment, but we cannot continue our Life many moments, without constant Draughts of Air, immitted freely into its greater and less Tubes, to spin out the thread of Life, by frequent repeated acts of Respiration, whose necessity chiefly appears in preserving the circu∣lation of the vital Liquor.

It is a received Opinion, that Respiration is ordained by Nature, * 1.689 for the transmission of Blood, through the Lungs, from the Right to the Left Cham∣ber of the Heart; And I most humbly conceive, that the Grand Architect hath made such a multitude of Divarications of Arteries and Veins (propa∣gated through the whole Compage of the Lungs) to convey the stream of Blood, as through different Channels, from one ventricle of the Heart to the other, to promote the circuite of Blood through the Lungs, which is very much assisted by the contraction of them in expiration, compressing the Arte∣ries and Veins; whereupon it is squeezed out of the Terminations of one, into the Origens of the other.

Hence a reasonable account may be given of strangled Persons, either Hanged, Drowned, or Suffocated by a large quantity of serous Liquor (fal∣ling from the numerous conglobated salival Glands, of the Tongue, Palate, and adjacent parts into the Wind-pipe, and its smaller Cylinders) intercept∣ing the current of Air, and mass of Blood through the Lungs, which com∣press the Blood-vessels by their weight, as narrowing, and closing their Cavities, so that they are not receptive of vital Liquor, which maketh a

stagnancy of Blood in the substance of the Lungs, and Right Ventricle of the Heart, as Learned Dr. Harvey discovered in a hanged Felon; as he wri∣teth in his Epistle to Riolan, Se in cadavere humano noviter strangulato, auri∣culam Cordis dextram & pulmones sanguine plurimum distentos atque infarctos reperisse testatur.

That this Hypothesis may be clearly understood, * 1.690 how much the inspired Air concurreth to the motion of the Blood, I will propound some experi∣ments. The First shall be that of most ingenious Dr. Croon, my worthy Collegue, when Professor of Gresham Colledge (before the Learned Fellows of it) who so strangled a Pullet, that the least spark of Life did not seem to remain; and afterward some Air being immitted by Art in the Mouth and Wind-pipe, the Pullet revived, by virtue of inspired Air, giving a new mo∣tion to the stagnated Blood in the Lungs.

Another Experiment I will make bold to propound, * 1.691 of a Dog opened alive in the Theater of the Colledge of Physicians, London, That when the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragme were wounded, and the currents of Air stopped, in relation to its motion into the Lungs; the pulsations of the Heart grew very faint, and almost wholly ceased; whereupon the Nosel of a Bellows being put into the Mouth of the dying Dog, he presently revived, at the immission of Air into the Lungs; and the Heart was restored to more vigorous pulsations, which continued some time, as long as Air was inject∣ed by Art, into the greater and less branches of the Wind-pipe.

Another Experiment was shewed by my worthy Friend Dr. * 1.692 Gualter Need∣ham, a Learned Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians, London, at Gresham Colledge, before the Honourable and Learned Mr. Boyle, and many other Fellows of the said Society; The Experiment was acted upon a Dog hang∣ed, which being opened, his Heart seemed to be free from all Motion; where∣upon, most ingenious Dr. Needham, immediatly put a Pipe into the Thora∣cick Duct, and injected Air immediately into it; whereupon the Heart and Blood recovered their motion, so that the Air mixed with the Blood, did spee∣dily render it fluid, and did sollicite the vital Liquor, stagnant in the Right Ventricle of the Heart and Lungs, to a new motion and progress.

And in great difficulty of breathing, * 1.693 even almost to suffocation, in Squi∣nancies and inflammations of the Lungs, a free mission of Blood being celebrated by opening a Vein with a free hand, the vital Liquor setling in the substance of the Lungs, doth acquire a renewed circulation, by freeing them, partly from their load, and by having the Tubes of Air more open, as released from their compression, lately produced by stagnancy of Blood, in the substance of the Lungs.

Upon this account Men executed, * 1.694 having been immediately let blood free∣ly, have been restored to Life, by making good the circulation of the vital Li∣quor stopped in the Lungs; whereupon they play again anew, and receive fresh draughts of Air to impregnate the Blood with its spirituous, nitrous, and elastick Particles, to give a new circuit to it, through the Lungs and Heart, to preserve the soft flame of Life.

Another Use assigned to Respiration, * 1.695 is the comminution of the Blood, (as being made up of heterogeneous Particles) by reason the Chyle is trans∣mitted through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins, where it first confederates with the Blood, with which it is afterward carried through the descendent Trunk of the Cava, into the Right Ventricle, where the Chyle mixeth with the Blood, and is afterward communicated by the pul∣monay Artery to the substance of the Lungs, and then to the Veins, wherein

the Chyle espouseth a more intimate union with the Blood, as having an ex∣acter Comminution, accomplished by various Compressions of the Blood-Ves∣sels, made by the distended Pipes and Sinus in Inspiration, and by the weight of the Lungs, leaning upon the Arteries and Veins in Expiration; so that the Blood of the Lungs appeareth more Red, as the Chyme is more perfect∣ly assimilated into vital Liquor in the Lungs, then in the Right Ventricle of the Heart, which being opened in a Dog some hours after he hath been dead, the Blood is seen to run confused with the Chyme; whereupon it is often cloathed with a Whitish array; and when the Chyle is carried with the Blood into the Lungs, it receiveth a more perfect mixture, and the clammy parts are more attenuated, and fitted for motion, as they are exalted with the elastick and nitrous parts of Air, which do much contribute to conserve the heat of the Blood, as they do open and dilate it.

A Third Use of Respiration may be conceived to give a principle of Fer∣mentation to the Blood, * 1.696 by reason it is a Liquor consisting of many different Elements of Saline, Sulphureous, and Spiritous Particles, which being acted with nitrous Particles of Air, impelled into the substance of the Lungs, and mixed with Blood, do render it more Fermentative, upon a double ac∣count; First, the Aethereal Particles impregnated with subtle Influxes (ema∣ning from the Sun and other Planets) do insinuate into the body of the vital Liquor, and do very much exalte the more fixed and gross parts of the Blood, which is also enobled by Air, consisting of many volatil Steams, some Oily and Balsamick, others Saline, and Watry, breathing out of the Pores re∣lating to the Bodies of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals.

The Effluvia flowing from different Bodies, have various tempers, as com∣posed of several Elements, whose Particles are endued with different sizes and shapes, which being embodied with Air, and received into the Blood by Inspiration, do raise its intestine Motion, * 1.697 which is also much intended by the Nitrous Elastick parts of this noble fluid Body, which by reason of its more subtle parts, doth easily insinuate it self into the loose Compage of the Blood, and exalt its more sluggish fixed parts in a due Fermentation, while it passeth through the spungy substance of the Lungs.

Farthermore it is agreeable to Reason, the kindly and soft Effervescence of the Blood, ariseth from its fermentative Principles, as consisting of diffe∣rent crude Liquors, of Lympha, and Chyle (and other various Elements) Whereupon the vital Liquor is not a Jejune and poor, but a rich, opulent Li∣quor, endued with Particles of different Figures and Magnitudes, which are apt to Ferment, by reason the Blood is perpetually repaired by an alimenta∣ry Liquor (streaming out of the Thoracick Ducts) which being crude, passeth through the Subclavian Vessels, the Cava, and Right Ventricle of the Heart, and pulmonary Artery, into the substance of the Lungs, where it en∣counters Air; whereupon the Chyme mixed with Blood, is broken into small Particles, and assimilated into it, whereby the Blood groweth Florid and Fro∣thy, as espousing Air, exalting its Crude, Saline, and Sulphureous Particles, with Nitrous Elastick Atomes.

The Antients have fancied hot Fumes to be secerned from the Blood, (fla∣ming in the Heart) in Expiration, through the Aspera Arteria into the Mouth, but this being a temperate heat, seated in the Blood, cannot emit such fierce fuliginous vapours, as hath been formerly conceived; by reason the mild heat of the Blood cannot so colliquate, burn, and scald it, as to send out such fiery Exhalations.

Wherefore I conceive it more probable to affirm, that watry Steams or Vapors are mixed with the effaete Particles of Air, which do not stream from the Heart, but distill from the Glands of the Wind-pipe, into whose Cavity they are transmitted by secret passages; and sometimes these Vapors are im∣pregnated with Saline Particles, which irritate the inward tender Coat of the Lungs; whereupon the Right and Circular Fibres of the Wind-pipe, are contracted to discharge by Coughing, these troublesome guests, the salt Va∣pours of the Blood, with the impetuous Motion of expired Air.

CHAP. LIII. Of a Cough and Consumption.

THE Nervous Liquor having lost its kindly mild temper, * 1.698 and being associated with ill qualified Lympha, doth confederate with the Blood in the Lungs, and produce a severe Cough, made by the irritated Fibres of the Bronchia, which are sometimes acted with violent Convulsive Motions, proceeding from the acide indisposition of the Blood, as mixed with depraved nervous Liquor.

Sometimes the Lungs may be disordered by the obstruction of the Lym∣phaeducts, * 1.699 caused either by some viscous Humour, intercepting the course of the Lympha; whereupon the tender frame of these fine Vessels may be bro∣ken, and discharge their Liquor into the substance of the Lungs, and from thence into the Bronchia, and their Cells, whence they being provoked by a quantity of Liquor, will endeavour to expel it by Expectoration; and if the Lympha be disaffected with Acide Particles, derived from the Acrimo∣ny of the Blood, it may corrode the membranous Compage of the Lungs, so that the Bronchial and Pulmonary Arterial Branches may discharge some part of the Blood into the Receptacles of Air, wherein it being stagnant and putrefied, will generate a tabid disposition in the Lungs.

The suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood, * 1.700 either by the Haemorrhoides, Menstrua, or Nostrils, do prove often very disadvantageous, by reason the ill parts of Blood, which were wont to be discharged by the said Vessels of different parts, have recourse to the Lungs, and irritate a Cough, ambulatory to a Consumption.

The suddain occlusion of the pores of the Skin, * 1.701 (caused by the coldness of the ambient Air, or by a shower of Rain, or by the leaving off a Garment,) doth detain the Effluvia of the Blood, and disorder its temper, and cause an Effervescence, especially if the vital Liquor be vitiated with sharp Saline Particles, and surcharged with a quantity of ill Recrements, which having a recourse to the Lungs, do offend their fine Compage, and often provoke a Cough, ushering in a Consumption.

Thus having given some account of a Consumption in point of its Causes, an ill mass of Blood, as associated with a depraved nervous Liquor and Lym∣pha; I will now make bold to speak somewhat in relation to the subject of this Disease, the Lungs, as they are disposed to the reception of this tabide Malady.

A Tabide Disease may proceed; First, * 1.702 from the ill conformation of the Breast, Secondly, from the innate weakness of the Lungs, and from a He∣reditary indisposition, propagated from Consumptive Parents; or Thirdly, from Antecedent Diseases of the inflammation of the Lungs or Pleura; or from frequent Coughing up Blood, or from an Empyema.

To which may be added a gross Air, as clogged with noisom Smells, and Foggs, or envenomed with mineral Exhalations, coming out of the Earth, which do make ill impressions on the Blood (and nervous Liquor) rendring it gross, and apt to stagnate and putrify, inductive of a Tabide Disease, de∣stroying the curious soft frame of the Lungs.

The Conformation of the Breast is very advantageous to the reception of Air into the inward recesses of the Lungs in Inspiration, and to the exclusion of Effaete Air, mingled with the hot steams of the Blood in Expiration; the First is highly promoted by the strong Fibres of the intercostal Muscles, and the motion of a well framed Diaphragme; and on the other side, if these machines of motion be ill framed, or affected with some Disease, the Tho∣rax cannot be dilated in order, to give a free reception to the expanded Lungs in Inspiration; hence in deformed persons that have gibbous Backs, and narrow Breasts, the cavity of the Lungs is so contracted, that it intercepts the free play of the Lungs (making a difficulty of Breathing) and rendreth them obnoxious to a Pthisis, proceeding from a gross dispirited, and stag∣nant, putrifying mass of Blood, caused by the defect of the nitrous, elastick Particles of Air, not freely received into the Vessels of the Lungs, in order to the refinement and exaltation of the Blood.

The innate weakness of the Lungs, * 1.703 doth very much contribute to their Tabide Affection, which consists in a laxe Compage of the Bronchia and Si∣nus, easily permitting the sharp Recrements of the Blood to pass into their Cavities; and by reason the carnous Fibres of the Wind-pipe, and its Branch∣es are not strong, they cannot briskly contract to expel the Blood, and its superfluities extravasated in the Cavities of the Bronchia, and their appen∣dant Sinus; whereupon the stagnant Blood putrifies and corrupts the fine vessels of the Lungs.

Having entertained you with the procatarctick and conjunct Causes of a Consumption, I will take the liberty now to give you a taste of fresh Air, * 1.704 in which the Lungs highly please themselves to take their fill, as most grate∣ful to Nature, to preserve the soft flame of Life, consisting in the motion of the Blood, which Air promotes by her nitrous elastick Particles; whereup∣on when it is moist and gross, as in Fenny Grounds, it loseth much of its purity and bounty, and discomposeth persons troubled with Coughing; and then a serene Air fanned with gentle wind, and influenced with a mild heat, proves amicable to the Lungs, afflicted with some kind of Coughs, proceed∣ing from thick Blood, abounding with gross sulphureous Particles, so that thin Air of the Mountains, free from all smoak and gross vapours, is very acceptable to persons affected with Coughs, that have firm Pipes and Sinus of the Lungs, to which the more nitrous, sharp, elastick Particles of Air are acceptable, as being conducive to attenuate, and incide the gross chymous Particles of the Blood, lodged in the Bronchia, and their appendant Cells.

But on the other side, the Persons endued with tender laxe Vessels, * 1.705 which are highly opened by thin sharp Recrements (distilling out of the extremi∣ties of the Bronchial and Pulmonary Arteries, into the Cavities of the Bron∣chia) a thin piercing Air, big with pure nitrous Particles, highly increaseth the Cough; and by attenuating the over thin and sharp Recrements of the

Blood, and by opening the porous and tender frame of the Receptacles of Air, doth cause a greater defluxion of acide humours, more enraging the Cough in this kind of Consumptive Persons, who are less afflicted in the gross smoke, and sulphureous Air of Cities (that burn Turf and Cole) which grati∣fies Coughs, (derived from thin acrimonious humors) often cured with Sul∣phureous, Balsamick Medicines, which are very proper in Ulcers of the Lungs; upon this account Sulphur may be called the Balsome of the Lungs, when they are oppressed with Coughs, flowing from saline Particles (brought to a Fluor) affecting the Blood, which being extravasated in the empty spa∣ces of the Lungs, do highly irritate their membranous frame (endued with acute sense) by violent Coughing, which the thick sulphureous parts of Air (as giving some allay to the nitrous Particles) do much appease, and in some degree, take off the Acidities of the Blood, Lympha, and nervous Liquor, and make way for the cure of Consumptive Coughs, produced by sharp acri∣monious Humors.

As to the Prognosticks of a Cough, * 1.706 they are not dangerous in strong healthy Bodies, who have a firm Compage of Lungs, not affected with gross, or sharp saline Recrements, and free from an acute Fever.

But in sickly Persons, * 1.707 inclining to a Consumption, that are tortured with violent Coughing, proceeding from thick clammy Humors, sometimes Yel∣low, and other times Greenish, there is imminent danger, especially if the great Cough be accompanied with high dejection of Spirit, and decay of the fleshy parts, difficulty of Breathing, and a constant slow Fever, derived from the Effer∣vescence of the Blood; and when the Disease groweth more prevalent, where∣in the Spittle becometh highly discoloured, as gross and putrid, flowing from an Ulcer of the Lungs, attended with a Hectick Fever, (coming from the Ulcerous Matter, infecting the Blood in its passage through the Lungs) and with frequent cold Sweats, arguing the great decay of the vital heat and strength, and then the Disease hath little of hope, as being accompanied with fatal symptomes.

In order to the cure of this Disease, * 1.708 Three Indications are offered: The First is, To take a way the unkindly heat of the Blood, productive of Deflucti∣on of serous Recrements, destilling into the Bronchia, and appendant Sinus of the Lungs.

The Second, * 1.709 is to discharge the Faeces of the Blood ready for Secretion either by Expectoration, or by Sweat, or by Urine in the beginning of a Cough.

The Third is to corroborate the weak Compage of the Lungs by proper Pectorals, * 1.710 accompanied with gentle astringents, especially in the defluxion of thin Humours, into the Air-vessels of the Lungs.

In the First Indication, the Effervescence of the Blood is lessened by Bleed∣ing in the beginning of a Cough, when the Patient hath strength; afterward gentle Diaphoreticks may be used, and contemperating Juleps, made of Pe∣ctorals, as the Decoction prescribed in our London Dispensatory; as also cool∣ing Emulsions made of the Seeds of Melons, Pompions, White Poppy, &c. which do allay the heat of the Blood; and by their mucilaginous temper, do hinder the defluxion of thin and hot Humors, into the membranous Com∣page of the Lungs.

CHAP. LIII. The Pathology of the Lungs, and its Cures.

THE Lungs being an aggregate Body, made up of many parts, is subject also to variety of Diseases, viz. An Inflammation, Abscesse, Ulcer, Empyema, Asthma, Cough, Spitting of Blood, and the Dropsy of the Breast, &c.

A Peripneumonia is an Inflammation of the Lungs, * 1.711 attended with an acute Fever, a Cough, difficulty of Breathing, and Redness of the Cheeks; the Patient affected with this Disease, findeth a great Phlogosis in the Breast, accompanied sometimes with heavy, dull, and other times with a pricking pain, a great Thirst, Restlesness, and spitting of Blood; whence it may be infer∣red, that this disaffection taketh its rise from the immoderate effervescence of the Blood, stagnated in the small Blood-vessels, lodged in the Bronchia or membranous Sinus, or from Blood, extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels; whereupon the Vessels of Blood are swelled, in an obstruction of the small branches of the Bronchial Artery; and when the small Pipes of the Bron∣chia are compressed by the extravasated Blood setled in the empty spaces of the Vessels, causing an Inflammation, swelling of the Lungs, and difficulty of Breathing.

This Disease, * 1.712 (as I humbly conceive) proceedeth from a Phlogosis of the Blood, (making an Ebullition in the Lungs) and from its grossness, as of∣ten mixed with a crude Chyme, stopping the numerous small Bronchial Ves∣sels of Blood. This assertion may be made good, that the obstruction of the minute Sanguiducts, is derived from a viscide gross Blood, by reason the Blood let out of the Vein, when cool, is covered with a White clammy skin, which is nothing else, as I conceive, but concreted crude Chyme, not capa∣ble to be broken into small Particles, and perfectly assimilated into Blood; so that the Blood being associated with the indigested clammy Liquor, and other gross recrements, doth sometimes obstruct the small branches of the bronchial Artery, and other times is extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels; whereupon it acquireth an Ebullition, as having lost its due circu∣lation in the Lungs.

And furthermore, the sulphureous Particles of the Blood, being embo∣died with the Saline and Earthy (when they are too much exalted by an unnatural Fermentation) the vital Liquor is highly incrassated, and grow∣eth ropy (somewhat resembling over-fermented Wine acquiring a gluti∣nous disposition) productive of an Inflammation of the Lungs.

It is oftentimes observed by Learned Authors, that the Inflammation of the Lungs is sometimes a fore-runner, and other times a Consequent, and oftentimes a Concomitant of the Pleurifie; upon which, great inqui∣ries have been made, by what ways the Morbifick Matter can be translated from the Lungs to the Pleura, or from the last to the former; some conceive, that some part of the Blood being discharged the Pleura into the Cavity of the Breast, may be sucked up into the Lungs, after the manner of a Spunge, which seemeth to oppose the Oeconomy of Nature, who hath clothed the

Lungs with a firm, though thin covering, not capable to admit the gross clammy Blood, coming from the Pleura, and thrown into the capacity of the Thorax.

Whereupon I humbly conceive, * 1.713 that the diseases of the Pleurisy, and the Inflammation of the Lungs, are sometimes Concomitant, and sometimes Suc∣cessive, and are produced by gross viscide Blood, carried into the Pleura and Lungs (by different proper Blood-Vessels) either at the same, or at several seasons, which rendreth the Inflammation of the said parts, to be sometimes companions, and other times separate, when the stagnated Blood hath an Ebullition in the Pleura and Lungs, at one, or several instants of time.

Sometimes an Apoplexy, * 1.714 or Hemiplegia succeed, or are companions of a Peripneumonia; in the First Diseases the gross Blood is transmitted in an exuberant proportion, by the internal carotide Arteries into the Coats, or substance of the Brain, compressing the Origens of the Nerves; and in an Inflammation of the Lungs, the Blood is imported by peculiar Arteries in∣to the substance of their Bronchia and membranous Sinus, in which it stag∣nates, and generates a Feverish effervescence of the Blood.

As to the Prognosticks of this Disease, it is very dangerous, in reference to a difficult Respiration, sometimes speedily cutting the fine Thread of Life; and to an acute Fever, derived from stagnation of Blood, in the most minute bronchial Arteries; as also in the Interstices of the Vessels, which is hardly cured; especially when it is attended with cold clammy Sweats, Con∣vulsive motions, fainting Fits, and a quick weak Pulse, the fore-runners of death.

This disease is also full of danger, * 1.715 when nothing is expectorated, or a thin indigested Matter, and it is more hopeful, when a thick Yellow well con∣cocted Phlegme is easily expectorated, interspersed with a little Blood.

The Indications offering themselves in this disease, * 1.716 are divers, the First is, that the Blood stagnated in the substance of the Bronchia and membra∣nous Cells be discharged by Motion; and that the concreted Blood having so great a recourse to the Lungs, be diverted, and lessened by the free opening a Vein, that thereby the Blood extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels, may be received into the Origens of the Veins, to make good the circulation of the Blood.

And in this disease, * 1.717 repeated Blood letting is very beneficial, if the Pulse be strong, to take off the great quantity of vitiated Blood, and to procure the stagnate Blood to be conveyed into the extremities of the Veins.

And also pectoral Apozemes made of the roots of Dogs Grass, * 1.718 wild Asparagus, the Leaves of Maidenhair, Coltsfoot, Liquorice, which do at∣tenuate and incide the gross clammy Blood, and other gross Excrements, which stop the Bronchia and vesicular Sinus, and Linctus made of new Lin∣seed-Oil, and Sugar, and oxymel of Squills, mixed with simple oxymel, Syrup of Maiden, * 1.719 Liquorice; and strong Purgatives are not proper in this disease, lest they should enrage the boiling Blood, and carry it more freely into the offended noble parts.

In this case Opiates may not be advised in great watchfulness, * 1.720 by reason they incrassate the Blood, and increase the difficulty of breathing in hindring Expectoration, and render the stagnated Blood more impacted in the small Air-pipes, and their appendant Sinus in the Lungs.

Testaceous Powders of Crabs Eies, Pearl, Sugar of Pearl, Salt of Prunel, * 1.721 and mild Diureticks are very beneficial in this Disease.

And some drops of tincture of Saffron, or Spirit of Saffron, Spirit of Tar∣tar, Spirit of Niter often rectified with Spirit of Wine, may be given in a draught of the Pectoral Decoction, (often in a day) to which may be ad∣ded in the preparing of it, some Flowers of Red or Field Poppy.

If the pain of the Breast be urgent, * 1.722 and in reference to help Expectora∣tion, Ointments made with Oil of Mace, Ointment of Marshmallows, Oil of Linseed mixed with Orange-flower Butter, may be applied to the Breast with Lawn Paper.

Some Cases may be given of this Disease, As First, a Person of Quality, * 1.723 a Knight of the Bath, was highly afflicted with a violent pain in his Foot, whereupon a Pultice was imprudently applyed, without the advice of a Phy∣sician, which repelled the Goutish humor, was afterward transmitted into the small Arterial Branches of the Bronchia, and their appendant Cells, wherein the gross clammy Blood setling in the Vessels, or their empty spaces, caused an Inflammation of the Lungs, accompanied with a great Fever and Thirst, and pricking pain, and much spitting of Blood, and a most difficult Breathing, even almost to Suffocation.

In order to the Cure, I advised, Blood-letting, with a large Orifice of the pierced Vein, and a free Hand; whereupon he found some alleviation; I al∣so advised proper pectoral Apozemes, made up of inciding and attenuating Ingredients, and various Lambitives; in great difficulty of breathing I gave him Elixir Proprietatis; and Spirit of Harts-horn, and Spirit of Saffron are good, either given of themselves, or best in a draught of Pectoral Decoction; where∣upon he expectorated a great quantity of gross clammy Matter, mixed with Blood. I also prescribed often Blood-letting to the Patient (as having a ve∣ry strong Pulse, and a very large mass of Blood) which succeeded very well, it being accompanied with variety of Pectoral Medicines; whereupon the Patient was perfectly recovered to his former health, to the Glory of God, and the great joy of his Physician and Friends.

A worthy Knights Lady was highly afflicted with a Fever, * 1.724 great difficul∣ty of Breathing, and a large quantity of Blood, expectorated with thin spit∣tle, plainly shewing this distemper to be an Inflammation of the Lungs; and to appease it, I often advised a Vein to be freely opened in the beginning of the Disease, but she was inexorable after great sollicitations, and being struck with a great dread, upon the motion of Bleeding, would not submit to the Lancet, so that the generous remedy of Bleeding, being not ad∣ministred, she paid dear for its neglect, even to the loss of her Life, which could not be purchased by the application of many excellent pectoral Medi∣cines.

CHAP. LV. Of the Abscess of the Lungs.

IN an Inflammation of the Lungs, * 1.725 the substance of the Bronchia and Si∣nus are distended with a quantity of gross Blood, either setled in the small Ramulets of the bronchial and pulmonary Arteries, or extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels; so that the Blood cannot be received into the Origens of the Veins, and carried into the Left Ventricle of the Heart, which chiefly happens when Blood-letting is omitted, which if celebrated, would have lessened the quantity of Blood, and diverted its current from the Lungs, and sollicited the stagnated Blood in order to motion, into the ex∣tremities of the capillary pulmonary Veins; which Nature being not able to make good, the stagnated Blood loseth its tone, and groweth corrupted, and its Albuminous part is separated from the Purple Liquor, and turned into a Pus; whence ensueth an Aposteme, which is a collection of purulent Matter in the substance of the Bronchia, and membranous Cells, annexed to them, which became putride by the sharp indisposition of the Pus, received into their Cavities, which being very sensible of their bur∣den, as composed of nervous and carnous Fibres, contracting themselves to expel the corrupt matter of the Abscess through the greater and less Air∣pipes of the Lungs into the Mouth.

An Aposteme of them, * 1.726 called Vomica Pulmonum, is much akin to that pro∣duced in a Peripneumonia, only it is mere Pus, generated without a Fever, Inflammation, Cough, and spitting, secretly, and of a suddain, and work∣eth so inwardly without the notice of any symptome, that it cutteth off the Patient in a moment by suffocation, before the Disease can be discovered.

Learned Tulpius giveth an account of this disaffection, lib. 2. cap. 10. Vi∣tium hoc (Pulmonis Vomicam innuens) latet inter initia ita clanculum, ut vix ulla sui proferat indicia, praeter Tussiculam primo siccam, mox humidam; qui aliquandiu continuante, trahitur difficulter spiritus, deficit anima, & emarcescit paulatim corpus, licet interim nec Pus, nec Sanguinem prae se ferunt sputa; sed si rumpatur inopinato vomica, occiditur (dictum ac factum) homo.

But I humbly conceive that this kind of Abscess is not always mortal, * 1.727 and no way proceedeth from a Peripneumonia, or Pthisis, but a weak disposi∣tion of the Lungs, inclining them to putrefaction, and doth not always come of a suddain, but insensibly, and by degrees, whereby the Pus having its first Origen from some depraved humor, groweth more and more matured, and by its caustick quality, corrodeth the Bronchia and Sinus appendant to them, and streameth in the Cavities of the Wind-pipe, and is at last ejected the confines of the Body.

This Disease, if its nature be inspected according to its continent cause, may be styled a true Abscess, produced in the Lungs from some im∣pure Recrements, or Heterogeneous parts of the Blood (apt to be turned into Pus) which being secerned from the more refined, are lodged in some, or many Cells, appendant to the Bronchia, and are there confined within some proper Membrane: These impure parts of the Blood, are not endued with any great Acrimony, productive of a Cough; neither have any great

Effervescence proper to a Fever, which is very small, if any; in a Vomica Pulmonum, these vitious humors, by degrees, come to maturation, and be∣come purulent, and break the confines of the Membrane, or Cystis, which is received into the Bronchial or pulmonary Veins, and infects the Blood, and hinders its circulation; or else the Pus when the Cystis is broken, is discharged in a great stream, into the greater and lesser Cylinders of Air, and by intercepting its current into the Lungs, doth speedily extinguish the flame of Life; but if the Matter of this Abscess doth distil softly into the Sinus and Bronchia of the Lungs, it may be expelled by expectoration, and then some hopes of recovery do present themselves, and give an opportunity of Medicines.

In this Disease, which doth not betray it self by any symptomes, it is ve∣ry difficult to make any Prognosticks, because the matter of the disease lieth lurking in the Body, and when the purulent Matter is digested into a Pus, the Cystis is violently broken, and the Air-vessels are immediately stuffed, so that free draughts of Air cannot be received into the Lungs to support the vital flame.

But if the Pus, flowing out of the broken Cystis, doth gently drop into the less and greater Tubes of Air, the purulent Matter may be thrown up, to give an advantage of a Cure by proper Medicines: And to this end, pecto∣ral Apozemes may be given, made of the opening Roots, Ground-Ivy, Hy∣sop, Liquorice, sweetned with Honey of Roses, or Syrup of the opening Roots.

Lambitives are also very proper, composed of several sorts of Oxymels, Syrup of Ground-Ivy, Hysop, Horehound, of the opening Roots; as also a Linctus, prepared with Linseed-oil, and that of Sweet-Almonds, beaten up with Syrup of Maiden-hair, &c.

Sometimes an Abscess of the Lungs is produced by the lacerated capillary Vessels in the skirts of the Lobes upon a wound; * 1.728 whereupon so great a quan∣tity of Blood being lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels, (that it cannot be received into the Origens of the pulmonary Veins) must necessarily lose its tone and goodness for want of motion, and be turned into a Pus, which being conveyed through the corroded Membranes into the Cavity of the Bronchia, may be thrown up through the Trunk of the Aspera Arteria, into the Mouth, and cured by proper vulnerary Diet-drinks, consisting of cleansing, drying, and consolidating Medicines.

An instance of this case may be given in my worthy Friend and Patient, * 1.729 Mr. Beversham, a Major in the late Kings Service (of Sacred Memory) where he unhappily received a shot with a Pistol through the upper part of the Thorax, and the Left Lobe of his Lungs, whereby, after divers days, he was surprized with a Fever, and a great difficulty of Breathing, which ceased upon the coughing up a great quantity of purulent Matter, flowing from a broken Abscess of the Lungs, which afterward was perfectly cured, by a proper method of Physick; about Four or Five and twenty years agone, and the gallant Major, is yet alive and well, to the Glory of God, and the comfort of his Friends: He being a person of great Loyalty and Friend∣ship.

CHAP. LVI. Of the Pthisis, or Consumption.

THE Consumption, * 1.730 or Atrophy of the whole Body, doth not arise solely out of the Lungs, as affected with an Ulcer, or any other disease, but also from a depraved mass of Blood, not fit for nutrition; which I confess, proceedeth very often from disaffected Lungs, wherein the vital Li∣quor receiveth a great imperfection, as embodied with Air, wanting spirituous, nitrous, and elastick Particles, not opening the body of Blood, by break∣ing it into small Particles, which would much contribute to the mixture of it with Chyme, the Materia substrata of Blood; so that if the Air be ill, and the Lungs diseased, the Blood groweth crude and vitiated, and loseth much of its nutritive disposition.

A Pthisis is commonly defined an Atrophy of the whole Body, * 1.731 derived from an Ulcer of the Lungs, and may proceed as well from other diseases of the Lungs, as being obstructed by any Swelling, or Stones, or sabulous Matter, as Learned Dr. Willis hath observed. De Pthisi pulmonari Sect. 1. Cap. 6. P. 54. Pthisis definiri solet, quod sit totius corporis intabescentia, ab ulcere pulmonis orta; verum minus recte; quia plurium ab hoc morbo defunctorum cadavera ape∣rui, in quibus pulmones ulcere quovis immunes, tuberculis, aut lapidibus, aut materia sabulosa per totum Consiti fuerunt. So that the Lungs being stopped, either in the cavities of the Pipes, or Cells, or by compression of the neigh∣bouring parts, the Air cannot be freely received into the inward Recesses of the Lungs, to associate with Blood; whereupon it loseth much of its fine∣ness, for want of motion, which is also hindred by the said obstruction of the Lungs, where the Blood is rendred gross and dispirited, and unfit for nu∣trition, productive of a Consumption.

The Antients have assigned two causes of this disease, * 1.732 a Catarrh, and the breach of some Blood-vessel; to which may be added an Abscess, which above all, vitiateth the mass of Blood, and highly contributeth to a Pthisis: and others affirm, (though improperly) pituitous Matter falling from the Head, through the Glans pituitaria, to be the cause of a Consumption, which can∣not be proved by Reason, because the serous Recrements flowing from the Brain, into the Glans pituitaria, are received into the jugular Veins, and do not all distil through the Mouth, as was antiently imagined, into the Aspera Arteria, and Bronchia of the Lungs, thereby producing a Cough.

Learned Dr. * 1.733 Willis conceiveth, that no Catarrh can fall from the Palate upon the Lungs, Ait ille, nullus omnino humor aut acerebro aut e palato in pul∣mones depluat. But with deference to this worthy Author; I humbly con∣ceive, that the serous Particles of the Blood, mixed with nervous Recre∣ments in the Glands of the Palate and Tongue, * 1.734 may be thence transmitted through excretory Ducts into the Mouth, and may distil down the sides of the Aspera Arteria, and cause a Cough, which may be proved by the great tickling these Humors make all along their passage, from the Larynx to the inward recesses of the Bronchia, whereby they are often corroded by the sharp Faeces of the Blood, and cause a Consumption of the Lungs.

And I do also verily believe, that some part of the Catarrh, dropping down the sides of the Wind-pipe, doth proceed from the Glands adjoyning to it, which convey some serous Liquor of the Blood through small Pores of the Aspera Arte∣ria, to bedew its inward Coat to keep it moist, lest it should be too much dis∣composed by hot steams of the Blood, excerned in Expiration.

And other serous Recrements of the Blood, * 1.735 do distil through the termina∣tions of the Bronchial and Pulmonary Arteries, though minute passages, into the Cavities of the Bronchia, and their annexed Sinus; whereupon a Cough may often arise, whereby Nature endeavoureth to discharge these noxious Humors, which if detained in the mass of Blood, do often vitiate its Consti∣tution, and generate a Consumption, as making the Blood unfit to repair the decays, relating to the substance of the whole Body. * 1.736

And other more gross Recrements of the Blood, being Particles of indi∣gested Chyme, do render the Blood so gross, that it is forced to part with them, in the substance of the Bronchia, and Sinus, before it can be entertain∣ed into the extremities of the pulmonary Veins; whereupon these gross Fae∣ces do insinuate through the Pores, into the Cavities of the Air-pipes, and their Cells, and are afterwards turned out of doors by Coughing: These foul Recrements of crude Chyme, being embodied with the Blood, do ren∣der it so thick, that it cannot move; so that its more gross parts do stagnate, either in the minute Ramulets of the Arteries, belonging to the Air-pipes, and their membranous Sinus; or in the Interstices of their Vessels; where∣upon the Blood is bereaved of its Motion and Tone too, and groweth cor∣rupt, producing an Aposteme in the Lungs, which as I humbly conceive, is a great cause of an Ulcer and Consumption of the Lungs, and Atrophy of the whole Body, generated by putride Matter in the Lungs, depraving the mass of Blood in its circulation through the pulmonary Vessels; whereby it becom∣eth disserviceable for nutrition.

The Blood also suffers very highly, as contracting an ill quality, * 1.737 by its con∣federacy with ill Air (in the body of the Air-vessels) affected with gross or malignant vapors, exhaled out of stagnant waters, and out of Minerals, lodged in the bowels of the Earth, infecting the mass of vital Liquor, and genera∣ting a Pthisical indisposition, which happens to persons living in Marishes, and places, whose Air is made noxious by Mineral Arsenick, or Mercurial Steams, whereby the Blood loseth its motion and native Crasis; and cor∣rupteth the fine airy Compage of the Lungs.

An exuberance also of serous and gross chymous Recrements, * 1.738 thrown into the Bronchia, and Cells, which cannot be discharged by expectoration, grow gross and stagnant in the said receptacle of Air, and by degrees tend to corrup∣tion, and stop up the Pipes, and intercept the free current of Air, and spoil the purity and attenuation of the Blood, and hinder its mixture with Chyme, whence it is made liable to stagnation, and corruption in the substance of the Lungs; whereupon the vital Liquor being rendred gross and viscous, can∣not insinuate it self into the pores of the more or less solid parts of the Body, in order to assimilation.

The great streams of Serous and Chymous Recrements of the Blood are often discharged by the terminations of the Arteries, into the bosome of the Cylinders and Sinus of Air, contained in the body of the Lungs, so that the tender Compage of the Receptacles are lacerated, by the superabundant quantity of Recrements, transmitted into them; whence a lake of ill humors is lodged in the many Sinus of the Lungs, broken into one, making a putride source, or pond of tabide corrupt Matter, putrifying the substance of the

Lungs; whenc the serous and gross Faeces of the Blood; do flow in so great a quantity into the Cavities of the Bronchia, and their annexed Cells, that they cannot be ejected by Coughing, so that the great lake of stagnant Hu∣mors, doth make great Effervescences, and some part of these Recrements, being embodied with the Blood, is received into the pulmonary Veins, and imparted to the Heart, productive of a Fever (which frequently accompa∣nieth a Consumption) and hath for its attendants an unkindly heat, a dejecti∣on of Appetite, Night-Sweats, and an Atrophy of the whole Body.

Sometimes Nature armeth it self against the return of these corrupt Hu∣mors, * 1.739 out of the Sinus and Pipes into the mass of Blood, by rendring the walls of their vessels hard and Callous, which is mentioned by most Ingeni∣ous Dr. Willis, Sect. 1. Cap. 6. De Pthisi Pulmonari. P. 57. Interdum accidit ejus∣modi lacum, sivc foveam unicam, aut forsan in pulmonibus efformari, eas{que} cir∣cumcirca parietes Callosos obtinere, ita ut materies ibi collecta, in massam sangui∣neam minime transferatur, sed quotidie tota licet ingenti copia expectoretur.

Persons affected with these consolidated Pipes and Sinus, or as it were a fountain of Faeculent Humors in the Lungs, throwing out a quantity of thick yellow Spittle, resembling purulent Matter, produced by its long stagnation in the vessels of the Lungs.

This gross Phlegme being every day expectorated in great proportion, doth ease the Air-vessels of their loads; whence a free Respiration is made, and the Appetite preserved, and natural Rest enjoyed; but others clogged in their Lungs with superabundant serous and chymous Recrements, do Spit less, and having these foul Humors (stagnated in the vessels of the Lungs) corrupt them, generating a tabide indisposition, the fore-runner of death,

Having Treated of the continent cause of a Consumption, * 1.740 I will take the freedom, with your leave, to discourse of the more remote, evident, and antecedent causes, which may be comprized for the most part within these two Heads, the perverted Crasis of the Blood, and the weakness and dis∣affection of the Lungs.

As to the First, * 1.741 the choice Liquor of the Blood is depraved, when it is not depurated in the Glands of the Viscera, (which are instituted by nature, as so many Colatories of the vital Juyce) or when it is not secerned from its bi∣lious Faeces in the miliary Glands of the Liver, or from its serous Recre∣ments in the Glands of the Kidneys; or from its hot steams through the pores of the Skin, in a free Transpiration; or from its watry superfluities through the Glands, and excretory Ducts of the Skin; so that the many wonted percolations of the vital Liquor being deficient, its constitution is vi∣tiated, and being transmitted (as overcharged with variety of noisome he∣terogeneous Particles) through the Right Ventricle of the Heart, and pul∣monary and bronchial Artery, into the greater and lesser Tubes and Sinus of Air, doth there stagnate and acquire putrefaction, destructive of the membra∣nous tender Compage of the Lungs, thereby inducing a tabide indisposition of them, infecting the mass of Blood, circulating through the Lungs, where∣by it is rnedred unprofitable for Assimilation, into the substance of the Body

CHAP. LVII. Of a Cough and Consumption, and their Cures.

IN thin distillations, Linctus made of Syrup of Jujubes, Coltsfoot, * 1.742 dried Roses, mixed with powder of Gum-Tragacanth, Arabick, are very pro∣fitable.

In great Catarrhs, flowing from hot thin recrements of the Blood, incras∣sating Pectorals, mixed with Syrup of Red Poppy, de Meconio, and drops of liquid Laudanum Cydoniatum are proper, which do thicken the thin acide Humors, and hinder distillations; and in this case Balsome of Peru, and Tolu, are very beneficial: As also Tablets of Red Roses, prepared with Diacodi∣um, and Trochisces, prepared with Extracts of Liquorice, and Sulphur, which do restore the loose Compage of Blood to its due tone, and preserve it from superabundant serous Recrements, flowing in too great fusion.

As to the Second Indication, * 1.743 in reference to discharge the Recrements of the Blood, fitted for Secretion, gentle Purgatives of Manna, Syrup of Peach-Flowers, added to pectoral Decoctions, prepared with Senna, may be admi∣nistred; and afterward Diureticks made with Roots of Dogs-grass, wild Asparagus, Bruscus, Leaves of Golden-rod, with the cooling Seeds, and Mille∣pedes, boiled in water, to which, when strained, a little White-wine, and Syrup of the Five opening Roots may be added. In this case also testaceous Powders of Crabs-Eies, and Claws, of Pearl, Coral, &c. may be given, which take off the acidity of the Blood, and promote Sweats, which are pro∣per in the beginning of a Cough, when Bleeding and Purging have been celebrated.

The Third Indication is satisfied in corroborating the Lungs, * 1.744 by shutting up the too much opened Pores of the Bronchia, and their Sinus, whereby their loose Compage is rendred more firm by pectoral Medicines, mixed with gentle astringents, made of the Roots of Tormentil, Cumphrey, Daysies, ming∣led with the Leaves of Bugles, Prunel, &c. boiled in Barley water, and after straining, it may be sweetned with Syrup of dried Roses, Coral, &c. These and the like Medicines, strengthen the weak frame of the Lungs, and hinder the motion of hot thin recrements of Blood by Incrassation; which is al∣so effected by Linctus, prepared with Syrup of Field-Poppy, dried Roses, de Meconio, mixed with the species of cold Diatragacanth, to which may be added some drops of Laudanum liquidum, an excellent Medicine in Distillati∣ons, falling into the Air-vessels, which are generated by thin, hot, or acide Recrements of the Blood.

Before I Treat of the Cure of a Consumption, * 1.745 I shall endeavour to speak more fully of a Cough, and particularly of the Chincough of Children.

Coughs (as I humbly conceive) proceed chiefly from gross Phlegme, which is crude Chyme, running confused with the Blood, and is transmitted through the more loose Compage of the Bronchia, and their annexed Sinus in∣to their Cavities, by the terminations of the Bronchial and pulmonary Arte∣ries, or else the Blood growing sower like Milk (as Dr. Willis phrazeth it) doth quit its native sweet Ingeny, and its serous parts are brought into a Flu∣or, by exalted saline Particles; whereupon the acide Recrements being thin

and Fluide, do easily insinuate themselves through the pores of the Air-ves∣sels into their Cavities, so that their membranous substance, composed of nu∣merous nervous Fibrils, finely interwoven, is very sensible of the burden of Recrements, lodged in their bosom, and do contract their Right fleshy Fi∣bres, drawing the annular Cartilages of the Bronchia closer to each other, and do move their circular carnous Fibres inward, thereby narrowing the Ca∣vities of the Cylinders of Air, with a strong impulse of Breath in Expiration, whereby the Faeces of the Blood oppressing the Bronchia, are violently eject∣ed into the Mouth.

Another kind of Cough, * 1.746 called vulgarly the Chin Cough, afflicteth Chil∣dren with severe repeated Fits, in which they are acted with Convulsive motions, producing a great difficulty of Breathing, even almost to Suffocati∣on, interrupting, suspending, or perverting the choice Oeconomy of Nature, in the acts of Respiration; and for the most part the Midriffe is Convulsed, either of it self, or by the agitation of the adjacent parts, so that it seemeth to lose its motion in extraordinary pauses, either by intermitting sometimes its Systole, and other times its Diastole, for too great a space, beside the order of Nature; so that the acts of Respiration seem now and then to cease, and other times to be disorderly, as performed in a Convulsive manner.

The continent cause of the Chincough is most sharp, * 1.747 and almost a conti∣nued irritation of the Bronchia of the Lungs, from thin sharp recrements of the Blood, producing many repeated Contractions of the fleshy Fibres, to discharge the load lodged within the many Concave surfaces of the Pipes.

The matter of the Chincough seemeth to be a quantity of thin sharp recre∣ments of the Blood, perpetually distilling out of the terminations of the Ar∣teries, into the Cavities of the Bronchia, and uncessantly provoking the nervous and fleshy Fibres of the Lungs, to expel the Acide Faeces of the Blood, ha∣ving a great recourse to them.

And I humbly conceive, * 1.748 the cause of the Convulsive motions of the ner∣vous Fibrils in the Chincough, to be an ill nervous Liquor, full of Elastick parts, derived from the Brain, and communicated to the nervous Fibrils of the Bronchia. Therefore in this Disease, not only the recrements of the Blood, as in other Coughs, but the depraved nervous Liquor is to be amend∣ed also, which produceth Convulsive agitations of the machines of motion in the Breast. In this case Moss of the pale, and other Moss, in divers preparations is often given, sometimes it is powdered, and mixed with Sugar-Candy and taken in some proper pectoral Decoction, or simple Waters of Hysop, Ooltsfoot; Powder of Moss is also mingled with Milk of Sulphur, and used in the said Vehicles; as also boiled in Milk. Moss in reference to its taste, seemeth to be endued with an astringent quality, whereby it shutteth up the too much dilated pores of the Bronchia, and annexed membranous Cells, and restraineth the Flux of thin and hot Recrements of the Blood, into the Ca∣vities of the Air-pipes.

Sometimes a gentle Vomitory of Oxymel of Squills, proveth very success∣ful in the Chincough; as also Syrup of Peach-Flowers, mingled with Simple, or some Compound Briony-water is of great benefit.

Decoctions of Sarza-parilla and China may be taken, * 1.749 instead of Beer, for an ordinary Drink, as boiled in Water with Raisons of the Sun, and a little Liquorice, * 1.750 infused a moment or two.

Children, endued with plethorick Constitutions, as abounding with great store of Blood, will admit of Bleeding to two or three Ounces with a Lancet, or with Leeches.

Millepedes bruised alive, may be infused in some pectoral Decoction, or Simple Waters, to which may be added, when strained, some proper cephalick compound Waters, with some double refined Sugar, two or three drops of Tincture of Sulphur, or Lac of Sulphur may be used in some con∣venient Liquor.

I have given a History of divers kinds of Coughs and their Cures, as ma∣king way for a Consumption, as an inveterate Cough, which often degenerates into it, when it is so far aggravated, that the native Compage of the Blood is loosened, by reason, not only the serous Recrements, but the Chyme, nervous Liquor, and Lympha, are transmitted through the pores of the Mem∣branous frame of the Bronchia, and their appendages into their Concave spa∣ces; whereupon the vesicles of the Lungs grow so tumefied, that their fine party-Walls are broken, and one common vesicle is made of many run∣ning into one, wherein a quantity of divers sorts of Recrements are accu∣mulated, whence ariseth a great Effervescence, derived from superfluous Fermentations, Liquors of a contrary Ingeny, as endued with heterogene∣ous Elements; whereupon they being stagnant in the spaces of the Vesicles, do often ferment and putrefy, and by corroding the tender membranous composition of the Lungs, do generate, First, a deep Cough, and then a Consumption, so that the mass of Blood transmitted through the Lungs, is tainted and made unfit for nutrition.

In reference to the cure of this Tabide distemper, * 1.751 Three Indications do occurr; The First is to rectify the laxe body of Blood, to keep it from throw∣ing its chymous and serous Faeces in the bosom of the Bronchia, and Vesicles; As also by correcting the Acidity of the vital Liquor by sweetening Me∣dicines.

The Second Indication to help the expectoration of gross and sharp Re∣crements by specifick Pectorals. * 1.752

The Third Indication is to make good the dissolved union, * 1.753 or continua∣tion of parts, by healing, strengthening, and drying Medicines.

The First Indication may be chiefly satisfied in Aliment of an easy Con∣coction, that the milky extract, elaborated first in the Stomach, and after∣ward conveyed by the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Vessels, may be assimilated into the Blood, without making great superfluities, which are causes of great Defluxions, Coughs and Consumptions; and that the Ali∣ment may be composed of sweet and mild parts, which may be easily sepa∣rated from the more gross, (as being for the most part) Homogeneous, may be turned into Blood, without any high or unkindly Effervescence; * 1.754 whereup∣on Asses, Cows, or Goats-milk, Water-gruel, Barley-gruel, Barley Cream, Panada, and Aliment, prepared with Almonds, as not consisting of many Heterogeneous Elements, are easy of digestion; but a Diet of several kinds of fat Flesh, is hard to be concocted, and nourisheth less in a weak Consum∣ptive Body, by reason, when the alimentary Liquor is strong and gross, it cannot be turned into good Blood, and being Fermentative, as made up of many disagreeing Particles, doth make an ill Fermentation of the Blood; so that crude Chyme, extracted out of Meat hard of digestion, doth not feed the Body but the Disease.

Secondly, By reason the Tone of the Blood being loose, t••is apt to be dissol∣ved into many sero us recrements; whereupon it is very agreeable to reason, that Medicines sweetening the Blood should be exhibited, as vulnerary Apo∣zemes mixed with pectorals, which take off the acidity of the blood, when Medi∣cines

prepared with Sulphur, are added to them, which are to be freely used, if a Hectick Fever be absent.

Decoctions also made with roots of China, * 1.755 Sarza-parilla prepared with Ground-Ivy, Maidenhair, Raisons of the Sun, &c. may be freely taken for common Drinks in Tabide Bodies.

Thirdly, * 1.756 The First Indication in the beginning of a Consumption may be satisfied by lessening the exuberant superfluities of the Blood by Bleeding, gentle Purgatives and Diureticks, warm Baths, Fontanels, Blistering Plaisters, Shaving of the Head, Cephalick Plaisters, gentle Sternutatories, and Me∣dicines evacuating serous Recrements out of the Oral Glands, by the Excre∣tory Ducts of the Mouth and Tongue.

The Second Indication in the rise of a Consumption, is satisfied by Me∣dicines assisting Expectoration, which discharge by coughing, the gross Chyme, commonly called Phlegme, and acide watry superfluities of the Blood, lodged in the Bronchia, and adjacent Cells: upon this account Me∣dicines taken into the Mouth, may distil down the sides of the Wind-pipe and impart their opening, * 1.757 inciding, and detergent Particles to the gross Phlegme, and do open, incide and relaxe their gross clammy Body, and render them fit for Excretion; and by irritating the nervous and fleshy Fibres of the Air-vessels, do procure the expulsion of Recrements, setled in the spun∣gy Compage of the Lungs.

As to the First Indication in the beginning of a Consumption, fetched from Acide Recrements, apt to corrode the Bronchia and Sinus, in which they are lodged: Testaceous Powders may be given, consisting of Pearl, Egg-shells, Crabs Claws, or Eies, Coral, &c. drinking after every Dose, a draught of Milk-water, made of Ground-Ivy, Hysop, Pine and Firr, Nut∣megs, &c. sweetened with Sugar-Candy, which do take off the Acidity of the vital Liquor. Drops of tincture of Sulphur, and Oil, and Milk of Sulphur may be used often in a draught of a pectoral Decoction, which do countermand the acide saline parts of the Blood.

In relation to the crude Chyme or Phlegme, * 1.758 distilling into the Cavities of the Air-pipes and Cells; all sorts of Oxymels may be given, either by themselves, or mixed with Syrup of Hysop, Horehound, Ground-Ivy, pre∣pared with some few grains of Gum-Ammoniack.

Pectoral Decoctions are good, made of some of the Five opening Roots, or Enula-Campane, shavings of Ivory, the Leaves of Ground-Ivy, Hysop, &c. strained and sweetened with Syrup of Maiden-hair, Hysop, or Sugar-Candy.

Medicines made of Garlick, either by Decoction, or in Syrup, or Con∣dited, mixed with other mild Pectorals, are very beneficial to help Expecto∣ration, if a Consumption be not attended with a slow, or Hectick Fever, which doth Indicate cooling Emulsions, &c. made with the cooling Seeds, and Almonds, sweetened with Sugar-Candy; as also Milk-waters, made with temperate Pectorals, to which may be added in a small quantity, Ma∣gistral Snail-water, mingled with prepared Pearl, and Sugar-Candy.

The Third Indication in a Consumption may be satisfied with cleansing, * 1.759 drying, and consolidating Medicines, as vulnerary Decoctions prepared with Pectorals; As also Conserve of Roses, Flower of Brimstone, and some few drops of the most pure Oil of Turpentine, made into an Electuary of a thin consistence, with Honey of Roses strained, and Syrup of dried Roses.

In this case Conserve of Roses, Powder of Fox Lungs, mixed with some few drops of Tincture of Sulphur, and Syrup of Jujube may be advised with good success.

Trochisces may be prepared with Powder of Bugles, Sanicle, Ground Ivy, Flower of Brimstone, penidiate Sugar, juyce of Liquorice diluted with Snail water.

Tablets may be made of Powders of Prunel, Flowers of Red Roses, Flow∣er of Brimstone, Ladies-mantle into Tablets, with dissolved Sugar, boiled to a due consistence,

Pills may be formed of Powder of Liquorice, Red Roses, Gum Arabick, Tragacanth, Olibanum, with Balsome of Tolu, Peru, &c.

Die t-drinks made of China, Sarza-parilla, and some Lignum Sanctum (if there be no Hectick Fever) Saunders, shavings of Ivory, and Harts-Horn, Raisons of the Sun, let them be infused, and boiled according to Art, and strained, and a little sweetned with Sugar-Candy.

Balsome waters may be made with Turpentine, dissolved with Oil of Tar∣tar, Roots of Iris, Enula-Campane, the Leaves of Ground-Ivy, Hysop, White Horehound, distilled in Balneo Marix, with Coltsfoot-water and Ma∣laga Sack, which may be taken in a few spoonfuls, with any pectoral Deco∣ction, or Syrup of Hysop, or Ground-Ivy.

Suffumigations may be also administred in the beginning of a Consum∣ption, by reason the Fumes are received into the Lungs with the Air, to dry, open, strengthen, and preserve them from putrefaction; And to this effect, take the Leaves of Hysop, Ground-Ivy, Sanicle, Bugles, Enula-Campane, Red Roses, Red Saunders, and boil them in Water, and receive them into the Mouth by a Funnel.

And dry Suffumigations, made of Balsamicks (and sometimes of sulphu∣reous Medicines) as Olibanum, Benioin, White Amber, Gum-Guaicum, Flowers of Red Roses, Red Saunders, Balsom of Tolu: As also of Gum of Ivy, Mastick, Frankincense, Flower of Brimstone, the Leaves of Sanicle, Ladies-Mantle, Ground-Ivy, &c. which are good to dry up the Recrements discharged into the Cavities of the Bronchia and Sinus, and to strengthen the loose Compage of the Lungs.

Sometimes in great Cases, Fumes of the Flower of Brimstone, Olibanum, Frachincense, Styrax, White Amber, and a little of prepared Arsenick, may be received into the Lungs with great benefit, to dry and heal them in point of a Consumption.

Empyricks do advise parts of prepared Arsenick, to be put into a Pipe, and the Fume to be received into the Tabide Lungs, after the manner of Tobacco, which hath been done with good success.

But in a deplorable and desperate Consumption these Fumes cannot be ad∣vised, as much intending the Hectick Fever, the sad companion of an Ulcer of the Lungs; wherefore its best in such cases to advise Emulsions, Asses Milk, and Milk distilled with Pectorals and Snails, and a slender Diet of White Possets, as made of a small quantity of Beer, whereby the Milk is not wholly turned into Curd; and Water-gruel, Barley-gruel Barley-Creme, and thin Panada, &c. and also Syrups of Maidenhair, Liquo∣rice, Coltsfoot, and the like, which contemperate the Phlogosis of the Lungs, and help Expectoration. Draughts of Black Cherry water, and of Colts∣foot, and Red Poppy, and Cowslips, may be given often to procure Rest, which giveth ease and refreshment to the decayed Patient.

Distilled Water made of Green Blades, or Ears of Corn, mixed with Snail∣water, and Syrup e Meconio are beneficial in Hectick Fevers.

Barley-water boiled with the parings of Pippins, Pearmains, and condi∣ted Eringo Roots, Raisons of the Sun, adding a little Liquorice at last, and some double refined Sugar may be used instead of common Drink.

CHAP. LVIII. Of the Spitting of Blood.

HAving discoursed of a Cough and Consumption, * 1.760 it may not be im∣proper now to speak of Spitting of Blood, as a disease near akin, and often terminating into it.

The fine Compage of the Lungs made up of many greater and lesser Tubes, and Sinus (into which the Air hath a free play to and fro,) is shaded with variety of Arteries, and Veins, as so many Channels, importing and exporting Rivulets of Blood in various Maeanders; whereupon this Fer∣menting Liquor, as hurried with an unkindly Torrent, when it is rendred disordered, by a great Effervescence, flowing from highly Fermentative He∣terogeneous Principles, endeavouring to subue each other by hot disputes; so that the Blood is not regularly received by the extremities of the Veins, * 1.761 in order to be conveyed into the Heart, but is transmitted through the ter∣minations of the pulmonary and Bronchial Arteries, into the substance, and afterward by secret pores into Cavities of the Bronchia, and adjacent Sinus, thereby irritating their nervous and fleshy Fibres, by contracting the spaces of the Air-vessels, to eject the troublesome Blood, by an impetuous motion of expired Breath (commonly called a Cough) into the Mouth, whence it is thrown out of the folding doors of the Lips by Spitting.

About this troublesome, and sometimes fatal disease, as a fore-runner of a Hectick Fever, and a Consumption, three considerables are worthy our re∣mark. The First is by what Vessels this unnatural Fluxe of Blood is transmitted into the inward recesses of the Lungs. The Second is, into what place it is conveyed. The Third, is the manner how it is expelled out of the Lungs.

The Blood is enraged by a tumultuary agitation, * 1.762 and great Effervescence, as clogged with various Fermentative Recrements, whereby it is despoiled of its natural, mild, intestine Motion, and not to be carried, according to the rules of circulation, into the Origens of the pulmonary Veins, to be convey∣ed into the Left Chamber of the Heart; Hence the Blood being disordered by an unkindly Ebullition, quitteth its wonted Channels of the Veins, and is imparted by the Extremities of the Arteries, First into the extremity, and body of the Bronchia, and their membranous vessels, and from thence by small Ducts (opened by Heat and fierce Motion) into the spaces of the Air-Vessels; * 1.763 the Blood also may have an eruption into the cavities of the Lungs, when the Sanguiducts are lacerated by any contusion, or corroded by acide vitriolick Recrements, confederated with the Blood; whereupon it floweth in a greater stream then ordinary into the Cylinders, and Cells of Air, and is thence pro∣truded by the motion of the circular Fibres, lessening the Cavity of the Aspera Arteria, into the larger apartiment of the Mouth.

The various indisposition of the Blood concurreth most chiefly to the Spit∣ting of it, * 1.764 either when it is very thin and sharp, as affected with acide saline Particles, so that when it is carried out of the confines of the Arteries, into the Interstices of the Vessels, it opens the secret passages, or corrodes the ten∣der membranous Compage of the Bronchia and Sinus, and floweth into their Concave Surface, making a kind of lake in them.

Another Discrasy, productive of Spitting of Blood, * 1.765 is when it is associ∣ated with gross chymous parts, apt to coagulate, so that it cannot be entertain∣ed out of the substance of the Lungs, into the small extremities of the pul∣monary Veins; whereupon it passeth more readily through the relaxed Pores of the loose Compage of the Sinus and Tubes of Air, into their more ample Cavities, which being sensible, by reason of many nervous and carnous Fi∣bres, are aggrieved by the load of Blood which they throw up by their fre∣quent Contractions into the Cavity of the Mouth.

And Spitting of Blood doth not only proceed from its ill affection, * 1.766 but from the indisposition of the Bronchia, and Vesicles, as having a loose Com∣page, so that a quantity of Blood being lodged in the substance of the receptacles of Air, is squeezed through the enlarged Ducts, by the vigo∣rous contractions of the fleshy Fibres in a great fit of Coughing; or the Blood is transmitted into the spaces of Air-vesicles, in a laceration of the Vessels, in violent motion of the Lungs, in loud Talking, or straining of the voice in Hollowing, or in the extravagant motion of the Body, heating and attenuating the Blood, or by hastening its circuite into the vessels of the Lungs, made by the strong motion of the Muscles in running, riding, leaping, and the like.

The Aspera Arteria is shaded with many Divarications sprouting out of the Bronchial Artery; and the Membranous Sinus are beset with many branches (springing from the pulmonary Trunk) whereupon the Blood flowing into the Cells, and the adjacent Bronchia, is derived from the extremities of the pulmonary Arteries; * 1.767 but the vital Liquor protruded through the pores of the Wind-pipe into its Cavity, cometh from the terminations of the Bronchial Artery; and also in a small quantity, from the Ducts of the numerous Glands, closely confining on the Aspera Arteria, and its branches; in this case a little Blood mixed with Spittle, is thrown out of the top, or somewhat lower, out of the Aspera Arteria, without any Cough, which is effected two or three times in a day, by the gentle Contractions of the fleshy Fibres belonging to the Wind-pipe; this Blood doth not come out of the body of the Lungs, by reason it hath no mixture of Air, as not being highly florid or frothy; This disaffection is not dangerous, though it continue for some Months, because it doth not threaten a Consumption, as not derived from the pulmonary Vessels.

As to the places into which the Blood (interspersed with Spittle) is dis∣charged, sometimes it is transmitted into the bosome of the Larynx, * 1.768 and other times lower into the Aspera Arteria, which distilleth in a small propor∣tion, out of the terminations of the capillary Bronchial Arteries.

But the Blood is transmitted in a greater proportion out of the extremi∣ties of the pulmonary Artery into the Bronchia, and its appendant Vesi∣cles, often productive of an Abscess, and Ulcer of the Lungs, which some∣times disburdens a source of purulent Matter, into the capacity of the Tho∣rax, and this Disease by the Antients and Moderns, is called Empyema, which is a collection of Pus and Sanious Matter in the cavity of the Breast, which falling upon the Midriff, hinders its free motion, and causeth a difficulty of Breathing.

Having treated of the terminations of the Bronchial and pulmonary Arte∣ries, as so many ways or Channels, by which the Blood distilleth, and of the upper, middle, and lower parts of the Trunk of the Aspera Arteria, as so many places receptive of the vital Liquor unnaturally, flowing out of the Extremities of different capillary Arteries. I will now very briefly give you an account, after what manner the extravasated Blood is discharged out of

the several places of the Lungs, and its appendages, because the Blood ou∣seth out of the Bronchial capillary Branches into the Larynx, where, after it hath made some small tickling in the Throat, it is insensibly thrown into the Mouth, * 1.769 without any discomposure of a Cough, or hawking, which is ac∣complished by the gentle Contraction of the fleshy Fibres, besetting the head of the Wind-pipe; But if the Blood flow out of a greater vessel (seat∣ed about the middle of the Lungs) it is conveyed into the Bronchia in a lar∣ger proportion, wherein it giveth a greater disturbance then in the top of the Wind-pipe, and growing alway frothy in the Tubes and Vesicles of the Lungs, is protruded upward in a stream with a great Cough, and force of expired Breath.

And if the Blood distil out the smaller Extremities of the Arteries, * 1.770 encirc∣ling the membranous Sinus, it is expelled in a smaller proportion, by deep repeated Coughs.

Having done with the nature and continent cause of Spitting of Blood, it may not be impertinent to speak somewhat of its Procatarctick and evident causes; the First is often produced by an ill Conformation of the Breast and Lungs, as the one having a great straightness, and the other a great loosness of its Compage, which is hereditary, and this ill disposition of the Lungs, may proceed from the preceding diseases of an Inflammation, Pleurisy, a great Cough, and Empyema, which leave the Aspera Arteria, and its Bronchia and Sinus very weak, laxe, and subject to defluxions of Blood, into the spaces of the Air-vessels, rendring them very obnoxious to Coughs, and Spitting of Blood, especially if it be accompanied with Serous Acide Re∣crements, and gross pituitous Blood, apt to be stagnant and troublesome to the substance of the Vessels, thereby causing it to be discharged into their Concave Surfaces.

As to the Prognosticks attending this Disease, * 1.771 the common people are ve∣ry sensible of the danger, striking a terror into them, as it were a messen∣ger of death; but it hath less of danger, when the blood distilleth out of the ter∣minations of capillary Arteries, into the cavity of the Sinus and Bronchia, and is more fatal, when it is derived from a greater branch lacerated or wounded, letting out a Rivulet of Blood into the empty spaces of Air∣vessels: And the danger is eminent in an ill habit of Body, in which the Blood being despoiled of its Balsamick quality, doth not well contribute to the cure of a solved unity of the Bronchia and Sinus; so that when Nature, as the Foundation, is deficient, Art, as the superstructure cannot take place, especially by reason the Lungs being in perpetual motion, as the subject of Respiration, cannot obtain the liberty of a Repose, which is a requisite con∣dition of a cure in this diseased part.

And above all, the structure of the Lungs is very disadvantageous to a Cure when they are disaffected, as they are fine Textures, made up of innu∣merable Vessels, (rarely interwoven) which having lost their unity, are hardly conjoyned, as being perpetually acted with alternate repeated moti∣ons of Diastole and Systole; and if the terminations of the vessels do coalesce in a repaired union, the circulation of the Blood is very much intercepted, which causeth a stagnancy and putrefaction of the Blood, whence ensue, In∣flammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Consumptions, &c.

The Indications of this Disease are principally Two, * 1.772 The First to stop the Fluxe of Blood, and the Second is to shut up the wounded or relaxed Ves∣sels.

The First Indication is satisfied with Bleeding in the Arm, * 1.773 which is very beneficial, as being near the Breast, by lessening the Blood, derived from the Jugulars, through the subclavian and axillary Branches, into the Veins of the Arm; whereupon the stream of Blood is diverted from the Right Ventricle of the Heart and Lungs.

In the spitting of Blood coming from the obstructed Menstrua, * 1.774 the Saphae∣na may be properly opened, as drawing the course of Blood, by the Sper∣matick, and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Uterus, to divert the exuberant course of Blood from the Lungs, by discharging it by a Vein of the Foot, and to sollicite Nature to make good the wonted current of the Menstrua.

And not only Bleeding is requisite in this case, * 1.775 but also cooling incrassa∣ting Medicines, that contemporate the immoderate Effervescence of the Blood, and check its over-hasty streams into the weakened Compage, or lacerated Vessels of the Lungs; and to this end Juleps, Decoctions, and Emulsions may be given.

As to the wounded, * 1.776 or loose Compage of the Lungs (wherein the Blood∣vessels are broken, or their Extremities are too much opened) astringent and consolidating Medicines may be advised.

A Gentlewoman being overturned in a Coach by a careless Coachman, was wounded in her Breast upon her fall against a short Post, placed at the entrance of a door; whereupon the vessels of the Lungs were so contused and lacerated, that she threw up immediately Three Pints, or Two Quarts of florid frothy Blood out of her Lungs: In order to a Cure, * 1.777 I first advi∣sed a Vein to be opened in the Arm, to divert the course of Blood; and after I prescribed vulnerary Decoctions, consisting of astringent, incrassa∣ting, and cooling Medicines: As also Water boiled with Emplastick, Astrin∣gent Medicines; to which Milk was added, and boiled, with double res••∣ned Sugar, which she took for her ordinary Drink.

I advised also distilled Milk, made up of Vulneraries, * 1.778 to be mixed with now Milk, to contemperate her hot, and repair her lost mass of Blood: And to that end I ordered Decoctions of China, Sarza-parilla, and vulnera∣ty Astringents; and at last consolidating Medicines, which perfected the Cure, and restored her to a good degree of Health.

CHAP. LIX. Of an Asthma.

AN Asthma is a high Disease, full of Trouble and Terror, as it often threatens death by a speedy Suffocation, which to prevent, the Or∣gans of Respiration, do move in a most disorderly manner, and the Tho∣rax is very much dilated to receive free draughts of Air into the Bronchia, and Sinus of the Lungs.

So that an Asthma may admit this description, * 1.779 as being a difficult, and quick breathing, attended with violent agitations of the Breast, performed most of all without a Fever.

Respiration is very necessary for the preservation of Life, as making good the circulation of Blood through the Lungs, in whose inward Recesses, the Blood is impregnated with the Spiritous, Nitrous, and Elastick Particles of Air, which open the Compage of the Blood, and render it fit for Inter∣stine Motion, and assimilation of Chyme, into the nature of vital Liquor by comminution.

This curious Machine of Air, is made up of variety of Blood, and Air∣vessels, Nerves, Lympheducts, which some way or other are subservient to Respiration, or the Depuration of the Blood and Nervous Liquor, which are much enobled by the reception of Air into the greater and less Cylinders and Cells of the Lungs.

Whereupon, if the repeated acts of Inspiration and Expiration be di∣sturbed, and have not their regular course, the Oeconomy of Nature is very much perverted, as the motion of Blood (in which the flame of Life is conserved) is discomposed.

The great errors in Respiration seem to consist chiefly in Two things, * 1.780 First, That the Blood is not regularly injected out of the Right Cystern of the Heart, into the pulmonary Artery and Vein; or the Air is not freely received into the Bronchia and Sinus of the Lungs.

The defect of motion of Blood in the Lungs (which maketh a de∣ficult Respiration) is derived sometimes from the depravation of the Blood, * 1.781 as mixed with crude Chyme, or other gross Recrements, which render the Blood apt to stagnate, so that the Lungs are forced to double and tre∣ble the acts of Respiration, * 1.782 to attenuate and refine the vital Liquor, by the reception of a large proportion of Air, to quicken the slow motion of the Blood when it is depauperated, as made of watry, or gross Sulphur, and fixed saline Particles, when the more volatil are exhausted.

And other times the Compage of the Blood groweth Laxe, as burdened with too great a Source of serous Recrements, * 1.783 as in Dropsies, wherein the saline watry parts of the Blood, are not discharged by the secretion of the Renal Glands through the Urinary Ducts, Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder; or when the serous parts of the vital Liquor are not in some de∣gree transmitted by the capillary Arteries into the Glands of the Skin, and thence discharged by their excretory Ducts; whereby the Blood groweth clogged with an exuberance of watry Faeces, which having recourse to the Lungs, do give them the trouble of frequent repeated Acts of Respiration.

Another kind of Convulsive Asthma may be caused by a depraved ner∣vous Liquor, infesting the nervous Fibrils of the Lungs, * 1.784 which being often contracted and relaxed, do hurry the Lungs with various irregular motions.

An Asthma also may come from the obstruction of the Origens of the Nerves, seated in the Cortex of the Brain, * 1.785 proceeding often from a quan∣tity of Blood (as in soporiferous Disaffections) compressing the extremities of the Nerves, whence the intercostal Muscles play with great difficulty, making a deplorable Asthma.

Sometimes an Asthma may proceed from the narrowness of the Blood-ves∣sels, as not able to give a free reception to the mass of Blood, * 1.786 which happen in Convulsive Asthmas, wherein the circular fleshy Fibres being unnaturally contracted, do lessen the Cavity of the Vessels, and hinder the motion of Blood, whence ensueth a great difficulty of Respiration: * 1.787 other times an Asthma may be fetched from a great quantity of Blood, distending the Blood∣vessels, which compress the neighbouring Bronchia and Sinus of the Lungs, and highly discompose Respiration, as the numerous receptacles of Air, be∣ing straightened in their Cavities, are not able to entertain a sufficient quan∣tity of Air in one Inspiration; whereupon the Lungs are acted with dou∣ble and treble Diastoles and Systoles, to make good Respiration.

Another Asthma may be produced by an ill conformation of the Breast, * 1.788 as affected with narrowness, hindring the free play of the Lungs in Respira∣tion.

Sometimes it proceedeth from the Organs of motion, consigned by na∣ture to the inlargment of the hollow perimeter of the Thorax, in order to celebrate Inspiration, made by the help of the Diaphragme, and interco∣stal Muscles.

The Coats are hindred in their Contractions, * 1.789 either in the interception of the Animal Spirits, not flowing into the Nerves of the said Muscles, caused by the compression of the extremity of the Nerves, in the ambient parts of the Brain, as it hath been hinted above in a former Discourse.

The intercostal Muscles are also hindred in their motion, in an Inflammati∣on, caused by a quantity of Blood lodged in the Interstices of Vessels, com∣pressing the carnous Fibres, which doth hinder their free play, and render Re∣spiration difficult.

An Asthma also may be fetched from variety of Air, either on the tops of high Mountains, where we hardly breath in an Air not impregnated with store of nitrous Particles: Or when it is gross and stagnant in Fenny places (whose watry parts depress the nitrous) where persons affected with ill masses of Blood, labour with great difficulty of Breathing; which is also celebrated in a close hot room, and in a Church filled with a great croud of People, spoiling the Air with fuliginous steams.

The Cure of this Disease is chiefly managed by three Indications, * 1.790 the one in reference to the Blood, and the other in relation to the motive Organs of Respiration; and a Third in point of Convulsive motions, belonging to the disaffections of the Brain and Nerves.

If the Blood offend in quantity, * 1.791 a Vein is to be opened in the Arm with a free Hand; and in case of an Effervescence of the Blood, temperate Pe∣ctorals, and cooling Emulsions are to be advised.

If the Blood be gross, as confaederated with a crude Chyme, (product∣ives of an Asthma) by reason the Phlegme is thick, lentous, and clammy, it indicates attenuating, inciding, and detergent Pectorals, made of the Roots of Iris, Enula-Campane, Asparagus, Dogs-grass, Hysop, Horehound, of

which, some may be boiled in Water; to which, Four Ounces of White Wine may be added, and being strained, it may be sweetened with Syrup of the Five opening Roots, of Hysop, Maidenhair. A Linctus may be made of Oxymel of Squills, Saffron, Gum Armoniack dissolved in Hysop water, which is good in this disaffection; as also Spirit of Harts∣horn given in a pectoral Decoction.

Sometimes an Asthma may proceed from a gross Blood, * 1.792 as being stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels, and afterward its motion is again procured upon Bleeding, which taketh off an Inflammation, and giveth freedom of Breathing, by making good the circulation of Blood,

An instance may be given of this Case, * 1.793 in Mr. Ainsworth a Dyer, who being in the Sixty seventh year of his age, was roughly treated by a rude fellow (who had more of Drink then Wit) tripping up his Heels, and breaking his Ribs by a great fall, as being a fat heavy Man; whereupon he being let blood, he seemed to be partly well for a day or two, and then was highly oppressed with a great difficulty of Breathing, and ratling in his Throat, even almost to a Suffocation, attended with an intermittent Pulse, proceeding from the gross Blood: In order to his relief, I immediately order∣ed him to be let Blood Twelve Ounces out of the Arm; and pectoral Apo∣zemes, and Lambitives, made of Oil of Linseed, and Sugar-Candy; as al∣so of several sorts of opening pectoral Syrups, and various Oxymels; and af∣ter letting him Blood the Third time, his Asthma, and intermittent Pulse were wholly quieted, and the Patient (God be praised) hath enjoyed his Health these many years.

In case of great store of watry Humors afflicting the Bronchia, * 1.794 and Sinus of the Lungs, gentle Hydragogues, may be advised with Pectorals; as also pectoral Apozemes, mixed with Diureticks, and Antiscorbuticks, which speak a great advantage in an Asthma, accompanied with a Dropsy, with which may be mixed Spirits, endued with volatil, as also Millepedes added to the former Medicines.

As to the Organs of Respiration, as the Diaphragme, &c. (which being disaffected) I refer you to their particular Cures.

The Third Indication of an Asthma, * 1.795 relating to Convulsive motions, pro∣ceeding from an ill Succus Nervosus, denoteth Cephalick Medicines of di∣stilled Waters, made of Lime-Flowers, Lilly of the Valley, Peony, the ce∣phalick Water of Langius, Compound Paeony, and Briony-water, dulcifi∣ed with Syrup of Lime-Flowers, Lilly of the Valley, Paeony; to which may be added some drops of Palsey-water, Spirit of Salt, Salt Ammoniack, Harts∣horn, &c. distilled with Gum Ammoniack; Vesicatories are very beneficial in this, and all other kinds of Asthmas, which do much alleviate a difficulty of Breathing, which is also effected by the application of Cupping-Glasses.

O Most Good and Glorious Agent, Who shall Declare thy wondrous Works, that hath made all things in elegant Order, due Number, Weight and Measure; And hast framed the Midriffe as a moving Floor, enlarging and contracting the Breast,

and the Mediastine (as a Partition-Wall, dividing the middle from the lowest Apartiment) And the Pleura, composed of many small Threads, curiously interwoven, and close struck, as a fine Hang∣ing, encircling the beautiful Furniture of the Heart and Lungs, to secure their tender Compage in motion, against the bony arches of the Ribs, guarding them against the violent assaults of outward accidents.

Thou hast Treated the Fountain of Life, streaming in Purple and Scarlet Rivulets of Blood, through the various channels of Veins and Arteries, as so many Inlets and Outlets of the Heart, outwardly enamelled with variety of Vessels; And hast laid its se∣cret Chambers (in the Waters) carved with divers fleshy sub∣stances, beset with many cords of Sinews (as so many instruments of Motion) and hast watred its Furrows with the streams of Life.

Thou hast formed the Lungs as a rare Systeme of Membranous Pipes and Bladders of Air, to fann and exalt the vital Liquor with its cool and nitrous Particles; and hast made the rough Artery (head∣ed with an admirable frame of Membranes, Muscles, and Grisles) as an Organ-pipe of Breath, modelling the Voice with different Ar∣ticulations, to treat our friends in an amicable Converse; And to Speak and Sing the Great Praises of the All Wise Protoplast.

Thou that art the Light of our Eies, the Joy of our Hearts, the breath of our Nostrils, and the Essential Life, breathing into us the Spirit of Life; Inspire us with thy Holy Spirit, and quicken our Souls here in the shades of death, with the Light of thy Countenance; that in thy Light we may see Light, that by thy Grace we may par∣ticipate the Glory of Everlasting Life, through Jesus Christ the Fountain of Life, and the Lord of Glory.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Chyle is first Extracted in the Stomach, and more re∣fined in the Guts.
• * 1.2

  The progress of the Chyle out of the Guts through the Mesente∣rick Glands, wherein it is Meliorated and conveyed to the com∣mon Recepta∣cle. The seat of the common Receptacle.
• * 1.3

  The Cavity of the common Receptacle.
• * 1.4

  The Figure of the common Receptacle is round and somewhat de∣pressed. The substance of the Recep∣tacle.
• * 1.5

  The differ∣ence of this Receptacle in divers Per∣sons.
• * 1.6

  The use of the common Re∣ceptacle.
• * 1.7

  The origen and progress of the Thora∣cick Ducts.
• * 1.8

  The Thora∣cick Ducts are for the most part double.
• * 1.9

  The union of Thoracick Ducts by cross Branches.
• * 1.10

  The Insertion of the Thora∣cick Ducts in∣to the left Subclavian. Vein, rarely into the right.
• * 1.11

  The Valves of the Thoracick Ducts.
• * 1.12

  The use of the Valves rela∣ting to the Thoracick Ducts.
• * 1.13

  The way to discover the Thoracick Ducts.
• * 1.14

  The motion of the Chyle.
• * 1.15

  An Experi∣ment proving the ascent of the Chyle through the Thoracick Ducts. The motion of the Chyle is much assisted by the Lym∣pha.
• * 1.16

  The Blood is repaired by the access of Chyle up∣ward.
• * 1.17

  Another Ex∣periment pro∣ving the mo∣tion of the Chyle.
• * 1.18

  The Fabrick of Man's bo∣dy.
• * 1.19

  The walls and houshold-stuff of the lowest Apartiment.
• * 1.20

  The use of the Liver.
• * 1.21

  The Integu∣ments of the middle Story of Man's body.
• * 1.22

  The furniture of the middle Story.
• * 1.23

  The situation of the Midri••f.
• † 1.24

  T. 1. q q q. The Connexi∣on of the Mid∣riff.
• † 1.25

  T. 1. q q q. The circular Figure of the Midriff.
• * 1.26

  The Compage of the Midriff.
• * 1.27

  The upper Membrane.
• * 1.28

  The lower Membrane.
• * 1.29

  The Fleshy Fi∣bres of the Midriff.
• * 1.30

  The Tendi∣nous Fibres.
• * 1.31

  The various Vessels of the Midriff. The Arteries.
• * 1.32

  The Veins.
• * 1.33

  The Nerves.
• * 1.34

  The three Perforations of the Midriff.
• * 1.35

  The Midriff is a double Mus∣cle, according to Bartholine. The upper Muscle.
• * 1.36

  The lower Muscle.
• * 1.37

  The Carnous Fibres of the upper Muscle.
• * 1.38

  The frame of the lower Muscle is al∣most the same with the up∣per.
• * 1.39

  The Carnous Fibres of the lower Muscle.
• * 1.40

  The Lateral region of the Diaphragm is fastned to the Ribs.
• * 1.41

  The Triga∣strick Muscle.
• * 1.42

  The trans∣verse Abdo∣minal Muscles are Antago∣nists to the Midriff.
• * 1.43

  The Dia∣phragm hath not a double motion, as Pecket would have it.
• * 1.44

  The Systole of the Dia∣phragm in In∣spiration.
• * 1.45

  The Diastole of the Midriff in Expiration.
• * 1.46

  The Inflam∣mation of the Midriff.
• * 1.47

  The Inflam∣mation is asso∣ciated with a continued Fe∣ver.
• * 1.48

  The Progno∣sticks of an Inflammation of the Midriff.
• * 1.49

  Blood-letting is good in an Inflammation of the Midriff.
• * 1.50

  The wounds of the Dia∣phragm.
• * 1.51

  The Midriff of other Animals is much akin to that of Man's.
• * 1.52

  The situation of the Midriff.
• * 1.53

  The figure of the Midriff.
• * 1.54

  The Mem∣branes of the Midriff.
• * 1.55

  The Midriff of a Tortoise.
• * 1.56

  The Midriff of a Croco∣dyle.
• * 1.57

  The Midriff of Castors, Ot∣ters, &c.
• * 1.58

  The Midriff of a Mouse.
• * 1.59

  The Mem∣brane adjacent to the Lungs, supplieth the defect of a Midriff in Birds.
• * 1.60

  This Mem∣brane is beset with Carnous Fibres, and is Distended in Inspiration.
• * 1.61

  This Mem∣brane endea∣voureth to re∣duce it self to a Plain in Ex∣piration.
• * 1.62

  The difference of this Mem∣brane from the Midriff of other Ani∣mals, as ha∣ving a differ∣ent Figure and Situation.
• * 1.63

  The Cavity of the Breast is not made more large in Inspiration by this Mem∣brane.
• * 1.64

  The Midriff of ordinary Fish is immove∣able.
• * 1.65

  The Compage of the Midriff of a Porpess.
• * 1.66

  The connexi∣on of the Dia∣phragm in a Porpess.
• * 1.67

  The Fibres of the Dia∣phragm of a Porpess.
• * 1.68

  The upper Tunicle of the Midriff. The lower Coat of the Diaphragm.
• * 1.69

  The use of the Midriff in this Animal.
• * 1.70

  The Midriff in Fish is some∣times Carti∣leginous, and for the most part Membra∣nous.
• * 1.71

  A Fireflaire hath a Carti∣laginous Dia∣phragm.
• * 1.72

  The Midriff of a Dogfish.
• * 1.73

  The situation of the Pleura.
• * 1.74

  The figure of the Pleura.
• * 1.75

  The connexi∣on of the Pleu∣ra.
• * 1.76

  The outward and inward Membrane of the Pleura.
• * 1.77

  The Fibres and Parenchy∣ma or the Pleura.
• * 1.78

  The use of the Parenchyma of the Pleura.
• * 1.79

  The Perfora∣tions of the Pleura.
• * 1.80

  The Vessels of the Pleura.
• * 1.81

  The first use of the Pleura.
• * 1.82

  The second use of the Pleura.
• * 1.83

  The origen of the Pleura.
• * 1.84

  The Media∣stine is a Du∣plicature of the Pleura. The Compage of the Me∣diastine.
• * 1.85

  The Vessels of the Media∣stine.
• * 1.86

  The Media∣stine hath Lymphaeducts according to Bartholine.
• * 1.87

  The first use of the Media∣stine.
• * 1.88

  The second use.
• * 1.89

  The third use.
• * 1.90

  The situation of the Thymus.
• * 1.91

  The rise of the Thymus in Calves, &c.
• * 1.92

  The outward Membrane of the Thymus.
• * 1.93

  The Com∣page of the Thymus is a System of ma∣ny minute Glands.
• * 1.94

  The variety of Figures be∣longing to the Glands of the Thymus.
• * 1.95

  The Fibrils of the Thymus.
• * 1.96

  The Fibrils are made of many Fila∣ments.
• * 1.97

  The Vessels of the Thymus.
• * 1.98

  The Paren∣chyma of the Thymus.
• * 1.99

  The first use of the Thymus.
• * 1.100

  The second use of the Thymus.
• * 1.101

  A third use of the Thymus.
• * 1.102

  The fourth use of the Thymus.
• * 1.103

  The most no∣ble use of the Nervous Li∣quor in the Glands of the Thymus.
• * 1.104

  A Pleurisie.
• * 1.105

  A Pleurisie is sometimes So∣litary, and sometimes ac∣companied with a Perip∣neumonia.
• * 1.106

  A Bastard Pleurisie.
• * 1.107

  The symp∣toms of a Pleurisie.
• * 1.108

  The descrip∣tion of a Pleurisie.
• * 1.109

  The continent cause of a Pleurisie.
• * 1.110

  The remote causes of a Pleurisie.
• * 1.111

  The Progno∣sticks of a Pleurisie.
• * 1.112

  The Indica∣tions of this Disease.
• * 1.113

  Bleeding is very proper in a Pleurisie.
• * 1.114

  Strong Pur∣gatives are not proper in a Pleurisie.
• * 1.115

  The second Incication in the Cure of a Pleurisie.
• * 1.116

  Thickning Medicines are good in a thin Destillation.
• * 1.117

  Attenuating, inciding, and detergent Medicines, are prop••r in a gross, viscide, Ientous Mat∣ter.
• * 1.118

  Topicks are good in this Disease.
• * 1.119

  The third In∣dication in re∣lation to the Cure of a Pleurisie.
• * 1.120

  Cooling and Diaphoretick Julapes are very advanta∣gious in this Disease.
• * 1.121

  An Empyema, flowing from an Inflamma∣tion of the Pleura.
• * 1.122

  An Empyema derived from an Inflamma∣tion of the Lungs.
• * 1.123

  An Empyema, following a Squinancy.
• * 1.124

  An Empyema coming from the broken Vessels of the Lungs.
• * 1.125

  The continent cause of an Empyema.
• * 1.126

  The Diagno∣sticks of an Empyema.
• * 1.127

  Extravasated Blood is turn∣ed into Blood in fourteen days.
• * 1.128

  The sign of a long Epyema.
• * 1.129

  The Progno∣sticks of an Empyema.
• * 1.130

  Pus accompa∣nied with a violent Fever, is dangerous.
• * 1.131

  A Cough with a difficulty of Breathing, is very dange∣rous.
• * 1.132

  Hydromels are proper in a Cough pro∣ceeding from a gross, len∣tous, viscid Matter.
• * 1.133

  An Apertion of the Thorax may be made in a desperate Empyema.
• * 1.134

  Sometimes the Pus is dis∣charged by Cough, Vo∣miting, Stool, and by the wound made in the Aper∣tion of the Breast.
• * 1.135

  An Instance of this case in Mr. Echins, a Gentleman of Northampton∣shire.
• * 1.136

  The Cure of an Empyema by an Aper∣tion of the Thorax, Pecto∣rals, Diure∣ticks, and Healing and Consolidating Medicines, and Restoratives in reference to the Hectick Fever.
• * 1.137

  The Com∣page of the Pericardium.
• * 1.138

  The Origen of the Peri∣cardium.
• * 1.139

  The outward Coat of the Pericardium.
• * 1.140

  The middle Coat.
• * 1.141

  The third Coat.
• * 1.142

  The Connexi∣on of the Pe∣ricardium.
• * 1.143

  The Structure of the Peri∣cardium.
• * 1.144

  The Vessels of the Pericar∣dium.
• * 1.145

  The Figure of the Pericar∣dium.
• * 1.146

  The Liquor contained in the Pericar∣dium.
• * 1.147

  The Origen of the Liquor contained in the Pericar∣dium.
• * 1.148

  The cause of an Inflamma∣tion of the Pericardium.
• * 1.149

  The opening of a Vein is good in an In∣flammation of the Pericar∣dium.
• * 1.150

  Another cause of an Inflam∣mation of the Pericardium.
• * 1.151

  An Instance of an Inflamma∣tion of the Pericardium proceeding from Contu∣sion.
• * 1.152

  A Dropsie co∣ming from too great a quantity of Liquor con∣tained in the Pericardium.
• * 1.153

  The adheren∣cy of the Pe∣ricardium to the Heart for want of Li∣quor to be contained in the Pericar∣dium.
• * 1.154

  The symptoms of the Diseases belonging to the Pericar∣dium.
• * 1.155

  The Pericar∣dium of grea∣ter and smal∣ler Animals, hath great affi∣nity with that of Man.
• * 1.156

  The Pericar∣dium of a Land Tortoise.
• * 1.157

  The Pericar∣dium of a Lion.
• * 1.158

  The Pericar∣dium of the Heart in Birds.
• * 1.159

  The Pericar∣dium of the Heart in Fish
• * 1.160

  The Heart is the fountain of Life and Heat.
• * 1.161

  The upper In∣tegument of the Heart.
• * 1.162

  The use of the Coat inve∣sting the Heart.
• * 1.163

  The situation of the Heart.
• * 1.164

  The Connexi∣on of the Heart.
• * 1.165

  The dimen∣sions of the Heart.
• * 1.166

  The Firgure of the Heart.
• * 1.167

  The Surface of the Heart.
• * 1.168

  The Heart is a true Muscle.
• * 1.169

  The Tendon of the Heart into which many fleshy Fibres are in∣serted.
• * 1.170

  The Ventri∣cles of the Heart are be∣set with many Fibres.
• * 1.171

  The various Fibres of the Ventricles are carried in opposite Po∣sitions.
• * 1.172

  Divers ranks of Fibres may be discovered upon the Ex∣carnation of the Heart.
• * 1.173

  The Fibres do somewhat re∣semble a Skain of Thread.
• * 1.174

  Most of the Fibres are re∣flected when they have the length of the Heart.
• * 1.175

  The double rank of Fibres of the left Ventricle, do terminate in∣to opposite Tendons.
• * 1.176

  The external Fibres of this Ventricle do take their progress from the Base to the Cone. The several ranks of Fi∣bres have dif∣ferent pro∣gresses.
• * 1.177

  The different Fibres have one joynt-mo∣tion to lessen the Cavities of the Heart.
• * 1.178

  Divers Fibres do end in the Fleshy Co∣lumns.
• * 1.179

  The spiral Fi∣bres besetting the Cone of the Heart.
• * 1.180

  The Fibres of the left are more thick and strong than those of the right.
• * 1.181

  The Parenchy∣ma of the Heart is dif∣ferent from that of the other Viscera.
• * 1.182

  The fleshy Fi∣bres mutually conjoyned by Ligaments.
• † 1.183

  T. 15. F. 1. f f.iiii.
• * 1.184

  The substance of the Heart is different from that of other Muscles.
• * 1.185

  The Fibres of the Heart are spiral.
• * 1.186

  A rank of Fi∣bres coming, the Base of the Heart and it's Tendinous entrances.
• * 1.187

  The ranks of fleshy Fibres are tied to each other.
• † 1.188

  T. 15. F. 1. iiii.
• † 1.189

  d d d.
• * 1.190

  The Fibres are most great in their Origens.
• * 1.191

  The inward Fibres of the Ventricles are most large, and the more outward the least. The ranks of fleshy Fibres are mutually conjoyned by strong Mem∣branes, Liga∣ments, and Fibrous Bran∣ches.
• † 1.192

  T. 15. F. 1. iiii.
• * 1.193

  The divers empty spaces of the fleshy Fibres.
• † 1.194

  T. 15. F. 1. k k.
• † 1.195

  F. 2. g g.
• * 1.196

  Ligaments sprouting out of the Tendon of the left Auricle.
• * 1.197

  The Fibres of the Heart de∣rived from the recurrent Nerves.
• * 1.198

  The upper and greater Cardiack Plex proceedeth from the Par vagum and Nerves arising out of Inter∣costal branch, according to Dr. Willis.
• * 1.199

  The Auricles of the Heart.
• * 1.200

  The right Au∣ricle of the Heart is en∣dued with a kind of Pyra∣midal Figure. The Auricles when filled with Blood, have an equal Convex Sur∣face, and when lank, have many Asperi∣ties or wrin∣kles.
• * 1.201

  The Connexi∣on of the right Auricle.
• * 1.202

  The Connexi∣on of the left Ventricle.
• † 1.203

  T. 15. F. 1. b b.
• * 1.204

  The lest Auri∣cle is lessened in persons of old age.
• * 1.205

  The left Au∣ricle is very like the right.
• * 1.206

  The Vessels of the Auri∣cles.
• † 1.207

  T. 15. F. 1. b b.
• * 1.208

  The fleshy Fi∣bres of the Auricles.
• * 1.209

  The use of the Auricles of the Heart.
• * 1.210

  The Cavity of the right Ven∣tricle is more large.
• * 1.211

  The right Ventricle of the Heart.
• * 1.212

  The Tricuspi∣dal Valves.
• * 1.213

  The right Ventricle is much thinner than that of the left.
• * 1.214

  The Valves are seated near the Orifice of the Cava, and fast••ed to the Carnous Co∣lumns.
• * 1.215

  The Fibres of the Columns are relaxed, and the Valves extended in the Systole of the Heart, according to some Anato∣mists.
• * 1.216

  The Cone of the Heart is not brought toward the Base in its Sy∣stole, but the sides of the Ventricles are brought nearer to each other.
• * 1.217

  The use of the Tricuspidal Valves.
• * 1.218

  The mixture of Chyme with Blood in the right Ventricle.
• * 1.219

  The left Ven∣tricle is en∣dued with a Pyramidal Fi∣gure.
• * 1.220

  The left Ven∣tricle hath greater di∣mensions than the right.
• * 1.221

  The thickness of the Wall of the left Ven∣tricle needeth the right, and is furnished with stronger Fibres.
• * 1.222

  The left Ven∣tricle hath deeper Fur∣rows than the right.
• * 1.223

  The reason of the deep Fur∣rows in the left Ventri∣cle.
• * 1.224

  The Mitral Valves do en∣compass the Pulmonary Veins.
• † 1.225

  T. 15. F. 1. c c c.
• † 1.226

  T. 15. F. 1. e. e.
• * 1.227

  The Carnous Columns are endued with a Pyramidal Fi∣gure.
• † 1.228

  T. 15. F. 1. d d d.
• * 1.229

  The use of the Mitral Valves.
• † 1.230

  T. 15. F. i. c c c.
• * 1.231

  The Semilu∣nary Valves of the left Ventricles.
• † 1.232

  T. 15. F. 2. d d d.
• † 1.233

  T. 15. F. 2. a a a.
• * 1.234

  The use of the Semilunary Valves lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart.
• * 1.235

  The use of the Semicircular and right Fi∣bres relating to the Semi∣lunary Vavles.
• * 1.236

  The Heart is a Machine of Motion.
• * 1.237

  The Fibres do not always run parallel, but in irregu∣lar Lines.
• * 1.238

  The Walls of the Heart are made of di∣vers ranks of Fibres.
• * 1.239

  The first rank of fleshy Fi∣bres, and their progress.
• * 1.240

  The inward fleshy Fibres of the Heart.
• * 1.241

  The most in∣ward rank of Fibres are the greatest.
• * 1.242

  The Areae of the fleshy Fi∣bres are ador∣ned with va∣rious Figures.
• * 1.243

  The fleshy Fi∣bres are beset with many small Pores.
• * 1.244

  Borellus his Il∣lustration of the Motion of the Heart Mechanically, by a Clue of moistned Thread.
• * 1.245

  The outward Perimeter of the Rope ob∣serveth the same dimen∣sion in Mo∣tion.
• * 1.246

  The inward Spires of the Rope are af∣fected with unequal Cor∣rugations as they come near the Cen∣ter.
• * 1.247

  The Analogy between the Heart and the Rope in re∣ference of the fleshy Fibres endued with spiral Lines.
• * 1.248

  A second Si∣militude by reason of the numerous Pores of the fleshy Fibres. The third likeness, by reason their outward Cir∣cumference is not altered.
• * 1.249

  A fifth like∣ness between the Fibres of the Heart, and the Filaments of the Rope.
• * 1.250

  The sixth Ana∣logy between them.
• * 1.251

  The Walls of the Heart are brought near∣er to each other by Pul∣sation.
• * 1.252

  The reason why the Fi∣bres of the Heart are Spi∣ral.
• * 1.253

  The fleshy Fi∣bres being spongy, grow big with Blood, and thence are ir∣ritated to Contract.
• * 1.254

  Many Tendi∣nous Fibres are inserted into the Car∣nous.
• * 1.255

  The motion of the Heart is made by drawing the insides of the Ventricles close to each other.
• * 1.256

  The Septum of the Heart being thick is not easily Contracted.
• * 1.257

  The Cavities of the Ven∣tricles are lessened in the Pulsation of the Heart.
• * 1.258

  The motion of the Heart is performed by Carnous and Tendinous Fi∣bres.
• * 1.259

  The Carnous Fibres are acted by Ner∣vous, as en∣dued with A∣nimal Liquor and Spirits, whence they are rendred tense.
• * 1.260

  The Syncope and Lypothy∣my of the Heart, do dif∣fer gradually.
• * 1.261

  The first cause of defect of Blood.
• * 1.262

  The second cause of the Penury of Blood.
• * 1.263

  A second cause of a Ly∣pothymy.
• * 1.264

  An instance of this cause.
• * 1.265

  A third cause of a Lipothy∣my.
• * 1.266

  These symp∣toms may pro∣ceed from an Excrescence filling up ei∣ther Ventri∣cle of the Heart.
• * 1.267

  A Syncope and Lipothy∣my may come from Puru∣lent Matter, or Ulcer of the Heart.
• * 1.268

  These symp∣toms may a∣rise out of Ulcers of the adjacent parts.
• * 1.269

  A Syncope and Lipothy∣my coming from Malig∣nant steams of the Blood in Pestilential Fevers.
• * 1.270

  The symp∣toms may come from the indisposi∣tion of the Brain.
• * 1.271

  The Palpita∣tion of the Heart.
• * 1.272

  The cause of the Heart striking the lest side.
• * 1.273

  The Palpita∣tion proceed∣ing from too great a quan∣tity of Blood.
• * 1.274

  The second cause of the Palpitation may be taken from an un∣due fermenta∣tion of the Blood.
• * 1.275

  A Palpitation of the Heart arising out of an efferves∣cence of the Blood.
• * 1.276

  The Palpita∣tion of the Heart pro∣ceeding from the indisposi∣tion of the Brain.
• * 1.277

  Blood-letting is good, in a Palpitation of the Heart flowing from an exuberance of Blood.
• * 1.278

  Bitter Medi∣cines are pro∣per in a Palpi∣tation of the Heart.
• * 1.279

  Testaceous Powders are good in an un∣due fermen∣tation of the Blood.
• * 1.280

  An instance of the Cure of the Palpita∣tion of the Heart derived from an ill fermenting Blood.
• * 1.281

  Cephalick Medicines are proper in the Convulsive motions of the Heart.
• * 1.282

  A second cause of the Con∣vulsive mo∣tions of the Heart.
• * 1.283

  A third cause of Cardiack Convulsions.
• * 1.284

  A fourth cause of Convulsive motions in the Heart.
• * 1.285

  The manner of the motion of the vital Liquor.
• * 1.286

  The Ventri∣cles of the Heart are di∣stended with Blood in the Diastole, and emptied by a Systole.
• * 1.287

  The manner how the Moti∣on of the Blood is made in the Blood-Vessels.
• * 1.288

  Borellus Opi∣nion, that the Constri∣ctive Power of the Heart is less then the resistance of the Blood.
• * 1.289

  The reason of the Authors said Opinion
• * 1.290

  The pro∣portion of Blood which passeth through the Heart every Pulsation.
• * 1.291

  The Ventri∣cles of the Heart are fil∣led every Dia∣stole, and emptied eve∣ry Systole.
• * 1.292

  An Experi∣ment in the Dissection of live Animals.
• * 1.293

  The Motion of the Blood made good by Autopsy in live Animals.
• * 1.294

  The quantity of Blood re∣ceived in eve∣ry Diastole, is wholly dis∣charged in every Systole of the Heart.
• * 1.295

  The whole Mass of Blood doth probably pass Twelve times through the Heart every hour.
• * 1.296

  It is difficult to compute what quantity of Blood pas∣seth through the Heart in several Ages, Sexes, Tem∣peraments.
• * 1.297

  An argument to prove the quick Motion of the Blood through the various Blood Vessels.
• * 1.298

  The Motion of the Blood through the Vessels is very hasty.
• * 1.299

  The Motion of the Blood is performed in different Channels of Veins and Arteries.
• * 1.300

  The Motion of the Blood beginneth in the Veins.
• * 1.301

  The Blood doth not pass in an Embryo through the Lungs.
• * 1.302

  Fleshy Fibres are seated in the Sangui∣ducts.
• * 1.303

  The Motion of the Blood first made the Heart, is assisted by the Motion of the Arte∣ries. The manner how the Blood is im∣pelled through the Arteries.
• * 1.304

  The Heart re∣sembleth a Pump, in throwing Blood into the adjacent Sanguiducts.
• * 1.305

  The Motion of the blood would grow faint in Ar∣teries distant from the Heart, were it not helped by the con∣strictive pow∣er of the Ar∣teries.
• * 1.306

  The Veins have a con∣strictive pow∣er as well as the Arteries.
• * 1.307

  The Motion of the Blood upward, to∣ward, and in∣to the Head, is assisted by the constrict∣ive power of the Veins.
• * 1.308

  The Valves of the Veins are not suffi∣cient to make good the Ascent of the Blood toward the Heart.
• * 1.309

  The main end of the Moti∣on of Blood, is Sanguifica∣tion. The manner of production of Blood.
• * 1.310

  The second end of the Motion of the Blood.
• * 1.311

  The Third end of the Motion of the Blood.
• * 1.312

  The constitu∣ent parts of Blood.
• * 1.313

  The bilious Recrements of the Blood, are severed from it in the Liver.
• * 1.314

  The watry parts of the Blood, are secerned from it in the Kid∣neys.
• * 1.315

  The watry Recrements are also sepa∣rated from the Blood in the cutaneous Glands.
• * 1.316

  The constitu∣tion of the Blood is na∣tural, or pre∣natural.
• * 1.317

  The first rise of the Blood
• * 1.318

  The Albumi∣ous Liquor of the Blood.
• * 1.319

  The red Cras∣sament of the Blood.
• * 1.320

  The tough crust of the Blood.
• * 1.321

  The cause of variety of co∣lours, painting the surface of concreted Blood.
• * 1.322

  The Blood consisteth of many White Filaments.
• * 1.323

  The cause how the gross part of the Blood becom∣meth Red.
• * 1.324

  The reason why the Chyle not well atte∣nuated, doth not put on its Red array.
• * 1.325

  The Blood is pale in ob∣structed Vir∣gins.
• * 1.326

  The sulphu∣reous parts of Blood.
• * 1.327

  The saline parts of the Blood.
• * 1.328

  The airy parts of Blood.
• * 1.329

  The spirituous parts of Blood.
• * 1.330

  The Caput Moriuum of Blood.
• * 1.331

  The more vo∣latil parts of Blood, are depressed by the more gross and six∣ed. The Blood is hightned by intestine and local Mo∣tion.
• * 1.332

  The heat of the Blood is exalted by Motion.
• * 1.333

  The various principles of the Blood.
• * 1.334

  A Comminu∣tion is made of the various Elements of Blood by a brisk Motion against the sides of the Ventricles.
• * 1.335

  The tempera∣ment of Ju∣stice, accord∣ing to Geo∣metrical pro∣portion. The Tempe∣raments ac∣cording to Arithmetical proportion.
• * 1.336

  The Active and Passive Elements of the Blood.
• * 1.337

  The Heart is the subject of Fevers.
• * 1.338

  The first cause of a Fever, is the unnatural temperament of the Blood. The Second Cause of it iss the Blood, too much ex∣alted by Fer∣ments.
• * 1.339

  Borellus his Opinion that a Fever is not produced by an undue Fermentation of the Blood, but from an•• acrimoniou; nervous Li∣quor, and proveth his Hypothesis, by reason the Pus of Pleu∣risy doth not disaffect the Heart, but the Brain.
• * 1.340

  The Authors Opinion, that a Fever doth proceed from a nervous Li∣quor stagnant in the Nerves by reason their termina∣tions are shut up, either by a quantity, of Blood, or vis∣cous Matter, obstructing the extremi∣ties of the Nerves.
• * 1.341

  This Author denieth a Fever to be derived from the effer∣vescence of the Blood.
• * 1.342

  The indigest∣ed Chyme is a cause of a Fever.
• * 1.343

  The watry and saline parts of the Blood incline to a Fever.
• * 1.344

  The spiritu∣ous parts of the Blood not well regula∣ted, do pro∣duce a Fever.
• * 1.345

  The sulphure∣ous parts of the Blood, too much exalted, cause a Fe∣ver.
• * 1.346

  The saline parts brought to a Fluor, do generate into a Fever. The cause of a Fever is seated in the Blood, as com∣pounded of divers Fer∣mentative Li∣quors. The Nervous Liquor being soft, cannot be said to be a cause of a Fever. Many critical evacuations of Blood de∣termining a Fever, do shew the cause to be placed in the Blood.
• * 1.347

  The tempera∣ment of the Blood, as com∣posed of Four Humours.
• * 1.348

  The melan∣choly consti∣tution of the Blood.
• * 1.349

  The sangui∣neous consti∣tution of the Blood.
• * 1.350

  The Pituitous constitution of the Blood.
• * 1.351

  The Cause of the tough sur∣face of the Blood.
• * 1.352

  The Compage of the Blood when it is co∣agulated.
• * 1.353

  The bilious Con itution of the Blood.
• * 1.354

  The oily Par∣ticles of the Blood, the cause of an Intermittent Tertian Fever.
• * 1.355

  Fevers pro∣ceeding from a vitiated Succus Pancre∣aticus.
• * 1.356

  Continued Fevers have no perfect in∣termission, but only a re∣mission.
• * 1.357

  Three kinds of Continued Fevers.
• * 1.358

  Febris Ephe∣mera.
• * 1.359

  The restricti∣on of the Pores is one cause of a Continued Fever.
• * 1.360

  A putrid Fe∣ver.
• * 1.361

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or The begin∣ning of a pu∣tride Fever,
• * 1.362

  The Second step or time is commonly called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.363

  The 3d step of a Continued Fever is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the height of it.
• * 1.364

  The fourth step of a con∣tinued Fever; called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The declina∣tion of the disease.
• * 1.365

  The first Crists of a continu∣ed Fever when the Matter of the Disease is eva∣cuated by Sweat.
• * 1.366

  The second Crisis of a continued Fe∣ver discharged by a Haemor∣rage of Blood through the Nostrils.
• * 1.367

  The third Cri∣sis is made when the Matter of the Continued Fever, is dis∣charged by Urine.
• * 1.368

  The nature of Malignant Fe∣vers. The Symp∣toms of Ma∣lignant Fe∣vers.
• * 1.369

  The Blood is coagulated, putrefied, and the bond of Mixtion high∣ly disordered in malignant Fevers.
• * 1.370

  The way of Infection in Malignant Fe∣vers.
• * 1.371

  A melancholy constitution of Blood.
• * 1.372

  A Quartan Ague.
• * 1.373

  The cause of a Quartan Ague.
• * 1.374

  The reason why Quartan Agues have longer inter∣missions than other Inter∣mittent Fe∣vers.
• * 1.375

  The Cure of Quartan Agues.
• * 1.376

  The first Indi∣cation deno∣teth Vomito∣ries, are pro∣per in Inter∣mittent Fe∣vers.
• * 1.377

  Opening a Vein is good in a Pletho∣rick Constitu∣tion, in case of these Fe∣vers. Gentle Pur∣gatives and cooling Julaps may be safely administred.
• * 1.378

  The second Indication de∣noteth good Diet is very beneficial in this case.
• * 1.379

  The third In∣dication is sa∣tisfied by Spe∣cificks.
• * 1.380

  The first Indi∣cation of a Febris Ephe∣mera.
• * 1.381

  The second Indication of this Fever.
• * 1.382

  The third In∣dication of this Disease.
• * 1.383

  The Indi∣cations of a Continued Fever.
• * 1.384

  Clysters Blee∣ding, and coo∣ling Juleps are very pro∣per.
• * 1.385

  Bleeding is very good in a Plethorick body, and in the beginning of the Disease.
• * 1.386

  Diaphoreticks are proper in Continued Fevers.
• * 1.387

  Eating of Flesh is very dangerous in Continued Fevers. A gentle Purge may be given in the declination of a Continued Fever, si vires ferant.
• * 1.388

  An instance of a Gentleman Poysoned which had the same types and periods with a Malig∣nant Fever.
• * 1.389

  The cause of an inflamma∣tion of the Heart.
• * 1.390

  An abscess of the Heart.
• * 1.391

  An Ulcer of the Heart.
• * 1.392

  An Instance of the Ulcer of the Heart.
• * 1.393

  The Cure of an Inflamma∣tion.
• * 1.394

  The Cure of a Fever, rela∣ting to an In∣flammation of the Heart,
• * 1.395

  The obstructi∣ons of the Ventricles of the Heart, proceeding from divers causes.
• * 1.396

  The Ventri∣cles of the Heart ob∣structed by a Polypus. The cause of a Polypus.
• * 1.397

  Concreted Blood is made up of many White Fila∣ments.
• * 1.398

  The mass of Blood is Fi∣brous.
• * 1.399

  Another kind of Polypus.
• * 1.400

  An Experi∣ment how to discover the nature of Blood.
• * 1.401

  A Polypus derived from various Mat∣ter.
• * 1.402

  The similitude in the produ∣ction of a Po∣lypus with that of the Stone.
• * 1.403

  A Polypus when it co∣meth to a hight is incu∣rable.
• * 1.404

  In the begin∣ning, to pre∣vent a Poly∣pus, Purging and Bleeding is good.
• * 1.405

  The Heart of great Animals are much akin to that of Man.
• * 1.406

  The situation of the Hearts of other Ani∣mals.
• * 1.407

  The Conne∣ction of the Hearts of Ani∣mals. The Figure of their Hearts.
• * 1.408

  The contex∣ture of Nerve about the Cone of the Heart belong∣ing to a Hog.
• * 1.409

  The Left Ventricle of a Pig.
• † 1.410

  T. 15. F. a a.
• † 1.411

  b b b.
• † 1.412

  d d d.
• † 1.413

  c c c.
• † 1.414

  e e e.
• * 1.415

  The Heart of a Lion.
• * 1.416

  The Heart of a Tortoise.
• * 1.417

  The Heart of a Camel.
• * 1.418

  The Hearts of Birds are alike those of greater Animals.
• * 1.419

  A fleshy Valve, sup∣plying the de∣fect of the Tri-Cuspidal Valves in Birds.
• * 1.420

  The Heart of a Goose.
• * 1.421

  The Heart of a Pidgeon.
• * 1.422

  The Hearts of most Birds have their Base inclining toward the Right, and their Apes to∣ward the Left.
• * 1.423

  The Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Wild Duck.
• † 1.424

  T. 15. F. 4. a a.
• † 1.425

  b b.
• † 1.426

  c c.
• † 1.427

  d d d d.
• † 1.428

  e e.
• * 1.429

  The Heart of a Porpesss. The Pyramy∣dal Figure of the Heart. The Auricles of the Heart beset with ranks of Fi∣bres, inter∣spersed with several Fi∣gures.
• * 1.430

  The Right and Left Ven∣tricle ador∣ned with fleshy Co∣lumns
• * 1.431

  The tricuspi∣dal and mitral Valves.
• * 1.432

  The semilu∣••ary Valves.
• * 1.433

  The Heart of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Thornback, and its allodg∣ment.
• * 1.434

  The Figure of the Reposito∣ry of the Heart.
• * 1.435

  The Figure of the Heart of a Thornback.
• * 1.436

  The Figure of the Heart of a Skaite.
• † 1.437

  T. 29. c.
• † 1.438

  d.
• * 1.439

  The Auricle of the Heart.
• † 1.440

  e.
• † 1.441

  F.
• * 1.442

  The common Trunk of the Artery.
• † 1.443

  G.
• * 1.444

  The tripartite Branch of the Artery.
• † 1.445

  H.
• * 1.446

  The tripartite Branch.
• † 1.447

  32. D.
• † 1.448

  C.
• * 1.449

  The Figure of the Heart of a Dog-Fish.
• † 1.450

  e e.
• † 1.451

  A.
• † 1.452

  B. B.
• † 1.453

  T. 38. a. a.
• * 1.454

  The Pericor∣dia of a Lam∣pry.
• † 1.455

  B.
• * 1.456

  The Right Lobe of the Heart, or Au∣ricle.
• † 1.457

  C.
• * 1.458

  The Left Lobe of the Heart, or Ventricle.
• * 1.459

  The Heart of a Salmon.
• † 1.460

  T. 15. T. 5. a a.
• † 1.461

  b b.
• † 1.462

  c c.
• † 1.463

  d d.
• † 1.464

  e e.
• † 1.465

  f f.
• † 1.466

  g g.
• † 1.467

  h h.
• † 1.468

  ii.
• † 1.469

  T. 41. F. 1.1.
• * 1.470

  The Heart of a Viper.
• † 1.471

  T. 41. F. 2.
• * 1.472

  The Heart of a Snake open∣ed.
• † 1.473

  h.
• † 1.474

  i. i.
• * 1.475

  The Heart of a Silk-worm and its Situa∣tion.
• * 1.476

  The Compage of the Heart.
• * 1.477

  The Mem∣branous sub∣stance of the Heart, is in∣terspersed with carnous Fibres.
• * 1.478

  The Heart hath many oval small Tubes, like so many little Hearts.
• * 1.479

  The Heart of an Epheme∣ron, and other Insects.
• * 1.480

  The Arteries of the Heart.
• * 1.481

  The Orifice of the Pulmo∣nary Arteries.
• * 1.482

  The Orifice of the Aorta.
• * 1.483

  The Corona∣ry Artery.
• * 1.484

  The first pro∣duction of the Arteries.
• * 1.485

  The substance of the Arte∣ries.
• * 1.486

  The first Coat of the Aorta.
• * 1.487

  The second Coat of the Aorta.
• * 1.488

  The third is endued with many fleshy Fibres.
• * 1.489

  The fourth Coat of the Aorta.
• * 1.490

  Some hold the substance of Arteries to be wholly Ner∣vous.
• * 1.491

  The Arteries have a double motion, Sy∣stole and Dia∣stole.
• * 1.492

  The manner of the Pulsa∣tion of the Arteries, ac∣cording to Dr. Harvey.
• * 1.493

  The manner of the Pulsa∣tion of Arte∣ries.
• * 1.494

  The Systole of the Arte∣ries made by circular fleshy Fibres.
• * 1.495

  The current of the Blood is hastned up∣ward, espe∣cially in the Capillary Ar∣teries of the Brain.
• * 1.496

  The obstru∣ction of Arte∣ries coming from a gros∣ness of Blood.
• * 1.497

  The obstructi∣on of the Ar∣teries proceed∣ing from a carnous In∣crescence.
• * 1.498

  The obstructi∣on of the Ar∣teries derived from concre∣ted Chyme.
• * 1.499

  Bleeding is good in ob∣struction of the Arteries.
• * 1.500

  The lessening the Cavity of the Arteries by Compression.
• * 1.501

  Bleeding good in the Inflammation of the Muscles
• * 1.502

  An Aneu∣risme.
• * 1.503

  An Aneu∣risme is a large beating Tumor.
• * 1.504

  An Aneu∣risme cannot come from extravasated Blood.
• * 1.505

  An Aneu∣risme pro∣ceedeth from the Rupture of the inward Coat.
• * 1.506

  It is dange∣rous to open an Aneurisme.
• * 1.507

  Soluta unita Arteriae.
• * 1.508

  The Lacerati∣on of the Ar∣teries in great Con∣tusions.
• * 1.509

  The great Pulsation of the Artery, coming from plenty, or thickness of Blood.
• * 1.510

  An Instance of a violent Pul∣sation of the Artery.
• * 1.511

  The Cures of the beating of the Artery.
• * 1.512

  The Ventri∣cles of the Heart are fur∣nished with the Orifices of the Cava, and pulmona∣ry Vein.
• * 1.513

  The Veins implanted in∣to the Cava.
• * 1.514

  A Promi∣nence arising in the Right Auricle of the Heart.
• * 1.515

  The annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava,
• * 1.516

  The First pro∣duction of Veins.
• * 1.517

  The First pro∣duction of Veins.
• * 1.518

  The substance of the Veins.
• * 1.519

  The Coats of the Veins. The outward Coat.
• * 1.520

  The frame of the outward Coat of the Veius.
• * 1.521

  The inward Coat of the Veins made up of various Fi∣brils.
• * 1.522

  The inward Coats, ac∣cording to Galen, is Membranous, Fibrous, and Carnous.
• * 1.523

  The fleshy Fibres of the Cava.
• * 1.524

  The use of the fleshy Fi∣bres of the Veins.
• * 1.525

  The Valves of the Veins.
• * 1.526

  The Figure of the Valves.
• * 1.527

  The number of the Valves cannot be counted.
• * 1.528

  The motion of the Blood is first made in the Veins.
• * 1.529

  The obstru∣ction of the Veins arising from Blood.
• * 1.530

  Bleeding is proper in the obstruction of the Veins, and Purga∣tives, are proper in a grossness of Blood.
• * 1.531

  Obstructions of the Veins coming from a crude Chyme mix∣ed with Blood
• * 1.532

  The Com∣pression of the Veins.
• * 1.533

  The Com∣pression of the Veins de∣rived from the Tumor of the adja∣cent parts. which is much alleviated, if not cured by Bleeding.
• * 1.534

  A Cempressi∣on of the Iliack Veins, and the ascen∣dent Trunk of the Cava in the time of Gestation. The cause of the Tumors, called Varices Venarum.
• * 1.535

  Tumors in the Body de∣••ived from the laceration of Veins.
• * 1.536

  Inflammati∣ons proceed∣ing from a quantity of Blood coming from the obstructed Origens of the Veins, in which case Bleeding is good.
• * 1.537

  The Blood-Vessels of perfect Ani∣mals are ve∣ry like those of Man.
• * 1.538

  The pulmo∣nary Vessels are wanting in Fish, and are supplyed with the San∣guiducts of the Gills.
• * 1.539

  The Insects have many Blood-Vessels wanting, which are found in more perfect Animals.
• * 1.540

  The motion of the Blood through the Heart, into the Arteries and Veins of Insects.
• * 1.541

  The Blood-Vessels of In∣sects are in∣dued with in∣osculations after the manner of Network.
• * 1.542

  The various Tubes of Plants, are somewhat alike to the Viscera of Animals.
• * 1.543

  Plants are furnished with many sorts of Ves∣sels.
• * 1.544

  The Figure of the Sap-Ves∣sels,
• * 1.545

  The greater Sap-Vessels are beset with many small Pipes.
• * 1.546

  The Divari∣cations of the Sap-Vessels do somewhat resemble the Divarication of the San∣guiducts. The progress of the Sap-Vessels, is for the most part perpendicu∣lar, and sometimes horizontal.
• * 1.547

  The Vessels of Plants agree in some sort with those of Animals, as containing many Li∣quors.
• * 1.548

  Between the Sap-Vessels are seated many Areae, as so many Cisterns. of different Liquor.
• * 1.549

  The Situation of the Lungs.
• * 1.550

  The Lobes of the Lungs are parted by the media∣stine.
• * 1.551

  The Lobes of the Lungs have a mutual entercourse by Vessels.
• * 1.552

  The Connexi∣on of the Lungs.
• * 1.553

  The Figure of the Lungs.
• * 1.554

  The two Lobes resem∣ble the hoofs of a Bullocks Foot.
• * 1.555

  The Mem∣brane of the Lungs.
• * 1.556

  Hypocrates's Opinion of the structure of the Lungs.
• * 1.557

  Cicero: his Opinion of the Lungs.
• * 1.558

  Malpighius Sentiments of the frame of variety of the Lungs.
• * 1.559

  The branches of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, pipe.
• * 1.560

  The Vesicles of Air appen∣dant to the branches of the Troch••a.
• * 1.561

  The seat of the Vesicles of Air.
• * 1.562

  The connexi∣on of the Ve∣sicles of Air.
• * 1.563

  The orbicular Figure of the membranous Cells.
• * 1.564

  The Origen of these Cells.
• * 1.565

  The substance of the Vesicles of Air.
• * 1.566

  The Vesicles of Air are en∣dued with fleshy Fibres
• * 1.567

  The use of the membranous Cells, accord∣ing to des Cartes.
• * 1.568

  The pulmo∣nary Artery.
• * 1.569

  The pulmo∣nary Vein.
• * 1.570

  The Nerves of the Lungs.
• * 1.571

  The Lymphe∣ducts of the Lungs.
• * 1.572

  The Left Side of the Lungs of a Calf. The First Lobe.
• * 1.573

  The Second Lobe.
• * 1.574

  The Third Lobe of the Left Side.
• * 1.575

  The upper∣most Lobe of the Right Side The Second Lobe.
• * 1.576

  The Third Lobe.
• * 1.577

  The Fourth Lobe belong∣ing to the Right Side of the Lungs of a Calf.
• * 1.578

  T••e Lungs of a Perp••s.
• † 1.579

  T. 41.
• * 1.580

  The subs••ance of the Lungs of a Porp••ss.
• * 1.581

  The Lungs of Fish have their Blood-Vessels ac∣companied with Nerves The Bronchia of the Lungs are beset with many minute Glands.
• * 1.582

  The Gills of Fish are made up of many Blood-Vessels affixed to ••••mi-circular bony Pro∣c••sses.
• * 1.583

  The manner of the pro∣gress of the Arteries and Veins into the Gills,
• † 1.584

  T. 29.
• * 1.585

  The Second progress of the Arteries into the Gills.
• * 1.586

  The Arteries of the Gills are answered with an equal number of Veins.
• * 1.587

  An experi∣ment to prove some part of Li∣quor, passeth into the Gills; and another part into the de∣scendent Trunk of the Aorta.
• * 1.588

  Water inspi∣red with Air, may goe into the Ar∣teries, and mixe with Blood, passing through the vessels of the Gills.
• * 1.589

  The Lungs of Frogs are Sy∣stems made up of various Vessels. The Lungs of Frogs consist of two Lobes.
• * 1.590

  The Cells of Air have their Areae shaded with many Sanguiducts. meeting in a kind of Net∣work. The minute Cavities of the Lungs are be∣set with Air.
• * 1.591

  The nume∣rous Ramu∣lets of Arte∣rics and Veins are carried in crooked lines.
• * 1.592

  The Lungs of a Snake.
• † 1.593

  T. 41. F. 2. k k.
• * 1.594

  The spongy Lungs of Vi∣pers, Tor∣toises, &c.
• * 1.595

  The Fabrick of the Lungs of minute Animals, are Transparent.
• * 1.596

  The Trachaeae of Insects hold Analogy in some sort with the Lungs of more perfect Animals.
• * 1.597

  The Trachaeae are divarica∣ted after the manner of Arteries.
• * 1.598

  The Origen of the Tra∣chaeae are de∣rived from the Incisures as from Trunks.
• * 1.599

  The Figure of the Larynx.
• * 1.600

  The Compo∣sition of the Larynx.
• * 1.601

  The Cartila∣ges in antient Persons, grow some∣times bony
• * 1.602

  The Buckler Cartilage.
• * 1.603

  The Four Processes of the Buckler Cartilage.
• * 1.604

  The Muscles of the Buck∣ler Cartilage The First pair of Muscles called Hyothy∣roides.
• * 1.605

  The Second pair of Mu∣scles called Sternothy∣roidei.
• * 1.606

  The Third pair of Mu∣scles, called Cricothyroidei.
• * 1.607

  The Second Cartilage of the Larynx named Cri∣coides.
• * 1.608

  The Third and Fourth Cartil••ges are stiled Arytae∣noides.
• * 1.609

  The Musculi Thyroarytaenoi∣des, relating to the Eure∣like Carti∣lage.
• * 1.610

  The Second pair of Mu∣scles, called Arytaenoidei, which relate to the Eure∣tike Cartilage
• * 1.611

  The Epiglot∣tis, vulgarly called the Fifth Carti∣lage of the Larynx.
• * 1.612

  The Com. page of the Epiglouis is softer then the other Car∣tilage.
• * 1.613

  The Glandu∣lous substance of the Epi∣glottis.
• * 1.614

  The frame of the Aspera Arteria rela∣ting to other Animals.
• * 1.615

  The diffe∣rence of the Wind-pipe of other Ani∣mals.
• * 1.616

  The Wind∣pipe of a Lion.
• * 1.617

  The Wind∣pipe of Sheep.
• * 1.618

  The Aspera Arteria of an Ape.
• * 1.619

  The Win∣pipe of a Ca∣melion of Egypt.
• * 1.620

  The Trachaea of a Cran••.
• * 1.621

  The Trachaea of a Parrot.
• * 1.622

  The Wind-pipe of a He∣ron.
• * 1.623

  The Trachaea of an Eagle.
• * 1.624

  The Aspera Arteria of a Peacock.
• * 1.625

  The Wind-pipe of a Pidgeon.
• * 1.626

  The Trachaea of a Duck.
• * 1.627

  The Epiglottis and Glottis of a Porpess, conjoyned like the Bill of a Goose.
• * 1.628

  The descripti∣on of the Epi∣glottis of a Porpess.
• * 1.629

  The Surface of the Epi∣glottis is Con∣vexe as out∣ward, and the inward is Concave. The conjun∣ction of the Epiglottis to the Glottis, is made by a Membrane.
• * 1.630

  The Glottis.
• * 1.631

  The Larynx is a fine frame of Muscles, and Cartila∣ges, &c.
• * 1.632

  The Cartila∣ges of the Larynx.
• * 1.633

  The Buckler Cartilage.
• * 1.634

  The annular Cartilage.
• * 1.635

  The Fourth and Fifth Car∣tilage which do make the Eure-like Cartilage.
• * 1.636

  The Trachaea of a Sea Tor∣toise.
• * 1.637

  The Carti∣lages of Ani∣mals are Cir∣cular.
• * 1.638

  The Trachaa of a Croco∣dile.
• * 1.639

  The Aspera Arteria of a Viper.
• † 1.640

  T. 41. F. 1. c c c.
• * 1.641

  The Aspera Arteria of a common Snake.
• † 1.642

  T. 41. F. 2. e e e.
• * 1.643

  The Aspera Arteria of a Snake, called Caprimulgus.
• * 1.644

  The Trachaeae of a Silkworm are numerous which enter into the Vis∣cera of the middle and lowest Apar∣timent.
• * 1.645

  Many Pipes of Air seated about the cir∣cles of Sap∣vessels.
• * 1.646

  Air-vessels placed in irre∣gular po∣stures.
• * 1.647

  Air-vessels placed after the manner of Bends of an Escucheon. The Pipes of Air do some∣times pass af∣ter the man∣ner of Fesses.
• * 1.648

  The Tubes of Air seated in the wooden Compage of Plants.
• * 1.649

  The likeness of the Air and Sap-ves∣sels.
• * 1.650

  The Air-pipes are fastned to each other like so many Globules, and consist of a company of Spiral flakes.
• * 1.651

  The progress of the Air∣pipes.
• * 1.652

  Lignous Pro∣tuberancies which do en∣circle the Pipes of Air.
• * 1.653

  The manner of Nutrition in Plants.
• * 1.654

  The Sap-ves∣sels hold an entercourse with those of Air.
• * 1.655

  The use of the Air-vessels.
• * 1.656

  The efficient cause of Re∣spiration.
• * 1.657

  The nature of Respiration in reference to its action.
• * 1.658

  The Organs of Respira∣tion.
• * 1.659

  The Inter∣costal Muscles do contribute to Respira∣tion.
• * 1.660

  The Ribs be∣ing moved, do dilate the Thorax.
• * 1.661

  The Internal as well as Ex∣ternal Inter∣costals are mi∣nisterial to Respiration.
• * 1.662

  The various Articulations of the Ribs.
• * 1.663

  The oblique insertion of the Cartilages into the Ribs.
• * 1.664

  The double motion of the Diaphragm as some ima∣gine, which in truth is but one.
• * 1.665

  The Systole is the true mo∣tion of the Diaphragm, wherein it is brought to a Plain.
• * 1.666

  The several parts concer∣ned in the motion of the Lungs.
• * 1.667

  The Interco∣stal Muscles.
• * 1.668

  The double row of Fibres besetting the Intercostal Muscles.
• * 1.669

  The manner of Respira∣tion.
• * 1.670

  The enlarged dimensions of the Thorax in Inspiration.
• * 1.671

  The circum∣ference of the Breast is nar∣rowed in Re∣spiration.
• * 1.672

  The Lungs are emptied in Exspiration.
• * 1.673

  The Lungs have no in∣ward princi∣ple of Motion.
• * 1.674

  The Lungs are destitute of Fleshy Fibres.
• * 1.675

  The Systole and Diastole of the Lungs do not keep time with the pulsation of the Heart.
• * 1.676

  The Matter and external efficient cause of Respira∣tion.
• * 1.677

  The Air is im∣mitted into the Lungs in Inspiration.
• * 1.678

  The Perime∣ter of the Breast is en∣larged in In∣spiration.
• * 1.679

  Borellus his Ex∣periment to shew how much the breast is en∣larged in In∣spiration.
• * 1.680

  The ambient Air is forced into the Lungs by the weight of the super∣incumbent Atmosphaere.
• * 1.681

  The structure of the Lungs contributeth much to Re∣spiration.
• * 1.682

  The Elastick force of Air assisteth the inflation of the Lungs.
• * 1.683

  Dr. Mayow's Experiement about the in∣flation of the Lungs.
• * 1.684

  Some Learned Anatomists judg the infla∣tion of the Lungs to be made by the sucking of Air.
• * 1.685

  The inflation of the Lungs with Air, is made to pre∣vent a Vacuum in the Breast.
• * 1.686

  An Experi∣ment of Re∣spiration fetched from Divers.
• * 1.687

  The inflation of the Lungs in Inspiration, is not made by suction of Air, but by the weight of the superincum∣bent Atmos∣phaere.
• * 1.688

  The use of Respiration is to cool the Blood.
• * 1.689

  Another use of Respirati∣on is, to trans∣mit Blood through the Lungs.
• * 1.690

  Dr. Croon's Experiment to pro•• the Air to assist the motion of Blood.
• * 1.691

  Another Ex∣periment at the Colledge of Physicians.
• * 1.692

  A Third Ex∣periment of Dr. Gudlter, Needham; at Gresham Colledge.
• * 1.693

  Bleeding re∣lieveth Respi∣ration in a Squinancy.
• * 1.694

  Persons hang∣ed, have been restored to Life by Bleed∣ing.
• * 1.695

  A Second Use of Respirati∣on.
• * 1.696

  A Third Use of Respira∣tion.
• * 1.697

  The Intestine Motion of the Blood, is rais∣ed by the Elastick Par∣ticles of Air.
• * 1.698

  The cause of a Cough.
• * 1.699

  The ill affecti∣on of the Lungs, pro∣duced by the obstruction of the Lymphae∣ducts.
• * 1.700

  The sup∣pression of ac∣customed eva∣cuations of Blood are sometimes the cause of a Cough.
• * 1.701

  A suddain oc∣clusion of the pores of the Skin may produce a Cough.
• * 1.702

  A Concepti∣on may pro¦ceed from an ill conforma∣tion of the Breast.
• * 1.703

  The innate weakness of the Lungs, disposeth to a Consumption.
• * 1.704

  Good Air very advanta∣geous to the Lungs.
• * 1.705

  An over thin Air aggra∣vates the de∣fluxion of hu∣mors into the Lungs.
• * 1.706

  The Prog∣nosticks of a Cough.
• * 1.707

  Divers kinds of humors expectorated by Coughing.
• * 1.708

  The First In∣dication of a Cough.
• * 1.709

  The Second Indication.
• * 1.710

  The Third Indication.
• * 1.711

  An Inflamma∣tion of the Lungs.
• * 1.712

  The cause of an Inflamma∣tion of the Lungs.
• * 1.713

  The inflam∣mation of the Lungs is some∣times solitary, and other times accom∣panied with a Pleurisy.
• * 1.714

  An Apoplexy and Hemiple∣gia succeeds the inflam∣mation of the Lungs.
• * 1.715

  The Progno∣sticks of a Peripneumonia
• * 1.716

  The Indicati∣on of a Peripneumonia
• * 1.717

  Blood-letting is very proper in a Peripneu∣monia.
• * 1.718

  Pectoral Apozemes are very good.
• * 1.719

  Strong Pur∣gatives are dangerous in a Peripneumo∣nia.
• * 1.720

  Opiates are disadvantage∣ous in this case.
• * 1.721

  Diaphore∣ticks and Diureticks are safe.
• * 1.722

  Topicks may be applied to the Breast in this disease.
• * 1.723

  An instance of a Peripneumo∣nia.
• * 1.724

  Another in∣stance of an Inflammati∣of the Lungs.
• * 1.725

  The cause of an Abscess of the Lungs.
• * 1.726

  An Apo∣steme, called Vomica Pulmo∣num.
• * 1.727

  A Vomica Pul∣monum, not always dead∣ly.
• * 1.728

  An Abscess of the Lungs proceeding from a wound.
• * 1.729

  An instance of an Abscess of the Lungs caused by the shot of a Pi∣stol.
• * 1.730

  A Consum∣ption, or Atrophy,
• * 1.731

  The definiti∣on of a Con∣sumption, or Atrophy.
• * 1.732

  The causes of an Atrophy.
• * 1.733

  Dr. Willis his Opinion, that no Catarrh can fall from the Palate up∣on the Lungs.
• * 1.734

  In truth, the serours parts of the Blood may be con∣veyed from the Pa∣late into the Wind-pipe and Lungs.
• * 1.735

  Serous Re∣crements may distil out the Arteries into the Bronchia.
• * 1.736

  The gross parts of the Blood may be transmitted into the Bronchia.
• * 1.737

  Ill Air may produce a Pthisis.
• * 1.738

  Gross Chy∣mous Recre∣ments thrown into the Bron∣chia, may produce a Pthisis.
• * 1.739

  The mem∣branes of the B••onchia may be turned Callous.
• * 1.740

  The remote causes of a Consumption
• * 1.741

  The Blood groweth gross, as not refined in the Glands of the Viscera.
• * 1.742

  The Cure of thin Distilla∣tions.
• * 1.743

  Gentle Pur∣gatives, mix∣ed with Pe∣ctorals, as proper in Coughs.
• * 1.744

  Corrobora∣ted Medicines are good in Laxe Lungs.
• * 1.745

  The causes of a Cough.
• * 1.746

  Of a Chin∣cough with Convulsive motions.
• * 1.747

  The conti∣nent cause of a Chincough.
• * 1.748

  The cause of Convulsive motions in a Chincough.
• * 1.749

  Diet-drinks are proper in this Disease.
• * 1.750

  Blood letting is good in a Cough, rela∣ting to a ple∣thorick Con∣stitution of body.
• * 1.751

  The First In∣dication in the cure of a Consumption.
• * 1.752

  The Second Indication.
• * 1.753

  The Third Indication.
• * 1.754

  Flesh not good in weak Tabide Bodies.
• * 1.755

  Restorative Medicines are beneficial in a Pthisis.
• * 1.756

  In the begin∣ning of a Con∣sumption, Bleeding, gen∣tle Purg••∣tives, and Di∣ureticks, &c. are good.
• * 1.757

  Attenuating Inciding, and detergent Medicines are advantageous in Coughs and Consum∣ptions, arising out of a gross, viscide, len∣tous Matter.
• * 1.758

  Oxymels are proper in a Consumption and pectoral Decoctions.
• * 1.759

  The Third Indication of a Consumpti∣on, is satisfi∣ed with clean∣sing, drying, and consolida∣ting Medi∣cines.
• * 1.760

  Spitting of Blood.
• * 1.761

  The cause of Spitting of Blood.
• * 1.762

  Various Fer∣mentative Recrements, vitiating the bounty of the Blood and hindring its Motion.
• * 1.763

  The Spit∣ting of Blood is sometimes caused by Laceration, and other times by the corrosion of the Blood-Vessels of the Lungs.
• * 1.764

  The thin and sharp indis∣position of the Blood, is a cause of Spitting it.
• * 1.765

  Another Dy∣crasy of Blood is its gross¦ness, produ∣cing this dis∣affection.
• * 1.766

  The indispo∣sition of the Bronchia, and Vesicles, cause Spitting of Blood.
• * 1.767

  Spitting of Blood doth not always proceed from the Lungs, but may also proceed from the Wind-pipe.
• * 1.768

  Blood is car∣ried some∣times into the Laryux, and sometimes lower into the Aspera Arteria. Blood is trans∣mitted in a greater quan∣tity into the Bronchia, and Vesicles.
• * 1.769

  The Blood coming out of the bron∣chial Arte∣ries, is done without a Cough.
• * 1.770

  The Blood discharged in∣to the Bron∣chia and Ve∣sicles, is thrown up by repeated Coughs.
• * 1.771

  The Progno∣sticks of Spit∣ting of Blood.
• * 1.772

  The First In∣dication in Spirting of Blood.
• * 1.773

  The Second Indication of Spitting of Blood.
• * 1.774

  The Saphaena is proper to to be opened in the suppres∣sed Menstrua.
• * 1.775

  Cooling, thickning, Medicines, are good in Spit∣ting of Blood.
• * 1.776

  Astringent and Consoli∣dating Medi∣cines are pro∣per in broken Blood-vessels, An instance of the Spitting of Blood in this case.
• * 1.777

  Bleeding good in the lathe lacera∣ted Vessels of the Lungs.
• * 1.778

  Distilled Milk made of Vul∣neraries, may be given with new Milk.
• * 1.779

  The descri∣ption of an Asthma.
• * 1.780

  The errors of Respiration.
• * 1.781

  The cause of a difficult Breathing.
• * 1.782

  The Air quickneth the motion of Blood.
• * 1.783

  Gross Recre∣ments, mixed with the Blood, cause frequent acts of Respira∣tion.
• * 1.784

  A Convulsive Asthma may be derived from an il ner∣vous Juyce.
• * 1.785

  An Asthma may come from the Ori∣gens of the Nerves ob∣structed.
• * 1.786

  An Asthma flowing from narrow San∣guiducts.
• * 1.787

  An Asthma may proceed from a great quantity of Blood.
• * 1.788

  An Asthma may come from an ill Conformati∣on of the Breast.
• * 1.789

  The interco∣stal Muscles cannot play when the ani∣mal Spirits are intercept∣ed. The interco∣stal Muscles are hindred in their moti∣on in their inflammation. An Asthma coming from ill Air.
• * 1.790

  The Three Indications in an Asthma.
• * 1.791

  Bleeding is proper in an Asthma.
• * 1.792

  Bleeding is good when the Blood stagnates in the substance of the Lungs.
• * 1.793

  An Instance of this Case.
• * 1.794

  Gentle Pur∣gatives may be proper to discharge the watry Recrements of the Blood, clogging the Lungs.
• * 1.795

  Convulsive motions in Asthmas, may be cured by proper ce∣phalick Me∣dicines.