A systeme of anatomy, treating of the body of man, beasts, birds, fish, insects, and plants illustrated with many schemes, consisting of variety of elegant figures, drawn from the life, and engraven in seventy four folio copper-plates. And after every part of man's body hath been anatomically described, its diseases, cases, and cures are concisely exhibited. The first volume containing the parts of the lowest apartiments of the body of man and other animals, etc. / by Samuel Collins ...

To the Most HONOURABLE CHRISTOPHER DUKE of ALBEMARLE And EARL of TORRINGTON, and CHAN∣CELLOR of the most Famous University of CAMBRIDGE.

And to Dr. Blithe Vice-Chancellor, and to the Professors, Heads, Fellows, and Scholars of Colleges, in the said University.

ƲNiversities being Nurseries of Pie∣ty and Learning, have Kings and Nobles for their Nursing Fathers, who out of their Generous Inclina∣tions to do Acts of Honor highly to encourage the Republick of Learning, have founded Colleges, as so many Societies, skilful in variety of Arts and Sciences, to refine and improve the rough intellectu∣als and degenerate Morals of illiterate and ill principl'd men.

In our Illustrious Schools of most vertuous Education are celebrated frequent Devotions, wherein the Students do dedicate themselves to the Author of all knowledge and perfection.

And the Professors and Lecturers do read privately in Societies, and publickly in the Schools, many Lectures in Logick, Natural Philosophy, Mathematicks, Metaphysicks, and several sorts of Tongues, and in Divinity, as the Consummation of the rest.

And I am bound in Duty to do Justice without Flattery to our Ʋniversities (having seen many in Foreign Countries) that they are the most Famous and Flourishing, that ever I had the happiness to see, as having the most Magnificent Buildings, and the greatest Endowments, and number of Learned Professors of Arts and Sciences, and Students, who have the best method pro∣pounded to them of obtaining Learning, whereby they are ren∣dred the greatest Proficients in reference to Piety and good Li∣terature, accomplishing their Intellectuals and Morals.

I have had the advantage to see many Ʋniversities in France, Italy, and the Low Countries, which are very Eminent for the Faculty of Phisick, as having many Pro∣fessors (highly versed in the Practical Part) who carry the Students, as their Associates to their Patients, demanding of them what their Diseases are, and with what Methods and Medicines they are to be Cured: When the Students have

given their Judgment, the Professors speak their sense in reference both to the state of the Diseases and their Cures.

And to speak Ingeniously without doing injustice to Foreign Nations, I humbly conceive the Phisitians of our Famous Ʋniversities, and the most Renowned College in London, are not inferior to any, if not the best, in point of Theory and Practise.

And the Members of the Ʋniversities are not only Masters of Learning, but of a Liberal Education too, as being Gentle∣men as well as Scholars, endued with Generous Principles, and a most Compleasant humour, treating Strangers as well as Friends, with all Civility and Kindness imaginable.

The way of Living, of which I have had Experience for many Years, is with great Delight and Satisfaction, in a most Friendly Converse of Scholars entertaining each other in their younger and disinterest years with kind Looks, and plea∣sant Language, as so many expresses of entire Love, and most affectionate esteems.

I have Dedicated this Epistle to both Ʋniversities, as being one in Piety, Learning and Education. Thus wishing them from my very Heart and Soul, that they may flourish in Reli∣gion and all Arts and Sciences (as long as the Sun and Moon endureth) that they may be improved in Gods Service to his Glory, which is the Earnest Prayer of

Your most Obliged and Obedient, Servant, SAMUEL COLLINS.

Anatomical Disquisitions, Relating to the Bodies of Men, Bruits, Birds, Fish, Insects, and Trees. A TREATISE OF THE Four Common Integuments, And more particularly of those of the LOWER APARTMENT OF A HUMANE BODY.

The First Book, the First Part.

CHAP. I. Of the Outward Skin.

I Account it my Duty, upon this great Subject, * 1.1 of Hu∣mane Body, before I Treat of its admirable Arti∣checture, to speak a due homage of Admiration and Eucharist, to the most holy Name of the All-wise and Powerful Architect, in declaring the great Wonders of his most Glorious Works.

God blessed for ever, * 1.2 the First and Supream Beeing, as diffusive in Goodness, as infinite in Perfection, was not pleased that all Being should essentially and solely dwell in Himself, Created two noble Fabricks, the Heavens, and the Earth; the one his Throne, and the other his Footstool, the two great Monuments of his Superlative Grace and

Glory, full of all variety of his Creatures, as so many Emanations of his Essence, wonderfully constituted in Weight, Number, and Measure.

The admirable Chain of the Creation, * 1.3 is beautified with many fine Links of Entities, one inclosing another, and all Beginning and Ending in Him, their Author and Perfection: And all his Creatures do court and serve each other, in an excellent Order, as Fellow Members of that great Body, the Universe, for their great Subsistence, and Preservation. The Inanimates serve the Vegetables, the Vegetables the Sensitives, the Sensitives the Rati∣onal, under whose Power and Government they are placed, as their Lord and Master; and the grand Architect, as a Wise and Generous Lord, of his numerous Families, hath furnished his upper and lower Houses, the Heavens and the Earth, with all kinds of Housholdstuff and Provisions, to entertain Man, his Steward, and their Master, in a great Equipage and Splendour.

Wherefore Man being ordained to be the great Master-piece of the Crea∣tion below, * 1.4 God called a Council of the Trinity; Faciamus hominem ad Imaginem nostram, Let us make Man after our Image, as Man representeth his Maker in Original Righteousness, and Dominion over the Creatures, Per mo∣dum imaginis, and the other Sublunary Creatures do represent him, Per mo∣dum vestigii, as expressing him only by way of Footstep, in more obscure Characters of Entity and Knowledg.

Man being constituted of two Essential Parts, * 1.5 Soul and Body, their rare Union is to be received with great Wonder, rather then perfect Knowledg; that two different Natures, made up of Heaven and Earth, the one of a Divine, the other of a Humane Extract; the one Immaterial and Immortal, the other Earthy and Corruptible, should be so well reconciled in one third, as to enter into an intimate Confederacy, and converse in one Person, in whom different Essences do mutually assist each other in various Operations, mean Sensitive, being ministerial to more sublime Intellectual Functions: and divers Effluvia, as so many Emanations, streaming from outward Objects, do make by several Motions and Contacts, appulses upon many Nervous Expan∣sions, * 1.6 the seats of different Sensations, celebrated in outward Organs, whence they are conveyed by the continuation of Fibres, to the inward Sensory, judg∣ing and determining the Appulses of the outward Senses; and afterward repre∣senteth them to the more Divine Faculty of the Understanding, which appre∣hendeth them under the notion of Good and Evil, whose dictates incline the Will to choice or refusal, * 1.7 as perfective of, or destructive to the Subject.

The Understanding also hath more elevated conceptions in Theory, as end∣ing in pure Knowledg, in its more divine and abstracted Notions, by which they are severed from material Circumstances, therein giving a kind of eter∣nity to Entities, under common Apprehensions, the immediate Foundes of various Sciences, modelled according to higher or lower Abstractions, made by the Understanding; whose great perfection in Nature, is to be heightned above the Ministry and converse of outward Organs, * 1.8 in its more noble Re∣flex Acts, wherein it apprehendeth the dignity of its own Essence, and con∣sidereth its proper Acts and Operations; which are yet more enobled by Su∣pernatural assistances, * 1.9 granting us power above all Sense, to give our full assents to the most high Mysteries of the Incarnation of our most Blessed Sa∣viour, and of the most holy and undivided Trinity: Quatenus nituntur Au∣thoritate revelantis: (As they are revealed in Divine Writ:) As founded upon Authority, which is Faithful and cannot deceive, and Infallible, and can∣not be deceived.

And we are able to pay by his most Gracious aid, a holy transport of

Wonder, Adoration, Eucharist, and Obedience, * 1.10 to our most Great and Glorious Creator, Preserver, and Redeemer, for the excellencies of our Hu∣mane Nature, as adorned with Natural, and graced with Divine Perfections.

Thus having Treated in general of Man, as consisting of Essential parts, and their more eminent Faculties, and Operations: My intendment at this time, is to descend (as my more proper Task) to consider the Fabrick of the Body, as invested with common Intiguments, according to the order of Nature; the outward and inward Skin.

The Cuticula, being the Surface of the Body, * 1.11 may be truly stiled Natures outward Vest, the Scarff Skin, called by the great Master of our Art, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as it is first in view, and one of the last in Generati∣on; because the Body must be first Formed, before it is Clothed, and is de∣nominated by the Grecians 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by Celsus, Summa Cutis, which maketh the Convex Surface of the Body, as it were a very fine Efflorescence, and polish∣ing of the inward Skin, not much unlike the coat of an Onion. Paraeus conceiveth it to be a spurious brat of the true Skin, deriving its birth from the Excrementitious superfluity of the Capillary Veins, Arteries, and Fila∣ments of Nerves.

Hypocrates judgeth it to be the Surface of the true Skin, indurated by the coldness of the Air: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Extremum corporis aeri expositum, necessario pellicu∣lam contrahit occursu frigidi & ventorum: Which account will scarce satis∣fie a curious enquiry, because the outward Skin hath its first Formation in the warm bed of the Ʋterus, where it is no ways exposed to the coldness of ambient Air, by which it cannot be Condensed, but hath with all other parts, its first production in the Ʋterus, from the more viscide parts of the Semi∣nal Liquor protruded to the Surface of the Body relating to the Foetus, * 1.12 in time growing more and more solid, till at length it formeth a curious thin Membrane, which Labour and Cold, render hard, rough, and brawny, as it is most conspicuous in the ambient parts of the Body, much exercised and exposed to the severity of Frost and Winter blasts.

The Cuticula, I conceive, may be termed an integral part of the Cutis, * 1.13 as the finishing and inclosure of it, because without the outward Skin, the in∣ward is imperfect, rude, and unpolished: An Eye-sore to the Spectator, looking uncouth and bloody. Snakes. Vipers, and the like, annually strip themselves from this thin Vest, and by degrees put on a new one. And Men after long and acute Sicknesses, are disrobed of this finer Veil, * 1.14 Nature pro∣viding another, produced by the Succus Nutricius, severed from the blood in the Cutaneous Glands, and transmitted by Ducts into the Surface of the Skin, where the moister parts of this clammy Liquor being exhaled, it is concreted into a thin Tunicle, encircling the inward Skin; or it may be, which is more probable, that this fine Film is repaired by a milder Albuminous Juice (di∣stilling out of the Nerves inserted into the Skin) near akin to that primoge∣nius matter, out of which the Cuticula was first generated in the Uterus.

This Nervous Liquor, not unlike in colour and substance to the White of an Egg, is Whitish, Transparent, and Viscide, naturally inclinable to Coa∣gulate, and Agglutinate to the outward surface of the Cutis; which I conceive, may be accomplished after this manner. The Nervous Liquor gently flowing out of the extremities of the Nerves, terminating into the ambient parts of the Cutis, bedeweth its naked Surface, from whence the more thin and liquid Particles, do return by the Lymphaeducts or Veins; and the more viscide Par∣ticles of this Nervous Liquor, being left behind, grow indurate, and all its

equally fine and expanded parts, being of a glutinous nature, are easily uni∣ted to the neighbouring Skin in great uniformity, giving it a fine glossy smoothness, a great ingredient of Fairness and Beauty, in being superlatively white in amiable Persons, which courteth the Eye of the Beholder with Love and Admiration.

So that the Cuticula being thin, is fixed to the Cutis with such close em∣braces, that they cannot be parted from each other, without violation, by a knife, though governed by a most skilful Hand; but a separation may be effected, by scalding, burning, or by the application of Blistering Plaisters, whose subtil and fiery effluvia, piercing the pores of the outward Skin, do open and irritate the extremities of capillary Arteries, and nervous fibrills, inserted into the Cutis, producing a kind of Spasmes and Pains, whence the serous particles of the Blood, and nervous Liquor being affected with sharp particles, derived from the Epispastic applcations, do enlarge the ter∣minations of the capillary Arteries and nervous Fibrils, through which are spued out these virulent infesting steams with ichorous Liquors, which part the Cuticula from the Cutis, swelling them into Blisters, which often are so big with Liquor, that they break their Banks, and overflow the neighbor∣ing Cuticula.

CHAP. II. Of the inward Skin.

THe next part in order of nature is the Cutis, as being immediately seated under the Cuticula, and may well be called the Bodies more inward and thicker Robe, with which all its parts are decently clad, according to their se∣veral proportions: * 1.15 It is termed commonly by the Grecians 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by Hypocrates in his Book De Arte 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in his Book De insomniis 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, per Cutim purgationem fieri confert, particularly in Disea∣ses proceeding from the shutting up the Pores by ambient Cold and the like, as in putrid and malignant Feavers, caused a prohibita transpiratione, which are critically and artificially determined by a free transpiration, where∣in the fiery and malignant steams of the Blood, are discharged through the enlarged Pores of the Skin, * 1.16 by free evacuations of Sweat.

By the Latines it is called Cutis in Man, and Corium, and Pellis in Beasts: The substance of it is various, and for the most part Membranous and Nervous, being made up of capillary Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Lym∣phaeducts and Glands; but of this more fully in our subsequent Discourses: and this thick Membrane is nourished with alimentary and nervous Juyce, dispensed through the Nerves, and animated with vital Liquor and Heat; communicated by Arteries, ending in the inward Skin, and give a tincture to it of Red, or other colours, according to the predominant Humours (mixed with the Mass of Blood) having a recourse to the Skin, * 1.17 which is wholly fixed in Man, except in the Head and Forehead, which have a free∣dom of Motion, derived either from the Membrana carnosa in the one, and Muscles, proper to the other.

In other Animals, as Beasts, it is very common to move the whole Skin of the Back from place to place, backward and forward, * 1.18 which is most remarka∣ble in Elephants, which are so nimble in the motions of the Cutis, that they can catch Flies, sporting themselves upon the surface of their Bodies, in the wrinkles of their Skin: but in Man the Cutis is immediately fastened to the Fat, and Membrana adiposa, and to the Membrana musculorum communis, by the interposition of many thin narrow Membranes, * 1.19 † 1.20 as is very evi∣dent in the separation of the Skin from the Fat and common Membrane investing the Muscles; so that the Cutis in a humane Body remaineth fixed, being unable to play up and down, as in Beasts, which is left more loose and pliable, as acted with many Cutaneous carnous fibers, which cannot be discovered in a humane Cutis,

And yet if it be well considered, it is not merely one simple part, which is true only to a vulgar Eye; and according to better Reason and Phi∣losophy, may be described, an aggregate Body, composed of great vari∣ety of different parts, a fine contexture made up of many several Vessels, interlined with a substance, filling up the interstices of the Vessels, cal∣led by Dr. Glysson, the Parenchyma.

As to Vessels, they are divided into a numerous company of excretory Ducts, capillary Arteries, Veins, nervous Fibrils, some straight, some trans∣verse, and others oblique, which I conceive consist of many ranks, seat∣ed one above another, and neatly interwoven with each other, making a dense compage, the result of numerous distinct, and finely spun fibres; so well struck, and so curiously wrought together, that the most quick and discerning Eye, upon a most strict inspection, cannot in the least dis∣cover any interstices or distinction of Fibrils, where they begin or end, or how they close one with another, so that this rare texture compounded of innumerable distinct parts, seemeth to be one entire continued body; but in truth is integrated of three Coats, so closely joyned to each other, that they will scarce admit any separation.

The first Coat may be called † 1.21 Reticularis, * 1.22 because after some manner it may seem to resemble Network in its curious frame, which consisting of a multitude of capillary Arteries and Veins, variously interfecting each other, doe make a great part of the surface of the inward Skin.

In this reticular Coat, * 1.23 ingenious Malpighius hath observed many small pro∣tuberancies, which he calleth Papillae † 1.24 Pyramidales, deriving themselves from the nervous Coat, under the several long wrinkles, founded in the Cuticula, and the reticular Coat, and drawn out in length, in paralel ranks of these papillary protuberancies, * 1.25 among which are seated the minute Vessels of Sweat; these Papillae pyramidales do terminate into the Cuticula, every one being branched, as it were, into small fibres.

The Second Coat, the most substantial part of the Cutis † 1.26 is nervous, * 1.27 made for the most part of an innumerable company of minute fibrils of Nerves, very finely spun, * 1.28 which do acoast each other in long transverse and oblique intersections, rarely interwoven with many fine close struck Filaments, whose excellent texture may be somewhat discerned in a dried Skin, by the help of a microscope.

Learned Mr. Hook describeth the Skin (according to this Coat) when Tan∣ned or Dressed, to be of a spongy nature, and seemeth to be constituted of an infinite company of Fibres or Hairs, which look not unlike a heap of Two or Okum, and every one of these Fibres (saith he) seem to have been some part of a Muscle; and probably according to his opinion, while

the Animal was alive, might have its distinct Function, and serve for the contraction and relaxation of the Skin; but this Hypothesis supposeth a Mo∣tion of the Skin in human Bodies, which is only found in their Heads and Forheads; because other parts of the Skin have no carnous fibers inserted into them (which are the immediate instruments of Motion) but only a great num∣ber of nervous filaments, which far exceed the Vessels in proportion, and are the main and chief ingredients of the Skin; which may be most plainly evinced, * 1.29 seeing every minute particle of it, is endued with an exact Sense, derived from nervous fibres, which cannot be reasonably judged to be all branches of Nerves, disseminated through the several regions of the Skin; for if it should be granted, that all the numerous fibres, constituting the thick compage of the Skin, to sprout out of the several Trunks of the Nerves, it may be easily made appear, that the parts would exceed the whole, and the united Branches would be greater than the body of the Nerves; as the Skin, (if composed of them) being thick, and universally covering the whole Body, would require far greater Trunks; then the cu∣taneous Nerves, * 1.30 if they did wholly accommodate the Skin, must be divided and subdivided into smaller and smaller branches, and fibres inserted in∣to the Skin: Wherefore I conceive the fibres of the Skin do not all spring from the caudex of Nerves, but a great part are formed originally out of the more viscide part of the seminal Liquor, protruded unto the ambient parts of the Body; and being by degrees more and more consolidated, grow into a firm substance, near akin to the Nerves in their pale colour, and tenacious nature; and may be conceived according to our apprehension, to be capable of division into minute filaments, which though they be not the tendrels of Nerves, yet they hold such an Entercourse and Communi∣on with them, as they receive irradiations of animal Spirits, giving sensitive dispositions to every small part of the Skin.

And the Cutis doth not only consist of Vessels and nervous Fibres, but also of a Parenchyma, * 1.31 because the Vessels and Fibres, being of various Fi∣gures and Magnitudes, cannot be so closely conjoyned, but some interstices will be left between them, which Nature filleth up with a white mucous Matter, distilling out of the Nerves, and serous Liquor, dropping out of the extremities of the capillary Arteries, which being extravasated and concre∣ted, do adhere to the sides of the Vessels and Fibres, rendring the substance of the Skin, more Dense and Solid, speaking an advantage and ornament to it

Because the Fibres being not perfectly uniforme, and some of them ma∣king the woof of the Skin, do pass long-ways, others overthwart, others obliquely, some lying higher, and others lower, do produce unevennesses in the Skin, which are all filled up and rendred plain, by the interposition of a white viscide Matter: Dr. Glysson illustrateth our Hypothesis by this Instance; Si enim ligneo aut eburneo cultro pellem quamlibet in aqua diu ma∣ceratam fortiter fricavercis, quemadmodum faciunt, qui pergamenam conficiunt, deterseris proculdubio, parenchymatis ejusdem maximam partem: observabis enim in hoc opere, mucosam, viscidamque partem abstergi, quae nihil aliud est, nisi parenchyma, attenuatur enim pellis, & pellucida quodammodo evadit, minusque multo, quam antea pendet, patet ergo, aliquid a pelle separari, id vero quod sepa∣ratur, nec ad vasa, nec ad fibras, quae etiamnum manent, & consequenter ip∣sum cutis parenchyma esse.

And the Parenchyma is the duller part of the Cutis, and the Coat fra∣med of nervous Fibrils, may be truly stiled the Organ of Sensation; though

Learned Malpighins, I conceive with less probability, * 1.32 placeth the Organ of touching in the Papillae pyramidales, which being not divaricated through every part of the Skin, but only founded (as he saith) in the wrinkles of the Cutis, cannot universally give Sensation to every particle of it.

Furthermore, If this opinion of Malpighius were true, the Papillae pyra∣midales inserting themselves with many small Fibres into the Cuticula, would consequently impart Sensation to it, which seemeth very plainly to oppose Experience, because the Cuticula is not an Organ, but a medium of Sensati∣on, to secure the nervous Coat, affected with most acute Sense, from the troublesome and frequent sollicitations of outward Objects.

The third Coat of the Skin is † 1.33 glandulous, so termed, because it is beset with a vast quantity of miliary Glands lying under, and inserted into the inward sur∣face of the Skin, and are furnished with one or more capillary Arteries, Veins, and nervous Fibrils, dispensing to, and receiving from these minute Glands, Blood, Serous, and nutricious Liquors.

From these Glands, are propagated a number of small Ducts, * 1.34 as so ma∣ny excretory Vessels, taking their rise from this glandulous Coat, and de∣termining into the outward surface of the Skin, and every Gland hath one or more proper excretory Vessels branching themselves, and ending in the exte∣rior part of the Skin; and the termination of these Vessels, being a vast number of small cavities, are stiled the pores of the Skin, which may be easily discovered in some large Fish. The whole surface of the Skin in a Skaite, is bespecked with numerous Black spots, which being inspected with a curious Eye, do lead into more inward recesses of the Skin, inter∣spersed with Black streaks, full of numerous perforations, as so many ex∣cretory Vessels (proceeding from minute Glands, seated in the Skin,) dis∣charging a clammy Matter to the utmost confines of the Body, which are universally besmeared with it; and this viscous Liquor may be easily squeez∣ed out of the excretory Ducts by the pressure of the Fingers upon the Skin, after the Blood is percolated in the cutaneous Glands, and secerned from a Liquor somewhat resembling the vitreous juyce of the Eye, and I hum∣bly conceive that all Fish variegated with black spots, have the surface of their Skin, all bepinked with many holes, the terminations of excretory Vessels, derived from secretory Glands seated in the inward Region of the Skin, conveying a glutinous recrement to the ambient parts, wholly o∣verspread with it.

But the Pores of a Humane Body are naturally so small, * 1.35 that they are not discernable by the most curious Eye, unless they are unnaturally en∣larged; through which, Bartholine reporteth, he hath seen Blood and Sand vent themselves. And Lindanus giveth an Account, that he discerned the pores of the Skin so dilated in a strumous disaffection, that a small Pea might be forced into them.

So that it may be probably conjectured, * 1.36 that divers Pores differing in Figure and Magnitude, do resemble the various cavities in streiners, through which, thin and thicker Liquors may be percolated; and the mi∣nute particles of Juyces in the Body run suitable to the form and propor∣tion of Pores: upon which account orbicular Pores receive orbicular Atomes, triangular and cubic Pores, minute liquid parts; and on the other side, Pores disagreeing in shape and size, as like so many Valves, intercepting the course of disproportioned particles of Liquors.

Thus having in some sort discoursed the integral parts, (of which the Texture of the Skin is framed) the Arteries, Veins, nervous Fibres, Glands,

excretory Ducts, * 1.37 and their terminations the Pores. It may not be improper, to give some account of their Uses, to which they are consigned by Nature; and to that end, the number of small Vessels are constituted in the Skin, to promote the tide of Blood flowing to, and ebbing from the outward confines of the Body, to which the Nervous Fibrils convey their Liquor, as well as other Vessels, blood into the other Glands, as so many Colatories of various Liquors, to refine them from their Recrements, which are emitted through the Excretory Ducts, and the Depurated Liquors, are received into the Veins, to reconvey them from the Circumference, toward the Center of the Body.

And the Cutaneous Glands, * 1.38 are not only streiners of Liquors, but also Repositories of a soft clear Juice, filling up the Interstices of the Vessels, which may be plainly discerned by Glasses: This Lympid Juice is lodged some∣times in the Glands, that the more Christaline part of the blood being severed from it, the rest may be more easily returned by the venal extreamities: And this gentle Liquor is for some time reposed in the Glands, to moisten the nervous and papillary Prominencies and Substance of the Skin, and to impart the a gentle smoothness to it; and some particles of this Glandulous Liquor, are turned into Vapours (by the heat of the Blood, in its constant recourse to the Glands) which are emitted with the steams of the Vital Liquor, in tran∣spiration through the Pores.

All Glands are attended with Excretory Vessels, * 1.39 as having their use too, in being many small Cylinders, to entertain the Reliques, separated from the Nervous and Vital Juice, and to convey sweat and the reak of the blood, to the surface of the Body, when the watry and saline Particles of the blood being not discharged through the Kidneys, and Lymphaeducts, are sometimes im∣petuously hurried with the Purple Liquor by strong contractions of the Heart, and impelled to the confines of the Body by the Arteries, in greater proportion, than can be readily reconveyed by the Veins: So that the subtle and fiery Particles of the blood (raised by immoderate heat and motion, rarefying it) are upon the Wing, endeavouring to get loose through the Cutaneous Pores, and carry along with them the serous parts (embodied with Fleam, Salt, Sulphur, plainly visible in the watry substance, salt taste, and unctuousness of sweat) by the Capillary Arteries, into the substance of Cutaneous Glands, and do there admit a Secretion from the blood, and af∣terward are transmitted by the Excretory Ducts, and Pores of the Skin, to the ambient parts of the Body, bedewing it with its troublesome drops.

CHAP. III. Of the Skin of Fish and Shells, and Skin of Insects, and of the Cuticle and Bark of Plants.

THe Skin of a Humane Body, is adorned with variety of Colours: * 1.40 The most amiable is that of White, blended with a blush of Red, and the skin of the Face claimeth a preeminence above the whole Body, in reference to many other Colours too, painting the Face with brightness, as with Light; and with deeper Colours as with Shades, * 1.41 which being contra∣ries, do illustrate each other; and the various touches of different Colours, are so rarely embodied, that they dye into each other, and though much disagreeing in themselves, yet they are so well worked together by the choice hand of Nature, that they are happily reconciled in a beautiful Harmony.

Thus I have given you a short view of a Humane Skin, that we may fitly make a comparison of it, with that of other Animals.

The Skin of Bruits is not discernable, being covered with Hair, of which they being stripped by Art, appear oft-times invested with a white Robe.

The Surface of the upper Region of a Thornback, is dressed with Spires of white, shaded with darker Colours, running in great Maeanders, beset with small long Spikes, and Fringes, beautifying the Confines, which I con∣ceive to be Finns, assisting this broad Fish in swimming; and the lower am∣bient parts of the Thorax and Belly, are invested with a uniform white Rayment.

The Skin of a Skait, in the upper part of its Body, is covered with great waves of light, and with brown, interspersed with a white Colour; but the surface of the lower Region, is adorned with white, all bespecked with va∣rious rows of black spots.

A Mac••rel hath some part of the Skin of its back, and side adjoyning to it, embelished with wreaths of Sea-green, which are interspersed with the interchangeable colours of Skye and White, and hath its sides and belly beau∣tified with a glistering White, somewhat resembling a Silver Colour.

A Plaice hath its back, and neighbouring parts decked with a light brown, bespotted with red toward the side, and interspersed toward the Finns with Ash-colour: but the upper part of a Flounder, hath its Skin hued, with great patches of black, blended with Ash-colour, and bespecked here and there with a Gold-colour; and the belly is arraied with white, consisting of divers Bends, as the Heralds stile them.

The Skin of a Lamprey, is made of interchangeable Colours, but is most of all composed of black, or a dark brown, both in the sides and back, and the Skin of the belly is entirly yellow, being of one uniform Colour: And various Fishes are distinguished with such manifold different Colours, that it would be endless to recount them.

The Skin of the back of a Viper is decked with a pleasant Sea-green, and beset with many small protuberances, resembling Lozanges, parted from each other by many Interstices, running oblikely; and the sides and belly of a Viper are interspersed with a yellowish Willow-green, shaded with black.

Insects are invested with various Skins and Shells, * 1.42 as so many coverings to guard their more tender Viscera; so that the thin Skin of Minute Animals, is all crusted over with a kind of Cartilaginous Plates, cut in different shapes of Ovals, Circles, and Scolops, one set above another, in wonderful order, to defend the helpless Insects, from cool blasts of Air, and violent assaults of out∣ward accidents, which else would prove fatal to them.

The Shells are so many little Integuments of a solid Consistence, to which the Fibres (the fine engines of Motion) are fastned, as so many centres of it; to which, as terms immoveable, the moveabe parts of the Body do tend.

The Flea is a pretty black Minute Creature, all immured within many ob∣long polished Shells, whose terminations in the middle, are so neatly joynted, and enwrapped within each other; and is beset in the Head and Neck with many slender Pins, shaped like Porcupines Quills: As Ingenious Mr. Hook hath observed.

A pearl coloured Moth, often found in Libraries, hath a body enlarged toward the Head, and groweth smaller and smaller, till at last it dwindleth into a point in its Tail: The fabrick of this little Animal, is divided into many small Apartiments, (distinguished with many crooked Lines running cross-ways) encircled every where with multitudes of small scoloped Shells, curiously fastened to each other, with thin Membranes: And every one of these Shells, is again invested, with many thin transparent Scales, in which the Rays of Light do sport themselves; and afterward, being reflected from a number of Surfaces, do represent the Animal to our Eyes, in a bright Sil∣ver Colour.

The front of a blew Flie, is cased with thin Flakes, and its middle apar∣timent is crusted all over, both above and below, with a fine scaly Compage, and the hinder region of its body, is beautified with a blew shining Crust, much resembling Polished Armour.

The Water Knat, consisting of many Partitions, and its Head and Body is all cased over with a fine Shell; which being transparent, we may plain∣ly discover through it, the many operations of the Viscera, lodged in the upper, middle, and lower apartiments.

In some Trees the Bark hath a most elegant structure, * 1.43 in which being opened, are presented many transverse ranks of Minute Cavities (lodged im∣mediately under the thin Skin, with which the Trunk is decked, as with so many Wings, which being stripped off, a prospect offereth it self, made up of many oblong fibrous Pipes, * 1.44 carried from the Root upward according to length, in oblique postures; and between them are interspersed many Areae, filled with red Liquor, and are of unequal sides and shapes.

The first row of oblique Fibres being taken away, many implications of other Filaments appear underneath, * 1.45 which being seated confusedly one un∣der another, do compose the thickness of the Bark; and in this respect, it holdeth analogie with the Skin of Man, as it is framed of numerous plexes of Fibres, which being closely wrought, and running irregularly one below ano∣ther, do not keep any distinct order.

And the inward surface of the Bark, fastned to the wooden part of the Tree consisteth of Systems of hollow Fibres (big with Transparent Juice) between whose various Maeanders, are seated a great company of small con∣cave Areae, which are turgid with sappy Liquor, and insinuate themselves into the sap of Wood.

Within the outward and inward rank of Sap Fibres, are seated in some

Plants Milky Vessels, placed in several Columns; * 1.46 between which do spring from the middle of the body of the Cortex, many transverse Lines, aemulating so many Rays streaming from the Bark, and inserted into the Wood and Pith; these cortical insertions may be easily distinguished from Wood, being of a darker hue, in which they represent the Bark, from which they are propagated.

And the hard Wood is not only bedecked with softer Cortical Fibres, * 1.47 de∣rived from the Bark transversly into the substance of it; but also the Bark on the other side is answered gratefully by the Wood, out of whose more solid body, strong woody Filaments are emitted, and transplanted into the more tender bosome of the Bark.

In some Trees are not only seated many small Milky, but also many large Resinous, Concave Fibres, sporting themselves in various Divarications, which inosculate with each other, near the surface of the Bark of Firre Trees emit∣ting Turpentine, and also Rosine, and the Sap Vessels in these Trees, are placed in the inner margents of the Bark.

The Cortex of Oak, is accommodated with three sorts of Fibres, * 1.48 two be∣ing Sap Vessels (divaricated into the outward and inward verge of the Bark, and between the Annular Fibres) are seated Resiniferous Tubes, standing in Oval Figures: And, as I conceive, this Resinous Liquor, contributes much to the constitution and strength of Leather, in the tanning of it, by rendring its Compage solid and compact, thereby enabling it to keep out Water; and is farther advanced in goodness with other unctuous substances, of Oyl, Tal∣low, and Wax filling up its Pores, and defending it against the insinuations, of Wind and Water.

The Bark consisting of variety of Sap and Milky Vessels, * 1.49 is somewhat like the skin of Animals, enameled with Vessels of Milk, Blood and Nervous Juice; and the numerous Pores, besetting the bark of Roots, are so many Colatories, streining the Liquor, emitted out of the teeming Earth, and hold some proportion with the Minute Glands, bedecking the Skin, whose various bores of Vessels do filter the different Liquors, and receive the purer part into their Extremities, and discharge the Recremental, by Excretory Ducts, ter∣minating into the surface of the Skin.

Every Year the Bark is furnished with new rings of Vessels, which grow harder by degrees, and at last acquire the substance of rings of softer Wood, called commonly the Sap, which being indurated, is afterward turned into the heart of Wood,

The body of a Pismire, or Aunt, is also encircled with a fine Testaceous Substance, as with a suit of thin Armour, guarding the fragile texture of its most tender Viscera, or Bowels.

A Mite is a most minute nimble Insect, having its body encloistred within a thin Oval Crust, all beset with small Cavities.

And Insects, which are not adorned with Shells, are in their stead, co∣vered with divers thin Skins, the uppermost is very thick; as in Silk-worms, encircled with many Annular Fibres, crossing the thick skin, these transverse, ring-like Cartilages, substituted in the places of Ribs, are so many Hypo∣moclia, to which the Muscular Fibres are appendant, and toward them, as immoveable; they contract themselves, as their centers of Motion.

The outward Skin being stript off in Silk-worms, a yellow Liquor disco∣vereth it self, which being held over the Fire, doth coagulate into a kind of Gelly; the Alimentary Liquor is derived originally from the greater Arterial Trunks, and thence conveyed by smaller branches into the Capillaries, im∣planted

into the outward Skin, under which there is another more thin Skin seated, which is a rosie mucous Membrane; and the other more thick, is adorned with great variety of Colours, finely beautifying it; and in these Coats, investing the inwards of Silk-worms, if held up against the light, are displaied many transparent Lines, running cross the back and sides of these Worms, which do proceed from wrinkles (engraven in the Skin) between which some diaphanous Interstices may be discovered, which encircle the roots of hair besetting the Skin.

CHAP. IV. Of the Cuticle, and Bark of Plants.

THe first part that accosteth the Eye in Vegetables, * 1.50 is Natures finer Veil, commonly stiled the outward Skin, or Cuticle, somewhat like the Skarf Skin in Humane Bodies, and borroweth its origen from a most thin Membrane, investing the Seed, and enwrappeth its more outward concreted tender parts, and its inward Recesses and Lobes. This delicate ambient contexture of the Seed, encloseth also the Radicle, (sprouting into a Root) and is afterward dilated into a Skin, and farther and farther enlargeth it self into a fairer Covering; as the bark of the Trunk and Limbs are formed, and receiveth greater and greater Dimensions, derived from the Alimentary Li∣quor, turned first into Cortical Arches (seated in the inward verge of the Bark) and then by degrees is consolidated into Wood, which swelleth the Trunk of the Tree, requiring larger Vestments of the Cuticle and Bark.

The Cuticle of Vegetables, is more thick and compact, as being less Porous then that of Animals, and is beautified with greater variety of Colours, and divided in old Trees, into various Fissures, running the whole length of the Trunk, somewhat resembling the wrinkles of a Humane Cuticle, with this difference; these being much smaller do run Horizontally, as well as long ways.

The Cortex is composed of a great and various Apparatus, consisting pri∣marily of two parts, of a thin solid Skin, and a more thick spungy substance; the first resembling the Cuticle, and the second the Parenchyma.

The Cuticle of Plants, * 1.51 being a thin transparent Covering, encircleth the more loose and opace parts of the Cortex, and is framed of numerous small Tubes, running in divers Maeanders, now and then meeting, and then part∣ing again, make a kind of rough Network, consisting of divers segments of Circles, whose spaces are filled up with little Cavities, or Cells (which pass Horizontally toward the wooden part of the Tree) and are so many Repo∣sitories of thin transparent Liquor, which is received into the extremities of the small Tubes, interspersed with many Areae, embelished with variety of Fi∣gures and Magnitudes, some greater, some Less, some Orbicular, others Oval, some Angular, Triangular, Quadrangular, and others of more irregular Figures.

These various Cells of the Cuticle (seated like Rings encircling the circum∣ference of the Cortex) are oft-times much diminished, * 1.52 and quite shrunk up, when the Transparent Liquor is exhausted, whereupon the thin Cuticle peel∣eth

off in old decaying Trees, whose dry substance, being not capable of Dilatation, is rent in pieces; so that the outward surface of the Cortex, is full of Asperities, and Fissures, passing the length of some Trees, and by making many Incisions into the Bark, thereby rendreth it full of oblong streaked Partitions.

And the inside of the Bark, framed of many Circles of sap Vessels, * 1.53 every Year groweth more solid, and is step by step turned into the more hard Com∣page of Wood, and its more inward parts growing into a lignous nature, its more outward parts, approaching the Cuticle, or Skin, at last being made more dry, become Skin it self, in some sort resembling the Cuticle of Animals, which is the Efflorescence of their Cutis, or inward Skin; So that the elder Skin of a Tree (as Ingenious Doctor Grew hath well observed) is not originally made a Skin, but was once, some of the middle part of the Bark it self, which is annually cast off and dried into a Skin, in some manner according to the like∣ness of the skin of an Adder or Viper, which doth after the gradual Produ∣ction of a new one underneath, in time become a Slough.

The body of Plants as well as Animals, is beautified with variety of parts, as many Organs, adapted to several offices and uses of Nature.

The fine fabrick of Vegetables, is embelished with many apartiments, * 1.54 as Roots, Trunks, and Limbs, Frondage, and Foliage, which are all invested with divers Coverings, and Coats, beautifying, and preserving their Vessels, and inward ••ecesses.

My design at this time is (having handled already the Cuticle, (as the out∣ward Vaile of Trees) to Treat of the inward, the more thick Vestments of the Bark, immediately immuring the Wood.

The first, the Cuticle of Plants, resembleth in some sort, the outward; and the Bark the more thick inward Skin of Man at the first sight, but differeth much in its interior Contexture, as framed of many fibrous Cylinders, being sap Vessels, which take their progress the whole length of the Trunk and Boughs, and are beautified with many Circles of Cells, full of Diaphanous Liquor, and run horizontally, being most commonly graced with an Orbicu∣lar Figure, and resemble many round bedes, set one by another.

The Bark of Trees having some likeness with the Skin of Animals, * 1.55 is con∣tiguous to the Wood, to which it is fastned by the interposition of many Cortical Fibres, as the Skin is conjoyned to the Flesh by the mediation of in∣numerable thin Membranes; and the Vessels, appertaining to the Bark, do often embrace each other, and afterward are inserted into the Cuticula.

Whereupon, I conceive, it proceedeth, that the Bark of many Trees are laticed with divers Fissures▪ of different Figures and Magnitudes, somewhat resembling the manner of Quadrangles, of unequal sides: And the said Fis∣sures present us with several Postures, and windings of the Vessels, in their braces; which is the cause, that the Cuticle of some Trees peel off in a kind of Rings, because the Vessels are lodged after the same position in the Bark, in which divers braces, and partings of the Vessels, do much resemble the fine Network of the Skin, made by the several unions of numerous Seg∣ments, configuring the Vessels, placed in the Cutis of a Humane Body.

CHAP. V. Of Pathology specified in many Disaffections and Diseases of the Cuticula and Cutis; the outward and inward Skin.

HAving described the rare contexture of the Cuticula and Cutis, of the finer and thicker Vestments, encircling the Body of Man, consisting of various Vessels and Fibres, rarely interspersed, and interwoven with each other, and accompanied with numerous minute Glands, discharging the hot steams, and watry and saline parts of the Blood, in Sweat, through the ex∣cretory Vessels, terminating into the Pores of the outward Skin, and the comparate Anatomy of the Skin in Fish, Insects, and Plants.

My aim at this time is to Treat of the cutaneous symptomes, as sha∣dows attending different distempers, and of various Diseases, lodged prin∣cipally in the inward, and somewhat affecting the outward Skin, which being thin, and insensible is less obnoxious to Diseases, and more liable to Symptoms.

This beautiful Vaile is sometime deformed in its surface with a yellow hue in the Jaundies, * 1.56 primarily caused by the obstructions of the cholidoc Duct, not discharging the bilious parts of the Blood, percolated by the he∣patic Glands into the Duodenum, whence the Liver being oppressed with too great a proportion of choleric Matter, lodged first in the interstices of the Vessels, is sollicited to throw it off with the mass of Blood, into the extremity of the Cava, through whose Trunk it is conveyed into the right Chamber of the Heart, and thence impelled by the pulmonary Arte∣ries and Veins, into the left Cistern of the Heart, and afterwards through the greater Trunks, and smaller Branches in the cutaneous Glands, as so many colatories of the Blood, in which a secretion is made, of the thin∣ner part of the bilious Humours, and transmitted through the excretory Ducts of the Skin to the surface of the Body, defacing its white Robe, new died with Yellow, derived from bilious Humours, severed from the Purple Liquor.

And sometimes this fine vaile of the outward Skin is bespeckled with va∣rious unnatural colours, * 1.57 imparted to it by scorbutic distempers, malignant Fevers, and the Plague, marking the sick with Red, Purple, Livid and Black Characters, as so many emblems of different Diseases, flowing from the less or greater indisposition of the Blood, dispersed into the cutaneous Glands by which some thin Particles (being severed from the mass of Blood) are discharged through the excretory Ducts, into the Confines of the Bo∣dy, variegated with different spots,

Which sometimes prove critical, as giving alleviation to Patients, and are good omens of Recovery, and other times are ill symptomes, speaking a desperate sickness; and as so many Black Characters, in which we may plainly read the fatal stroke of death. * 1.58

And so I pass from Shadows to Substances, from Symptomes to Diseases, produced à vitiata conformatione partium affectarum in cute, whose elegant texture is highly disordered, and its beautiful Figure defaced in unnatu∣ral colours, Asperities, Inflamations, Swellings, Ulcers, incident to the

Skin in the Measles, Small Pox, Scarlet Fevers, St. Anthonies Fire, or Ery∣sipelus, Itch, Tetters, Leprosies and the like.

The Measles and Small Pox are somewhat alike in Nature and Cure, * 1.59 and are both called by the Grecians in a general name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 but the Small Pox, are stiled more peculiarly by the Title of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Whereupon the small Pox are some times complicated with the Measles, as having affinity with each other, which I saw in a Kentish Gentlewoman, in whom the pimples of the Skin were interspersed with various red Asperi∣ties; the marks of the Measles, and blew spots, the Shades of a more fatal Disease.

The Measles are much less then the other in bulk, and are asperities, or small risings of the Skin, accompanied with a continued Fever, arising (as I conceive) from ebullition of Blood, which is transmitted by the capillary Arteries into the cutaneous Glands, when the impure parts of the Blood are percolated, and thrown through the excretory Ducts into the Skin, highly tinged with a Red hue, and rendred rough by some extravasated particles, insinuated into the secret passages of the Skin; whereupon it is made un∣equal by many minute protuberancies, which soon grow ripe and disap∣pear.

The Small Pox is a much greater, and more troublesome distempers, * 1.60 at∣tended with the pain of the Head and Back, the forerunners of this noi∣some Disease; the first arising from the Blood, having recourse through the carotide Arteries to the Membranes of the Brain, which are highly af∣flicted with its great effervescence; and the pain of the Back proceedeth al∣so from a great ebullition of Blood, whose Compage being very much ex∣panded by unnatural heat, puffeth up the descendent Trunk of the Aorta; whereupon the adjoyning vertebral Nerves are much discomposed and tor∣tured with pain.

The Throat is very much inwardly swelled in the small Pox, which is derived from the Matter of the Disease, carried by the carotide Arteries into the tonsillary Glands, which being tumefied, do discompose the fauces, and entrance of the Gulet, and lessening its cavity, do make a difficulty of swallowing.

Another symptome, a concomitant of this vexatious distemper, * 1.61 is a Cough, proceeding from a gross Matter, commonly called Flegme, which is an indigested Succus nutricius, dicharged by the excretory Ducts of the salival Glands, all besetting the Palate, Tongue, and Fauces, which in the Flux-Pox emit large streams of salival Liquor, discharging in a great part the foulness of the Blood, and the malignity of the Fever, in free and critical evacuations of vitiated recrements of the Blood, through the nume∣rous conglomerated Glands in and about the Tongue, Palate, and Fauces, as if a Ptyalisme was raised by a Mercurial Medicine.

And before, and in the time of the Salivation in this ill kind of small Pox, a crude, thin, and serous Liquor is protruded by the capillary Arteries into the Glands (the inhabitants of the Skin, where it is separated from the Blood, and forced through the excretory Tubes to the surface of the in∣ward Skin, where the Matter being very thin and fluide, is not readily confined within the due limits of many round prominent circumferences, made in the outward Skin, but runneth confused one part with another, which is occasioned by the thinness, and sharpness of the Matter, often, corroding like Aqua-fortis the rare contexture of the Skin, (integrated of numerous Filaments, variously intangled with each other) in which it ma∣keth

divers Cavities and Furrows, * 1.62 often despoiling the Face of its elegant Air, and amiable Features; and leaving great impressions, not only in the skin of the Face, but in the Palate, Nerves, and Tendons of the Fingers, of which an instance may be given in a Grocers Daughter of London, in whom, the virulent corroding Matter of the Flux-Pox did eat quite through the Palate, by making a large perforation into the cavity of the Mouth, and did so corrode the Nerves, Tendons and Ligaments, relating to the second Bone of the fore-Finger, that the Bone upon motion of the Finger, started through the Skin, and was wholly parted from the Joynts, leaving a lameness in them.

Sometimes the Small Pox are not only a Disease, but a kind of Symptome of an essential malignant Fever (deforming it with Red and Blew spots) when it increaseth more and more after the eruption of the Matter, the cause of the Small-Pox: And although a great quantity of gross Succus nutricius is vented by the salival Glands into the Mouth, (by which Nature designeth to relieve it self) yet the Fever groweth higher and higher, and at last the Skin is sometime defaced with great and numerous spots, which first ap∣pearing Red, do afterwards degenerate into Blew, near the approaches of Death.

An Honourable Lady finding her self highly discomposed, drank freely of Cordial Water, which put her Blood into a high effervescence, ren∣dring it very hot and thin; which being impelled to the cutaneous Glands, where the Purple Liquor is streined, and returned by the capillary Veins, while the serous Recrements are transmitted through the excretory Vessels into the most exterior parts, which grow tumefied into small pustles (the dismal marks of the Flux-Pox) and were associated with a great salivati∣on in the Mouth, assisted with opening and cleansing Gargarismes, by whose help she vented two or three quarts a day of thick ropy Matter, thereby gi∣ving frequently a great alleviation to the Pox, which had not this effect in this Honourable Person, in whom the Small Pox was symptomatic; because, notwithstanding the free evacuation of the depraved Succus nutricius through the cutaneous, and salival Glands, yet the Fever grew more and more importunate, by shewing it self Essential, and Malignant, when the pro∣ducts of the Pox, the Ulcers grew dry, and scaled off, then the surface of the Body was deformed with Red spots, which afterward turned Blew the mournful Scenes of a dismal Tragedy.

The more kindly Small Pox have for their Materia substrata, the Succus nutricius, depraved by a peculiar indisposition of the Blood, often commu∣nicated to it by contagious steams, impelled with the Air, through the bronchia and their appendant Vessels, into the substance of the Lungs, where it encounters and infects with its Ferment the Succus nutricius, running confuse∣ly mixed with the Blood, (raising in it another ebullition) which being received by the pulmonary Veins, into the left Chamber of the Heart, is thence protruded into the greater Trunks and smaller Branches of the Ar∣teries; * 1.63 this Fermentation of the infected Blood, lasteth four or five days, which is the beginning of the Disease.

And about the fourth or fifth day, an inflammation of the Skin appeareth in the Small Pox, derived from the vital Liquor impelled into the extremi∣ties of the capillary Arteries inserted into the Skin, whence the Face and Hands are often disguised with unnatural Swellings, (and afterwards Pim∣ples start up in the Skin) arising from the Blood, not yet severed from the Succus nutricius, the Matter of the Small Pox.

And now commenceth the time of maturation of them, * 1.64 when these little round Swellings grow more enlarged, are turned more whitish, as the Succus Nutricius is more and more secerned from the purple Juice, and then often∣times the Pustles are surrounded for some time with a red Circle, proceeding from thin blood separated from the confines of the Succus Nutricius, and de∣rived into the adjacent parts of the Skin; and about the seventh day the ma∣turation cometh more and more to a height, when the numerous acuminated Swellings full of purulent Matter, put off their white Robes, and are apparaleld with a yellow hew, which is the height of the Maturation, * 1.65 happening about the eleventh day, and afterward the declination of the Disease beginneth; wherein the Ulcerous Matter being dried up, the Impostumes are turned into Scabs about the fourteenth day, sometimes leaving behind red Marks and Scars, as tokens of God's Justice, punishing us for our Prevarications (the causes of Diseases) and as remembrancers of his Mercy, expressed in a hap∣py recovery from this troublesome and noisome Malady.

And that we may give a more clear account of divers disaffections of the Skin. I humbly conceive, they may be in some sort deduced, * 1.66 either from the ill formation of the Vessels, or Pores, relating to the Glands, or from se∣veral Liquors residing in, or impelled into the Glands.

As to the Vessels, they labour under so much streitness, or largeness, * 1.67 upon the first, the Glands grow tumefied with too great a proportion of Vi∣tal Liquor lodged in them, producing an inflammatory disposition, by the stagnation of the blood, whence arise the Erysipelas, and Scarlet Fever, when the extreamities of the Veins, are not freely receptive of the Blood, in order to its retrograde motion; or when the minute orifices of the Excretory Ducts are so recluse, that they are not capable to entertain the fiery steams, or se∣rous recrements of the Blood; or when the Pores of the Skin are rendred so small, either naturally by an ill structure, or accidentally by ambient cold, contracting them, so that they cannot transmit the Effluvia, and Watry, im∣praegnated with saline Particles, to the surface of the Skin, and into the am∣bient Air.

Whereupon the contracted Pores of the surface of the Body give a check to free Transpiration, and to the dews of Sweat, * 1.68 besprinkling the exterior region of the Skin, whence Acute Fevers often borrow their origen, a pro∣hibita transpiratione, in which the Cutaneous Pores, the fore-doors of the Body being shut up, do hinder the fanning of the blood, which add fuel to its unnatural flame; by reason the Effluvia of the Blood (not duly transpi∣ring the too narrow Pores of the Skin) as receiving a stop, do recoile with the Blood into the Veins, through which they are returned to the Heart, giving a trouble to its Carnous Fibres, and make them more frequently to repeat their contractions, wherein the noble fleshy Machine doth double and treble its motion, as it is more or less importuned by the unkindly flame of the Blood; which is Cured by a just allay, when Diaphoriticks being administred, the fiery reek of the Blood is impelled from the inward Recesses, to the am∣bient parts of the Body, and by enlarging the more streitned Pores of the Skin, do give a free vent to the Sulphureous Particles of the Blood, * 1.69 by which it is reduced by degrees to a more regular temper, in which the Fever (con∣sisting in a great Motion and Effervescence of the Blood) disappeareth.

The second disaffection incident to the Skin, is produced by its too great per∣forations, proceeding from an ill Fabrick, or from the over-largeness of the Pores, occasioned by the ambient heat of the Air, or from the hot constitu∣tion of the Blood, or by its violent motion derived from immoderate exercises,

wherein the excessive heat of the Purple Liquor, having recourse by the Ca∣pillary Arteries, doth much enlarge the Pores of the Skin; through which, the subtle and spirituous Particles of the Blood do evaporate in an over-free Transpiration, which speaketh a great faintness and discomposure, by reason of the high expense of select and volatil Saline and Sulphureous Particles, the most active Principles, giving Intestine Motion and Life to the Blood.

The third Distemper of the Skin, is communicated to it from the indispo∣sition of the Nervous Fibrils, terminating into the surface of the Body, and taketh its rise from a Scorbutic Malady, disaffecting the Liquor of the Cuta∣neous Nerves, * 1.70 by fixed Saline Particles (distoning the Filaments) which do take off much from their delicate frame, and induce a dull Sensation; which I felt in the numness of the extreamities of my own Fingers, and in my wor∣thy Friend, a learned Doctor of Physick, in whom the whole surface of his Skin was rendred somewhat stupid, by an ill habit of Body, caused by a vi∣tiated animal Liquor, disordering the Cutaneous Filaments, the immediate Organs of Sensation, seated in the Skin.

And a Marriner being highly overrun with the Scurvy, his whole Skin grew so insensible, that he could not feel the scorching heat of Fire.

And a Woman had her Skin stretched out so stiff, as the Head of a Drum, and so cold, that she was not sensible of any Discomposure (when she was pricked with the points of sharpest Needles) which was caused by depraved Nervous Juice, destroying the fine Nervous Compage of the Skin; which happens in the height of Scorbutic Diseases, producing a bastard Palsey.

And divers parts of the Skin are rendred senseless in Malignant Fevers, be∣specking the surface of the Body with blew Spots, by reason the thinner part of the Blood, infected with venenate Particles, is expelled through the Ex∣cretory Ducts into the Skin, which groweth senseless; because the Fibres are sometimes bereaved of their proper use, as Gangrened and Mortified, where it is hued with blew.

A memorable Instance may be recommended to you, of a young Gentle∣man, a Student in the Law, surprised with a great Faintness, a sudden de∣jection of strength, a quick and low Pulse, and a black Tongue, and his Skin interspersed with numerous Spots, into which a Needle being deeply forced, the Patient was not sensible of any pricking, or pain, nor at all apprehen∣sive, when the Needle was thrust in, or drawn out of his Skin.

The Skin is also disaffected with other Diseases, by reason of Liquors, possessing the Skin, and being Crude and Watry, as the serous and Christalline parts of the Blood; and the indigested Succus Nutricius, being unduly ma∣naged in the Stomach by ill Ferments, is conveighed through the Intestines, Lacteal Vessels, and Thoracic Ducts, into the Subclavian Vessels, in which, * 1.71 and in the Heart and Lungs, the Blood being much impaired by an unnatural heat; and its Crasis so vitiated in Hectic Fevers, that the Crude, Succus Nutricius, remaineth unassimilated, and is only blended with the Blood, and being carried with it into the Cutaneous Glands, is there separa∣ted from it in great proportions, and thrown out in a kind of Sweat by the Excretory Vessels, inserted into the Skin; whence proceedeth an Emaciation of the whole Body, as robbed of its due Nourishment, by this unnatural universal Evacuation of the Alimentary Liquor, through the Pores of the body in Hectic Fevers.

The Blood also (being made gross by the mixture of fixed Sulphureous Particles, and a gross Succus Nutricius) is propelled by the Capillary Arte∣ries into the Skin, where it being stagnant, produceth an Inflamation or an

Erysipelas, and Aedematous Tumours, arising in the Skin, proceeding from an ill concocted Succus Nutricius, which is sometime productive of Stea∣tomes, lodged in the Skin. Of which, be pleased to take this Instance in a Dier, whose Skin being opened, and a swelled Gland being taken out and Lanced; it appeared to be a Steatome, big within a soft substance, some∣what resembling Greese: And the Skin of his Body, labouring with a Scorbutic Habit, was interspersed with those soft Tumours, nothing else but Cutaneous Glands, distended with unnatural Recrements, filling up the In∣terstices of the Vessels.

CHAP. VI. Of divers Diseases incident to the Skin, commonly called, Itch, Scabs, and Scurfe.

THe Skin is obnoxious to many troublesome Disaffections, which dis∣guise the Face, and whole surface of the Body, among which the Itch, and Scab, as so many vexatious Diseases, may justly claim our notice, that we may enquire into their Nature; which maketh way for a Cure, most acceptable to Patients, who are desirous to quit such importunate Guests, giving frequent disposures, ingrate Eye-sores and nasty Itchings, attended sometime with a dry Skurfe, and Scab, and other times, with divers moist Wheals, tipped with white Heads, as so many Minute Ulcers, determining in Scabs upon Frication, speaking a high delight, to countermand the affli∣ctive solicitations, of burning Itchings.

To give this Disease a Description, it may be termed, * 1.72 a breaking out of the Skin in various Pimples, sometimes overspreading the whole Surface, and other times bespecking only some parts of the Body, proceeding from serous Humours (consisting of watry and saline Particles) transmitted by the Ca∣pillary Arteries, and spued out through Excretory Vessels of the inward Skin, and at last encircled, within many small exclosures of the outward Skin, raised into little Protuberancies, vulgarly called Pimples, dressed with white Cones (big with purulent, or serous Matter) which being highly rubbed, to ease us of a tickling pain, the thin Walls, encompassing this salt Liquor, are bro∣ken, and the nasty Matter gusheth out (besmearing the Surface of the neigh∣bouring Skin) which being dried up, is productive of Scabs, much defor∣ming the beauty of the fine ambient parts.

And that we may know the Causes and Symptoms of these Cutaneous Dis∣eases, it is requisite we should pry into the nature of them, whether salt Hu∣mours, lodged within the limits of the Skin, as primarily produced in it, or transmitted from some other part; and in what Wombs this Disease is con∣ceived, and afterward delivered out of these Matrices by numerous Ducts, into the most outward parts, where it is attended with violent Scratchings, to appease a torturing Itching.

As to the origen of these afflictive Distempers, we cannot justly charge it upon the defects of the Viscera, nor upon the Blood as composed (according to the commonly received opinion of the Antients) of Flegm, yellow and

black Choler, and pure Blood; or considered seperately from the other Hu∣mours, which cannot be discerned by the most curious Eye, as so many di∣stinct Humours (integrating the Mass of Blood) which are no ways sepe∣rable from each other by the contrivance of Art.

Wherefore I humbly conceive it more agreeable to Sense and Reason, * 1.73 that the Minera Morbi, is a thin transparent Liquor, lodged in the Glands, apper∣taining to the Skin, rendring it plump and graceful; so that this Humour, being dispoiled of the native purity, of its volatil saline temper, degenerates into a Fluor, and an acide indisposition, which is fed by new supplies of de∣praved soure Liquor of the Blood, and animal Juice conveyed by the Capil∣lary Arteries, and Nervous Fibrils, into the Cutaneous Glands.

Whereupon these serous Liquors, are composed of a double Matter, of an old Stock, and a new supply of Fuel; the one resident in the Minute Glands, the other derived to them, from the Vital and Animal Liquor, which being made up of Heterogeneous Principles, do after the manner of different Salts, as Alkalys, and Acids, make great Fermentations in these depraved Hu∣mours; which being thrown out of the Cutaneous Glands by Excretory Ves∣sels, are condensed into a kind of concreted Matter, filling, and distending the parts of the Skin; and afterward one part of the serous Liquor, pressing another forward, do lift up the outward from the inward Skin, defacing the smoother Surface, with many small Prominencies.

And the government of the ambient Region of the Body, * 1.74 cannot be so in∣violably conserved, but that the Glandulous Liquor of the Skin, may often degenerate from its proper Ingeny, into an ill disposed Ferment, which doth not only give a trouble to the skirts of the Body, but also infecteth its more inward Recesses with unnatural Intestine Motion: Hence the Humour, a guest of the Cutaneous Glands, growing gross and ill qualified, as divested of its fine clear disposition, obstructeth the Pores of the Glands, and Excre∣tory Ducts, hindring a free Transpiration, often producing Feverish Distem∣pers; or else the compage of the Skin is disordered, when these Minute Glands are overcharged with so great a quantity of gross serous Liquor, soli∣citing the Nervous Fibrils to an Evacuation, which is suppressed by the obstruction of the Excretory Vessels relating to the Glands, so that the serous glandulous Humour being stopped from its due Passages, is forced to recoil into the extreamities of the Veins, and imported from thence by smaller and greater branches through the Vena Cava, into the right Chamber of the Heart, as being by its brisk contractions dashed against the Walls of this no∣ble Engine, which disperseth the depraved Vital Liquor, into all the aparti∣ments of the Body.

Whereupon the Blood being associated with this troublesome confaederate, repairing to the Heart, doth so highly aggravate it, that in order to its own defence, the Heart is forced to protrude it downward, through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and emulgent Arteries (the branches of it) into the Glands of the Kidneys, where this Serous Liquor (transmitted at a great di∣stance from the Cutaneous Glands) is secerned from the Blood, and dischar∣ged by the urinary Tubes, into the Pelvis and Ureters.

But that we have recourse to the Cutaneous Distempers, from whence we have made some Digression: These noisom breakings out in Ulcerous Tu∣mours, proceed from many Causes, producing the ill affections of the Serous Liquor (an inmate of the Cutaneous Glands) in the loss of its native puri∣ty upon many accounts.

First, * 1.75 When the Glandulous Liquor entring in a new association with the Serous, derived from the Blood, is impelled by the Capillary Arteries, into the Glands of the Skin; where the foul mass of Blood is depurated from its grosser Recrements, which impart Fermentative indispositions to the Glan∣dulous Liquor, as being Incorporated, with the watry Saline Juice, newly com∣municated from the Purple Liquor, which give it an unnatural Effervescence, whence arise various Coagulations of the serous Recrements, contained in the Cutaneous Glands, producing sometimes Pustles, other times skurfie Flakes, disgracing the elegant Politeness, and lovely colour of the Skin.

The second cause may be the access of this Scabby Ferment, * 1.76 into the Cuta∣neous Glands, where it being stagnant, is not able on the one side to be dis∣charged outwardly through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin, nor inwardly to be received on the other into the extreamities of the Veins, so that by its long deteinment in the Papillary Glands, the extravasated Liquor, doth not only assume a psorous Indisposition, but also a vitriolic corrosive qua∣lity, whence arise divers asperities of the Skin, * 1.77 caused by various eruptions of this depraved Matter, breaking out into Wheals or Pimples; rendring the amiable surface of the Body unpleasant to the Eye, proceeding from a matter putrescent in the ambient parts of the Body, where in a long Stag∣nation, it acquireth a kind of septic quality, corroding the Skin, and neigh∣bouring fleshy parts, affecting them with the horrid diseases of Leprous Scurfs, and Cancerous Ulcers, which move a great compassion in the condo∣ling Spectator.

And not only this irksome disease of the Itch, springeth from an intrinsick Cause, the depraved quality of the Glandulous Liquor, derived from the Stagnation of it, and from the impurities of the Blood imparted to it in mo∣tion, but also from an outward procatartick cause by Contagion, wherein the secret miasmes are most readily conveighed from some Diseased Person, through the Pores of the Skin of one Person, to the Pores of another, there∣by infecting the Glandulous Liquor, lodged near the surface of the Body. * 1.78

And this virulent Infection derived from ichorous Pimples, is most easily communicated from body to body, by the quick operation of the Contagious Ferment, consisting in subtle Particles, always streaming out of the Body; and by the indisposition of the Glandulous Liquor, receptive of these infecti∣ous steams, proceeding from a neighbouring diseased Body, making the like impressions in another, in which the Liquor of the Cutaneous Glands, be∣ing made up of Nervous and Serous Liquor (flowing from the Nerves and Arteries) is compounded of different subtle Particles, very obnoxious to Fermentation.

So that the active Effluvia of this Contagious Distemper, do freely insi∣nuate themselves through the minute meatus of the Exterior Skin, into the Cutaneous Glands, and from thence received into the lesser and greater Venous Tubes, and into the right Cistern of the Heart, and then through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins, into the left Ventricle of the Heart, and afterward impelled through greater and lesser arterial Channels, into all the parts of the Body, and therein imparting from the Center to the Circumfe∣rence, this nasty contagious Ferment with the Blood, into the Cutaneous Glands, where the infected Serous and Nutritious Liquor is secerned from the more pure parts of the Blood, and emitted through the Excretory Ves∣sels to the surface of the inward Skin; and one Particle crowding another forward, do raise up the outward Skin into Pustles, full of purulent Matter, which being Concreted, is turned into numerous Scabs.

Lastly, The Leprosie is a Cutaneous Disease, proceeding from a Mass of Blood, highly corrupted with virulent Miasmes, and Acide, Saline, and Sulphureous Particles, which though moving in association with the Vital Liquor, yet cannot be so far subdued, as broke into small Particles, and vo∣latilized by frequent Circulations; that these Acide, Saline, and Sulphureous Atomes, might be assimilated into Blood, whereupon the Heart being highly aggrieved with these Recrements, impelleth them with the Purple Liquor, into the substance of the Cutaneous Glands; wherein the Serous are secerned from the Alimentary Particles of the Blood, which is returned by the Veins, and the watry, impraegnated with degenerated Saline and Sulphureous parts, are conveyed by the Excretory Ducts, to the surface of the ••kin, where the most Liquid parts of these Recrements being evaporated, the acide saline do Coagulate like Tarter, incrusting the Skin which being rubb'd or scratch'd, the concreted saline parts fall off like scales of Fish, and the serous parts ouse out of the Skin, which being dried up, thereupon follow new saline ac∣cretions, casing the Skin with another Crust.

CHAP. VII. Of the Cure of Cutaneous Diseases.

HAving Treated of the Pathology of the Skin, it may seem Methodi∣cal to say somewhat of the Cures, belonging to Cutaneous Diseases, among which the Measles and Small Pox lead the Van, which are different Disaffections, in reference to their several Aspects as various Tumours, and as proceeding from divers Causes; the one beginning in redness and driness, dis∣appearing in a Roughness, the other commencing in Red Pimples, grow after wards greater, and come by degrees to Maturation, appearing in numerous white Heads of small Tumours, which at last determine in dry Scabs.

These Diseases of Measles and Small Pox, though different upon many accounts, yet they are both attended with Cures, much alike in many cases, both in a slender and temper Diet, and the administration of gentle Cordi∣als: If Nature be slow in throwing out the matter of the Diseases from the Center to the Circumference, by Arterial Trunks, Branches, and Capilla∣ries, into the small Cutaneous Glands, and from thence by Excretory Ves∣sels, * 1.79 into the surface of the Body: And in both Diseases, a violent Loose∣ness and Bloody-Flux, gentle Cordials are to be advised to suppress these ir∣regular motions, which pervert the proper Course of Nature, in diverting the matter of the Diseases, from the surface of the Body to the inward Re∣cesses; wherefore upon this account, quiet Diaphoreticks are to be mixed with Astringents, at once to check the irregular, and promote the regular motion of the disaffected Humours, the Causes of these Diseases.

In the greatest Cases, that can happen in these Diseases, wherein they are accompanied with internal Inflammations, of the Lungs, (in a Perikneumo∣nia) of the Plura, in a Plurisie, of the Membranes of the Brain in a Phre∣nitis, of the Diaphragme, in a Paruphrenitis, or of the Muscles of the Larynx, in a Quinsie, or in any other internal Inflammation, a Vein is to

be opened, that the most urgent and eminent Disease may be first opposed, * 1.80 which will prove fatal without dispute, if the Patient be not speedily relieved by Blood letting, which will much advance the eruption of the Matter, of∣fending in the Measles and Small Pox; wherein the sick Person, being of a Plethorick Constitution, is oppressed with an exuberant Mass of Blood, highly obstructing the free motion of it, and the Succus Nutricius (in asso∣ciation with it) into the Cutaneous Glands, and surface of the Body; whereupon some part of the Blood being taken away, the remainder ob∣taineth the greater freedom of motion, and gaineth an easier recourse to the outward parts.

It is my humble Request to my worthy Brethren, the learned Professors of our Art, not to be over timerous in Bleeding, when the Measles and Small Pox, are associated with inward Inflammations, which may be Cured by bleeding, and without it will inevitably determine in a sad Catastro∣phe of Death: Wherefore I humbly conceive, it is better to consult Rea∣son and Conscience, then popular Air, and vain Applause, and not to let a Patient die for want of necessary Applications (though of ill Fame with the Vulgar and Unlearned to gain the repute of a safe Physitian) in great Inflammations, wherefore I am very solicitous to make good this Assertion of Bleeding, in the Measles and Small Pox, as a high preservative of Life, of which I can give many happy Instances in my own Practice.

A Sutlers relation, belonging to the Kings Guards, * 1.81 being of a very San∣guine Constitution, laboured some Years since under a high difficulty of Breathing, accompanied with a great Redness of her Cheeks, the Symp∣toms of an Inflammation, caused by Blood settling in the Lungs; where∣upon I ordered a Vein immediately to be opened in her Arm, and eight or ten Ounces of Blood to be taken away, upon which ensued an allevtaion in point of Breathing, and the next day the Small Pox appeared, and a day or two after, she was taken with a new access of ill Breathing; whereupon by reason of her suppressed Menstrua, I advised the Saphaena to be opened, and six or eight Ounces of Blood to flow, upon which she found great relief in a more free breathing, and the Offensive Matter, to be more largely trans∣mitted into the ambient parts of the Body, very conspicuous in her prodigi∣ously swelled Face, highly disguised in numerous Tumours, ending in Ulcers and Scabs.

And notwithstanding the free evacuation of Blood, by opening of divers Veins in the Arm, and Foot, and the course of her Terms (which was the consequent of her bleeding in the Foot) she was not wholly discharged of the depraved Humours, emitted out of the Capillary Vessels into the Exte∣rior parts, because in a short time, after she was recovered, by God's Mer∣cy, of the Small Pox, she broke out in a great many Boils, which having been Suppurated, ran very freely the space of a Month, and proceeded, as I conceive, from the reliques of the Matter, that was not sufficiently dis∣charged by the Small Pox; so that without Controversie, if a Vein had not been twice opened (which was attended with a free evacuation of her Menstrua) she had sunk under the Inflammation of her Lungs, of which she was perfectly Cured by the discharge of much Blood.

Another time a Butcher's Wife, being a gross and Corpulent Woman, * 1.82 of a Sanguine Constitution, was very much afflicted with a high Fever, and a great Colour of her Face; whereupon I ordered a Vein to be opened, and blood to be freely taken from her, upon which account she found great relief in reference to her Fever, and Inflammation of her Lungs, and the day after

she was bled, the Small Pox came out very well, and the violence of the Fever much abated, and she passed the several stages of her Disease very kindly, and was in a small time (with God's blessing) restored to her for∣mer Health.

And in great difficulty of Breathing, * 1.83 I have often advised Blood-letting in the Small Pox, with good success, and have relieved my Patients to my great Joy; whereupon the slow motion, or stagnancy of Blood being taken off, the Small Pox immediately discovered themselves, and in good time they kindly Suppurated, and afterward determined into Ulcers and Scabs, the happy close of the Small Pox.

Wherefore I most humbly beg, that this Opinion may be entertained with Candor, as coming from a love to Mankind, and not as if I were over-for∣ward to the great Scandal of Art, to advise Blood-letting upon every slight account, * 1.84 in the Measles and Small Pox; whereupon this is my most humble Request to my dear Friends, and my learned Brethren of Art, to prescribe Bleeding only in some great Cases, relating to the Measles, and Small Pox, as in a Phlogôsis of the Lungs, and great difficulty of Breathing, and all internal Inflammations, in high Plethorick bodies, in which great Diseases, (accompanied with the Measles and Small Pox) Blood-letting is necessary, as a most safe and generous Remedy, in order to sollicite the motion of gross and stagnating Blood, which is apt to obstruct the Capillary Arteries, near the surface of the Body.

But on the contrary, it is very rational and conscientious to forbear the opening of a Vein (as a descecrated, and unhallowed thing) in ordinary cases of the Measles and Small Pox, as fatal to the Patients, where bodies are not overcharged with an exuberant Mass of Blood (obstructing the small Vessels) and especially in a low proportion of Vital Liquor, not able to throw out the offensive Matter (unless assisted with mild Sudorificks) into the Cutaneous Glands, and by their Excretory Ducts, into the ambient parts of the Body.

Above all we are to forbear bleeding (as some great crime of Murder) that will render us obnoxious to a just Censure, * 1.85 as guilty of the death of our Patients, in Malignant Fevers (the frequent and sad concomitants of the Measles and Small Pox) whose nature doth not consist in overmuch blood, but a poisonous disposition of the blood, which must be corrected by Alexi∣pharmaca, * 1.86 supporting the Vital Liquor, to make a free Transpiration, by which the venenate steams of the blood, are transmitted through the Pores of the body: And if we lessen the Mass of blood in Malignant Fevers (which are the chief and essential Diseases, and the Measles and Small Pox, only Symptomes of the other) we render the Patient less able to encounter these great Diseases, and sometimes cut off the thread of Life.

A Gentleman of good Fashion, having complicated Diseases of a Fever and Small Pox, which did not cease, after good Applications having been made, the Small Pox appeared very fair, and distinct, and came to a lauda∣ble Suppuration, and Scabs scaling off: And it might have been thought with good probability, that the Patient had been upon Recovery; but alas, it proved otherwise: For though the Small Pox were Cured, yet the Fever continued higher, which shews it is to be essential, as remanent after the Small Pox were gone; upon which I passed a Prognostick, of great and eminent danger. That notwithstanding proper Medicines having been Administred, yet the Fever grew more violent, accompanied with ill Symptoms, of a quick tremulous Pulse, and a Delirium, so that the Patient plainly appeared

to be in a desperate Condition; whereupon the Friends of the Patient sent for Drop Doctor Goddard, who smiled (when I told him the great danger the Sick Person was in) assuring himself of a Cure by his Infallible Drops, as he thought them; whereupon I left my Patient, because his Friends ha∣ving a great opinion of the Drop Doctor, were desirous to commit him solely to his Care, which proved very unsuccessful, and gave me a high dis∣composure, because within two or three days, my former Patient was lost as well as my Friend, notwithstanding the Promise, the confident Doctor had made of his recovery, for which he had little Reason, and less Art.

In an orderly and kindly Small Pox, * 1.87 some few gentle Medicines may be gi∣ven for four or five days, to assist Nature to throw out the ill Matter by the Ca∣pillary Arteries, into the Cutaneous Glands; and when the Small Pox are well come out in distinct Conical Tumours, and beginning to fill, it is unne∣cessary to make any farther Medicinal Applications, and to advise only a thin temperate Diet, and that the Patient would repose himself in Bed, lest Transpiration being checked by the coldness of the Ambient Air, and the Cutaneous Pores be straightned, and the recourse of ill Matter be stopped into the confines of the Skin.

But in the Flux Pox, the care must be equal to the danger, which is very great, and needs the assistance of an Industrious and Skilful Physitian, who must make it his business to observe the motion of the Disease, which ap∣pears first in very small Pimples, and therefore it is called vulgarly the Pin Pox, which rise slowly; a great argument of Malignity in the Distemper, proceeding from a hot Serous Liquor, which being thin, is not apt to settle in the Ambient parts of the Body, but is speedily reconveyed by the Cuta∣neous Veins into the Mass of Blood, and in order to prevent the retrograde motion of the Matter, which being hot and thin, moderately cooling and thickning Medicines are to be prescribed; that when the Humours of the Small Pox arrive the surface of the inward Skin, they may be there deteined and fixed, to fill up the Skin, and render the Small Pox fairer.

If the Patient be restless in the Flux Pox, * 1.88 and by tossing and tumbling up and down the Bed, do disquiet himself, and raise the Fermentation of the Blood, by growing hot (procured by frequent and troublesome motions of the Body, made every minute from place to place) gentle Opiats are to be advised, as drops of Laudanum Liquidum, or Syrupe of Poppy in a proper Vehicle, to compose the Patient to rest, and to give an allay to the too much advanced Fermentation of the Blood: And that the Peccant Humours (the Materia substrata of the Small Pox) being rendred more sedate, in its mo∣tion may grow cool and thick, and apt to reside in the confines of the Body, and afterward the outward Skin will rise, as being big with gross Matter.

The Flux Pox, if not well mannaged by Art, * 1.89 is a most dangerous Dis∣ease, because the Blood is so much enraged in a troublesome Fermentation, that it is very difficult to govern it, and make it regular by most proper Medicines; and is very often attended, with a dangerous continued Fever (which is an associate of this ill kind of Small Pox) during all its several motions; of beginning, increase, state, and declination, signifying gentle Cordial Medicines, that do reduce the Effervescence of the tumultuary Blood into a moderate temper, wherein it being incrassated by proper Phar∣macy, doth stagnate in the outward confines of the inward Skin, breaking into numerous Pustles, which being indurated into Scabs, speak a happy pe∣riod to this nasty Disease.

And this may be prosperously accomplished by a most diligent inspection into the Nature and Motioos of this Disease, wherein I have often observed, that high Cordials, are unsuccessful, because they raise the Fermentation too high, and render the Distemper dangerous; whereupon I have fre∣quently advised with good success, cooling and incrassating Medicines, and a thin refreshing Diet of Small-beer boiled, and raw Beer made as warm as the Blood, and Posset Drink, made with Harts-horn shavings, without Marigold-flowers and Saffron (which are good in a kindly Small Pox, but too hot in these) and thin Water-grewel, Barley-grewel, thin Panada Bar∣ley-cream, made with Pearl Barley, pounded in a Morter, and boiled in a great quantity of Water, till half be consumed, which being streined; the Liquor is to be added to twelve Almonds blanched and pounded till their vertue is extracted, and then the streined Liquor is to be sweetned with Sugar, and drank as occasion serveth: Which is a fine cooling Aliment, easie of Digestion, and proper for this fiery Disease, which is often attend∣ed with large evacuations of Salival Liquor, resembling a Salivation raised by Art; and is to be promoted with Opening, Attenuating, and Clea sing Gargarisms, that the Parotides, Tonsils, and numerous Glands, besetting the Mouth and Palate, may be encouraged to spue out freely, the venome of the Disease, by their Excretory Vessels, into the cavities of the Mouth.

Therefore, * 1.90 I most humbly beg, that all Incrassating and Astringent Gar∣garisms, may be forborn, which do render the spittle more thick and clam∣my, and do shut up the Orifices of the Excretory Ducts (relating to the Oral Glands) and do intercept the currents of salival Liquor into the Mouth, and detein the matter of the Flux Pox in the Mass of Blood, rendring it more fierce, and the Disease more deplorable.

A Gentlewoman fell sick in the Strand in Westminster, and was afflicted with a high Fever, associated with a great pain of her Head and Back, for whom I advised gentle Cordials and an easie thin and cooling Diet, to charm the great Ebullition of Blood; and about the fifth day, the doleful symptoms of the Flux Pox appeared, discovering it self in most minute red Pimples, proceeding from a thin serous Liquor, which being thickned by pro∣per Medicines, was transmitted through the Cutaneous Glands, and their Excretories, into the outward surface of the inward skin; whereupon the Cuticula was more elevated into greater Swellings then at first, and her Face was denuded of all Features by this envious Disease, treating most severely the best Faces, and greatest Beauties; to teach us Humility and Self-deni∣al, to make us out of love with our selves, and Admire and Adore him, in kissing with reverence the gentle correcting Hand of our Great Maker and Redeemer, whose Dispensations, though they seem severe to the outward Man, yet they prove most advantagious to the inward, and work for the best to all that Love, Fear, and Obey him. Pray pardon the Digression, which I have added to divert the good Reader; and if any Person be so un∣kind to me and himself, to receive it (as impertinent) with scorn, I pity and pray for him.

But to return and visit our sick Patient, whose Body was preserved, though her Face ruined, which was chieflly accomplished by Nature her self, un∣der God, producing a great Ptyalisme; which I advanced by all means possible, in advising most powerful opening and cleansing Gargarisms, high∣ly assisting Nature in discharging the impurities of the Blood, by the Excre∣tory Glands belonging to the Mouth.

In the Flux Pox, complicated with a Spotted Fever, we ought always to consult the Honour of our Art, when we cannot be happy Ministers of a Cure, to fore-arm the Friends, and Relations of the Patient, * 1.91 with a Prog∣nostick of the eminent danger of the Disease (which in this Case is deplo∣rable) else we shall gain the repute of Unskilful Artists, though we satisfie the indications of the Disease with the most proper Remedies, and use our utmost Endeavours, and Art to recover the Patient, yet ill Success shall render us liable to the censure of the Vulgar, (who are governed more by Sense then Reason) unless we give account before-hand, what can be said in Humane Probability, relating to the event of the Disease, which in this case is very dangerous, if not fatal to the Patient; where the Person is not relieved in the Flux Pox, with the large Eruption, of the matter of the Disease, by the Cutaneous Glands, nor by free ejection of the faecu∣lent and serous parts of the Blood, and Succus Nutricius, by salival Liquor, spued out of the O••al Glands; and yet notwithstanding these hopeful Eva∣cuations the Disease prevaileth, and the blew spots appeared, the symptoms of a Pestilential Fever, the mournful Heralds, proclaiming the approaches of Death.

Person of great Honour and Virtue, being of a timorous disposition, was frequently daunted at the apprehension of the Small Pox, denying her self the ease and happiness of her Life, as being always in pain with the phancy of a Disease, which at last surprised her, though she often quitted beloved London (the Dalilah of Women) to preserve her self from this noisome and afflictive Distemper; which seised her by the imprudence of her Landlady, who lodged her in a bed, infected with a Body lately dead of the Sall Pox, complicated with a Spotted Fever, which made the same impres∣sions in her, as receiving the pestilential Steams into her Body, as reposed in the infected Bed; in which, when she found her self discomposed, she took free draughts of Strong Waters, thinking thereby to calm her Distem∣per, which in truth had a contrary effect, and raised the Storm much high∣er, by producing a much greater ••bullition of Blood, which taking its pro∣gress from the inward to the Ambient parts, in which the serous parts of the Vital Liquor, and Succus Nutricius, discover themselves in most minute Swellings, and pustles; and Nature in this person of Honour, did not make a discharge only of the offenssive matter by the Skin, but also by streams of Salival Liquor, flowing out of the Excretory Channels (relating to the nu∣merous Oral Glands) which I promoted by proper Gargarisms.

In reference to her Pestilential Fever, which highly afflicted her, * 1.92 I order∣ed pearl Cordials, and many kinds of moderately cooling Julaps, and tem∣perate Diaphoreticks, consisting of mild testaceous Powders, which brought out the Small Pox very fair, and to a laudable Suppuration, appearing in the white heads of fruitful Tumours, big with a well digested purulent Mat∣ter, which at last began to dry into Scabs, interspersed with large blew spots, the sad Emblems of Death (which happened in the seventeenth day of her Sickness) which highly discomposed me to part with a Friend, as well as a Patient, a person of so great Honour, Kindness, and good Humour, whose Memory I shall account sacred, and for ever revere; being now ready upon this sad History (which happened many Years since) to dapple my Paper with Tears, as a due resentment of my great trouble and loss.

A Salemans Wife fell sick of a dangerous Small Pox (as cofaederated with a Spotted Fever) which had so unkindly an Eruption, that the Livid Spots far exceeded the Pimples in number, but upon due applications of gentle Dia∣phoreticks,

and Cordial Julaps, the Fermentation of the Blood was reduced to a good allay, as being not too much exalted, nor depressed; so that the offensive Matter, was brought out and thickned, whereupon the Fever dis∣appeared, and the Small Pox growing first plump, and then the Ulcerous Matter was dried into Scabs, whereby the Patient being recovered, liveth a Momument of Gods wonderful Mercy.

I humbly beg the favour of all, * 1.93 that shall so far Honour me, as to read this rude Treatise, as they have a value for their own Health, rather then my Interest, not to trust themselves in the hands of Quacks and Empericks, in any Distemper, and especially in this dangerous Disease, in which out of Arrogance, to speak themselves an attribute, they contradict the safe and wholesome advice of Physitians, and contrary to all Reason, Art, and Experi∣ence, they confound the Aeconomy of Nature, and destroy their Patients with strong Vomits, and Purges, and hot Faetide Drops and Spirits (as knowing no better) which too much raise the Fermentation of the Blood, and wea∣ken the course of Nature, and divert its regular Current of offensive Hu∣mours in the Measles and Small Pox, from the outward confines of the Body, to the inward and tender Recesses of the Bowels, where their violent Medi∣cines produce Loosnesses, Bloody Fluxes, Lypothymies, Syncopies, and Death, speaking a sad Catastrophe of all Worldly Joy and Happiness, ha∣stned by impudent new Experiments, which they make upon their overcre∣dulous Patients.

CHAP. VIII. Of Freckles, Spots, Morphew, and the like.

THere are other disaffections, which are more superficial, and of less importance as lessening the Lustre, * 1.94 and Beauty of the outward Skin, as Freckles, Spots, Morphew, and the like, which are Cured often by Cos∣meticks, as the outward application of some Fucus, or Washes, with which curious Ladies are well accommodated, as great Preservatives, or Restora∣tives at least (as they conceive) of Beauty; but indeed, are oftentimes destructive of the more amiable colour of the Skin.

Because, The Skin is Natures fine Vest, especially that of the Face, by which (she is rendred grateful to the eye of the Spectator) setting a fine gloss upon our Bodies, begetting Love and Admiration, whereupon the Skin becometh valuable, and worthy preservation in its native purity; and when its lost, deserveth a restitution to its primitive perfection, accomplished by divers Methods, * 1.95 of Physick, either purging of the Recrements of the Blood, or depurating it by Diaphoreticks, producing a free Transpiration; where∣by the ill Matter, causing the Blemishes of the Face, is discharged by nu∣merous Steams, or by dews of Sweat, streaming through the pores of the Skin.

When the Vital and Nutricious Liquors are rectified by inward Applica∣tions, * 1.96 Topicks may be safely advised, which have a drying and detersive Quality, taking off the Roughness and Spots defacing the Skin; and such is Liquamen of Tartar, mixed with Oyl of bitter Almonds, till it groweth Lactescent and the like.

Other Medicines may be also outwardly Applied, both to discuss the Spots, and repel the ill Matter, which cannot safely be practised, till the Recrements be purged off by several kinds of Evacuations, and the Blood sufficiently defaecated from ill Humours; lest the repelling them should prove prejudicial to the Body, in the sad consequents of inward Distem∣pers, being much worse then the outward.

And Universals being premised, as Purging, Blood-letting, Diuretick, * 1.97 and Diaphoretick Medicines, then Cooling, Detersive, Drying, and gentle repelling Liniments, or Washes, may be safely applied; as Camphire mix∣ed with juice of Lemons and White Wine, &c.

Above all, Mercurial Washes, well prepared, are most effectual; and I wish they were as safe, as they are infallible in the Cure of all Eruptions of ill Matter, seated in the Surface of the Body. And therefore pray take this Caution along with you, in using these Mercurial Topicks; That unless they be prepared according to Art, they will cause great Swellings in the Face, and in some bodies raise a Salivation, making the Tongue and Mouth sore.

Now with your leave, I will take the freedom to offer some other Cures, of more Troublesome, and nasty Cutaneous Disaffections, which borrow their Origen, either from some outward Contact, or Contagion or from gross and unwholesome Diet, generating a crude and ill qualified Chyle, and from Blood debased, with fixed Saline and Sulphureous particles, * 1.98 deri∣ved from ill pancreatick and bilious Recrements, recoiling by the extreami∣ties of Veins into the Mass of Blood, rendring it impure; when the Ex∣cretory Ducts, of the Pancreas and Liver are obstructed, caused by the grossness of the Recrements, or the streightness of the passages of the Ex∣cretory Vessels.

These Cutaneous Eruptions, are different Diseases, which may be easily discovered by their various Aspects, some being of a dry scurfy nature, cal∣led 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Greeks, proceeding from fixed Salt (in Hypocondriack Di∣stempers) which being mixed with Blood, are thrown off by the Capillary Arteries, into the Cutaneous Glands, where the Saline particles being sepa∣rated from the Blood, are carried by the Excretory Ducts, into the confines of the Body, disguising the Skin with numerous dry Asperities.

A worthy Citizens Daughter of London, had the surface of her Body for the most part overspread with dry Red pimples, which proved a great Eye-sore to her Friends, and a vexatious trouble to her self, as being perpetually af∣flicted with a most importunate itching, which was Cured by bleeding, and by purgative Medicines, ejecting the Recrements of the Blood by the Me∣senterick Arteries, into the Intestines; and the Vital Liquor was dulcified, and defaecated from its gross Tartar by alteratives, mixed with Diureticks, * 1.99 and by Chalybeate Medicines, accompanied with Decoctions of China and Sarsaparilla, in which the tops of Pine and Firr have been infused; and these Methods of Physick being Administred, I advised some proper Topicks, which did perfect the Cure, and the patient hath been continued in a heal∣thy condition for many Months.

This Cutaneous Disease, though it be not dangerous, while it discovers it self in an outward Malady, by which the impurities of the Blood are dis∣charged into the Exterior parts of the Body, but if the gross faeculency of the purple Liquor be repelled from the surface of the Body, by some Em∣pyrical Applications, without the advice of Purgatives, Blood-letting, Alte∣ratives, Diureticks, Sudorificks, and upon the omission of these salutary Me∣thods,

Topicks being irregularly applied, the gross Saline Particles are for∣ced from the outward to the inward parts, and so have a recourse to the Intestines, Viscera, and Brain, and are productive often of dangerous and fatal Diseases.

CHAP. IX. Of the Cure of the Itch and Scabs.

ANother Cutaneous Eruption hath a different face from the other, wherein it disgraceth the Elegancy of the Skin, with many small Pimples, proceeding from Serous Recrements of the Blood; these fruitful Pustles, more and more overspreading the Skin, are attended with great Itching, which being scratched to allay its trouble (degenerates into Ulcers and Scabs) changeth its itching into smart and pain.

As to the Causes of these Diseases, vulgarly called the Itch, it is propaga∣ted from salt, sharp, and watry Humours, often taking their birth from gross and bad Victuals, which easily corrupt, and produce an ill Chyle (which cannot be assimilated by motion, and converse into good Blood) hence poor Persons (whose straight Fortunes deny them the advantage of procuring good Meat) are forced to comply with their Wants in buying the cheapest and worst Meat, rotten Mutton, long kept, Musty and sometimes stinck∣ing Flesh and Fish; and indeed any thing that is not absolute Carrion, to gratifie the clamorous importunity of their keen Appetites.

Whereupon poor People are often infected with this Sluttish Disease, * 1.100 ha∣ving not Money and Time to supply their Necessary Occasions, are destitute of clean Linnen and Cloaths to keep themselves sweet and cleanly, whence their Bodies being covered with Nastiness, obstructing the pores of the Skin, and hindring due Transpiration, do contract corrupt Humours, tainting the Blood with this filthy Disease, causing their Bodies to stink alive, when above Ground, before their time, and are truly the Objects of our Charity, as well as Pity, to take them into our Care, and make a Provision for them, as partakers of the same Humane Nature at least, and some of them, as Fellow Members of Christ, and Temples of the Holy Ghost; which are en∣dearing Arguments to espouse their Wants as our own, with this good Me∣mento, That by casting our Bread upon the Waters, after many days 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shall find it: And by providing for the Poor, we shall lay up Treasures in Hea∣ven.

The Itch and Scabs also arise from Critical Evacuations, * 1.101 flowing from Acute and Cronick Diseases, discharging corrupt Humours, and serous Re∣crements, into the Ambient parts of the Body, whereby it is freed from more significant inward Diseases, oftentimes threatning Death.

This unclean Disease is often derived from Contagion, * 1.102 by reason the Sur∣face of Scabby Bodies is besmeared with a nasty and clammy moisture, which being imparted to others by Contact, or by Clothes, or Converse, which make the like Itchy and Scabby impressions into the Blood of others, as be∣ing received first by the Pores of the Skin into the extreamities of the Veins,

and afterward into greater and greater Trunks, till they land into the right Cistern of the Heart, and from thence are transmitted through the ••ungs by various Vessels, into the left Chamber of the Heart, and from thence are impelled into the Trunk of the Aorta, and into smaller and smaller Arterial Branches, till they arrive the Exterior parts of the Body, which being of acute sense, are tortured with sharp and serous faeces of the Blood.

Now I make bold to offer a great Instance of this Contagious Disease, of which I had Forty Patients at once in a School at Padington, where the Scho∣lars so infected one another, that there could scarce be found one, that was not tainted with this fruitful and filthy Disease.

In order to the Cure of this Disease, a wholesome Diet is to be observed, and all salt, highly Unctuous, and Fat Meats forborn, as easily degenerating into corrupt, and salt Faeculencies of the Blood; and some propound good Roasted Meat, as the most fit to dry up the serous Excrements of the Blood.

In reference to Pharmacy, * 1.103 Specifick Purging Medicines (attended with Bleeding) do evacuate serous Humours, and discharge the scabby Ferments (lodged in the Blood) by Arteries inserted into the Intestines, whence the course of nasty Recrements being diverted from the Circumference toward the Center, from the Ambient toward the Interior parts, is exonerated by the Guts into a more large and free Receptacle.

In this Distemper, Salt and Watry Humours being concerned, I deem it very proper to advise Medicines, that purge by Urine, to hasten the serous Recrements of the Blood, down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Emulgent Artery, into the Glands of the Kidney, wherein the grose Saline mixed with watry Particles, being secerned from the Blood, are carried through the Carunculae Papillares into the Pelvis, and from thence by the Ureters into the Bladder.

I conceive it reasonable to advise Sudorificks, * 1.104 after Purgatives and Diure∣ticks have been largely Administred, to free the Mass of Blood from its Sa∣line Excrements by the Cutaneous Glands, and their Excretory Ducts into the confines of the Body, where it is at last to be Eradicated by drying and cleansing Topicks, which do satisfie the indications of these noisome and vexatious Ulcers, as fed by serous and viscid Recrements, which cleansing and drying outward Medicines turn into Scabs, and scale them off, whereby the Circumference of the Body is cleared from this foul Disease, disgracing the elegant surface of the Skin.

CHAP. X. Of the Cure of a Cutaneous Disease, the Lepro∣sie of the Greeks.

THe Leprosie of the Grecians is a degree of a true Leprosie (not come to a height) and is produced by great confaederacy of fixed Saline, and fierce Sulphureous Particles, highly exalted; whereupon the Mass of Blood being very much depraved, and uneasie to the Noble parts, is trans∣mitted from the greater Arterial branches, * 1.105 and smaller Capillaries into the substance of the Cutaneous Glands (the Interstices of the Vessels) where the acide saline Particles, are secerned from the Mass of Blood, and thrown off by the Excretory Ducts into the confines of the Body, to which it con∣creteth, and adhereth as to an outward Wall, like concreted Tartar of Wine, to the sides of the Hogshead.

This Disease is generated oftentimes by ill Diet of Flesh, * 1.106 highly salted, and dried in the Sun or Smoak, or from the free Cups of small and acide Wines, which are impraegnated with much Tartar; or from the eating of Hogs-flesh ill fed, and nastily kept, lying in their own Excrements with∣out frequent change of clean Straw, which rendreth the Flesh foul and un∣wholesome.

This scurfy disaffection of the Skin, also taketh its rise from eating much slimy and great Fish, which is familiar to them, that live upon the Sea-Coast, as treating themselves with well grown Fish which being of a viscide nature, do spoil the Blood, by making it full of gross Recrements, and saline Par∣ticles, as living in Salt Water, which necessarily impraegnate their Blood with the same dispositions; so that Fish being eaten in too great Proportions, do produce gross Chyle in the Stomach, and afterwards a foul Mass of Blood, which is depurated in the Cutaneous Glands, and thence conveyed to the outward parts, where the Skin is crusted over with concreted saline Particles (streined from the Vital Liquor) which being highly rubbed or scratched, do fall off like Scabs.

But this ugly Distemper doth not only proceed from ill Diet, * 1.107 but from bad internal Elements of the Blood, consisting of depraved Heterogeneous parts, often found in Venereal and Scorbutical Diseases, which are founded in Malignant Humours of a venenate nature, infecting the Blood; where∣upon this Prognostick may be made, though it doth not threaten any emi∣nent danger, as speedily cutting off the Thread of Life, yet it is hard to be Conquered, as being very stubborn, when deeply tooted, not giving way to the Administration of powerful Medicines, so that the Acide, Saline, and Sulphureous Particles of the Blood being rendred more and more exalted (and the Patient being tired out with long Courses of Physick) do dege∣nerate into a perfect Leprosie, which often proves an incurable Disease.

As to the Cure of it in reference to the preservative Indication, which is satisfied in the removal of the Causes: The first is Procatarctick, flowing from a gross stagnant Air (productive of the Scorby) which must be care∣fully exchanged for a free serene Air: The other Cause is an ill Diet, in which we must abstain from salt Meats, either dried in the Sun or Smoak,

and gross ill-brewed Ale, and Wine not fine, and upon the fret, and small crab Wines, full of Tartar; and we must all be very careful, that our Meat and Drink be not prepared with Mineral Waters, which do infect the Mass of Blood, with bad Elements apt to Concrete.

In relation to more intimate Causes, the impure Recrements of the Blood, * 1.108 and Nervous Liquor, debased with Tartar, and gross Sulphureous parts; Cathartick Medicines are to be Administred, which purge off the serous parts of the Blood, which is also to be lessened by opening a Vein.

Whey prepared with the tops of Pine and Firr, is a proper Medicine in this Case; as also other Antiscorbutical, and Diuretick Apozemes, mixed with Sarsaparilla and China, which may be taken with Chalybeate prepara∣tions, made either in form of an Electuary, or Syrupe; and also Purging and Diuretick Minerals, are of great use in this Leprous Distemper, to take off the acide saline Particles of the Blood, and restore it to its former Purity.

If this Leprosie ariveth to so great height, as to infect a main part of the Blood, and Nervous Liquor, with corrupt Heterogeneous Particles, and gross Tartar, degenerating into a venenate nature, imparted to the Purple Liquor, impelled by the Arterial Branches and Capillaries, into the Cutane∣ous Glands, and by their Excretories, into the surface of the Body, incru∣sted with a whitish Scurff and Scales; * 1.109 it is not to be Eradicated without Purging Medicines, and sometimes with Mercurial, and other times with Antimonial Preparations, backed with Apozems of China, Sarsaparilla, Sas∣safras. Viper Wine, to sweeten the Blood, and discharge the Mineral Ad∣ministrations, which cannot be effected without Purgatives in Decoctions of Sarsa and China, and with Sudorifick Medicines.

And thereby the Blood disaffected with Leprous Ferments, consisting in a Malignant nature, is defaecated from acide saline parts, severed in the Cutaneous Glands, and thence conveyed into the Skin; whereupon it is disguised with a white dry Crust, which doth indicate cleansing and dry∣ing Topicks (when Universals have been Administred) which consummate the Cure of a Leprosie.

CHAP. XI. Of the Membrana Adiposa (vulgarly called Carnosa) of the Fat Membrane.

HAving Described the Cuticula and Cutis, the outward and inward Skin, the first, the Scarfe Skin, being a thin white Vail, covereth the whole Body with a fine Dress, by which it is rendred Beautiful, cour∣ting the Spectator to Love and Admiration.

The other more useful and warm Habit, * 1.110 the fat Membrane investeth the noble frame of Mans Body, as with a thicker Robe, safely to immure it against cold blasts and Storms, lest they should surprise the Vital flame, and condense the more thin and volatil parts of the Blood (floating in the Ambient parts) rendring it more unfit for Life and Motion.

The Body being uncased and stripped of the thin, * 1.111 and thicker more out∣ward Vests, the Membrana Adiposa discovereth it self, which is fleshy in Bruits, as Bullocks, Deer, Sheep, Goats, Dogs, and the like; in these Animals it is a Carnous Membrane, a musculous Expansion overspreading the Fat as with a Coat; but in Humane Bodies, the order of Nature is inverted, and the Membrane is not lined, but faced with Fat, which is lodged immediately under the Skin.

The Fat Membrane being of a different nature, as composed of various substances, receptive of a diverse Treatment, under a double notion, either considered abstractly as a Membrane, or as its surface is inwrapped in Fat.

This Membrane is not framed of one simple Coat, * 1.112 but sometimes (as learned Diembroeck will have it) of a treble, and quadruple Tunicle; but this is rare, being composed of a double Coat: The outward is hollowed with many Minute Cells, dressed with various shapes and sizes, as so many Minute Repositories of Fat.

As to its inward Coat it is more Membranous, * 1.113 being made up of nume∣rous fine Fibrils, which shooting themselves divers ways in length, breadth, and obliquely, are curiously interwoven with each other; so that the Interstices being filled up with an intercurrent white Juice, are rendred more equal and plain, especially in its lower Surface, as it consisteth of variety of Fibres, running in several positions, in being capable to endure Extension after divers manners, and is thereby rendred more strong, and secured from Laceration, unless great violence be offered to it.

The inward Membrane is more plain, * 1.114 and so closely conjoyned to the out∣ward, that it requireth a curious Hand to sever them; which hath drawn divers Anatomists into a belief, that they are but one Membrane, beauti∣fied with two Surfaces, of which the outward is more unequal, as punched with divers small holes, the receptacles of concreted Sulphureous Particles.

This Membrane is more beautiful in Infants, and young Children (which are more lean) as being painted with blushes of Red, and White, derived from Blood, tinging the outward Surface, which being unequal, is somewhat filled with Vital Liquor, the forerunner of Fat, in more mature Age.

Vesalius and Velverda, * 1.115 two renowned Anatomists, report that some Per∣sons, by the interposition of this Membrane, have been able at their plea∣sure to move their Skin both in Back and Breast, which in them was a great variety of Nature; not recounted by any other Authors, as far as I can learn. And this unusual motion of Back and Breast, was accomplished (as I con∣ceive) by Carnous Fibres inserted into the Membrana Adiposa, by reason this action was celebrated by a thin Muscular Expansion, here the immediate ma∣chin of voluntary motion.

This Membrane in Bruits, * 1.116 is a thin Cutaneous Muscle, immediately sur∣rounded with the Skin, which celebrating various concussive motions, by frisking up and down the Skin, giveth a disturbance to the importunate guess of Flies, and freeth it from other ill accidents, which discompose their ease and quiet.

This Muscular Expansion of other Animals, in whose dissection most Ana∣tomists have been commonly exercised, hath given occasion to deceive them thereby giving their opinion, that this Membrane was also Carnous in a Hu∣mane Body, which is found only in its Neck and Face, and other parts are discerned to be Membranous.

Therefore in a Humane Body, it may truly obtain the appellative of Mem∣brana Adiposa, because in most parts it is of a membranous nature, being a

fine contexture of nervous Fibrils, faced with Fat in its outward Surface, * 1.117 and to that intent it is furnished, with great variety of minute Apartiments, within whose little spaces are lodged many small unctuous concreted bodies, which are subject to be rendred fluid, as melted by immoderate heat, pro∣duced by violent motion of the Body: And therefore Nature hath most wisely contrived, these numerous particles of Fat to be confined, within several Membranous Cavities, as so many safe allodgments, in which it is conserved as in so many proper places, wherein the Fat is secured in oppositi∣on to ••iquation, in case of extravagant motion.

It seemeth to be a great secret in Nature, how Fat is generated, * 1.118 whose efficient cause is consigned by many Anatomists (of no mean Rank) to the first qualities of Heat and Cold. As to the first, It can hardly be con∣ceived, how it should be productive of Fat, which I guess proceedeth from Sulphureous parts concreted, no ways to be effected by Heat, rendring them fluid, which is effected by a Colliquating power: And all unctuous bodies, which are rather condensed by Cold, are rarefied, and melted by hot Par∣ticles.

So that Cold rather, * 1.119 or at least a very gentle Heat (which is a kind of comparative Cold in reference to a more intense Heat) doth contribute something to the concretion of Fat, made of Oily Particles secerned from the Succus Nutricius (associated with the Blood) in the substance of many Glands (besetting the Membrana Adiposa) and thence conveyed to the empty spaces of the Vessels, to whose sides the unctuous parts of Fat do adhere.

Whereupon I do humbly conceive, that Fat being attenuated by heat, and condensed by cold, is only altered by them according to different modes of the Matter, as being rendred fluid or condensed; which are no ways the intrinsick causes of Fat, formed out of the Sulphureous parts of the Suc∣cus Nutricius, which are liquid, as long as they move in company with the Chyme and Vital Liquor in the Vessels; out of whose Terminations, they are transmitted into the substance of many small Glands, as so many strainers of the oily Juice, which afterward exudeth into the habit of the Body, where it being despoiled of motion in Extravasation, gaineth a more solid substance, and there being concreted, is affixed to the Walls of the Vessels.

And oftentimes concreted Matter doth reassume its primitive nature of a Liquor, when colliquated by unnatural heat, or extraordinary motion; * 1.120 and thereby these resolved Oily Particles are reconveyed into the Veins, and re∣associate with the Blood and Succus Nutricius, to give a supply to the Ali∣mentary Liquor, when expended in Acute and Chronick Diseases, which hath been often discovered in Humane Bodies, when opened after Death, and diligently inspected with curious Eyes.

In great cetaceous Fish, as Whales, Porpesses, and the like, great propor∣tions of Oyl are conserved in numerous Vesicles, as so many Receptacles seated in a Membrane (not far remote from the inward surface of the Skin) and may be called Oleosa, in the abovesaid Fish, these unconcreted Particles are of the same ingeny with the Fat of Men, and other Animals, as being of an unctuous, inflamable nature.

A most learned Author is of this Sense, That Fat being Colliquated, and flowing with the Mass of Blood, is unnatural; which is one reason, saith he, why Fat cannot be generated out of the Vital, but Nervous Liquor: I confess in Diseases, when Fat is melted by an over intense heat, and re∣ceived into the Vessels, it may be truly called an unkindly Liquor, and no proper Fat: but when it is originally In solutis Principiis, as it were the

creamy part of the Succus Nutricius, it may be well reputed the Materia substrata of Fat, as consisting of oily Particles, which though in confaederacy with the Blood, yet they admit a secretion from it in the glandulous sub∣stance of the Adipose Membrane, Caul, and Interstices of the Muscles, which abound with many minute Glands; and I believe, there are scarce any Mem∣branes, or muscular parts in the whole Body, which are not furnished in some degree or other with them.

And although the Glands seated in the Liver, Splene, Kidneys, and the like, are not secretories of Fat, but of the Recrements of Bile, Urine, and the like: And the Glands lodged in the Membrana Adiposa, Caul, and empty spaces of the Muscles, are fit Organs to secern the oily Particles of the Succus Nutricius, * 1.121 as having Vessels proper for it; and I do suppose, the many thin Membranes, inclosing the minute globules of Fat, may supply the places of Colatories, seeing it may be not improbable that the Sulphureous Particles of the Alimentary Liquor, moving with the Vital, may be strained through the secret passages of the Membranes, which may hold Analogy with the minute oily Bodies, both in shape and size.

And I most humbly conceive, that these Sulphureous Particles circulating with the Blood, are no more capable to be evacuated with the serous Recre∣ments through the Urinary Ducts, into the pelvis of the Kidney; then the Vital Liquor, or Succus Nutricius, with which the oily parts (the matter of Fat) are embodied, because the extreamities of the Urinary Ducts, do not agree with these oily parts in Figure and Magnitude.

And farther, * 1.122 This most learned Author seemeth to reinforce his Opinion, by affirming that Fat is produced out of Nervous Liquor, and no ways out of parts associating with the Blood, because in the Dissection of a dead Scorbutick Body, he discerned many drops of Oyl swimming in the Blood, which could not be the cause of Fat, because this person was Emaciated: To which I take the boldness to reply, That these oily Particles floating in the Blood, were unnatural, being the product of Colliquation, hindring the generation of Fat, made by Concretion, which cannot be accomplished as long as the oily parts are in motion with the Blood, whose heat rendreth them thin and fluid.

Wherefore it is necessary for the Sulphureous Liquor to be severed from the Succus Nutricius, accompanying the Blood, by proper Organs, which putteth the oily parts being Extravasated, into a capacity of Concretion, whence ariseth the more solid, coagulated substance of Fat, consisting of many small Globuls, encircled with Concave Membranes, which are formed one after another, by a new afflux of oily parts Concreted, and conjoyned to each other, by interposition of many thin Coats, and are primarily affix∣ed to the Adipose Membrane, as to their great support, and common parent.

This Membrane having a double surface, * 1.123 is fastened above to the Fat, with which it is faced, and below to the common Membrane, enwrapping the upper surface of the Muscles appertaining to the Trunk and Limbs, and doth most firmly adhere to the Spine, where it is most thick; whereupon it may be thought, and not without probability, that the Adipose Membrane doth borrow its origen from the Vertebral Nerves.

This Membrane hath its Connexion, * 1.124 by the mediation of the Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, as also by numerous thin Membranes, with the Fat and Skin, lodged above it; and below it, by the interposition of fine narrow Membranes of the common Integuments of the Muscles.

The uses of this Membrane, I conjecture may be many, * 1.125 first to confine the fluid oily Particles, the matter of Fat (until they are receptive of Con∣cretion) within their proper Banks, lest it should be Colliquated by the motion of the neighbouring Muscles.

Secondly, To support the Vessels, that pass from the Membrane through the Fat into the Skin, and principally the tender Lymphaeducts, and Vessels of the Kidney; and therefore this Membrane is hollowed with many minute Channels, in which the Vessels are safely immured, and conveyed from the inward to the more ambient parts of the Body.

As formerly a Phisician of Rotterdam, assigneth another use to this Mem∣brane, as a common Cistern of serous Recrements, or Liquor, and is a Store-House (as this Author affirmeth) of a thin dewy Juice, which doth distil from thence into all the Nervous and membranous parts of the Body; and according to him, is the source of all serous Defluxions into the Joints, in the Gout, which seemeth somewhat strange to me, * 1.126 seeing this membrane is very thin, and hath no conspicuous Receptacles, of Serous or Alimentary Liquor, which would be requisite, in case it did supply so many parts. And again, The narrow Fibres, with which it is variously interwoven, are so small, that they cannot admit any great quantity of Liquor, with which (if this opinion were good) this thin Membrane must be found Turgid, which is contrary to Experience.

This Adipose Membrane being furnished with divers nervous Fibrils, * 1.127 disper∣sed through the substance of it, is endued with exquisite sense, very evident in horrors and rigors of intermittent Fevers, produced by fiery Steams, breathing out of the Capillary Arteries, into the body of this Membrane, * 1.128 where it doth vellicate the nervous Filaments: Or else, I conceive, these Convulsive motions, may proceed from the disaffected Nervous Liquor, issuing out of the Trunks of Nerves into Fibres, inserted into this Mem∣brane, causing storms of irregular motions, the fore-runners of violent Heat, and dews of Sweat distilling through the Excretory Ducts of the Cutaneous Glands, freely besprinkling the surface of the Body.

This Membrane, though in most parts of the Body, is encompassed with rouls of Fat; yet about the Head and Neck, it is overspread with thin car∣nous Expansions, beautified with larger divariations of Veins, and Arteries; and thereupon is obnoxious to distempers of Inflammations, Apostumes, Ulcers, Gangrens, and Mortifications

An eminent Chirurgeon of London, gave me a Relation of a Woman, that made it her trade to carry Ale from House to House: Who being of a high Plethorick Constitution, upon some disorder, fell into a high Inflam∣mation of her Head and Face, so that the Membrana Carnosa (for so it may be stiled in these parts) being first gently Tumified, did afterward Gangrene and Mortifie; which I conceive proceeded upon this account.

A large proportion of Blood being transmitted by the external Carotides, into the substance of this carnous Membrane, was then lodged in so great a source, that the minute extreamities of the Jugulars could not receive it, so that the christalline part of the Blood, or rather the Succus Nutricius be∣ing turned into purulent Matter, produced an Abscess, * 1.129 whose corrosive substance, tending to the ambient parts of the Head, at last breaketh the Skin, and maketh an Ulcer; which not running freely, did not sufficiently breath the part, by not discharging it of its burden, which was caused by so great an accumulation of Blood, stagnating in the Body of the Membrana Carnosa.

Whence the Blood (the fountain of Life) grew dispirited, and being extravasated in so great a quantity, made such a compression of the adjacent Vessels in that part, that the Circulation of Blood was suppressed; where∣upon this Carnous Membrane, investing the Neck and Head, lost its tone, and afterwards was Gangrened, and Mortified; which plainly ap∣peared, upon opening the Cutis and Membrana Carnosa.

CHAP. XII. De Membrana Musculorum Communi. Of the common Integument of the Muscles.

T The beautiful Pile of Humane Body in reference to its Bulk, * 1.130 is com∣posed principally of two parts, the more solide, and soft Integrals: The first is the Skeleton, a Composition of many Bones (some Plain, some Wrought, adorned with variety of Shapes and Sizes) the Foundation and Support of the other Fleshy and Membranous parts.

And again the more Solid parts are often overspread with the tender co∣verings of the Muscles, * 1.131 which are Aggregate Bodies, made up of divers Tubes and Fibres, curiously wrought, and conjoyned to each other by the interposition of many thin Membranes, and their empty spaces are filled up with intercurrent Liquors.

The Muscular parts are so many distinct Bodies (beautified with divers Figures and Magnitudes) enclosed in proper Membranes, * 1.132 as so many Boun∣daries to preserve the tender fabrick of the Muscles, which are again immured within a more strong common Membrane, as a Wall to secure them in their proper Spheres, lest they should quit their Stations in extravagant motions, and thereby grow destitute of Action, to which they are chiefly designed by Nature.

In the common Membrane, * 1.133 these Remarkables offer themselves, their Situation, Connexion, Origen, Compage, and Uses. As to the first, This large Integument is seated between the Membrana Adiposa, and the Muscles of the Body, as a medium by which they are fixed to each other; and this Membrane hath a connexion above to the Membrana Adiposa, and below to the proper Membranes, the particular enclosures of the numerous engines of motion; * 1.134 and this middle Membrane is fastened to that above, and below by vertue of many small thin Membranes.

It borroweth its Origen (as I apprehend) from the numerous Tendons of Muscles lodged under it, which being united, and expanded into one thin large Body, may seem to constitute this common Membrane (investing the proper coats of the Muscles) somewhat after a manner, as the mem∣brane of the Linea Alba, is integrated of the Tendons, relating to the Ab∣dominal Muscles, which finely decussate each other; as it appeareth in the surface of the Linea Alba, looking like a Lattice, and there are many minute Areae, interceeding the fine Tendons of it, filled up with a white membra∣nous substance, made up of closer Fibres, interlined with accreted Nervous Liquor.

The Pericranium, is a Membrane enwrapping the Skull, * 1.135 derived as well as other Coats, from the Dura Mater, the common Principle (as is concei∣ved) of all the Membranes, appertaining to the whole Body, and conse∣quently of this common Membrane; so that the upper Coat of the Brain, is made a common Vest, expanding it self to all the Muscles, as their uni∣versal covering.

Others are of an Opinion, that the common membrane of the Muscles, * 1.136 borroweth its principle of dispensation from the Vertebres of the Back, to which it is strongly affixed, and is there more thick and solid, than in any other part belonging to it.

But, I humbly conceive, that this common Integument relating to the Muscles, taketh its first conception and birth in the Uterus, from the more clammy parts of the Seminal Liquor (the common Parent of all Membranes, as well as other parts of the Body) which being carried outward toward the ambient parts, groweth more solid by the heat of the Uterus (flowing from the Blood) and is at last Condensed, into a large expanded Mem∣brane, encircling divers thin fleshy bodies, as so many fine Organs of mo∣tion.

And as to the substance of this common Membrane, * 1.137 some do conceive it may be stiled a curious Compage (as very fine and much thinner then the Membrana Adiposa, and being Transparent, is not sullied with Fat, or tin∣ged with its Yellowness) made up of many small and thin Tendons (sprou∣ting out of the proper Membranes, enwrapping the numerous bodies of Muscles) rarely intersecting each other, and parting again; interspersed with many small Areae, as being so many membranes decking the spaces of the minute tendinous Fibres, which are enlarged into a great thin Vail, co∣vering the adjacent Engines of motion.

Others have another Sentiment, * 1.138 judging them a rare contexture of Ner∣vous Fibrils, some being straight, do pass up and down the whole length of the Membrane; and other Fibrils are Circular, running Horizontally; and others are Bevil, making an oblique progress: So that many rows of these fine Fibrils passing in divers positions up and down, Cross-ways, and Obliquely, do frequently intersect each other, above and below, and being so many curious well-spun Threads, are wonderfully interwoven with each other, * 1.139 forming this rare texture of the common Membrane (facing the Muscles) whose numerous Fibrils being so many minute round Bodies, can∣not be so closely conjoyned to each other; but there must be, notwithstand∣ing the union of them, some remanent spaces, which I conceive, may be filled up with concreted Animal Liquor, adhering to the sides of the Fibrils, whereupon the Membrane is rendred plain and even, as more easie to the Neighbouring parts.

The first use of this common Membrane, is to encircle the Muscles, * 1.140 as with a large Vestment, enwrapping the whole Body, made up of one kind of fine substance, covering the Arms and Trunks, Back and Belly, as with a Wastcoat; and the Thighs, Legs, and Feet, as with Drawers, and Stoc∣kins, to guard the confines of the Muscles, against cold and heat.

The second use of this Universal Coat, * 1.141 is to render the Skin more fixed in its proper station, which is effected by an innumerable company of Fi∣bres (springing out of it, as a fruitful Soil) decussating each other for greater strength, as being in a mutual association, a preservative of their thin weak Bodies, which are transmitted through the Membrana Adiposa and Fat, and do continue the same Intersection of each other, in their Termina∣tion,

where they are inserted into the Skin, which I have often seen, when the Skin hath been parted from the Body, by a gentle and dexterous Hand.

Learned Steno hath made the same Observation of the Ligaments in a Skait, * 1.142 springing from the common membrane of the Muscles, which he gi∣veth in his Epistle to Piso, in a Dissection of a Skait. Ab incumbentibus Ab∣domini Musculis, instratam ipsis Cutem separanti in Cutem, aut saltem junctam Cuti arctissime Membranam abeuntes tendinosae quaedam Fibrae, ut magnam se∣candi difficultatem manibus pariunt, sic Oculos non exiguo recreant oblectamento; transverso nam Ductu se alternatim secante, Pulcherrimum conficiunt plenum, vel si mavis, telam illi non absimilem, quam in telis non usque adeo subtili textura Compositis dete unt Microscopia, ad latera sectionem longius, accurati∣usque si continuaveris etiam inter carnosas Fibras, Tendinosas alias ad Cu∣tem ascendere notabis.

I will not Translate, but give a short account of this Learned Authors sense (by way of Paraphrase) upon the Dissection of a Skait, in which he discovered a Membrane overspreading the Abdominal Muscles, closely affixed to the Skin, to which divers Tendinous Fibres were conjoyned, in∣tersecting each other (in their passage to it) in a most elegant manner, after a kind of Network (as I conceive) which was pleasant to behold; and upon an accurate Dissection continued to the sides, this excellent Au∣thor did observe many Carnous Fibres, associating with the ••endinous, ma∣king their progress to the Skin: And, as I apprehend, this Membrane doth not only invest the Abdominal Muscles, but all others relating to the Body of a Skait, and of all other large Fish; and from this large Membrane, ma∣ny Tendinous in confaederacy with Nervous Fibres, do climb up to the Skin, to fix it firmly in its due Situation.

The third use of this diffusive Tunicle, * 1.143 is to cover the Muscles, as with a Garment, and by emitting divers Ligaments into them, to conserve them tight in their proper places, lest they should be extended beyond their na∣tural Sphaeres of Activity; whereupon they may bereave themselves of their due motion, when their Carnous and Tendinous Fibres are distended, or vio∣lently stretched beyond their native limits.

CHAP. XIII. The History of the Muscles, Mechanically describing their Figures and Integral Parts.

HAving meanly entertained you with a sight of the common Integu∣ments, as so many Vests of the Body, which being uncased, the Muscles present themselves, as the most bulky and considerable part of the Body, by imparting to it a greater Circumference and Dimensions, and ren∣dring it useful, plump, and graceful.

Although it be my chief intention to give you a History of the Muscles of the Abdomen (in my passage to the inward Recesses of the lowest Aparti∣ment) and those of the lower Limbs, in order to Progressive motion, yet by the way, as Ambulatory to it, I will give you a view of the Muscles in a

general Conception of their various Figures, and Structure, * 1.144 as integrated of Solid and Fluid parts.

The variety of muscular Compages, are not only Integuments of the Ab∣domen, but also of the whole Trunk, and Limbs; and within the soft inclosures of Flesh, the several Apartiments of the Body are immured, and these nu∣merous Muscles framed, stiled Flesh in a common apprehension, are not only the Clothing, but Food too of our Bodies, * 1.145 which being most delicate in England, as highly fed, are very excellent in great variety in our Nation, and eminent only in one or two kinds in other Countries; the Veal of Italy, and the Kid of Rome, the Mutton of Spain, the Beef of Hungary, but all sorts of Flesh are very choice in England: As Fat Beef, Mutton, Veal, Lamb, Venison, and all kinds of Fowl, Pullets, Turkeys, Pea-hens, Par∣triges, Pheasants, Woodcocks, Teal, Plover, Quails, Godwits, Ruffs, Rieves, Snipes, and above all, Fat Chicken; which are found only where the English Inhabit.

And the Muscular parts of Fish are very white and delicious, * 1.146 and very choice and plentiful in our Country; as Carps, Tench, Gudgeons, Pikes, Pearch, Truts, Lampreys, Sturgeon, Gurnet, Turbet, Base, Mullet, Smelts, Lobsters, Prawns, Shrimps, Crayfish, Oisters, and many other excellent Fish (which would be infinite to recount) in which the Muscles are plainly discernable: If you cut a Cod through the Body crossways, * 1.147 wherein you may discover many ranks of Muscles, lodged one within another, and are easily distinguished by their proper white Membranes, investing each Muscle; which being cut transversely, appear like so many crooked Lines, interlard∣ing their fleshy parts, and running in various maeanders, plainly visible in great Fish, Sturgeon, Salmon, Cod, and the like.

And because the People of our Nation do most freely Indulge themselves, and court their Appetites to excess, in eating various kinds of fat Flesh at one time, as of Bruits, Fowl, and Fish; which may give us the advantage of reflecting upon our Errors, in the Glass of our Punishment, in considering our great Discomposures, caused by our over-free draughts of generous Li∣quors, and luxurious Diet, producing an indigested Chyle and gross Blood, which easily degenerate, and by making an unnatural Fermentation, do pro∣pagate as many Diseases, as we have different sorts of Flesh. * 1.148

And some Diseases are more Endemial, and peculiar to our Nation, as Hypocondriacal, Goutish, and Scorbutick Distempers; the sad Consequents, of our over freely Caressing our selves, in various delicates of high fed Flesh, and great Bowls of Baccus crowned to the Brim.

And now I beg your pardon for this Digression, which is not altogether Impertinent, it being my aim, to Treat of Comparate Anatomy of Bruits, Fowl and Fish.

And now I address my self to the more excellent Muscles of Humane Bo∣dies, which if they be raised by a curious Hand in Dissection, they will endear our Eyes, with different Schemes, adorned with elegant Figures, * 1.149 of various shapes and Sizes; some great, some little, some round, as the Rotundus major and minor, the depressors of the Scapula, and others Triangular, as the Muscu∣lus Triangularis, the Elevator of the first Rib, and the Scalenus, the Flexor of the Neck, and the oblique descendent, and ascendent and transverse Muscles of the Belly, and some Pyramidal, the Pyramidal Muscles of the Abdomen, some quadrangular short Muscles, the pronators of the Arms, and also the Quadrati, tensors of the Loins; the Rhomboides, the depressor of the Scapula, or rather by which it is fastned to the Thorax, and Tra∣pezii,

which are Muscles tying the Scapula to the Thorax.

And the fleshy parts of most Muscles represent Parallelogrammes, and the Tendons the Trapezii, * 1.150 in Figure. And the fleshy Intermedial parts of many Muscles, especially those of the Limbs, in a sort resemble Quadrangles of unequal sides, and may be called Parallelogrammes, or Parallelepipedes, whose extream Plains being continued to the Tendons, do make oblique Angles with the transverse Plains; but the Lateral may be stiled right, in reference both to extream and transverse Plains.

But the Abdominal Muscles, * 1.151 are embelished with a triangular Figure, whose Base adjoyneth to the right Muscles, and the points to the trans∣verse processes of the Vertebres of the Loins; and the oblique descending and ascending Fibres of the descendent, and ascendent Muscles of the Belly, do run in parallel Lines, as relating to each other, and do intersect the right Fibres of the transverse Muscles in obtuse Angles. * 1.152

In simple and regular Muscles, the Fibrils make their progress in a uni∣form manner, and the several rows of Carnous Fibres, placed one within another, whether they be right, oblique, or transverse, do observe one Or∣der, and pass one under another in parallel Lines.

But Compound Muscles, * 1.153 have in their divers Regions, different Fibres, decussating each other in various Angles. The upper Fibres of the Tongue, are carried from the tip to the Root, in right Lines; and the middle rows of the Tongue do proceed straight downward, and the lower Fibres being carried crossways from the middle to the side, do intersect at a distance the upper Fibres in right Angles.

The Gulet is accommodated with variety of Fibres, * 1.154 among which the Spiral are numerous, and may be reduced to two sorts, and each consisteth of many Circumvolutions, running after some manner in parallel Lines; but the different ranks of Fibres intersect each other, as if the various wreath∣ings wonderfully wrought in Shells of Snails, should have a contrary pro∣gress, and decussate each other in opposite Spiral Lines, sometimes creeping under, and sometimes running over each other.

The Temporal Muscle hath a most elegant Scheme, * 1.155 in which the Eye of the Spectator is highly gratified in its Dissection, with the pleasant view of various tendinous Fibres, of which the lower Tendon is a collective Body, and climbing up into the middle of the Muscle, is at last thinned into a fine Expansion, all beset on both sides with most thin fleshy Particles (in the manner of Feathers beautifying, the Quill on each side) which arise from the inside of the Tendon, and the Flesh also is continued to the surface of the Skull, and the opposite parts of it have a Tendon expanded upon it, by whose mediation it is inserted into the Skull. * 1.156

And as to the structure of a Muscle, it may be described a Body made up of Solid and Fluid parts; and as to the first, it may be nominated a choice collective Body, consisting of Membranes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Limphaeducts, fleshy and tendinous Fibres: So that the numerous Muscles are so many distinct Bodies, lodged in the greater Fabrick of Mans Body, every one being enclosed with a proper Membrane, which doth not only ex∣ternally invest it, but doth also insinuate it self into the more inward Recesses, with minute Productions, as so many fine Ligaments, fastning the fruitful Fi∣bres to their proper station for their better security.

The Vessels are so many Membranous Tubes, * 1.157 transmitting variety of Li∣quors, the Vital, Nervous, and Lympha, in the different Channels of Ar∣teries, Veins, and Lymphaeducts.

The Arteries import Vital Liquor, * 1.158 to give Heat and Life to the sub∣stance of every Muscle; out of which the Veins export it by receiving it first into Capillaries, and afterward into the great Branches.

The Nerves are so many Systems, compounded of many thin Filaments, * 1.159 curiously adapted to each other, in whose Interstices the Nervous Liquor is conveyed, as by so many Ducts into the body of every Muscle, to impart sense and nourishment.

The Lymphaeducts creep upon the Coats of the Vessels seated in the Muscles, * 1.160 (as Ivy twineth its Claspers upon the Ramulets of Trees) and are small Tubes covered with a thin Skin full of Valves; out of which being broken, immediately distilleth a thin transparent Liquor.

The fleshy and tendinous Fibres, are the greatest, and most considerable Ingredients, which do essentially constitute a Muscle, as materially and mechanically taken; but Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts, are not the proper Integrals, that frame a muscular Body, because they are com∣mon to the Viscera, as the Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Stomach, Intestines, Mi∣sentery, and the like.

And every Muscle hath a more peculiar Contexture, * 1.161 integrated of car∣nous and tendinous Fibres; and the Carnous again, as I conceive, are a more aggregate Body, compounded of a fleshy, and tendinous Substance; and the fleshy Fibres, being abstractly taken as of a more fleshy nature, * 1.162 are a part of the Blood, which is left behind (in its progress through the sub∣stance of the Muscles) and accreted to the surfaces of the Vessels, and the outsides of the tendinous Fibres; so that the Red Crassament being of a viscid and solid nature, easily adhereth to the said Fibres, as a Concreted Liquor covering them, whence they receive (as I apprehend) the appella∣tive of fleshy Fibres, dispersed through the whole body of the Muscles, which is made up of these minute fleshy Fibres (as the constituents of it) so closely joyned together, that its hard to discover their close Commissures with each other. These small Fibres are inserted into a Coat common to them, but proper to every Muscle, by which it is discriminated from ano∣ther.

Some are of opinion, * 1.163 which are not the meanest of Anatomists (among whom great Galen is the Head) that the tendinous Fibres are branched through the whole Body of the Muscle, and afterward being collected into one body, in the Extreamity of it, is the prime Organ of muscular motion, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Tendo est primum Organorum motus, Musculus autem ipse generationis ejus gratia factus est.

But before I add my Mite in compliance with the Assertion of this great Author, I deem it reasonable to say somewhat of the nature and composi∣tion of a Tendon; some are of this sense, that a Tendon is a Similar part, * 1.164 continued from one Extreamity of a Muscle to the other: But great Galen is of another Judgment, to whom Bauhinus, Laurentius, Jacobus Sylvius, and Diembroeck, do subscribe, affirming, that a Tendon is a Dissimilar Body, a texture made up of Ligamentary and Nervous Fibres, which do coalesce into one Body, and the Nerve entring into the Muscle, is propagated into small Fibrils, meeting with many Ligamentary Filaments, which do associ∣ate, and embody with each other, and passing to the Extreamity of the Muscle do constitute a Tendon, an aggregate Body integrated of Liga∣ments and Nerves.

Whereupon Nature hath most wisely interspersed accreted particles of Blood, * 1.165 vulgarly called Flesh, lodged in the empty Spaces of the Tendinous Fibres (to whose Surfaces they adhere) to fill them up, and to fortifie and secure them from Laceration, and Attrition one against another, and to aid the Fibres in Contraction; as learned Diembroeck will have it. Hinc esse, quod Musculi carnosi validius trahunt, quam emaciati, & tenues.

But Aquapendente, Riolan, and Bartholine, do oppose Galen and his Fol∣lowers, denying Nervous Fibres to enter into the compage of Tendinous, Because (say they) the Nerve cannot be discerned: Which proceedeth (as I humbly conceive) from the close union of the small Ligaments, with the minute Nervous Fibres, so curiously wrought together, that the most Dex∣terous Hand cannot separate them, or the most curious Eye distinguish them one from another; * 1.166 but it may be made evident by Experience (against which there can be no just reply) that Tendons are very sensible (which must be derived from Nervous Fibrils) which appeareth in Convulsive mo∣tions following the punctures of Tendons, and principally in the great Ten∣don of the Musculus Gasteroknemius, whence proceed universal concussive agitations of the Muscles of the whole Body; which I saw for many Days, in a young Maid, * 1.167 of my worthy Lady Gayor, who was wounded with a Pistol shot, made upon the great Tendon of the Gasteroknemius, which drew all the Muscles into consent, and was derived originally from the acute sense of the wounded Tendon, as participating Nervous Fibrils, the instruments of Sensation, and did communicate it to all the Muscles affected with Nervous Filaments, inserted into Tendons: Which learned Vesalius opposeth, saying, that Nerves accompany the Arteries and Veins into the body of a Muscle, but are not implanted into the termination of it: Which seemeth very improbable, because according to the opinion of this famous Au∣thor, the Vessels of Blood are sometimes inserted into the extreamities of the Muscle, and by that reason why may not the Nerves accompany them thither, as well into other parts of the Muscle, where the Nervous Fibres may enter first into society with the tendinous, * 1.168 and after be carried into the great Tendons seated in the terminations of the Muscles.

And again, It is most apparent to sense, that the greater Nervous Fibres do wait upon the larger Sanguiducts, but it may be more difficult to discover the more secret tract of the minute Arteries, and Veins associating with small Nervous Fibrils, which I humbly conceive, insinuate themselves into the Carnous, and tendinous parts of the Muscle, and speak them sensible, which no way could be granted them without the entercourse of Nerves, the prime ministers of Sense; * 1.169

And there is no part of Carnous Fibres, but are furnished with a number of small Vessels, and Nervous Fibrils, admirably branching themselves through the several Particles of Flesh, and are the great Machines of Motion; be∣cause Flesh according to the Learned, is a most curious texture of Vessels of all kinds, among which, Arteries, Veins, and Lymphaeducts, cannot chal∣lenge to themselves any share in Motion, being only Channels to convey, and reconvey the Blood and Lympha, whereupon the motion of the Muscles must be attributed to the tendinous Fibres, and not to the Carnous, simply and precisely taken, as tinged with a Purple hew, proceeding from extravasated Blood, * 1.170 dying the Vessels in its passage between them and their Flesh, which being abstracted from the Vessels, and taken in a simple notion, is nothing else but a soft red Substance, that faceth the Intermedial Spaces of the Sangui∣ducts, and nervous and tendinous Fibres, and maketh a small and inconsi∣derable

proportion, of the body of the Muscle, if it standeth in competi∣tion with the other more large and numerous Fibrous parts, to which no motion can be assigned except to the tendinous parts of the Muscle, be∣cause the other Vessels making up the body of the Muscle, are dedicated to another use: But I will no longer dispute the name of Carnous Fibres, now I have explained my self, and subscribe to common Use (though somewhat improper) which is the great Master and Arbitrator of Language.

Thus having given a large Discourse of the Solid parts of a Muscle, for which I beg pardon for my Prolixity: * 1.171 It is high time to speak now of the Fluid parts of it, which are Liquors of several kinds, Blood, Ner∣vous Juice, and Lympha; the two first are efficient Causes, giving Life, Sense, and Motion to the Solid parts, and the third doth Dilute the Chyle, the Vital, and Animal Liquors, rendring them more fluid and fit for Mo∣tion, through the Vessels, and substance of the Muscular parts.

Blood being one of the Principal Liquors, if not the most Generous, * 1.172 impraegnates the whole Body with Heat and Life, and being taken in a com∣prehensive notion, is made up of three embodied Liquors (integrating the Mass of Blood) the Chyle (being the Materia Substrata, by which it is supported) and two other more matured parts, the Red Crassament, and the serous Crystalline Liquor.

The Red Crassament is the more thick, and fibrous part of the Blood, * 1.173 and Coagulates, when it hath lost its Circular Motion, as Extravasated, upon the laceration of Vessels, seated in the Viscera or Muscular parts, or the Stomach, or Intestines; whence arise Inflammations of the Viscera, and Muscular parts, and Coagulations of Blood, extravasated in the cavities of the Stomach, Intestines, and the like, who are highly sollicited to eject the congealed Blood as a most troublesome Guest, out of the confines of the Body.

This red Liquor, * 1.174 plumping up the body of the Muscles (being White in its first Production out of the Seminal Liquor) consisteth of Sulphureous and Saline Particles, well commixed and digested by Heat, and Motion, whence they are tinged Red, somewhat resembling Condited Fruits: Which being primarily White, are afterward hued with a deep Red, when long, * 1.175 and gently boiled with Sugar, made up of Saline Particles: This Red tin∣cture of the Blood, enobling the body of the Muscles, is produced by sweet Oily and Saline Particles of the Vital Spirits, in the manner of Liquor infused with Roses, and tinged with Spirit of Sulphur, or Vitriol, as the red tincture of Blood in its first Rudiment, is apparelled with white Robes, and after clothed with Scarlet died Red, as digested with gentle steams of Heat, much advanced by Motion, and may be represented by Art, pro∣ductive of Liquor of Cumphery Roots, Satyrion, and the like, beaten into a white Pulp, and besprinkled with Wine and put into a Glass Matrace, set for some time in a vaporous Bath, and then the Ingredients are tinged first with a light Red, and being strained, and the Liquor put into the Ma∣trace placed in warm Steams, is receptive of a deeper Red, caused by a long and warm Digestion, whence from its resemblance in Colour it is en∣titled to the name of Blood.

The red Crassament when let out of the Veins by Art, Coagulates, * 1.176 as quitting its proper place, whereupon it being deprived of Motion, looseth its spirit and tone, and upon Rheumatisms, and convulsive motions of the Muscles, when it takes leave of the Body, as parted by a Skilful Hand; this Purple body of Blood, being Coagulated, is vailed with an unnatural

Surface, * 1.177 with a thick, tough, skinny Matter, disguised with unkindly co∣lours of White, Yellow, Blew, Brown, Greenish, and the like, and is commonly esteemed to be the fibrous part of the Blood: But in truth (as I humbly conceive) it is the gross part of the Succus Nutricius, which be∣ing not sufficiently Concocted in the Stomach, and Intestines, is conveyed through the Lacteae and Thoracic Ducts, into the Subclavian Ves∣sels and Cava, where it associateth with the Vital Liquor, and by reason of its overmuch Crudity, is not capable to be perfectly assimilated into Blood, still retaining the grossness, and sometimes the Colour, and some∣times receiveth variety of Colours, which may be assigned to the serous parts of the Blood, as more or less torrified by the unnatural heat of it.

The serous part of the Vital Liquor (being an intimate associate of the red Crassament in its Circuit through the Vessels, * 1.178 and substance of the Muscles) is of a transparent Crystalline Colour, and different from it both in Consistence and Colour, as the Red Crassament is an Opace, and more solid Substance, and the Serous Liquor of the Blood, of a more fluid bright Colour; the Vehicle of the other, making it more thin and pliable in order to Motion, and is of a more gentle disposition, consisting of more mild Saline Particles, tempering the heat and acid Particles of the Red Crassa∣ment, which would lose its motion, and Coagulate in the Vessels, and their Spaces, if it was not Diluted with the more fluid Particles of the Crystal∣line Liquor, which being thin and serous, while in confaederacy with the Purple Liquor; but being severed from it, and acted with the heat of the Fire, is concreted into a substance not unlike the White of an Egg, but in its native Constitution, is of a clear whitish and transparent Colour, and degenerates by an ill temper of the Blood, into more Yellow, Green, and sometimes of a Blewish hue; which I have seen in Poringers after Blood∣letting, when it hath quitted its fellowship with the Red Crassament.

The Nervous Liquor is much akin in Colour and Substance to the Cry∣stalline Humour (an inmate of the Blood) and receiveth its first rudiments in the Ambient parts of the Brain, * 1.179 and hath for its Materia Substrata, the more delicate and refined parts of the Blood, and Succus Nutricius; which being secerned, and impraegnated with volatil Salt in the Cortical Glands, is thence conveyed into the origens of the Nerves, the extreamities of their Fibrils, lodged near the surface of the Brain, and is thence transmitted by the fibrous parts of the more inward Recesses, into the trunk of the Nerves (composed of many Fibrils) beginning in the Medulla Oblongata, and mar∣gent of the Medulla Spinalis, from whence this Animal Liquor is propaga∣ted by several Branches, and Ramulets, of Nerves divaricated in the Mus∣cles relating to the Limbs, and several apartiments of the Body.

So that Nerves being Collective Bodies (made up of numerous Fila∣ments) are neatly tied to each other, * 1.180 by the interposition of many fine Mem∣branes, and the gentle streams of Animal Liquor, are conveyed into the In∣terstices of these fruitful Filaments, as into many small Channels, which are filled with this noble Juice, plumping up the body of the Muscles, which else would grow lank and flaccid.

These numerous Filaments (besetting the Muscular substance) are big with a delicate Juice, * 1.181 inspired with Volatil, Saline, and lucid Particles, which being diffused like so many Rays into the numerous Fibrils, do give them force and vigour, which is much assisted with airy elastic Particles of the Ani∣mal

Spirits, rendring the Muscular Fibres the immediate engins of Motion, Tense, and fit for Contraction.

The last and meanest Liquor, relating to the Muscles, is the Lympha, * 1.182 and is a thin transparent Recrement severed from the Animal Liquor, in the sub∣stance of the Glands (seated in the Muscles, as well as in other parts) where this useful thin Juice, if issuing above the Diaphragme, is discharged into the Subclavian Veins, but if below, into the common Receptacle.

And if the Lympha be severed from the Nervous Liquor in the Glands, lodged in the Muscular parts, its progress is much promoted by the contraction of the Organs of Motion, after the same manner as the Salival Liquor (which for the most part consisteth of Lympha) floweth much more then ordinary, as assisted by the Muscles of the lower Mandible, which impart a quickness of Motion to it, by various contractions acted in the time of mastication of Aliment.

And I humbly conceive, * 1.183 that the Lympha is not only a Recrement of the Nervous Liquor, but of the Vital too, by reason the great quantity of thin Salival Liquor cannot proceed wholly from the Nerves, but chiefly from the Blood, which is percolated in the numerous Salival Glands, and transmit∣ted by Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Mouth, into which such great proportions of thin transparent Liquor is spued in a Salivation, cau∣sed by Mercurial Medicines in Venereal tempers; so that that large Evacua∣tion remaining for many Days, if it were derived solely from the Nerves, would exhaust the whole liquor of them.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Muscles of the Belly, and their several Motions.

HAving handled the Muscles, according to the various progress of their Fibres, and their Figure, and Fabrick (consisting of Solid and Fluid parts) in a general Notion, which I have made as ambulatory to the Muscles of the Belly, discovering themselves (when the Abdomen is de∣spoiled of its common Integuments) and are lodged under the common Coat of the Muscles, being so many fleshy Expansions of a Triangular Fi∣gure, facing the Caul, and Intestines, safely immured, within these soft Walls.

Some of these Muscular Coverings are lateral, * 1.184 as seated on each side three, adjoyning to the right Muscles, lodged between these Lateral, which are the Oblique Descendent, Ascendent, and Transverse, receiving a Dis∣crimination from each other, by the proper lineaments of their various Fi∣bres, sporting themselves in different Postures.

The Oblique descendent Muscles challenge a preeminence over the rest, * 1.185 both in reference to their largeness, and superiority of Situation; and have a treble Origen from the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth, and sometimes from the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Ribs, with indented Productions, which are conjoyned, and insinuated into carnous dentiform Processes of the Musculus anticus serratus major. The middle Origen proceedeth from

the transverse Processes, of the Vertebres of the Loins; and the lowest Ori∣gen of the Oblique Descendent Muscle, is borrowed from the whole Spine of the Os Ilium. This Muscle for the most part is fleshy in its Originati∣on, and is inserted with a thin tendinous Expansion into the Linea Alba, and is perforated by the Cremasters, and the Spermatick Arteries, and Veins included in them near the Os Pubis.

The second Lateral Muscle of the Belly, * 1.186 hath the appellative of the Oblique Ascendent, and is seated under the Oblique Descendent, having a threefold Origination: The first is fleshy, being derived from the under region of the Eleventh and Twelfth Rib; and its advantagious Situation, contributeth much to the closing of the Thorax, by its contraction in Ex∣piration, whence ariseth a relaxation of the Diaphragme, as being reduced to an Arch, and the Intestines, and Stomach being elevated by the com∣pression of the Abdominal Muscles, are reduced into their proper places. The second Origination of the Oblique Ascendent Muscle, is Nervous, and taketh its rise from the Spines of the Os Sacrum, and the transverse processes of the ••ertebres of the Loins. And the third Origen, is Carnous, deri∣ving it self from the appendix of the Os Ilium, under the Spine, and af∣terward inserteth it self with a Membranous Expansion into the Linea Alba, the center of all the Abdominal Processes This Muscle receiveth a perforation by the Cremasters, and Spermatick Vessels, at a little distance above that of the Oblique Descendent Muscle.

And the Transverse Muscles have also a treble beginning, the highest is fleshy, indented from the inward extreamities of the Spurious Ribs, and the middle Membranous, from the transverse processes of the Vertebres of the Loins, and the lower Origen from the Spine of the Os Ilium, and do terminate with a Membranous insertion into the Linea Alba; a rare Mem∣branous Contexture, made up of all the Tendons of the Abdominal Muscles, which being united in one entire Body, do joyntly assist each others mo∣tion, by which the compression of the Belly is accomplished.

The transverse Muscles having the lowest allodgment under the Oblique Ascendent, * 1.187 are pierced above them by the Cremasters (containing within them the Spermatick Vessels, at a greater distance from the Os Pubis; so that the highest perforation made by the Spermaticks, is first done in the Transverse Muscles, and then it is carried a little lower through the Oblique Ascendent, * 1.188 and lowest of all through the Oblique Descendent, and after∣ward pass out of the Body to the Scrotum, whereupon the performation is made in oblique position by the Spermatick Vessels, through all the Lateral Muscles of the Belly as the most near way, and to prevent an Hiernia by securing the Caul and Intestines from passing with the Spermatick Vessels, through the same perforations into the Scrotum; the right Muscles of the Belly have a carnous Origination, and arise out of the Ensiform Cartilage, and Cartilages of the Ribs, and are inserted into the Os Pubis, and are seated in the middle of it, guarded on each side by the Lateral Muscles; and are beautified with two, three, and sometimes with four Inscriptions, be∣ing Nervous Intersections, which have been accounted by some Anatomists, as so many distinct Muscles.

But I humbly conceive, that these Nervous Interpositions, are not divers Muscles, but different parts of the same, as they all agree in one Opera∣tion, and participate of uniform right Fibres, and have one simple insertion into the Linea Alba; whence may be consequently inferred, that the Fibres of these Muscles being uniformly continued from one extreamity of them

to another; it must be granted of necessity, that all the Intermedial parts at the same time must either act, or acquiesce by a joynt Contraction, or Relaxation.

About the inward Recesses of these Muscles, * 1.189 is seated that eminent In∣osculation of the Epigastrick with the Mammary Vessels, to which the Ana∣tomists have assigned the great consent between the Uterus, and the Mam∣mae, which doth not proceed from the union of the Epigastrick Veins, which ascend through the right Muscles, and then encounter the Mammary Veins descending near the inside of the Exsiform Cartilage.

The reason I conceive, why the Inosculation between the Mammary and Epigastrick Veins, cannot effect the Uterus and Mammae with any consent, is because the Veins do not import, but export Vital Liquor, from those parts; therefore the consent between them, cannot arise from holding an entercourse with each other, but the consent may appear in the Arteries, be∣cause the Epigastrick Arteries do Inosculate with the Mammary; whereupon the course of Blood being intercepted towards the Uterus, it may be diver∣ted towards the Mammae.

And the same may be asserted of the Inosculation of the Epigastrick Nerves with the Mammary, which frequently accompany those Arteries: * 1.190 But it may be demanded, If the union of Veins do not contribute to the consent of parts, to what use are the Inosculation of Veins subservient? To which I make bold to return this Answer: That the Inosculations of Veins, which are chiefly made in the lesser Branches, appertaining to the outward Members, are obnoxious to divers manner of Obstructions, in which greater Vessels are not so much concerned; for small ones upon an easie account, are subject to Ligatures, Compressions, and Lacerations, to which greater Vessels are not so liable, whereupon the course of the Blood being stopped in any particular Branch, so that it is rendred unfit to receive the impulse of Blood, it is requisite another Vein inosculated with the obstructed Branch, should supply the defect of the others passage, and there∣in to make good the Circuit of the Blood: And to that intent, the Omni∣potent Agent, out of his great Wisdom, hath contrived many Inosculations of Vessels of the same Family, as Veins with Veins, and Arteries with Ar∣teries, that when a stop is made in some Branches, the motion of the Blood may be made good in others that are adjacent, as most necessary for the preservation of the noble vestal flame of Life, which will quickly be extinguished, if the motion of the Blood be suppressed in the great Vessels; Whereupon the All-wise Architect (to whom Glory and Thanks be given for ever) hath most graciously provided for the motion of the Blood in our first Formation, by variety of Anastomoses of Arteries with Arteries, and Veins with Veins, as the different Channels of Vital Liquor.

In Women with Child, the Inosculations of the Epigastrick Vessels with those of the Breast, are very serviceable, because the Uterus being Impraegna∣ted, laboureth with great obstructions, caused either by the quantity, or grossness of Blood, upon the suppression of the Menstrua, or by the compression of the Foetus, lying upon the Vessels; whereupon a Channel hath been observed (which seemed to equal the bigness of a Finger, passing between the Groin, and the Breast of a Woman great with Child) because during that time, the Epigastrick Veins are highly compressed with the swelled Uterus, chief∣ly between the Share-bone, and the Womb; Whereupon, Nature hath most clearly evidenced her great Prudence, in the formation of frequent Inosculations of the Epigastrick, with the Mammary Vessels; that when

the Epigastricks are compressed, * 1.191 a great Tumour ariseth upon the plenitude of Blood; which Nature dischargeth by the Mammary vessels (inosculated with the Epigastrick) into the Breast, whereupon are produced great ful∣ness and shootings in the Breasts of great Bellied Women: But yet a diffi∣culty remaineth, When the course of Blood is intercepted below in the Epi∣gastrick Artery, and the passage left free above in the Mammary, that such a great Intumescence should be found in the Vessels below, which hath been observed: To which, I humbly conceive, this reply may be made, That when the motion of the Blood being checked below in the Epigastrick Artery, its Circuit is not so hastily supplied above by its Inosculation with the Mammary, because the Blood being a heavy fluid Body, ascendeth with greater difficulty upward through the Mammary Artery toward the Breast, then it descendeth downward through the Epigastrick, toward the Uterus.

Again, another Reason may be offered, Why the Current of the Blood is carried upward with greater difficulty from the Epigastrick to the Mam∣mary Vessels, is because Nature is unaccustomed to that Course, wherefore it more easily tendeth downward, and swelleth the Epigastrick, where it is lodged sometime till Nature hath a kind of force upon her, by account of necessity, to free her self from the trouble of a Tumour in the Epiga∣stricks; whereupon she is constrained to send the Blood upward by the Mammaries into the Breast

And now having treated of the Right Muscles, and the Inosculations of the Vessels seated near them, the Pyramidal Muscles, their Neighbours, lodged at their feet, * 1.192 seem to claim our Notice, and were first invented by curious Fallopius (a great Master of Anatomy) and called by this learned Author, Musculi Succenturiati, because they are auxiliaries to the oblique Ascendent, by assisting them, in performing the duty of their Motion.

And upon that reason, * 1.193 the Fibres of the Pyramidal Muscles, take their progress right upward, after the same order, which the Oblique Ascendent do observe, and have a fleshy Origination, which beginneth about the Os Pubis, above the process of the Peritonaeum, and above the exterior inser∣tion of the Right Muscles; and after a little space, they creep on each side of the said Muscles, and in their progress, do grow sensibly less and less, till they terminate into a Conic Tendon, whence they receive the appella∣tive of Pyramidals, whose Tendon is inserted sometimes above, and some∣times below the Navil, into the Linea Alba

Nature serveth her self in many uses on these curious Muscles of the Belly, by reason the Viscera would be lank and thin, in the Membranous inclosures of the common Integuments (though lined with Fat) had not they been also encircled with these more substantial fleshy Expansions, * 1.194 which are like so many fine Walls (rarely built one within another in Arch-work) embellished in the middle on each side of their Margents, with slender ob∣long Right Muscles, as with Pillars, beautified with Pyramidal Pedestals, and above with Capitals, rounded with blunt Heads; and their Bodies are pain∣ted with Red and White, interspersed with large red Prominencies, inter∣woven with white Membranous Intersections.

These Muscular Walls are coped above, with the long Arches of the Ribs, and founded below on the Os Ilium, and Pubis, and the points of their Triangles are to the transverse Processes of the vertebres of the Loins, finely wrought with divers sorts of Carved Work.

And the reason why these fine fleshy Muscles (graced with a Triangu∣lar Figure) are all Arched, is to give a more ample reception to the large Housholdstuff, lodged in this lower Apartiment, * 1.195 and these arched inclosures are therefore made Fleshy, that they may more easily give way to the motion of the Stomach, Intestines, Liver, when they are pressed down∣ward by the Diaphragme in inspiration; which is performed not only in Hu∣mane Bodies, but in those of Bruits, and other imperfect Animals, whose lower Apartiments in their anterior region, are encircled with various fleshy Expansions, seated immediately under the common Membrane of the Muscles, and above the Caul and Intestines, which are immured within these soft inclosures. And here I beg Pardon, for making a Digression (it being my designe to Treat of Comparate Anatomy) in speaking of the Muscles of Insects, which hold some Analogy with those of Mans Body, and of the Woody parts of Trees, which may seem in some manner in their thin flakie Expansions, to resemble the Muscles of the Belly, whose uses I will farther take the boldness to Assign, after I have given some account of the Carnous Fibres of the Muscles, and the Wooden Fibres of Trees.

The Insects have Muscles as well as Animals, * 1.196 arraied in great order as so many Laminae, or Flakes, seated one within another in variety of ranks (and have some resemblance in this point with the Abdominal Muscles) having several Makes, Situations, Progresses, which speak a great beauty as well as use, to these fine Creatures.

The first rank of these curious Fabricks in Silk-worms, are right Muscles immediately lodged and fastned by thin Fibres to the inside of the Skin, taking their Course longways, which may easily be discerned after the lower Apartiment is dispoiled of its Viscera, and Embowell'd; these out∣ward Muscles cover the narrow Circular Membranes (running cross the Body) and are fastned, where these annular Coats are in conjunction with each other, and the lower approach the upper in progressive motion. These thin Muscles are adorned with a blush of Red (interspersed with a whitish or Ashcoloured hue) and are of a kind of roundish Figure; and being viewed with a curious Eye, appear to be Systems of many Minute Fibrils, not running in parallel but spiral Lines (as Learned Malpighius hath obser∣ved) much resembling some Tendons in great Animals.

And I conceive, it is a matter of great difficulty to discern the fine frames, situations, rows, and progresses, of these Muscular Contextures, occasioned by their great smalness and fineness, and the agility of these Minute Ani∣mals, being always in motion, producing various Contractions, which ob∣scure the Origens, and Insertions, of these small Fibrils, curiously conjoyned to, and sometimes interwoven with each other, and do terminate into the Interstices of the Circular Membranes.

And these are constituted one under another: So that it may be questi∣oned, whether these be the same, or different Fibres, one succeeding ano∣ther in the same order. * 1.197 The right Fibres do not run aequidistant one from another, but in a confused manner, and meeting on the one side with Ob∣lique Filaments, are not discernible, where they are mixed with them, not far from the Ringlike Membranes, and chiefly about the middle of the Back, where the Oblique Line is extended from Head to Tail; towards which Line, the Fibres do incline: So that in each Circular Coat, the Fi∣bres do Terminate, making a kind of Pyramis, whose side is placed in sub∣ordinate Inclinations downward, toward the middle of the Back, and the Arch afterward appeareth in the utmost extreamities of the Fibrils.

The second rank of Fibres, * 1.198 lodged under the right, are minute thin Mus∣cles, which bending somewhat outward, are inserted almost into the same Confines, adjoyning to the Circular Membranes.

The third row of Fibres are also Oblique; * 1.199 and seated under the middle rank of crooked Filaments: This last Systeme of Muscular Fibres, take an opposite course to the former, whose greater part is enlarged toward the middle of the Back, and its lesser doth arrive, both at the upper, and lower region of the middle Coats.

This is another lesser order, * 1.200 of Oblique Fibres, creeping under the third, and are more deeply inserted; under these also pass Oblique Ascendent Fi∣bres, which do Terminate into the second fold of Annular Coats.

And below these are found many other Fibres, * 1.201 running counter to the other, and may be stiled Oblique Descendent, and do end at the Margent of the first fold relating to the Circular Coats.

And under these Descendent Filaments, * 1.202 are placed other Oblique Ascen∣dent Filaments, which being carried to the middle of the Rings encircling the Body, are implanted into a thin broad Muscle.

And now I beg the freedom to speak my Sense more freely and fully, in giving you a more perfect Account (as I humbly conceive) of the Stru∣cture, Origination, Insertion, Course of the Fibres, and Use of the various Muscles of Silk-worms, * 1.203 whose select Contexture is made up of a collection of small Threads, rarely interwoven and conjoyned to each other, by the interposition of some narrow Membranes; and are so many thin Vails, or Leaves, one enwrapped within another, beset with numerous Fibres, some passing in right Lines, and others intersecting them in oblique Angles, some ascending, others descending, and others going in transverse postures.

The right, which immediately interline the Skin, are many short Exter∣nal, and Internal Muscles, and every pair of Rings hath one of each seated between them, in opposite manner; some beginning, and others ending in the upper and lower sides of the Circular Membranes, which resemble the Ribs in greater Animals, and these fine Muscles the external and inter∣nal Intercostals.

There are also curious ranks of Muscles lying under these right ones, which are many Oblique Ascendents, and Descendents, so stiled from their various course of Fibres; some bending themselves upward, some down∣ward, and others crossways, thereby interlining the sides, and belly of these Minute Creatures.

In some sort, * 1.204 these Muscles in their various postures of Fibres, are so ma∣ny Laminae folded within each other, and are Integuments of the lower Belly, preserving the Viscera; and have a kind of semblance with the Muscles of the Belly (relating to more perfect and greater Animals) which are so many fine Machines, encircling one another, and garnished with variety of Ascending, Descending, and Transverse Fibres, imparting diffe∣rent Motions, and keeping the Intestines tight, do secure them and the other Bowels from outward assaults and ill accidents.

As to the use of these Muscles, * 1.205 they are instituted by Nature for Pro∣gressive Motion, as well as preservation of the Viscera. In motion there are many Requisites: First, The principle of it, which is the Brain, or Spinal Marrow, acting it with some choice Liquor, impraegnated with delicate and Volatil Spirits, and are the Causae motrices, the Efficient Causes: And the Instruments, are the Fibres: And there are others Immoveable, to which as to the Center of Motion, the moveable terms do tend, because all Motion

is founded somewhat immoveable, * 1.206 which in Silk-worms is composed of ma∣ny Rings, and are the Hypomoclia, consisting of two parts; the upper and Principal, obtain more solidity, and thereupon endued with greater strength; and the lower region is more soft and weak, being full of Wrinkles and Asperities, into which the origen of the Muscles are implanted, as into some base of Motion.

The many Muscles are seated between the Annular Membranes, * 1.207 and be∣ing the more solid parts of the Body, are somewhat akin in situation to the Intercostals, in perfect Animals; and are in those Creatures, the engins of Progressive Motion; and each of them being fastned in both Extreamities, above and below to every pair of Rings, do begin to play first in the Ex∣treamity, near the Anus of Silk-worms; and the celebration of going in them beginneth in the last Ring, from which the hindermost of Annular Muscles being Contracted, the Space interceding the pair of lower Rings is short∣ned; so that by pulling the lowest Rings more nearly to the upper, * 1.208 the hin∣der parts of this small Animal is first drawn forward, and so successively, all the Annular Muscles playing one after another, do Contract, all the Spaces lodged between the Rings, from the Tail to the Head, thereby bringing the Body part by part forward, till at last the Head is put into mo∣tion, and consequently the whole Animal is carried from place to place: * 1.209

Which is necessarily assisted by the motion of the short Legs, and small Feet, first lifted up, and carried forward by the Oblique and Transverse Fibres, inserted into them; whereupon (as I conceive) at the same time, the hinder Legs and Feet do move with the Fibres, contracting the Inter∣stice of the last pair of Rings, and so by consequence, the next Legs and Feet being lifted up, do act with the next pair of Rings, and so successively, by the motion of the Legs and Feet, celebrated by the Oblique and Trans∣verse Fibres, do help the neighbouring Rings in order to motion, immedi∣ately performed by the manifold right Muscles: And not only the Bodies of Animals, but Plants, and Trees, have somewhat in resemblance, by their numerous Fibres, and Woody Substance, to the narrow Filaments, and fleshy parts of living Creatures. * 1.210

The body of Plants, is immured within the Cuticle and Bark, as within a thin, and a more substantial Wall, two rare Contextures, made of divers minute stringy Filaments, curiously worked in fine Network, speaking the great Artifice of the highest Architect.

The body of Plants lodged warm within these Coverings, securing them against severe Weather, is also composed of great variety of Parts (though much inferiour to those of Animals) of many thin Integuments, * 1.211 lying one over another, Sicut strata, super strata; and are framed of innumerable small hol∣low Fibres, closely joyned together: This rare Contexture, somewhat re∣sembleth the Flesh of Animals, which are also many Systems of Vessels, en∣wrapped one within another, and make the bulk of our Body.

This wooden frame of Vegetables, is composed of divers inferiour and superiour Stories, of Roots, Trunks, and Limbs, all which are again inte∣grated of most, long, and some transverse Fibres, interspersed with small Cortical, running Horizontally through the Body of the Wood, which is made up of numerous Laminae, or Flakes, encircling each other; and are so many ranks of small Cylinders, so finely conjoyned to each other, that they seem to constitute one entire Frame.

These fine Wooden Plates, * 1.212 do somewhat resemble theth in fleshy Expansions of the Abdominal Muscles, which are lodged in each others embraces, and are various Models, composed of rows of divers Vessels, making several Divarications, through the substance of the Muscles, which the different Wooden Vessels do imitate, as they convey various Liquors Perpendicularly, and Horizontally the length and breadth of the body of the Plants.

Thus having Treated somewhat of the Muscles of Insects, and the Wood∣en Flakes framing the body of Trees, as they hold some Analogy with the Muscles of Mans Body, and more particularly of those of the Belly.

I will make bold to give a farther account of the uses of the Abdominal Muscles, * 1.213 which invest the Caul and Intestines, as with so many Garments, so rarely fitted to each other, that they seem to be one entire thick Vest∣ment, and so suited to the Body, that they sit on it like well shaped Ap∣parrel, without Rumples or Wrinkles; so that these fine well-made Cover∣ings, give no trouble to the more tender inward Recesses of the Belly, which are cherished by their own heat, as kept from more free Transpira∣tion by these Muscular enclosures; and defended against Storms of Cold, and the assaults of hard and solid Bodies, which otherwise would prove very of∣fensive to the soft Entrals of the Belly.

Another use may be attributed to this rare Systeme of Abdominal Mus∣scles, * 1.214 is by a strong Contraction, to draw these Instruments of Motion in∣ward, and thereby lessening the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment of the Body, to compress the Caul, Stomach, Intestines, to quicken the Peristal∣lick motion of the Intestines, and discharge the more grosse Excrements by Stools and the watry by Urine, and to promote the throws of the Uterus, in order to the exclusion of the Foetus, and the motion also of the Intestines, Bladder, and Uterus, is very much assisted by the Diaphragme, by giving a stop to our Breath after a strong Inspiration; with which afterward the Intercostal Muscles do successively co-operate in the Dilatation of the Breast, because when the Cavity of the Breast being filled with the Lungs, the Dia∣phragme is strongly compressed, and highly forced downward, and the Sto∣mach and Intestines depressed with it, which also promoteth the natural Mo∣tion of all parts lodged in the lowest Apartiment, and upon that account the expulsion of divers sorts of Excrements is hastned.

The third use of the Muscles of the Belly, * 1.215 may be thus conceived to be derived from the natural Situation of them, and various positions, and pro∣gress of their Fibres: The oblique, descendent, ascendent, and transverse Muscles, being finely encircled within each others Wings, in uniform Arches, and in their concave surface, do entertain each side of the Peritonaeum, the Caul and Intestines, Stomach, Spleen, and Skirts of the Liver, and the right Muscles, passing all along between the said Muscles, the whole length of the Belly, from the Swordlike Cartilage, to the Share bone, do very much assist the Lateral Muscles, which being in conjunction with the right, do make up the whole circumference of the Belly; so that the Viscera being reposed within its soft Confines, are preserved in so equal a Balance, that they do not give a sensible trouble either in Rest, * 1.216 or Motion, to one part more then another.

And the different Muscles that form the excellent frame of the Abdomen, being many Muscular Expansions lodged between each other, are so many several Machines acting their parts, in the scenes of different Tonick Mor∣ons, which they readily perform, by their various progress of their Fibres, seated in divers Postures, wherein as in several ways of Bandage: The Viscera

are maintained in their due Situation, there acquiescing as Bodies in their proper Centers; the right Muscles by reason of the progress of their right Fibres, passing through the middle of the Belly, from the ensiform Cartilage to the Os Pubis, do in their Tonick Motion, contract the Belly inward in straight Lines; and the Oblique descendent Muscles in oblique Angles down∣ward, and the oblique ascendent in Bevil Lines upward, and the Transverse Muscles in straight Lines crossways.

So that these various Muscles, by reason of the different order of their Fibres, do contract themselves in several Angles; inward, right downward, and obliquely upward and downward, and overthwart: And thus by a vari∣ous Bandage made every way, all the Viscera (lodged within the Circum∣ference of the Belly) are conserved within their proper places, without of∣fering the least violence one to another.

A fourth use of the Abdominal Muscles, may be to assist Expiration, by reducing the Ribs after Inspiration from right Angles to more obtuse, which is their natural position in Arches.

Inspiration and Expiration, are performed by alternate motion of the Lungs, which having no Carnous Fibres, cannot move themselves, and con∣sequently in order to Motion, must be assisted by some neighbouring Mus∣cles; whereupon the Intercostals, and the Diaphragme dilating the Thorax, the Lungs gain a liberty immediately to display themselves, being swelled with the free draughts of Air, filling up the Bronchia, and appendant Vesicles, to the full extent of the Thorax, enlarged by the Diaphragme, contract∣ing and reducing it self from an Arch to a Plane in Inspiration, * 1.217 and imme∣diately after the Lungs subsiding, the Air is forced to retreat out of the Lungs in Expiration, and then the Diaphragme is relaxed by the motion of the Abdominal Muscles; which being fastned to the Sternon and Ribs, do upon their contraction, put the Sternon and Ribs downward and inward, and so lessen the Cavity of the Thorax.

And now having recounted the more publick uses of the Abdominal Muscles, I shall endeavour to give a short History, of their more peculiar Actions in their private Capacities, wherein they draw the Sternon, and Os Pubis directly, and the Os Ilium and Ribs, obliquely upward and down∣ward, and the Loins upward, when the Body is reposed in a supine Posi∣tion.

The right Muscles fastned above to the Sternon, * 1.218 and below to the Os Pubis, which remaining immoveable, the right Muscles abreviating them∣selves by contracting downward, must of necessity pull the Sternon down∣ward toward the Navil, and consequently the Breast and Ribs

And this motion of the Sternon downward, is not wholly performed by the right Muscles of the Belly, because they are too small to move by them∣selves alone, the great weight of the Thorax, and therefore (as I con∣ceive) it is principally effected by the more large and stronger Muscles sea∣ted within the Body, called Psoas, which being affixed to the Muscles of the Back, do upon the contraction of their Fibres (placed toward the Back) lessen the length of the Psoas, * 1.219 and thereupon by a flexion of the Vertebres of the Back, do bring the Trunk forward, by drawing the Sternon down∣ward; which action of the Psoas, is promoted by contraction of the right Muscles of the Belly, which are auxiliaries to the Psoas, in the motion of the Sternon downward.

Another opposite motion of the Sharebone upward, is thus celebrated when the Sternon (to which the Origen of the right Muscles of the Belly

is fixed) resting immoveable, * 1.220 and the Fibres of the said Muscles playing first below, do contract their length, and put the Sharebone upward to∣ward the Navil, which cannot be accomplished by reason of the great weight of the Loins, without the assistance of the Musculi Quadrati, which are tied below to the inside of the Os Sacrum, and Ilium, and above the transverse processes of the Loins; whereupon the Fibres of the Quadrati, be∣ing contracted in their inferiour Origen, do at once bend the Vertebres of the Loins, and help the right Muscles to lift up the Sharebone.

So that the right Muscles of the Belly, do remove the Sternon directly downward, and the Sharebone directly upward in right Angles, by rea∣son of their right Fibres, * 1.221 and the oblique descendent and ascendent Muscles by vertue of their oblique Fibres, do move the Os Ilium obliquely upward, and the Ribs obliquely downward.

The oblique descendent Muscles being conjoyned below to the whole Spine of the Os Ilium, and above to the Bastard Ribs, which being a cen∣ter of Motion, and the oblique Fibres of the descendent Muscles being shortned in their contractions below, must of necessity draw the Os Ilium upward, when a flexion is made of the Vertebres of the Loins by the Mus∣culi Quadrati, which contribute to the motion of the descendent Muscles, in the oblique elevations of the Os Ilium.

The ascendent Muscles being tied above to the inside of the lower Ribs, and below to the Os Ilium, * 1.222 upon which the Motion being supported as upon a Center, and the ascendent Fibres being obliquely contracted above, must of consequence pull down the Ribs and Thorax obliquely, toward the Os Ilium.

The transverse Muscles of the Belly are affixed behind, to the transverse Muscles of the Loins, and before to the Linea Alba, which being rendred immoveable, and the transverse Muscles being abbreviated in the contraction of their transverse Fibres, made near the Loins, do by consequence lift them up from the Arch; upon which the Body is placed in a supine position, by making a hollowness in the Loins, * 1.223 by reason they are drawn inward to∣ward the Intestines, by the motion of the Transverse Muscles.

Thus having given some Account, how the Muscles of the Belly work in Combination by pairs, now it may seem not altogether Impertinent, and Immethodical, what uses may be assigned to divers single Muscles of the Belly, which may (as I believe) produce one side of the Thorax closer to the Os Ilium, and the rotation of the Breast, and the rotation of one side of the Loins inward.

As to the first, I conceive the motion of the Thorax sideways, is per∣formed by one right, and one oblique ascendent Muscle, which being in conjunction with one of the Musculi Quadrati, do act jointly.

First, The left Musculus Quadratus, maketh a flexure of the Loins out∣ward, which is assisted by the left oblique ascendent, and right Muscle, which being joined to the Ensiform Cartilage, and inside of the left Rib, do pull them in their contraction toward the Os Ilium, and draws the Thorax toward the left side.

As to the rotation of the Thorax, which if properly so stiled, should be a Circular Motion, but this of the Thorax doth run round but one part of a Circle, and moveth the Breast upon the Vertebres of the Loins, as upon a Center.

Again, If the motion of the Thorax be truly denominated a Rotation, * 1.224 it is requisite it should be carried round like a Wheel; but this motion of the Thorax, is a hurrying of the Thorax backward, and forward, and is performed if it begin in the left side by the left oblique descendent, and the right ascendent Muscle; and if it commence in the right side, by the right oblique descendent, and the left ascendent Muscle, as learned Doctor Glisson will have it: which motion doth not seem to comply with the Structure and Situation of these Muscles. The oblique descendent being fastned above, to the Four or Five lower Ribs, which being the Center of Mo∣tion, the Os Ilium, to which it is fastned below, must necessarily be drawn obliquely upward, toward the Center of the Motion, by reason of the ob∣lique descendent Fibres of the said Muscle.

And the oblique ascendent Muscle being tied above to the inside of the spurious Ribs, and below to the Os Ilium (which being immoveable) the said Muscle moving by its oblique ascending Fibres, must by consequence pull the long Ribs downward toward the Os Ilium, as a Hypomoclion.

So that according to the Origen and Insertion of these Muscles, * 1.225 and the position of their oblique Fibres constituting them, the oblique descendent and ascendent, according to their various Centers of Motion, do draw the Os Ilium and Ribs obliquely upward and downward; which are opposite motions to that of Rotation, because this motion of the Breast is perfor∣med in some degree backward and forward, not by oblique motion of the oblique descendent and ascendent Muscles, pulling their neighbouring parts upward and downward.

But the Rotation of the Thorax is performed forward and backward, inward and outward: First, Inward by the motion of the Loins primarily, * 1.226 and consequently of the Breast by the Musculus Quadratus, moving in one side bendeth the Vertebres of the Loins, and draweth it inward, and is as∣sisted by the Transverse Muscle of the same side, which is affixed in its ter∣mination to the Linea Alba, as its Hypomoclion, and in its beginning to the transverse processes of the Loins, near which the Transverse Muscle, by vertue of its contracted Fibres, first pulleth the Loins and Thorax inward, toward the Linea Alba: And afterward a tension being made upon the Ver∣tebres of the Loins, by one of the Musculi Sacri, the Rotation of the Loins and Thorax backward, is assisted by the Transverse Muscle of the same side, which being conjoyned to the transverse processes of the Loins, as the Center of Motion, and in the other extreamity to the Linea Alba, as a moveable term, the Motion is celebrated near it, by the transverse Fibres of the said Muscle; which retracteth the Loins and Thorax backward, by moving the Linea Alba outward toward the Loins.

But, I humbly conceive, the said Rotation of the Loins and Thorax, * 1.227 begun by the Quadratus, Sacer, and Transverse Muscle is very much pro∣moted by the Muscles of the Thigh, which being lifted up by the Psoas, and Iliacus Internus, is carried inward and forward by the Lividus, and Triceps, and draweth with it the Loins and Thorax much farther, than they were carried by the Flexor of the Loins, and the Transverse Muscle of the Belly; and afterward the Rotation of the Loins and Thorax made outward, is commenced by the Sacer, extending the Loins upon its Vertebres, and being retracted from the Linea Alba, are carried farther backward by the motion of the Thigh outward, acted by the Musculus Pyriformis, the Obturator Ex∣ternus, and Internus; which retract the Loins and Thorax, with the Thigh lifted up by the Psoas, and Iliacus Internus, by which the Rotation of the

Loins and Thorax, are carried much farther backward, then they were be∣fore, by the motion of the Sacer, and transverse Muscle.

In short, * 1.228 to give a Summary Account of the uses of the Abdominal Mus∣cles, it may not be amiss to add somewhat of the outward Structure of the lower Apartiment of Humane Body (as it is invested with the common In∣teguments, those fine Membranes, the Cuticula, Cutis, Membrana Adiposa, faced with Fat) covered above with a moving Roof, adorned with diffe∣ent Figures, sometimes brought to a Plain in motion, and Arched in its Rest.

And this Apartiment is founded below in the Os Ilium, Pubis, and Cox∣endicis, and behind with the Os Sacrum, and Vertebres of the Loins, Car∣ved with variety of Processes; and Walled within with divers fleshy Ex∣pansions, folded within each other in rare order, with a wonderful Arti∣fice; and are so many Machines displaying themselves in variety of moving Schemes.

This Abdominal Wall encircling the lower Apartiment, * 1.229 consisteth of ma∣ny descendent, ascendent, and transverse, fleshy Flakes, as so many Arches seated one within another, and is embelished with right Muscles as with two Peers, placed in the middle of these Triangular Walls; and beautified with two short Muscles, as two Pyramidal Bases of those oblique Peers, whose Tops are encircled with rounded Capitals, and the body of these Peers are wrought with red Carved Work, adorned with various Figures and Sizes; and between the Carvings, are lodged many plain white Intersections, which give a lustre to the different Prominences of those right Muscles.

And the oblique descendent, * 1.230 ascendent, and transverse Muscles, folded in leaves, are so many moving Walls, affixed above to the lower Bony Arches of the middle Apartiment, and below to the Os Ilium (part of the Foundation of the lowest Story) which is carried upward by this upper Abdominal Arch, as the highest Machine of Motion. The second Arch is the oblique ascendent Muscle, and is conjoyned below to the Floor of the lowest Apartiment, and above to the Semicircular Walls of the middle; so that this middle Machine draweth the the lower part of this Lateral Wall appertaining to the middle Story, toward the foundation of the low∣est Apartiment.

And the transverse Muscles, the lowest Machine of Motion, joyned be∣hind to the Carved Processes of the jointed Column (supporting the lowest Story) draweth it inward toward the Linea Alba, and the right Muscles, the Peers of the Abdominal Walls, whose Capitals are fixed above to the Cone of the Sternon, the fore Wall of the middle Story, and below to the middle of the Floor of the lowest Apartiment: So that these straight Ma∣chines, according to their various Motions, do pull downward the Anterior Wall of the middle Story, toward the Peers of this Abdominal Frame, and again draw up the Os Pubis, some part of the Foundation of this lowest Apartiment, toward the Ensiform Cartilage, the lowest point of the middle Story.

CHAP. XV. Of Muscular Motion.

HAving Treated of the Constitution of Muscles, as composed of So∣lid and Fluid parts, of their more firm Particles, as consisting of Carnous and I endinous Fibres; and of the Fluid, as made up of Vital and Nervous Liquors, the efficients of Life, Sense, and Motion, and of the Fa∣brick and use of the Abdominal Muscles. I humbly conceive it may not be altogether improper, to give some Account of Muscular Motion, * 1.231 which Fallopius in his Anatomical Observations, doth consign to fleshy Fibres, as the prime Machines of it, saying, In omni particular seipsam movente, qua haud consistere possit, nisi particula ipsa Fibris praedita sit, atque illis penitus Carneis. And on this account, a Muscle seemeth to be made of a great company of Carnous Filaments, tied to each other by thin Membranous Li∣gaments, derived from the Coat investing the Muscle, and divers ways in∣sinuating it self with thin Membranous Tunicles, between the Fibres, into the body of the Muscle.

Every Machine of Motion, is furnished with divers ranks of fleshly Fibres, * 1.232 all inserted and radicated into the Tendon, the Membrane encircling the surface of the Muscle; so that in Motion there is a Co-ordination of fleshy Particles, running in oblique parallel Lines, which moving inward do con∣tract the Muscle, making the body of it tense and rigid, and leaving the outward Coat of the Muscle flaccid and riveled; which Motion is likely per∣formed by vertue of fleshy Fibres, according to most Ingenious Fallopius.

But Galen being as great in Antiquity as learning, is of another Opinion, which is seconded by him with no less, if not greater reason, by assigning the Tendinous Fibres, to be the principal Organs of Muscular Motion; in his Twelfth Book, De Usu Partium, and the Third Chapter. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: * 1.233 Tendo est primum Organorum motus, Musculus vero ipse generationis ejus gratia factus.

The Tendinous Fibres being as well the Prima Stamina, in the Fabrick of the Muscles, as also the prime Machines of Motion; and therefore they run in very numerous small Filaments, espoused with some Nervous Fibres, through the whole substance of the Muscle, and are collected both in the Origen and Termination of it, into entire Bodies, commonly called the Tendons; which fasten the Muscles in both Extreamities to some Bone, Cartilage, or Ligament.

Upon this account (the Carnous parts, * 1.234 which are only Auxiliaries) can∣not challange to themselves a principality of Motion, when they do not reach the part to be moved, being only joyned at a distance to the Ten∣don, and the Tendon is only affixed immediately to the moveable Term, which is not at all united to the fleshy Fibres in its Termination: * 1.235 But lear∣ned Steno foreseeing this difficulty, endeavoureth to salve it, by affirming the Tendon, to be a composition of fleshy Fibres; Which (saith he) be∣ing loosely united, do constitute Flesh, but being closely conjoyned, do make a Tendon; his words are these, in his 14th Page of his Book, De Musculis & Glandulis: Caro non est Perenchyma, aut tomentum, sed eaedem

Fibrillae, quae Arcte connexae Tendinem constituunt, latius junctae, carnem con∣stituunt.

But I conceive, * 1.236 with the leave of this Learned Author, that a Tendon resembleth a Cord, not made up of loose Flesh, but solid Tendinous Fibres, which again may be resolved into many Ligamentous, and some Nervous Particles; and though it be difficult to discover how these Fibres do espouse each other, in a near union, yet I humbly conceive, it may be evinced by Reason: That a Tendon is interwoven with Nervous Fibrils, as it appear∣eth being Convulsed (in Punctures and Wounds) to which a Tendon could be no ways liable, if it did wholly consist of Ligamentous Filaments, parts altogether insensible.

Again, * 1.237 If according to this Ingenious Author's Opinion, the fleshy Fibres do constitute the Tendon, why do they not appear upon the cross Cut∣ting it, when they differ so much, both in Colour and Consistence, from the Tendinous Fibres, the fleshy being Red and soft, and the Tendinous hard and White? And (as far as I can apprehend) the right, oblique, and transverse Fibres of the Stomach, and the right and orbicular of the Inte∣stines (which give them their various Motions) cannot be truly termed fleshy (as Falopius will have it) when these Fibres are of a Nervous or Tendinous nature, being of a white Colour; and Learned and Worthy Do∣ctor Croone hath well observed in his Anatomical Lectures, at Chirurgeon••-Hall, that the Fibrils of moving Membranes are not red.

So that the Muscular Motion, may be truly attributed to the Nervous Fibres (as in Conjunction with the Ligamentous) through which the sub∣tle Animal Particles are communicated from the Brain, and Spinal Marrow, to the Tendinous Filaments, composing the main body in both Extreamities of the Muscles, fixed to some solid part.

These Tendinous Fibres are very strong and firm, * 1.238 able to lift up the hea∣vy weight of the Limbs; which action requiring great strength and soli∣dity, cannot principally be given to fleshy, as loose and flabby parts, Aux∣iliaries only to the Tendinous Fibres, and are their soft Repositories; and be∣ing accretions of Blood, adhering to the outward surfaces of the Vessels, tin∣ging them Red, do fill up their Interstices, whereby they preserve them from interfering one against another in Motion.

Which that it may be daily celebrated, * 1.239 it is a requisite condition to have a Hypomoclion or Center, upon which, as an immoveable Base, the move∣able part must rest, else no motion can be performed, according to Aristotles Position, in his Book De Animalium Incessu: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: Si nullum omnino motis praebeat Firmamentum nihil super ipsum movere possit. For whatsoever is moved, is founded in somewhat immoveable, as a Center of its Motion (which if Muscular) whether it be a Bone or Cartilage (to which one Extreamity of the Mus∣cle is fastned) it must be quiescent, else if it should give way, the one Ex∣treamity of the Muscle, could not be Contracted toward the other, unless fixed to somewhat immoveable, as a Center of Motion; which is plainly visible in all Muscular Motion relating to the Limbs.

These natural Organs of Motion, * 1.240 hold some Analogie with Artificial Ma∣chines, and seem to resemble Levers, by whose contrivance we more easily lift up heavy Bodies; and after this manner the Muscles do seem to celebrate their actions, as may be instanced in the Deltoeides, the flexor of the Arm.

The Biceps of the Cubit, and the Psoas of the Thigh; * 1.241 and the several Origens of the Deltoeides, the middle of the Clavicle, the Acromion, and the Spi∣niform process of the Scapula, are so many Hypomoclia, or Centers of Motion, upon which the Arm is raised.

The Biceps hath a double Origination, derived from the Acetabulum, * 1.242 or Sinus of the Scapula, and the Coracoeidal process, the two Fulciments upon which the Cubit is lifted up.

And the Psoas hath a double Origination, from the two lower Vertebres of the Back, and the three upper of the Loins, the immoveable terms of Motion, upon which the Thigh is lifted up.

To speak more clearly, * 1.243 no Artificial Instrument more suiteth the natu∣ral mechanick motion of a Muscle, then a Pulley, in which the Diameter of a little Circle supplying the place of a Lever, resteth upon a Hypomo∣clion; and the weight is tied to a Tendon, as to a Cord, placed to the tail of a Muscle: It is thus effected, so that while the termination of the Mus∣cle giveth way to the Contraction, made by the Tendinous Fibres (called Carnous, as they are hued with Red) the weight appendant to the tail of the Muscle, is consequently moved according to the Dimensions, as it were of different Levers, and of new Diameters, continually succeeding one ano∣ther; and as a greater and greater Contraction is made of the Muscular Fibres, the weight of our Limbs is more and more lifted up.

CHAP. XVI. Of the manner of Muscular Motion.

HAving Discoursed of the Structure of Muscles, and their Motion, it may not be altogether improper to Treat of the Manner of it, and give a farther Illustration of its nature, whether a Muscle hath greater or less Dimensions, during the time of its Contraction.

Learned Steno is of an Opinion, * 1.244 that a Muscle acquireth a greater bulk in its Contraction, which he affirmeth in the Thirty Seventh Page of his Book, entituled Elementorum Myologiae Specimen, in this Proposition: In omni Mus∣culo, dum contrahitur, tumor contingit: A Swelling happeneth in the Muscle when it is Contracted. Which the worthy Author secondeth with this far∣ther Explication: Cum Tumor nihil sit, nisi aucta una, vel plures in corpore Dimensiones, idem est crassitiem Musculi augeri, ac Tumorem in Musculo con∣tingere: When a Tumour is nothing but one or more Dimensions encreased in a Body, it is the same thing for the thickness of the Muscle to be enlar∣ged, as the Tumour of the Muscle to arise.

And further, This curious Author doth assert, that the Hight and Lati∣tude of a Muscle Contracted, is equal to a Muscle not Contracted: Altitudo Musculi contracti est aequalis altitudini Musculi non contracti. And his Reason he giveth is this, Because the Paralelograms resting upon the same Bases of the Muscle, are of the same hight. Which I cannot apprehend (which may be ascribed to my meaner Conception, and not to the Nature of the thing) in reference to the Paralelograms, or Squares of unequal sides, re∣lating

to Muscular Bodies, which are not purely Mathematical, but Phy∣sical; and must, according to this great Authors Hypothesis, acquire a great∣er thickness in Contracted Muscles, in which he doth confess, a Tumour ariseth; and therefore a Contracted Muscle, according to his Opinion, must have larger Dimensions in height, then a not Contracted Muscle.

But I humbly crave Pardon of this Master of Anatomy, * 1.245 in point of my Dissent from him: because I humbly conceive, that Muscles do lessen themselves both in depth and length by Contraction, and the rows of Carnous Fibres, seated one within another, carried most commonly ob∣liquely, and sometimes in right, and other times in transverse, and spiral Lines, do not Swell, when they are contracted in their several Phisical Planes (which make the body of a Muscle) by making the many Paralelograms, grow thinner in their Dimensions in the Motion of Muscles, because the Carnous Fibres, when Contracted, do force themselves inward; and by rendring themselves Tense and Rigid, do shrink the body of the Muscle: And this plainly appeareth in the Coat of the Muscle, which before Con∣traction was tight, as being fitted close to the surface of the Muscle, and af∣ter in the Motion of it, the Coat groweth flaccid and limber, and as it were wrinkled.

Muscles being instruments of Voluntary Motion, do play in several Posi∣tions, according to the pleasure of the Will, and are acted partly by Ani∣mal Spirits, the constant residents in the Nervous Filaments (conjoyned with the Ligamentary) the great Constituents of the Carnous Fibres: These com∣mon Guests are attended with new supplies of Neighbouring Emissaries, fresh Animal Spirits (insinuated into the Musculous Fibres) the more subtle and spirituous Particles of the Nervous Liquor, which do invigorate the Nervous Fibres, * 1.246 by giving them more then ordinary Tenseness; and by drawing them inward, in a more close application of one Fibre to ano∣ther, do lessen the former Dimensions, affecting the Muscles before their Contraction.

So that the Muscles consisting of a double Tendon, * 1.247 seated in each Ex∣treamity, are accompanied with Carnous Intermedial Fibres, which being contracted inward, do shorten the bodies of Muscles, by bringing both their Extreamities nearer; which being fastned to two different Terms, the one moveable, the other immoveable; the moveable Extreamity upon the abbreviation of the Muscle in contraction, must necessarily be drawn to∣ward the immoveable Term, as the Center of Motion.

Some learned Men do consign the motion of Muscles to Inflation, * 1.248 dedu∣ced from the Volatil parts of Nervous Liquor, inspired with Elastick Particles of Air (insinuating themselves into Spaces interceding the Filaments of Carnous Fibres) puffing them up, and enlarging the Bulk of the Muscles. But I suppose it more reasonable to believe, that the Nervous Fibres are in∣vigorated only by the spirituous Elastick Particles of the Animal Spirits, not blowing up, but irritating only the tender Filaments; which being of most acute sense, do contract themselves toward the inward Recesses of the Muscle, * 1.249 and by drawing the Carnous Fibres close together, do render its body more stiff, and less, by emptying the Vessels, and the substance of the Muscle of its fluid parts; which I imagine is thus effected: In the Contra∣ction of a Muscle, the Carnous parts having a recourse inward, do compress the Vessels, and their Spaces passing between them, and do first briskly squeese the Vessels, impelling the source of Blood out of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Vessels, and from thence into the Capillary Veins, and

their greater Branches, till the Blood passeth through the Trunk of the Cava, * 1.250 into the right Chamber of the Heart, into which an extraordinary quantity of Blood is speedily imported in violent motion of the Body, performed by quick and strong contractions of various Muscls; which making compressi∣ons of numerous Sanguiducts, do immit so great a torrent of Blood into the Heart, that it is not able to discharge this Luxuriant Liquor by ordi∣nary Pulsations, and therefore it doubles and trebles the Vibration, to satis∣fie the importunity, * 1.251 caused by the over-hasty motion of Antagonist Muscles (which are those of the whole Body, in reference to the Heart) thereby drawing the Lungs into strong and violent Motions, that they might re∣ceive more frequent draughts of Air, and attenuate the Blood, and by Ex∣piration to protrude it through the Lungs, to free them from a sudden Suf∣focation.

So that it is very evident, that the Muscles by the motion of their Car∣nous Fibres inward, do straighten the Cavities of the Vessels, and squeese not only the Vital Liquor out of the Arteries and Veins, but the Ner∣vous also, out of the Filaments of Nerves; whereupon the body of the Muscles must grow less upon the protrusion of their fluid parts, and the body of the Muscle is not only lessened in greatness, but in length too, pro∣duced by the corrugation of the Carnous Fibres (as learned Doctor Lower doth most reasonably assert). So that the length of the Muscle is abbrevi∣ated, when one Extreamity is fixed, and the other left at liberty to play; * 1.252 and upon the contraction of the Muscle, it being shortned, the moveable part doth pull the Limbs to which it is fastned, toward the quiescent term, as the Center of Motion, upon which the motion of the Muscle is sup∣ported.

Having taken the freedom to speak of the Mechanick parts of the Mus∣cles founded in the Tendinous and Carnous Fibres, and the Motion of them in a general Notice; it followeth now in course to explain their more par∣ticular Motions, how they relate to this and that Muscle, and how a single, or some few Muscles or more in confaederacy move, and all the rest lie quiet.

I confess, the causes and manner (how this is accomplished, is very in∣tricate and perplexed) are very little understood as depending upon the secret and unintelligible operation of the Soul, in the Organick parts of the Body, which, how they are acted by that more Divine Principle, and how an Immaterial Essence can espouse so near a union with a Material, as to animate and move it arbitrarily; * 1.253 and how such an intimate correspondence can be held between two such disproportioned Natures, is so obscure and profound, that it is very difficult, if not impossible to be fathomed; and how the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 should at its pleasure, single out one or more Muscles, and engage them to Motion, and the rest of the Muscles of the whole Body, rest unaffected.

Ingenious Regius hath ventured on a new Project, as I conceive, to salve the Phaenomena of this Motion by assigning it to two several Valves, seat∣ed within the Nerves, which being opened by the determination of the Will, give the Animal Spirits an inlet into particular Muscles; and these Valves being shut up, give a check to the influence of the Spirits, and so the Soul should not act in emission of Animal Spirits, issuing from the Brain, and Spinal Marrow, but by opening and shutting these Valves.

And so our Divine part should play the part of an Organist, in opening and shutting such Valves, placed within the Organ, procuring such Wind

continually impelled out of the Bellows, to pass according to his pleasure, into this and that Pipe, which he commandeth by pressing down the keys with his Fingers, and opening the Valves appendant to the Keys; and ac∣cording to this phancy, peculiar Filaments should be communicated from the Brain (when the operations of the Soul are most eminently celebra∣ted) to every Valve of the Nerves, opened and shut according to the com∣mands of the Will.

This opinion, * 1.254 supposing the motion of particular Muscles, to be de∣termined by the opening and shutting of Nervous Valves, is built upon the flux and reflux of the Animal Spirits, from, and to the Brain and Spinal Marrow, which seemeth very improbable; seeing that (which pro∣duceth the various determination of single Muscles, and in a moment of time, openeth and shutteth the Valves in the different contractions of seve∣ral machines of Motion) cannot be caused by the meer influx of Spirits, which can only open the Valves, and there can be no reflux of Spirits; which, when they are once entred into the Nerves, they cannot be recalled by the power of the Will.

Secondly, * 1.255 This new ingenious Contrivance is founded upon Valves of the Nerves, which ought to have manifest Cavities, as in Lymphaeducts and Veins, else they are no ways capable of them; but the Nerves cannot be truly stiled Tubes, as having no manifest Cavities, being only divisible into Fibres consisting of long Filaments; as it appeareth in the Nerves being dissected longways, or not cut through in the Curing of the wounded Fi∣laments, about the breadth of a Hand, do separate themselves with great pain, from those, that are uncut, and the Cure being performed, the Nerve celebrateth its Office as before.

And if in a raw or boiled Nerve, Incision being made into the inmost Recesses of the Nerve, no such Valves can be discerned by a most diligent Inspection, and no Cavities can be perceived, but only the substance of the Nerve to be made up of many Filaments, one couched within another.

Learned Gassendus, * 1.256 laboureth to solve the Phaenomena of Muscular Mo∣tion, in respect of its active Principles, and great Quickness, by asserting the Soul (the principal cause from whence it floweth) to be of a fiery na∣ture, hurrying up and down the Muscular parts, with great agitation of Spirits, resembling the violent motion of a Bullet, propelled out of the Bore of a Gun by fierd Gun-powder; as it is in his Works, Physicae Sectione Tertia, Libro undecimo, capite primo, vis illa, seu robur, quo non modo bra∣chium aut crus, sed tota etiam animalis Machina, movetur, regitur, attollitur, transfertur, sed ad haec quo{que} primum facit, eadem natura animae ignea, quae tametsi sit Flammula pertenuis, sui tamen mobilitate idem proporti ne praestare intra Corpus valeat, quod flammula ex Pulvere pyrio intra tormentum bellicum, dum non modo Globum, tanto propellit impetu, sed tanta etiam vi depellit totam Machinam, & idem proportione intelligi potest, de ea vi quae ex crebra, multi∣plicata{que} agitatione Spirituum concipi intra Corpus possit. This opinion (for which I beg this great Author's pardon) is hardly reconcileable to sound Reason, that there should be such disagreeing Principles (as learned Doctor Willis would have too) as Niter and Sulphur, * 1.257 such troublesome Guests, forcibly working in the tender Nerves, making such horrid Tumults and violent agitations in Genere Nervoso, in their natural Actions, as to resemble fired Gun-powder.

I humbly conceive the quick motion of Animal Spirits, * 1.258 are better and more kindly shaddowed, by Irradiations, and diffusion of the beams of Light, the fitter and softer Dartings, and more subtle insinuations of Spi∣rituous Particles, into the secret Recesses of the Nerves, and Carnous and Tendinous Fibres, producing the visible contraction of the Muscles.

Lastly, The most probable opinion (as I suppose) is that, which is most suitable to the Artichecture of the Muscles, as it holdeth an entercourse with the most eminent seat of the Soul, where the nobler Operations of it are celebrated in the Brain, and its continuation, the Medulla Spinalis; which give their commands by the quick insinuations of subtle Particles, by the mediation of Nerves, into the Muscles of the whole Body, which are di∣sposed with inbred Inclinations (proceeding from their natural Ingeny) most readily to receive such impressions, as shall be communicated from the Will.

Every Muscle naturally contracteth himself from an innate Principle, * 1.259 which is most conspicuous in these Instances: If you part the Head of the Muscle from the Bone to which it is affixed, it retracteth it self immedi∣ately toward its Termination: And if you cut the Tail of the Muscle, it shrinketh it self up toward the Head; and if you cut the Muscle in both Extreamities, and part them from the Bones to which they adhere, the Head and Tail will tend both toward the middle of the Muscle.

Whereupon every Muscle naturally endeavoureth to contract it self to the utmost, * 1.260 which it would more vigorously accomplish to a greater de∣gree, did it not receive opposition from an Antagonist Muscle, which acting in a contrary motion, do reduce each other to a kind of Aequili∣brium, and by equally balancing each others contraction, do bring themselves to a Tonick Motion, wherein both are kept upon an equal strech; as it appeareth in the Flexors, and Tensors of the Limbs, and the Prona∣tors, and Supinators of the Radius, the external and internal Intercostals, the Dilators, and Constrictors of the Thorax, in order to Inspiration and Expiration.

The Antagonist Muscles being so many Champions of the Body, con∣tending with each other in opposite Motions, * 1.261 and being naturally equal in strength, neither of them prove Victors, but sit down Quasi partita Victoria. So that the Antagonist Muscles, several ways contracting themselves, do neither much bend or extend the Limbs, but contain them in a middle Po∣sture, called a kind of Rest, in a moderate tenseness of the Muscles, pro∣ceeding from the influx of the Animal Spirits, equally distributed into the Nerves, and Carnous Fibres from the Brain, and Spinal Marrow, and thence distributed into the Tendinous Fibres of special Muscles, which being afterward more highly Invigorated, do overpower the Antagonists, as being Relaxed; * 1.262 and the others gain the liberty to contract themselves to the utmost, as acted by a greater proportion of Animal Spirits, darted into them: As for instance, The Flexors relaxing the Tensors, do bend that part of the Limbs to which they are appendant.

And contrariwise, the Extensors receiving a greater appulse of the Animal Spirits, cause the Flexors to give way, * 1.263 and by Extension do straighten the Limb

Man being ambitious of Happiness, is consigned to it by the Wise di∣sposal of an Omnipotent Agent, by whom he is endowed with a Perceptive Power (to know Good in a general notion, which leaveth him indiffe∣rent to Act, or not to Act) and a Practical Judgment, which directeth

his Appetite, and determineth it to the choice of Good, and refusal of Evil.

And to that end, * 1.264 the Supream Power hath given him a Locomotive fa∣culty, acted by the Mechanism of Muscles, as so many small distinct Bodies (every one having a proper Coat) as so many Machines of Moti∣on: But how every particular one should celebrate its Motion according to the power and determination of the Will, is a great Riddle. And though it be above my mean Capacity to unfold it, yet I will take the bold∣ness to give my shallow Conjectures in it

The Soul being intimately united to the Body, * 1.265 is diffused as well in Es∣sence, as Operation, through all the Material parts, consisting of various Instruments of Motion; and doth command them by its Organick Power, seated in every Machine of Motion, which hath also a natural disposition to Move and Contract it self, imparted from the Brain, and Spinal Marrow, to the Nerves, by a constant influx of Nervous Liquor (highly impraegna∣ted with Animal Spirits) which being reinforced by fresh, and extraordina∣ry supplies, as so many Emissaries of the Will, do irradiate such and such particular Nerves (inserted into Special Muscles) and are divided into many Minute Filaments, embodying themselves, with the Carnous and Ten∣dinous Fibres, which are expanded by the quick appulses of numerous Spi∣rituous Elastick Particles, irritating sensitive Fibres to contract themselves, to discharge the great number of thin Spirituous Particles; which is accom∣plished by the motion of innumerable Fibres, as by a series of so many natural Pulleys (acting their several parts in the body of the Muscles) which are collected in Tendons, seated in both the Extreamities of the Muscles, of which, one Extreamity is fastned to an immoveable Bone, as a Hypomoclion, or Center of Motion; and the other Tendon, or portion of the great Pulley, is tied to a moveable part in the other Extreamity of the Muscle, which being strongly pulled by contracted Fibres, draweth one Termination of the Muscle by different Arches, more and more toward the other Extreamity, and consequently bringeth the Limbs along with it.

CHAP. XVII. Of Progressive Motion.

HAving given an Account of the Frabrick and Motion of Muscles i•• general, * 1.266 I shall endeavour now, to divert you with the more parti∣cular and pleasant History of Progressive Motion; and how it is celebrated by several motions of the lower Limbs, as they make various Angles, with the Area (upon which the Body is supported) and with each other, and with the Trunk of the Body, and how the Limbs are assistant to each other, it the alternate receptions of the weight of the Body; and how Progressive Motion is accomplished by different actions of Flexion and Tension, and how it is managed upon divers Centers, as so many Physical unmoved Points, by which it is supported, and of the nature of this Motion, whether it be Right, or Circular.

The sufferaign of this lower Orb, being of Volatil Temper, * 1.267 as consti∣tuted (by the most absolute Supream Being) of Active Principles; plea∣seth himself in Bodily Exercise, managed in variety of Places, by the in∣terchanged motions of the Limbs, acted within Doors, in spacious Cham∣bers and Galleries, and without in pleasant Promenades, shaded with ele∣gant rows of Trees, sometimes to Treat himself alone, in retired Senti∣ments, and other times Sociable, in the more open and free Converse of Friends.

Man hath a most amiable frame of Body, consisting of three Stories, * 1.268 erected upon Joynted Pillars, and standing upon two fine Pedestals: And the most noble and highest Apartiment, is enriched with a beautiful Fron∣tispice, embellished with two Transparent Orbs, receptive of Light, ac∣companied with elegant Schemes, which represent variety of Objects, to our Sight.

And the manner of Man's Gate, being seated in an erect Posture, giveth us the opportunity of beholding that fine Canopy above, all bespangled with Planets, and variety of Stars of different Magnitudes, which speak the great Power and Glory of the Omnipotent Creator, whom we ought to admire and adore, in his wondrous Works.

The upright Mine of our Body being supported by a threefold Story of Thighs, Legs, and Feet; * 1.269 the last of which maketh right Angles with the Ground. And the center of Gravity in a standing Posture (when the weight of the Body is equally received upon both Feet) passeth through the middle of the Trunk, and between the ••egs; but when in Progressive Motion, the weight of the Body is successively seated on each Foot, the center of Gravitation is carried through the middle of the Thigh, Leg, and Foot, standing upon some Base.

And by reason Progressive Motion is celebrated by carrying one Limb forward, and by resting the other upon some Area: It is not to be con∣ceived, * 1.270 that the Foot (receiving the line of Gravitation) to be wholly immoveable, as resting entirely fixed upon the Floor, because it gradually moveth, from the most remote parts of the Heel, to the utmost Extremity of the Toes, which hath some sort of resemblance in Motion, with an or∣bicular body wheeling upon a Plane, upon which it is supported; not that the moving Globe is fastned some time, in any one part of the Plane, but successively toucheth one part after another, which hath some affinity with the motion of the Foot, receiving the Line of Gravitation in Pro∣gressive Motion: Because in the same instant, * 1.271 the removing Foot quitteth the Area, to the Extreamity of its Toes, at the same moment the other Foot is born forward, till it first approacheth, and afterward toucheth the Ground with the outmost of the Heel, and afterward the forepart of the Foot being carried downward, maketh a kind of acute Angle with the Earth below, and with the Trunk above (being carried forward) in an obtuse Angle, and with the Leg in a right.

And at the same time, the Thigh of the other Limb is carried upward and forward, and the Leg backward by several Flexions; and immediately after the Leg being drawn forward by Tension, is rendred straight, and an obtuse Angle, disappearing above in the Thigh, * 1.272 the whole Limb is ex∣tended and lengthened, till the Foot addressing it self to the Ground, is turned from an acute Angle with the Leg, and doth run below into a right.

And while the Tarsus of the hinder Foot is lifted up gradually, * 1.273 the cen∣ter of Gravitation is transferred from the Tarse to the Metatarse, and Toes; and the Foreleg and Thigh being carried up by several Flexions into the Air, the Body being born forward, would necessarily fall, unless the Fore-Limb was immediately extended, and the Foot clapped to the Ground to entertain the Center of Gravitation, and support the weight of the Body.

Therefore it is evident, while the Fore-foot is ready to land on the Ground, the Hinder-foot by it wheeling upon the Metatarse and Toes, * 1.274 doth draw the Trunk of the Body foreward; that the other Limb being extended, the Center of Gravitation may be turned upon the Heel of the Fore-foot: Which is the reason why we are more obnoxious to fall in Running, then Going. Because when our Body is hurried in a violent motion, the Hinder∣foot is raised from the Tarsus, to the Metatarsus, and Toes, with so much quickness and vehemence, that the Fore-foot upon the least Impediment, cannot so readily land upon the Ground, and receive the weight of the Body, and give a stop to its fall.

And this renitence of the Hinder-foot, is made by its resting upon the Ground, and bearing the Trunk forward, and pressing the Area back∣ward: And this is the cause why different Animals, in their various Pro∣gressive Motions of Going, * 1.275 Flying, Swimming, Creeping, are carried for∣ward, by pressing against divers mediums of Earth, Air, Water, by whose resistance the numerous kinds of Creatures bring their Bodies forward.

In Progressive Motion, both the Limbs being Auxiliaries, speak a kind of grateful return to each other in mutual assistance, by taking turns inter∣changeably, in variety of Postures and Stations; so that the Fore-foot be∣cometh the hinder, and the hinder the fore, in alternate changes of place, now and then to receive the Center of Gravitation, * 1.276 to sustain the weight of the Body, and other Limbs, by opposite motions to draw the Trunk forward, and transfer the Body from place to place, in which, one Limb being unable at once to bear up the weight of the Body, and bring it for∣ward at the same instant, Nature hath most wisely ordered the concurrence of another Limb, * 1.277 to promote the celebration of Local Motion; which re∣quireth many Feet, or two at least: So that the weight of a Humane Body, according to the Center of Gravity, resting perpendicularly upon one Limb, cannot be carried forward, without alteration of Postures, and must neces∣sarily fall in the Incurvation of the Body, when its weight is carried beyond a perpendicular, unless it be immediately transferred to another Limb, to support it.

And it is not only requisite in Progressive Motion, to have divers Limbs and Feet, but also variety of their Postures, and Centers of their Motion: As Aristotle, the great Master of Philosophy, hath most truly asserted, That the Motion of parts transferring the whole Body from Term to Term, can∣not be celebrated, without different Postures of the Limbs, consisting of Flexion and Tension, * 1.278 which cannot be exerted in Progressive Motion, with∣out some quiescent terms, as so many Physical Points, placed in or near the Articulation of Bones, which serve as Centers (about which as Terms un∣moved) the bended parts of Limbs pass from a right (which they had be∣fore with the neighbouring Terms) to a crooked Position, by which they make Angles with the said parts; and on the other side, the extended parts of Limbs alter their crooked and angular Models, into right Positions.

From whence it followeth of Course, that opposite Motions, * 1.279 being made upon different Centers, are mixed, as compounded of divers segments of Circles, described of the extreams of bended parts; whereupon Progressive Motion of Animals, cannot be truly stiled purely right, whether the Mo∣tion of the Trunk of the Body, or Thigh, be made upon the Coxendix, or the Leg upon the Thigh Bone, or the Foot upon the termination of the Os Tibiae, or the Toes upon the Metatarse; and all the Flexions of these seve∣ral parts of our Limbs, are portions or kinds of a Circular Motion, which cannot be apprehended without different Postures, in which one part of a Limb alternately receiveth the Motion of another, describing not only straight but crooked Lines, produced by the opposite Postures, of the seve∣ral portions of the Limbs.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the several Centers, Origens, Insertions, and Actions of Muscles, relating to Progressive Motion.

HAving taken some view of Progressive Motion, in a common Appre∣hension, I shall now Address my self to a more exact Survey of it, in describing the Osteology of the lower Limbs, made up of many parti∣cular Bones, to which, as so many Centers, * 1.280 the heads of many various Muscles, are affixed; and how Progressive Motion is managed by the contractions of Antagonist Muscles (which I intend to describe) making several Flexions and Tensions of the lower Limbs, as under-propped by the curious frame of divers Articulated Bones, the Allodgments and Bases of numerous Muscles, playing up and down, as so many Engines of Mo∣tion.

Before I treat of the Fabrick it self, it may not be amiss to speak somewhat of the Out-buildings, * 1.281 upon which the whole Frame of Mans Body is sup∣ported and moved.

This most excellent Structure, being composed of three Stories, is built as it were upon two inverted Pyramidal Columns (greater above, and run∣ning more Taper downward) is made up in a great measure of the Bones of the Thighs, Legs, and Feet; * 1.282 which divide these fine Pillars as it were into three moving Apartiments, whose Centers are the upper Bones, which immediately constitute every Articulation, and are the Hypomoclia in the various Motions of the Limbs.

The main Props of the first Story of the Pillars, are the Bones of the Thighs, adorned on their tops with Orbicular Heads, that they may play more easily in their Sockets, which are framed of the Os Ischium, Ilium, * 1.283 and Pubis, hollowed with one common Sinus, to which the round Heads are firm∣ly conjoyned on each side, and in the middle, by the interposition of two strong Ligaments, the one being broad and Membranous, encircleth the whole Joint, and the other round, springing out of the Cavities of the Bones, is strongly inserted into the heads of the Thigh Bones, keeping them

from starting out of their Repositories, in frequent and violent Motions of the Thighs

The Legs being the middle Story of those Curious Pillars, * 1.284 consisteth of two Bones; the principal is the Os Tibiae, as the more large and strong, which aemulateth in its various sides, the figure of a Triangle, and is finely Carved with two Appendices, and the upper being more large, is beauti∣fied backward as with two Heads, and in the top is hollowed into two ob∣long Sinus (which give reception to the lower appendix of the Thigh Bone) to which it is fastned by a strong Ligament, as to Physical Points, upon which the Bones of the Leg do move: And the inferiour Appendix of the Os Tibiae, is carved with an eminent Process, which being prominent toward the inside of the Leg, maketh the inward Ancle Bone.

The Os Tibiae is also hollowed into divers Sinus, the one lateral, into which the Os Fibulae is entertained; and into the other two (parted by a thin Protuberance) the Os Astraguli, the first Bone of the Tarsus is ad∣mitted.

The other Bone, * 1.285 appertaining to the Leg, is stiled Fibula, much smaller and weaker than the former, which growing thinner from a thicker back into a blunt edge, is wrought with a double Appendix; that above being round, is hollowed into a small Sinus, to which the outward prominence of the Tibia is joyned; but the other lower Appendix is received into a Ca∣vity of the Tibia, emitting a Process, which being conspicuous in the out∣ward part of the Leg, formeth the outward Ancle Bone.

These Pillars of Mans Body, * 1.286 are seated below upon two rare Pedestals, composed of many Bones of the Tarsus, Metatarsus, and Digits, which are rarely carved in several Figures and Sizes, and being beautified with divers Sinus and Protuberances, mutually adapted to each other, are firmly tied together with strong Ligaments, lest their Heads and Protuberances should slip out of their Cavities, in various brisk motions of the Foot.

Thus I have given a rough Draught of the Bones, and their Articula∣tions as the seats of the Muscles, and the Hypomoclia of their many diffe∣rent Motions: It may not be improper now, to shew you the Principal parts of the lower Limbs, the Muscles themselves (with which the Bones are in∣vested) and their Contractions and Uses.

The more inward and solid parts of these Elegant Pillars, * 1.287 the Supporters of Humane Body, are encircled with softer fleshy Integuments, which being so many distinct Bodies, severed from each other by proper Coats, may be truly stiled so many Machines of Motion, by which the several parts of these Columns are put into different Postures, giving Progressive Motion to the whole Fabrick; which is celebrated by divers opposite Motions of the Thighs, Legs, and Feet, made principally by their various Flexors and Tensors.

The upper part of these moving Columns, * 1.288 being those of the Thighs, are lifted up by two Flexors, the Psoas, and the Iliacus Internus; the other two which are assigned by learned Westlingius, to this Motion, the Triceps and Lividus being (as I conceive) rather Adductors, then Flexors, do draw the Thighs inward, according to their situation, and parts into which they are inserted.

The Psoas taking its Origen about the lower Vertebres of the Back, and the three upper of the Loins, is carried down the Vertebres of it, and after passeth out of the Belly, between the Share-bone, the Coxendix, and the Os Sacrum, and is carried over the head of the Thigh-bone, and wheeling

with an oblique descent, is inserted into the less Trochanter of the Thigh-bone.

And the Iliacus Internus, the Coadiutor of the Psoas, is derived within the Belly, from the inward Surface of the Os Ilium, and passeth downward over the head of the Thigh-bone, till it is conjoyned with the Tendon of the Psoas, bearing it company to the less Rotator: * 1.289 Whereupon all Motion be∣ing made in somewhat unmoved, the Psoas is fastned above to the Verte∣bres of the Back, and Loins, and the Iliacus Internus, to the Surface of the Os Ilium, as to the centers of Motion; and both the Psoas, and the Iliacus, are tied below to the less Trochanter, as a part more easily moveable, is thereupon drawn upward by the Contraction and Abbreviation of the said Muscles, and so by consequence the whole Thigh is bent and lifted up (as being more readily pulled toward the Vertebres of the Back and Loins, then those toward the Thigh) by making a flexure of it.

The opposite Motion, the Extension of the Thigh, * 1.290 is acted by Antago∣nist Muscles the Glutaei, one seated under another, called the Cushion Muscles, upon which we sit: The first ariseth from the Margent of the Os Ilium, the Sacrum, and the Coccyx, terminating under the great Trochanter; the Glutaeus Medius; is seated under the Glutaeus Major, and springeth from the Os Ilium below the former, and is inserted a little higher in the greater Trochanter.

The third and least Glutaeus, hath its Origen in the Os Ilium, under the middle and upper Glutaeus, and passing downward, endeth in the great∣er Trochanter, and all these Glutaei do joyntly assist each other in the Exten∣sion of the Thigh, as they are all fastned above, either to the Os Ilium, Sacrum, * 1.291 and Coccyx, as the Glutaeus Major, and the middle and lower to the O•• Ilium, as the Hypomoclia, or unmoved Terms, toward which the Extension of the Thigh is performed; for these Extensors are inserted, either a little below, or into the Trochanter Major of the Thigh-bone, which being less pon∣derous, then the Trunk (to which the Os Ilium, Sacrum, and Coccyx are fastned) is more easily moved, then the other more fixed and heavy Bones, because the Thigh-bone playing in a Socket, made up of the concourse of the Os Ischium, Ilium, and Share-bone, may be easily depressed in Exten∣sion by the Glutaei; which being Contracted and shortned, pull the Thigh downward, rendring it more straight, in reference to Progressive Motion, in which the contrary Motion of the Flexure of the Thigh-bone exerted by the Psoas, and Iliacus Internus, do pull the Thigh upward: * 1.292 But the Flexors of the Leg, have a different Motion in pulling it backward, and are Four in number, the Gracilis, Seminervosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps. The Gracilis taking its rise about the Commissure of the Share-bone, and passing downward, is inserted with a round Tendon into the inside of the Os Tibiae.

The Seminervosus borroweth its Origen from the lower part of the Coxen∣dix, and running down the backside of the Thigh-bone obliquely forward, endeth in the inside of the Os Tibiae; and the Semimembranosus obtaining the same rise with the Seminervosus, as deriving it self from the lower region of the Coxendix, doth terminate with a strong Tendon, into the upper part of the Os Fibulae.

Whereupon the Gracilis being tied above, * 1.293 near the Commissure to the Share-bone, and Seminervosus and Semimembranosus, fastned to the lower region of the Coxendix, and inserted below into the Os Tibiae, and the Biceps having the same origen above with the Semimembranosus, endeth in the

upper part of the Os Fibulae; so that all the Flexors of the Leg being af∣fixed above the Coxendix as an unmoved part, and inserted below to the Os Tibiae, and Fibulae, are more easily moveable: So that the Flexors being contracted and shortned, do consequently draw the Os Tibiae, and Fibulae, and the Leg, with them backward, toward the Coxendix, as the center of Mo∣tion by Flexion, which maketh an obtuse Angle in the Leg, in reference to the Thigh.

But contrariwise, * 1.294 part of the Limb is straightned in the Extension of the Leg, made by the Antagonist Muscles, which are Four in number; the Membranosus, Rectus, Vastus Externus, and Internus. The Membranosus claimeth its Origen from the Margent of the Os Ilium, (in its Anterior part) with a small Carnous body, and afterward overspreading the Thigh in its fore Region, is inserted under the Knee, both into the Os Tibiae, and Fibulae.

The Rectus descending from the inward little knob of the Os Ilium, doth invest the Patella with its broad and strong Tendon, and is terminated into the Os Tibiae.

The Vastus Externus, descendeth on the outside of the Thigh, from the great Trochanter, and hath a large Tendon associated with the Rectus, and inserted into the Os Tibiae.

The Vastus Internus, is derived inwardly from the neck of the Trochan∣ter Major, and accompanieth the two other Muscles with a Membranous Tendon; these Muscles do not only extend the Tibia, but keep the Arti∣culation of it so tight, with the Thigh-bone, in the Anterior part, that it cannot start, being bound in its Extensions in its fore Regions, and its hin∣der by the Flexors; so that upon this account, it is very difficult to make a Laxation in this Joint.

Thus having given a short Description of the Muscles, relating to the more great part of these Pillars, the Thighs, and the more taper the Legs; now I conceive it not impertinent to give some Account of the Instruments of Motion, which concern the Tect (as being the Pedestals of these mo∣ving Columns) upon which the Thighs and Legs are supported, and move.

Which is celebrated in some measure by the flexion and tension of the Tarsus, * 1.295 the first is performed by the Flexors of it (which have another use) the Tibialis Anticus and Peroneus Secundus; the Tibialis Anticus, deriveth its Origen from the upper Appendices of the Os Tibiae, and Fibulae, and running under the Annular Ligaments, doth terminate into a Bone of the Tarsus, lying under the great Toe, and governeth the Foot, least in going it should squail too much outward; and the Peroneus Primus springing from the Appendix of the Fibula, and passing near the Malleolus Externus, is reflected under the Liga∣ment and Sole of the Foot, and terminateth into a Bone confining on the great Toe, and regulateth the Foot least it should cast too much inward; and the Transversalis (vulgarly stiled the less Adductor of the great Toe) keepeth the Foot firm on the Area, on which it treadeth, or standeth, and taketh its rise from the Ligament of the little Toe, and is inserted with a broad Tendon, into the first Bone of the great Toe, and serveth instead of a Ligament, to bind down the Bones of the first Internode of the Toes, to secure us from slipping and sliding in Progressive Motion.

So that by the assistance of the Transversalis, the Foot is placed in such a Posture, as rendreth our step sure in Walking and Running, being assisted

so with the Tibialis Anticus, that the Foot cannot squail outward, and by the Peronaeus Primus, that it cannot cast too much inward.

And the Pronaeus Secundus being auxiliary to the Tibialis Anticus, in the tension of the Tarsus, hath a carnous Original, derived from the Fibula, and is inserted with a double Tendon into a Bone of the Tarsus, lying under the little Toe.

So that the Tibialis Anticus, and the Peronaeus Secundus, having their Hy∣pomoclia in the Tibia and Fibula, by Contracting themselves, do raise up the Tarsus from the Ground in Progressive Motion, and the Antagonist Muscles to these, are the Gasterocnemius, and Soleus: The Gasterocnemius hath a double Origen, derived from the inward and outward lower head of the Thigh-bone, and is inferted into the Heel with a strong Tendon, and the Soleus taking its rise from the hinder region of the Fibula, is also inser∣ted into the Fibula, and the Plantaris having its beginning with a thin body, in the external head of the Thigh-bone, doth also terminate in a small Ten∣don with the two former Muscles, into the Heel.

So that these Muscles contracting themselves, do relax the Tibialis Anticus, and Peronaeus Secundus, when they have drawn up the Foot, and do extend the Tarsus by reducing it to a straight Posture, making right Angles with the Leg.

And that I may speak more clearly of Progressive Motion in Humane Bodies, I shall discourse somewhat of the nature of Rest and Motion of it (which being contraries, do illustrate each other) in describing Positions of the Limbs, which do produce the quiet repose of the Body, and its more useful local Motion.

The Body standing in an erect Posture, * 1.296 the weight of it is equally enter∣tained upon the two Supporters of the lower Limbs, as they are rendred moderately Tense, by an universal Tonick Motion of all the Muscles, as encircling the Bones of the Thighs, Legs, and Feet, to assist the Ligaments in keeping the heads of the Bones firmly within their Sockets.

In this upright Posture of the Body, its Fabrick is supported by fine Pil∣lars, enwrapped within various bodies of Muscles, made somewhat stiff by the gentle contractions of all the Antagonist Muscles, which countermand each others more brisk Motions, and keeping the Limbs tight, in an erected posture of the Limbs, wherein the line of Gravitation, runneth through the middle of the Trunk, and between the lower Limbs: Every step in Pro∣gressive Motion, is made by the joint assistance of both Limbs, each of which have a double Deportment, consisting of various Flexions and Ten∣sions.

The first Carriage of the fore Limb, * 1.297 is accomplished by a general Flexure of all the Stories of it, wherein by the contraction of the Musculus Psoas, and Iliacus Internus, the Thigh is lifted up an carried forward, making an obtuse Angle with the Trunk; and at the same instant the Leg is bent back∣ward, and brought to an obtuse Angle with the hinder part of the Thigh, by the concurrent Contractions of the Musculus Gracilis, Seminervosus, Se∣mimembranosus, and Biceps, and at the same moment there is a Flexure of the Tarsus, in which the Heel is first lifted up, and the weight of the Limb carried to the Metatarse, and then by a greater Flexure of the Thigh and Leg; and the Limb being shortned, the Foot is necessarily removed from the Ground, with which it maketh a right Angle below with the Area, and above with the Leg.

The second Model of the Fore Limb, * 1.298 in order to Progressive Motion, is performed by the joynt Tension, of all the parts of the Limb, wherein the Thigh is extended by the contraction of the Musculi Glutaei, and at the same time the Leg is extended and brought forward by the motion of the Mem∣branosus, Rectus, Vastus Externus, and Internus, and at the same minute the Tarsus is extended by the Gasterocnemius, Externus and Internus, in which the Foot is brought to an accute Angle with the Leg, and to an Obtuse with the Floor.

And by the extension of the Thigh and Leg, their former Obtuse An∣gles (made in the Flexure of the Thigh and Leg) disappear, and the Limb is straightned, and shortned; in which posture the Center of Gravity being transferred from Limb to Limb, presseth the Foot (brought to a right Angle with the Leg) down to the Area, where it is kept firm by the Mus∣culus Transversalis, which draweth the great Toe toward the little one, ma∣king a kind of hollowness in the Foot, whereby it draweth the Metatarse and Toes, and fixeth it to the Floor; and is a kind of Ligament to bind down the first internode of the Bone of the Toes, whereupon the Foot is secured from slipping and sliding, that it may make a sure step in Walking or Run∣ning, by the Transversalis, which is assisted by the Tibialis Anticus, and Peronaeus Secundus, which moving singly, the one carrieth the Foot out∣ward, and the other inward; but when they act together as Fellows, in a concurrent Motion, the Tibialis Anticus keepeth the Foot, that it cannot easily tread outward, and the Peronaeus Secundus, that it cannot well cast inward. * 1.299

So that the line of Gravitation being carried from one Limb to another, supporteth the weight of the Body, in order to a new step in Progressive Mo∣tion, in which the hinder Limb becommeth the fore, and the fore the hinder, which hath a double carriage in order to Motion

The first Mine of the hinder Limb, consisteth in a sort of Tonick Mo∣tion, wherein all the Muscles are rendred Tense by a moderate Contracti∣on, all Antagonists at once, mutually balancing each other, and keeping the whole Limb erect, and straight, in which posture the line of Gravitation passeth through the middle of the hinder Limb.

The second Mine of this Limb is made, * 1.300 when (the Tensors of the Thigh and Leg being relaxed) the hinder Limb is drawn forward, in the Flexures of the several parts, its Thigh, Leg, and Tarsus of the Foot, which are Secundary and Consequent Motions, flowing originally from the Trunk of the Body, pulled forward by the Flexure of the fore Thigh, and Tension of the fore Leg, which carry with it the hinder Limb forward at the same time, and by raising up the Tarsus of it, doth transfer the Center of Gravity from the Heel to the Metatarse; in which the weight of the Body being carried beyond a Perpendicular, it would immediately fall, was it not at the same instant, transferred to the fore Limb.

Whereupon Progressive Motion is accomplished by various Postures, alter∣nately made in each Limb, wherein the Center of Gravity is thrown from Limb to Limb, and the Trunk carried forward by the Metatarse and Toes of the hinder Feet, pressing hard upon the Ground, by whose resistance the Body is shoved forward, and also drawn forward at the same time by the Flexion of the Thigh, and Tension of the Leg of th•• 〈…〉〈…〉 so that both Limbs are highly concerned, as Coadiutors in 〈…〉〈…〉 after step, in order to perpetuate the local Motion of th•••••• 〈…〉〈…〉.

In fine, let us, the Works of his Glorious Hands, pay an Homage of Wonder, Adoration, Thanksgiving, and Obedience, * 1.301 to the All-wise Ar∣chitect, for the excellent Contrivance of our Progressive Motion, which is Celebrated in divers Arches, described by various Centers of Motion, where∣in the Line of Gravitation is transferred from Limb to Limb, according to the opposite motions of Flexion and Tension, alternately performed in the more gross and taper parts of jointed Columns, composed of the upper and lower regions of the Limbs, wherein the weight of the Body is conveyed from Supporter to Supporter, as from Pillar to Pillar, carrying one side of our Elegant Pile forward after another, in Alternate Motions; which are so neatly Acted, according to graceful Order, in Persons of good Mines, that it is difficult to distinguish the Motions of the several sides of the Body, wherein the whole Trunk seemeth to a vulgar Eye, to be carried forward all at once, in one equal entire Motion.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Progressive Motion of Four-footed Animals.

HAving shewed the Centers, Heads, and Terminations of Muscles, and the several Flexions and Tensions of the Limbs, displaied in divers Scenes of Progressive Motion, acted by the various Contractions of Anta∣gonist Muscles, moving the divers joynted Limbs, affixed to the lower Apartiment of a Humane Body. My intendment at this time, is to enter∣tain you as well as I can, with the several Modes of Local Motion, cele∣brated in other Animals by Going, Flying, Swimming, and Creeping.

The motion of Four-footed Creatures, is framed after some Analogy with Bipeds, because in both, the Progressive Motion is performed by the Alter∣nate motions of the Limbs, with this difference that the Limbs in Quadru∣peds are doubled, and single only in Bipeds; * 1.302 in which the Centers of Mo∣tion are fewer then in the other: Because Quadrupeds have different Hypo∣moclia, founded in the Anteriour as well as hinder parts, in reference to their great weight, or rather prone manner of Progressive Motion, which must necessarily be acted by many Thighs, Legs, and Feet, resting upon divers parts of the Area, to support the weight of their Bodies, which else would fall to the Ground, and give a check to their Going. * 1.303

So that the motion of Brutes, is celebrated by the flexion and tension of Anterior and Posterior Limbs, in a Decussation made of the left hinder with the right Fore-leg, and the left fore with the right hinder, carrying each side forward by their Alternate Motions, acting Cross-ways, as the weight of their Bodies being received upon two Legs, doth rest upon them as upon two different Centers, while the other two carry them forward.

And it may be worth our remark, * 1.304 that it is a requisite Condition in Progressive Motion, that Limbs, whether few or many, have a Parity, and each side must answer the other in equality of number, so that it cannot be contrived in Nature, that any Body according to all its parts, can be carried from place to place, upon a Triade of parts, because the weight

of the Body, being supported upon unequal Limbs, must tumble down, upon the account, the Body resting upon two Centers in one side, and hath but only one in the other, to support it; and wanting a Limb in one side to answer the Decussation of the other, and because the one side wanteth a Center to move upon, the whole weight of the Body being carried beyond a Perpendicular, and thrown upon one Limb, cannot be transported from place to place.

So that the Body being supported upon unequal Limbs, * 1.305 cannot be con∣veyed from place to place, by the Alternate Motion of one cross Limb answer∣ing another in mutual Intersections, but must necessarily fall to the Ground, and speak a period to local Motion: And therefore it is most wisely con∣trived by the Omnipotent Agent, that Animals should be furnished on each side with a parity of Limbs, as in Bipeds, or Quadrupeds, which is our present Province.

In Four-footed Animals, the right Thigh is lifted up and bended for∣ward by the Psoas, and Iliacus Internus, and the Leg also being extended by the Vastus, Rectus, Internus, and Externus, as by its Tensors is carried forward, pulling with it at the same time, the right side of the Quadru∣peds, and the left fore, assisting the right hinder Leg, is also first elevated, and drawn inward by Flexors, and then being immediately carried for∣ward by Tensors, doth draw along with it the left side of the Bruits: And after the same manner the Antagonist Muscles, the Flexors and Tensors of left Thigh and Leg, do play their parts by Decussation with the right Fore-leg in their divers Scenes, acted by various Machines of Motion.

Whereupon the right hinder Limb consisting of divers Joints, is put into different Postures, produced by various Motions of the Antagonist Muscles, and consequently draweth the right side toward the Head, and the left fore Leg and Foot at the same time running cross-ways with the right hin∣der Leg and Foot, doth pull the left side toward the Head, and presently after in a successive Decussation passing between the left hinder and right fore Limb, the cross Feet in each side (when the Center of Gravity is trans∣ferred from the Heel to the Toes) prefs hard against the Earth, by whose resistance, and the renitence of the opposite Feet, each side (acted by several Flexures and Tensions of the Limbs) is carried forward to the great pleasure and Satisfaction of Four-footed Animals, prompted by a wise Prin∣ciple of Nature, for the procuring of due Aliment.

Aristotle discoursing the Local Motion of many-footed Animals, suppo∣seth these Creatures to be destitute of Blood, because their Vital Liquor is not apparalleld with Scarlet. * 1.306 But by the leave of this great Author, I humbly conceive, it is not essential to Blood to be hued with Red, as it is most evident in the production of it in a Faetus, during its confinement in the Womb; in which when it is first generated out of Colliquated Semi∣nal Liquor, it is clothed with a white Robe, as retaining the same colour with the Genital Juice, out of which it was originally formed.

Thus I beg Pardon for this Digression, it being my duty to Treat of the Motion of Insects, as they consist of many Feet, six, or more, as Aunts, Fleas, Lice, Flies, Bees, and the like, which are accommodated with six Limbs, in whose Motion the hinder first act their parts, and the middle and fore Limbs, afterward display themselves in various Scenes of Motion; which cannot be acted by a general Flexure of the parts of all the Limbs, as is commonly apprehended, and therefore Nature hath wisely ordered the prevention of this inconvenience, by contriving the middle Limbs, not to be

bent backward, nor forward, but turned outward. But the difficulty yet remaineth as to the manner of Motion, whether it is managed by the Al∣ternate Motion of the Limbs, affixed to each side, or whether some of the cross Limbs of either side, do joyntly move in Decussation, or whether the hinder Limbs of the left, do move with the fore Limbs of the right side, and so in opposite manner.

But Autopsy is a good Judge, to determine this Dispute, it being obser∣vable in Insects moving a slow pace, that the hinder and fore Foot, have a concurrent action in the right, and afterward the hinder and fore Foot are acted after the same manner in the left; and so the said two Feet in either side, take their turns in Rest and Motion.

And therefore Nature to preserve its choice Aeconomy in Local Motion, * 1.307 hath wisely instituted, that when the hinder and fore Foot entertain the weight of the Body, at the same instant the said Feet of the opposite side, are removed from the Area, as acted with Motion, the weight of that side is received upon the middle Foot, wherein the Body is balanced in a kind of equality of weight, lest the Body should tumble toward the right side upon the motion of the Limbs relating to that side, when the Feet are lifted up from the Floor: And therefore it is most prudently contrived by the All-wise Maker, that when the Extream Feet are in Motion, that the weight of the Body should be supported by the unmoved middle Feet, as the Centers of Motion.

So that when the utmost Feet of either side do celebrate their Motion, the middle Foot alternately resteth to sustain the weight of one side of the Trunk, and the middle also doth take its turn in Motion; * 1.308 whereupon In∣sects dressed with six Feet, have them employed in Motion, the two Ex∣tream Feet in one side, and the middle Foot in the other, and then also at the same time remain unmoved, the two utmost in one, and the middle in the other, upon which account the Bodies of many-footed Animals do so keep the weight of their Bodies in an equal balance, that they are preserved from falling.

And the middle Foot is so moved forward in each side, as it checketh its Motion near the fore Foot, and while the middle Foot resteth in either side, the fore Foot removeth from it, and the hinder Foot moveth toward the mid∣dle Foot of the same side, which at the same instant, keepeth it self unmo∣ved in one station, as the Center of Motion, to underprop the weight of the Body in that side, during the Motion of the Extream Feet.

And Insects accommodated with an equal number of Eight, Ten, * 1.309 or more Feet; the four or five Feet, affixed to the hinder part of the right side, do concur in Motion, with the Feet fastned to the fore part of the left side, in a kind of Decussation made between the hinder and fore Feet of op∣posite sides; and after the same manner the hinder Feet of the left, are aux∣iliaries in Motion to the fore Foot of the right side.

And while the many Posterior and Anterior Feet of opposite sides in Insects (being substituted in stead of one Posterior, and Anterior Foot in Quadrupeds) do move, while at the same time the other diametrically op∣posite Posterior and Anterior Feet do rest, as so many Pillars to receive the weight of the Body, in which we may admire and adore the great Wisdom of the Omnipotent Architect, who hath most elegantly framed all things according to a due Weight, Number, and Measure, in a most excellent Order.

CHAP. XX. Of the Flying of Birds.

HAving Treated of Muscles in a common Notice, and more particu∣larly of those of the Belly, and of Progressive Motion, performed by the Flexors and Tensors of the Thighs, Legs, and Feet: I will now take the freedom with your Permission, to speak of another kind of Progressive Motion celebrated in Birds, by the assistance of Wings (which in refe∣rence to their great excellency, are very significant in a Figurative Sense) as they are assigned to divers ends and purposes.

Many noble Creatures, * 1.310 and those of the first Order of Entity, the Hea∣venly Host of holy Angels, our Guardians, are Painted with Wings. And inspired Bezaleel was ordered by God himself, to Carve the Cherubims with Wings, over-shadowing the Mercy Seat. And the most glorious Angel of the everlasting Covenant, the Sun of Righteousness, ariseth with Healing in his Wings. And one of God's greatest Attributes, his everlasting Pro∣vidence, was described by the Kingly Prophet, under the notion of a Sha∣dow, proceeding from the Covert of his Wings, which speaketh the great and gracious Protection of the Sons of Men.

And this Heavenly Agent hath formed many Sublunary Creatures, adorned with Wings, which are of a fine Structure, and wonderful to be∣hold in different Animals, as Serpents and Dragons, which Aelian, and others make mention of, to fly in Aegypt.

Pliny giveth an account out of Niger (if he may be Credited) that such a multitude of Fish, * 1.311 called Loligines by the Latines, flew out of the Sea, and rested upon a Ship and sunk it. But to leave this pleasant Au∣thor: The more sober Ancients do mention in History, a Sea Swallow, a Hawk, and a Fish not unlike a Herring, which have been seen by Seamen (in their Voyage to America) to Fly, which I apprehend to be performed by the help of Membranous Wings, not unlike those of Bats: And other Fish and Serpents are dressed with Wings, made of more thin and dry Coats

And above all Creatures, which are embellished with proper Wings, Birds are the most excellent, both for Structure, and Service, as being Beautiful Frames, * 1.312 made up outwardly of different Feathers, full of various Colours, and of several Sizes and Shapes, and are composed more inwardly of Mem∣branous Muscles, and divers small oblong Bones, as Integrals, imparting strength and motion to the Wings of Birds; which being anterior fine Limbs, do hold great analogy with the Arms of Humane Bodies, as they consist of Coats, Carnous Fibres, and many Bones, rarely fitted in Joints.

These curious Engines of Motion, have a double posture of Expansion and Contraction: The first is the Wing, straightned and enlarged, perfor∣med by various Tensors, fixed to divers Bones, in order to Motion: And latter position, is the Wing, contracted by divers Flexures, and shortned into different folds, in reference to its Repose, when freed from Action.

The motion of the Wing in Flying, is celebrated by various Muscles, making divers Tensions, of the Cubit and last Bone, and by the elevation

and depression of the Wing, produced by the Abductors, and Adductors, the Scapular and Pectoral Muscles.

And in order to the motion of the Wing, * 1.313 it is first streched out and ex∣panded by the Tensors of the Cubit, which do begin with fleshy Origens, near the lower region of the Shoulder Bone, relating to the head of it, and do take their Progress along the upper side of the Os Humeri, and are inserted with small fleshy Terminations, into the beginning of the greater Bone of the Cubit, and being Contracted, do straighten the Cubit of the Wing

The Tensors of the second Joint of the Pinion, or last Bone of the Wing, are two Seminervous Muscles, which take their rise with fleshy Originations, near the beginning of the lower Bone of the Cubit, and be∣ing carried all along the upper side of it, do terminate in oblong roundish Tendons, inserted into the beginning of the third Bone of the Wing; these Muscles being Contracted, do extend the second Joint of the Pinion, and the third of the Wing.

The Flexors of the second Joint of the Wing, * 1.314 have fleshy Originations (running under the Pectoral Muscles) near the head of the Os Humeri, and run along the lower Region of it, and terminate with round Ten∣dons inserted into the inside of the greater Bone of the Cubit near its head, and being Contracted, do make a Flexure of the Cubit of the Wing. * 1.315

The Flexors of the third Joint of the Wing, arise with fleshy Origina∣tions about the head of the greater Bone of the Cubit, and pass along the inside of it, and are inserted with long round Tendons into the beginning of the last Bone; these Muscles being Contracted, do make a Flexure of the third Joint of the Wing.

The Pectoral Muscles, or the Adductors, do take their rise in two fleshy Points, near the termination of the broad arched Bone (encircling the Viscera and Intestines) to which they are affixed all along their Progress, and do make the fleshy part of the Breast, and at last climbing over the Shoulder Bone, between the Tensors and Flexors of the Cubit, do insert themselves into the upper Region of the Os Humeri, not far from the head of it.

These are the greatest Muscles used in the Flying of Birds, * 1.316 upon which the motion of the Wing doth chiefly depend, and being Contracted, do pull the expanded Wings downward, and somewhat backward.

The Musculi Scapulares, or Abductors of the Wing, have their small Carnous Origens, near the points of the Scapula, and grow broader, * 1.317 as they are carried along the Surface of it, and have fleshy Terminations (running under the Tensors of the Cubit) inserted into the lower region of the Os Humeri, near the head of it; These Muscles being Contracted, do lift up the Wings, inclining them a little backward.

So that the Wings being expanded by the help of the Tensors, and the various ranks of Feathers, being displayed to a great Circumference, they have the advantage of being boied up by a large body of Air, underprop∣ping the Bodies of Birds, clothed with light Integuments, easily floating in the fluid Air, which is highly sollicited by the repeated stroaks of the open∣ed Wings (caused by the Tensors) accompanying them and their adjacent Bodies, whereupon frequent Impulses push them forward step by step, till they arrive the ends of their intended Voyages; which may be truly so sti∣led, because Birds seem to Swim in the Air, by the frequent motion of their Wings, as by a pair of Oars, making frequent stroaks by the help of the

Adductors of the Shoulder Bone, * 1.318 upon the Fluid Air, impelling their back part like a Stern governed by their Train, as by a Rudder, by which Birds stear their course in the troubled Air, forward, or toward the right or left, according to the Dictates of their Phancy: And are in no Capacity to fly with their Tails forward, because they will then want the conduct of their Trains, which regulate the motions of their Body and Wings, whose repeated stroaks carry the Head forward. * 1.319

So that the motion of Flying is celebrated (as I conceive) after this man∣ner: First, The Wings being stretched out and expanded by the Tensors of the Cubit, and third Joint, keeping them in a kind of uniform Posture, in which the Wings being hollow underneath, are receptive of a large pro∣portion of Air filling their lower Surfaces, beautified with three ranks of Feathers, of which, the Quills are the most long and large lodged in the outward margents of the Wings, and upon which (being boied up by many Columns of Air) the weight of the body of the Fowl is chiefly suppor∣ted, and the expanded Wings being drawn downward and backward, in the form of a Minute Arch, by the Adductors of the Shoulder Bone, to give them the advantage of the stronger appulse upon the Ambient Air, which giving a resistence to the brisk motion of the Wings, do shoot the body forward, caused partly by the force of the Wings striking the Air (by whose Renitence the body of Birds is darted forward) and partly by the Elastick power of the Air, which being strongly compressed, by the vibration of the Wings, doth speedily again Expand it self like a Spring, and by a kind of Current, doth help the body of Fowls to swim forward in a fluid Medium.

Birds having not exactly a round Fabrick of body, in reference to their length seem to be somewhat of a Pyramidal Figure, small in the Anterior Region (resembling a kind of Cone) and larger in the Posterior, which representeth somewhat of a Base: And being supported, by an equal sur∣face of Feathers, encircling the Body, the Head doth part the soft Com∣page of Air, moving forward in a straight course, which Birds do easily accomplish by retracting their Thighs, Legs, and Feet, near their Bellies, or lower regions of their Bodies, * 1.320 to compose them into a round Figure, as thereby rendring them more capable of Motion, which is performed by fanning the Air into a thickness, caused by the frequent stroaks of the Wings, made by the Elevations of them by the Scapular Muscles, and by their Depressions produced by the contraction of the Adductors (relating to the Bones of the Shoulders) pulling the Wings downward, which are enwrapped within the soft vestments of Feathers, as so many fine Contex∣tures, consisting of light hollow Bodies, big with Air.

And because Feathers are often exposed to great storms and showres, Nature hath most wisely ordered their structure with great Artifice, that their more inward and spungie Entrals, should be secured within the firm confinement of more solid Membranes, and thin horny Integuments: So that Nature, though different in its parts, yet is of an amicable Temper, and full of Harmony, reconciling soft and spungie with hard and com∣pact Bodies, from which the most small, light, and numerous processes of Feathers do sprout.

The Feathers lodged in the upper Region of the bodies of Birds, are longer and greater to undergo the Violence of Encounters above, and more soft below, as fit for the reception of greater proportions of Air, to support the Body in Motion, which is chiefly effected by Wings, made up

of a trebble rank of Feathers; the chief and greatest are stiled Quills, * 1.321 to make Concussions, and Fannings of Air, to compress it into a closer Con∣globated body, to boy up, and jirk the Body forward in Progressive Moti∣on. And those lesser rows of small Feathers, do arrest the Air within their Cavities, to prevent its over-hasty escape, while the first rank expandeth the Wing; in which the grand Architect hath two main designs in the fine light coverings of Feathers, that by them a weighty body might float in a moveable fluid Medium, and thence be transported from place to place, * 1.322 for its pleasure and advantage: Upon which account, a solid Fabrick, com∣posed of divers Integral parts, could not be any way managed in Flying, without the addition of some light Enclosures (affixed to a heavy Body, full of hollow and aery Particles) to which the fanned and thickned Air, giveth a resistance, causing it to swim in a nimble fluid Body.

It is necessary for Birds upon divers occurrences, to sport themselves in the Air, and at other times to treat themselves upon Earth; whereupon they are composed of solid Bodies, invested with a light hollow Covering, the one to give them stay and motion above, and the other more ponde∣rous parts, are partly instituted by Nature to incline Birds downward, as to a Center for their better subsistance and repose; else if Birds were whol∣ly made up of Feathers, they would always flie up and down the Air as restless bodies, being not able to have recourse to land; which is effected by their solid bodies, naturally tending downward, and assisted by some small Expasion, and with little or no motion of the Wings, which are some∣what contracted in the descent of Birds to the Ground.

And it is further requisite for Birds to have Expanded Wings (to sup∣port them in the Air) acted with various Postures, * 1.323 in order to pass from Term to Term, according to simple motion upward, downward, and di∣rectly forward, and according to oblique and mixed Motions, as bending toward the right, or left.

The motion of Soaring, is performed by most strong and impetuous Vibrations of the Wings (lifted up and down by the Scapular, and Pecto∣ral Muscles) upon the Air, thereby squeesed into a greater closeness, by whose resistance, and their Trains being clapped downward, the bodies of Birds are mounted upwards, and on the other side they are carried down∣ward by the Wings giving way to the weight of their Bodies.

The motion of Fowls is produced by Extended Wings, * 1.324 making frequent Vibrations upon the Air, not pressed only directly downward as in Soaring, but also beaten backward, whereupon Birds dart themselves forward in di∣rect Course

And Birds are moved obliquely to the right, when the great stress of Motion is celebrated by the left Wing, which being more strongly Agita∣ted, the Body by consequence must be inclined to the right; * 1.325 and on the other side, when the left Wing is favoured, and the right more highly em∣ployed, the body of Birds doth wheel toward the left in oblique motion

And this may seem worthy our remark, that in reference to simple and mixed Motion, that the Air is Attenuated in the fore part, and Condensed in the hinder, by the repeated appulses of the Wings, which giveth a check to the motion backward, and shooteth Birds forward in flight, with the grea∣er force. * 1.326

And upon enquiry, we may find the depression of the Expanded Wings is the most eminent in the flight of Birds, and the Elevation is only subor∣dinate to it, as a prerequisite condition; when the Shoulder being lifted up,

the Air immediately insinuateth it self into the Cavities lodged under the Wing, wherein it being compressed, is rendred more thick and Globular in the inferior and concave part of the Wing; whereupon the body of the Bird, resting upon the Air, which being beaten backward, shooteth it for∣ward, and gaineth place after place successively.

And in both postures of Elevation and Depression of the Wings, * 1.327 they are always kept Extended, else the Birds could not be deteined Swimming in the Air, but would be immediately forced by its weight toward the Center.

In fine, it's most agreeable, that Birds in the different positions of their Bodies in order to Flying, are conducted by their Wings, as by Oars, and by their Tails as Rudders; and according to greater or less Vibrations of both Wings, equally moving are carried forward, or Laterally by one Wing moving briskly, and the other Facintly, or upward, by the motion of the Wings and Tail, which do constitute most, if not all, the kinds of simple, mixed, and circular motions of Flying.

To conclude our Discourse of this Subject, and to speak somewhat more clearly of it: Birds soar upward by the help of both Wings, equally and strongly beating the Air, and by the Tail, forcing it self potently down∣ward, which mounteth up the body of Birds, and they move downward as pressed by their own weight, balanced by the gentle Expansions of their Wings, somewhat tending toward Flexion; and are carried forward by the appulses of both Wings moving downward, and somewhat backward upon the Air (thickned by frequent Compressions) by whose resistance the body of Birds is darted forward: and Birds are acted with oblique Motions, tending to each side, caused by the unequal force of the Wings, one ma∣king weak, and the other strong Vibrations, upon the Condensed Air: And in Circular Motion, where there is a Circumvolution of the Body in order to a Retrograde Flight, it is managed by a strong and brisk Motion of one Wing, and by the assistance of the Tail as a Rudder, whereupon the body of Birds is turned round, to a most opposite Point; and afterward is carried forward by both Wings, making equal repeated stroaks upon the thickned Conglobated Air, propelled downward, and backward, by whose Renitence and Impulse, the body of Birds encircled with a light Feathered Robe, is forced forward from place to place.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Flying of Insects.

THe wings of Insects (by which their Progressive Motion is accom∣plished) are full of Beauty and Wonder, speaking the great Con∣trivance of the Omnipotent Agent, as being graceful Objects, adorned with variety of Colours, interspersed with small Specks, and Cells, and most admirable in their curious Contextures, * 1.328 as being composed of fine Films, Dressed with manifold Fibrils, seated in divers Ranks, one above another, and running in divers Positions, to give different Motions back∣ward and forward, to these rare Machines; which take their first rise in the Thorax, beyond the center of Gravity, toward the Head, and this Excentrick Position of the wings, is finely balanced by the Expanded Area of the Wings, which are lodged backward, toward the Extreamities of Flies

This choice Composition of wings of Flies, and other Insects, * 1.329 consist∣eth of thin Membranes, covered with fine Feathers, or Down, beautified with various Colours, and accommodated with all sorts of Vessels fit for Life and Motion; the last of which is celebrated by various Ranks, of curious Muscles and Fibrils, seated in the upper and lower Region of the wings, as so many Abductors, and Adductors, Elevators, and Depressors, drawing them up and down with equal quickness, productive of nimble Flight in these pretty Creatures: So that the Motion of the wings is fainter or brisker, to make less or greater hast according to pleasure, and the ut∣most extent of the Motion of them, is acted above a little beyond the Back, and below beyond the Belly.

And I conceive, the wings being strained by vertue of their Fibres, to the utmost strech in the height of their Motion, are almost brought to a Plain, only the fore part is lowred a little, and the wings being modelled after this manner, and brought to a lower pitch; their hinder part is carried with somewhat a greater quickness then their former, and the Area of the wings doth somewhat dip behind (according to ingenious Mr. Hook) and after the same manner they seem to be carried back again in a quick Motion, to their first Position, and the Area is lowred, as they tend backward, be∣cause the Fibres making a greater Contraction, do cause a greater Vibration of the same Stem, which fringeth the Wing.

And these Vibrations acted with great Velocity, * 1.330 are produced by nimble Contractions of Antagonist Muscles, the Abductors, and Adductors, lodged in the wings, which move with so much Dexterity and Quickness, that they seem to resemble the most nimble Vibrations of the Musical Strings, which being highly streched, do make numerous motions in a Minute.

Thus having given some Preliminary Account of the Structure and vari∣ous Vibrations of the wings of Insects, with your leave, I shall now endea∣vour to speak my Thoughts, how the flight of Insects is performed, which being light Bodies, and pendulous in the Air, are supported by their Ex∣panded wings, resting upon many Columns of a Fluid Body, of an Elastick nature; which being highly Vibrated by repeated stroaks, do give the ad∣vantage

to bodies of Insects to recoil forward, which is very much promoted by their Expanded wings, * 1.331 carried downward and somewhat backward by Minute Muscles, which may be stiled Adductors; whence the Air being Vibrated toward the hinder part of Insects, doth by its springy disposition, force their Bodies forward with great Agility; and afterward the wings be∣ing lifted up by the Abductors (to relax the Antagonist Muscle) to give them the advantage of a repeated Motion, and to make a new stroak upon the Air, confining toward the Posterior parts of Insects, to dispose their bodies to a farther Motion, which is produced by the stroaks of the wings moved downward, * 1.332 and somewhat backward, which being acted upon the Air running immediately under them, do only boy up their Bodies in a To∣nick motion of the wings; which is often seen in Insects, and Birds, as Goss-Hawks, Falcons, and others, keeping themselves in a fixed posture in the Air upon the wing, when they endeavour to view their Game upon the Ground.

And to speak a Period to this Discourse, Insects move by repeated down, and back repeated jirks of their wings, somewhat resembling the back stroaks of Oars upon the troubled water, which putteth the Boat forward with great force, caused by the Elastick power of that Fluid Body, pressing for∣ward upon the violent jirks of the Oars.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Swimming of Fish.

ANother kind of Progressive, is this of Swimming, which hath some Affinity with Flying, this being proper to Birds; and that agreeable to Fish, those Swimming in Water, and the other in Air, and both Medi∣ums agree as Fluid Bodies, * 1.333 and differ by reason the last is a more thin Con∣sistence; whereupon Birds move in Air with far greater quickness, than Fish in Water, which is a more gross Medium.

The Instruments of Motion in Fish and Birds, are different, these being acted with Expanded wings, and those with displaied Fins (as some con∣ceive) which have some Analogy with each other: But in truth, Fish that are destitute of Fins, sport themselves in their watry Element, and others holding their Fins still, and close to their Bodies, by frisking their Tails in various postures, do quit one place, to gain another.

So that Fish and Fowl, * 1.334 in reference to Swimming and Flight, have not only several Instruments, but also different mediums of Motion, the one having a more gross, the other a more thin; whereupon Birds are clothed with light coverings of Feathers, holding proportion with the Levity of the Air, to countermand the weight relating to the bodies of Birds, thereby giving them the advantage of Motion; which is managed with the greater labour of their wings, making stronger and more frequent Vibrations upon the Air, by whose resistance they dart their Bodies forward.

Whereas Fish moving in a more solid Medium of water, * 1.335 more commensu∣ate in weight to the bodies of Fish, are more easily carried (as being supported by a Medium of greater consistence) by the stroaks of the Tails of Fish; to push their Bodies forward, after the manner of Levers; whence it may be consequently inferred, that Swimming Animals might be the better treated under the Surface of Water, and sport themselves backward and forward, and up and down within its fluid Territories, it is requisite that Animals conversing in this Chrystalline Element, should very much correspond with it in parity of weight, * 1.336 that the Gravity of the one might somewhat ba∣lance the other in a kind of aequipondium, else if the Fish be much more Light than Water, they would hardly contain themselves, within its over∣weighty Body: And if they were too ponderous, they would not be capa∣ble of Motion without very much strugling, which would lessen the plea∣sure of their passage from place to place, to support themselves with Ali∣ments in order to their preservation. * 1.337

Wherefore it is wisely disposed by Nature, in Carps, Pikes, Tench, and the like, and in most Fish, that Vesicles big with Air, should be lodged in the lower Apartiments, to the end their overmuch weight, should be boied up by light Bodies, seated above their Entrals, near the Spine, in which Nature somewhat resembleth young Swimmers; who being unexperien∣ed in the art of Swimming, tie Bladders under their Arms, to support their sinking Bodies, otherwise depressed by too much weight.

So that Fish being acted with quantities of Air contained in Vesicles, lodged in their inward Recesses, do easily float and swim up and down in Limpid Liquor, which is principally acted by Antagonist Muscles of Flex∣ors and Tensors, seated in most Fish in their hinder Region, which being drawn into an Arch by Flexors is quickly discharged by Tensors, making jirks by opposite Motions, against the troubled water, * 1.338 thereby forcing the Body and Head forward; which is effected (as I conceive) by different stroaks of their Tails, resting upon the repelled water, by whose resistence, the bodies of Fish are driven forward.

Some Fish, as Eels, Lampreys, Congers, and the like, consisting of great variety of Flexors and Tensors, lodged all along the Spines of their slen∣der Bodies, do incurvate the numerous Vertebres into several Arches, made by Flexors, which being reduced by opposite Muscles, do give successive Vibrations against the ambient Medium, whereby they gradually shoot for∣ward, part by part their unwildy Bodies.

And not only Fish, are endowed with Swimming, but also Fowls, * 1.339 as Swans, Geese, Ducks, and the like, which are called Palmipedes, because their Feet in some degree do resemble the Palm of our Hand; and have as it were divers Digits, interspersing their Membranes, which give to the Palms of their Feet, by reason of their breadth, the advantage of oppo∣sing the Water, whereby they bring themselves forward (as conceive, after this manner): First, their Legs are carried inward by Flexors contra∣cting themselves, and afterward are moved outward and backward by ••en∣sors, which being abbreviated in Motion, do distend the Thigh and Leg outward, and in Swimming, make stroaks by their broad Feets against the water, by whose resistance the Expanded Feet of Palmipedes draw themselves forward, and so by repeated back stroaks of their broad Feet as by Oars, making frequent Appulses upon the water, they continue the Mo∣tion of their Bodies forward in a fluid Medium.

Fish having a more delicate kind of Flesh, and lighter frame of Bones, are more easily supported in a more thick fluid Medium then those of Birds, which would be more readily hurried through the Air in a Central Moti∣on toward the Ground, were it not enwrapped within a light Coverture, which boyeth up the more weighty bodies of Fowls, in a thin fluid Medi∣um. Fish being a rare Contexture, made up without any articulation of Bones (except those of the Spine) of Scales, Porous Flesh, light Viscera, and Intestines (filled with a small proportion of thin Excrements, lodged in a Concave Body) receive many advantages of Swimming; so that these fine slippery Compages, being destitute of genuine Respiration, as defective in Lungs, do not always swim near the surface of the Water, but con∣verse in the body of it, and chiefly in the bottom near the Earth, which supplieth them with the greatest part of their Aliment.

VVherefore, * 1.340 because Fish now and then converse in the middle, some∣times near the Surface of the water, and other times near the Banks, or Shore; it is requisite they should have a power to transfer themselves from one place to another, for the reception of Air and Aliment.

And when they make approaches to the Surface of the water, there are more Instruments required, and greater appulses made upon the water in the ascent of Fish from the bottom to the top, and so moved forward in a di∣rect Line, then to be kept quiet, and circumscribed with one constant Sur∣face of water, which may be obtained with less labour, only by the dilata∣tion of their Fins (somewhat resembling wings, * 1.341 in use and figure) which give a stop to Central Motion, in sustaining the Fish immoveable in the body of the water▪ but to raise up Fish from the inferior region of a fluid Medium to a superior, or to shoot them forward in a right Line, the one requireth a more soft, the other a more impetuous motion of the Fins, which are performed by multiplied alternate motions of Tension and Flexi∣on; * 1.342 the first being ordained in favour of the second, as the Tensors are mi∣nisterial to the Flexors of the Fins and Tails, making stroaks upon the wa∣ter, which do thicken it and force it backward, by whose resistance, the Head and Body are carried forward; and they are carried upward by their Fins and Tails pressing strongly downward against the water, by whose Renitence and Elastick power they mount upward toward the Surface of the water.

And Birds hold great analogy in their flight in the Air, * 1.343 with the Swim∣ming of Fish in the water; in which Palm-footed Birds, whose feet inter∣spersed with Membranes, have much resemblance with the Fins of Fish, which being Expanded make appulses upon the water pressed backward, by whose springy disposition, both Fish and Fowl are driven forward in Swimming and Flying.

And the Mediums in which Birds and Fish do flie and swim, * 1.344 do corre∣spond with each other in likeness, as being both fluid; but in this they dis∣agree, that the water is more solid and visible, and doth more easily sustain Fish, then Air doth Birds, which is occasioned by its greater thinness and rarity: And on the other side, water being a more dense body, is more easi∣ly Conglobated by the Vibrations of their Fins and Tails upon the water re∣pelled backward, whose impulse draweth the bodies of Fish from place to place. * 1.345

VVhereupon Fish are dressed with more or less Fins (according to the different makes of their Bodies) by which they are master of greater or less quickness in Swimming, as Boats make fewer or more Miles in such a

space of time, as handed with a smaller or greater number of Oars.

Flat and broad Fish, as Turbit, Skait, Thornback, Flounders, Bret, Soals, and the like, are left naked of greater Fins affixed to their Bodies, and be∣ing thin and Broad, are easily supported upon many Columns of Water, and are fringed round with a kind of thin Membranous substance (not alto∣gether unlike Fins) by whose appulses upon the Water, and the assistance of the Tail, broad Fish shoot themselves forward in a straight Course.

And Fish as well as Birds, and other Animals, * 1.346 have simple and mix∣ed Progressive Motions, as right, upward, downward, and oblique, as tending toward the right and left, and Circular, in turning the Body in re∣ference to a Retrograde Motion.

The motion from the bottom of the Water to the top, is guided by the Fins and Tail, making stroaks directly downward upon the Water (lodged underneath) by whose impulse the body of the Fish is immediately moun∣ted upward toward the ambient parts of the Water, and Fish are acted in a contrary Motion downward by their weight (and by a small help of their Fins, somewhat resting upon the Water) producing a Central Mo∣tion.

And Fish in mixed Motions, are carried in oblique Lines, either by bend∣ing to the right by the assistance of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••in acting more vigorously, and chiefly by Incurvation of the Tail tending to the left, which draweth the Body toward the right, or by bending the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 toward the right, which pul∣leth the body to the left, by reason the Ta•••• of Fish resembleth a Rudder, to steer the body of Fish either in order to Simple Motion in a straight course, or in a mixed Motion obliquely, and quite round in a Circular manner to an opposite point, in reference to a Retrograde Motion.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Creeping of Animals.

ANother kind of Progressive Motion, is that of Creeping, * 1.347 seeming to be the meanest of all, wherein Animals destitute of Legs and Feet to support them, do Creep along sweeping the Ground with their Bel∣lies in a kind of Undulating Motion upon the Surface of the Earth, and do move laterally in divers Arches, made sometimes to the right, and some∣times to the left side; which is celebrated by several Machines of Motion, seated on each side of these Reptiles, and fixed to the sides of the Spine, consisting of many Vertebres, from which divers short Muscles do arise and into which they are inserted; and by contracting themselves toward the Head, * 1.348 do abbreviate the Body, by making several segments of Circles alternately in each side, thereby drawing the Body forward, part by part, as step by step.

So that Creeping is acted by many Flexions not made by Angles, lest the Ligaments tying the Vertebres of the Spine together should be Lacera∣ted, and a Laxation be made; whereupon the Motion of Reptiles, is ma∣naged by divers strong short Muscles, bending the Body into many arched

Positions, most proper and agreeable to this Fluctuating Motion (as very easie to Reptiles) which is exerted in hollow Flexures, made by Contra∣cted Muscles in one side, relaxing the Antagonists of the other, modelled into a convex Posture; whereupon the Muscles of each side being recipro∣cally contracted, and relaxed in Motion and Rest, do alternately make va∣rious Maeanders in their concave and convex Surfaces, in order to transfer their long slender Bodies piece by piece, from place to place, by many suc∣cessive segments of Circles, resting upon divers centers of Motion, very visible in Reptiles; as Snakes, Vipers, Glow-worms, and the like, which are not only dressed with Lateral, but also with Muscles, taking their rise from the Neck, and inserted into the posterior region of the Head, which being Contracted, lift up their alternate arched Motion, whose intermedial points are kept in a right posture with the Head, always conserved directly forth-right, while the Body sporteth it self on each side, in various succes∣sive segments of Circles, in reference to Progressive Motion.

And in relation to repose, Serpents have their Heads enwrapped within many segments of Circles, produced by a general Contraction of all the Muscles relating to one side, drawing all the Vertebres of the Back in a cir∣cumference toward the Head; whereupon all the Muscles of one side be∣ing Contracted, their Antagonists are Relaxed, and the whole Body is moul∣ded into Spires, every way encircling the Head.

Thus far of the first kind of motion proper to Reptiles, * 1.349 called Undula∣tion, most conspicuous in Serpents, Snakes, and the like; whose long Bodies are wheeled this and that way in quicker Motions; whereas the se∣cond degree of Motion stiled Creeping, is more slow and successive, where∣in the Fluctuation of the Body is made by bending not side-ways, * 1.350 but up∣ward: So that some part of the Body is acted with Motion (while the other is composed to rest) in various Postures, succeeding each other, plain∣ly discernable in Silk-worms, which are set before and behind with such small Feet, (that they can scarce be discovered) and between them is seat∣ed so large an Interval, that their Bellies touch the Ground in Motion, which is accomplished by divers Muscles; some placed in the Back, others in the Sides (terminating in the Annular Fibres) which being Contracted toward the Head, and those of the Back making Flexures upward in it, do draw the Body forward toward the Head; so that resting the Posterior part of their Body on the hinder Legs, Silk-worms pull themselves forward, by forming divers Arches in the Intermedial parts, which being afterward di∣stended, their Bodies are reduced into straight Postures.

Other Reptiles, * 1.351 as Leeches and Worms, have another kind of Progres∣sive Creeping Motion, which is not effected either by moving laterally or upward by various Flexures, but long-ways and short-ways by Extension and Contraction, produced by Minute Fibres, as Tensors rendring these Insects more long and slender; and by other Fibres, as Contractors, ma∣king the parts more thick and short, by whose joint assistance of Tensors and Contractors, the bodies of Leeches and Worms are drawn forward in their Anterior parts first, the Center Motion resting in their hinder parts, which at that moment are thickned and immoveable, and afterward move, while they grow long and slender by Tensors: So that first the Anterior parts of these Reptiles are lessened, and moved, and the hinder parts are immoveable as Hypomoclia, and afterward the Posterior Region is lessened, and the Anterior is thickned, being rendred the Center of Motion: Where∣upon (I conceive) the Motion of these Reptiles is celebrated by different

Fibres, as Extensors and Contractors; the first playing in the Anterior parts, draw them out in length, and afterward being shortned into a greater thick∣ness by Contractors, pull the Body toward the Head; so that the Anterior parts being Incrassated and shortned, the Posterior are made slender and lengthned by Tensors, and afterward reduced by Contractors more closely into themselves, pull the Posterior parts forward.

Nature, God's Vicegerent, useth divers Methods in the conduct of Pro∣gressive Motion, and as it is more Excellent, it hath a better Appara∣tus, made of a more perfect and greater number of Instruments, more choice Bones, and better contrived Articulations, and more regular Muscles, the chief Engines of Motion.

Wherefore the methods of Local Motion in lower ranks of Animals, as Insects, and the like, are very obscure and imperfect, as gradually celebrated with more slowness, wherein the whole Body is not moved at once, but one part after another with great industry and time, which is performed in ob∣lique slender Bodies, not supported by the interposition of Articulated Limbs, as so many jointed Columns, but often Sweeping or Creeping upon some Area, with their bare Bellies, which in several parts are lifted up and depressed again to the Ground, to draw the Body piece by piece from place to place.

Before we make any farther progress, it may seem Methodical to be in∣quisitive into the nature of this Creeping Motion, which may be worth our Time, as well as Pains, as being a matter of great Curiosity and Wonder, to understand the great Works of the Creator, in reference to the most Mi∣nute Creatures.

And indeed it is very difficult to apprehend the Method by which Na∣ture proceedeth, in the production of Motion relating to Insects, which is much different from that of greater and more perfect Animals, and is not at all relating to Walking, Flying, Swimming, which require a greater Apparatus of more noble Organs: Again, the conception of this Motion, is perplext in point of its various Modes, as Spiral, Arch-like, &c.

Thirdly, It is difficult to pry into the Nature of it, because the Instru∣ments of it are not very obvious to Sense, by reason of their smallness, im∣perfection, and various confused parts; so that some Animals are furnished in order to this Creeping Motion, with Bones, Joints, and Muscles, the main Instruments of Motion, as Eels and Serpents; but in other Animals they are deficient, as Leeches and Worms, and the like, and have neither Bones nor Joints, but small Annular Membranes in stead of Bones, and straight Fibres in stead of Muscles.

And now I will take the freedom to offer some requisite Conditions, * 1.352 found in Minute Animals, as so many Pillars, upon which all Creeping Motion is built; * 1.353 The first is some immoveable Base or Area (upon which this Mo∣tion is founded) seated without the moved bodies of Animals, which are the subjects of Motion, and are the second requisite of it, and the third and chief are the Machines, or instrumental causes of this Motion.

Local Motion, commonly called Creeping, * 1.354 admitteth a Division into many kinds, as so many Modes of it, which is sometimes Wavelike, di∣versly celebrated; as when the Back is curled above in variety of short Waves, which is evident in Leeches, and Silk-worms; or acted below, when Oblong bodies are rendred Crooked, part after part successively, wherein the Body is moved by degrees, by Spire after Spire, from Term to Term, as in Lampreys, Eels, Congers: But Insects do extend first the

fore part of their Bodies, and lift up their Heads, and afterward contract their hinder Region, and so bring it forward toward their Heads, and so do gain more ground.

Aristotle, * 1.355 in his Book De Incessu Animalium, addeth a fourth kind of Creeping, acted by various Arches, and doth not essentially differ, from the curled Wavelike Motion, which is managed by a kind of lesser Arches: And the greater Wavelike Motion is full of Wonder in a kind of Silk-worm, which maketh one most eminent Arch, with a most crooked Angle seated in the middle of the Back, highly elevated from the Earth; and other diffe∣rent Silk-worms do make many smaller Incurvations (somewhat aemula∣ting Waves of Water) one Wave impelling another, and receive divers Discriminations of Colours, Shape, and Size: But other Insects, acted with many Wavelike Motions, are most truly denominated Silk-worms, whose Backs are variously acted, with many crooked Arches, being sometimes lifted up, and other times depressed.

So that all slow Motion (wherein the Body is moved part after part, as step by step) is reducible to Four kinds, Spiral, Wavelike, Archlike, and Motion performed by Traction of one part after another, by the help of many Minute Muscles, or Fibres contracting themselves.

And we may take our first rise from the Motion of more perfect Creeping Animals, * 1.356 as being dressed with the better furniture of Organs, found in Eels and Serpents, which are acted with Spiral Motion, consisting of various segments of Circles, having not any recourse into each other in order to a perfect Circle, but somewhat resemble the Circumvolution and Spires of the Intestines, and are not formed by many Bones, Articulations, or Muscles of the Limbs, but by several instruments of Motion, appertaining to the Spine, which is furnished with great variety of minute carved Bones, numerous Joints, and many short Muscles, which do all act their several parts, in the slender Bodies of these long Animals, moved by many lateral Incurvations (where∣in one part is haled after another) displayed in Four several Postures.

The first is that above, celebrated by the Muscles, elevating the Head and Trunk from the Ground, which giveth a prospect of good or ill Acci∣dents, to embrace the one and refuse the other.

The second Posture of Eels and Serpents, * 1.357 in reference to the Motion of Spires, is made by Depression; as by Muscles, by whose Contraction, the Body is inclined downward toward the Ground.

The third Posture of Motion is Lateral, made by the alternate Incurva∣tion of one side after another in forming Spires, which are accomplished by many Lateral Muscles, shortning the parts of the Body, by which it is drawn forward little by little, according to the nature of Motion in Oblong Bodies, resting on many parts of the lower Region, which give so many steps to the total Motion of the Body.

So that the Lateral Motion is produced by the alternate flexions of the Spiral Vertebres, inclined sometimes to the right, and other to the left side, and this Flexion is not made as by the Articulations of more perfect Ani∣mals, according to Angles, but by Arches and Spires, formed by many small Muscles, imparting Tendons to every Vertebre of the Spine, which are bent one after another toward the Head.

So that the many Muscles belonging to several Articulations, being con∣tracted and abbreviated, cannot incurvate the whole Spine, into one great entire Arch; because it would prejudice Motion, if each side should be furnished only with one Muscle, upon whose Contraction the whole side

would be moved with great trouble, while the other resteth, but the side being divided into many Incurvations, is much more readily and nimbly moved, to the great ease and pleasure of those Animals: And some are ap∣propriated particular Muscles to the Head, for the carrying it forward, which is thrust onward not by any other Muscles, but those of the Spine fol∣lowing each other in different sides, and making many small Spires, which by divers Muscular Contractions, do abbreviate the parts of the Body, and carry the Head and Body forward, as being fixed to the Anterior parts of it.

The Local Motion of other more imperfect Animals, is distinguished from those of Eels, Lampreys, Congers, and the like, both in Mode and Instrument of Action; the one being celebrated by small Arches, accom∣panying each other in manner of Waves, and by less perfect organs of Anular Fibres, and small streight Fibres running between, and inserted into them. Whereas Lampreys, Eels, Congers, &c. being more great, strong, and ob∣long Animals, are moved by the mediation of Bones, Joints, and Muscles; but Palmer Worms, and other Insects, are encircled only with many nar∣row thin Membranes, interspersed with many Fibrils, which take their rise from the upper incisure, ending in the next below.

And one difference between Palmer Worms, and other more perfect Creatures (whereupon the first are called Insects) is from many round Lines, encircling the Bodies as with so many Rings (which are worth our remark) as divers Centres of Motion, from and upon which, the Creeping of Insects doth take its rise, and depend; and the Interstices interceeding the Rings, are the proper places of Muscles: So that we may plainly count so many Muscles are there as Spaces running between the Rings, which is evident in every Interstice, when the Palmer Worm moveth its Body, part after part in many Incurvations.

Whereupon it is very probable, that every Muscle lodged between the Spaces, deriveth its origen from the Annular Membrane next the Head, and doth terminate into the Ring immediately following toward the Tail, and the upper Ring (in the motion of every Muscle, is the Hypomoclion) to which it is fastned, which being immoveable, the Muscle contracting it self, shortneth the Space passing between the Rings, and by drawing the lower Ring nearer the upper, pulleth part of the Body toward the Head, which is a step in order to the Creeping Motion of the whole; which is mana∣ged by a Chain of Motion, consisting of many Links, or Rings, tying the Muscles together, which are playing one under another in Successive Motion.

So that in this rare Scene, the upper Machine first moveth, and then the next, and so all the ranks of Muscles seated one under another, do succes∣sively contract and shorten the Interstices of the Rings, whereby they pull the Body forward part by part, as by so many Intermedial steps: So that these ranks of Fibres lodged between the Annular Membranes, do somwhat resemble the Intercostal Muscles (lodged in more perfect Animals) which are like a Teem of Horse, pulling the Ribs one after another, in order to the dilatation of the Thorax, in which the rows of Fibres placed between the Incisure, do differ from the Intercostal Muscles; because they by narrow∣ing the Interstices of the Annular Fibres, do not dilate the inward Cavity of the Muscles, but pull one Incisure nearer another, toward the Head, and by consequence draw gradually all the Body forward. * 1.358

The third kind of Creeping belonging to Insects, is performed by greater Arches, and is that of a kind of Worm, called by the Latines, Geometra,

and may be rendred in English, a Land Measurer; because the Body of this Insect, is raised most eminently in the middle, and is clapped to the Area in both Extreamities, after the manner of a pair of Compasses, which be∣ing joined in both points to the Ground, and afterward removed forward, from one part of the Earth to another, somewhat resembleth the Measu∣ring of Land, and the motion of this rare Insect.

This little Animal doth not make many small Arches in the motion of its Body tending upward like Waves, one following another in various rises of troubled Waters, but formeth one large Arch, made by a single Muscle, taking its rise near the Head, and ending about the Tail; so that the Head being the Center of Motion as immoveable, and the Muscle con∣tracting and shortning it self, draweth the Tail being moveable toward the Head, and so pulleth its Body forward, not part by part, as in Wavelike Motion, but moveth the whole forward at once, made by the contraction of one long Muscle interceding the Head and Tail.

The last and fourth manner of Local Motion in Insects, * 1.359 is accomplished by Traction (as in Worms, Leeches, and the like) wherein the Anterior part of these Minute Animals first march in the Van, in their fore part, and the Po∣sterior bring up the Rear; and the Anterior part is first extended and length∣ned, by being rendred slender, and the hinder part at the same moment is contracted, growing thicker and shorter, wherein it gaineth ground, as being brought forward and nearer to the Head.

The Body of Worms and Leeches, are composed in their Ambient parts, of two sorts of Muscles: The one being Annular Fibres, encircling the Bo∣dy, and are so many Muscles, which being moved, make the Body long and slender; as is very conspicuous, when these Insects of a suddain spin themselves out to a great length and slenderness.

The other Muscles relating to Worms and Leeches, are right and ob∣long, passing between the Rings in their stations, which being Contracted, do shorten the Interstices, and draw the numerous Rings closer to each other, and make the hinder part greater, by pulling them nearer to the Head; whence the Body of these Insects do move, Pian piano, as it is rendred in the Italian Language, little after little, giving great trouble to these tender faint Animals.

CHAP. XXIV. Of Pathologie relating to the Muscles of the Body.

HAving Treated of the structure and uses of the Muscles, and of the several methods Nature useth in Progressive Motion, and how it deporteth it self by the assistance of Muscles in Walking, relating to more perfect Animals; and in the Flying of Birds, Swimming of Fish, and of the different Centers and Instruments of Motion, and how it is celebrated by the Flexion and Tension of Limbs, alternately acting, and making di∣vers Angles with the Area, as well as with each other, and with the Trunk; and how in the Successive Motion of divers Members, the center of Gravity is transferred from Limb to Limb: And how Progressive Motion in imper∣fect Animals, and Insects, is not managed by the Motion of the whole Body at once, but part by part, by making divers Spires, Waves, Arches, and by Extending the fore, and Contracting the hinder part of the Body; in which we may see and admire the great variety of Progressive Motion, instituted by Nature, speaking the infinite Power and Wisdom of the Om∣nipotent Creator.

My design at this time, is to Discourse the several Diseases incident to the Muscles, as oppressed with divers Tumors, a Leucophlegmatia, Atheroma, Steatoma, Meliceris, Inflammations, Apostumes, Fistulaes, Ʋlcers, Erysipelas, Oedemas, Scirrhus, Cancers, Rheumatisms.

As to the first, A Leucophlegmatia, or Anasarca, is one kind of Dropsie, * 1.360 affecting the Muscular part of the Limbs; the Thighs, Legs, Feet, Arms, Hands, and sometimes the Fleshy parts of the whole Body (which is more rare) upon which a strong compression being made by the Fingers, a dent is remanent in the Muscular parts, by forcing the Vessels inward, whence they are lodged more close to each other, by squeezing the serous Recrements into some neighbouring parts.

The Ancient, and some Modern Physitians, assigne the cause of an Ana∣sarca, to the fault of the Liver, to its cold Temper, producing a pituitous Mass of Blood, which supposeth the Liver to be the instrument of Sanguifica∣tion; an opinion repugnant to the Laws of Anatomy, and to the aeconomy of Nature, because no Lacteal Vessels can be discovered (by the most Cu∣rious and Industrious late Anatomists) that import Chyle into the Liver, in order to its greater refinement, and assimilation into good Blood.

Whereupon I conceive it more reasonable, to assign another use to the Liver, * 1.361 to be a Colatory of the Blood, which is effected by making a secretion of Bilious Humours, in its numerous small Glands, from whence it is trans∣mitted by many Excretory Channels, into the Hepatic Ducts, and bladder of Gall, as into greater Cisterns.

In opposition to this Opinion, of laying the blame upon the Liver, in the production of a Leucophlegmatia, it may be Objected; That many have Died, in whom being opened, the Liver hath appeared to be very good.

Aretaeus is of a different sense from the former Physitians, who doth attri∣bute the cause of an Anasarca, not to the cold Constitution of the Liver, but to the Colliquation of Humours, which must arise from a great heat Colli∣quating

the parts of the Body, which seemeth to oppose Experience: Be∣cause Persons labouring for the most part with a Dropsie, have but a faint natu∣ral heat, depressed by a multitude of pituitous, and serous Recrements, which are the antecedent Causes; when moving in the Vessels, and the Continents when impelled out of the Arteries, and lodged in the Spaces, passing be∣tween the numerous Vessels.

As to the Primitive and Procatartick Causes of an Anasarca (which dif∣fer from evident Causes) by reason the Procatartick suppose an internal in∣disposition of Humours, * 1.362 (which the Evident do not) proceeding often from a Luxurious Diet, from the immoderate gratifying our Appetite, in frequent and full Glasses of Wine, and variety of Dishes, Garnished with well fed Flesh, and the eating of Meat hard of Digestion; or by receiving new Aliment before the former is Concocted, which do produce an ill di∣gested Chyle, the Materia substrata of a pituitous Blood, perverting its aeco∣nomy and Constitution, by rendring it full of fixed Saline and Sulphure∣ous parts, by reason an unassimilated Chyle doth vitiate the Fermentation of the Blood, and depress its Spirituous Particles, and renders its first Elements gross, and unactive, productive of watry Humours, the fore-runners of an Anasarca.

Whereupon the Causes of this Disease are divers: * 1.363 First, An abundance of watry Humours, settled in the habit of the Body, and differeth from an Ascitis in the parts affected, by reason the Tumour in an Ascitis, is produ∣ced by a quantity of serous Recrements parted from the Blood, and lodg∣ed in the capacity of the Belly; and a Leucophlegmatia is a Swelling arising from the same Humours, seated in the empty Spaces of the fleshy parts.

Another Cause (as I humbly conceive) may proceed from a crude Chyle, * 1.364 extracted either out of a great quantity, or from gross Meats hard of Concoction, or from a languid natural heat, or from ill ferments of the Stomach, whereupon the Alimentary Liquor groweth gross, as indigested; which is transmitted through the Intestines, Lacteal, and Thoracie Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins, where it runneth confused with the Blood, as unfit to be turned into good Blood; and being impelled by a long progress out of the Crural Arteries into the Thighs and Legs, and by the Axyllaries into the Arms and Hands, doth stagnate in the Interstices of the Muscles, relating to the lower and upper Limbs, whence they grow Ex∣tended above their natural Dimensions; which may in some sort be pro∣duced by the crude Chyme, which cannot be received into the small Ex∣treamities of the Veins.

A third Cause of an Anasarca, * 1.365 may be deduced from the grossness of the Serous and Chrystalline parts of the Blood, which are rendred unactive, and apt to be Condensed by the unnatural heat of the Blood; whereupon it is very probable, that this Transparent Humour being thickned, as torrefied by the Blood, is not readily admitted into the small Orifices of the Veins, whence the substance of the Muscular parts may be swelled by a supera∣bundance of serous Particles, having lost their Circular Motion, as not be∣ing associated with the Purple Liquor.

Whereupon, * 1.366 as I conceive, all the Causes of an Anasarca, do flow A laes•• Sanguificatione; Either because the serous Particles of the Blood, are not conveyed by the Emulgent Arteries, into the Glands of the Kidneys, or not separated and discharged through the Carunculae Papillares, into the Pelvis and Ureters: Or else because the indigested Chyle is transmitted through the Lacteal and Thoracic Ducts, into the Mass of Blood, when

the decaied parts of the Blood consisting of gross Saline, and Sulphureous Particles, being put into a Fermentation are confederated with the most Spiri∣tuous and Volatil, whereupon they work upon the similar parts of the Chyme (in order to the production of the more generous Liquor of Blood) which being not well Elaborated in their first rudiment in the Sto∣mach, are not easily assimilated into the Blood, * 1.367 so that the more gross Re∣crements do lose their Motion in their passage between the Vessels, and thereby do swell the habit of the fleshy parts, by enlarging the empty spaces of the Veins Arteries, and Nerves, stuffed up sometimes by watry, sometimes by gross Chymous, and other times by thick serous Chrystal∣line parts.

And all these Errors produce a depraved Mass of Blood, and thereby viti∣ate the Succus Nutricius, transmitted into it out of the Extreamities of the Nerves, whence the Vital Liquor is much dispirited, as consisting of the depressed Particles of gross Salt and Sulphur, the principles of an ill qualified Mass of Blood

And because the chief antecedent Cause of an Anasarca, is the ill Fer∣mentation of the Purple Liquor, I will first describe the true nature of Blood, and then give an account of a Leucophlegmatia, flowing from an ill Sanguification.

The Mass of Blood in its natural Capacity, * 1.368 is composed of a Red Crassa∣ment, Chrystalline, Nervous, and Limphatick Liquors, and Chyle (the Materia Substrata of Purple Juice) passing confused in the Vessels, wherein ariseth a Fermentation of the Blood, as consisting of Heterogeneous Elements, founded in different Liquors, made up of Acids, and Alkalies, of several Salts and Sulphurs, some Volatil, and others more fixed; which being of disagreeing dispositions, make great contests to perfect each other, accord∣ing to the good contrivance of Nature, wisely ordering, that the gross parts should confine the more restless and active, which else would breath them∣selves by the Pores of the Body into the Air, as akin to them; and the more Volatil, Saline, and Sulphureous, do exalt the more gross, and fixed in their converse with them.

Whereupon the different principles of the Blood, like disagreeing Lovers, * 1.369 do tune each other by amicable Disputes, ending in a happy Reconcile∣ment, whereby they espouse each others Interest and Perfection: So that the Homogeneous parts of the Blood, do by a near union Assimilate each other, and the Heterogeneous Atomes, that cannot be reconciled in Assi∣milation, are turned out of Doors, as unprofitable for Nutrition by the Ex∣cretory Vessels of the Liver, Pancreas, and Kidneys.

The Chyle being transmitted by the Thoracic Vessels into the Subclavian Veins, associateth with the Blood, and is conveyed with it by the descen∣dent Trunk of the Vena Cava, into the right Ventricle of the Heart, wherein the Chyle is mixed with the Blood, and broken into Minute Par∣ticles, as dashed against the Walls of the right Chamber, * 1.370 caused by a brisk contraction of the Heart; whereupon the Chyle being more embodied with the Purple Liquor in the Heart, is conveyed from the right Ventricle by the Pulmonary Artery, into the substance of the Lungs, where it meet∣eth the inspired Air, impraegnated with Elastick and Nitrous Particles, * 1.371 which do much refine the Blood, and render it fit for the entertainment of the Vital Flame, the preservative of the noble operations of the Body, by a due and kindly Fermentation; wherein the Blood being exalted, the Simi∣lar parts being of one nature, do intimately associate to preserve themselves;

and being embodied with the Nervous Liquor (distilling out of the Ex∣treamities of the Nerves) as a proper instrument of Fermentation, to assist the assimilation of Chyle into Blood, and a fit Nutriment for the more so∣lid parts, and to constitute due Ferments for the Viscera; while the Re∣crements in being troublesome and disserviceable to the Body, are secerned from the Blood, in the Glandulous parts of the Viscera and Membranes, and thrown out of the Body by various Excretory Ducts.

Thus having given an account how the Fermentation of the Blood is performed by various Liquors, consisting of Heterogeneous Elements, and by the Comminution of it into small Particles in the Chambers of the Heart, and how it is refined as inspired with Air in the body of the Lungs, and afterward defaecated in the Glands of the Viscera, and Membranes; whence it obtaineth a laudable disposition. My aim at this time, is to give my Sen∣timents, how it degenerates many ways from its due Qualifications, there∣by producing Hydropick Diseases, when any of the requisite conditions constituting a good Mass of Blood, is deficient, perverting the excellent aeco∣nomy of Nature.

The first Cause producing an ill Mass of Blood, * 1.372 as hindring its due Fer∣mentation, is a pituitous Matter, which I apprehend is a crude Chyle, (conveyed to the Mass of Purple Liquor) which being of a viscous nature, acquired by the faint Heat, and ill Ferment of the Stomach; not duly opening the compage of the Meat, and not Secerning, and elaborating the Alimentary Liquor, which being transmitted into the Mass of Blood, doth vitiate and clog it, in being unfit to repair its decays, as thick and clammy, so that it cannot be perfectly Assimilated: Whereupon, when the pituitous Humour is extravasated in great exuberance in the Spaces (inter∣ceding the Vessels) caused by a quantity, or thickness, of an unassimilated Liquor, not received into the Extreamities of the Veins, whereupon the Muscular parts are swelled (called a Leucophlegmatia) by reason the pitui∣tous Recrements of the Blood insinuating themselves into the substance of the fleshy parts do sever the numerous Vessels from each other, and lift up the Surface of the Body, and extend its habit beyond its natural Shape and Size.

The second Cause of a depraved Mass of Blood, * 1.373 producing an Anasarca, may be taken from its Elements of fixed Salt and Sulphur, not exalted by reason of a dispirited Mass of Blood, overcharged with great store of Recrements, watry mixed with earthy Particles, whence the Vital and Ani∣mal Functions grow faint, loosing the quickness and agility of their Ope∣rations; because watry Humours, mixed with fixed Saline and Sulphureous Atomes, do depress the fine and volatil parts of the Blood, keeping it low and unapt for a due Fermentation, * 1.374 so that the serous Humours depressing the Purple Juice (with which they associate) are impelled out of the Ter∣minations of the Arteries, into the Interstices (seated between the fruit∣ful Vessels; wherein it being despoiled of its Motion, doth settle in the body of the Muscles, because the unprofitable Recrements do abound, as extravasated in the empty Spaces, by reason the small Orifices of the Veins cannot give them a due reception, and make good the Circulation of Li∣quors in the Muscular parts.

The third Cause of the ill disposition of the Blood, * 1.375 proceedeth from the depression of the Vital Flame, derived from the thick and gross Air, and moist Vapours (exhaled by the heat of the Sun, out of the Marshes, or Fenny Grounds) much depressing the Nitrous and Elastick parts of

Air, the vital heat and spirit grow languid, and serous Recrements super∣abound, which are transmitted into the substance of Muscular parts grow∣ing soft and tumid, as overmuch extended by watry Humours; which are so excessive in quantity, that they cannot be admitted into the Veins, whence ariseth a Leucophlegmatia, a swelled habit of Body.

A fourth Cause is derived from the abscesses of the Viscera, * 1.376 vitiating the Mass of Blood, which happen sometime in the Heart, labouring with a purulent Matter, impelled out of the left Chamber into the common Trunk, and thence into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and thenby smaller and smaller Branches, into the habit of Body, which groweth Tumified, as de∣praved with corrupt Matter, producing a Leucophlegmatia, primarily flow∣ing from an abscess of the Heart.

An instance may be given of a Woman long troubled with an Anasarca, who being opened after Death, many Abscesses were found in the Heart, and a purulent matter in the great Artery (derived from thence) and by the assistance of many great and small branches into the spaces of the Vessels, residing in the Muscular parts.

Another instance may be given of an Anasarca, proceeding from an Ab∣scess of the Liver, In a young Man (a long time diseased with a swelled habit of Body) falling into a Jaundies, and afterward into a great Bleeding of the Nose, which spake a close to his Life; who being opened, a great Abscess was discovered in his Liver.

A third may be given of a Leucophlegmatia, * 1.377 arising out of an Ulcer of the Lungs, proceeding from the repelling of ill Humours affecting the Skin of the Head, by the undue application of Topicks without the administra∣tion of Universals, as Purging, Bleeding, Sweating, &c.

A Child of ten Years old, born of noble Parents, was afflicted with a Scabby Head (which is familiar to Children) imprudently Cured by an old Woman, applying drying and repelling Medicines, whereupon the Saline Particles being received into cutaneous Jugular Veins with the Blood, and then was carried by the descendent Trunk of the Cava, into the right Ven∣tricle of the Heart, and so by the Pulmonary Arteries into the Lungs, which were Ulcered by the saline Particles of the Blood (repelled originally from the Scabby Head) with which the purulent Matter being impor∣ted by the Pulmonary Veins, into the left Cistern of the Heart, and thence dispersed by Arterial Trunks and Branches, into the Muscular parts of the Body, produced an Anasarca. A Branch of a noble Family, was often afflicted with a great difficulty of Breathing, tending to Suffoca∣tion, which at last gave an end to his Breath: Whereupon the Abdomen being opened, a great Liver presented it self, and a Spleen divided into ma∣ny Lobes (which is rare) the Intestines turgid with Wind, and grosser Excrements; and his Breast being opened, his left side was full of serous Blood, and the left Lobes were fixed to the Ribs, * 1.378 and both were vitiated with various Colours of Green and Black, and the substance of his Lungs was filled with purulent Matter (the origen of the Anasarca) dispensed into the habit of the Body.

The more remote Causes of the Anasarca, * 1.379 may proceed Ab excretis & retentis, either from too great an expense of Humours, or from natural Eva∣cuations suppressed, or from too slender a Diet, not duly repairing the con∣stant decays of the Blood, or from too great a quantity of Recrements, or from Heterogeneous Elements, too much depressing the Liquor of Life.

As to the first, * 1.380 it ariseth Ab excretis, from great Haemorrhages of Blood, either pumped out of the Lungs by violent Coughing (springing a Leak in some Vessel) or flowing out of the Membranes of the Brain, by Vessels inserted into the Coat, covering the inside of the Nostrils, or by great Fluxes of Vital Liquor by the Haemorrhoides, and in Women, by the Ar∣teries of the Uterus: Whereupon the Blood being largely expended through extravagant Evacuations, is dispoiled of its more noble and volatil Particles, and thereby groweth Depauperated, and unable to raise a good Fermen∣tation, to subdue and assimilate the Chyle into its own Nature; whence the Blood is oppressed with a great quantity of gross Recrements and watry Particles, productive of a Leucophlegmatia.

The second remote Cause may be deduced, * 1.381 A retentis, from the suppres∣sion of natural and accustomed Evacuations, either of Blood by the Hae∣morrhoides, or of the Menstrua in Women, bringing an Ascitis, and fre∣quently an Anasarca, flowing from an exuberant Mass of Blood; which by hindring its Circulation, filleth it full of watry Recrements (which else would be transmitted to the Kidneys, and discharged by the Ureters into the Bladder) depraving the Ferment of the Stomach (and the other Vis∣cera) spoiling the elaboration of the Chyle, made thereby uncapable to be turned into laudable Blood.

An Anasarca may be also produced by stopping up Issues, which run freely, without due evacuations by Blood-letting, and Purging: And a Dropsie may also ensue by the undue Application of Topicks, in Cuta∣neous Diseases, wherein the offensive Humours being repelled by Cold, Astringent Medicines do highly infect the Blood with Recrements, per∣verting its due Fermentation. An Excretion also of a small quantity of Urine, and a suppression of large Evacuations of watry Humours by Sweats in full Bodies, do render the Blood watry, and dispose the Body for an Anasarca.

The chief Indications that occur in order to the Cure of this Disease, * 1.382 is by all proper Medicines, to evacuate the serous Recrements of the Blood, and crude Humours, stagnant in the empty Spaces of the Vessels, and to prevent the generation of new watry Matter, * 1.383 the cause of the Anasarca; whereupon care must be taken, that the Glands of the Viscera may be so di∣sposed, as to make a secretion of the several Recrements of the Blood, and dis∣charge them by their proper Excretory Ducts; and that the Ferments of the Stomach may be so well qualified, as to open the Compage of the Meat, and extract a good Alimentary Liquor; and that the Blood being freed from its crude and indigested Particles, may be exalted by volatil Salts and Sulphurs, and by good Ferments of the Nervous Liquor, that the Vital Liquor may be restored to its native Constitution, and thereby may be act∣ed with a good Fermentation, and assimilation of the Chyle into Blood, transmitted into and associated with it.

A vital Indication is not necessary to be satisfied in this Disease, by reason weakness producing Lypothimies, Syncopes, do seldom happen in an Ana∣sarca, whereupon Restoratives are not requisite, but rather Evacuating Me∣dicines; because an Anasarca is caused by a superabundance of watry Ex∣crements, lodged in the habit of the Body; upon which account it may seem rational, to advise a sparing Diet, as very beneficial in this Disease, by reason the great quantity of Serous Humours is much lessened by Absti∣nence, and transmitted by the Secretory Glands of the Kidneys, through

the Urinary Ducts, and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters, and so into the Bladder of Urine.

As to the Curatory Indications, they are satisfied by Catharticks, * 1.384 assisted with Diureticks, thereby expelling the watry Recrements of the Blood, cir∣culating in the Vessels, and lodged in the Interstices of them, whereupon a strong Hydragogues being administred and received into the Stomach, they quickly pass through the Intestines, and Thoracick Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins, where they are mixed with the Blood, and do highly put it into a Fer∣mentation, and by opening the Compage of it, do dispose the watry Particles for a separation; and by carrying them down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, to the Mesenterick Arteries, out of whose Extreamities, they are discharged into the Intestines.

And sometimes the serous Recrements, are severed from the Blood in the Glands of the Kidneys, and pass through many Excretory Vessels to the Bladder; and above all Diureticks, those that are impraegnated with lixivial Salts, are most prevalent in a Leucophlegmatia; and Purging Medicines having been premised, it is usual to take Lixiviums of Broom, Worm∣wood, prepared with White Wine.

These Lixivial Diureticks, sometimes take so good an effect, * 1.385 that they most freely discharge the Lympha, seated in the empty Spaces of the Vessels, and Cure an Anasarca (to a Prodigy) in which Diuretick Medicines, impraegnated with fixed Lixivial Salt are more powerful, then those Potions, which are big with Acids, Alkalies, and volatile saline Particles: Perhaps the reason may be this, Because when the watry Recrements (perverting the Fermen∣tation of the Blood, and the assimilation of Chyle into it) have been some∣time Extravasated in the spaces of the Vessels, they grow Acid; whereupon the Lixivial Particles of Diuretick Potions being mixed first with the Blood, and afterward transmitted to the crude Humours (lodged in the habit of the Body) do embody with them, as being Acid; * 1.386 so that Lixivial Salts meet∣ing with Acids, do immediately cause an Effervescence both in a crude Mass of Blood, and in the watry Humours, settled in the substance of the Mas∣cular parts, and make a great Agitation and Fusion in both: So that the Excretive Faculty is not only irritated in order to discharge the Excrements of the Blood, but also a new Fermentative quality is given to the Blood, by which it is severed from its grosser Particles and the Chyle, embodied with it, is assimilated into the nature of Vital Liquor.

Diaphoreticks are also taken in a Leucophlegmatia (a Dropsie seated in the habit of the Body) with good success, * 1.387 and though in the beginning of it, it is very difficult to move Sweat; because the watry Humours are set∣tled in the empty Spaces of the Vessels, relating to the Muscular parts, whereupon the serous Recrements are not easily conveyed (being Extra∣vasated) by the Arteries terminating into the Cutaneous Glands, and thence discharged by the Excretory Vessels, inserted into the outward Skin: Yet Diaphoreticks produce a very good effect, as enobling the Blood with Spi∣rituous and Volatil Particles, which exalt the crude and unactive parts of the Vital Liquor, and Serous Liquors stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels, and raise an Effervescence and Fermentation in the Blood, in order to per∣fect and assimilate the Chyle; and when the watry Faeces have been mo∣ved by Purging Medicines, and thrown into the Intestines, it may be very seasonable to advise Sudorificks, to discharge the reliques of the Morbifick Matter, the more thin and watry parts of the Blood by Sweat, or insensi∣ble Transpiration, when the more gross Recremental parts have been dis∣charged

by Stool; and to this end a Diet-Drink may be prescribed (con∣sisting of Diaphoreticks, and Diureticks) to expel the offensive Matter by the Kidneys, and Cutaneous Glands.

A proper Diet may be prepared of Lignum Sanctum, * 1.388 Sassafras, with Roots of Burdock, Butter Bur, and the Leaves of Saxifrage, Golden Rod, adding to every Dose when its streined, and sweetned with the Syrupe of the Five opening Roots, some drops of Salt Armoniack succinated, or Spirit of Salt, or Tincture of Salt of Tartar; which is an excellent Medicine in this Disease.

Chalybeat Medicines joyned with Antiscorbuticks, * 1.389 are also very advan∣tageous, when the Body hath been emptied of the watry Recrements by Purgatives, both to refine and sweeten the Mass of Blood; and in this case, Salts of Steel are not so proper, because they render the Mass of Blood more fierce: Whereupon in a Dropsie seated in the habit of the Body, such Chalybeats are to be Administred, which are impraegnated with Sul∣phureous Particles, giving an allay to the more fierce Saline, as preparations made with the Filings of Steel, and Powder of Steel prepared with Sul∣phur; which being received into the Stomach, and dissolved by its Saline Armoniac Ferment, and transmitted to the Blood, the Sulphureous Particles of the Metal do exalt the depressed Saline and Sulphureous parts of the Blood, and raise its Fermentation, by giving it new principles in order to Elaborate the Chyle, and assimilate it into Blood. These Chalybeat Medi∣cines do rectifie the Ferments of the Stomach, and the other Viscera, which are Colatories of the Blood.

After Internal Medicines, * 1.390 as Purgatives, Diureticks, Chalybeats and Di∣aphoreticks have been Administred, Topicks may be safely applied in an Anasarca; as Frictions, Liniments, Fomentations, and Baths. Empyricks do apply Vesicatories, and Escaroticks, which are not always safe, as often accompanied with fatal Symptoms.

Frictions speak a great advantage to the Cure of an Anasarca, * 1.391 because the Pores of the outward parts are so stuffed with watry Recrements, that they hinder insensible Transpiration, and the Ambient parts grow chilly, because the Blood hath not a free recourse to them; by reason the Serous Recrements settled in the Interstices of the Vessels, do so straighten them, that the free Current of the Blood is retarded toward the Confines of the Body.

Whereupon Frictions with course Clothes, and Brushes made for that use, do heat the Ambient parts, and by opening the Pores of the Skin, do help Transpiration, and refine the Blood, by promoting the Current of it to∣ward the Surface of the Body, through which its fiery and effaete Steams are discharged.

Fomentations made lixivial by Ashes, * 1.392 and consisting of Emollient and Discutient Ingredients, boiled in Waters (in which Sugar hath been refined) or in Lees of Wine, do enlarge the Pores, and provoke Sweat, and by turning watry Recrements into Vapours, do lessen the Tumours of the Am∣bient parts, and alleviate the Anasarca, by giving a liberty to the Blood to be impelled toward the Surface of the Body, when rendred warm and thin by a hot discutient quality of the Fomentations, which much assist the Cir∣culation of the Purple Liquor, embodied with crude serous Recrements.

Liniments are proper, prepared with Emollient, Discutient, and Drying Medicines, with Sulphur and Salts of divers kinds, with unslacked Lime, and other Minerals; which being Powdered, and embodied with Juices of

Plants, consisting of Volatil Salts, brought by Art into the form of a Lini∣ment (to which for its better consistence, Oil of Scorpions, or Turpentine, is to be added) may be applied very warm to the Body to open its numerous Doors, and breath out the Hydropick Humours, by a free Diaphoresis.

Whereupon the serous and pituitous Tumours do often disappear, and the Motion of the Blood is sollicited toward the Circumference of the Body, as rendred warm and fluid with the saline and hot Particles of the Liniments.

Learned Doctor Willis hath given an Account of the Cure of a Leuco∣phlegmatia, oppressing all the Ambient parts in a Child, * 1.393 who was frequent∣ly anointed by his indulgent Mother, with Oil of Scorpions, chafed with a warm hand into the Pores of the Body; which being done effectually, the space of three days, the Child made a prodigious quantity of Urine, and so continued for some time; whereupon the Universal Tumour of his Body disappearing, he was afterward perfectly restored to his Health.

Vesicatories applied do raise Blisters, * 1.394 and by taking away a great quan∣tity of the serous Liquor of the Blood, do make an expense of Vital Spirits, in the running of many Ulcers; which sometimes cannot be healed, affe∣cting the External parts of the Body with a Gangreen, ending often in Mortifications, which have such an influence on the inward parts, by infecting the Mass of Blood, having recourse by the Veins to the Noble parts; that these Gangreens and Mortifications, produced by Visicatories applied to Hydropick Persons, do speak an untimely period to Life.

A sad Instance may be given in a worthy Person, lately an Officer of the Navy, who was affected with an Universal Anasarca, caused by Grief, a Sedentary Life, and a Scorbutick habit of Body; whereupon in order to a Cure (the Muscular parts of the Body being Tumefied) a confident Chyrurgeon, contrary to my advice, did apply Vesicatories to his Thighs, which raised great Blisters, whereupon I made a Prognostick, that the bli∣stered parts would Gangreen and Mortifie; which followed in a short space, and was attended with a fatal stroak of Death, to the great grief of his Friends: The deceased being a Gentleman of great Virtue and Civility, for whom I had most affectionate esteemes.

Escharoticks may be more safely applied to Hydropick Swellings, * 1.395 and have not so ill Consequents, as Gangreens and Mortifications, to which bli∣stered Limbs are liable: Because Escharoticks do not produce so great a flux of Humours in the outward parts, and serous Recrements having recourse to the Ambient parts, little by little, Nature can better endure it, as being accustomed to it by degrees.

Ingenious Doctor Willis, maketh mention of Escharoticks, applied with good success to Swelled Limbs in an Anasarca; which were first bathed Morning and Evening with Decoction of Dwarf Elder, Chamomel, and other warm discutient Herbs, boiled in Ale, or Lees of Wine, and be∣tween the Fomentations, were applied Cataplasmes, made of the reliques of the Ingredients, embodied with Bear; and afterward, these Applications having been made for three days, both Legs were covered with Burgundy Pix, except where two holes were made in the Plaisters, about the bigness of a Walnut, wherein were put Escharoticks made of Ashes, relating to Bark of Ash, and applied to the Skin for Twelve Hours, and then taken off, there appeared two thin Escharas, out of which first gently, and then more freely distilled watry Humours, as out of two Fountains, when the Escharas fell off, until the serous Recrements were wholly discharged, and the Legs restored to their natural Dimensions.

CHAP. XXV. Of Tumours Incident to the Muscular parts.

THe Muscular parts of the Body are not only subject to an Anasarca, * 1.396 but many other Tumours (Abscesses, Ulcers, Fistula's, Steatomes, Atheromes, Melicerids, Inflammations, Oedemas, Schirrhus) which pro∣ceed from many indisposed Humours, stagnant in the habit of the Body: So that the ill Liquors, the antecedent and continent causes of the Swellings, lodged in the empty spaces of the Vessels, as Chyle, Blood, (which consist of divers Juices) Nervous Liquor, and Lympha.

Steatomes, * 1.397 Atheroms, and Melicerids, do all arise from gross Pituitous Humours, which indeed are divers kinds of indigested Chyle, modelled in a less or greater Consistence; in which respect they may be called different sorts of Oedematous Tumours, and are discriminated from them, by reason these are Swellings at large, seated in the substance of the Body: But Steatomes, Atheromes, and Melicerids, are confined within proper Tunicles, as within Boundaries, by which they are severed from other parts of the Body.

Steatomes are Swellings lodged partly immediately under the Skin, and partly in the Muscular parts, proceeding from a thick Flegmatick Matter, or Unassimilated Chyle, contained in a particular Membrane encircling it, seated in the substance of the Body; so that the Tunicle enclosing this thick Matter, * 1.398 being opened, a Pituitous Humour may be discovered, not unlike Lard in colour and consistence, but not in nature, because commonly it is not Inflammable, as being exposed to the Fire; wherefore it is very rare to find a Steatome to have Fat for its Matter. Of which Learned Bonnetus, Lib. 4. Anatom. Sect. 2. Obser. 4 giveth an account of a Boy affected with a Tumour in his Neck and Arm, derived from abundance of Fat, and serous Humours inclosed in a peculiar Membrane, which taketh its origen from a Mass of Blood; which being despoiled of its natural Elements, is not able to elaborate Chyle associated with Blood, and turn it into its own nature: Whence some oily Particles of the Vital Liquor, being severed from it, do degenerate into an unnatural Fat, and serous Humours enwrapped in a pro∣per Membrane, whence followed an Atrophy of the whole Body, accom∣panied with a Dropsie, expressed by the said most excellent Author. Ʋbi sanguis Sulphuris sui, & salis legitima proportione orbatur, facilis est putredo, aut vermibus apta Corruptio, & succorum benignorum degeneratio, quae saepe in gene∣rationem copiosae pinguedinis, sive Cascum, sive Lardum, sive aliud quid men∣tiatur, facessere potest: Conspectissimum id erat, 1670. In Nosodochio Argenti∣nensi, ubi exinteravimus puerum, Cujus collo supra anillam sinistram, ingens Tumor accreverat, cujus separato bino involucro Cutaneo & proprio, substantia Steatoma verum erat, pondus librarum quin{que} civilium, brachium ejusdem late∣ris, admodum cum manu totum aequalitur intumuit, dissectum, copiosissimam intra cutim exhibuit pinguedinem, effluente Copiosissima aqua ex Musculorum Intersti∣tiis, omne reliquum Corpus macies exederat, Ascitis Abdomen.

A Steatome sometimes is of a prodigious bigness, * 1.399 deduced from thick tough Phlegm, confined in a proper Tunicle, à pituita gypsea, from a gross Matter resembling Plaister: Of which, an Instance may be given of a Ser∣vant

Maid, who was for a long time, highly troubled with a great Swelling of her Thigh, which she concealed, lest she should seem to betray her Mo∣desty in shewing her Thigh to an Artist; but at last, the Tumour grew to so strange a greatness, that her high Discomposure was so prevalent with her, as to desire with Blushing and Weeping, the assistance of a Physician, to order the Amputation of the Tumour in her Thigh: Which was so great and Malignant, that it was judged wholly unsafe to Cut it off, but more reasonable to apply an Ointment prepared with Lead, which so suppressed the Increment, and Malignity of this stupendous Tumour, that she Lived above Seventeen Years afterward And after her Death, the Tumour (which rendred the Skin very uneven, as defaced with many Protuberan∣cies) being opened, a Steatome appeared within, full of Matter, like Plai∣ster, and many small Stones, proceeding (as I conceive) from Saline and Earthy Particles concreted.

But most frequently a Steatome taketh its rise from a Pituitous Humour, * 1.400 which in truth is an indigested Chyle, or Chyme (parted from the Blood) and extravasated in the substance of the Body; when it is immured within the soft Walls of a Membrane, and Consolidated by the heat of the Body, most commonly resembling the consistence of Lard.

A young Child, whose left Thigh did from time to time, more and more increase in bigness, to the great trouble and discomposure of the Parents (who like drowning Persons, did lay hold upon any Twig though ne∣ver so weak, to support themselves) sending for Barbers, Empyricks, and the like; but finding their swelled Child to receive no advantage, but ra∣ther grow worse upon their Inartificial Applications: They consulted Phy∣sicians, who administred the most proper Medicines both inward and out∣ward, which were not seconded with success. And the Child being Dead, an Incision was made into the swelled Thigh, upon which immediately ap∣peared a Mucilaginous compact Matter, not unlike Lard.

An Atherome, is a white Indolent Tumour, * 1.401 not disguising the Colour of the Skin, caused by Phlegmatick Matter not unlike Pap; which I conceive was the Chyme, first in association with the Blood, and afterward separa∣ted from it, and lodged in a proper Tunicle.

Meliceris is a Swelling without Pain, not disguising the Surface of the Body by any unnatural Colour, which I conceive proceedeth from an ill concocted Chyme (commonly stiled Phlegme) settled in the substance of the Muscular parts, and included in the confines of a peculiar Coat.

So that the several Swellings, having the appellatives of Steatomes, * 1.402 Athe∣romes, and Melicerids, have the same material cause of unassimilated Chyme, enwrapped in peculiar Membranes, and are discriminated by different Con∣cretions of the same Matter, as more or less indurated by greater or lesser heat, making different impressions in the stagnant Phlegmatick Humours, which cause no pain, as they are not effected with Acid and Saline Particles: And by reason these Tumors, included in proper Tunicles, represent some∣time Lard, other times Pap, or Honey, and are not apt to Suppurate, un∣less associated with the Blood, which imparteth heat, and rendreth them fit for Suppuration.

And these Tumours, as they proceed from a gross Chyme (the Materia substrata of the Blood) more or less Consolidated, they may be Discrimi∣nated from one another according to several touches, as endued with more or less softness, or a greater or less quantity of Morbifick Matter.

A Steatome is a more hard Tumour, * 1.403 and resisteth the pressure of the Fin∣gers, but the Atherome is more compliable, and sooner giveth way to the Touch, as being a more lax Tumour then a Steatome.

And the Meliceris is the more soft Tumour of all the three, and is soon pres∣sed inward, because it being contained within a Membrane of a more thin consistence than the rest; therefore a Dint made in it, remaineth longer, by reason the Humour forced inward being of a more thin substance, is longer before it returneth to fill the Cavity, made in the soft Tumour by the com∣pression of the Fingers.

As to the Cure: * 1.404 These different Tumours having one Matter, modelled into different Consistences, do obtain the same kind of Cure, which may be attempted after Purging Medicines have been Administred, to discharge the offensive Matter, which being not removed, Emollient Medicines are to be applied; which being uneffectual, Suppurating Topicks are to be used; and if these prove not Efficacious, an Incision may be made into the Tumours, which must be attempted with great Caution, by a Skilful Chy∣rurgeon; that the Tumours being opened, the Matter, either like Lard, Pap, or Honey, may be taken away with their proper Membranes, in which they were inclosed.

Another Tumour is this of an Inflammation, proceeding not from a Phleg∣matick Matter, as in Steatomes, Atheromes, Melicerids, but from Blood Ex∣travasated; which that it might be plainly understood, it may not be amiss to Treat somewhat of the Circulation of the Blood, which passeth through the Heart in strong Contractions, to give it heat by Motion, and to break the Chyle (received by the Vena Cava, into the right Chamber of the Heart) into small Particles, in order to its Assimilation with the Blood, which is afterwards carried into the substance of the Lungs (to be embodied with Air impraegnated with Nitrous Particles) and thence transmitted into the left Cistern of the Heart (for the more perfect Assimilation of the Chyle) and the common Trunk and various Arterial Channels, into the sub∣stance of the Muscular parts, into which it is conveyed not by Anastomoses of Arteries with Veins but by terminations of Arteries into the Interstices of Ves∣sels; that the more mild parts of the Blood being confaederated with Liquor, distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves, may give Nourishment to the neighbouring Vessels, which being unable to receive the twentieth part of the serous parts of the Vital Liquor, it is requisite that they being associated with it, should be reconveyed out of the habit of the Body into the Ex∣treamities of the Veins, to make good the Motion of the Blood towards the Heart, by greater and greater Channels leading to it.

Whereupon the Blood being impelled by the Arteries in too great a quan∣tity, * 1.405 or if the Blood be so gross, that the small Orifices of the Veins are not capable to receive it, or if upon some great contusion of the Vessels, which being torn, do immit too great a proportion of Vital Liquor into the empty spaces of the Vessels, not possible to be entertained into the Mi∣nute Orifices of the Veins, whence the habit of the Body is immediately swelled: So that the continent cause of an Inflammation, is an exuberant Mass of Blood, stagnant in the habit of the Body, caused by the Circula∣tion of the Blood stopped in that part, * 1.406 whereby it groweth Tumified, Red, and very hot, accompanied with a painful pulsation of the Artery, pro∣ceeding from its free play intercepted, by the overmuch distention of the swelled parts, produced by a quantity of Blood (overcharging the Inter∣stices

of the Vessels) and by the separating the Nerves from each other, which doth violate their Union, and discompose them with Pain.

Whereupon the immediate and continent Cause of an Inflammation is a Plethora, or quantity of Blood, impelled out of the termination of the Arteries into their Interstices, and into those of the Veins and Nerves, lodg∣ed in the Muscular parts of the Body, which are distended above their natural Dimensions, and affected with great heat, flowing from a check of insensible Transpiration, and from an exuberant Mass of Blood extravasa∣ted, whence is raised an unnatural Fermentation, consisting of Heterogene∣ous Elements, making great disputes with each other; tending to a dissolution of the Mixtion, and ending in the putrefaction of the stagnant Vital Liquor.

The antecedent cause of an Inflammation, is considered in Actu signato, * 1.407 when the Plethora is in the next disposition to the production of an Inflam∣mation, by reason of too great a quantity of Blood moving in the Vessels; which being transmitted out of the Capillary Arteries, into the empty spaces of the Muscles, is received into the Extreamities of the Veins with great difficulty, whence an Inflammation may arise upon easie terms, * 1.408 by turning the Antecedent into a conjunct Cause, if the current of the Blood be intercep∣ted in the habit of the Body, produced either by its Grossness, or Supera∣abundance.

The Procatarctick, or remote Causes of an Inflammation, are derived from the overmuch indulgence of our Appetite in generous Wine, and in the luxurious eating of various succulent Meats, easily turned into Blood, or from an idle Life, or too violent Motion, causing strong Contractions of the Muscles; which by compressing the Arteries, do impel a great propor∣tion of Blood into the substance of the Fleshy parts, whereupon they grow unnaturally distended by too great a source of Purple Liquor, obstructing its Retrograde Motion, by reason the Minute Orifices of the Veins, are not able to give a reception to its extravagant quantity.

The continent Cause of an Inflammation being a quantity of Blood, * 1.409 stag∣nant in the Interstices of the Vessels, doth indicate the Circulation of the Blood to be made good, which is most readily effected by opening a Vein, and a fine emission of Blood, quickly easiing the parts affected, if the Purple Liquor is not grown too gross, or putride by its long Stagnancy.

Blood-letting also may prove beneficial in point of an Inflammation, by helping the parts affected by Revulsion, in diverting the Current of Blood another way; whence the greater increase of the Swelling is hindred, as the Course is not only turned, but also as the quantity of Blood is lessened, and the great Influx of it is abated into the parts Tumefied.

And after Blood-letting and Purging Midicines have been Administred, to repair the Motion of Blood, and to empty the Vessels of ill Humours: If the parts affected remain Tumefied, Emollient and Discutient Medicines are to be advised to ease pain, and by turning the Peccant Humours into Vapours to discharge them in a free Transpiration, and by thinning the Blood by the heat of the Discutients, and by opening the obstructed Extreamities of the Veins, the Circulation of the Blood may be promoted, and the swelled parts relieved. * 1.410

Repelling Topicks consisting of Cold and Astringent Medicines, are to be Administred with great caution in Inflammations, as proving very dange∣rous in a great Plethora; especially if it be accompanied with a Malignant Fever, wherein the repelled Blood infected with a Venenate Disposition, having a recourse to the Noble parts, aggravates the Disease, and cutteth off the Patient.

If the swelled parts are not relieved by Blood-letting, * 1.411 and by Emollient and Discutient Application, by reason of the Blood having been long Ex∣travasated in the habit of the Body, groweth thick, and unfit for Motion, as dispoiled of its fine and Spirituous Particles, thereby tending to Putrefa∣ction; whereupon Suppurating Medicines are to be applied, to assist the Elaboration of purulent Matter; which is produced by Coction, flowing from natural heat, raising the Fermentation of the Blood, and by opening the Compage of it, doth untie the bond of Mixtion, and let loose the Hetero∣geneous Elements of the Blood: Whereupon the Chrystalline parts associa∣ted with Chyle and Nervous Liquor are separated from the red Crassament, which being accomplished, produceth an Aposteme, arising from Purulent Matter concocted by the natural heat, much hightned by Suppurating Me∣dicines; which being endued with a gross Emplastick disposition (as Turpen∣tine beaten up, and dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg, and the like) do by obstructing the Pores of the Skin, hinder the Transpiration of warm and spirituous steams of the Blood, and so by consequence do encrease the natural heat, and promote the Elaboration of purulent Matter (which be∣ing lodged in the habit of the Body) consisting of sharp Caustick parts, which having recourse to the Ambient parts, do Corrode, and Penetrate them, thereby to discharge the troublesome Guests through the broken Skin; whence ariseth an Ulcer, proceeding from a flux of sharp purulent Matter, which is best effected not by corroding putrid Humours making their own way, which giveth a great Vexation, and Torture to the Patient▪ caused by intolerable pain, before the purulent Matter breaketh the Skin: Therefore it is better to consult the good and ease of the Patient, by opening the Skin by a Launcet in a propendent part, for the more ready discharge of the offen∣sive Matter, which naturally tendeth downward as a heavy body.

And moreover when Nature produceth an Ulcer by breaking the Skin, * 1.412 it maketh most commonly a small Hole, which cannot freely evacuate the cor∣rupt Humours, and keepeth the Patient long under Cure: Whereupon to consult the good of the Sick, an artificial apertion of the Aposteme is more convenient, to make a large Incision, thereby quickly to discharge the purulent Matter; which consisting of a double Recrement, the one thick and the other serous, do indicate cleansing and drying Medicines; and be∣cause in all Ulcers, there is Solutio unitatis partium affectarum, a violation of Union, (which is natural to all parts of the Body) Consolidating Medi∣cines are to be Administred, to assist Nature (which is the best Chyrurgeon and Physician) to repair the lost union of parts, which receive Incarnation, principally by the good and Balsamick disposition of the Blood.

An Officer of one of the King's Ships, being a Patient of mine, was affe∣cted with a Tumour in the Abdominal Muscles, accompanied with a great heat, and was Cured by Blood-letting, Emollients and Discutients, and above all, with Suppurating Medicines, helping the natural heat to Concoct, and separate the Serous and Nervous Liquors from the red Crassament; where∣upon the Suppurated Tumour was opened by Art, and the Concocted Mat∣ter discharged, and the Ulcer cured by Digestive, Cleansing, Drying, and Consolidating Medicines.

A Sea-Captain's Wife was severely treated by the hands of an unskilful Midwife, by making a great Contusion in the Muscles of the Belly, be∣tween the Navil and the Share-bone; whence arose a large Tumour accom∣panied with Redness, Heat, and a beating pain associated with a Sympto∣matick Fever, the true Diagnosticks of an Inflammation, which proceeded

from a Laceration of the Capillary Arteries, impelling a quantity of Blood into the empty spaces of the Vessels; whereupon she was let Blood, which could not be done largely by reason of her Weakness in her Child-bed, whereby the Tumour got the greater head: And in order to its Allevia∣tion, Emollient and Discutient Medicines were applied, which were not prevalent enough to discuss the Tumour by Sweat, and insensible Transpi∣ration, and therefore we advised Suppurating Topicks, which brought the Tumour to a Head; which was opened by a Skilful Chyrurgeon, who ap∣plied Ointments to help Suppuration, and Cure the Ulcer, which was effe∣cted with great difficulty, by reason the Patient had an illness of Blood, which fed the Ulcer with ill Humours, Corroding the parts affected, * 1.413 and rendring them hollow: Whereupon a Tincture was advised, prepared of Alloes, Saffron, and Mirrhe, in Spirit of Wine, which was Injected into the deep hollow Ulcer; and this and other Detergent, Exsiccatory, and Consolidating Medicines, perfectly restored the Patient to her former Health, with the Blessing of the Great Physician, to his eternal Glory.

A Fistula, a consequent of an ill cured Aposteme, is a Callous Ulcer, ha∣ving many oblique Cavities, whose Lips are white, hard, and indolent; which being seated in the Muscular parts, hath a more white, large, and equal Pus, then that which floweth from Nerves, Tendons, and Mem∣branes, which is of an Oily Consistence, and less in quantity; and that Matter flowing from Bones in Fistula's, is of a blackish Colour, and faetide smell, and little in proportion.

A Fistula is a Daughter of an ill treated Abscess, or an inveterate Ulcer encircled with a Callous substance, proceeding from the grosser parts of a purulent Matter, full of Saline and Earthy parts, concreted into a hard sub∣stance, adhering to the circumference of a hollow Ulcer.

As to the Cure of a Fistula, a Probe or Wax-Candle may be immitted into the Cavity of it, to find out its length; and to that end an Injection may be made into one Orifice, and afterward an Observation may be taken, whether the injected Matter come out of one or more Holes, and how deep the Cavity may be: And in order to the Cure, the Callous Matter must be taken away by some Instrument, * 1.414 or Caustick Injection of Aqua Medi∣camentosa, and the like, or by an Actual Cautery; that the Ulcer may be made a Green Wound, else the Lips will never close, and the Ulcer heal.

If the Fistula reach to the Bones, made Carious by sharp Saline Particles, the Ulcer may be laid open, and Drying Medicines applied to scale the Bones; but if the Fistula penetrate into Nervous parts, great Caution must be had, lest the Incision of the Callous Matter be attended with Convul∣sions; and after the Circumference of the Fistula is freed from the indurated substance, proper Cleansing and Drying Medicines used in inveterate Ulcers, may be injected into the sinus of the Fistula.

A young Gentleman of Sussex, being of a good Constitution of Body, was afflicted with a Fistula the consequent of ill ordered Abscess, and an Ulcer seated in the Muscles of the Abdomen, which was Cured by Vulnerary Drinks, and by Detersive, and Drying Injections, which corroded the Cal∣lous substance, and cleansed and dried up the purulent Matter, and closed up, and consolidated the Concave parts of the Fistula.

Another Tumour, called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Latines, * 1.415 Rosa a colore Roseo, & ignis Sacer, vulgarly called St. Anthonie's Fire, is derived from a Bilious Blood, as the Ancients will have it, and is a hot thin Blood, often raising Blisters in the Skin; which proceedeth from sharp Serous Par∣ticles,

secerned from the Blood in the Cutaneous Glands, transmitted by Excretory Ducts, into the Skin: Sometimes this thin and hot Blood, which is called Bilious from its Temper, and not from any mixture of true Bile, swelleth the Muscular parts, being Extravasated in the empty Spaces of the Vessels, and is near akin to an Inflammation in Colour, but differeth in Con∣sistence, which is more thick in an Inflammation, and more apt to Suppurate, and doth not happen in a true Erysipelas, proceeding from a thin Serous Blood, impraegnated with many Saline Particles, which hinder the putrefaction of the Purple Liquor.

As to the Cure of an Erysipelas, it is primarily directed to the Fever, and indicateth cold and moist Medicines in reference to the hot and dry Distem∣per; and in relation to the quantity of Blood, the Apertion of a Vein is to be Celebrated, and most gentle Diaphoreticks are to be taken to expel the hot and Serous Liquor mixed with the Blood, into the Confines of the Body, where it is often discharged by Blistering Plaisters.

If occasion serve, by reason the Tumour doth not abate, Blood-letting may be repeated, * 1.416 as very proper in this Disease, in which Purging some∣times proveth fatal in the height of an Erysipelas, in recalling the Serous Humours, from the Ambient parts to the inward Recesses, from the Cir∣cumference to the Center; which succeeded very ill in a Gentleman, a Friend of mine, who had an Erysipelas in his Neck and Face, which so highly disguised his Countenance, that I could scarcely know him, his Eyes being shut up with the high Swelling: Whereupon an Empyrick of his Acquaintaince, ordered him a Purge (in stead of Bleeding) which work∣ed freely with him, and drew in the Humours settled in his Face and Neck (which abated the Swellings of a suddain) which the Night after the Purge, had a recourse into his Brain, and made him Apoplectical: Whereupon I was called out of my Bed to come to him, I thereupon order∣ed him to be let Blood, both in the Neck and Arm, in the space of a few Hours, but all in vain; the Patient, notwithstanding all my attempts by all ways imaginable to preserve him, died Apoplectical: And, according to my desire, the Skull being taken off, the Dura Mater appeared highly Tu∣mefied, and the Brain being opened, we discerned a great quantity of Ex∣travasated Blood, lodged in the substance of it.

An Oedema is a white soft Indolent Swelling, * 1.417 seated very often in the Limbs, caused by reason of ill Sanguification, proceeding from a Phlegma∣tick Matter, an indigested Chyle, associated with the Purple Liquor, which giveth a trouble to Nature, seeing it cannot be assimilated into Blood (and so improper for Nutrition) which being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries, into the Interstices of the Muscles, where it is lodged by reason of its great thickness, as not being able to be admitted into the Ori∣fices of the Veins; whereupon the habit of the Body is distended, causing a great Tension and Stiffness in the parts affected; which being near akin to an Anasarca, hath the same Indications and Cure, recited in the discourse of the Leucophlegmatia.

A Student in Philosophy, being affected with an Ascitis and Timpanites, was restored out of a Quartan Ague, unto perfect Health; and afterward being unmindful of his former Distemper, applied himself to his Studies, and led a Sedentary Life, and thereupon fell into a great difficulty of Brea∣thing, derived from a gross Mass of Blood, impelled out of the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs, receiving frequent draughts of Air, to inspire the Mass of Blood with fine Volatil Particles, to promote its Cir∣culation

by the Pulmonary Veins, into the left Chamber of the Heart; and within a very short space, this gross Mass of Blood was carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, into the Iliack Branch, and so into the Muscles of the Thighs, which were much swelled with this pituitous Mass of Blood, not lodged only in the empty spaces of the Muscles, but also in the Minute Glands of the Skin, very much swelled in Oedematous Tumours, and Anasarca's, which very much resemble one another, both in Pathology, and in Pharmaceuticks.

A Scirrhus is a hard Indolent Tumour, taking its rise from gross Blood, * 1.418 or from a thick Lintous Humour, mixed with the Vital Liquor, transmitted into the habit of the Body, where the more thin and watry Particles being Evaporated, the gross parts of the Blood do communicate a hardness to the distended Fleshy parts; which may also arise from gross Humours (settled in the habit of the Body) consisting of Saline Earthy Particles, which are dispo∣sed for Concretion.

In order to the Cure of a Scirrhus, two Indications do offer themselves, the Indicative, and Curative: The first hath relation to the Antecedent Cause, the gross Mass of Blood resident in Scorbutick habits of Body, which are to be Cured by Purgatives, Antiscorbuticks, Diureticks, and Chaly∣beats; so that the more gross parts of the Peccant Matter being carried off by Catharticks, the more thin may be discharged by Diureticks, and the Fermentation of the Blood may be renewed by Chalybeats.

As to the Curative Indication of a Scirrhus, derived from the continent Cause of gross Humours, settled and indurated in the empty spaces of the Muscles, it doth denote Emollient and Moistning Medicines, which must be applied again and again, to soften the Indurated parts; and afterward gentle Discutients mixed with Emollients, may be used; else if hot Dis∣cutients be first applied, before the parts be softned, they acquire a greater Induration, and the Scirrhus will be rendred more difficult to be Cured.

A Cancer is a hard round Tumour, (of a Blew or Blackish Colour, * 1.419 full of sharp pain) beset with many Veins (big with a Black Humour) resem∣bling Crabs Claws; from whence it borroweth its Denomination, and ta∣keth its origen from Blood, infected with a Malignant Disposition, and Ve∣nenate Nature.

This Humour concreteth it self in the beginning, not exceeding the big∣ness of a Pea, and afterward groweth greater in Bulk; especially if it be enraged with sharp Medicines, whereupon it encreaseth in acute hot pains, somewhat like the pricking of Needles, derived from sharp Vitriolick Parti∣cles, and the poysonous quality of the Blood, grievously torturing the Nervous and Membranous parts, the subject of pain in this Disease.

The antecedent cause of a Cancer, according to the Ancients, is a Me∣lancholick Humour: But in truth, the Blood affected with a Venenate Na∣ture, while it circulates in the Vessels; but when this Poysonous Humour is Extravasated, and lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels (as not received into the Veins) it is the continent cause of a Cancer, which is a Black vene∣nate Blood, making a Tumour in the habit of the Body, tormenting the Nervous parts with severe pains,

Cancers are of two kinds, the one not Ulcered, the other Ulcered: * 1.420 The first proceedeth from a more gentle, and less malignant Mass of Blood, easily confining it self within the empty Spaces of the Fleshy parts, without intole∣rable pains, as not offering any great Violation to the union of the Muscular, and Cutaneous parts.

The Ulcered Cancer is derived from a most hot Mass of Blood (full of fierce Saline and Malignant Particles) which being settled in the empty Spaces of the Vessels, * 1.421 parteth them from each other, and raiseth a Tumour, ari∣sing from these sharp Vitriolick Humours, corroding the Fleshy parts and Skin, whence gusheth out a thin sharp Gleet, sometimes mixed with a depraved Blood, very offensive to the adjacent parts.

As to the Curative parts of a Cancer, it is so stubborn by reason of its great Malignity, that it cannot be subdued by the most powerful Phar∣macy: In order to hinder the growth of it, Blood-letting may be advised, as also Decoctions of China, Sarsa Parilla, and Antiscorbuticks, and other Medicines which do cool, purge, and sweeten the Blood by Diureticks, of a mild nature; a cooling and moistning Diet may prove very Be∣neficial, and above all Milk, and the most choice is that of Asses; which being of a serous substance, may be easily Concocted, without any Coagulation in the Stomach, and hath a cooling and moistning quality.

Topicks in this Disease prove often prejudicial, * 1.422 especially hot and sharp Applications, that enrage the Fiery and Malignant disposition of a Cancer, and outward Medicines of an Emplastick Oily nature, are very poysonous, By reason they hinder Transpiration; and by deteining the hot and poy∣sonous steams of the Blood, do much Exasperate the fierce Saline Atomes of this Disease, rendring it Ulcerous, whose sharp Matter doth Corrode the Neighbouring parts with intolerable pains.

An Ancient Woman, a Victualer by Profession, being affected with a Scorbutick habit of Body, was afflicted with a Cancerous Tumour in her Breast, to which an unskilful Chyrurgeon applied sharp and Emplastick Medicines, to bring the Tumour to Suppuration, which could not be affe∣cted, but at last ended in a most Malignant Ulcer; whose thin Caustick Matter did eat away her Breast, and penetrating the Intercostal Muscles into the Thorax, did destroy the Noble parts; whereupon this devouring Disease gave a close to her most painful and miserable Life.

In Ulcered Cancers, * 1.423 Caustick Medicines give great pains, and can no ways Cure the Patient; therefore it is best to apply Cooling, or at least tempe∣rate Drying Medicines that give ease, and keep the Sore clean and sweet, that the Patient may spin out the Thread of Life, with as little pain as pos∣sible.

In Cancers not Ulcered, it is most safe to flie to Chyrurgeons, as to a San∣ctuary, to Cut out the Cancerous Tumour, in a Fleshy part, if it be not too deeply rooted, near some eminent Vessels, which may endanger Life in a great Flux of Blood.

CHAP. XXVI. Of a Rheumatism.

THe Muscles are obnoxious to another vexatious Disease (that giveth a high discomposure to the Patient in violent Pains) a Rhematism, * 1.424 that hath for its remote subject, the Fleshy part of the Body, not much con∣cerned as composed of various Tubes of Arteries, Veins, and Lymphaeducts, but are framed of Nervous and Membranous Fibres, which are the parts chiefly affected in this Disease, as the great Ministers of Sensation.

The Muscular parts of the lower Limbs, * 1.425 are most oppressed with a Rheu∣matism, because the Blood enraged with Salt Particles, is propelled down∣ward by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Iliack Artery, into the Thighs, Legs, and Feet, as most distant from the Noble parts, which Na∣ture is ambitious to preserve.

This troublesome Disaffection, * 1.426 is not Afflictive perpetually after one man∣ner, by reason it doth not take one constant Course, but hath its Types and Periods, its Exacerbations and Remissions, more gentle, and more violent pains, and seldom hath in the beginning any eminent Swelling; which is more frequent about the state or declination of the Disease, and is caused by the sharp Particles of the Blood, transmitted into the empty Spaces of the Muscles; where they being lodged, give great Alleviation of pain to the discomposed Patient.

The subject of a Rheumatism, is not the same with that of a Joint Gout, The fine Coats encircling the body and heads of the Bones, constituting the Joints, but the various Membrane, the fine contextures of Nervous Fila∣ments, immuring the body of every Muscle, and many Nervous and Ten∣dinous Fibres, branched through the whole substance of the Muscles; so that these Membranous and Fibrous parts, as consisting of many Nervous Fila∣ments, are the parts affected in a Rheumatism, as instruments of acute Sense, whence they are rendred capable of pain, produced by the unnatural Fermen∣tative Elements of Vital and Nervous Liquor.

The main matter of Rheumatism is the Blood, * 1.427 which is impelled into various Muscular parts by several Arterial Branches, whence arise those wan∣dring pains, that torment now one, then another part, as afflicted with Fer∣mentative unkindly Blood, making several gesses through the Muscular parts relating to the whole Body: Whereupon the Blood consisting of Heteroge∣neous and unnatural Elements (doth give a disturbance to the Sensitive parts) which are not liable to Suppuration, because the Acid and Saline parts do preserve the Blood from Putrefaction; and an Inflammation happening in a Rheumatism is not the Disease, but a Symptome of it, flowing from a source of Blood settled in the empty Spaces of the Muscles; and the nature of this disaffection is founded in most irksome vellications of Nerves, tortured with Acid and Saline Particles.

It may be worth our enquiry, What parts of the Blood are most concern∣ed in a Rheumatism, whether the Chrystalline, or Red Crassaments are most active in the Production of it? To which I make bold to give this Reply: That the Serous Particles, and not the other, are a great Cause of

this Disease, * 1.428 as acted with sharp and Saline Atomes, which do highly dis∣quiet the Nervous Filaments; and as I apprehend, the Nervous Liquor doth claim a share in the production of this Distemper, as it is disaffected with Acid Atomes, which being in conjunction with the Serous parts of the Blood (as they both concur to Nutrition) do assault the tender frame of of Nervous Filaments, and vehemently prick them.

Whereupon, * 1.429 I humbly conceive, that pituitous Matter, or indige∣sted Chyme, is not the matter of a Rheumatism (but of an Oedematous Tu∣mour, as being of too soft an ingeny, to produce such a churlish and angry Disease, speaking so great a torment to the Nervous Filaments) no way agreeable to the more mild nature of the Chyle, holding great analogy with the temper of Milk, which sweetneth, and not enrageth; and being associ∣ated with the Mass of Blood, giveth rather an allay, then raiseth an unkind∣ly Fermentation, proceeding from Acid and Saline Atomes, chiefly resident in the serous parts of the Blood.

The best account (as I conceive) as most agreeable to Sense and Reason, is Mechanical, fetched from the principles of Nature (Chymically descri∣bed) constituting the Mass of Blood, which being unnaturally Heteroge∣neous in a Cachexy, do cause extraordinary Ebullitions, highly afflicting the parts of the Body through which it passeth; whereupon the main Ingredi∣ents of this Disease are Salts of different dispositions, * 1.430 residing in the Mass of Blood, and making great Effervescences, when they endeavour to enter into a mutual association, which is intended by Nature for each others In∣terest and Perfection; because the end of these sharp Encounters, is to refine each other, and by subduing their Dissimilar Natures, to become nearer akin to each other by a harmony of Temper, in which they being Assimilated, do leave their hostile disputes, and kindly entertain each other in an amica∣ble Converse.

And those different Saline Principles (which have so stubborn and un∣compliant disposition that are not capable to be reconciled, by being made Similar by natural Effervescences; * 1.431 Nature turneth out of Doors (as disser∣viceable to the Body) by several Excretory Vessels, terminating in the In∣testines, Bladder, or Ambient parts. These various Saline Elements are fixed, as Alkalies and Lixivial Salts, and being highly indisposed in diffe∣rent Tempers, and meeting with exalted Acids, do produce extravagant Fermentations; * 1.432 as Oil of Sulphur poured upon Oil of Tartar, or any other Acids mixed with Volatil or fixed Salts, do cause great Ebullitions.

And the Mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor, being made up of different Elements, of disaffected Acids and Alkalies of unkindly Volatil and fixed Salts, do hold a great Analogy with the Fermentations, flowing from the mixture of Spirit of Vitriol and Tartar, which entring into disputes with each other, do produce fierce Ebullitions; and they insinuate themselves in order to Nutrition, into the pores of Membranes and Nervous Filaments, which being of acute Sensation, are highly irritated and enraged by diffe∣rent Elements, fretting and gauling their most tender Compage, productive of tormenting Agonies, * 1.433 and most racking pains in a Rheumatism.

To render this Hypothesis more clear, I will speak somewhat of the man∣ner of Nutrition (as more conducive to the better understanding of it) which is accomplished by various Liquors; the one is the more mild part of the Blood, which much resembleth the Albuminous Juice of an Egg, and will Coagulate l••ke it, when held over the Fire in a Spoon: Another Li∣quor is that of the Brain, transmitted between the many Filaments of Nerves into all parts of the Body.

These two Liquors of several Families and Dispositions, associating in the habit of the Body (wherein they being severed from the Red Crassament) are transmitted into the Pores of numerous Vessels integrating the Muscular parts, and these Chrystalline and Nervous Liquors being of a clammy nature, do easily admit an accretion, and assimilate with the substance of the Mus∣cles, when conveyed into their innumerable Pores. * 1.434 Whereupon these vari∣ous Juices, consisting of Heterogeneous principles of Acids and Alkalies, of Volatil and fixed Salts (which being highly indisposed and embodied in ill habits of Body) do raise great Tumults and Ebullitions, in different Liquors, endued with disagreeing Tempers, which being compounded of fierce Salts and Acids highly disputing each other, and being Extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels, into whose numerous Pores they are immit∣ted in order to Accretion and Assimilation, with the substance of the Fleshy parts.

So that the Nerves being Systems of many Filaments, are most highly aggrieved and tormented with Vellications in a Rheumatism, produced by enraged Fermentative Atomes of various furious Salts, and Acids, relating to the serous parts of the Blood, and Animal Liquor, endeavouring in the empty Spaces of the Vessels, to unite and incorporate with the substance of the most delicate parts of Body, the subject of Sensation.

Whence may easily be inferred, * 1.435 what are the antecedent and continent Causes of a Rheumatism; the one being In fieri, the other in factu esse. The antecedent relateth to the serous parts of the Blood, and Nervous Liquor (immitted into it by the Termination of the Nerves) discomposed by tumul∣tuary Alkalies and Acids, raising high Ebullitions in different Juices, while they are immured within the confines of the Vessels.

The continent cause of a Rheumatism, obtaineth the same Matter with the antecedent, and differeth in the parts affected, and both agree, as be∣ing derived from divers Salts, the one fixed, the other brought to a Fluor, and so turneth Acid; and they are Discriminated, by reason the Antecedent cause flowing from various fixed Saline, and Acid Elements embodied in the Mass of Blood, are contained and circulate in the Arteries and Veins; and the Continent cause proceedeth from the same principles, * 1.436 disaffecting the Serous parts of the Purple and Nervous Liquor confaederated, and then impelled out of the Arteries into the empty spaces of the Muscles, in order to be transmitted into the Veins, and in their passage some Particles are received in order to Nutrition, into the pores of the Vessels, to repair their lost Particles by Assimilation, whereupon the Preternatural Fermentative parts of different Liquors, making angry Effervescences in the substance of the Nervous Filaments, do produce vexatious pains; the immediate, or continent cause of a Rheumatism.

The Procatarctick cause may proceed from ill Diet, * 1.437 from too large an assumption of variety of gross Flesh, not well digested, by reason of Acid Ferments, transmitted out of the extreamities of the Arteries, or from De∣praved Liquor, distilling out of the Terminations of the Nerves, into the Cavity of the Stomach, perverting its laudable Concoction, or from eating of Meats highly salted or dried with Smoak, or from drinking of small Wines full of Tartar, which produce an Alimentary Liquor in the Sto∣mach (impraegnated with gross Saline Particles) which being carried through the Intestines, and Thoracic Ducts, into the Subclavian Vessels, doth em∣body with the Blood, vitiating its temper, and disposing it for the producti∣on of a Rheumatism.

The various Seasons of the Year do much disorder the Constitution of the Body, * 1.438 occasioned by different tempers of the Air, sometimes Hot, and pre∣sently after Cold (as in the Spring and Autumn) wherein Nature is sur∣prised, in a suddain different alteration of Air; and when the Pores have been enlarged by heat, they are immediately shut up by Cold, and the fiery and Saline Particles, and Acid steams of the Blood and Nervous Liquor are suppressed a prohibita Transpiratione; whereupon the various sharp Saline Recrements, endued with Fermentative Particles, do make great bussles in the Body, and vex the parts.

Violent Labours and Exercises, * 1.439 and extravagant Passion, and an immode∣rate indulgence of Venery, as also the suppression of the wonted evacuation of Blood by the Nostrils, Haemorrhoides, or Menstrua, do highly dis∣compose the Vital and Nervous Liquor in the Vessels, and enrage the Mor∣bifick Matter of a Rheumatism, by raising the Fermentation of various Juices, consisting of Acid, and Saline parts (the antecedent cause lodged in the Vessels) impelled into the habit of the Body (and so become the continent cause of the Disease) disquieting the Nervous parts, by giving them sharp pains.

Thus having given a brief Account of the Procatarctick Causes, I will now with Permission, attempt to shew the different Influences these various kind∣ly and unkindly primitive causes do produce, by making good or ill Dis∣position and Concoction in the Stomach, Blood, and Nervous Liquor, in the Vessels and habit of the Body, in reference to Nutrition; whence arise Na∣tural, or Preternatural Fermentations of several Liquors, composing, or di∣sturbing the quiet of the Nervous parts.

The Blood affected with a laudable Disposition, * 1.440 obtaineth a kind of Me∣diocrity of state (as Learned Dr. Willis hath well observed) as being nei∣ther too Fixed, nor too Volatil: And the parts of the Blood may be said to be too fixed, when the Elements of Sulphur, Salt, and Earth, are so firmly united in a close bond of mixtion, that they cannot easily be parted; as when Liquors are not well Concocted, by natural heat, and due Ferments, as out of Wine made of unripe Grapes, it is difficult to extract a Salt and Spirit in Distillation; but when the Saline associated with Spirituous Atomes are rendred Volatil, they are somewhat freed from the strict combination of Sulphur and Earth: As it is evident in the Distillation of Wine, after it is made fine by parting with its gross and earthy Lees, fallen to the bot∣tom of the Cask; whereupon out of Wine secerned from its Faeces, the Spi∣rituous and Volatil parts will easily ascend, and a Spirit of Wine may be readily extracted.

The Liquors (expatiating themselves in the body of Animals, * 1.441 and espe∣cially in a Humane Body) may have some analogy in their Fermentation with those of Vegetables; whereupon the Liquors of our Bodies, are endu∣ed with a moderate Fixation, when first the Chyle is duly elaborated in the Stomach, by the help of good Air, Meats of easie Concoction, and proper Ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquor, distilling out of the Arteries and Nerves (inserted into the inward Tunicle of the Stomach) into the Cavity of the Ventricle, whereby the well digested Chyle being secerned by a kind of Precipitation from the gross Saline, and Sulphureous, and earthy Faeces, is transmitted through the Intestines, wherein it is farther Concocted by the Pancreatick Juice, and Arterial and Nervous Liquor, by which the Chyle being rendred more attenuated, is carried through the Thorax by proper Lacteae into the Subclavian Veins, where it espousing the Blood in a

near union, receiveth a farther Exaltation, and is assimilated into Vital Liquor, whose more mild parts associated with Nervous Juice, * 1.442 become a good Suc∣cus Nutricius; which being conveyed by innumerable Pores into the solid parts, is made one uniform substance with them by Accretion.

But if upon the reception of highly salted Meat, dried in the Sun, or Smoak, and other Meat hard of Digestion (by reason the Succulent parts are dried up, by the Salt and Smoak) a crude Milky Humour is extracted; * 1.443 because the too solid Compage of the Aliment is not duly opened by a gross Air, a faint heat, and ill Ferments of the Stomach, whereby the Chyle is not well separated from the gross Saline, Sulphureous, and earthy Elements of the Meat and Drink; whereupon the Intestines, by reason of an impure Pancreatick Liquor, and other ill Ferments, do not attenuate the Chyle, which is imported through the Breast into the Vital Liquor, wherein it is not exalted by a dispirited Blood, affected with gross Sulphureous and fix∣ed Saline Atomes, which being transmitted into the Interstices of the Ves∣sels, do highly torture the Membranous and Nervous parts of the Muscles producing a Rheumatism.

This Disease doth not only proceed from the fixed Saline parts of the Blood, but from a depraved Nervous Liquor, * 1.444 which may be backed by pro∣bable Reason; because Persons liable to Rheumatisms, are often afflicted with Nervous disaffections, as gentle rigors (dispersed through the Membranous and Muscular parts of the Body) which are a kind of Convulsive Motions, seated in the Nervous and Tendinous Fibres, involuntarily contracted by some sharp Humours.

And again, the unnatural Contractions of Nerves, proceed from a disaffected Nervous Liquor, of which this Conjecture may be made, because these Convulsive Motions, were attended with the excretion of Urine, as salt as Vinegar, an Argument that part of the Acid Particles affecting the Nerves, were discharged by Urine, which were first secerned in the Glands, and afterward imparted by the Veins, or Lymphaeducts to the Mass of Blood, carried by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Artery, into the Glands of the Kidney, where it is severed from the Blood, and transmit∣ted by the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles, terminating into the Pel∣vis, the entrance into the Ureters, by which it is conveyed into the Bladder, and so out of the Body by the Urethra.

Furthermore it may be conjectured, * 1.445 That this Disease may partly borrow its production from vitiated Nervous Liquor, disaffecting the sensible parts: Because in the beginning of Rheumatisms, Patients are often troubled with Dulness, and pains of their Heads, attended with Sleepiness, which may come from a depraved Animal Liquor, disaffecting the Coats of the Brain; whence upon good grounds, we may be induced to believe, that a Rheu∣matism is not wholly derived from a disordered Mass of Blood, but also from a Nervous Juice impraegnated with Saline Particles, brought to a Fluor, thereby rendred Acid; whereupon the fixed saline parts of the Vital entring into a confaederacy with the Animal Liquor, do raise brisk Fermentations, exasperating the Membranes, Nervous and Tendinous Fibres of the Muscles, whence ensueth a high discomposure, and torture of the Sensible parts: So that the igredients of a Rheumatism, may be truly judged the Fermentative part of the Nervous and Vital Liquor.

As to the Prognosticks of this Disease, it is rarely attended with fatal Symptoms; and after the great storms of disquiet and pain are allayed, * 1.446 a Calm ensueth: and therefore a Rheumatism is not in it self liable to great

danger, but is a kind of Preservative, as by its mediation other Diseases are discharged, and the most discomposed Patient afterward is restored to Health; by reason the Matter of the Disease, the saline and acid Recrements, most offensive to the inward and noble parts, are discharged into the outward, and into the upper and lower Limbs, to secure the principles of Life, from the assaults of a troublesome and impetuous Enemy.

Sometimes in a Rheumatism, * 1.447 these fixed Saline in combination with earthy Particles, are concreted into a Chalky substance, accompanied with Extra∣vasated Blood (sometime tending to Suppuration) which being of a Cau∣stick nature, doth corrode the Fleshy parts and Skin, through which the Chalky Matter is discharged.

A Person of Honesty, keeping a Livery Stable in the Strand, was high∣ly afflicted with a Rheumatism, productive of divers Swellings in the Mus∣cular parts, accompanied with violent pains: These Tumours proceeded from Saline and Earthy parts Concreted, which did vent themselves very freely with Ulcerous Matter in divers parts of the Body; and upon Blood-letting, and Purging, and Diet Drinks, of Sarsaparilla and China, boiled in Water, and streined, and mixed with new Milk, the Pains were taken away, and the Ulcers Cured, by gentle detersive and drying Topicks, and the Patient perfectly recovered his Health, which he hath enjoyed for some Years.

Sometimes a Rhematism long afflicting a weak Chachectick Body, * 1.448 viti∣ateth the Ferments of the Stomach, producing an ill Chyle and Mass of Blood, causing an Atrophy of the whole Body.

A Knight, a Person of great Worth and Integrity, being of a weak Con∣stitution and ill habit of Body, frequently fell into a Rheumatism, accom∣panied with Vomitings, proceeding from Acid Particles, transmitted by the Capillary Arteries terminating into the Stomach, and from Bilious Humours transmitted from the Liver through the Hepatick Duct into the Duodenum, and from thence into the Ventricle; which took away his Appetite, and spoiled the Concoction of Aliment, making a crude Chyle, and an ill Mass of Blood (consisting of fixed Saline parts) and a depraved Succus Nutricius, infected with Acid Atomes, which raised the Ebullition of the Blood, im∣pelled into the empty spaces of the Vessels which gave him Pains, which were often alleviated by Blood-letting, gentle Purgatives, Diet Drinks, and distillations of Milk prepared with temperate Antiscorbuticks: But at last, this worthy Gentleman being impatient at his frequent returns of his Rheumatism he made use of Empyricks (great Promisers, and little Per∣formers) who contrary to Art, he being much weakned by an inveterate Disease, gave him churlish Purgatives, and ill prepared Minerals, which wholly took away his Strength, and motion of his Limbs; and at last his Mass of Blood, and Succus Nutricius being depraved, fell into an Emacia∣tion of his whole Body, which gave a period to his Life, to the great grief and trouble of all that were known to him; he having been a Person of high Honour and Generosity, Treating at his House Strangers as well as Friends, with a most obliging Civility and Kindness.

Doctor Glysson is of this Sentiment, * 1.449 That a Rheumatism taketh its birth not from Saline, but Sulphureous Vapours, associated with a Flatus; which, as I humbly conceive, being very fierce raiseth a great Ebullition of the Blood, and is very afflictive to the Nervous parts, in its passage through the substance of the Body.

Whereupon the Blood in violent Gouts, being affected with enraging Oily Particles, and accompanied with restless Wind, is impelled by the terminations of the Arteries, * 1.450 into the Interstices of the Membranes encir∣cling the Muscles; which being of a close and tender Compage, the tumultuary Purple Liquor is forced through it with great pain, proceeding from the great tension of many Minute well-struck Nervous Fibres.

And these Membranes immuring the Muscles, are not only afflicted with troublesome Tensions (caused by the Elastick Particles of Wind) but with sharp pricking pains, derived, as I conceive, * 1.451 from the impulse of the Blood (affected with hot Sulphureous parts) making its way through the Inter∣stices of the numerous Fibrils, endued with most accute sense.

The beating, pricking and tensive pains in a Rheumatism, * 1.452 are much aggra∣vated (as I conceive) by reason both the Interstices of the Filaments con∣stituting the Membranes, enclosing the Muscles, and the empty spaces of the Tendinous and Nervous Fibres integrating in a great degree the body of the Carnous parts, are often much obstructed, which rendreth the passage of the furious Blood (consisting of Sulphureous and Flatulent Vapours) very difficult and torminous.

A Rheumatism doth sometimes afflict the whole Body, * 1.453 which may be stiled a Universal Rheumatism, proceeding from an ill Mass of Blood, trans∣mitted into the proper Membranes, or into the Interstices of the Tendinous and Nervous Fibres, relating to all, or the greatest part of the Muscles of the Body, afflicted with universal pains, when the Patient looseth the use of his Limbs.

A Waterman of a hot plethorick and ill habit of Body, Rowing hard, put himself into a great Sweat, and a very free Transpiration, which was suddainly checked by a cold Air, shutting up the Pores of the Skin, where∣upon Nature was surprised, by hot Sulphureous Particles of an ill Mass of Blood (intercepted by a checked Transpiration) returning to the Heart by the Veins, and thrown out again from the Center to the Circumference by the Arteries, into the Interstices of the proper Membranes (encircling the Muscles) and into the empty spaces of the Nervous and Tendinous Fibres, chiefly framing the Carnous parts; whence do ensue raging pains, proceed∣ing from Oily flatulent Particles, torturing the tender Compage of Membra∣nous and Nervous Fibrils.

In order to a Cure, I advised repeated Blood-letting, * 1.454 contemperating Diet Drinks, Purging, Diuretick, and Sweating Medicines; whereupon the Pa∣tient was perfectly restored to his former Health.

Universal Rheumatisms are rare, wherein the Muscles of the greatest part of the Body are surprized with pain at one Instant, as in the former case; but most commonly some few Muscles are afflicted in one part of the Body, which proceedeth from some Particles only disaffected with hot Fermenta∣tive Atomes, conveyed into the empty spaces of the Membranous and Ner∣vous Fibres; and as more parts of the Blood are more infected with the Minera Morbi, they run into several Muscles, by the branches of Arteries in∣serted into the body of Muscles: This kind of Rheumatism admitteth a easie Cure, by reason some Muscles of the Body are only afflicted, and an great part of the Mass of Blood hath a good Constitution, as not acted with ill Ferments productive of this Disease.

The method of Curing a Rheumatism, is made up of three Indications: * 1.455 The first is Curative, which relateth to the Paroxisms, in speaking a quiet repose and ease to the Patient.

The second Indication is preservative in reference to the Intermission of the Fits of a Rheumatism, * 1.456 to take off, or at least to prevent the Violence of the Fits.

The third is Vital, * 1.457 which consists in the choice of proper Aliments, or in the Administration of Cordial, or Restorative Medicines, to comfort and give strength to the Patient, to render him able to encounter high afflictive pains very frequent in this Disease.

The first Indication relateth to the continent cause, to Cure the Dis∣ease, by wholly appeasing, or at least mitigating the pains (affecting the Membranous, Nervous, and Tendinous parts of the Muscles) proceed∣ing from the high Fermentations of the different, Vital and Nervous Liquor, enraged by fixed Salts and Acids, and sometimes with Sulphureous; which are all accompanied with Flatulent Matter, making great contests in the empty spaces of the Vessels; So that two Intentions do seem to offer them∣selves in this Indication. The first is to take off, or at least abate the high discomposure of the Nerves: The second is the manner of doing it, which is by taking away the matter of the Disease, and by giving an allay to great Effervescenses, caused by various Ferments of the Blood and Nervous Juice, which is to be effected by Phlebotomy, and by Purging, Alterative and Anodine Medicines.

Blood-letting is chiefly to be celebrated in the beginning of a Rheumatism, * 1.458 when the Patient hath strength, and before the Disease is too much Con∣firmed, when it is most beneficial in a hot Temper of Body, or in Youth and in Middle-Age, wherein Blood-letting may be most safely Administred, both to diminish the ill Mass of Blood, and to give controul to the Extrava∣gant disputes made between fierce Combatants of disagreeing Dispositions; the fixed Salts and Acids, and sometimes Sulphureous and Flatulent Parti∣cles associated with the Blood, and Nervous Liquor, inflicting great pains upon Nervous and Tendinous Fibres of the Muscles.

Purging Medicines are most safely advised after Blood-letting, * 1.459 and in the declination of a Rheumatism (when the Paronysmes do abate) lest in the beginning of the Disease the pains should be aggravated, especially in strong Purgings, which being of a churlish disposition, do raise the Fermentation of different Humours, and highten the Disease; whose offensive Matter is best discharged, * 1.460 when a Coction is made, and the Recrements of the Blood and Nervous Liquor, are severed from their more pure parts; whereupon the Matter of the Disease groweth more pliable after Coction, and is more easily transmitted by the Terminations of the upper and lower Miscenterick Arteries, inserted into the inward Coats of the Intestines.

The Purging Medicines serviceable in this Disease are numerous, * 1.461 as di∣vers sorts of Arthritick Powders, Medicines made of Hermodactiles, Me∣choacan, Diagridium, Syrupe of Buckthorn, given in Decoctions of Sarsa Parilla: Some Physicians advise Pilulas de Duobus, and other more strong Purgatives, which may prove less successful (except in Robust Constituti∣ons) by reason they weaken the Body, and enrage its unquiet Humours, which do imbitter the pains of this Disease: When the Patient is strong, some do deem Vomitories very proper in a foul Stomach, which have fre∣quent inclinations to Vomiting, caused by Bilious and Acid Ferments, thrown into the Cavity of the Stomach, out of which they are ejected by Emetick Tartar of Mynsicht, and by Sulphur and Flowers of Antimony, and most safely by Emetick Wine.

And not only Purgatives and Vomitories, but also Alteratives, * 1.462 consisting of Diet Drinks, made of Sarsaparilla, China, Lignum Sanctum (in cold and moist tempers of Body) Testaceous powders of Crabs Eyes, and Claws, Egg-shells, Pearl, and the like; and Chalybeats mixed with Anti∣scorbuticks, are very proper to sweeten the Blood, and alleviate pains, and to correct the ill habit of Body in Rheumatisms. And in order to repair the decaies of Nature in Emaciated Bodies, reduced to a kind of Hectick Scor∣butick Fevers in this Disease (when highly Chronic) Restorative and Cordial Medicines are to be advised; as distilled Milk, prepared with Antiscorbu∣ticks and Snails, mixed with new Milk, as also Asses Milk, and Decocti∣ons of China, Sarsaparilla, &c.

Whereupon in inveterate Rheumatisms, * 1.463 when Patients are reduced to great Weakness, and thereupon are not capable of Purging and Bleeding, the Vital Indication is to be highly considered, and nourishing Medicines are to be prescribed, which will support Nature in a languishing Condition, and will dulcifie and refine the Mass of Blood, by rendring the fixed Salts more Volatil, and by sweetning the Acids, and the depressed Fermentation may be raised by exalting the Depauperated particles of the Blood and Nutricious Juice by proper Diet Drinks, and Milk mixed with distilled Milk, and at last to observe a Milk Diet, which I know hath Cured inveterate Rheumatisms.

A French Merchant of London, a Person of great Civility and Virtue, of a hot and dry Constitution, and of an ill habit of Body, was severely treated many Years, with a Rheumatism, which brought him very low, as being oppressed with a Scorbutick Hectick Fever, proceeding from the Scur∣vy, and a tedious Rheumatism; whereupon I advised now and then gentle Lenitives, temperate Antiscorbuticks, * 1.464 and Alteratives contemporating the heat, attenuating the fixed Saline parts of the Blood, and sweetning the Acids of the Nutricious Liquor: And in fine, I advised a Milk Water, pre∣pared with temperate Antiscorbuticks and Restoratives, and ordered the distilled Milk to be drunk with new Milk; and at last, I prescribed as the Crown of all, that raised him to a great degree of Health (who was so weak, that he was confined to his House for many Years) and afterward, by the Grace of God, and help of proper Medicines, was able to walk Abroad with strength and vigor, leading his Life with great pleasure, to the joy of his Physician, and great comfort to his dear Friends and Relations.

When Purgatives, Blood-letting, and Alteratives have been advised, * 1.465 Topicks may be applied (to breath out the offensive Matter, to ease pain and to strengthen the Nervous and Tendinous parts) consisting of Anodine and Discutient, Emollient Medicines: And my humble Advice is, not to make use of Astringent, cooling Opiates, outward Applications, which hinder Sweats, * 1.466 and a free Transpiration, whereby the hot, Sulphureous, Saline and acid particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor, are not emitted through the pores of the Skin, and the matter of the Disease being repelled, have a re∣course to the Noble parts, and produce sleepy Diseases, Inflammations of the Lungs and Pleura, Squincie in plethorick and ill habits of Body.

A Knight of Glocestershire, being of an ill Constitution of Body, did long la∣bour under a Rheumatism, accompanied with Swellings of the Muscular parts, which were abated by the Application of improper Topicks, which repelled the ill Humours from the Ambient parts, to the inward recesses of the Body, and at last were transmitted by the Extreamities of the Caeliac Arteries into the Stomach, causing frequent Hiccops and Vomitings; which were much appeased by drinking free draughts of generous Claret, and warm Cordial

Medicines, taking away the Hiccops and Vomitings, by remanding the peccant Matter to the confines of the Body, rendred painful and unquiet, which gave great ease and repose to the Praecordia, and inward parts; where∣upon he enjoyed his Health and Repose for many Years.

A Knight of the Bath (being a Gentleman of Honour and Fortune) of an ill plethorick habit of Body, was highly afflicted with a Rheumatism, productive of severe pains, immediately alleviated upon the Application of a Cataplasm, whereby the Humour settled in the outward, were repelled into the inward parts; whereupon the Patient was surprised with a conti∣nued Fever, associated with an Inflammation of the Lungs, in which he Cough∣ed up great quantities of Blood, and phlegmatick Matter: Whereupon I advised Blood-letting, Cordials, Pectoral and Diaphoretick Medicines, to lessen the offensive Matter by Bleeding, Coughing up of the gross phlegm, and by throwing off the Sulphureous, Saline, and Acid particles of the Vital and Nervous Liquor by Sweats, and insensible Transpiration, whereby the Patient perfectly recovered his Health.

As to an Arthritis, * 1.467 or Joint Gout, it doth not essentially differ from a Rheumatism, by reason it hath the same procatarctick, antecedent, and con∣tinent Causes, derived from gross Saline, Sulphureous, and Acid particles, mixed sometimes with Flatulent Vapours, seated in the Mass of Blood, and is for the most part Discriminated in the parts affected, as a Rheumatism hath for its subject (as I conceive) the Membranous, Nervous, and Tendinous parts of the Muscles: And a Joint Gout is seated principally in the thin Membranes, encompassing the body and heads of the Bones, and the tendi∣nous Extreamities of the Muscles, confining on the Bones, and in the Liga∣ments tying the Bones to their Sockets (as some will have it) which I con∣ceive have little or no sense, and therefore are not much concerned in this vexatious Disease.

The Blood is disaffected with divers kinds of Salts, as also Acids and Sul∣phureous Atomes, mixed with Flatulent Steams; which being so many He∣terogeneous Elements, do raise great Tumults, and unkindly Effervescenses enraging the Vital Liquor, carried into the Coats immuring the Bones, which being tender Contextures of small Nervous Fibrils, closely interwoven, are highly vexed by the important sollicitations of angry Fermentative particles of Blood, impelled by the Capillary Arteries, into the most narrow Inter∣stices of the Periostea, and Tendinous Extreamities of the Muscles, whence arise shooting, pricking, and tensive pains.

As to the Cure of an Artheritis, I refer the Courteous Reader to that of a Rheumatism, which hath the same Indications, with this of a Joint Gout.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Peritonaeum, or Rim of the Belly.

THe curious frame of the lower Apartiments, relating to Humane Body, being dispoiled of the four Common Integuments (which immure its Anterior Region, finely lodged one within another) and the thicker moving Walls of the Belly (consisting of many thin Fleshy Expansions) being broken, the Peritonaeum appeareth; so stiled, because it is extended all over the Viscera, and parts of the lower Venter, and is also called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, aut 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Hipocrates calleth it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in the Plural: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Valde oppletum est Scrotum, Crura, & Peri∣tonaeum.

It is the largest of all the Membranes, except the Common Integuments, * 1.468 and of so fine a frame, that it seemeth to resemble a Spiders Web, for its thinness; and though it be very fine, yet it is of a dense compact substance, and principally below the Navel, that it might better sustain the weight of the Viscera, and Intestines.

Fallopius, Spigelius, and others, derive it from a double principle, from the first and third Vertebre of the Loins, and from the third and fourth Plexus, arising from the Par vagum. But I conceive it is more probable, * 1.469 to have its principle of Dispensation communicated to it from the Dura Menynx (the Mother of all Coats of Nerves and Membranes) whence ariseth that great sympathy the Peritonaeum hath with the upper Coat of the Brain. * 1.470

It is a received opinion of the Ancients, and some Modern Anatomists, that the Peritonaeum is a common Parent, giving a Coat to the Liver, Spleen, Mesentery, Intestines, Bladder, and Uterus; which others say, have the production of the upper Coat of the Periostium, belonging to the Vertebres of the Loins: But it seemeth very strange in my apprehension, that so small a stock should be so fruitful a Parent of so large a progeny, in propagating Membranes to so great a family of parts contained in the lower Venter. And it is very probable (with submission to better Judgments) that all the Membranes borrow their first Formation out of viscid particles of the Semi∣nal Liquor, which by degrees groweth more solid till it formeth the Mem∣branes, and Tunicles of Arteries, Veins, and Nerves.

The Peritonaeum is a large Membrane (seated immediately under the Abdominal Muscles) resembling a fine Hanging, * 1.471 covering all the choice Furniture of the lowest Story; and being of a diffusive nature, is like a larg Vest overspreading the tender Fabrick of the Stomach, Intestines, and other Entrals, to enwrap them in a soft Vail, when compressed by the neighbour∣ing parts in violent Motions of the Body.

This spacious Membrane is beautified with an Oval Figure, * 1.472 being some∣what straightned in its Top and Bottom, and more Expanded in the Middle, as receiving its Model correspondent in Length and Breadth, to the Cavity, it encircleth.

The upper surface of this Capacious Membrane, is somewhat rough, and the inwards more smooth, as besprinkled with some Liquor ousing out of the Caul and Intestines.

It is fastned above to the Diaphragme (as to the Cieling of the lower Apartiment) which being inflamed, * 1.473 draweth the Peritonaeum upward, which is seated below near the Os Ilium, Pubis, as the Floor of this lower Cham∣ber, and before to the Linea Alba, composed of the various Tendons of the Abdominal Muscles, decussating each other, in their small Fibres, in which they make a kind of Lattice.

The substance of the Peritonaeum is not composed of Ligaments, * 1.474 which are void of Sense, but of Nervous Fibrils, the true instruments of Sensa∣tion, which is communicated to this Membrane a part of acute Sense, by vertue of them.

Wherefore this Membrane may be described to be a rare Compage fra∣med of Arteries sprouting out of the Phrenick, Mammary, and Epigastrick Branches, and Veins passing between the Coats of the Peritonaeum, and the Vessels of divers Families do not Inosculate with each other, as the Anci∣ents give out; * 1.475 but only they of the same Tribe, have only Anastomoses with one another, and the Vessels of different alliance may associate, but not intimately converse by an immediate transmission of the same Liquor, into each others Tubes; which plainly appeareth, because the Mammary Arteries have no perforation through the Coats, into the Cavities of the Epi∣gastric Veins, which would necessarily follow, if the Blood were im∣pelled immediately out of the Cavities of the Mammary Arteries, into the Epigastric Veins, which is contrary to Autopsy.

So that this highly Expanded Membrane, is integrated by a number of different Tubes, displaied in fruitful Ramulets, composing its substance in a common Notion; because Nervous Fibres are the more peculiar constituent parts of this ample Robe (investing the select Housholdstuff of the lower Story) made up of numerous Threads, * 1.476 finely drawn out, closely struck together, and rarely enterwoven with each other; and some of these Fila∣ments run long-ways, passing downward, from the Cieling to the Floor, from the Diaphragme to the Os Ilium, and Pubis; and others run transversly from one side to the other of this Story, from one Hypoconder to the other: And the third sort of Fibres making this Membrane, are oblique, taking their course this way and that way, in Bevil Lines, filling up the spaces of the other Filaments, which cannot every way have so close a Texture, but there must be some Interstices and Asperities left, rendring the Fabrick une∣ven in rises and falls; unless it were supplied with a kind of Parenchyma, propagated originally from genital Concreted Liquor, which is afterward repaired either by a Coagulated Nervous Liquor, or rather the reliques of the Serous Juice (not received into the pores of the Vessels and Fibrils, at the time of their Nutrition) adhering to the outside of the Coats, rela∣ting to the Vessels and Filaments.

These Nervous Fibres, * 1.477 the chief and proper Ingredients of this extensive Compage, belonging to the Peritonaeum, take their first rise not from the Vertebres of the Spine, but from the Nervous Plexes, seated in the upper and lower regions of the Abdomen, to which the Peritonaeum is so firmly conjoyned, that it cannot be parted from the Abdominal Plexes, without Laceration; but it is so loosely affixed to the Vertebres of the Loins, that it may be severed from them, without the violation of its entire continued substance. But above all, as I have hinted before, these Nervous Fibres (of which the Peritonoeum consisteth) have their first production with other Membranes and Nerves, out of the viscid parts of the Seminal Liquor.

These Nervous Fibrils are in their nature oblong, slender, flexible bodies, * 1.478 easily giving way to the Compression, and motion of the neighbouring parts, and when their force is taken off in rest, these Fibrils being relaxed, do re∣duce themselves to their former natural tone and posture.

Some are of opinion, that the Peritonaeum, consisting of Nervous Fibrils, * 1.479 hath a power to move it self up and down, backward and forward, conform to the various positions, in which the Body is moved; but these various Mo∣tions if voluntary, cannot be performed without the assistance of Muscles, or Carnous Fibres at least, which are a kind of Minute Muscles, the Ma∣chines of Arbitrary Motion: But these Fibres being only Nervous, as far as I can discern, in the Fabrick of this Membrane, are not capable of Vo∣luntary Motion, and have a Tensil nature, which hath only an accidental one following the Motion of the adjacent parts, as in Inspiration, the Dia∣phragme enlargeth the Thorax, and by reducing it toward a plain, com∣presseth the Stomach and Intestines, and forceth the Peritonaeum outward.

And in Expiration, the Stomach and Intestines return up again to their former station, and the Belly groweth more lank, and the Peritonaeum be∣ing compressed inward by the Abdominal Muscles, is put into its natural tone and posture.

So that the Compage of the Peritonaeum, being for the most part Fibrous, consisteth of innumerable small Nervous Filaments, and is of a pliable na∣ture, easie to be Distended, and Contracted, caused by the repletion, or ina∣nition of the Stomach and Intestines: And in Women with Child, the Uterus being turgid with the Faetus, doth ascend upward into the Body, and highly distend the Peritonaeum, especially in the last Months.

And this Membrane is above measure distended in Hydropick Bodies, pro∣duced by serous Recrements, or mixed with Flatulencies, lodged in the Cavity of the Abdomen.

The Peritonaeum hath a Duplicature in its hinder Region, * 1.480 for the securer conveyance of the Seminal Arteries, and Veins, and before for the Umbelical Vessels; and in the Hypogastrium, in another process of the Peri∣tonaeum, the Uterus, and Bladder, have their Repositories.

It hath two Processes near the Os Pubis, on each side one, * 1.481 no less in Men then in Women, and are two oblique Productions perforating the oblique and transverse Muscles of the Abdomen, giving conduct to the Spermatick Vessels, in their way to the Scrotum; but in Women they are carried to the Inguina, and are terminated near the upper parts of the Pudendum, in which the round Ligaments of the Uterus do degenerate into small Fibres, to which the Clitoris is fastned, on both sides of the Os Pubis.

The interior Coats of the Peritonaeum, is so firmly tied to the Spermatick Vessels, which if broken or relaxed, a Hiernia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, are caused, when the Intestines, or Omentum, pass through the rupture or relax∣ation into the Scrotum, whence the parts grow immediately Distended: But in Women, the Ligaments of the Uterus bind the processes of the Peri∣tonaeum more firmly, which being shorter, are rarely afflicted with an Hiernia Inguinalis; but above the Navil, where the Coats are more thin, are fre∣quently tortured with an 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, produced by great throws in Child∣birth.

The Peritonaeum being a large Membrane, * 1.482 hath many Minute Miliary Glands, lodged within its Duplicature, as so many Colatories of the Blood and Nervous Liquor: And, I humbly conceive, that all Membranes have many Glands besetting them, as the Dura and Pia Mater, the Intestines,

Mesentery, Omentum, &c. Which is also very evident in Bruits, and par∣ticularly in a Lion, the King of them, in which I saw many large Glands of a reddish Colour, and somewhat large, adorning the Peritonaeum.

This curious Membrane is rendred very serviceable by Nature, in its uses: * 1.483 The first is as a common Parent, to propagate a common Integument to all the Viscera, lodged within its Circumference.

The second use is to cherish and conserve all the tender Bowels and Vis∣cera, * 1.484 within its safe embraces, lest any disturbance should be given to them, by the motion of the Neighbouring parts, the Abdominal Muscles.

CHAP. XXVIII. The Pathologie of the Peritonaeum, and Cavity of the Belly.

HAving discoursed, of the curious Structure and Uses of the Peritonae∣um, we will now Treat of its Pathologie, and of the Cavity of the Abdomen, adjoining to it; of the several Diseases seated in the Perito∣naeum, and its Confines, which are Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Rup∣tures, Relaxations, and divers sorts of Tumours.

An Inflammation taketh its rise either from too great a quantity of Blood (in a Plethorick Body) impelled by the Arteries, * 1.485 into the substance of the Peritonaeum, in which the Blood is deteined also by too much grossness, by reason the Minute Veins of this Membrane, are receptive of it; where∣upon the Vital Liquor being stagnant in the narrow Interstices of the Ves∣sels (belonging to the Peritonoeum) groweth dispirited, by reason of its lost Motion, whence it acquireth a putrid disposition: So that the Inflam∣mation degenerates into an Abscess, flowing from the suppurated Succus Nutricius, and the serous parts of the Blood (secerned from its Purple Li∣quor) whose unquiet and unnatural putrid Particles do Corrode the tender Compage of the Peritonoeum, by which Nature designeth to make a breach in the Membrane (productive of an Ulcer) to discharge the offensive pu∣trid Matter, into the Cavity of the Belly.

The Curative part of the Inflammation (seated in the Petitonoeum) is best accomplished by opening a Vein, * 1.486 which lesseneth the Mass of Blood, and promoteth its Circulation, whereby it often dischargeth the aggrieved parts of its burden, and taketh off the Inflammation, whence the Abscess, and Ulcer receive a stop: But if so great a force of Blood be impelled into the Interstices of the Vessels, wherein it is sometimes stagnant; so that the Circulation cannot be made good by Blood-letting, and the Abscess and the Ulcer hindred: Vulnerary Drinks are to be advised, consisting of Deter∣gent, * 1.487 Exiccating, and Corroborating Medicines, to cleanse, dry, and con∣solidate the Ulcer.

Sometimes the Peritonoeum is obnoxious to a Rupture, but most common∣ly to a Relaxation, when the Caul or Intestines are pressed down into the process of the Peritonoeum, passing down through the Abdominal Muscles,

and by force opening and relaxing it, made by the motion of the Body, or by Coughing, Vomiting, hard Riding, or by carrying a great Burden, loud Speaking, or by fierce Crying, which most commonly force down the small Intestines, and more rarely the Caul into the Scrotum; the first is the Hier∣nia of the Intestines, called Enterocele: The other Epiplocele; and if the Guts do gently relax the process of the Peritonoeum, they stop in the Groin, and then the Hernia is called Boubonocele.

And other times, the process of the Peritonoeum, is relaxed by a Flatus, * 1.488 or watry Recrements passing through it into the Scrotum, whence the Hernia is called Ventosa, or Aquosa, which are more rare, but the most common is Intestinalis; which is often reduced (after an Emollient and Discutient Bath hath been Administred) by a dexterous Hand, into their proper Si∣tuation, the Head being laid low, and the Thighs and the hinder parts be∣ing elevated, that the Intestines may be put up into the Body by a gentle Hand: And afterward the Groin, is to be treated with an Astringent Bath, to close and strengthen the relaxed process of the Peritonoeum, to prevent the falling down of the Intestines into the Scrotum, * 1.489 and Astringent Diet Drinks are to be advised, and Cataplasms and Plaisters are to be applied to the Groin, with good Trusses to secure the Intestines and Caul in their proper Allodgments.

There are also many kinds of Tumours seated in, and near the Belly, * 1.490 proceeding from different sorts of Liquor, some Alimentary and Vital, as Chyle and Blood, and from divers Recrements, and Bloody Water, Puru∣lent Matter, and Liquor resembling Fat, encircled with Membranes, and from Visicles of Serous Liquor, and from Lympha and Urine: These vari∣ous Liquors are lodged in different places; sometimes between the Muscles of the Abdomen, and the Peritonoeum, and in the Duplicature of the Peri∣tonoeum, and other times between the Peritonaeum and the Omentum, and In∣testines; and in the Cavity passing between the Membranes of the Caul.

An Abdominal Swelling may arise from a quantity of Extravasated Chyle, * 1.491 which being gross, giveth a check to the motion of it through the Milky Vessels, caused sometime by the swelling of the Mesenterick Glands, com∣pressing the Lacteous Veins, and intercepting the course of the Chyle into the common Receptacle, which being impelled by the contraction of the Diaphragme, and the Peristaltick Motion of the Guts, doth overcharge the Lacteae with too great a quantity; whence the tender Vessels are broken, and the Chyle forced into the Cavity of the Belly, making an Atrophy of the whole Body.

Sometimes a Tumour hath been discovered in the Abdomen, * 1.492 deduced from a great store of Blood, flowing out of the Terminations of the Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries, into the empty spaces of the Belly, where it first Coagulates, and then putrefieth, shewing it self in a blackish Colour, and a stinking smell.

A third Swelling of the Abdomen, is derived from a Bloody Water, ta∣king its Origen from hot and thin Blood, which being not perfectly severed from the Serous and Watry parts, doth distil through the Extreamities of the Arteries belonging to the Caul and Peritonoeum, into the Cavity of the Belly.

A young Woman about Twenty Years old, after a proper Method of Physick, could not be Recovered: And the Belly, after all Art had been Administred to Reduce it, was very much Tumified, soft in some places, and hard in others. And after the Skin, the Muscles of the Belly, and Perito∣noeum

were taken off, a great quantity of putrid Bloody Water discovered it self after an Incision had been made in a Membrane, in which it was lodg∣ed between the Peritonoeum, the Caul, and Intestines.

A fourth Tumour disguising the Belly, * 1.493 may be fetched from a great quan∣tity of purulent Matter, taking its Origen from an Abscess, and Ulcer of the Peritonoeum transmitting a large proportion of purulent Matter, into the empty spaces of the Belly.

A Woman conceived her self with Child, long feeding her self with that fondness, denied her self the use of Medicines, till she was far spent, and at last concluded her troublesome Life; and after the four common Integu∣ments being Cut in form of a Cross, a great Tumour appeared, encircled with a Membrane, which being opened, a great Flux ensued, of a thin stinking putrid Matter, giving a great annoyance to the Company.

Another Instance may be given of a Tumour arising from a purulent Mat∣ter, contained in the empty spaces of the Belly, in a Person of Honour, about Twenty Years old, whose Belly was swelled to so prodigious a great∣ness, rigid and tense like a Drum, and her Navil was so much distended, that the neighbouring parts seemed to shine; and the Gentlewoman be∣ing Dead, the four common Integuments were opened, and presently gush∣ed out a gross stinking Matter of a darkish Colour; and the Abdomen be∣ing farther opened, afterward the parts being dried with a Spunge, was dis∣covered a Tumour enwrapped within a Membrane, which being Cut, pre∣sently appeared a number of large Glands, besmeared with a fatty stinking corrupt Matter.

A fifth swelling of the Abdomen, * 1.494 is a Steatome, derived from a pitui∣tous Humour, or indigested Chyme (resembling Fat in consistence when Concreted) impelled out of the Misenteric, and Caeliac Arteries, into the Cavity of the Belly, where it acquireth a greater Consistence, as being long Extravasated; and is afterward enwrapped in a Coat, produced out of the most clammy part of the pituitous Matter.

A Wife of an ordinary Tradesman, was long afflicted with a swelled Belly, which robbed all parts of the Body of its due Nourishment, and at last was freed from the burden of her great Belly by Death, the Exit of all Sickness and Trouble: And then her Belly being opened, a large Tumour was discerned enclosed in a soft Membrane, which being pierced, an Un∣ctuous Matter presented it self, not unlike Fat; whence it may be judged, a Steatome lodged between the Peritonoeum, and Intestines.

All these Tumours flowing from different Liquors and Recrements, * 1.495 di∣stending the Belly, obtain the appellative of a Dropsie, commonly called Ascitis; which most properly denoteth a quantity of Watry Tumours (en∣larging the Belly) sometimes lodged within the Peritonoeum, and Muscles of the Abdomen, and other times between the Coats of the Peritonoeum.

A young Woman had her Belly much Swelled (proceeding from a quan∣tity of Watry Recrements) or rather Serous Liquor, * 1.496 which more encrea∣sing, made an Atrophy of the whole Body, and at last cut off the Thread of her Life; and the Muscular parts of the Belly being opened, a great Tumour offered it self, which being Cut, a source of Serous Liquor did issue out, which was placed between the Muscles of the Abdomen and the Perito∣noeum, and oftentimes in the Duplicature of it.

The antecedent cause of an Ascitis, * 1.497 is a large quantity of Watry, or Se∣rous Humours associated with the Blood; and was impelled out of the left Cistern of the Heart into the Common, and then into the descendent

Trunk of the Aorta, and Emulgent Artery, into the Glands of the Kidneys; wherein the watry Recrements being not secerned from the Blood, and dis∣charged by the Urinary Ducts, and Papillary Caruncles, into the Pelvis, the petulent Matter accompanying the Purple Liquor, returneth again by the Emulgent Vein and Cava, into the right Ventricle of the Heart, and by the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Chamber of it, and from thence into the Trunk of the Aorta; and afterward by the Extreamities of the Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries, into empty spaces of the Abdomen: Which groweth Tumefied by great proportions of Watry and sometimes Serous Liquor, secerned in the Glands of the Caul and Peritonoeum, and thence conveyed through the Pores of the Coats, relating to the adjoyning parts, into the Spaces interceding the Peritonaeum and Abdominal Muscles, and between the Rim of the Belly, Omentum, and Intestines, and into the Spaces be∣tween the Membranes of the Caul.

The Extravasation of the Blood, depressed with too great a proportion of Watry Liquor, is the cause of an Ascitis, because the Veins are not able to entertain it: Whereupon the Watry Particles are separated from the red Crassament in the Colatories, * 1.498 belonging to the Membranes adjoyning to the Cavity of the Belly. Which Learned and Ingenious Doctor Lower, my worthy Friend and Collegue, hath Demonstrated, by an Experiment made in the Thorax of a Dog, wounded between the seventh and eighth Rib; and the Cava being tied with a straight Ligature, the Serous or Watry parts of the Blood were discovered in a large quantity in the opened Abdomen; which I conceive, proceeded from the Arteries inserted into the Glands of the Peritonoeum and Caul, wherein the watry Particles are secerned from the Purple Liquor, and conveyed through the Pores, com∣mensurate to the watry Atomes, into the empty spaces of the Belly, while the parts of the red Crassament being disproportioned in Figure and Size to the Pores of the Membranes, are either contained in the Arteries, or recei∣ved into the Extreamities of the Veins.

Whereupon we may well judge the Continent cause of an Ascitis, * 1.499 to be the watry Recrements distilled out of the Terminations of the Arteries, and lodged in the Cavity of the Belly, from whence it is very difficult for the watry Humours to make a retreat into the Veins, when they are Extra∣vasated in the Vacuities, running between the Rim of the Belly and Mus∣cles of the Abdomen, or between the Peritonaeum, Caul, and Intestines.

The antecedent cause of Diseases belonging to the Rim, * 1.500 and Cavity of the Belly, is fetched from the Matter at a distance from the spaces of the Abdomen, while the Watry Humours do circulate in the Vessels, as being in a perpetual Motion; but when the watry Recrements do quit their con∣finement of the Arteries and Veins, and settle themselves in the Cavity of the Belly, as a fixed Allodgment, they are a Conjunct Cause of a Dropsie.

The Procatartic causes of an Ascitis, * 1.501 are principally the too free eating of great variety of Meats, making a crude watry Chyle, caused also by depraved Ferments of the Stomach, and above all, the taking frequent draughts of strong Liquors, of divers sorts of Wine, and Spirits, which confound the heat of the Stomach, and Blood, and produce a quantity of watry Humours; which being associated with the Blood, do render it full of serous Recrements, and deprave its disposition, and by relaxing its Com∣page, doth make the watry parts fit for a separation from the Purple Li∣quor, in the terminations of the Arteries; so that the Circulation of the red

Crassament being intercepted, the Serous Particles are severed (by the bond of Mixtion being in some manner dissolved) and then most easily trans∣mitted through the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries, into the empty spaces of the Belly. * 1.502

Sometimes an Ascitis taketh its Origen from a suppression of the Hemor∣rhoids, by which the Faeces of the Blood being deteined in the Body, do vitiate its Constitution, and hinder the Elaboration of Chyle, and Assi∣milation of it into Blood, and there by filling it full of Serous Particles, do render it Crude and Watry; whence the Vital Liquor having its union violated, tendeth to a Dissolution, and then the Watry parts grow fit to part with the Purple, and distil through the Terminations of the Capillary Vessels into the Interstices, being between the Rim of the Belly, the Caul, and the Guts.

A Noble Lady about Five and Forty years of Age, made use of Excel∣lent Medicines, prescribed in a good Method, which were not Crowned with a happy Event, in order to recover her of an Ascitis, caused by a sup∣pression of the Haemorrhoids; whence the current of the Faeculent Blood be∣ing intercepted, her Body grew very much Emaciated, and full of watry Recrements, discharged into the Cavity of the Belly, which being inspe∣cted after Death, it was found overcharged with a quantity of Watry Humours.

Sometimes this kind of Dropsie ariseth from the stoppage of the Men∣strua, * 1.503 whose watry Faeculencies do despoile the Body of the bounty of Blood, as not being Purged off by the Arteries, inserted into the inward Coat, relating to the Body, Neck, and Vagina Uteri; whereupon the Blood degenerates into a cold and moist Constitution, as growing big with watry Impurities, and hath its native heat, and Spirituous parts depressed, cau∣sing an unkindly Fermentation and Assimilation of Chyme into Blood, and spoileth the Succus Nutricius, so that it cannot be united and turned into the substance of the solid parts, whence proceedeth an Atrophy of the whole Body in inveterate Dropsies, derived from different Causes, all producing a watry Mass of Blood, which cannot be intimately conjoyned by Assimi∣lation with the numerous Vessels of several Tribes and Families, which inte∣grate the Fleshy parts of the Body.

An Ascitis may also flow in good Fellows, * 1.504 Drinking to a hight, from a large quantity of Urine, which is commonly immured within the Walls of the Bladder, which being overmuch distended and broken, giveth a freedom to the Urine, to expatiate in the more large Territories of the Belly, filled up by this troublesome Liquor; which causeth a great distention of the Pe∣ritonaeum, Abdominal Muscles, and the common Integuments of the Body, rendring it uneasie and deformed.

Platerus maketh mention of a good Fellow, after he had indulged him∣self in the too too free Cups of generous Liquor, was forced (his Legs not being able to support him) to lay himself upon the Ground for repose; whereupon an ill conditioned Man out of a Frolique, leaped upon his Belly and broke his Bladder, whence a great quantity of Urine gushed out of its lacerated Receptacle, into the Cavity of the Belly, which was more and more enlarged upon the unnatural recourse of Urine, into the empty spaces of the Belly, * 1.505 which gave a period to his Life.

A kind of Dropsie may borrow its rise from watry Recrements, enclosed in divers parts of the Body in proper Membranes, as so many Vesicles of divers Magnitudes; sometimes lodged in the substance of the Caul, and

between the Rim of the Belly and Intestines, and between the Peritonaeum and Muscles of the Abdomen.

An Ascitis also may be produced (which is very frequent) by the Lace∣ration of the Lymphaeducts; which being Vessels of a most thin and ten∣der Contexture may easily be broken, as being obstructed either by too great a quantity, or by the grossness of the Lympha stopping its course to∣ward the common Receptacle; whereupon the Lymphaeducts being surchar-charged with too great a quantity of Lympha, are cracked, and the Lympha doth flow through the breaches, into the more free and empty spaces of the Belly.

A young Gentlewoman being troubled many Years with a Dropsie, * 1.506 was at last freed from it by Death, the last remedy of all Diseases; and her Body being opened, no fault could be found with the Viscera, but only a discovery was made of the broken Lymphaeducts, through which a great quantity of thin Transparent Liquor was vented into the Vacuities of the Bel∣ly, which proceeded from her severe usage in her Minority, by her Gover∣nours.

As to the Cure of an Ascitis, three Indications present themselves: * 1.507 The Preservative, Curative, and Vital. The Preservative is founded in Tuenda sanitate, which is accomplished by removing he antecedent Cause, while the Disease is at a distance in Potentia solummodo, wherein the Body is only in a disposition to a Distemper: So that in reference to an Ascitis, the watry Humours, the remote cause of it, is to be Purged off by Hydra∣gognes, which do empty the Body of serous Excrements, while they are in motion in the Vessels, before they are Extravasated in the spaces of the Belly.

The Curative Indication of a Dropsie, is more difficult, because it rela∣teth to the Continent cause, the watry Faeces (stagnant in the Belly) which being thrown out of the confines of the Vessels, are hard to be Purged off; but Nature being ambitious to preserve it self, findeth out secret ways, which are not obvious to Sense, to free her self from Diseases by Purga∣tives (which are very beneficial in an Ascitis) though the manner of their Operation is very obscure, and hard to understand. And the most gentle Catharticks are first to be advised, as Dwarf Elder, * 1.508 Syrup of Peach Flow∣ers, Mechoacan, Extract of Elder; and afterward Syrup of Buckthorn, Jailap, Juice of Iris; and last of all, refine of Scammony, Gummi Gotte, Elaterium, which is a rough Powder, and to be given only to strong Bodies, in very few Grains, to exalt a Medicine; which must be given with great Caution, because strong Hydragogues, do weaken the Body, * 1.509 and aggravate the Disease, by rendring the Tumors of the Belly greater; derived from a larger proportion of serous Recrements, impelled into the spaces of the Ab∣domen, by the agitation of churlish Purgers, as finding it more easie to throw the watry Excrements, through the wonted passages of the Caeliac, and Mesenteric Arteries, into the Abdominal Vacuities; then by unaccu∣stomed ways, the Terminations of the Mesenterick Arteries, inserted into the inward Tunicle of the Intestines.

Diureticks may be also advised, with good success, * 1.510 as the most proper means to discharge the potulent Matter of the Blood, by transmitting it into the Kidneys, whose obstructed Glands are opened by Diureticks, where∣by the Blood is refined by disburdening its Faeces into the Ureters and Blad∣der, whence the Tumour of the Belly is lessened.

And because the Urine of Hydropick Persons is of a red Colour, and of a Lixivial nature, produced by over strict union of the fixed and crude Sulphureous parts, so highly Confaederated, that it is hard to sever the wa∣try Particles in the Glands of the Kidneys, and thereupon are reconveyed by the Emulgent Veins, into the Cava and Heart, and thence recommended by the Extreamities of the Mesenterick and Caeliac Arteries, to the Abdo∣minal Spaces; whereupon it is well consulted for the advantage of the Pa∣tient, * 1.511 labouring with an Ascitis, to advise such Diureticks, as will repair the Depauperated Particles of the Blood, by exalting the crude Sulphure∣ous Atomes, and by rendring its fixed parts more Volatil; whereupon the Compage of the Blood being opened, that the Serous parts may be separated from the Purple Liquor, it is not convenient to give Diureticks, consisting of Acids and Lixivial, but rather of Volatil Salts: And, I humbly conceive, that Salts of Tartar and Broom, are not always so beneficial, as the Juices of Scurvy-Grass, Watercresses, Brooklime (and Millepedes Alive, infused in White-wine) which being highly impraegnated with Volatil Salts, and Spirit of Wine, and Salt dulcified, do speak great Cures of this Disease.

And as to the Vital Indication, by reason this Dropsie doth take its rise A laesa Sanguificatione, * 1.512 from an ill Constitution of Blood, Chalybeats may be advised to rectifie its Elements, and to exalt its Saline and Sulphureous Particles, and to make good the Ferments of the Stomach in reference to Concoction, and to advance the Succus Nutricius, in order to Assimilation with the solid parts of the Body.

Diaphoreticks speak a greater advantage in an Anasarca, * 1.513 seated in the Muscular parts, then in an Ascitis, lodged in the Spaces of the Belly; so that the Humours Extravasated, having no communion with the Vessels of Muscles and Cutaneous Glands, cannot be discharged by Sweat, and insen∣sible Transpiration, but produce a great Ebullition of the Serous Humours settled in the Belly, and rather make precipitation of the watry Recre∣ments, and force them as being rendred more thin and fluid by warm Me∣dicines through the terminations of the Arteries, into their wonted Recep∣tacles of the Belly.

And Fomentations also are of an ill consequence in this Disease, * 1.514 by rea∣son their great heat putteth the Blood into a Fermentation, and thereby raiseth a kind of Feverish Distemper, accompanied with the pain of the Head, Vertigo, and sometimes fainting Fits, produced by great expense of Spirits in an over-free Transpiration, causing a Relaxation of the Compage of the Blood; whereupon the watry Particles do quit the fellowship of the Purple Liquor, and have recourse by troden Paths, into the repositories of Serous Liquor.

Clysters may be applied in this Disease with a better effect, by reason their sharp Particles sollicite the Mesentery, and Intestines (whose Vessels are full of watry Faeces) to discharge the Recrements of the Blood by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Guts, and from thence into the wide World.

Plaisters are also of great use in an Ascitis, as having some Astringency in them, to Comfort and Corroborate the Bowels, and do keep them by shutting up the Extreamities of the Vessels, from throwing their watry Contents into the Capacity of the Abdomen; upon which account, Para∣celsus his Plaister, and De Minio, and Diasapomi, are applied and approved by Dr. Willis, as very good in this case.

A Waterman having frequently treated himself with free Cups of strong Drink, and having often exposed himself to the cold Air in violent Sweats, * 1.515 occasioned by hard Rowing; with which his great negligence of himself, and his high Intemperance, so far depraved his Mass of Blood, that he fell into a great Swelling of his Belly, the result of watry Humours (upon his Debauchery) settled in the Cavity of the Abdomen, having a recourse by the Processes of the Peritonoeum into the Scrotum, which was highly Tume∣fied, growing Black, and tending to a Gangreen, had it not been prevent∣ed by warm Fomentations: And afterward, when the Patient was in a de∣plorable condition, I advised a Method of Physick, consisting of gentle Purgatives, Antiscorbuticks, Diureticks, and a proper Plaister to be ap∣plied to his whole Belly; whereupon, to the Glory of the Almighty Physi∣cian, he was restored to his Health.

Many Artists do advise a Paracentesis, * 1.516 an opening of the Navil in an Ascitis, which is to be done with great Caution, and to be prescribed when the Tumour riseth to a great hight in a small space of time, and when other Medicines have been used, and when the Patients is of a Vivid Colour, and no way Exhausted by a long Sickness, and hath no Ulcer of the Lungs, no long Diarrhaea, no Scirrhus of the Liver, or Spleen; else the Life and Serous Liquor will be let out at once, which most frequently happeneth in an Apertion of the Navil, in this fatal Disease.

CHAP. XXIX. Of a Tympanitis.

TYmpanitis (one kind of a Dropsie in a common acception) seemeth by reason of order to claim our notice in the next place, whose out∣ward face is obvious to Sense, if considered as a hard Tumour of the Belly, highly resisting the pressure of our Fingers upon a stroke, and giving a noise somewhat resembling a Drum; but its more inward recesses deduced from its Morbifick Causes, and manner of Production, will entertain us with a deeper Inspection, and greater Consideration, how in a short space, the Belly should obtain so great an Increment in its Dimensions; and it is a matter of as great difficulty as moment, to discover how a Flatus, the matter of the Disease, should be produced in so large a proportion; And by what ways it may be transmitted into the Cavity of the Belly, as to generate so hard, and so great a Swelling, in so little a time, as hath been often seen in a multitude of Patients.

Many Physicians of great Name, and worthy of our Esteem, * 1.517 do assert in their Works, that they have Dissected many Bodies (that have been conceived to die of a Tympanitis) wherein no Flatus hath hissed out of the Belly upon its Apertion; and the Intestines only were discovered, to be high∣ly distended with great store of Flatulent Matter.

The great Current of Physicians runneth this way: That a Tympanitis doth proceed from a gross quantity of Wind, not lodged in the Stomach and Inte∣stines only, but between them, the Caul and the Rim of the Belly, arising out

of a distention of them upon a Flatus, which being of a thin fluid nature, is apt to move; especially when forced by the contraction of the Fibrous parts of the Intestines, finding themselves aggrieved upon over much Ten∣sion: Purgations also, and Fomentations, would discharge the Flatus, if it were contained within the Stomach and Intestines, out of which there are large Ducts, fit for Evacuation: But it is found by sad Experience, that notwithstanding all proper Medicines have been Administred, yet the Flatus is not discharged, and the Disease remaineth fixed, and sometimes past Cure.

Another difficulty seemeth to perplex this Opinion, that the Membranes of the Abdomen, the Caul, and Rim of the Belly, being fine Contex∣tures, made of numerous Filaments, curiously interwoven, are endued with an acute Sensation, and would be tortured upon high Tensions, produced by a great Flatulency, overmuch enlarging the Membranes of the Belly.

Wherefore, that I may give you a more full satisfaction in the Production of this Disease, I will speak my Sentiments, what method Nature useth in disposing of Causes and Passages, in order to propagate this Disaffection (consisting in Aucta Magnitudine) deforming the native Elegancy of the Belly.

And it is most evident to those who are most curious in the search of Diseases, by Anatomical Observations, that the swelling of the Membranes of Muscular parts relating to the Abdomen, are formed by the various Tu∣mours of the Viscera and Glands (lodged in the lowest Apartiment of the Body) acquired by a quantity of Humours extravasated in their substance; * 1.518 where they being Consolidated and Concreted, do breed a Scirrhus, Stru∣mous, and other Swellings, rising to a strange greatness, which do elevate the Membranous and Fleshy parts of the Belly; which being hightned by a great Lake of watry Recrements, stagnated between the Rim of the Belly, Caul, and Intestines, distend it in a high degree, to the Disease, commonly called Ascitis, * 1.519 which we have already Discoursed.

Another cause of the Tumours of the Abdomen, proceedeth from an ill Concoction of the Aliment in the Stomach, often caused by gross Air, and ill Ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquor, distilling out of the Capillary Arteries and Nerves, into the Cavity of the Ventricle; whence ariseth part of the ill Concocted Aliment, turned into an infinite number of Vapours, which being hightned and united do produce a Flatus, distending the Sto∣mach and Intestines, commonly stiled Tympanitis: But in truth (as I hum∣bly conceive) it is improperly so called; Because a Swelling of the Inte∣stines, produce rather Colic and Iliac Distempers, then a Tympanitis, which is rarely found if strictly taken from Wind, as unaccompanied with watry Humours.

To give a clear Explication of this Disaffection founded in Wind, * 1.520 it may seem very proper to explain the nature of it, which is very subtle, and difficult to be understood; and in reference to it, these Considerables may be offered. First, The Materia Substrata, the ground out of which it ariseth, as from a Fundamental and Original Cause, speaketh its va∣rious Discriminations. The second is the Ratio Formalis, the very Essence, that constitutes it. The third is the different kinds, proceeding from various Elements, which integrate the several mixed bodies.

The ground of a Flatus may be taken in a remote capacity, or in a more immediate Disposition, and the Matter, if apprehended under a general no∣tion at a distance, * 1.521 intimateth a greater or less inclination to the producti∣on of Vaporous Matter naturally disposed; and as it is easily turned into

Steams, it obtaineth the name of a more near, or immediate material cause, as it receiveth ultimate Dispositions, productive of it; whence a Flatus doth flow as a result of exalted Vapours.

First, * 1.522 The matter of Vapours may be conceived under a cold moist Dis∣position, as Aliment of a watry temper, as Whey, Broth, Posset Drink, and the like; which in a disaffected Stomach, may be easily rendred Va∣pourous: But hot and dry Meat, as highly roasted, and biscoct, are not capable of the same vaporous disposition

But Aliments heavy of Digestion, as Beef, Pork, and the like, * 1.523 are of a Vapourous nature, in reference to their different Elements (of which they are composed) which being hardly subdued, do make an unkindly Fermen∣tation in a weak Stomach; whose faint Heat and ill Ferments, cannot per∣fectly open the Compage of the Meat, and digest it into good Chyle; whereupon a considerable part of it is turned into Steams, which do irritate the Stomach, and throw them off by Belchings.

Fish being Pituitous, and clammy Aliment, * 1.524 are much more inclinable to produce Vapours, then those of a Friable nature; and well Baked, Boiled, and Roasted Meats, being less liable to an ill Concoction in the Stomach, do not easily degenerate into a crude vapourous Matter.

Whatsoever is offensive to the Stomach, * 1.525 raiseth a tumultuary Concocti∣on, generating an indigested Alimentary Liquor, accompanied with trouble∣some Steams, flowing from irreconcileable Principles, causing great disputes in the Ventricle; and Vapours, that first arise, not capable to be rectified by a previous disposition of the Matter, most easily fall into a Flatus. * 1.526

So much of the remote Matter of a Flatus, the near ground of Vapours; The more immediate support of Wind, are Vapours themselves, * 1.527 as they are confined within some close subject, whence they are not able to make their escape; and the most essential part of a Flatus, is not a Vapourous Matter, taken in a low Capacity, but as modelled into an exalted nature, above the meaner state of Steams.

So that I humbly conceive, the subject in which a Flatus doth exist, are Vapours, which being elevated, do constitute the essence of a Flatus, as they are rendred more thin, and fluid, consisting of Elastic Particles, in re∣ference to their Spirituous and Volatil temper, impatient to be immured within narrow Confines, to which they give great trouble by a strong Re∣nitence.

The differences of several Flatus, are founded in their various Matter, * 1.528 as receiving their Discrimination from variety of Vapours; but their great Specification is derived from an essential Constitution, imparted to them by the Effervescence of the Vital Liquor, animating the Stomach, and turning the Steams into a Flatus.

There are many several Flatus's, as there are different Vapours, some Spi∣rituous, and others Sulphureous; some Saline, and others Watry; and the Earth is so compact a body, strictly taken, that out of it no Vapours can arise. So that if Vapours be Sulphureous, the Flatus being elevated, Steams must participate an oily nature; and if the Vapours have salt Particles brought to a Fluor, the Flatus will borrow an acidity from its Matter; and if Vapours take their origen from liquid and watry parts, the Flatus will par∣ticipate an insipid nature from them.

To come more closely to our purpose, * 1.529 Vapours that are produced in the Stomach, as first arising, are more thin and volatil, and those of the small Guts grow more gross, especially in the greater Intestines; and the Stomach

it self a great difference of Vapours, and Flatus, which according to the different Aliment and variety of Concoction, some are Volatil and Mer∣curial, some Sweet and Oily, others Watry and Insipid, some Saline and Acid, others Rancid and Nidorous; as Learned Doctor Glysson hath well observed.

Vapours and Flatus do somewhat resemble a Destillation, * 1.530 in which the watry and spirituous Elements do first rise, as the more thin and volatil; and afterward the more gross Sulphureous and Saline Particles, are at last accompanied with an Empyreuma: After the same manner in the Stomach, the more light and spirituous parts of the Aliment are first elevated, and after a more long Fermentation, the more gross and sulphureous are ex∣tracted by a descent below, in the Intestines: The watry Steams do associ∣ate with Sulphureous and Saline, and no Vapours are so pure, and spirituous and volatil, but they admit some mixture with the more gross saline and sulphureous Steams, which do frequently embody with each other.

The mixed Vapours constituting the Halitus (out of which the Flatus do issue) are receptive of many Discriminations, * 1.531 as they participate divers Principles; whereupon they are endued with different tempers, some more mild, and others more fierce; the more gentle are those Steams, which are most of all propagated from watry Particles, and the more fierce from gross sulphureous Atomes, causing great storms in the Body, and somewhat more quiet are those vapours, that proceed from saline Particles, and are of a mid∣dle temper between the watry and sulphureous Steams.

Whereupon a Flatus immediately propagated from hightned Vapours as its next matter, are differenced by the various Elements from whence they take their Origination, and the more quiet and sedate, are derived from more gentle material Principles; and others more violent and tumultuary, are derived from hot and raging Elements, as in Hypocondriacal Winds, that give high discomposures, caused by violent tensions of Nervous and Membranous parts; but a Tympanitis borrowing its origen from milder Prin∣ciples, maketh less disturbance in the Membranes, seated in the Belly.

Having treated somewhat of the matter of a Flatus, how vapours are the Materia Substrata, * 1.532 out of which it ariseth, with your leave, I will dis∣course briefly, of the more Essential Principles, of which a Flatus is con∣stituted, and by what means vapours are turned into it, which is accom∣plished by divers Modifications of more mild, or intense heat; whereupon when Vapours do arise out of a disposed Matter by a more gentle heat, they have a less rarefied Matter, and retain somewhat of the Element from whence they are propagated, and will upon easie terms resolve into it again, as is most evident in divers kinds of Distillation.

But Wind proceeding from vapours, * 1.533 exalted to such a degree of Volati∣lity, as to obtain a peculiar nature different from that of vapours, will no ways admit such a Condensation, as to return into the Matter from whence it is generated, and is much differenced from vapours, which are more quiet and easie to be confined; but Wind that is restless and turbu∣lent, giveth a great trouble by a great tension of Nervous and Membra∣nous parts, by endeavouring to its ut most to break Prison, offereth a great violence to the thin Walls immuring it: Which ought not to be understood of a Flatus, flowing from watry Particles (which are much in fieri, as not fully produced and consummated) as mixed with vapours, from whence they arise, and are of a mild temper, as may be probably conjectured in a Tympanitis, which is accompanied with little or no pain, by reason the

Flatus seated in the empty spaces of the Belly; * 1.534 is confaederated for the most part with watry Recrements, and vapours flowing from it, being of a soft emollient temper, do by degrees relax, and distend the Membranes, with∣out any great pain.

Learned Doctor Glysson, my late worthy Friend, hath an excellent Dis∣course of a Flatus, wherein he maketh a Comparison between the causes of Vapours and Wind, of which the last as I conceive, is an ex∣alted degree of Steams, caused by an intense heat; the production of Va∣pours may be resembled to the heat of B. M. but that of a Flatus requi∣reth a greater degree: So that in some sort, the Vital Liquor is productive of natural Steams, which do degenerate into a Flatus, and suppose a preternatural disposition of the Blood (exalted in an unkindly Fermenta∣tion) which by its serous Particles, injected into the Stomach, vitiateth its Concoction, and turneth some part of the crude Chyle first into Vapours, and then into Wind, elevated into a higher degree to a greater thinness and volatility, by acquiring Elastick and Tensive Particles, which do consti∣tute the nature of a Flatus, essentially different from that of Vapours, who are mild, and easily encloistred within any Confines.

Whereupon it may be thought with no small Reason, * 1.535 that a Flatus doth not only differ in Degree, but Essentially, by reason volaticed Vapours do arrive a different Form, and cannot be Condensed into its Materia Substrata, from whence it first issued, into which Vapours may be easily changed by Cold.

Wind being volatil and of thin disposition, * 1.536 is seated not only in the large Cavities of the Ventricle, and Guts, but in the empty spaces of the Belly, interceding the Rim, Caul, and Intestines; and also insinuates it self into the Milky Vessels, Veins, and Arteries, and associates it self with the Mass of Blood, causing Hypocondriacal Diseases and Pains of the Head, * 1.537 and also croudeth it self between the Membranes, in divers parts of the Body, as into the Duplicature of the Peritonaeum, and Caul; out of which, I have often heard Wind come hissing forth upon Dissections.

To give a farther insight into the nature of a Flatus, this distinction may be offered, That they differ in the whole kind, some are Natural, as being compliant to the temper of the subject in which they are conversant; and others Preternatural, which give a trouble and discomposure to the parts confining them.

A natural Flatus is very much confederated with Steams, * 1.538 flowing out of the Alimentary Liquor in the Stomach and Intestines, and is of a quiet and inoffensive temper, not speaking a disturbance to the soft and tender parts in which it is enclosed, making no tension or vellication of the Nervous and Membranous parts.

A preternatural Flatus is of a different disposition, * 1.539 having little or no mixture with benigne vapours, issuing from a well Concocted Chyle, but from crude and indigested Aliment in the Ventricle, and afterward Steams being advanced into a more thin and volatil nature by the unkindly heat of the Stomach and Blood, obtaineth an Elastick temper, and not willing to be restrained, as being ambitious to expand it self, doth violently distend those fine sensible parts, which give it Controul; whence ensue great Infla∣tions, and Pains, most evident in Stomacic, Iliac, Colic, and Hypocondriacal Distempers.

So that this troublesome Inmate, * 1.540 highly perverting the Oeconomy of Na∣ture, is chiefly deduced from an ill Fermentation of the Vital Liquor, con∣sisting of Heterogeneous Elements, which are of so contrary a disposition, that they cannot be reduced to a Similar temper, whence proceedeth an Ef∣fervescence of the Blood; which having a recourse to the Stomach, depraveth the Ferment of it: And by reason of this irregular heat, and Serous and Nervous Liquor, the Compage of the Meat and Drink is not duly opened, whence arise troublesome Vapours; which being sublimed by the extrava∣gant heat of the Stomach, are turned into a Flatus, raising Tumults in all parts in which it is encloistred.

Thus the Material and Efficient Causes, and differences of Wind, being premised as Ambulatory to a Tympanitis; now I will make the best Infe∣rences I can in order to it.

The Flatus being generated in the Ventricle, * 1.541 by a distempered heat, and ill Ferments, the Efficient Causes, working upon Chyle (as a remote Cause) and by Vapours, as the more immediate Materia Substrata, which passeth first out of the Stomach, into the Intestines, as associated with an indigested Chyle, and is thence conveyed through the Thoracic Ducts, and the Subclavian Veins, and Cava, into the right Chamber of the Heart, and afterward through the Lungs by the Pulmonary Vessels, into the left Cistern and into the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and from thence the Flatus accompanying the watry Particles of the Blood, insinuateth it self through the Terminati∣ons of the Mesenteric and Caeliac Arteries, into the Cavity of the Abdomen, whereupon its Membranous parts are blown up, and enlarged by great quantities of watry Humours and Wind, the most received continent causes of a Tympanitis.

This Disease is not attended with any extraordinary Pain, but with an Uneasiness, proceeding from a Flatus, taking its rise from watry Vapours, mixing with it; which being of a soft Emollient temper, do distend the Membranous parts, without any great disturbance.

If a Tympanitis did receive its production from a high and consummated Flatus, arising out of Volatil, Saline, and Sulphureous Atomes, it would cause great Storms, and violent Tensions, flowing from Elastic restless Par∣ticles, which have a bustling refractory disposition, highly resisting and af∣flicting its soft Membranous Boundaries, very conspicuous in flatulent dis∣orders of the Stomach, Intestines, and Hypocondres; but these torminous Pains are not felt in a Tympanitis, * 1.542 produced by an imperfect Wind, of a mixed nature, partly vaporous, and partly Flatulent, and participate much of its origen of mild Steams, which are of a gentle ingeny, not highly irri∣tating their soft inclosures, lodged in the inward Recesses of the Belly.

Learned Doctor Willis, * 1.543 my dear Friend and Colegue, is of an opinion, that a Tympanitis is not produced by a Flatus, confined either within or without the Intestines; which this great Author saith, is rather an Effect, then a Cause, that Windy Matter is detained within those parts. And farther affirmeth, That this Disease springeth from the Animal Spirits (re∣siding in the Nervous and Membranous parts of the lowest Apartiment) which being hurried in great disorder, do raise a Storm in the Nervous Fi∣bres, caused by a high Inflation, whence ariseth a Tumour of the Peritonae∣um; hence the Mesentery, Intestines, and their empty Spaces, are stuffed up and enlarged, and Humours inwardly confined in them, being first rare∣fied into Vapours, are afterward turned into a Flatus.

This worthy Author, * 1.544 backeth his Hypothesis with an Anatomical Obser∣vation, in the Dissection of a living Animal, in which the Neck was opened, and a Ligature made upon the eight pair of Nerves, descending on each side of the Neck, whence immediately followed a Swelling of the whole Stomach, as blown up with Wind, which proceeded from Animal Spirits residing in the Fibres of the Ventricle; and being parted from their origen, did move in great Confusion, puffing up the Nervous Filaments of the Stomach.

Whereupon to confirm his Assertion, he reciteth a History out of Smetius, * 1.545 of a young Man labouring with a Tympanitis, in these words: Qui cum conflictu sub axilla dextra, vulnus punctim factum, in pectoris Cavitatem pene∣trans, accepisset, postridie toto corpore post unam noctem, mane turgidus appa∣rebat, non solum pectore, sed & dorso, ventre, lumbis, immo & scroto quoque, praeterea & Brachiis, humeris & collo vultuque, ut ne palpebras quidem deducere possit, quinetiam in vertice ipso, Cute ubique distenta, & tumefacta, Tumor ubique erat tensus, & cum dolore non pauco. Learned Smetius calleth this Disaffection of several parts, a Universal Tympanitis. And Doctor Willis giveth a Reason of this strange Disease, most suitable to his Hypothesis, That in the Breast near the Axillaries, are seated great plexes of Nerves, with which being wounded, the whole Nerves of the Body do sympathize, viz. The Trunk of the Eight pair, with the Intercostal Nerves; and both with the Spinal Marrow, the Elongation of the Brain, from which Branches are propagated into most parts of the Body: Whereupon this great Ner∣vous Plex being wounded by the point of a Sword, first the Spirits dwelling in that part grew unquiet, and being hurried here and there into divers Branches of Nerves, and the Spirits, their Inmates, take the Alarum, and further the Tumult, which afterward is raised in all parts of the Body, by the propagation of numerous Nervous Fibres, blowing up the whole Body.

And after this ingenious Author hath Explained, and confirmed his Opinion of a Tympanitis, he summeth up all in a pithy Discription of it: Quod sit Tumor Abdominis fixus, constans, aequabilis, durus, renitens, & a pul∣satione s••nitum edens, a partium, & Viscerum Membranaceorum inflatione 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ortus propter Spiritus Animales in fibras istas nimia copia adductos, ibi∣dem{que} succi Nervei obstruentis vitio, a recessu impeditos, cui affectioni conse∣quatur Flatuum in loci vacui aggestio, velut complementum accidit.

The Tympanitis is a fixed Swelling of the Belly, and being constant, equal hard, giveth a noise upon a stroak, arising from a tensive inflation of the Membranous Viscera and parts, by reason the Animal Spirits insinuate them∣selves in too great a quantity into the Nervous Fibres, which are obstru∣cted by the fault of the Animal Liquor hindred in its Motion, whence ensueth as a Complement of all, an accumulation of Wind in the empty spaces of the Belly.

This Disease is extraordinary, but the more ordinary Cases are those which refer to the high Tumour of the Belly, either following the immo∣derate tension of the Stomach, and Intestines, * 1.546 which is a spurious Tympani∣tis, caused by a great quantity of Wind (lodged in the Ventricle and Guts) producing Stomacic, Iliac, and Colic pains: Or when the Abdomen is swelled by a meer Flatus settled in the Cavity of the Belly, between the Peritonaeum and the Intestines, which is rare; or that more common, * 1.547 issuing from a large quantity of watry Recrements, mingled with a Flatulent Mat∣ter, enlarging the Peritonaeum, Abdominal Muscles, and the Skin encircling the Belly.

As to the first Case of a Bastard Tympanitis, * 1.548 this Instance may be given of a Maid, by name Ursula, living a Sedentary Life, and eating all man∣ner of Cooling Diet, fell into a great Swelling of the Belly, which being opened after Death, a great quantity of yellow Water flowed out of her Stomach, and her Intestines were strangely puffed up with a large proportion of Wind.

A second Instance may be propounded of a true Tympanitis, * 1.549 a Tumour proceeding from simple Wind, seated in the Abdomen of a Maid, afflicted with a Fever, giving her a fatal stroak: And afterward an Incision being made into her swelled Belly, nothing of watry Recrements appeared, but only a hissing proceeding from a great quantity of wind.

The third Case of a Tympanitis, * 1.550 which is more ordinary, is produced by Wind, accompanied with watry Humours, lodged in the lower Venter of which an Example may be offered of a young Lady, the Wife of an Artist, about Twenty Years of Age, who never had her Menstrua; and having been long afflicted with an Intermittent Fever, often complained of a pain in her Side, being oppressed with frequent Vomitings and Beltchings, which ended in a swelled Belly, speaking a Prologue to the sad Scenes of her troublesome Life: And after Death an Apertion being made into the Bel∣ly, a great quanty of Wind and Faetide Humours, were discerned to be lodged between the ••im of the Belly, and the Intestines.

The Cure of this Disease, is performed by satisfying three Indications: The Curative, Preservative, and Vital.

The first relating to the taking away the Continent Cause, immediately productive of the Disease, doth denote brisk Purgatives, mixed with open∣ing Medicines, frequent Carminative Clysters, prepared with Venice Turpen∣tine, dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg; and other Clysters prepared with the infusion of Stone-Horse Dung, or Urine, mingled with Emollient, Dis∣cutient, and gentle Catharticks.

I conceive, * 1.551 Bleeding is not so proper in a Tympanitis, because the Pati∣ent seldom laboureth with a Plethora, which truly indicateth a Vein to be opened; but with a Cachexy, which indicates Purging, Alterative and Diu∣retick Medicines, very proper as mixed with Antiscorbuticks; as Bay-ber∣ries, Juniper-berries, the Chips of Orenges, Limons, and Citrons, the tops of Pine and Fir, Garden Scorby-Grass, Watercresses, Brooklime, distilled in Mumm, or Whey, and White-wine, to which Millepedes may be ad∣ded (as very powerful in this Disease) which may be also given bruised, and infused in White-wine.

Topicks are often applied with good success, * 1.552 after Universals have been Administred; as Plaisters of Soap, and Red Lead, and Emollient and Dis∣cutient Fomentations, prepared with Lixivial Salts, Sulphur, &c. And after the Fomentation hath been celebrated, Cow-dung may be applied as a Cataplasm.

The second Indication being Preservative, hath a reference to the Ante∣cedent, and more remote causes of a Tympanitis, which denoteth bitter De∣coctions, Purging away the gross Humours of the Stomach, and Intestines, which vitiate the Concoction of the Aliment. And proper Alteratives may be used, as Bitter and Discutient Medicines, which expel Wind, and recti∣fie the Ferments of the Stomach, and correct its Tone, by taking Medicines both inwardly and outwardly, that strengthen the Fibres of the Ventricle; and also Chalybeats may be properly advised in this case, which refine the Mass of Blood, and Succus Nutricius, and make laudable Ferments in order

to open the Compage of the Meat and Drink, and hinder the production of a Flatus in the Stomach and Intestines.

As to the Vital Indication in this Disease, Testaceous Powders of Crabs Eyes and Claws, Coral, Egg-shells, and Shells of Fish powdered, may be taken in a large Cordial draught of Centaury water, Carduus, Compound Gentian, Doctor Stephens his VVater, and the like,

CHAP. XXX. Of the Omentum, or Caul.

THe Caul lodged between the Rim of the Belly and the Intestines, in∣vesteth the latter as with a Garment, in which many Considerables offer themselves, the Situation, Connexion, Surfaces, Magnitude, Figure, Substance, and Structure of it.

As to is Situation and Connexion, its Membranes being two in number, * 1.553 are seated in each side one, between which the Vessels and Fat have their Allodgments: And the Membranes being taken in other Habitudes, may receive various Denominations, of Superiour, Inferiour, Anterior, Poste∣rior, Exterior, Interior. That which is Superior in Men, is called Inferi∣or in Bruits, as being lodged under the upper Membrane; and the Supe∣rior in a Humane Body, is so named improperly, because it doth not tran∣scend the other in hight. But we will sit down with the Ancient and Mo∣dern Anatomists, not disputing their Terms, which Custome hath rendred Authentick, and easie for Distinction, Use being the great Master and Ar∣bitrator of Language.

The Omentum is composed of divers Membranes, as so many Leaves or Wings (enwrapped within each other) as they are phrased by Aquapendente, Spigellius, and others.

The upper Leaf of the Caul is extended from the right Hypoconder, * 1.554 to that part of it in which somewhat of the Liver is lodged, from hence bend∣ing toward the first Intestine, the right Orifice, and bottom of the Ventricle, and Suture of the Splene, to which it is most firmly affixed; and again it passeth from the Splene toward the Back, where it altereth its Appellative, and is named the Inferior, or Posterior Leaf of the Caul, and then taking its course toward the right Hypoconder, is fastned in its progress to the Back, and then hath its recourse to the Liver, where it is invested with a por∣tion of the Caul, which is continued to the origen of the Anterior Leaf; and so we have Treated of the whole Circuit of the Anterior VVall of the Caul.

The hinder VVall, or Membrane of the Caul, * 1.555 immediately after its first rise, tending downward toward the Pancreas, is thence extended toward the first Intestine, and then descendeth from the Pancreas: And its lower Membrane is fastned to the Colon, encircling all that part of it, which is lodged under the Base of the Stomach, performing the office of the Mesen∣tery to it, by keeping it tight and firm in its own station, as also the upper

and lower Wings of the Caul in their various Connexions, with the Sto∣mach, Splene, Duodenum, Pylorus, do secure them in their peculiar seats, which is effected by the upper Circuits of the Membranes of the Caul, which are firmly tied to the said Viscera, because the lower Margents of the Caul are left loose, and may easily be severed from the Intestines with∣out any violation of the Caul, or Intestines

The Surfaces of these Membranes, * 1.556 are beautified with great evenness, and unevenness of rises and falls, which make diversities of Figures, seated in the different divarications of the globules of Fat, and the several Areae interposed; so that the greater branches of Fat, accompanying the fruitful Ramulets of Vessels, do render the surface of the upper and lower Mem∣branes of the Caul (interceding the ramifications of Fat, and Vessels) uneven, and the empty Spaces remain smooth in the upper and lower Surfaces, of the Anterior and Posterior Membranes.

As to the Magnitude of the Caul, * 1.557 it is in divers Persons very different, as more or less Expanded, and thereupon investeth greater or less porti∣on of the Intestines: It is commonly extended no farther then the Navil, and then it is folded up in divers wreaths, as I have often seen in divers Bodies, which are observed in lean Persons; but in those that are well lined with Fat, it is extended from the Diaphragme to the Os Pubis. As we lately saw it in a Woman (Dissected at the Colledg of Physicians) in whom the Caul lay more smooth, and free from wrinckles then ordinarily.

It is the Opinion of divers Anatomists, that it's farther Expanded in Men, then in other Animals; which I humbly conceive, is upon this account: Be∣cause Man going in an upright posture of Body, the weight of the Caul naturally draweth down toward the Os Pubis: But Bruits, being prone in their Progressive Motion, the Caul is more apt to Contract it self

The Figure of the Caul may be in some sort stiled Orbicular, * 1.558 if it be considered, Transversly, as it runneth from side to side, and involveth the Anterior, and Posterior region of the Intestines; so that the progress of the Caul, * 1.559 maketh a Circle as derived from the middle of the Back, to the en∣trance of the Vena Porta into the Liver, and from thence carried all along the bottom of the Stomach, to the hollow of the Splene, and then to the middle of the Back; so that the Inferior Semicircle may be assigned, as pro∣ceeding from the concave region of the Splene, and so passing along the Back to the right side of the Ventricle, according to the lower Membrane of the Caul.

And we may ascribe the upper Semicircle, to the Superior or anterior Membrane, and so beginneth the Semicircular course of the Caul from the right side, and is carried all along under the bottom of the Stomach, to the concave surface of the Splene, which formeth the Superior Semicircle of the Caul. And Bauhinus will have its Figure resemble that of a Fish Net.

The substance of the Caul is very thin and Transparent, * 1.560 pinked with di∣vers Minute Perforations, where it is free from Divarications of Vessels, associated with larger Ramifications of Fat, making the most bulky part of the Caul, because the Membranous part is a vail finely doubled, over∣shading the greatest part of the surface of the Intestines.

And as to the whole Compage of the Caul, it is Organick, composed of many Similar parts, or an Aggregate body consisting of Membranes, Fat, Vessels, of different Families, Arteries, Veins, most Sanguiferous, and a few Milky, and Nerves: And also of Minute Glandulous bodies, besetting the Caul in divers parts of it.

The Fat in its first Rudiment, being of an oily substance, * 1.561 and so of a fluid nature, is confined in the thin walls of many fine Concave Membranes, to secure the fluid fatty Matter within more solid limits, in order to Concretion: So that the minute globules of Fat, modelled into various Fi∣gures, seated in the Ambient parts and more inward Recesses of their fruit∣ful Divarications, are every where encircled within the Concave Spaces of many Membranous Cells, which are emptied of the lumps of it in great Colliquations.

The innumerable Minute Membranes, appear to an Eye, * 1.562 assisted with a Microscope, to be hollowed with many small Circumferences, resembling the Minute Cavities of a Hony Comb (enclosing that Elixir of Nature) or the small Holes, seated in the pulpy part of an Orenge, as so many Re∣positories of an Acid grateful Liquor.

The Fat of the Caul may offer divers things to our Notice, the first mat∣ter and manner of its Production: As to its Stamina Radicalia, or first Ru∣diments: The Ancient and Modern Anatomists derive it from the Blood, * 1.563 and so it must be produced either out of the Red Crassament, or Serous Liquor; it seemeth very improbable, that it should be propagated out of the Red Crassament, because it is very hot and spirituous, and contrary to the nature of Fat, which is oily, and of a temperate heat.

And as to the other serous part of the Blood, it holdeth much Analogy with the Albuminous part of an Egg, and being Concreted with such a heat of Fire, as will Colliquate Fat, is turned into a white tenacious sub∣stance, much different from the unctuous nature of Fat, which is Colliqua∣ted, and not Concreted by heat, as is the serous part of the Blood: Again, Fat is inflammable, which is not found in the Crystalline Liquor of Blood.

Wherefore, I humbly crave Pardon of Learned Anatomists, * 1.564 deriving it from Blood, as conceiving in my Judgment, that it borroweth its Prima Sta∣mina, its material Origen, from the sulphureous and the more unctuous and buttry parts of the Milky Humour.

The great difficulty that rendreth the manner productive of Fat, very perplex in the Caul, is the want of Secretory Organs, reputed to be Glands, which are few, according to divers Anatomists; but in truth, upon a strict search, are found in most parts (where this Unctuous Matter is gene∣rated) numerous Glands, dispersed through the spacious Territories of the Body, which is very evident in its habit; the Mesentery, Groins, Musculi Glutaei, and many other parts, where Fat is Exuberant.

And it is very observable in Fat lodged under the Skin, * 1.565 that there are many Minute Glands seated: Learned Bartholine is of an Opinion, the Caul is furnished with many small Glands. And Vesalius, an Oracle of Anatomy, calleth the Caul a Glandulous Body; and it is very probable, that all Membranes have many Miliary Glands, affixed to them, * 1.566 which are very conspicuous in the Dura and Pia Mater, the Mesentery, and the like: And I have often discerned, many Glands lodged in Fat, and I believe that there are many Minute ones all covered with Fat in the Caul, which may be so many Colatories, severing and transmitting the oily parts of the Milky Humour, into the substance of those Glands, which exuding through them, are conveyed to the outside of the Sanguiducts, to which they are accreted, when they are secerned from the Chyme.

But if this seems only Conjectural for want of Glands in the Caul, * 1.567 I will take the freedom, with your Permission, to offer other instruments of Se∣cretion, which may be the numerous thin Membranes, through whose fine

Contexture, the Minute oily Particles of Fat may be streined, as they are configured to the Pores of the Membranous Cells, in size and shape; be∣cause, I humbly conceive, that the secret passages of Membranes, when agreeing in Figure and Magnitude, with the Minute Particles of Liquor, may be Colatories as well as Extreamities of Vessels, which hath some shew of probability at least; because the unctuous substance of Fat, doth every where accompany the Vessels, adhering to the Ambient parts of their Coats, which are invested with this oily white Robe.

But if this Conjecture of mine doth not please, I shall take the Boldness, with the leave of the Courteous Reader, to propound another way of pro∣ducing Fat in the Caul, which may be this: The Chyme passing with the Blood out of the Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries, into the substance of the Membranes, and the more serous parts of the Chyle are transmitted into the Extreamities of the Veins, and the more oily parts may be received through the configured Pores of the Membranes, into the bosom of their Cavities, where this Colliquated Unctuous Liquor being Extravasated, may be readily Accreted to the insides of these numerous Membranous Cells, as so many Receptacles, in which the Fat Globules of the Caul are enwrap∣ped.

And this Assertion may be farther confirmed with greater probability, as to the manner of Generating Fat, by streining the more oily Particles of the Alimentary Liquor through the minute perforations of the numerous Coats, * 1.568 of the various hollow Membranes, to which the fluid Fatty Particles do adhere, when they are stagnant, thereby gaining a Concretion; which is removed according to Experience, when the Fat is Colliquated in Acute and Hectic Fevers. Of which Learned Doctor Cox, my worthy Friend and Collegue, gave me an Instance in a Knight, a Patient of his, in whom was discovered a large quantity of Oyl, * 1.569 lodged between the Coats of the Caul: and oftentimes the Fat being Colliquated in Acute Distempers, returneth again by the same minute passages of the Membranous Cells, through which it made its former entrance into those small Cavities, out of which the Oily parts of the Fat being melted, are received first into the habit of the Body, and are afterward transmitted through the Extreamities of the Capillary Veins, into the Mass of Blood, to support it by supplying its de∣fects, by Colliquated Alimentary Liquor, Circulating and mixing with the Blood: It being very evident by Observation, that Sick Persons labouring with Acute Fevers, and Cronic Diseases, loose their Fat, both in the Caul, Membrana Adiposa, and Interstices of the Muscles, and other parts of the Body, which is not at all Evacuated by Stool, Urine, Sweat, which would be discovered as being mixed with the more solid Faeces of the Intestines, or with the other more watry and saline Recrements, either passing out of the habit of the Body, through the Cutaneous Glands, into the Minute Excretory Ducts terminating in the Skin, or transmitted out of the Glands of the Kidney through the Pelvis, and Ureters into the Bladder, out of which it is conveyed by the Urethra, out of the Confines of the Body; which would be easily discovered if the Colliquated Fat was thrown off with the Excrements of the Blood.

Whereupon it is reasonable to believe, that this Fatty substance being dissolved, is transmitted through the secret pores of the Membranous Cells appertaining to the Caul; first into the empty spaces of the Vessels, and thence imported into the Terminations of the Veins, into a confederacy with the Blood, which is as rare, as Preternatural.

Having given my mean Sentiments of the Original matter and manner of Production of Fat, I conceive it may not be amiss to Treat of the Adipose Ducts, and their numerous Ramifications, which are as Admirable, as plea∣sant to behold,

The Caul being a very thin Membrane, or rather Membranes, do sur∣round the Intestines Cross-ways, in a kind of Orbicular manner, and are extended Long-ways, for the most part to the Navil, and sometimes in very Corpulent Persons, to the Os Pubis. And out of this large Membrane, * 1.570 which is very fruitful, are propagated many other small Membranous tran∣sparent Vesicles, like so many little Wombs, big with Globules of Fat, con∣tained in these Adipose Ducts, beautified with various Models, which are most large above † 1.571, near the great Trunks of Vessels, and grow less in their progress downward, and sideways, * 1.572 and do wonderfully expatiate themselves in Ramifications like Trees, overshading the Transparent Mem∣branes of the Caul, and do associate, and embrace the Vessels with their softer Arms, every where following and courting in their company the Divarications of Arteries and Veins, not only in their greater Trunks, but in their more Minute Ramulets and Terminations, which often meet in Arches, and part again, making a kind of Net-work, very curiously wrought, like a Spiders Web, Natures great Masterpiece, accompani∣ed in like order with a curious Workmanship of the Capillary Adipose Ducts † 1.573, which being white and small, cannot be discovered, unless the Caul be held up against the Light in a bright Day.

The greater and smaller Branches of Adipose Ducts, do swell with Oily Liquor, Concreted within their Circumferences, in small Lobes of diffe∣rent Figures and Sizes, invested with thin Membranes, not unlike those of Pulmonary Lobes, which are clearly discernible in the Caul of Men, Dogs, Hogs, and some Fish, and many other Animals.

So that this fine Compage of the Caul, is embossed with numerous Bun∣ches of Fat, accompanied with many empty Spaces, as so many small Areae of different forms and greatness, lodged within the several Verges of the Adipose Ducts; whereupon the Surfaces of the Caul, are embelished with great unevenness, full of Ridges and Plains, Hills and Dales.

The nature of the Adipose Vessels, confining on the Walls of the Bloody, * 1.574 being intricate and profound, is difficult to be fathomed, because they are encircled with so fine a Membrane, enclosing a Concreted Liquor, that they will admit no Ligature; which leaveth us much in the Dark, in order to the disquisition of their Nature. And we must rest content with proba∣ble Conjectures, when we cannot be determined by the more clear and cer∣tain assistance of Sense.

As to the structure of these Adipose Vessels, it may seem worthy our en∣quiry, whether they be Nervous Fibrils, out of which the first Rudiment of the Coats are propagated: But this seemeth improbable, because the Minute Ducts, which are very conspicuous in the Areae, relating to the Cauls of Deer, Goats, Sheep, Dogs, and other Animals, are a very curi∣ous Contexture of Vessels, passing out of the greater Adipose Protube∣rancy † 1.575, and creeping over, and not entring into the Membranous Com∣page of the Caul; do beautifie them with a fine Net-work, * 1.576 made up of Minute Filaments; which are so curiously spun by Natures dexterous Hand, that they transcend Hairs in smalness, which wheeling in divers Modes do often associate, and then turn off again, making different Shapes and Sizes.

Again, The frame of the Membranes, composed of Nervous Filaments, is so closely conjoyned and filled up, with a thin Parenchyma of the same Colour, that it is very intricate and difficult to be seen; but these Adipose Ducts are more obvious to our sight, and shade with their well wrought Texture, the Membranous surface of the Caul, from which the Minute wheelings and turnings of the Sanguiducts being Sripped; These nume∣rous Adipose Ducts do accost our view, passing up and down in various Figures. And if you shall be pleased to make a near Inspection into them, while the Caul is warm in new-killed Animals, you may discover these Ducts to be great, * 1.577 with fat Particles: In a Deers Caul, they sprout out of the sides of the Membranous Cells, and are frequently interwoven with the Sanguiducts, and the progress of these Adipose Vessels, is very different from the Nervous Fibrils of the Membranous Cells, and do expatiate themselves much beyond them in the empty Spaces (interceding the greater Vessels) which are well garnished with their rare Texture. * 1.578 And I conceive it most probable, that beside these Adipose Ducts, there are other Fibrils seated under them, derived from Nerves, as also other Nervous Filaments, originally propagated out of Seminal Liquor, which are the prime and con∣stituent parts of the Membranes, belonging to the Caul; and do not make any Net-work after the manner of the Adipose Ducts, because these Fibrils have no regular Inosculations with each other, in a kind of Knots and Joints, but are more closely conjoyned then those of the Adipose Ducts.

By these and the like Arguments, * 1.579 it may be proved, the vessels of Fat are not spun out of the Bowels of the Membranous Cells, to render the Fabrick of the Caul more firm, because although, where Nature hath not wholly obliterated Membranes, we may discover the footsteps of their Cells, which growing less are like a Tail, carried in a kind of continued Course, to the opposite Membranous Cavities: In these, beside the Membranous Produ∣ction, we may discover these Minute Adipose Bodies, corresponding with each other in likeness, which do not sensibly grow less as the Membranous Cells, but are of a various Figure, and take a different progress from them.

It may be some will apprehend, that these Adipose Vessels, may be the progress of the Membranous Cavities, propagated from Fat, which being Colliquated by heat, do form winding passages between the Membranes accidentally, without any design of Nature: But this may admit a Reply, because these Adipose Bodies may be discerned in a Porcupine, wherein the reticular structure of these Vessels, passing in Maeanders, is made without any Membranes lying under them; and this Net-work of Adipose Bodies, consisting of Ramulets, propagated out of the sides of others, are extended a great space, being lifted up very much, if they be observed in the Caul of an Animal new killed.

It is farther worth our notice in Deer, Calves, Sheep, Hogs, Dogs, where the empty spaces are covered with Membranes, that these Adipose Ducts, are not terminated into the adjacent Membranous Cavities, but passing through many Globules of Fat, * 1.580 do end into the most Minute Membranous Cells, and they do creep one over another, without discomposing each others frame; which if they did proceed from Bodies made up of Fat, they would easily close, making a Bulk only of Fat in their progress, and do meet with each other; and no way form such Reticular Mashes, founded in frequent Inosculations, and part again with various turnings and wind∣ings.

Ingenious Malpighius, * 1.581 hath made a strict inquiry into these Minute Adi∣pose Tubes, and propoundeth whether they be hollow, because they re∣semble in their Figure, Arteries, or Veins, as if the Fat substance, was dif∣fused through them, as through Minute Cavities; or whether they be Sy∣stems like Nerves, composed of very small Filaments, between whose spaces, the unctuous particles of Fat, before they be Concreted, may insinuate themselves from part to part: But these subtle Conceptions are difficult to be resolved, where Sense cannot interpose by giving a more clear evidence, which is occasioned by the thinness, and transparency of these Adipose Bodies. But I humbly conceive, that these fine clear Vessels, which seem equally turgid in new-killed Animals, do resemble Minute Ves∣sels big with Globules.

These Adipose Vessels (making various Inosculations in the empty spaces seated between the Divarications of Fat) do pass in several windings and turnings, from one side to the Areae to the other, and at last in their Ter∣minations seem to insert themselves into the Veins, into which they may seem to discharge some part of their Oily Liquor, when fluid, into the Mass of Blood.

But it may well deserve our Consideration, * 1.582 in reference to the origen as well as the insertion of these Adipose Vessels, and from what part they bor∣row their first rise, which is very hard to discover, because they are so mi∣nute and subtle, that they very much evade our sight.

But to give you my Conjecture in so nice a Point, * 1.583 there are two eminent parts (which may contribute to their origen) to which the Caul hath a firm connexion, the Ventricle, and the Splene: For the latter, these Rea∣sons may be offered, Because a principal Vein is branched through all the coasts of the Caul, taking its beginning from the Splene; which in more perfect Animals, is seated about the Margent of it, and in Fish about the Center.

To this may be added, according to the unanimous suffrages of Anato∣mists, that many Fibrous bodies do expatiate from Membrane to Mem∣brane through the Parenchyma of the Splene, not having a common Con∣nexion with the Sanguineous Vessels: And these Nervous Filaments (as far as may be discovered) are firmly conjoyned to the Membranes of the Caul, which do with the Splenick Vessels, enter into the line of the Splene; so that it is in some sort probable, that the Adipose Vessels, may derive their origination in some part from the Nervous Filaments, which are very nume∣rous in the Splene, and may thence be propagated into the Membranes of the Caul, which is not only united, but entereth into the Splene.

Another considerable part with which the Caul hath communion and entercourse, in reference to Connexion and Vessels, is the Stomach, * 1.584 to whose bottom it is strongly conjoyned: And the Caul entertaineth Vessels, whose Extreamities, or rather Beginnings, commence in the Ventricle, which is plainly discerned in perfect Animals, and in large Fish, and also in Fowl, it overspreadeth the Muscular Stomach (commonly called the Gizard) as also the Intestines. And also in Fish, at the bottom of the Maw, ariseth a Membrane, which is encircled with many Vessels (distinct from those of the Blood) beset with small Glands.

With this structure of the Caul, somewhat of probability may seem to comply, because in the Ventricle, and adjacent Intestines, the Concoction of Alimentary Liquor, is celebrated by divers Ferments, entring into the Compage of the Meat, which being discovered, a Colliquated Liquor is

separated from the grosser Faeces, * 1.585 and entertained into the Intestines, where it adopteth a greater perfection procured by new Intestine Motion, produ∣ced from the Pancreatick Juice, impraegnated with Liquor, dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nervous Fibrils, inserted into the inward Coats of the Intestines.

Whereupon the Alimentary Liquor, may, as I humbly conceive, be trans∣mitted by proper Tubes out of the Ventricle, and Intestines, into the Mem∣branes of the Caul, * 1.586 where the more Creamy, or Oily parts, being streined from the Serous Particles, through the fine Colatory of the Membranes of the Caul, may be accreted (as Extravasated) to the outward walls of the Vessels, which it doth accompany, with various Divarications, suitable to the branches of the Blood Vessels: And other Oily parts are transmitted into the small Adipose Vessels, sporting themselves in divers Inosculations, in a kind of Reticular Work, through the several Areae, carried from one side to the other, of the Membranous Cells, and are inserted into the Veins, * 1.587 which at last are receptive of the Oily Liquor, the Materia Sub∣strata of Fat, which being Colliquated by unnatural heat, doth supply the Blood in defect of Alimentary Liquor; and doth happen in Acute Fevers, wherein the Caul is very much despoiled of its Ramifications of Fat, and the Concreted Sulphureous Matter, being attenuated by immoderate and unkindly heat, doth insinuate it self through the Pores of the thin Mem∣branous Cavities of the Caul, and is thence entertained into the Extreami∣ties of the Splenick and Mesenterick Branches, and afterward communica∣ted by the Porta, into the substance of the Liver, whence it is transmitted into the Cava, and right Chamber of the Heart.

Whereupon, * 1.588 these Oily Particles derived from the Caul, do Circulate with the Blood (contributing Nourishment to it) they being originally the more buttery parts of the Milky Liquor, separated from the Blood, as exuding the Pores of the Vessels, and being Extravasated, are Concreted into Fat, and lodged in the Membranous Cells; or else the more oily parts of the Chyle are carried immediately out of the Ventricle by the Lacteae of the Caul, into the roots of the Adipose Vessels and being Col∣liquated in great Cases, are transmitted into the Orifices of the Veins, and associate with the Blood.

From whence by many Arguments, * 1.589 it hath been made evident, that the origen of the Adipose Ducts, is dispensed from the Ventricle and Spleen; and they, that are propagated from the Stomach, are seated in the upper region of the Caul, near the bottom of the Ventricle, and pass the whole length of the Caul in great Divarications, which are largest above, near the great Trunks of the Gastrepiploick Vessels; and as they descend down∣ward, and pass lower and lower, make smaller and smaller Divarications, as they approach nearer and nearer to the lower region of the Caul.

The Adipose Ducts, which are seated on the left side of the Caul, are somewhat smaller then the other, and are dispensed from the Spleen, passing cross-ways toward the right side, in numerous Branches and Ramulets, which are affixed to the outward surface of the Splenick Vessels; which Ramifica∣tions of the Adipose Ducts, creeping from the Stomach downward, and from the Splene transverse overthwart the Caul, I have plainly discerned in Men, Calves, Sheep, Dogs, and other greater Animals.

The Common Ingredients, * 1.590 of which the Membranes of the Caul are com∣posed, are Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lacteal Vessels, and Glands.

The Caeliac Artery, * 1.591 after it sprouteth out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, is entertained into the inward Leaf of the Caul, near its Origen, and then is parted into two, the right and left Branches; the right insinua∣ting it self into the substance of the Caul, entereth into association with the Porta, and being secured by the Coats of the Caul, addresseth it self to the concave surface of the Liver, before it displayeth the Pyloric Branches, dispensed to the hinder region of the right Orifice of the Ventricle, and the Cystic Twins.

The right Epiploic hath one part distributed into the Colon, * 1.592 and ano∣ther Branch relating to the smaller Intestines, is imparted to the Duode∣num and origen of the Jejunum; and the Gastrepiploic right Branch is dispensed into the bottom of the right side of the Ventricle, and into its fore and hinder Region.

The left stiled the Splenic Branch, being more enlarged then the right, * 1.593 is enwrapped within the Coats of the latter Leaf of the Caul, and is car∣ried in a straight course under the bottom of the Ventricle, to the seam of the Spleen; and in its progress it dispenseth many Divarications upward, and an eminent Branch, called the Gastrick Artery, sendeth forth many Ramu∣lets into the lower region, sides, and orifice of the Ventricle, where it ob∣taineth the denomination of the Coronary Artery from encircling the Sto∣mach.

Another left Gastrepiploic Branch, is divaricated into the bottom, rela∣ting to the left side of the Stomach, and is distributed with numerous Circles into the fore and hinder part of it.

The third Caeliac, named the short Arterial Branch, * 1.594 is dispensed into the region of the first Orifice of the Ventricle. And more downward, the left Epiploic Branch, being divided into two, is partly displaied into the hin∣der Membrane of the Caul, and partly into the Colon, and distributeth al∣so a little Branch, emitting numerous Ramulets into the left side of the lower Leaf of the Caul.

The Veins adorning the Caul, are the off-spring of the Porta, * 1.595 and not at all related to the Cava, either where it taketh its rise from the lower Re∣gion of the Stomach, or any other adjoining part: For if we make a curi∣ous inspection into the Veins, branched into the Inferior Membrane of the Caul, we may plainly trace them chiefly into the Splene, * 1.596 which are called the left Branches of the Porta. And truly, the Caul hath this prerogative, to have the first Trunk of the Porta communicated to it.

And the lower Membrane is planted with three-fold Roots, * 1.597 divaricated from the lower region of the Trunk, appertaining to the Porta, which are disseminated into the Splene. The first, which is of a considerable Magni∣tude, is propagated with fruitful Ramulets, into the right part of its Mem∣brane: The second is larger then the former, * 1.598 and a little space after its Origen is divided into two Branches, from which some Ramulets are distri∣buted into the middle region of the lower Membrane; but most bend them∣selves toward the left part of the Membrane.

The third Root of the Porta is so small, that it can scarcely be discerned, * 1.599 and is dispensed into the left side of the Inferior Membrane.

But the Superior Coat doth borrow Roots, relating to Branches, coming from the lower seat of the Stomach, from which a numerous progeny creep∣eth down to the Margent of the upper Membrane of the Caul † 1.600 * 1.601, not in a straight course, but in a kind of Arches, the Veins now and then meeting; and then parting again, do aemulate in a wonderful manner the mashes of a Net.

And the Extreamities of the numerous Divarications of Veins relating to the Porta, take their rise partly from the Ventricle, and are thence propa∣gated to the top of the upper Coat of the Caul; and those other Divarica∣tions of the Porta, called the left Branches, borrow their Origen from the Splene, and are from thence dispersed into the lower Membrane of the Caul.

And the Stomacic, * 1.602 and Splenic Divarications of Veins, do overspread the Coats of the Caul, and their Ramulets often uniting with each other in the Spaces, interceding the greater Branches, do make frequent Inosculations, much resembling Fibrils, framing the greatest part of the substance of Leaves, the green and beautiful attire of Ttees.

And the Superior and Inferior Membrane, is also embelished with nume∣rous branches of Arteries, sprouting out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, out of which the Caeliac and Mesenteric Artery derive themselves, imparting many great and small Branches, which display themselves through the Coats of the Caul, aemulating those of Trees, and the more Minute Ramulets garnishing the Areae, seated between the more considerable Branches, do often accost each other, and part again with fruitful Inoscula∣tions, not unlike the curious textures of Fibrils, variously besetting the Fo∣liage of Trees.

The Caul is furnished with small Nerves, * 1.603 derived from the Par Vagum; but its fine texture is beautified with numerous Nervous Fibrils, running several ways, and curiously woven; and chiefly take their first rise from the Seminal Liquor, and so constitute the rare Compage of the upper and lower Coats belonging to the Caul.

The fine Contexture is not only composed of Arteries, * 1.604 Veins, and Nerves, but of Lacteal Vessels also, passing through five eminent Glands, much like those of the Mesentery, both in greatness, figure, and use. The first is seated in the Caul, near the place, where it is in connexion with the Pylo∣rus, and entertaineth the Lacteal Vessels of the first kind, taking their rise near the bottom of the Stomach, and make their progress the whole length of the Caul: Which Doctor Wharton discovered in a Dog lately fed. The Milky Vessels of the first sort, * 1.605 after the same manner with the other, do distribute themselves into the substance of the Glands, and afterward those of the second kind do arise; which being carried downward, do in∣tersect the right side of the Pancreas, over which they pass, and discharge themselves into the common Receptacle.

Another Gland somewhat less then the former, is seated in the Caul to∣ward the Spleen, * 1.606 where in some Bodies, two, three, four, and more, may be discovered, because Nature sporteth it self after divers manners in va∣rious bodies; and in great Bruits, many more have been observed. And I humbly conceive, * 1.607 that the Membranes of the Caul, as well as others in a Humane Body, are beset with numerous small Glands (which are com∣mon to all Membranes, relating to the Bowels, and Viscera, and other parts of the Body) which being very Minute, cannot be discovered without a curious search.

The use of the Glands belonging to the Caul, * 1.608 is to Depurate the Chyle, and to Exalt it, by entring into confaederacy with the Nervous Liquor; by reason the Milky Vessels of the first kind, branching and inserting them∣selves into the inward Recesses of the Glands, do import the Chyle into their substance, wherein the Recrements of the Milky Humour are received into the Lymphaeducts, and the more pure part of it is mingled with the Liquor

destilling out the Extreamities of the Nerves, inserted into the Body of the Glands, and afterward the refined and improved Chyle is received into Extreamities of the second sort of Milky Vessels, and carried into the com∣mon Receptacle.

Having given an account of the curious Fabrick of the Caul, * 1.609 consisting in a fine texture of Membranes, enameled with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lacteal Vessels, and embroidered with Divarications of Fat, and Adi∣pose Ducts, and beset with Glands: Now perhaps it may be worth our enquiry, to discover the Uses, to which Nature hath consigned this well wrought part, which may be conceived in some manner a Convoy, to guard the Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Milky Vessels, whose various Milky, Pur∣ple, and Nervous Liquors, being surrounded with tender Membranous enclo∣sures, are further immured within the more soft and thick Walls of Fat, which every where accompany the fruitful Vessels, and give them a safe passage in their long progress through the large Territories of the Caul, to∣ward the Splene, Liver, and Pancreas, and the Milky Vessels toward the common Receptacle.

And I conceive the Caul may be farther subservient to the Stomach, * 1.610 Splene, Pancreas, Colon, Duodenum, to keep them in their proper seats, which is contrived by the Grand Architect, with rare Artifice: So that their Connexion with the Caul, doth not bind them so close, but it leaveth them in some sort a free play, in reference to their various Postures on several occasi∣ons: The Stomach being conjoined to the Caul in its bottom, hath liberty to enlarge and contract it self in point of Repletion and Inanition, and also permitteth the Colon, and other Intestines, to obtain different Situations, when they are empty and full, as being more or less distended with gross Faeces, or more thin Flatulency.

The Conjunction of the Caul, with the neighbouring parts above, boun∣deth their more exorbitant Motion, and not suffereth them to entangle with the Intestines, by hindring their twisting one with another; which would produce the Iliack Passion, in perverting the Peristaltick Motion of the Guts, by forcing their Carnous Fibres to contract upwards, by which the Faeces recoiling through the Intestines into the Ventricle, do abuse the entendment of Nature, in the unnatural ejectment of Excrement through the Mouth, destined to the reception of Aliment.

And I conceive, it is Natures great design to make the Caul Membranous, consisting of numerous Filaments (well ordered in variety of Interwea∣vings) which being of a pliable nature, can easily be Expanded and Con∣tracted; * 1.611 so that the Diaphragme in inspiration being Contracted by its fleshy Fibres, reduceth it self from an Arch toward a Plain, thereby pressing down the Ventricle and Intestines, which extend the Caul outward; and when in Expiration, the Diaphragme is relaxed and brought to an Arch, the In∣testines and Stomach are reduced to their natural situation, and the Caul is contracted, falling close to the Intestines.

Whereupon the Caul being of a Membranous extensive disposition, easily conformeth it self to the various motions of the Ventricle, Colon, and other Intestines, and safely enwrappeth the Vessels within its tender Wings; and addresseth it self to the Interstices of the Guts, preserving them in their natural positions, which is most conspicuous in the Intestines of Fish, which are covered with a curious Caul, insinuating its thin Membranes between the Guts, by whose interposition, their several Circumvolutions are pre∣served

in their proper places, and kept from being entangled with each other, by which the motion of the Guts are secured.

The whole Cavity of a Lamprey, * 1.612 where the Liver terminateth, is filled with the Caul, which running all along in a straight course in the inward Recesses of it, is invested with fruitful Divarications of Fat, somewhat re∣sembling the Intestines in variety of Maeanders, or numerous Glands of different shapes and sizes: These several Divarications, are surrounded with proper Membranes, and are seated in Files two or three deep, one under another, and in their Interstices are lodged many Arteries and Veins, wheel∣ing all up and down between the Gyres, as in the Anfractus of the Brain, and processes of the Cerebellum: So that these numerous Globules of Fat, encircled with peculiar Membranes, do enclose the long single Gut for some space (to whose Concave part it is firmly affixed) covered above with the Liver, and all the other space is the Intestine lodged in the Globules of the Caul, as within so many soft Beds to warm and fasten it, and to guard it from outward accidents that might give offence to its tender frame.

Another use of the Caul may be assigned, * 1.613 as it is embelished with nume∣rous Branches of Fat, overspreading a great part of its Membranes, is to ren∣der the Intestines (which it encloseth) slippery and emollient, which is effected by often rubbing against the oily substance of the Fat, relating to the Caul, which is rendred soft by the heat of the Blood, and hereby im∣parteth its Unctuous Liquor by frequent motion in respiration to the neigh∣bouring Intestines, by making them pliable, that they readily perform their Peristaltick Motion, without grating against the Caul.

May be, * 1.614 some Person may be so inquisitive, as to desire the Information, How the Caul obtaineth the Figure of a Hawking-Bag; which I conceive may be accomplished after this manner. As the Caul taketh its rise from the upper Abdominal Plex of the Nerves, and that the hinder Leaf is the most principal part, as it first entertaineth the Nerves, the Caeliac Artery, and both the Arterious, Venous and Splenick Vessels, displaying many Branches in their Progress: Wherefore, it being a sanction of Nature, to conjoin Membranes (first above their origen) to each other (except where some important cause interposeth) therefore its most suitable to Reason, that the Exterior Region of the Caul should be continued to the Posterior, as to its Original; which could not be well accomplished, unless they had been united to each other in the bottom, commonly seated near the Navil, to which the lower Membrane of the Caul is first Expanded, and then taketh its retrograde progress upward; and so may be stiled, the origen of the Superior Membrane, which terminateth in the bottom of the Stomach, Li∣ver, and adjacent parts. So that the continuation of the Posterior Mem∣brane of the Caul, from the upper Abdominal Plex to the Navil, and from thence to the bottom of the Ventricle, being taken out of the Body, and parted, doth resemble a kind of Hawking-Bag, from its round Circumfe∣rence in the first entrance of it.

Learned Fabricius ab Aquapendente, * 1.615 assigneth divers uses of the Cavity intervening the Anterior, and Posterior Membrane of the Caul, one of them is this: That the Steams of the Ventricle being confined within the inclosures of the Membranes, might not Evaporate, which would advance the concoction of Aliment; as this Learned Author imagineth. But this may seem improbable, because the warm vapours may easily be discharged by the Pylorus, before they can have a reception between the Duplica∣ture of the Membranes; into which, if these fumes should be admitted,

they would be soon breathed out, through the Minute Perforations of the Coat of the Caul.

Another use of this Cavity, seated between these Membranes, * 1.616 pro∣pounded by this great Author, is to lodg Recrements between the Leaves of the Caul, which would be very prejudicial to Nature, except she had instituted an Excretory Duct to discharge them, which cannot be disco∣vered.

The third use assigned by this Skilful Anatomist, * 1.617 is to be a seat of Hypo∣chondriack Flatulency, which he endeavoureth to make clear by the croak∣ing sounds occasioned by Wind, squeesed up and down within the narrow confines of the Coats of the Caul; which being pervious in many places, cannot contain those fine fluid Particles of Hypochondriacal Wind. And as to those various murmurs of Wind, they are produced within the cavities of the Ventricle, and Intestines, which may be Experimented in a dead Body opened, full of Wind, which being forced up and down by Reci∣procal Motions through the Cavities of the Guts, and Stomach, will from those ill tuned, uncouth sounds.

Ingenious Riolan is of an opinion, * 1.618 That it is possible to form a Speech in the Belly, and from its inward Recesses, to impart the more remote Sen∣timents of the Mind; which he conceiveth may be performed by an Arti∣ficial Collision of the Flatus lodged between the Coats of the Caul, and then to be formed into Words, consisting in the Articulation of Sounds, which cannot be modlelled but by an Arbitrary Motion of Muscles, con∣signed to the Formation of Words, which are no where to be found but in the Laryn. I confess it is possible to find Inarticulate sounds in the Stomach, and Intestines, which casually proceed from the pro∣trusion of Wind, floating up and down the Cavities of the Ventri∣cle and Guts, which are not any ways accommodated with Organs for the Articulation of Sounds: It may be, if not more easie to speak through the lowest Intestines by Articulate Sounds, which may seem someway to be regulated by the Sphincter Muscles; but this way of Speaking is as ridi∣culous as unnatural, and void of all Sense and Reason, as that of the Belly, and no way worth the Mention, or Contrivance, of so Learned an Au∣thor.

And now it may be expected afterward, we have not approved the Uses of the Cavity interceding the Coats of the Caul, some other should be assigned, by reason Nature hath appointed a use of all parts she hath for∣med; She having like a wise Architect, contrived nothing in vain, and therefore this Cavity (which is rather a Conception then Truth) is nothing else, but a result of the Coats parted one from another, when taken out of the Body, in which they are closely continued one to another; * 1.619 Nature being sollicitous to form those Membranes, to be Repositories of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, by whose mediation they are conveyed to the Ventricle, Liver, Splene, Pancreas, and Colon, and by whose Connexion they are secured in their proper stations, lest they should be entangled with each other, and violate the Functions of the adjacent parts, and the motion of the Sto∣mach, and Intestines, and intercept the passage of the Alimentary Liquor into the Milky Vessels, and the evacuation of the gross Faeces through the greater Cavities of the Intestines.

CHAP. XXXI. The Pathologie of the Caul.

THe Pathologie of the Caul, * 1.620 is occasioned upon many accounts, be∣cause it is an inward Integument of a curious Structure, made up of various parts (as it hath been discoursed) of Coats, Mem∣branous Cells, Adipose Ducts, Arteries, Veins, Lacteous Vessels, Glands, and I conceive, Lymphaeducts too as their attendants: Whereupon, this choice covering of the Intestines, is rendred obnoxious to divers Diseases, In∣flammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Steatomes, and Scirrhous Tumours, and Dropsies.

As to Inflammations, * 1.621 they may proceed originally from an Exuberant Mass of Blood, stagnant, produced by the large Ramifications of Fat, com∣pressing the neighbouring Sanguiducts, with which they associate, so that their Cavities are lessened, and the Circulation of the Blood rendred slow; whereupon the Vital Liquor groweth gross, and being impelled into the Interstices of the Vessels relating to the Caul, * 1.622 cannot afterward be received into the Minute Orifices of the Veins (straightned in gross Persons, by the adjacent Membranous Cells highly stuffed with Fat) whence ariseth an inflammation of the Caul, caused by too great a plenty of Blood (lodg∣ed in the substance of the Caul) which seeing it hath lost its Motion, as not capable to be returned by proper Vessels toward the Heart, the Se∣rous and Nutricious parts of the Blood are turned into Purulent Matter (producing an Abscess) which corrodeth the tender frame of the Caul, and maketh an Efflux of corrupt Matter into the Cavity of the Belly, ren∣dring it Ulcerous; hence the whole Compage of the Caul is subject to Pu∣trefaction, which hath been often found upon Dissection of Bodies

A Commander of a Man of War, * 1.623 often having exposed himself to Wind and Weather, and being of a sickly Constitution, fell into a great Swelling of his lower Apartiment, which was much mitigated by a proper Course of Physick, and yet notwithstanding he was troubled with Vomi∣ting, and an ill Stomach, so that he was not able to digest his Meat, and at last was overcome with an Atrophy; and after his Departure, we found the Caul very much putrified and consumed.

The Caul is a kind of Sink, * 1.624 into which Nature transmitteth by various Channels, a quantity of gross Humours of different consistences, whereof some are indigested Chyle, or Serous Liquor (whose watry Particles being Evaporated) concreted into a whitish Matter, somewhat like Lard, enclo∣sed in a thick Membrane, whence ariseth a Steatome: And other Humours also growing more and more Indurated, do thicken the substance of the Glands, and turne it into a Scirrhus, which sometimes is so great, that it highly distendeth the whole Abdomen.

A Tradesman's Wife, * 1.625 labouring with a great Tumor of her Belly, which could not be reduced by any Method of Physick, but received Day by Day greater addition, till it arrived to a prodigious Magnitude, which made a high difficulty of Breathing, as hindring the free play of the Diaphragme; which was greatly compressed by the stupendous Tumor of the Caul, which

robbed the Body of its due Nutriment, causing an Emaciation of all the Muscular parts: And after her Death, an Apertion of her Belly being celebrated, the Intestines appeared thrust toward the right side in an unu∣sual posture, and afterward a wondrous Swelling presented it self, being encircled with a strong Membrane, filling up the Cavity of the Belly, and was easily separated from the adjoyning parts, and being taken out of the Body, weighed many Pound, to the admiration of the Spectators: This vast Swelling was enwrapped within a thick Coat, which being cut, first a white Tumor like Lard, discovered it self, which was accompanied with many smaller Glandulous, and Scirrhous Tumors.

The Caul is furnished with a multitude of Glands, which sometimes are swelled to great Dimensions, proceeding from a large proportion of gross Chyle extravasated in the substance of the Glands (in their passage through the Caul toward the common Receptacle) as spued out of the Termination of the Milky Vessels of the first kind, into the Interstices of Vessels belong∣ing to the Omental Glands, * 1.626 wherein the gross Chyle is lodged and indura∣ted, by reason it cannot be admitted into the small Extreamities, of the second kind of Lacteal Vessels, in order to be transmitted into the common Receptacle.

A Country Woman was tortured with great pain in her Belly, and was highly opinionated she had divers living Animals in her, which gave her a great Discomposure, and at last ended in a great Swelling of the Belly, speaking a close to her Life: And afterward, an inspection being made by Incision, into the inward recesses of the Abdomen, the Caul appeared beset with numerous Scirrhous Glands.

Sometime the rare Contexture of the Caul, * 1.627 is enlarged by a quantity of Recrements (flowing into its substance by a great company of Vessels) whose more fluid Particles being breathed out by its Pores, so that its sub∣stance becometh hard and thick, resembling a Hide: As it hath been seen in a Maid of an ill habit of Body, who had the Caul adjoyning to the Na∣vil, highly thick and indurated; which was discovered upon a Dissection celebrated after her Death. And Learned Doctor Wharton, giveth an In∣stance of this Case, in his Discourse of the Glands relating to the Caul.

The choice integument of the Intestines, * 1.628 is frequently infested with Hy∣dropick Distempers, which may arise from an overmuch Indulgence of our selves in strong Liquors, and cold and moist Diet overcharging the Blood with watry Recrements; which not being secerned in the Glands of the Kidneys, and thence transmitted by Urinary Ducts, and Papillary Caruncles, into the Pilvis, they recoil with the Blood by the Emulgent Veins into the Vena Cava, and afterward into the Heart and Lungs, and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, into the Caeliac and Mesenterick Arteries, and thence into the substance of the Caul, in so great a quantity, that the small Capillary Veins are not able to entertain them; whereupon the thin tender Membranes of the Caul being overmuch distended by too great a plenty of watry Humours, do break, and let loose the confined Liquor, which freely streaming out of the Lacerated Caul, * 1.629 do make a Lake in the Cavity of the Abdomen (which is sometimes swelled like a Barrel, in a most prodigious manner) so that Fifteen Gallons of watry Faeces, have been let out of a Tapped Belly.

Another kind of Ascitis proceedeth from an Ulcered Caul, wherein it is every way encompassed with watry Recrements (flowing from the bro∣ken Lymphaeducts in the Ulcered Glands of the Caul) in which it is so long Macerated, till it is fretted and gauled by the Serous Liquor (impraeg∣nated

with gross Saline Particles) discharged out of the Terminations of the overburdened Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries, into the Cavity of the Belly, whereupon the tender compage of the Caul is dissolved, and rendred Pu∣trid; often produced by Sanious and Purulent Matter, issuing out of an Ulce∣red Caul, which I have seen in Hydropick Bodies Dissected.

The inward Membranes of the Caul, are often disaffected with a great company of Vesicles (big with Transparent Liquor) commonly called Hydatides, * 1.630 which I conceive do flow from the Coats of the Lymphaeducts, distended in the Caul; not mentioned by any Author whom I have read. But I have reason to believe, that the Glands of the Caul, are attended with Lymphaeducts, which are Vessels, receiving the Recrements, secer∣ned by the Glands, which being Tumefied by the grossness of the Liquor, or by the substance of the Glands, which being much increased in Dimen∣sions, do compress the Lymphaeducts; whereupon the motion of the Lym∣pha is intercepted in its passage toward the common Receptacle, whence arise numerous Swellings of the Lymphaeducts, seated in the Caul in man∣ner of Vesicles, great with Liquor.

An Instance may be given of this case in a Hydropick Woman, * 1.631 whose Belly being highly swelled, and the Integuments being taken off after her Departure, and her Caul opened, a number of Vesicles (full of watry Particles) presented themselves in the inward surface of the Membranes, constituting the Duplicature of the Caul. * 1.632 And I humbly conceive, that all Membranes, as the Peritonaeum, Membrana Adiposa, and the like, as well as the Caul, are liable to Vesicles, rising from the distended Lymphaeducts, attendants of all Membranes as they are furnished with numerous Glands, the colatories of the Blood, and Nervous Liquor; whereupon the Lympha being separated from them, and received in great quantity into the Lym∣phaeducts, do sometimes overcharge and enlarge them beyond the due con∣fines of their Vessels, producing Swellings like Vesicles full of Liquor: But if the Lymphaeducts be obstructed, as overburdened by too large a proportion, or by the grossness, or corroded by the sharpness of the Lym∣pha or purulent Matter, the tender Membranes of the Lymphaeducts are broken, and the Limphalic Juice is emptied into the Cavity of the Belly, producing an Ascitis, which is the most common cause of it.

And the Caul is not only incident to an Ascitis (flowing wholly from watry Recrements) but also to a Tympanitis derived from Wind, * 1.633 which is seldom pure, but most frequently accompanied with Potulent Matter; which renders it a Bastard Tympanitis, proceeding from great store of watry Fa∣ces (mixed with Vapours and Wind) impelled through the Fruitful Caeliac and Mesenteric Arterial Branches (implanted into the insides of the Mem∣branes belonging to the Caul) out of whose Extreamities the watry Drops and Vapours confaederated with Wind, do fill the Cavity, lodged between the Membranes of the Caul; whence sometimes a Tumour ariseth, won∣derfully distending the tender Fabrick of the Caul to such a greatness, that it Lacerates the fine Walls immuring it, whereby it acquireth more free∣dom to Expatiate in the larger Territories, interceding the Peritonaeum and Intestines.

As to the Cure of Diseases relating to the Caul, * 1.634 if they be Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Vulnerary Potions, and cleansing and drying Diet Drinks, may be safely Advised: And as to the Cures of an Ascitis, and Tympanitis of the Caul, proceeding from Humors, Vapours, and Wind extravasated in the Interstices, or empty Spaces of the Belly, it is very difficult to perform,

because the Matter stagnated without the Vessels, is not easily recalled into their Extreamities: But the utmost is to be attempted, * 1.635 rather then leave the Patient (as in a case Desperate and Deplorable) without Medicines. Because Nature, by great Contrivance of the most Heavenly Mind, preser∣veth it self by secret ways and passages, beyond our apprehension: There∣fore, I conceive it very prudent, to advise proper Medicines, as Purging, Antiscorbuticks, and Diuretick Medicines, and Chalybeats, that refine the Blood, and assist the Ferments of the Stomach, in order to the good Con∣coction of it; the Defects of it being a remote cause of an Ascitis, and Tympanitis. But I forbear to give further Advice, in reference to the Cures of these Diseases, which have been more fully set down in the Method of Physick, relating to the disaffections of the Peritonaeum, and Cavity of the Belly, to which I refer the Courteous Reader.

Now I will give a Close to the First Part of the First Book, Treating of the outward and inward Skin, the Fatty and common Membrane inve∣sting the Muscles, as so many spacious Walls, encircling the whole Fabrick of Mans Body, and the Muscles and Rim of the Belly, the more narrow Allodgments of the lowest Apartiment, constituted for the Preservation of the more inward Parts.

O Most Glorious Maker, who hath beautified our Bodies with an Elegant Figure, and araied us with Whiteness of the outward Skin, as with a bright Robe, and with the inward as with warmer Apparel, and with the curious Expansions of the Interior Membranes, as with variety of fine Gar∣ments; wonderfully enwrapping each other to cover the Nobler Parts for their Preservation; O most Gracious Lord, hide us under the shadow of thy Wings, as in a safe Covert, till the Tyranny of Sin be over-past; and encompass us on every side with the gracious Dispensations of thy Providence for our Protection: And Clothe us, we beseech Thee, not only with the White Robe of our Saviour's Righteousness, but grant us also out of thine Infinite Mercy, that we may put on the Lord Jesus Christ, as adorned with His Sacred Image, in denying our selves, and taking up our Cross, and following Him in His holy Precepts, and Example. Thou that coverest Thy Self with Light as with a Garment, grant that we being Sons of the Morning, may be clothed in White, with the serene Graces of Thy holy Spi∣rit. Thou that art decked with Glory and Majesty, grant when our Mortal shall put on Immortality, that we in seeing Thee, may be encircled with bright reflections of Thy great Glories. Amen.

To the Right Honourable MY LORD VVILLIAM CAVENDISH Earl of Devonshire.

My LORD,

THE Nobless being as great in Mind as Birth, have in all Ages espoused Virtue and Learning, as the supporters of their Families, and out of generous inclinations to acts of Honour and Justice, have always encouraged the Republick of Learning, in rewarding the Professors of Arts and Sciences with their Favour and Fortune; * 1.636 Whereupon I have taken the

boldness to address my Self to your Lordship, as a Person of high Honour and Ingenuity, that you would be pleased to entertain these Anatomical Essays with all Candor, and grant them a favourable Pardon, as well as an honourable Pa∣tronage. I cannot be so much wanting to my self, as to be fondly conceited, that my mean Sentiments can add any thing to your more mature Knowledge.

And now my Lord, although the Products of my Studious Endeavours do freely run toward you, as to a Sanctuary, and make no apology for their application to your Lordship, as having the confidence that your Good and Generous Inclinati∣ons are pleased with any Emanation of great Duty and Af∣fection.

I Present your Lordship with a Bel-visto of the parts of a Humane Body, consisting of many Membranes (being cu∣rious contextures of nervous Filaments) us so many fine Walls encircling the inward and noble parts (being rare Compages of various kinds of vessels) as so many Colatories of the Blood, subservient to the most active flame of Life.

In this fine prospect of the exterior and interior parts of Man's Body, (illustrated with many beautiful Schemes) you may view, after a manner, as in a Glass, the elegant frame of your own Body, consisting of great variety of parts, set together in admirable order, giving a great grace to your Person, adorned with a most pleasant Aspect, good Mind, free

and significant Language, as so many clear expresses of your more noble temper, full of all Civility and Kindness, with which you Treat Strangers, as well as Friends, who have the Honour to converse with your Lordship. Your Lordships sweet Deportment, and graceful Elocution, are accompanied with greater Excellencies of Mind, quickness of Apprehension, and more profound Judgment, making greater inquiry into the first Causes and Nature of things.

And your Lordshiop is not only highly valuable in your self, but as descending too from a most truly Noble Lord your Father, most accomplished with excellent Intellectuals, and Morals, as a Person of eminent Learning, Loyalty, Tem∣perance, Justice, Piety, Charity, and Hospitality, in which his Lordship was a great Rule and Copy for other Personages of Honor to transcribe and imitate.

I cannot but congratulate your great Happiness, in your accomplished Lady, a Noble Personage of high Perfections, (speaking her Descent from most Honourable Parents, no∣bled with most illustrious Virtues) who hath brought you a hopeful Progeny, full of Ingeny, and Ingenuity, who I hope will perpetuate your Name and Memory from age to age, till time be swallowed up in Eternity.

I again take the freedom to present you with my Mite of Experimental Phylosophy, which I promise to my self will have a fair Reception and Interpretation from your Lord∣ship;

and I hope will not prove altogether useless, and imper∣tinent, as giving you some sparks to enkindle your more Learned and Digested Thoughts; Pray give me your Par∣don, and accept of this Dedication as a Token of most Hum∣ble Duty and Gratitude from

My LORD,

Your Lordships most Obedient, And obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS.

The First BOOK.

The Second PART.

Of the Three Appartiments of MANS BODY, AND OF THE Milky and Vital Liquor, How they are Improved by the Nervous Juice, in their Progress through them.

CHAP. I. Of the Three Apartiments of Mans Body.

HAving Treated of the Walls, enclosing the Ele∣gant Building of Mans Body, of the Four Com∣mon Integuments (as so many fine Expansions, encircling each other) the outward and inward Skin, of the Fatty Membrane, and common Coat of the Muscles; and of the Rim of the Belly and Caul. My intendment at this time, is to shew you the three Apartiments, and their excellent Furniture (as so many fine sights) the Allodgments of Mans Body, in which the Noble parts are safely reposed: And how the Streams of the Milky and Vital Li∣quor, do pass through the Viscera, and are entertained and associated with a more noble Juice, the Succus Nutricius, by which they are Exalted, and brought to greater perfection.

The stately Fabrick of Mans Body, * 1.637 is beautifued with three, the Lower, Middle, and Upper Sories; and the Lower is the greatest, and meanest of of all, and the most Eminent for variety of Parts; and is immured back∣ward, with the But-end of the Muscles, stiled Sacrolumbares, and Longissimi Dorsi, the Tensors of the Back, and is Walled more inward with the Sacri, and Quadrati, the Tensors and Flexors of the Loins; and is enclosed in its Anterior and Lateral Region otwardly with the Four common Integuments, and more inwardly with the oblique Descending, and Ascending, as also with the Transverse, * 1.638 Right, and Pyramidal Muscles of the Belly: Which are so finely lodged one within another, in an excellent order, and seated in such several Postures, by reason of the different progress of their Fibres, that they keep the Intestines so tight, that they cannot start out of their proper places in violent Motions, which is hindred by the various Bandage of these curious Muscles.

The Right pass straight down the whole length of the Belly, and the Oblique descend in Bevil Lines and the Oblique ascend oblique∣ly upward, and the Transverse go in straight Lines cross-ways the Bel∣ly: Whereupon the frail Intestines, by reason of the different positions of these Abdominal Muscles, running counter to each other in the several progresses of Carnous Fibres, are safely confined within their due Situations, which else would hinder their Peristaltic Motion, and intercept the passage of the Excrements, a Disease of fatal Consequence.

The lower Story of Mans Body is enclosed without with the common Vestments, and more thick Muscular Walls, and supported within with a jointed Column, made up of the Vertebres of the Loins, elegantly Carved, with Transverse, Oblique, and Acute Processes.

This lower Apartiment is encircled within with curious Hangings, with the more soft coverings of the Viscera, the Rim of the Belly and Caul, rare∣ly embroidered with great variety of Vessels.

It is founded and floored below on the fore part with the Os Pubis, and Coxendicis, on the sides with Os Ilium, and behind with the Os Sacrum, and is covered above with the Circular Seeling of the Midriff, which in motion tendeth toward a Plain, and in its Relaxation to an Arch, in which its con∣cave Surface faceth the lower, and its Convex the middle Apartiment.

This lower Story is encircled with great abundance of good Furniture, and may be stiled (as I conceive) an Elaboratory, consisting of a Retort, Recipients, and divers kinds of Colatories of the Vital Liquor (and Ner∣vous Juice) imported and exported in many different Tubes, and the va∣rious Recrements being severed from these Nourishing Liquors, are trans∣mitted into their proper Receptacles.

The Aliment passing down the Culet, * 1.639 as through a Neck, into the more large Repository of the Stomach, wherein a Milky Humour being extra∣cted by a gentle heat and proper Ferment, destilleth out of the bottom of the Retort, into the Intestines, as into so many Recipients, made up of Ser∣pentine Ducts; in which the Chyle, receiving a farther Elaboration, is con∣veyed into the Milky Vessels, while the grosser Faeculencies, as a Terra Dam∣nata are separated from the Chyle, and do gently move through those grea∣ter Membranous Pipes, to ease them of their troublesome Guests.

The Blood being impelled out of the Caeliac, * 1.640 and Mesenteric Arteries, into the Vena Porta, is thence conveyed through the substance of the Liver, wherein its defaecated from its Bilious Recrements, of which the most sincere and thin parts are carried through the Vasa Fellea, into the Bladder of the

Gall, and the grosser Choler is transmitted by proper Vessels, belonging to the Ductus Choledochus.

And on the other side, the Vital Juice being dispersed by the Extrea∣mities of the Caeliac Artery, into the substance of the Splene, is there be∣dewed and enobled with Nervous Liquor, distilling out of the Terminati∣ons of the numerous Nervous Fibres, every way besetting the whole Com∣page of the Splene.

And the Blood being imported below on both sides by the Emulgent Ar∣teries, into the bodies of the Kidneys, * 1.641 is there secerned from its watry Faeces, and transmitted by the Urinary Vessels, and papillary caruncles into the Pelvis, and thence distilleth down the Ureters, as by Aquaeducts, into the Bladder, the common Cistern of these watry Recrements.

Thus having touched upon part after part of the lower Story, let us as∣cend up to the Middle, and more noble Apartiment, which is encircled without with the four common Vestments; and more inwardly in its Ante∣rior Region, with the Musculus Pectoralis, and Serratus Anticus Major, and behind with the Latissimus Dorsi, and the upper region of the Sacrolumba∣ris, and Longissimi Dorsi, and with the Serrati Superiores, and Inferiores, and Semispinati, all of them except the Serrati, being Tensors of the Back.

The middle Story being more excellent then the lowest, is more strongly guarded with many long crooked Bones, seated in a manner of Twelve Arches on each side, encircling for the most part the Chambers of this Apartiment, and interlined with the Intercostal and Triangular Muscles; which in their various Motions, enlarge and contract the Cavity of the Thorax.

This Story is well fortified in its fore parts with various Bones, compo∣sing the Sternon, and behind with a Column made up of Twelve Vertebres, finely wrought in variety of Processes, from, and into which the Muscles of the Back, have their Origen and Insertions.

This middle Apartiment is adorned within with fine Hangings of the Pleura, and parted in the middle with the Mediatinum, dividing it into two equal Camera's, which are beautified with the noble Furniture of the Heart and Lungs; this being a Machine of the Air, and the other of Motion, which containeth within it two running Lakes, the one discharging it self into the Lungs, and the other into the common Trunk of the great Artery.

Thus I have given you a glimpse of the Wall, and Furniture of two Apar∣timents, by climbing up from part to part, as step by step, from the lower and middle Stories, as Antecamera's, leading to the highest Apartiment, which is as eminent in Dignity as Place; and is composed of an Ivory Cab∣binet, Embelished with many fine Coverings, and rarely indented with divers Sutures: This Cabinet is a Repository of many excellent Jewels, the admirable processes of the Brain. But before I Treat of these, I will take the freedom, with your leave, to give a brief Account of the Animal Liquor, as well a Product of, as Ambulatory to the highest Apartiment, and is the great end and perfection, to which all the various Coats, Processes, and Nerves of the Brain, are consigned, giving you (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) a short History of the Production, and Progress of the Animal Liquor; and what improve∣ment it maketh in the several Local and Intestine Motions of the Chyle, in the Stomach, Intestines, Mesentery, and Thoracic Ducts; and how it eno∣bleth the Blood in the Kidneys, Splene, Liver, and Chambers of the Heart, and in its passage through the Lungs, and the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, leading to the Carotide Arteries, which import Blood impraegnated with

Nervous Liquor, and attenuated with Lympha, into the Membranes and substance of the Brain.

The Anim••l Liquor, * 1.642 the seat of the most refined Spirits, the Ministers of the Sensitive, and Intellectual Operations, oweth its origen to the upper region of the Brain, and is thence propagated by innumerable Fibres, through its various Processes, through its lower Confines, and then is transmit∣ted through the numerous Filaments of Nerves (as so many fine Outlets) and Channels, * 1.643 leading to the middle and lowest Apartiment of the Body.

So that Liquor destilling out of the Third, Fourth, and Seventh pair of Nerves, maketh the noblet part of the Juice, squeesed in mastication out of the Tonsillary, and Maxillary Glands, as well as those of the Palate and Tongue, all beset with Minute Conglomerated Glands; whereupon the Masticatory Liquor being highly improved with Nervous Juice, is min∣gled with the Alimentary Liquor (exstracted out of the Meat chewed in the Mouth) which embodying with the fluid and Elastick Particles of Air, doth open the Compage of the Meat, rendring it fit for Intestine Motion, and as a Ferment giveth the first rudiment of Concoction of Meat in the Mouth, in order to the generation of Chyle afterward elaborated in the Stomach, assisted with new access of Liquor, flowing out of the numerous Nerves, derived from the Intercostal, and Par Vagum, and divers Mesenteric Plexes, seated in the Belly, and emitting fruitful Branches into all parts, and at last do terminate into the inward Coats of the Stomach; out of which the Ner∣vous Juice is crushed by the gentle Contractions of the Carnous Fibres (en∣closing the Aliment) into the Crust, investing the Nervous Coat all beset with minute Annular Glands, in which the Nervous Liquor is Percolated, and thence destilleth into the Cavity of the Stomach: And being impraeg∣nated with volatil saline Particles, insinuateth it self into the body of the Aliment, and openeth its Compage, severing by a kind of Precipitation, or Colliquation at least, the Alimentary Liquor from the more gross Faeces; whereupon the Nervous Liquor exalted with Spirituous parts, * 1.644 embodieth with the serous parts of the Blood, and flowing out of the Extreamities of the Arteries into the Cavity of the Stomach, doth fitly qualifie a Menstru∣um, to dissolve the Compage, and Colliquate the Meat, out of which the Chyle is exstracted by way of Tincture (Ad lenem balnei calorem, by the Ambient heat of the Stomach) which is afterward more matured by its far∣ther progress through the Intestines, * 1.645 by Liquor dropping out of the Ter∣minations of the Nerves, derived from the Mesenteric Plexes, and implan∣ted into the inward Coats of the Intestines, surrounded with Minute Glands. In order to which, the Milky Humour is thence transmitted into the Pores of the first Lacteae, suitable in shape and size to the Atomes of the Chyle, which is afterward dispersed into the body of the Glands, where it incor∣porateth with the Nervous Liquor, * 1.646 issuing out of the Mesenteric Nerves, and is then conveyed by the second kind of Milky Vessels into the common Receptacle, in which the Lympha impraegnated with Nervous Juice, doth both Dilute, and farther Elaborate the Chyme, by rendring it more fit as atte∣nuated, to be transmitted through the minute Thoracic Ducts, into the Sub∣clavian Veins, where it again encountreth the Lympha (hightned with Nervous Liquor, conveyed thither by the Lymphaeducts of the upper Re∣gion) terminating into the Vessels, seated under the Clavicles, where the Chyme is first of all received into the Blood, and adopted into the Vital family, and is forthwith carried through the Descendent Trunk of the Cava, into the right Cistern of the Heart; where it groweth more exalted by a mix∣ture

of Liquor, squeezed by frequent Contractions out of the Extreamities of many Nervous Fribres inserted into the inward Wall of the right Cham∣ber of the Heart; out of which the Blood being impelled through the Pul∣monary Artery, into the substance of the Lungs, where (as I humbly con∣ceive) it receiveth a tincture of a Liquor destilling out the Nervous Fibres, implanted into the Interstices of the Pulmonary Arteries, whence the Blood being transmitted through the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle, is farther meliorated with a Juice coming out of the Nervous Fibres, ending in the inside of the Heart, * 1.647 from whence it is impelled into the common Trunk, and afterward into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, whose out∣ward Coat is encircled with many Nervous Divarications, and also divers Nervous Fibres inserted into the inward Coat, destill their Liquor into the Blood, passing through the Aorta, and inward Carotide Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain; in whose Minute Glands a Percolation being made, and the more refined serous parts being severed from the Red Crassament of the Blood, are improved with volatil saline Particles in the substance of the Cortex, from whence they are transmitted into the Extreamities of the Fibres, taking their rise in the body of the Cortex, and thence are propagated by nu∣merous Minute Fibres, through the various Processes of the Brain to the Trunks of the Nerves (first formed in the Medulla Oblongata) and thence destilling between the Filaments of the greater and lesser Branches of the Nerves, are imparted to all parts of the Body, to give Sense, Motion, and Nourishment.

The substance of the Viscera, and all Muscular Flesh, * 1.648 are for the most part, if not altogether, divers Systemes, made up of greater and lesser Ves∣sels, consisting of Trunks, and numerous branches of Arteries, Veins, and Caudexes, and Fibres of Nerves, and Lymphaeducts.

Membranes are also Contextures, * 1.649 composed for the most part of nume∣rous Fibrils of Nerves, rarely interwoven with each other, interspersed with Branches, and Capillaries of Arteries and Veins.

The Blood in the Viscera being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Vessels, its more soft Particles being im∣proved with Liquor, dropping out of the Extreamities of Nervous Fibres, giveth it a power to separate from the Red Crassament; and afterward this Serous Liquor is the Matter, and the Nervous Juice is the form of the Suc∣cus Nutricius, which being embodied, * 1.650 is transmitted from the Interstices into many minute pores of the Coats of the Vessels, which perfectly correspond in Figure and Magnitude, with the Particles of the Succus Nutricius, carried by the said Pores into the substance of the Vessels, wherein it groweth more solid, and uniting it self by Accretion to the body of the Vessels, becom∣meth one entire substance with them; * 1.651 which is vulgarly called Assimilati∣on, and is principally performed by Nervous Liquor (inspiring the serous part of the Blood with Animal Spirits) which giveth the Succus Nutricius a power of Accretion, and by configuring it self to the unequal inward surfaces of the lank solid parts, doth replenish their spaces rendred empty by the heat of the Blood, opening the Pores of the Body, and sending out constant Effluvia.

Thus I have hinted as in a passage some short Remarks, relating to the embroidered Hangings and fine Furniture of the middle and lower Story of Mans Body, wherein I have mentioned the Elaboratory, consisting of the Retort of the Stomach, the Recipients, and Serpentine Ducts of the Inte∣stines, and the Viscera, as so many Colatories of the Blood, attended with Dreins, discharging its Recrements into common Receptacles.

Now I shall make bold to give a more full History, in presenting a rough draught of the fine Pieces of Housholdstuff, belonging to these Apartiments, in describing the Structure, Actions, Uses, Pathologie of divers Membranous parts, composed of many Fibres, propagated from Nerves, and originally derived from the Fibrous parts of the Brain.

I may also Delineate the Viscera, * 1.652 as various Contextures of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts, and sometimes of Excretory Vessels, as the Vasa Fellea in the Liver, and Serosa in the Kidneys, and other Recre∣mental Ducts in the Pancreas, Parotides, Maxillaries, Orals, and other Conglomerated Glands, dispensed through the whole Fabrick of the Body; so that by laying open the various Compage of these parts, we may make our Hypothesis more clearly appear, by the farther illustration of it in seve∣ral Instances, how the Chyle is exalted by entring into confaederacy with a choice Liquor, issuing out of Nerves in its several gesses, made through the Stomach, Intestines, and Mesenterick Glands, and afterward how the Vital Liquor is enobled with excellent Juice destilling out of the Nervous Fibres in its constant progress, and circuit through the Liver, Splene, Kid∣neys, and Testicles, the noble parts of the lowest Story; as also through the Heart, Lungs, and Brain, those more excellent parts of the middle and upper Apartiment, and how the Chyle and Blood, and Animal Liquor are percolated and refined in their passage through the Viscera, lodged in the seve∣ral Stories of the Body.

CHAP. II. Of the Lips and Cheeks.

HAving Treated of the choice Liquors of Chyle and Blood, as they are exalted by entring into Association with the Animal Juice, it may not seem improper at this time, to give some Account, how these Li∣quors are originally produced, and how they receive greater Improvement, and what parts concur to their Propagation. And having already given you a prospect of the thick and thinner Walls, relating to the three Stories of Mans Body, we will now make a step, with your leave, into the inward parts of this Elegant Building, and view their fine Hangings, and excellent Fur∣niture, as so many Sights full of beautiful Order and Perfection, which are glorious to behold.

In order to a farther Discourse, I will divide the parts of the Body into Fluid, and Solid, as they may give an illustration to our ensuing Senti∣ments: * 1.653 The first are the more noble parts, which being Liquors impraegna∣ted with Vital and Animal Spirits, are the immediate ministers of the Soul, and give Life, Sense, and Nourishment to the whole Body. And all Solid parts are dedicated to their service; and the Muscular, Glandulous, and Mem∣branous Substance, are several Systemes of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts, as so many various Channels conveying different fluid bodies from part to part; that by keeping them in perpetual motion, they may be rendred Active and Spirituous, and free from Putrefaction, the ill consequent of Stagnation.

The more solid parts of Bones, * 1.654 are endued also with the Terminations of Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, inserted into their substance, imparting to it Life and Nourishment, and are subservient to the fluid parts of the Body, as they support the Muscular, Glandulous, and Membranous parts of it; which are composed of great variety of Tubes, as so many Conduit Pipes of several Liquors.

So that the generous Juices, the remote Matter, * 1.655 or the more immediate subject of Life and Sense, are the essential parts of the Body, and the more solid substances of it, are Organical, as paying a duty and service to them, and are parts belonging to the Mouth, in which the Chyle is prepared, as receiving its first rudiment by Mastication, and Impraegnation with Sali∣val Liquor, and is farther Elaborated in the Stomach, and Intestines, and after∣ward is assimilated into Blood in the Sanguiducts, and Ventricles of the Heart, from whence it is carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Caeliack Artery, and Vena Porta, into the Liver, the Colatory of Bilious Humours received into the Choledock Duct and Bladder of Gall, as the Receptacles of them; and afterward the Blood is impelled by the Emulgent Arteries into the Kidneys, the secretories of watry Recrements, transmitted into the Uriters, and Bladder of Urine.

Whereupon very much of the Body, if not the whole, are either parts preparing or perfecting Chyle, or transmitting it from part to part, or Chan∣nels, Exporting and Importing Blood, or Colatories of it, or Receptacles of gross and thinner Recrements, or preparatories of Seminal Liquor, the Testicles, or of Animal, the Cortical Glands of the Brain, from whence Nerves are propagated, conveying Liquor to all parts of the Body.

The Chyle, the materia substrata of Blood, * 1.656 is prepared in the Chamber of the Mouth, consisting of various parts, of a Cavity, surrounded with strong Bones, and enclosed on its sides with the Cheeks, and fringed in its entrance with the Lips; and the greater part of its Circumference is guard∣ed with two Semicircles, placed in the upper and lower Mandible, * 1.657 beset with a double row of Teeth: This fine Apartiment is adorned above with a bony concave Roof, curiously arched, and suited with the more soft Glan∣dulous substance of the Palate, and is founded below with the arched Bones of the lower Mandible, enclosing the moving floor of the Tongue, sport∣ing it self by the help of Muscles in various Postures, ordered for the Ar∣ticulation of Letters, and Words, the product of conjoined Elements of Speech.

So that the Mouth may be stiled a fine Room of Entertainment, * 1.658 appoint∣ed for Meat and Drink, Discourse, and the best of Musick, being that of the Voice; and as to the first part of the Entertainment, the Mouth may be called a Banquet-House, furnished with several sorts of Meat and Drink, to which we are invited by Hunger and Thirst (as by Natures pair of Officers) and afterward Treated with variety of pleasant Tastes (seated in the Tongue) to court us to our Advantage, to the use of proper Aliments, to support our selves with Pleasure and Delight.

My aim in this Chapter, is to Treat only of some parts, relating to this small Apartiment, the Lips, Cheeks, Gooms, and Teeth: Which I will (God willing) Treat of in order.

The Lips are composed of a delicate † 1.659 soft thin Flesh, with which the Cutis is so curiously blended, that it may be stiled a Muscular Skin, or a Skinny Muscle. These Fringes of the Mouth are invested without with a thin Skin, and more inwardly with a thicker Membrane, common to the Gulet

and Stomach, whose Fibres being contracted in Vomiting; the motion is thence communicated by the mediation of a Common Membrane to the upper Lip, causing a Tremulous Motion, the forerunner of Vomiting.

And the Lips are not only composed of a Skin and Membrane, * 1.660 but also of most tender Flesh, interspersed with numerous Minute Glands, of seve∣ral shapes and sizes; which being obstructed by gross Recrements lodged in their substance, do produce Scrophylous Tumors, which I have frequent∣ly seen in the Evil.

The Lips are furnished with a company of Capillary Arteries, which being dispersed through the Carnous Membranes, do give them that love∣ly Red Colour, which render them very acceptable to the Eyes of the Spectators.

These beautiful Confines of the Mouth, have many Nervous Fibres, to give them Sense and Motion, and are seated between the Arteries and Veins, the last of which are ordered by Nature to give reception to the Purple Li∣quor, and reconvey it to the Cava, and impart it to the right Ventricle of the Heart.

The Lips have divers Organs of Motion, some common, and others pro∣per; * 1.661 the last are five pair, beside the Orbicular Muscle. The first pair, according to Bartholine, Diemerbroeck, take their boad origination from the upper Mandible, which Learned Fallopius assigneth to the Angles of the Eyes, and passing down a little obliquely, are inserted into the upper Lip, near and into the Alae of the Nose; and this Muscle by many Fibres, doth make various Contractions, whereby it doth move the upper Lip and No∣strils upward.

The second pair of Muscles appertaining to the upper Lip, * 1.662 borroweth its small and fleshy origen from the upper Mandible, where the Cavities of the Cheeks are seated; and being overspread with store of Fat, do terminate on both sides into the upper Lip, almost in the middle, and in an equal di∣stance from the first and third pair of Muscles, and do elevate the upper Lip.

The third pair of Muscles, * 1.663 stiled by Riolan, Par Zygomaticum, being round and fleshy, taketh its beginning à processu jugali, and descending ob∣liquely through the Cheeks, doth end in the Confines of both Cheeks, and are Adductors of the upper Lip, drawing it obliquely upward.

The fourth pair hath a broad fleshy Origination, * 1.664 derived from the infe∣rior region of the lower Mandible, and is inserted into the middle of the lower Lip, and in its Contraction doth move it outward and downward.

The fifth pair also is endued with a flat Carnous beginning, * 1.665 which it bor∣roweth from the sides from the lower Mandible, and is extended sometimes to the middle of the Chin, and climbing upward, is lessened by degrees, is inserted obliquely into the lower Lip near its Termination, and in their Contractions draw the lower Lip obliquely downward and outward.

The orbicular Muscle is single, * 1.666 seated in the middle of the five pair of proper Muscles relating to the Lips, called Constrictor labiorum, which being common to both Lips, consisteth of a soft spungy substance, adorned with many Fibres running round its whole Circumference; whence it is truly stiled Orbicular, as encompassing the Margent of the Mouth, and closing the Lips in nature of Sphincter.

Round about the Skirt of the upper and lower Mandible, in a Holybut, is seated a Nervous Membrane, very thick, representing the Segment of a Circle, every way above and below encircling the entrance of the Mouth, and being furnished with variety of fleshy Fibres, shutteth up the Mouth

of a Holybut, not unlike the Orbicular Muscle in Humane Lips; and un∣der this narrow thick Membrane, is placed a thin Glandulous substance, every way enclosing the entrance of the Mouth.

The Orbicular Muscle in a Humane Body, lodged in the Center of the Muscles, belonging to the upper and lower Lips, is an universal Anta∣gonist to all the Muscles, keeping them tight; and by giving them an equal ballance, putteth them into a Tonick Posture, by checking their ut∣most Contractions (to which they have natural inclinations) unless the Elevators and Depressors of the Lips are invigorated with additional supplies of Animal Spirits, which making greater appulses upon the Nerves, do render them more tense and rigid, and by putting them upon Action, do open the Doors of the Mouth, by overpowering and relaxing the Fi∣bres, both of the upper and lower region of the Orbicular Muscle, apper∣taining to the Lips.

This Muscle hath its Vessels interlined with many small Glands, * 1.667 seated near the inside of the Lips, not unlike little Grapes, growing about the Confines of the Mouth: These Glands are associated with many Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, and have proper Excretory Ducts (ter∣minating into the inner Skin of the Lips) by which they discharge their Salival Juice into the Cavity of the Mouth, and principally when they are compressed by the motion of the Lips and Teeth, in time of Mastication.

The use assigned to the Lips, * 1.668 when they are opened by the assistance of the Muscles, is to give reception to the Aliment, at the time of treating our selves with Meat and Drink; or when we entertain each other with useful or pleasant Discourse, and sometimes when we close our Lips, to speak a greater grace to our Mouth, and Lineaments of our Face.

The Muscles named Quadrati, from their Figure, are more truly stiled Common, as being subservient to divers parts into which they terminate, and take their rise from the upper part of the Sternon, Clavicle, Neck and Scapula, and are inserted with oblique Fibres into the Chin, Lips, and Nose: These are Antagonist Muscles to the Temporal, which elevate the lower Madible, and close the Lips; and the Quadrati assisting the Diaga∣strici, do in their joynt Contractions depress the lower Mandible, and open the Mouth, by parting the nether from the upper Lip, and the lower from the upper Mandible.

These Muscles being Contextures of many carnous oblique Fibres, a great care must be taken in Incisions, lest they should be wounded in a cross Se∣ction, whence the Spasmus Cynicus doth partly arise, but principally from an involuntary Contraction of the Muscles of the upper Lip.

The Cheeks do make the sides of the Face, and are composed of the outward and inward Skin, and the Muscles called Buccinatores, which are vulgarly assigned a pair of Common Muscles, assigned to the Lips and other parts, and do borrow their origen from the top of the Gooms belong∣ing to the upper Mandible, and are terminated into those of the lower; so that I cannot imagine upon what reason they are accounted the Common Muscles of the Lips, when they have their rise and termination in the upper and lower Gooms, and therefore cannot (as I conceive) be guilty of the Spasmus Cynicus, which is a Distortion of the Mouth.

The use of these Muscles, * 1.669 is by moving the Cheeks inward in Mastica∣tion, to thrust the solid Aliment upon the Teeth, for the better Commi∣nution of it.

And a farther use may be attributed to these Muscles, when a large pro∣portion of expired Air is enclosed within the Confines of the Mouth, (where∣upon the Cheeks are blown up, and afterward Contracted by the stronger and gentler motion of the Muscles) that the confined Breath may be ex∣pelled with greater or less force into several sorts of Wind Instruments of Mu∣sick, * 1.670 as in Cornets, Sackbuts, Flagellets, Trumpets, Horns, and the like; and through the middle of the Muscles of the Cheeks and Buccinatores, and Excretory Vessel passeth, derived from the Parotide Glands, by which the Salival Liquor is transmitted into the Mouth.

Bruits have the inside of the Cheeks all beset with Glands † 1.671, and in some Animals, they seem to make one entire continued Body (running all in length, and leaning all along upon the lower Mandible) but in truth they are many Conglomerated Glands, united to each other by Membranes, seeming to be one large continued Body, full of many Excretory Vessels, which speak them many Glands, of which every one claimeth a peculiar Duct, by which Salival Juice is conveyed into the Mouth: And Bullocks have the interior part of the Cheek, fraught with an innumerable company of small Protuberances which I conceive to be so many Minute Glands † 1.672, plainly distinguishable from each other, somewhat resembling Barley Corns in figure, but not in bulk, being much greater, and terminate in Cones.

As to the Pathology of the Muscles of the Lips, they are obnoxious to Convulsions and Palsie: And Convulsions, I conceive, proceed chiefly from the sharp or acid Recrements of the Nervous Liquor, vellicating the Fila∣ments of the Nerves, the tender instruments of Sense and Motion: And if one side only of the upper Lip be affected, it is rendred tense and rigid; and at last being contracted in one part of the Lip, draweth it upward, making a Distortion of the Mouth, * 1.673 different from the Spasmas Cynicus, which I con∣ceive is more Universal, and by forcing the Lips upward and downward, resembleth the Grinning of a Dog, derived from sharp Nervous Recrements, irritating the Filaments of Nerves seated in the Elevators and Depressors of the Lips, which do violently draw them upward and downward, some∣what representing the posture of the Lips caused by immoderate Laughter.

A Palsie also is incident to the Muscles of the Lips, * 1.674 and proceedeth from a Relaxation of the Nerves, by which they are divested of their natural Tenseness, and Vigour, issuing commonly either from the obstruction of the Interstices of the Nervous Filaments, caused by the gross Recrements of Nervous Liquor, whence the influence of the Animal Liquor is intercepted, or from the Compression of the passages of the Nerves produced by Extra∣vasated Liquors, or by neighbouring Tumours, squeesing together the empty Spaces, interceding the Filaments of the Nerves, or from the Animal Liquor, impoverished by the defects of Spirituous Particles, upon which a Relaxa∣tion is made of the Labial Muscles: So that the Distortion of the Mouth proceeding from the Palsie is different, as I conceive, in the parts affected, because the Orbicular Muscle being relaxed above, in this or that part, the Tonick Motion relating to the Muscles of the Lips is more or less taken away, and the Elevators of the Lips left at liberty in one side to Contract themselves, and to draw the upper Lip upward; whence followeth a Di∣stortion of the Mouth in the Palsie, which differeth from a Convulsion of the upper Lip, proceeding from the irritated Fibres of the same side, where∣in the Distortion is made; but in a Palsie the Disease is seated in the oppo∣site side, whose Muscles (called the Elevators) being Relaxed, their Antago∣nists

placed in the other side, wanting a due ballance in Tonick Motion, do Contract themselves to the utmost, and Distort the Mouth.

CHAP. III. Of the Goomes and Teeth.

THe lovely Fabrick of Mans Body (being a Systeme of various parts, made and disposed in excellent Order by a most Wise Agent) is principally maintained by Food, and Raiment, as great Necessaries to sup∣port our Life. We have already Discoursed that of Raiment, in the four common Integuments, as the natural and large Vests of the whole Body, and of the Abdominal Muscles, Peritonaeum, and Caul, as the more narrow Coverings of the lower Apartiment. My province at this time, is to Treat of the Mouth, the first Receptacle of Aliment, and the parts entertained in it, the Gooms, Teeth, Palate, and Tongue, * 1.675 as the Organs of Mastica∣tion, whereby the Meat is prepared, as broken into small Particles, and im∣praegnated with a Liquor flowing out of the Salival Glands, into the Cavity of the Mouth, wherein the Aliment receiveth the first rudiment of Conco∣ction in order to Chylification in the Stomach.

The World in all Ages, hath had high esteem for Teeth, * 1.676 as parts of great Dignity, and most useful instruments in Eating, wherein a grateful pleasure is imparted to the Tongue, as an Organ of Tasting: Whereupon the Su∣pream Legislator in the Mosaick Law, gave his Commands to a severe Ma∣ster, who brake his servants Teeth, to do him Justice in giving him his Fre∣dom, as a due recompence for that great Violation.

The Ancient Inhabitants of this lower Orb, * 1.677 have had such a veneration for their Teeth, as the more excellent parts of the Body, that they hung them up in their Temples, as holy Reliques dedicated to their Gods.

And the Americans, out of the great honour they have for Teeth, as so∣veraign parts, do Sacrifice them with great Devotion to their Idols.

The Teeth are encompassed in some part with a solid firm Flesh, * 1.678 like a Wall, whereby they are fastned to their Cavities, for their greater repose and security.

The several kinds of Teeth have a divers Structure, expressed in different Figures, and Magnitudes (designed to various Offices) some broad and thin, and sharp, called by the Latines Incisores † 1.679, as most fit for the cutting of Meat; and others are more large, and round, * 1.680 furnished with divers In∣equalities and Asperities, seated in their tops, as more disposed for grinding the Aliment, whereupon they receive the appellative of Molares † 1.681, or Grin∣ders, and others Canini † 1.682, from their likeness with Dogs Teeth.

The Teeth, * 1.683 in reference to their frequent and strong motions to break Aliment (which is now and then tough and hard) into small Parti∣cles, have a firm insertion into the Cavities of the Mandibles, as so many Cells and Repositories, to which they are fastned by strong Ligaments, and have a peculiar way of Articulation, called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, wherein the Teeth being smaller in the Roots, and bigger toward the Basis, are as it

were fastned to their Cavities after the manner of Nails, which being less in their Points, and greater toward their Heads, are firmly drove into Holes, bored for them.

As to their substance, * 1.684 they have a firm and hard Consistence, fitted by Nature for the Comminution of hard Aliment; and are endued, saith the Philosopher, with such a peculiar hardness, that they blunt the edge of Iron. And Woodmen (if we have the faith to believe them) give account of Wolves, who are able to receive Leaden Bullets, shot out of a Gun against their Teeth, without any dammage. And Teeth in dead Bodies laid in Char∣nel Houses, as their Dormitories, remain sound and untouched, when other solid parts of the Body are rendred Carious: And farther it may be urged, as an argument of their Solidity and Hardness, that they retein their Figure and Magnitude, although they have been many Years exposed to frequent Attrition, for the Comminution of hard and solid Bodies in point of Nou∣rishment.

The Teeth are accommodated with divers sorts of Vessels, * 1.685 Arteries, Veins, and Nerves: That they have Arteries, is most evident in those that are afflicted with severe pain in the Teeth, wherein they perceive a high beat∣ing, proceeding from the troublesome Pulsation of the Artery. And Per∣sons who have their Teeth drawn out by Violence, are obnoxious to great fluxes of Blood, caused principally by the Laceration of Arteries inserted into the Teeth.

Platerus maketh mention of the Drawing a Tooth, * 1.686 that proved fatal to the Patient, who laboured with so great a Flux of Blood gushing out of the Cavity of the Mandible (upon the Laceration of an Artery) that no Art could suppress it.

The Arteries importing Vital Liquor into the Teeth, are propagated from the Anterior and Posterior Branches of the external Carotides; of which, two enter under the Ear into the lower Mandible, and are inferted into the Roots of all the lower Teeth, and by these Vessels sharp Humours associa∣ted with Blood, do enter into the Cavity of the Teeth, and afflict the Mem∣branes (encircling outwardly the Roots, * 1.687 and inwardly the Marrow of the Teeth) consisting of many Nervous Fibrils, endued with most acute Sense; whence arise those severe pains of the Teeth, wherein the Mem∣brane is vellicated with the Saline Particles of serous Humours (confaede∣rates of the Blood) carried into the Coat, investing the inward Cavity of the Teeth, by the external Carotides passing under the Ear. Whereupon to prevent the Pain of the Teeth, lodged in the lower Mandible, Astringent Medicines may be properly applied under the Ears, to hinder the recourse of Humours into the lower Mandible.

The Anterior Branch of the external Carotide Artery, * 1.688 doth also immit many Capillaries, into the upper Mandible, and Teeth seated in it, and the external Carotides do insinuate many Ramulets into the Roots of the Teeth through minute Perforations, which may be seen in the lower Region of the Teeth of Infants, when they are soft and Mucous, but cannot be dis∣covered in the Teeth of Persons of more Mature Age; in whom though the entrance of the Arteries cannot be made good by Autopsy, yet it may be proved by Reason and Experience (who are great Masters in Art) by rea∣son of the great Haemorrhages, that proceed from the Laceration of Arteries, upon pulling out of Teeth, which hath been more fully discoursed above.

Teeth are not only furnished with Arteries, * 1.689 derived from the external Carotides, but with Veins also derived from the Jugulars, which are divided

into two, the Exterior, and Interior Branches: The first transmitteth Ca∣pillaries into Teeth of the upper Mandible, and the Exterior into those of the lower Jaw.

Nerves are imparted from the third, and principally from the fifth, * 1.690 which are divided into a greater and less Branch of the fifth Pair.

The greater is distributed into the entrance of the Ear, and the External Coclea, and the lesser Branch of the fifth Pair, passing through a Cavity be∣tween the Processus Stiloides, and Mastoeides, doth fall into the Fauces, and transmit divers Branches into the Ears, and Cheeks, and most chiefly into the Root of the Teeth, the Tongue, and Larynx; hence ensueth a great Sympathy between the Teeth and Ears, whence it hath been observed, that the Teeth have been offended by some great Sound. And if any Person shall have so little Faith, as not to believe the entrance of the Vessels into the Roots of the Teeth, the hole into their Mucous parts will confirm it, where the Capillary Arteries may be discovered to enter into them; and the Membrane investing the inward Cavity of the Teeth, hath been seen to be Bloody, and that the Nerves do insinuate themselves through the sub∣stance of the Teeth into their inward Recesses, their acute Sense will con∣vince us: Whereupon, if one of the Grinding Teeth hath a Perfora∣tion by some Corroding Matter, into which a Needle may be immitted, a troublesome Sensation will follow, which cometh from pricking the Membrane, lodged in the Penetrals of the Teeth: And though the in∣sinuation of the Vessels cannot be discerned in the Teeth of Men of riper Years, yet it is very visible in Bruits, whose lower Mandible being opened in the inside of the Cavity containing the Marrow, the Artery, Vein and Nerves, do offer themselves to our view, as loving Associates, encircled with one common Membrane, which being opened, a Nerve appeareth, compo∣sed of many Fibres, between which, divers Branches of Arteries and Veins are lodged, and the Membrane being lifted up, many Fibrils may be dis∣cerned, which resemble a Spiders Web, and tend to the Roots of the Teeth, and if any of the Teeth be taken out of its Cavity, we may see those Mi∣nute Fibrils conjoined to the Roots of the Teeth.

The Teeth, in reference to their Connexion, * 1.691 are enclosed about their middle Region in the Gooms, as within soft Repositories, and their Roots are lodged within the Cells of the Mandibles, as within more strong Walls; and when these parts are immured above with a more tender, and below with a more hard Confinement, they are covered with a more thin Mem∣brane, as with a softer Vail.

The Teeth borrow their Origen, with all other parts, out of the Genital Matter, and have their first Rudiment in the Uterus; where they lie obscure∣ly within the Cavities of the Goomes and Mandibles, as in safe Allodg∣ments, in which step by step, they arrive unto greater and greater Matu∣rity: And upon the opening the Goomes and Mandibles of Abortives, a treble principle of the Teeth may be discovered, consisting of a Membranous, Osseous, and Mucous part.

The first is a Membrane, as a Case encircling the Bony and Mucous parts, and resembleth a Cortex, encompassing the Medullary Matter of the Seed; and is not wholly Membranous, but somewhat Mucous, * 1.692 having Perforati∣ons above and below, out of which the Teeth do sprout in their first more rough, and imperfect Delineations, made up of a Bony and Mucous Mat∣ter; the Osseous part is the base of the Teeth, and beginneth after the man∣ner of a Shell, and by degrees is Consolidated into a firm white substance,

and afterward shooteth out of the Mandibles and Goomees, and appeareth first in young Children in the Fore, and then in the Dogs Teeth, and after some time in the great Teeth, which require greater degrees of Perfection.

The soft and Mucous Rudiment, is seated in the lower Region and Roots of the Teeth, which are fastned to the Mandible, by the interposition of strong Ligaments; this tender principle of the Teeth, is clothed with a thin Scale, or rather with a Membranous Coat, enwrapping the transparent clammy Liquor, arraied in White, interspersed with a blush of Red, in which the rough draughts (as Natures first designs) of Vessels may be dis∣covered: Whereupon this delicate Compage, being squeesed by a power∣ful touch of the Fingers, doth emit some shew of Blood, after the manner of Quills of Fowls, not come to Maturity, whose upper Region is rendred solid, but its lower is soft, which being strongly compressed, doth send forth drops of Blood.

The Mucous and tender Rudiments of the Teeth, * 1.693 is first Consolidated in the Ambient parts, which are first of all Concreted into Bone, and af∣terward the more inward recesses of the Mucous Matter are indurated, and minute Cavities left in the Teeth about the Gooms, and reacheth to the Roots of the great Teeth, and are scarce visible in the lesser.

The inward Cavities of the Teeth are encircled with a thin Membranous Expansion, * 1.694 consisting of many fine Nervous Threads, the instruments of Sensation; and as the Mucuous matter being more and more Consolidated, the Teeth acquire greater Dimensions, and their Roots do perforate the Membranous Case, which afterward degenerates into a Ligament, fastning the Teeth to the Mandibles, to secure them in their proper places for fu∣ture use, speaking a great advantage to the support of the Body.

The Teeth speak an Ornament as well as Use, * 1.695 subservient to the whole Body, as Instruments to maintain it, and are rendred Graceful in the fine∣ness of their Set, composed in great variety, and elegant order, and are placed in a fit Decorum, encircling in each Mandible a great part of the Mouth, beautifying it with a double rank, seated in the upper and lower Jaw; * 1.696 and their Elegancy is very much accomplished in their white Array, and their Symmetry and Proportion is eminent, as they observe a likeness and equality in each Jaw: In which, when they are duly modelled by Na∣ture, they answer each other in an exact Similitude in reference to Number, Magnitude, Figure, and Vessels; and are different from all other Bones, by reason their upper Region is not invested with any Membrane, and hath no Periostium, which would give a trouble to Nature, as being a fine Con∣texture, made up of Nervous Fribres; which being of an acute Sense, would highly discompose us in the motion of the Teeth, and hinder the due Comminution of Aliment in keeping the Teeth, from an immediate Con∣tact in Mastication.

The second use of the Teeth, * 1.697 is to be Instruments of Speech, which is very conspicuous in those of the fore part of the Mouth, contributing very much to the Articulation of divers Letters, by giving a stop to the expired Air, and by receiving the appulses of the Tongue; whereupon the fore Teeth either being ill set in a disorderly Position, or being fallen or pulled out, the formation of our Words are rendred imperfect, whereby we lose the grace of our pronunciation in a Lisping Tone.

The third use of the Teeth in Bruits, * 1.698 is to perform the Office of Wea∣pons (as in Lions, Dogs, Wolves, Bears, and the like) as Instruments of Nature, which is always Ambitious to preserve it self, by encountring

those with fit instruments that are reputed Enemies to their quiet, and secu∣rity of their being or well-being.

The fourth use of Teeth in Fish, is to catch their Prey, * 1.699 and to detain it till by degrees they can dispose it by Deglutition, whereupon Nature hath wisely provided, not only one Row, but divers ranks of Teeth, sometime besetting the Mandible, Palate, Tongue, and parts near the entrance into the Gulet, to secure live Fish caught in their Mouths, which else would leap out and quit their Confinement, were they not violently siezed by nu∣merous Teeth, as so many Engines darted into the bodies of these slippery and nimble Animals.

The fifth and prime use of the Teeth in Men, and more perfect Animals, * 1.700 is ordained for the Mastication of Aliment in the Mouth, whereupon Nature hath most prudently ordered divers kinds of Teeth; some Incisors, which are first in Production, and are placed in the fore part of the Mouth, and do divide and cut the Aliment, and the greater Teeth, called by the La∣tines, Molares, seated in the sides, and hinder part of the Mouth, consist∣ing of various unevenness, of divers Cavities, and Prominencies, and being acted with different Motions, made by the several agitations of the lower Jaw, lifted up, and pulled down again by the temporal and digastrick Muscles, and drawn backward and forward by the Musculi Pterigoeidei Externi, and Interni; whereupon the Meat is broken into small Particles, and moistned with Salival Juice, to render it more fit for Concoction in the Stomach.

CHAP. III. The Pathologie of the Teeth.

THe Teeth are subject to divers Disaffections of Colour, undue Dimen∣sions, Figure, Order, Laxity, and Shedding, Pains, and Gnash∣ing of Teeth.

As to the alteration of Colour, * 1.701 they are frequently dispoiled of their Ivory Whiteness, and degenerate into an unnatural Yellow, Livid, and Black Colours, which proceed from nasty Humours, adhering to the sur∣face of the Teeth, disrobing them of their fine native hue, which is pro∣duced also by foul Vapours arising out of the Stomach, and from Humours destilling out of the Termination of the Arteries, relating to the Gooms, and from the common use of Sugar, and other Sweets; and from frequent eating of Black Cherries, Mulberries, and other black Fruits, as also from Meat, and Broth boiled, and kept in Copper, and Brass Vessels, and from Mercurial Ointments, used in order to Salivation in Venereal Distempers, and from Washes prepared with Mercury, which Women use to Beautifie their Faces, thereby rendring their Teeth disfigured with Blackness, which is also derived from Scorbutick, and Venereal Distempers tainting the Blood, which is transmitted by small Capillary Arteries, insinuating themselves into the cranies of the Teeth.

These Instruments of Mastication loose their due Dimensions, * 1.702 both out∣wardly and inwardly, when their Exterior and Interior parts, are Corro∣ded by sharp Humours, in Venereal and Scorbutick Diseases, which perfo∣rate the Teeth; and by depraving their proper Nutriment, do corrupt their substance, and render them Carious and Rotten, whence they are scabed piece by piece, and are lessened in their Dimensions; which is caused also fre∣quently by Mercurial Medicines, by way of Unction, and Fucus made with Mercury.

Curious Artists have discovered Fistula's in Teeth, * 1.703 out of which being perforated, doth destil a thin Gleet, and sometimes corrupt sanious Hu∣mours, which give a faetide taste to the Tongue and Palate; this noisome Matter passeth sometime through the Roots of the Teeth (into which the Arteries and Nerves do creep) and afterward dischargeth it self through the Cavities of the Jaws, the Allodgments of the Teeth, and at last ma∣keth its way between the Gooms and Teeth, into the Cavity of the Mouth: And this corrupt Matter destilling through the Roots of the Teeth, some∣times falleth down to the bottom of the Chin, making Apostemes, full of purulent Matter, * 1.704 disburdened by an Ulcer (and is hardly Cured, except the Tooth be drawn out) which else will constantly supply it with a source of new Matter. And there is another way proper to the upper Mandible (by which salt and sharp Humours are transmitted) which is a large Cavity, seated under the lower region of the Eye, in a Bone of the upper Jaw, which hath a Protuberance wisely framed by Nature, for the preservation of the Eye: This Cavern is very large, and somewhat of a Sphaerical Figure; in the lower region of this hollowed Bone, may be dis∣cerned many Minute Prominencies, in which the Roots of the Teeth are reposed, and the Cells, in which the Teeth are fastned, are engraven in the lower margent of this Bone.

This Cavity is often found empty (and sometimes full of a Mucous Mat∣ter) into which Humours destil out of the Os Ethmoides.

A Gentlewoman of Quality was severely treated for many Years, with a Destillation of Salt Humours, rendring divers Teeth carious or rotten; whereupon she ordered them to be pulled out, to free her self from a far∣ther discomposure, which did not answer her expectation, because she was still afflicted with Pain, which she endeavoured to discharge, by pulling out her Eye-Tooth; and thereupon was broken a thin Bony Intersepiment, par∣ting the greater Cavern of the upper Mandible, from the lesser Cavity, the Repository of the Tooth, through which Nature discharged a quantity of Salt Humours flowing from the greater Cavity of the Jaw, reaching to the lower region of the Eye.

CHAP. III. The Pathologie and Cures of Teeth.

TEeth, as rendred Carious, cannot be restored to soundness: * 1.705 And the only Remedy left in this case, is to preserve the part, not affe∣cted with Rottenness, by preventing a farther Corruption of them; which is effected by Purging, Cleansing, and Drying Medicines, which do take away the overmuch Moisture, and foulness of Humours, besmearing and corroding the Teeth; which are made clean by Dentifrices, and Garga∣rismes, prepared with Antiscorbutick, Detergent, Exsiccating, and Healing Gargarismes, and the hollow Teeth are to be stopped with Drying and Astringent Powders of Mastick, Franckincense, Mirrh, Pellitory of Spain, and the like.

And if the greatest part of a Tooth be grown Carious, or Fistulaed, * 1.706 and highly afflicted with Pain, productive of any Swelling, Abscess, or Ulcer in the Gooms, or foulness in the Mandible, it will be requisite in order to the Cure, to pull out the Tooth, else the Ulcer cannot be Cured, and the Mandible preserved.

And Teeth are not only lessened in quantity, as being rendred Carious by sharp and salt Recrements of the Blood, but also acquire greater Dimensions, as crusted with Tophaceous Matter, and disfigured with Nodes, whose Cause is ascribed by some Anatomists, to Vapours arising out of the Sto∣mach; and others derive it from Humours destilling out of the Brain, and from the reliques of Aliment, * 1.707 sticking to the surface of the Teeth after Ma∣stication. But these Conjectures seem improbable, by reason Vapours, or Humours, flowing from the Head, which in truth, proceed from the Sali∣val Glands; and the reliques of Aliment cannot be so highly indurated, as to be turned into a Bony substance.

Vanhelmont is of opinion, That the Nodes of Teeth are propagated from the Gooms, which administer Aliment to the Teeth: Quia gingivae (ait ille) nutriunt dentes, tophos istos ab Excrementis earundem provenire. * 1.708 But I humbly conceive, If the Nodes should borrow their Birth from a Recrement destilling out of the Extreamities of the Arteries, relating to the Gooms, the Roots only encircled with the Gooms, would be affected with Nodes, and not the whole surface of the Teeth; which hath been observed by Learned Maebius.

Zacutus Lucitanus, Lib. 1. Praxeos, giveth an Instance, worthy our re∣mark, in which he proveth Nodes to be produced by a Mucous Matter, indurated by the heat of the Teeth. And this Learned Author giveth a farther account of a Woman, Fifty year old, obnoxious to great Catarrhs, and long tormented with severe Pains of the upper Teeth, where he disco∣vered a Stone, not inferior to a small Egg, which did stop up the left No∣stril, and much intercept the course of the Breath.

Riolan the younger, * 1.709 mentioneth a Fungous Bone arising out of the Ca∣vity of a Tooth, that grew to so prodigious a bigness, that it would have filled the whole Cavity of the Mouth, and totally hindred Respiration, had

it not been prevented by the Dexterous Hand of a Skilful Chyrurgeon, Cutting and Burning the spungy Bone.

Other Disaffections are incident to the Teeth, * 1.710 wherein they are some∣times superabundant, and other times defective in number: Of which Sken∣kius giveth an Instance in his Observ. 381. of a Cardinal, who had only Twenty six Teeth, whereas according to the ordinary course of Nature, each Jaw should be beset with Sixteen Teeth, placed in elegant order, and fitly conjoined to each other for the greater advantage of Mastication.

Teeth are sometimes excessive in number, * 1.711 out-doing the rule of Nature: As Learned Maebius instanceth in a young Man, in whom he saw the fore Teeth doubled; and the Daughter of King Mithridates, was furnished with a double row of Teeth. And Columbus speaketh of his Son Phaebus, that had a treble Rank of Teeth. Sometimes Persons have been found wholly destitute of Teeth, and instead of them, have had one entire Bone encom∣passing the Mandible; as hath been observed in Erypheus, and Eryptolemus of Cyprus, and in Prusius, Son of the King of Prussia, who had no distinct Teeth, but one confused Bone, supplying the defect of numerous Teeth.

Other Animals far exceed Man, * 1.712 in number and rows of Teeth: Ser∣pents have a double row, and an Indian Beast a treble row: And the Mouths of Fish, do far transcend those of Bruits, in various sets of Teeth; Lam∣preys have Four, Dolphins Nine ranks, and Pikes have their Mandibles, Palate † 1.713, and Tongues † 1.714, accommodated with numerous Teeth, and Crabs have their Stomachs dressed with them.

And Teeth are not only extravagant in Number, * 1.715 but irregular too in Situation, Shape, and Size, not observing the Symmetry, Proportion, and Magnitude, instituted by Nature, when the fore Teeth of the upper do not suit those of the lower Mandible; and the Eye, and great Teeth above, do not hold a perfect Analogy, in order, figure, and greatness with those below, whereupon the Teeth of each Jaw not exactly answering each other, cannot be fit Coadjutors in reference to a due comminution of Aliments.

A troublesome disorder happens to the Teeth, * 1.716 in relation to their Laxi∣ty and Shedding, when they are not firmly fastned to the Mandibles, which proceed either from the disproportion between the Cavities of the Jaws, and the Roots of the Teeth, when they are not exactly fitted to each other, or when the Gooms are not well closed to the surface of the Teeth, caused in the Scorbute, and Venereal Distempers; by sharp, salt, and Ma∣lignant Humours, eating away the substance of the Gooms, and the Liga∣ments, and Roots of the Teeth, whereupon they either grow Loose, or slip out of their Sockets.

In order to Cure the Laxity, * 1.717 and Shedding of the Teeth, Antiscorbutick, and Antivenereal Medicines, are to be advised; as Decoction of Lignum Sanctum, Sarsa Parilla, China, with the Tops of Pine and Fir, infused in them: As also Cleansing, Astringent, and Drying Medicines, Administred in the form of Powders; and also Gargarisms, to take away the Foulness, adhering to the surface of the Teeth and Gooms, and to fasten them to their proper Repositories.

CHAP. IV. Of the Pains of the Teeth.

THe Pain of the Teeth, by some, is rather made an object of Laugh∣ter, then Compassion; but in truth, it much deserveth our pity and help, as it is often productive of great Agonies, giving a high Discomposure to the Delicate, and choice aeconomy, relating to the curious frame of our Body, by taking away its Quiet and Repose.

The Pain of the Teeth hath for its seat, * 1.718 the Nervous and Membranous Filaments, as they are the subjects of Sensation, to which the Bony part can lay no claim, as being wholly destitute of Sense.

The Antecedent Cause of pain relating to the Teeth, are ill Humours, con∣fined within the Vessels at some distance from the Teeth; whereupon the Pain is then only in Posse, and in Actu signato, before the depraved Vital and Nutricious Liquor arrive the parts affected, the Nerves and Membranes of the Teeth.

The Continent Cause of this Disease, proceedeth either from a gross∣ness, quantity, or quality of the Blood, or Succus Nutricius, affecting the Nerves or Membranes belonging to the Teeth.

The Blood being very thick, or transmitted in too large a proportion, by the External Carotide Arterial Branches into the Membranes (encir∣cling the outward Surface, * 1.719 and inward Cavity of the Teeth) doth obstruct the Interstices of the Membranous Filaments, and cause great pain, by ma∣king a Solution of the Unity of parts (integrating the Coats, both enwrap∣ping the middle and roots, and inside of the Teeth) by severing the ten∣der Filaments one from another, productive of painful disorder.

The Blood also is incumbred with Heterogeneous, Saline, * 1.720 and Acid Par∣ticles, whence ariseth a great Fermentation of the Vital Liquor, which being impelled by the Pulsation of the Heart, through the Carotide Arte∣ries, into the empty Spaces of the Membranes (enclosing the Ambient and inward parts of the Teeth) doth produce sad dolorous effects.

Another Continent Cause of this troublesome Disease, * 1.721 issueth from a sharp vaporous Mass of Blood (associated with Flatulency) which being con∣veyed by the Carotides to the narrow Spaces of the tender Coats, immu∣ring the Exterior and Interior parts of the Teeth, doth by its flatulent Ela∣stick Particles, produce shooting afflictive Pains, putting the Patient into an Agony.

A Continent Cause also of this high Discomposure, * 1.722 may arise from sharp and Acid Particles, disaffecting the Succus Nutricius; which being trans∣mitted from the Brain, by the mediation of Nerves into the Membranes, (appertaining to the Teeth) constituted of numerous Minute Fibres, which being of an acute Sense, are highly incensed by the angry Particles of an ill Nervous Liquor, speaking a great torture to the afflicted Patient.

Infants not come to Maturity, being endued with a most tender frame, * 1.723 and an impatient Temper, are highly discomposed with Pain in breeding their Teeth (in which they alarm their Nurses and Attendants with impor∣tunate Crying) whereupon many sad Diseases do accompany the pain of

Dentition. As the great Master of our Art, hath well observed in the Third Book of his Aphorisms, the 21. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Ad Dentitionem progressus gingivarum prurigines, Febres, Convul∣siones, alvi profluvia, idque praecipue cum caninos Dentes emittere caeperint, & iis qui maxime crassi sunt & alvos duras habent. * 1.724

The Prurient heat of the Gooms in Dentition, proceedeth from a quan∣tity of Blood, extravasated into the empty spaces of the Vessels, whence followeth the Inflammation of the Gooms, which is accompanied with a Symptomatick Fever, derived from violent Pain, raising an unkindly Ebulli∣tion of the Mass of Blood, and Convulsive Motions (which are frequent and fatal to Children, in the time of breeding their Teeth); Which, I humbly conceive, arise after this manner; When the Teeth approach their Maturity, as having their Mucous Matter turned into an Osseous substance, proceeding from a new access of Saline and Earthy Particles concreted; whence the Teeth receiving greater Dimensions, both in breadth and hight, are impatient of any longer Confinement within the narrow boundaries of the Gooms, whereupon they break their Walls, and by lifting themselves up, do bruise and lacerate the tender Capillary Arteries, and Nervous Fi∣brils, whence ensue an Inflammation (caused by Blood stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels) and Convulsive Motions in the Muscles of the Body, and lower Mandible, and the Face drawn into Sympathy with the Nerves of the Gooms, * 1.725 which are highly irritated by Pungent Pains, fol∣lowing the Contusion, and Laceration of the most tender Nervous Fibrils (seated in the substance of the Gooms) and the Membranes immuring the surface of the Gooms; which being a fine Contexture composed of nume∣rous small Filaments of most accute Sense, must necessarily suffer in a high manner, in the great violation of their close union, following the Eruption of the Teeth, forcibly piercing the tender Compage of the Coat, encircling the Gooms.

A Gnashing, or Grating of the Teeth, may be derived from the unna∣tural Motions of the Musculi Pterigoeidei Externi, and Interni, hurrying the lower Mandible, and with it the Teeth, whence also may be deduced ma∣ny other great Convulsions; * 1.726 wherein the neighbouring Membranes of the Brain being first drawn into consent, do immediately affect the Fibrous Con∣texture of the Brain, and Spinal Marrow, and afterward the Nerves of the whole Body (propagated from them) whence ariseth an universal stiffness, imparted to the Trunk and Limbs; so that they will hardly admit any In∣curvation during the time of Convulsions, which being ceased, the Muscles grow relaxed, and the Body readily complieth with the Hand, as being easily bent forward.

Vomitings do accompany the breeding of Teeth in Children, * 1.727 acted with Convulsive Motions, proceeding from the irritated Fibres of the Stomach, flowing from the discomposed Membranes, and Fibrous Contexture of the Brain, influencing the Fibres of the Par Vagum, inserted into the Neck and Body of the Stomach.

Vomitings also may be the associates of Dentition, wherein some Parti∣cles of depraved Liquors, in an ill habit of Body, being enraged by vio∣lent pains of the Gooms, are discharged by the terminations of the Caeliack Capillary Arteries, into the Cavity of the Stomach, whence its Fibrous parts being highly importuned by Saline and Acid Particles, do produce un∣natural contractions of the Fleshy Fibres (related to the Stomach) to turn

out of Doors, those unquiet Guests, that hinder the repose of the Ventricle. * 1.728

And not only Vomiting, but Diarrhaea's, or Lasks also, do accompany Dentition, by reason the ill Humours (chiefly in a fat and foul Constitu∣tion of Infants) are put into Fermentation, by the fierce pains of the Gooms, making an Effervescence in the Mass of Blood; whereupon Nature being provoked by the severe contests of the Heterogeneous Particles, doth impell them (in order to her own ease) out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, into the Mesenterick Arteries, inserted into the Intestines out of whose Cavities they are discharged, for the better composure of the Body.

So that in short, the full Bodies of Childrens breeding Teeth, labouring with great quantity of depraved Humours, acted with ill Ferments, are highly aggrieved by the Inflammation of the Blood (lodged in the Gooms in time of Dentition) imparted by the Jugular Veins to the Heart, and from thence into the Membranes, causing Convulsive Motions and Fevers, and some serous Particles of the ill Blood being transmitted by the Arteries, into the Cavities of the Bowels, do generate Lasks, and Griping of the Guts; which are Continent Causes of many Diseases incident to Children, in breeding of Teeth; which great Hypocrates hath well enumerated in his Aphorisms.

In order to their Cure Diseases taking their rise of Dentition, * 1.729 this Method of Physick may be advised: In great Inflammations of the Gooms, some Blood may be taken away in Plethorick Constitutions, by the application of Leeches behind the Ears, or in a great case by a Lancet; and some Hours before the Bleeding, a gentle Clyster may be injected, if the Child have not the benefit of Nature by Stool, and inwardly Medicines are to be pre∣scribed, that suppress the unquiet Vapours and Flatulency of the Blood, and Comfort and Corroborate the Fibrous parts of the Brain.

When Universals have been Celebrated, * 1.730 Topicks are proper in this Dis∣ease, as Blistering Plaisters applied to the Neck behind, and between the Shoulders, and below the Ears, and to the inside of the Arms: And if Teeth be near their Eruption, the Gooms may be safely opened by a Lan∣cet, or rubbed often by the Tooth of a Woolf, or by Coral, which is more used, which giveth great ease to pained and inflamed Gooms.

This and the like Course of Physick (proper for Fevers, Convulsions, and other Diseases in point of Dentition) hath proved very successful in ma∣ny of my young Patients.

A Child of a worthy Knight, a Person of Loyalty and Honour, related to the Excise Office, having his Gooms very hot and inflamed, and after∣ward was highly afflicted with a Fever, and Convulsive Motions, upon breeding of Teeth: Whereupon I advised gentle Clysters, Bleeding by Leeches applied under the Ears, Cephalick Julaps, and Vesicatories between the Shoulders, and under the Ears, which in a short space spake a period to the Symptomatick Fever, and Convulsive Motions, proceeding from the Teeth cutting the Gooms. * 1.731

If the pain of the Teeth be urgent in Persons of more mature Age, it denoteth Anodines, which prove not beneficial, except the Cause (the flux of ill Humors into the Membranes of the Teeth) be first removed; which is effected by Purging, Blood-letting, in the Veins of the Arms, Neck, and under the Tongue: And when Universals have been premised, Blistering Plaisters may be applied to the Neck, and between the Shoulders and Arms, and Astringent Plaisters to the Fore-Head and Temples, and also

proper Gargarisms are very useful in this Case. And if the pain of the Teeth be not Alleviated upon these and such like Applications, we must ad∣dress our selves to Narcoticks, as the last refuge.

CHAP. V. Of the Palate of Man, and other Animals.

THe Mouth may be stiled a Portal, or Antechamber of the goodly Fa∣brick of Humane Body, immured outwardly with the Confines of the Cheeks, and before with the upper and lower Lip, as with Folding-Doors, which open for the reception of Aliment, and the utterance of Words, and shut for the enclosure and Ornament of the Mouth; and is encircled within with divers Circumferences of Gooms and Teeth (as so many Carved Banisters fitted to the Cavities of the upper and lower Jaw) as instruments of Mastication. * 1.732

The fine Room of the Mouth is seated above with an Arched Roof, and floored below with the Tongue (dressed with curious Prominencies of different shapes and sizes) playing up and down, and laterally in variety of Postures, * 1.733 for the advantage of Eating and Speaking.

The Seeling of the elegant Apartiment of the Mouth, commonly called the Palate, taketh its rise near the fore Teeth of the upper Mandible, and determineth about the Fauces, and its inward Surface is conjoyned to the Os Sphaenoides, and is made up of a Glandulous substance, consisting of many Minute Glands, which are invested with a thick Membrane, borrow∣ing its descent from the Dura Mater, and is continued to the outward Coat of the Gulet and Stomach, which highly sympathize with that of the Palate.

The origen of the Palate (confining on the inside of the Gooms) is be∣set with numerous Glands † 1.734 (of irregular Figures, and different Magni∣tudes) somewhat resembling Fruit crowning the top of a Tree, consisting of many arched Branches, arising out of each side of two Trunks, run∣ning the whole length in the middle of the Palate, and end near the Uvula.

The Trunk of this beautiful Tree is double † 1.735, and parted in the midst with a Fissure passing in a straight Line between the two Trunks, which seem to support the Semicircular Branches, sprouting out of the two stocks of this fine Tree. * 1.736

The white Protuberancies, adorning the top of the Branches of this rare Tree, are so many Glands, covered with a tough Membrane, enclosing a tender substance; but above all, the termination of the Palate is most thick and broad, integrated of numerous small Glands.

The Roof of the Mouth in Calves, is covered with a thick Membrane, rendred unequal with many Asperities, made up of two Rows, composed of many Comblike or indented Processes † 1.737 (running cross the Palate) seated directly opposite to each other; and are divided from each other with a Fissure † 1.738, running all along in the midst of the Palate, all covered with a thick white Membrane, under which is couched a Glandulous substance, as in a Humane Palate, furnished with numerous Glands.

The Palate of Sheep, much resemble that of Calves, in rows, and in∣dented Processes, only they are much shorter, and smaller in Sheep, in re∣gard their Palates are less, and shorter then those of greater Cattel.

The Palates of Lions and Cats, are like other Bruits in their indented Processes; only the Ranks of Cattel run in straight Lines, and Lions and Cats Semicircularly cross the Palate.

The Palate of a Bore beginneth narrow and thin, * 1.739 and afterward it enlar∣geth it self, and groweth thicker, and terminateth at last in a kind of Point: And the whole Roof of the Mouth in this Animal, is dressed with a double row of oblique Processes, parted in the middle with a Fissure, as in other Animals; and differeth from them, because most of them have their Palates furnished with indented Processes, and Hogs with plain, whose Figure is harder and flatter in their lower Region, and have a kind of edge in their uppermost part.

The Palate of a Horse is also accommodated with many unevennesses (vulgarly called Bars) dividing the Roof of the Mouth into many Partiti∣ons, and is composed of a Glandulous substance, framed like other Animals, of many small Glands.

The origen of the upper and lower region of the Beak, relating to a Swan, is of a Semicircular Figure † 1.740, and is of a Bony substance, adorned with many indented Processes (resembling Teeth) and those of the upper Beak are fitted to Cavities of the lower Beak, in which they play, † 1.741 for the better taking and securing their Aliment, when it is received into the Mouth of a Swan.

To the upper part of the Beak, are conjoyned many oblong Membra∣nous Processes † 1.742 (running in oblique Lines) smaller in their origen, and larger in their termination, near the bony ridg of the Palate, and toward the middle of the Membranous Processes do arise other smaller, filling up the Interstices of some of the larger oblong Processes; and at the farther end of the Oblong, Transverse Processes, are placed many short ones † 1.743, sprouting out of a Trunk after the manner of Branches of a Tree, and are pleasant to behold, and the termination of the Palate is made in two ob∣long Glandulous Processes.

The Fissure of the Palate in a Swan (as well as in other Fowl) is frin∣ged on each side with very slender pointed Processes † 1.744; and hath in its lower region (which is the origen of the Larynx) a great number of some∣what larger pointed Protuberancies, and the bodies confining on each side of the Fissure, are of a Glandulous substance, and all the pointed Processes sprouting out of it, are small Conglomerated Glands † 1.745, attended with Ex∣cretory Vessels, discharging a clammy Liquor; which I have often seen in the Mouths of Birds.

The bony Ridg † 1.746, running in length through the middle of the Palate, hath divers Partitions, or Joints, which grow larger and larger toward their Termination (and end in a process of a Triangular Figure) and af∣terward it is attended with a round Membranous Ridg of one entire sub∣stance, confining in its Extreamity, on the beginning of the Fissure of the Palate.

The upper part of the Beak of a Goose, is garnished on each side with oblong Asperities, somewhat like Teeth, which are answered in like man∣ner in the lower Beak with indented Processes; which in both Beaks do insi∣nuate themselves into oblong Cavities, fitted to them in size and shape.

The Palate of a Goose, * 1.747 lodged within the confines of the upper Beak, is imbossed with five rows of bony Prominencies (of which the biggest are those of the outside) which I conceive do contribute to break the Aliment, received into the Mouth, into small Particles; and beyond these bony Pro∣tuberancies, is seated a more soft substance, composed of many small Glands.

The upper and lower Beak of a Duck, are much like a Goose, in their indented Processes, (which in a manner resembleth Teeth) seated on the Margents of each side of the Bill. And all Broad-billed Fowls have the like structure in reference to their indented Processes, which are found in Teal, * 1.748 Wiggins, Shufflers, &c. And the Surface of the Palate of a Duck, doth differ from that of a Goose, as being most of all plain, without bony Processes, and hath a Membranous Ridg only running all along the middle of the Palate, except four bony Processes placed near the Fissure, which is dressed on each side with a row of pointed Glands.

The upper region of the Beak of a Bustard, is hooked in its Origen, and in its Margent on each side hath a sharp edge; which in pointed Beaked Fowls (as I conceive) serveth in stead of indented Processes: So that the edges of the upper and lower Beak being conjoyned, do close the Mouth, and help to detain and break the Aliment.

The Palate of a Bustard, * 1.749 seated between the confines of the Beak, be∣ginneth in a Point, and endeth in much larger Dimensions, and is composed of three Rows running in length, and the outward consisting of white pointed Processes, make their progress in Bevil Lines, or rather Semicircular, and are united in both Extreamities to the middle Row, which passeth the length of the Palate in a straight Course; and is framed of many joynted Processes, and beginneth in the middle between the Origens of the outward Rows of white pointed Processes, and terminates in the middle of the trans∣verse Comblike Rows; and within each side of the outward Rows, are scattered here and there confusedly, some white pointed Prominencies. Be∣tween the upper and lower ranks of Transverse Processes, is seated on each side of them a red Glandulous substance, consisting of Many small Protu∣berancies, which I conceive are minute Conglomerated Glands, furnished with Excretory Ducts.

The Fissure of the Palate relating to a Bustard, is fringed on each side with a row of white pointed Processes, running in straight Lines in length for an Inch, and then are beset on each side for half an Inch, with a row of Transverse Processes, and the Fissure at last endeth with a Semicircular rank of Comblike Processes.

The upper and lower part of the Beak, appertaining to a Turkey, and all narrow Beaked Fowls, have no Indentments on each side, but only sharp Edges, which are very conducive to the detaining and breaking of Aliment.

The Palate seated within the Margents of the upper region of the Beak, is Glandulous, and beautified with four rows of Comblike Processes (which may be so denominated from their resembling the fine Teeth of a Comb) having the figure of two sides of the Triangles, and wanting the Base, run cross the Palate; the two first Ranks are very small, and scarce discernible, the two last are more visible, and especially the last, which determine the Palate.

The Fissure of the Palate in a Turkey, is much longer then in a Duck, or Goose, running the whole length of it, and is encircled on each side with small pointed Processes, which are defective in a Goose.

The Palate of a Pike is full of various Protuberancies, garnished with greater and less Asperities; and its Circumference on each side of the An∣terior part, is encompassed with fine Cartilaginous Margents, ending in thin Edges: And the Palate, seated within these curious Enclosures, is for∣tified in its fore part with three bony Protuberancies † 1.750, of which those of the sides are broadest and shortest, all beset with pointed sharp Teeth, of which the longest are near the bony Intersepiment † 1.751, which is double for some space, and afterward is united, and so passeth the whole length of the Skull like a Beam, to strengthen its lower Region. In the Interstices of the Ante∣rior part of the Septum, where it is divided, is seated a third Protuberance † 1.752, bestudded for the most part with fine short Teeth, and are longer only in the origen of this rough Prominence.

The Palate of a Pike is outwardly covered with a thin red Membrane † 1.753, full of small Plicatures, and is more inwardly enwrapped with a Glandulous Expansion, as a Contexture of many Miliary Glands, and the hinder part of the Palate is enclosed with Guills † 1.754, beset in their lower region with many short Teeth, and the posterior part of the Palate seated within these Guills, is vailed with a thin Membrane outwardly, and more inwardly with a more thick Glandulous body, then that relating to the Anterior part of the Palate.

The Palate of a Thornback being broad in the midst, * 1.755 and narrow in both Extreamities, is overspread with a Glandulous substance, invested with a thick white Membrane; and on each side of the Holes, leading out of the Mouth into the Nostrils, is seated a small flattish oblong Gland, and in the middle between these two Glands, may be discovered another Gland (of round shape, lodged in a proper Cavity) which being opened, I found full of Viscid Matter.

The Palate of a Fire, or Sting Flair, is enwrapped in two Membranes, * 1.756 the outward is thick, and the inward more thin; and between these Coats is lodged a Glandulous Expansion (which is somewhat plumper toward the upper Mandible) and is a Composition of numerous small Glands.

The Palate of a Holybut, * 1.757 for the most part consisteth of a thick Mem∣brane, covering the Arch of the Mouth, and is loose an Inch, or more, near the entrance of the Mouth, and confineth on the Teeth of the upper Man∣dible, hanging down in a Semicircular Figure, adjoyning to the Surface of the Tongue, and closeth the entrance of the Mouth, intercepting the pas∣sage of the Water into it: And also near the Teeth of the lower Jaw, an∣other loose Membrane is seated, answering that above in Figure, and un∣der this Coat, and between the loose Membranes of the upper and lower Mandibles and Teeth, is lodged a Glandulous substance; out of which be∣ing squeesed, destilleth a quantity of Viscid Matter.

Somewhat beyond the Palate of a Holybut, are seated, as I conceive, two other Glands, which are of a soft white substance; and also near the termination of the Palate, about the Fauces of a Skait, on both sides of the origen of the Skin, are lodged two Glands, about three Inches long, and an Inch broad, which being affixed to the sides of the Chin, by the inter∣position of thin Membranous Filaments, do terminate into the beginning of the Gulet: And these Glands having Excretory Vessels, through which a Liquor is conveyed into the Cavity of the Gulet, as a Ferment of Conco∣ction.

The Semicircular Confines of the Palate of a Gurnet, somewhat resem∣ble a Lip † 1.758 in Figure, as it is placed in the Margent of the Mouth, and as

moveable, and doth differ from the Lips of Man, as it is a Cartilaginous Bo∣dy, adorned with a company of small Teeth.

The beginning of the Palate, is also graced with a small bony Semicircle † 1.759, bestudded with numerous Minute Teeth, and is endued with a Concave Fi∣gure † 1.760, enwrapped in a Silver coloured Membrane † 1.761, (full of Folds) in∣vesting a Glandulous Expansion; which is thickest toward the termination of the Palate, attended with two plump Protuberancies (made rough by many small Teeth, to which the Guills † 1.762 are affixed in their Extreamities) and have numerous Minute Teeth: Beyond the Palate is seated the origen of the Spine, covered with a white Membrane, to which is adjoyned a Glandulous Coat full of small Glands. * 1.763

Thus I have Treated of the Palates of Bruits, Fowl, and Fish, as they hold some Analogy in the likeness of their various Asperities, Processes, and Glandulous substance (composed of many Conglomerated Glands, attend∣ed with Excretory Vessels) with the Palate of Man; to which I will re∣turn, and speak somewhat more of it, with your permission: As it is a Glandulous Body, which is most substantial and thick towards its termi∣nation, near the Fauces, and is a Systeme of divers Glands, emitting Sali∣val Liquor through many Excretory Ducts (most eminent in the hinder part of the Palate, as ending in Holes) into the Cavity of the Mouth.

The Uvula being an appendix of the Palate, * 1.764 is graced with a kind of Pyramidal Figure, whose Base is seated in its Origen, and its other Extrea∣mity endeth after the manner of a Cone; and is composed of a glandulous fungous Substance, all beset with numerous Minute Glands, encircled with a white thin Membrane continued to the Palate.

Learned and Worthy Doctor Holder, * 1.765 assigneth this use to the Uvula, That it serveth as a Valve, to open and shut the Foramen of the Nostrils, leading into the Mouth, which being opened, the Air hath free access into the Mouth, and the Voice some admission into the Cavities of the Nostrils, and the Foramen being somewhat closed by the interposition of the Uvula, the Voice receiveth a check into the Nostrils, and Air from thence into the Mouth; whereupon the Nose giving a passage to Breath, and Voice in Speaking, alters its Sound, and gives a plain Discrimination, by which the sounds of the Breath and Voice may be entitled Nasal. Which I humbly con∣ceive, with this Ingenious Authors leave, doth not proceed always from the opening of the Uvula, but sometimes from the strong Appulse of the Tongue, made upon the Arch of the Palate, which intercepting the Breath or Voice, as passing straight forward through the Mouth, maketh it recoil into the Caverns of the Nostrils, and causeth Speaking to be Nasal. And I do acknowledg, that the Assertion of this Learned Author, is also true, and the Uvula to be ordained by Nature as a Valve, to hinder the motion of the Voice into the Nostrils, by reason that this Appendix of the Palate is not found in Bruits, and other Animals (but in an Ape as a Monster in Nature) by reason they are not endued with Speaking, to which the Uvula is subservient; which may seem to be backed with very great Reason, because when this Appendage of the Palate, is eaten off by the Malignity of Venereal Di∣stempers, the Voice hath a free passage into the Nostrils, which else for the most part is carried forward through the Cavity of the Mouth, promoted by the Uvula, which interposeth about the Hole (leading into the Ca∣verns of the Nostrils) and doth hinder the progress of the Voice into it, unless the Tongue striking briskly upon the Arch of the Palate, doth divert the direct passage of the Voice, and forceth it up into the Nostrils.

The use of the Palate, consigned as peculiar to Man, * 1.766 is to tune the Voice, and to assist the Tongue in the Articulation of some Letters; which upon this account, may be stiled Literae Palatinae. The expired Air passeth in an even current through the greater Channel of the Wind-pipe, till it arriveth the more confined space of the Rimula, where it receiving Vibra∣tions against the sides of the Eure-like Cartilage, is formed into a Voice, which thence passing the Throat to the Arch of the Palate, the Articulated Letters and Words composed of them, are rendred more sweet and audible; whereupon, they that have naturally ill formed Palates, or disordered by Diseases (wherein they are lessened, or made rough by Tumours, Ulcers, pro∣ceeding from virulent Humours in Venereal Distempers) whence the Articula∣ted Voice groweth hoarse and unpleasant, and scarce to be understood, with∣out the good attention of the Hearer, or often repetition of imperfect words made by the Speaker: And not only the Roof of the Palate doth aid the Voice, first formed in the Larynx, by speaking to it a great Grace and Loudness: But also the Margents of the Palate, confining on the Teeth, do serve the Tongue, in making several Appulses upon the skirts of it, which give divers Figurations of the Voice, expressed in the Articulations of different Consonants.

Some do assign another use of the Palate, which is that of Tasting, * 1.767 wherein it is commonly said, we indulge our Palates in the eating of savou∣ry and delicious Meats, and drinking of pleasant Drinks, which are called palatable, in reference to their good Gust, which they attribute to the Pa∣late. But this Opinion (as I humbly conceive) cannot be confirmed by rational Arguments, as it is opposite to Sense and Experience; because if any sapid object be applied to the Palate alone, as seperated from the Tongue, it cannot discern any taste of Meat, Drink, or any other thing nay, Salt it self (if put to the Palate solely) doth not affect the Palate, if the Tongue be kept from it: So that the ground of this Vulgar Error, proceedeth from the Tongue, touching the Palate in tasting of proper Objects, whereupon we attribute that to the Palate, which is peculiar to the Tongue, as being in conjunction with it.

A second use of the Palate, is to impart a Ferment to the Aliment, * 1.768 re∣ceived into the Mouth, by reason the Palate is chiefly framed of a Glandulous substance, which is a Collective Body, made of numerous Minute Glands, furnished with Excretory Vessels (perforating the Membrane of the Palate) out of which doth freely destil a quantity of Salival Liquor, embodying with the broken Aliment in time of Mastication, and giving the first rudi∣diment of Concoction, to Meat and Drink in the Mouth, in order to a farther Elaboration in the Stomach.

The third use of the Palate, * 1.769 may be to gratifie the sollicitations of Thirst (which would be most urgent, and perpetually troublesome) were not the Palate and Tongue rendred moist by a constant flux of Salival Liquor, springing out of the Glands, relating to the Tongue and Palate, which else would grow rough and dry, by the hot fuliginous Steams, transmitted with the Breath through the Aspera Arteria, into the Mouth.

Another use (as I conceive) may be given of the numerous rows of in∣dented Processes, and the many great and hard Asperities, * 1.770 found in the Pa∣lates of Bruits, is to supply the defect of the Teeth in the fore part of the upper Mandible, and somewhat to assist the lower in Mastication, wherein the motion of the broken Aliment against the hard prominencies of the Pa∣late, giveth a farther Comminution to it by frequent Attritions; which

may seem very probable, by reason I have often seen the chewed Grass and Hay, adhering to the indented processes of the Palates of Bruits.

CHAP. VI. Of the Tongue of Man.

THe Tongue of Man is little in Bulk, and great in Use, as an Instru∣ment of Speech, to entertain others in pleasant Language, and a Fountain of useful Liquor, and a seat of the grateful sence of Tasting, to in∣vite us to Treats of Meat and Drink, and to give it a disposition to a far∣ther improvement of Digestion. * 1.771

To serve these ends, the Tongue is composed of several parts (as so ma∣ny Integrals) of Coats, (beset with divers Prominencies) Vessels, Glands, Muscles, furnished with various Fibres.

The Coats of the Tongue, * 1.772 enwrapping the upper part near the tip, may be clearly seen to be Four: The first is thick and Membranous: The second Red and Feshy: The third thin, white, and Nervous: The fourth soft and Glandulous.

The first covering of the Tongue about its origen for three or four Inches being thick and Membranous, * 1.773 receiveth the terminations of Arteries, Nerves, Excretory Ducts, and the origens of Veins, with which it is every where furnished, and outwardly dressed with divers ranks of small pointed Promi∣nencies (here and there embossed with greater white round Protuberancies) as also interspersed about the tip with divers Fissures; which I saw in a Wo∣man lately Dissected in the Theatre of the Colledg of Physicians, but this I conceive is Preternatural: The Boss of the Tongue is outwardly covered with a more thin Membrane then that of the Blade, and is adorned with much larger pointed Prominencies of different sizes and shapes, and most are of a Conical Figure, which have manifest Cavities, covered with fine porous Tunicles.

The second covering relating to the upper part of the Blade of the Tongue, * 1.774 is this Muscular Expansion, seated between the Exterior and Ner∣vous Coats, and is a composition of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Excre∣tory Vessels (framed in manner of a curious Network) interspersed with a red Parenchyma; which is some relict of Blood, Concreted in its pas∣sage through the Interstices of the Vessels, to whose Coats it adhereth, and giveth a plainness to the unevenness of Vessels: This fleshy Coat is the Al∣lodgment of the various Papillary Prominency, called Papillae, by Malpi∣ghius.

The third Coat enwrapping the substance of the Tongue, * 1.775 in is upper and Anterior Region, is white and Nervous, composed of numerous Minute Fibres (as so many Constituent parts) which passing Longways, Laterally, and Obliquely, do form this fine Tunicle, immediately investing the Glandu∣dulous Coat, covering some part of the Muscles, appertaining to the Tongue.

The Glandulous and fourth covering of the Blade, * 1.776 and the third of the Boss of the Tongue (by reason the fleshy Expansion is here deficient) is a Col∣lective body of innumerable Minute Glands, so nearly united to each other, by the mediation of thin Membranes, that they seem to be one entire Frame, to a careless Eye, which being strictly inspected, plainly appeareth a company of small Glands, of various Figures, and Magnitudes: This fine Glandulous body, is most thin about the beginning of the Blade, and afterward groweth more thick, which is eminent in the Boss, or more protuberant part of the Tongue, and its more thin part is the seat of the red Protuberancies in Man, and of the white Cartilaginous ones in Cattel, Lions, Cats, and the like, whose Roots may plainly be seen in this Glandulous Coat, and afterward do per∣forate the other Coats, and manifestly render the upper covering of the Blade rough and prominent.

The under region of the Tongue and sides confining it, are enwrapped with only two Coats, which are more thin then those above, which seem to be Membranous, immediately investing the Muscles, without the interposi∣tion of a Muscular, and Glandulous Expansion, which are found only in the upper region of the Tongue.

The Membranes being discoursed, the Vessels offer themselves to our con∣sideration, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Excretory Ducts, with which the Tongue is accommodated, as highly subservient to it.

The Arteries derive themselves from the External Carotides † 1.777, * 1.778 sprouting out of the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, and do furnish the Tongue with numerous Divarications.

The Veins, the associates of the Arteries, do assist them in promoting the Circulation of the Blood, * 1.779 in carrying on its Retrograde Motion toward the Center: The Veins of this part are the External Jugulars, and are denomi∣nated Venae Raninae, which are very conspicuous in the lower region of the Tongue, wherein they are often opened in its Disaffections. These Veins take their origen in the Tongue, wherein after they have made numerous Branches, they are propagated to the Descendent Trunk of the Cava.

The Fibres of the Tongue being consigned to different offices of Tasting, * 1.780 and Motion, do borrow their rise from various Nerves: The first, as I con∣ceive, are derived from the Fifth Pair, which are implanted into the out∣ward Membrane of the Tongue; and the other Fibres relating to Muscular Motion, take their Origination from the Seventh pair of Nerves, which do impart numerous Branches, into the several Muscles of the Tongue, where∣by it sporteth it self in variety of Motions.

The Excretory Vessels of the Tongue, are (as I conceive) seated in the numerous red pointed Protuberancies † 1.781, (interspersed with some round white Prominencies † 1.782) which do beautifie the Tongue with many Ranks, set in elegant order, and have their Roots seated in the Glandulous Coats, and from thence are propagated through the other Coats, emitting divers Asperities, crowning the surface of the Exterior Membrane, which is bedewed by them with Salival Liquor, and may be easily separated from the tops of these pointed Prominencies, which upon this account are ren∣dred hollow, to give reception to the Limpid Liquor, destilling out of their terminations, into the Cavity of the Mouth: And this may be farther made clear, in the Cartilaginous Protuberancies of a Neats Tongue, which be∣ing cut near their Roots, a clammy Matter may be seen to ouse out of their Cavities.

The Tongue of Man, is not only invested in its upper region with nu∣merous Glands, but hath its Muscular parts interspersed with them; where∣upon the substance of a Mans Tongue is rendred very soft, and those of Bruits gain a delicate tenderness, when eaten, which proceedeth from their Glandulous, as well as Muscular Compage.

At the Root of the Tongue, on each side, are seated two eminent Glands, called Tonsils, which indeed are not single Glands, but two Col∣lective Bodies, composed of many, and every one hath its peculiar Mem∣brane immuring it; but by reason these numerous Glands are fastned to each other, by the mediation of many fine Membranes, they seem to be but two entire Glands, which are Fontanels of Salival Liquor, which freely de∣stilleth out divers Cavities, and chiefly out of two apertures in Masticati∣on, and doth improve the Aliment with Volatil Saline Particles in the Mouth, in order to a farther Exaltation in the Stomach.

The Muscles of a Humane Tongue, may seem to claim our notice, by reason as a Machine of Motion, it is subservient to Speech and Eating, which cannot be accomplished without variety of postures in the Tongue, produced by different motions of Muscles.

The first pair of Muscles, * 1.783 called by the Ancients Stiloglossi, as taking their origen from the Styliform Process, and terminate into the middle of the Tongue; whereupon these Muscles being Contracted, do draw the Tongue upward and inward.

The second pair of Muscles appertaining to the Tongue, * 1.784 being stiled Ba∣sioglossi, and Ypsiloglossi, do borrow their beginning from the Base of the Os Hyoides, and are inserted into the middle of the Tongue, and being Anta∣tagonists to the former Muscles, do pull the Tongue inward and down∣ward.

The third pair of Muscles, * 1.785 named Genioglossi, derive their Origination about the middle of the inside of the Chin, and do terminate about the middle of the Tongue, and being Contracted, do draw the Tongue out of the Mouth.

The fourth pair of Muscles, * 1.786 are named Ceratoglossi, whose origen is de∣duced from the Horns of the Os Hyoides, and endeth in the sides of the Tongue; and if they both concur in action, they draw the Tongue direct∣ly downward, and if one of them act alone, pulleth the Tongue to one side (a posture very useful in Eating) whereby the Meat is put outward upon the Teeth, in reference to Mastication.

The fifth pair of Muscles, have the denomination of Myloglossi, and do begin about the farther end of the great Teeth, and are inserted into the Ligament of the Tongue; * 1.787 and are conceived by Diemerbroeck, to pull the Tongue downward, and by Westlingius, upward.

The substance of the Tongue, is composed of many small Fibres, so curi∣riously interspersed, and so finely interwoven with each other, that some Illiterate Anatomists, have determined the Tongue to be altogether desti∣tute of Fibres; which though they be somewhat obscure in the Tongues of Men, yet are more conspicuous in those of Bruits, which also may be seen in Mens, if inspected with a curious Eye, most stedfastly prying into all the Fibres from the upper Area, quite through the inward Recesses, to the Base of the Tongue; * 1.788 it will be difficult to find any more then three Ranks. The first and upper Rank to border upon the surface of the Tongue, and have straight Ducts, all along the length of it; the other two Ranks of Fibres do furnish the inward parts of the Tongue, the one incline downward, from the upper

plain of the Tongue, in a straight course, * 1.789 when the other Ranks of Fibres taketh it rise from the middle of the Tongue, and run in transverse Ducts laterally; and these two last Ranks are disposed in so rare an order, that they receive each other Alternately, each Rank being but one Fibre in thick∣ness, and are made subordinate to each other, in a most admirable order, and may be truly called Stratae super Stratas, as the Chymists called in ano∣ther Sense.

So that the more soft and inward Flesh of the Fibres, have long, * 1.790 trans∣verse, and oblique Positions, seated one under another in variety of Rows, and do marvellously intersect each other, whereby they are rendred capa∣ble of different motions of Elevation, Depression, Elongation, Retraction, ministerial to Mastication, Deglutition, and Speaking; to all which useful Functions, in order to the preservation and pleasure of our Life, the Tongue very much contributeth by the different Contractions of its various Fibres, whose Interstices, especially those of the Base, are filled up with copious Fat, and a great company of Miliary Glands.

About the tip of the Tongue of a Woman privately Dissected in the Col∣ledg Theatre, appeared divers Fissures † 1.791 (which I conceive were Preterna∣tural) interspersed on each side with many red pointed Prominencies, which for the most part did beset the outward Membrane; and here and there the middle and body of the Tongue, embossed with divers round white Protuberancies † 1.792, of different sizes; and many of the greatest, seated near the Root of the Tongue, are of a more Oval Figure.

The Tongue of Man, near its Root, is beautified with two great Pro∣tuberancies † 1.793, somewhat of an Oval Figure, dressed with many Promi∣nencies, of different Colours, Magnitudes, and Figures.

About the Root of the Tongue, appeared a round † 1.794 Cavity, the termi∣nation of a common Duct, into which many Excretory Vessels (relating to the Glands) did discharge their Salival Liquor.

The Tonsils † 1.795 do confine below, on each side of the Boss of the Tongue, and more upward near the sides of the Uvula, about the termination of the Palate; these Tonsillary soft bodies, are not one continued substance, but a composition of many small Glands, closely conjoyned by the medi∣ation of many thin Membranes; and discharge a thick Mucous Matter through an Excretory Duct into the Mouth.

By the Root of the Tongue, is placed the Larynx, or top of the Wind-pipe, guarded with the Epiglottis † 1.796, (which is a thin Cartilagenous substance, covered with a fine Membrane) which is a kind of Tongue, or cover to defend the entrance of the Wind-pipe, against the assaults of Meat and Drink, as destructive, or troublesome at least to Respiration, and produ∣ctive of a Cough.

In the Larynx, near the termination of the Tongue, is lodged a Rimula, or Chink † 1.797 (passing between the Lips of the Eurelike Cartilage) whose greater or less Contraction, or Dilatation, maketh the Voice more acute, or grave; which is of great use in rising and falling our Voice in Speaking, and Singing.

Having given a Description of a Humane Tongue, in point of its Stru∣cture, I will now give some Account of this part in Bruits, Fowl, and Fish, what similitude they have with that of Man, which is very Conducive to un∣derstand the Actions and Uses of it.

The various pointed Prominencies, interspersed with flat and round Pro∣tuberancies, placed about the tip of the Tongue, and the greater Promi∣nencies

seated about its Boss in Bullocks, Sheep, and the like; and the slen∣der Brisles found about the tip of the Tongue in Lions, Cats, and the lar∣ger about the more substantial parts of it, being attended with Excretory Ducts, hold great Analogy with the red pointed Prominencies † 1.798, seated about the Anterior part of the Tongue of Man, interspersed with round Protuberancies † 1.799, and larger pointed Asperities about the thicker part of of it; and these Acuminated Processes, as well of Bruits as Man, being hol∣low, spue out a clammy Liquor into the Mouth, to meliorate the Mastica∣ted Aliment, in order to a more perfect Concoction in the Stomach.

The Tongue of a Lion is sharp, * 1.800 and dressed with numerous pointed Pro∣cesses (bent toward the Gulet) as so many Pikes, seated about the fore part of the Blade, by which he can catch and kill small Animals in his Mouth, as in a Slaughter-House, and suck out their Blood, which is of a delicate taste, and very grateful to this Animal.

The Tongue of a Chamel is very remarkable, * 1.801 hath the Anterior part be∣set with Prominencies, coming from without, and tending inward, as in other Animals; but the hinder part near the Root, being thick, is beauti∣fied with a small Circle, passing between many Protuberancies, and the mid∣dle of the Tongue is garnished with many folds of Annular Figure, running between the Prominencies: The last and middle part, is also furnished with two ranks of Folds, springing out of the small Circles (seated between the Prominencies) and passing in a straight Line.

The Tongue of a Chameleon, * 1.802 is as long as his whole Body, and is Con∣tracted in his Mouth into divers Annular Folds, and can extend his Tongue in a moment, and girk it out of his Mouth a great length, to take Flies (which are his Prey) by his Tongue, as besmeared with a Viscid Matter (destilling out of the Glandulous substance of the Tongue) in which the Flies are ensnared, as in Bird-Lime: The Tongue of this Animal is hollow in its Origen, and near the Roots of it, of a Spungy, Carnous, or rather Glandulous substance, covered with a clammy Matter; and through its middle passeth a Cord (which this Animal can Contract, and Extend at pleasure with great nimbleness) which is inserted into the tip of the Tongue.

The Tongue of a Swan is thin, and smaller in its Origen, of a Semicircu∣lar Figure † 1.803, modelled according to the shape of the Beak, in which it is lodged; and after a small space, the tip of the Tongue groweth somewhat broader and thicker, and is adorned with a Fringe (for some space) wrought with numerous Membranous Filaments † 1.804, and is afterward beautified on each side toward the end of the Blade, with divers indented Processes † 1.805, broad in the Bases, and pointed in their Extreamities, consisting of divers Threads: The Fissure of the Blade † 1.806 runneth in the middle, dividing the the Tongue into equal parts, and hath pointed Processes † 1.807 seated on each side of the Fissures, which I conceive to be Glands.

The white termination of the Tongue, is more thick then the Anterior part, and is composed of two Glands † 1.808, and beyond its Fringes, is dres∣sed with thin Rows of pointed Prominencies † 1.809, set one above another, of which the uppermost are the largest.

The Root of the Tongue, consisteth of two Divisions, and is composed of a soft Glandulous substance, covered with a thin Membrane, and the first Division, or Story † 1.810, is the broadest, and shortest, and most full of pointed Processes, enclosing the beginning of the second Apartiment in its Embraces.

The second Division, or Story, relating to the Roots of the Tongue of a Swan, is made up of many pointed Protuberancies † 1.811, and encloseth some part of the Fissure (appertaining to the Aspera Arteria) with a double Arch, and is inserted into the Origen of it.

The Tongue of a Bustard, is pointed in its beginning, and endeth much broader, and is fringed with a double row of Comblike Oblique Processes, and towards its termination, hath on each side some indented Processes.

The Tongue of a Goose, being fringed on each side with Cartilaginous Saw-like Teeth, hath for the most part a red soft Glandulous substance, ex∣cept in its termination, where it is furnished with a white plump body, ending in two or three Rows of white pointed Glands.

The Tongue of a Duck, * 1.812 is also garnished on each side with Saw-like Proces∣ses, resembling those of a Goose, and hath two Glands like those of a Goose in Colour, and hath the same Rows of small pointed Glands, near the Root of the Tongue, which are only different in length and slenderness, and are much broader and shorter in a Goose, then a Duck.

The Tongue of a Turkey, being of a Pyramidal Figure, hath its Blade covered with a white Membrane, and is parted from the Root by an Inci∣sure, fringed with a double Row of small indented Processes; and its Root is of a reddish Colour, and of a more soft glandulous substance, then the Blade.

The Tongue of an Eagle, being three transverse Fingers long, * 1.813 and one broad, and being somewhat Concave, was beset on each side about the middle, with a pair of Teeth, resembling in hardness and sharpness those of Fish, and with a whole Rank of smaller Teeth (guarding the upper surface of the Tongue) set in a Semilunary Figure, and bending toward the Throat, to give a check to the return of the Aliment received into the Mouth; and the sides of the Tongue are garnished with divers Minute Glands, furnished with Holes, which are the terminations of the Excretory Ducts, through which destilleth a thin Liquor, somewhat resembling Spittle.

Some Fish have no Tongues, but are endued with soft Palates, * 1.814 supplying their Defect; which Learned Rondeletius calleth Fleshy: But indeed, are Glandulous, as being Compositions of many small Glands; which is very eminent in the Palates of Tenches, Breams, and Carps, and in other Fish destitute of Tongues.

Other Fish have Tongues, as all Ceteceous kinds, as Dolphins, * 1.815 which have broad and short Tongues: And according to Rondeletius, have a free∣dom to display themselves up and down.

A Porpess, is also a Cetaceous kind, * 1.816 having a fleshy Tongue (beset with Salival Glands) fringed with divers Indentments about its Margents, and is fastned to the lower region of the Mouth.

The Semicircles belonging to the Mouth of a Gurnet, † 1.817 being parted in the middle, are composed of a Bony substance, and furnished with many small Teeth, which do adjoyn to the Tongue, in the Arterior part of the Mouth, which is encircled by it: These bending Confines, have some sem∣blance with the under Lip † 1.818, both in shape, and as capable of Motion up and down, and is discriminated from the under Lip of Man (which is Fleshy and Glandulous) as it is of a Bony substance, beset with Teeth.

Between the under Lip † 1.819, and the tip of the Tongue, is lodged a Glan∣dulous Body, made up of small Glands, covered with a thin Membranous Coat.

The Tongue of a Gurnet is plump † 1.820, and its Origen covered with a thin Membran, and is framed of a Bony substance (without any Glands, which are supplied by those seated between the Lip and Tongue) which is at∣tended with a Bony Process, to which the Guills are fastned on each side.

The Guills of a Gurnet adjacent to the Tongue, are fringed with various Blood Vessels, Arteries, Veins, affixed to the lower region of the Bony Semi∣circles of the Guills, and are embossed in their upper parts, with many Knobs, or Prominencies † 1.821 (somewhat resembling the great Teeth of other Ani∣mals) which are much smaller and more numerous in the Guills of Pikes.

Within the Circumference of the first Guill above the Heart, are lodged two Protuberancies † 1.822, somewhat like Pectoral Lozenges in shape, and are dressed with a great company of small Teeth: Beyond these rough Protuberancies, in a Gurnet, are seated a number of small Glands † 1.823, enwrapped in a thin Membrane, shrivelled up into many Folds, and about the termination of the Palate of this Fish, beginneth the entrance of the Gulet, which is Cir∣cular and Large, and hath many Folds † 1.824, which appear in the inside of the opened Gulet, the upper edges of the lower Mandible † 1.825, are garnished with sharp Teeth in a Pike; and between the sides of the Mandible, near the forepart, and under the beginning of the Tongue, is seated a Glandu∣lous substance † 1.826, covered with a thin white Membrane. The Tongue of a Pike, is made of a Bony substance † 1.827, covered with a fine white Coat, which is broad and thin in the Origen, and is attended with a long and narrow Bony Process, to which another Bony Protuberance is affixed, be∣decked with numerous small Teeth: And these Bony Protuberancies, are encompassed on each side within a broad thin Bone † 1.828, encircled with a Silver coloured Membrane, fastned in their Origen to the sides of the Tongue, and in their Bases to a thin Membrane, fixed to the inside of the lower Man∣dible.

The Guills of a Pike in their Originations, are fastned higher and lower to the Bony Process † 1.829, joyned to the Tongue, and passing along the lower part of the Mouth; and the Guills are Fringed on each side with Blood Ves∣sels, and their upper Region is beset with short Teeth † 1.830.

Within the two inmost Guills, are placed two oblong Protuberancies † 1.831, furnished with many rows of numerous Teeth, which are fixed to a Mem∣brane, covering a fleshy Expansion, guarding the Apartiment in which the Heart is lodged.

CHAP. VII. Of the Sense of Tasting.

THus I have Treated of the Structure of the Lips, Teeth, Palate, and Tongue, consisting of the various parts of Membranes, Processes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Conglomerated Glands, and their Excretory Ves∣sels, as preliminary to their farther several uses of Tasting, Speaking, Ma∣stication, and their Pathology; of which I will Discourse in order.

The Grand Architect, out of His great Love to His Creatures, hath com∣placed them in the grateful Sense of Tasting, to invite them to the enjoy∣ment of his Benefits with Pleasure and Satisfaction, in order to their Support and Preservation.

The Ratio formalis of Tasting, consisteth in Action and Passion, * 1.832 which are different Modellings of the same Entity; Action deriveth it self from an Operative principle, Tanquam a termino a quo, the Motion proceedeth; And Passion is a termination, and reception of it into its subject, as being the Terminus in quem, the Action is received; * 1.833 so that Tasting is an Affe∣ction flowing from the motion of Saline and Sulphureous Particles, often produced by Mastication, conveyed through the Pores of the upper Mem∣brane of the Tongue to its proper Sensory, upon which an Appulse is made in Sensation; whereupon it may be truly stiled a Perception of a stroke made by the motion of a due Object, upon the proper subject of Sensati∣on, and thence transmitted by the continuation of Nerves to the common Sensory, seated in the Brain, apprehending and discriminating the different Objects, and operations of the outward Senses.

But I will speak more distinctly of the sense of Tasting, and its Sensory, * 1.834 which many famous Anatomists, as Bauhine, Bartholine, Westling, and others, have placed in the soft Carnous parts of the Tongue, which is com∣composed of some part of the red Crassament, and oily Particles of the Blood (extravasated and adhering to the Interstices of the Vessels) when they are impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries, and are in some part accreted to the sides of the Vessels, while they pass through the habit of the Body, into the Extreamities of the Veins, and in the interim the con∣creted and affixed parts of the red Crassament of the Blood to the Coats of the Vessels, is commonly called the Parenchyma (filling up some part of their empty Spaces) which cannot be a proper Sensory of the Tongue, as being void of all Sense. Worthy Doctor Wharton, was so much in love with the Glands, that he consigned the Glands of the Tongue (seated about the Root of it) to an Office they are not capable of, to be the Sen∣sory of Tasting; which is somewhat improbable, as I conceive, by reason these Glands do not invest the upper Area about the tip of the Tongue, wherein our Taste is principally, if not wholly seated: But craving Pardon of this Learned Anatomist, * 1.835 I humbly conceive the Organ of Tasting to be founded in Gustatory Nerves, sprouting of the fourth and seventh pair of Nerves, perforating the inward and outward Coat of the Tongue, into whose Blade all about the tip, it transmitteth numerous Fibrils, the imme∣diate subject of Sensation of Tasting, produced by the appulses of sapid

Objects, made upon the Extreamities of Nervous Fibrils implanted in the upper Coat, not far from the tip of the Tongue.

Learned Malpighius, * 1.836 doth constitute numerous Papillae to be the Organ of Taste, which do plainly appear in the red Expansion (seated under the thick Coat of the Tongue of a Beast) when some part of the upper Coat is parted by the Knife, and the other torn off by violence, and are inserted only into the inward surface of the Exterior Coat of the Tongue, and do not perforate it, by reason they appear short, and very minute in their Extreamities, which would be much longer, if they did penetrate the outward Coat of the Tongue: Whereupon, I most humbly conceive, those Papillary Protuberancies, not to be the instruments of Taste, as not recep∣tive of sapid impressions, which cannot well be imparted through the hard Exterior Membrane of the Tongue, not perforated by the Papillary Pro∣minencies.

Whereupon it may be farther replied, by most ingenious Malpighius, in his Favour, that the numerous small pointed Prominencies (springing out the red Expansion, are elevated above it) and do emit out of their Ex∣treamities, Nervous Fibrils (which saith this Learned Author) are insinu∣ated into the Sinus, appertaining to the Roots of the crooked Cartilagi∣nous Processes, which perforating the Exterior Coat of the Tongue, are seated above it. To which I make bold, with the permission of this wor∣thy and great Anatomist, to return this Answer: That if the Papillary Prominencies, do creep into the Cavities of the Roots of the Horny Pro∣tuberancies, yet they arrive not the utmost Extreamities of them above; so that the Nervous Fibrils seated below, are not in a readiness to entertain sapid impressions (as being at a distance from the Masticated Aliment) which therefore cannot affect the Nerves through the Cavities of the Horny Prominencies, prepossessed with Salival Liquor, flowing into the Mouth, to impraegnate the chewed Nutriment in order to Concoction.

And furthermore, * 1.837 I humbly conceive, that this Hypothesis of most Learn∣ed Malpighius, to be somewhat improbable, who affirmeth the Extreami∣ties of the Papillae to be inserted into the Roots of the Cartilaginous Pro∣cesses, which are implanted into the Glandulous Coat of the Tongue of Bruits, lodged under the red Expansion, the seat of the Papillae; and ac∣cording to the Supposition, that their tops should enter the roots of the Horny Protuberancies, their terminations of the Cartilaginous Processes should be planted toward the interior part of the upper Membrane of the Tongue: Which seemeth to oppose Autopsy, because I have often seen (if my sight doth not deceive me) the Papillae to be seated in the Red Coat, where the Exterior Membrane is stripped of both, in a Boiled and Raw Tongue; wherein I have also viewed the Horny Prominencies pulled up by the Root, out of the Glandulous Coat, and have seen the Papillae (seated between their Cavities, the receptacles of the Horny Processes) upon the Area of the red Expansion: Whereupon begging the excuse of the truly Renowned, and most Accomplished Malpighius, I deem it more reasonable not to found the Organs of Tasting in the Papillae, lodged un∣der the Exterior Membrane (which I conceive to be Minute Glands) in the second Coat of the Tongue; but in numerous Nervous Fibrils, inser∣ted into the surface of the upper Membrane, which can readily perceive Appulses made by sapid objects upon the surface of the Exterior Coat of the Tongue.

That I may give you a clearer notion of the Tasting Faculty, * 1.838 and its Objects, they are most highly to be considered as Relatives. And by Fa∣culty, I do not mean an empty Notion void of Reason (as some will have it) but thus far Significant, as being the sole Definitively existent in such a part duly qualified to accomplish a peculiar Operation, which is reduced into Act, as being specified and determined by a proper Object, which moveth upon the Organ of Sensation, by gentle, or brisk Appulses, whence Tastes are rendred more or less Pleasant, according to soft or strong Con∣tacts upon the Sensory.

The Sapid Liquors, or more solid Substances, * 1.839 as the various Objects of the Taste may be noticed; either as they are Internally constituted of divers Elementary Principles, or Externally framed of different Solematisms, made up of several Figures and Magnitudes.

The various objects of Sapid Objects, as they relate to Elementary Bo∣dies, are composed of different Saline and Sulphureous Particles.

Bitterness is made of bitter oily parts, * 1.840 which is frequently demonstrated in the destillation of bitter Vegetables by a Serpentine, whence it is easie to extract a very bitter Chymical Oyl; which being drawn out, the Magma of those Plants, which before were highly bitter, remaineth as it were in∣sipid, and void of all bitterness: Which is a clear Argument to prove, that Bitterness in Plants, proceedeth from Oily Spirits, which do not grow sweet by Digestion, but thereby acquire greater and greater degrees of Bitterness, by reason Oily Bodies have such a Consistence, that it so confineth the Vo∣latil Spirituous Particles, that they cannot easily breath out.

Sweetness borroweth its birth from sweet Oily parts (getting the domi∣nion over the Saline) and are kept in a state of Mediocrity, or Maturity; * 1.841 which is conspicuous in well ripened Fruits, which being of a Vinous nature have divers Periods, and Intermedial Steps, before they arrive their Ma∣turity.

Fruits in their greatest degrees of Crudity, and Fixation, * 1.842 have their Sul∣phureous parts so gross, and depressed, that they have a kind of sticky, and insipid taste in their first Production; but afterward, though by degrees the Oily parts are somewhat exalted, yet they are depressed by Saline, causing an Acidity, which afterward is much alaied by the Vinous Oily Particles, growing more exalted, and in conclusion acquire a sweetness and delicacy of Taste, as appeareth in Fruits perfectly ripened.

But a more rich, unctuous, and nourishing Sweetness, * 1.843 is derived from sweet and oily well tempered Particles, having the power over the Saline; this sweetness is eminent in delicious Aliment, highly Nutritive, as in sweet Flesh, Fat, Marrow, Butter, and the like, which being well fraught with sweet oily and well Digested parts (predominant over the other Elementary Bodies) do render them very grateful to the Taste.

Soureness, relating to Taste, springeth from Saline parts, * 1.844 overacting the Sulphureous, which evaporating in Vinous Liquors, the Saline grow more and more exalted, till at last they come to a Fluor; and Wine, Sider, and the like, loosing their Oily Volatil Particles, do grow more and more Green, and Acid, and at last degenerate into Vineger.

And as Sweetness hath its rise from the predominancy of Oily Particles, * 1.845 and Soureness from Saline, so there is a mixed pleasant Taste, compounded of Sweet and Soure, brought to a Mediocrity, proceeding from Oily and Sa¦line parts equally mixed, so that one of them is not at all exalted above ano∣ther; and this taste in Wine is called by Italians, Dulce Pickante, and Multo

Delicato, and Gustevole, which courteth our Taste with Pleasure and De∣light: And as there is a sweet Taste made of sweet Oily parts, and soure of Saline, having the superiority, and also a mixed Taste made of Oily and Saline parts, * 1.846 well and equally embodied, so there is a Rancid Taste, either springing from a Primogeneal Rancid Oil, extracted out of Galbanum, Sa∣gapenum, and the like; or from secondary degenerate Oyl, where the sweet and thinner parts are exhaled, and the gross and faetide remain; as in Oyl ex∣cted out of Olives, or Almonds: Or when the purer Volatil Oyl is first drawn out by a soft heat, and afterward the more gross and rancid, com∣monly called the Empyreuma, because it is forced up by most intense and vio∣lent heat of the Fire.

Another kind of insipid Taste, * 1.847 is either produced by the defect or pau∣city of Elementary Principles, productive of Taste, as in fair, and some destilled simple Waters, impraegnated with very few Saline and Sulphureous Particles, and in Phlegm, and the Caput Mortuum, which are wholly destitute of Active Principles.

Or also an insipid Taste may come from its Elements, immersed in too great a proportion of Crude Faeces, so that they cannot exert themselves, as when the Salt and Oily parts are bound up in the Caput Mortuum, of some Minerals and Stones; so that though they be beaten to Powder, yet they cannot at all affect the Tongue with any gust whatsoever.

Thirdly, * 1.848 An insipid Taste may be derived from a gross crude Sulphur, and fixed Salt, whereupon the Spirituous parts are so highly depressed, that they can impart little or no Taste, as in the first productions of Fruits, as Apples, Plumbs, Grapes, &c. but afterward, the Saline parts being rendred a little more Volatil, the Fruits first acquire a Soureness, and afterward their Oily parts are more and more exalted, till they overpower the Saline, and by a due Maturity, do partake of a grateful Sweetness in their accom∣plished Perfection.

Having after my manner, * 1.849 rudely Discoursed the several objects of Ta∣sting, and their various Productions, as inwardly constituted of Elementary Principles, it may be Methodical in some kind, now to express how they are imparted to their proper Sensory, seated in the Tongue; which I hum∣bly conceive, is thus performed. The sapid substance being broken into small Particles, and mollified and impraegnated with Salival Liquor, deri∣ved from the Glands of the Mouth, communicateth its Oily and Saline Par∣ticles, through the pores of the outward Membrane of the Tongue, ma∣king Appulses upon the Nervous Fibrils implanted into it, and from thence are carried by the continuation of Nerves into the common Sense, judging and determining the outward sensible Objects; which do not only make impres∣sions upon the outward Sensory, as they are inwardly constituted of Ele∣mentary Principles, but also give various stroaks upon the Organs of Sensa∣tion, * 1.850 according to their different Schematisms, consisting in divers Shapes and Sizes; so that the Salts, the various causes of Tastes, being extracted out of the simple family of Vegetables, Minerals, and Animals, marvel∣lously declare the Wisdom of the Omnipotent Creator, in speaking the great variety of Nature, clearly represented in the different, and beautiful Aspects of Salts, wherein we may see and admire different elegant Figures of Cubes, Pyramides, Cylinders, Trigons, Prismes, and an innumerable variety of Trapezia, Rhombi, &c. as the admirable Sportings of Nature, and the Heralds of divers Tempers and Vertues, relating to different Inani∣mate, and Animate Beings.

Whereupon I conceive with some probability, that the several distincti∣ons of Tastes, may be deduced from the various shapes and magnitudes of Salts, drawn out of Vegetables, Minerals, and Animals.

Sweetness may be derived from the round Figure, and well proportioned magnitude of Saline Particles: And a Stiptick Soureness (such as in green Fruits) from a large Figure, and acidity from an acute Conick crooked Fi∣gure; and a sharp hot Taste (as in Spices) is borrowed from a slender Angular, and Saltness from an Angular distorted Figure, consisting of equal sides.

And Bitterness, may be deduced from a small distorted, and round shape: * 1.851 But perhaps to derive the several objects of Tasting, from various determi∣nate Figures and Magnitudes, may seem more Curious then Rational: And it carrieth with it a greater shew of probability to derive the differences of Tastes, as taken in a more general notion from Minute Saline Particles, * 1.852 affected with peculiar Dispositions and Motions, Figures and Magnitudes, commensurate to the Pores, relating to the Membranes of the Tongue. And this Hypothesis, seemeth to be agreeable to the Sentiments of Epicurus, mentioned by Plutarch, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: Concinnitates & proportiones Matulorum, qui in ipsis Sensoriis, ac mistiones multiplices seminum, seu Corpusculorum, quae omnibus Saporibus, Odoribus, Coloribusque interspersa.

So that the Sapid Objects (being received into the Mouth, and enter∣tained upon the Tongue, with frequent Appulses) mixed with Saline Juice, do insinuate themselves through the Pores, seated in the surface of the upper Coat of the Tongue, * 1.853 and affect the numerous Minute Fibrils inserted in∣to it, and thereby give variety of Taste, produced by divers Motions, Mag∣nitudes, and Configurations of Saline Particles; which if they be hard and poignant, are forced into the Orbicular Pores of the Tongue, and do give a pungent trouble, which happens in Acid, Bitter, and sharp things: But if the Saline Particles be round, soft, and pliable, they slip gently into the round Pores of the Tongue, and do gratifie it with a sweet and pleasant Taste, which succeedeth in generous Wines, Honey, Sugar, and the like.

CHAP. VIII. Of the manner of Speaking.

ANother use of the Tongue is more noble then that of Tasting, as it is an Instrument of Speech, by which we Complace and Instruct each other in order to Delight and Discipline. * 1.854

Man being of a generous and sociable Disposition, pleaseth himself in treating others with a Civil Converse, causing his Associates with chearful Looks, and kind Language, made up of various significant Terms, the lively Expresses of the Mind, clearly represented to us in fair Vocal Characters; which are so many different Models, formed by various Motions of the Instruments of the Voice, performed by divers Muscular Contractions, pro∣ducing the natural Elements of Speech.

Use, * 1.855 the great Master and Arbitrator of Language, hath rendred it Arti∣ficial, as being taught, and is only significant, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Words being Representatives, designed to render the notions of the Mind intelligible: And hence Languages have their first Productions, by Institution and Mu∣tual Consent, and are certain Systems of Vocal Elements, contrived to re∣present such determinate things and their Modalities. * 1.856

The several Principles, out of which Words are framed, have their first Formation by various stops, whence arise the different Modellings of Expi∣red Air, in its retreat from the Lungs by the Larynx, through the Mouth, or Nose, produced by the Organs of Speech; well worth our Remark, as the first elements of Discourse, and expresses of Learning.

So that the Materia Substrata of Letters, is Expired Air, formally constituted by the Motions and Figures of the Tongue and Lips, the active Instruments of Speaking, Tuning the Breath with a proper Sound, by which every Ele∣ment of Speech is distinguished. * 1.857

The Organs which concur in the forming the Voice, are the Lungs, Aspera Arteria, Larynx, the Arch of the Palate, Tongue, Teeth, Gooms, Lips, Uvula, and Nose.

The Lungs are the Machines of respired Air, squeezing it out of the Bronchia by their weight, and making it recoil through the Aspera Arteria, as a Pipe, or Channel, to reconvey it to the side of the Larynx, like the Sound-board of an Organ, to collect and transmit the Breath through the Aspera Arteria, to the Rimula of the Glottis; which by the assistance of various Antagonist Muscles (as so many curious Machines of Motion) hath a pow∣er to Contract and Dilate it self, according to the different Motions of the Larynx (contrived by the infinite Wisdom of the Grand Architect) no way to be Parallel'd, * 1.858 or fully imitated by Art.

The Expired Air being impelled at our pleasure, passeth readily to the Larynx, where it receiveth a Check against the sides of the Cartilages of the Arytaenoeides. So that the Air being impelled in Expiration, and conveyed through the Rimula of the Glottis, maketh an Appulse upon the inside of the Eure∣like Cartilages, rendred tense by their various Muscles, outwardly besetting them, whence the Breath is modelled into a Vocal Sound; which being

transmitted to the upper part of the Mouth, the Arch of the Palate, * 1.859 is far∣ther sweetned and increased, as by the Shell of a Lute.

And the Uvula moveth forward and backward by the Pterigostaphylini, and is instituted as a Valve, to open and shut the passage of the Voice into the Nose, which else by new modelling the Breath in its Conveyance, would give it a different Sound, and alter the tone of the Voice.

And it may be observed, * 1.860 that we may also communicate our Notions one to another, without Voice, by a soft kind of Speech, commonly called Whispering; which is accomplished by a less expense of Breath, making softer Appulses upon the Eurelike Cartilages, and modelled by the Organs of Speech, contrived by a more secret Converse. But the more free and open way of Discourse, is framed by Voice, made by stronger Vibrations of repelled Air upon the Rimula, being so much the more a perfect way of Speaking as it is more diffusive, by which we can Treat a greater society in Allegrezza, or in more sober Concerns: The Voice being first formed by an impulse of Breathed Air upon the inward walls of the Arytaenoeides, is after∣ward tuned by various Articulations of the Voice, giving distinct Sounds, expressing the several Elements of Speech, made by the Palate, Tongue, Gooms, Teeth, and Lips; of which some Organs are Active, * 1.861 as the Tongue and Lips; others Passive, as the Palate, Gooms, and Teeth.

Articulations are framed by the active Instruments of Speech, as the terms from which the divers Motions do proceed, and do determine in the Passive Organs of Speech, upon which the Appulses are received, and give several stops to the Breath, making distinct Sounds, the Heralds of our Minds. Among the Active Organs, the Tongue is most serviceable, and plaieth eve∣ry way by the several Contractions of Muscles, to and from all parts of the Palate, Gooms, and Teeth, except the Arch of the Palate, which is left free to assist the Sound in its passage through the Mouth.

And the under is moved, to the upper Lip, and row of Teeth, by the Muscles of the under Lip; and Temporal Muscles, the Elevators of the low∣er Mandible.

B, is pronounced by an appulse of Breath upon the Lips, * 1.862 by closing the under Lip with the upper, caused by lifting up the lower Mandible, to which the under Lip is affixed, and is performed by the Contraction of the Temporal Muscles.

B, P, and M, are Articulated with the same Organs of Speech, * 1.863 only I conceive they differ in divers motions of Breath; B, being celebrated with brisker, and P, and M, with softer Vibrations of Breath, made upon the closed Lips, giving Checks to the gentler Undulations of Expired Air: M, is formed by a close stop of the Lips, much resembling that of B, but with this Discrimination, that at the same time the Uvula is drawn forward, and the Voice in M, is somewhat conveyed into the Nose.

The Letters T, D, and N, * 1.864 are framed by an Appulse of the tip of the Tongue, to the Gooms, which is acted by the Genioglossi, Styloglossi, and Myloglossi: The first putting the Tongue forward, and the other lift it up to the Gooms. And though T, D, and N, are Articulated by the same Organs, yet they are distinguished by different Motions of Breath, impel∣led more softly in T, and more strongly in D, and N, differeth from T and D, by some part of the Breath transmitting the Voice somewhat into the Nose, which is effected by the Pterigostaphylini (discovered by Dr. Croone) which in their Contraction, pull the Uvula toward the Mouth, and give a freedom for the Voice to pass out of the Mouth into the Nose.

K, * 1.865 is Articulated by the Boss-end of the Tongue, moved upward to∣ward the Palate near the Fauces, by the assistance of the Styloglossi.

Learned Doctor Holder is of an Opinion, That divers Consonants are Articulated by Breath not Vocalized, receiving stops by the Organs of Speech: For, saith the worthy Author, it is one thing to Breath, or give an appulse to Breath alone, and another to Vocalize that Breath in its pas∣sage through the Larynx, to give it the sound of Humane Voice. Thus the same Articulation of Breath alone, maketh one Letter, and Breath Vocali∣zed another; which seemeth to me a nice Distinction. For according to my meaner Sentiments, all Letters vocally pronounced, are Breath first stop∣ped, and then rendred Sonorous in the Larynx, and afterward receive new models of more exact Voice, made by several appulses of the Organs. For I cannot well apprehend, how Letters spoken out, can be Breath Articula∣ted without Humane Voice, which is rather Whispering then Speaking. And now after this Diversion, I will proceed to the other Letters.

F, * 1.866 is Articulated by raising the under Lip to the Teeth inward, which is performed partly by the Temporal Muscle, lifting up the lower Mandi∣ble and Lip to the upper row of the Teeth, and the other Motion of draw∣ing in the Lip to the Teeth, is performed by the lower region of the Con∣strictor Labiorum; which is done (as I conceive) by various Fibres decussa∣ting each other, whereby the Lips are closed, and also drawn inward, to the upper Teeth, as in the formation of F, causing a Lisping Sound, the Breath being impelled, and as it were percolated through the Teeth.

S, * 1.867 is somewhat akin to F, the one being Lisping, the other Sibilant; and S is framed by raising up the tip of the Tongue to the upper Gooms, produced by the Genioglossi, drawing the tip of the Tongue forward, and then lifted upward to the Gooms by the Styloglossi; whereupon the Breath having but a narrow passage, giveth a hissing Noise, while the outward Margents of the Tongue are firmly stretched out by strong Fibres to the Dentes Molares, on which they rest during the Sibilant pronounciation of S.

L, * 1.868 is Articulated by the apposition of the tip of the Tongue to the Gooms, which is exerted first by the Genioglossi, thrusting the Tongue forward, and then by the Styloglossi and Myloglossi, the tip of the Tongue is elevated to the Gooms; * 1.869 which Motions are also observable in T, and D, but with this difference in L, in which the Margents of the Tongue are pulled inward, by vertue of strong Fibres, and an open passage left on both sides of the Tongue, for the free conveyance of the Voice.

R, * 1.870 is formed by the same appulse of the Tongue to the Gooms, and de∣teined in that posture by the Genioglossi, Styloglossi, and Myloglossi, making a strong tension of the Tongue to the sides of the Mouth, conducting the Breath to the tip of the Tongue with a strong impulse, and a brisk tremu∣lous motion made by the various Fibres discussating each other, which give short girks up and down, producing shakings of the Breath, whence ariseth the jarring tone in the pronounciation of R.

All Consonants receive their first formation by Breath, * 1.871 first striking against the sides of the Arytaenoides, and thence transmitted to the arch of the Pa∣late, and afterwards Articulated by different appulses made upon the Or∣gans of Speech: But the Vowels are formed in an open Mouth, and the Breath prepared in the Larynx, passeth through the Mouth, and receiving no apparent stops, is Articulated with secret Motions of the Tongue, a lit∣tle

inclining it toward the Palate, without any appulse of one instrument of Speech upon another.

So that the formation of Consonants, * 1.872 resembleth the stop made upon the strings of a Musical Instrument, and Vowels a vibration of them open; and the Consonants are like the stop of a Wind Instrument, and Vowels resem∣ble a free and open Inflation of it, without any appulse of the Finger.

Consonants abstractly taken are Mutes, and like Ciphers without Figures have no value of themselves, receiving their significancy from association of Vowels; because Consonants denuded of Vowels, either preclude all Sound, or at least give a check to it, * 1.873 they being Articulated by the apposition of one organ of Speech to another: Hence ariseth the easiness of uniting Con∣sonants to Vowels, because it is more facile to pass from the appulse of one organ of Speech upon another, to the Aperture, * 1.874 then to go from stop to stop without an Aperture; and the Articulation of some Consonants is caused by the closure of the Mouth, which is made by the Temporal Muscle, drawing up the lower Mandible with Lips joyned to it till it kiss the up∣per, and the Aperture is successively produced in the pronounciation of Vowels, derived from the secret motions of the Tongue, with the free pas∣sage of the Breath in an open Mouth, caused by the contraction of the Di∣gastrick Muscles, pulling the lower Mandible and Lip downward.

Again, Besides the significancy and easiness of Speech, * 1.875 proceeding from the joyning of Consonants with Vowels, there is also less expense of Breath made, or at least a freer play of it, every Consonant being framed by a stop of one organ of Speech upon another, hindreth Respiration, detaining the Breath within the Mouth, whereas the Vowels are pronounced with open Lips, wherein we entertain a free entercourse of inspired and expired Air.

CHAP. VIII. Of Spittle.

HAving spoke of the nature and situation of divers Conglomerated Glands, * 1.876 it may not seem altogether amiss to Treat somewhat of the several Liquors, such and such Recrements, emitted by Excretory Vessels into the Mouth, comprehended under one general term of Spittle, * 1.877 consisting of a fourfold distinct Matter: The first called Bronchus, a pituitous Matter coughed out of the Lungs. The second is Coriza Narium. The third Mucus Tonsillarum. The fourth Saliva; which I handle chiefly, in reference to Mastication and Digestion of Aliment.

Bronchus is a crass viscid Humour, * 1.878 often deriving its origen from an ill Concoction of the Stomach, producing a crude Chyle, which being con∣veyed by the Mesenterick, and Thoracic Lacteae, to the Subclavian Ves∣sels, is thence transmitted by the Cava, into the right Chamber of the Heart, where the Milky Humour is so gross and clammy, that it cannot receive so exact a comminution into small Particles, by the motion of the Heart; whereupon the Chyme remaining unmixed to a great degree, cannot be well turned into Blood, and is squeesed out of the right Ventricle, by the

contraction of the Heart, into the Pulmonary Artery; where although this Lacteous Juice receiveth a farther Comminution, yet remaineth so unassi∣milated, that the more Minute Capillary Veins of the Lungs, cannot give a reception to this gross clammy Matter, * 1.879 commonly called Pituita; which is impelled with the Blood by the Pulsation of the Artery into the In∣terstices of the Vessels, where this gross Recrement is streined from the Blood, and forced into the Branches of the Bronchia, which being irritated, forcibly contract themselves, to throw out this unwelcome Guest, with the Breath, out of their more Minute Ducts, into the greater Channel of the Aspera Arteria, whose lower region being first Contracted by its right and Circular Fibres, * 1.880 and then the upper move higher and higher with great quickness, till this pituitous Matter is discharged into the Mouth, and at last spit out.

This Recrement of the Blood, is (as I conceive) more thin and frothy, when it is first landed out of the substance of the Lungs into the Bronchia, where it acquireth a greater Consistence, and is endued with various Co∣lours, as White, speaking its race from the Lacteous Humour, as also with Yellow and Green, proceeding either from the mixtures of Purulent Mat∣ter in Ulcers of the Lungs, or from the impurities of the Serous Liquor of the Blood; from whose red Crassament, the Ulcerous Pituitous Matter is tinged with Red, and thrown up in violent Coughs.

But if the Chyme be so far attenuated by the Motion of the Blood, that it can be entertained with it into the Pulmonary Veins, it is afterward com∣municated to the left Chamber of the Heart, and thence impelled by a brisk Motion, first into the Common Trunk, and afterward into the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, * 1.881 and by the External Carotides, terminating into the Tonsillary Glands; in whose substance as by a Colatory, the Blood being depurated from its grosser Recrement (called by Doctor Wharton, Mucus Tonsillarum) is returned by the External Jugulars, while its Recremental Mucous part stayeth behind, being lodged sometime in the substance of the Tonsils; where it being more thickned, is at last Exonerated by hawking through the smaller Excretory Vessels, into a greater Channel, terminating into the Mouth.

Furthermore, The Tonsils being accommodated with divers Fibres issuing from the Nerves, of the Third, Fourth, and perhaps from the Fifth pair of Nerves.

These Glands being not endued with Motion, * 1.882 nor with much of Sense, a small portion of Nerves would be sufficient for them, unless they were de∣signed to some other use; which is to convey (as I conceive) Nervous Liquor into the substance of the Tonsils, where a Defaecation being made, the purer part is ordained for their Nourishment, and the less pure, and in some degree profitable Particles of the Recrement, are returned into the Lymphaeducts, while the more gross being longer deteined and incrassated in the substance of the Glands, are at length ejected by the Excretory Ves∣sels, terminating near the Root of the Tongue; and these Faeces of the Ner∣vous Liquor, make a considerable part of the Mucus of the Tonsils.

The third kind of Spittle, * 1.883 is that Recrement of the Nostrils, called Co∣ryza, sometimes exuding out of the terminations of the Capillary Arteries and Fibres of Nerves, inserted into the inward Coat of the Nose, and other times descending from the Brain into the Caverns of the Nostrils, and is distinguished from the three other Recrements, and is more thin then the Phlegmatick Matter, lodged in the Bronchia of the Lungs, more Glutinous,

and less slippery then the Mucus of the Tonsils, less diaphanous and more gross then the Salival Juice of the Parotides, and Maxillary Glands.

This pituitous Humour, * 1.884 may either borrow its descent from Chymous parts mixed with the Blood, or from the Nervous Liquor issuing from the Brain. If considered under its first apprehension, it taketh its rise from the indige∣sted and pituitous parts of the Blood, which are dispensed into the Cavi∣ties of the Nostrils by the External Carotides terminating into the Mem∣branes, investing the inside of the Nose.

This Recrement truly bedewing the Nostrils, if it proveth Acrimonious, produceth a simple Ulcer, which if it be not speedily Cured, often dege∣nerateth into a putrid Faetide Ulcer, called Ozaena: But if this Recrement destilling out of the Extreamities of the Arteries be more milde, it some∣times generateth a Carnous Excrescence, called Polypus, often filling the Cavities of the Nostrils.

The Recrements of the Nervous Liquor, * 1.885 may be conveyed by the Ex∣treamities of the Nerves, and also Glands, seated about the Pinnae Narium, by which the Brain being overcharged with Recrements, dischargeth them by numerous Fibres, derived from the fifth pair of Nerves, implanted into the Membrane enwrapping the inside of the Nostrils: And for the defence of this Hypothesis, it may be said, that Vertiginous, and other Cephalick Distempers, have critically determined in the end of their Paroxisms, with free evacuations of a Limpid Liquor, plentifully destilling out of the Cavi∣ties of the Nostrils.

A Person of Quality, being highly afflicted with a violent Head-ach, and a Vertiginous Indisposition, when she found an Alleviation of the Fit, she felt in the top of her Head, as it were an Undulating motion of Water, gently carried forward and downward, which was presently after attended with divers drops of clear Liquor, flowing out of the Nostrils; whence it is also probable, that the Ventricles of the Brain are the Caverns of Se∣rous Liquors, and Recrements, which are softly streined through the Os Eth∣moeides, into the Caverns of the Nostrils.

The fourth is the most common thin Limpid and Insipid kind of Spit∣tle, claiming its Origen, * 1.886 from the Recrements of the Nervous and Vital Li∣quors.

As to the first, it oweth its descent to it, partly upon this account, * 1.887 that all the Salival Glands, and more particularly the Maxillary, as the chiefest, are accommodated with many eminent Nerves, derived from the third, fourth, and seventh pairs, whose prime office is to convey to these Glands, large proportions of Nervous Liquor, giving them first a support by its more pure Alimentary Liquor; and then the most useful part of its Recrement is received into the Lymphaeducts, and Capillary Jugulars, while the most im∣pure and unnecessary Particles are entertained into the Excretory Vessels, and thence vented into the Mouth.

Another probable Argument may be brought to confirm this Hypothesis, that Persons labouring with Hypocondriacal Distempers, do most freely Spit; because their Nerves being affected with overmuch Moisture, do act by the consent of a Nauseating Stomach, into which considerable Branches of the Par Vagum are inserted; and the origen also of these Stomacic Nerves, do nearly confine on those belonging to the Maxillary Glands, so that the Maxillary Nerves are easily drawn into consent, by the irregular motion of the neighbouring Par Vagum; which being irritated by Luxuriant Moisture, do produce the like motion in the Nerves appertaining to the Maxillary

Glands, causing them to spue out of their substance great quantities of Salival Juice, into their Excretory Vessels terminating into the Mouth.

Furthermore, This may be urged in favour of this Assertion, because in large Salivations raised by Mercurial Medicines, the Nerves are rendred dry, and their Exuberant Moisture much Exhausted, speaking that the Nerves do plainly contribute to the production of a Ptyalisme. * 1.888

And moreover, I most humbly conceive, that the Salival Liquor doth not wholly proceed from the Nerves, by reason the Arteries also claim a great share in the generation of it, which is more conspicuous in high Salival Evacuati∣ons, having often so great and extravagant Current into the Mouth, that it cannot probably be supplied by the smaller, and more slow Rivulets of the Animal Liquor, destilling between the Filaments of the Nerves.

Thus having Cursorily run over the Origen of the Vessels, through which the Salival Liquor is conveyed, it remaineth that we take a short view of the Qualities of it, * 1.889 and Uses, to which it is destined by Nature.

As to the Qualities of Salival Liquor, it is a thin, watry, Diaphanous Body, somewhat grosser and viscid, and therefore less fluid then Water, in∣sipid in Healthy Persons; but sometimes Salt, Sour, Bitter, as in disaffe∣cted and disordered Habits of Body, from Saline, Acid, or Bilious Particles, derived from the serous part of the Blood.

The Composition of Saliva is so rare and wonderful, that it will be dif∣ficult to describe it; * 1.890 and it is easily embodied with all sorts of Dry, Moist, Saline, Oily, Watry Aliments, of which none can be ingested into the Body, with which it will not Mix and Associate, and out of the Body it will In∣corporate with Quick-Silver: And when other Heterogeneous Liquors, as Water, Spirits, Oyl, and Saline Bodies, being jumbled together, seem to unite a little while, being no true Mixture, but only a Confusion: So that these various Bodies, of a disagreeing and inconsistent Nature, do easi∣ly sever themselves one from another, to which this Salival Liquor being added, * 1.891 its mediation reconcileth all differences, making these various sub∣jects unite and enter into consaederacies with each other; so that this Salival Juice, is a kind of universal Menstruum, containing in it a large proporti∣on of watry, and a little Volatil Spirits, so exactly mixed and contempered with less oily and acid Particles, by whose interposition the Salival Later entreth into a speedy association with all kinds of different Aliments, taken into the Mouth, insinuating it self into the inward Recesses of all Alimen∣tary Bodies, disposing their Compage to a dissolution when entertained into the Stomach, wherein by its assistance, a separation is made of the finer Nutricious Juice from the grosser and unprofitable Faeces, which is the first use to which the Salival Liquor is assigned. * 1.892

Another may be probably this, that its moister substance embodied with the Aliment broken into small Particles by Mastication, might facilitate De∣glutition, especially in Bruits, who feed upon Hay and Oats; whereupon a greater proportion of Salival Liquor is requisite as a Vehicle, to subdue this dry and solid Aliment, * 1.893 rendring its Mastication and Deglutition more facile: Whereupon Nature hath given Bruits, greater and more numerous Salival Glands, every way besetting the Palate and inside of the Cheeks, out of which Rivulets of Lympha run over the Aliment, * 1.894 torn into small Particles, by the constant strong motions of the Tongue, and upper and lower Mandi∣ble in Rumination.

The third use of the Salival Glands, may be thus rendred, that its Limpid body, being mixed with hard and solid Aliments, might be a fit Menstruum

to dissolve the Saline parts, thereby to extract a savory Tincture to affect the Membrane of the Tongue in Tasting.

The last may be given to quench the Thirst by bedewing and cooling the inside of the Mouth and Tongue, with a pleasant Liquor, * 1.895 smoothing the organs of Speech, which doth very much contribute to the sweeter and more distinct Articulation of Letters and Words.

CHAP. IX. Of the Muscles and Glands of the Cheeks.

MY Design at this time, is to Treat somewhat of the Muscles, * 1.896 rela∣ting to the Cheeks, and lower Mandibles, in order to Masticati∣on, described in a subsequent Discourse.

The Buccinatores, so called, because they fill the greatest part of the Cheeks, are in their margines of a Circular Figure, and borrow their origen from the top of the Gooms, belonging to the upper Mandible, and are terminated into the Gooms of the lower. So that I cannot reasonably ima∣gine, upon what account they are named by divers Anatomists, the Muscles of the Lips, when they have their rise and termination in the upper and lower Gooms, and fill up the inside of the Cheeks, and have little or no relation to the Lips; and therefore in their unnatural Motion, cannot (as I conceive) be guilty of the Spasmus Cynicus, a distortion of the Mouth, but rather move the Cheeks inward, toward the upper and lower Man∣dibles.

Bruits have the inside of their Cheeks all replenished and beset with Glands, and in some Animals, * 1.897 they seem to make one entire continued body, running all along in length, and leaning all along upon the lower Mandible: But in truth, they are many Conglomerated Glands, united to each other by Membranes, and seem to be one large continued Glandulous substance, full of many Excretory Vessels, which speak them many Glands, every one claiming a peculiar Excretory Vessel, through which Salival Juice is discharged into the Mouth. Bullocks have the interior part of the Cheeks fraught with an innumerable company of small Protuberancies, which I conceive to be so many Minute Glands, plainly distinguished one from another, somewhat resembling Barley Corns, though greater in bulk, and terminating in Cones.

CHAP. X. Of the Muscles of the lower Jaw.

THe strong and various Motions of the lower Jaw, * 1.898 upward, downward, outward, inward, are rarely accomplished by the diffe∣rent Contractions of Six pair of Muscles, among which the Temporal lead the Van: Upon the Dissection of this Muscle, it is most pleasant to treat the Eyes, * 1.899 with the various course of the Fibres, presenting an elegant Scheme, curiously drawn by Natures fine Pensil, from the acute Process of the lower Jaw to the Skull.

The lower Tendon climbing up into the body of the Muscle, is by little and little, as it were shaved into a thin Expansion, accompanied on each side with fleshy Particles, resembling in a manner the Feathers of Birds, beautifying their Quills. * 1.900

This pair of Temporal Muscles, invested with the Pericranium, for their greater security, do borrow their origen from the several Bones of the Fore∣head, Temples, and Synciput, from which they spring in a thin fleshy be∣ginning, adorned with a Semicircular Figure; and as they descend lower, they grow more Fleshy, and at last thinner again, as they make their near approach to the Os Jugale, which is raised in a segment of a Circle, both to secure, and give reception to the lower region of the Temporal Muscle, which creeping under it, is inserted with a short and strong Tendon, into the acute Process of the lower Jaw, and drawing it upward by a strong Contraction, closeth the Teeth of the upper with those of the lower Man∣dible; which may be acted with so great force, that the Mouth cannot be involuntarily opened, unless by the interposition of an Instrument, which we are constrained to make use of in giving Medicines to Distracted sullen Persons.

This pair of Muscles exert the strongest motion of all the Muscles of the lower Jaw, which is more remarkable in Bruits, then Men; as Lions, Wolves, Dogs, Hogs, and the like, which proceedeth from many large Nervous Fibres, springing from the Third and Fifth pair of Nerves: Where∣upon it is dangerous to make transverse Incisions, chiefly in the lower part of these Muscles, by reason of the great variety of Fibres, seated there; which being wounded Cross-ways, are frequently attended with dangerous and fatal Convulsions: Whereupon our great Master Hypocrates, asserteth the Laxation of the lower Mandible to be fatal, unless it be speedily re∣duced.

The second pair of Muscles appertaining to the lower Mandible, * 1.901 are sti∣led Digastrici, by reason of their double Belly; they take their rise behind and near the Processus Mammiformes, and first grow fleshy, and after dwin∣dle into a Tendinous body in the middle, and afterward are rendred fleshy again; so that they seem a double Muscle, conjoyned in the middle by the mediation of a small round Tendinous substance, and afterward growing fleshy again, are terminated inwardly into the fore and middle part of the Chin, and are Antagonists to the Temporal Muscles, which in their Con∣tractions do close the Teeth and Mouth, by drawing the lower Jaw

upward; but the Digastrici give a contrary motion to them, * 1.902 and by pulling them downward, do open the Teeth and Mouth.

The third pair of Muscles, which concern the lower Mandible, are the Quadrati, and are Muscular Expansions, or Membranes interlined with Mus∣cular substances, and deriving their origen from the upper parts of the Sternon, Clavicle, Scapula, and hinder part of the Neck are inserted with oblique Fibres into the Chin: These also being Antagonists to the Temporal Muscles, do assist the Digastrici: and in their Contractions, do depress the lower Mandible, thereby parting the upper Teeth and Lip from the nether, do open the Mouth.

These Muscles having a contexture of many carnous oblique Fibres, great Care ought to be taken, least they be wounded in a transverse Incision, whence may ensue Convulsions; to which some attribute the cause of a Spasmus Cynicus, * 1.903 because the Musculi Quadrati being chiefly inserted into the Chin, do also transmit some Fibres into the Lips, which being violently Contracted, may contribute somewhat to the distortion of the Mouth.

The fourth pair of Muscles of the lower Mandible, are called Masseteres, and having partly fleshy, and partly Nervous Originations, are derived from the lower and inward region of the Os Jugale, and from the upper Mandible, beginning in a kind of Angle near the Ear, and running along with a broad Origination, and descending, are implanted very broad and strongly into the lower Mandible. * 1.904

These Muscles being furnished with great variety of Fibres running dif∣ferent ways, do by several Contractions move the lower Mandible inward, outward, and forward.

The fifth pair of Muscles serving the lower Mandible, are the Pterigoeidei Interni, short and thick Muscles, arising from the inside of the Processus Pterigoeidei, do terminate with broad and strong Tendons, into the inferior and inside of the lower Mandibles, which they carry outward in their Con∣tractions.

The sixth pair of Muscles subservient to the lower Mandible, * 1.905 are the Pte∣rigoeidei Externi, consisting of double fleshy and Nervous Origens, and take their rise from the outward region of the Processus Pterigoeides, are inserted into the inside of the lower Mandible, and pull them inward in their Con∣tractions.

CHAP. XI. Of the manner of Chewing, preparing the Aliment for Concoction.

THe act of Mastication, * 1.906 is performed by the joynt concurrence of some Muscles, and successive Motion of others, in which the Tem∣poral, Masseteres, Pterigoeidei Externi, and Interni, are most concerned with the Buccinatores, and the Tongue; for the motion of the Digastrici is ambu∣latory to the other Muscles; which by depressing the lower Mandible, open the Mouth for the reception of Aliment, and immediately after the Tem∣poral Muscles do elevate the lower Mandible, and close the Teeth with the Meat.

So that the Musculi Digastrici, * 1.907 and Quadrati, often depressing the lower Mandible, do part the Teeth, and the Musculi Temporales, as frequently closing them, do by their contrary Successive Motions, stamp the Meat as it were in a Mortar.

And the Pterigoeidei Interni, and Externi, with the Masseteres, break it also into small pieces after another manner, grinding it as it were in a Mill.

The Pterigoeidei Interni, * 1.908 drawing the lower Mandible outward, and the Pterigoeidei Externi pulling it inward, and the Masseteres, by reason of vari∣ous Fibres decussating each other in several Angles, perform both the moti∣ons of the Pterigoeidei Interni, and Externi, assisting them in their different Contractions, by which they force the lower Mandible inward and out∣ward, for the better Comminution of the Aliment in Mastication, and for the more easie Celebration of it, the Buccinatores and the Tongue, give a very useful Concurrence in keeping the Meat in its due place: * 1.909 When it is too much inward, the Tongue by its Oblique Motion, caused by one of the Musculi Styloglossi (for both moving together, carry the Tongue upward) throweth it outward upon the Teeth; and if the Aliment be carried too much outward, the Buccinatores Contracting themselves inward, reduce the Meat from the Cheek to the Teeth.

CHAP. XII. Of the Ʋses of Chewing.

HAving Treated of the Instruments and Manner, how Mastication is Celebrated, I conceive it not improper to lay before you the Uses of it. * 1.910

The first may be to give a Comminution of Aliment, not only for the easier Deglutition, but also to blend it with Salival Juice, and Aery and Aethereal Particles, as so many different Ferments, to give the Aliment a kind of Concoction, or at least the first Rudiments of it in the Mouth.

The lower Mandible, by the assistance of Antagonist Muscles, being variously moved up and down, outward and inward, doth squeese the Parotide Glands, seated near the hinder Process of the lower Mandible, as also the inward Maxillary Glands, * 1.911 lodged in the inside of the Maxilla In∣ferior; and the Tongue moreover in the time of Mastication, being often elevated and depressed, and moved laterally, compresseth the Glands, be∣setting its substance, as also the adjacent Glands of the Tonfils and Palate: Whereupon the Salival Liquor freely destilling as well out of the Parotide, Maxillary, and Tonsillary Glands, as those of the Tongue and Palate, in∣corporates with the Aliment, broken into small pieces, which is the second use of Mastication. * 1.912

The third is, That the Aliment divided into very Minute Portions, is not only impraegnated with Salival Liquor, but also with Aery Particles, imparted to the Meat, in frequent Respiration, during the repeated acts of Masti∣cation. The upper Particles of incumbent Aer still depressing the lower, the one crowding the other forward, do by their subtle parts, acted with

brisk Motion, easily insinuate into the loose contexture of Masticated Aliment.

And the Aer consisting of most active fluid Particles, imprinteth its ver∣tue upon the Meat broken into minute parts, and so less able to resist, puts it into motion, by exalting its Spirituous parts, which work upon the more gross, by refining them, that they may associate with the purer parts, causing a secretion of the Recrements utterly unfit for Assimilation.

So that, as I conceive, * 1.913 the task which Air performeth in raising a Fer∣mentation into the Chewed Aliment, is much effected by its Elastick force, producing Motion by pressing its thinner parts into the loose Compage of the Alementary Liquor, which as part after part, is dilated by the Spring of Air, the enlarged spaces are more and more filled with the Expansive parts of it, and do thereby beget a more quick Motion in the Alimentary Juice, by which it is brought more and more to a Concoction; and at last so nearly espoused to Air, which by reason of its more Volatil Particles, have such affinity, and are so embodied with the more refined Spirituous Alimentary, that they seem in fine, as it were constituent parts of each other.

The fourth Use of Mastication, * 1.914 is not only to render the Aliment into Minute parts, the easier to impraegnate them not only with Salival and Airy, but also with aethereal Ferments, emaning from Caelestial Bodies, which be∣ing of a Divine Extract, are the common parents of Life and Motion.

These aethereal influences darted into Air with Light and Heat, are carried with it into the Mouth in Respiration, and being subtle Spirituous Bodies, do easily insinuate into the Laxe Meatus of Aliment, opened by the several motions of the Tongue and lower Mandible, and more expansive Spring of Aery Atomes, which do thereby excite the more defaecated and Spiri∣tuous Particles of the Masticated Liquor, by reducing them to greater activity and intestine Motion.

In short, * 1.915 the Aliment is reduced by various postures of the lower Man∣dible into small parts, and being mingled with Salival Liquor, a universal Menstruum which is freely associated with the different oily, saline, watry and earthy parts of the broken Meat, whence these Heterogeneous parts of different Figures and Magnitudes being affected with irregular sides and various angles, cannot readily close one with another, as having great in∣termedial Spaces, which being fraught with thin aethereal Atomes, derived from Caelestial Bodies, and numerous aery minute Particles, do fill up the Spaces, interceding the unequal sides and angles of Heterogeneous Masti∣cated Aliment, highly expanding them by their Elastick power, do give them Intestine Motion; which is much promoted, if not primarily caused by the Volatil and Nitrous Particles of Air, received by frequent acts of Breathing into the Mouth, and being mixed with the crude Sulphureous and fixed Saline parts of the Meat, do also meet with the Volatil, Saline, and Acid parts of the Salival Liquor: So that the Masticated Aliment is impraeg∣nated with Airy, aethereal, and Salival Particles, consisting of many Hetero∣geneous Principles, which entring the Lists, have many great Debates, and Intestine Motions with each other; the Volatil aspiring parts endeavouring to quit their station, are stopt and confined by the more fixed and grosser: and the cruder Sulphureous are digested, and the more fixed Saline are vola∣tized, by the more Spirituous and Volatil, Aery, Aethereal and Salival parts; which by opening the compage of the chewed Nourishment, do so dispose, that the exalted Homogeneous parts, being akin, do endeavour to associate and preserve each other, while the Heterogeneous Recrements have

an inclination to separate from the purer Alimentary, which is commenced and conceived in the Mouth first, * 1.916 and afterward more matured in the Sto∣mach, in which the different Figures of Heterogeneous Alimentary Parti∣cles are rendred uniform, and their unequal sides by degrees made regular by Intestine Motion; wherein they easily close one with another, and the irregular sides and angles of the Recrements, * 1.917 which cannot possibly be so rectified, as to unite by reason of their great Interstices, are precipitated and severed from each other, and in fine, thrown out of the Stomach into the Intestines.

And I do most humbly conceive, that in some kind a Concoction is made in the Mouth, in which the Alimentary Liquor is someways dissolved by the Watry, Oily, and Saline Atomes of the Salival Liquor, flowing from a Nervous Limpha, and the serous parts of the Blood, are impraegnated with Volatil, Nitrous, Aery, and Spirituous aethereal Particles; out of which, being well embodied, a sapid Tincture is extracted, and transmitted into the various parts of the outward Coat of the Tongue, giving an appulse upon the Nervous Fibrils, * 1.918 into whose Extreamities, the more Volatil and Spirituous being insinuated by the apertive Nitrous vertue, and carried by the elastick force of Air all along, between the Nervous Filaments to the origen of the Gustatory Nerves, and thence dispersed into the Medulla Ob∣longata; whereupon, Persons tired with immoderate Labour, receiving Strong Waters into their Mouth, are immediately refreshed.

The Messengers of France and Italy, * 1.919 spurt nourishing Liquor into the Mouths of tired Horses, whereupon they go immediately more cheerfully, and mend their pace. Vintners tasting great variety of Wines upon an empty Stomach, grow dizzy in their Heads, though they swallow little or no Wine. Which is produced (as I conceive) from the more Subtle and Spirituous Particles of Wine, firs•• admitted into the extreamities of the Nerves implanted into the Tongue and Palate, and thence transmitted by the empty spaces interceding the Filaments of the Nerves, into the substance of the Brain; which is thereupon affected with the Narcotick steems of the Wine.

And furthermore, It may not seem altogether improbable, that somewhat of the subtle parts of the Aliment, * 1.920 improved with Salival Juice in time of Mastication, may be admitted into the terminations of the Venae Raninae, and thence ushered into the Jugulars, and Descendent Trunk of the Cava, tending to the right Chamber of the Heart, where suffering a greater Com∣minution, they are incorporated with the Mass of Blood: And by this more short passage, we may give some account of a speedy refection in time of Faintness; of which, we are immediately sensible when we have Mastica∣ted Meat in our Mouths, before it can be swallowed down, and Concocted in the Stomach, and conveyed into the Intestines, and thence transmitted through the long Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Vessels, and right Ven∣tricle of the Heart.

CHAP. XIV. The Pathologie of the Tongue, Palate, and Uvula.

THe Palate, Uvula, and Tongue, are curious Contextures, * 1.921 embossed with various round and pointed Prominencies, and composed of fine Membranes, Glands, Muscles, Embroidered with variety of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Excretory Vessels, as Channels of Vital, Animal, and Salival Liquor, to give Life, Sense, and Motion to the Tongue, and the first Ru∣diment of Concoction; whereupon these delicate parts of the Mouth, when disaffected, are obnoxious to variety of Diseases, of ill Tastes, Foulness, Driness, Blackness, and Swellings of divers kinds, Inflammations, Erysipe∣la's, Oidema's, Abscesses, Ulcers, Gangraens, Mortifications, and Cancers.

The Tongue is the proper organ of Tasting, * 1.922 to endear us with Pleasure and Delight, in order to the enjoyment of Meat and Drink; and some∣times this useful as well as pleasant Instrument of Speech and Motion, is out of Tune, when the Nerves are disordered, as being obstructed in their ori∣gen in the Brain, whence the soft stream of the Succus Nutricius is wholly intercepted, or much checked toward the Gustatory Nerves, lodged in the Tongue, whence ariseth the loss, or diminution of the faculty of Ta∣sting.

Sometimes the Taste is depraved, by ill Nervous and Serous Liquors, vi∣tiated by Saline and Acid Particles, perverting the proper taste of the Tongue, whence sapid objects sweet in themselves, become Salt and Acid, and so loose their natural Taste, as infected with unkindly dispositions of the Salival Liquor, proceeding from the disaffected Nervous Juice, and Chri∣stalline parts of the Blood.

Othertimes, the proper Taste is depraved by faetide purulent Matter, sometime transmitted to the Mouth from the Stomach, and adjacent parts of the Tongue, arising from Ulcers.

An Ancient Woman, about Fifty Years old, for a long time, giving a trouble to others in a stinking Breath, and to her self in an offensive Taste, was often disquieted with a great pain of her Stomach; which was appeased for a time by a Bag, applied to the Region of her Stomach, composed of Herbs, Seeds, and Spices; and she being at last Emaciated by a Chronick Dis∣ease, was freed from her Misery, by a happy close of her Life, which was derived from an Ulcer in her Stomach. * 1.923

Sometimes an ill Taste in the Mouth, may take its rise from Faetide Mat∣ter, thrown up by Coughing, through the Bronchia and Windpipe into the Mouth, in an Ulcer of the Lungs.

A Child about Six Years Old, being long vexed with a troublesome Cough, often complained of an ill Taste in her Mouth; and being Opened after Death, an Ulcer was discovered in the left Lobe of her Lungs, big with sanious purulent Matter, which was transmitted by a violent Cough into her Mouth, rendring her Meat and Drink very unsavoury, as mixing with it in the time of her repast, which rendred her Life very unpleasant. * 1.924

An ill Taste in the Mouth may also arise from noisome Vapours, commu∣nicated from the Intestines to the Stomach (and through the Gulet to the

Mouth) by a great Relaxation of it in the right Orifice, which was left open in the lost tone of the Carnous Fibres (not able to Contract them∣selves) weakned by overmuch Drink in Good Fellows, upon high and fre∣quent Debaucheries; whereupon the offensive steams of gross Excrements, lodged in the Guts, have recourse to the Stomach, Gulet, and Mouth.

Another disaffection of the Mouth, * 1.925 discomposing the Palate, Uvula, and Tongue, may proceed from the great heat of the Blood, parching the parts of the Mouth, in Acute and Malignant Fevers, and rendring the Tongue black and rough, which is generated, as I conceive, by the hot reeking of the Blood, breathed out of the Lungs, by the Aspera Arteria into the Mouth.

A Centlewoman, about Thirty Years Old, labouring with a violent Acute and Malignant Fever, was very much afflicted with a dry and black Tongue, full of great Roughness, and divers Fissures; whereupon I advised Blood∣letting, Contemperating Julaps, and gentle Sudorificks, and proper Gar∣garisms, whereby her Mouth grew moist, well tempered, and the breaches of her Tongue well repaired.

The Palate and Tongue are often besmeared in Acute Fevers, * 1.926 with a Mu∣cous Matter facing them, which I conceive, is an indigested Chyme, or the serous parts of the Blood, spued out of the Oral Glands, by their Excre∣tory Ducts, and Concreted by the heat of the Blood, so that ejected Re∣crements being clammy and thick, do easily adhere to the surface of the Pa∣late and Tongue; and are taken off by Proper, Cleansing, and Healing Gar∣garisms, which ought not to be too Astringent, least they repel the Recre∣ments of the Blood, and render the Fever more violent and dangerous.

Inflammations of the Tongue and Palate, * 1.927 do often happen in Squinancies, and do proceed from a great quantity of pure Blood in a Plethorick Body, called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is more gentle then the other, arising from more sharp Humours, mingled with the Vital Liquor; whereupon Blood is impelled by the External Carotides into the body of the Oval Glands, and Muscles of the Tongue, in a great quantity, or is gross in quality, so that the minute extreamities of the Veins, are not capable to give recepti∣on to it, and make its returns toward the Heart; whereupon the Blood being forced in a large proportion into the spaces of the Vessels (belonging to the Palate and Tongue) and having no vent by the Veins, must of ne∣cessity sever the Vessels one from another, and make the Interstices greater, and by consequence enlarge the Dimensions of the Palate and Tongue.

If the Inflammation proceed from Bilious Blood, * 1.928 the swelled Tongue and Palate, are tormented with Blisters and Pustles (which is called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) and is derived from the serous parts of the Blood, as∣sociated with Sulphureous Atomes, lifting up several parts of the Membrane encompassing the Tongue, and rendring it full of Vesicles, big with a hot thin transparent Matter, corroding the Tongue, and making it very uneasie and painful, especially in its motion upon Speaking and Eating.

In these cases of Inflammations, * 1.929 I conceive Blood-letting to be very requi∣site, and cooling Cordial Julaps, and proper Gargarisms, made of the Leaves of Hony Suckles, Columbines, Fluellin, Jews Ears, the inward Rine of an Elm, and the like, and sweetned with Hony of Red Roses, which is of a cleansing and healing temper, and very safe in the Apthae; a Disease very frequent in Infants, which are Ulcers of the Mouth, arising out of the foulness of the Blood, discharging it self by the Excretories, be∣longing to the Oral Glands, and perhaps in some parts by the terminations

of the Arteries, inserted into the Membrane investing the Palate and Tongue: These Ulcers of the Mouth, both in Children, and those of more Mature Age, are discriminated according to the several Humours, with which they are acted, some Red and Inflammatory, as proceeding from Blood; others more fierce and yellow, as flowing from Bilious Particles, ac∣companying the Blood; others more mild, and White, derived from un∣assimilated Chyme, commonly called Pituitous Humours, which being Con∣creted, do case the Tongue and Palate with a Mucous Matter, as with a Crust. And sometimes the Apthae, which are the worst of all, are faced with Black, or Blew, a great note of Malignity in Fevers, proceeding from the Fuliginous Steams thrown out of the Lungs, by the Wind-pipe, with the expired Air into the Mouth, tinging it Black and Blew, often the mourn∣ful heralds of Death.

The Apthae, being Ulcers of the Mouth, * 1.930 are not only attendants of Fevers, but of Scorbutick Distempers too; wherein the Palate, Tongue, Gooms, and the whole bosome of the Mouth, are defaced with a white, thick, clammy lining, and often blistered with Saline, and Acid Particles of the Blood, and Nervous Liquor, infected with a Malignant disposition in the Scorby; which being transmitted by the Carotides, and Nervous Fibrils, terminating into the Membranes of the Mouth, do corrode their tender Fa∣brick, thereby rendring it rough, and Ulcerous.

A Grocer, my worthy Friend, being of a Scorbutick Habit of Body, was highly disaffected with a sharp Corrosive Matter issuing out of the Glands, relating to his Tongue and Palate, whereupon they grew foul, and Ulcered, threatning a Cancer; this giving him a high trouble and fear, he sent to me for my Advise, which was to have him freely Bleed, which was repea∣ted seven times in six Weeks, or two Months; in which time, I ordered frequent Purgatives, and Diet Drinks of Sarsa Parilla, Impraegnated with mild Antiscorbuticks of Pine, and Fir, and also advised him Gargarisms of cleansing and drying Medicines, which Cured the Ulcers of his Mouth, and perfectly restored him to his former Health.

Sometimes the interior parts of the Mouth, * 1.931 are infected in Venereal Dis∣eases, with Ulcers, Gangraens, and Mortifications, upon the anointings with Mercurial Medicines ill prepared; which are received first into the extreamities of the Veins, terminating into the Skin, and are thence carried and associated with the Blood in small Particles, which have recourse to the Mouth and Brain, and are destructive of them by its venenate nature.

Bonnetus, giveth an Instance out of Doctor George Gardners Observati∣ons, Vincentius Boniventus, Patricius Clodiensis, a juventute omnibus carnis voluptatibus addictissimus, indeque quasi consumptus, postquam quinquies Ligni Sancti, Sarsae Parillae, Mechoacae Decoctum assumpsisset: Terque sed frustra in∣unctus fuisset, tandem cuidam meretriculae se curandum tradidit, quae quidem illum tali Medica dignum ita tractavit; ut magna Inflammatio in Palato, osse cribroso, in columella, & partibus omnibus illius adjacentibus, a Mercurio male extincto, & aliis corrosivis facta, subito in Gangraenam, & mox in Cancrum verum terminaverit, adeo ut quotidie aliquid ex partibus illis Corruptis, & pu∣trefactis, excrearet, & gurgulione, partibusque vicinis, primo ejectis, eousque progressum est, ut demum Cerebrum ipsum excreatu per os expueret, cum faetore tandem miserrime obiit.

Mortui Caput cum serra aperui, suisque Membranulis liberavi, prout potui, erat enatus tantus ibi faetor, etiam sub dio, ut nullus astare possit, nihilominus magna patientia, summo videndi desiderio ductus, superiorem cerebri partem cultello satis

amplo amputavi, & confusis omnibus cerebri Ventriculis, multum Argenti Vivi cum Cocleari in eis Collegi, & illud ipsum chare, reservavi: Atque in∣tol rabili faetore victus, & exturbatus, vespertilioni cadaver sepeliendum re∣liqui.

Sometimes the Glands besetting the Palate and Tongue, * 1.932 and parts adja∣cent are liable to Distempers in great Obstructions, whence they are not able to discharge the Salival Liquor, as being too gross, by the Excretory Ducts, by reason of their straightness into the Cavity of the Mouth.

A Boy long tortured with wandring pains, successively seizing all the sensible parts of the Body, and other Symptoms of the Scorby, seldom or never threw out any Salival Liquor out of his Mouth, whence his Palate and Tongue grew very much disordered with heat and driness; the ill con∣sequents of the obstruction of the Oral Glands, which was most eminent in this Scorbutick young Man.

On the other side, * 1.933 the Oral Glands are too profuse in emitting Luxuriant streams of Salival Liquor, by reason of its great thinness, or too great a quantity of Serous Liquor, and Lympha transmitted out of the Extreamities of the Carotide Arteries, into the substance of the Glands of the Mouth, into which this Lymphatick Juice is discharged by their Excretory Vessels.

A Dyers Wife of Southwark, highly disaffected with Scorbutick Pains, was surprized with a great Salivation (as if she had been Fluxed by Mer∣curial Medicines) wherein she discharged Rivulets of Lympha out of the Fontanels of the Oral Glands, to the quantity of three or four Basons in a Day; and in reference to this troublesome Distemper, I advised her to take Purgatives, Antiscorbuticks, and Diureticks, which so diverted the course of the Salival Liquor, that the Patient in a short time, was restored to Health again.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Gulet.

I Have given a sight of the fine Apartiment of the Mouth, and its select Furniture of the Palate, Uvula, and Tongue, as so many Utensils of Speech, to Caress others in this Chamber of entertainment with variety of Language, as also to Treat our selves with several delicacies of Meat and Drink, rendred grateful by a pleasant Gust, seated in the Tongue; by whose help, and principally by the set of Ivory Instruments of Eating, the Aliment is Chewed, and besprinkled with Salival Liquor, flowing out of the Oral Glands, as so many Fontanels, to give it the first rudiment of Concoction in the Mouth; from whence, as from a curious Dining Room, the prepared Nutriment is conveyed through the long Gallery of the Gulet, into the more large Kitchin of the Stomach, to be farther Cooked in refe∣rence to support the elegant frame of Mans Body.

The Gulet is a Tube, * 1.934 or a round Concave, soft tensil body, instituted by Nature in Man, not for a Repository of Aliment, as in Fowl and Fish, but as a passage through which it is transmitted from the Mouth into the

Ventricle; and is endued with an upper and lower Orifice, the one con∣joyned to the Fauces above, and the other to the Stomach below.

It taketh its rise from the Jaw, near the Root of the Tongue, * 1.935 where it is stiled Pharynx, which is the head or top of the Gulet, which creepeth down under the Winde-pipe, first in a straight course, till it arriveth the fifth Vertebre of the Back; and then that it may give way to the Trunk of the Aorta, it inclineth somewhat to the Right-side, till it approacheth the ninth Vertebre of the Thorax, where it is a little lifted up from the Vertebres, and then passing over the Aorta, after a small space perforateth the Midriff in the Left-side, and about the eleventh Vertebre of the Back, is inserted in∣to the left Orifice of the Stomach.

Perhaps some inquisitive Person, may ask a Reason why the Gulet, * 1.936 is seated behind the top of the Wind-pipe, because at the first sight, it might seem, Nature had been better advised, if it placed the Gulet before the La∣rynx, wherein it might have prevented the descent of Aliment into the Wind-pipe, and so took away all danger of Suffocation: Against which Nature hath wisely provided the Epiglottis, as a covering to guard the en∣trance of the Aspera Arteria, and to give a check to the falling down of Meat and Drink into the Lun••s. And I humbly conceive, the Gulet to have its situation behind the Aspera Arteria in order to Deglutition; which is performed first of all by the lifting up of the Root of the Tongue, and the top of the Wind-pipe, whereupon the Aliment is thrown down upon the entrance of the Gulet, which is forthwith opened by proper Muscles, to give it reception.

As to the structure of the Gulet, it may be termed a Collective Body, * 1.937 made up of Muscles, Membranes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, and numerous Glands.

The motion of the Gulet is performed by seven Muscles: The first pair are stiled Cephalopharyngaei, * 1.938 and are derived from the confines of the Head, and Neck, and are implanted with a fair expansion of numerous Fibres, into the origen of the Gulet, which is lifted up by the Contraction of these Muscles, and its entrance enlarged for the reception of Meat and Drink.

The second pair of Muscles are called Sphenopharyngaei, * 1.939 and borrow their origination from the bosome of the inward side of Os Spheneoides (whence it deriveth its Denomination) and terminates with an oblique insertion into the sides of the Gulet, which are dilated by the motion of these Muscles, to give entertainment to the chewed Aliment.

The third pair of Muscles appertaining to the Gulet, * 1.940 are named Stylc∣pharyngaei, which take their rise from the Styliform Process, and descending with a round fleshy body, do also terminate into the sides of the Gulet, and are auxiliaries to the former Muscles, whom they assist in a Concurrent mo∣tion, and do enlarge the Cavity of the Gulet.

The seventh Muscles is named Oesophagaeus, and Sphincter Gulae, * 1.941 and ta∣keth its origen from each side of the Buckler Cartilage, and afterward gi∣veth a soft fleshy covering to the Gulet; and by its various Fibres, doth con∣tract the Cavity of the Oesophagus, and force the Aliment into the bosome of the Stomach.

This useful Cylinder, * 1.942 made for the transmission of Aliment into the Sto∣mach, doth not consist only of various Muscles, but of Tunicles too, which are Three in number.

The First, is most outward, which by some is derived from the Rim of the Belly, by others from the Pleura, and Ligaments of the Verte∣bres of the Spine, and by Doctor Willis, from the Midriff: And in some sense, all these Opinions may be said to be true, if they be meant of the origen of Connexion: Because it is very evident, that this Membrane is conjoyned to the Pleura, where it pierceth the Midriff; as Learned Doctor Glysson hath well observed, and to the Rim of the Belly, where it is joyned to the Stomach, and is often fastned with Fibres to the Ligaments of the Spine, relating to the Vertebres of the Neck and Back; this outward Tu∣nicle of the Gulet is very thin, and is composed of many Minute Mem∣branous, Fibres, finely interwoven, and covering the Orifices of the Vessels.

The second Coat of the Gulet, * 1.943 is more thick, and fleshy, whose Carnous Fibres are vulgarly reputed to be Round, and Transverse: But Ingenious Steno, hath discovered them to be Spiral, framed of two Ranks, intersect∣ing each other: Et binas (saith he) veluti Cocleas oppositas constituunt. So that this Coat may seem to be composed of two thin Muscular Expansions, which make four Paralelogramms; two being seated in the upper, and two in the lower surface of this fleshy Tunicle, adorned with divers opposite rows of ascending and descending Fibres, decussating each other, of which the last being Contracted, do serve Deglutition, and the other Spitting and Vomiting. This Coat in some Fish, is Glandulous, as in Skaits, and Thornbacks.

The third and inward Tunicle of the Gulet, * 1.944 is continued above to the Mouth, Palate, and Lips, and below to the Stomach, which produceth the mutual consent between them: Its substance is Nervous, composed of seve∣ral Fibres, diversly interwoven, and is encircled with a thin Veil, consisting of many fine Fibres, somewhat resembling Doun.

The inward Coat of the Gulet, * 1.945 in a Sea-Turtle, is all beset with white pointed Prominencies, of a Pyramidal Figure, broad where they are fastned to the Nervous Coat of the Oesophagus, and narrow pointed in their outward Extreamities: These white Protuberancies are covered with a thin Carti∣laginous substance, which being stripped off, a thin Membrane discovereth it self, enwrapping a Glandulous body.

The Gulet is not only invested with variety of Muscles and Membranes, * 1.946 but also accommodated with divers kinds of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts.

The Gulet deriveth Arteries in the Neck, * 1.947 from the Carotides, and Bron∣chial Arteries in the Breast, from the Intercostal, and in the lower Aparti∣ment, from the Coronary Branch of the Stomach.

And borroweth Veins in the Neck, * 1.948 from the Jugulars, in the Thorax from the Azygos, à Vena sine pari, in the Belly, from the Coronary Veins of the Stomach.

The Oesophagus, * 1.949 hath Nerves communicated to it from the Par Vagum, and principally from its Anterior Branches, and many Nervous Fibres; as Doctor Wharton will have it, from the Twelfth pair of Vertebral Nerves.

The Gulet is also furnished with Lymphaeducts (which discharge them∣selves into Thoracic Lacteal Vessels) which Bartholine took for Milky Chan∣nels receiving the more refined Particles of Aliment, * 1.950 carried by the Sub∣clavian Branches and Vena Cava, into the right Ventricle of the Heart.

The Gulets of Quadrupeds, * 1.951 do little differ from that of Man, in refe∣rence to their structure, as having the same Muscles and Coats, which very much agree in Spiral, Circular, and long Fibres, relating to their several Coats.

The Gulets of Birds and Fishes, and Insects, have a Compage, * 1.952 much dif∣ferent from that of Man, by reason the Coats are more thin, and less fleshy, endued with more thin Muscles, or Carnous Fibres, and beset with Glands of different shapes and magnitudes. The Gulet of a Stork being of a red Colour, appeareth knotty near the Stomach, proceeding from Glands, lift∣ing up the Coats of the Oesophagus, which seemeth to resemble a small Ven∣tricle, conjoyned to a greater below.

The first Membrane of the Gulet being stripped off, * 1.953 a thin Muscle disco∣covereth it self, adorned with right Fibres; and under this fine Muscular Expansion, is seated another (Enameled with transverse Fibres) under which is lodged a third, furnished with straight Fibres: And all the Mus∣cles being taken away, many small Glands or Globules present themselves, seated in an elegant order, and furnished with divers kinds of small Vessels, every way encircling the Gulet; into which an Incision being made, where it was Protuberant, many Holes appear (as it were in a Strainer) and the small Globules or Glands being compressed, a kind of Ash-coloured Li∣quor ouseth out of their Extreamities, into the Cavity of the Gulet; which I conceive, is a Ferment propagated from the Blood and Nervous Liquor, subservient to the Concoction of Aliment: And many Tubes about an Inch long, hollowing the Coats of the Gulet, as so many Cells, contain a Fermentative Liquor, in order to a further use.

The Gulet of a Heron, is composed of four Coats: * 1.954 The first is thin and Membranous, made up of numerous fine white Filaments. The second is Carnous, furnished with long and Annular Fibres. The third is a more thin Expansion, then the other, dressed with straight Fibres, passing the length of the Gulet. The fourth and inmost, is strong and thicker then the former, of a Nervous nature, composed very much of Minute Fibrils, curiously interwoven. * 1.955

Hawks have Membranous Gulets (without Crops and Gizards) inter∣lined with rows of small Glands; they are Taper in Figure in most Birds, biggest above, and narrowest near the Stomach, where they are encircled with Muscular Necks in manner of Sphyncters, to contract the Termina∣tions of the Gulets, * 1.956 and to give a check to over-hasty passage of the Ali∣ment into the Stomach; by reason the Gulet keeps it some time, to impraeg∣nate it with a Fermentative Liquor destilling out of the Glands, in order to Digestion, of which the Corn receiveth the first Rudiment in the Gulets of various Birds.

The Gulets of Birds accommodated with Crops, consist of two parts, * 1.957 an upper and the longest, and greatest Region above the Craw, and the short∣est below it; wherein, as it is beset with Glands, the partly Concocted Ali∣ment in the Crop, receiveth an impraegnation of Liquor, and a farther Con∣coction,

The Gulet in a Hen, Turkey, and all Long-necked Birds, * 1.958 have the first or upper Gulet very long, which in a Pidgeon, and other short-necked Birds are very short; by reason the Crop is seated near the Mouth: The upper Gulet beginneth near the Throat, and endeth in a Hen, into top of the Crop, inclining toward the Left-side; the lower Extreamitis of this up∣per Gulet, is beset with many minute Miliary Glands.

The second or lower Gulet relating to Birds (that have Crops) taketh its rise in the Right-side, toward the upper Region of the Craw, * 1.959 about an Inch from the insertion of the upper Gulet into the Crop; and the Gulets of most Birds have a fleshy substance covering them near the Stomach for in Inch, which is a kind of little Ventricle.

I saw the first part of the Gulet of a Hen, * 1.960 lined with a white Mucous Matter, which was, as I conceive, a Fermentative Liquor, bedewing Corn or other Aliment, in its passage through the Oesophagus into the Crop, wherein it receiveth its first Rudiment of Concoction. * 1.961

The lower part of the Gulet of a Pidgeon (which is much larger then in other Birds, resembling another Ventricle) had its outside faced with a red Carnous substance, and was inserted into the top of the Gizard, about the middle of it: The lower region of this Gulet was furnished with many Glands, emitting a Liquor, much conducive to the digestion of Aliment, which receiveth a farther Elaboration in the Gizard.

A Sea-Turtle hath a Culet much resembling that of Fish in substance, its outward Coat Membranous, * 1.962 its middle full of Carnous Fibres; but the in∣most is Nervous, and very remarkable, as all beset with white Protuberan∣cies of a Pyramidal Figure, having their Bases affixed to the concave surface of the inward covering of the Gulet, and end in Points; these Prominen∣cies are invested with thin Cartilaginous substances, which being stripped off, a thin Membrane was discovered, enwrapping a Glandulous body.

A Cod hath a Gulet, integrated of many Coats: The first is Membra∣nous, * 1.963 overspread with many Blood Vessels, making their progress the whole length of the Oesophagus, and Stomach; the Gulet in this Fish, hath another Coat, which is more thick then the former, and is glandulous, and may be stiled a Systeme of many numerous small Glands, lodged between the up∣per and inmost Coat; which is numerous, as composed of many small Fila∣ments, running in different postures: This Covering is perforated in divers places, to transmit Liquor destilling out of the Glands, into the Cavity of the Gulet.

The Gulet of a Skait, * 1.964 consisteth of four Coats: The Exterior is a most thin, white Membranous Expansion (composed of many fine Filaments, rarely interwoven) different in Colour from that of the Stomach.

The second is somewhat thicker then the former, of a reddish Colour, and may be called a Carnous Coat, from its fleshy Fibres (with which it is highly furnished) some of which are Circular, others long, imparting Mo∣tion to the Gulet, in order to Deglutition.

The third Coat is much thicker, then any of the other, and is of a glan∣dulous substance, integrated of many small Glands, so neatly conjoyned to each other by their small Membranes, that it seemeth to be one entire glan∣dulous body, much thicker then that of the Stomach.

The fourth Coat of the Gulet, relating to a Skait, is thicker then either of the two first, and much thinner then the glandulous Integument, and is Nervous, and very tough, as composed of Nervous Filaments; this cover∣ing is Porous, to transmit a Liquor destilling from the Glands, into the Ca∣vity of the Stomach, * 1.965 which assisteth its Concoction as a Ferment.

The Gulet of a Kingston, is very large in its first entrance near the Mouth (which is common in most Fish) and afterward passeth down in an equal greatness of Bore, inclining to the Left-side, and at last inserteth it self into the Stomach; the Gulet of this Fish is hued with Red (being full of fleshy Fibres) which rendreth it different from the body of the Sto∣mach, which is of a white Colour.

The Gulet of a Fire-Flaire, * 1.966 is a Cylinder of a different form from the Stomach, and is of Membranous, fleshy, glandulous, and Nervous substance, which is most conspicuous in the first, second, third, and fourth Coat perfo∣rated

in many places for the trammission of a Fermentative Liquor, flowing from the Glands, into the bosome of the Stomach.

The Gulet of a Lamprey, is very different from the Stomach, * 1.967 both in thickness and largeness, and especially in its Orifice, and is beset in its lower with a thick glandulous substance (composed of many united Glands) and is covered all over in its inward Circumference, with a more thin glandulous Expansion: The Oesophagus of this Fish, is beset with Circular, running cross-ways, and long Fibres, passing long-ways down the Gulet (and Sto∣mach) whose Orifice is covered for an Inch or more, with a Pyramidal Car∣tilage, whose Base lieth near the Mouth, and point downward toward the Heart.

The Gulet of an Eel (as in many other slender and long Fish) is nar∣row and long, about four or five Inches in length, * 1.968 and is composed of a dissimilar substance, which is an aggregate body, made of Membranous, Fleshy, Glandulous, and Nervous parts, which being very thin, can hardly be separated and distinguished from each other, in this slender Fish.

But the four Coats may be clearly discerned in a Salmon, * 1.969 of which the Glandulous is most substantial, and of greater Dimensions in the Gulet then Stomach in reference to thickness, and is of equal Magnitude in point of its Bore.

The Gulet of a Viper is very slender, and about five Inches long, and for some space passeth under the Aspera Arteria, * 1.970 and afterward goeth down the Left side of the Wind-pipe, and creeping under the Heart, inserteth it self into the left Orifice of the Stomach.

The Gulet of Insects is very short and small, proportionable to their Bodies, * 1.971 and is in a Worm, of a fine Membranous substance, accompanied with thin Carnous Fibres, and descending in a straight Course, is implanted near the top of the Ventricle.

The Gulet of a Silk-Worm is very short, and as it were a small passage only into the Stomach, which is very long, and filleth up a great part of the lower Apartiment; and from the Oesophagus do arise many Minute round Fibres, which make their progress toward the Anus.

Learned Doctor Swammerdam, * 1.972 giveth an account of a Gulet (relating to an Ephemeron) which he calleth the Throat Gut, or upper Gut of the Stomach, which shooteth forward in the form of a small thin Thread from the Mouth, through the Back and Breast, and constituteth the upper part of the Stomach; near which the Gulet is very much straightned, being Con∣tracted, as I conceive, with a Membranous Sphyncter, encircling the Gu∣let about the upper Orifice of the Ventricle.

CHAP. XV. Of the Gulet of Man.

HAving Treated of the various Structures of the Gulet in Man, and other Animals, as it is an Aggregate body, composed of variety of parts, I will now make bold to entertain you with the Uses of it, as it is an Instrument of Transmission of the Aliment, from the Mouth into the Stomach; * 1.973 which is accomplished by Deglutition, and is not seated only in the Gulet, but in the Tongue, Larynx, and Epiglottis, and Salival Liquor, which do all Concur as Ambulatory to the action of Swallowing, chiefly performed by the peculiar Muscles of the Gulet.

The Meat, after it hath received a Comminution by the Teeth, is placed in a due Position, * 1.974 and directed by the Tongue, as lifted up to the Palate by the Stylogloss Muscles; which being more and more Contracted, do throw the Meat and Drink step by step toward the Fauces, and to assist this motion of the Aliment, the head of the Wind-pipe is lifted up by the Musculi Hyothyroidei; which taking their rise from the lower region of the Os Hyoides, are inserted into the Base of the Buckler Cartilage, and being Contracted, * 1.975 do elevate the Larynx, and force the Aliment toward the en∣trance of the Gulet in order to Deglutition, which is facilitated by the Epi∣glottis, closeing the head of the Wind-pipe, to hinder the falling of Aliment into its Cavity, in its passage over it.

And in reference to Swallowing, the motion of the lower Mandible and Tongue in the Mastication of Meat, * 1.976 do squeese the Parotides, Tonsils, Max∣illary, and Oral Glands, and cause the Salival Liquor to flow out of them, whereby the Palate, Fauces, and Tongue, are rendred slippery, and the Ali∣ment broken into Minute Particles, and moistned with Oral Juice, glideth more nimbly toward the entrance of the Gulet.

The Cavity of the Mouth, is enlarged by the depression of the lower Mandible (caused by the Digastrick Muscles) and retraction of the Tongue inward and downward, performed by the Basiogloss Muscles, and by the pulling of the Larynx downward, effected by the Musculi Sternothyroidei; whereupon a free admission may be made of Potulent Matter into the Mouth, * 1.977 which is very much promoted by the weight of the Atmosphaere, pressing the Liquor with the Air into the Mouth, in the time of Inspiration: Or rather, as learned Doctor Glysson will have it, by Suction, wherein the Drink is attracted into the Mouth; which we may easily experiment in our selves, when we take draughts of Liquor, and afterward the Cavity of the Mouth being lessened, by the lifting up the Tongue and Larynx, a compression is made of the Potulent Liquor, whereby it is protruded toward the Pharynx: And in like manner, the Mouth being rendred narrow in the time of Eat∣ing, by the elevation of the Tongue and Larynx, the prepared Meat is forced taward the entrance of the Gulet; whereupon, it being lifted up and enlarged by the Musculi Cephalopharyngaei Sphaenopharingaei, and Stylopha∣ringaei, the chewed Aliment is received first into its bosome, and afterward pressed more and more downward, as the Cavity of the Gulet is narrowed part after part, immediately above the Meat, by vertue of the Tongue and

Circular Fibres of the Sphincter Muscle contracting themselves downward, whereby the Meat and Drink are transmitted into the Stomach.

A Question may be started, * 1.978 Whether Solid or Liquid bodies may be more easily swallowed? To which it may be replied, That in some cases So∣lid, in others Liquid Aliment, hath a more ready Deglutition, whereupon Meat being rendred dry, as not moistned with Salival Liquor in Eating, when the Excretory Ducts of the Oral Glands are obstructed; or when their moisture is very much exhausted in great Fevers, and Inflammations, is hardly swallowed: And thereupon, Liquid nourishment being easily put into motion, as Fluid, may slip down the Gulet with greater ease. But in another case, when Solid Aliment in chewing, is very much softned with moisture (flowing out the Glands besetting the Mouth) their swallow is more expeditely performed, then that of Liquids (when the tone of the Carnous Fibres is weakned, relating to the Gulet) by reason Liquids con∣sisting of more Minute bodies, do require greater Contractions of the Muscles, to accomplish their Deglutition, then solid parts of Nourishment, which are sometimes more easily forced down the Gulet.

And the Gulet is not only acted with Deglutition (which is its more na∣tural Function) but with Vomiting, and Belching too, * 1.979 which are Preter∣natural, as derived from some disaffection of the Stomach or Gulet, * 1.980 pro∣duced by a troublesome Object, offending the Ventricle, or Oesophagus, when it taketh its rise first in one part, which draweth the other into consent; wherein the Stomach sometimes affecteth the Gulet, * 1.981 and other times the Gulet the Stomach, which ariseth from a mutual consent, by reason these neighbouring parts are invested with one common, inward Membrane, continued from one confining part to the other; when the disgust beginneth in the Gulet, causing a ketching motion: it is caused by some ill tasted Meat, Drink, or Medicinal Potion, Pill, or Bole, whereby the Gulet is strongly Contracted by Muscular Fibres below the noisome objects, and throweth it up into the Mouth, before it arriveth the Stomach, which is drawn into Vomiting by consent; and on the other side, the scene of unnatural motion sometimes ariseth from the Stomach, first aggrieved by a troublesome object, provoking its Carnous Fibres to move from below upward, and thereby to expel the offensive guest first into the lower part of the Gulet, which violently contracteth its Muscular Fibres higher and higher, till they throw the unpleasant Matter into the Mouth. * 1.982

Belching, is a disaffection sometimes lodged originally in the Stomach, pro∣ceeding Aut a laesa facultate Concoctrice, aut ab errore externo, vitio Alimenti: Whereupon the ill digested Aliment is turned into Wind, which giveth a trou∣ble to the Ventricle, whose Fleshy Fibres contract themselves, and force the Flatus into the Extreamity of the Gulet, where its Muscular Fibres first take the alarm, and afterward prosecute it upward, till they eject the tem∣pestuous Matter into the Mouth.

CHAP. XVI. The Pathologie of the Gulet.

THe Gulet is discomposed by variety of Diseases, where the power of Swallowing suffereth a total loss, or at least a Diminution of its Operation, proceeding from a disaffection of the Brain, spoiling or weakning the tone of its Fibrils, or from some Tumour in the Gulet, or from vari∣ous Swellings of the adjacent parts, compressing the passage of it; or from a strange degeneracy of the substance of the Gulet, rendring it unca∣pable to Contract it self; or from some External Error, as being stopped by some Extraneous Matter: And last of all, the action of the Gulet is de∣praved by unnatural Motions, and Convulsions.

The Operation of the Gulet is very much discomposed, * 1.983 or wholly taken away by reason of a disaffected Brain, causing a Resolution, or weakning of the tone of the Muscles, belonging to the Gulet, for want of Animal Liquor and Spirits, when the origen of the Nerves is obstructed in the Cor∣tex of the Brain, caused by the grossness of the Nervous Liquor; or when the Nervous Fibrils are more or less straightned by the Swellings of the Membranes, or Ambient parts of the Brain compressing its Fibrils: Where∣upon the Current of the Animal Liqour and Spirits is wholly intercepted, or checked in its Motion, * 1.984 into the Extreamities of the Nervous Fibrils, so that it cannot be transmitted at all, or only in a small quantity into the Par Vagum, implanted into the Muscles of the Gulet, whence its Nervous and Ten∣dinous Fibrils are despoiled of, or lessened in their Motion, and thereupon not able at all, or not vigorously to Contract themselves to lessen the Cavity of the Gulet, and thereby to protrude the Aliment into the Cavity of the Stomach, whence ensueth an Abolition, or lessening the faculty of Deglutition.

The lost power of Deglutition, * 1.985 may also proceed from a straightness of the Nervous Fibrils, in their progress through the Processes of the Brain, made by stuffing its Ventricles with a gross clammy Matter, squeesing the Interstices of the neighbouring Filaments so close together, that they are not receptive of Animal Liquor, whence its course is impeded into the Par Vagum, and its Branches terminating into it, whereupon the Nervous Li∣quor is rendred destitute of its Motion, and the Swallowing Faculty, seated in the Gulet, is taken away.

A Countryman, having often Debauched himself to Intemperance with strong Liquor, was surprized with a sudden loss of Swallowing, which he survived but a small time; and then his Head being opened, the Ventricles were found full of a gross Viscid Matter, compressing the Nervous Compage of the Brain.

In order to the Cure of Sleepy Disaffections of the Brain (producing Diseases in the Gulet) proceeding from gross Humours, * 1.986 obstructing the Fi∣bres of the Brain, Purging Medicines may be advised, mixed with Lime Flowers, Lilly of the Valley, Paeony, and other Cephalicks, which may be given also in Decoctions without Purgatives, mixed with Cephalick Wa∣ters of Langius, Compound Paeony, Compound Lavender, sweetned with Syrups of Cephalick Flowers, and with Simple Waters of Paeony, Lavender,

Betony, Black Cherrys; and to every Dose of these Vehicles, may be added twelve drops or more of Spirit of Harts Horn, or Salt Ammoniack, succina∣ted in Spirit of Castor, &c. Clysters are also very proper in these Distem∣pers, made of a common Decoction, to which may be added, Leaves of Rue, Mel Anthosatum, the Lenitive Electuary, or any other proper Purgative Ele∣ctuaries: And last of all, when Universals have been Administred, Fumes of Amber, and Sternutatories, Blistering Plaisters may be advised, * 1.987 which are very proper in all Cephalick Distempers, disordering first the Brain it self, Per Idiopathiam, and afterward the Gulet, and other parts, Per Sym∣pathiam.

Another cause of the Abolition, or Diminution of Swallowing, * 1.988 may pro∣ceed from an Inflammation, or any Tumour, shutting up, or lessening the Cavity of the Gulet, by bringing its sides more or less close, whereby the passage of the Meat and Drink is hindred in its motion toward the Sto∣mach.

Another cause of ill Swallowing, may arise from a lump of Flesh, grow∣ing in the Fauces, and stopping up the entrance of the Gulet: Of which an Instance may be given in a Young Man, which had a large fleshy sub∣stance filling the hinder part of the Mouth, so that the beginning of the Gulet was so closed up, that it was not capable to give admission to Meat and Drink.

The Gulet is subject also to a lessened, or abolished Deglutition, * 1.989 by rea∣son of the Palate, Tonsils, and other parts adjacent to the entrance of the Oesaphagus, are more or less swelled by a quantity of Blood, Pituitous, or Salival Liquor, transmitted into the Interstices of the Vessels; whereupon the neighbouring parts of the Gulet, growing very much distended beyond the bounds prescribed by Nature, do more or less obstruct the Mouth of it, and either lessen or take away Deglutition. * 1.990

Sometimes Swallowing may be disaffected by some hard Body, a Bone, or the like, transmitted into the passage of the Gulet, in which it sticketh, causing a great Torture, and difficulty of Deglutition; which offereth a great Violence to the Gulet, and by great Pain, and sometimes Laceration of the Capillary Arteries, the Blood is Extravasated in the substance of Oeso∣phagus; whence sometimes followeth first an Inflammation, then a Gan∣graen, and last of all, a Mortification of the Gulet.

Fabritius Hildanus, among his Observations, giveth an Instance of this Case: Juveni (ait ille) cum inter caenandum ossiculum in Gula remansisset, & tota nocte, ut illud rejicere possit, occupatus fuisset, sequenti die Circa vespe∣ram ad me venit, Cathaeterem incurvatum clementer in Oesophagum immisi, & ea qua potui diligentia exploravi quo in loco infixum posset esse ossiculum, sed nihil praeter naturale invenire potui, praeter augustiam quandam Oesophagi, ere∣gione laryngis, & ea quidem in parte, ubi de dolore, non tamen pungitivo, sed obtuso conquerebatur. Cum itaque Curationem instituere vellem, Barbitonso∣rem accedit, qui per aliquot vices, instrumentis in guttur immissis, malum adeo exacerbavit, ut aucto dolore, tandem nihil amplius deglutire possit, quare iterum Octavo Die in consilium vocor, tum collum undique durum, tensum, supra mo∣dumque ad ipsum pectus Tumefactum inveni, dolor erat maximus, respiratio difficilis, Pulsus celer & debilis, neque guttulam jusculi deglutire potuit; quare ipsum in periculo esse astantibus significavi: Interim tamen ut dolor, reliquaque Symptomata mitigarentur, omnes Nervos intendi, collum & pectus Oleo Lilio∣rum & Amigdalarum dulcium inunxi: Cataplasma & sacculos Emollientes & Ano∣dynos applicui: Decoctum etiam è radicibus, & foliis Altheae, Malvae, Florum Cha∣maemeli,

Liliorum, & Meliloti cum pauco Melle è Cocleare lambendum dedi: sed omnia frustra, sequenti enim die placide obiit.

Post obitum Inciso collo Cesophagum cum vicinis partibus, sed eo praesertim loco, ubi ossiculum infixum fuerat, plane sphacelatum, cum maximo faetore inve∣nimus; ossiculum vero nusquam, immo nec in ipso Ventriculo; pulmones ob prae∣cedentem Inflammationem lividi erant, & Ventriculus plane vacuus; ossiculum vero illud prima nocte, & antequam ad me veniret, in maximis istis conatibus, quos immisso digito in Gulam sibi excitaverat, per superiora, rejectum, aut ad Ventriculum, & Intestina delapsum fuisse.

Deglutition is sometimes violated, when a straightness of the passage re∣lating to the Gulet, proceedeth inwardly from some fleshy substance grow∣ing in the inside of the Oesophagus, thereby lessening its Cavity, so that it cannot give a reception to the Aliment.

Other times Swallowing is prejudiced more or less, * 1.991 when the Gulet is straightned by a Tumour of the neighbouring parts; as in the Inflammation of the Muscles of the Larynx and Neck, which by the Compression of the Gulet, doth lessen its Cavity.

A Gentlewoman of Quality, endued with a Fat Plethorick Body, caused by often indulging her self in the foul feed of gross Flesh, Cabbage, Colly-flowers, and the like; whereupon she fell of a sudden into a violent Sqi∣nancy, flowing from a large quantity of Extravasated Blood, lodged in the Muscles relating to the head of the Wind-pipe, which being highly Tume∣fied, made a Compression upon the top of the Gulet, and gave a stop to the reception of Meat and Drink into the Oesophagus: so that the ••ips be∣ing shut after the taking of Liquid Aliment, it recoiled when it arrived the Pharynx, through the passage of the Mouth into the Nostrils: Whereupon she took her ultimate Vale of her Friends, and recommended her Spirit by a holy Resignation, into the Hands of her Gracious Redeemer. This Dis∣ease of the Gulet, being a consequent of the Inflammation of the Muscles of the Larynx, is Cured by Blood-letting, and other proper Medicines, which I will mention hereafter, in the Cure of a Squinancy, when I do Treat of the Diseases of the Aspera Arteria.

Another cause productive of an abolished or lessened Swallowing, * 1.992 may arise (which is very rare) from the unnatural substance of the Gulet, high∣ly indurated by Concreted, Earthy, and Saline Particles, turning the Mem∣branous and Fleshy substance of the Oesophagus, into a Cartilaginous nature, which being hard and stiff, cannot be Contracted in order to protrude the Aliment into the Stomach.

A Gentlewoman of Vertue and Honour, had her Deglutition first lessened, and afterward wholly taken away, as not able to receive any suste∣nance through the Gulet, into the Stomach, whereupon she grew more and more Languid, and at last Expired: And afterward, upon opening the Neck by Dissection, the Musculus Oesophagaeus encircling the Membranous parts of the Gulet, was found Cartilaginous, which took away the use of the Fibres, by wholly disabling them to Contract, for the transmission of Ali∣ment into the Ventricle.

A difficulty or loss of Swallowing, * 1.993 may also be derived from the Swelling or Induration of the Membranous parts of the Wind-pipe, confining on the Gulet, whereby its Cavity is lessened, or wholly closed up; and the Aspera Arteria being rendred hard, is not capable to give way to the Aliment en∣larging the Gulet, and compressing the Aspera Arteria in its passage through

it; whereupon it cannot be conveyed through the entry of the Oesophagus, into the Chamber of the Stomach.

The third kind of ill Swallowing, is its depraved action, * 1.994 accompanied with Irregular and Convulsive Motions, flowing from the unkindly contra∣ctions of the Carnous Fibres, relating to the Oesophagaean Muscle; which I have lately seen in a worthy Gentlewoman, Wife to an Officer of the Navy who was highly afflicted with unnatural motion of the Gulet, in the act of Swallowing, produced (as I humbly conceive) by Acid and Saline Particles, disaffecting the Tendinous and Carnous Fibres of the Muscles (encircling the inward parts of the Oesophagus) which were hur∣ried with violent Agitations, when they were Contracted in reference to Deglutition.

A depraved action of Swallowing, * 1.995 may be derived not only from Con∣vulsive Motions, which are tremulous agitations of the Carnous and Nervous Fibres of the Muscles of the Gulet; but also from Convulsions, in which the Musculi Cephalopharingaei, Sphenopharingaei, Stylopharingaei, are rendred unnatu∣rally tense and rigid in disorderly Postures; so that they cannot accomplish their due Operations in regular Contractions, for opening the entrance of the Gulet, to give admission to the Aliment, and afterward the Musculus Oesophagaeus being Convulsed, is not capable to Contract and lessen the Ca∣vity of the Gulet, upon the reception of the Aliment into it, and thereby to protrude the Meat and Drink into the Stomach.

An Instance may be given in the Daughter of a worthy Merchant of London, who was highly afflicted with Hysterick Fits (as they are common∣ly called) producing an Universal Convulsion of the Muscles, relating to the Gulet and whole Body, named by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in which the whole Body is rendred so stiff, so that it cannot be bent backward, forward, or sideways: In which unnatural posture, the said Gentlewoman remained Eleven Hours in Twelve, and was not able to Swallow but one Hour in a Day; whereupon I ordered an Hysterick Plaister to be applied to her Na∣vil, and opening Hysterick, and Cephalick Potions and Pills, both Purging and Alterative, to evacuate the gross offensive Humours, and to sweeten the Blood, and to rectifie the Nervous Liquor: And above all, I often ad∣vised Bleeding (which was most significant in reference to the Cure) where∣in some of the depraved Blood being let out, and the rest Depurated, and the weakned Nerves Corroborated by proper Medicines; the Convulsions ceased, and the Patient, through the Almighty Physicians Goodness, was perfectly restored to her former Health.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Stomach.

I Have described the parts relating to the fine Apartiment of the Mouth, in which we treat our selves with Delicate Fare, and others with Pleasant Language and Musick, as in an elegant Room of Entertainment, beauti∣fied with Red, and White, with the Vermilion confines of the Lips, and Ivory rows of various Teeth, answering each other in Symmetry of parts, in proportions agreeing in Shape and Size; and is Arched above with the Roof of the Palate, and graced below with the moveable Area of the Tongue (all beset with variety of Minute Glands) as so many Instruments of Speech, Tasting, and Mastication, for the Comminution of Aliment, to impraegnate it with Salival Liquor, as a Fermentative Menstruum, to give it the first rudiment of Concoction; and afterward the broken Aliment is con∣veyed through the long entry of the Gulet, into the larger room of the Sto∣mach, to improve it with a farther Digestion.

Whereupon, having handled the parts of the Mouth and Gulet, as Am∣bulatory to the Ventricle; my Province at this time, is to Treat of its Situ∣ation, Connexion, and Structure, in reference to Man (and other Ani∣mals) and of its Appetitive, Retentive, and Expulsive Faculty; and also of its Serous and Nervous Ferments, as they are ministerial to Chylification, for which useful Operation, the Stomach and all its Functions are principal∣ly, if not wholly instituted by Nature.

The Ventricle is lodged in the upper part of the lower Apartiment, * 1.996 and the greater portion of it is placed in the left Hypoconder, or Side, and in some part it resteth upon the Spine, and toward the right part it groweth less and less, to give way to the Liver; to its left side the Spleen is fastned, and to its bottom, according to its whole length, the Caul is affixed, and the hinder part of it is lodged upon the Pancreas, as upon a soft Pillow.

The Stomach is united and affixed to the neighbouring parts, by firm Con∣nexion to secure it in its proper Station, and is continued in its left Orisice to the Gulet, by whose mediation it is fastned to the Midriff, and is conjoyn∣ed in its right Orifice to the Duodenum, and by the interposition of the Caul is tied to the Liver, Back, Spleen, Colon, and Pancreas.

Under the notion of Structure, the Magnitude, Figure, and substance of the Stomach, may seem to be comprised.

The Dimensions of Mans Ventricle, * 1.997 if compared with those of other Ani∣mals, are small, because Humane Bodiesare fed with Flesh, and other high Nutriment, which are delicate and great in Vertue, and small in Bulk, and do quickly gratifie the Appetite, and refresh the Body, which needeth not such a great extent of Stomach, as is requisite in other Animals, when fed upon a lower nourishment of Plants, which arise to a great Bulk, to satisfie the Ap∣petite of Bruits, and to repair the decays of Nature in the large bodies of Bullocks, Horses, Asses, Mules, &c.

The Stomach, * 1.998 when extended with Meat, Drink, or Wind, somewhat resembleth a Bag-pipe in Figure, when it is blown up; and as the Ventricle is adjoyned in its left Orifice to the Culet, by which, as by a Pipe, it re∣ceiveth

Aliment, and in its right Orifice to the Duodenum, into which, as into a Receptacle, the Chyle and the grosser Excrements are transmitted: The Stomach extended, is endued with an oblong and round Figure, where∣by it is rendred more capable to retain the greater quantity of Meat and Drink; and its outward Surface convene, and its inward Concave, and is oblong and round, and more Protuberant in the left side, which being con∣tracted by various Fibres, more easily presseth the contents of the Stomach, toward the right Orifice.

The Substance, the chief integral of the Structure, * 1.999 relating to the Sto∣mach, is composed of many Coats, finely seated within each other: The first is Membranous, consisting of many well spun Filaments, making their progress the whole length of the Stomach, from the left to the right Orifice, and do immure the Carnous Fibres within their soft embraces, and thereby keep them from starting out of their proper places, in violent Contractions, up∣on which account, the Fibres of the outward Tunicle do not only pass in right, long, parallel Lines, but also in short and oblique Lines, and accord∣ing to the various surface of the outward Coat, the Fibres have sometimes a long and straight Course † 1.1000, and othertimes a short and oblique, and are more thick and as it were fleshy about the Orifices, and both Extreamities of the Stomach, to be as it were Auxiliary Sphincters, to shut up the Orifices of the Ventricle, which is chiefly performed by the Carnous Fibres of the se∣cond Coat.

And the Membranous Coat, is not only beset with several Fibres, but also Enameled with great variety of Blood Vessels, sporting themselves in different manners; the greatest descend in numerous Trunks and Ramulets, from the top toward the bottom, and other ascend from the bottom toward the top, and are much less in Dimension then the other.

The second Coat of the Stomach, is much thicker then the outward, * 1.1001, con∣sisting of divers rows of Carnous Fibres, of which those that encompass the Convex and outward Surface, are called Transverse † 1.1002, as they pass Cross∣ways, and intersect the straight Fibres of the first Coat in right Angles: These Fibres seated in the outward surface of the second Coat of the Ventricle, * 1.1003 may be called Annular, as they encircle the whole Circumference of the Stomach. And other rows of Carnous Fibres may be seen if the Ventricle be opened, and the inward surface, which is naturally Concave, be turned outward, and rendred Convex; and the Stomach being boiled in this posture, and the Glandulous and Nervous coverings being taken off, the Carnous Fibres ap∣pear, which in their origen about the left Orifice, run a little space in right, and afterward make their progress in Oblique Lines, * 1.1004 the whole length of the top of the Stomach to the Pylorus. A second sort of Carnous Fibres are seated in the Concave, and inward surface of the Carnous Coat of the Ven∣tricle, and do begin below the upper Fibres, and make their progress ob∣liquely Crossways towards the bottom of the Stomach, wheeling in their Bevil Lines toward the left Orifice and Origen.

So that the second Coat of the Stomach is laced with various ranks of Car∣nous Fibres, which are pleasant to behold, and speak the great Contrivance of the Architect, and have several motions, * 1.1005 to draw the Stomach into va∣riety of postures, subservient to divers uses. The Fibres seated in the Con∣vex surface of the Ventricle being Circular, and running on each side Cross∣ways, do narrow the Cavity of the Stomach in depth; and if these Annu∣lar Fibres do begin their motions about the right Orifice, and bottom of the Stomach, and move successively, they throw its contents toward its Origen and the Gulet.

And in opposite manner, if the Annular Fibres do commence their Con∣tractions near the left Orifice, and are carried toward the right, they pro∣trude the Contents of the Stomach toward the Pylorus and Intestines; this Motion is assisted by the right Fibres (seated in the upper region of the surface of the inward Carnous Coat) beginning their motion near the Ori∣fice, and thereby Contract the length of the Stomach, and force the Con∣tents of it toward its Termination, about which, if these right Fibres do be∣gin their Contractions, and so act toward the left Orifice, the Contents of the Stomach are forced in Vomiting toward its Origen, and the Extreamity of the Gulet.

Below these rows of right are placed another rank of Oblique Fi∣bres in the Concave Surface, which when they take the rise of their Mo∣tions in the Origen of the Stomach, they narrow its Cavity first about the left Orifice, and press the contents towards the Pylorus; wherein if the Ob∣lique Fibres do first act their parts, they throw the Contents toward the left Orifice.

So that various rows of Fibres, making different progresses in the outward Convex and inward concave surface of the Carnous Coat of the Stomach, do every way lessen its Dimensions, by their various Motions: The Annular and Oblique Fibres, do several ways lessen the Cavity of the Ventricle ac∣cording to its depth, * 1.1006 and the right Fibres (passing along the top of the Stomach, from one Orifice to the other) being Contracted, do pull the Extreamities nearer each other, and thereby do shorten the length of the Ventricle; whereupon the various Carnous Fibres contracting according to their different Situations and Postures, do every way lessen the hollowness of the Stomach, and do throw the Contents of it to its several Extreamities, according to their various beginnings and terminations of their Motion, in and to the left and right Orifices of the Stomach.

The third Coat is Nervous, * 1.1007 made up of numerous Filaments, finely inter∣woven with each other, and have several progresses, some in length, and others in depth; which being closely conjoyned, do chiefly integrate the choice Compage, accommodated also with Arteries and Veins, whose Ex∣treamities are inserted into its lower Surface, invested with a Crust, full of right Filaments, perpendicularly terminating into the Nervous Coat, which it covereth in manner of Velvet, as Doctor Willis expresseth it; and is beset with numerous Minute Glands, whence this Coat is denominated Glandu∣lous, * 1.1008 and may be called the fourth covering of the Stomach, into whose substance many Nervous Fibrils are implanted, importing a select Liquor into it, whose more refined Particles being severed in the body of the Glands, are carried by Pores or Minute Ducts, into the Cavity of the Ventricle, and the more recremental parts of the Nervous Liquor are received into the Ex∣treamities of the Veins, or into the Lymphaeducts (if any in the Stomach) and so transmitted into the common Receptacle.

Thus having Treated of the various Coats of the Stomach and their seve∣ral Fibres, I will give a brief account of the retentive and excretory Faculty of the Stomach, performed by the greater or less Contractions of Straight, Oblique, and Circular Fibres.

The Retentive Faculty of the Ventricle (ordained by Nature to enclose the Aliment in order to Concoction) is accomplished by various Fibres, * 1.1009 whereof the long do run the length of the outward Tunicle, Contracting it Longways; and the Subsequent Fibres passing down the depth of the Con∣vex surface of the Carnous Coat in straight Lines, do narrow the hollowness

of it deepways, and a third rank of Fibres making their progress Obliquely in the concave surface of the fleshy coat of the Ventricle, do contract it ob∣liquely inward. Whereupon the Cavity of the Stomach being narrowed every way in its Dimensions, by the gentle Contractions of various Fibres, doth purse it self up to encompass the Aliment within its soft embraces du∣ring the Concoction; which being effected, and the Alimentary Liquor extra∣cted, the Faeces grow troublesome, and the Fibres seated in the bottom of the Stomach, contracting themselves, do reduce the Arch of the lower Re∣gion to a Plain, and lift up the Recrement and Alimentary Juice, and press them forward toward the right Orifice, till they arrive the Antrum, or Ca∣vity of the Pylorus, where by its Fibres, they are forced to the entrance of the Duodenum.

The Excretory Motion of the Stomach, * 1.1010 is more briskly performed in Purging, by Fibres beginning about the left, and moving toward the right Orifice, and by Contracting one part after another successively, do lessen more and more the Cavity of the Stomach, and thereby squeese the Con∣tents of it from the Origen to its Termination.

The Excretory Motion in Vomiting, is more strong then that of Purging, * 1.1011 to which the Stomach runneth Counter in this unnatural Motion, perfor∣med first by the Carnous Fibres, violently contracting in the bottom of the Ventricle, whereby they lift up its Contents with great girks, which are seconded with strong Contractions of the various ranks of Circular, Ob∣lique, and Long Fibres, seated in the convex and concave surface of the Carnous Coat, which move in an inverted Peristaltick Motion, from the Pylorus, and bottom to the origen of the Stomach, whereupon it grows narrower and shorter in its Dimensions; and the Contents are forced from the right to the left Crifice, and thence into the Gulet.

And now a Question may be started, * 1.1012 How the Fibres of the outward and Carnous Coat of the Stomach are incited to move, when they are so remote from the Contents, which make their first Appulses upon the Fibres of the Nervous Coat, and afterwards draw into consent, the Carnous and Mem∣branous Fibres, of the second and outward covering, whose great action and use are instituted by Nature, to encompass the Aliment in the tender bosome of the Stomach, lessened in its Dimensions by the contractions of various Fibres, in order to the concoction of Aliment; which being per∣formed, the Alimentary Liquor, and the Faeces separated from it, are car∣ried through the Pylorus, and right Orifice of the Ventricle, into the Inte∣stines.

And that the grosser parts of the Meat may not be transmitted, * 1.1013 till the Alimentary Juice is duly Extracted, Nature hath most prudently guarded the left and right Orifices with Fibres to contract them, least the Aliment should be discharged the confines of the Stomach, before it is duly Con∣cocted.

The left Orifice of the Ventricle, seated in its Origen, hath a straight and perpendicular passage, which is guarded with Carnous and Membra∣nous Fibres narrowing its Bore, least the Stomach being disgusted after the reception of Aliment, should throw it up immediately into the Gulet; and this Orifice is opened in time of Deglutition, performed by the Carnous Fi∣bres of the Musculus Oesophagaeus, contracting the Cavity of the Gulet, and thereby forcing the Aliment down to the Origen of the Stomach, whereup∣on the Fibres, guarding the left Orifice, are relaxed, and the Meat and Drink received into the bosome of the Ventricle.

The right Orifice of the Stomach, * 1.1014 commonly called the Pylorus, hath a Cavity seated in it (named Antrum, by Learned Doctor Willis) which be∣ing more and more lessened, endeth in a small Hole, which being formed after the manner of an Arch, is conjoyned to the Origen of the Intestines: And the Coats of the Stomach are much thicker about this Orifice, then in any other part; and the Nervous Coat is rendred rough by many folds, and the Pylorus terminates in a Neck, somewhat resembling the Cock of a Ci∣stern, which being lifted up in the upper Region, descendeth gradually, to give a check to the recourse of the Chyle into the Stomach, which is much assisted by the Annular Fibres, contracting the Cavity of the Pylorus; which are relaxed by the various ranks of Carnous Fibres (seated in the second Coat) contracting the Dimensions of the body of the Stomach, and there∣by presseth the Alimentary Liquor, and Faeces severed from it, through the opened Pylorus, into the Duodenum.

The curious structure of the Stomach, * 1.1015 is not only made up of various ranks of Fibres, as so many proper Integrals, framing the rare compage of the Ventricle; but is composed also of divers kinds of Vessels, as common parts Enameling the various Coats, and are Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Milky Vessels, and Lymphaeducts.

As some will have it, * 1.1016 the Stomach is adorned with five Branches of Blood Vessels; the Pylorick, Artery and Vein, the right Gastre-Epiploick, the Gastrick (and out of each of them springeth the Coronary Branch) the left Gastre-Epiploick, and the Vas breve: All these Arteries are accompanied with Veins, which have the same Appellatives, and are akin to the Arteries, their Companions, in their numerous Divarications; which are distributed into all parts of the Tunicles, with fruitful Ramulets and Capillaries, giving heat and life to the Stomach, and are terminated into the Nervous and Glandulous Coat, into which the Vital Liquor being transmitted, its loft serous parts are severed from the Red Crassament, and conveyed by Ducts and Pores, into the cavity of the Ventricle, as a Ferment to farther the concoction of Aliment.

The Veins of the Ventricle, also first shading the coats of it, with a num∣ber of greater and smaller Branches are implanted into the most inmost c••••t, wherein they reconvey the Vital Liquor, imported by the Arteries; and the extreamities of these Veins, relating to the Nervous and Glandulous Coat, may perhaps receive the more thin Particles of the Chyle (and chiefly Pur∣ple-Juice) and convey them to the Blood.

The Nerves of the Stomach are propagated from the Par Vagum, * 1.1017 and creeping down on each side of the Gulet, are divided into an outward and inward Branch, and the Interior Branches approaching each other, do coalesce into one, which first passing down the Oesophagus, doth at last encompass the bottom of the Stomach: And in like manner (as Doctor Willis has well ob∣served) the Exterior Branches, accosting each other, do afterward unite, and passing down into the inside of the Stomach, are reflected and enter in∣to the upper part of it. And from the outward and inward Branches be∣setting the sides of the left Orifice, many Ramulets do sprout, which mu∣tually Inosculate, and constitute a Reticular Plex.

The lower Stomacick Branch, * 1.1018 transmitteth many Nervous Fibrils into the left part of the bottom of the Stomach, which afterward espouse a union with the Mesenterick and Lienary Plex.

Also other Branches (seated in the right side, * 1.1019 relating to the bottom of the Ventricle) do spring from the outward and inward Stomacick Nerves, and confaederate with the Hepatick Plex, and about this place both Trunks of the Per Vagum do terminate; and the last Branches, that can be percei∣ved, are sprouts of the Stomacick Nerves, and do associate with the Fibres, derived from the Mesenterick Plexes.

The Milky Vessels of the Stomach, * 1.1020 are not so numerous as those of the Guts, and take their rise from the bottom of the Stomach, and after a small space, do rest upon the Anterior Membrane of the Caul, and do pass un∣der its larger Glands, into the right Extreamity of the Pancreas, and af∣terward the Lacteae coming from the Stomach, originally do pass in a straight course, and discharge themselves into the common Receptacle.

The Stomach hath also Lymphaeducts, as Learned Bartholine will have it: * 1.1021 Of which (saith he) Rudbeck hath given a Figure, perforating the Sto∣mach, and passing into a Gland seated between the Pylorus and Ventricle, and Exonerating their Liquor into the common Receptacle. But I humbly con∣ceive, that these Learned Men, have taken the Vasa Lactea for Lymphae∣ducts, which are very like them in colour and substance.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Stomachs of Beasts.

ALion, the King of Beasts, is furnished with a Stomach, * 1.1022 having larger Dimensions in the bottom, and toward the left side, and more nar∣row toward the middle, and is endued in his Anterior and upper Region, with two unequal Protuberances; and the Pylorus is sometimes hard and Car∣tilaginous, which reached to the middle of the Duodenum, which Thomas Bartholine saw in a Dissected Lion.

The inward Coat of the Stomach, is contracted into many Folds, * 1.1023 by which the Ventricle is laid into Furrows, and one part of it is distinguished from another, as by so many Partitions, of which Twelve were disposed in elegant order by Equidistant Circles, and each of them were conjoyned to other smaller ones (as the Valves of the Heart are fixed to its Columns) in which, as so many Repositories, the Aliment is safely lodged for its better concoction.

A Camel, hath four Venters, as so many Allodgments, * 1.1024 in which the Ali∣ment is prepared and concocted, as in other Bruits, chewing the Cud: These four Receptacles, are distinguished one from another; the first is the Panch, which being larger then the other, is attended with a second, much less in Di∣mensions, which is accompanied with a third, much less, but longer then the first, and then the fourth bringeth up the Rear, and is much akin in extent to the second Venter. * 1.1025

In the upper Region of the second Apartiment of the Stomach, are lodg∣ed many Cavities like so many Cisterns, to retain Water, which are seated between the coats of the Stomach, which make the whole substance of it; these Sacks, accommodated with Glandulous Muscles, Nature hath most

wisely framed, as so many Receptacles of Water, which are drawn out, when this Beast travelleth through dry Countries, for the support of Na∣ture in time of Necessity.

The structure of the Stomach in a Beaver, * 1.1026 is admirable (as Blasius hath well observed) and is very rare and large, somewhat resembling in Figure, a Hog, except where it is divided by a kind of Furrow, or Cavity running downward, and making it as it were a double Stomach; in the left side near the Orifice, is seated a fleshy substance, about the length of four Inches, adorned with an Oval Figure.

And in the Stomach being cut in length, were discovered many pieces of Barks and Roots of Trees, and nothing of Fish found in the Cavity of it, whose inside appeared all lined with a Mucous Matter: And over against the Furrow (which was discerned outwardly) in the inside of the Sto∣mach, was placed a Nervous Prominence, which did not extend it self so far to the bottom, as to part the Ventricle into two parts.

Where the red Protuberance appeared, in the outside, and in the inside, might be seen many little Holes, or extreamities of Vessels chiefly of a round Figure, receptive of a Tare; and some of these Orifices seemed to be of a Semilunary shape, which are placed near the upper region of the Stomach: And some of the outward parts of the Orifices being sliced away, under∣neath were discovered other more Minute Orifices, which were part of the Excretory Ducts being cut off; and out of the remanent Holes, the red substance being compressed outwardly, a Mucous Matter distilled, re∣sembling Castoreum in sent; and Breath being immitted into the Orifices by a Blow-pipe, the red substance was immediately Tumified, which be∣ing stripped off from its Exterior Membrane, * 1.1027 a fleshy substance offered it self, full of right Fibres, running parallel to those of the Gulet: This Muscular substance was beset with numerous Minute Glands, attended with Excre∣tory Vessels, perforating the inward Coat of the Stomach

These small Glands of one bigness, were set in many Rows, passing in right Lines, according to the progress of the Fibres: These Glands being squeesed, a clammy Matter oused out, and the Glands grew lank, and af∣terward Breath being immitted into them by a proper Instrument, they grew big again, and assumed their former Figure.

Whereupon, * 1.1028 I most humbly conceive, that these small Glands being ac∣commodated with numerous Arteries, and Veins; the first import Blood into the body of the Glands, where the more soft parts are severed from the Purple Liquor, and carried by Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Stomach, and serve as a Menstruum and Ferment to moisten, and to impraegnate its dry Aliment of Barks and Rinds of Trees, in order to extract an Ali∣mentary Liquor.

Four Venters are assigned bp Nature to Beasts chewing the Cud: * 1.1029 The first is called by Grecians, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Panch, which hath the most large bosome for to Macerate and Concoct Aliment, before it is reconveyed to the Mouth, in order to the more easie Chewing; and is composed as well as the Gulet, of four Coats, the Membranous, Carnous, Nervous, and Glan∣dulous covering. It hath several inequalities, which are the Duplicatures of Muscular Membranes; as Learned Doctor Grew hath observed.

The second Venter, called by the Latines, Reticulum, in English, the Hony Comb; hath three Orifices, the first is conjoyned to the Gulet, from which it receiveth Aliment: The second conveyeth it into the Panch; and the third into the Feck. The second Venter is hollowed in divers places, in

reference to its inward surface into many Cells, somewhat resembling the cavities of a Hony Comb (whence it borroweth its denomination in English) and are instituted by Nature to stay the Aliment, for the better Con∣coction of it before it is imparted to the third Venter, called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and by the Latines, Omasus, and by the English, Feck; which is of a rare Frame, as composed of many broad transverse Membranes, as so ma∣ny Repositories of Aliment, till it is farther Digested, and Intenerated, as a disposition to a better Concoction in the fourth Venter, which somewhat resembleth the Stomach of Man in Figure, called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and by the Latines, Abomasus, in English, the Reed; * 1.1030 and is endued with more and greater Plicatures, then that of Man, which take their progress in a straight course: This Venter receiveth the Aliment prepared in the former Venters, and giveth it a more perfect Elaboration. This Venter almost wholly emploied, and the former of no other use in young Animals that Suck, but to transmit the Milk into the fourth Venter, which alone giveth its Conco∣ction, and so transmitteth it into the Intestines, to receive a greater refinement caused by proper Ferments in the Guts.

Before I part with the Stomachs of Bruits, * 1.1031 I will take the freedom to of∣fer my Sentiment about the chewing of the Cud in Horn Beasts, which is ordered first by a reconveying the Aliment out of the Panch into the Mouth, to receive a further Comminution by the Teeth: Of which Doctor Glysson giveth this Account, Cap. 2. de Histor. Ventriculi. Modus, quo tota actio per∣ficitur, sic se habet: Collecta bona cibi portione, & aliquandiu in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 pe∣nu coacervata, laetatur Phantasia, & de fruitione bonorum partorum cogitare incipit. Hinc paulo fortius solito tensis Musculis, Abdominis, & una Diaphragma. magno ven∣tri dat ansam se quoq conformiter comprimendi: Adeo{que} motus peristalticus ab infra sursum excitatur, qui ascendens in reticulum, & inde in gulam, cibum in os re∣fundit. With the permission of this great Author, I humbly conceive that the crude Aliment is not thrown out of the Panch, as being only grateful to it, wherupon the Muscles of the Abdomen and Diaphragme do not Con∣tract themselves, to give the Hony Comb and Panch, more close em∣braces of the crude Aliment, upon the account of greater Pleasure and De∣light; but as rather lying somewhat heavy upon the Panch, by reason of its great and indigested quantity, so that the Hony Comb and Panch, do lessen the Cavities by the contraction of the Carnous Fibres, assisted with the Muscles of the Abdomen, to gulp up the Inconcocted Grass or Hay, to be farther moistned in the Mouth, by Salival Liquor, flowing out of the Oral Glands; and then to be broken into small Particles, by the grinding of the Teeth, put into various postures and motions by the Muscles of the lower Jaw, and afterward it is swallowed down the second time into the Panch, to receive a greater Concoction.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Stomachs of Birds.

BIrds of Prey, * 1.1032 and Hawks, that feed upon Flesh, have not Muscular (as those that eat Corn) but Membranous and small narrow Ventri∣cles: by reason, a little proportion of Flesh, being of great Nourishment, supplieth the defects of Nature.

An Eagle, * 1.1033 in reference to the Magnitude of Body, is furnished with a little Stomach, much different from that of Beasts, as ending in an obtuse Cone, and is divided into two Regions, the upper taking its rise from the left Orifice, is covered with a white Membrane, interlaced with many pa∣rallel folds descending downward, and pinked with numerous Holes, which are the terminations of divers Excretory Vessels, appertaining to many Glands lodged under the inward Membrane of the Ventricle, into whose Cavity these Ducts discharge a Fermentative Liquor: The inferior Region of the Stomach is rougher, as dressed with more Furrows, seated in the inmost Membrane, under which is lodged not a Glandulous, as in the upper part of the Ventricle, but a fleshy Coat.

About the partition of the upper from the lower part of the Stomach, are seated four pointed Protuberances, endued with a grisly substance, and accompanied with divers Glands, which are accommodated with Vessels, perforating the inward Coat of the Stomach, and transmitting a whitish Juice into its Cavity, to prepare the Aliment for Concoction.

A Castrel, * 1.1034 a kind of Hawk, hath also a round Membranous Stomach, not fleshy as in Hens, Turkeys, Peacocks, and most Birds, except those of Prey. A Castrel differeth also from Granivorous Fowl, in reference to its plain Membrane, covering the inside of the Stomach, which is destitute of folds.

A Heron, * 1.1035 as Blasius affirmeth, hath three Stomachs: The first commonly called a Crop, or Craw, resembleth a Poke in Figure, and is a continua∣tion of the Gulet, as being of the same substance with it; and differeth in shape and magnitude, and is composed of many Membranous Coats, inter∣lined with fleshy, long, and circular Fibres, as conducive to expel the Con∣cocted Aliment and its Recrements, into the lower part of the Gulet, and afterward into the Orifice of the Stomach.

The second Stomach of a Heron, * 1.1036 is of a round Figure, and less then the first in Dimensions, and is shaded with numerous Ramulets of Blood Vessels in its outward surface, and is furnished with a Valve, seated in the Orifice of the Ventricle, to give a check to the return of Aliment into the Gulet and first Stomach.

A third Cavity, * 1.1037 may be reckoned also into the number of Stomachs, and is the least of all, beautified with an Orbicular Figure, and is affixed to the side of the second Stomach, as an out-let to convey the digested Ali∣ment into the Intestines.

Between the Coats of the Stomach, relating to this Bird and others, are lodged numerous Minute Glands, attended with many Ducts, piercing the white and hard Membranes of the Ventricle, into which is conveyed a whi∣tish Liquor derived from the Glands, interlining the coverings of the Sto∣mach.

The main Stomach of a Turkey, Hen, Pheasant, Partridg, Duck, Goose, * 1.1038 and of most Birds, is lodged near a transverse Membrane, which is substi∣tuted in the place of a Midriff, as parting the lower from the middle Apar∣timent, and is of a thick and solid substance; whereupon it doth much dif∣fer from the Ventricle of an Eagle, Owl, Cuckow, and of all Hawks, both in Colour, Magnitude, and Consistence, which have a peculiar way of digesting Aliment, * 1.1039 by reason their Stomachs are cumposed of divers delicate thin Coverings, invested outwardly with a white Robe, and within with a soft slippery Matter; but the Ventricle of a Goose, and the like, is framed of a solid red substance, whose inward Recesses are incrusted with a hard Cartilaginous Matter.

The fleshy Stomach consisteth of several Dimensions, * 1.1040 in various Birds of different Magnitudes; its length runneth cross the lower Apartiment, and its Breadth passeth downward from the Margent, of one side to the other; and its greatness is not to be valued from the largeness of its Cavity, but from the thickness of its Walls.

The whole Fabrick of Muscular Stomachs of Birds, * 1.1041 seemeth outwardly to be adorned with a kind of Oval Figure, somewhat flattish in the upper, and lower Region, whose middle is rendred unequal, by reason of some Asperities; and its Extreamities are Semicircular, fringed with red Mar∣gents: And if these Stomachs be dispoiled of their yellow fat habit, the thick Compage seemeth for the most part, to be a Muscular Composition, decked with white coverings (shining like Silver) integrated of Tendinous Fibres, arising out of a fleshy Circumference; and being carried in nume∣rous long Lines, do meet in the middle of the upper and lower Surfaces, as in Centers, and do constitute strong white Tendons † 1.1042, intersecting each other.

The Gizard of a Goose (and many other Birds) is garnished with three pair of Muscles: The first, as I conceive, by reason they most readily ac∣coast our view, and present themselves, and are narrow long Muscles † 1.1043, beautifying the Margents of the Gizard (with a red Fringe) to which they are affixed, and are endued with a kind of Semilunary Figure, as be∣ing segments of a Circle; and have fleshy crooked Fibres † 1.1044, passing the whole length of the Muscles, from one Extreamity to the other.

The Semicircular Muscles, have numerous Tendinous Fibres, sprouting out of their Extreamities, and sides, in right Lines, like so many Rays di∣splayed † 1.1045, and meet in the Center of the Gizard, and make two thick white Tendons † 1.1046, consisting of many Fibres (decussating each other) which are so closely conjoyned, that they cannot be parted, and are the Centers, upon which the Muscles of the Gizard, do raise their Motions

The second pair of Muscles appertaining to the Gizard, may be stiled Lateral, by reason they make the greatest part of both its sides, and are covered with two Integuments; the first is very thin and Membranous, the second is more thick and Tendinous, as composed of many small Fibres, so curiously united to each other, that they cannot be distinguished by a care∣less Eye, and do end in two thick white Tendons, seated in the middle of the Gizard.

These Muscles begin in both Extreamities of the Gizard, and terminate near the Transverse Muscles, and are the most substantial parts of this thick and fleshy Ventricle.

These great Lateral Muscles, are composed of divers thin fleshy Laminae, or Flakes † 1.1047, (which I humbly conceive, may be called so many fine arched

Muscles, curiously joyned to each other, by the interposition of Fibres) by reason every one of these fleshy Expansions, is invested with a proper Mem∣brane, dividing it from the adjoyning Muscles, and all of them have many Fibres, passing down the depth of them, which being contracted, do draw the Laminae closer to each other, and lessen their Arches, and at last lessen the Cavity of the Gizard, and dash the Aliment against the sides of the Car∣tilages.

The third pair of Muscles may be named Transverse, (in reference to their situation) which take their Origen near the Margents of the Gizard, and take their progress crossways, and end near the Tendons, seated in the middle of the Gizard.

The first pair of these Muscles † 1.1048 is much the larger, and encompasseth the upper Orifice, and hath Semicircular Fibres † 1.1049, passing the length of this Muscle, which contracting themselves gently, do protrude the Corn, or other Aliment, into the Cavity of the Gizard: These Fibres, if they do briskly move, do so far lessen the entrance of the Stomach, that the Ali∣ment cannot return into the Gulet, when it is thrown against the hard inward Walls of the Gizard.

The second Transverse Muscle † 1.1050 is much less, and standeth opposite to the other, and is of a kind of flat Oval Figure, and hath many Semicircular fleshy Fibres † 1.1051, (reaching from one Extreamity to the other) which mo∣ving gently, do transmit the broken Aliment out of the Gizard into the In∣testines; and if the fleshy Fibres be more strongly contracted, they shut up the Pylorus, and stop Nourishment when broken against the hard enclo∣sures of the Stomach, from slipping out of it.

These Transverse Muscles, do emit many Tendinous Fibres, which be∣ing united, do make a strong Tendon † 1.1052, creeping under the other above, which proceedeth from the Semicircular and Lateral Muscles.

These upper and lower Tendons intersecting each other, and seated above and below in the middle of the Gizard, are the Centers of Motions, as they keep all the Muscles from starting out of their proper places, in their opposite Motions.

These Transverse Muscles, in their joynt Motions, may (as I apprehen•• by the mutual contractions of their Semicircular Fibres, lessen the breadth of the Cavity of the Gizard, and thereby relax the Semicircular and Lateral Mus∣cles, which narrow the Cavity of the Stomach long-ways; whereupon these various Muscles may be called Antagonists to each other, as having opposite Motions, by which they relax each other, by reason the Transverse Muscles in their contractions, do lessen the breadth by pulling the sides nearer, and the Semicircular and Lateral, the length of the cavity of the Gizard, by drawing its Extreamities more toward the middle.

The first pair of Muscles being of a Semicircular Figure † 1.1053, are conjoyned to the Extreamities, and other Margents of the opposite Lateral Muscles, and are furnished with many Fibres (full of various Flexures and Mean∣ders † 1.1054) which being contracted, do shorten the length of the Lateral Mus∣cles, by compressing their several Laminae (into a narrow compass) which being fastned to each other by fleshy Fibres, * 1.1055 and by tendinous coverings to the outward surfaces of the Cartilaginous Plates, do bring them nearer to each other, and render them fit for crushing the Aliment against their hard sides; which is chiefly performed by various Laminae, or Muscular Expan∣sions (closely joyned to each other) accommodated with different Fibres, which being contracted after various postures, do lift up and pull down the

Cartilaginous Enclosures, which do make repeated gratings upon the adja∣cent Corn (frequently associated with little Stones, and other hard sub∣stances) whereby the Aliment is broken into small Particles, as being first mollified with a Liquor destilling out of the Glands, in its passage through the Echinus.

The great Parent of all things, out of His admirable Wisdom and Provi∣dence, hath graciously ordered His Creatures, as so many Rays of his Essence, to be sustained by a proper nourishment, and to that end, hath contrived fit Instru∣ments, in reference to the extraction of an Alimentary Liquor, and hath most prudently constituted as many different Stomachs, as kinds of Animals. An In∣stance may be given in the great variety of Fowl, some of which are endued with an appetite to Corn, whose nourishing parts are immured with a tough Husk, and Membranes; * 1.1056 whereupon Nature hath wisely instituted a fit Appara∣tus of Organs, to grind the Corn in the Gizard (as in a kind of Mill) which is furnished with variety of Muscles, which have different contractions and resemble Wheels, whereby the Gizard incrusted with Cartilaginous Plates (as with two Milstones) is moved up and down, and assisted with many small Stones, whereupon the Corn being tumbled several ways, and dashed against the hard sides of the Cavity of the Stomach, is at last broken into a pulpy substance; which is first prepared in the Crop, * 1.1057 and the Bulbous sub∣stance of the Gulet surrounded with numerous Glands, which send out a whitish Liquor into the Cavity of Echinus, to moisten and intenerate the hard Corn in order to Attrition, accomplished by the various agitations of the Stomach, effected by divers Muscles, * 1.1058 annexed by Tendinous Fibres to the Plates of the Gizard. The chief actors in this Scene of Motion, are the Lateral Muscles, consisting of many arched fleshy Expansions, dressed with various Fibres, acting in opposite motions of Elevating and Depressing, the hard Incrustations of the Stomach, parted by divers Fissures; whereupon the Aliment is ground into small pieces, which is much furthered by the Transverse Muscles, lessening the Breath of the Stomach, and thereby ma∣king a Comminution of the Aliment, first broken by the various contracti∣ons of the laminated, arched, fleshy Expansions of the Lateral Muscles.

The Scuta, or Cartilaginous Plates, being of a Circular Figure † 1.1059, are lodged in the inward Recesses of the Gizard, and are endued with various Fissures † 1.1060; and the Scutum of the right side hath a Semicircular Ridg, or Prominence, seated near the top of it † 1.1061; but the Scutum of the left side, is adorned with a Semilunary Ridg, set in opposite manner to that of the right side, as being placed in the bottom of the Scutum † 1.1062.

These Cartilaginous Ridges of the Scuta, being seated opposite to each other, the one in the top, and the other in the bottom of the Cartilaginous Plates, have the advantage to insinuate themselves into the Cavities † 1.1063 of the Scuta, whereby they enclose the Corn, and dash it against the sides of the Cartilaginous Plates, to break it into small Particles.

CHAP. XX. Of the Stomach of Fish.

FIsh declare the wondrous Works of the All-wise Creator, in the great variety of Stomachs, which differ in Figure, Magnitude, and Sub∣stance, much more then the Ventricles of more perfect Animals.

The Stomach of a Whale is prodigiously large when extended, * 1.1064 and some∣what resembleth an Estrich Egg in Figure; of a thin and Membranous sub∣stance, plain, as free from Folds, and adorned with many Arteries, Veins, and Nerves.

A Porpess is furnished with three Stomachs, * 1.1065 and are distinguished from each other, as parted by small Orifices: The first Ventricle is the largest, covered within with a white Coat, full of Folds, and in Figure is like a Pouch, ending in an obtuse Cone; and near the top dischargeth it self by a straight passage into the second Stomach, which is of smaller Dimensions then the former; and its Surface is hued with Red, and adorned with smal∣ler, and more regular Plicatures, accompanied with Protuberances, and Exonerates it self near the bottom by a long Neck, into the third Ventricle, being as it were an Appendage of the former, whose Termination is turned a little upward, and afterward conjoyned to the Intestines.

The body of the Stomach of a Dory is large, * 1.1066 and of an Orbicular Fi∣gure † 1.1067, and endeth in an Arch, where it is conjoyned to the Intestines; and the Ventricle being opened with a Knife, I found it full of half digested Fish, their outside being melted into an Ash-coloured Mucous Matter, of a fishy taste and smell.

The Ventricle of a Cod, is much akin to the Gulet, only somewhat big∣ger in Dimensions. The first Coat is very thin and Membranous, and more reddish then that of the Oesophagus. The second is more thick and Glandulous (being a composition of many small Glands, finely conjoyned by the mediation of thin Membranes) especially near the bottom, and Ter∣mination of the Stomach: The inward Coat of the Stomach, was thicker then the outward, and of a white Nervous substance, full of Minute Per∣forations, through which a Fermentative Liquor was transmitted from the Glands, into the Cavity of the Stomach.

The Ventricle of a Kingston, * 1.1068 is somewhat larger in its Origen then the Gulet, and is of one uniform bigness for some space, and afterward grow∣eth more enlarged toward the bottom, and then wheeleth in an Arch † 1.1069, and ascendeth along the right side, and is conjoyned to the beginning of the Intestines. * 1.1070

The Stomach of a Fireflair, or Sting-Ray, representeth an Arch † 1.1071 in Fi∣gure, and its left Orifice is large, and full of Wrinkles in its outward Sur∣face, adorned with white: The right Orifice is much less then the other, being encircled with a Sphincter, rendring the Pylorus very narrow, to hin∣der the regress of Faeces into the Stomach.

The Ventricle of a Skait, * 1.1072 consisteth of four Coats: The first is thin and Membranous, and enameled with divers Blood Vessels, and framed of many Filaments, running in several Postures, and curiously interwoven. The

second is thicker then the former, being reddish and fleshy, as dressed with Carnous Fibres: The third is the most substantial of all the coverings, and is a System of numerous Glands: The fourth is a thin, white, tender Coat, pierced with divers Holes.

The Cavity of this Skait being opened, I found the outside of a Plaice Colliquated, and turned into an Ash-coloured Mucous Matter, and some part of this Fish I discerned in the Gulet, which was the Tail, quite dis∣solved to the Bones of the Spine, but the greatest part was contained in the Stomach, whose outside was only melted into a clammy Matter, (and the more inward Recesses remained unconcocted;) which being tasted, seemeth much affected with saline Armoniack Particles: The Stomach endeth in a more thick Glandulous substance, near the Pylorus, which is almost closed up with a Sphincter.

The Stomach of a Base is made of a Body, and two Processes, or Necks, * 1.1073 appendant to it: The first is the Gulet † 1.1074, being conjoyned to the lower Region, appertaining to the body of the Ventricle. The second Appen∣dage † 1.1075 sprouteth out of the upper part of the Stomach, and is conjoyned by the Pylorus (guarded with a Circular Valve) to the origen of the In∣testines; the body of the Ventricle is largest above, and groweth narrower and narrower towards its bottom, which terminates in a point.

The Stomach of a Dog-Fish † 1.1076, called by the Latines, Galaeus Levis, * 1.1077 is much broader and greater then the Gulet, and hath largest Dimensions in the middle, and is more and more Contracted toward the bottom.

The Ventricle of this Fish, is composed of four Coats: The first is Mem∣branous, and hath its surface shaded with many divarications of Gastrick Vessels, which take their rise from the left side, and lower Region of the Stomach, and do coalesce into a common Duct, passing along the right side of the Stomach, and is at last implanted into the Trunk of the Vena Porta, which entreth into a Fissure, seated in the Concave part of the Liver.

The second Coat of the Stomach is fleshy too, denominated, by reason it is furnished with many Annular Carnous Fibres, which passing cross-ways, do encircle the Stomach.

The third Coat is of a Glandulous substance, as it is framed of many Mi∣nute Glands.

The fourth is Nervous, as framed of divers Filaments, ordered in several Rows, which make their progress after different manners.

The Stomach of a Bream, hath an entrance seated on the right side, * 1.1078 and passing in a wheeling posture, maketh an Arch † 1.1079, and then taketh a right course, till it meeteth with the first Intestine, where it formeth a Circumvo∣lution, and afterward on the left side, till it arriveth near the top of the Stomach, and then maketh another Circumvolution, and passeth between the Stomach and the Intestines.

The Pope, and Perch, have a Gulet seated in the left side, * 1.1080 which is after∣ward inserted into the body of the Stomach, of a large beginning, and end∣eth in a Cone; † 1.1081 and about the middle of the right side of the body of the Stomach, a Process sprouteth out, climbing up, and uniting to the origen of the Guts.

A Smelt also hath a Gulet, placed in the left side, * 1.1082 and a Process coming out of the right side of the Ventricle (making an Arch with the body of the Stomach) and is at last, by the mediation of its Pylorus, † 1.1083 conjoyned to the beginning of the Intestines.

A Gudgeon hath a Ventricle, * 1.1084 large above, and groweth smaller and smal∣ler towards its Termination † 1.1085, where it is in conjunction with the Guts.

The Stomach of a Rochet is furnished with a Neck, * 1.1086 or Gulet, which is seated in the left side † 1.1087, and hath a large Mouth, or entrance into it, which is full of Folds, running down its side in length; the Ventricle hath a Pro∣cess also placed in the right side † 1.1088, coming out of the Body of it: And these two Appendages make the Stomach forked, as being divided as it were into two Branches, the one being as an inlet of Aliment into the greater Cavity, and the other an outlet of Faeces, and Chyle. The body of the Stomach is largest above, and terminates into an obtuse Cone.

The Stomach of a Tench, hath larger Dimensions in its top † 1.1089, and hath much less towards its bottom, which hath somewhat of a Cone † 1.1090, and in the whole, much resembleth a Pooch.

The Stomach of a Grey and Red Mullet, Gurnet, and Whiting † 1.1091, do much resemble that of a Rochet, as having a Gulet seated in the left side, and inserted into the upper part of the Stomach; and in reference to the Process, it ariseth out of the middle of the right side of the body of the Stomach, and afterward climbeth up, and is conjoyned to the origen of the Intestines.

The Stomach of a Turbat, * 1.1092 hath a large entrance (full of folds) seated most in the right side of the Throat, from whence it runneth down the same side of the Fish in form of a Semicircle † 1.1093; of which some part passeth Transversly toward the left side, which it partly encompasseth, and immu∣reth within a great portion of the Intestines, making a Circle, in whose Circumference is contained a part of the Liver, divided by many small Fissures.

The Stomach of a Plaice, * 1.1094 hath a Neck of less Dimensions then the Body of it, † 1.1095 which being carried round, maketh almost a perfect Circle, within whose Circumference is contained the Liver, being one entire body without any Division, or Lobes.

The Stomachs of a Prill, * 1.1096 Soal, Flounder, and most flat Fish, are of a Semicircular Figure † 1.1097, and do enclose the Liver within their Circumfe∣rence.

The Stomach of a Garfish, * 1.1098 is only as it were the upper part of the Inte∣stine, † 1.1099 or Origen of it, having no Plicatures, as are found in other Fish; the Ventricle in this Fish hath the same structure with the Gut, and is only a little larger, and is not parted from the Intestine by any straightness of the Pylorus, but there is a free passage out of the Stomach into the Gut.

A Lobster hath a large Stomach, * 1.1100 considering the smallness of its Body endued with a strong thick Membrane, and hath three Teeth lodged within its Cavity; which are moved with two pair of Muscles for the Comminu∣tion of Aliment, in order to Concoction: And as Doctor Willis hath ob∣served, two soft glandulous bodies are affixed to the sides of the Stomach out of which Holes do come, by which Liquor may be transmitted into, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 received from the Cavity of the Ventricle.

The Stomach of a Viper, is lodged near some part of the Lungs, and afterward creepeth out, and taketh its progress in the left side of the Liver; and afterward passeth much farther, being six Inches in length, and endeth in a point where it is endued with a Sphincter Muscle, contracting the Py∣lorus, to keep the Aliment from being transmitted into the Guts, before it is duly Concocted.

Almost the whole lower Apartiment in a Silk-Worm, is filled with a large Stomach, which extendeth it self from the Mouth, almost to the Anus; the substance of it is Membranous, as being composed of a double Coat, the one outward, and the other inward (as Learned Malpigius giveth an ac∣count) under which many white fleshy Fibres do exspatiate, consisting of two Ranks; some pass in a straight Course, from the Mouth toward the Anus, and others cross the Stomach, whereupon it is straightned by the strong contractions of these Fibres, which render the Ventricle full of Globules; these various Fibres, encircling the fore and hinder Region of the Sto∣mach, do serve instead of Ligaments seated in the Colon.

The Stomach of this Insect, is long and flattish, somewhat resembling a Wallet, and is furnished with six Semicircular Protuberancies (produced by the various contractions of Fibres) which are refreshed with so many Bran∣ches of Wind Vessels, transmitting Air into the Cavity of the Stomach, which mixing with the Aliment, do open its Compage by its Elastick Par∣ticles, and much assist Concoction.

In other Insects, may be discovered more, and more distinct Ventricles, as Aristotle hath observed three in a Snail: The first may be called a Crop, as being of an Orbicular Figure; the second is much longer, then the former; and the third is small, and terminates into a Gut.

In a Locust, may be discerned two eminent Ventricles: The first is ador∣ned with a round Figure, and is attended with many Processes: The second is very large, and may be subdivided into five small Venters.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Appetite of Hunger.

HAving delineated the Structure of the Stomach, its Tunicles, Arteries, Veins, and Fibres, of which it is Integrated: I will now present you step by step, as in several Courses, with somewhat very grateful to your Palate, with Hunger and Thirst (those great Incentives, courting us to the reception of Aliment) as grand Sauces to render ordinary Meat and Drink high Delicacies to our Taste, which treat us with great Gust, and Delight. And when in great discomposures of our Temper, we have lost our Hunger and Thirst, those natural provocatives, to Eat and Drink the haugh gousts of made Dishes, the best suppletories of Art, speak little or no satisfaction to our faint Appetites, and Palates out of Taste.

Our Glorious Maker, in his most Wise Aeconomy, * 1.1101 hath made Hunger and Thirst, the eager desires of Meat and Drink, to be great instruments of Labour and Diligence, to pursue all proper Methods, relating to the good Offices of our several Callings, to procure Meat and Drink, as great supports of our Life and Subsistance.

As to Hunger, the most significant Appetite in order to preserve our Na∣tural Being. I will take the freedom, with your leave, to propound to you (as my Apprehension leads me) the Circumstances, the object about which it is Conversant, and subject in which it is resident, and its manner

of Operation, the chief ingredients that Circumstantiate; and lastly, the cause that constitutes this useful Appetite of Hunger.

Aristotle, * 1.1102 and his Followers, having assigned the Appetite of Hot and Dry, as the object that entertaineth Hunger, which seemeth very strange, because divers kinds of Aliment, as proper Objects (as any can be pro∣pounded) of Hunger, are of a contrary nature, Cold and Moist, or Tem∣perate at least, as all Liquid forms of Aliment made of Corn, Milk, the most simple and wholsome Diet, whereupon it is of most easie Digestion, and less offensive to the Stomach; which if more generally received, would prevent ill habits of Body, and variety of Diseases (the necessary products of wanton Appetites) and lessen the Practice of Physitians, and the ex∣pense of long Courses of Physick, the due punishment of Luxury, and Pom∣pous Treats: Which do not chiefly consist in the prime qualities of Hot and Dry, but in other more grateful Tastes of more delicious well tempered Acids and Sweets; which Italians (great Masters of Palates) call Dulce, Piquante.

So that the Ratio formalis, * 1.1103 belonging to the proper object of Hunger, is not constituted of hot and dry, but of sweet and lenient Aliment, which do countermand the roughness of the Stomach, and by it soft unevennesses do fill up the Interstices of its Folds, and do give a check to the keen pursuit of Aliment, and satisfie the troublesome importunity of the Appetite.

Whereupon the Antients, * 1.1104 have not so well as might be, placed the ob∣ject of Hunger in the more remote, and less useful first Elementary qualities, which is more reasonably founded in the more near and active Chymical Principles of Saline and Sulphureous, and in well tempered Acids, and Al∣kalys, as full of fixed and Volatil Spirits, the instruments of Fermentation, subservient to the Concoction of Aliment in the Stomach, by reducing it to a laudable Fluor; which disposeth it to a secretion of Fluid and Alimentary parts, from the more solid and gross Faeces, that the white Liquor being Extracted, might be readily entertained into the Intestines, and Milky Ves∣sels, and be thence dispensed into the Subclavian Veins, to associate with the Blood, to give due supplies to repair the decays of Nature.

Learned Doctor Glysson is of opinion, that the most essential part of Ali∣ment consisteth in a nutricious succulency, with which all Meat doth more or less abound, as being apt to be advanced into Chyle; which is contained in it, as the Philosophers phrase it, Non in actu exercito, sed in actu signato: Not actually, but virtually, by reason Aliment hath not in it an Existent Milky Humour, but a Matter only praeviously disposed, consisting of a mild delicate Temper, as impraegnated with Fixed, Sulphureous, and Saline, al∣laied with some Earthy Particles, which are the immediate object of Hun∣ger.

Galen, * 1.1105 and his Admirers, phancy the object of Hunger to be seated in a kind of sense relating to Suction, with which the Stomach is affected: This opinion laboureth under great difficulties, because if there be any such action, it must be assigned to some empty Vessels, attracting Liquor in to satiate them, which doth suit with the Arteries, which import Vital Juice to the Ven∣tricle; nor doth this assertion comport with the Veins, which export the Blood imported into the substance of the Stomach by the Arteries So that this Conjecture, that Hunger hath Suction for its Object, is opposite to the aeconomy of Nature, and the laws of Circulation, which is performed by an Impulse, wherein one Particle of a fluid body presseth another forward, which is inconsistent with Suction, or Attraction.

Having discoursed briefly of the Object, which externally acteth the Sto∣mach in reference to Hunger, I will now endeavour to recount some requi∣site conditions, qualifying it in order to the appetite of Aliment, * 1.1106 which con∣sisteth first of all in a laudable Constitution, flowing from the good temper of the Blood; which being removed in its unnatural Feverish Ebullition, pro∣duceth a nauseousness, a faint Appetite, or rather an aversion to Nourish∣ment. But a Question may be started, Upon what reason, the unnatural heat dejecteth the Appetite? Which is raised upon this account: Because it perverteth the Acid, or rather the Saline disposition of the Ferment relating to the Stomach, into Sulphureous Distempers; and the unkindly Efferve∣scence of the Ventricle, disordereth the due opening of the Compage of the Aliment, and spoileth its natural Colliquation.

The second disposition of the Stomach productive of Hunger, * 1.1107 is the firm Compage of the Stomach, which being a Nervous and Membranous part, consisteth in a vigorous tone of its Fibres, as they are endued with a due Tenseness, which being lost in an overmoist disposition, the tone of the Ventricle groweth flabby, and lax; which is also produced in the immoderate heat of the Summer, weakning the strength of the Fibres, when the Vital and Animal Liquor and Spirits, are exhausted by too much heat enlarging the Pores of the Skin: And on the other side, in a cold Season of the year, when the fore Doors (relating to the Surface of the Body) are shut up, the Fibres grow more tense, and the Appetite rendred more eager.

The third and eminent qualification of the Stomach, * 1.1108 in order to the Appe∣tite of Hunger, proceedeth from a quick Sensation, arising from a good di∣sposition of the Nervous Fibrils, seated in the inward Tunicle of the Sto∣mach; which is a fine Contexture of Minute Nerves, lodged chiefly in the left Orifice (which is the Prime, if not the sole seat of Hunger) whereupon the left Orifice of the Stomach groweth stupid in sleepy Distempers of the Head in Comatose, and Carous Indispositions, Lethargies, Epilepsies, Con∣vulsive Motions, Apoplexies, and the like, wherein the Appetite becometh faint and low; by reason the acute sensation of the Stomach is lessened, or wholly taken away.

Judicious Doctor Glysson, * 1.1109 assigneth another reason of the Appetite of Hunger, derived from the structure of the Stomach, in relation to its divers Folds, which are seated in the inward Coat of the Ventricle, much exceed∣ing the other in largeness, whence it is contracted into divers Furrows and Unevennesses, when it is empty; whereupon the inward Tunicle of the Stomach, being sensible of these Asperities, as Troublesome, hath a longing desire to replenish it self, and fill up the empty spaces of the Folds, to free it self from the trouble of its Corrugations.

The fourth requisite to dispose the Stomach to Hunger, is the tenderness, * 1.1110 and delicacy of the inward Coat, as stripped of any senseless Covering, but that of Mucous Matter, with which it is lined; so that the inward surface of the Ventricle, when divested of Pituitous Matter, is easily Vellicated, as framed of a most soft Compage, made up of Minute Fibrils, which are easily molested by an Acid, or rather Saline Ferment, the immediate cause of Hunger.

The ultimate and most proper disposition of the Stomach (in which the nature of Hunger principally consisteth) is founded in a voracious temper of the inward Coat, which is querulous and importunate, * 1.1111 when it is bereaved of Alimentary Liquor, which by its emollient temper, doth soften and sweeten the Acid and Saline Particles of the Ferment, contained in the

Cavity of the Stomach, in reference to Dissolution, Colliquation, and Ex∣traction of a soft Milky Humour, bathing the Asperities of the Folds, and lining the tender surface of the inward Coat (irritated by the Acid and Sa∣line Particles, the immediate cause of Hunger) which taketh away the knawing of the Stomach, and the troublesome sollicitation of the Appetite, and giveth a high delight and refreshment to the Body, and complacency to the Mind.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Appetite of Thirst.

HAving discoursed of Hunger, Thirst followeth as an Associate; by reason these Companions (go commonly hand in hand) pleasing themselves in mutual Converse, as Relatives. These useful Appetites of Hunger and Thirst (somewhat resembling Twins, as being born near each other) do court us to our own advantage of Refection and Delight, to Treat our selves with Meat and Drink, Natures Cates, and Delicates, as salutary and pleasant Instruments, to preserve our Health and Life, in order to celebrate the holy offices of Piety to our Maker, acts of Justice to our Neighbour, and due measures of Sobriety to our own Persons.

And that I may give you a good description of Thirst, I take the bold∣ness to offer you these Remarks: The Subjectum attributionis & inhaesionis, The Object, and Subject, and its Qualifications, the manner of Operation, and Causes of Thirst.

Wherefore I conceive it my Duty as well as Design, to make a diligent enquiry into it, consisting in the said Premises, as it is an Instrument admini∣string great profit and pleasure in the conduct of our Health and Life. And as Hunger is a useful Appetite, * 1.1112 instituted by Nature, in order to the recep∣tion of Aliment, so is Thirst Hungers confederate and ally, versed in Liquid bodies, ordained as a Vehicle of Aliment, to wash down its Re∣liques through the Culet into the Stomach, and to incorporate with the more solid Aliment, to dispose it toward the opening its more firm Compage; whereby it is rendred fit, to have its fluid Alimentary Particles extracted, and secerned from the groser Recrements.

And Thirst founded in moist substances, is not only instituted by Nature, in order to dilute the Alimentary Liquor in the Stomach, but also to atte∣nuate the Purple Liquor in the Vessels, to assist it in necessary Motion (as the immediate preservative of Life) by rendring the Red Crassament, and Crystalline Liquor of the Blood more fluid, in order to refine themselves in their forward and retrograde Motion, which are much prompted by a good proportion of thin Potulent Liquor, which entreth into confederacy with the more gross Saline, Sulphureous, and Earthy Particles of the Blood, ma∣king its address downward, through the Descendent Trunk of Aorta, and Emulgent Arteries, into the Glands of the Kidneys; where the Vital Li∣quor is depurated, by the secretion of the Watry Recrements from it, and discharged by the Urinary Ducts into the Pelvis, as a common Sewer.

The Object, which treateth the Appetite of Thirst in its Operation, * 1.1113 are fluid substances, and as moveable Bodies, will easily gain a passage through the Gulet, when it is contracted by its Muscles, which squeeseth the Liquor downward into the Stomach; which is very ambitious to give it a kind Re∣ception, and is complaced with its Company, as imparting Joy and Satisfa∣ction in a due support.

The antient Philosophers, have placed the Object of Thirst, * 1.1114 in the first qualities of Cold and Moist, which if well prepended, cannot be easily maintained by the great Masters of Philosophy, making the Element of Water the object of Thirst, which is of too narrow a compass, to confine our unlimited Appetite of Drinking; and therefore our poor Family Li∣quor of Water, cannot give Measures and Bounds, to our overflowing De∣sires, not to be determined in this unsober Age, by one simple flat Drink, by reason our Prodigal Appetite is now modelled by Custome, and ill Habit, and longeth after variety of Liquors, extracted out of variety of Fruits, Sider, Perry, Juice of Cherries, Goose-berries, Corrants, and other pleasant Li∣quors, made with Shorbet of Limons, Oranges, Violets; as also Foreign Liquors of Tey, Coffee, Chocolate, and many other Compound Liquors, which would be infinite to recount; and above all, our boundless Thirst aspireth to Wine, as the most generous Juice of the Grape. Whereupon we sacrifice free Bowls of Bacchus's Blood to our Friends Health, till we loose our own, and indulge our selves in large proportions of this bewitching Juice, till it ceaseth to be an object of Thirst, and Taste too; and do Drench our selves like the worst of Bruits, in this stupifying Liquor, till we bury our selves, and Parts in it. And sometimes without a Metaphor, we first disguise our Countenances, and then deface that Image, wherein God hath most graciously Constituted us, the highest of Sublunary Crea∣tures.

Thus I beg pardon for my Digression, in stepping out of the way, to meet my Patients, who want my Advice as a Physician, wherein I make bold to speak my most humble desires, that they would give Controul to their irre∣gular Appetites, in confining their Objects within the due limits of rectified Reason in reference to the preservation of their Health and Life, which all Men design as their great satisfaction and happiness.

But to return again to our Province, the Object of Thirst may perhaps seem after a manner, to admit not only of Liquors, but also solid Bodies too; as Sal Prunellae, Stones of Plumbs, and many other hard Bodies, and Masticatories, which being frequently roulled up and down the Mouth, do satisfie the importunity of Thirst; which they accomplish not by any primary Operation as Liquors, but accidentally by grating upon the Salival Glands, seated in the Tongue, Palate, and adjacent places, as the Tonsils, and Parotides, lodged near the Roots of the Tongue and Ears; so that Masticatories, and the like being Chewed, do compress the fruitful Salival Glands, big with Liquor, which liberally ouseth out through many Ecretory Ducts upon frequent pressures, * 1.1115 made by the appulses of So∣lid Bodies, whereupon streams of Salival Liquor overspreading the Mem∣brane of the Tongue, Palate, and Gulet, do appease the trouble of Thirst.

So that Men, Bruits, and other Animals, have secret Channels of Liquor, seated in the upper Apartiment, out of which do issue many Rivulets of thin Juice, besprinkling the seats of Thirst: But the common and natural way of gratifying their Appetite, is by Caressing themselves with free draughts of Liquor, as an Object to give frequent allays to their Needs, as

often as they shall be sollicited by their Appetite, in order to supply the defects of Nature, and in moistning the Membranes, investing the Gulet, Fauces, and Mouth, the immediate subjects of Thirst.

The first requisite condition of affecting the Object of Thirst, * 1.1116 is Moist, which is the chief disposition of it, because as fluid, it bedeweth seemingly divers, but truly one continued subject of Thirst, by taking away its drought and roughness, by rendring it pliable and easie to Nature: Whereupon Solid Bodies precisely taken, cannot be the Object of Thirst, by rea∣son they cannot primarily give an allay to it, produced by the moistning of dried parts, but only accidentally appease it, by the squeesing of Liquor out of the Salival Glands; which is an unkindly way of gratifying our solli∣citous Appetite, which tendeth to the drinking outward (not inward Liquors) as the proper and usual remedies of Thirst.

The second requisite condition qualifying the Object of Thirst, * 1.1117 that Li∣quor should be affected with a thin ingeny, the more easily to insinuate it self into the secret passages of the Membranes, the allodgments of Thirst, else the Liquor when received into the Mouth and Gulet, will speedily slide away, and make little or no impression in the Membranes, as not be∣dewing them with a grateful Moisture, which ought to take away the dis∣quiet of Thirst: And therefore its well consulted by Nature, that Liquors should have a kind of apertive nature, to open the Compage of the Coats, relating to Thirst, to enter into their Interior Recesses, to render them moist for some time, and to complace the hot and somewhat dry temper of the parts concerned in Thirst.

Some do make Cold a third qualification, * 1.1118 as an ingredient disposing the Object of Thirst; but this doth only assist Moisture, and is not a neces∣sary requisite condition in Liquors, ordained to take off the trouble of Thirst, because though, they are actually hot, yet being received in greater proportion, do satisfie our Appetite: Or when we are accustom∣ed to warm Drink for a long season, then Cold seemeth odd and unpleasant to us. So great an influence hath Custome, like another Nature upon us, to over-rule our irregulaer Appetites (for our Interest and Preservation) and not only Drinks outwardly warmed, but also mixed strong Liquors, which are inwardly hot in their Temper, have a power to qualifie our over-eager appetite of Thirst.

And the manner of percieving the Object of Thirst, is conceived by a great Author, not to be accomplished by any Superinduced Quality, but by way of Remotion, and Defect, of which we are sensible in Thirst: but in truth, the Membranes relating to some part of the Mouth, have a manifest sense of Driness, frequently produced by the heat of the Blood, having frequent recourse to the subject of Thirst; whereupon Nature finding its own need and uneasiness, is readily prompted forthwith to apply such apposite Reme∣dies, as will repair a natural decay hinted to us by Thirst.

Whereupon our natural indigence, * 1.1119 founded in the absence of due Moi∣sture, flowing from a driness affecting the Membranes of the Mouth, and thence imparted by the continuation of Nerves, to the common Sense and Fancy, which is represented above to the Understanding, whose Dictates are conveyed to the Will, giving her Despotick Summons to the Interior Faculties, who immediately obey her Commands, calming the querulous motion of the Appetite, in pleasing it with a delightful Draught of Li∣quor.

And this of the Coats, indisposing the subjects of Thirst, is lodged not only in the Surface, but in the inward Contexture, which is naturally be∣sprinkled with a free Moistness; and consequently, when the Membranes find an evident alteration of their own Constitution, which being not super∣ficial and advantagious, but inward, and substantial, is forthwith represen∣ted to the upper Region of the Brain, to give order to the inferior powers, to repair the inward losses of Nature, by the outward support of Liquid sub∣stances, received into the Body.

The subject of Thirst is more large and diffused then that of Hunger, * 1.1120 which is principally confined to the upper Orifice of the Stomach, but this of Thirst is dilated through the Palate, Tongue, Fauces, and Gulet, in reference to a common Membrane overspreading them all, which lieth easie and quiet, when bedewed outwardly and inwardly with a due source of Liquor, which being exhausted, rendreth the said common Coat disaffe∣cted and dry, the immediate subject of Thirst.

And there are divers Dispositions, * 1.1121 which render this Subject capable of Thirst. The first is its acute Sense, as being a large Membranous Com∣page, made up of great variety of Nervous Fibrils, freely drawn out by Nature, and close struck, and rarely interwoven; and because they have various Ranks running above and below, long-ways, cross-ways, and ob∣liquely, so that every way this rare Contexture is garnished with numerous Filaments, the subjects of quick Sensation.

The second natural qualification of this Membrane, the seat of Thirst, * 1.1122 is to be endued with Moisture, both in its Ambient parts, and in its more inward Penetrals, which is very conducive to the happy constitution and repose of the subject of Thirst, which groweth peevish, and disordered when destitute of its due Liquor; which being defective from without, is supplied within with natural Fontanels, the numerous Salival Glands in the Mouth, and neighbouring parts, to water the Membranes, encompassing the Tongue, Palate, Throat, and Gulet.

The third condition qualifying the Membranes liable to Thirst, * 1.1123 is the natural inclination they have to suffer Driness, caused by the neighbour∣hood of the Heart, and Aorta, parts always in Motion, and heat, and the frequent ejection of hot fuliginous Vapours, out of the Bronchia, and Aspera Arteria, with the expired Air, and by its perpetual access into the subject of Thirst, parching it with the hot steams and flame of Life; and besides all this, the Stomach being emptied of its Alimentary Liquor, is rendred dry, which is afterward communicated to the Gulet and Throat. These seve∣ral causes are productive of driness in the Tongue, Palate and the rest, leaving them sensible of a rough disposition, which nature endeavoureth to alleviate by the reception of fluid, and moist Particles.

The fourth requisite putting the faculty of Thirst into act, is the tender and delicate constitution of its Subject, whose frame is made up of many Nervous Filaments, full of exquisite Sense, which is easily discomposed upon the least disorder of Driness, by reason it is the natural temper of the Mem∣branes relating to Thirst, to be superficially besprinkled, and inwardly softned with Moisture; which being altered by the withdrawing of Liquid Particles, or their consumption by Heat, the aggrieved faculty groweth im∣patient, and resenteth its disposition of Driness, and representeth its case by an appeal made to the superior court of the Understanding and Will, who give their Commands to inferior Agents, as so many Officers of lower

Degree, to supply the needs of the Tongue, Palate, Throat, and Gulet, which speedily giveth ease and pleasure.

Thirst hath more or less steps, to greater or less Intenseness, as it is hight∣ned or lowred, by the different degrees of Drought affecting the Mem∣branes of the Faculty, flowing either from the Evacuation of the natural fountains of Salival Liquor, seated in and about the Mouth, moistning the Coats belonging to the faculty of Thirst, or from the vehement drying heat of the neighbouring parts.

The subject of Thirst, * 1.1124 is obnoxious to divers Disorders: First, Because it is a fine Contexture, framed of delicate Minute Nerves, whereupon it is highly discomposed by Roughness and Driness, which importeth an unna∣tural sensation and touch, to the Membranes of the Mouth, and neighbou∣ring parts, disordered by an uncouth hardness, and Asperity.

Secondly, * 1.1125 The subject of this Faculty looseth its pliableness, by reason of Drought, whence the Membranes of the Mouth grow stiff and uneasie to the Tongue, in giving a check to its repose, and freedom of Motion.

Thirdly, The subjects of Thirst, the Coats of the Mouth are sometimes so parched with violent heat of Malignant Fevers, that they grow rigid, and uncapable of Extension, cracking into Chinks and Furrows; and are also besmeared with a clammy Matter, spued out of the Salival Glands by their Excretory Vessels, upon the surface of the Tongue, and Mouth, where the Viscid Matter growing more Indurated, is afterward accreted to the Membranes appertaining to Thirst; sometimes huing them with Pale and Yellow, othertimes with Brown and Black, as so many dismal Characters, speaking the great prevarications of our Tongue and Palate, giving us the opportunity of sad reflexions upon our Guilt, in the glass of our Sufferings.

I will close this Discourse with the Causes, productive of Thirst, of which some are Primary, and far fetched, and others more near, and Imme∣diate. * 1.1126 The first may be borrowed from violent heat of the Blood (having constant recourse to the Membranes, the seats of Thirst) which taketh its birth from a great Ebullition in Putrid Fevers, flowing from opposite Ele∣ments, which being in high contest with each other, are not easie to be re∣conciled under one Chain of Mixtion, whereupon the Blood doth tend to Putrefaction, always accompanied with Effervescence, a cause generative of Drought; which is also derived from the smoaky steams of the Vital Flame (when highly acted with violent Motion) passing through the Branches of the Bronchia, into the common Channel of the Aspera Arteria, and from thence into the Cavity of the Mouth, which it affecteth with driness, of which Thirst is an immediate Resentment, represented by the continuation of Nerves, as so many instruments of Sensation.

The second Cause of Thirst, * 1.1127 is the defect of Liquor, issuing out the Sa∣lival Glands, as so many Minute Lakes, seated in the Tongue, Palate, Lips, Ears, and internal parts of the Mandibles; which are appointed by Nature to moisten and intenerate the Membranes, relating to Thirst. If the little Fountains be dried up, either by some unkindly Heat, or by the overmuch detainment of Blood from its natural Course, or diverted to some other parts, as in divers Cronick Diseases of Dropsies, or any large evacuations of Sweat, Urine, or Stool, wherein the Salival Fontanels are drained, and the tender Membranous Compage belonging to Thirst, groweth over solid, hard, and dry, giving great offence to the Tongue and Mouth, Gulet and Stomach; whereupon they immediately covet draughts of Liquor, as a Boon to gratifie the importunate desires of a querulous Sollicitrix.

Another cause of Thirst, may be an ill disposed Salival Liquor, * 1.1128 which in its native purity, is Thin, Watry, and Transparent, and tinged with no disgustful Quality, disaffecting the Tongue and Palate: But when this Juice is impraegnated with Gross, Saline, and Acid Particles, in confederacy with the Blood, which often have recourse by the External Carotides, into the minute Conglomerated Glands, appertaining to the Mouth, and its adjacent parts, they are then rendred rough and dry, which often happens in Dropsies, Scorbutick Distempers, and the like, wherein the Membranes of the Mouth are put out of Tune, and dry, and must be reduced to their proper Harmony, by Li∣quors agreeing with the Palate, and Membranes the seat of Thirst; which are sometimes disaffected with bitter Recrements, transmitted from the Sto∣mach through the Gulet, into the Cavity of the Mouth in intermittent Fe∣vers, and other Distempers, and are also mixed with the Blood, and impel∣led into the substance of the Salival Glands, spuing out Bilious Humours mix∣ed with Salival Juice, into the Mouth.

CHAP. XXIII. The pathologie of the Appetitive Faculty, relating to the Stomach.

THe great Design of Nature, in contriving the curious frame of the Stomach, and all its Dispositions and Faculties, is in order to be Effi∣cients, or instruments in the production of Chyle, the end and perfection of all the Powers, and Operations of the Stomach; which are either principal as the Concoctive, or instrumental, as the Appetitive, Retentive, and Ex∣pulsive, which are all Ministerial to the Concoctive Faculty: The one to sollicite us to Eat and Drink, and the other to retain the Aliment; and the third to discharge the Excrements, as troublesome Guests, after the Conco∣ction is Celebrated.

These Faculties are receptive of many Violations: First, As the Mini∣sterial, the Appetitive, Retentive, and Expulsive, are not able to pay their duty to their Superior, the Concoctive Power. The first Minister in order is the Appetite, which is its Monitrix and Remembrancer, to court Nature to its advantage of Eating and Drinking.

And this Handmaid of the Concoctive Faculty, is often defective in its Office, either when the Appetite is wholly lost, or when it is only remiss, in paying its obligation to Nature; and when it is over-active and diligent, in giving a great trouble to the Concoctive Power.

The first is called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Latines, * 1.1129 Appetitus Deje∣ctus, when the Stomach is despoiled of its appetite of Hunger; either when the natural temper of the Ventricle is highly disordered, as sometimes by immoderate heat by violent Exercises, Fevers, or excessive Good Fellowship; or when the Tone of the Stomach is spoiled, by reason its Fibres have lost their acute Sense, either when the Animal Spirits, and Succus Nutricius, are wholly defective (the Brain being obstructed in Apoplexies) or exhausted in

Diarrhaea's, Dysenteries, and in Chronick Diseases, when little or no Nou∣rishment is received.

And other times, * 1.1130 the Appetite groweth faint in performance of its Obli∣gation to the Concoctive Power, when the Fibres of the Stomach are weak, as loosing their vigour in cold and moist Distempers, when the Blood transmitted into the substance of the Stomach, is oppressed with too large a quantity of potulent watry Particles; and the Appetite is rendred faint by a hot and moist indisposition of the Stomach, derived from hot and Rainy Weather, or else by overmuch indulging our selves in Fat and clammy Meats, abounding with Oily, and Emplastick Dispofitions, wherein the Fibres of the Stomach grow dull, in performing their duty of Sensation; or when we Caress our selves in overmuch Sleep or Ease, which make an over∣slow motion of the Animal Liquor and Spirits, into the Fibres of the Sto∣mach, or when the Nervous Liquor withdraweth it self from the Fibrous parts of the Ventricle, * 1.1131 in too great intentions of the Mind, employing the Animal Spirits in the Brain, by reason of great and frequent meditations of the Mind, and sometimes sollicitous Thoughts flowing from deep Study, and Anxious Cares, the Mystresses of disturbed, and sometimes distracted Phancies

The worst of Distempers that relate to the Stomach, * 1.1132 as the most unna∣tural and troublesome, are the Appetitus Depravatus, & Auctus: The first is, when we long for unkindly Objects (incident to Women in the time of Breeding) which can give no Aliment, but rather a Hurt, and disturbance to the Stomach, as Chalk, Coals, Ashes, and the like. Sennertus, in his Third Book, and Fifth Chapter, De Pica, saith, He received a Letter from a Renowned Physitian, Doctor Nester, relating a pleasant History of a great Case in Physick, of one Claudius (of the Province of Lorrain) a Pa∣tient of his, who pleased himself in unnatural treats of Faetide, and nasty Objects, of gross Excrements of Animals, and Urine mixed with Wine and Ale, Bones, Hares Feet, clothed with Skin and Flix; and chewed with his Teeth Pewter Platters, Leaden Bullets, and other Metals, and afterward swallowed them down his Gulet; and Eat a whole Calf raw, with the Skin and Hair, in the space of few Days, and two Tallow Candles burning; and devoured Fish alive, leaping up and down a little before the Eating of them, and swallowed down whole two live Mice, which frisked up and down his Stomach, often biting it for a quarter of an Hour.

This History is not worthy to be received with Credence, but Laughter, seeming only to be a great Romance, had not its Confirmation been autho∣rized by worthy Doctor Nester, and many other Credible Witnesses, who were Spectators of his most unnatural entertainments of himself, in strange and uncouth kinds of Meat, which hold no proportion with most Mens Appetites.

It is difficult to find out the Cause of this greedy and unkindly Appetite, in the Dissection of Dead Bodies. Columbus seemeth to give an account of it, That ravenous Men have no Gustatory Nerves inserted into their Tongues and Palate, which if Granted, could only render the cause of a lost Taste, and no way give a satisfactory Reason, why the Stomach cold admit and Concoct such prodigious sorts of Meat; which we might reject as Incredi∣ble, had not the History been hallowed by the authority of a Learned and honest Doctor, * 1.1133 and many other authentick Witnesses.

And the cause of this Voracious Temper, proceedeth from a peculiar

Constitution of the Stomach, giving it a power to Contract its Fibres, in order to the assumption of most odd Aliment: And sometimes this ravenous Appetite, may take its rise from depraved Humours, detained in the Body, in the suppression of the Menstrua in Women, and from ill Habits of Body in Men, which having recourse by the Caeliack Artery, into the inward Tu∣nicle, do wonderfully indispose the Stomach: Or this prodigious Appetite, may be derived from a vitiated Nervous Liquor, which being transmitted by the Par Vagum, into the Fibres of the Stomach, may produce this irregular Appetite.

Another kind of unnatural Appetite, is stiled Dog-like, because Dogs oftentimes eat in so extravagant a manner, till they disgorge themselves by Vomiting, which also sometimes to Men, whose eager Bruitish desires of Aliment, out-do their capacity of Concoction: * 1.1134 The cause may proceed from the reliques of Concoction (when the Chile is transmitted into the Intestines) adhering to the Folds of the Stomach, when they are freed from the sweet Sulphurous Particles, associated with the discharged Chyle; so that these reliques of Concoction turn acid, and are much encreased by the new access of unkindly Ferments of Acid, Salival, Serous, and Pancrea∣tick Liquor, transmitted from the Intestines into the Stomach, all which un∣natural Humours being imparted in large quantities, do vellicate the Stomach by their high Saline and Acid Qualities, and produce this fierce Appetite accompanied with Vomiting, derived from the violent Contractions of the Stomacick Fibres, throwing up some Humours, resembling the Acid Juices of Citrons, and Limons, and sometimes Spirit of Sulphur, or Vitriol, set∣ting the Teeth an edge, and often Blistering, and taking off the Skin of the Tongue and Mouth.

So that this ravenous Appetite, * 1.1135 may take its origen from viscid pituitous Humours (lining the Folds of the Ventricle with acid Particles) which after Vomiting, create a new disorderly Appetite, prompting us often to re∣ceive quantities of more Aliment, which aggrieve the inward Tunicle of the Stomach (beset with numerous Fibres) to free it self upward from troublesome Visitants.

These Acid, Salival, Pituitous, and Serous Juices, * 1.1136 receive an allay from fixed and Lixivial Salts, and from Volatil too, lodged in Pearl, Crabs Eyes, and Claws, and in the Shells of Fish, Egg-shells, and the like; and these acid depraved Ferments of the Stomach, causing Doglike Appetites, are corrected by Powder of Steel (prepared with Sulphur) which doth sweeten the Acid Liquors, perverting the due Oeconomy of the Ventricle, which may be accomplished also by the sweet Oily Particles of generous Wines and Liquors (as Learned Dr. Witherly informed me) who Cured a Patient of his, affected with a Doglike Appetite, with the pleasant draughts of high bodied Wines.

And this unreasonable Appetite may be Cured also by bitter Medicines, * 1.1137 as Tinctura Sacra, Decoctum Amarum, Elixir Proprietatis, &c. which counter∣mand the Acid Ferments of the Stomach, and allay their too too important Sol∣licitations, whereby they give frequent trouble to the Ventricle, in making unkindly Contractions of the Fibres, producing sharp and undue desires of Aliment.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Retentive Power of the Stomach.

HAving Discoursed of the Appetites of Hunger, and Thirst (Natures great Sollicitrices, to oblige us to Eat and Drink, in order to our support) the one seated near the Orifice of the Stomach, and the other in the Gulet, Tongue, and other parts of the Mouth; it may seem agreeable to Method, to speak somewhat next of the Retentive Power of the Sto∣mach, lodged in its Cavity, all encompassed with divers Nervous Fibrils.

The King of Kings, out of a most noble design of doing Good, keepeth open House, not only at Festivals, but all the Year round; and being al∣ways pleased to oblige them (that cannot serve him) hath furnished our Table with variety of Dishes, and Drinks; and that we might be the more free and welcome at his great Treats, hath solemnly invited us by Appetites of Hunger and Thirst (as his Ministers) to court us to Eat and Drink several kinds of Aliment and Liquors, dressed with variety of Tastes, to Caress us by grateful instruments of Pleasure and Delight, to supply our needs with Meat and Drink, which are first entertained in the Mouth as an Out-office, wherein they receive some preparation, and then are ushered through the Gulet as through an Entry, into the larger Room of the Sto∣mach, as into a fair Kitchin, where the Aliment is better dressed; to which the Retentive Faculty is subservient, as on every side surrounding the Ali∣ment to keep in the heat, and raise the Fermentation in order to Concocti∣on, produced by various Liquors insinuating themselves by degrees into the body of the Aliment, by relaxing its Compage, where the Concoctive Fa∣culty commenceth.

But before I Treat any farther of the Retentive Power of the Stomach, * 1.1138 it may be conducive to the better understanding the future Discourse, in which we have and shall make mention of the term Faculty, to give my Sense of the word: Some Learned Men receive it, as Vox & praeterea nihil, with the mean esteem of an empty Notion, as wholly insignificant. To which I make bold to give this Reply, in favour of this Term, called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Latines, Potentia, Facultas, tanquam principium operandi: As a principle of Operation, which cannot be truly considered in a simple No∣tion, as it is founded in Concreto, as made up of the Soul, determined to such a part of the Body, where it more peculiarly celebrates its Opera∣tion, because though the Soul as in its Conjunct Estate, is immaterial in its Essence, yet is Organical in its Functions, as it performeth such and such Acts only in peculiar parts of the Body, endued with such proper dispositi∣ons, as are receptive of its Operations, appropriated only to such Members, and parts; whereupon the Soul is confined to such a Sphere in reference to its Activity, and is only Definitive in Corpore tanquam in loco (as all imma∣terial Substances are) & ibi est ubi operatur; and cannot be Circumscriptive in loco, which is proper only to Material Bodies, whose Concave and Con∣vex Bodies, have an immediate Contact with each other; and therefore the Soul being a Spirit, is not capable of any gross Confinement, but only of a Virtual Contact, as being defined in such a qualified integral, wherein it exerteth its Operation.

Whereupon the Retentive Faculty of the Stomach, * 1.1139 hath its Nature pla∣ced in Complexo, in the Soul, determined to the Fibrils of the Stomach, as qualified with a due Nervous Liquor, and Animal Spirits, rendring the Fi∣bres of the Stomach moderately Tense, and upon the Contact of the Aliment, do contract themselves moderately, and thereby do straighten the Circumfe∣rence of the Ventricle, every way enclosing the Aliment with the surface of its inward Coat.

But before we make any further Progress in stating the nature of the Re∣tentive Faculty, I will give some account of Attractive, or rather Recep∣tive Power of the Ventricle, as ambulatory to the other. The Antients have placed it in the right Fibres of the Stomach, which if true, must par∣ticipate somewhat of a Magnetick Quality, to attract the Aliment from the Mouth, through the Gulet to the Ventricle: But this Attractive Quality, seated as they imagine, in the right Fibres, is altogether useless; because the Aliment protruded down the Gulet in Deglutition, is effected by the Vaginal Muscle, the Musculus Oesophagaeus contracting the Cavity of the Oesophagus, and by consequence squeeseth down the Meat into the Cavity of the Stomach, and the attraction of it is performed not in the Stomach, * 1.1140 but Mouth, by vertue of the Breath sucking in the Aliment toward the the top of the Aspera Arteria, where it receiveth a stop by the Epyglottis, or cover of the Larynx, most wisely instituted by Nature, to hinder the admis∣sion of Aliment into the Wind-pipe, to prevent Suffocation.

And this attraction cannot be Similar, because, * 1.1141 as Doctor Glysson hath well observed, it must then be of Similar substances, which are akin to the Stomach, and supposeth a voluntary address of such things as are of a like Ingeny, which speak a mutual Complacency, as being delighted in each others Converse, as good and perfective: But on the contrary, the ingests are forced down the Gulet, by the instruments of Deglutition, into the common Receptacle of the Stomach, which are of a different nature from it, and make sharp disputes in the Stomach, by great vellications of the Fibres, which impetuously contract themselves, to throw up the trouble∣some guests, which is conspicuous in potions ingrateful to the Stomach, as Vomitories, Poisons, and the like.

And furthermore, the making good the attraction of Nourishment, is grounded upon this reason, because it is requisite some Instrument should be assigned, by whose mediation it may be accomplished; and I humbly con∣ceive, there can be no other part, to which the attraction can be attribu∣ted, but to the Machines moving the Stomach, and they are either Right, * 1.1142 Circular, or Oblique, which can no way attract the Nourishment but by their Motion, in which they shrink in the Stomach, which being moderately effected, do all concur to the enclosure of the Aliment, and no way to the attracting of it.

And as to the attraction of Meat and Drink, if it should be produced for the avoiding a Vacuum to preserve the order of the Universe inviolable, * 1.1143 to prevent some empty space (as altogether useless in Nature) it is inconsistent with the Wisdom of our Glorious Maker: And this attraction of ingests into the Stomach to escape a Vacuum, and to consult the good and perfection in Nature, must suppose an absolute vacuity in the Stomach, which can no ways be granted; because the Ventricle, when destitute of Aliment, is either filled with Air, or big with some Flatulency, or serous Matter, or else the Stomach is contracted by its various Fibres, whereby the

Cavity of the Ventricle is narrowed, and the surface of the inward Coat seated on each side, are brought nearer to each other, and if any Cavity be left, it is filled up with some intercurrent Matter; so that no room is re∣manent to make a Cavity, to make way for this unreasonable attraction, in order to a subsequent Contraction.

And as to the Receptive Faculty of the Stomach, as Doctor Glysson phra∣seth it, is as improbable as the other, because the Ventricle (as I conceive) is not active to the reception of Aliment: But if this Supposition should be granted, the Receptive Faculty must be consigned to the Fibres, which are the only active parts; as this Learned Author admitteth in another place of this Book, in the Chapter De Fibris Ventriculi, whereupon this being presupposed, the Receptive Faculty is no ways communicable to the Fibres of the Stomach, * 1.1144 because they cannot enlarge the left Orifice, by reason their proper action is too narrow and contract the Orifice and Body of the Sto∣mach, which closeth the Mouth of the Ventricle, and hindreth the recepti∣on of Meat and Drink, into the capacity of it.

Whereupon, * 1.1145 I humbly conceive, with the favour of this ingenious Au∣thor, that the Stomach is meerly passive, in order to the reception of Nou∣rishment, whose Orifice is no ways expanded by any Fibrous parts (as in∣struments of Motion) but by vertue of the Aliment, protruded by Mus∣cular Fibres down the Gulet; whose Termination being enlarged, and the Aliment carried forward, maketh the Orifice of the Stomach give way by dilating it, for the admission of the Aliment forced into it by the Muscular Fibres, seated near the Extreamities of the Gulet, and the beginning of the left Orifice of the Ventricle.

And I do humbly conceive, that the Receptive Faculty of the Ventricle, doth not proceed from any voluntary Relaxation, it not being in the power of the Will to make any alteration of the Fibres (placed in the left Orifice of the Stomach) which have one constant moderate Tenseness, unless they be irritated by some sharp, or Saline Humours, or too great a quantity of Aliment, contained in the Cavity of the Stomach, giving it a trouble to contract its Fibres in order to Expulsion, either above by Vomiting, or be∣low into the Intestines.

Neither have the Fibres (relating to the Stomach) any power to relax themselves, * 1.1146 in order to open its Mouth, and assume Aliment, because when it is endued with a natural Tone, the Fibres are moderately invigorated with Nervous Liquor, and Animal Spirits, and have a due gentle stiffness, which the Stomach is not able to remit, except it be dilated by the immis∣sion of Aliment, crowded by the Muscles of the Gulet, into the Mouth of the Ventricle; and when it is ill at ease, it contracteth the Fibres of the left side and shutteth up the Orifice, to reject that, which is offensive, as contrary to the disposition of the Stomach, which it opposeth as destructive to it.

And now we will return (from whence we have Digressed) to the Re∣tentive Faculty of the Ventricle, to give a farther Explication of it, in re∣ference it is assistant to the Coction and distribution of Aliment; because both these important Actions, as ministerial to Life, Sense, and Motion, cannot attain unto Perfection, except they stay some time in the Stomach, before they are transmitted into the Intestines, which must be accomplished by the Retentive Power, espousing the nourishment in the Ventricle, till its Compage is dissolved, and the Alimentary Liquor extracted.

The Retentive Faculty at the first sight, * 1.1147 seemeth wholly to consist in a Mechanical frame, but in truth hath somewhat of likeness of Nature (in which the Stomach hath a Complacency) with the Aliment, as being much gratified in Converse with it, in which it receiveth refection and delight, and therefore in some sort it is unwilling to part with it, until it hath re∣ceived the satisfaction of fruition for a time, and then parteth with it for the Publick Good, as conducive to the support, and perfection of the whole, as being the Materia Substrata of Blood.

The fine Compage of the Ventricle, * 1.1148 being a rare Systeme of various Fi∣bres, Right, Oblique, and Transverse, as they run Cross-ways down one side, but as they surround both sides, and the upper and lower Region; the last may be stiled Circular. And when all these Fibres concur in one joynt gentle Contraction, * 1.1149 the Stomach encloseth the Aliment with its soft Em∣braces, to which the numerous Folds of the inward Coat, are very helpful in detaining the Alimentary Liquor within its Furrows, because the Ali∣ment before it is Elaborated, is apt to be lodged between the unevennes∣ses of the Folds, appertaining to the Ventricle; and after it is Colliquated, and brought to Maturity, is softned with a slippery Disposition, where∣upon it is easily severed from the Folds of the Stomach, and slippeth through its right Orifice into the Intestines.

Whereupon the roughness of the inward Coat of the Ventricle, * 1.1150 contri∣buteth somewhat to the retention of the Aliment; but above all, the To∣nick Postures of all the Fibres, wherein they equally Ballance each other, and gently enwrap the Aliment, till it attaineth step by step, unto a far∣ther Exaltation, and being Colliquated, and severed from the Faeces, is con∣veyed into the Intestines, to receive a greater Perfection.

CHAP. XXV. The Pathology of the Retentive Faculty relating to the Stomach.

THe Retentive Faculty of the Stomach is instituted by Nature, * 1.1151 as a pre∣requisite condition in reference to Concoction, which supposeth a stay of the Meat sometime in the Ventricle; that by its various ferments, the body of the Meat may be dissolved, and the alimentary Liquor drawn out, which cannot be accomplished, unless the Stomach every way embrace the aliment within its soft bosom, produced by the moderate motion of the right, oblique and circular fibres, which every way gently contracting themselves do lessen the cavity of the Stomach, and closely encircle the Meat and Drink performed by a gentle tension of the fibres, which if they be very much re∣laxed, the Stomach is rendred destitute of its retentive faculty, and the Meat slideth out of the capacity of the Ventricle, with little or no alteration.

The Tone of the Stomach is taken away, * 1.1152 which proceedeth either from the current of the nervous Liquor intercepted, when the nervous fibres are ob∣structed in their first origen in the Brain, by the grossness of the succus nu∣tricius, or when the fibrils are compressed, caused by the neighboring Vessels very much extended, or their interstices much enlarged by too great a pro∣portion of exuberant Blood in an inflammation of the Coats of the Brain, or when the extremities of the fibrils are compressed by a quantity of extravasa∣ted Blood, caused by the laceration of the Vessels by great blows upon the Head, wherein the Blood being forced by an impulse out of the broken Ves∣sels, and passing through both Tables in a great fracture of the Skull, is lodg∣ed at length upon the dura mater, near the ambient parts of the Brain, com∣pressing the origen of nervous fibrils, whence the course of animal liquor is very much intercepted, so that it cannot pass into the par vagum (which im∣parteth fibres inserted into the Left Orifice and body of the Stomach, whence the nervous fibres of the ventricle are despoiled of their due tenseness, and the retentive faculty wholly lost.

Sometimes the abolished retention of the Stomach is derived from a de∣praved constitution of the animal Liquor, * 1.1153 flowing from a watry mass of Blood, which vitiateth the due production of the nervous liquor in the cortical Glands, wherein the delicate parts of the Blood being depressed by watry recre∣ments in Hydropick constitutions, must necessarily propagate a dispirited animal liquor, which being imparted to the Stomacick nerves, do rob the fibres of their native tenseness, and take away the just retention of the ali∣ment.

Which is weakened onely, * 1.1154 when the motion of the animal juice is not wholly stopped, but propagated in too small a proportion, so that the nerves grow lank, by reason the interstices of their filaments are not filled with nervous liquor; either because a sparing quantity of it is generated in the cortical glands, or else the free distribution of it is hindred, which is caus∣ed by the thickness of the nervous liquor, or the narrowness of the intersti∣ces, belonging to the nervous filaments, whereupon the overslow motion

of the animal juice doth not plump up the nervous fibres of the Stomach, lea∣ving them laxe and faint, which hindreth the due enclosure of the contents of the Stomach.

Farthermore, * 1.1155 the retentive faculty of the Ventricle is impaired by a cold and moist distemper, whence the fibres of the Stomach grow flaccid, as being not able sufficiently to contract themselves, in order to caresse the ali∣ment with its tender embraces.

Another cause of the weak retentive faculty belonging to the Stomach, * 1.1156 proceedeth from an outward cause, from too great a quantity of liquor recei∣ved into the Stomach, when debauched persons, eat little or nothing, and drench themselves with great and full Glasses of Wine and strong Drink (which Good Fellows call Bumpers) whereby their Stomachs are over-char∣ged with viscide and watry humours, rendring the fibres flabby, and un∣able duly to contract themselves, in reference to inclose the aliment, lodged in the Stomach.

The last disaffection of the retentive power belonging to the Ventricle is the depraved action, producing a kind of palpitation, * 1.1157 consisting in various motions of lifting up and depressing the Stomach, the one proceedeth from Wind, puffing it up, and the other from the speedy contraction of the Ventricle, to free it self from offensive flatulency, which taketh its rise from the im∣moderate assumption of windy Aliment, and from too great a quantity of Meat and Drink, which the ventricle being not able to digest, turneth into crude and flatulent humours, making great floatings in the Stomach, rendering it incapable, by reason of unkindly motion, to retain its Aliment.

Another cause of the depraved operation of the Stomach, * 1.1158 appertaining to the retentive faculty, is founded in great tremblings, derived from sharp bi∣lious humours, transmitted from the Liver into the Intestines, associated with ill pancratick juice, which are forced into the Stomach by the invert∣ed peristaltick motion of the Duodenum moving upward, and thereby throw∣ing up sharp bilious, and acide pancreatick liquor, putting the fibres of the ventricle into a disorderly motion of trembling, arising, as I conceive, from various contractions and relaxations of the fibres, disquieting the ease of the Stomach, which is a requisite condition to entertain the Aliment re∣ceived into the ventricle.

And the disposition of the Stomach instituted by nature for the due stay of Aliment in it, is violated when Meat and Drink being received are spee∣dily ejected, either upward by vomiting, or downward by Stool, which is caused either internally by the disaffection of the Stomach, or externally by the fault of the contents, either too much, or ill aliment; or by vitious re∣crements and humours, irritating the Stomach in order to expulsion: As to this disaffection of the Stomach, it may arise from an inflammation, exulceration, and excoriation, which offering a great violation to the uni∣on of the fibrous parts of the Stomach, put them upon an immediate dis∣charge of the aliment or humours contained in it.

As to the cure of these disaffections, * 1.1159 they do indicate Blood-letting in a plethorick constitution, and vulnerary Drinks, consisting of cleansing, dry∣ing, and consolidating Medicines.

The cure of the Stomach, in order to its unkindly motion, upward and downward, produced by bilious, acide, and saline humours, doth denote proper vomitories, and purging medicines, to appease the troublesome

motions of the Stomach, * 1.1160 by discharging its offensive Enemies, disturbing its ease and quiet. And in reference to souer and sharp aliment discomposing the Stomach, soft and lenient Meats and Drinks are to be offered, which do tem∣per their acrimony.

And sharpe and acide humours, disordering the retentive power of the Stomach, are countermanded by sweet and bitter Medicines, and salt recre∣ments diseasing the ventricle, proceeding from the eating of too much salt Meat, are corrected by Lime-Drinks, which are advised with good success in Diseases arising from gross, and salt humours.

And lastly, * 1.1161 corroborating Medicines may be prescribed to remove the weakness of the retentive faculty of the Stomach, consisting in the flaccide indisposition of the fibres, which are repaired by astringent Medicines, re∣ducing the tone of the ventricle, in rendring their fibres moderately tense, which giveth them a power to retain the aliment committed to its custody, during the time of concoction, till the alimentary liquor is extracted.

And the depraved actions (relating to the retentive function) taking their rise from saline and acide particles of bilious and pancreatick liquors, are corrected by testaceous Powders, and chaleybeat Medicines, dulcifying and refining the mass of Blood, and preserving it from the exuberance of acide, saline, and bilious recrements.

CHAP. XXVI. Of Chylification.

HAving discoursed of the structure of the Stomach, as made up of va∣rious Coats, and of every Coat as a systeme of fibres; and of dif∣ferent appetites of Hunger and Thirst, as Ministers inviting us to Eat and Drink, to supply the decays of Nature, and of the retentive faculty, con∣sisting in the gentle contraction of many fibres, all which are ministerial to its great and useful operation, the production of alimentary liquor, in which, divers heads do present themselves.

The First is the Elaboratory, in which the liquor is prepared; Secondly, The Causes which are productive of it; the ventricle, and the divers ferments concerned in the Concoction of aliment; and also the subject and manner of its production; and Lastly, The nature and qualities of the alimentary juyce the Chyle, as the select product of the most excellent operation of the Stomach.

The Stomach is a noble Utensil of Nature, * 1.1162 integrated of divers Membranes, dressed with various fibres, gently contracting themselves to inclose the aliments within its soft bosom, which Nature hath rendred Concave and Membranous; whereupon it is of a pliable and extensive Constitution to receive and con∣tain greater or less proportions of fluide and solid Aliment, to whose con∣vex, the Stomach (if endued with its due tone,) doth shape its concave surface.

Whereupon the Stomach may claim this prerogative of being the chief Seat in which the Alimentary Liquor is concocted, * 1.1163 the Mouth being the place of Mastication, where the Aliment is broken into small pieces, and impregnated with salival Liquor, which giveth the first rudiment, and is a kind of Conception, from which Chylification taketh its first rise, as the Aliment is moistened with a fermentative Juyce, impregnated with Volatil, and Saline, and with Airy and Aethereal Particles in the Mouth, wherein the Aliment may be truly said to Commence its Fermentation, and is afterward transmitted to the Stomach, in which it receiveth greater Elaboration, as acted with other Ferments. * 1.1164

And the Aliment is not only opened with serous and nervous Liquors; but also with an influx of Heat, proceeding from the Blood, inspired with active subtle parts; the immediate instruments of a more Divine Principle, exerting its operation in the vital Liquor (whose Heat is chiefly conserved by motion) and its constant recourse into the Stomach imparteth to it a prin∣ciple of Life, which much advanceth the concoctive faculty of the Sto∣mach.

So that the ingredients of Meat and Drink being immitted into this fine Retorte, set in Balneo Mariae, enclosed in its anterior Region with the Li∣ver, and its bottom is seated in a cavity of the Spleen, both which Viscera are enobled with a soft Heat, flowing into them with the Blood, by reason a vital influence doth arise from a dispensation of the Blood into all parts of the Body; Whereupon the Stomach entertaining Blood, primarily impraegna∣ted with Life, doth grow warm, and vigorous, giving a due tone and Tenseness to the various Fibres of the Stomach, by which the ventricle applieth it self close to the Aliment, and by warming it, doth reduce its less powerful, qualities into Act, and exalteth the various dispositions of the Ferments. * 1.1165

Moreover, it may be worth our notice, that divers Animals, according to the several constitutions of their Stomach, do claim various degrees of Heat, as Dogs, Wolves, Hawkes, and Birds of prey have intense, and Fish more remiss: and truly, a moderate Heat, being not culinary but vital, is most agreeable to the Ventricles of Animals, as giving them strength and vigor, and thereupon is more conducive to the production of Chyle, by reason immoderate Heat rather torrefieth and forceth out the Earthy and Excremen∣titious parts; whereupon the colliquation and extraction of the Alimen∣tary Liquor, is best managed by a soft Heat; upon which account we may well resemble the preparation of Aliment to the stewing of Meat in some liquid Substance by a slow Fire; and so we Cook Gruels made with Oat∣meal or Barley, as also Jelly, which do somewhat aemulate the coction of Chyle, and by virtue of agentle Heat, we extract divers kinds of Tinctures; and the concoction of Meat, is likewise performed by the assistance of a kind∣ly Heat resident in the Stomach; intenerating, colliquating, and dissolving solid substances in liquid Bodies, as it happens in the concoction of Alimen∣tary Liquor in the Ventricle.

So that the Still of the Stomach is well seated by Nature, * 1.1166 in a most advantageous place, every way surrounded with warm parts, above with the vital flame of the Heart, on the Right side with the Liver, on the Left with the Spleen, and on the hinder Region with the great Vessels of the Aorta, and Vena cava, in its Anterior part with the Caul; Where∣upon all these parts being Systems of numerous Vessels, filled with warm

Vital Liquor, do advance the cold membranous constitution of the Stomach, with their ambient heat, thereby exalting the Ferments ordained to Concoct the Aliment, enclosed within the fine Walls of the Stomach.

And seeing the warmth of the Ventricle, is derivative from the heat and motion of the Blood, it may seem pertinent, briefly to discourse the Vital Li∣quor, constituted of Principles, affected with Saline and Sulphureous Par∣ticles, which are active Elements, imparting Intestine Motion to the Blood, very much hightned by Local Motion in its Flux and Reflux, to and from the Heart, the most noble Muscle (and hath for its Antagonists, all the Muscles of the Body) the original of the Motion, and chief heat of the Blood, impelled into the substance of the Stomach by the Caeliack Arterie.

The Blood being received into the right Ventricle of the Heart, * 1.1167 is impel∣led by its strong Contraction into the Pulmonary Artery, and substance of the Lungs, where it meeteth Air (impelled by the numerous Branches of the Bronchia) and embodieth with its Nitrosulphureous Particles, as some Principles, producing the Intestine Motion of the Blood; which is re∣ceived into the Pulmonary Veins, and thence into the left Chamber of the Heart, wherein it being briskly dashed against its Walls, the Intestine Mo∣tion and heat of the Vital Liquor, is much intended, and farther exalted by a Liquor (impraegnated with Volatil Saline Particles) dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves, inserted into both Ventricles of the Heart, into, and out of which, the Blood is every moment Imported, and Exported, by Venous, and Arterial Tubes, as the proper Channels of Vital Liquor, whose Intestine Motion and heat, is much improved by its impulse from, and re∣trograde Local Motion to the Heart, wherein it is Expanded and Rarefied; and being thence moved in greater and less Cylinders, it acquireth a new Fermentation, when its fixed parts are rendred more and more Volatized, and exalted to a due Maturity, wherein the Compage is opened, and the Spirituous and Sulphureous parts are so far set at liberty, as to communi∣cate a soft heat to the Stomach, in order to the Concoction of Aliment.

And furthermore, the Blood consisting of divers Heterogeneous principles of Spirit, * 1.1168 Salt, and Sulphur, diluted with Watry and Earthy Particles, as it is also associated with Chyme, a different Liquor (the Materia Substrata of Vital Liquor) whereupon the Blood gaineth an Effervescence, derived from the different actions of these contrary Agents, which enter into the List one with another, and have various Conflicts, caused by Acids, and Alkalys, composed of different Salts and Sulphurs, which after divers contrary Ope∣rations, receive such due allays, as are agreeable to the nature of Blood, by which it acquireth a due temper of heat, and Fermentation; which be∣ing dispensed to the Stomach, are great Instruments of Chylification, pro∣duced by the regular Intestine Motion of Meat and Drink, the great supports of our Nature.

CHAP. XXVII. The Pathologie of the Heat relating to the Stomach.

HAving Discoursed the heat of the Ventricle, * 1.1169 as it dependeth upon the natural temper of the Blood, I will now Treat somewhat of the heat of the Stomach, derived from its unkindly Ebullition, which sometime runneth too low, proceeding from ill Diet, and watry Aliment assumed in too great a quantity, producing an undue Concoction of it in the Stomach; whence the Blood is endued with a cold and watry Indisposition, whence floweth a low Fermentation, and heat in the Chambers of the Heart, and the various Vessels, carrying Rivulets of Blood to and from the Heart, in which the faint Intestine Motion, proceeding from an undue preparation of the Alimentary Liquor in the Stomach, produceth a cold temper in the whole Body, a troublesome Breathing in the Lungs, and a languid Pulsa∣tion of the Heart and Arteries, as in ill habits of the Body in Chronick Dis∣eases, and in Dying Persons.

But on the contrary, the Blood is overacted with too high an Ebullition, * 1.1170 proceeding from the overmuch Indulgence of our selves in high Meats, and hot Liquors, vitiating the Concoction of the Alimentary Liquor; which as it is affected with a fierce heat, and afterward confaederated with the Blood, doth too much exalt its Sulphureous Particles, which being Communicated with the Vital Liquor, by the Caeliack Artery into the Stomach, doth make too high, and an overhasty Fermentation in the Meat and Drink.

Another cause of the unnatural heat of the Blood, * 1.1171 and Stomach depend∣ing upon it, is borrowed from the hot steams of the Air, in the heat of Sum∣mer, insinuating themselves into the enlarged Pores of the Skin, into the Blood, giving it an Ebullition; which is much hightned, by strong and fre∣quent Pulsations of the Heart and Arteries, through which the over-heated Blood hath a recourse to the Stomach, perverting its Concoction of Meat and Drink, plainly appearing in the loss of our Appetite, in reference to solid Nutriment, by reason the Stomach hath no inclination to that which it is capable to Concoct.

A third cause of the unkindly heat of the Blood, * 1.1172 proceedeth from the coldness of the Ambient Air, whereupon the Body shutteth up its Fore∣doors, the Minute Pores of the Skin, to secure it self against the assaults of cold Blasts; whereupon the Skin being Condensed, the fiery steams of the Blood cannot Transpire, whence its Temper is perverted by greater and greater degrees of Preternatural heat, which being Communicated first to the Heart, by Venous Channels; whereupon the Purple Liquor, is over∣acted with too great an Ebullition (commonly stiled a Fever) issuing from an Extravagant heat, which is afterward impelled with the Blood, by a pro∣per Artery, into the Stomach, wherein it depraveth the due Fermentation of the Aliment.

And that we may give a more clear Illustration of the unkindly heat of the Blood (relating to Types, and periods of the Paroxisms of Fevers, * 1.1173 af∣fecting the Fermentation of the Stomach) which in some sort doth resemble the Ebullition of Wine in the Must; which may be raised upon two ac∣counts,

either by the Heterogeneous Ferment of some Fat Liquor immitted into the Cask, which doth hasten the Effervescence of some gross Wines, not apt to Ferment of themselves; or when New Wines (turgid with a quantity of Lees) are impraegnated with Sulphureous Particles, exalted above measure, by whose mediation the Compage of the Wine being open∣ed, and its Particles freed from a strict mixtion, do produce a high Efferve∣scence of the Fermenting Liquor.

And the Ebullition of the Blood holdeth some proportion (though after a different manner) with the fermentation of Vegetable Juices; * 1.1174 as some matter of a dissimilar nature, associates with the Vital Liquor, and being not easily Assimilated, maketh a great dispute and Effervescence in the Blood, till the Extraneous Particles be subdued, and brought into alliance with the Blood, or severed from it as Excrementitious, and discharged by Excretory Ducts; that the opened Compage of the Blood may be closed again, and the Particles be reunited in mixtion, and reassume their former situation and posture.

And this Effervescence of Blood, (proceeding from Extraneous parts, of a different Constitution, not easily reconcileable to the Blood,) is dispen∣sed with it into the substance of the Stomach, where it much weakneth the Tone, and perverteth the oeconomy of Nature, in reference to the Con∣coction of Aliment.

Secondly, * 1.1175 The Blood hath an irregular heat and Intestine Motion, when its Element, the Spirituous and Oily Particles, of which it is Composed, are transported beyond their native Constitution, and grow very abusive in their Temper, in debauching the gentle heat of the Blood, till it grow tu∣multuary and fierce in point of Ebullition, and turbulent and impetuous in reference to Motion; which have an influence upon the Stomach, and much disorder its Fermentation, relating to the Production of Chyle.

And after both manners, either when the Blood runneth confused, by rea∣son of some Extraneous Particles of Crude Chyme, not readily associating with its Mass, in a perfect Union; or when the Spirituous and Oily Parti∣cles grow enraged, as too much exalted by undue Fermentation, where∣upon the Blood is disordered by too great Ebullition, raised in the Heart and Vessels, whereby its due Compage is relaxed, and the active Particles set at liberty, grow as it were into a flame, and transmit their fiery Atomes into the Ventricle, and all parts of the Body: With this difference, that the Ebullition of the Blood taking its rise from indigested Chyme is, more easily quieted, and giveth some intermission free from Paroxisms, wherein the Stomach oftentimes recovereth its Appetite, and Tone, and is capable of Concocting Aliment, not hard of Digestion.

But the Ebullition of the Purple Liquor, * 1.1176 which ariseth out of the disor∣der of Spirituous and Oily Particles, is productive of a continued Fever; and here the Compage of the Blood is so far loosened, and the bond of due mixtion is in some sort so violated, that the Spirituous and Oily Atomes being as it were set on fire, break out into a kind of flame, which cannot receive an allay, till the inflamed Spirituous and Oily parts do burn out, and transpire through the innumerable Cutaneous Pores: But before this is accomplished, the boiling Blood having frequent accesses to the Stomach, much discomposeth the various ranks of Fibres, and by despoiling them of their due Tone, doth weaken the Retentive Faculty of the Stomach (put∣ting it upon frequent Vomitings) so that it cannot make a close application of it self, to the Meat and Drink.

And the Vital Juice, acted with unkindly heat in Fevers, staieth some lit∣tle time in the Interstices of the Vessels (when it is received into the substance of the Ventricle) whereupon it groweth inflamed.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Nervous Liquor, as a Ferment, belonging to the Stomach, in order to Chylification.

BEfore I Treat of the peculiar Ferments of the Stomach, the Nervous Juice, and Serous Liquor of the Blood, I will premise in short, the nature and propriety of Ferments, taken in a general Notice, as very ser∣viceable to the better understanding of the proper Ferments designed by Na∣ture as efficient Causes, producing the Concoction of Aliment.

Ferments are commonly esteemed Minute Bodies, * 1.1177 which are very little in Bulk, if they be compared with the Mass they actuate, and exalt, cau∣sing by vertue of their Spirituous and Volatil Particles, an Effervescence in the altered Matter, which is founded in the Mutual Contests, and Intestine Motion of various Elements, before they enter into a perfect union with the Mass they highten: Whereupon the Operation of Ferments are model∣led after different Manners, and Processes, some by way of Ebullition and Intumescence, by rendring the Compage of the subject Matter (they work upon) more loose and open; or by way of Secretion, or Precipitation, when after a due Fermentation of the Matter, the more pure parts are seve∣red from the more gross, the Alimentary Liquor from the Recrements.

And all Active, Fluid Bodies, impraegnated with Spirituous, Saline, * 1.1178 and Sulphureous parts, much hightned by Heat, may justly claim the title of Ferments: To confirm this Description, many Instances may be given. As first, In Spirit of Wine, which consisteth in many active subtle Particles, endued with Fermentative dispositions, ministerial to enoble the vertues of Concrete Bodies by Fermentation, frequently experimented in Courses of Chymistry, as fluid Salts, the Spirit of Vitriol and Sulphur, do open the bodies of Mines and Minerals, and by unloosing the bonds of Mixtion, do sever their innumerable Atomes (of which they are integrated) from each others Company, and do embody themselves with the Menstruum (dissol∣ving them) to which they are near akin in disposition.

But on the other side, fluid Salts, * 1.1179 though they are endued with Corrosive qualities, yet they are in no capacity to dissolve Wax, Pitch, Rosines, Tur∣pentine, and the like; which being of a Sulphureous inflammable nature, are dissolved by Oily and Unctuous Menstrua, which do participate a similar temper, with the said Sulphureous bodies, into which Oily Liquors do insi∣nuate themselves, and enter into a near Union and Confederacy, as preser∣vatives of each other. * 1.1180

Secondly, Ferments do not universally work upon all Subjects, but have determinate Operations, as they are naturally inclined to raise Intestine Mo∣tion in such Bodies, as are affected with peculiar Dispositions, holding some analogy with the temper of the Ferments, whereupon they enter into asso∣ciation

with such substances, as are Homogeneous, and do make a separa∣tion of Heterogeneous, unless they be rendred somewhat akin in likeness to the Ferment altering them, with which they often embody.

As the Runnet being of a Curdly nature, is a proper Ferment to Coagu∣late Milk, in associating with the Caseous, and secerning the Whey from the Oily parts of Milk out of which Butter may be extracted, by long and repeated agitations in a proper Utensil.

Thirdly, * 1.1181 Ferments are small in quantity, and great in vertue, in reference to their spirituous and subtle Particles (of which they are composed) as Balm, Runnet, are required only in a small quantity for the making of Bread and Cheeseand also Malignant and Pestiferous steams, though small in quantity, yet will infect in a short time the whole Mass of Blood.

Fourthly, * 1.1182 Ferments do most effectually Operate in substances, whose frames are rendred Lax by aethereal influences, and airy Particles, insinua∣ting themselves into the Pores of Bodies, expanded by their rare and elastick Particles, which are in perpetual Motion: But enough of the subtle disposition of Air at this time, because I intend to speak of it here∣after, as a main Ferment, working upon the Aliment, in order to the Ela∣boration of Chyle.

Fifthly, * 1.1183 The Ferments made up of most Minute Particles, are most easily ly brought into Intestine Motion, because they can less resist the disputes of contrary Agents, to whose dominion they more readily submit them∣selves.

Sixthly, The Figure of Atomes (of which Liquid Ferments consist) are very prevalent in raising a Fermentation; and upon this account, Mi∣nute Bodies furnished with difform Figures, and different Magnitudes, give a disposition to Intestine Motion, and as being dressed with various Angles, they are more adapted to take hold on those Bodies, which encounter them. From whence it followeth, If the agitation of the Angular Bodies be so powerful, as to conquer the resistance of the Subject Matter (on which they work) they so far subdue the contrary Agents, as to bring them to their Beck, and unite in a middle Temper, in which the opposite principles of the Disputant are reconciled, in a peaceable assimilation.

And again, * 1.1184 The bodies of Ferments, accommodated with acute angles, are more apt to sever those parts, which are most firmly united, because they can more easily insinuate themselves in the manner of a Wedg, and by de∣grees separate the associated parts of the Subject Matter (upon which Fer∣ments have an influence) and reduce it into motion.

Seventhly, * 1.1185 Ferments which have an aptitude to Motion, by reason of size and shape, must have analogy with the Subject Matter, on which they act; because, if it be endued with too open a Compage, as being perfora∣ted with too enlarged Pores, it giveth so easie an admission to the more Mi∣nute atomes of Ferments, that they raise no Intestine Motion, by reason no resistance is made between the Agent and Patient. Or on the contrary, when the Pores of the Patient are so recluse, that the Fermenting Particles cannot be received into its substance, whereupon no impression can be made, and the actions of the Ferments are wholly obstructed, and the Fermentation rendred frustrate.

Thus I have given the different nature and dispositions of Ferments, in a common Notion, and are applicable in some manner or other, to the various Ferments of the Stomach in reference to Chylification, of which some may

be adapted to the Salival Liquor discoursed above, and others to the Nervous Juyce, which is our present Province.

But before we Discourse of the Nature and Qualities of the Nervous Li∣quors, it is requisite to say somewhat of the Existence of it, by reason some incredulous Person may give it out, he hath not Faith enough to believe the Subject Matter; and if that be true, it will forthwith put a Period to our farther inquiry, relating to the Fermentative dispositions of the Animal Li∣quor; whose being in the nature of Things, Doctor Glysson hath asserted with great weight of Reason.

The first is deduced from Nutricion, to which (if it be not the whole Matter, as some Anatomists will have it) it is very much assistant in repai∣ring the decays of Nature, in point of Aliment assimilated to the substance of parts, which are supported, * 1.1186 and grow plump and vivid by Nervous Li∣quor insinuated into their Pores, and united to their more inward Recesses; whereupon, if the influx of Nervous Liquor be intercepted, the Muscular and Membranous parts are dispoiled of their due Dimensions, which doth not proceed from the suppressed Motion of the Blood, keeping its Current into Paralytick Members, which appeareth in the Pulsation of the Artery, playing in the Emaciated parts, and therefore there must be found out some Vessels, which being obstructed, do stop the course of the Nervous Liquor, and defraud the Systeme of Vessels, of which the decayed parts are integra∣ted of their Alimentary Liquor; whereupon the Nerves being destitute of their Juice, Animal Spirits, and Elastick Particles of Air, loose their due Tenseness and Tone, whence followeth the resolution of parts in Paralytick Distempers.

Another argument may be borrowed from Ocular Demonstration, * 1.1187 which is a high Evidence, and not to be Disputed, an Instance may be given in the Wounds of Nerves, and Tendons, out of which a Limpide Liquor (common∣ly called a Gleete) freely extilleth, which cannot probably flow from Veins and Arteries, whose Liquors are tinged with a different Colour.

Again, It may be further confirmed by the swelling of the Nerves, * 1.1188 made by a Ligature (in young Animals) above which an Intumescence grow∣eth, derived from Nervous Liquor, tending toward the Ligature; which being intercepted, causeth the Swelling. But how happeneth it, that Li∣gatures of Nerves produce no Swellings in Animals of greater age? My Con∣jecture is, That the Nervous Juice is more free in Motion in Puppies, then in more Mature Animals, derived from the greater abundance and thinness of the Nervous Liquor.

A fourth argument to prove the Existence of the Nervous Juice, * 1.1189 as be∣ing a Member, related to the family of Liquors (the great Instruments to support the oeconomy of Nature in Animals) is drawn from the uses assign∣ed to the Nerves, which are Sensation, Motion, and Nutrition, and some parts which are not subject to Motion, nor extraordinary Sensation, as the Mesentery and Spleen, are furnished with great plexes of Nerves; and parts, which have far greater Dimensions, as the Liver and Caul, have far less pro∣portion of Nerves, which argueth they are instituted for Nutrition only, whereupon the Mesenterick, and Splenick Plexes, are consigned to some other use, beside that of Sense, Motion, and Nutrition: Which I humbly conceive is this, That the numerous Nerves are ordained too by Nature, to transmit Liquor into the Glands of the Mesentery, and Spleen, to refine the Chyle in the one, and the Vital Juice in the other: And I have great rea∣son to believe, that the fruitful Branches of Nerves, inserted into the inward

Tunicle of the Stomach, are to convey Animal Liquor into the Cavity of the Stomach, to impart a Fermentative Power to the Aliment, in order to the production of Chyle; so that the Nervous Liquor is a fluid Body, en∣dued with many Minute Particles, big with active and subtle Principles, which upon that account, have the advantage of a more ready entrance into the pores of the Aliment.

And again, * 1.1190 The Animal Juice, as inspired with fine Spirits, and impraeg∣nated with volatil saline Particles, is more readily received by secret passages into the inward penetrals of the Meat and Drink (lodged in the bosome of the Ventricle) and doth impart Intestine Motion to it, by stirring up the different Elements of the Nourishment.

Thirdly, The Nervous Liquor is composed of many Minute parts, adorned with various Figures and Magnitudes, * 1.1191 different from the fluid and solid atomes of the Aliment, which being contrary agents, do enter into a Conflict with each other, and by opposite Manners, and processes of Ope∣ration, do bring their disagreeing Tempers, by a middle allay, to an ami∣cable Reconciliation, consistent with each others subdued Nature.

Ingenious Doctor Willis, is pleased to say, That the Nervous Liquor, is a Masculine kind of Seminal Juice: And this opinion (as I conceive) is grounded upon its Spirituous and Volatil Particles, in which it hath some likeness with Genital Liquor, in Quality, as well as Colour.

And this Animal Juice, being incorporated with the Serous Liquor (ex∣uding the Extreamities of the Caeliack Artery, into the capacity of the Sto∣mach) with which it is advanced, as with some active Ferment.

The Fermentative disposition of the Nervous Liquor may be farther con∣firmed out of the first principle of its Production (wherein its Nature doth very much consist) which is of Vital Juice, * 1.1192 the Chrystalline and finer part: The Nervous Liquor is extracted after this manner (as I apprehend) The Blood being impelled by the Carotide Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Brain, is there separated, as in so many Colatories, wherein the more soft and fine Juice of the Blood is secerned from the hot, and gross red Cras∣sament, which is returned by the Jugular Veins, while the more delicate Liquor is elaborated, and impraegnated with Volatil Saline parts in the body of the Cortical Glands, and afterward transmitted into the Extreamities of the Nerves; whereupon we may be easily induced to believe, that the Ani∣mal Liquor, being generated out of the Blood, a subject of many Fermen∣tative Principles, as composed of different Elements, and as chiefly embodied with Air, in the substance of the Lungs, full of Elastick Particles, which contribute much to the Fermentation of the Animal Liquor, extracted out of Blood.

Furthermore, * 1.1193 The Animal Liquor is associated with Air (when it is first produced in the Cortical Glands) which ascending through the Cavities of the Nostrils in time of Inspiration, some part of it (as complying with its nature to move upward) passeth through the Os Ethmoides, into the Ven∣tricles of the Brain, whence it is elevated through the numerous Pores of the various Medullary Processes, into the Cortical Glands, wherein it enters into alliance and confederacy with the embrionate Nervous Liquor, and exalteth it with subtle saline Particles, and with an active Expansive Qua∣lity, one main Ingredient, constituting the Fermentative Disposition of the Animal Liquor.

Another argument may be brought, to place the Nervous Juice in the Mass of Ferments, is from its great activity, and most subtle nature, by which

it produceth such wonderful Effects in Muscular Motion, * 1.1194 made upward and downward by the nimble Motion of Tensors and Flexors, in pinching seve∣ral strings of the Lute, whence are formed great variety of melodious Sounds, which are diversly modelled by Shakes (resembling the quavering of the Voice) made by quick contractions of Antagonist Muscles moving the Fingers up and down in several postures.

And great variety of other motions, upward and downward, inward and outward, in the Arm made by the Elevators, Depressors, Adductors, Ab∣ductors, so that the various Muscles are so many rare Machines, acting their parts with great dexterity in the different Scenes of Motion, which are celebrated by Nerves, (as well as fleshy Fibres) enobled with Liquor, impraegnated with animal Spirits, seated in subtil Particles of the Succus Nutricius, which is communicated by the Branches of the Par vagum, insert∣ed into the inward Tunicle of the Stomach, giving a power to the Aliment reposed in it, in order to Concoction.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Serous Ferment of the Stomach.

HAving presented you in the former Chapter, with the nervous, * 1.1195 I make bold to offer you in this the serous Liquor, derived from the arteri∣ous Blood, as a ferment concerned in the useful operation of Chylification.

Some Ananomists exclude all Ferments in the production of Chyle, assert∣ing, that the Aliment is furnished within its own Confines, with principles sufficient to Concoct the Aliment, without any access of bitter, acide, sa∣line, or any other extraordinary Ferment, and do found Chylification in the contrary Elements of Meat and Drink, making contests between Volatil and Fixed, Sulphurous, and Saline Particles, which are not such active Com∣batants, as to enter the List of themselves in order to a Fight, except they were backed, and set on by the heat of the Stomach, and other adjacent parts; as also the Ferments of Salival Liquor, Embodied with Air in the Mouth, and various Liquors (flowing out the extremities of the Nerves and Arteries, implanted into the Stomach) one of which is our present Con∣cerne.

The Antients have been great admirers of an acide Juyce, * 1.1196 transmitted (as they conceived) from the Spleen to the Stomach, by the Vas breve, which being a Vein, cannot Impart to, but Export Liquor from the Ventricle. Avicen, a Learned Author, doth favour this Opinion: Ʋtilibus vero, ait, ac∣cidit, quia in Os Stomachi (humour acidus) quasi mulgendo profluit, & haec quidem utilitas est duobus modis, uno, quia Os Stomachi stringit & confor∣tat & inspissat: alio, ut in Ore Stomachi, Commotionem, propter acredinem, & excitationem ad famem.

Curtellus, a Roman Physitian is of the same sense in an Epistle to Severinus a Chyrurgeon of Naples, Scribens portionem acidae bilis, e liene transmissam, panis fermenti ritu, omnia miscere, amovere, & ebullire facere, atque ita ra∣refactione ista, & rarefactione & spongiositate cibariorum, quae a spiritibus conci∣tatis fit, ob acidos spiritus moventes, & inquietos, adjuvante calore ciborum con∣coctionem, & digestionem primam Confici.

Vanhelmonte doth also in some sort comply with this Opinion, and making a great search into the nature of Stomacic Ferments, doth consigne the in∣testine motion of the Ventricle, to a Ferment propagated from the Spleen, and found it very difficult to maintain the transmission of the Liquor from it by Veins to the Stomach, because it is contrary to the Oeconomy of Na∣ture, and Rules of Circulation of Blood, demonstrable by Autopsy. This acute Author streined his Wit to find out some unheard-of way, to convey the fermentative Liquor from the Spleen to the Stomach: Nimirum, ait ille, non excrementum melancholicum acidum lieni fermentum, sed lienem singulari modo fermentum ventriculo inspirare; But I am afraid, if the more open Ducts do evade our Sight, it will be more difficult to discover some insensible pores, through which the pretended inspired Liquor may be imparted from the Spleen to the Stomach.

Quercetan doth assign Chylification to famelick, * 1.1197 hungry, and thirsty Spi∣rits resident in the Ventricle: Spiritus in Ventriculo (agnoscit ille) familli∣cos, esurientes, & bibentes, qui post assumptam alimenti & ciborum materiam, aliam novam appetunt, quam attractam, acida sua & mordaci dissolvendi ac conterendi facultate, confringant: quae dissolutio ac contritio, postea a Medicis ap∣pelletur Concoctio, sive Digestio.

This I conceive to be a Dream of this ingenious Author, as being very Hungry in the night, going Supperless to Bed; Because these Esurient Spi∣rits, cannot exist of themselves without some vehicle (and thereupon (I conceive) they are founded in some acide Liquor) else they being so thin and subtle, would easily evaporate through the pores of the Body; and so farewel Hunger and Thirst, those useful Appetites, instituted by Nature to Court us to the enjoyment of Meat and Drink without which we would be very careless in Eating and Drinking, and much prejudice our Health and Life.

So that (as I apprehend) these Famelick, Esurient, and Sitient Spirits are not the Ferments productive of Concoction in the Ventricle, but only incentives, ordained by nature to render us desirous of Aliment, to repair the decaying frame of our Body.

Other latter Artists, * 1.1198 better versed in Anatomy, do derive the serous Fer∣ments, subservient to Chylification, from the Arteries (terminating into the inmost Tunicles of the Stomach) which emit an acide Liquor (endued with a power, dissolving the Aliment, and extracting an Alimentary Li∣quor, which is of a mixed Sense, some part true, and the other improba∣ble, because on the one hand it may be granted that the Stomach doth af∣fect the Aliment in some imperfect Degree of Concoction with a kind of Acidity; * 1.1199 and on the other side it must be opposed; that the Ratio forma∣lis of Chylification, is wholly founded in an acide Ferment, as the sole ef∣ficient of it, by reason the Essence of Alimentary Liquor is not constituted in its primary Production of acide Principles, but rather consisteth accord∣ing to its true temper in a pleasant sweetness, amicable to Nature, plainly discernible in Milk, and Cream those grateful Extracts of the Stomach, and Acidity is so far distant from the natural Constitution of the Alimenta∣ry Liquor in the Ventricle, that when it is exalted to a high Degree it spoileth Concoction, and destroyeth the nourishing Juyce, which is extracted out of Meat and Drink.

And the Stomach doth impart a kind of Acidity to the Chyle, in its cru∣der State, according to Learned Dr. Glysson's Observation; As First, When a Secretion is made in Concoction of Matter, advanced by delicate Parti∣cles

from the Recrements, that degenerate into Acidity, as separated from the sweet Alimentary Juyce (the end of Concoction) which is quickly trans∣mitted out of the Stomach into the intestines, while the more useless parts staying in the Ventricle, do contract an Acidity.

Farthermore, when the Stomach laboureth with some great indisposition, * 1.1200 or when oppressed with too great a quantity, or affected with an ill quali∣fied Aliment, the Stomach throweth up four Belchings, the effects of an ill Concoction, proceeding from fixed, saline parts, as too much exalted and brought to a fusion; the cause of Acidity, which is promoted to a great height, as the Saline Particles obtain a more eminent Degree of volatility; as crude vitriol in its prime Constitution, hath some degrees of Acidity; but when it is driven through a retort, with a fierce Fire, it is affected with such an In∣tenseness of Acidity, that the Palate is impatient of it, unless it be diluted with some insipid or soft Liquor; and upon this account, the reliques of the former Concoction do sometimes arrive to so great an Acidity, that the Teeth are set on edge upon vomiting this troublesome Acide Matter.

And this is the third Cause how the Stomach produceth an Acidity in Di∣gestion, when the Aliment newly received, * 1.1201 is embodied with the Recrements of the former Concoction, with an acide Phlegme, destitute of Sweetness; whereupon the Chyle cannot be conceived to be improved with this acide Mixture, but groweth more impure, and degenerate, and the lacteal Vessels receive only the purer parts of the concocted Liquor, as Secerned from all acide Atomes, wherefore we may conceive, that the Acidity in the Stomach, to be no constituent part, or ingredient of Chyle, but an In∣strument, as some will have it, by which the more solid parts of Aliment are Dissolved. * 1.1202

The Fourth Cause of Acidity is found in Vegetables, wherein a Fusion is made of Saline Elements, which is not produced in Flesh; which being exalted, doth not degenerate into an Acidity, after the rate of Vegetables; because animal Salts being elaborated, and reduced to Fusion, do not contract a sourness, but rather rankness, and cannot arrogate to them∣selves the nature of a due Ferment in Concoction; and Aliment compo∣sed of Vegetables, have divers steps of Elaboration, and first of all grow∣eth Acide, then acquireth another degree of Saltness; and last of all arri∣veth at a greater perfection of Concoction, and endeth in a pleasant Sweet∣ness, most evident in the production of Chyle.

But that we may speak more clearly to the Serous Ferment, distilling out of the Extremities of the Arteries, into the Cavity of the Stomach, this Question may be fitly propounded, Whether this Serous Ferment hath its Operation in the Production of Chyle, as endued with Acide, or with Sa∣line Particles, to which a Reply may be made with this distinction, either of the sweetness of Chyle, proceeding from Vegetable Aliment, as Sugar, Honey, and the like, and then the nourishing Liquor first groweth Acide and then Sweet; but if the Sweetness of the Alimentary Juyce, proceed∣eth from Concocted Flesh, it is first brought by Fusion, to a Saline, and then to a sweet disposition, which is derived from the disposition of a Se∣rous Ferment, in a good constitution of Body, which is Saline and not Acide, as may be plainly proved from the nature of this Crystaline Liquor, which is highly impregnated with a great quantity of Volatil Salt, (which may be extracted by Chymical Operations) a very active Instrument in Chy∣lification, by which the body of the Aliment is opened, and the Alimen∣tary Liquor extracted and exalted.

And to give a farther confirmation, * 1.1203 that the Serous Liquor distilling in∣to the capacity of the Stomach, is not acted with Acide, but Saline parts; I will endeavour divers experimental Instances in the production of Chyle in the Stomachs of divers Animals: An acute Author giveth out, that the Concoction in the Ventricles of Birds, is managed by Acide Ferments, which may be clearly determined by tasting Chyle in their Stomachs; and to this effect I have opened the Crop of a Pullet, and the extended Gulet of a Curlue, which supplieth the place of a Crop; in both which, and many other Birds, I have found a Liquor of a Whitish colour, in good proportion, affected not with an Acide, but Saltish Taste; and if the Aliment be Lodged too great a time in the Ventricle, it rather resembleth a stinking than sou∣rish Smell, not unlike that of the grosser Excrements belonging to the Inte∣stines.

Learned Moebius giveth an Account of a young Dormouse, about a fort∣night old, whose Stomach he opened, and found it empty of all Ingests, ex∣cept a white Milky Humour, of which he receiving a little into his Mouth, did affect his Tongue, not with any Sourness, but with a sharp Saline pun∣gent Taste, not unlike that of Crowfoot, or Cuckooe-pintle, which gave a disgust to his Palate for some time, though he frequently gargarized it with Water.

I have frequently tasted of a Cineritious Liquor (which I conceive to be Chyle) in the Stomachs of Skaits, * 1.1204 Thornbacks, Pikes, and other Fish, and have found it of a high Saline, or Armoniack Taste, without the least relish of sourness, and in the Stomachs of Crabs, Lobsters, being opened, you may plainly discern the inward Coats of their Ventricles, to be highly tinged with a nitrous Saltness.

And in the Stomachs of Lambs newly killed, being cut open, plainly may be discovered a Saline, and no sour Liquor, adhaering to the inward Coat of the true Ventricle.

In a Dog opened alive, Maebius maketh mention of Chyle contained in the Ventricle, emitting a strong smell, like that of the Intestines, and having taken it into his Mouth, did savour of a Saline Taste.

And I have made trial in the Stomachs of Brutes and Men, * 1.1205 and have disco∣vered the inward Coats of their Stomachs, affected with a succulent Mat∣ter, impregnated with Salt Particles, and not with Sour: except in Scorbu∣tick, and Hypocondriacal, and other unhealthy persons.

The serous Ferment being severed from the Blood (in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach) participates of its nature, and is impregnated with Saline Particles, as may easily be discovered by Chymical Operations made upon Blood, out of which, by Art, may be extracted a Spirit highly exalt∣ed with volatil Saline Atomes; and also out of variety of Alimentary Li∣quor it self, in divers sorts of Milk, may be extracted by Chymistry, great quantities of volatil Salt; whereupon it may be easily evinced, both by the Ali∣mentary Liquor it self in divers sorts of Milk, wherein may be extracted by Chy∣mistry, great quantities of volatil Salt, wherein may be easily proved, both by the Alimentary Liquor, as having received Saline Particles from the Serous Liquor; and from which the Serous Juice it self being lately a part of the Blood, secerned in the Glands of the Stomach, which doth retaine the Elements of the Blood, and participates of its plentiful Saline Particles, which being transmitted with their vehicle, the Serous Juyce through the Terminations of the Caeliack Ar∣teries, do penetrate the Body of Aliment, reposed in the Bosom of the Sto∣mach, and by loosening its Compage, do assist the Concoction of the Ventricle.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Matter of Chylification.

HAving given you an account of the several Ferments disposing the Aliment to Concoction, I will now take the boldness to Treat you in some sort, with the Matter out of which the Alimentary Liquor of the Stomach is Extracted: And to give you in some manner, a Bill of Fare of the Meats and Drinks, which entertain the Stomach, in order to the refection of the Body, as divers sorts of Fish and Fowl, and more gross Flesh of other Animals, and the more simple and wholesome Diet, cooked of several kinds of Corn: and the Ventricle is not only treated with variety of solid Meats, but with abundance of different Drinks (in which we more pecu∣liarly indulge our Appetites, even sometimes to Excess and Debaucherie) of Beer, Ale, Sider, Perry, and many other Vegetable Juices, and above all with an exuberant variety of small and generous Wines, in which we speak a high Pleasure and Delight to our selves, and caress our Friends with free Cups, as so many expresses of our great Civility, and endearing Kindness.

And the free Hand of our most liberal Maker, in His generous Treats of us his Creatures, with different kinds of Meat and Drink, doth require several Ferments of Salival, Nervous, and Serous Liquors (inspired with Spirituous, and expansive particles of Air) which all concenter in the Subject Matter contained in the bosome of the Stomach, to raise a Fer∣mentation in every different sort of Meat and Drink, * 1.1206 which are acted with many several Ferments, endued with contrary Principles, and Dispositions, which enter into contests with the various Contents of the Stomach, and embody with the Homogeneous and Alimentary Particles, and precipitate the Heterogeneous as unprofitable for Nutrition, and by degrees expel them as noysome and troublesome, from one part to the other, till at last they have ejected them the utmost confines of the Body.

Now it may be worth our enquiry, to discover the several Changes, or alterations of the various kinds of Aliment, made step by step, before they arrive a perfect Concoction in the Stomach; and because the different sorts of Aliment are comprehended under general ranks of Meat and Drink, it may be worth our time to make some Remarks upon them.

And concerning the fruitful springs of Potulent Matter, * 1.1207 destilling into the Cystem of the Stomach, it requireth less boiling then Esculents do, by rea∣son it is not so much an Aliment, as a Vehicle of it, with and to which, the grosser parts of Aliment are diluted, and espoused, till by several Muta∣tions the Alimentary Liquor is extracted, and made master of a just Con∣sistence.

Moreover, The Drink is more Operative and Penetrating, * 1.1208 as it consisteth of subtle saline Particles, and divers kinds of Purging, Diuretick, and Mineral Wa∣ters which having little or no nourishment, soon pass through the Ventricle and Intestines, into the Mesenterick, and Thoracick Lacteal Vessels, and from thence through the Subclavian and hollow Vein, into the right Ventricle; and from thence are transmitted through the Lungs into the left Cistern of the Heart, and afterward through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Emul∣gent

Arteries, into the Glands of the Kidneys, and from thence conveyed through the Pelvis and Ureters, * 1.1209 into the common receptacle of Urine.

As to the reason of the quick Motion of the Mineral Waters through the Stomach, and other parts of the Body, it proceedeth from their thin substance and pungent Particles, (with which they are impraegnated) giving a trouble to the Fibres of the Ventricle and Intestines, causing them to Contract them∣selves for a speedy Expulsion, with the aid of the Diaphragme, into the La∣cteal Mesenterick, and Thoracick Vessels; and from thence being transmitted through the Veins, into the right Ventricle of the Heart, (where the Blood is put into a Fermentation, by the active saline Particles of the Mineral Waters,) doth quicken the Carnous Fibres of the Heart, to Contract them∣selves vigorously, and thereby briskly to impel the Blood, embodied with these sharp Mineral Particles, into the Kidney Glands, where the Blood is percolated from the pungent Potulent Matter, into the Pelvis and Ureters.

Wines also (as well as Mineral Waters) are of a thin Consistence, * 1.1210 and differ in their pleasant temper much more acceptable to the Stomach, and by reason of their more aggreeable disposition, do make a longer stay in it, and thereby assist its Concoction of Aliment; which may be backed by the experience of Persons, freely gratifying their Palates, in eating of various Dishes of choice Fish, and Flesh, which else would highly discompose their Stomachs, were they not strengthened with the warm subtle, and Spirituous Particles of Wine; which associating with the other Ferments, do insinu∣ate themselves into the penetrals of the Aliment, and dissolve its frame, and draw out its purer Liquor.

Whereupon a Question may be started, * 1.1211 How Wine consisting of sweet and Oily Particles, when it is received into the Stomach, should be in a short time bereaved of its grateful sweetness, and turn acid in the Ventricle? Which may be, as I conceive, attributed to the saline parts of the Wine, brought to a Fluor by Fermentation, which rendreth Wine acid; and so all Vegetable Juices being fermented in the Stomach, do by degrees ac∣quire an acidity, by reason the more sweet parts are severed, in order to associate with the Alimentary Liquor, and thereupon leave the other acid as recrements of Concoction.

But if Wines be conserved in Casks, * 1.1212 as so many safe Repositories, the sweet Sulphureous parts do hold such an intimate union with the Sa∣line, that they do not suffer the Generous Liquor to degenerate into an acid Juice, which is a step to Vinegar.

Liquid kinds of Aliment (commonly called Suppings) as Broth, * 1.1213 Pot∣tage, Water-gruel, Panada, Oatmeal Caudle, and the like, do not require so long stay in the Stomach, as more solid Meats, because they consist as fluid bodies of enlarged Pores; as their parts are easily separable one from another (in reference to Motion) to which they have naturally great incli∣nations: So that the Ferments of the Stomach, may obtain a more easie ad∣mission through open Pores, into the body of Liquid Aliment, and as being fluid, the Alimentary Liquor is easily severed from the Faeces, which are thin in consistence, if compared with the more gross Excrements of solid Meats.

Wherefore liquid kinds of Nourishment, admitting an easie solution of their Compage, the disserviceable parts are readily parted from the more useful, without any great elaboration of the Aliment, in which the more Spirituous parts being quickly elevated in Liquid Bodies, do speedily attain unto Maturity, with a gentle Fermentation of the Stomach.

On the other side, As the solid Meats, yield a greater, * 1.1214 and more substan∣tial Nourishment, so they require a better tempered heat of the Stomach, and adjacent Viscera, and well disposed Ferments, by reason the body of solid Meat is more compact, and hath very Minute Pores, and therefore asketh a more intense and kindly natural Heat (to open its closer pores) and Fer∣ments, enobled with more refined spirituous Particles, in reference to insinu∣ate themselves into the secret passages of solid Meat, which upon that account, are endued with a small proportion of Liquor, so intimately espoused to the solid parts, that it can hardly be separated without a more lasting, and high∣er Fermentation of the Stomach, extracting with greater time and difficulty the alimentary Tincture; which cannot be accomplished without many alterations performed step by step, one after another, the former being previous to the latter as inducing into the changed Aliment, greater and greater Degrees of more and more mature Concoction, ending in the production of Chyle, a sweet and delicate Elixir of Nature, the Materia substrata of Blood, and all other alimentary Liquor supporting the Body.

A Question may now arise, Whether the most solid Bodies of Mines, * 1.1215 can∣not admit a Concoction in the Body of Animals? It is a received opinion, that an Estrich can as well digest as swallow Iron, which I cannot approve as rational, because Iron is a solide and compact Body, whose integrals are so closely united, that they cannot be severed by the faint Heat, and the too low Ferments of the Stomach, to make impressions in so hard and dry a Body as Iron, which being composed of few Sulphureous, and most fixed Sa∣line and Earthy parts, not diluted with any Liquor, cannot admit any Con∣coction by the too too mild Fermentation of the Ventricle, acted with soft and delicate Salts, wholly unfit to make a separation of the stubborn parts of Iron, which requireth Vitriolick, Armoniack, and other corrosive Salts, to open the compact Bodies of this and other Mines.

Gesnerus Libro tertio de Historia animalium, de Struthiocamelo, caput huic aliti exiguum, cerebrum fere nullum: hinc abs{que} delectu quicquid tetigerit, vorat, lintea, férrum, lapides, verum haec inconcocta, & integra in ejus ventriculo ma∣nent, & si nimia fuerint, tandem animal ad mortem, aut tabem deducunt, ut in dissectis apparuit.

Aldrovandus confirmeth our Opinion, that an Estrich cannot digest Iron, but after some stay in his Body, expelleth it through the Stomach, and Inte∣stines, and at last out of the Body by the Anus. Ait ille, ego Struthionem, fer∣rei frustula, dum tridenti essem, deglutire observavi, sed quae inconcocta rursus ex∣cernere.

Prepared Powders, and Salts of Steel, * 1.1216 are prescribed upon good grounds to Hyppocondriacal, and Scorbutick Persons, as most proper Medicines, be∣cause corrosive Salts do precipitate the Acide Juyces of the Body, and thereupon receive some alteration in the Stomach; but by reason Minerals, though prepared by Art, being of a dry and different nature from Animals, can no way be so Concocted by the Ferments of the Stomach, as to be turned into laudable Aliment.

A Learned Man is of an opinion, Gold may receive such great impressions of the Stomacick Ferments, that it may be digested in the carnous Stomachs of Fowle; and upon this account, Wendelerus scripsit ad Sennertum, quod sno experimento in Gallina, cui auri folia per mensem devoranda, in pectore lineas pu∣re aureas, quasi ab artifice inductas, observavit; ut videre est in libro de con∣sensu, & dissensu Chymicorum cum Aristotele, & Galeno.

But Learned Sennertus being dissatisfied with the Opinion of Wendeler, tri∣ed the Experiment of Gold in a Hen, in which he was not so happy as to have his expectation Crowned with a successful event; So that this plea∣sant Golden Story of Wendelers, relating to the dissolving Gold in the Sto∣mach of a Hen, and turning it into Aliment, and making the Inscription of these Golden Lines in the Breast, ended at last in a mere Chymaere, much resembling that of the Golden Mountains, or pieces of Gold which a Fool fancied in his Purse, but in truth were only in his Head.

The most perfect Metals of Gold, * 1.1217 and Silver, do pass only through the animal fire of the Stomach unconcerned, and are transmitted through the Ventricle and Guts, without any sensible alteration; but more imperfect Minerals, as divers kinds of Stones, being reduced to Powder do receive divers changes, and by various Ferments acting upon them, do communi∣cate Saline Particles to the mass of Blood.

Faulkoners do give out (who are very much versed in Manning and Dieting Hawkes, * 1.1218 that Stones taken into their Stomachs do cleanse them and render them Healthy, and more fit for Flight; and it is gene∣rally set forth by those who Feed and Fat Fowle, that they will loose their Appetites and Health, unless they swallow little Stones, which do not turn into nourishment, but disgorge their Stomachs from some gross Phlegme, or filth that oppresseth them, as some phancy, and in truth, do help the breaking the Aliment into small Particles.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the manner of Chylification.

HAving Discoursed somewhat in the precedent Chapter of the Matter, Meat and Drink, as the Materia substrata, out of which the milky Humour is generated in the Stomach, it may now seem agreeable to me∣thod, to speak a little how Chylification is modelled, of the manner how Chyle is produced in the Stomach.

The Antients have given their Sentiments, as Praxagorus, Empedocles, which Hyppocrates seemeth to back With his Suffrage in his Book, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Sectione Quinta, speaking of a Lientery, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, The Lientery doth throw off the Meat not putrified, and moist, not painful, whereupon the Body decayeth, and a few lines after, this great Author doth seem farther to assert this Hypothesis, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, And therefore when it is produced, (meaning a Lientery,) the Meat is cooled and moistened, and a quick dis∣mission made of the not putrified Aliment: whence this inference may seem to be made, that if an ill, or rather no Concoction of the Stomach (which the Antients called improperly a Lientery, or smoothness of the Guts, the Meat is over-hastily expelled the confines of the Stomach unputrified; where∣upon it may be conceived, * 1.1219 that if the Meat had been longer entertained in the Ventricle, it would have acquired a putrefaction. But I beg pardon for this apprehension, because I conceive we are bound in Duty, to receive the sense of the Antients with Candor, and then the words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being not taken strictly (which I humbly conceive) was the true sense of our great Master Hyppocrates, do signifie Meat unconcocted, in which, little

or no separation of parts was made by natural Heat, exciting the Ferments of the Stomach to a Concoction of the Aliment.

Learned Dr. Highmore seemeth to concur with Hypocrates, * 1.1220 in his sense re∣lating to the manner of Digestion, in his Third Chapter De Ventriculo. Verum∣enimvero nondum nobis constat, cur non calore tantum humido, hoc est menstruo proprio, animae tanquam instrumento, opus hoc perficiatur; cum coctio nihil aliud sit quam putrefactio & partium separatio. But notwithstanding it doth not ap∣pear to us, (saith the Learned Author) why this Work is not accomplish∣ed by moist Heat only (as a proper Menstruum) the instrument of the Soul, when Concoction is nothing else but a putrefaction and separation of parts. And this his Assertion concerning the work of Nature, he endeavoureth to Illustrate by the operations of Art. Adhaec in administrationibus Chymicis, hoc solummodo efficiente, calore scilicet in corpore humido in particulas corporis insinu∣ante, producatur, ut in maceratione, digestione, putrefactione, & fermentatione, quibus operationibus, a calore humido, mistum aliquo modo dissolvitur, vel compage naturali soluta, ad artificialem aptius redditur, quae operationes in omni separatione, vel singulae, vel altera earum permittuntur.

Furthermore, This Learned Author affirmeth in Chymical Operations, this may be produced by Heat, working only in a moist Body, insinuating it self into inward recesses of it, as in Maceration, Digestion, Putrefaction, and Fermentation, by which operations the mixed Body is after a manner dissolv'd in a moist Heat, as its natural Compage is loosened, which is most fitly resembled to Art, whose Administrations, either all (or one of them) are premised in every operation.

Ingenious Vanhelmont (as I humbly conceive, being a person of greater Fancy than Judgment) granteth the same putrefaction in order to Chylifi∣cation, though upon more improbable terms; saying in his Book, De Spi∣ritu Vitae, page 576. In nobis autem etsi cibus cum potu quadantenus putrescant (nimirum ista putredo est modus, atque medium transmutandae rei in rem, atta∣men in digestionibus nostris, per ejusmodi putrefactionem, actionemque fermenti lienari, non educitur ex oleribus, leguminibus, frumentalibus, aut pomis, spi∣ritibus aquae vitae: Siquidem naturae nostrae intentio, non est sibi procreare aquam vitae, verum longe aliud in nobis est Fermentum, quo res resolvuntur in Chylum, at∣que aliud, quo res putrescant, atque separantur in aquam vitae. But though Meat and Drink do after a manner putrify in us (to wit, that putrefaction is a kind of transmutation of one thing into another) yet in our Digestions, the Spirit of the Water of Life is not extracted out of Pot-Herbs, Pulse, Corn, Apples, by the same putrefaction, and action of a Fer∣ment derived from the Spleen, because the designe of our Nature is not to procreate for it self a Water of Life, but a far different Ferment in us, by which things are resolved into Chyle; and another, by which things do putrify, and are separated for the Water of Life.

Here the witty Author doth plainly hold, that Meat and Drink are re∣solved by putrefaction, in reference to Concoction, and that the Vital Spi∣rit is not immediately produced out of divers sorts of Aliments in the Sto∣mach by putrefaction, and action of the Ferment, relating to the Spleen, by which the nourishment is resolved into Chyle; and another Ferment, by which the alimentary Liquor doth putrifie, and is separated from the Liquor of Life: and here he plainly affirmeth, that Meat and Drink are turned in∣to Chyle, and Chyle into Blood (which he stileth, as I conceive, the Wa∣ter of Life) by putrefaction, telling a little after: Tot nempe esse, Fermenta

Digestiva specifica, tot putrefactionum varietate, that there are many speci∣fick digestive Ferments, as there are distinctions of putrefactions.

In order to make a Reply to the improbability of this opinion, it may be reasonable to give an account of the nature of putrefaction, which Aristotle thus defineth, lib. 4. meteorum, cap. primo, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: That putrefaction is a corruption of the proper and natural Heat, existing in a moist Body by extraneous Heat is Lodg∣ed in an ambient Body.

This definition doth comprehend in it, * 1.1221 all the terms of a perfect demon∣stration, wherein it doth demonstrate the proper Affection to be in a proper Subject, by a proper Cause. The proper Subject is a moist Body, for nothing is capable of putrefaction, but under the notion of moisture, and the Cause is ambient Heat, which is not only seated in the Elements of Air and Wa∣ter, but in every Body, encircling another within its warm embraces, which may give a trouble to its inward native Heat, by rendring it too intense and unkindly; so that in fine, putrefaction is a corruption of the natural Heat, so far destructive of the material dispositions of the Body, that it cannot entertain its more active and noble Principle, as its ultimate perfection, which is con∣founded by extraneous Heat.

Whereupon, according to this definition of Aristotle, if the natural Heat and inward Principles of the Aliment be corrupted by the ambient Heat of the Stomach, and neighbouring parts; the viscera, and the different operations of the various Ferments corrupting the body of the Nourishment, lodged in the Ventricle; * 1.1222 it must necessarily induce such depraved Dispositions into the ali∣mentary Liquor, which are inconsistent with the support of the mass of Blood, as it is compounded of pure Spirituous, Sulphurous, and Saline Particles, great enemies to putrefaction, and can in no wise be subservient to nutricion (as foetide and putride) which is sustained by sweet, and well tempered parts of Chyle and Blood, and nervous Liquor, and not by putrid degenerate Mat∣ter, the result of an unnatural Heat, and ill qualified Ferments in the Sto∣mach.

Wherefore it is requisite to preserve the select Oeconomy of Nature, * 1.1223 well instituted by our Glorious Maker, that the Heat of the Stomach, and adjoyn∣ing parts, assisting it, should be Soft, Delicate, and Natural, holding Ana∣logy with the temper of the Aliment, and so gently sever the Alimentary parts from the excrementitious, not at all affecting them with noisom putride qualities; because if the Meat and Drink be corrupted in the Stomach, it can∣not contribute any proper wholsome dispositions, for the support of Strength, Health, and Life; by reason the putride qualities of the Chyle, when recei∣ved by the lacteal Vessels into the subclavean, and from thence transmitted by the Cava, into the Right Chamber of the Heart, must necessarily create un∣natural Fermentations in it, causing Fevers, Inflammations of the Lungs, Pleu∣risies, and the Plague it self, and many other Epidemial Diseases.

Farthermore, it is so contrary to all Reason, that Nature should contrive an ill constituted, and a putrid principle of Chyle, which being the foun∣dation of Blood, and nervous Liquor, would ruine all the operations of Life, Sense, Motion, and Generation, in disposing the Organs (in which the nobler and meaner Faculties reside) with impure and noisome qualifica∣tions, so that they cannot exercise their Functions, which would speedily speak a period to the subsistence of Man, and other inferior Animals.

Wherefore I conceive it not rational to believe, that the Concoction of Meat and Drink in the Stomach, should be performed by any Putrescent Fermentation, which tendeth to a state of Corruption, when the principles of the Body are disunited, and the bond of Mixtion united by some unna∣tural heat, and ill qualified Ferment, and the Intestine Motion endeth in the Dissolution, and Putrefaction of the Body.

But on the other side, the Elaboration of the Alimentary Liquor, * 1.1224 is ac∣complished by a Perfective Fermentation, which is not founded in Corrup∣tion, but exaltation of the Concocted Liquor, separated from its gross Faeces, by a gentle natural heat of the Stomach, and nearly confining parts, and by laudable Ferments, well proportioned to the nature of the Ali∣ment.

The Intestine Motion, by which the Alimentary Liquor is rendred pure, * 1.1225 and not putrid, doth not exactly answer the Fermentation relating to the Juyces of Fruits, as Wine, Sider, Perry, and the like; nor to the Fermen∣tation of artificial Liquors of Ale, Beer, &c.

And though Unctuous Substances, as Butter, Oyl, and Fat of Meat, and other Sulphureous Liquors, are immitted into the Retort of the Ventricle, * 1.1226 yet they do not vitiate the Intestine Motion of a well qualified Stomach, in reference to Concoction; whereas if you inject Lard, or any other fat Flesh, or other Unctuous Liquor, into Vessels filled with New Wine, Ale, or Beer, the Must is checked in its too high Ebullition, by quelling the acti∣vity of the Ferments, which doth preserve the sweetness of the Wine, which it first obtained in the Must: And I conceive it very difficult for a Chymist, though very Skilful, to raise a Fermentation in Fat and Oily Bodies.

Again, By adding Salt of Tartar, or other Salts, we take off, * 1.1227 or hinder at least the Fermentation of Wines, and do refine them by the Precipita∣tion of their Faeces; but we daily eat Salt with our Meats, to render it more Savory and Pallatable, which no way spoileth, nor giveth allay to the Fermentation of the Stomach, in point of Chylification; which is farther evident in good Stomachs, which easily digest Salt-Meats, as Hung Beef, salt Pork, Herrings, Ling, Salt-Fish, and this salt Flesh or Fish, some Stomachs will more easily Concoct, then some fresh Flesh or Fish; which I conceive, proceedeth from proper Ferments of the Ventricle, more easily dissolving Salt, then Fresh-Meats.

Though the Serous Liquor of the Blood is impraegnated, not with acid, * 1.1228 but saline Particles, yet Vinegar (whose essence is founded in Salt, brought to a Fluor) besprinkling and impraegnating Herbs, made of variety of sa∣vory parts, as also cold Meat, with their acid Particles, doth not give a disturbance to the Fermentation of the Stomach, by reason those acid parts being exalted by the natural heat, and proper Ferments of the Stomach, do acquire a sweetness, when they are turned into Chyle.

The Fermentation in the Juyces of Fruit, Corn, and the like, * 1.1229 made by arti∣ficial Ferments, doth raise up the subjects fermented, to greater Dimensions, whence it being puffed up, doth possess a larger place then before; wherefore, if the Intestine Motion of the Stomach, doth in some sort run parallel, in like∣ness with artificial Fermentation, then the Cavity of the Stomach must be much enlarged, and puffed up, and the Abdomen and Face, and other parts, must be swelled in this strong Fermentation, which is not agreeable to the Stomach, and other parts of Mans Body: But this Fermentation of Vegetables, doth not suit with a Humane Stomach, which is acted with a soft heat, and kindly

Ferments, making no intumescence in our Bodies, as is made in the artificial Fermentations of Fruit, and the like.

Liquors in these Fermentations, being made hot, receive an allay by the mixture of cold Water, which disorders the Intestine Motion in artificial, but not in natural Fermentations, and in that of our Stomachs; in which though the Intestine Motion hath begun its Course, yet we please our selves in large draughts of Small-beer, * 1.1230 which do no way disturb, but rather promote our Con∣coction, in diluting the more solid Meat with fluid Liquor, which doth ren∣der it soft, and more apt to have its Alimentary Juice extracted; and sometimes we take off our Cups freely in the beginning, sometimes in the middle, and other times in the close of our Repast, without the violation of Nature, in order to the digestion of Aliments.

Whereupon it is most evident by the Premises, * 1.1231 that the Intestine Motion of our Stomach, is very different from the Fermentation of other Vegetable Juices: And when we drink freely of Wine in the Must, and other Liquors not defaecated from their Lees by a due Fermentation, they raise an unkindly Intestine Motion in our Stomach, and Intestines, and spoil our Concoction, often attended with great Pains and Gripes of the Stomach and Bowels, and large Evacuations upward and downward, of bilious and acid Humours, and gross Excrements.

Furthermore, * 1.1232 Plants and Seeds after Fermentation, retain somewhat of the same Figure, in the Still which they had before Distillation, and chiefly change their more noble and volatil parts, which they impart to the extra∣cted Waters and Spirits, but Aliment when it is elaborated in the Sto∣mach, doth not only part with its more Spirituous Particles, but with its out∣ward form too, in the production of Chyle.

Upon this account, * 1.1233 some do seem to be of an opinion, That in the Conco∣ction of Aliment, it doth not only receive alterative Impressions, and acci∣dental Changes, by vertue of the heat and Ferment of the Stomach, but puts on a new substance, specifically and essentially different from the for∣mer, which seemeth very difficult (if strictly taken) to be allowed as abso∣lutely true, by reason the Meat is not wholly changed into Chyle; and thereupon the dispute is not whether a part be disunited from the whole, or whether the Colliquated parts of the extracted Tincture, do specifically dif∣fer from those parts, which before were united to the whole, but whether the Chyle be essentially distinguished from that body, out of which it was lately produced; and here the Controversie is not of the previous dispositions, but of a substantial mutation of the Alimentary Liquor.

To which may be replied, That many things received into the Stomach, are liable to a substantial Mutation, before they are discharged the Intestines, whose grosser Recrements very probably do essentially differ from the Ali∣ment first entertained in the Stomach: So that these Recrements, which are thrown off as disserviceable to Nutricion, are affected with a substantial change by the power of Concoction, and much more (some may say) are those things altered in their Substance, which are prepared for the nourish∣ment and support of the Body. But the Consequence drawn from this Ar∣gument is lame, by reason the alimentary parts of the Meat, are refined only as receiving more excellent Dispositions, which are different only acciden∣tally, according to more perfect and higher degrees of Qualities; but the Excrements severed from the Aliment, as unprofitable for Nourishment, do lose their whole Nature, and degenerate into Corruption, essentially diffe∣rent from the preexistent Aliment, before it received any Concoction.

So that the Stomach in the Concoction of Chyle, is master of a double Operation: The one Perfective, in reference to the extraction of Alimen∣tary Liquor, which is the primary design of Nature; and the other Corrup∣tive, (and ministerial only to the former action of the Ventricle) which is effected by putrefaction and separation of the reliques of Concoction, which are discharged by the strong contraction of Fibres, lessening the Ca∣vity of the Stomach, and by consequence do turning the Excrements out of the Ventricle into the Guts.

Whereupon the Elaboration of the Nutricious Juice, * 1.1234 is first performed by Fermentation, when the more Spirituous and Volatil parts, are freed from the confinement of the more gross and crude, and afterward transmitted into the Lacteal Vessels. While the Aliment is despoiled of its delicate Particles, then Nature is sollicited to sever the Faeces from the more pure parts, which is the second work of Fermentation in order of Nature, and not of Time, because in the same moment, they are both accomplished; both the perfective Fermentation of the Alimentary Liquor, and the Corruptive of the Excrements, wherein a fusion is made of the saline Elements of the Meat, which being highly exalted, the Mass groweth acid, and the alimentary parts are first Colliquated, and afterward a Tincture (diluted with the Potulent Matter) is extracted: and last of all, in the order of Na∣ture, the Excrements, the gross, earthy, saline, and sulphureous parts, are separated from the more refined Alimentary, and transmitted to the Inte∣stines.

And now that we may give a more clear account of the manner of Pro∣duction, relating to Chyle, the Stomach seemeth to resemble an Alembick, * 1.1235 as it were set in Balneo Mariae, warmed with the heat of the Blood, flowing into the Ventricle, from all the adjacent parts: And as in Chymical Opera∣tions, the Destillation is performed by a moist heat, as by a proper Men∣struum, insinuating it self into the Pores of the Ingredients, in order to be Destilled. As in Maceration, Digestion, Fermentation, by which Artifi∣cial Administration, the mixture is first prepared, and afterward in some manner dissolved by a moist heat, encompassing its Compage in the Still.

And as in Destillation, the Oily and Spirituous Particles are easily extra∣cted after Maceration and Digestion, which determine in the separation of one part from another; The Chymist, that he might the better Extract out of Plants, Spirits, Oyls, Essences, doth first Infuse them in a moist heat, as in a proper Menstruum, that he might sever the more refined parts from the more gross: And so after some sort, the Concoction of the Sto∣mach, may be likened to Destillation, as it is assisted by the moist heat of the Blood, which doth help to enlarge the Pores of the Aliment, and open its Compage, that the Ferments of the Stomach, may more easi∣ly penetrate into the body of the Meat and Drink, acted with moist Colli∣quating heat.

The Meat being broken into small Particles, * 1.1236 by Mastication in the Mouth, is then embodied with Salival Liquor (flowing out of the Parotides, Tonsils, and Oral Glands) as a kind of Universal Menstruum, which con∣sisting of Saline, Sulphureous, and watry Elements (doth associate with the Aliment, composed also of Salt, Oily, and watry Particles) doth dilate, open, and relax the body of Aliment mixed with Air (often received into the Mouth by frequent inspiration, in the time of Mastication) impraegna∣ted not only with saline and oily Steams, transpiring the Pores of Vege∣tables, Animals, Minerals, but is also inspired with aethereal Atomes (ex∣alted

with the influence of the Sun, Moon, and other Planets) rendring the substance of the Air more thin and Spirituous, and its Elastick Particles most active and brisk, * 1.1237 and making it more apt to insinuate it self into the inward recesses of Aliment, and to enlarge its Compage.

And when the Meat is hightned by these choice Dispositions, it is trans∣mitted from the Mouth through the Gulet into the Stomach, where it is im∣proved by various Ferments flowing out of the Terminations of the Nerves and Arteries (into the Cavity of the Stomach) which raise a Fermentation in the Meat and Drink, by exciting their contrary Elements to Intestine Motion.

The Liquor (dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves, into the bosome of the Stomach) is inspired with fine Animal Spirits, and exalted with Volatil Saline Particles; which being of a subtle Constitution, enobled with Spirituous parts, are easily received by secret passages, into the body of the Aliment (lodged in the Kitchin of the Stomach) affected with Inte∣stine Motion, by stirring up the contrary principles of the Nourishment.

And the Nervous Juice, is also made up of many Minute parts, adorned with various Figures, and Magnitudes, different from the solid and fluid atomes of Meat and Drink; which being endued with contrary Elements, do enter into fight with each other, and by opposite Manners, and processes of Operation, do bring their disagreeing Tempers, by a middle allay, to an amicable Reconciliation, consistent with each others subdued Nature.

And the Nervous Liquor doth also associate with the Serous Juice (flow∣ing gently out of the Extreamities of the Arteries) separated from the Red Crassament of the Blood, in the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach; and this Serous Liquor, * 1.1238 being acted with various saline and oily Principles, received from the Blood, is conveyed into the Ventricle, wherein divers Ferments (compounded of different Minute Heterogeneous parts, of various shapes and sizes) do reduce into act, the several Elements of Meat and Drink, whose parts are opened by Volatil, Saline, and elastick Atomes of divers Ferments; whereupon the gross, and fixed Saline, and sulphureous parts of the Aliment, are put into Fusion, and being further attenuated, and ex∣alted, are brought to maturity, as being rendred more subtle, and spiritu∣ous, and the more solid Atomes of the Meat being diluted, with the wa∣try parts of a potulent Matter, are prepared, and colliquated by a moist Heat (derived from warm Blood) extracting a White creamy Liquor, which is severed by a kind of precipitation from the more faeculent parts, (as disserviceable to the Body) in order to give a due Repair to the decayed mass of Blood, exhausted by a free and constant transpiration through the finest passages of the Skin.

CHAP. XXXII. The Pathology of the Concoctive Faculty of the Stomach.

HAving Treated of the appetitive Faculty, consisting of Hunger and Thirst; and of the retentive Faculty, and of their Objects, Dispo∣sitions, Causes, parts Affected, (and Pathology) as Handmaids to the Con∣coctive Faculty, and of its different Ferments, Matter, and Manner of the production of Chyle, my intendment at this time, is to entertain the Cour∣reous Reader with the Pathology of the Concoctive Faculty.

Pathology concerneth the disaffections, as the misdemeanors of Nature, and therefore I conceive it not unreasonable to shew her state of Health, in integrity as a Rule, before I Treat of her failings, as deflections from that Rule, relating to the digestive power of the alimentary Liquor, which I conceive, is produced after this mode, and accomplished by divers steps and periods.

The Aliment being broken into small parts by mastication, * 1.1239 impraegnated with salival Liquor, and nitrous particles of Air, exalted with the more athereal influxes of the Planets) receiveth its first rudiment of Concoction in the Mouth, and is thence transmitted down the Gulet into the Stomach, where it is farther advanced with serous Particles (distilling out of the ter∣minations of the Arteries) and with a more choice Liquor, dropping out of the extreamities of the Nerves, implanted into the inward Coat of the Ven∣tricle, wherein it is inspired with Air, filling the empty Cavity of it, before it is accommodated with Meat and Drink. Whereupon the Ventricle be∣ing endued with Heat, and many different Ferments opening the body of Aliment, doth extract a Milky Tincture out of it by colliquation, and afterward by a kind of precipitation, doth defaecate the alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces.

The great Health, and preservation of our excellent frame of Body, * 1.1240 is chiefly supported by the laudable Constitution of different Ferments, as each of them contribute to the production of Chyle, the Materia substrata of Blood, Animal Liquor, and Spirits, which do give Life, Sense, Motion, and Nourishment to the whole Body.

These Fermentative Ingredients, are the main efficients of the production of the alimentary Juyce in the Ventricle, which hath its first conception in the Mouth, as actuated with salival Liquor (derived from the parotides, max∣illary and oral Glands, exalted with Air, enobled with Caelestial influxes, and afterward the Aliment being protruded down the Aesophagus into the Ventricle, is brought to greater maturity by the new access of Air, Con∣faederated with Nervous and Serous Liquors, so that these various Ferments, as endued with a good Disposition, are instituted by Nature to conserve our Health by propagating a laudable Chyle, extracted out of wholsom Meat and Drink.

If these fermenting Elements, * 1.1241 the Grounds and Causes of intestine Mo∣tion in Diet, (the support of vital Liquor) do recede from their native Principles, and Constitution; the wheels of nature grow in disorder, being hurried with irregular Motion. The salival Liquor is vitiated with fixed Saline, or over-Acid Particles, sometimes associated with Air debased with

noisome Exhalations, streaming out of the Earth, or thickned with gross and putride Vapors, ascending out of stagnant waters, which do act the first parts in this Tragick Scene of Concoction, and give the prime ill Tincture to the Aliment, broken into small pieces.

And afterward the Meat and Drink being conveyed from the Mouth, * 1.1242 through the Gulet into the Stomach, are there assaulted with more trouble∣some saline and acide Recrements of Serous and Nervous Liquor, lodged in the small Vessels, obstructed in the Viscera, and Glands, where∣in they being stagnant, do lose their good Qualities, and Spirits, and grow first Saline, and then by a longer abode, do degenerate into an acide Fer∣ment, and at last give so great a trouble to the Noble parts, that they force these indisposed Humors to quit their Confinement, by squeezing them out of the greater Branches, into the extremities of the Caeliack Capillary Ar∣teries, and Stomacick Fibrils into the Cavity of the Ventricle, where they first accost, and then enter into Converse with the broken Aliment, where∣by the purity of the alimentary Liquor is deflowred, by rendring it gross and viscide, vulgarly called Phlegme, and is truly undigested Chyle, which be∣ing accompanied with these fixed saline, and acide Ferments, doth make (if less abundant) a Bradupepsy, or Dyspeysy, if very exuberant, an Apepsy, the Dog-like Appetite, Pica, Malacia, and severe Vomitings, caused by the tender Fibres of the Stomach, irritated by the acrimony of these sharp, and acide Ferments, rendring the nourishing Liquor crude.

This indigested Juyce is transmitted through the Intestines, and the mesentrick, and thoracick Milky Vessels, the subclavian Veins, and Cava, into the right Chamber of the Heart, wherein the Chyme being gross, cannot be well assimilated, and thereby giveth a thickness, and a disposition of stag∣nancy to the Blood, * 1.1243 lodged in the Viscera; and afterward the crude Chyme being impelled with the vital Liquor, out of the right Ventricle of the Heart, by the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs, produceth a dif∣ficulty of Breathing; and being long extravasated in the spaces between the Vessels, causeth a Peripneumonia, an inflammation of the Lungs; and this indigested Phlegme, the product of an ill Concoction, accompanying the Blood, being also transmitted by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, and af∣terwards by the internal Carotides, * 1.1244 into the Membranes of the Brain, creates sometimes a Phrenitis, and great pains of the Head; and if the crude Chyme be dispersed into the Cortex, and Medullary Processes of the Brain, it is pro∣ductive of Soporiferous Diseases, as Lethargick, Comatose, Carous, and Apo∣plectick Distempers.

But if crude Chyme, * 1.1245 associated with Blood be impelled out of the Left Ven∣tricle of the Heart, into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Inter∣costal Arteries into the Pleura, it produceth a Pleurifie,

And if the ill-Concocted alimentary Liquor incrassating the Blood, be carried by the greater Trunks into the smaller Branches, and Capillary Ar∣teries into the Interstices of the Vessels, seated in the Muscular parts, it ge∣nerates a Disease, called Leucophlegmatia.

Other times these Saline and Acide Particles of the Ferments, make the same impression in the Chyle, which being transmitted with the Blood into Membranes, covering the Muscles, and the Interstices of the Nerves (seat∣ed in the Carnous parts) do produce high afflictive Pains, called by the Mo∣dern Physicians a Rheumatisme.

These sharp Particles discomposing the Ferments of the Stomach, * 1.1246 produce an ill qualified alimentary Liquor, which being embodied with the Blood, is carried by the external Carotides, into the Maxillary and Oral Glands, where it is secerned from the Blood, and discharged with the Salival Liquor, by ex∣cretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Mouth, wherein the Aliment being prepared by Mastication, is infected, and afterwards vitiated by a new Af∣flux of saline and acide Particles, ejected the extremities of Arteries and Nerves, inserted into the Oral Glands, and from thence transmitted by ex∣cretory Vessels into the Mouth.

An Instance of this Distemper may be given in a worthy Member of the Colledge of Physicians, who was long perplexed with universal pains, ra∣ging in all parts of his Body; proceeding from Serous and Nervous Liquor, debased with saline and acide Particles, which Nature discharged frequently, out of the Oral Glands, in great quantity into the Mouth, wherein the sali∣val Liquor being vitiated, tainted the masticated Aliment, and indisposed it for Concoction.

Whereupon these Serous and Saline Recrements Nature often attempteth to evacuate by the Nerves, as well as Arteries, * 1.1247 into the minute Conglome∣rated Glands, besetting the Palate and Tongue to free her self from these ill Companions, which conversing with Salival Juyce, disturb the first rudi∣ment of Digestion above in the Mouth, and the greater elaboration of it in the Ventricle below.

That the disaffections of the Stomach, in reference to Concoction, may be more clearly stated, I will make bold to propound the various kinds of ill Digestion, the First is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, where little or no alteration is made in the Aliment, out of which, very little or no Alimentary Liquor is ex∣tracted.

The second kind of ill Concoction is made, when the Aliment hath a longer stay in the Stomach, then is fit; or when all the Meat and Drink do not admit a laudable Concoction, which is stiled 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a slow, or imper∣fect Concoction, wherein the alimentary Juyce is very gross and crude.

The third sort of ill Concoction, is made when the Aliment degenerates into a putrid or faetide Chyle, which is the worst of kinds, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the depraved action of the Ventricle, where the alimentary Ex∣tract is despoiled of its amicable Disposition, acquiring a corrupt Nature, de∣structive of the Blood.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is a total disappointment of Nature, in point of Concoction, * 1.1248 where∣in the Stomach is rendred destitute of its more noble Operation, and End, the extraction of Chyle, as being able to make little or no impression upon Meat and Drink, which remain unaltered in the Stomach (proceeding from an ill temper, or a vitiated Conformation, a violated union of parts, and sometimes for want of laudable Ferments, or from an External Cause, too great a quantity, or from the ill quality of Meat and Drink.

An Apepsy is contracted also, when the Tone of the Stomach is lost, * 1.1249 caus∣ed when the current of animal Liquor and Spirits is intercepted in the Ori∣gen of the nervous Fibrils, produced sometime by the compression of them, caused by the tumor of the adjacent parts, in the inflammation of the Dura, and Pia Mater, compressing the extreamities of the Nervous Fibres (Seated in the Ambient parts of the Brain) whereupon the Fibres of the Stomach, de∣rived from the Par vagum, being destitute of their Liquor and Spirit, do lose their Vigor and Tenseness.

Or Secondly, when the beginning of the minute Nervous Fibres is obstruct∣ed by the grossness of the animal Liquor, so that its course is totally sup∣pressed, as in an Apoplexy; or its due motion slackened in more gentle sopori∣ferous Diseases, of a Coma, Carus, Lethargie, and the like; so that the animal Liquor is not propagated through the Fibres of the Cortex, and other parts of the Brain, in the eighth pair of Nerves, and from thence into the Stoma∣cick Nerves, whereby they are robbed of their due Tenseness and Tone, for want of animal Liquor and Spirits, which rendreth the Stomack unable to contract its Fibres, and enclose the Aliment, whence it is thrown out of the confines of the Ventricle, before it receiveth a due Concoction.

A Third Cause of distoning the Stomach, * 1.1250 proceedeth from a cold and moist distemper, derived from a great quantity of watry Humours, in Drop∣sies, mixing with the mass of Blood, passing by the Celiack Arterie, into the Interstices of the Vessels, belonging to the Stomach, where it chilleth and moisteneth the Nervous Fibres, rendring them flaccide, and uncapable to re∣tain Meat and Drink, in reference to the extraction of Chyle.

A Fourth Cause of distoning the Stomach, * 1.1251 may arise from an ill Conformati∣on wherein the Interstices of the Filaments (composing the Nerves) are taken away, or much lessened by a compression of the Fibres in Inflammations and Oedematous Tumours, wherein Blood, or pituitous Humours being ex∣travasated, and stagnant in the empty spaces, interceding the nervous Fibrils of the Stomach, do swell it beyond its natural Dimensions, and thereby com∣press the Filaments of the Nerves, by straightening their Interstices, whence the influx of the Nervous Liquor is stopped, or much checked at least, and the Fibrils lose their plumpness and vigor, as being made unapt for Con∣traction, and Retention of Aliment in the bosome of the Stomach.

And not only the substance of the Ventricle is tumified with extravasated Humours, * 1.1252 but also the inward Coat is beset with numerous pustles, flowing from Serous Liquor (in a malignant Fever) ousing out of the capillary Ar∣teries, and raising the inward Tunicle of the Stomach, into many small pro∣tuberancies (hindring its Contraction in order to Concoction) which prove fatal to the Patient.

Of these Tumors, Thomas Bartholine giveth an Instance in his Fourscore and twelfth History of his Third Century, where he mentioneth a Polonian, who was surprized with a great weakness, caused by a pestilential Fever, and his Body being opened after Death, the inward Coat of his Stomach was found all bespecked with little transparent Swellings, big with clear Li∣quor, flowing out of the extreamities of the Vessels.

The Fifth Cause of the weak Tone of the Stomach, * 1.1253 may be deduced from too great a thinness, or an emaciated substance of the Ventricle, where∣in the Filaments shrink up, and are closely conjoyned for want of due Ali∣ment, as in great Atrophy's and Hectick Fevers, wherin the Blood and Ani∣mal Liquor, and Spirits are exhausted; whereupon their Nerves being desti∣tute of due nourishment, grow over Dry and Tense, and unfit for Motion, in reference to a close Confinement of Meat and Drink, in order to Chy∣lification.

A Sixth Cause of a disabled Compage of Stomach, * 1.1254 may be taken from an∣other kind of over-Tenseness of its Fibres (in Hypocondriacal Diseases) op∣pressed with vaporous animal Liquor and Spirits, filling up the Interstices of the Filaments, which rendereth the Fibres over-stiff, and hindreth the Contraction of the Stomach, (founded in a pliable Frame) to retain the Contents, till their Virtue is extracted by a due Fermentation.

The seventh Cause of inducing an infirm Tone into the Stomach, * 1.1255 is pro∣duced by a great Inflation, proceeding from an ill Concoction of Aliment, or transmitted from other parts, whereupon the Fibres being distended be∣yond their due limits, lose their Tone, Vigor, and Motion; so that they are rendred uncapable duly to Contract themselves to immure the solid and liquid Aliment, within the soft inclosures of the Stomach, to draw off the Milky Tincture.

And the Stomach is not only swelled by a Flatus, * 1.1256 but with Serous Li∣quor lodged in it (destilling out of the Capillary Arteries, terminating into the inward Coat of the Stomach) stretching the Fibres of the Stomach, beyond the Dimensions assigned by Nature, which very much weakneth the Fibres in an over-much Distention; so that they cannot reduce themselves by Contraction, in order to embrace the Aliment. Of this Preternatural swelling, Learned Doctor Sturton, gave me an account, in a Person of Honour, (rela∣ted to the Honourable Family of Rutland) whose Stomach was distended to so great a bigness, (that it seemed to be blown up like a Bladder) with a prodigious quantity of Serous Liquor (weighing Sixteen pound) some of which being exposed to the Fire in a small Vessel, did Coagulate, and resemble the White of an Egg: Whereupon, I conceive this Transparent Liquor to be the Chrystalline part of the Blood, having a power of Con∣cretion, when set upon the Fire.

And the Stomach is not only discomposed by a vitiated Conformation, * 1.1257 but also by a violated union of the Fibrous parts, wherein they are Disjoyned, as Corroded by sharp Humours in Exulcerations, by reason the Blood being stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels of the Stomach; so that it cannot be returned by Circulation, and afterward the Serous Liquor degenerates into a putrid Matter, corrupting the Fibres, destructive of their Tone, in making them unable to Contract themselves in order to Concoction.

Zacutus Lusitanus, Lib. 2. De Praxi Medi. Admirab. Giveth an Instance of a Sick Person, labouring with a great Pain and Weight of his Stomach, and afterward was afflicted with a troublesome Vomiting, wherein he threw up a lump of Purulent Matter, mixed with Blood (resembling the Figure of Cypress Nut) arising out of a Tumour in the Stomach, Suppurated; and turn∣ed into an Ulcerous Matter, wherein the Concoctive Faculty of the Stomach was made weak, in reference to contract its Fibres, and digest its Nourishment.

Having Discoursed Apepsy, * 1.1258 the frustrated Concoctive Faculty of the Sto∣mach, proceeding from the Distoned Fibres of it; I will speak somewhat of Bradupepsy, of an infirm Concoction, which may be deduced not from the Tone of the Ventricle enervated, but only weakned, which may take its rise from many of the same Causes, recited in the Conformation of the Stomach (but in more remiss degrees) and from the ill Temper of it; either when the heat is excessive, as in Fevers, caused by the Ebullition of Blood, having recourse to the Stomach by the Caeliack Artery, or when the Vital Liquor is over-acted with heat in violent Motion of the Body, whence the Digestion of the Stomach is very much weakned, * 1.1259 and the Chyle rendred Crude, which also may be deduced from the faint heat of the Ventricle, derived from a dispirited Mass of Blood, in Hectick Fevers, and other Chro∣nick Distempers of the Body; as also when the heat of the Stomach be∣cometh languid, by reason the Blood (the Subject, and Principal, if not the sole cause of the heat of the whole Body) hath greater access then ordinary to the Brain, in profound Thoughts, in great Study, Cares, and Grief.

The Aliment also is rendred Indigested in a Bradupepsy, or infirm Dige∣stion, flowing from a cold and moist Distemper of the Stomach in Drop∣sies, wherein the Blood accompanied with too large a proportion of watry Recrements, loseth much of its natural heat and briskness, and addressing it self by motion to the Stomach, much weakneth its Concoctive Faculty.

The vital heat of the Blood doth actuate, exalt, and enliven the Sto∣mach, and reduce its Ferments (consisting of contrary Principles) into action, commonly called Concoction, celebrated by Intestine Motion, where∣in the Particles of the Mixtum relating to Aliment, are Agitated, Warmed, and Rarefied; and the different parts being separated one from another, the Homogeneous and Alimentary Particles grow more Spirituous, embody∣ing themselves, as being near akin, do Assimilate and Perfect each other, and the Heterogeneous and grosser parts are separated from the Alimentary, as being destructive of them; all which are performed by a regular heat, exciting the Ferments, and bringing them into act: But when the heat of the Stomach is di••ordered, the Fermentation is unkindly, when the Fer∣ments are not enlivened by a laudable heat of the Stomach, whereupon the contrary Elements of the Aliment, do not enter into a brisk Contest one with another, wherein the Spirituous parts are not duly exalted, and the grosser not well separated from the pure; whereupon the Alimentary extract is rendred Crude, and Indigested

An imperfect Concoction, * 1.1260 is not only derived from a disaffected natural heat, and from the weakned Tone of the Stomach, but from an external Error, by reason of too great a quantity of Meat and Drink, over-power∣ing the heat and Ferments of the Stomach, or by too great a Solidity, so that they cannot enter into the more close Compage of the hard Aliment; whereupon a well digested Liquor, cannot be Extracted. Or when a good order of Eating is not observed according to Time, when new Nourishment is entertained into the Stomach, before the former is Concocted; or when Meats of different kinds, some of hard, and others of easie Digestion, are received into the Ventricle, and confound each other by their various Di∣spositions; or when we eat such Meats, which are averse to our Nature, all which speak a great trouble to the Stomach, and afford a Crude and imper∣fect Alimentary Liquor.

And one of the chief causes of an imperfect Concoction, * 1.1261 is the ill dispo∣sition of the Ferments of the Stomach, when the purity of the Air is de∣floured with gross and putrid Vapours, exhaling the Earth and Water, or when the Salival Liquor is incrassated, and mixed with Phlegm, or disaffe∣cted with fixed Saline Particles, or when the Succus Nutricius is depaupera∣ted or despoiled of good Animal Spirits, and Volatil Salt; or when the Se∣rous Liquor (flowing from an ill or dispirited Mass of Blood) is Trans∣mitted into the Stomach, whereupon it being destitute of laudable Ferments, cannot perfect the elaboration of Alimentary Liquor, which being gross and indigested, and embodied with the Blood, is productive of many Diseases in several parts of the Body; which have been recounted in a more full Discourse.

The third kind of ill Concoction, * 1.1262 relating to the Stomach, is its Depra∣ved Operation, called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, wherein the Alimentary Li∣quor extracted out of Meat, is corrupted by sweet, fat, and oily Aliments, easily degenerating in some Stomachs, into Cholerick Humours, which being severed from the Blood, in the Glands of the Liver, are thence Transmitted by the Hepatick Duct, into the Duodenum, and afterward by an inverted

Peristaltick Motion, thrown into the Stomach, whereupon the Bilious Re∣crements being embodied with the Aliment, do spoil the goodness of the Chyle, and impart a nauseous trouble to the Stomach, and an ill Taste to the Mouth, resembling now and then stinking Fish, fried Oyl, and other times rotten Eggs, and the like.

Thus having given some account of the several kinds of ill Concoction, I will now endeavour to speak somewhat of the Curative part of these vari∣ous Indispositions. As to the first, If an Apepsy, or an Abolished Concoction, * 1.1263 be caused by an ill Tone of the Stomach, by the course of the Animal Liquor intercepted in its Motion toward the Par Vagum, inserted into the Stomach, proceeding in an Apoplexy, and the other Soporiferous Diseases, proceeding from an Exuberance of Blood compressing the Nervous Fibrils of the Brain, it indicates a free evacuation of Blood, by opening of the Jugular Vein, and by the application of Cupping Glasses to the Shoulders and Neck; and sometimes Vomitings, Cephalick Pills, and Alteratives, which I shall pro∣pound more largely hereafter in the Cures of Diseases, belonging to the Brain.

When the Stomacick Fibres do loose their Tone, arising from Sleepy Distempers, by want of Animal Liquor and Spirits (which should move into the Stomacick Nerves) derived from the grossness of the Nervous Li∣quor, propagated from a crude Chrystalline part of the Blood (the Materia Substrata of Animal Juice) this may be corrected by Chalybeat Medi∣cines, and Testaceous Pouders, * 1.1264 drinking upon them free Draughts of Ce∣phalick, and Antiscorbutick Apozems, to refine the Blood, and impraegnate it with volatil saline Particles.

If the ill Concoction of the Ventricle, be produced by a loose Tone of the Stomacick Fibres, caused by watry Recrements, * 1.1265 inducing a cold and moist Temper, it indicates Hydragogues, and hot and drying Medicines, mixed with bitter Ingredients, which do Corroborate the relaxed Fibres of the Stomach, and repair its weakned Retentive and Concoctive Faculty.

If the narrowness of the Interstices, * 1.1266 belonging to the Fibres of the Sto∣mach, do proceed from Blood lodged between the Vessels, and compressing the Filaments, whereupon the propagation of Nervous Liquor is hindred, into the Stomacick Nerves, whence ariseth a Relaxation of the Fibres, ren∣dring them unfit for action; it indicates the opening of a Vein, to sollicite the Motion of the Blood, settled in the spaces of the Vessels, and also Emol∣lient and Cooling Apozems are to be advised, to take off the Inflammation by softening the Tumour, and attempering the Mass of Blood.

And in case an Inflammation do degenerate into an Abscess of the Sto∣mach, attended with gross and serous Recrements, * 1.1267 it indicates cleansing and drying Medicines: And as an Ulcer (the consequent of an Abscess) it supposeth a violated union of parts, and requireth Consolidating Applica∣tions, to reduce the broken Fibres to Union, Tone, and Vigor, in order to their proper actions of Retention, and Concoction of Aliment. * 1.1268

In reference to an Emaciated indisposition of the Stomach, as it ariseth from a hot and dry Temper, in a Hectick Fever, it is Obviated with Cold, Moist, and Restorative Drinks, reducing the Blood, and integrals of the Stomach, to their natural Temper and Constitution.

The irregular distention of the Stomach, * 1.1269 proceeding from an Inflation of Wind, over-much streining and weakning the Carnous and Nervous Fibres, doth denote Purging, Emollient and Discutient Medicines, to free the Sto∣mach from its importunate Guests, and to bring the Fibres to their former

Temper and Strength, to give them the advantage of Contracting themselves, for the repose and due Fermentation of the Aliment.

A Cure also may be had, * 1.1270 to take away the depraved Concoction of the Stomach, depending upon the abundance of Cholerick Recrements, floating in the Ventricles; whereupon gentle Vomiting, Purging, and Aperient Medicines are to be advised, to discharge the Stomach of its troublesome at∣tendants, and afterward bitter and astringent Apozems, Testaceous Powders are to be given to strengthen the Tone of the Stomach, to conserve its Con∣tents, till the Milky Tincture is extracted by a due Intestine Motion.

The Concoctive Faculty, is not only disaffected by reason of the lost and weakned Tone of the Stomach, but also by the distempered natural Heat, by ill Ferments, and by default of the Aliment.

As to the first, * 1.1271 The Concoction is much discomposed, sometimes by too intense, and othertimes by too remiss Degrees of natural heat of the Sto∣mach, chiefly, if not wholly, derived from the Vital Spirits and heat of the Blood (the cause of Life, and Intestine Motion) which if disordered in Fevers, doth indicate cooling Medicines, and temperate Cordial Julaps, and Apozems, which do attemper the Mass of Blood, whose fiery Steams and Recrements, are also very happily discharged by the Cutaneous Glands, secerning the hot and impure parts of the Blood, from the more temperate and pure, through the Excretory Ducts, and Pores of the Skin; which may be safely promoted by gentle Diaphoreticks, whereupon the disaffected heat of the Blood is reduced to its natural Temper, and the Concoctive Faculty repaired.

As to the remiss Degrees of heat in the Stomach, * 1.1272 they may spring from cold and moist Humors, diluting the Blood (in Hydropick Distempers) whose Potulent Matter overchargeth, and chilleth the Purple Liquor, which may be discharged by gentle Hydragogues, and warm Diureticks, some∣times impraegnated with Acid, and sometimes with Lixivial Salts, and some∣times with fixed and saline Particles, volatized by the Heat and Spirit, and principally by the Volatil Salt of the Blood; whence it being put into Fer∣mentation, caused by the active and pungent parts of different Salts, hath recourse to the Kidneys, in whose Glands a separation being made, and the watry Liquor disserviceable to the Blood, is discharged by the Urinary Ves∣sels into the Pelvis and Ureters, and the depurated Blood returned again by the Emulgent and hollow Vein, into the Heart, and so passeth by several Vessels of the Lungs, and through the left Ventricle of the Heart, into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery, into the Stomach; whose heat is enlivened by the separation of the watry Recrements of the Blood in the Kidneys, and by the temperate Drinking of moderate Astrin∣gent Wines, which do chear up the remiss heat, and strengthen the infirm Tone of the Stomach.

The ill Ferments of the Stomach, the efficients of the bad Elaboration of Aliment, is caused by gross Air (affected by ill Steams) by indisposed Salival, Serous, and Nervous Liquor.

First, * 1.1273 The Air is ill qualified, when Stagnant in woody Countreys, upon defect of Winds, which purge it by Motion, or when the Air is corrup∣ted by gross Exhalations, arising out of Fenny, or Marish Ground, or out of standing Waters, as Lakes, and great Ponds, which grow putrid, and stench the Air, which is also spoiled by noisome Vapors, exhaling out of dead, and corrupted Bodies, not interred: or out of Grounds praegnant, with ill and poisonous Minerals; Wherefore my humble Advise is, To make as

good provision as may be, by seating our selves upon the sides of Hills, or dry Grounds, in a free and serene Air; or if our Houses be built by our Ancestors, near Woods, or rather in them, to cut so much of them down, to give an advantage of open Air, which much attenuateth the Blood, and assisteth Concoction, as mixed with the masticated Aliment in the Mouth, whereby it doth insinuate it self with it, and open its Compage, and fit it for a due Fermentation in the Stomach; whereupon the alimentary Liquor is extracted by a separation of the faeculent parts, from the more pure and be∣neficial to nature

The Concoction also is very much frustrated, * 1.1274 either by the defect of good qua∣lity in the salival Liquor, or by its too sparing quantity, when for want of its due proprtion, solid Aliment remaineth hard, so that it cannot be easily mastica∣ted in the Mouth, wherein it is broken into small parts with great difficulty, as being not diluted with salival Liquors (a good Menstruum, ordained by na∣ture to assist the Teeth in the Comminution of nourishment) which is found in Hectick Fevers, and other Chronick hot Distempers of the Body, ex∣hausting the Serous Liquor of the Blood, and salival Juyce flowing from it, which is repaired by the assumption of restorative Drinks, Broths, Wine, thin Apozems made with China, and Sarsaparilla, Emulsions (made of cooling Seeds,) Barley Water, and the like.

And the salival Liquor is an impediment to Concoction, * 1.1275 not only as de∣fective in quantity, but also as ill and gross in quality (it being in its own na∣ture a clean thin Liquor) or when it is affected with a fluid or fixed Salt, which is destructive to its laudable Fermentative Disposition, consisting in Volatil Sa∣line parts; As to Salts brought to a Fluor, vitiating the purity of salival Juyce, it denoteth sweet Spirits, which take off its Acidity, by dulcifying the Serous parts of the Blood (the Materia Substrata of Salival Liquor) percolated in the oral Glands, and impraegnated with nervous Juyce.

As to the fixed Salt rendring the salival Liquor gross, it is countermanded by Medicines prepared with testaceous Powders, highly impraegnated with Animal, and Volatil Salt.

And when the Salival Liquor being crude and Viscide, is corrected by attenuating and inciding Decoctions.

The Serous Liquor (which ought to assist the Stomach in order to Chyli∣fication) is also rendred unactive, and in a kind disserviceable, * 1.1276 when it is debased with gross and Acide Particles, doth denote in point of its grossness, and fixation, the volatil Spirit of Harts-Horne, Spirit of Salt Armoniack taken in small quantity, in gentle Vehicles. And the Acide parts of the Serous Ferment of the Stomach is allayed by dulcifying Spirit of Salt, and Powder of Pearl, Crabs Eyes, Coral, and the like.

And the nervous Liquor (which in its due temper is serviceable for Con∣coction) is deficient in quantity, when its motion is suppressed by extrava∣sated Blood, lodged in the ambient parts of the Brain, compressing the ex∣treamities of the nervous Fibrils; whereupon the animal Liquor is checked in its motion into the Par Vagum, implanted into the Stomach, or when the animal Liquor is so gross, that it cannot pass truly into the Stomacick Nerves, and by their Extremities distil into the Cavity of the Ventricle, to farther the extraction of Aliment in the Stomach. * 1.1277

As to the great quantity of Blood Stagnant in the Brain, and stopping the animal Liquor, first into the Origen of the Fibres, and afterwards into the Stomacick Nerves it indicates often Bleeding in large proportion, to promote the circulation of Blood in the Cortex, in order to its reception into the ju∣gular

Veins, to free the nervous Fibres from compression, and to give a freedom to the Animal Liquor to be admitted into the Origen of most mi∣nute nervous Fibres, seated in the exterior parts of the Brain, commonly called the Cortex.

And as to the grossness of the nervous Liquor, * 1.1278 hindring its motion into extreamities of the Fibres, placed in the Brain, and afterwards into the eight pair of Nerves, inserted into the Stomach, it indicates cephalick, pur∣gative, and alterative Medicines, that refine and attenuate the grossness of the animal Liquor, and open the Extreamities, and Interstices of Stomacick Nerves, to transmit nervous Juyce into the Cavity of the Stomack, to open the Compage of the Meat, in order to its Dissolution, and the Extraction of Chyle.

But if the motion of the animal Liquor be not deficient, either by rea∣son of the stagnation of Blood, inducing a compression of Fibres; or by its grossness, whereby it cannot be freely admitted into them. Yet another indisposition may happen to the animal Liquor, which maketh it an un∣fit Ferment, in order to Concoction, when it is dispirited, caused by ner∣cotick Steams in soporiferous Diseases; * 1.1279 whereupon cephalick brisk Medi∣cines are to be given, mixed with Spirit of Harts-Horn, Salt Armoniack suc∣cinated, to impraegnate the depauperated, and incrassated nervous Liquor, with the access of new Volatil, Saline Particles, the great ingredients, con∣stituting the animal Liquor and Spirits.

And the Stomach is often burdened by a quantity of bilious Humours, and ill pancreatick Juyce, transmitted from the Pancreas into the Intestines, and from thence into the Stomach, * 1.1280 in which are also generated pitutious Humors, and acide Reliques of the Concoction, which corrupt the Fer∣ments of Concoction, the Serous, and Nervous Liquors, and the Aliment it self, and by embodying with it, do pervert the Aeconomy of the Stomach, in order to accomplish a due Fermentation of Meat and Drink. Whereup∣on the vitiated bilious Recrements, and pancreatick Juyce, and acide pitui∣tious Humours, do indicate purging and gentle vomiting Medicines which discharge the offensive Excrements, without any violence offered to the Tone of the Stomach, in overstreining its Fibres, produced in extravagant motion of the Ventricle, upon strong Vomitings, which being performed and the Stomach cleared of ill Humours, corroborating Medicines are to be prescribed, Elixir proprietatis in Hocumer Wine, and other specifick bitter pre∣parations of Gentian Wormwood, Chamomel, Centaury the less, Carduus Benedictus, which do strengthen the Fibres, and rectifie the ill Ferments of the Stomach. * 1.1281

The Concoction of the Stomach is not only disturbed, by reason of a lost or weakened Tone of the Ventricle, and ill Ferments; but also by the Ali∣ment it self, offending in quantity and quality: As to the First, We do in∣dulge our fond Appetites, in eating too freely of variety of Dishes, or of Meats not easily Concocted, as fat Beef, and Pork, Meats dried in the Smoak, and long kept in Salt, whence they grow hard and tough, as being despoiled of their succulent parts, which render them tender, and easie to be Digested: and our various Courses of Meat are attended with nume∣rous Bottles of generous Liquors, which make the Meat swim in our Sto∣mach when it is over-charged with too much Drink, confounding the natu∣ral Heat, and Ferments of the Stomach, spoiling it, in order to the extracti∣on of a proper alimentary Tincture,

Wherefore my humble Advice is, that we would consult our Reason, * 1.1282 and not our Sense, in gratifying our brutish Appetites, in too great indul∣gence of our selves in pompous Treats (in which we kill our Friends with kindness) and not to eat too freely of variety of Dishes, which are set be∣fore us; to make an Election of One or Two, as most agreeable to our Taste, and Health, which is supported by Temperance, and not by Luxu∣ry, in which we feed Death and Worms; and in a fond compliance with our unreasonable Appetites, we most ungratefully disobey the Commands of our Gracious Maker and Redeemer, in forfeiting at once, our Health in this World, and our Happiness in that to come.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of the Expulsive Faculty of the Stomach.

HAving given my Sentiments of the nature of Fermentation in the Sto∣mach, and of the various Ferments, the Causes productive of Con∣coction) in reference to open the Compage of Meat and Drink (which though ordinary, yet are heightened into Delicacies, by the advantages of Hun∣ger and Thirst) by infinuating themselves into their inmost recesses, to colli∣quate the Contents, and extract an alimentary Tincture, secerned from the gross Faeces, by a kind of precipitation in the retort of the Stomach.

So that the Ventricle, by the assistance of its gently contracted Fibres, espouseth the Aliment in its nearer Embraces, speaking a great complacency to it self in a repast for some competent time, till the alimentary Liquor is drawn out, and then the gross Reliques after Concoction, being altogether disserviceable, grow nauseous, and give a trouble to the Stomach if detain∣ed long in it; whereupon the Fibres of the Ventricle, in their own defence, * 1.1283 do more briskly contract themselves, then in the retention of nourishment (to discharge the Faeces through the right Orifice into the Intestines) which if longer deteined in the Stomach, would be exposed to putrefaction by too great a Fermentation, and give a stench to the Ventricle, which would prove as little salutary as pleasant.

The expulsive power of the Stomach, * 1.1284 pre-supposeth divers requisites to ac∣complish it; The First is a condition qualifying the inward Coat of the Ven∣tricle, by which it is rendred soft, and pliable, by the Liquor (extracted out of the Aliment) besprinkling it, and making its surface slippery, and more capable to throw off the Recrements (left after Concoction) with the grea∣ter Ease and Expedition.

The Second and chief Requisite (in which the expulsive Power is founded as in an efficient Cause) are the various Fibres of the Stomach, * 1.1285 which as they play strongly upward, towards the Gulet, and more gently downwards to∣wards the Intestines, do produce Vomiting, or Purging; and this last is caused, when the Fibres commence their Contraction near the Gulet, and so make their progress toward the Pylorus, and right Orifice, and this is called vulgarly, the Motion of the Ventricle downwards; though in truth, and in reference to the Center, and the situation of the Stomach sometimes its Motion is celebrated upwards, and sometimes laterally, and is perform∣ed

by virtue of all the Fibres, and first by transverse (running cross the Sto∣mach) which are so termed in reference to each side; but if the Fibres be considered as they comprehend the whole circumference of the Stomach, they may be more properly stiled Circular, as they encircle the Stomach, and in their Motion, these Fibres make larger or lesser Circles, according to their more gentle or strong Contractions, whereupon the Cavity of the Ventricle is less or more lessened, and doth thereby less or more strongly compress the Contents of the Stomach, and by degrees force them out of its Confines.

The right Fibres are so many Auxiliaries to the Circular, * 1.1286 and by making their progress the whole length of the Stomach, and in purging do begin their Motion near the Left Orifice of the Ventricle, and so the various Fi∣bres do contract themselves in their several ranks towards the Right Orifice, and the circular Fibres surrounding the Ventricle, by making less and less Circles, do gradually contract the whole circumference of the Stomach; so on the other side, the Right Fibres passing the length of the Ventricle, do by degrees help the Circular, in lessening the Cavity of it, by bring∣ing both sides nearer to each other.

Whereupon the right Fibres, * 1.1287 commencing their Motion about the left Orifice in Purging, do first narrow the Cavity of the Stomach about its be∣ginning, and so downward toward the Termination of it; and the other side, in Vomiting, the Contraction of the Fibres, first take their rise about the right Orifice, and by strong Concussive Motions, protrude the offensive Matter toward the left Orifice and Gulet, and so into the Mouth: So that it is very plain, that the Stomach being afflicted with some Bilious and Acid Humours, giving a high discomposure to its delicate frame affected with a most acute sensation, doth throw them from one Orifice of the Ventricle to the other, effected principally by the Circular Fibres (en∣circling the whole Stomach) assisted with the right Fibres, compressing the Stomach longways, and the Oblique Fibres being seated between the Cir∣cular and right Fibres of the Ventricle, do also participate a middle action, and in their Contraction, do contribute to each of their Motion; and in Purging by commencing their action about the Origen of the Stomach, do by rendring its Cavity more narrow, squeese the Contents of the Ventricle towards its Termination, and from thence through the Pylorus, into the first Intestine.

Having given an account how the motion of the Contents of the Sto∣mach is mannaged downward, (as it is commonly called) but in truth, is acted from the left Orifice to the right: My intendment at this time, is to explain the opposite Motion, which is more unnatural and violent then the other, as giving a greater stress to the Fibres, which is performed by mo∣ving of the matter contained in the Stomach upward, as it is commonly ap∣prehended, but more truly if respect be had according to the situation of the Stomach, the Contents are forced in Vomiting, from the Ter∣mination of it to the Origen; and in deep Vomiting, the Fibres of the Duo∣denum, first begin the scene of Motion, throwing up the bilious Recre∣ments, transmitted out of the Liver by the Hepatick Duct into the Inte∣stines, and afterward through the Pylorus, into the lower part of the Sto∣mach, * 1.1288 wherein the Fibres in Vomiting first celebrate their Motion, and from thence carry it on briskly toward the Origen of the Stomach.

And the action of Vomiting is produced as well as that of Purging, by the concurrent Contraction of the Circular, Right, and Oblique Fibres, wherein some surrounding the Ventricle, do lessen the whole Circuit of its

Cavity round-ways, and other Fibres taking their course from Orifice to Orifice, do streighten the capacity of it in length, by pulling the inward surfaces of the sides closer to each other; and the Oblique Fibres of the Sto∣mach do pass a-slant, between the Circular and Right Fibres, helping them both in the Contraction of the Stomach: And in Vomiting, they act with greater vigor (then in Purging) from the right to the left Orifice, whereas in the opposite motion of the Ventricle, it is exerted from the left to the right, from the beginning to the Termination.

In Vomiting, it is agitated as it were with Convulsive Motions, * 1.1289 wherein the Stomach most violently Contracteth it self by the most strong and joynt Motion of all kinds of Fibres, beginning to act their part near the Pylorus; so that the brisk motion of the Stomach, is carried toward the left Orifice, and thereupon driveth the Contents of it with a most violent agitation from the bottom toward the Origen, and afterward into the Gulet and Mouth, to disburden it self, by quitting the importunate sollicitations of Pituitous, Saline, and Acid Recrements.

The third requisite Condition (quickning the Expulsive Power of the Ventricle) is a troublesome Object, * 1.1290 giving a discomposure to its fine Com∣page, as framed of delicate Nervous Fibrils, endued with most acute Sense; whereupon the reliques of Concoction, or any preternatural Acid, Saline, or Bilious Humors, or a quantity of crude Chyle (commonly called Phlegm) or any putrid over-fermented Matter, or any other Contents, that are trou∣blesome Guests, speaking a disturbance to the Stomach, put it upon Moti∣on, to free it self from annoyance of various ill Recrements; whereupon the Annular, Right, and Oblique Fibres being highly aggrieved, do strongly contract themselves in brisk concussive agitations, from the Termination to the Origination of the Stomach: So that its bottom being lifted up, and the sides clapt close together with nimble Vibrations, do throw up with great force troublesome Recrements, into the Gulet and Mouth.

And this ingrate object (treating the tender Constitution of the Stomach with much unkindness) is full of variety: As first, A crude unactive Phlegm, * 1.1291 a Pituitous Matter, with the Products of an ill Concoction, because then it must be a crude Chyle, caused by a cold and moist Temper of the Stomach, or by some unnatural Ferment, or the debilitated Tone of the Ventricle, not able to retain the Meat and Drink in a due manner; whereupon the Alimentary Liquor, not well attenuated and digested, is thick and clammy, and being heavy, would naturally incline toward the bottom of the Sto∣mach, or at least will be lodged in a quantity in the Cavity of the Stomach, and not equally line the whole surface of the inmost Coat of the Ventricle, as is most apparent in this dull Phlegm, investing its third Tunicle, which is equally overspread with this glutinous Matter, to enwrap this naked Tunicle; which else, upon every little grating of the Contents, or from Acid or Bili∣ous Humours, this tender Coat would be galled, and the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries wounded, and opened, often happening in strong Vo∣mitories, and other strong and noysome Draughts, given by Quacks, and un∣skilful Practisers, not well versed in the Rules of Physick.

So that this gross viscid Phlegm, equally incrusting the inward Tunicle of ••••e Stomach, cannot be produced in it, but must be Transmitted thither by some other way, which cannot be effected by way of Catarrh, either dropping from the Tonsils, and Oral Glands, or Expectorated out of the Lungs, through the Aspera Arteria into the Mouth, and thence swallowed down through the Gulet into the Ventricle, which being supposed, must be

collected in some one part of it more then another, and cannot equally be∣smear the inward film of the Stomach.

Whereupon, * 1.1292 I humbly conceive it most probable, that this gross Phlegm is Transmitted to the inward Tunicle of the Stomach by some Vessels, inser∣ted into every part of the Coat, which cannot be Veins, by reason they ex∣port Humours, and not import them to the Coat; neither can these Vessels be Nerves, because their small Interstices are not capable to convey such a thick clammy Matter, which would immediately cause Convulsive Motions in the Nerves: Therefore the remanent Vessels are Arteries, which are most agreeable to Natures design in such a case, as impelling a gross Pituitous Blood (proceeding from a crude unassimilated Chyle) into the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach, where the Blood is Dephlegmed, and the crude Chyle being secerned from the Blood, is Transmitted by numerous Pores, into every portion of the inward Coat belonging to the Ventricle, whereby it is equally and universally overspread.

The manner how this Pituitous Matter is secerned in the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach, is somewhat abstruse, that the more thin Particle should be detained, and received into the Capillary Veins, and the more gross insinu∣ate themselves into, and pass through the holes of the Colatories, contrary to the received Opinion, made good by Experience, most visible in artificial Streiners, whose Perforations give a check to the more thick, and let the more fluid make their way; and the same is practicable in natural Colatories of the Kidneys, whose Glands detain the red Crassament of the Blood, and Transmit the more thin watry parts into the Urinary Ducts: But in the Per∣colation of the Vital Liquor, the Phlegm being the more gross Recrement of the Blood, should be trajected through the holes of the Glandulous Mem∣brane of the Ventricle, and the more thin should be returned into the Extrea∣mities of the Capillary Veins.

Learned Dr. Glysson, assigneth the reason of it to Similar Attraction, which I humbly conceive, by the favour of this Learned Author, is to explain one Obscure thing, by a more Obscure.

Wherefore, I shall endeavour to give a more probable Account, and do apprehend, That the Pituitous, when associated with the Purple Liquor, is very much attenuated by the Motion, Heat, and volatil Particles, whereby the Excrementitious Liquor (running confused with the Blood) being de∣phlegmed in the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach is rendred more thin and easie to be conveyed through the secret Pores of the inward Tunicle, into the Cavity of the Stomach, where the Pituitous Humour being Extra∣vasated, and destitute of its former Heat, Motion, and Spirituous Particles, as divorced from the converse of the Blood, assumeth a greater thickness, and clamminess: After the same manner, the crude unassimilated Chyme (usually stiled Phlegm) where in Confederacy with the Vital Liquor, is more thin and fluid, but when severed from the Blood, in the substance of the Lungs (as being unfit to be received into the Pulmonary Veins) is im∣pelled into the adjacent Branches of the Aspera Arteria, where it being Ex∣travasated, acquireth by its stay, a greater and more ropy Consistence, and cannot be Expectorated without great Contractions of the Circular and Right Fibres, seated in the Membrane of the Wind-pipe.

And farther, To illustrate the Secretion of the Pituitous Liquor in the Glands, belonging to the Ventricle, I will make bold to borrow an Instance from the Cutaneous Glands of Fish, viz. In Skaits, Thornbacks, in which the more gross Matter of the Blood, is severed in the Cutaneous Glands, as by

so many Colatories, and Transmitted by many Excretory Ducts, into the surface of the outward Skin, which is overspread with a viscid Liquor, not unlike that which lineth the inward Coat of the Stomach; and this Albu∣minous Matter, when associated with the Purple Liquor, is very much atte∣nuated by its heat, motion, and spirituous parts, and when separated from the Blood in the substance of the Cutaneous Glands, it degenerates into a more Crass Matter, when it is Transmitted through the minute perforations of the Skin, to the surface of the Body, where it groweth more concreted by Stagnation, and the coldness of the ambient Air.

Furthermore, * 1.1293 I conceive that this indigested Chyme (being not assimila∣ted into Blood) is carried confused with it, by the Caeliack Artery in the Glandulous Coats, and is there severed from the Vital Liquor; and being fluid upon its immediate parting with it, is rendred moveable by an Impulse, wherein one part presseth another forward, as upon the pulsation of the Vi∣tal Liquor into the next parts, whereupon the Pituitous Humour is step by step promoted through the Pores of the inmost Tunicle, into the surface of the Stomach.

And in fine, * 1.1294 I will endeavour to make clear the passage of the gross Chy∣mous Juice, through the perforations of the inward Coat, as mechanically explicable in reference to the fluid particles of the Phlegm (when they are more thin, as having newly taken leave of the Blood) as they hold Confor∣mity in shape and size to the Pores of the inward Tunicle of the Stomach; which is the most probable Reason that can be given (as I imagine) why the Dephleg∣med part of the Blood severed from it in the Minute Glands of the Stomach, are readily emitted through the perforations of its inward Coat into its more large Cavity, every where lining the surface of the Ventricle, to secure its tender Compage, from the assaults of sharp Saline, and Bilious Recrements, often lodged in the Cavity of the Stomach.

Thus I have discoursed the Excrementitious clammy Matter, overspread∣ing the Stomach, which superabounding in quantity, or offensive in quality, doth irritate the Fibres of the Stomach to contract themselves, and by lessening the Cavity of the Ventricle, to expel those gross Pituitous Faeces into the Duodenum.

The second Recrements follow (as objects of the Expulsive power of the Stomach) which are the acid reliques of Concoction, * 1.1295 and having lost their active and spirituous Particles, cannot be subservient to the Colliquation of Meat, and the extraction of Alimentary Liquor, and growing Effoete and Excrementitious, do give a trouble to the Stomach, in provoking its tender Fibres to Contract, and eject these disserviceable Recrements into the In∣testines.

And sometimes Bilious Recrements, and ill Pancreatick Juice, * 1.1296 is injected into the Guts, and from thence into the Stomach, where it produceth Nau∣seousness, and giveth a keching disturbance in a small quantity, and over∣flowing in large proportions, do offer a greater violation to the delicate Fi∣bres of the Stomach, and cause them more strangely to contract themselves, to throw up these Bilious and Pancreatick Recrements by Vomiting.

CHAP. XXXIV. Of the Pathologie and Cures, relating to the Expulsive Faculty of the Stomach.

HAving Treated of the Causes, and manner of Production of Chyle, and the Pathologie and Cures attending it; it may not be improper now to consider the Expulsive Faculty, and its Pathologie and Cures, in re∣ference to the Stomach, in which the Alimentary Liquor being extracted, and to shew how the grosser parts being Secerned from the more refined, may be Transmitted out of the Ventricle into the Intestines, as the Faeces and reliques of Concoction, which do give a trouble to the Annular, Right, and Oblique Fibres, to Contract themselves more strongly (then in the reten∣tion of Aliment) thereby briskly to streighten the Cavity of the Stomach, to expel the Recrements (as disturbers of its repose) and disserviceable to Nature, and vexatious to the Stomach.

Many requisites concur to the due qualification of the Expulsive power of the Stomach, * 1.1297 founded in the good Tone of the Fibres, resenting the trouble of the Recrements (the results of Concoction) as so many ill Guests, solliciting Nature to its advantage in their avoidance; which speaketh the second condition appertaining to the Expulsive Faculty, the troubelsome sensa∣tion of an ill Object, inviting her to free her self from it, by throwing it out of Doors.

The third Condition, * 1.1298 relating to the laudable condition of the Expulsive Faculty, consisteth in the slipperiness of the inward Coat of the Stomach, which is derived from smooth and Liquid Particles, as creating a soft∣ness in the third Tunicle, giving an easiness in the ways, and disposing the Matter, by rendring the inside of the Ventricle slippery, and fit for Ex∣pulsion.

Whereupon the Expulsive power being well regulated, consisteth in a moderate motion of the Fibres, as not being too remiss, or over-active in the performance of their duty, which speaketh them good Servants, as ob∣servant of their great Mistress, Natures commands, which is very just and kind, and requireth nothing of them, but what is most for their own Interest and Advantage.

The first and greatest error of the Expulsive Faculty, * 1.1299 is, when it is wholly wanting of doing its duty, by reason the Fibres do not at all contract them∣selves, which is produced by a lost Tone of the Stomach near Death, and in great Diseases; when the Animal Liquor either is not generated in the Cortex, or being generated, is so crude and gross, that it obstructeth the Cortical Fibres in the Brain, and so proveth a Bar to its own entrance, and farther reception into the spaces interceeding the Nervous Filaments, seated in the Brain, whereupon the Animal Liquor cannot have any access into the Par Vagum, and its Divarications terminating into the Coats of the Stomach, whence the Fibres grow senseless and stupid, wholly unmindful of their duty of Contraction, producing the greatest misdemeanor of the Expulsive Faculty, the loss of its Function, whereby it giveth no ease to the Stomach, by taking off its burden of Recrements, the reliques of Concoction.

The lost Tone of the Stomach, flowing from the Fibres of the Brain, * 1.1300 compressed by a quantity of Stagnant Blood (lodged in the Cortex of the Brain, and intecepting the admission of the animal Liquor into the Extrea∣mities of the nervous Fibrils) doth indicate Blood letting, to make good the circulation of it, and to discharge the Brain from its importunate extra∣vasation, destructive of the Principal, and sometimes of all the Functions re∣lating to the Head.

The lost Tone of the Stomach is derived also from the grossness of the Nervous Liquor, stopping up the Origen of the Nervous Fibres, whence the propagation of the animal Liquor, and Spirits, is hindred into the eighth pair of Nerves, implanting many Branches into the Stomach. This Disease doth denote cephalick Decoctions, mixed with Aqua Paeoniae, Comp. Brion. Comp. Lavendul. Comp. &c. Cephalick Pills, and Electuaries, compounded of Conserves of Lime Flowers, Lillies of the Valley, Flowers of Betony, and Rosemary, mixed with Powder of Amber, Castor, &c. and made up with some cephalick Syrup, Drinking after it a large Draught of a specifick Julap, which do attenuate the gross Saline parts of Blood, and Animal Liquor, rendring them fluid, and fit to be received into the extreamities of the nervous Fibrils in the Brain, and to pass into the Interstices of the Filaments of the Par Vagum, and its Branches, inserted into the Stomach; whereupon the Tone of the Stomacick Fibres is rectified, disposing them to exert their due expulsive Operations, caused by the influence of a well qualified animal Liquor, giving vigor to the Fibres seated in the Stomach, in order to dis∣charge its Excrements and Reliques of Concoction.

The second Error of the expulsive Faculty may be deduced from a remis∣ness in doing its Duty of Contraction, * 1.1301 wherein the Stomacick Fibres being faint and lazy, by reason they are not acted with good animal Liquor and Spirits, as the efficient of soporiferous Diseases, lodged in the upper Apart∣ment of the Head; whereupon the Fibres of the Stomach being destitute of laudable nervous juyce, render the expulsive Power stupid and unactive.

The remiss action of the Stomacic Fibres may also proceed from a cold and moist Distemper in Hydropic, and other Chronick Diseases, * 1.1302 produced by a super-abundance of watry Humors, not secerned in the Glands of the Kidneys, and transmitted by the urinary Ducts, and papillary Caruncles into the Pel∣vis and Ureters; whereupon the Blood groweth watry, and is returned through the Heart, and Lungs, by variety of Vessels into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and thence watry Blood passeth by the Caeliac Artery in∣to the Stomach, imparting to it a cold and moist indisposition, whereby the Fibres of the Ventricle are rendred flabby, and unable to perform such a Con∣traction as is requisite for a due expulsion of the dregs of Concoction; alto∣gether unprofitable to Nature, in point of Refection of the Body by Aliment, which it vitiateth by its over long stay in the Stomach, instituted primarily by Nature, to be a receptacle of Meat, and Drink, and not of Recrements, which the Stomach dischargeth as irksom to it,

The remiss Action of the expulsive Faculty, * 1.1303 caused by weak Stomacic Fi∣bres, may also arise from immoderate Drinking of cold Water, and other cool∣ing Liquors, which do confound the natural heat of the Stomach, and make its Fibres stupid, and flaccide, whence the Ventricle groweth insensible of its burden, and faint in Contraction, in order to the discharge of Faetulencys, a grand impediment to Concoction.

The faint Tone of Stomacic Fibres, proceeding from a cold and moist di∣stemper in Hydropic Diseases, doth signifie warm and drying Remedies, and the depuration of the purple Liquor, is effected by purging and diuretic Medicines, expelling by Urine and Stools, the watry Recrements of the Blood and Stomach, whose weak Tone is afterwards repaired by bitter and astringent Remedies, as Wine prepared with Steel, and Decoctions of Gen∣tian Roots, Enula-Campane, the tops of Centaury the less, and also Thirty or Forty drops of Elixir proprietatis, taken three or four times a day in a draught of old and generous Rhenish Wine.

The third kind of disaffection, * 1.1304 incident to the Stomach, and that none of the least, is the depraved action of the expulsive Faculty, when it is too much heightned and aggrieved; when the Fibres of the Stomach are recep∣tive of great degrees of Contraction, then are instituted by naure, as in Purg∣ings, Hyccops, Nauseatings, Vomitings, and in both Purgings and Vomitings, immediately succeeding each other, as in a Disease called Cholera.

In Purgings, the Stomach beginneth to contract her right, annular, and oblique Fibres near the Left Orifice of the Stomach, where its Cavity is first lessened, and step by step, more and more, as the Fibres contract them∣selves toward the Pylorus, where the Ventricle being contracted, must by consequence discharge offensive Humors out of the Confines of the Stomach, into the Duodenum; so that Purging may be described, an excretory Motion of the Ventricle, briskly performed by a vigorous tone of Fibres, gradually con∣tracting themselves from the Left to the Right Orifice, as from Term to Term: Vomiting is the unkindly Motion of the alimentary Liquor, and Reliques of Concoction, * 1.1305 and the pituitous Humors incrusting the inside of the Stomach; as also of the bilious and pancreatick Liquors, (transmitted from the Liver, and Pancreas, by an inverted peristaltic Motion of the Duodenum, into the Ventricle which doth solicit the Stomacic Fibres, by a troublesome importuni∣ty, to eject all offensive Recrements, the bounds of the Stomach upward, where∣in it prudently consulteth its ease and quiet; which is also frequently discompo∣sed by a thinner and more troublesome Matter; the result of an ill Concocti∣on, received into the bosom of the Stomach, which I conceive is generated after this manner; Meat and Drink, are admitted into the Ventricle, and their Elaboration, in order to Digestion, is matured by Heat and Ferments, entring into the Compage of Aliment for their Dissolution, which being not duly accomplished, many Steams arise, and being at their own dispose, do quit the confines of the Stomach, Gulet, and Mouth, and embody with the Air, to which these Vapours are near akin: and these Effluvia, (the causes of Flatulency, the Concomitants of the Fermented Particles of Ali∣ment,) being confined within the narrow inclosures of the Coats of the Sto∣mach, do make a body consisting of Elastick parts made up of Air, and the steames (breathed out of the flatulent Aliment boiling in the Stomach) with which different Juices in the time of their Fermentation in the Stomach, do enter into great Contests, * 1.1306 by reason of their Heterogeneous Particles, productive of great streams of Vapours, the causes of a Flatus, which may be brought into act after this manner, (if it may be proper to compare the Operations of Nature with Art) as proceeding from Meat colliquated in Drink (impraegnated with Ferments) as in a due Menstruum, whereupon the Compage of the Aliment, is dissolved in the utensil of the Stomach; after a manner of Shells of Fish, Coral, Pearl, and other concreted saline Bodies, are dissolved by Liquors, as proper Menstrua in a Matrace, whence great store of Steams do arise out of the hot solutions of Concreted Particles,

which being closely detained, do break the Walls of the Vessels, and set themselves at Liberty: In like manner, the Aliment being Colliquated in the Retort of the Stomach by proper Liquors, is productive of fruitful steams, which would tear the Coats of the Stomach (when elevated into a Flatus) were they not made of a tough pliable nature, whereby the Tunicles may be extended to great Dimensions, in which the Carnous and Nervous Fibres, are streined beyond their due Limits, and do lose much of their Tone and Vigor; and are rendred sometimes unable to Contract themselves, to throw out these vexatious Combatants, unless relieved by hot Emollients, and Dis∣cutients, and also Purgative Medicines; some of which do strengthen, and others do incite the weakned Stomacick Fibres to do their Office, and do make way by opening the Pylorus, to discharge the Flatulent Matter into the Intestines.

And not only the Bilious, and Pancreatick Juices, * 1.1307 Transmitted from the Guts and Flatulent Matter floating in the Stomach, but also the Serous Par∣ticles of the Blood, and Nervous Liquor, are turned out of the Extreamities of the Arteries and Nerves, opened by Purging Medicines; which being opposite to Nature, and grating upon the tender inward Coat of the Ventricle, do turn out of Doors its unkindly Inmates.

Purging Medicines do exert their Operation, * 1.1308 somewhat after this man∣ner: A tincture being extracted out of Purgatives, received into the Stomach, doth insinuate its more thin and volatil Particles, into the inward Coat of the Ventricle, and into the Extreamities of the Arteries, and Ner∣vous Fibrils, inserted into it; which being endued with an acute sense, do easily resent the sharp and pungent qualities of the Medicines, which are afterward imparted by nearness from the Nervous to the Carnous Fibres, (lodged in the middle Coat of the Scomach) being aggrieved with acid and viscid Matter, as the cause of Vapours, which being first vented, then Bitter and Astringent Medicines are to be taken, to strengthen the infirm Tone of the Stomack.

Nauseousness implieth an Aversation of some troublesome Object, * 1.1309 and the endeavours of the Stomach in order to Expulsion, seconded by the Bustles of the Peristaltick Motion, speaking a readiness to Belchings and Vomitings, which being frequently attempted without Success, is attended with divers ill Consequents, by reason the Stomach doth not barely resent an unpleasant Object with great Trouble, but is very active by the Contraction of vari∣ous Fibres, to expel some real, or at least, conceived Noisome Matter; which being seated within the Obstructed Vessels, or lodged within the Folds of the Stomach, or as being of so clammy a temper, or so stubborn a disposition, that Nature cannot be so far Mistress of her Design, as to dis∣charge the Offensive Matter, by a various Peristaltick Motion, either upward by Vomiting, or downward by Stool; whereupon the frequent and laborious attempts of the Stomach proving unsuccessful, do determine in Nauseous∣ness, Kekchings, and great dejection of Strength, Faintings, &c.

Thus I have Discoursed of the nature of Nauseousness, * 1.1310 as preliminary to Vomiting, which hath some affinity with the other, and in a manner diffe∣reth from it in degrees; as Vomiting is performed by streonger Contractions of the Carnous Fibres, and as it were with greater Convulsive Motions of the Nervous Fibrils, to free the useful allodgments of the Stomach from trou∣blesome Guests, as a great proportion of Salival Liquor, indisposed with acid and saline Particles, coming out of the Oral Glands into the Ventricle, which is also highly discomposed with Aliment superabundant in quantity,

or offensive in quality, as of heavy Digestion, or corrupted in the Stomach, which is also disquieted by Crudities, and acid reliques of Concoction, and by acid Recrements (spued out of the Termination of the Caeliack Arteries) or by Bilious and Pancreatick Liquors, protruded by the inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Intestines, into the Stomach.

These various Fermentative kinds of Matter, * 1.1311 entring into severe disputes with each other, do vex first the Nervous Fibres, seated in the inward, and then the Carnous Fibres of the middle Coat, are drawn into consent, which commence their motion in relation to Vomiting, first in the bottom, and near the Termination of the Ventricle, by drawing it inward, and afterward the Right, Circular, and Oblique Fibres being all put into brisk motion by vexati∣ous Objects, do move more and more upward toward the Origen; where∣upon the Circumference of the Stomack being first Contracted below, and briskly moving toward the left Orifice, must necessarily expel the various noisome Contents, as so many important Inmates of the Ventricle into the Gulet, which highly offended by these troublesome Intruders, useth the ut∣most endeavours of its strongly contracted Fibres, to throw them through the Mouth, into the wider World.

Furthermore, * 1.1312 Vomiting sometimes taketh its rise from great Diseases, (violating the union of parts, and the integrity of the Stomach) consisting in Inflammations, Exulcerations, and Excoriation of the Ventricle, derived from sharp Humours, or a quantity of Blood (stagnant in the substance of it) whose serous Particles by a long Extravasation do degenerate, and turn into Purulent Matter; which breaking by its Corrosive nature the confines of the Stomacick Coats, doth gain the name of an Ulcer, accompanied with frequent Vomitings, caused by the sharp corrupt Humours, molesting the Carnous and Nervous Fibres, forcing them to Contract themselves, in refe∣rence to discharge the noisome ingredients of the Stomach.

A Person of Quality, after he had gratified his Appetite with variety of Meat, and filled his Stomach with Delicacies, which were not well enter∣tained, by reason his great Appetite was seconded with an ill Concoction; whereupon he was surprized with a pain of his Stomach, accompanied with violent Vomitings of indigested Meat, and saetide Purulent Matter, the fore-runner of a fatal stroke; which being past, his Body was Opened, and his Stomach was discovered to be Ulcered, and full of corrupt Humours.

Ulcers sometimes degenerate into Fistula's, * 1.1313 in which the confines of the Stomach grow hard and Callous, by reason Nature is ambitious to de∣fend it self, and the tender Compage of the Ventricle, against the Acrimo∣nious Humours (lodged in the Cavity of the Ulcer) which being disbur∣dened into the soft bosome of the Stomach, so grate upon it, that it strongly Contracteth it self, to eject the corrupt Humours, as so many vexatious Com∣panions.

A Person of Honour having pleased himself with the delights of Meat and Drink, which were presently countermanded with pain in the Stomach, and frequent Vomiting of sometimes thick, and most of thin sharp Humours, which gave a close to his sad Days; whereupon his Body being Dissected, his Stomach was found Ulcered and Fistulaed.

Vomitings also arise from sharp saline Humours (vellicating the Fibres of the Stomach, * 1.1314 and drawing them into irregular Motions) which being of a Vitriolick nature, do Corrode and Excoreate the inward Coat of the Sto∣mach.

A Gentleman of a Cholerick Constitution of Body, was often afflicted with an Intermittent Fever; which being Cured, yet he was not perfectly restored to his Health, as wanting a good Digestion: And being afflicted with a Swelling of the Spleen, and an Obstruction of the Liver, fell into his Fever again, often Vomiting a great quantity of Acid and Bilious Recre∣ments, whence at last his whole Body grew Emaciated; and though many proper Medicines were advised in order to his Recovery, yet they all pro∣ved Unsuccessful, and he closed his Life with complaints of great Pains in the bottom of his Stomach, which being inspected, was found all Exco∣riated.

Sometimes fatal Vomitings, * 1.1315 are the sad issues of Poisonous and ill prepa∣red Medicines, often Administred to Patients by Quacks, and ill practisers of Physick: Wherefore I most humbly advise all Persons, that are not wea∣ry of their Lives, to put themselves (when they are Sick) into the hands of Honest and Able Physicians.

A Chymist having overcharged his Stomach, with too great a proportion of Meat heavy of Digestion, found himself highly disordered, and took a Vomit of ill prepared Vitriol, which gave him many severe Vomits, with which he concluded his Life, and paid dear for his confident Ignorance; and his Body being Dissected, his Stomach was found all disguised with a Purple or Livid Colour, and the inward and middle Coat highly Corroded, and his Ventricle almost perforated.

Having spoke of Vomiting as a primary disaffection of the Ventricle, as derived from its Humours, and Contents, * 1.1316 my intendment at this time is to Discourse somewhat of Vomiting, as it is acted by the consent of adja∣cent parts, from violent Coughing, and brisk Concussive Motions of the Midriff, which are assisted with strong Contractions of the Abdominal Muscles, making great Compressions and Appulses upon the Stomach, there∣by forcing it to Contract its Fibres, and straighten its Cavity, whereupon its Contents are thrown upward into the Gulet and Mouth.

Vomiting is also imparted to the Stomach, * 1.1317 from sympathy of more remote parts, from the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys, which being tied to the Intestines by the interposition of fine thin Membranes, do highly affect them in great Pains, and especially when the Guts are vellicated with vio∣lent Tensions, flowing from a great Flatus in the Cholick, causing strong Contractions upward, which are afterward Transmitted to the Duodenum, which draweth the Stomach into consent (as affixed to it) which is most conspicuous in the deplorable Disease of the Iliac Passion; wherein the pas∣sage of the Excrements being stopped in the small Guts, they recoil upward, as being highly troublesome first to the parts of the Ilia, (lying above the Obstruction) whereupon they are forced to Contract themselves by strong peristaltic inverted Motion step by step upward, wherein one part contract∣eth after another successively, till the Intestine next the Stomach, throweth up noysome Humours and Excrements through the Pylorus, causing it to Contract it self inward: And so the Fibres of the right Orifice, are the first actors in this troublesome scene of Motion, in reference to the Stomach, and then all the other Fibres do play their parts from the right to the left Orifice, and every way straighten the Dimensions of the Stomach, and exclude with force the faetide Excrements and Humours, into the neighbouring parts. * 1.1318

Another kind of Vomiting, flowing also from the sympathy of parts, is derived from the Abscesses of the Intestines, Mesentery, Liver, Caul, and other parts adjoyning to the Bowels; which are first corroded by the acri∣mony

of Purulent Matter, and after the Intestines being aggrieved, do by an Inverted Motion of their Fibres, cast the putrid Matter into the Stomach, giving it occasion to contract it self to quit the Compage of so troublesome an intruder, and provide for its ease and safety.

The last Disease relating principally to the Expulsive Faculty of the Sto∣mach, * 1.1319 and secondarily to the Intestines, is stiled Cholera, and is twofold: The one dry (wherein a Flatus only is discharged upward and downward) and the other moist; which is the most significant, and is described an im∣moderate Evacuation of ill Humours, both by Vomiting, and Stool, which is not caused by the faint Retentive Faculty of the Ventricle, consisting in its weak Tone, as not being able to retain Aliment; but from sharp Cholerick Humours, from whence it taketh its Denomination, or from corrupted Ali∣ment, or the very acid reliques of Concoction, or depraved Pancreatick Re∣crements, or highly acid Serous Liquors, which being compounded of diffe∣rent Elements, do cause various Effervescenses, and Fermentations, disturb∣ing the repose and aeconomy of the Stomach, which is so highly discomposed, that all the Right, Circular, and Oblique Fibres, being very much enraged, do first Contract themselves near the left Orifice, and so upward, with vio∣lent Motion, to throw some part of the vexatious Humours into the Gulet, and immediately after the various Fibres proceed in a Cholera, * 1.1320 in an opposite Order (caused by troublesome sollicitations of active purging Qualities) which do more and more contract themselves, and throw off a part of the Afflictive Medicines, and with them some Particles of Serous and Nervous Liquors, out of the Extreamities of Arteries and Nerves, and all sorts of Contents out of the Stomach, the Alimentary Liquor, and its Faeces, as also the Bilious and Pancreatick Recrements, Transmitted from the Neighbouring parts.

Whereupon the Stomach obtaineth a repose for some time, * 1.1321 till the more valatil purgative Particles being received into the Intestines, and Lacteal, Mesenterick, and Thoracic Vessels, are carried into the Subclavian Veins, and associate with the Mass of Blood, where the Purgative Atomes make an Effervescence, and Fermentation; and by setting at liberty the different parts of the Blood, which are carried only confused with it by divers Ves∣sels, through the right Chamber of the Heart and Lungs, into the left Ven∣tricle, whence it is impelled first into the Common, and then into the De∣scendent Trunk of the Aorta, and from thence by the Caeliack Artery, into the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach; where the serous Particles, and watry Recrements of the Blood (being secerned in some parts from the Red Cras∣sament) are thrown off by the Extreamities of the Arteries, and also the Recrements of the Nervous Juice, are discharged by the Terminations of the Nerves, into the Cavity of the Stomach; whose Nervous and Carnous Fi∣bres being irritated, do Contract themselves, till they expel the importunate Contents of the Stomach into the Intestines.

Another Disaffection of the Stomach, * 1.1322 in reference to its Expulsive Power, may be stiled a Hiccop, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a kind of Convulsive Motion, which is sometimes seated in the left Orifice of the Stomach (but more fre∣quently in the Midriff) beset with various branches of Nerves; which be∣ing disturbed by some unpleasant Object, do make a kind of Convulsive Agitations (in order to discharge it) which are composed of a double Mo∣tion: The one of Dilatation, in which the Stomach is enlarged; the other of Constriction, wherein the Carnous Fibres strongly contract themselves,

and straighten the Cavity of the Stomach, to eject some troubled Matter out of its Confines.

The Hiccop may proceed either from Recrements floating in the Stomach, or by the consent of other parts disordering it.

The Humors that affect the Ventricle primarily, per 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, are either caused by a quantity of indigested Aliment, or by Humours offending in quality as Bilious, and Pancreatick Liquors which are vitiated with sharp saline Particles, or noisome Vapours, provoking the Stomach to irregular Moti∣ons: And Infants are often afflicted with Hiccops, proceeding from the quan∣tity or sharpness of Milk. A Daughter of Renowned Bartholine, being Seventeen Weeks old, was highly disordered with a Convulsion of her left Hand, and perpetual Hiccops attending Sucking; which may induce us to believe upon good grounds, that the Convulsive Motions the consequents of Sucking, proceeded from the quantity or quality of the Milk.

Sometimes Hiccops do take their rise from sharp Humours, vellicating the Fibres of the Stomach, and putting it upon disorderly Agitation, giving a high discomposure to the Patient, in restless motion of the Ventricle.

Learned Bonnetus, giveth an account of a Person of Honour, afflicted with this Distemper, out of Haeferus Hercules: Ferdinandus III Romanus Im∣perator ante obitum, ex confluxu bilis & humoris Melancholici (non tamen atrae bilis) singultum quasi continuum patiebatur: Ejus Ventriculus tametsi pridie mortis, sex biliosi & Melancholici Humoris libras Vomitu rejecerat, attamen ejusdem Excrementi libras duas in se continebat, cujus acrimonia fuit tanta, ut casu aliquot guttulae in pelvim argenteam deciduae, acrimonia sua non secus, at Aqua Vitriolata metalli nitorem macularit.

The Hiccop, derived from consent of parts, sometimes borroweth its Ori∣gen from the Inflammation of the small Guts, called the Iliack Passion, which Hippocrates stileth an ill Disease, in the Fifth Book of Aphorisms, the Seventh Section, and Tenth Aphorism, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in the Iliack Passion, Vomitings and Hiccops, are of an ill consequence, because the Disease is very high, when attended with dangerous Symptoms; when the Ilia are obstru∣cted with gross Excrements, and noisome faetide Vapours, are Transmitted upward by an inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Intestines into the Sto∣mach, wherein the stinking steams and Excrements, do produce Convul∣sive Motions in the Ventricle, by afflicting its Fibres, whereupon it attemp∣teth to disburden it self from the great pressure of vexatious Contents.

Sometimes Hiccops are derived from great Inflations, * 1.1323 and the Putrefaction of the Intestines, proceding from a Wound; which happened in an ordi∣nary Person, run through the Abdominal Muscles into the small Guts, and Dying the seventh Day, was not long after Opened: Whereupon his Guts were found highly distended with Wind, and being Livid and Putrid, gave with their stench, a great annoiance to the Spectators.

The Stomach also is oppressed with a Hiccop, * 1.1324 following the Inflammation of the Liver: According to our great Master Hippocrates, in his Fifth Book, and Fifty Eight Aphorism, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: A Hiccop attendeth the Inflammation of the Liver, because it doth contain within its warm em∣braces, the right side of the Stomach; so that the Liver being inflamed, doth highly affect the Fibres of the Stomach, which borroweth its Nerves from the Par Vagum (as well as the Liver) whereupon the Nerves of the Sto∣mach may be readily drawn into consent, and induce the Convulsive Motions (commonly called Hiccops) when the Hepatick Nerves are so highly discom∣posed in an Inflammation of the Liver.

Hermannus Cruserius, having Translated some part of Hippocrates's Works, and Galen's Commentaries, was in great seeming Health, and afterward surprized with violent Hiccops, which could not be appeased by the power of Art, till Death spake a Calm, after these troublesome Storms; and the lower Apartiment of the Body being viewed upon Dissection, the Li∣ver appeared to be Spacelated, the sad Consequent of an Inflammation.

But above all, * 1.1325 the Stomach in Diseases of sympathy from the Midriff, by reason of its near situation with the Ventricle, into whose left Orifice, the Gulet (perforating the Diaphragme in the left side) is inserted; whereupon the Midriff being acted with an irregular Motion, immediately affecteth the Gulet and Stomach united to it, which is derived also from an Enter∣course of Nerves (springing out of the Par Vagum) imparted both to the Ventricle and Midriff: So that when the Nerves of the Diaghragme being hurried with Convulsive Motions, do forthwith produce the same preterna∣tural Contractions in the Stomach, vulgarly called Hiccops.

The Hiccop also is fetched from a Pestilential Fever, * 1.1326 whose essence consist∣ing in a venenate nature, infecting the Animal Liquor and Spirits, propagated from the Par Vagum, into the Nerves of the Stomach, whereby it endea∣voureth to throw off the malignant steams of the Fever, associated with the Nervous Liquor, afflicting the Stomach in various disorderly Motions, constituting Hiccops.

A worthy Relation of mine (descended from an antient Family) was highly tortured day and night with frequent Hiccops for some time, (before I had the happiness to wait on him) which did come from pestilential Steams (received from the infection of the Plague) indisposing the Blood and ner∣vous Juyce, imported by the Caeliac Artery, and Par Vagum, into the Ves∣sels, and Fibres of the Stomach, which were often provoked by the venenate Infection of the Nervous Liquor, causing Convulsive agitations in the Sto∣macick Fibres, which were allaied by cordial and temperate Medicines, pro∣voking Sweat (and gentle Opiates, which were very significant in charming these troublesome vibrations of the Ventricle) by which the pestilential steams of the Blood, and nervous Juyce were discharged through the pores of the Skin, and afterward the tone of the Fibres were invigorated with proper Specificks, as most agreeable to the Stomach.

Hiccops may be also produced by a Succus Nutricius, * 1.1327 affected with sharp or saline Particles, having recourse inward by the Par Vagum, inserted into the Coat of the Stomach, whence the Fibres of it are irritated, producing di∣vers unkindly Girkes, made up of contrary Motions, to free it self from the pungent Acrimony of the nervous Liquor, affecting the Stomacick Fi∣bres.

A Knight of great quality being freed in a moment from great pains of his Limbs, was immediately surprized with frequent Convulsive Motions of the Stomach, proceeding from the vitiated nervous Liquor, flowing into the Fibres, implanted into the Stomach; Whereupon I advised cordial Ju∣laps, and gentle Diaphoretick Powders, which threw off the acide saline Particles of the Blood, and nervous Liquor by Sweats, and insensible trans∣piration; and I also prescribed him frequent Draughts of excellent Claret, a Cordial as good, as grateful in Gouts of the Stomach, which remitteth the Distemper into the Limbs, and by its pleasant astringency, doth at once comfort and strengthen the Stomach, and free it from Hiccops and Vomitings; so that the Patient by these and such like cordial Applications, was restored to his Health, and lived many years.

And in order to the Contents overcharging the Ventricle, * 1.1328 and productive of Hiccops, by too great a proportion of Aliment, or by Bilious, and ill pan∣creatick Juyces; purging Medicines are indicated to ease the Stomach of its unkindly burden, and if it be much distended above its unnatural Dimen∣sions by flatulent Matter, the over-streined Fibres are to be set at liberty, by emollient and discutient Remedies, and afterward corroborated by astrin∣gent Specifick's, by Wines, medicated with bitter Ingredients, as most agree∣able to the Tone of the Stomach, which is outwardly to be fomented, with warm Emollient, and Discutient Decoctions, as allaying pain, and lessening the extravagant Distention of the Stomach, and its Convulsive Motions.

If the Hycop proceed from a cold and moist humor impacted in the substance of the Stomach, * 1.1329 it is to be Treated with Hydragogues in∣wardly received, and outwardly with warm Comfortable Medicines of a drying temper, to reduce the lost Tone of the Stomach, which happeneth in Hydropick Distempers, perverting the Tone of it.

And if after violent Purgings and Vomitings a Hiccop succeedeth, caused by a great Driness, or Corrugation of the Ventricle, or from the Acrimony of ill Humors, or from Drenches, Drops, or Pills affected with a poisonous Nature (often given by Quacks) Emulsions are to be advised, which do moisten and relaxe the Stomach; as also Oils, and Bevoartick Medicines, which do fortifie the Bowels, and correct the malignity of poisonous Applications, which ill practisers Advise out of Ignorance, instead of wholsome Medi∣cines.

And if the Stomach be drawn into Consent, in reference to Hyccops, * 1.1330 deri∣ved from the Diseases of the adjacent parts of the Liver, Intestines, Spleen, &c. Those Maladies are to be cured by Blood-letting, Purging, Alterative and Corroborative Medicines, as the nature of the Diseases, and the parts affected require.

And above all, if the Stomach labour under intolerable pains, * 1.1331 and tortures of Convulsive Motions, so that the Patient sinketh under the burden of it, in great Syncopes, Lypothymies, threatening a period to Life; First, Cordial Julaps, mixed with gentle, and afterward with more powerful Opiates are to be advised, to take off the quickness of sensation of the Stomacick Fibres; and also to calme Convulsive Motions, Cephalick Medicines of Apozemes, mixed with drops impraegnated with volatil saline Particles, to relieve the distressed Stomacick Nerves, and to restore their Tone and Vigor, to cele∣brate their useful and necessary Functions, instituted by Nature.

The various sort of Aliment, consisting of disagreeing Elements, make oftentimes great disputes in the Stomach, during the time of Digestion; whereupon clouds of Steams do arise from the mutual refractions of different Particles, causing flatulency made of turbulent heightened Vapours, which oppressing, and distending the Stomacick Fibres, do put them upon Contra∣ction; first below, and then, by rising upward, the floating windy Steams are thrown out of the Stomach, into the Gulet and Mouth, with a hissing noise, vulgarly called Belching, * 1.1332 which often take their rise from crudities of ill-digested Meat and Drink, offending sometimes in quantity, and other times in quality, found in flatulent kinds of Aliment, as Beans, Pease, Ches∣nuts, Turneps, Carrets, Parsnips, Radishes, &c.

Belchings are also produced by the acide Reliques of Concoction, * 1.1333 and from a quantity of acide and serous Humours, dropping out of the capilla∣ry Arteries, into the Cavity of the Stomach, and by bilious, and pancrea∣tick Recrements (cast out of the Liver, and pancreas, First, into the Inte∣stines

and afterward into the Ventricle) which being made up of Hetero∣geneous Particles, do engage in great Conflicts with each other; whence arise Tempests of Wind, mixed with watry Vapours, provoking the tender Fibres to contract the Stomach, and force them out with variety of noises, accord∣ing to the different nature of the flatulency, which is caused sometime by pituitous clammy Humours, the products of viscide Aliment, as the Feet of Animals and gross Fish, as Skait, Kingston, Thornback, Fireflaire, &c. whose Bodies abound with great store of clammy Matter, which being hardly digested in the Stomach, produce various streams of Vapours, beat∣ing against the walls of the Ventricle, whose Fibres being assaulted, do move inward, and lessen the circumference of the Stomach, thereby squeezing out the troublesome Vapours and Wind with a hissing noise.

In order to the cure of Belchings; * 1.1334 which take their rise from numerous embodied elevated Vapours, constituting Wind in the Stomach; it may not be amiss to advise gentle Vomiting, Purging Potions and Pills; as also alterative discutient, and inciding Apozemes, and Electuaries, to prepare and discharge the crude Relique of Concoction.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the Intestines.

HAving Treated of the Appetitive, Retentive, and Expulsive, as so many Handmaids to the Concoctive Faculty, the Mistress of this rare Utensil of Nature, the Stomach, in which the Aliment impraegnated with va∣rious Ferments, and acted with soft Heat, doth emit a milky Tincture in the Ventricle (as in a retort) in Balneo Mariae, as encompassed with warm am∣bient parts, and the adjacent Intestines, as so many recipients to give ad∣mission to the alimentary Liquor, and its Reliques.

Whereupon the Intestines may admit this Description, * 1.1335 that they are long Membranous Tubes, variegated with Windings and Turnings, and continu∣ed from the termination of the Stomach, to that of the Body; and are or∣dained for the Entertainment, Refinement, and Distribution of Chyle, and the Reception, and Expulsion of the faeces after Concoction is celebrated, and the alimentary Liquor extracted.

The Omentum being stript of the Intestines, present themselves, an object not so pleasant to the Eye, as useful to the Body; they are call'd by the Gre∣cians, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from Choler Lodged in them, and are called by some of the Latines, Cordae; because Musical strings are made of dried Intestines; and by most of the Latines, Intestina, as seated in the inward Recesses of the Abdomen, and are ordered by Nature as Concave, and Membranous, * 1.1336 that they may be capable to extend and contract them∣selves, according to the greater or less proportion of alimentary Liquor, and faeces severed from it, that the other more useful Extract, may be received in∣to the lacteal Vessels: And the Intestines are furnished with various Circum∣volutions and Maeanders, * 1.1337 to give a check to the over-hasty motion of the gross Excrements, lest they should slide away too fast, before the Chyle is separated from them.

Their substance is Various, Nervous, Carnous, and Glandulous, * 1.1338 as it is composed of many Coats made of different Natures, as subservient to di∣vers uses wisely contrived by Nature, to advance the Interest and Perfecti∣on of our Body; a universal Organ, integrated of great variety of parts, ministerial to the lower and more elevated operations of the Soul.

The first and outward Coat, is borrowed from the Peritonaeum, * 1.1339 and being thin and Nervous, is composed of many fine Fibres, rarely interwoven, which ingenious Dr. Cole calleth Spiral; but in truth, as far as I can perceive, ac∣cording to Autopsy, are Circular, and intersect at right Angles, * 1.1340 the long Fibres seated in the upper Surface of the second Tunicle; (which being insert∣ed into the upper Coat, make a great part of it; whence the First Coat may, after some sort, be called Tendinous, from the terminations of the upper rank of carnous Fibres, implanted into it.

And the use of this Coat, relating to the Intestines, * 1.1341 is (as I apprehend) for an integument made for the second Tunicle, which is more thick and fleshy, and is framed of two rows of Fibres, one seated under another, the upper rowe runneth long-ways, all along the Intestines, and may be stiled Right Fibres (according to their progress) as intersecting the lower rank in right Angles and the upper rowe of Fibres are drawn out the whole length of the Guts in parallel lines.

The Second rank of carnous Fibres, * 1.1342 placed in the lower Surface of the Se∣cond Tunicle, are Circular, encompassing the lower region of the middle Coat of the Intestines, and do implant themselves into the Mesentery, to which they are subservient, as in the stead of a Tendon.

The use of the two ranks of Fibres, * 1.1343 seated in the middle coat of the In∣testines is to protrude the Chyle into the extreamities of the lacteal Vessels, and the gross Excrements up and down the Intestines, till they are thrown out of the Body, by the peristaltick motion of the Guts, which I conceive to be thus performed. The upper rank of fleshy Fibres, contracting the Intestines long-ways; and the Second rowe circularly, do so narrow their Cavities, by moving little after little successively; that they press the Contents of the Guts (from one part of them to another) which beginning to move immediately above the Excrements, do force them to make their progress step by step, backward and forward, according to the circumvolutions of the Guts, till they arrive their utmost limits

The Third Tunicle of the Intestines is nervous, * 1.1344 as framed of divers ner∣vous Filaments, running several ways, and so rarely conjoyned, that they seem to make one entire substance; this Coat is contracted into many folds and wrinkles, caused by its great length, in which it far exceedeth those of the upper and middle Coats; wherefore the lowest Tunicle, that it may comply with the Superior, is folded up into many wrinkles.

This nervous Coat is adorned with numerous capillary Arteries, * 1.1345 Veins and nervous Fibrils, receiving the E••treamities of the lacteal and other Vessels, and is invested with the same villous Coat, common to the interior Coat of the Stomach and Intestines.

This Coat is also accommodated with many minute Glands and Nerves, springing out of the intercostal Branches, and Par vagum, so that a Liquor Distilleth out of the terminations of the nervous Fibres, inserted into the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach, (so called, as beset with many Glands) in whose Cavity it is first mixed with the Chyle, whose purer parts being de∣faecated from its Recrements, is afterward transmitted into the Cavity of the Intestines, and there embodieth with a new access of fine Juyce, dropping

out of the terminations of the Nerves, * 1.1346 and the thin Recrements of the nervous Liquor (being thrown off by a secretion, made in the Body of the Glands,) is carried back by the lymphaeducts into the common Receptacle.

The Intestines also being membranous parts, have a Parenchyma, as well as the Viscera and Muscles, though much different from this, which are some Red sanguineous Particles, accreted, and conjoined to the Sides of the Blood-Vessels, but the Parenchyma of the Guts, being somewhat White and Sper∣matick, is made originally of the more viscid part of seminal Liquor, and supplied afterward by nervous Juyce, coagulated and united to, and filling up the Interstices of the nervous Filaments, making up great part of the substance, * 1.1347 relating to the Intestines; whereupon the Coats of the Guts, con∣sisting of numerous Filaments, running several ways, in long transverse and oblique positions, one above another, must necessarily contract divers uneven∣nesses, which are rendred plain in their first formation, by the insinuation of seminal concreted Particles (filling up the spaces of the Filaments), by which they are so closely Caemented to each other, that they seem to make one uni∣form entire Compage.

An instance may be given somewhat to this purpose, in Linnen or Wool∣len Cloth, although they seem to be thick, yet wet, will quickly soak through them, unless the Interstices of the Threads be filled up with some unctuous Matter, as in Oiled Coats, and Drap de Bury, which keep out Rain, as their empty spaces (interceding the threds of the Cloth) are stuffed with Oil, or other clammy matter.

Wherefore it is requisite, after a manner, that the Interstices of the Fila∣ments, relating to the Intestines, should be stuffed with some viscid concre∣ted Liquor, rendring them capable to contain liquid substances, which else would easily penetrate the substance of the Intestines, were they not lined with a Parenchyma, a necessary Ingredient, contributing to the integrity of the Guts, to render them whole, where they are naturally perforated by the extreamities of lacteal, and Blood Vessels, as well as nervous Fibrils.

Again, * 1.1348 Membranes of the Stomach, and Intestines, as well as the Muscular parts, are subject to Emaciation in hectick Fevers, and persons grow more plump in nervous parts, when they are rendred more Fat; Whereupon we may be induced with good reason to believe, that the intervals of the Fibres are filled up with nervous accretions in good Habits of Body, making the Membranes of the Intestines and Ventricle more thick, and on the other side, in Consumptions and Atrophies, the nervous accretions being colliquated by the unkindly Heat of a Hectick Fever, the Filaments are despoiled of their Pa∣renchyma, and grow thin and naked.

It may be plainly evinced by this Argument, that the Filaments of the Intestines are thickned by the interposition of concreted Nervous Liquor (adhering to the side of Nervous Fibres) which may be much lessened, being long macerated in cold Water, and scraped away with a Bone, or Wooden Knife, which being often used, will make the substance of the In∣testines much thinner; which is frequently experimented by those Mecha∣nicks, that make Musical Strings of Guts, in which their strength and tough∣ness is little or nothing impaired, which consisteth in the Nervous Filaments, which are capable of great Tension (when bereaved of their Parenchyma) before they will suffer a Laceration, which cannot be effected without great violence: Whence it may be inferred with good reason, that the strength of the Filaments (which are the main ingredients in the formation of the Inte∣stines

and other Membranes) do not depend upon the Parenchyma, filling up the Intervals, and covering the Nervous Fibres, because they retain the same strength, when the Intestines grow thin, as denuded of their Nervous Accretions, formerly stuffing up the Interstices of their Filaments.

The Guts are not only filled up in the empty spaces of their Nervous Fi∣bres, with Nervous Accretions, * 1.1349 but faced too on the outside with concreted oily Particles, commonly called Fat, and lined in the inside with Mucous Matter; which Lindenius will have to be the more viscid part of the Chyle, to render the inside of the Intestines slippery, in order to the more easie eva∣cuation of grosser Excrements. Learned Maebius is of an Opinion, That this Mucous Matter is generated of cold and clammy Victuals, and chiefly in Old Age, proceeding from a weak Concoction; by which, saith he, the the Intestines are so overcharged with this gross Pituitous Matter (that it ob∣structeth the distribution of Chyle) which being endued with Saline Acri∣mony, speaketh a high torture to the Bowels.

Whereupon great Galen, to alleviate high Cholick pains, * 1.1350 advised a Cly∣ster to be Injected, prepared with Oyl of Rue, which was crowned with good success, by throwing off by Stool, a large quantity of Mucous Matter, giving a speedy Alleviation to the Patient, in reference to Pain.

An ancient Matron, being discomposed a long time with a dejected Ap∣petite, whence she took little Aliment, and fell into a great decay of the Muscular parts, attended with a constant motion of the Intestines (making attempts perpetually to discharge their troublesome Guests) which might be clearly seen outwardly in the moving surface of the Abdomen, which was ta∣ken off by Purgative Draughts, and Clysters, making free Evacuations of this clammy concreted Matter (resembling the Spawn of Frogs) accom∣panied with a great company of small Worms, whereupon she was perfect∣ly restored to her Health and Appetite.

Fernelius giveth a Memorable Instance of a Disease (proceeding from gross flegmatick concreted Matter lining the Guts) in an Ambassador of Charles the Fifth, * 1.1351 who being highly discomposed in his Bowels for the space of Six Years, was happily relieved by the application of a sharp Clyster, throwing off a hard concreted substance a Foot long, perforated in the middle, resem∣bling a part of the Intestine; and in truth, as I humbly conceive, was no∣thing else but the Mucous Matter indurated, by its long stay in the Guts.

Another Instance of this Disease, may be given in most Renowned Lipsius, (set forth in the Life of Learned Heurnius) who voided by Stool, upon the the application of proper Medicines, a congealed Matter, rendred Con∣cave by the passage of Excrements; this concreted substance lineth the In∣testines.

Now my aim is to satisfie the desires of the curious Reader, how, * 1.1352 and from whence this Mucous lining of the Guts is propagated: Some apprehend, it taketh its rise from gross Flegm, floating up and down the Cavity of the In∣testines; which lieth under this difficulty, as being in Motion, will be apt to associate with gross Excrements, and so be carried out of the Body. But grant this Mucous Matter should tarry some time within the capacity of the Guts, yet it will be difficult, to conceive how this restless Matter should fix and equally line the insides of the Guts, which is very Conspicuous to those, that have curiously surveyed the inward parts of the Bowels. And therefore a farther Inquisition is to be made, who the inward surface of the Guts may be equally overspread with this unctuous Lining.

Whereupon, * 1.1353 I humbly conceive it more satisfactory, that this viscid Robe of the Intestines, is derived from Blood, whose gross useless Faeces are severed from the Purple Liquor in the Parenchyma of the Bowels, beset with Minute Glands, and thence disburdened by the Extreamities of the Mesenteric Arteries, inserted into the inward Coat of the Guts, garnished with numerous Terminations of Capillary, spuing out this Pituitous Matter; which being of a glutinous nature, easily adhereth to the inside of the Guts, till its Exuberant quantity proves burdensome to Nature, and excites the ten∣der frame of the Intestines, which being of an acute sense, is easily pro∣voked to Contract its Long and Circular Fibres, to eject this importunate Matter.

Dr. * 1.1354 Glysson giveth his Opinion, relating to the use of this Pituitous Mat∣ter, investing the inward Region of the Guts, which being soft and tender, is easily offended with Acid, Saline, and Bilious Particles, of Pancreatick and Bilious Recrements ejected out the Pancreas, and lives by their proper Ex∣cretory Ducts, into the Cavity of the Intestines. Wherefore Nature hath most prudently consulted the ease and advantage of the Bowels, in securing them from the Assaults, and Discomposures that may arise from the Acrimo∣ny of ill Humours; which is prevented by lining the soft and naked frame of the inside (relating to the Guts) with a clammy and viscid Matter, that gi∣veth a stop and resistance to the offensive Recrements, lest they should gaul the tender Compage of the Intestines, made up of numerous Minute Fibrils, endued with most exquisite Sense.

Although the Guts, from the Stomach to the Anus, are one continued Body, yet they have several Denominations, as they differ in Thickness, Figure, Magnitude, and variety of Office, whereupon they are distinguish∣ed from each other; the first are commonly divided into small and greater Intestines: The smaller are the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileon.

The first taketh its rise in the inside, at the end of the Pylorus (where it Terminates in a Sphyncter Muscle) and maketh its progress without any Gyre to the inflection of the Jejunum; it beginneth at the right Orifice of the Stomach, from which it passeth downward, inclining toward the right Kidney, and is fastned to the broader part of the Pancreas, and conjoyned by thin Membranes to the Vertebres of the Loins, and passeth downward, and endeth at the Jejunum; which is distinguished from the Duodenum, by the origination of the Gyres relating to the Intestines: This Gut is not affix∣ed to the Mesentery, but Caul, by whose mediation it is preserved in its pro∣per station.

The Duodenum differeth from the Jejunum, * 1.1355 because it hath no Circumvo∣lution, and is supported not by the interposition of the Mesentery, but Caul, by whose mediation the Duodenum receiveth its Vessels: Furthermore, it is distinguished from the Jejunum, by reason the Hepatick, and Pancreatick Ducts, are inserted (as I humbly conceive) into the Termination of the Duodenum, and not into the beginning of the Jejunum, as some Anatomists will have it; by reason these Excretory Ducts are implanted into the Guts, before they are formed into any Circumvolution.

The Duodenum in divers Fish, * 1.1356 is dressed on both sides with many Intesti∣nula Caeca, which are Membranous Appendages (affixed to the Origen of the Intestines) beginning in more large Cavities, and Terminating into Cones. The Orifices of these short Guts are so many Perforations of the Duodenum, by which they receive the Alimentary Humour, extracted in the Stomach, and conveyed from thence into the Origination of the Intestines,

and so into the Intestinula Caeca, as so many Receptacles of Chyle, to give it a farther Concoction (produced by Fermentative Liquor destilling out of Minute Glands) and afterwards it is returned into the Origen of the Guts, to receive greater degrees of perfection, before it is received into the La∣cteal Ducts.

The second Gut is stiled Jejunum, by reason of its emptiness, * 1.1357 as being void of any Contents: But this is not a mark to distinguish it from the other In∣testines, because if an Animal be Opened not long after it hath received Ali∣ment, this Gut will not be found empty, though not so full as the Ileon; which having many Circumvolutions, doth longer retain its Contents then the Jejunum, which is a much shorter Gut, and hath fewer Gyres.

This Intestine is twelve or thirteen Handfuls long, * 1.1358 furnished with various Maeanders, and is seated under the Pancreas in the Region of the Navil, in∣clining toward the left side, and is perforated in many places with fruitful Milky Vessels, and is the Receptacle of divers Ferments, of the Pancreatick and Bilious Liquor, destilling out of the Hepatick and Pancreatick Ducts, first into the Termination of the Duodenum, and then into the Jejunum, in which they do both refine the crude Chyle, and extract the residue of Alimen∣tary Liquor out of the Contents, Transmitted out of the Stomach into the Intestines.

The third and last small Gut, is called Ileon, and Volvulus, * 1.1359 from the mul∣titude of Circumvolutions, and hath its situation under the Navil, to the regions of the Ilia and Coxae; and doth very much exceed the former Guts in length, being about Twenty two Handfuls long, and is somewhat straight, and reddish in its Origen.

This Intestine differeth from the Jejunum, and Duodenum, in reference to the thinness of its Coats, and hath fewer Arteries and Veins then the Jejunum, which is hued with a more red Colour then the Ileon, by reason of a greater plenty of Blood, is received into the Jejunum, whose Vessels pass in Trans∣verse postures, and those of the Ileon in oblique manner, by reason in their dispensation, they follow a position of the folds of the inward Coat.

Furthermore, the inward Coat of the Jejunum, * 1.1360 is different from that of the Ileon, in relation to its multitude of more conspicuous Folds, by reason (as Doctor Glysson asserteth) the inward doth very much exceed the out∣ward Coat in length: So that it is necessary to contract it self into numerous Transverse and Annular Folds, which indeed are half Valves † 1.1361, and turn somewhat Oblique near the beginning of the Ileon, in which the Plicatures, or Valves, grow more Oblique, and are placed at a greater distance from each other, as they more and more approach the Termination of the Ileon; the Connivent Valves, seated in the Origen, and middle of the Jejunum, are not half an Inch, but those of the Ileon, are a whole Inch distant from each other.

It may be some curious Person may desire a Reason, * 1.1362 why Nature (who hath instituted all things in great Wisdom) hath formed the Valves of the Jejunum Transverse, and more near each other; which (I conceive) is to confine the more thin parts of the Chyle within its Circular embraces, and thence the more readily to Transmit it into the Extreamities of Lacteal Veins; and the Semivalves of the Ileon are more Oblique, and remote from each other, because the more Fluid Particles of the Alimentary Liquor be∣ing received into the Orifices of the Lacteae, seated in the Jejunum (the more gross descending into the Ileon) may receive a stop in its Connivent Valves, in order to a greater refinement, produced by the Ferments, flowing from

the Iliack Glands, through the Pores of the inward Coat, into the Cavity of this Intestine.

The Ileon and Jejunum, have many Connivent Valves † 1.1363, which appear in the Exterior Coat, * 1.1364 but truly arise out of the inward Tunicles (which are very conspicuous in the opening of the Intestines) to which these arch∣ed Prominencies are affixed, and do only encompass one Mediety of the Jejunum, Ileon, and Colon, whereby the half of these Guts are Contracted, and the other left open and free; whereupon the Excrements and Chyme are confined in one part, and may readily pass in the other.

The great Intestines, * 1.1365 are called vulgarly Intestina Crassa, but in truth have thinner Coats then the Jejunum; two of them, the Colon and Rectum, have greater Bores, and the Caecum † 1.1366 hath the least of all, and is so called, by reason this Gut hath but one Orifice, seated in its beginning, and is shut up in its Termination, which is made in a Cone, and is situated about the Cavity of the Os Ilei (in the right side) to which it is affixed with a Mem∣branous Connexion; it deriveth its Origen from the right side of the Colon, (to which it is continued) about its beginning, or the Termination of the Ileon; it is largest in its first rise out of the Cavity of the Colon, and grow∣eth afterward much smaller, somewhat resembling a Worm in shape and size † 1.1367. In a Woman lately Dissected, in the Colledg Theatre, it appeared five or six Inches long, and an Inch and an half wide at the least. In Horses, Indian Hogs, Cunneys, it hath a very much greater Bore and length, then in Man; it is endued with Spiral Fibres in a Cunney, and many Cells are found in a Monkey (much resembling those of the Colon) which were formed by a Ligament (running in the middle, * 1.1368 the whole length of the Caecum) which straightned the Gut into many Cells, as so many Allodg∣ments of Faeces, till the Alimentary Liquor was wholly Extracted, before they were discharged this short Gut, and the other more large and long In∣testines.

The Caecum is single in Man, * 1.1369 and other most perfect Animals, but double in Swans, Cranes, Ducks, and most Birds, in which the Caecum is situated in its Origen, near the Termination of the Guts, and ascendeth many Inches in length, on each side of the Intestines.

The bigness of the Caecum in Man, * 1.1370 is the least of Animals, and doth not much exceed the body of a large Worm; which I conceive, proceedeth from the delicate Meat Man feedeth upon, which is small in Quantity, and great in Vertue, and thereupon may be contained in a smaller Cavity of this Intestine: But in Horses, Cunnys, Guiny Pigs, and the like, whose Diet is more mean (as Doctor Glysson hath well observed) a greater quantity of Aliment is required, for the production of a sufficient proportion of Ali∣mentary Liquor, greater Receptacles are instituted by Nature, which are much Contracted upon the alteration of Diet, as is most clear in Race-Horses, which being fed with the slender Diet of Oats, * 1.1371 Bean Bread, and Straw, have their Bellys, the Caecum, and other Guts, very much lessened, which are much enlarged upon the eating of Grass, Hay, &c. Whence it may be reasonably deduced, That if a Man should feed upon several sorts of Herbs, and the like, as he did by Gods Command before the Flood, his Caecum (and other Intestines) would be endued with far greater Dimen∣sions, to the extent of the Colon, which is little less in an Embryo.

Perhaps (as I humbly conceive) another cause of the smalness of the Caecum in Man, * 1.1372 may proceed from the delicate Food with which he is nou∣rished, and is for the most part digested before it arriveth the Caecum, in which

it needeth no stay for a farther Concoction; but Brutes, who Treat themselves largely with store of Provision, of little nourishment, have occasion to make use of a large Caecum, as a kind of Ventricle, to lodge Aliment, till it is far∣ther Digested

This Gut, though small in bulk, yet may have its use too, * 1.1373 as well as the other Intestines in Man, as it farthereth the distribution of Chyle in the Colon, and to give a check to the return of the Excrements into the Ileon, which would speak a great disturbance to Nature; when the Colon, by reason of its long and orbicular contracted Fibres, doth force the Contents in it to a∣scend the Caecum, by reason of its large Orifice, continued to the Colon, which doth entertain some part of the Chyle, and Excrements for a time, and afterward dischargeth them into the Colon.

The Second of the Guts, (called vulgarly, * 1.1374 the Intestina crassa) is the Co∣lon, which taketh its rise about the Rib of the Os Ilium, (to which it is Con∣nected,) and is continued in its beginning, both to the Ileon and Caecum, but more directly to the last, by reason the Ileon maketh its progress cross the lower region of the Colon; so that its Right side is conjoyned to the Caecum, and its Left to the Colon; but the Coats of the Caecum, are so united to those of the Colon, that they make one continued Body; and here an Objection may be raised, Whether the protuberance of the Colon interceding its Valve, and the slender Vermiform process, appertaineth to the Caecum, or to the Co∣lon, which seemeth to relate more properly to the Caecum; otherways this Intestine could not be continued immediately to the Ileon, because the Colon being interposed, would challenge the next place to the Ileon, and be called the first of the Intestina Crassa, which opposeth the whole current of Ana∣tomists; and moreover, as Dr. Glysson hath observed, unless this Prominence be referred to the parts of the Caecum, the Valve of the Colon will not be the boundary, distinguishing the Caecum from the Colon.

This Gut climbing up from its Origen, † 1.1375 taketh its course first to the spine of the Ileon, and thence up the Right Side, to the region of the Right Kid∣ney, to which it is fastened by the interposition of a Membrane, and after∣ward ascendeth, and passeth under the Margent of the Liver, and Bladder of Gaul, and then creepeth under the bottom of the Stomach † 1.1376 to which it is tied by the anterior leaf of the Caul, and by its posterior Leaf to the Pan∣creas and Loins, and presently after arriving the lower margent of the Spleen † 1.1377 is fastened to it, and then passing more downward is connected by Fi∣bres, to the Left Kidney, from whence it creepeth through the Left Groin into the Pelvis, and doth embrace the bottom of the Bladder, all its length, and afterward climbing up the Right Groine, and ascendeth near the place where it took its rise, and thence returning toward the Left, doth pass be∣tween the Ileon and the Spine of the Back, till it arrive the upper part of the Os Sacrum, and afterward is conjoyned to the Intestinum rectum.

In the beginning of the Colon is seated a thick and strong Valve, which is wisely instituted by Nature to intercept the recourse of the Excrements into the Ileon; there are various opinions about its structure. Archangelus affirmeth that it is treble, and it is conceived by most, that it is only single; but it may be easily seen upon opening the Colon, that it is not only closed in its Origen with one round, but with two Membranes, resembling the Valves of the Veins.

The Colon taketh its beginning from the termination of the Ileon in the Right Side, and is there principally distinguished into many Cells, † 1.1378 made by a ligament † 1.1379 passing in length all along the anterior Surface of this Gut,

which being shorter then the Coats, contracteth them into many great and smaller Cells, as so many several receptacles of Excrements, till the alimen∣tary Liquor is extracted and received into the Lacteae; this Gut maketh its progress sometimes in large Cavities, and then groweth Contracted again into many small Necks, to give a stop to the over-hasty motion of the Faeces.

The Colon ascendeth in Gyres, till it almost reacheth the skirts of the Li∣ver, and then passeth transversely, under the base of the Ventricle (in ma∣ny short circumvolutions, to the Left Side,) and then making a short double or turn near the Pancreas, tendeth to the Spleen and Kidney, where it is formed into short circumflexures, resembling the Letter S. and then go∣eth farther down the Left Side, in greater Circumvolutions, divided from each other by narrow passages. This Gut hath a ligament † 1.1380 about the Breadth of the little finger, passing in the middle of the upper Surface, all along from the Caecum to the termination of the Colon, in which, divers ranks of serous Valves are situated.

This Gut is furnished with numerous Semi-valves † 1.1381 which are membra∣nous appendages, affixed to the inward Coat of the Colon, making, as it were, a kind of Semicircles, causing many asperities in the inward Surface of this Intestine, for some part, and the rest is left plain, for the more ea∣sie transmission of Excrements. These Valves are called by Kercringius, Conniventes † 1.1382 by reason they do not wholly encircle the inward Surface of this Intestine, * 1.1383 in which they are greater then in the Jejunum; and every where observe this order, that some incline toward the Ileon, while others descend towards the rectum, and by degrees, grow less and less, and after∣ward do wholly disappear.

If any man be ambitious to inspect these great Curiosities of Nature, or∣dained for great uses; it may be best performed by the gentle inflation of the Gut, wherein a moderate-Tension is made; upon which the Tunicles of the Intestine growing thin, the Connivent Valves may be more clearly seen through the Coats of the Colon, Ileon, and Jejunum.

The Colon is about Seven Foot in length, * 1.1384 and immureth the small Guts within its embraces, both above, below, and laterally, that they may the better resent the Compression of the abdominal Muscles in the expulsion of Excrements, and being tied in its beginning to the Kidney, and by the up∣per Coat of the Caul, to the bottom of the Stomach, and by the hinder, to the Pancreas and Loins, and to the skirts of the Spleen, and Left Kidney, doth keep the Jejunum and Ilia in their proper Seats.

The last of the great Guts is denominated Rectum, * 1.1385 by reason of its straight progress, which taketh its Origen about the first Vertiber of the Os Sacrum, and descendeth through the Pelvis to the Anus, where it terminateth; and is ten de∣grees shorter then the Colon, but much thicker in its Coats; whereupon, and as being Carnous and Fat, it is thought to be delicious Meat, though its whole Office is mean, being destined to the Entertainment of gross Excrements.

The Intestinum rectum is fastened to the Os sacrum and Coccyx by the inter∣position of the Peritonaeum, * 1.1386 in Men, to the Root of the Penis; and in Wo∣men to the Uterus, by the mediation of its Muscular substance, whence these various parts are affected with a mutual Consent.

This Gut endeth in the Anus, where it is furnished with a Sphyncter Muscle, (annexed to the lower Margent of the Os Sacrum,) dressed with many an∣nular Fibres, which being contracted, do purse up the perforation of the Anus, thereby giving a stop to the involuntary exclusion of gross and flatulent Ex∣crements;

and beside the Sphyncter, may be found some semilunary Valves which do not exactly close up the Anus, and do not touch each other, ex∣cept when the Anus is shut up by the Sphyncter; these semilunary Valves, may be more clearly seen in Dogs and Cats then Men.

This Intestine is also accommodated with two other Muscles beside the Sphyncter, named Levatores Ani, which are derived from the Os Coxendicis, * 1.1387 and the ligament of the Os Sacrum, which is ordained by nature, to keep the Intestinum rectum in its due place, and to reduce it, when it is forced down by a violent expulsion of hard and gross Excrements, or when relax∣ed by some great indisposition.

The Rectum goeth in a straight course from its Origen, * 1.1388 to its utmost extreamity, from the sixth Joynt of the Os Sacrum to the Anus, without any circumvolution, by reason it is not destined for a long stay of Excre∣ments; whereupon it is destitute of the ligament, making Connivent Valves, which would give a check to the passage of the Faeces.

The Guts are Enamelled with divers Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, * 1.1389 and lacteal Tubes.

The Arteries and Veins relating to the Intestines, are the Caeliac, * 1.1390 the upper and lower Me senteric Branches, and the Haemorrhoidal.

The Caeliack Artery is a very eminent Branch, springing out of the descen∣dent Trunk of the Aorta, little above the Midriffe, which is principally or∣dained by Nature for the Stomach, * 1.1391 whence it receiveth its denomination of Caeliack 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a Ventriculo; and when this Artery hath imparted its Branches to the Stomach, Liver, Bladder of Gall, and Caul; it communica∣teth also many divarications to the Duodenumr to the Origen of the Jeju∣num, and some part of the Colon; to all which Guts, Veins, * 1.1392 (associating with the Caeliack Artery, and arising out of the ascending Trunk of the Cava) are derived in fruitful ramifications, which return the Blood by the Porta into the Cava; and thence to the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart.

The upper Mesenterick Artery, * 1.1393 sprouting out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, a little below the Caeliack, doth adorn with numerous ramu∣lets, the Jejunum, Ileon, and that part of the Colon which passeth from the Concave surface of the Liver, to the Right Kidney. And afterward the Veins, associates of the upper Mesenterick Artery, do reconvey the vital by the Porta, lodged in the Liver, where the Blood is depurated from its bilious Faeces, before it is received into the numerous Extreamities of the Cava.

In the anterior parts of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, * 1.1394 before it is di∣vided into the Iliac Branches, ariseth the lower Mesenterick Artery, near the Os Sacrum, and is dispersed into the Colon (seated in the Left Side) and into the Intestinum rectum, from its Origen to the Anus.

The lower Mesenterick Veins, every where accompanying the Arteries, do return the Blood toward the greater Branches of Veins, and Right Ven∣tricle of the Heart, to make good the circulation of the Purple Liquor.

The lower Mesenterick (Artery being dispersed in numerous Branches in∣to the Intestinum rectum, make the Internal Haemorrhoidal Arteries, * 1.1395 and are ac∣companied in the same Gut with fruitful devarications of Veins, which being opened by the application of Leeches, to the margent of the Anus, the Spleen, Kidneys, and Mesentery, are very much freed from gross Humours embodied with the Blood; * 1.1396 because the internal Haemorrhoidal Vessels do arise out of the Trunk of Blood-vessels, a little below the Splenick and emulgent Branches: and so may divert the Blood in its course, down the Descendent Trunk, into the lower Mesenterick and Haemorrhoidal Vessels, whose terminations being

opened by Nature, and the Blood being freely evacuated by Stool, doth cure many Diseases, which do proceed from the suppression of its wonted eva∣cuation, of which case, Hypocrates giveth an account in his Sixth Section, and Twelfth Aphorisme; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. If a long flux of Blood by the Haemorrhoides be cured, * 1.1397 unless one vein be kept open, there is danger of an ensuing Dropsie or Consumption, that is if the noisom humours be suppressed, which nature is accustomed to discharge by the lower Mesenterick Artery, called the internal Haemorrhoi∣dal; then the ill mass of Blood being transmitted by the Porta into the Liver, doth pervert its Crasis, and beget an Ascitis.

Or if a natural evacuation of ill Blood, be stopped by Astringent Medi∣cines, in the external Haemorrhoidal Artery, arising out of the Hypogastrick Branch, the Blood hath a recourse by the external Haemorrhoidal Vein, and by the Ascendent Trunk of the Cava, and right Ventricle of the Heart, in∣to the Pulmonary Artery and Parenchyma of the Lungs, whereupon the Blood consisting of saline and acid Particles, doth easily Corrode the tender Compage of the Lungs, and produce an Ulcer, often determining in Death.

The Guts are not only endued with Arteries and Veins, * 1.1398 but Nerves too, as they are fine Contextures of most acute Sense, integrated of numerous Filaments curiously interwoven, which are derived from the eight pair of Nerves, anciently called the Sixt, and Par Vagum, and from the intercostal Branch of Nerves, constituting the middle Mesenterick Plex; which Doctor Willis resembleth to the Sun, sending forth various Fibrils, as so many Rays, into all regions of the Intestines.

The Guts do all claim a share in the origens of the Lacteal Vessels, * 1.1399 of which some are rooted in the Duodenum, and very many in the Jejunum, Ileon, Colon, and some few in the Rectum; all which Guts are perforated by the Lacteae into their Cavities, through which they receive the Alimen∣tary Liquor (when it is extracted and separated from the Faeces) and first convey it to the Glands of the Mesentery, and afterward to the common Receptacle.

Great variety of Glands may be discovered in the Intestines, * 1.1400 as Learned Doctor Grew hath well observed, and after him, industrious Pejerus; some few small Glands are seated in the Duodenum and Jejunum, and many more, and greater toward the Extreamity of the Ileon; near the great Guts, in the Coecum, Rectum, and Colon, may be found some Glands, about the bigness of Lentils. And in all the Guts, we discerned some Glands in a Woman lately Dissected in the Colledg Theatre; and these have been seen in the Guts of Beasts, Oxen, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Fowls, and Insects, as Crass-Hoppers; of which Learned Malpigheus, giveth an account in his Book de Bombyce.

In Oxen, * 1.1401 holes may be seen in the inward Coat of the Intestines, which are the Extreamities of Excretory Ducts, coming from the Glands of the Guts, out of which a clammy Liquor may be squeezed into their Cavity, or∣dered by Nature as a Ferment, conducive to the extraction of Nutricious Liquor in the Intestines.

CHAP. XXXV. The Guts of Beasts.

I Am a great Servant to Comparative Anatomy, which hath cost me a great deal of Time, and Money, in the procurement of various Animals, which I have opened with great Pains and Care, and inspected their inward Recesses, as God's wonderful Works, which if viewed, will read us many Lectures of His Wisdom and Goodness, wherein we may see, admire, and adore the most Powerful Hand of the Omnipotent Archytect, who hath Created all things for our use and instruction, to pay him the most humble duty of our Thanks, as the great Author and Fountain of all our Blessings, and to teach us to improve them in His Service, to His Glory.

Comparative Anatomy is of great moment, * 1.1402 that in seeing the variety of Parts, and their Structure in other Animals, how they hold Analogy, and differ from the Body of Man; we may more clearly discover the Uses and Functions of our own Body, by reason divers most Curious and Minute parts being less visible in one, may be more clearly discerned in the greater bodies of other Animals.

My province at this time, is to Treat of the Intestines of Beasts, * 1.1403 which in a Camel, are worth our remark: The Duodenum, or first Gut, confin∣ing on the Termination of the fourth Ventricle, is of an ordinary greatness, and short in length, being about five or six Foot long; as the Parisians have well observed. The second Intestine, which is rare in other Animals, is fur∣nished with many Cells and Folds, made by a Ligament passing the middle of the upper Region of the Gut, contracting it into many hollow Spaces, as so many Apartiments of gross Excrements, till the Aliment is in some part extracted and distributed into the Milky Vessels; this Gut is of a moderate Bore, and much longer then the other, being twenty Foot in length. The third is much larger in its Cavity, and shorter in Extent, being not above ten Foot in length. The fourth is the least of all, whose smalness of Bore is Compensated by its great length, being Fifty six Foot in length.

A Lion Dissected by Dr. Thomas Bartholine, * 1.1404 had his greater Guts (full of black moist Excrements) covering the whole Circumference of the Abdo∣men, in two great Circumvolutions. They were very small, which I saw in an Emaciated Lion (Dissected by Learned Doctor Edward Tyson, and Doctor Slaar) which had few or no gross Excrements in its Bowels; all the Intestines of a Lion are twenty Foot in length, of which the Colon is the most eminent.

The Intestines of a Tygre are few, and have few Circumvolutions, * 1.1405 whose great Guts are wholly destitute of Cells; whereupon this Animal hath fre∣quent ejection of gross Excrements, as having no Cells to give a stop to the over-hasty motion of the Faeces.

The Guts in a Bear, Hedghog, and others, are of the same bigness, * 1.1406 and do not admit the division of small and great Intestines, which are found in most perfect Animals. The Jejunum and Ileon in an African Goat, are ac∣commodated with many small Cells, in which the Colon, or greater Gut, is defective, which is supplied by the Cells of the smaller Intestines.

The Guts of a Porcupine, * 1.1407 have variety of Dimensions, now and then enlarged, and sometimes more narrow and Contracted, as useful for the de∣taining of Excrements.

The Duodenum in an Ape, * 1.1408 is somewhat inclining from the Pylorus, toward the right Kidney, and the adjacent Origen of the Colon, the extream part of the Ileum near the Caecum, for two inches was stuffed with gross Excrements. the Ileon had many short Circumvolutions, which I clearly saw in an Ape, lately Dissected in the Colledg Theatre. The Coecum in its Extreamity, covereth some part of the Muscle, called Psoas: And the Colon is fastned to the Rim of the Belly and Kidney, and to the first of the small Guts, and from thence is carried as in the Body of Man under the Skirts of the Liver, and bottom of the Stomach, and is then bent toward the left Kidney, where it is small and contracted into many Cells, after many Circumvolutions far greater then those of Dogs, and after terminates into the Rectum.

The Coecum of a Hare, * 1.1409 is of a very great length, and three or four inches in a Cunney, furnished with Spiral Fibres; it is not discernible in a Lion, as being of the same bigness with the other great Guts, but by a small passage leading into it.

The Coecum of a Castor springeth out of the left side of the Colon, * 1.1410 diffe∣rent from that of Man, and most other Animals, whose Origen is derived from the right side of the Colon; the Coecum in a Castor is very large near the Colon, and is a Dutch Ell long, and is often filled with Excrements, and re∣sembleth a kind of Stomach, where it is thus distended, and endeth in small Dimensions, not exceeding the bigness of the little Finger.

The Coecum of an Indian Mouse, is four times as large as its Stomach, and in a Dog also is very large, being substituted by Nature, as I conceive, to make good the defect of the Colon, in being a Receptacle of gross Excrements; this Gut cannot be found in an Otter.

A Civet Cat hath no Valve in the Colon, but only a hard Circle which sup∣plieth its place: The Colon of a Man and Ape, and many other Creatures, are endued with many Cells; whereupon a Dog having his great Gut desti∣tute of all Cells, may be truly said to have no Colon.

CHAP. XXXVI. The Guts of Birds.

THe Guts of an Eagle, * 1.1411 are somewhat larger in their beginnings then they are lower, and toward their Termination: The Duodenum is perforated in divers places, viz. with one Hepatick, two Pancreatick, and a Cystick Duct, which are seated in this order. First, The Hepatick leadeth the Van, pierceth the Guts about three Spans below the Pylorus: The two Pancreatick Ducts, by reason of divers Circumvolutions of the Intestines, seem to be inserted into them, not far from the place of the Hepatick: And last of all, the Cystick Duct is implanted into the Guts; and in fine, all these Ducts are inserted into them, not above a Fingers breadth from each other.

There appeareth no footstep of any Valve in the Colon, belonging to this Bird, which hath a double Caecum (arising out of each side the Gut, near the Intestinum Rectum) and are very small, and short, not exceeding a Fin∣gers breadth in length.

The Intestines of a Swan are very long (covered with much Fat, * 1.1412 which Nature seemeth to have instituted in stead of a Caul) and have but few Gyres, and are reflected with a single middle Wreath, making a Revolu∣tion into it self: This Bird hath two Intestina Caeca, appendant to the sides of the Intestinum Rectum.

The Guts in a Crane, being tied to the Mesentery in straight Lines, * 1.1413 (which seem to make so many Rays) and are longer and shorter, as they succeed each other.

A Hawk, called a Castrel, hath no Intestina Caeca, * 1.1414 appendant to the ori∣gen of the Rectum, as in most Birds, to give a check to the passage of Ex∣crements, which is the reason (as I conceive) that this Hawk hath frequent mutings.

A Pidgeon hath various Circumvolutions in its Guts, * 1.1415 and two Intestina Caeca, (annexed to the Intestinum Rectum) which ascend up like two Worms, leaning upon the sides of the Ileon.

The Guts in a Brand-Goose, as well as in other Birds, * 1.1416 begin in the lower region of the Gizard, and wheel for a little space † 1.1417, and then pass a little way almost in a straight Course, and afterward are curled into many small Gyres, encircling each other, and afterward make three or four long Cir∣cumvolutions seated in the right side, and encompass many lesser ones in the left side, where the Gyres of the Intestines appear much shorter then in the right. The Intestina Caeca †, in this Bird, arise out of each side of the Intestinum Rectum, and climb up on each side of the great Gut for a good space; the left blind Gut endeth in a straight Line, and the right terminates into an Arch.

The Intestines of a Curlue, have five Circumvolutions † 1.1418, * 1.1419 running in the manner of Arches, which are delightful to behold: The origen of the first Gut, ariseth near the lower region of the Gizard, inclining toward the left side, and then climbeth over the Gulet in form of an Arch, and afterward passeth under the Gizard. This Bird hath two Intestina Caeca's, as in other

Fowls, the one ariseth out of the left side of the Colon, near its Terminati∣on, or rather about the beginning of the Intestinum Rectum; the other In∣testinum Caecum sprouteth out of the end of the Colon, or the origen of the Intestinum Rectum (in the right side) which hath its beginning in smaller Demensions, and afterward enlargeth it self, and endeth much broader.

The Guts of a Heron, * 1.1420 do very little exceed each other in greatness, ex∣cept the Intestinum Rectum, which is somewhat larger then the rest: The Intestines in this Fowl, sport themselves in various Maeanders, contrary to the vulgar Opinion, that it hath but one straight Gut; about the origen of the Intestinum Rectum, is a Membranous round Process, which I conceive to be the Caecum, and about the Termination of the last Gut, where the Cloaca is seated, may be seen a Circular Valve, which hindreth the ascent of the Excrements into the Guts.

The Intestines of a Snipe † 1.1421, * 1.1422 begin in the lower part of the Gizard, and in∣cline toward the right side, and afterward descend, wheeling toward the left, and have five Circumvolutions, running in greater or lesser Arches. The first Gut in this Fowl is the greatest and longest, and the outmost lying in the left side, is the shortest, and the two Gyres lodged in the right, are much larger.

The origen of the Intestines in a Wood-Cock (commonly called the Rowl) doth arise about an inch from the insertion of the Gulet into the Gizard, * 1.1423 and afterward the Guts do pass in an Arch, down the left side of the Stomach: The rowl of Intestines in their upper Region, are composed of divers ranks of Arches, and in their lower rows, of divers Circles; so that the inferior Region of the Intestines, is formed of greater and lesser Cir∣cles, being five or six in number, of which the greater always encircle the less.

CHAP. XXXVII. Of the Guts of Fish.

THe Intestines of Fish, * 1.1424 have the same number of Coats, and a likeness in substance with the Stomach, only they are less in Bore, and diffe∣rent in Figure, Longitude, and Thinness.

The Intestines of a Cod, * 1.1425 have only three or four Maeanders, by rea∣reason of the numerous Intestinula Caeca, which give a check to Chyle, in reference to its Motion, whereupon the Guts need not so many Circum∣volutions.

The origen of the Guts, is garnished with numerous Intestinula Caeca, and hath only two Perforations on each side (in relation to these Intestines) which are continued in two Trunks, leading into the various perforated Branches, arising out of two large Channels; which impart Chyle into the fruitful blind Appendages, for its better Elaboration, which are conjoined by mediation of a thin Membrane, enameled with various Divarications of Blood Vessels, and may be called a part of the Mesentery from its Of∣fice.

The Guts of a Dory, are very small at first, * 1.1426 and furnished with few Gyres; near the Origen of them † 1.1427, about the Pylorus, they make a Maean∣der † 1.1428, and then go down for some short space, and make another Cir∣cumvolution † 1.1429, and then pass down in a straight Course, between the Ovaries to the Vent. † 1.1430

A Kingston † 1.1431, hath not many Guts, * 1.1432 which begin near the end of the Stomach, into which it doth determine in the form of an Arch, and then make a turn, and go down bordering upon the Arch of the Stomach, and in their outside pass all along inclining to the right side, but the body of the Intestines for the most part, are lodged in the left † 1.1433; near the Termination of the Guts, appeareth a small Process † 1.1434 annexed to them, which I apprehend to be the Caecum: But above, the most eminent, is a Gut † 1.1435 of large Dimensions.

The Intestines are few in a Fire-Flair, or Sting-Ray, * 1.1436 and are made up chiefly of one great Gut † 1.1437, which beginneth in a small Neck, and is seated in the right side; and in reference to its Figure and Circumference, very much resembleth a large Stomach, whose largeness maketh satisfaction for the paucity of Guts, which are encircled with many white Fibres, and be∣tween every two of them passeth a red one; which I conceive is a Blood Vessel.

The Intestines of a Skait, may be three in number: The first is small, * 1.1438 about three inches long, and passeth between the Stomach and the great Gut, as a Neck between two Ventricles.

The second Gut is very large, resembling as it were another Stomach, and is a place of Concoction.

The third Intestine, being the Intestinum Rectum, is a small Gut, about two inches long, into whose Termination, the Ureters discharge their watry saline parts, as into a common Receptacle.

The Intestines of a Base, * 1.1439 begin in the middle of the first Circumvolu∣tion † 1.1440, made between the Stomach and it, where a Partition may be dis∣cerned: The first Gut is the largest, and of a red Colour, passing along the right side in a straight Course, till it maketh a second Circumvolution † 1.1441, where the Intestines keep small, and so continue for some space, till the third Circumvolution is made † 1.1442, and a good space afterward, till it is conjoined with the Intestinum Rectum; which groweth much larger † 1.1443, and so conti∣nueth to the Vent.

Near the bottom of the Stomach, in a Dog-Fish, on the right side, * 1.1444 ari∣seth a Gut † 1.1445, ascending up almost to the top of the Ventricle, and there maketh an Arch, and then taketh its progress down again, almost in a straight line, till it come under the bottom of the Ventricle, where it maketh a short Cicumvolution; this Gut is parted from the side of the Stomach by a Mem∣branous interposition, which I conceive to be a Caul.

The origen of the Guts in a Bream, * 1.1446 is where the Stomach and the Inte∣stines being conjoined, make the first Circumvolution † 1.1447, and ascend on the left side, till they arrive near the origen of the Stomach, and form another Circumvolution † 1.1448, then take their progress down between the Stomach and the first Intestine, under which they creep, (where the Stomach maketh a Circumvolution with the first Gut) and pass in a right line to the Termination of the Guts † 1.1449.

A Pope hath not many Guts (it being a very small Fish, and of great Name) and are endued with two Circumvolutions: The first † 1.1450 is made near the Pylorus, in the very beginning of the Intestines † 1.1451, which after they

have made one turning, go for some space in a direct passage, and then form a second Circumvolution † 1.1452, and afterward pass down in a straight course between the Milt in a Male, and the Ovaries in a Female to the Vent.

A Perch hath two Intestinula Caeca † 1.1453, seated on each side of the origen of the Guts, which have three Circumvolutions: The first † 1.1454, beginneth pre∣sently after their origen † 1.1455, and goeth in a straight Course an inch or more, and then maketh a Circumvolution. After the second Circumvolution † 1.1456 is made, the Guts ascend for some space, and then make a third Circumvo∣lution, and afterward pass in a straight Course between the Milt, seated on each side of the Intestinum Rectum.

A Smelt hath but few Guts, which make a short Circumvolution in their Ori∣gen † 1.1457, and then go down between the sides of the Arch for some space, and afterward creep under the right Process of the Stomach, and then make their progress almost in a right Line † 1.1458.

A Gudgeon hath the origen of its Guts † 1.1459 joyned to the Pylorus, where it maketh a short turning (which is the first Circumvolution † 1.1460) and then ascend in a straight Posture, and then make a second Maeander † 1.1461, and afterward go in a kind of right Line to the Anus.

A Rochet hath many Intestinula Caeca † 1.1462, which in their natural situation have their Origen † 1.1463 arising out of the beginning of the Intestines, covered by them, about which they make their first Circumvolution † 1.1464. And after∣ward when the Intestines have made some progress, they make a second Gyre † 1.1465 below, and then the Guts pass Obliquely toward the left side † 1.1466, and terminate into the Vent.

A Tench hath many eminent Circumvolutions † 1.1467 relating to the Guts, encircling many globules of the Liver, and do end in the Intestinum Rectum † 1.1468.

The Guts † 1.1469 of a Gurnet run through the Body in length, and have three distinct Circumvolutions, and the origen of the Intestines are garnished with many Intestinula Caeca, which cover the Stomach, and beginning of the Guts.

A Whiting hath a great company of Intestinula Caeca † 1.1470, arising out of the beginning of the Intestines, and do cover the Gulet and Process of the Stomach, and the Intestines descend in the left side, in several windings † 1.1471.

The Guts of a Turbat, for the most part make a Circle † 1.1472, which are chiefly contained within the Semicircle of the Stomach, and end in a Vent †, seated in the upper part of the left side, not far from the Head.

The great Gut beginneth very large, and groweth less and less, and end∣eth into an obtuse Cone, and the whole Gut hath a kind of Circular Cir∣cumvolution.

The Caecum † is a short Appendix, of an oblong round Figure, seated in the beginning of the great Gut, and determines into the Cloaca, or Ter∣mination of the Guts.

The Guts of a Pril, have first a kind of Circular Circumvolution † 1.1473, in which some part of the Liver is lodged; and afterward the Guts do sport themselves in many short Maeanders † 1.1474.

The Guts have a short Gut appendant to them, which may be called a Caecum † 1.1475 † 1.1476, or blind Gut; and the Intestines do end in a Vent, seated in the left side about an inch from the Mouth.

The Intestines † 1.1477 in a Lamprey, are more large in their Origen, and do pass from the right to the left side, and then make a Circumvolution, and afterward take their progress in a straight course under the Liver: The Guts

have greatest Dimensions in their beginning, and less in their Termination near the Vent.

The Intestines in this Fish are Red, resembling Blood Vessels in Colour, and are endued in their inside with numerous Folds (passing the whole length of the Guts) which give a check to the over-quick motion of the Chyle and gross Excrements.

The Gut † 1.1478 of a Gar-Fish, is void of any Circumvolution, and maketh its progress in a straight course, all down the lower Venter to the Vent † 1.1479.

The long Intestine hath no Valves in its inside, nor any Cells like those of a Honey Comb (which have been discovered in the single Gut of Stur∣geon) which are instituted by Nature (as I conceive) to give many stops to the over-hasty passage of Excrements.

And the reason I conceive, why this Fish hath but one Gut, destitute of all Folds, Valves, Circumvolutions, is because the Ferments of the Stomach and Guts (having one continued Cavity) are very active and spirituous, as full of Volatil Saline parts, and do quickly colliquate the Aliment, and extract its Liquor; so that the Gut needs no Folds, Valves, or Gyres, to give a long stay (to the nourishment of easie Digestion) in the Stomach and Guts.

A Crab hath many Guts, in reference to its Intestinula Caeca, which are more in number then in other Fish; it hath also two other Guts, the first is con∣joyned to the Stomach, another Gut is the Intestinum Rectum † 1.1480, that is lodged in the hinder Region of the lower Venter.

The Intestinula Caeca, are very numerous in this Fish, and are filled with Chyle, a most delicate sweet Liquor; these blind Guts are the chief part that is dressed in the eating a Crab, and divers of the Intestinula Caeca are lodged upon the first Gut, and many others † 1.1481 are Appendants of the Intesti∣num Rectum.

Asellus Virescens, hath a multitude of Intestinula Caeca † 1.1482, making a Bunch, which beginneth near the Pylorus, and encircleth the Origen of the Inte∣stines, where the first Circumvolution is Semicircular † 1.1483, and then the Inte∣stines pass (somewhat wheeling) towards the bottom of the Belly. The Guts when they have made a Semicircle, make many other Meanders, some∣what after the manner of Spires † 1.1484.

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of the Guts of Insects.

THe Intestines of a Viper, * 1.1485 begin near the Termination of the Stomach, or Pylorus, in a small Neck, and afterward are enlarged into greater Cavities now and then interspersed with smaller † 1.1486 which run obliquely; and the Intestines some inches before they Terminate, make their progress in Arches † 1.1487 cross-ways, reaching from one side of the Belly to the other, and at last do end into a Vent. The Intestines of this Animal, consisting of greater and less Cavities, are enameled with great variety of Blood Ves∣sels † 1.1488, framed in the manner of Network.

In a Silk-Worm, * 1.1489 about the smaller part of the Stomach, near its Termi∣nation, is seated a Protuberance, out of which ariseth a Trunk of a Tubular Figure, which passeth single for some little space, and afterward sprouteth into two Branches of small Vessels, which make an Arch in their first Ori∣gen, and then climb up the back-side of the Stomach, and in their top make many Circumvolutions in the form of Arches, and afterward creep down, and encircle some part of the Stomach.

The Intestines have a Perforation into the common Trunk; * 1.1490 so that the Ventricle of a Silk-Worm being cut cross-ways, when it is emptied, and the varicose productions of Vessels being squeesed near the insertion of the Trunk, a white, and sometimes a yellow Liquor is thrown into the in∣side of the Venter; as Learned Malpighius hath observed.

Not far distant from the said Vessels, * 1.1491 may be discovered others, which are seated in the lower part of the Venter, and make their progress in different postures, and sport themselves in variety of Figures, and have little Areas, some of which are Oblong, and others Triangular, and some are Orbicular.

These small Tubes, * 1.1492 I conceive to be the Intestinula Caeca, of a Silk-Worm, which do often decussate each other, and make various Circumvolutions of different Figures, and do encompass both the Utriculi of this Insect, and chiefly the lower Region, and are affixed to the Intestinum Rectum: These Tubes being Transparent, and wonderfully involved with each other in Varicose Productions, do somewhat resemble clusters of Globules, or Glands.

A Palmer-Worm hath Vessels (analogous to those of a Silk-Worm) ari∣sing out of the Termination of the Stomach, * 1.1493 and sporting themselves up∣ward and downward in various Circumvolutions; which are more evident in this Insect, then in a Silk-Worm.

In a large Palmer-Worm, * 1.1494 these small Tubes (which I apprehend to be Intestines) are hued with variety of Colours, some are White, and others Yellow: The first have Cells, in which they somewhat resemble the Colon, as ingenious Malpighius hath observed, and their Semilunary Prominencies, are hollow within, and have one common Duct, full of Liquor; and the other yellow Tubes have more smooth surfaces, and are of a round flattish Figure, and being adorned with variety of Maeanders (as passing up and down the lower Venter in different postures) are fastned to those Tubes, that sprout out of the narrow part, near the end of the Stomach, and at last make a Gyre about the Intestinum Rectum.

These Vessels are furnished with Liquors of a white and yellow Colour, * 1.1495 and, as I conceive, the first Liquor is either preparatory to the other, and is at last turned into it; or, which is more probable, the white Liquor is Nu∣tricious, and carried by proper Vessels into the Heart, and thence into the Ambient parts of the Body; and the yellow being Excrementitious, is dis∣charged by the Intestinum Rectum through the Vent. * 1.1496

Silk-Worms, Palmer-Worms, and other Insects, have a Trunk, or Aspera Arteria, (through which Air is received) from whence many Vessels are propagated, and having fruitful Branches inosculated with each other, in the manner of Net-work, * 1.1497 are at last inserted into the Ambient parts of the Body, and also into the Heart, Stomach, Guts, and into all the Viscera: Whereupon the Blood in the Heart, and the Chyle in the Stomach and In∣testines, being impraegnated with Volatil, Saline, and Elastick Particles of Air, are much exalted in their due Fermentation, and brought to perfection.

CHAP. XXXIX. Of the Concoctive Faculty of the Guts.

THe Stomach cannot arrogate to it self, * 1.1498 the sole prerogative of Conco∣ction of Chyle, but the Intestines also do claim a share in it, as it is most conspicuous to those, that do pry into the actions and uses of the Guts; which do farther colliquate the ill Concocted Meat in the Stomach, and make a secretion of some Alimentary parts, remanent in the Faeces, after the Ventricle hath performed its Operation, and expelled the reliques of Con∣coction into the Intestines; which by the assistance of various Ferments, do give a more perfect Digestion to gross and viscid Chyle, extracted out of the crude part of the Meat discharged the Stomach into the Guts: Which are fit instruments of Concoction, as they participate the same structure, * 1.1499 and Ferments common to them and the Stomach, and have the farther ad∣vantage of two other, the Pancreatick, and Bilious Liquor, when they are not found in the Stomach in their laudable constitution, but when by their ill qualities they irritate the Intestines, and put them upon an unkindly in∣verted Motion, to throw them up into the Stomach, wherein they being ill disposed, do pervert the due Conconction of Aliment.

The Intestines do justly claim great affinity with the Stomach, * 1.1500 in the like∣ness of Fabrick, as having the same number and nature of Coats, endued with Membranous, Carnous, and Nervous Fibres, and furnished with Ar∣teries, Veins, Nerves, and numerous Minute Glands, the colatories of Vi∣tal and Nervous Liquor; and the inward Coat of the Intestines, as well as Stomach, is also lined with a Pituitous Matter, defending its tender Ner∣vous Compage, against the severe assaults of sharp Cholerick, Acid, and Pancre∣atick Recrements: So that the Intestines in structure are like to the Stomach, to which the beginning of the Guts being united, may be stiled, as it were, the Elongation and Processes of the Ventricle, as endued with one continu∣ed Cavitie (which is only contracted in the Pylorus, and afterward opened

by the contents of the Stomach) from the Mouth, Gulet, Stomach, Inte∣stines, to the Anus.

And in some Fish, * 1.1501 as a Lamprey, and Garfish, the Stomach and Guts seem to be the same, and are parted by no closing of the Stomach by a Pylo∣rus, or Sphyncter Muscle; so that the Ventricle and Guts, have one con∣tinued Cavity, running the whole length of the Body, in a straight course, without any Circumvolution.

Learned Sir Charles Scarburgh, * 1.1502 (most excellent in the Art of Anatomy, and Physick, as well as in many other Sciences) gave an account in some familiar Discourses in the Colledg of Physicians, that in a Body he ordered to be Dissected, he found the Stomach very small, and very little different in its Cavity from that of the Guts; in reference the dead Person, when living, did use a very slender Diet, and Eat and Drink little, which very much con∣tracted the capacity of the Stomach.

The Ventricle and Intestines, * 1.1503 hold also a farther Analogy with each other, as they are both Repositories of Aliment, and are acted with the same Fa∣culties and Operations, of Retentive, Concoctive, Distributive, and Ex∣pulsive, ordained by Nature to the Production, Refinement, and Propaga∣tion of Chyle, and the secretion of it from gross Faeculencies, which is ac∣complished as well in the Intestines as Stomach: First, by opening the Com∣page of the Aliment by Heat and various Ferments, productive of Colli∣quation, and resolution of the more solid into fluid parts, whereby the Ali∣mentary Tincture is extracted, and a Secretion made of the Nutricious Par∣ticles, from the grosser Recrements.

Some part of the Alimentary Juice, * 1.1504 embodied with the reliques of Con∣coction, after it is transmitted from the Stomach into the Intestines, is pre∣pared and exalted by divers Ferments; among which, the Pancreatick Li∣quor may seem to challenge the priority of order, in reference to the Guts, by reason it is excerned into the Duodenum, the first of them.

This Juice, * 1.1505 I conceive, taketh its origen from the Terminations of the Caeliack Artery, imparting Vital Liquor to the substance of the Pancreas, wherein the more soft Particles of Blood are severed in the numerous Glands, and being associated with Nervous Liquor (flowing from the Extreamities of the Nerves) are transmitted into the Excretory Vessels, (as holding a conformity in shape and size, with the atomes of the Serous, Pancreatick Liquor) and from thence into the empty space of the Intestines, whereup∣on the Saline and Spirituous parts of the Pancreatick Juice, do insinuate themselves into the Compage of the liquid contents, discharged the Stomach into the Guts, and extract the Alimentary Liquor, mixed, and running con∣fused with the indigested reliques of Concoction; so that the Liquor of the Pancreas, being impraegnated with subtle and Vital parts, doth colliquate the Chyle, and attenuate its crude clammy nature, by exalting it to a greater thinness and whiteness.

The next Ferment relating to the Concoction of the Guts, is the Bilious Humour, which being secerned from the Vital Liquor in the Hepatick Glands, the more pure parts are afterward received into the Cystick Excre∣tory Vessels, and from thence conveyed to the Receptacle of Gall, wherein it is detained some space, till their Saline and Sulphureous parts growing more exalted, and Fermentative, are at last carried by a large Excretory Duct into the Intestines, where the Oily and sharp particles of Bile being confederated with the more soft Pancreatick Liquor, do penetrate the Body of crude Aliment (protruded out of the Stomach) and give it a farther

intestine Motion, in order to the Extraction and Refinement of Chyle.

A third Ferment conducive to the digestion of Aliment in the Guts, * 1.1506 are the Chrystalline parts of the Blood, which being impelled into the Glands, (principally lodged in the Ileon and Colon) wherein the Albuminous and gentle Particles of the Purple Liquor, being secerned from the red Crassa∣ment, are transmitted through secret Ducts into the Guts, wherein these se∣rous parts of the Blood, being highly enobled with its Volatil, Saline, and Sulphureous Particles, endued with a subtle and active Constitution, do in∣sinuate themselves into Porous parts of the Alimentary Liquor, and act it with a new Effervescence, whereby it is very much Meliorated, and impro∣ved, conspicuous in the white dress of Chyle, accompanied with new, and more inward, noble Dispositions.

The last and most excellent Ferment, * 1.1507 belonging to the Concoctive Facul∣ty of the Intestines, is the Nervous Liquor, taking its first rise from the Cortical Glands of the Brain, and being received into the Extreamities of the Nervous Fibrils, is thence transmitted through the various Processes of the Brain, into the Intercostal Nerves, and Par Vagum, and afterward into the numerous Mesenterick Branches (implanted into the Glands of the In∣testines) out of whose Terminations, the Animal Liquor doth destil into the interstices of the Vessels (appertaining to the Glands of the Guts) wherein the Succus Nutricius, associated with the more Albuminous parts of the Blood, is conveyed through the Minute Pores of the Intestines, into their Cavity; wherein this noble Liquor, (impraegnated with Volatil, Saline Par∣ticles, and Animal Spirits, inspired with Elastick Particles of Air) doth em∣body it self with the Liquid parts of Meat (not digested in the Sto∣mach, and thence thrown into the Guts) whereupon the Chyle is very much hightned by the Volatil and Spirituous Particles of Nervous Liquor, and rendred more fluid and fit for Motion into the Lacteal Vessels.

A now I will endeavour to give a more clear Discription of the Elabora∣tion of Chyle in the Intestines, * 1.1508 where the Contents of the Stomach (moist∣ned with Salival Liquor, inspired with intraereal Particles in the Mouth) are acted with Vital Heat, flowing from the Blood of the Stomach, and parts adjacent, and impraegnated with Serous and Nervous Liquor, whereby some Alimentary parts are extracted in the Ventricle, and others pass con∣fused with the crude Nourishment into the Guts, where they encounter ma∣ny other Ferments of Pancreatick, Bilious, Serous, and Nervous Liquor; whereupon the subject matter of Concoction, consisting in its own nature of various Elements (of which all mixed Bodies are composed) is also im∣proved by many different Ferments, which being constituted of opposite Principles, do make great Conflicts with each other, and produce an Effer∣vescence, and intestine Motion, as both the Contents of the Intestines, and the divers Ferments confaederated with them, are made up of different Salts, and Sulphurs, Acids, and Alkalys, some fixed and gross, and others Volatil and Spirituous, which are so many Combatants entring the List, and fight∣ing for Victory, and the subdued and conquered Parties do at last close with each other in an amicable Converse: Whereupon the Compage of the Ali∣ment being opened and concocted in the Stomach, and then transmitted to the Guts, and farther Extracted and Colliquated, by reason the disagreeing Alimentary parts being rendred Homogeneous, do enter into Association, as being ambitious to perfect and conserve each other, and do quit the com∣pany of grosser parts, disserviceable to Nutricion, by a kind of Precipitati∣on, which is chiefly effected by Nitrous Particles of Air (mixed with the Con∣tents

entertained in the Intestines) which do enlarge their Dimensions, pro∣duced by the Expansive Motion of Elastick Particles of Air: Whereupon the Similar parts of the extracted Aliment, have a liberty to enter into the interstices of the opened Contents, and do there unite, and assimilate with each other, and do abandon the converse of the Excrementitious, and Ear∣thy parts, which are protruded from one part of the Guts to the other, by their Peristaltick Motion, which at the same time impelleth the Extracted Chyle into the Extreamities of the Lacteal Vessels.

CHAP. XL. Of the Expulsive Faculty of the Guts.

NAture, * 1.1509 out of its great Care and Providence to Complace Man, doth use all means and methods of Ease, to speak his Life comfortable in the fruition of a quiet Repose; whereupon the great Architect hath most wisely contrived fit instruments of Expulsion, to gratifie His Creatures in the discharge of any offensive Matter. The Liver and Pancreas, do empty the troublesome Recrements of Bilious and Pancreatick Liquor, by pro∣per Excretory Ducts inward into the Duodenum, and the Lymphaeducts their Lympha into the common Receptacle: The Kidneys do exonerate their watry saline Faeces, by the Ureters into the Bladder: The Guts do free them∣selves from their load of gross Excrements, by the Anus.

The Expulsive Faculty and Operation, * 1.1510 commonly stiled the Peristaltick Motion, requireth many Conditions, as qualifications to accomplish its due natural Constitution. The first is to be endued with manifest Cavities, as Receptacles of the gross Faeces, which Nature out of its prudence, hath made Orbicular for the larger reception, and the more easie evacuation of the Ex∣crements, which I as humbly conceive, will more readily move in round Per∣forations.

The second Requisite, * 1.1511 adapted to the Peristaltick Motion, is the Mem∣branous nature of the Intestines, which rendreth them soft and pliable, fit for extension in the reception of Excrements, and afterward for Contracti∣on, in order to their Expulsion, when they grow troublesome to the tender Compage of the Intestines.

The third qualification of the Guts, * 1.1512 destined to their Peristaltick Motion, is that they should be affected with Sense, whereupon the inward Coat is a fine Contexture, made of numerous Nervous Filaments, to resent the burden of Excrements, and to be a Remembrancer to the Expulsive Faculty to do its duty, in throwing the troublesome Geusts out of Doors.

The fourth and chief instrument of Peristaltick Motion, * 1.1513 are the Carnous Fibres (dressing the second Coat of the Guts) which are drawn into con∣sent by the appulses of the Contents (lodged in the Intestines) first made upon the Nervous Coat, which is a Monitor to the fleshy Fibres, to act their part in contracting themselves and the Coat, and Cavity of the Guts, in or∣der to eject Excrements.

The Expulsive Faculty is endued with divers kinds of Motion: * 1.1514 The first is Natural, which is performed by the regular motion of the Guts, from their Origen toward their Termination, beginning near the Pylorus in the Duode∣num, and then is carried to the Jejunum, and Ileon, and afterward into the Colon, in which the motion is first made upward, in the right side to the Liver, and afterward horizontally under the Liver and Stomach, in a trans∣verse posture, and then in the left side the motion of the Colon is made downward toward the Spleen, and Intestinum Rectum, in which the motion tendeth directly downward to the Anus.

The second kind of Peristaltick Motion is unnatural, * 1.1515 when its due Course is inverted, which beginneth in the Guts below, and is carried upward toward the Pylorus; as in violent Vomiting, when the Motion commenceth in the Duodenum, whereby the Liver is sollicited to throw the Bilious Humours out of the Hepa••ick Ducts into the first Gut, and thence by the Pylorus into the Cavity of the Stomach: In the Iliack Passion, the Obstruction is made in the Ileon, intercepting the passage of the Excrements into the Colon, where∣upon the Fibres contract themselves below in the small Guts, which move higher and higher towards the Stomach, till at last the Excrements of the Guts are forced to recoile into the Ventricle, giving a great annoyance to the concoction of Aliment

Sometimes the inverted Peristaltick Motion, beginneth to act in the In∣testinum Rectum, wherein upon the injection of a sharp Clyster, the Fibres begin to Contract themselves in the lower part of the Gut about the Anus, and move upward, drawing the Fibres of the Colon into consent, by a suc∣cessive action, toward the upper part of the Colon, seated in the right side; whereupon the Fibres of the Gut being Antagonists to those of the Valve, force the Contents upward, by relaxing the weakned Fibres of the Valve, into the origen of the Ileon, where the Fibres do first play, and so more and more upward to the Jejunum, and Duodenum; which by their brisk Con∣tractions toward the Ventricle, do open the Sphincter of the Pylorus, and at last inject the Clyster into the Stomach: Which sometimes, though rare∣ly, happens in a Person, having the Valve of the Colon, endued with weak Fibres, over-acted by the violent contractions of Carnous Fibres of the Gut, highly provoked by the sharpness of the Clyster.

The third kind of the Peristaltick Motion of the Guts in a Cholera, * 1.1516 is mixed when it is performed upward and downward at the same time; up∣ward, when the Fibres of the Jejunum, and Duodenum, do first begin below, and contract successively upward, and throw the Contents of those Guts into the Stomach, and produce Vomiting, and at the same time a Purgati∣on is made downward, by the Fibres of the Ileon, commencing their con∣tractions near the origen of this Intestine, and so by degrees act all along toward the Colon; which likewise playeth the same Game of Motion toward the Intestinum Rectum, whose Fibres are invited by those of the neighbour∣ing Gut, to expel the Contents farther downward, and out of the Anus, by relaxing the Fibres of its Orbicular Muscle.

Thus having briefly Discoursed of the several kinds of the Peristaltick Mo∣tion of the Guts, I beg leave to insist farther, and give a more particular Account of the first kind, as the chief and most natural, subservient to the distribution of Chyle, and expulsion of Excrements.

The most common and useful Motion of the Guts, beginneth in the Duo∣denum, and is carried forward to the Jejunum, Ileon, Colon, and Intestinum Rectum, which are acted by degrees by gentle contractious of the Carnous

Fibres, successively playing in various Intestines; so that while some act, others repose themselves, being not all concerned in action at the same time, except in violent and irregular Motions of the Guts in great Diarrhaea's, Py∣senteries, and in most strong Purgations, made by venenate and ill prepared Drugs and Minerals, commonly given by Empyricks, which often prove fatal to the Patient.

But the natural Motion of the Intestines, * 1.1517 is accomplished by soft and gen∣tle Contractions, of the Right and Circular Fibres; the first contracting on every side long-ways, do narrow the Guts in length, and the other Fibres transversly and round, do by degrees make less and less Circles, and draw the inside of the Guts nearer and nearer together; and by consequence, the Motion beginning and continuing above the Contents, doth press them far∣ther and farther from the Origen of the Guts, from one part to another, till they arrive the Termination, and so are thrown out of the Confines of the Body, and thereby giveth it Ease and Repose.

If any curious Person shall desire to be satisfied, * 1.1518 how this Peristaltick Mo∣tion of the Intestines is effected, I shall make bold to speak my mean Sentiments of it, humbly conceiving, that the reliques of the Chyle growing trouble∣some, do gently give offence to the Nervous Filaments of the inward Coat, which first receive the appulses of the Contents, and afterward impart them to the Carnous Fibres, which then contract and lessen the Cavity of the Intestines, * 1.1519 and squeese the purer part of the Chyle into the Extreami∣ties of the neighbouring Lacteal Vessels: Whereupon the reliques being rendred destitute of the soft Milky parts, grow more offensive, and make more harsh strokes upon the Nervous Fibrils, which first take the Alarm, and then summon the Carnous Fibres into action, which by more vigorous contractions, do more and more narrow the Circumference of the Intestines, and protrude the useless Excrements from part to part.

The Peristaltick Motion, * 1.1520 is very much promoted by sharp Humours, by the Sulphureous and Saline Particles of the Bile, and Pancreatick Liquor, derived from the Liver, and Pancreas, by divers Excretory Vessels into the Guts; wherein the more useful and soft parts being associated with the crude Aliment, in order to a farther Elaboration, the more sharp do mix with the effaete parts of Nourishment, and do irritate first the Nervous, and then the Carnous Fibres to action, whereby they throw the gross Faeces from one stage of the Guts to the other, till at last they quite exclude them the utmost limits of the Body.

Having Treated of Natural Evacuations, * 1.1521 produced by the Peristaltick Motion of the Intestines, it may seem not out of Course, to speak some∣what of Artificial, commonly called Purgation, produced by Medicines; which being first received into the Stomach, are acted by its divers Fer∣ments, assisted with the natural heat of the Stomach, flowing from its Blood, and the ambient heat of the Neighbouring parts; whereupon the most active and Volatil parts of the Medicines are extracted, and mix with the Chyle, or some potulent parts, a Vehicle, the better to convey it to the Guts, where it is received into the Lacteal Vessels, and carried into the com∣mon Receptacle, and from thence through the Thoracic Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins, where it associates with the Blood, carried by the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart, where it maketh a Fermentation, which is more highly exalted afterward in the Lungs and left Ventricle, from whence the Blood influenced with Medicinal Vertues, is impelled into the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and afterward by the Caeliack Artery into

the Duodenum, and upper part of the Jujunum, and Colon, and by the up∣per Mesenterick Artery into the Jejunum, Ileon, and that part of the Colon, which is seated in the right side, and by the lower Mesenterick Artery into the Colon (lodged in the left side) and into all parts of the Intestinum Re∣ctum: So that the Blood being highly acted with Fermentative parts (de∣rived for Purgatives) is brought by various Arteries into Glandulous sub∣stance of the Guts, where some of the serous parts are secerned from the red Crassament, and transmitted through the secret Cavities of the inward Coat, into the greater channel of the Intestines; whereupon the Nervous Filaments being first aggrieved by the sharp serous Recrements of the Blood, (rendred more pungent by Purgative qualities of Medicines) do afterward draw the right and circular Carnous Fibres into brisk Contractions, to quit the Guts from the trouble of their contents, as so many most vexatious Ene∣mies, to gain their freedom and quiet.

Catharticks do not only affect the Blood at a distance, * 1.1522 but also the Villous Coat, and Nervous Filaments, which do immediately disturb them with troublesome stroaks, proceeding from the pungent particles of Purgatives, vellicating the inward Coat of the Stomach, as a tender Compage beset with Nervous Fibrils, which being gauled with fretting Medicines, do spue out Serous Liquor out of the Excretory Ducts, derived from the Glands of the Intestines.

The Purgative Extract of Medicines, * 1.1523 first produced by the Ferments of the Stomach, and afterward imparted to the Intestines, doth highly discom∣pose the Nervous and Carnous Fibres; by reason the Animal Spirits actua∣ting the Nervous Liquor, as very much enraged, and give a most trouble∣some sensation to the inward Coat of the Guts, finely dressed with Fibrils, and afterward affect the Excretory Vessels of the Pancreas and Hepatick Ducts, with a kind of Convulsive Motions, making them disgorge their Pancreatick and Bilious Recrements, into the larger Receptacle of the In∣testines.

And not only the Faeces of the Blood, severed from it in the Glands of the Liver and Pancreas, are thrown into the Guts, by vertue of the Corru∣gation of the Nervous and Carnous Fibres, but also the Extreamities of the Arteries, and Excretory Vessels, belonging to the Glands, are opened by the sharp and aperient qualities of the Purgatives, unlocking the secret Pores of the inward Coat of the Intestines, lined with a Mucous Matter, * 1.1524 (as a Defensative against the assaults of sharp Humours) which is scraped off by the cleansing quality of Purgatives, leaving the Vessels of the Intestines bare, and exposed to the harsh, and sometimes venenate qualities of raking Medicines, which do force open the Terminations of Arteries with such violence, that they cause them sometimes to spue out meer Blood, into the Cavity of the Intestines.

If any Person shall demand the Reason, * 1.1525 why sometimes in the Working of Physick, Patients have rest and ease for some time, and then pains and discomposure of the Bowels ensue: Which I conceive, ariseth from the ope∣ration of the Purgatives, which embodying with the Blood, do impart to it Heterogeneous Fermentative Particles, putting the Vital Liquor upon a Fermentation; whereupon the compage of the Blood being opened, it is transmitted by proper Vessels to the Glands of the Guts, in which a Secre∣tion is made of such Humours, which are for the present offensive to the Blood, and discharged into the Intestines, which contract their Carnous Fi∣bres, and expel the Humours, whereupon ensueth a calm in the Guts, till a

new storm ariseth, caused by the Effervescence of the Blood, flowing from the fermenting qualities of the Physick, transmitted into the Glands of the Guts, where the angry, serous, and windy parts being secerned from the Blood, are exonerated into the Intestines, stirring up a Tempest, highly agi∣tating the tender Fibrils of the inward Coat.

CHAP. XLI. Of the Pathologie of the Guts.

HAving given an account of the Structure of the Guts, framed of vari∣ous Coats (as contextures of many fine Filaments, curiously inter∣woven) to which numerous Glands are affixed; and of their actions, flow∣ing from the Concoctive and Expulsive Faculties, to which may be added the distribution of the Chyle, after it is extracted and refined in the Inte∣stines, into the Extreamities of the Lacteal Vessels, to be transmitted through the Mesentery, into the common Receptacle.

My intendment at this time, is to entertain the courteous Reader, with the Diseases attending the Concoctive, and distributive powers of Chyle, and of the Expulsive Faculty of the Faeces, and of Inflammations, Ulcers, Gangreens, Cancers, and divers sorts of Pains, relating to the Intestines.

The Concoctive Faculty is disaffectived, * 1.1526 First, as it is wholly abolished, when no Chyle, or very little, is extracted in the Stomach, or Intestines, proceeding from the want of natural heat deficient primarily in the Blood, and from a defect of good Succus Pancreaticus, * 1.1527 and Bilious Liquor, and a laudable Serous and Nervous Juice, not imparted by the Extreamities of the Arteries and Nerves (inserted into the inward Coat of the Intestines) to the crude Aliment lodged in the Guts: This disaffection is commonly called Lienteria, an unnatural excretion of the Aliment, little or no ways altered, wherein its Compage is not well opened by due Ferments, and a Secretion made of the Alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces.

Another disaffection of the Intestines, * 1.1528 is near akin to the other (as dif∣fering from it in degree) is the lessened Concoction, commonly stiled Affe∣ctio Caeliaca, wherein the Meat is in some sort Digested, and remaineth con∣fused, as not Secerned from the gross parts, by reason the Chyle is not well attenuated by the Pancreatick, and Bilious Liquor, and Serous and Nervous Juice, destitute of Volatil Salt, and fine Oily and Spirituous Particles, in order to render the Chyle fluid in the Intestines; whereupon the clammy Chyle embodying with the crude Aliment, is excerned by the Expulsive Faculty.

The third indisposition of the Concoctive Faculty, * 1.1529 belonging to the In∣testines, is its depraved action, produced by ill Ferments of sharp Bilious, and sour Pancreatick Liquor, vitiating the extracted Aliment in the Guts, and afterward spoiling the Mass of Blood, when it is received into associa∣tion with it in the Blood Vessels, and Chambers of the Heart.

As to the first disaffection of the lost Concoctive Faculty in the Intestines, * 1.1530 proceeding from the defect of Bilious and Pancreatick Liquor, caused by the obstruction of the Hepatick and Pancreatick Ducts, it doth indicate pro∣per Aperient Medicines, made of the Roots of Dogs-Grass, Wild Asparagus, Parsley, and Salendine the great, the Rine of Ash, Tamarisk, Barberies, * 1.1531 and the shavings of Ivory, &c. Of which Alterative Apozems may be pre∣pared with Purgatives, to which may be added Chalybeat Medicines, mix∣ed with Antiscorbuticks; which will regain the Concoctive Faculty of the Guts, as well as Stomach.

The second distemper belonging to the Concoctive power of the Guts, called the Caeliack Affection, wherein a Secretion of the Chyle from the Faeces is not performed, by reason of unactive Bile and Pancreatick Liquor, and dispirited Serous and Nervous Liquors; it doth denote the same method of Cure, and Medicines, proper to a Lientery, from which it differeth only in Degree.

As to the Cure of the third Disaffection, * 1.1532 the depraved function of the Concoctive power appertaining to the Guts, derived from the acrimony of Bile, and the sourness of the Pancreatick Juice; it denoteth by reason of the sharpness of the Bile, Acids, as Juice of Oranges, Pomgranates, Berberies, and the like; and the acid quality of the Pancreatick Liquor, may be re∣ctified by Testaceous Powders, and by Antiscorbutick, and Chalybeat Pre∣parations, which do first correct the acidity of the Blood, and afterward the Pancreatick Liquor; so that this useful Recrement, may be subservient to the extracting and refining Chyle in the Guts.

Another disaffection of the Intestines, and that none of the least, by rea∣son it concerneth the Nutricion of the whole Body, is when the distributive faculty of the Chyle is either wholly taken away, or much lessened; which may proceed either from the clamminess of the Chyle, or from the gross∣ness of pituitous Humours, more or less obstructing the Orifices of the La∣cteal Vessels, seated in the Intestines, or by the natural straightness of the Extreamities themselves, as having too Minute Perforations.

The Cure of this Disease, may be assisted with a good Diet, * 1.1533 in eating of Meat easie of Concoction, and by drinking of good Wine, which much promoteth the Digestion of the Stomach and Guts; to which may be added Attenuating, Inciding, and Detergent Medicines, which do thin, and cut the viscidity of the Chyle, and cleanse the Intestines from overmuch clammy Phlegm, and also open the over small and obstructed Extreamities of the La∣cteal Vessels, implanted into the Guts.

The Intestines also are incident to divers Diseases, in reference to their Expulsive Faculty, when the Peristaltick Motion is too slow, or too quick, or aggrieved with the discomposure of Pain.

The slowness of the Motion of the Guts, * 1.1534 proceedeth either from the stu∣pid indisposition of the Nervous Coat, not resenting the trouble of gross Excrements, when the Nervous Fibrils inserted into the inward Coat of the Intestines, have their acute Sense lessened, proceeding from the want of Ani∣mal Spirits, intercepted first in the Fibrous parts of the Brain, and by con∣sequence in the Nerves of the Guts, produced by Cephalick Diseases, com∣pressing, or obstructing the Fibrils seated in the Brain. This disaffection is Cured by proper Methods and Medicines, relating to the Diseases of the Head; of which I will Treat hereafter, in the Pathology of the Brain.

The slowness of the Peristaltick Motion, * 1.1535 incident to the Guts, may be also derived from Narcotick Medicines, dulling the acute sense of the Nerves, terminating into the inward Tunicle of the Intestines, whereupon they are not sensible of their Burden, when they are oppressed with Excrements; this Disaffection may admit a Cure by strong Purgatives, and sharp Cly∣sters.

The remissness of the Expulsive power of the Guts, * 1.1536 may arise from the viscid and indurated Contents, flowing from ill Concoction; the other from the heat of the Guts, exhausting the Liquid parts of the Excrements. This Disease importeth drinking good store of Whey, and other thin cold and moist Medicines, and a Diet consisting much of thin Broths, Water∣gruel, Barley-gruel, Barley-cream, Oatmeal-caudle, made with Water and Oatmeal, and Small-Beer, and cold and moist Medicines, as Ptisanes, and Emulsions, prepared with the cooling Seeds; and sometimes may be advi∣sed Lenient Purgatives, when the Guts are overcharged with a load of Ex∣crements.

The overhasty Motion of the Guts, * 1.1537 is made in a Lientery, and Caeliack Passion, proceeding from the quantity of crude and indigested Aliment, pro∣voking the Nervous and Carnous Fibrils to excretion; this disaffection of the Guts is visible also in Diarrhaea's, proceeding from salt Phlegm, and from Bilious and Serous Excrements, discomposing the tender compage of the Guts, and irritating them to Expulsion. The Cure of this Disease is perfor∣med by Lenient and Astringent Purgatives, prepared with Diascordium, Myrabolans, Rubarb, &c. Which at once throw off the troublesome Ex∣crements, and corroborate the Carnous Fibres of the Guts, in order to their Retentive Faculty: Afterward, Purgatives. Astringent Medicines, may be safely Administred, as the Decoctum Album, given with Astringent Electua∣ries; and in case of great Fluxes, much impairing the strength of the Body, Narcoticks may be advised, as Laudanum Londinense, and drops of Liquid Laudanum, prepared with Juice of Quinces, or Tartar.

The Peristaltick Motion of the Guts, is highly violated in a Dysentery, which may admit this Definition, As being an Ulcer of the Intestines, accom∣panied with frequent Stools, and great tortures of the Bowels, proceeding from a sharp corroding Matter.

Dysenteries are often complicated with other Diseases of the Guts, as Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Gangreens, and Mortifications.

Inflammations of the Guts producing Dysenteries, are most commonly seated in the great Guts, which proceeding from a quantity of Blood (im∣pelled by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines) some part of which is stagnant in the substance of the Bowels, and other parts, are Transmit∣ted sometimes into the small Guts, where it seldom maketh any long stay, as being thrown from thence into the Colon, wherein the Blood is long de∣tained by reason of its great Cells, as so many allodgments of the Contents of the Guts; whereupon this tender frame of the Coats, hath the disad∣vantage of being corroded by the great confinement of the sharp Blood, in the deep Cavities of the Colon.

A Child about Five Years old, being afflicted with a Bloody Flux, did throw off plentiful Excrements by Stool, tinged with various Colours of Red, Yellow, and Black, and about the Seventh day, the young Patient grew very weak and Faint; the consequents of many Bloody dejections, and violent Torments of the Bowels, about Midnight the Patient was disturbed with many Yellow and Black Excrements (cast upward by Vomiting) the fore-runners of Death.

The Abdomen being opened, the Colon was Tumefied, and hued with a Livid colour, which I conceive was Red in his Life time, and afterward up∣on Death, degenerated into a Bluish hue, which is very common in Inflam∣mations.

In this case may be administred Vulnerary Decoctions, made of Sarsa-parilla, * 1.1538 and Leaves of Mouse Ear, Ladies Mantle, Plantain, Ribwort, to which may be added Honey, or Honey of Red Roses strained: Clysters made of cleansing and healing Medicines, are very proper in this Distemper, which may have a speedy recourse to the Inflamed, or Ulcered great Guts, with good success.

Bloody dejections, are often enwrapped in a Mucous Matter, of a Cry∣stalline transparent Colour, which is very common in Bloody Fluxes: Some apprehend this white clammy Recrement of the Intestines, accompanying Blood and other Humours, to be the fatty shavings of the Guts, others con∣ceive it to be the Pituitous Matter, instituted by Nature to line the Inte∣stines, and defend their fine Contexture, against Saline, and Acrimonious Excrements lodged in their Bosome: And some deem it to be Phlegm, de∣stilling from the Brain, and other parts, into the Guts. * 1.1539 But with deference to others, I humbly conceive this Crystalline Liquor, somewhat resem∣bling the White of an Egg, to be the unkindly Recrement of the Intestines, proceeding from an ill Succus Nutricius; by reason the Serous parts of the blood, mixed with Nervous Liquor, are not truly Assimilated, and turned into the substance of the Intestines, by reason of this Inflammatory and of∣ten Ulcerous indisposition in Dysenteries, do pervert their Nutrition, and thereupon turn the Materia Substrata of the Succus Nutricius, into a white Mucous Recrement; which being improper to repair the substance of the Guts, is Transmitted into their Cavities, and doth embody with the Blood and ill Humours, and is thrown out often by Stool: Which I have frequent∣ly seen in my near Relations, labouring with Bloody Fluxes, wherein the Blood was lodged within a quantity of viscid Transparent Matter; this Di∣stemper was Cured by gentle Lenient and Astringent Purgatives, and clean∣sing and healing Clysters.

The Blood stagnating in the Parenchyma of the Guts, * 1.1540 as being not recei∣ved into the Extreamities of the Veins, first begetteth an Inflammation flow∣ing from Extravasated Blood, whilst the serous parts afterward degenerate into purulent Matter, Tumefying the Guts, and appearing in many knobs, which are (as I conceive) the swelled Glands seated in the Guts.

An Instance may be given of this Disease in an ordinary Woman, who was highly vexed with a Bloody Flux, which after many Prescriptions, pro∣ved Mortal; and the lower Apartiment being opened, many Tumours ap∣peared in the Intestines, filled with purulent Matter: Which is frequently derived in Dysenteries, from an ill Mass of Blood, consisting of fierce saline and sulphureous Heterogeneous Particles, which being carried by the Mesen∣terick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the various Guts, do often torture their fine Compage, and do often lodg in the glandulous Plexes, and enlarge their Circumferences, and also have recourse to the Nervous Coat of the Intestines; which they most highly torture with an Arsenical Poyson of great fierceness in Malignant Dysenteries. * 1.1541 In this venenate Disease of the Guts, gentle Purgatives may be given, mixed with Alexipharmical Medi∣cines, as Theriaca Andromachi, Diascordium, and Sweating Medicines pre∣pared with Bezar, and other Cordial Powders of Lapis Contravervae, e. Chel. Cancr. & è Pulvere Comitissae, mixed with Opiat Electuaries; Clysters also may be very safe, made up of cleansing and healing Ingredients.

Dysenteries are often attended with high Inflammations, * 1.1542 flowing from great sources of Blood, affected with sharp saline and fierce Sulphureous parts, ha∣ving recourse to the substance of the Guts, wherein they are stagnant, as not being received into the origens of the Veins; whereupon Nature being un∣able to turn the great quantity of ill Blood into a Pus, it doth suffocate the heat and life of the Guts, whence ariseth a Corruption and Mortification of them; which doth sometimes proceed from green Choller, in some sorts de∣rived from the Bladder of Gall.

Alardus Hermanus, Cummenus, hujus morbi Historiam attulit, in miscellaneis cariosis Anno. 1673. Observat. 116. Erat soemina 40 annorum, pinguis & op∣timi corporis habitus; quae 20 Aug. Dysenteria obiit Amstelodami, Haec ante tres septimanas incideret in Fluxum Dysentericum, qui tunc temporis Epidemius erat; quae rejiciebat in principio morbi erant nigra, subsequente tempore rubescere, incipiebant, aliqua tamen intermista rubedine: Dolebat ventrem, diverso tamen modo, nam vel dolor ad umbilicum haerebat, tum{que} deprimebatur venter: Vel si hic attolleretur, cinguli instar circa umbilicum movebatur: Sitis ipsam urgebat intole∣rabilis, quam quocun{que} volebat potu sedabat, Spiritus Vini, & Aquae Vitae usu nunquam intermisso: Medicamentorum nihil sumere volebat, praeter Decoctum ali∣quod alterans, & pilulas de Laudano Amstelodamensium, ex quorum assumptione dolor sedabatur, & somnus, qui alias aberat, obrepebat: Cum dejiceret, sentiebat dolorem circa anum insignem: Purgata fuit aliquoties tempore Morbi, partim Rhabarbari pul••ere solo, a quo nihil aut parum, sine levamine movebatur: Partim cum Rad. Jailapae mixto, a quo multum cum Euphoria dejiciebat: Clyster etiam injectus est, a quo pessime habuit; ne{que} etiam ferre poterat inunctiones, unde postmodum horam usus intermissus est: Tempore morbi ter sedatus fuit Flux∣us cum optima spe, sed cum pessimo uteretur victus regimine, recidivam passa tandem fatis concessit.

Cadaver apertum haecce dabat Observanda, 1. Omentum quidem instar erat mag∣nitudinis, sed sphacelatum, colore atrolividum, 2. Intestinum Duodenum & Jejunum, repletissima erant bile, unde sitis intolerabilis causa derivari poterat: 3. Ileon, quod Caecum tendit, cubiti unius Longitudine corruptum & sphacela∣tum erat. 4. Colon quatuor transversos digitos a Caeco sanum erat, post ad octo digitos Corruptum. 5. Folliculus fellis maximus erat & bile refertissimus: Bilis quae in eo reperiebatur, viridis erat sicut gramen: Caetera erant optime constituta, in Intestino Recto nihil notari poterat, nec in aliis Visceribus; Hepar, Lien, Pan∣creas sanissima erant.

Sometimes in inveterate Dysenteries, * 1.1543 the Guts are despoiled of their sub∣stance, as having their Succus Nutricius so exhausted in long Fluxes, that the Intestines become very thin, and sometimes dry, in a manner resem∣bling Guts taken out of the Body, and hung up a drying: In this case, Re∣storative Vulnerary Drinks may be well advised, to repair the decayed state of the Guts, forbear Rhubarb, and drying Purgatives, and Alteratives, and prescribe Lenient moistning Medicines; as Honey, and Syrup of Roses Solutive, Tamarinds, &c.

CHAP. XLII. Of the Diseases of the Guts, and their Cure.

HAving Treated of the slow, over-hasty, and too frequent Peristaltick Motion of the Guts, it may not be Immethodical to speak of the Depraved Motion of the Intestines, in the Iliack Passion: Which proceed∣eth from divers Causes, sometime from the small Guts twisted, other times intangled and tied in Knots, and also when they shoot themselves downward and upward one into another. The Iliack Passion also may be derived from Astringents unduly used, and from a stoppage of the Intestines by clammy Matter, and from hard Excrements, and from Flatulent Matter contained in the Guts, intercepting the passage of the gross Faeces, or from the fal∣ling of the Guts into the Scrotum, and from the Gangreen of the Ileon, and from an Inflammation, and Cancer in the Colon, and from Abscesses in the Intestines, and from a Tumour of the Bladder, contracting the Cavity of the Rectum.

The Iliack Passion, flowing from the Distortion of the Guts, * 1.1544 is produ∣ced by twisting them every way, so that it lesseneth the Cavity of the In∣testines, by leaving no room for the passage of gross Excrements; where∣upon the Intestines being aggrieved, and not able to relieve themselves by contracting their Carnous Fibres toward the Anus, are forced to attempt another, though unnatural way, in beginning the Peristaltick Motion in the Ileon near the Colon, and successively to carry on one part of the Ileon after another, toward the Jejunum and Duodenum, whereby the Excrements are thrown upward into the Stomach, originally proceeding from the Convolution of the lower part of the Ileon (stopping the descent of the Excrements into the Colon, and Intestinum Rectum) which is sometimes caused by the various Motions (as I conceive) of Carnous Fibres, endeavouring every way to contract themselves (in order to discharge a most painful Flatulent Matter) whence ariseth a twining and closing the Cavity of the Guts.

A Young Man about Eighteen years of Age, having by an inverted Peri∣staltick Motion of the Guts, expelled the Excrements into the Stomach, by whose strong Motion, and that of the Gulet, they were protruded through the Mouth, which in their passage, gave so great an anoyance to the Concoctive Faculty of the Stomach, that it vitiated the Chyle and Blood, and destroy∣ed the first principle of Being, even Life it self. This young Man being opened in the lower Venter, the Intestines appeared prodigiously great, to the amazement of the Spectators, and being compressed, did break in pieces, and the Excrements did fly out with a great force; and the Ileon, adjoyn∣ing to the Colon, was so distorted, and twisted, that the Cavity of the Ileon was wholly taken away in that part, and no place left for the passage of the Excrements, and Flatulent Matter.

A cause of the Iliack Disaffection, * 1.1545 may be deduced from one part of the small Guts, insinuated into another; now and then the upper shooteth it self into the lower, and sometime the lower into the upper part of the small Intestines, which are very much distended in several places, and in other parts contracted for some space both above and below; whereupon

the free play of Wind being checked, the Patient is highly tortured with pain, and to ease himself, puts his Body into divers postures, by various Agitations and Flexures of it; and being often repeated, make a Relaxa∣tion of some part of the Guts, adjoyning to the contracted parts, which being moved forward by the pressure of Wind toward the relaxed Intestines, do force them into the next expanded parts of the Guts, which are after∣ward closed up by the Duplicature of them, filling up their Cavity, and wholly intercepting the passage of the Excrements: And when in this mise∣rable Distemper, the lower part of the Guts is thrust into the Cavity of the upper, * 1.1546 the pressing down of the Excrements, made by Nature of the con∣coction of Aliment, and by Art in Purgative Medicines, doth often dis∣charge the insinuation of the lower Gut into the upper; and if these do not prevail, Bullets of Gold, or Lead, may be swallowed, in a draught of Oyl of Almonds, or sweet Oyl of Olives; and at the last Remedy, may be gi∣ven (when all other Methods of Physick have been tried without success) an Ounce or two of crude Mercury: Which by its active disposition and great weight, will reduce the insinuated part of the Guts into their pro∣per place; but if the upper part of the Guts be forced into the lower, all Purgatives, Bullets, and Mercury, will press the Guts farther one into ano∣ther: So that the Cure of this manner of ingress of the Guts one into ano∣ther, can scarcely be made good by Nature or Art.

Blasius, * 1.1547 giveth an account of this Case, Anat. Westlingii, Cap. 3. Pa. 46. Interdum revolvitur Intestinum instar digiti Cheirothecae reduplicati, quod omnino obstruit viam Intestini, inde vomitus Intestinorum per partes superiores, redu∣plicationem hanc omnino fictitiam dicit Patinus, quam nunquam videre potuit: at bis terve eum in cadaveribus Dissectis cum Clariss. Walaeo videre contigit.

Bonnetus, giveth also an History of this horrid Disease, in his Anat. Pract. Lib. iii Sect. xiv Obs. xx. Sub ipsa praeteriti nuper Anni 1676. Auspicia muli∣erum ex Pago Vallis Leporinae Faito, cui eadem exitus ex hac Vita, quae adven∣tus in hanc urbem (Schafusam) hora contigerat, in Xenodochio nostro dissecui∣mus diros ante obitum ventres cruciatus, cordis anxietates, dejectiones cruentas tandem{que} vomitus perpessam.

Patefacto Abdomine Ileon plane constrictum, ac velut injecto laqueo strangula∣tum vidimus: Nimirum ejus portio, quatuor transversos digitos longa plurimum contracta & angustata, intra proxime superioris Cavitatem abscondita prorsus la∣tebat, hac{que} sua 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 verum ejusmodi introsusceptionem, qualis a Clariss. de Le Bo Sylvio, Ideae Praxeos Med. Lib. 1 Cap. 15. Describitur repraesentare visa est, intus verò non Intestina duntaxat, imprimis Ileon, sed & Ventriculus multi quasi stigmatis Inflammatus erat.

And Learned Peier, giveth another Instance of this fatal Distemper of the Guts, Tractatu de Glandulis Intestinorum. Post inde, ac nuperius dissecui Pu∣ellam octennem, cujus Ileon tres ejusmodi intro susceptiones distinctis intervallis spectandas exhibuit, una cum lumbricis alicubi velut Conglomeratis, & muca∣gine intus Contenta valde biliosa & crocea, interiora quo{que} Ventriculi incrustante, unde indicatu omnino proclive fuit puellam sine torminibus, & praecordiorum an∣xietate vitam non finivisse; quod & assertione eorum, qui curam aegrae Habue∣runt, * 1.1548 Confirmatum.

When Patients labour under great Diarrhaea's, and frequent Dejections of Excrements, I conceive it very dangerous to advise powerful Astringents, until Nature hath fully discharged her self, or Art emptied the Guts of gross and more thin Excrements, (that would give great annoyance, if detained in the Guts) which if unduly suppressed by violent Astringents, strongly

contracting the Nervous and Carnous Fibres of the Guts, whereby their Ca∣vity may become so narrow, that it precludeth the Current of Excrements toward the Anus; whereupon the soft fabrick of the Intestines being highly discomposed, attempteth to ease her self of her burden, by an inverted Peri∣staltick Motion, caused by the Carnous Fibres of the Guts, first contracting below, and then step by step, more and more upward toward the Stomach and Mouth, which proveth fatal to the Patient.

This Hypothesis of mine, is backed by Learned Fernelius, Lib. 6. de Mor∣bis partium & Symptom. Cap. 9. Septennis Puella Diarrhaea correpta, quum per∣diu complures, subalbidam, ac putrem, olidam{que} materiem indolenter alvo red∣deret, diuturnitates fluoris ejusmodi perlaesa ejus avia, consilium de cohibendo cum aliis Mulierculis Caepit. In eam rem, cydoniato larga manu exhibito, sic est ejus esu alvus repressa, ut eo die & sequenti nocte nihil omnino reddiderit, sed exci∣tatis saevissimis ventris Doloribus & Tortionibus us{que} eo intumuerit, ut Hydro∣pica de repente evasisse putaretur. Accitus Medicus quid rei esset suspicatus, Clysmatis primo lenibus, deinde etiam acrioribus indentidem injectis, haerentem alvo noxiam materiam foras evocare, fotu Dolores lenire tentat; sed id frustra: Invalescentibus quippe Doloribus immanibus cum crebris animi deliquiis, tan∣dem{que} liquidioris stercoris Vomitione intra biduum miserabiliter extincta est.

Aperto corpore, Caecum Intestinum coangustatum constrictum{que} adeo obhaeres∣cente interiorem{que} ductum obturante Cydoniato deprehensum est: Ʋt illac nullo modo prorsus quicquam posset pervadere: Ʋnde accidit ut acris illa, & corrupta materia, meatu prohibita, objecta{que} mora restagnans, inusitatam sibi viam in Ab∣dominis spatium patefecerit, paulo supra obstructum locum pereso, perforato{que} Inte∣stino, quo velut emissario, & cuniculo acto excidens Abdominis totam capacitatem repleverat: Hinc acerbissimi Dolerum morsus, hinc distentio, hinc animi defecti∣ones, oborto{que} faedo Vomitu crudelissima mors brevi consecuta: Haec Historia ad eos valebit, qui redundantem, nocentem{que} humorem, undicun{que} is profluat, intempestive sistere, at{que} coercere, properant maximo aegrotantium malo.

The Iliack Passion, may also arise out of a gross Alimentary Liquor, or Phlegm concreted in the Intestines, wholly shutting up the passage of them; whence ensueth a recoiling of the Excrements upward, produced by the irre∣gular contraction of the fleshy Fibres.

An Example in this case, is of a Person of Honour, related to an Emperor, who was very much discomposed with a Swelling in his right side, which was conceived to be a Schirrus of the Liver; and to that end all Fomentati∣ons, Cataplasms, Ointments, were outwardly applied, to soften and abate the Swelling; and also many Aperient, and Emollient Medicines, were administred, but all without success: And at last, a sharp Clyster being administred, a hard Matter was thrown off by Stool, perforated in the mid∣dle: And to another in the like kind, attended higher Symptoms, * 1.1549 was inci∣dent a suppression of Excrements, accompanied with Stercoracious Vomi∣tings, which determined in Death; and the lower Venter being cut open, the Colon appeared stuffed with Coagulated Phlegm, not permitting the Ex∣crements to pass toward the Anus.

An Iliac Affection, * 1.1550 may also proceed from a grisly Matter obstructing the Cavity of the Ileon, and wholly hindring the course of the Excrements; whereupon the Nervous Fibres of the inward Coat being first molested, do draw the adjacent Carnous Fibres into consent, and put them upon Mo∣tion, from the lower part of the Guts upward, toward the Stomach.

A Learned Doctor of the Colledge of Physicians, gave me a Relation of a Patient of his, who Died much tormented with pains of his Bowels,

throwing up Excrements into his Stomach, and stenching its Concoction; and being opened, a Cartilaginous substance was discovered in his small Guts, filling their Bore, and not permitting any Faeces to pass into the great Intestines.

This Disease often happens upon a long suppression of Natural Evacuations by Stool, * 1.1551 generated by a load of hard Excrements, long residing in the Guts, productive of intolerable Pains, highly forcing the fleshy Fibres to an un∣kindly Motion, of protruding their troublesome Contents upward: Which was most evident in an ordinary Mechanick, dying of an Iliack Passion, ac∣companied with horrid Tortures of his Bowels; whose Body being inward∣ly viewed, his Intestines were discerned to be stuffed with a large proportion of most solid Faeculent Matter, whose Liquid Particles were exhausted by Heat, by a long stay in the Intestines, and the Intestinum Rectum had a Du∣plicature in it, and had its Cavity contracted by a Membranous Ring, de∣rived from the Neighbouring process of the Rim, relating to the Belly.

Sometime this cruel Disaffection of the Guts, * 1.1552 is generated by a Stony substance (stopping up the hollowness of the Intestines) which, I conceive, is produced by the Saline and Earthy parts of the Excrements, concreted into Stone: Fontanus giveth an instance of this rare Case, Respon. & Curat. Pag. 84. Orphanus ex Iliaca Passione expiravit, inspecto corpore, nullas vidi plicas, nec volvulum, sed circa Caecum Intestinum, vidimus materiam indura∣tam, lapidosam, Intestina extendentem, & ita arcte adhaerentem, ut Chirurgo im∣possibile videretur extrahere.

This lamentable Disease, * 1.1553 doth frequently arise from Inflammations of the Guts, flowing from a quantity of Blood, and Serous Liquor (impelled into the substance of the Intestines) so distoning the Carnous Fibres, that they are disabled to contract themselves; whereupon a stop is made to the Cur∣rent of Excrements in the inflamed parts, and the sound Fibres above resen∣ting their burden, are put upon an inverted order, to turn the course of the Excrements upward.

A Man of a middle Age, being long afflicted with a Languid Condition, at last fell into an Acute Fever, and having no Evacuation downward for many days; in conclusion, Vomited up the Excrements of his Bowels, the fore-runner of his Death.

The lower Venter being opened, no Convolution, or ingress of his Bowels one into another, could be discerned; but about the beginning of the Colon, a Compression was made of its Cavity, caused by an Inflammation, most evident in a great settlement of Blood within, in the Tunicles of the Colon.

This severe Disaffection of the Guts, * 1.1554 often proceedeth from an Ulcer, caused by sharp and salt Recrements of Blood corroding the Intestines, whence some fleshy Fibres are rendred uncapable to perform their duty, and others being well, are made sensible of their trouble, and so contract them∣selves from the Colon toward the Jejunum, Duodenum, and Stomach.

An old Woman having long enjoyed her Health, at last fell into the Iliack Passion; and the lower Apartiment being divided after Death, the Cells of the upper part of the Colon were discerned to be full of Excrements, and the lower Exulcerated.

I have often seen this terrible Disease (the object of our Prayers and Commiseration) to come from the Gangreen of the small Guts, * 1.1555 proceed∣ing from great store of Blood, stagnant in the Parenchyma of the Guts, which being cold, and unable to turn it into Pus, the Blood doth degene∣rate

into a Malignant quality, and Gangreen the Guts, huing them some∣time with a Blew, and other times with a Black Colour.

A Patient of mine, the Son of a Servant of the Queen, being highly fed with delicate Food, by over-indulgent Parents, grew highly Plethorick, and fell into a most acute Fever, accompanied with an Inflammation of the Muscles of the Abdomen, and vomiting of gross Excrements, proceeding from the inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Guts; whereupon the Child died not many Hours after I was sent for, of which I made a Prognostick, at the first sight of the Patient, wherein it was easie to discern fatal Symp∣tomes, the Heralds of Death. And the Body being opened, the small Guts were stigmatized with great Black spots, some as big as Six-pence, and others a Shilling; the Concave parts of the Liver gangreened, and the Con∣vex mortified.

The Colon is also often Mortified in this Disease, commonly, though im∣properly, stiled the Iliack Passion, proceeding from an exuberant propor∣tion of Purple Liquor (settled in the substance of the great Guts) destru∣ctive of its natural Heat and Life.

A Norfolk Gentlewoman committing her self to my Care, was highly tortured with pains of her Bowels, and vomiting of gross Excrements: In order to her relief, I advised the best Medicines, and most proper in this Disease, as I conceived, and did not wholly relie upon my own Judgment, but procured Learned Doctor Pridgeon, and Doctor Baits, as my Assistants, but all in vain, by reason this incurable Disease over-run all our endeavours of Art, and concluded in a doleful Exit of Soul and Life; and the lower Venter being inwardly viewed, a discovery was made of some part of the Colon to be highly Mortified.

CHAP. XLIII. Of the Colick Passion.

HAving Discoursed before of the Iliack, it may seem now agreeable to Method, to speak of the Colick Passion, which is near akin in the situation of the subject (the one being lodged in the Ileon, and the other in the Colon) and in the cause of the Disease, as both proceeding from sharp Humours, productive of vexatious pains, and from the great Obstruction and Tension of the Guts, caused by a quantity of gross Excrements, and more thin and flatulent Matter, puffing up the Intestines; and do differ, that the Iliack Passion is accompanied with greater Diseases, * 1.1556 of Inflam∣mations, Gangreens, Mortifications, Cancers, and with the lost Tone of the Carnous Fibres in some part of the Guts, whereupon Nature is forced to make use of the near remaining active Fibres one after another, in an inver∣ted order, thereby to throw up the Excrements by the small Guts into the Stomach.

The Colick Passion, is called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by the Latines, * 1.1557 Colica Passio, from a peculiar Gut, the Colon, as the seat of it, whence the

pains of the Stomack, and Ileon, are very vulgarly and improperly called Colick; and the ground of this mistake doth proceed from the nearness of the Colon, as running under the bottom of the Stomach, and from encom∣passing and adjoyning to the Ileon, whence the pains of these different parts, are not easily distinguished by a vulgar apprehension, not versed in the secrets of Anatomy.

This painful Disease, taketh up its Mansion, if not solely, yet chiefly in the Colon, which ariseth near the right Kidney, and climbing up to the Skirts of the Liver is carried cross-ways under the bottom of the Stomach, to the left Hypoconder, and afterward passeth to the left Kidney and Groin, making divers short Circumvolutions, resembling the inverted Figure of a Sigma, and afterward is devolved to the Os Sacrum, and there terminates into the Intestinum Rectum.

Colick Pains are generally felt in the lower Apartiment, * 1.1558 about the seve∣ral regions of the Colon, and when seated in each side, are called Hypocon∣driacal, and begin about the right Kidney; where often happens a fixed pain, and afterward the Flatus ascendeth by the Colon to the Liver, where it is thought a Disaffection of it, and afterward runneth tranversely under the Stomach, where the Colon being highly extended by a Flatus, doth seem to girt the Body as with a Girdle, and then the pain passeth down to the Spleen, and left Kidney, according to the progress of the Colon.

This Disease is distinguished from the pain of the Stomach, * 1.1559 by reason of the Ventricle is always found above the Navil, and passeth to the Spine, be∣tween the Plate-Bones of the Shoulders, adjacent to the ninth Vertebre of the Back, to which the Stomach is fastned.

The Colick Pain is more hardly distinguishable from that of the Kidneys, * 1.1560 because they do agree in many Symptomes, as the pain of the Belly, Nauseousness, Vomiting, the suppression of Stools, pain of the Back, &c. and are differenced, by reason the pain of the Intestines is Tensive and Pungent, and that of the Kidney, dull and aking. The Colick pain ta∣keth up a great space in the lower Venter, and Nephretick pain is confined within a small compass, and is fixed in the same place, and the Colick Pas∣sion runneth from side to side, according to the progress of the Colon, and the pain of the Kidney passeth down the side of the Abdomen to the Groin, observing the course of the Ureters; the Vomitings and suppression of gross Excrements, are more violent in the Colick, and the pain of the Kidney more oppresseth the Back and Thighs; and the Disability of standing Up∣right, is greater in the disaffection of the Kidneys, then in Colick pains.

Although the pain in this Disease, draweth the whole Apartiment into consent, and more particularly the Intestines, yet its most proper sphear is the Colon, where it is chiefly resident; and most highly acteth its part, pro∣ceeding from troublesome Contents (lodged either in the Cavity, or within the Tunicles of the great Gut) which being of different dispositions, do produce more remiss or intense pains, as they offer less or greater violations to the tender Compage of the Colon, as it is a Contexture made up of innu∣merable small Nervous Fibrils.

The Colon hath variety of pains produced by several Humours, * 1.1561 some are Burning and Beating, others Piercing and Fixed, some Pungent and Wan∣dring, and others Tensive.

The Colick Passion accompanied with heat and beating pains, * 1.1562 ariseth out of Blood, impelled out of the Terminations of the Capillary Mesenterick

Arteries into the substance of the Coats (relating to the Colon) wherein it is Stagnant, as not received into the Extreamities of the Mesenterick Veins) whence issueth an inflammation, accompanied with great heat, and beat∣ing pain, coming also from the laceration of the capillary Arteries, by a vi∣olent distention of the Coats in the Colon.

A Man of mean condition, being many days afflicted with violent Co∣lick-pains, could not be relieved by the help of Art, and was at last freed from his trouble and misery by a happy departure.

His Body being opened, and the Caul taken off the Guts, the Colon ap∣peared to equal the Calf of the Leg in bigness, being highly distended with a large proportion of flatulent Matter, and was swelled and inflamed (where it was in conjunction with the Mesentery) derived from a quantity of Blood, flowing out of the broken capillary Arteries (into the Parenchyma of the Colon) produced by their over-great distention, upon a high Flatus, most conspicuous in this case.

High Colick pains, denote large and repeated Blood-letting, * 1.1563 to prevent the inflammation of the Colon, and to hinder suppuration in this distemper, which is of a dangerous consequence in the Guts, proving often fatal to the Patient, as ending in Gangreens, Putrefaction, and Death.

Decoction of Sarsaparilla and China are very good, as accompanied with Flowers of Red Roses, Sanicle, Prunell, Ladies Mantle, Mouse Ear, and other temperate or cooling Astringents, and vulnerary Medicines, which may be safely given in the beginning of the inflammation, to hinder suppuration, which if it cannot be helped, gentle, cleansing, moderate, and drying Medi∣cines are to be advised; to change and exiccate the ulcerous Matter, and af∣terward healing and consolidating Medicines may be safely administred.

Piercing and fixed pains of the Colon may proceed from a sharp pancreatick Liquor, mixed with clammy Phlegme, * 1.1564 which confineth the pain to some par∣ticular part of the Colon, in which the noisome Recrements are lodged.

A young Maiden was tortured with grievous Colick pains, as it were piercing the great Gut, which could not be alleviated with purging Potions, and Emollient, and Discutient Clysters; and although the fierceness of the pain was appeased for some space, by Fomentations, yet it returned again with great violence, and at last spake a period to her miserable days.

The lower Apartiment being opened, much vitreous Phlegme was disco∣vered, which lined the Colon in divers parts, now and then equalling the big∣ness of a Bean, and other times the greatness of a Walnut.

Pungent Colick pains may arise sometimes from sharp bilious Humors, * 1.1565 lodged within the Coats of the Intestines, giving their tender Fibrils a most high disturbance, with sharp pricking pains.

A Child was highly afflicted with great Gripes, accompanied with severe Convulsions, which could not be quieted with proper Clysters and Fomen∣tations; so that at last, after this great storm of Pains, and Convulsive mo∣tions, followed a calme of Death.

The Child being opened in the lower Venter, her Guts were discovered to be tinged with a Saffron Colour, running the length of the Intestines, which proceeded from bilious Recrements (mixed with Blood) impelled by the termination of the misenterick Arteries, into the Parenchyma of the Guts, and lodged between their Tunicles, which gave that Yellow hue to them.

This Disease denoteth Purging, * 1.1566 and alterative Medicines, made of Sa∣lendine the great, Turmerick, Shavings of Ivory, Rines of Berberies, and Ash, boiled in Water and Wine, which do open the obstructed hepatick Duct, and discharge the sharp bilious Recrements into the Intestines.

Pungent Colick pains may also be derived from sharp pancreatick and bi∣lious Liquor (not contained within the Coats of the Intestines) but lodged in the Cells of the Colon, highly torturing the fine contëxture of the in∣ward Coat, composed of numerous nervous Fibrils (curiously interwoven) by discomposing the union of their frame, and in some sort severing them one from another, which speaketh a high trouble and high trouble and pain to the most sensible nervous Filaments.

A young Child of an Apothecary in Southwark, was highly afflicted in his Bowels, which gave him great pain and inquietude, bringing a close to the Tragedy of his dolorous Life.

Whereupon the inward Recesses of the lower Venter being inspected, and the Guts opened, they were found universally turgid with bilious Hu∣mors, flowing from the Liver (the Colatory of the Blood) which was high∣ly tinged with Choler, dispersed through the whole mass of vital Liquor.

In order to the cure of this sucking Child, I prescribed to the Nurse ma∣ny proper Medicines, good against Wind (and to refine and sweeten the Milk) and very aperitive of the Liver, and also advised the Nurse to take Possets, Water-gruel, Barley-gruel, Broths, &c. and to forbear all Flesh Meat, during the great illness of the Child.

These pricking pains, * 1.1567 accompanying the Colick, are oftentimes the sad consequence of Acide pancreatick Liquour, confederated with sharp bilious Recrements, which being endued with contrary Elements of most different dispositions, flowing from Acide and Saline Particles, doe make great ef∣fervescences, and raise high storms in the Cells of the Colon wherein they are confined, and offer intolerable violations to the fine nervous Compage of the Guts, by lacerating, and disjoyning their Filaments, whence ensue great tortures, the sad associates of this turbulent Distemper.

An East-India Merchant of a gross Body, and a high mass of Blood (ac∣companied with much Choler, and other Recrements) fell into violent Co∣lick pains at his Countrey-House, about Ten miles from London, and sent for me presently after the beginning of the Storm, which was so highly af∣flictive, that it caused him frequently to cry out like a Woman in Travail; Whereupon I advised the most proper Medicines to give him ease, as car∣minative Clysters, mixed with Purgatives and Fomentations, consisting of emollients and discutients; as Leaves of Mallows, March-Mallows, St. Johns∣wort, Centaury the less, Wormwood, and Linseed, Faenugreke Seed, Juni∣per Berries, and Bay-Berries, of Chamaemel, Elder, and Melilote boiled in Water, to which, being streined, was added Spirit of Wine, which at last gave Ease, and the Patient discharged a quantity of Choler, mixed with pan∣creatick Liquor, which made such an Ebullition, so that the liquid Recre∣ments coming away with the Clyster, fermented like new Balme.

As to the Cure of this Colick, * 1.1568 caused by acide pancreatick Liquor, it in∣dicates testaceous Powders of prepared Pearl, Coral, Crabs Eies, and Claws, Egg-shells, &c. as also Antimonium Diaphoreticum, which being given with Antiscorbutick Apozemes, do correct the Acidity of the pancreatick Juyce.

As to the acrimony of bilious Humors, they may be tempered with acide and oily Medicines, and Emulsions made of Barley, cooling White Poppey Seed, and blaunched Almonds, dulcified with fine Sugar.

Colick pains may proceed from a great load of gross and dry Faeces, * 1.1569 lodg∣ed in the Cavity of the Guts, caused by the want of Choler (suppressed by the obstruction of the haepatick Duct) which is instituted by nature, to so∣licite the expulsion of Excrements, which being long detained in great quan∣tity, do disorder the Guts by an over great Extension, which may be fre∣quently seen in dead Bodies, dissected upon Colick pains.

Colick pains (called by the Latines, Dolores tensivi, * 1.1570 a flatibus membranas coli distendentibus) do arise from a great quantity of flatulent Matter, seat∣ed in the Cells of the Colon whence ensueth a great distention of this great Gut (composed of many nervous Fibrils) flowing from inflation, made by a great deal of thin Matter, of an expansive Nature, which is often confi∣ned within the Cavity of the Guts, by a quantity of hard Excrements, hin∣dring its passage through the Intestines.

And before I Treat any more of the progress of this Disease, I will endea∣vour to give some account of the flatulent Matter, its Pedigree, and Causes; if it be considered in a natural State, it may prove serviceable to the Inte∣stines, as it is mild and grateful, * 1.1571 as a gentle Flatus is generated out of lauda∣ble Chyle; Whereupon it giveth no trouble, or discomposure to the Guts by immoderate inflation, but rendreth them more active and vigorous, by gi∣ving them a greater Tenseness, by which the peristaltick Motion, is assisted, in reference to the expulsion of Excrements.

The Colick Disease is attended with a worse Flatus, * 1.1572 which is praeternatu∣ral, and is produced by Vapours, as a Materia substrata, arising out of crude Chyle in the Guts; and by the heat and ill Ferments of the Acide pancreatick Juyce, and acrimonious Bile, and Serous and Nervous fermentative efficient Causes, consisting of Acide, Saline, and Sharp Particles, raising disorderly effervescences, in time of concocting Chyle in the Intestines, whence are propagated turbulent Vapours, which being more and more rarefied by the heat of the Guts, do acquire greater degrees of Volatility, * 1.1573 and are at last turned into a flatulent, windy Matter (made of elastick Particles) which being of a springy Expansive temper, is not willing to be confined within narrow limits, and is naturally ambitious to expatiate and embody it self with Air, as near akin to it, in point of its elastick Principles, giving it a power to dilate it self; Whereupon flatulent Matter being violently detain∣ed within, and compressed by the straight Confines of the Guts, doth endea∣vour to its utmost to break prison, by making first a great distention, and afterwards a laceration of the Intestines; whence arise great agonies of pains, and sometimes Convulsive Motions, by irritating the nervous and carnous Fibres to great Contractions, to ease themselves of the importunate sollici∣tations of a troublesome Flatus, making violent appulses upon the tender Walls of the Guts, composed of numerous fine Filaments, which are for∣cibly parted from each other by Elastick Expansive attempts of the flatulency, endeavouring to break the Coats of the Guts, and make its way by infla∣tion.

And one great cause of a Flatus, giving a high pain and trouble, * 1.1574 is its Confinement within the narrow compass of the Guts, (so that it is not capa∣ble to make its way through them into the more open Air, to incorporate with it) Whereupon the tender Compage of the Intestines, integrated of most sen∣sible Filaments, and the carnous Fibres, nearly adjoyning the nervous Coat, being drawn into consent, do contract themselves, and thereby lessen the Cavity of the Guts, and render the passage of the Flatus more difficult, and the nature of it more angry and turbulent, by compressing more and more

the expansive parts of the Flatus, * 1.1575 whence the Colick pains are heightned, until the contracted Fibres of the Guts are relaxed by hot Fomentations con∣sisting of Emollient and Discutient Medicines, which are very advantageous in this Distemper; after Purgatives have been administred, by consisting of any of the hot Seeds, the lenitive Electuary, mixed with the Powder of Diasenna Major, and Cream of Tartar; and I conceive the Carnous and nervous Fibres are much weakened by the inflation of the Coats, relating to the Guts; whereupon the irritation of the Medicines, is not easily felt, and the carnous fleshy Fibres do not contract; upon this account, strong Purgatives must be given, or rather gentle, often repeated, assisted with Purgative Clysters, which do excite the peristaltick Motion of the Guts, to discharge the indigested Aliment (the cause of the Flatus) or gross vitreous Phlegme, or the indurated Excrements, * 1.1576 hindring the current of Wind through the Cavity of the Intestines.

Medicines also and Aliments of a gentle cooling disposition, may be safely advised in Colick pains, arising out of hot, sharp, and acide Particles, of fla∣tulent Matter, to contemperate their fierce turbulent Nature, which is much allaied by soft and cooling Ingredients.

CHAP. XL. Of the Mesentery.

THe Mesentery is a curious Systeme, * 1.1577 integrated of many parts, Mem∣branes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, lacteal Vessels, Lymphaeducts, and Glands.

The substance of it is membranous, of a thin transparent nature, when it is stripped of its Fat, which rendreth it Opace, very conspicuous in emaci∣ated persons.

It consisteth of divers Membranes, of which the upper and lower are very strong, and take their birth from the Coats of the rim of the Belly, out of which divers membranous Fibres do arise, which do disperse themselves into the substance of the Mesentery, which is composed of numerous membranous and nervous Fibres, running in length and breadth, which being rarely inter∣woven with each other, do constitute the fine contexture of the Mesentery, filled up with a thin Parenchyma, flowing from nervous Liquor, insinuated into the Interstices of the Fibres, which being concreted, doth give an even∣ness to the surface of the Membranes, * 1.1578 and corroborate them. Learned Dr. Wharton assigneth a Third Membrane, distinct from the other, to the Me∣sentery, which is lodged between them: of which he giveth an account in his Seventh Chapter De Mesenterii Glandulis. Nuper enim (praesente Clariss. Professore nostro D. Glissonio in Virgine E. Wh. 14 annos nata, emaciata, & dextra pulmonum parte in arctione, Coalescentia, variis{que} abscessibus affecta, ob∣servavi Mesenterium prope transparens, nisi ubi tantilla interjiciebatur pingue∣do; verum utrin{que} detracta Communi ejusdem membrana a peritonaeo Orta depre∣hendimus manifeste in medio interstitio, membranam tertiam huic parti pro∣priam

alterutrâ priorum crassiorem, ipsa{que} vasa in seipsa & glandulas utrinque suffulcientem, contineri; sensuum ergo testimonio constat, Mesenterium, propter tu∣nicas a peritonaeo utrinque mutuatas, habere membranam sibi propriam, nec esse nudam peritonaei duplicaturam.

The Mesentery in reference to its circumference, * 1.1579 hath a connexion with the Jejunum, Ileon, Colon, Caecum, and some part of the Rectum; its Center, or middle part, in which its Glands are lodged, is seated, partly in the um∣bilical Region, and partly in the middle of the Hypogastrium, and is in some part connected with the Pancreas about its common Duct, and doth accom∣pany the Vena Porta, and Porus Bilarius, toward the inferior region of the Liver.

This part hath a double Origen, the one may be Entituled Superior, * 1.1580 the other Inferior, according to their different situation; its upper Principle is derived from the first Verteber of the Loins, and the lower, from about the Third; and its principle of Propagation, or Dispensation may be well bor∣rowed from the nervous plexes of the Abdomen, and from the fruitful mem∣branous Fibrils which do sprout out of the Duplicature of the Pritonaeum, and are afterward inserted into the substance of the Mesentery, which is made up of numerous small Membranous and Nervous Fibrils, curiously interwoven, and originally springing from the abdominal rowls of Nerves, and larger Fi∣bres, transmitted from the Pritonaeum, into the fine Compage of the Mesen∣tery.

This Part is adorned with a kind of Circular Figure, * 1.1581 as the most capaci∣ous, and that it might have the Guts more conveniently united to its circum∣ference, which thereupon is furnished with many folds, to give the better re∣ception to the long dimensions of the Intestines, reduced into a less compass by their various circumvolutions.

Bartholine is of an opinion, that one handful of the Mesentery contain∣eth Fourteen of the Guts; and Riolan saith Forty, but the Fourteenth proportion exceedeth Truth, and much more the Fortieth, by reason the ut∣most circumference of the Mesentery, to which the Intestines are affixed, is about Three Ells, and the length of the Guts doth rarely go beyond Four∣teen; so that the proportion of the length of the Mesentery, in reference to that of the Guts, is Three to Fourteen, or thereabouts.

The Mesenterick Artery accompanieth the Roots of the Porta, * 1.1582 and ari∣seth out of the Anterior parts of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and a little after it riseth out of the great Artery, is divided into two Branches, of which; the upper borroweth its Origen, a little under the Caeliac Artery, and is transmitted between the Coats, * 1.1583 into all the Superior Region of the Mesente∣ry (in which the Meseraicks are seated) and is also distributed into the Je∣junum, Ileon, and part of the Colon, which is placed in the Right Side.

The Inferior Branch relating to the Mesenterick Artery, * 1.1584 springing out of the Aorta, below the spermatic Vessels, near the Os sacrum, doth enter into the Lower Region of the Mesentery, and dispenseth fruitful Ramulets into the Left part of the Colon, and to the Intestinum rectum, as far as the Anus, and doth constitute the Internal Haemorrhoidal Arteries.

Into the great Mesenterick Vein (which doth exceed that of the Spleen in bigness) numerous small Veins are implanted. This large Vein is divided according to its situation, into a Left and Right Mesenterick Branch, which imparteth a great number of small Branches into the Jejunum, Ileon, Caecum, and into the Right part of the Colon; so that numerous ramulets ascending between the Coats of the Mesentery, and resting upon the Glands (recei∣ving

the lacteal Vessels) meeting in Fourteen Branches, are at last implanted into the Right Mesenterick Vein.

Many small Branches also are inserted also into the Left Mesenterick Vein, * 1.1585 climbing out of the Left and middle part of the Mesentery, between the Tunicles of it, among which the Haemorrhoidal Internal is the chiefest (by reason the External is derived by the Hypogastrick Vein to the Cava) which in its first Origen doth encircle the Anus with its Roots, and then ascending under the Rectum, doth receive small Branches from the Colon, and doth at last enter into the Left Mesenterick Vein.

The Mesentery is a Convoy for many rowls of Nerves (furnishing the Viscera of the lower apartiments) and do terminate with numerous Fibrils in∣to the Stomach, Guts, Spleen, Liver, Pancreas, and Kidneys.

In the Right Side is seated a Mesenterick rowle of Nerves, * 1.1586 propagated from the intercostal Trunk, which is divided into two Branches, the upper sendeth divers Ramulets into the Liver, which do accompany the Caeliack Artery, encircling it with numerous Divarications, somewhat resembling fine Network: The fruitful Fibres of this higher Plex are distributed, not only into the Body of the Liver but also into the Bladder of Gaul, Choledoc Duct, Pylorus, and Pancreas, and do inosculate with the Fibres, implanted into the Stomach.

The lower Branch of the Mesenterick Rowle, * 1.1587 placed in the Right Side, hath an eminent place near the Capsula atrabilaria, to which the intercostal Nerve doth impart considerable Fibres; from this Rowle are propagated ma∣ny Branches of Nerves, to the Right Kidney, which do invest the emulgent Artery, with numerous Divarcations; and from this Lower Right Branch, do sprout many nervous Fibres, which are inserted into the Hepatick, and great Mesenterick Plexe, as also into the Caipsula atrabilaria.

The Mesenterick Branch of Nerves, * 1.1588 Lodged in the Left Side (being deri∣ved also from the Intercostal) hath a double Branch, of which the higher is the greatest, and somewhat tending toward the Stomach, is swallowed up after a little space into a large plexe, like a small Rivulet in a vast Lake; from this Plexe are propagated numerous Fibres, constituting sour rowls of Nerves the first and greatest is carried into the Stomach, and some part of it is distri∣buted into its bottom, and do meet with other Stomacic Fibres, and inos∣culate with them. * 1.1589 The Second rowle of Fibres, derived from this Plexe, do make their progress into the Spleen, in which they encircle the Caeliac Ar∣tery, * 1.1590 with fruitful Ramulets. The Third Rowle passeth between this Plexe, and that of the Liver. The Fourth Rowle doth conjoyn the Third Rowle, and great Messenterick Plexe, with which it hath divers inosculations, made by the mediation of many Fibres.

The Inferior Mesenterick branch of Nerves, lodged in the Left Side, is al∣so derived from the Trunk; from the Plexe is propagated a bundle of nervous Fibres, which accommodate the Left Kidney; the Fibres before they enter into the Body of the Kidney, do variously encompass the Emulgent Vessels; and moreover, this Rowl doth impart many Fibres, to the great Mesenterick Branch, * 1.1591 and to the Capsula atrabilaria.

Both Mesenterick Branches derived from the intercostal Trunk, are divided into two smaller Branches, from which, two Rowls are propagated in each side, and in the middle of these two is seated, the greatest and most eminent Mesenterick Branch, which according to Learned Dr. Willis, somewhat re∣sembleth the Sun, in displaying its numerous Branches, as so many Rays in∣to the neighbouring Plexes, in the Left Side into the Plexes of the Stomach,

Spleen, and Left Kidney; and in the Right Side into the Plexes of the Liver, and Right Kidney; and also emitteth many Branches into its own Substance and Glands, and more numerous Fibres into the Intestines.

A vertebral Nerve being imparted to the intercostal Trunk, * 1.1592 is distributed into the Testes faeminei & ureters; out of the region of the Twenty seventh Verteber of the Spine, is a Vertebral Nerve propagated, and two other from the Intercostal Trunk, and do tend toward the Intestinum Rectum, and do meet with three pair of Nerves, derived from the other Side, which being all associated, do constitute the lowest Mesenterick Plexe, from which an eminent Nerve being carried upward, is implanted into the greatest Mesenterick Plexe, and receiveth in its progress one or two Branches from the Intercostal Trunk, and near this lower Plexe of the Abdomen, about its termination, it doth furnish the Glands adjacent to the Ʋterus, with a great company of Fibres.

So that the Mesentery is furnished with seven great Plexes, * 1.1593 derived chiefly from the intercostal Trunk, and in some sort from the vertebral Nerves, and Par Vagum; three Plexes are seated in the Left Side, and two in the Right, and the greatest in the middle between the other Plexes, and the seventh is the lowest and smallest of all.

The upper in the Left Side, is called, the Stomacick Plexe, * 1.1594 because it emit∣teth many Branches into the bottom, and other regions of the Stomach.

The mindle Plexe of the Left Side, relating to the Mesentery, may be sti∣led the Splenick, by reason it disperseth many Branches into the Spleen.

The lowest and third Plexe of the Mesenteric, may be called the Left Re∣nal Rowl, because it sendeth many nervous Ramulets into the Left Kidney.

The Fourth great abdominal Plexe is placed in the middle, between the other Mesenterick Plexes, into which, both above and below, it doth distri∣bute a multitude of Fibres.

The Fifth abdominal Plexe relating to the Right Side, may be named He∣patick, as imparting many Nerves to the Liver.

The Sixth Plexe of the Mesentery, may be called, the Right Renal Rowle of Nerves, because it communicateth many Branches to the Right Kidney.

And the Seventh and lowest Plexe relating to the Mesentery, and coming from the intercostal Trunk, and vertebral Nerves, doth bestow Branches up∣on the greatest Mesenterick Plexe, and upon the Uterine Glands, or Ova∣rys, and Ureters.

And now it may be worthy our enquiry, to what use these large Mesente∣rick Plexes are consigned by Nature, which doth all things with great Wis∣dom, as being Governed by the most Sage Conduct of an Omnipotent A∣gent.

The Antients have assigned two uses to the Nerves, Motion and Sensation; divers of the Viscera being furnished with these Nervous Plexes, as the Me∣sentery, Liver, Spleen, and Kidney, have little or no motion, and much few∣er Nerves would serve for Sensation; Whereupon I humbly conceive, these eminent Plexes are designed to some other use, to convey nervous Liquor in∣to the Viscera, lodged in the lower Apartiment, and serveth as a Ferment, to prepare the Chyle in order to Concoction in the Stomach, and to its farther elaboration, and refinement in the Guts, and Glands of the Mesentery, and to meliorate the Blood, by rendring it more exalted, in assisting the Secretion of the bilious Recrements, from its more noble Particles in the Glands of the Liver, and to help the separation of the serous Faeculencies from the Blood, made in the Glands of the Kidneys.

Having Treated of the Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, I will now take the freedom to make a description of the Milky Vessels, and to shew how they make their progress through the Mesentery, and are inserted into the com∣mon receptacle, into which they discharge their Chyle.

The lacteal Vessels seem to take their rise from all the Intestines, * 1.1595 except the Duodenum and Caecum, and some from the Stomach, and a few from the Colon, and Intestinum Rectum, and most from the Jejunum and Ileon.

These Milky Veins, immediately after their Origination in the Guts, do address themselves to the next part of the Mesentery, * 1.1596 and are carried some∣times in a straight, and other times in an oblique Duct, between the Tuni∣cles of the Mesentery, and make frequent inosculations with each other, that one Branch might supply the defect of the other, upon Obstructi∣ons.

These Vessels may be easily distinguished from the Mesaraick Veins in reference, * 1.1597 they are clothed with White, and do sport themselves in various Divarications, passing between the Mesaraicks, and are carried into the Glands of the Mesentery, and being divided into numerous Ramulets, often associating each other, do unite in one common Trunk (as Learned Dr. Wharton hath well observed) before they are implanted into the Gland, into which they insinuate themselves

After their ingress into the Glands, or a little before, they make new ra∣mifications, and are divided, and subdivided into less Branches, and after∣ward dye in the body of the Glands.

The Capillaries after they have lost themselves in the inward recesses of the Glands, * 1.1598 other new ones sprouting out of their Parenchyma, do Coalesce in∣to one Trunk, which being carried toward the Origen of the Mesentery, doth meet with many other Veins of the same Tribe, much enlarging the common Trunk; and the various Channels of Milky Vessels, coming from several Glands, do at last disburthen themselves into the common Recepta∣cle, as into a Cistern, or Lake.

Learned Dr. * 1.1599 Highmore did conceive the Milky Vessels to insert them∣selves into the Pancreas and Liver. Cap. 7. Disquisitiones Anatomic.

Ab intestinis per Mesenterium obliquo ductu, inter duas ejus tunicas, partim se∣orsim a vasis reliquis, partim una cum illis modo recto ductu, modo eadem tran∣scendentes, & veluti decussantes per plures Glandulas in Pancreas us{que} perferun∣tur. In Pancreas varie Cancellorum in modum vel Capreolorum, implexa; sibi mutuo confusae, in plurimos, eos{que} inexplicabiles Gyros, anfractus{que} hac illac intor∣quentur, ab eo rursum majoribus paulo surculis, per Portae latera undiquaque, quam quibusdam in locis annuli instar cingunt, in Jecorci Cavam subeant, inde illatae in hepatis parenchyma, ibi quaqua versum disseminantur, dum prorsus obli∣literentur.

But with the leave of this Learned Author, the Milky Vessels upon a cu∣rious search, do not all insinuate themselves into the body of the Pancreas and do only pass near it in their progress to the common receptacle, and no ways encircle the sides of the Vena porta, like a Ring, which is only pro∣per to the Lymphaeducts in their progress from the Liver, and is the occa∣sion of the mistake of the Learned Author, who conceived the Lympha∣ducts emcompassing the Porta, and derived from the Liver, to be Milky Vessels, which the Lymphaeducts do much resemble, both in likeness o•• Colour and Substance.

These Vessels are furnished in their inward Cavities with many Valves, * 1.1600 open inward, to give a free passage to the Chyle toward the origen of the Mesentery, and common Receptacle, and hinder its recourse to the Inte∣stines. These Valves, by reason of their smallness, require a curious Eye, assisted with Art to inspect them, and may be rendred Conspicuous by this Experiment, of pressing the Milky Vessels toward the beginning of the Mesentery, whereupon the Lacteal Vessels grow lank; but if the pressure of them be made toward the Guts, they appear turgid with Chyle toward the Valves, where a check is given to its Motion, as forced toward the In∣testines.

And upon this account in hanged Animals, being first well fed, and opened three Hours after, these Milky Vessels may be plainly discovered; which I have seen in Dogs, and other Animals, Dissected in the Colledg Theatre: But after the Intestines have been handled, and tumbled up and down to see their proper situation, the Milky Juice is transmitted into the common Receptacle, and thereupon the empty Vessels disappear.

The use of these fine Vessels, arayed in white, * 1.1601 is to convey Chyle from the Intestines through the Mesentery, into the common Receptacle, which is rendred very plain by the white Colour of the Juice contained, and car∣ried through those Veins, which cannot be discovered after the white Li∣quor is distributed into the common Cistern; whereupon the Chyle being discharged, these thin Transparent Vessels do immediately disappear, which I humbly conceive, was the cause that these fine Tubes lay so many Ages concealed, by reason they appeared only to the view of many curious Per∣sons in former Times, as so many Fibrils, which some conceived to be Nerves, and others (though very unreasonably) to be Blood Vessels, by reason they are tinged with a different hue, from the Lacteal Veins

And the use of these Vessels of conveying Chyle through the Mesentery into the common Cistern, may be farther made good by this Experiment: * 1.1602 That if in a living Animal, three Hours after he hath been freely fed, an apertion be made into the Abdomen, and a Ligature be put upon the middle of the Lacteal Veins, immediately will arise a Swelling between the Ligature and the Guts, and a Lankness will appear at the same time between the Ligature and the ori∣gen of the Mesentery; which proceedeth from the situation of the Valves, garnishing the Milky Vessels.

Now somewhat may be said of the manner, * 1.1603 how this Milky Liquor is transmitted through the Mesentery, into the common Receptacle: And this, I humbly conceive, may be accomplished by a double means. The first may be the gentle Contraction of the Guts, (made by carnous Fibres) in their Peristaltick Motion, wherein the Chyle impraegnated and diluted by more fluid and excellent Particles of the Pancreatick Juice, is impelled into the Origens, or Roots of the Milky Vessels, whose pores hold an analogy in shape and size, with the particles of the Chyle, and thereby give a recep∣tion to this select Alimentary Liquor. The second way of transmitting Chyle through the Mesentery into the common Receptacle, is more power∣ful, and assistant to the former, and are the Muscles of the Belly, which contract themselves in Expiration; and thereby compress the Guts, and squeese the purer parts of the prepared Aliment into the Orifices of the La∣cteal Vessels, and the more gross Excrements the reliques of Concoction, having magnitudes and Figures different from the Orifices, or Extreamities of the Milky Veins, are secluded their Cavities, and are protruded from one part of the Guts to the other, as disserviceable to Nutrition.

The Lymphaeducts (containing a thin Transparent Liquor, * 1.1604 as encircled with a very fine Tunicle) borrowing their rise in some part from the Mi∣nute Glands of the Liver, and having crept out of it, do encompass the Porta with various Divarications, somewhat after the manner of the Tendrils of Ivy, twining about the Branches of Trees: And also these curious Channels of Crystalline Liquor, pass not only above, but also under the Porta, and the sides of the Choledock Duct toward the Mesentery, and being very thin in reference to their Coat, are very liable to be broken; they are con∣veyed between the Membranes of the Mesentery for their greater security, in their passage from the Liver to the common Cistern, in which the nume∣rous Branches of the Lymphaeducts, derived from the Viscera of the lower Venter, do meet and discharge their soft streams of Transparent Liquor into the common Receptacle, as into a Lake.

The Glands of the Mesentery, are its very proper and significant parts, as they are dressed with Milky Vessels of several kinds, of which some import the Creamy Juice into, and afterwards others receive it, and carry it from the substance of the Glands, toward the beginning of the Mesentery; so that the Milky Vessels and the Glands, have a necessary dependance, as they are subservient to each other.

The substance of these Glands are white, * 1.1605 tender, and friable, and con∣sisteth of many small Globules, as so many Minute Glands, which are co∣vered with peculiar thin Coats, distinguishing them one from another, and are all Receptacles of Chyle (transmitted into their inward Recesses by Milky Veins) which may be easily seen, if an Incision be made into the Glands, (some few Hours after Animals have been fed) which being squee∣sed, a thin Liquor will distil from them; which is more white in young, and of a darker hue in elder Animals.

These Glands may be Discriminated from those of other parts, in relation to their peculiar structure, as composed of divers kinds of Milky Veins, and are instituted by Nature to preserve their tender Ramifications, by a safe con∣duct of them in their passage toward the common Receptacle.

Nature sporteth it self in great variety of shapes end sizes, * 1.1606 appertaining to the Mesenterick Glands, and are much less in Man, then in Dogs and Cats, and many other Creatures; and are lodged between the Coats of the Mesentery, * 1.1607 oftentimes encompassed with Fat, and do seldom exceed the bigness of a Kidney Bean; and are seated in several parts of the Mesentery, both about its Center, as well as Circumference, as most convenient to enter∣tain the Milky Vessels, which pass through all Regions (above, below, and middle) of the Mesentery; whereupon it is beset with numerous small Glands, both in the middle, and about the Margins of it.

The number of the Mesenterick Glands, * 1.1608 is not only different in various kinds of Creatures, but also in Man, in whom it may be somewhat worthy our remark, when Nature is deficient in number, a Compensation is made in greatness.

These Glands are adorned by Nature with variety of Figures, some are Oblong, others Round and Oval, and all are depressed, and flattish, and those that are lodged about the middle of the Mesentery, and somewhat be∣low it, are more round, and the more inferior are of more Oblong Figure.

The great Masters of Anatomy, * 1.1609 did formerly assign, before the disco∣very of the Milky Vessels, many mean uses to the Mesenterick Glands, to imbibe the serous Recrements of the Guts; which is very improbable, by reason these Minute Globules have no manifest Cavities, (but only variety

of Vessels, the Channels of several useful Liquors) fit to entertain impro∣fitable moist Excrements, which have other allodgments in the Viscera of the lower Venter.

Another use the Ancients have assigned to these Glands, * 1.1610 is to be Props to the Divarications of Vessels, (to preserve them from Laceration) which if granted, must suppose the Glands to be affixed to the Vessels in all their Ra∣mifications, which is contrary to Autopsy; because divers Divarications of Vessels, have no Glands placed near them for their defence against Compres∣sion, or Laceration.

Whereupon, I judge it convenient to find some other true, * 1.1611 and more pro∣per uses of these Glands: The first may be subservient to the Secretion of the impure parts of the Milky Juice, from the more pure; of which the first are received into the Extreamities of the Veins, and some of the more pure parts are carried into the body of the Glands for their Nourishment, and the greatest portion is entertained into the Roots of the second kind of Lacteal Veins, and conveyed to the common Receptacle.

The second use of the Mesenterick Glands, * 1.1612 is to give a farther Exaltation to the Chyle, in its passage through the Glands; whereupon Nature hath most wisely contrived two sorts of Milky Veins: The reason of the first, is to transmit Chyle into the substance of the Glands, where it meeteth and confederateth with a noble Liquor, (destilling out of the numerous Extrea∣mities of the Nerves) which by its Volatil, Saline, and gentle Spirituous Fermentative Particles, doth very much exalt the Chyle, which is afterward received into the roots of the second Milky Vessels, through which it is car∣ried into the common Cistern, and thence conveyed into the Thoracick Ducts.

Upon this account, the Mesentery is accommodated with various Plexes, * 1.1613 some passing in the left side into the Spleen, and left Kidney, and others in the right side, make their progress into the Liver and right Kidney; and in their passage through the Mesentery, do impart fruitful Ramifications of Nervous Fibres into the Glands, into whose substance they transmit a choice Juice, which embodieth with the Chyle, (transmitted by the Lacteae of the first kind) and highly enobleth it with spirituous active Particles, which do attenuate and refine it, and render it more fit, after it is diluted in the com∣mon Receptacle with Lympha, to move into the ascending Thoracick Ducts; whereupon the Chyle is exalted by Nervous Liquor (impraegnated with Fermentative Principles in the Mesenterick Glands) which put it into Intestine Motion, and dispose it for Assimilation, when it associates with Blood in the Subclavian Vessels.

The use of the substance of the Mesentery, is to keep the Intestines tight, * 1.1614 and free from intangling with each other, to give a free passage to the Chyle, and reliques of Concoction, and to reduce by many Maeanders, the great length of the Guts into a smaller compass: Whereupon the All-wise Archi∣tect, out of His great Contrivance, hath adorned the Mesentery with a Circu∣lar Figure, whose Circumference is contracted into many Folds, for the better situation and order of the Guts, that they might be more conveniently fast∣ned to the Margins of the Mesentery; which being strongly conjoyned about its Origen, to the first and third Vertebre of the Loins, by the interposition of Ligaments, doth with its self secure the Guts in their proper Sphear, * 1.1615 and Station.

Another use of the Mesentery, is to be a Convoy for variety of Vessels, of the Milky Veins from the Intestines, and the Lymphaeducts from the Liver,

and other places, to the common Receptacle, and of the Branches of the Porta into the Liver, and the Plexes of Nerves dirived from the Par Vagum, and Intercostal Trunk, into the Spleen, Liver, Guts, and Kidneys.

CHAP. XLV. Of the Diseases of the Mesentery.

THe Mesentery is liable to a multitude of Diseases, * 1.1616 by reason of its Sub∣stance, Vessels, and Glands. In reference to its Substance, it is ag∣grieved with Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Gangreens, Scirhus, and watry Vesicles.

Inflammation of the Mesentery, * 1.1617 is near allied to that of other Membranes, and proceedeth from a great quantity, or grossness of Extravasated Blood, flowing out of the Terminations of the Mesenterick Arteries, and lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels, wherein they produce a Beating pain, cau∣sed by the severing the Capillary Vessels, and Nervous Fibres, one from ano∣ther, in the over-much distention of the Coats, Tumefied by a large Propor∣tion of Blood stagnated between the Vessels, by reason the Vital Liquor impel∣led by the Arteries, into the spaces of the Vessels, cannot be entertained into the Extreamities of the Veins.

Whereupon Nature being Unable to make good the Circulation of Blood, * 1.1618 playeth an after-game, and turneth the Serous parts of it into a Purulent Matter, (commonly called an Abscess) which being of a sharp disposition, doth corrode the Vessels, and make its way through the Coats of the Me∣sentery; whence ensueth an Ulcer, flowing from the flux of Corrupt Mat∣ter, being discharged through the Membranes of this part, into the Cavity of the Abdomen.

And first, I will give an Instance of the Inflammation of the Mesentery, (and afterward of the Abscess and Ulcer of it) out of Platerus, Observat. Lib. 2. Pag. 473. Duo famuli joco digladiantes, & segmentis asserum longiori∣bus armorum loco usi, unus aromotarius, alteri pistori in Hypocondrii dextri lateris infimam sedem, Coxendici proximam, segmen adeo violenter impegit, ut statim dolorem illic sentiret, qui adauctus indies in crus dextrum, quod olim agre move∣bat, quo{que} descendebat, sic{que} afflictus, Febricitans, aliis{que} accidentibus symptoma∣tibus extinctus est; Nullum signum lethale extrinsecus apparebat, nec in latere af∣fecto nec Capite, ubi quo{que} sed levius percussus erat.

Abdomine Sectione aperto, thoracis{que} sede huic proxima, ut rectius omnia in conspectum venirent, primo intuitu Intestina in latere laeso, maculis quibusdam li∣vidis & subflavis notata vidimus, omentumq Intestini instratum simili Colore vi••iatum; uti vesiculam fellis pene inanitam, colore{que} felleo flavo portionem In∣testini, quae illi proxime incumbit, admodum lata macula tinctum, uti & secuti transversi sedem dextram, valde quo{que} flavam & lividam: Ex quibus tamen nihil certi, an hoc ex in ictu inlatere facto prodierit, aut morti occasionem praebuerit, conjicere potuimus, donec convolutis Intestinis, & depressis è dextro Abdominis sinu in sinistrum, hepate{que} sursum elevato, Mesenterii vasa circa illius Originem, ubi dorso adhaeret, & ambitu illius, & adhaerenti illi Intestino penitus cruenta &

veluti contusa, per psoas{que} Musculos illi lateri succumbentes, simili modo affectos de∣prehendimus.

In the inflammations of the Mesentery, * 1.1619 and more especially in the case of Contusion, a Vein is to be opened in the Arm, and in Women, in the sup∣pression of the Menstrua, a Vein is to be pricked in the Foot; and vulnerary Medicines may be advised, that sweeten and contemperate the Blood, and appease the inflammation.

Inflammations are often accompanied with Abscesses, their sad Consequents; A young Gentleman was long tortured with great gripes of the Bowels, which grew more and more vexatious, and could not be alleviated by the power of Art, and there seemed no disaffection of the Liver, Spleen, or In∣testines, and at last, the pain growing intolerable, the Patient quitted his miserable Life.

Afterward the lower Apartiment being opened, all the Bowels appeared very sound, and the Guts being removed, and an Incision being made into the Coats of the Mesentery, an Abscess was discovered, which consisting of sharp Particles, gave a high discomposure to the tender Compage of the Mesen∣tery, and the parts adjacent.

Abscesses of the Mesentery do determine in Ulcers, which differ onely, that in the one, the matter doth run out of the corroded Membranes, and in the other it is contained within them, without any Fluxe.

A person of Honour having been long discomposed with great agonies of pain, was at last set at liberty by a happy Departure. And afterward an Incision being made into the lowest Venter, all the other Viscera were found good, and the Mesentery only ulcered and putride.

In reference to the Cures of Abscesses, and Ulcers of the Mesentery, * 1.1620 leni∣ent Purgatives may be advised, made of Cassia, Tamarinds, Manna, Senna, Rubarb, Syrup of Roses-Solutive, and Syrup of Peach-Flowers, and Diet-Drinks made of Sarsaparilla, China, mixed with Mouse-ear, Prunell, Ladys∣mantle, Fluellin, with which cleansing and drying Medicines may be most safely prescribed.

The substance of the Mesentery is also liable to a hard Tumor, called Schirrhus, proceeding from some indurated Matter, as Chyle, or Succus Nu∣tricius, coming out of the terminations of the Milky Veins, and Nervous Fi∣bres, and concreted in the substance of the Mesentery.

A young Gentleman having been long disquieted with high pains of his Bel∣ly, which could not be alleviated by the application, of Purgatives, Clysters, Fomentations, opening Apozemes of Roots and Herbs, &c. was at last eased by Death; which was grateful unto him.

The inward Recesses of the lower Venter being inspected, a Matter was discovered like Yolks of Eggs hard boiled, and the Mesentery was found Schirrbus, and somewhat resembling a Stone in hardness.

The Mesentery is obnoxious to many small Tumors, from serous Humors surrounded with Tunicles, and are called by the Antients, Hydatides, * 1.1621 deri∣ved from watry Liquor coming out of the termination of the Capillary Arte∣ries, inserted into the outward Membrane of the Mesentery.

A Woman having been long disturbed by bitter pains of the Abdomen, which could not be cured by proper Medicines, was at last cured by the last remedy of Death; and her Body being opened, the Mesentery appeared be∣set with numerous small Vesicles, full of watry Humors.

And not onely the Coats and Substance of the Mesentery, but the Vessels, the Milky Veins, Nerves, Arteries, and Lymphaeducts, are subject to Disea∣ses too. The distributive power of Chyle belonging to the lacteal Vessels is sometimes lessened, and abolished, and other times depraved by an irregu∣lar motion.

The faculty of dispensation of the Milky Liquor is hurt, * 1.1622 by its own indisposition, when it is so crude and gross, that it is not capable to be received into the small extreamities of the lacteae.

The thickness and clamminess of the Chyle, rendring it unfit to enter in∣to the Origen of the lacteae, proceedeth from the unkindly heat, and ill Fer∣ments of the Stomach and Guts, which may be rectified by Antiscorbutick and Chalybeat Medicines, which do sweeten and refine the mass of Blood, and nervous Liquor, and the bilious and pancreatick Juyce, which are the proper Ferments of the Ventricle, and Intestines, in order to the Concocti∣on of Aliment.

The distributive faculty of the Chyle is also lessened, * 1.1623 or lost, by the defect of the Milky Vessels, when they are naturally too small, or else when they are obstructed by a crude and viscide Chyle, and when they are compressed by the Tumors of the substanc of the Mesentery, or by the swelling of the Glands (of which I shall Treat afterward) whereupon ensueth the Caeliack Passion, a Fluxe of the Belly, proceeding from Chyle, productive of the Emaciation of the whole Body.

In reference to cure the Obstruction of the Milky Veins, * 1.1624 aperient Medi∣cines consisting of Pills, Electuaries, Apozemes, may be properly advised to open the stoppage of the Vessels, which transmit Chyle through the Mesen∣tery, into the common Receptacle.

The distributive power of the Chyle, is depraved in Actione aucta, when it is moved with overmuch quickness through the Milky Vessels, produced by the Convulsive Motions of Nervous Plexes of the Mesentery, irritated by the indisposed Nervous Liquor.

Whereupon horrid Tortures of the Belly, commonly called Colick Pains, may arise from vitiated Animal Liquor, propagated from the Fibres of the Brain into the Par Vagum, and thence into the Plexes of the Mesentery, which rendreth it full of sense, and obnoxious to Convulsive Motions, produced from Acide and Saline Particles of Liquor, highly disturbing the numerous Fibres of the Mesentery.

Great Mesenterick Paroxismes (as I humbly conceive) are stiled Hyste∣rick Fits, though very improperly, because they have no relation to the Womb, but are derived originally from the Brain, and transmitted to the Plexes of the Mesentery, by reason these Distempers take their rise from the Head, act∣ed with great Passion of Mind, produced by the loss of Friends and Relati∣ons, and severe accidents of our Lives; whereupon the Brain being highly discomposed, doth thereby influence the animal Spirits, and render them very unquiet, which being conveyed through the Tenth pair of Nerves, in∣to the fruitful Rowls, * 1.1625 belonging to the Mesentery, doth cause great agita∣tions, and swellings, made by Inflation, arising out of the aggrieved Ela∣stick Particles of the Animal Spirits, which being hurried through the Me∣senterick Nerves into the Guts, bottom of the Stomach, and Bladder of Gaul, and Choledoch Duct, do by a kind of Convulsive Motions, force the bi∣lious Humours into the Duodenum, which being impatient of its sharp Parti∣cles, doth throw up these troublesome Recrements, by an inverted peristal∣tick Motion, into the Ventricle, which draw its Fibres into consent, and

by violent contraction do disgorge the Contents of the Stomach into the Gu∣let and Mouth.

And I have a great Author, Dr. Willis to back this Hypothesis (Ait ille) itaque affectus Colici seminio, sive minera, humoris Nervei Recrementa quaedam a cerebro, per nervos decidua, in{que} Mesenterium, alios{que} Abdominis plexus delapsa, ibidem augeri supponimus; quae si crassiora, & magis viscosa fuerint, quam ut per Lymphaed••ctus excipi, & amandari, aut per vasorum propagines exiles, in Ca∣vitates intestinorum exudare possint, in partibus illis stagnantia, & sensim coacer∣vata, tandem in plenitudinem irritativam assurgent; dein materies ista stagnati∣one degener & Macie infesta evadens, occasionaliter, aut sponte turgescens, vel forsan cum humore salino fixo e sangnine illuc effuso effervescens, nervorum pro∣pagines fibras{que} nerveas, quibus innumeris Mesenterium scatet, corrugationibus val∣de molestis, & dolorificis torquebit; ejusmodi illorum affectio, haud plane cessat donec materia effervescens aut discussa, aut in cavitates intestinorum expressa, aut demum subacta fuerit.

Great pains of the Back, commonly reputed the Colick Passion, * 1.1626 do not pro∣ceed from the discomposure of the Colon, or other Guts, but from the Me∣sentery, by reason many confiderable Nerves, derived from the Vertebrals of the Loins, do enter into the great Mesenterick Plexe, which resembleth some great Planet, as diffusive of its numerous Fibres, as so many bright Rays in∣to the neighbouring parts; hence the pains of the Back are not derived on∣ly by consent, as being conveyed from one part to another, by communion of Vessels, but it may seem agreeable to Reason, that the Recrements, and Heterogenious Particles of the Nervous Liquor, may be transmitted by the Nerves of the Back and Loins, into the great Mesenterick Plexe; and upon this account, persons of ill habits of Body, in the Scorby, are very liable to violent pains and fluxes of the Belly.

And I humbly conceive that the violent pains of the Abdomen, * 1.1627 not seated in the Intestines (as most imagine) but in the Mesentery, do not proceed onely (as Dr. Willis will have it) from the Recrements of Animal Juyce, propa∣gated from the Fibrous Compage of the Brain, into the Par Vagum, and thence into the Mesenterick Plexes, but from the serous faeculencys of the Blood, acted with acid and saline Particles, impelled out of the terminations of the capillary Arteries, into the substance of the Mesentery, furnished with fruitful Nervous Fibres, which are often highly irritated, and drawn into violent corrugations by the Fermentative, and Heterogeneous Particles of the Blood; whence arise great tempests of Pain in the lowest apartiment of the Body, often impro∣perly called, Fits of the Mother.

The Mesentery may be affected also with great Tortures, * 1.1628 flowing from a flatulent Matter, arising out of Vapours, rarified by the heat of the Blood, confaederated with the Elastick Particles of Air, received by inspiration, and carried by the Trunk of the Aorta, into the Mesenterick Arteries, out of whose extreamies it is transmitted into the Interstices of the Vessels, lodged in the substance of the Mesentery, which is blown up by the expansive vo∣latil Particles of Wind, accompanied with those of Air, which distend the Nervous Fibres of the Mesentery, and by severing one from another, do put them into Convulsive Motions, attended with Pains and Swellings, * 1.1629 arising from great Tensions of Fibrous parts of the Mesentery.

The cure of pains lodged in the Mesentery, proceeding from its vitiated nervous Liquor, transmitted into the Mesenterick Plexes, doth indicate, first, divers sorts of discutient and emollient Clysters, beginning with those that be gentle, and afterward proceeding to more strong, mixed with Purgatives,

and Turpentine, gentle Purgatives may be also advised, mixed with Cepha∣lick, and afterward emollient and discutient Fomentations, may be applied with great safety. * 1.1630

In case of Mesenterick pains, derived from Acide and Saline parts of the Blood, afflicting the nervous Plexes, Blood-letting is very proper, and gen∣tle Purgatives, and Chalibeate Medicines are to be administred in the form of Tinctures or Syrups, in aperient antiscorbutick Apozemes, which do dis∣solve the Tartar of the Blood, and sweeten it; and to this end, Tunbridge Waters are very proper, which do open the obstructions of the Mesentery, and dischage the flatulent Matter, and the Serous and Salt parts of the Blood by Urine; whereupon inveterate and violent pains of the Belly are very much alleviated, and oftentimes quite taken away.

The Lymphaeducts of the Mesentery are often obstructed by the grossness of the Lympha, or the course of it is very much hindred or stopped by the Tumors of the Mesentery, compressing the Lymphaeducts, and narrowing the passage, so that the current of the Lympha is intercepted through the Mesentery, and the Chyle being not diluted for want of this thin Liquor, wants a due Ferment, and is rendred very much unfit for motion, up the Thora∣cick Ducts.

Another Disease attendeth the Mesentery, coming from sharp vitriolick Recrements, gauling the substance of the Mesentery, and corroding the ten∣der Walls of the Lymphaeducts; whereupon the Lympha is disburdened in∣to the Cavity of the Belly, productive of an Ascitis, which may also pro∣ceed from the great streams of the Lympha, breaking the Banks of the Lym∣phaeducts, and overflowing into the empty spaces of the Abdomen. This Dis∣ease may also come from abscesses of the Mesentery, often following inflam∣mations from a quantity of Blood, * 1.1631 whose serous parts degenerate into Pus, which corrodeth the Membranes of the Mesentery, and Lymphaeducts, whence ari∣seth a flood of purulent Matter, mixed with Lymphatick Juyce, making a lake in the Abdomen, the continent Cause of a Dropsie.

The Cure of this Disease may be attempted by the advice of gentle Hydra∣gogues, * 1.1632 and Diet-Drinks of Sarsa-parilla, China, Lignum sanctum, and of vulnerary, detersive, and healing Decoctions, which may discharge the Ab∣domen of Purulent, and Lymphatick Liquor, and cleanse and heal the abces∣ses and Ulcers of the Mesentery, and repair the breach of the Lymphaeducts by gentle astringent, and consolidating Medicines, mixed with balsamick Syrups. * 1.1633

And not only the Substance and Vessels of the Mesentery, but the Glands, too are obnoxious to Diseases, as various sorts of Tumours, one from a great quantity of the Milky Humour, lodged in the Parenchyma of the Glands, sometimes very much enlarging its Dimensions.

A Man above Forty years old, was highly troubled with pains of his Bel∣ly for many years, and at last the pains being more and more afflictive, took away all the enjoyment of his Life, and emaciated his whole Body, which proved fatal to him. * 1.1634

His Body being opened, and an inspection made into the Mesentery, the Glands appeared of an incredible bigness, which compressing the Milky Ves∣sels, rendred them uncapable to transmit the Chyle into the common recep∣tacle, whence followed an universal Atrophy of the Body.

The substance of Mesenterick Glands may be obstructed from Chyle, co∣agulated into the similitude of Cheese, so that the free passage of the Milky Humor being intercepted by its Concretion, into a hard Curd, by an Acid

Humour of the Blood, destilling out of the terminations of the Arteries, into the substance of the Glands, through which the Current being stopped into the common Receptacle, the body of the Glands must be tumefied, * 1.1635 and the Caeliack Passion ensue, which is a Fluxe of Chyle, passing through the Guts to the Anus derived from the Obstruction, of the Mesenterick Vessels in the Glands.

Learned Diemerbroeck giveth an instance of this Case, in his first Observa∣tion found in the Eighth Chapter of the Mesentery.

Primum exemplum erat Militis Scoti, qui in India occidentali, at{que} imprimis in longo maritimo itinere huc redux, diu pravis cibis usus fuerat, atque hic tandem morbo laenguens, & Caeliaco fluxu cum ventris torminibus, appetitu tamen ciborum mediocriter constante, laborans, Anno 1657. mense Augusto, ad nosocomium nostrum delatus est, ac in Caeliaco fluxu curando omnia frustra tentata essent, tandem totus Emaciatus obiu.

Cadavere in studiosorum Medicinae gratiam aperto, sese obtulit lien nimis magnus, durus & ater, ut & pancreas nimis tumidum, durum & Ci••erei colo∣ris: invenimus item Mesenterii innumeras glandulas, quae in sanis vix videri pos∣sint, mirum in modum turgidas, & duriusculas esse ••••a ut multae quidem fabae magnitudinem, sed plurim•• ad magnitudinem avellanae, pauciores ad m••is moscha∣tae magnitudinem accederent; In iis autem dissectis, nihil aliud, quam candida quaedam crema, in caseosam substantiam indurata, repertum fuit.

The third kind of Tumors hapning to the Mesentery, * 1.1636 may be called an in∣flammation, proceeding from a quantity, or grossness of Blood, extravasated in the substance of the Glands, by reason the roots of the Veins are so small or else so obstructed, that they cannot give admission to the extravasated Blood; whence are derived, Abscesses, and Ulcers, as the consequents of in∣flammations, when Nature turneth the Crystalline parts of the vital Liquor, into an Abscess, first, and then into an Ulcer.

The Glands of the Mesentery, * 1.1637 are also incident to variety of other Tu∣mors, as Steatomes, melicerides, Atheromes, Scirrhous, Scrophylous and Strumous Tumors.

Steatomes and Melicerides do proceed from a fatty or oily substance (en∣closed within proper Membranes) coming out the extreamities of the Mesen∣terick Arteries, into the Parenchyma of the Glands, * 1.1638 wherein they acquire a greater consistence

Atheromes are derived from gross pituitous Matter, like a Pultice, * 1.1639 when it hath been a long time spued out of the terminations of the Arteries, into the substance of the Glands, wherein this gross Matter is immured within a mem∣branous Enclosure.

Scirrhous Tumors are different only in degree (as I conceive) from Athe∣romes, because they both proceed from unassimilated Chyme, * 1.1640 impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries, into the body of the Mesenterick Glands, in which the Atheromes have a matter of less consistence, and the Scirrhus, partake of gross, and more indurated Chyme.

Scrophylous and Strumous swellings, are of a different nature from Steatomes, * 1.1641 Melicerides, Atheromes, and Scirrhus, by reason these arise out of the fatty, oily, or pituitons parts of the Blood; but the Scrophylous and Strumous Tu∣mors, are derived (as I apprehend) from the Succus Nutricius, or nervous Liquor, (destilling out of the Extreamities of the Mesenterick Nerves) con∣creted in the substance of the Glands, and encircled with a peculiar Cistis, or Coat.

Paraeus giveth an account of a Woman, called Isabella the Wife of one Bonus, in whom he discovered all sorts of Tumors in the Mesentery, Lib. Vi∣ges. Tertio Cap. Triges. Sexto. Mesenterium totum, atque in Mesenterio Pancreas tumore miro, prope{que} incredibili turgens animadvertimus; adeo ut libras decem & dimidiam penderet, Scirrhosum omnino extrinsecus, solisque postica parte, lumborum vertebris adhaerescens, antica autem peritonaeo Scirrhoso pariter, ac penitus Carti∣laginoso, suberant infiniti in eodem Mesenterio abscessus sua qui{que} cisti inclusi, alii quidem oleoso, alii melleo, alii sebaceo, alii albugineo, alii aquoso humore, & li∣quore differti, erant quorum conclusa materia pulticulae similis esset: denique quot ferme abscessus erant, tot erant materierum contentarum species & Ideae.

CHAP. XLII. Of the Pancreas.

THe lower Apartiment of the Body being laid open, * 1.1642 the Pancreas may be easily inspected, its name doth impart all Flesh (quasi esset totum carnosum) which is not Muscular, as having no Fleshy, nor tendinous Fibres, and is of a Glandulous nature, different from the substance of the Heart, Li∣ver, Spleen, Kidneys, &c. and hath a White soft Compage▪ nourished with a gentle albuminous Liquor, in a great part destilling out the Nerves, and the milde part of the Blood, flowing out of Extreamities of the Arteries.

The Figure of the Pancreas is long and flattish, * 1.1643 full of divers inequalities, flowing from many Globules, not so closely conjoyned, but you may see the Interstices of them through the Coats; its dimensions toward the Duodenum, are broader and thicker, and narrower and thinner toward the Spleen.

In its termination it approacheth the confines of the Liver, * 1.1644 and is lodged under the hinder Region, and bottom of the Stomach, about the first Verte∣bre of the Loins, and hath a transverse situation in the lower Venter; and its Origen and smaller part near the Spleen, and greater toward the inward Cavity of the Liver, and its Connexion is with the Duodenum, Porus bilarius, Splenick Branches, Caul, and upper part of the Mesentery, and upper ab∣dominal Plexe, to which it is chiefly Ministerial.

Its Dimensions are small, * 1.1645 if compared with the other Viscera, lodged in the lower Apartiment of the Body, but if it be considered, in reference to other Glands, it may easily challenge the pre-eminenc in greatness; it weigh∣eth in most Bodies, about four or five Ounces, and is about five transverse Fingers in length, its breadth about Two and a half, and One in thick∣ness.

This is a part, * 1.1646 as useful as eminent, whose substance is White and tender, as of a Glandulous nature, much different from the other Viscera, and as I humbly conceive, is integrated of numerous minute Glands, (encircled with proper Coats) which are enwrapped within one common Membrane, and are so neatly conjoyned to each other, by the interposition of Vessels, and membranous Fibres, that they seem to constitute one entire Gland.

So that the Pancreas may be described a Composition, made up of many Globules, (which is most conspicuous in the Thymus of a Calf † 1.1647 † 1.1648) and eve∣ry Globule is integrated of numerous Glands † 1.1649, which is very visible, when the common integument is taken off.

This Bowel hath a common Trunk † 1.1650, beginning toward the origen of the Pancreas, and determines into the Duodenum, so that it passeth all along from one Extreamity of the Pancreas to the other.

The lateral Excretory Branches † 1.1651, have their Capillaries, or Roots, seat∣ed in fruitful Minute Glands, where the Blood is defaecated, and the Re∣crements transmitted by the side Branches into the common Trunk † 1.1652, and from thence into the Origen of the Guts, by the Pancreatick Duct † 1.1653.

The Origen of the Pancreas † 1.1654, which confineth on the Spleen, is much less in Dimensions then the Termination of it, which is adjacent to the Duodenum † 1.1655.

These fruitful small Glands, making the fine Compage of the Pancreas, * 1.1656 are so many rare Systems of various Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lym∣phaeducts (as some imagine) and Excretory Ducts.

It receiveth Arteries from the left Branch of the Caeliack Artery, lodged under the Back (and sometimes from the Splenick Artery) and dispenseth many Divarications into the several Glands, integrating the body of the Pancreas.

The Coeliack Artery is accompanied with an equal number of Veins, which are derived principally from the Splenick, and sometimes from the Meseraick Veins: The Arteries and Veins have also Nerves for their associ∣ates, which sprout out of the Par V••gum, and the upper Abdominal Plexe, which impart fruitful Branches into the Pancreatick Glands.

Bartholine, Diemerbroeck, and others, * 1.1657 do assign Lymphaeducts to this part, but upon a curious search, it will be found that the Lymphaeducts do only pass near the confines of the Pancreas, and do not enter into its substance.

The Excretory Vessels are very numerous, and begin in small Capillaries, which borrow their Extreamities from many Minute Glands, seated near the Ambient parts, and origen of the Pancreas, and from these Minute Capil∣laries, do branch themselves and grow greater and greater, as they approach the middle of the Pancreas, where they unite, and concenter for the most part in one common Duct, and rarely in two, * 1.1658 and then they are of un∣equal bigness; the greatest running along the middle, and the smaller a little below, and do both coalesce near the Duodenum, into which the Termina∣tion of the Pancreatick Duct is inserted, about four Fingers below the Pylo∣rus, where a Prominence, or little Teat, may be discovered near the Flex∣ure of the Duodenum, about the egress of the Porus Bilarius in Man, and in Dogs at a Fingers breadth distance below the entrance of the Hepatick Duct (into the Duodenum) into which it is sometimes inserted, which is common in Sheep.

It may be worth our time to examine the Pancreatick Ducts, and their insertions in several Animals, which are more plain in some, and more ob∣scure in others, so that no Man can truly determine the true action and use of any part, except he consider the Structure, Situation, Vessels, and other accidents in several Animals; and now of the number, and insertion of Pancreatick Ducts.

A Man for the most part hath but one Pancreatick Duct, and rarely two, * 1.1659 which was discovered in a Woman Dissected in the Colledg Theatre, who had two Pancreas, and two Ducts (inserted into the Duodenum at some little

distance) between which in the middle way, the Hepatick Duct was im∣planted into the first small Gut. * 1.1660

Some Animals have one Pancreatick Duct, others have two, and some three; it is found for the most part single, in Man, Calves, Hogs, Cunneys, Hares, Cats, Dogs, Pikes, Carps, Eels, Thornbacks, Skaits, Barbils, Vi∣pers.

It may be seen double in Turkeys, Pheasants, Geese, and Ducks, and many other sorts of Birds.

It is treble in Cocks, Hens, Pidgeons, Daws, and in some other kinds of Fowl.

When the Pancreatick Duct is single, * 1.1661 it is commonly joyned with the Porus Bilarius, near its insertion into the Duodenum, as in Men, Fish, and in Cats; in which Learned De Graaf, discovered it about the side of the Bladder of Gall, toward which the Pancreas did very much extend it self. So that I humbly conceive, its extraordinary Dimensions in length, were the cause of this rare insertion of the Pancreatick Ducts, in this Animal, in which the Author discovered another white Vesicle, and it being squeesed, did discharge its Humour into the Pancreatick Ducts, which was little diffe∣rent in Colour, or Consistence, from the Pancreatick Juice.

The Pancreatick, and Hepatick Duct, do enter at a distance into the Duo∣denum in Calves, Hogs, Cunneys, Hares, and the like.

When the Pancreatick Duct is double, * 1.1662 or treble, some time one of them is in conjunction with the Porus Bilarius; as is evident in some Birds, as in Turkeys, Geese, Ducks, Pheasants: Sometimes all the three Pancreatick Ducts are united in Hens with the Hepatick, and are afterward inserted into the Duodenum.

This Duct is not always inserted only into the Guts, * 1.1663 as in most Crea∣tures, but in some Animals into the Ventricle, as in Carps and Barbils.

Some do assign a Valve to the Termination of the Excretory Ducts of the Pancreas, looking outward, which opposeth Autopsy; and Experience, see∣ing the entrance into this Duct, will easily admit a Probe, immitted into it from the Intestines: * 1.1664 And, as I humbly conceive, the Orifice of the Duct needeth no Valve, seeing it is obliquely inserted into the Duodenum, where∣by a check is given to any Humours, that shall attempt a passage out of the Intestines, into the Pancreatick Ducts.

A clear Liquor hath been observed in Living and Dead Bruits, * 1.1665 to destil out of the Pancreatick Duct, somewhat resembling in Colour and Consi∣stence, the Salival Liquor, and is not of an acid or sower Taste, but rather soft and sweetish; which I conceive doth proceed from the serous and mild parts of the Blood, impraegnated with Liquor, flowing out of the Extrea∣mities of the Nerves, * 1.1666 inserted into the Pancreatick Glands; which plainly hinteth unto us the use of the Pancreas, which I apprehend to be this: The various Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Excretory Vessels, are inserted with numerous Capillaries, and Fibrils, into every small Gland of the Pan∣creas, to whose inward Recesses, the Arteries and Nerves import Vital and Nervous Liquor, and the Veins export Blood, and the Excretory Vessels do discharge the serous particles of the Blood, improved with a choice Liquor, (destilling out of the Terminations of the Nerves) into the Cavity of the first Gut.

Whereupon the Pancreatick Glands, * 1.1667 being fine Contextures of manifold Vessels, are so many Colatories of the Vital and Animal Juice, which are brought in by the Extreamities of Arteries and Veins, into the Interstices

of the Vessels, and the finer parts of the Purple Juice is carried into the Roots of the Veins, and the Recremental Particles of the Nervous Liquor, which not received into the Pores of the Vessels in order to Nutrition, is em∣bodied with the serous parts of the Blood, and entertained into the Ex∣treamities of the Excretory Capillaries, and thence conveyed to the com∣mon Trunk, inserted at last into the Duodenum; wherein the Pancreatick Juice consisting of the gentle parts of the Blood, enobled with Nervous Li∣quor, maketh an Effervescence in the Intestines, by which the more gross parts of the Chyle attenuated, and exalted to a greater Fusion, are secerned from the more pure, which may be plainly discovered, because the Chyle in the Ventricle is more gross and viscid, and when afterward mixed with the Pancreatick Juice in the Intestines, is rendred more thin, fluid, and of a whiter Colour.

Learned Dr. De Graaf, * 1.1668 placeth the ground of Intestine Motion in the Guts (in order to the farther extraction and refinement of Chyle) in an Effervescence of it, arising out of the acidity of the Pancreatick Liquor, em∣bodied with the volatil and fixed Salt of Bilious Humours: His words are these, Effervescentiam excitans ex succi Pancreatici aciditate, & bilis sale vo∣latili & fixo abundantis concursu. And this great Author endeavoureth to make good his Hypothesis, by more Arguments set forth, Cap. 5. De Succo Pancreatico. In Hominibus similiter aciditatem in se habere Succum Pancreati∣cum, concluditur non tantum ex consimili omnium Viscerum & Contentorum in Brutis, & Hominibus natura, sed ex aliis insuper Experimentis deducitur: Scilicet ex motibus acidis extra tempus assumptorum quorundam acidorum, & in Hypocondriis subinde primo tensis, aut post rugitus in Abdomine primo obser∣vatos, mox sursum per os erumpentes; huc quo{que} faciunt miri ac paene inexplica∣biles motus, & agitationes circa lumborum regionem, ipsum{que} adeo utrius{que} du∣ctus Bilarii & Pancreatici in tenue Intestinum exitum, à quibusdam aegris subinde observati, quos imprimis sentiunt post graves animi affectus, iram praesertim, terrorem, maerorem, &c. This Argument of Acidity in the Pancreatick Li∣quor, is not of great Validity, because it is found in Sick Persons, whose Humours are distempered, as the Author himself confesseth: Si quis contra∣dicendi animo hic nobis objiciat in casibus modo allatis Succum Pancreaticum male dispositum esse, sed naturaliter nullam aciditatem in se continere, ostendat ille, quomodo succus praeter naturam acescat, si in illo aciditatis semina, ut ita dicamus, non praextiterint. To which, I take the freedom to make this re∣ply, That the principles of Acidity do not render Liquors actually acid, when they are contempered with soft serous and oily Elements, which are most conspicuous in Milk of a sweet taste, whose saline Atomes, are allaied with Whey and Buttry parts, which being ovaporated by the ambient heat of the Air, the Saline parts get the dominion, and are brought to a Fluor, whereupon the Milk turneth soure; in like manner the Pancreatick Liquor in its own nature, may be of a sweetish, soft disposition when attempered with the mild parts of the Blood, and Serous Liquor, which being exhausted by the heat of Blood, the Saline parts grow prevalent, and degener••te into acid by Fusion, whereby the Concoction of the Aliment, is vitiated in the Intestines.

Learned De Graaf, in the same Chapter, * 1.1669 confesseth the Pancreatick Li∣quor to be sometimes insipid: Prima difficultas est, quòd Succus Pancreaticus, quotiescun{que} à nobis insipidus repertus fuerit; tunc saltem nullam cum bile Effer∣vescentiam in tenui Intestino excitare potuerit. To which he giveth thi•• An∣swer: Huic objectioni responsum volumus, non sequi Succum Pancrea••••••m,

quandoq insipidum a nobis inventum nullam tunc temporis in se aciditatem ha∣buisse; Which I humbly conceive, is not attended with a total privation of Effervescence, by reason the Pancreatick Juice is rendred unactive as insi∣pid; which if true, how cometh the Salival Liquor, which no Man account∣eth Acid, to have so many active and fermentative Principles, made up of Water, or Lymphatick Liquor, impraegnated with volatil and fixed Salt, and some oily Particles, and upon this account will associate it self with Ali∣ment (made up of watry, saline, and sulphureous Elements) and open its body, and render it fit for Colliquation in the Stomach.

Whereupon I do not deem it reasonable to think, * 1.1670 that Acids are necessary requisites in all Fermentations, which depend not solely upon Acidity, but upon the mutual action and passion of opposite agents, as they are consti∣tuted of contrary principles, and dispositions; so that Spirituous and Volatil, gross and fixed Saline and Sulphureous parts, without Acids, may labour to subdue each other, and reduce the disagreeing and Heterogeneous Elements, to an amicable temper for their mutual preservation in the same subject.

And I humbly conceive, * 1.1671 that the sweetness, or insipidness at least of the Pancreatick Juice, may be evinced by the testimony of Sense (by the taste) which if well qualified, is a very good judge in discerning the nature of its proper objects: And I do verily believe all Men that have good Palates, (to use a vulgar expression) will be of my Sense, if they taste this Liquor, unless they be prepossessed with a prejudicate opinion, which often overpow∣reth our Sense, and Reason too

Farthermore, * 1.1672 The sweetish nature of the Pancreatick Liquor, may be made good by the taste of the substance of the Pancreas, which is very sweet and delicate, but upon a supposition, its Liquor is acid, its passage through the body of the Pancreas in its free streams, would impart an acidity unto its substance, which very much opposeth the Sense and Experience of all Men, that have tasted the delicate Dish made of the Sweet-breads of seve∣ral Animals, which have a sweet pleasant taste.

And it may be farther urged, with great probability of the savour of the sweet taste of the Pancreatick Juice, that it is compounded of the Recrements of the soft parts of the Blood, coming out of the Extreamities of the Caeliack and Splenick Arteries, and of a gentle Liquor, destilling out of the Terminations of the Nerves, sprouting in numerous Fibres out of the Par Vagum, and the upper Abdominal Plex: So that these two Liquors, be∣ing of a mild disposition, are not productive of a crabbed acid temper in the Pancreatick Liquor, which is secerned in the Parenchyma of the Pancreas, from the more refined and soft parts of the Vital and Nervous Juice, and is received into the Extreamities of the Excretory Vessels, seated in the nume∣rous small Glands near the beginning, and in the ambient parts of the Pan∣creas, and so conveyed through the common Duct into the Duodenum, in order to refine the Chyle, and extract the crude Alimentary Liquor, blend∣ed with the reliques of Concoction.

CHAP. XLVIII. Of the Pancreas of Beasts, and other Animals.

THe Pancreas of a Lion, * 1.1673 is much different in Figure from that of other Animals, and beginneth in a straight course (as I saw in a Lion Dissected by two Learned Physicians, Doctor Edward Tyson, and Doctor Slaer) and afterward taketh its progress in a crooked manner, in which it formeth a kind of Circle † 1.1674.

As to its Magnitude, its But-end † 1.1675 is much larger then the other, in which are seated many small Glands † 1.1676, and afterward in the more narrow part are lodged larger Glands † 1.1677; and the whole Circumference of the Pancreas of a Lion, is beset with numerous Glands, as so many Colatories of the Blood.

The Pancreas of a Castor (as observed by Learned Webster) is very nar∣row and reddish, where it is conjoyned to the Duodenum, and Jejunum, and as seated under the Splenick Vessels, is more white and thick, and in all of two Spans in length.

The Pancreas in a Tigre, is divided into two parts, * 1.1678 so that it seemeth to be a double Pancreas, the shorter part is carried to the Spleen, and under the Stomach, and the longer following the progress of the Duodenum, and Jejunum, is endued with the length of a Span and half; and the Pan∣creas of this Animal consisting two of Leases, hath a double Pancreatick Duct, which in truth, speaketh it a double Pancreas: As we saw in a Woman lately Dissected in the Theatre of the Colledg of Physicians.

This Bowel is redder in a Dog, then in a Woman, * 1.1679 and doth somewhat tend to a Semicircular Figure, and its Duct is inserted into the Jejunum, at two Fingers breadth distance from the Hepatick ingress into the same.

The Pancreas of a Hare, * 1.1680 (according to Learned Steno) is carried from the Guts under the Stomach, toward the left side, and is in a great part affixed to the Spleen, and then descends between the Guts, upon a Branch of the Mesaraick Vein, and is inserted into the Jejunum, at a great distance from the insertion of the Hepatick Duct.

The Pancreas of an Otter, is very small in Dimensions, * 1.1681 and is hued with a deep red, somewhat inclining to a Livid Colour, and its Duct is inserted into the Jejunum.

The Pancreas of an Ape (Dissected in the Colledg Theatre) was endu∣ed with an oblong, flattish, and crooked Figure † 1.1682, and its Origination † 1.1683 confining on the Spleen, was much greater then the body, ending in smaller Dimensions † 1.1684, which were attended with a Duct inserted into the Duo∣denum.

The Pancreas of a Cat, is much akin to that of other Animals, * 1.1685 and is di∣vided into two Lobes, as in a Dog, Ape, &c. and upon that account, may be thought to be a double Pancreas.

This part in a Civet Cat, doth more resemble that of a Man, * 1.1686 by reason it is single, and wanteth the long Lobe found in a Dog, and Cat, &c.

This Bowel in a Land Tortoise, is very sharp, and is joyned to the Duo∣denum, and is endued with a reddish Colour, and its Duct is inserted into the first Gut.

The Pancreas of a Rabbet, * 1.1687 is hued with a reddish Colour, and endued with a flattish, oblong, narrow Compage, (made up of many small Glands, closely united to each other by their Membranes) beginning and ending in small Points; and is fastned to the under region of the Stomach, not far from its left Orifice, by thin Ligaments, as also in its Termination to the Guts by an Excretory Duct, and is also conjoyned to the right side of the Spleen, all along the Stomach.

CHAP. XLIX. Of the Pancreas of Birds, and Fish.

THe Pancreas of an Eagle, * 1.1688 is endued with a delicate soft substance, and a whitish Colour, and a flat oblong Figure; and above all, is a com∣position of many Minute Glands, adorned with different shapes and sizes.

The Pancreas of a Goose, * 1.1689 is beautified also with an oblong depressed shape, and is narrowest, and thinnest in its Origination, and hath greater Di∣mensions in its Termination, joyned to the Guts by many Pancreatick Ducts, and Membranes; it was hued with a yellowish Colour in this Goose, which I Dissected, as perhaps being very Fat; it is seated under the inferior region of the Gizard, and among the Guts, to which it is fastned.

The Panereas of a Swan, * 1.1690 much resembleth that of a Goose in Figure, Connexion, and Situation, and differeth as it hath greater Dimensions.

The Pancreas of a Porpess, * 1.1691 resembleth other Animals in Figure, being narrow and thin in its first rise, and hath a more thick Termination near the first Intestine, to which it is fastned with its Duct, a little below the Termi∣nation of the Stomach.

The Pancreas of a Kingston, is hued with a bright reddish Colour; it hath a small beginning, or Neck † 1.1692, and afterward more and more enlargeth it self.

The body of it is lodged between the Stomach and great Guts † 1.1693, and hath in its termination a Duct, inserted into the great Gut † 1.1694.

The Pancreas of a Fire-Flair, or Sting-Ray, beginneth near the turn of the first Gut † 1.1695, † 1.1696 where it maketh its progress downward, and afterward passeth under the Duodenum, where it is endued with a Triangular Figure, and then terminates into the inside of the great Gut.

The Pancreas of a Skait, * 1.1697 hath a long narrow Neck, and a broad thin Body, somewhat resembling a Battledore in shape, and is fastned in its Neck by a strong Membrane, to the origen of the Guts † 1.1698, about an Inch and half from the Pylorus, and to the Gulet above, and the great Gut below. The Pancreas for the most part is of a whitish Colour, except near its Skirts, where it is endued with a kind of reddish bue; and is integrated of many small Glands, so closely conjoyned by the interposition of divers thin Mem∣branes, that it seemeth to be one entire Body.

The Pancreas of a Cod, is made of a Glandulous substance, * 1.1699 enwrapped within a fine Coat (enameld with numerous Blood Vessels) into which all the vermicular appendages are concentred; its situation is under the Stomach, near the beginning of the Guts, to which it is fastned after the manner of a Circular Figure, and terminates with an oblique insertion, which is most evi∣dent in the Figure, and oblique situation of the Orifices.

The renowned Anatomists of Amstelodam, do enumerate Two hundred and ninety nine Appendages, which terminate sometimes into Forty, and other-times into Seventy Trunks, discharging the Pancreatick Liquor, (by Six Excretory Ducts inserted into the Intestines) which is much like in Colour and Taste to the genital Matter, lodged in the Seminal Vessels of Bullocks, and Dogs; and sometimes this Pancreatick Juice is of a yellowish Colour, and bitterish Taste.

The Pancreas of a Dog-Fish, (called by the Latines, * 1.1700 Galaeus Laevis) seemeth in its higher Region to be adorned with an Oval Figure, and is made up as it were of three Lobes, or Parts, of which two are seated on each side, and the third in the middle of them: They seem as taken singly, to be oblique Processes, passing downward, and are all encircled within the upper part of the Duodenum, in a Circumvolution resembling an Arch † 1.1701.

The right region of the Pancreas, is in its lower part covered with a Coat, beautified with great variety of small Branches of Vessels, shading its Surface.

Out of the left region, a little below the middle, ariseth a Process of a red fleshy Colour † 1.1702, descending all along that side of the Belly, investing a great part of the first Intestine lodged in the right side, over which it passeth and runneth round the bottom of the Stomach, and afterward ascendeth on the left side of the Ventricle for two or three Inches, and then descendeth again leaving a Fissure † 1.1703, and endeth in an Oval Figure, and is inserted in∣to the right side of the great Gut * 1.1704

The Pancreas of a Plaice, is adorned with a Semicircular Figure, as adjoyn∣ing to the right side of the Stomach, which is of the same shape, and huid with a reddish Colour, and hath a Duct inserted into the origen of the Guts.

CHAP. L. Of the Diseases of the Pancreas.

THe Pancreas is liable to variety of Diseases, * 1.1705 as it is a Systeme of seve∣ral parts, both in reference to its substance and Liquor: As to the first, It is infested with divers sorts of Tumours, flowing from Obstructi∣ons, as Inflammations, (often determining into Abscesses and Ulcers) Scir∣rhus, and Stones.

Inflammations do borrow their birth from an Exuberant Blood, impelled out of the terminations of the Caeliack, and sometimes of the Splenick Artery, into the Parenchyma of the Pancreas, wherein it is stagnated by reason of its quantity, or grossness; whereupon the Capillary Extreamities of the Splenick Veins, are not able to give a reception to the Blood, (to make good the Circulation toward the Heart) which Nature being not able to

dispose of in order to preserve its Oeconomy, taketh the best course it can, by turning the Serous and Nutricious parts into a purulent Matter, * 1.1706 (the cause of an Abscess) which being of an impatient Corrosive nature, break∣eth its Walls, and gets its freedom to expatiate it self, which produceth an Ulcer, and is a Flux of Purulent Matter; freeing it self from the confine∣ment of the Parenchyma, relating to the Pancreas.

Ulcers of the Pancreas, are sometimes infested with a Pus, resembling Grease, or Oyl, in the nature of a Steatome, and sometimes after the man∣ner of a Cancer.

As to that of an Abscess, * 1.1707 I will give an Instance in a Gentleman, who was so highly discomposed, that he could not rest, and fell into frequent fainting Fits, and cold clammy Sweats, the forerunners of Death; where∣upon his Body being opened, the Viscera of the lower Venter appeared sound, and the Pancreas only was found putrified.

A Mechanick had an ill habit of Body, proceeding from great Obstru∣ctions of the Bowels, productive of many Diseases, which at last proved Fatal; and afterward the lower Apartiment being inwardly seen, a large Tumour was discerned, which being opened, a quantity of greaste Matter issued out, which spake it a Steatome.

An Instance may be given of a Cancer infesting the Pancreas; * 1.1708 In miscel∣laneis curiosis Medico-physicis Germanorum; Observ. xcix. ubi D. J. Ferd. Hert. A. Totenfield. Enarratis symptomatibus (as Learned De Graaf recounts it) & iis quae post mortem in thoracis cavo cujusdam Chirurgi invenerunt, sequentia adjungit. Ad infimum ventrem devenientem, carnem illam Diaphragma perforan∣tem Pancreas esse Vidimus, quod ad duas spithamas longum, & duarum manu∣um transversarum latum erat, Putridum, Corruptum, quod non solum Corrosive suo acido Diaphragma perforavit, sed & spinam dorsi it a erosit, ut ulcus can∣cro simile pugnum capere, & levi ictu tota spina dorsi frangi facile potuerit: Ultimo deni{que} ipsam etiam venam cavam, qua spinam decurrit, Corrosit, a qua sanguis per Diaphragma perforatum, pulmonum motum impediendo mortem intulit. Cancer hic Pancreatis ulterius serpendo ambos quo{que} renes corrupit, eos{que} nigerri∣mos ac putridos effecit.

The substance of the Pancreas, * 1.1709 is also obnoxious to a Scirrhus; which I humbly conceive, proceedeth from a quantity of Serous, or Nutricious Li∣quor, (extravasated in the spaces interceding the Vessels) whose watry Particles being exhausted by heat, it groweth Concreted, producing a hard Tumour.

A Woman having been long vexed with great pains of her Belly, at last was eased by Death. Her Belly being opened, the Mesentery presented it self, full of many Steatomes, and the Pancreas was highly Tumified with a Scirrhus.

The Pancreas also is incident to another Disease (which is very rare) to an Obstruction of its Duct, * 1.1710 caused by Stones (stopping the passage of the Liquor, toward the Duodenum) produced by the earthy and saline parts of the Serous Liquor of the Blood, and Nutricious Juice, some parts Concreted, and others Putrified.

A Person of Quality being Hydropical, as affected with a great Swelling of his Belly, was highly tortured with violent Gripes, which spake a close to his Life.

And afterward an Incision being made into the Belly, to give a more per∣fect account of his Disease, his Caul appeared wholly Putrified, the Spleen of an admirable bigness, and the Pancreatick Duct obstructed with four

Stones, as being so many Dams intercepting the Current of the Pancreatick Juice into the Guts, whence ariseth a Tumor of the Pancreas, derived from a great quantity of Liquor stagnating in the spaces of the vessels of the Glands.

This part is also subject to other Distempers, * 1.1711 to great Tremblings and Convulsions, vulgarly reputed Hysterick Fits, which proceed from an ill disposed Nervous Liquor, or Purulent Matter, disaffecting the Par Vagum, and upper Abdominal Plex, seated in the Pancreas; whence arise great agi∣tations, and brisk preternatural motions of the Mesentery and Pancreas

A Person of Honour was afflicted for many Years, with an Epilepsy, and Fits of the Mother, attended with strong Convulsive Motions, which at last gave a period to her Days.

The Body being opened, all the Viscera appeared very good, and only the Pancreas was in disorder, as highly oppressed with a great quantity of Pus, enraging the tender frame of the Pancreatick Nerves, and bringing vio∣lent Convulsive Agitations.

The Disease arising not only out of the substance, * 1.1712 but Pancreatick Liquor, does proceed either from its Defect, or the obstruction of the Pan∣creatick Vessels: As to the first, It cometh from the want of the mild and serous part of the Blood, and Recrement of the Succus Nutricius, not secer∣ned in the Glands of the Pancreas, by reason the Vital Liquor is not repair∣ed by due Aliment, in Hectick Fevers, and Emaciation of the Muscular parts of the Body.

The Diseases derived from the Obstruction of the Pancreatick Vessels, may be partly deduced from the Liquor of the Pancreas, embodied with clammy Pituitous Matter, and a gross Succus Nutricius, filling up the small Cavities of the Excretories; whereupon the Current of the Pancreatick Li∣quor is intercepted in its progress towards the Duodenum.

Sometimes the Juice of the Pancreas, * 1.1713 is transmitted in too large Steames into the Guts, which commeth from the great proportion of Aliment, imparting a redundant quantity of Serous Recrements, separated in the Parenchyma of the Glands, and carried into the Duodenum

Othertimes the Pancreatick Liquor is vitiated from Acid, or salt Particles: * 1.1714 The first floweth from the saline Particles of the Blood brought to a Fluor, and severed in the Glands, and thrown into the Intestines, whence their Concoctive Faculty of the Chyle, and the secretion of it from the grosser Faeces, is much perverted; whence ensueth an Atrophy of the whole Body.

The Pancreatick Liquor is rendred Salt from ill Diet from Salt Meats dried in the Smoak, whence the Blood is infested with a gross Tartar, (as in Hy∣pochondriacal, and Scorbutick habits of Body) which is separated from it, in the substance of the Pancreatick Glands, which infects their Juice, and vitiates the Concoction of Alimentary Liquor in the Guts.

An acid Pancreatick Liquor, * 1.1715 being forced into the Stomach by the inver∣ted Peristaltick Motion of the Guts, may produce great Stomacick, com∣monly and improperly called Colick Pains, which often proceed from the four Liquor perverting the Concoction of the Stomach, by a great Effervescence of the Aliment, producing Flatulent Matter, puffing up the Coats of the Ventricle, making great Tensive pains, by overstretching its Carnous and Nervous Fibres.

This Acid and Pancreatick Humour, being injected into the Stomack by the unkindly motion of the Intestines, maketh a depraved Dog-like Appe∣tite, caused by an unnatural Ferment, making disorderly Vellications of the

Fibres, * 1.1716 whence ariseth a perpetual desire of Meat, to gratifie the trouble∣some Sollicitations, seated in the Fibrous parts of the Stomach.

This acid Ferment making an unkindly Ebullition of the Chyle in the In∣testines, is productive of Vapours, and Windy Matter, which being Tran∣smitted with the Chyle, through the Lacteae and Thoracick Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins, and from thence through the Vena Cava, into the right Chamber of the Heart; in which it being mixed with the Blood, doth pro∣duce a great Effervescence, giving sometimes Palpitations, which are over∣frequent Pulsations, proceeding from this acid Pancreatick Liquor, afflicting the Carnous and Nervous Fibres of the Heart, which being over-acted in often repeated and violent Trembling Motions, do cause Lypothymies, and Syncopies: And this four Liquor of the Pancreas being confederated with the Blood, is carried out of the right Ventricle of the Heart, through the Pulmonary Artery into the Parenchyma of the Lungs, where it is hardly admitted into the small Extreamities of the Pulmonary Veins; whence ariseth a great difficulty of Breathing, making frequent inspiration of Air, which enoble the ill qualified Blood with Spirituous and Elastick Particles, to make good the Circulation into the left Ventricle of the Heart, out of which the Blood (being also associated with this sour Pancreatick Ferment) is im∣pelled first through the common, and then through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Carotide Arteries, into the Dura and Pia Mater, and ambient parts of the Brain, where it vitiates the Concoction of Animal Liquor; and by afflicting the Fibrous contexture of the Coats and substance of the Brain, produceth Convulsive Motions, commonly called the Falling Sickness.

Farthermore, The Animal Liquor infected with acid Pancreatick Juice, is transmitted by the Fibres of the Brain, into the Trunks of Nerves propaga∣ted into the Muscles; whereupon their Nervous and Tendinous Fibres are highly irritated and drawn into Convulsive Motions, * 1.1717 to expel the acid offen∣sive Particles of Pancreatick Juice, confederated with the Nervous Liquor.

And if the unkindly four Liquor of the Pancreas be embodied with the Blood, and carried by the Arteries into the substance of the Muscular parts, it giveth great Pain, by aggrieving the tender Coats of the Nervous Fibres, producing a Rheumatism.

And if this Acid Juice of the Pancreas, mixed with the Vital Liquor, is impelled by the Arteries into the substance of the Membranes (covering the Joynts and Bones of the Limbs,) it maketh a vexatious pain, by highly afflicting this tender Membranous Contexture, consisting of many Nervous Fibres, curiously interwoven; this painful Disease, is called the Arthritis, or Joynt-Gout.

And if this sour Liquor incorporated with the Blood, is carried by the Emulgent Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Kidney, and there secerned from the Purple Juice, and Transmitted with the Serous Liquor through the Urinary Ducts, and the Papillary Caruncles, into the Pelvis, and from thence through the Ureters, into the Cavity of the Bladder; to whose tender Com∣page, these acid Particles of the Pancreatick Liquor, offer a great Violation, as it is framed of Nervous and Carnous Fibres, which frequently contract them∣selves with great pain, to discharge the troublesome acid Particles of Urine: This Disease hath the Appellative of the Strangury.

The Acid Liquor being blended with the Chyle in the Guts, is carried with it through the Mesenterick, and Thoracick Lacteal Ducts, Subclavian Vessels, and Vena Cava, into the right Chamber of the Heart, and from

thence through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins, into the lest Ventricle, and afterward this soure Pancreatick Juice, associated with the Blood, is im∣pelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, into the Mesenterick Arteries (belonging to the Intestines) whose Terminations be∣ing opened, the serous parts of it (infected with the said acid Particles) are severed from the Purple Liquor, in the Glands of the Guts, and discharged into their Cavity; whereupon the Intestines having their Nervous and Car∣nous Fibres much irritated, do briskly contract and expel the Contents of the Guts, whence ensueth a Diarrhaea.

But if the said acid parts confaederated with the Blood, and Transmit∣ted by the Mesenterick Arteries, into the Glands of the Guts, be very fierce, they are immediately thrown without any Secretion of the Serous parts from the red Crassament of the Blood, into the Cavity of the Intestines, whence ariseth an Ulcer of them, proceeding from the soure parts of the Pancreatick Liquor, disaffecting the Extravasated Blood, and corroding the tender frame of the Guts, which I conceive may be one cause of a Dysentery.

Last of all, I apprehend this Acid Juice of the Pancreas, * 1.1718 to be a great agent in Hypochondriacal and Melancholick Distempers, proceeding from Atribilarian Humours, which may arise from the mixture of Bilious and Pancreatick Juice; as Learned De Graaf hath well observed, Tractatu de Succ. Pancreat. Pag. 134. Cum ita{que} ne{que} Hepar, ne{que} Pancreas, ne{que} etiam Ven∣triculus, atram illam Bilem ad Intestinum hoc demandasset, suspicari Cepimus an non ex duorum, aut trium illorum humorum sibi invicem permixtorum unione Atra Bilis illa emergeret: De qua re ut certiores evaderemus, Bili è vesicula sua educta Spiritum Vitrioli effudimus, at{que} simul juncta in solis aestu collocavimus, unde talis fere ex atro virescens Liquor excitatus est, quem primo in tenui In∣testino inveneramus: Hinc conclusimus praedictum humorem Atram Bilem appel∣latum, non ex hac aut illa parte promanasse, sed in duodeno Intestino genitum fuisse: Quatenus scilicet Bilis Color naturalis ab acidioris Succi Pancreatici con∣cursu in atrum ad viridem flectentem immutatus fuit.

As to the Curative part of Diseases of the Pancreas, * 1.1719 in point of Inflam∣mations, Abscesses, and Ulcers; I refer the Courteous Reader to the former Chapters of the Mesentery, and Guts, where I have Treated of their Cures.

As to the defect of Pancreatick Liquor, * 1.1720 proceeding from want of the Serous part of the Blood, and Succus Nutricius, it doth indicate a quantity of thin Nourishment, easie of Digestion; as good Broths, made with China, and other good Suppings of Water-gruel, made of Oat-meal, or Barley, Barley Cream, Milk of it self, or mixed with proper Milk-water, prepa∣red with Snails, &c. which do repair the decaied Mass of Blood, and Suc∣cus Nutricius.

But if the penury of Pancreatick Liquor, * 1.1721 be derived from the obstruction of the Excretory Ducts (relating to the Pancreas) produced by gross Chyle, or some other Viscid Matter, it doth denote gentle Purgatives, and Aperi∣ent, Inciding, and Detergent Medicines, which do open the Excretory Ves∣sels of the Pancreas, and incide and cleanse the gross clammy Matter, stop∣ping the Channel of the Pancreas, leading into the Guts.

And the too large Current of the Liquor belonging to the Pancreas, doth indicate a spare Diet, which will lessen the serous Recrements of the Blood, and Nervous Liquor, in the Pancreas. * 1.1722

The acidity of the Pancreatick Liquor, is countermanded by Lixivial Salts, both fixed and volatil, and is allaied by the Powders of Coral, Crabs-Eyes and Claws, prepared Pearl, and by Chalybeate and Antiscorbutick Me∣dicines,

to which may be added in a small quantity, drops of Spirit of Harts-Horn, Salt Armoniack succinated, Urine, &c. which do mortifie the acidity of the Blood, Nervous Liquor, and Pancreatick Juice.

In this case, Vomits, and Purging Medicines, mixed with Antiscorbuticks, may be of great efficacy, in discharging the acid Particles of the Blood, and Nervous Liquor by Stool; to which may be added Purgative, and Diure∣tick Mineral Waters, which do sweeten and evacuate the acid and saline Pan∣creatick Recrements.

The End of the Second Part, in the First Book.

To the HONOURABLE Sir JOHN CUTLER BARONET.

Honoured SIR,

LOVE being the great instru∣ment of paying our Duty to God, in obedience to his Holy Laws and Sanctions; and of our Loyalty to the King in the obser∣vance of his Sacred Commands, and of Charity to our Neigh∣bour; in doing him all the good Offices of Friendship, Bene∣volence, and Beneficence, of which you have given many great instances to our Society.

Man in his Primitive Estate and Perfection, did love the First Infinite and Omnipotent Being, as the Supream Good, and all other Beings, as so many Emanations (deri∣ved from Him) which are more or less to be beloved, as they participate greater or less degrees of that Essential Goodness.

The King resembling God, as being a Particle of the Di∣vine Nature, and as being his Vicegerent in the Sacred Of∣fice of Government, is to be treated with most reverential Esteems, and most sincere Affection and Obedience.

We ought to entertain our Neighbour with kind Respects, in reference to his Humane Nature, as created by God, after his Image; and with greater love as a Christian, redeemed with the Merits of our Blessed Saviour, and with our most affectionate Esteems, as a Person sanctified by the Holy Spi∣rit, and adorned with Heavenly Graces.

In these several capacities of a Man and a good Chri∣stian, we are bound to caress you with all degrees of Love, and most affectionate Kindness, as you are highly our entire Friend, Benefactor, and Preserver, and have loved our Na∣tion, and built us a Synagogue.

And having read many Lectures upon the Body of Man, and other Animals, Dissected in a stately Theater (built at your great charges) I Dedicate this part of Anatomy (as the Fruits of your Munificence) to YOƲ the worthy Patron and supporter of our Society.

Your elegant Structure may be styled the Seat of Pallas, as it is a kind of Academy of Arts and Sciences, wherein our Anatomical Lectures are celebrated; by which, experimen∣tal Phylosophy, and the Faculty of Physick and Chyrurgery is advanced, by prying into the secrets of Nature, manifested by laying open the several apartiments of Bodies, relating to various kinds of Animals, and more particularly to that of Man, whose parts are understood by diligent inspection, and illustrated by the parts of other Animals, designed and engra∣ven in large Copper-Plates, as curious Monuments of the Bo∣dy of Man (and other Creatures) and as so many Hierogly∣phicks of Nature, explained by Notes and Letters, which are very conducive to the knowledge of the parts affected, and Cures of Diseases, tending to the preservation of Health and Life.

In your Magnificent Fabrick, our anniversary Orations are celebrated, in which the grateful Commemoration of your Mu∣nificent Favours, and the great Benefactions of other Royal and Noble Persons is solemnized, by speaking in a more pecu∣liar manner, our most Humble Duty and Thanks for the high Obligations laid upon us by You our generous Patron and Bene∣factor.

Farthermore, in your most elegant Edifice, you have gi∣ven us the opportunity of frequent Dissections, which may be highly imporved in the discovery of unknown parts, Vessels, Li∣quors, (and their motion) of the Body of Man and other Ani∣mals.

Vesalius and Fallopius discover'd the carnous Fibres of the Stomach and Guts, as their proper Organs of motion, Dr. Harvey the Circulation of the Blood from the Center to the circumfe∣rence by the Arteries, and from the ambient parts of the Bo∣dy to the Heart by the Veins; Dr. Jollife the Lymphaeducts, and the motion of the Lympha to the common Receptacle; Dr. Glysson and Dr. Wharton found out the motion of the Chyle through two kinds of mesenterick Glands, into the com∣mon Cystern; and Dr. Wharton the true use of the Glands; and Malpighius the Glands and fibrous Compage of the Brain; as also the Glands of the Liver, Spleen, and Kidneys, and the Lobules, and Vesicles of Air in the Lungs; and Bartho∣lomeus Eustachius the Ʋrinary Ducts of the Kidneys; and De Graaf the seminal Vessels of the Testicles; And Dr. Glysson, Dr. Wharton, and Dr. Willis have discovered the Succus Nervosus; and the last of them, its production into the corti∣cal Glands of the Brain; Dr. Grew and Malpighius the Ves∣sels of Air, Sap, Milk, Resine, Turpentine, &c. in Plants, Dr. Croone discovered the Muscles, called Pterigostaphylini to belong to the Palate and not the Uvula, and hath very well ex∣plained the nature and use of the parts of the Ear; Sir George Ent hath Dissected many Animals, and made new discoveries of parts (not mentioned by other Anatomists) and more particularly in the Rana Piscatrix; Dr. Lower, and Steno found out the spiral Fibres, and many other ranks, disposed in great order in

the Heart; Dr. Charlton, Sir Thomas Millington, Dr. Lawson, Dr. Tyson, and all the Fellows of our Colledge, are very skilful in Anatomical Dissections of Animals, where∣in they have laid open many Secrets of Nature.

Ʋpon this account I have given you the trouble of a History of New Discoveries, made by most Learned Anatomists in the Body of Man, and other Animals, in curious Dissecti∣ons; that you may see the great Ʋse and Dignity of Anatomy, and of your Glorious Theater (consigned to it) wherein all our Learned Exercises are celebrated, to the advancement of Natural Philosophy, and the Republick of Learning, to which I have contributed my Mite.

Thus making my most Humble Addresses to the Almighty Creator, Redeemer, and Preserver; That out of his infinite Goodness he would be Graciously pleased to return all your ample Favours to Me, and our Society, sevenfold into your own Bosome, and to Grant you all Felicity in this World, and Eternal Glory in the World to come; which is the earnest Prayer of

SIR,

Your most Faithful, And most obliged Servant, SAMUEL COLLINS.

The First BOOK.

The Third PART.

CHAP. I. Of the Spleen.

I Have spoken of the several parts (in which the Chyle, * 1.1723 the Materia Substrata of Blood is prepared, and perfectly Concocted) and first of the Mouth, in which, as a Room of entertainment, we treat our selves with variety of Meat and Drink, which being broken into small Particles (impraegnated with Nitro-aereal Atomes, and Salival Liquor, destilling out of the Oral Glands) are convey∣ed through the Gulet as a Gallery, into the Kitchin of the Stomach, where the prepared Aliment is farther Cooked by the natural heat, and Serous and Nervous Ferments, ousing out of the Terminations of Arte∣ries and Nerves, implanted into the glandulous Coat of the Ventricle, and thence transmitted through secret passages into its Cavity, wherein the said Ferments embody with the broken Aliment (consisting of diffe∣rent principles) preinspired with Elastick and Volatil Airy Particles, and intenerated with Salival Liquor; whereupon a Fermentation ariseth in the Stomach, making in some manner a dissolution of the Compage of Meat, (by Colliquation) out of which a Milky Tincture is extracted in the Ven∣tricle, and transmitted into the Guts, wherein it associateth with new Fer∣ments of Pancreatick and Bilious Liquor, giving a farther Concoction to the Chyle, (as rendring it more attenuated and white) which is afterward di∣spensed through the Mesenterick Lacteal Vessels, into the common Recep∣tacle, and from thence through the Thoracick Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins; where the Chyle confederates with the Blood, into which it is assi∣milated by degrees, and is imported by the Vena Cava, into the right Cham∣ber of the Heart, by whose contraction made by Carnous Fibres, the Vital Liquor is coveyed through the Lungs by the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins, into the left Cistern of the Heart, and there some streams of Blood are im∣pelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Cae∣liack Artery (a Branch of it) into the Spleen; which is my Province at this time. So that having discoursed of the several parts, * 1.1724 in which the Chyle is generated, and dispensed by many Vessels into the Blood, and by various Intestine and Local Motions, is assimilated into it. My Task is now to give you an account, how the Purple Liquor, the perfection of Chyle, is perco∣lated and refined in the Spleen: And to that intent as ambulatory to it, I will handle its Membranes, Situation, Connexion, Colour, Figure, Mag∣nitude,

Vessels, Substance, Glands, and their Uses, to which I will add at last its Pathology and its Cures.

The Spleen is lodged in the Left Side, * 1.1725 not directly opposite to the Liver, as being placed somewhat lower, and farther distant from the Diaphragme, in the middle between the Vertebres and the Cartilages of the Bastard Ribs, (according to Vesalius) upon which the Spleen leaneth, and is guarded with the Ribs; it hath a Cavity in its Head, (bending toward the Right Side) which giveth a reception to the Protuberance of the adjacent part of the Stomach, when it is extended: This part of the Spleen is more hollow in Bullocks, Hogs, and Dogs, then in Men, and in those Animals, the Ca∣vity of it embraceth the Convex Surface of the Stomach, the third part of a Circle.

In its upper and Convex Region, * 1.1726 it is loosely tied to the Midriff, and in its lower part to the left Kidney, by the mediation of thin Membraneous Fibrils, derived from the Rim of the Belly, and the Spleen; in its hollow∣ish part, it is fastned to the Caul, and Neighbouring parts, and in a healthy Body, it doth not descend below the lowest Rib: But in an ill Constitution, the Ligaments being relaxed, or broken, (by which it is affixed 〈…〉〈…〉 Mi∣driff, Left Kidney, and Caul.) The Spleen hath been observed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cabro∣lius, to fall down into the Cavity of the belly; and by Riolan, to re•••••• upon the Womb, in a Woman of Paris.

The Spleen of a Foetus, * 1.1727 is hued with a bright Red, resembling in Colour that of the Liver, but in young Men it is of a more deep Red, and Per∣sons of Elder Years, inclineth to a blackish, or deep Purple; which is more black in some Bruits, and is more light in Hogs, and Ash-coloured in di∣vers Fish.

The Spleen is thicker in its top, * 1.1728 and more thin toward its bottom, ending in a kind of obtuse Cone, and is called by some Anatomists, Viscus Linguo∣sum, from resembling a Tongue in Figure, which is more eminent in the Spleen of Bruits; it hath a Convex Surface without, toward the Left Side and Midriff, and a flattish in the lower Region, and is hollow toward the Right Side, to give admission to the Protuberance of the neighbouring parts of the Stomach into its Bosome; and is endued with a white Line (run∣ning the whole length, and with some Asperities) where it giveth recep∣tion to the Veins and Arteries: And in some Men, having ill habits of Body, their Spleen is sometime Round, Triangular, and other times Quadrangu∣lar, and very much pointed, and divided into many Lobes. And Bartholine giveth an account of a Spleen, which resembles the Globules of a Bullocks Kidney; which I conceive were its Tumified Glands.

The bigness of the Spleen is various in different Bodies and Constitutions, * 1.1729 and is commonly six Transverse Figures in length, three in breadth, and a Thumb in depth, and in ill Constitutions, hath an extravagant greatness, extending it self into the Cavity of the Abdomen (so that it may be discern∣ed by an outward Touch) which is more frequent in Fenny Countries, where the People drink corrupt stagnant Waters. Lindanus giveth an ac∣count of the Frieslanders, to have great Spleens, which he attributeth to the drinking of a great quantity of soure Butter-Milk; which I conceive, may render the serous parts of the Blood, and Succus Nutricius gross, and some∣what concreted and stagnant, in the Parenchyma of the Spleen, whereupon it may obtain a greater bulk then ordinary.

This noble part is accommodated with various kinds of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, whereupon it may be stiled a Systeme, made

up of numerous Vessels, accompanied with many Minute Glands, and Mem∣branous Cells.

It hath two Arteries, the one entreth into the upper, * 1.1730 and the other the lower Region of the Spleen, according to Diemerbroeck, and according to Malpighius, in four Branches, which do most commonly sprout out of the Branch of the left Caeliack, (having the appellative of the Splenick Artery) and sometime from a Branch immediately arising out of the Trunk of the Aorta, and making an oblique progress near the side of the Pancreas, is after∣ward admitted into the Spleen, and propagates fruitful Divarications; wherein the Blood being impelled into the Interstices of the Vessels, * 1.1731 and not having a free recourse into the Extreamities of the Veins, a great Pulsation ariseth, giving a high discomposure to the Patient; of which Tulpius maketh mention, Lib. 2. Obser. 28. and was so great and wonderful, that it was heard Thirty Foot by the Standers by.

An eminent Vein ariseth out of the Spleen, * 1.1732 which is commonly stiled the Splenick Branch, whence are propagated numerous Ramulets into its Sub∣stance, which uniting themselves do form three, or more, greater Branches, and creeping out of the ambient parts of the Spleen, do associate in one com∣mon Splenick Branch, and passing crossways under the Stomach above the upper surface of the Caul, and then arriveth the Vena Porta, into which it dischargeth its Vital Liquor, which is afterward dispersed into the Liver.

The Nerves of the Spleen, are lodged in the Left Side, * 1.1733 proceeding from the Intercostal Trunk, and Par Vagum, and are the second rowl of Ner∣vous Fibres of the left Mesenterick Branch, (accompanying the Arteries in great Divarications) which being imparted to the Spleen, do furnish it with innumerable Minute Branches, far exceeding all other Vessels in num∣ber: So that the Spleen may be truly called a Compage, * 1.1734 integrated for the most part of branches of Nerves and Fibres, making numerous Divaricati∣ons through the whole frame of the Spleen, whose fruitful Extreamities are inserted into all parts of its substance, therein dispersing Nervous Li∣quor into the spaces of the Vessels, which afterward embodieth with the Blood, very much heightned with this choice Juice. * 1.1735

This part is furnished with numerous Fibres, which some have mistaken for Veins, as if they were the off-spring of the Splenick Branch: But in truth, as Learned Highmore hath well observed, are fine Filaments, or ra∣ther Fibres, which are Systemes of many thin Threads (by no means ta∣king their rise from the Splenick Artery, or Vein) variously complicated with each other, after the manner of Network, and are firmly tied to the inward surface of the Tunicle, immediately investing the Spleen, from whence they seem to borrow their Origination; and about these Fibres, the Parenchyma of the Spleen seemeth to be Circumvolved, and interspersed every where with many Holes, which resemble the empty Spaces, inter∣ceding the mashes of a Net, * 1.1736 not unlike the Cavities seated in Pumice-Stones, or Sponges: And these innumerable Fibres, sporting themselves through the body of the Spleen, have some great use, seeing they are a very considerable part of the Spleen, and as I conceive, are Nervous Fibres, pro∣ceeding from the Mesenterick Abdominal Plex: These Fibres spring from the interior Membrane investing the Spleen, and are propagated crossways from the upper to the lower Region, and are implanted into its Tunicle, both above and below, after they have made many Inosculations with each other, and in their progress through the inward substance of the Spleen, do touch upon the Casula, or common Coat of the Vessels, and do not observe

one direct Course, but make many Maeanders and Arches, often parting and meeting again in manner of Network, and many of them are at last inserted into the inward Tunicle of the Spleen

These Fibres are composed of many Filaments, * 1.1737 curiously set together, (with thin Membranous Ligaments) passing the length of the Fibres, whose Filaments being parted, we may take an elegant prospect of the Productions, Inosculations of the Minute Capillary Branches of the Fibrils, and how they are propagated through the inward Recesses of the Spleen, and termi∣nate into its inward Membrane, whereupon we may be drawn into belief, upon easie terms, that these numerous Fibres are the off-spring of the proper Coat of the Spleen, and the Capsula of the Vessels; that the many small Capillary Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts, and the tender stru∣cture of the Spleen may be preserved from ill accidents, and the danger of Laceration.

And it may be farther inquired into the nature of these Fibres, * 1.1738 (by reason they have been taken for Blood Vessels) whether they are endued with any manifest Cavities? To which the Reply may be made in the Negative, As they have many thin Filaments, so closely adapted to each other by fine Membranes, that no evident hollowness may be discerned, and in this capa∣city, they have a likeness with Nerves, which are compages made of many fine Threads, destitute of all visible Cavity: And great search hath been made, Whether these Fibres sprouting out of the inward Coat of the Spleen, do end into some determinate part, in the manner of other Excretory Ves∣sels; but upon a diligent inspection into the progress of the Fibres, (which seem to be the propagation of Nerves, as having the same frame) they may be traced from the upper to the lower inward Tunicle, investing the Spleen, * 1.1739 and some of them into the Caul, and others only into the Capsula, or the common Integument of the Vessels, and into the substance of the Glands, relating to the Spleen; whereupon it may be thought reasonable, that some choice Liquor, impraegnated with Animal Spirits, and propagated from the Nerves, may be transmitted between the Filaments of these Fibres, into the Parenchyma of the Glands, where (as I most humbly conceive) it may confederate with the Blood, and enoble it with its Volatil, Saline Particles.

The Spleen is not only furnished with great variety of Arteries, * 1.1740 Veins, and Nerves, but Lymphaeducts too; which Assertion is backed with the Au∣thority of many Learned Authors, Malpighius, Diemerbroeck, Fran. Sylvius, Ruischius, who hath given us a way how they may be discovered, by the Ligature of all the Vessels, * 1.1741 and the Amputation of the Spleen. These fine Vessels (having been seen by divers of the Colledg of Physicians) do arise out of the numerous Conglobated Glands, and pass not only between the Coats, but through the substance of the Spleen, and do accompany its Vessels, and are beset in their inside with many Valves, and do convey a reddish, or yel∣lowish Liquor, according to Malpighius; and according to others, a thin Chrystalline Juice through the Spleen and Caul, into the common Re∣ceptacle.

The Viscera being so many Masterpieces of Natures elegant Archite∣cture, * 1.1742 (well contrived in the several Apartiments of the Body) do speak the wondrous Wisdom and Power of the All-Glorious Creator, and the ad∣mirable Workmanship of Nature, set forth in the curious Frame of many Mi∣nute well-wrought Particles (finely put together with great Artifice) hued with the red affusion of Blood, which passing between the Vessels and small

Oval Glands of the Spleen, do cover the excellent Mysteries of Nature, as with a dark Veil: * 1.1743 Whereupon divers Disputes have been broached about the Substance of the Spleen, which as yet have not been Determined. Ma∣ny Learned Anatomists have thought it to be near akin to that of the Li∣ver, and be different only in its more soft and loose Compage; and it hath been generally approved heretofore, by many great Professors of our Facul∣ty, that the substance of the Spleen, is a Body of Concreted Blood (as a Foundation to support a multitude of tender Vessels) which according to them, hath much affinity with the other Viscera, the Heart, Liver, and Kidneys.

Excellent Malpighius, * 1.1744 (to whom the Learned Commonwealth is much in∣debted, for many great discoveries of Natures secrets) having made a great search into the inward Recesses of the Spleen, hath found the Body of it, to be a Systeme of many Membranes formed into divers Cells, as so many Minute Apartiments: And although the Dissected Spleen seemeth to be framed of Concreted Blood, and may be in some part brought into a Fluor by Attrition; yet in truth, it is a fine aggregate Body, of Membranes, Ves∣sels, and Glands, which are very much obscured with the covering of acre∣ted Particles of Blood, adhering to many fine parts, * 1.1745 constituting the sub∣stance of the Spleen; which may be made more evident by the injection of Air (the Artery being tied) into the Splenick Branch, whereupon the bo∣dy of the Spleen groweth very much Tumefied, and somewhat Diaphanous, so that the Sinus, and small Membranous enclosures may be in some sort dis∣cerned; as Learned Malpighius hath affirmed it.

And farther, This Learned Author saith, * 1.1746 That if the blown up Spleen be dried, and an Incision be made into it, you may discover its substance for the most part to be integrated of Membranous Sinus, and Cells, resembling the Holes of Honey Combs in Figure; which are very hard to be discovered, because while the outside of the Tumefied Spleen is dried, the more inward parts do Putrefie, and the Ambient grow so condensed, that only some foot∣steps of the Membranous Cavities remain: And the Air being forcibly in∣jected by a Blow-pipe first into the Splenick Branch, and afterward into the more inward Recesses of the Spleen, whereupon the thin Tunicles, as so many tender Walls of the Cells are broken, and the Spaces become more enlarged: So that the structure of a dried Spleen is somewhat obscure, and seemeth to be formed after this manner. The Venous Duct being large and oblong, is enwrapped within a Capsula, as a common Covering, and runneth in length, emitting many small Branches, some of them passing crossways, and making many Ramulets, do seem somewhat to represent in likeness the Fi∣bres, besetting the Leaf of a Brake. This Splenick Sinus, is attended with fruitful Branches of Vessels, divers of them determining into the Membranes, immuring the ambient parts of the Spleen. But the Spaces interceeding the Divarications of Vessels, are filled up with Membranous Cells, which are tied to Fibres (running Transversely) and to the Ramifications of Ves∣sels, whereby the Angular Walls of the Cells, are very much secured from Laceration.

These Membranous Cavities are not endued with any Regular Figure, * 1.1747 but much differ in shape and size, according to the spaces of the Vessels, in which they are lodged; and these Cells have a communion with each other in one open Orifice, which perforate not only the Ramulets, but the Trunk too, of the Venous Trunk.

These Membranous Cavities of the Spleen, * 1.1748 seem much to resemble the Lungs of a Sea-Tortoise, which are a Systeme of many Membranous Cells, which appear very plain in the Spleen of a Lion, which being despoiled of its Membranes, the fragments of the Cavities do accoastion view, adorned with various Angles

The numerous Membranes of the Spleen, are beset with Ramulets of Arteries implanted into them, and sometimes make a Reticular work, which I have seen in the Lungs of a Sea-Tortoise blown up; and Mercury being injected into the Trunk of the Caeliack Artery, the Ramulets (sporting themselves through the Membranes of the Cells) have a fair appearance.

And now I apprehend, it may be worth our inquiry, From what parts these Membranous Walls borrow their Origination, which in probability is the inward Membrane (enwrapping the Spleen) by reason the Cells have a firm union with it, and its numerous Fibres? So that these Membranous Cavities (seated in the spaces of the Divaricated Vessels) may be well re∣puted the Propagation of them, and do hold great correspondence with the Venous Duct and its numerous Branches, in reference they have a manifest aperture into them.

The Spleen is accommodated with many small Glands, * 1.1749 as so many Colato∣ries of the Blood, and every Gland is a collective body of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts, all which are encircled with a proper Mem∣brane, instituted by Nature, for the greater security of the small and tender Vessels; these Glands adorned with an Oval Figure, are appendant to the Divarications of the Capsula, and Fibres, as also the terminations of Arteries, and Nerves, and twine about them after the manner of Ivy, and beset them in clusters, emulating Bunches of Grapes.

CHAP. II. The Spleen of Fish.

A Porpess hath a large Body, * 1.1750 and a Spleen proportionable to it, which is composed of many Globules, encircled with a common Mem∣brane; and every Globule is a Systeme of many Minute Glands (of diffe∣rent Magnitudes and Figures) of which every one is invested with a proper Membrane, and are so many distinct Colatories of the Blood, wherein it is separated from its watry and saline Recrements.

The Spleen in this Animal, is not affixed unto the Stomach, upon which it confineth, but to the Caul, by the interposition of a Ligament, or Mem∣brane.

The Spleen of a Cod, * 1.1751 is endued with a livid or blackish Colour, and is largest in its Origen, and terminates into a less Extreamity, and somewhat resembleth a Leech in Figure, only the Order is inverted; by reason in a Leech, its beginning is smallest, and its Termination is greatest; but in a Cod, the Spleen is largest in its Origination, and its end is least.

The Spleen in this Animal, is seated near the Guts, to which it is affixed by the mediation of a Membrane, which I conceive is the Caul.

The Spleen in a Salmon, * 1.1752 is adorned with a Pyramidal Figure (resembling a small Streamer of a Pleasure Boat) having its Base toward the Stomach, and its point downward toward the Guts, and is fastned to the bottom of the Stomach, by the interposition of the Caul, or some other Membrane.

This Bowel in a Sturgeon, is lodged under the Stomach, * 1.1753 and is integra∣ted of many Globules, (differing in Dimensions, as well as forms, all hued with a Red Colour) of which two or three are most eminent, equalling a Walnut in bigness, from which the Vasa Brevia do tend to the Stomach.

The Spleen of a Cramp-Fish, * 1.1754 is beautified with a Triangular Figure) as Severinus hath it) and is conjoined to the Stomach, near its left Orifice, by the mediation of a strong Ligament.

And in a Tortoise, it is adorned with a round shape, * 1.1755 somewhat resembling the Heart of Birds, and is tied to the Duodenum.

The Spleen of a Pike, is hued with a deep Red, * 1.1756 and is fastned to the Ter∣mination of the Stomach, and Origen of the Guts, where they make their first Circumvolution, and is beautified with a kind of Triangular Figure, whose Base is seated toward the Stomach, and its Termination in a kind of Point, bendeth toward the Guts.

The Sword-Fish, hath a Spleen beautified with a round Figure, * 1.1757 and is very small in reference to the proportion of its Body.

The Spleen in a Dory, is adorned with Oval Figure † 1.1758, * 1.1759 and hued with a deep blackish Colour, and is affixed to the Left Side by a strong Ligament, near the bottom of the Stomach.

This Bowel in a Kingston, is coated with a Red Colour, * 1.1760 and beset with various Minute Glands, which may be distinguished as being parted by the different colour of their Interstices; it beginneth and endeth in small Ex∣treamities, and surroundeth the bottom of the Stomach, in form of an Arch † 1.1761.

The Spleen in a Fire-Flaire, or Sting-Ray, * 1.1762 is decked with a Semilunary Figure, as suiting it self to the Arch of the Stomach, about which it is lod∣ged † 1.1763; it is smaller in its Origen, and broader in its Termination, and is seated under the lower Region of the Stomach, and hath a Prominency, or Ridg † 1.1764, running all along from the beginning, or point of the Spleen, down the middle of it, and endeth the other Extreamity of it; its surface is tinged with a Red colour, and is interspersed with many Minute, Glandulous bodies, encircled with various Vessels.

The Spleen of a Skait, * 1.1765 (of which a part is expressed † 1.1766 out of Situati∣on) is coated with a much brighter Red colour then that of a Cod, and beginneth with a slender Process, seated in the middle of its Origen, and hath a Semicircular Figure in its Circumference, in which it holdeth a conformity with the shape of the Stomach, to which it adjoyneth: And this Bowel being opened, I discovered its substance to be composed of nume∣rous small Glands of different shapes and sizes; you may discern a greater part † 1.1767 of it out of Situation, in another Table, in which it seemeth to be endued with a Triangular Figure.

The Spleen of a Prill and Turbat, * 1.1768 seem to be Coated with a dark Co∣lour, and beautified with a Circular Figure, as lodged in some part within the Gyre of the Stomach, and within the Circumvolution of the Guts.

The Spleen of a Plaice, seemeth to be endued with a dark Purple, * 1.1769 or rather Blackish Colour, like Coagulated Blood, and is adorned with a kind of Semicircular Figure, as imbracing some part of the Gulet and Left Side of the Stomach, which are of the same shape.

This Bowel in a Base, * 1.1770 is endued with a narrow Oblong Figure † 1.1771, and hath its Origination † 1.1772 somewhat larger in Dimensions, then the Termination, which is made in an obtuse Cone † 1.1773; and is affixed all along to the surface of the Stomach.

The Spleen of a Gudgeon, * 1.1774 is hued with a dark Red colour, and endued with a Pyramidal Figure † 1.1775; its Base being placed in its beginning, and its Cone in the Termination.

This Intral in a Fish, * 1.1776 called by the Latines, Asellus Virescens, is coated with a deep Red, inclining to a Purple Colour, and is adorned with a Co∣nick Figure, as beginning and ending in Cones † 1.1777.

The Spleen in a Crocodile, * 1.1778 (as Learned Borrichius hath observed) is coated with Sables, as being hued with a black aray, and is adorned with a Pear-like Figure, having its situation near the Stomach, to which the Vas Breve maketh a near approach, but doth not enter into its Cavity.

The Spleen of a Salamander, * 1.1779 hath (as Jacobaeus hath discovered) an Oblong Figure, and is hued with a deep Red colour.

And now, I have presented you with diversity of Spleens, relating to Man, Beasts, Birds, and Fish, wherein we have had a pleasant Prospect, how Nature hath painted this noble Bowel with several Colours of bright and deep Red, of Purple and Blackish, as so many changes of Rayments, clothing this choice part; and hath beautified it with variety of Magnitudes and Figures, (as so many different Fashions) some Circular, others Semi∣circular, some Triangular, others Pyramidal, some Oblong, and others Or∣bicular, which speak the great Power and Wisdom of the Grand Architect, and do give us the advantage of paying our duty of Adoration and Eucha∣rist, to the Omnipotent Creator, who in his infinite Goodness, hath made Man the Lord of the Creatures, our Bodies the Master-piece and Standard of all other Animals; whose parts of Body are receptive of greater or less perfection, as they hold more or less Analogy with ours: And out of his transcendent Love, hath Created our Souls (Particles of His own Divine Image) Temples of his Graces here, and of his Glories hereafter.

In Man these Glands are discovered with greater difficulty, * 1.1780 then in Bruits, and grow more evident in unhealthy Constitutions, wherein the ill, and gross Recrements are stagnant in the Parenchyma of the Glands, as being not readily entertained into the Extreamities of the Veins; whereupon the substance of the Glands being Tumified, they appear very fair, in the man∣ner of Globules, enlarging the body of the Spleen.

Great Galen, * 1.1781 and his Followers, assign this use to the Spleen, conceiving it to attract the gross and melancholick part of the Chyle, by the Splenick Branch into the Spleen, to give a reception after the manner of the Bladder of Gall; or Choledoch Duct in the Liver: Which seemeth very improba∣ble, by reason the Spleen is destitute of any large Cavity, or Receptacle of gross Excrements, * 1.1782 and hath no Excretory Ducts to discharge it according to the late most Learned Anatomists, except Marchetti (as it is written from Rome, mentioned in the Journal de Scavans, the 8th of January, 82.) who hath discovered a passage going from the Spleen to the Duodenum, which I should deem my self very happy to see, as of great importance to understand the use of the Spleen: And to this end we will use our utmost endeavours at our frequent Dissections in the Colledg Theatre, to make good this new discovery of Ingenious Marchetti, an expert Anatomist in my time at Padua, an excellent University to Educate young Physicians, in order to the Practi∣cal part of our Art.

Many famous Physicians are of an opinion, * 1.1783 that the Spleen is an Elabora∣tory of Blood, as well as the Liver: Whereupon Aristotle, and his Followers have made the Spleen its Deputy, when the disaffected Liver is not able to perform its office of Sanguification. And these Authors do farther affirm, That the Spleen doth make Blood out of the more watry and faeculent Chyle. Which seemeth very unreasonable, because no Lacteal Vessels can be disco∣vered, that import Milky Liquor into the Spleen; and upon a supposition there were any such Vessels, that did insert themselves into the Parenchyma of it, yet it could not be evinced, that the substance of the Spleen could justly claim a Sanguifying Power, which is only seated in the Blood it self, * 1.1784 as only having a faculty, assimilating Chyle into its own nature, which pro∣ceedeth from Local Motion, and by the Pulsation of the Heart and Arteries, breaking the Chyme (embodied with the Blood) into small Particles, which give the Chyme an advantage to be farther improved by the Fermen∣tation of the Vital Liquor, as endued with contrary Elements, thereby rai∣sing an Effervescence, productive of the assimilation of Chyme into Blood, which is carried out of the Heart through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Caeliac Arteries (as a Branch of it) into the substance of the Glands relating to the Spleen, to receive a farther refinement; of which I intend to give a fuller account hereafter.

Divers Antient and Modern Professors of our Art, * 1.1785 do consign another use to the Spleen, to inject an Acid Juice by the Vas Breve into the Stomach, to raise its Appetite, and to give it a power of concocting Aliment, as a Ferment. This opinion opposeth the Aeconomy of Nature, in point of the Circulation of Blood, which is imported into all parts of the Body by Ar∣teries, and not by Veins; so that the Vas Breve being a Vein, cannot trans∣mit an Acid Liquor into the Stomach, but exporteth Blood from the Ventri∣cle, and dispenseth it first into the Splenick Branch, and afterward into the Porta, and thence into the Liver.

Thus having given an account of divers Opinions, concerning the use of the Spleen, which I have endeavoured to make appear to be inconsistent with the nature and structure of the Spleen, I shall now take the freedom to speak my Sentiments, to shew in some manner, what is the design of Na∣ture to make the Spleen, which without doubt is a part of great use, as it is an aggregate body, made up of many Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Fibres, Lym∣phaeducts, Membranous Cells, and Glands.

The Blood (being the Fountain of Life, and the subject matter out of which the Nervous Liquor is produced) is impelled out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliac Artery, into the substance of the Glands, ap∣pendant in clusters to the Extreamities of the numerous Arterial Divarica∣tions of the Spleen; whereupon the Vital Liquor may be readily conveyed by the terminations of Arteries, into the Parenchyma of the adjacent Glands, wherein the impure parts of the Blood are separated from the more pure; which are entertained first into the Roots of the Splenick Vein, and after∣ward conveyed by greater Branches, terminating into the Porta; and the Recrements severed from the Blood, are conveyed by the Lymphaeducts (ari∣sing out of the Conglobated Glands of the Spleen) passing through the Caul into the common Receptacle.

In order to assign another use to the Spleen, much depending upon the Nerves, I conceive it convenient to give some account of them, (as they every where accompany the Arteries according to their numerous Divarica∣tions)

proceeding from the Par Vagum, and the second Rowl of the Mesen∣terick Branch, seated in the Left Side, and is transmitted into the Spleen, and doth accommodate it with fruitful Branches and Fibres of Nerves, (pro∣pagated in numerous plexes through the whole frame of the Spleen) whose Extreamities are inserted into the substance of the Glands, and do dispense Nervous Liquor into the Interstices of their Vessels, where it confederates with the Blood (impelled out of the termination of the Arteries) much ex∣alted with this select Liquor: Whereupon it is evident, that the Spleen is a Compage for the most part made up of Nerves and Fibres (exceeding other Vessels in number) carrying Liquor into the Parenchyma of the Glands, * 1.1786 where it meeteth with the Blood, which afterward acquireth an acidity in the Spleen (whose taste is sourish upon Boiling) so that it may be conjectu∣red, that one use of the Spleen may be to prepare a Ferment for the Liver, to assist it in order to a Secretion of the Bilious, from the more delicate and mild parts of the Blood: And to this end the Nervous Liquor (inspired with Animal Spirits, and impraegnated with Volatil, Saline Particles) is em∣bodied in the substance of the Glands, with the Sub-acid, and other Hete∣rogeneous parts of the Blood, which is transmitted first into the Extreami∣ties of the Splenick Veins, and thence by the Porta, into the Glands of the Liver; wherein the Splenick Blood mixed with that, brought in by the other Branches of the Porta, doth open the Compage of the Vital Liquor, and di∣spose it for a secretion of the Bilious parts from the more sweet; that they may be received into the Extreamities of the Vasa Fellea, and Choledoch Ducts, implanted into the substance of the Hepatick Glands.

CHAP. IV. The Spleen of Beasts.

THe Spleen of great Beasts, as Oxen, Deer, Sheep, Horses, &c. are adorned with an Oblong Figure, somewhat resembling the Tongue of a Bullock, and is seated in length downward in the Left Side; but in a Lion, it is lodged crossways from the Left, toward the Right Hypoconder, * 1.1787 and hath its † 1.1788 Origen confining on the Left Side, which is larger in Dimen∣sions then the other Extreamity, and groweth less and less † 1.1789 toward its Termination, and passeth almost in a straight course. † 1.1790

The Spleen of a Lion hath two Surfaces, the upper is convex † 1.1791, and is furnished in one part with an eminent Prominence † 1.1792.

The concave and lower region of the Spleen is crooked, as endued with a Semicircular Figure † 1.1793.

It hath its connexion with the Stomach, by reason of its Protuberance † 1.1794, and is joyned to the But-end of the Pancreas † 1.1795 in its lower Region, which is Semicircular.

The Spleen of a Castor is very small, three Inches in length, * 1.1796 not half a one in breadth, and a quarter of one in thickness, and is endued with a pale Red Colour, and a soft substance, and resembleth a Fillet, or Hairlace, fast∣ned to the Stomach.

The Spleen of an African Goat, is beautified with an Oval Figure, * 1.1797 and is seated in the Left Hypocondre, and affixed by Membranous interpositions in a great part to the lower region of the Stomach.

As to the shape of the Spleen of a Dog, it is different from that of Mans, * 1.1798 and doth not resemble the Tongue of a Bullock, as being sharp pointed, where it faceth the Midriff.

The Spleen of an Ape, is adorned with a kind of Triangular Figure, * 1.1799 of unequal Sides, and somewhat resembleth a Scalenum; but in truth, accord∣ing to my apprehension, it seemeth to resemble the Heart of a Bird, and its Base † 1.1800 is adjoyning to the greatest part of the Pancreas, and its Cone is turn∣ed upward † 1.1801.

In a subtle Beast, called by the Latines Hyaena, * 1.1802 it is hued in some part with a Red Colour, and in another with a Livid, and is harder in substance then the Liver, and less in bulk; and in reference to situation, it is lodged from the Left Hypocondre, toward the fore part of the lowest Venter, and resembleth in shape the compressed Legs of an Infant.

The Spleen of an Indian Bore, * 1.1803 is not seated under the Ribs of the Left Side, as in Man, and in most perfect Animals, but cross the lower Venter, as in a Lion; and is fastned by Ligaments, to the fat Membranes of the Kid∣neys, and is almost two handfuls in length, and but a Finger in thickness.

The Spleen of a Tygre, is less in Dimensions then that of a Lion, * 1.1804 and is biggest above in its Origen, and groweth less and less toward its Terminati∣on, and is hued with a bright, florid, red Colour.

The Spleen of a Porcupine, doth encircle in its embraces, * 1.1805 a great part of the Stomach, to which it is not at all affixed by any Ligament, or Mem∣branous interposition.

The Spleen of a Hare is very small in Dimensions, * 1.1806 which are somewhat greater in its beginning, and very Minute in its Termination, which endeth in a kind of Point; it is fastned to the Stomach, by the mediation of Ves∣sels.

In a Hedg-Hog, * 1.1807 it is endued with a longish round Figure, or rather with an obtuse Cone in one part, and with a more acute in the other, and is fast∣ned to the Stomach, by the help of a Membrane.

The Spleen of a Land Tortoise, * 1.1808 is seated about the Duodenum, inclining toward the hinder region of the lower Apartiment; it is very small, and of a blackish Colour, and fastned to the Duodenum, by the interposition of ma∣ny Blood Vessels.

CHAP. V. The Spleen of Birds.

THe Spleen of a Goose, * 1.1809 is graced with a Triangular Figure, whose Base is tied to the Right Side of the Gulet, near its Termination, and the lower Extreamity of the Gizard, and its Cone to the Guts.

It is tinged with a darker Colour then the Liver, and is seated in the Lest Side, somewhat under the lower region of the Gizard, near its Origen, to which it is conjoyned by a thin Membranous interposition.

The Spleen of a Duck, * 1.1810 is endued with a brighter Red then the Liver, and is adorned with a Triangular Figure, and its Base is joyned to the Guts, and its third Angle is affixed to the lower Region of the Gizard, near its Origination, and another part of the Spleen is fastned to the Termination of the Gulet.

The Spleen of a Partridg, * 1.1811 is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal Figure, its Base is placed in its Origen, and afterward groweth less, and endeth in a Cone; and in the whole, it may be described a Collective Body (as in other Animals) of an innumerable company of Minute Glands, different in size and shape: It is hued with a light Red, and affixed to the surface of the Kidney, by the interposition of thin Membranes.

This noble Bowel in a Turkey, * 1.1812 is highly tinged with a dark Livid Colour, and is lodged under the Liver, being of a Pyramidal Figure, whose Base leaneth upon the Echinus, or near the Termination of the Gulet, and its point upon a great Gut, to which it is tied by a Ligament, or narrow thin Membrane.

The Spleen in a Teal, * 1.1813 is beautified with a Triangular Figure, seated in the Left Side, and is tied to the lower region of the Liver, under which it is lodged, and is also affixed to the lower part of the Gizard; it is much akin to the Liver in Colour, and if any way different, I conceive it is of a brigh∣ter Red.

The Spleen of a Pidgeon, * 1.1814 is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal Figure, its base is joyned to the Guts, and its point leaneth upon the upper surface of the Echinus, near the end of the Gulet, and its lower Region upon the Guts, and its upper surface is conjoyned to a Lobe of the Liver; it is seated

about the middle of the lower Apartiment, somewhat bending in its Cone ••oward the Left Side, and is hued with a brighter Red then the Liver.

The Spleen of an Eagle, is graced with a round Figure, * 1.1815 and a most soft substance; and is tied, as in other Birds, to the Guts, and Gulet, and lower Region of the Gizard.

The Spleen of a Hawk, is very small, and somewhat round; * 1.1816 and the Spleen of a Daw, is adorned with a round Figure, and both their situations are alike to other Birds.

CHAP. VI. The Pathologie of the Spleen, and its Cures.

THe Spleen (being a Contexture of Membranes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Fibres, Lymphaeducts, Membranous Cells, and Glands) is obnoxious to variety of Diseases, discomposing its fine Frame and Texture of various parts; as Inflammations, Apostemes, Ulcers, Oedematous, Se∣rous, and Scirrhous Tumours, wonderful for greatness; of which in Or∣der.

The Inflammation of the Spleen, hath for its Diagnosticks, a great Heat, * 1.1817 and Swelling, accompanied with a beating pain in the Left Side, proceeding from a quantity of Blood lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels, by which they are divided from each other, and their Spaces enlarged: So that the Arteries being compressed by the stagnated Blood interceding the Vessels, have not a free play in their motion of Dilatation, whence ariseth a troublesome Pul∣sation in the part disaffected, from a quantity of Extravasated Blood, or some∣time from an Exuberant quantity of it, distending the Vessels from within, and hindring their free motion; as it appeareth in great pains of the Head, in a Plethora quoad Vasa.

The cause of the Inflammation of the Spleen, * 1.1818 is seated sometime in the Glands, and othertimes (as I conceive) in the Membranous Cells. As to the first, It ariseth either from the grossness of the Blood, confederated with a thick indigested, and assimilated Chyme (commonly called Pituitous Blood) or from a faeculent black adust Purple Liquor, (found in Hot and Melancholick Constitutions of Body) full of fixed Salt, or gross Tartar, or debased with Acid, Pancreatick, and sharp Bilious Humours commixed, which is a frequent cause of Atrabilarian Humours; which being associated with the Blood, hindreth its Circulation in the Parenchyma of the Spleen; by reason the small Extreamities of the Veins, are not capable to give ad∣mission to the black Faeculent Blood; whence ariseth a Bastard Inflammation, * 1.1819 often degenerating into a Scirrhus, which is an indolent hard Tumour of the Glands, coming from gross Concreted Humours, as mixed with fixed Salt and Tartar, and Acid Recrements; of which I will speak more in a Subse∣quent Discourse of a Scirrhus.

An Instance of this case may be given in a Sick Person, who had laboured a long time with divers kinds of Symptomatick Fevers, the consequents of an Inflammation of the Spleen, proceeding from gross Faeculent Blood, which at last made a close of her uncomfortable Life.

Afterward the Abdomen being opened, the Spleen was tied slightly by a Membrane to the Midriff, and was loose in its lower Region, and descended into the Cavity of the Belly, two Fingers below the Bastard Ribs, and was very hard, and of a Leaden Colour, and was very much Tumefied, weigh∣ing above Forty Pound; and being Putrid in its inward parts, was filled with a large proportion of Matter, much resembling the Lees of Red Wine.

Another Inflammation, * 1.1820 is more truly so called, then that above, and may be fetched from a quantity of better Blood, impelled by the Caeliack Artery, into the substance of the Glands (relating to the Spleen) in so large a pro∣portion, that the small Roots of the Veins are not able to give a reception to the Luxuriant Blood; whence the habit of the Glands groweth Tumefied, as having the empty spaces of the Vessels enlarged, whereupon the Spleen acquireth greater Dimensions, attended with a beating pain.

The Extravasated Blood lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels, giveth them so high a discomposure, that Nature, to ease it self of this burden, maketh a great Effervescence in the setled Liquor, as composed of contrary, and in this case of destructive Elements; whereupon the Compage of the Blood is dissolved, and the Serous and Nutricious Particles, are turned into a Puru∣lent Matter, which being of a Corroding nature, doth penetrate the Vessels, or at least passeth through their Spaces to the Ambient parts of the Body, through which it pierceth, and maketh way to discharge a troublesome Guest which giveth great pain, till it be thrust out of Doors: Whence proceedeth an Ulcer, which is a flux of Purulent Matter, coming out of the putrid in∣ward Recesses of some part of the Body, whereby Nature endeavoureth to preserve it self by the evacuation of a corrupt offensive Humour.

An Inflammation may also be derived, * 1.1821 as I apprehend, from thin and hot Blood, opening the Terminations of the Capillary Arteries, inserted into the Membranous Cells of the Spleen: So that their Cavities, have been dis∣covered to be full of Extravasated Blood (distending first the Cavities of these Cells, and consequently the body of the Spleen) which cannot be discharged by the Minute Extreamities of the Capillary Veins; whereupon Nature consulting its own good and ease, doth turn the Blood into Pus, whence issueth an Abscess, which being broken, is productive of an Ulcer, the happy termination of an Aposteme, evacuating an exuberant ill affected Blood, and thereby giveth Health and ease.

Another kind of Tumour of the Spleen being soft and oedematous, or serous, is derived from a quantity of Blood mixed with indigested Chyme, or serous Humours spued out of the Extreamities of the Caeliack Capillary Arteries, implanted into the Membranous Cells of the Spleen, whereby the whole Compage of it is endued with greater Dimensions.

An ordinary Person, long complained of a Swelling, and pain in the Left Hypocondre, which rendred his Life very troublesome, and after a tedious Sickness, gave up his Soul into the Hands of his most Gracious God, and Merciful Redeemer.

Not long after his Death, * 1.1822 an Incision being made into his Belly, and a recourse being had to the Left Side, to see the cause of his Disease, his Spleen was discovered to be of an extraordinary greatness, as passing down beyond

the Ribs into the lower Apartiment, and was furnished with a large Sple∣nick Artery, which impelled a great quantity of Serous Blood into the Membranous Cavities (interwoven with a great number of Fibres) in whose Bosome was lodged a large proportion of Watry Liquor, distending the whole body of the Spleen.

This noble part is first Tumefied by a great quantity of Serous Blood, * 1.1823 transmitted by the numerous Ramulets of the Caeliack Arteries, inserted into the Glands of the Spleen, and is afterward inflamed by stagnant Blood, (lodged in their substance) which in a short time loseth its Nature, and its serous parts are turned into a corrupt Matter, corroding the Vessels and Coats of the Spleen, through which it maketh its way into the Cavity of the Belly; whereupon Watry Humours have a free access unto it, and do gene∣rate a great distention of the Rim and Muscles of the Abdomen, commonly called an Ascitis.

A Frier being of a cold and most Constitution, was oppressed with a load of Serous Humours, which passed out the Left Ventricle of the Heart through the Common, and then through the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, into the Caeliack Artery, inserted into the Glands of the Spleen, highly distending them; which produced great pains in his Left Side, and a high disaffection of the Spleen, which at last concluded in the exit of Life.

And his Body being opened, the Liver appeared to be sound, * 1.1824 and the Spleen half Putrefied and Ulcered; whereupon the Putrid Matter, and a source of Watry Humours, had a recourse to the Cavity of the Belly, enlar∣ging it to a great degree.

A Dropsie also may arise from the broken Lymphaeducts of the Spleen, * 1.1825 which is produced after this manner, by rivulets of Watry Recrements, as∣sociated with the Mass of Blood, and carried by the Terminations of the Ca∣pillary Splenick Arteries, into the substance of the Glands, wherein a great quantity of Lymphatick Liquor (being secerned from the purer parts of the Vital and Nervous Juice) is transmitted into the Lymphaeducts (seated be∣tween the Coats of the Spleen) which being encircled with fine and tender Tunicles, are easily broken by the freer streams of the Lympha, overflowing their thin Banks, into the Lake of the Belly, and raising it sometimes to monstrous Dimensions.

The Spleen also is liable to another Disease, * 1.1826 which hath some affinity with the former, in reference to its Cause; Lymphatick Liquor, severed from the Blood in the Parenchyma of the Glands, and received into the Ex∣treamities of the Lymphaeducts, and carried through them to the Ambient parts of the Spleen: So that the thin Transparent Liquor, having not a free passage, doth extend the Coat of the Lymphaeducts, whence arise many Ve∣sicles in the surface of the Spleen, commonly called Hydatides, which are nothing else but the Tunicles of the Lymphaeducts, swelled with too large a quantity of Lympha.

The Spleen is not only Obnoxious to Inflammations, Oedematous, * 1.1827 and Serous Tumours (of which we have already Discoursed) but Scirrhous too, which are indolent hard Tumours, proceeding from an earthy gross Mass of Blood dispensed by the numerous Caeliack Capillary Arteries, into the sub∣stance of the Glands, where it stagnates by reason of faeculency, rendring it unfit to be received into the Minute Roots of the Splenick Veins, so that the Spleen acquireth a hard Tumour by the gross Blood lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels (belonging to the Glands) and having lost its Motion,

groweth more and more black and thick, and is at last concreted by Acid Particles into a hard substance, producing a Scirrhus.

The subject matter and the efficient cause rendring the Spleen Faeculent, and Scirrhous, doth only differ in degrees, by reason, I conceive, the Active Principle that maketh the Blood gross and concreted, is Acidity, which is produced by Saline Particles brought to a Fluor; which as it is more or less exalted, is the efficient of greater or less alterations in the Blood, stagnated in the body of the Glands, appertaining to the Spleen; whereupon it grow∣eth sometimes more gross, and other times more Coagulated, as it is acted with higher Saline Particles, brought to a greater Fluor.

The material cause (as I apprehend) productive of greater or less Indu∣ration, * 1.1828 and Coagulation of the Blood, may proceed from its more or less earthy Clamminess, as associated with crude indigested Chyme, not assimi∣lated into Purple Liquor, whereby it loseth its due Fermentation, and grow∣eth gross and dispirited, and apt to stagnate in the Membranous Cells, and Glands of the Spleen; as being unable to be percolated through their sub∣stance, herein it being stagnated by reason the Lympha being too thick, cannot be received into the Lymphaeducts, and the Blood being too Faeculent, can∣not be admitted into the Minute Orifices of the Splenick Veins: Where∣upon the extravasated Purple Juice, debased with Saline Particles, put into a Fluor, by the loss of its Motion, doth gain a greater Acidity as it is more and more stagnant in the Parenchyma of the Glands. So that sometimes, when they are long acted with this disaffected Blood, a Fever ariseth, and maketh a great Ebullition, * 1.1829 whence its more moist Particles are consumed, and the Spleen becometh Indurated and Scirrhous, proceeding chiefly from Blood concreted by its Acid Recrements. This Hypothesis hath been made good by the injection of Acid Liquors, into the Blood Vessels of Animals, which are killed sooner or later, as the injected Liquors participate of greater or less Acidity: And the bodies of Bruits being opened, presently after they were killed, to see the cause of their Death, the Blood was found concre∣ted in the Ascendent and Descendent Trunk of the Cava, and right Ventri∣cle of the Heart.

The truth of this Assertion, * 1.1830 may be farther evinced by this experiment of putting Verjuice, the Juice of unripe Grapes, Juice of Limons, destilled Vinegar, Spirit of Vitriol, Spirit of Sulphur, Spirit of Salt, Spirit of Nitre, into a Porringer, and then let the Blood stream out of a healthy Mans Arm, or any other part into it, and the Blood becometh black, and of a greater Consistence, by reason its fluid parts are presently incrassated, somewhat re∣sembling melted Pitch, or the Lees of deep Red Wine; and as Blood is let out upon more mild or strong Acid Liquors, in greater or less proportion, you may observe various degrees of Blackness, and Consistence; In strong Acid Spirits of Vitriol, and Nitre, the Blood is wholly Coagulated, both in its Purple and Serous parts. Acids work the same effect in Arterious Blood, which is let out of the Temporal Artery, (a branch of the External Caro∣tides) upon Inflammations of the Eyes, and great pains in the Head, &c. which I have often ordered with good Success.

A farther Experiment may be offered, * 1.1831 in besprinkling one Porringer with drops of Juice, squeesed out of unripe Grapes, and another with Vinegar, into which Blood being immitted out of a sound young Man, by opening a Vein; in the first Porringer, the Blood was clothed with black, and full of dregs like Lees of Wine; in the second, the Blood was found much blacker and

thicker, and altogether Grumous, wholly Coagulated without any serous parts swimming upon the top of the Red Crassament.

And that a more clear account may be given, of the various incrassating vertues of divers kinds of Acid Liquors, the Axillary Arteries of both Trunks may be opened in a Sheep, and the hasty streams of Blood may be received into divers Vessels, bedewed with different Acids, giving variety of Coagulations to the Blood, which treat our Eyes with pleasure and de∣light; whereupon we may be induced to believe upon good grounds, that the Blood impelled by the Splenick Arteries into the Membranous Cells and Glands of the Spleen, may receive greater and greater Blackness and Coagulation, as confederated with divers kinds of Acids, which sometimes Incrassate, and render the Blood black and grumous, like melted Pitch, and Lees of Red Wine, and other times wholly Concrete it, without any separation of the Serous from the Purple Liquor; whence proceed great indurations of the Spleen and Scirrhous Tumours, produced by divers sorts of Acid Recrements, endued with higher and higher Incrassating, and Coagulating qualities.

So that we may make this Inference, That Indurations, and Scirrhous Tu∣mours of the Spleen, take their rise from gross Blood, associated with Acid Recrements, and stagnated in the Membranous Cells and Glands, whereby the Extravasated Blood by its longer and longer stay, receiveth higher de∣grees of Acidity, inducing greater Induration, and Scirrhous Tumours, which are often accompanied with an Atrophy, and Ascitis, proceeding from a viti∣ated gross Mass of Blood, whose watry Particles are not separated in the Glands of the Kidneys, and thence conveyed through the Roots of the Uri∣nary Ducts, and Papillary Caruncles, into the Pelvis.

A Noble Person being very much Emaciated, and having a dark yellowish Countenance, was afflicted with a great Swelling in his ••eft Hypocondre, and his lean Thighs and Legs, did swell a little before his Death; and the fore parts of his Legs were vexed with angry Blistered Tumours, the atten∣dants of an Erysipelus, and fore-runners of his Departure.

Afterward his Belly being opened, (streams of clear Water gushed out) in which no Omentum was found, which is commonly putrid in Dropsies; and then the Muscles of the Abdomen being cut in manner of a Cross, an indurated Scirrhous Spleen appeared, tied to the Left Hypoconder by great variety of Fibres, and its substance within was Black and Putrid, and the Spleen resembled a Turbat in Figure, as being somewhat Quadrangular, and equal in length and breadth.

CHAP. VII. Of the Liver.

HAving Treated of the Spleen, and all its variety of parts (set toge∣ther in excellent order, speaking the Wisdom of the Grand Archi∣tect) as an assistant of the Liver, in making a Ferment, and disposing the Blood in order to a secretion of the Bilious parts of the Liver. * 1.1832 I will now handle this noble Intral, as it is a Collective Body of several parts, Mem∣branes, Vessels, Glands, and Parenchyma, which are so many Integrals, making one entire body of the Liver, which is seated in the upper Region of the lower Apartiment (relating to the fine Fabrick of a Humane Body) about a Fingers distance from the Midriff, in the right Hypocondre; which is much filled up by its Bulk, and is extended toward the Left Side, a little beyond the Ensiform Cartilage, to whom it is fastened by one of its Li∣gaments.

It is adorned with a Superior and Inferior Surface, * 1.1833 the upper being Con∣vex, is contiguous by the interposition of the Rim of the Belly to the Bastard Ribs, and to a great part of the Diaphragme, and to the hinder Region of the right Hypocondre, about the right part of the Spine, to which it taketh its progress Crossways, and giveth way to the Vena Cava, perforating the Midriff, and doth guard it in its descent, between its hinder part and the Spine.

The Concave part of the Liver, * 1.1834 doth cover the Pylorus, and the upper and fore Region of the Stomach, and some part of the Caul. The right part of the Concave Surface of the Liver, reacheth to the right Kidney and investeth some part of the Colon, seated in that side, and covereth the whole Duodenum, and some part of Jejunum and Caul.

The lower Margent of the Liver, and its lowest Confines in a sound Body, do descend below the Ribs into the Cavity of the Belly, and come near the Navil; and in unhealthy Persons, go beyond it.

The Liver is seated in the right Hypocondre, * 1.1835 by the great Prudence of the Heavenly Agent, to be near the Vena Cava, from which it borroweth many considerable Branches and hath only a small Artery, called the Caeli∣ack, sprouting out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, seated in the left Side, as deriving its Origen from the left Auricle of the Heart: And upon this account, the Livers of other Animals, as well as Man, have their greatest part lodged in the right Hypocondre, and their Spleens in the left, as having great Communion.

The Liver hath a double Surface, * 1.1836 the one Gibbous, the other Concave: The first is made Convex, that it might be the more conveniently received into the bosome of the hollow Region of the Diaphragme in its relaxation, or else there would be an empty space interceding the Midriff and Liver; which is a good contrivance of Nature, which wisely disposeth all things in great Order, that the Convex Surface of one part, should be fitted to the Concave of another; * 1.1837 whereupon the lower Region of the Liver is rendred hollow, to embrace closely the anterior convex part of the Stomach and Guts, when extended with Contents.

This useful Intral is connected to various parts, * 1.1838 to confine it within its proper place and situation, which is performed by the mediation of three Ligaments: The first is stiled Suspensorium, which keepeth up the Liver, lest it should fall down into the Cavity of the Abdomen, and compress the Intestines, and hinder the passage of the Chyle and gross Excrements, * 1.1839 the reliques of Concoction. This strong Ligament is fastned above to the Mi∣driff, and taketh its rise from the Peritonaeum (where it encompasseth the Diaphragme) and passeth Crossways by the Liver to its hinder part, into whose Tunicle (investing the lower surface of the Liver) it is not only in∣serted, but insinuates it self into its substance, and is implanted into the Capsula (covering the Vessels) to secure it from breaking the Coat of the Liver, in violent Motions, which if done, would highly discompose the parts of the lower Apartiment.

The second Ligament of the Liver, * 1.1840 by which it is kept in its proper sta∣tion, is directly opposite to the former, and is called the Umbilical Vein, degenerating into a Ligament † 1.1841, after it hath executed its office in the Womb, before the birth of the Faetus; it creepeth out of the Fissure of the Liver, and terminates into the Navil, to which the Liver is tied for its greater se∣curity.

The third Ligament of the Liver, and the weakest, is thin and broad, * 1.1842 fastning the Liver to the Ensiform Cartilage, and is derived from the very Membrane (investing the Parenchyma of the Liver) as being nothing else but a Duplicature of it, extending it self to the Ensiform Grisle, which doth not penetrate the intrals of the Liver, as being implanted only into its Coat: And this Ligament is long, loose, and pliable, that it may be upon occasion easily extended, and doth not support the weight of the Liver, but only fasten it, lest it should tumble to this or that side, or fall to the Spine in for∣cible Motions of the Body.

This noble part hath also many other Connexions, * 1.1843 and is fastned to the Trunk of the Vena Cava, by many Branches divaricated through the Paren∣chyma of the Liver, and is tied to the Mesentery and Caul, by the interpo∣sition of a Membrane, which is serviceable to the carriage of the Vena Porta and Porus Bilarius, into the inward Recesses of the Liver, and is fastned to the Stomach, Mesentery, Guts, Caul, Spleen, and Pancreas, by the inter∣cession of the Vena Porta: So that the Liver, by its many Connexions to various neighbouring parts, is kept safe in its own proper seat, least it should be hindred in its Operations, and give a disturbance to the adjacent consines of other Viscera.

This excellent part is carried with an obscure Motion, * 1.1844 and giveth way to the contraction of the Diaphragme, forcing it down in Inspiration, and is also drawn upward by the contraction of the Abdominal Muscles, which by their Compression, shove it upward in Expiration: The parts of the Li∣ver have not one equal and uniform Motion, by reason its fore and outward parts are most liable to it, and those confining the Back have greater repose, by reason the Liver is affixed to the Back, by vertue of the Vena Cava, and hath a greater freedom of Motion in the Anterior and Exterior parts, because it is only loosely tied by a long Ligament to the Ensiform Cartilage, which giveth the Liver a liberty of playing up and down.

Some Anatomists do conceive the External Figure of the Liver, * 1.1845 to be like a Turbat (which in my opinion is very obscure, as the length exceedeth the breadth) and is endued with an Oval Figure, and is thicker and promi∣nent in the middle, and more thin toward the Margent, which resteth upon

the Stomach, and the more thick is seated in the right Hypocondre. Learn∣ed Doctor Glysson, compareth the Figure of the Liver, to the Oblique seg∣ment of the White of an Egg, rendred hard by boiling; the upper Surface is convex and protuberant, and its lower Region concave; its part confining on the right side, is thicker and more round, and that inclining to the left is more thin and flattish, as fit to comply with the adjoyning parts, to which the Liver is every way fitted.

The Membrane encircling (the fine Compage of the Liver) is very thin, * 1.1846 as being a curious Contexture made of many small Filaments (passing in Right, Transverse, and Oblique Lines) which are so closely interwoven, that they seem to constitute one entire substance covering the whole body of the Liver.

It hath a soft and red substance, * 1.1847 somewhat resembling Concreted Blood, and is generated (as I conceive) by the Vital Liquor, impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries, into the numerous Interstices of the Vessels, wherein the Blood in its passage into the Roots of the Capillary Veins, giveth a red Coat to the outward surface of the Vessels, made by thin accretions of Blood adhering to them.

The Vessels of the Liver are of several kinds, * 1.1848 as Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, and Excretory Ducts of divers kinds.

The Arteries are but few, * 1.1849 being called Hepatick, and are the right branch of the Caeliack Artery, springing out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, where it is associated with the Vena Porta, and resting upon the Membrane of the Caul, climbeth up to the concave part of the Liver, where it entreth into it near the Vena Porta, and emitteth many Branches in its passage toward the Liver: As soon as this Artery maketh its ingress into the inward Recesses of this Bowel, it insinuates it self into the Capsula, or common In∣tegument of the Vessels common to it and the Porta, and emitteth few Branches into the substance of the Liver, as Learned Doctor Glysson hath ob∣served; and sometimes the upper Mesenterick Artery entreth into the Liver; and imparteth numerous Branches to the lower part and right side of it; which Learned Dr. Walter Needam and I, saw at the Dissection of a private Body, at Chyrurgeons Hall.

The Hepatick Artery hath numerous Branches (distributed through the Liver) having many more Capillaries, * 1.1850 which observe the Divarications of of the Capsula Communis, and follow its Minute Ramulets, and at last are included within the Coat of this common Integument; which you may plainly discover (if you sever these Capillary Hepatick Arteries from the Capsula) the Ligaments that affix the Arteries to the common Integument, * 1.1851 which proceed from the Coats of the small Arteries, and are not dissemi∣nated into the Parenchyma of the Liver, as it is very visible in the Excar∣nation of it; wherein you may easily discern the most Minute Capil∣lary Arteries, to Terminate into the common Coats of the Vessels, to give them Heat and Life.

The Veins of the Liver are of two sorts, * 1.1852 the Porta, and Cava: The first consisteth of a double Coat, and hath a structure of an Artery in reference to the Liver, but of a Vein in relation to the Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas, Caul, Mesentery, and Intestines, in which, for the most part, it hath many small Branches and Capillaries, as the Roots and Origens of the Porta, recei∣ving Blood out of those parts, and importing it into the Liver, as the Cen∣ter of the other Viscera, into which the neighbouring parts discharge the many streams of Blood, as into a common Lake; whereupon all the Branches

sprouting out of the said Bowel, do Coalesce into one common Trunk of the Porta, entring the concave part of the Liver about the middle, and then passing two Inches into it, maketh a common Sinus (into which the small Sanguiducts do transmit their Channels as into a common Cistern) from whence are derived five Branches, dispensed through the whole body of the Liver.

And five Rivulets take their rise from the Coats of the Stomach, * 1.1853 and three of them do terminate into the Splenick Vein, the Vas Venosum, Vena Gastrica, Gastrepiploica Sinistra, which borroweth some small Branches from the Caul; whereupon it hath gained the said Appellative, and above all the second Rivulet, the Gastrick Vein is most eminent, imparting a Branch to the left Orifice of the Stomach, which encircleth it like a Crown, whence it is called Vena Coronaria, the fourth Branch of the Porta, coming from the Stomach and Caul, is named Gastrepiploica Dextra, and is inserted into the Mesenterick Branch; and the fifth Stomacick Branch, is that of the Pylorus, implanted into the Trunk of the Porta.

Two Branches taking their rise from the Spleen, * 1.1854 do enlarge their Splenick Channel, to which four other are conjoyned, Epiplois Dextra, Sinistra, and a small Branch derived from the Pancreas, and the internal Haemor∣rhoidal Vein; which according to a vulgar apprehension, is thought to transmit Faeculent Blood into the Intestinum Rectum, which opposeth the laws of Circulation, by reason the Blood is carried into the Intestines by Arteries, and not by Veins: Whereupon this Haemorrhoidal Vein, dischar∣geth it self into the Splenick Branch, as some will have it, but in truth, doth disburden it self into the left Mesenterick Vein, that it may be distinguished from the external Haemorrhoidal Vein, which doth dispense its Purple Liquor into some Branch of the Vena Cava, and so into the common Trunk.

The Vena Porta, entreth the Concave part of the Liver, * 1.1855 about the mid∣dle, that it might have the advantage of branching it self into all parts: The entrance of the Porta is guarded with two Prominencies, called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whence this Vein borroweth its Appellative.

The Porta, some little space after it hath made its ingress into the Liver, is accommodated with a large Cavity resembling a Cistern, to give a recepti∣on to the streams of Blood, before it is conveyed into the several Channels, (which take their rise from that Oblong Sinus) and are Five in number, Four of which do make many Maeanders and Branches through the lower Region of the Liver, and the Fifth doth terminate with fruitful Ramulets and Capillaries, into the upper Region of the Liver.

The Oblong Sinus, or Systern; attended with many Sanguiducts, * 1.1856 is very conspicuous in a new born Child, or rather Embryo, by reason of a large source of Blood moving through the Umbilical Vessels into it, and opposite to the entrance of the Umbilical Vein, is seated a Venous Channel (transmit∣ting Blood into the Cava) resembling the common Trunk of the Aorta, con∣joyned to the left Tunicle of the Heart, and entreth into the Cava, where it is conjoyned to the Midriff (as Doctor Glysson hath observed) and there∣about two other Branches of Veins are derived from the Liver, and enter into the Cava, which may be discovered, if the Cava be opened in length, whereupon you may see these Vessels perforating the Cava; this Venous Channel, some time after the Child is Born, doth degenerate into a Liga∣ment.

The Oblong Sinus, being somewhat of an Oval Figure, * 1.1857 hath many Veins transmitting Blood into all Regions of the Liver. The first and largest,

maketh many Divarications into one fourth part toward the left side of this Bowel, which it furnisheth with numerous Ramulets and Capillaries, of which divers take their progress through the Concave parts of the Liver, and terminate into its Coat.

The second Branch of the Sinus, sporteth it self in manifold Branches, distributed through a considerable part of the right and anterior Side, and is less in Dimensions then the first Branch, and greater then the third and fourth, which are dispensed into those parts of the Liver, which are next to the Back.

The fifth Branch issuing out of the Sinus, taketh its course much different from the other, and like a Tree, emitteth its Branch into the middle and up∣per Region of the Liver; and hath many Capillaries inserted into the Mem∣brane, * 1.1858 investing the convex parts of this Bowel.

The four Channels of Veins, coming from the Sinus as a common Lake, do accommodate the four quarters † 1.1859, appertaining to the lower Region of the Liver, with streams of Purple Liquor, which is also dispensed to the upper or gibbous part, by the fifth Branch; and the greatest number of the fruit∣ful Divarications of the Porta, are at last implanted into the innumerable small Glands of the Liver, wherein a Secretion is made of the impure Re∣crements of the Blood, and the purer Particles are received into the Roots of the Cava.

In fine, * 1.1860 the Porta is different from all other Vessels, as it beginneth and endeth in Capillaries: By the first as its Roots, it exporteth Blood from the neighbouring Viscera; and by the other, as by its Terminations, it importeth Vital Juice into the numerous Minute Glands, besetting the body of the Li∣ver, as so many Colatories of the Blood.

The Liver is not only furnished with Veins derived from the Porta, but from the Cava too, which take their rise in the substance of this Bowel, and begin in small Capillaries, and grow into greater and greater Branches, and at last terminate out of the body of the Liver, into the Trunk of the Cava.

And the Capillaries, * 1.1861 Ramulets, and Branches of the Vena Cava, hold some proportion both in size and number, with those of the Porta, by rea∣son the Extreamities of the Cava receive the Vital Liquor, transmitted by the Terminations of the Porta (which supplieth the office of an Artery) into the substance of the many small Glands, besetting the body of the Liver.

The small Veins of the Cava, * 1.1862 do coalesce into one Ramulet, and many Ramulets meeting, do constitute one larger Branch, and divers of them be∣ing united, do inlarge the Channel, which growing greater and greater, do at last discharge themselves into the Trunk of the Vena Cava, as a common Receptacle of all the Blood transmitted into it, by the various Divarications of the Cava.

This Vein is not equal to the Porta, in the number of eminent Branches, which are Five in the Porta, and but Three in the Cava, which do di∣spense their Ramulets and Capillaries, to all the Regions of the Liver; and although their Branches do not exactly answer those of the Porta, because no whole Branch of the Cava is solely appropriated to any one of the Porta, but do associate with this or that Branch of the Porta, as they are conveni∣ently situated for mutual Embraces, by reason the Roots of the Cava do often intersect the Terminations of the Porta, because the Porta entereth the Center of the Concave part of the Liver; so that the Roots of the Cava, must necessarily discharge themselves through the middle and back part of

the Liver into the Trunk of the Cava, seated without the body of the Liver, and immediately under the Midriff.

The Nerves of the Liver (springing out of the Par Vagum, * 1.1863 and Interco∣stal Trunk, constituting the upper, right, greatest and middle Mesenterick Plex) do consist of fruitful Branches, investing the Hepatick Artery with many Fibrils, finely embroidering its Coats; and do also dispense many Ra∣mulets into the Coat of the Capsula Communis, Porus Bilarius, and Vena Porta, into all which the Extreamities of the Nervous Fibres being inserted, do convey their fine Liquor into the Bile and Blood, which they highly exalt with their Spirituous, Volatil, Saline Particles.

The Excretory Vessels of the Liver, are of two kinds, * 1.1864 the one relating to the Porus Bilarius, the others to the Bladder of Gall: The Trunk of the first, creepeth out of the Concave part of this Bowel, near the entrance of the Porta, and a little before it is united with it, it is encircled with the Cap∣sula Communis, which is so firmly tied to each of them, that they cannot be parted without Laceration; and the Excretory Vessels of the Porus Bilarius do accompany the Branches, Ramulets, and Capillaries of the Porta, to their utmost Terminations, into the substance of the Globules, or Glands: So that the Excretory Ducts, and the Vessels of the Porta, do so closely espouse each other in a near union, that they seem to be one and the same Vessels; but being held up against the Light after Excarnation, the difference of them may be plainly discovered, the colour of the Porta being of a dark Purple, and that of the Bilarian Vessels, is brownish and yellow.

The Branches of the Porus Bilarius, * 1.1865 are more numerous toward their Ex∣treamities, then those of the Porta; so that Nature hath assigned two or three Ramulets of the Ductus Choledochus, to one Branch of the Porta, by reason its Cavity doth exceed the other in Dimensions, and Nature hath wisely compensated the want of bigness in the one, with the greatness of number in the other; whereupon the Excretory Vessels being small (might every way apply themselves to the termination of the Capillaries) and may per∣colate the Blood, by making a secretion of the Bilious Recrements, through their Minute Extreamities, as not receptive of the Purple Liquor.

The greater Excretory and lesser Branches of the Porus Bilarius, * 1.1866 do asso∣ciate with those of the Porta, and do overspread the body of the Liver, and have their numerous Capillaries inserted into the Parenchyma of the Glands, wherein a Secretion being made of the Recrements of the Blood, the impure parts are received into the Roots of the Bilarian Vessels.

These Excretory Vessels, the companions of the Porta, * 1.1867 have a different Current of their various Liquors: The one being Blood, is imported into all regions of the Liver, by the Veins of the Porta; and the other being Choller, is exported first by the Bilarian Capillary Vessels, and after by Ra∣mulets and Branches, into the common Trunk, and thence into the Inte∣stines.

And now I will take the boldness, to speak somewhat of the Capsula Com∣munis, as a common Integument encircling both the Vessels of the Porus Bilarius, and Porta, and those of the Cava too.

Perhaps it may not seem Immethodical, * 1.1868 to trace the Capsula Communis to its first rise, which proceedeth, as some think, from the Membrane encircling the Liver; or more truly, as I conceive, from the more viscid Seminal Li∣quor, in the first formation of the other parts of the Liver, because it is of a more red and thick substance, then that of the Coat of the Liver, or Rim of the Belly, and is hued with a more Purple colour then a Vein, which

is of a whitish aray, and in point of strength, doth much resemble an Artery.

Where the Capsula first of all embraceth the Porta, it is joyned to the Membrane, (investing the Liver) by reason it passing the ambient parts of the lower region of this Bowel, must perforate its Coat to which it is con∣tinued. * 1.1869

As soon as the Capsula hath associated it self with the Porta, and Vessels of the Porus Bilarius, it maketh a farther progress into the body of the Liver, and keepeth them company through all the Divarications of the Branches and Ramulets, to their utmost Terminations into the substance of the Glands. * 1.1870

This thick Membrane, being instituted by Nature, for the security of all the Vessels relating to the Liver, doth accompany the Porta to the Bladder of Gall, and doth encompass its Branches, divaricated through the whole body of the Liver, and is fastned to the Tunicle, (enwrapping the Concave part of this Bowel) to which by the mediation of the Capsula, the Bladder of Gall is annexed.

This common Integument doth also cover the Umbelical Vein; * 1.1871 in an Em∣bryo, all the space which it pierceth, the substance of the Liver, and is remanent some time after the Birth of the Child, and afterward degenerates into a Ligament, when there is no farther use of it.

In fine, this common Covering, or Capsula, imparteth a Coat to the Ve∣nous Channel in an Embryo, and after the Birth, is turned into a Ligament; and this Tunicle being strongly affixed to the Suspensory Ligament of the Li∣ver, doth highly strengthen it, and render it fit to keep up the Liver, being of a great weight, from falling too much down into the Cavity of the Belly.

The Vena Porta, * 1.1872 and Porus Bilarius, have mutual Connexions, through the whole substance of the Liver. And a Dispute may arise, whether by way of the Association of the Tunicles only, or by Anastomosis interceding each other, and upon a curious search in the excarnation of the Liver, no Inosculation can be discovered; by reason, when the Vessels often meet, one Vessel cannot be seen to perforate another, but only they are nearly espoused to each other, by the union of their Coats. And the reason why the Capillaries of the Porta, and the Porus Bilarius are so nearly conjoyned, is because they have an entercourse one with another. So that when the Blood is refined in the substance of the Glands, its Recrements are received into the Extreamities of the Bilarian Vessels, and thence conveyed through the Choledoch Ducts into the Duodenum.

And not only the Vessels of the Porta, * 1.1873 have divers associations with those of the Porus Bilarius, but with the Cava too: Which Bartholine thus de∣scribeth, Manifestum est diligenter inquirenti, conjungi has radices modo per transversum, ut altera alteri quasi per medium incumbat; modo extrema unius Venae tangunt extrema alterius, modo extrema unius, tangunt medium alterius. Sometime the Branches of the Porta and Cava run crossways, so that one leaneth upon the middle of another, and sometimes the Extreamities of one, do nearly adjoyn to the other; and other times the Terminations of the Porta, do touch the Roots of the Cava. And now it may be worth our enquiry, Whether these different manners whereby the Porta doth accom∣pany the Cava, be an intimate converse of transmitting Liquor immediately from one into another, by way of Anastomosis, wherein a mutual Aper∣ture is made. And herein to speak my Sentiments, I cannot find any ground for Inosculations of the Branches of the Porta, with the Cava; which being

granted, would hinder the Secretion of the Blood from the Bilious Recre∣ments, in the substance of the Glands; which could not be performed, if the Blood were immediately transmitted by Anastomoses, out of the Porta into the Cava.

And I humbly conceive, the reason why the Vessels of the Porta and Cava, * 1.1874 do mutually associate in their various Ramifications, is to strengthen each other; which is very conspicuous, because where the Branches have Con∣nexions, they can hardly be parted without Laceration. And another rea∣son may be, Why the Extreamities of the Porta, do mearly accost those of the Cava, is, That the Blood thrown out of the Terminations of the Porta, and depurated in the substance of the Glands, might be readily entertained into the Roots of the Cava, and thence conveyed into the right Auricle, and Chamber of the Heart.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Glands of the Liver.

BEfore I Treat of the Glands of the Liver, I deem it not altogether im∣proper, to give some account of them in a general Notice, as ambula∣tory to more particular Glands, relating to our present Design.

The Ancients contenting themselves with slight apprehensions, * 1.1875 have assign∣ed mean Offices to them; but this more curious Age, making a deeper search into their Nature, hath given a true Estimate of their nobler uses, speaking their due Attributes and Perfection.

Hippocrates, in his Book of Glands, giveth this Description of them, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Glandularum Natura sic se habet, earum quidem Natura spongiosa; rarae quidem & pingues, & neque car∣nem habet reliquo Corpori similem, sed friabilem & multis venis refertam.

And if an Incision be made into the body of the Glands, a white Liquor issueth out of them: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Quam si seces, sanguis copiosus specie albus, & velut pituita effunditur: Which is the Liquor, that destilleth out of the Nerves, into the substance of the Glands for their Nutricion; and that which is unprofitable for it, the Lym∣phatick Juice is separated, and transmitted into the Lymphaeducts.

As to the structure of the Glands, * 1.1876 it is a Compage made up for the most part of various kinds of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphae∣ducts, &c. And the Liquor filling up the Interstices of these Vessels, is not perfectly Homogeneous, but consisteth of divers parts, and the purer being extravasated in the empty spaces of the various Tubes, do after they have been some time stagnant, coagulate and adhaere to the sides of the Ves∣sels, making that soft white Parenchyma of the Glands, while the more thin Limpid Liquor improper for Nourishment is streined off, and received into the Extreamities of proper fine Vessels, which terminate above into the Sub∣clavian Veins, and below into the common Receptacle.

So that the description of the Glands, * 1.1877 may be Exhibited after this man∣ner: To be a tender, white, and friable Substance, consisting of great variety of Vessels, interlined with Nervous, and Crystalline Liquor, firmly accres∣cing to them; and every Gland either hath one continued substance, inclu∣ded in one common Membrane, or else it hath the face only of one entire Body, but in truth, is composed of many Minute Globules (besetting the ambient parts of the Liver † 1.1878) joyned together by the interposition of Vessels, and Membranous Filaments; whereupon every Globule having a proper Coat, may be reasonably judged a distinct Gland.

The Glands are called by Sylvius, * 1.1879 Conglomeratae, and Conglobatae, and may be denominated from their several Offices, Excretrices, and Reductrices: In the one, after a Secretion is made in the substance, of the purer parts from the less fine, in order to Assimilation, their superfluous Particles (as to Nutri∣cion) are received into the Roots of the Lymphaeducts, or Veins.

In the other Excretory Glands, * 1.1880 first, The more refined Particles of the Succus Nutricius, and Vital Liquor, do associate (as being near akin) when the Compage of the Liquors is opened in their substance, and afterward, the unprofitable parts are received into the Roots of some Excretory Vessels, ending in a common Trunk, whence they are conveyed into some greater Ca∣vity, or Receptacle.

Whence it may be plainly deduced, * 1.1881 that Glands are Colatories of vari∣ous Liquors, (whose Particles are different in Magnitude and Figure) and thereupon are Contextures of many Vessels, having Extreamities disagree∣ing in shape and size; upon which account, the various bores belonging to the Roots of Vessels, cannot give reception to Heterogeneous Liquors, un∣less a separation be made of the disagreeing Particles, and the Homogene∣ous reconciled and united, which being Commensurate in Magnitude and Figure to the Orifices of the Vessels, have a free access into them.

Having discoursed of the nature of Glands, * 1.1882 in a common notion as Pre∣liminary: it is time, now to handle them more particularly, as they relate to the Liver, which seemeth to a vulgar Eye, to be one uniform entire Red Substance; but being curiously inspected, will plainly appear to be a body composed of many Globules, whose peculiar circumscriptions and bounds, may be plainly seen in the Livers of Men, Beasts, Fowl, and Fish, and especial∣ly in the last, as in Skaits, Thornbacks, Salmon, &c. in which we may clearly discover the Interstices (parting the Glands one from another) di∣stinguishable in Colour from the body of the Glands.

The Globules being composed of many Glands, are most conspicuous in the Livers of other Animals, which may be clearly seen in the lower Re∣gion of the Liver of a Garfish † 1.1883, and in the Origen of the Liver of a Lam∣prey, where the Membrane is stripped off † 1.1884.

In reference to a more distinct knowledg of these Glands, * 1.1885 I will endea∣vour to set forth their Structure made up of Situation, Connexion, Figure, Substance, and Use.

As to the first, They are confined within the body of the Liver, and are seated both in the Convex and Concave Region, in its Ambient parts and in∣ward Recesses, and are dispersed through the whole substance of the Liver, which is most chiefly integrated of numerous Glands.

The great company of Glands (making the larger body of the Globules) are so many Appendages of the Vessels, * 1.1886 to which they are connected near their Terminations, and the Glands too are closely conjoyned to each other by the mediation of many Membranous Fibres, and in the External parts both

above and below, they are affixed by thin Membranes, to the inward sur∣face both of the Convex and Concave parts of the Liver; else it being di∣vided by many Interstices of the Glands and Fissures of its substance (which are plainly discernible) would fall in pieces, and its Globules and Glands would part one from another, were they not firmly fastned to the Vessels, and to each other, and to the Coat (investing the Liver) by the interposi∣tion of the innumerable fine Ligaments.

The Globules and Glands are affixed to the Divarications of numerous Vessels near their Extreamities, * 1.1887 in which these of the Liver do resemble clu∣sters of Grapes, as tied to their Stalks, and the Minute Glands (integrating the Globules) are adorned with a Figure of many sides, called Hexagon, and are somewhat like the Stones of Grapes in bigness: And the Globules (which are so many Systems of small Glands) where they are appendant to the Vessels, are beautified with a Conick Figure; which is conspicuous in the Livers, not only of Man, but of Beasts too, which have the same Co∣nick shape; and in a Cat newly Kittened, the Globules appear distinct, as circumscribed with their proper Spaces, observing such orderly distances, * 1.1888 that they seem to resemble a kind of Carved Work. And divers Globules (being many collective bodies of Glands) are enwrapped within proper Coats, and firmly tied to each other by fine Ligaments, running cross∣ways, and keeping them in their due station, in which these Globules are so fitted to each other, that they have equal Spaces interceding them, when their Cones change their situations; and its worth our Observation, that there is not the same Figure of the Globules, * 1.1889 belonging to the Liver of all Ani∣mals, in which there is great variety: And in many Fish, they are some∣what like a Trefoil. from whence ariseth a great looseness and softness in the Compage of their Liver; as I have often seen in them, * 1.1890 by reason (as Inge∣nious Malpighius saith) The greater Lobules, as he calleth them, are of such a shape (consisting of many Angles) that they cannot be closely conjoyned to each other, whence great Spaces may be discerned, interceding the Lo∣bules; whereupon the substance of the Liver groweth loose and pliable, as apt to give way upon motion of Swimming, in which they make many short turnings and girks in the Water.

In other Creatures, the Lobules (which I call Globules, * 1.1891 as easier to be understood) do resemble a Pea; and in a Cat, they have many Sides, and variety of Angles. In a Humane Liver, sometimes they are found of a Cu∣bical Figure, as Learned Maebius relateth in a Sick Person, whose Lobules were petrified with a Concreted Tartar, associated with the Blood,

The substance of the Glands (appertaining to the Compage of the Liver) may be considered under a double Notion; and is that which the Ancients, * 1.1892 and most Modern Anatomists, call Parenchyma: Which if taken in a strict Sense, is nothing else (as I humbly conceive) but some Particles of Blood, interlining the Vessels in their passage from one Extreamity to another; whereby their outward Surface is tinged with Red, by the accretions of Vital Liquor sticking to them.

But if the substance of these Glands, * 1.1893 be apprehended under a more free and large Conception, it is more Comprehensive, and is a System of vari∣ous kinds of Veins, Nerves, Excretory Vessels, (as Lymphaeducts) belong∣ing to the Porus Bilarius, and Bladder of Gall, whose Interstices are filled up after a manner, with some Particles of accreted Purple Liquor, left be∣hind in its Motion between the various Tubes, chiefly composing the substance of the Glands.

The Vessels of the Porta, * 1.1894 derived from the Stomach, Spleen, Caul, Me∣sentery, Intestines, do Coalesce into one common Trunk, which entring in∣to the Concave Region of the Liver about its Center, doth divide it self into five Branches, of which Four of them do emit fruitful Ramifications, terminating into the Glands, relating to the hollow parts of the Liver. And the Fifth Branch of the Porta, within the Liver, doth make many Divari∣cations, which do end with numerous Capillaries inserted into the Glands, besetting the Convex part of the Liver.

The Vena Cava, * 1.1895 arising out of the Descendent Trunk, a little below the Midriff, doth send forth many Branches and Ramulets, into the body of the Glands (seated in all Regions of the Liver) which associate with the Di∣varications of the Porta; sometimes in a Transverse position, by climbing over them, wherein the Vessels of the Cava do lean one upon another, and other times, the Extreamities of the Cava, are conjoyned to the middle of the Branches of the Porta, and most commonly, the Terminations of the Porta, do approach the Roots of the Cava, that the Blood depurated in the body of the Glands, may be received into the Orifices of the Capillaries be∣longing to the Cava. * 1.1896

The Nerves derived from the Intercostal Trunk, and Par Vagum, do send forth numerous Divarications of Fibres, constituting the upper Mesenterick Plex of the Right Side, called by Doctor Willis, the Hepatick Rowl, because it furnisheth the Glands of the Liver, into which they are implanted with fruitful Fibrils.

The Lymphaeducts, do arise out of the substance of the Glands of the Liver, (to which they are Ministerial, as receptive of a thin Liquor, the Recre∣ment of the Blood and Nervous Juice) do Enamel the Coats of the Porta, branching themselves first within the substance of the Globules, seated in the body of the Liver, and afterward are more conspicuous upon the Porta, before its ingress into the Concave part of the Liver; and a Ligature being made upon that part of the Mesentery (which tieth the Liver to the Sto∣mach and Intestines) and upon the Porta with the Ductus Bilarius, which being effected in a live Animal, the Lymphaeducts will swell between the Ligature and the Liver; which plainly evinceth the rise of the Lymphae∣ducts to come from the Glands of this Bowel, and their Liquor to stream from them toward the Mesentery, and common Receptacle, into which the Lymphaeducts discharge their Liquor.

The Excretory Vessels, * 1.1897 relating to the Porus Bilarius, have very many Branches accompanying those of the Porta, and are implanted near them with innumerable Capillaries, into the substance of the Glands, every way besetting the body of the Liver; but these Excretories do no where associ∣ciate with the Vena Cava in the Glands, unless it be at some distance by the interposition of the Branches of the Porta.

The Excretory Vessels, * 1.1898 belonging to the Bladder of Gall, are not so nu∣merous as those of the Porus Bilarius, and are companions of the Porta, and have many Ramulets and Capillaries, inserted into the substance of the Glands (lodged in the Concave Region of the Liver) wherein a Secreti∣on is made in the Blood, of some Particles of the Bilious Recrements, con∣veyed first into the Roots of these Excretories, and afterward by the Cystick Duct, into the Receptacle of Gall.

Having given an account of the substance, and various Vessels of the Li∣ver, how they are implanted with many Minute Branches and Capillaries, into the Glands: My intendment at this time, is to shew the Use of them,

which dependeth very much upon its Structure, as composed of several parts, subservient to the Depuration of the Vital Liquor, in its recourse to∣ward the Heart.

Hyppocrates, in his Book of Glands, saith, They have a peculiar sub∣stance, not found in other parts of the Body, and is Rare, Spongy, and Fri∣able, full of Vessels, by which the Humours are imported into, and expor∣ted the Glands of the Liver, as so many Collatories of the Vital Juice.

The Blood being brought from the Neighbouring parts, * 1.1899 by the numerous Divarications of the Porta, terminating into the Glands (seated in all Re∣gions of the Liver) wherein the Blood is associated with the Liquor, destil∣ling out of the Terminations of the Nerves, whereby it is impraegnated with volatil saline Particles, and the elastick atomes of Animal Spirits, opening the Compage of the Purple Liquor, and rendring it fit for Secretion in the sub∣stance or interstices of the Vessels appertaining to the Glands; whereupon the Blood is severed from its various Recrements, and some and the more mild Bilous parts, are carried by the most proper Excretories, into the receptacle of Gall, and other more harsh Faeces of Choller, are transmitted into the Extreamities of the Bilarian Vessels, first into the Choledoch Duct, and after∣ward into the bosome of the Duodenum: The other Recrement (secerned from the Blood in the inward Recesses of the Glands of the Liver) is a thin Transparent Liquor conveyed into the Extreamities of the Lymphae∣ducts, and afterward conveyed by their manifold Branches through the Me∣sentery, into the common Receptacle, where it meeteth with the Chyle, and embodieth with it, and by its Attenuation, doth render it fit for Motion, through the Thoracic Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins.

CHAP. IX. Of the Lymphaeducts of the Liver.

I Have Discoursed of the Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Excretories, be∣longing both to the Porus Bilarius, and Bladder of Gall: My Province at this time, is to handle the other Vessels (with which the Liver is adorn∣ed) called Lymphaeducts, whose common Conception, doth present us with divers Considerables, their Structure, Origen, Situation, and Insertion.

As to the first, They are invested with a thin Transparent Coat, * 1.1900 and be∣ing small Membranous Tubes, do encircle the Veins, twining them round like Branches of Ivy, or Tendrels of a Vine, and running upon the Ves∣sels to which they are fastned, by small Filaments, with divers Nodes and Protuberances.

And the Coats of the Lymphaeducts are so fine, * 1.1901 that they cannot be dis∣covered, unless they be enlarged with Transparent Liquor, by reason when they are emptied of their Lympha, they immediately disappear; so that they seem to be a part of those thicker Vessels, to which they are fastned.

In reference to their Origen, they borrow it either from Conglobated, * 1.1902 and Conglomerated Glands, with both which they hold a great entercourse; Learned Steno maketh mention of two sorts of Lymphaeducts, belonging to

the Conglobated Glands, some importing to, and others exporting Liquor from them; which this Learned Author phraseth after this manner: Con∣globatis id omnibus, quae hactenus observare datum, familiare, ut arterias prae∣ter, venasque & Nervos, binas Lympha••icorum in se continent species, adve∣hentem pu••a, alteram evehentem, quo à Conglomeratis differunt, quibus sola eve∣hentia Contigere.

To which I take the boldness to give this Reply, * 1.1903 humbly conceiving, That there are no other Vessels, but Arteries, and Nerves, that import Pur∣ple and Nervous Liquor, to both Conglobated, and Conglomerated Glands; and Lymphaeducts cannot of right challenge any share in it, when they only export Lympha as well out of the Reductive, as Excretory Glands, which is very agreeable to the structure of the Lymphaeducts, as furnished with a company of Valves, which are so seated in these Vessels, that they give way to the Motion of the Liquor, only impelled out of the substance of the Glands from the circumference to the Center, and impede all recourse of it from the center to the Circumference.

The Lymphaeducts are lodged in some part in the middle, * 1.1904 but chiefly in the lowest Apartiment. In a Dog, Dissected by Doctor Tyson, in the Thea∣tre of the Colledg of Physicians of London, we saw many Lymphaeducts, (arising out of divers Glands confining on the Psoas, over which they pas∣sed upward toward the Mesentery) which being opened, a Transparent Li∣quor issued out, bedewing the Neighbouring parts.

Some of these Lymphaeducts in a Humane Body, encircle the Iliack, and others the crural Branches of Veins, which they encompass with various Wreaths, to give themselves the advantage of support, by reason Nature hath wisely framed the Lymphaeducts, a tender superstructure resting upon the Veins, to which they are appendant, as their Base and Fulciment.

The most remarkable Lymphaeducts of the whole Body, * 1.1905 are those which owe their Origen to Glands, which are seated in the Concave part of the Liver, when the Capsula Communis, the Sanguineous Vessels, and the Ducts of the Bladder of Gall, make their entrance into the Liver of a Calf, and in a Man under the Vesicula Fellea; and the Divarications of the Porta, are very much enameled with various Branches of small Lymphaeducts, which were very conspicuous in a preparing Body at Chyrurgeons Hall, as learned Doctor Walter Needham, and I clearly viewed, when the Belly was opened, by the Masters of Anatomy.

Out of the lower Region of the Liver, a numerous company of Lym∣phaeducts make their egress, which may be discovered without the assistance of Art, but may be more plainly seen by a Ligature straightning the Ves∣sels, between the Liver and Ventricle, in that part of the Mesentery, which fastneth the Liver to the Stomach, and Intestines: The Vena Porta, and the Ducts of the Vesicula Fellea, being involved within the Ligature, and so the Experiment being Celebrated in a living Animal, the Lymphaeducts grow flaccid below, and swell above the Ligature toward the Liver, which do more highly encrease, if you gently press the Liver downward toward the Ligature.

Judicious Doctor Glysson, * 1.1906 tracing the Lymphaeducts up into the Liver, dis∣covered them to enter the Capsula of the Porta, wherein he apprehended, they ultimately lodged themselves, as not passing any farther into the sub∣stance of the Liver. But I humbly conceive, with the leave of this learned Author, its very probable, that they derive themselves originally from the small Conglomerated Glands, seated in the Concave Region of the Liver,

and from thence pass to the more ambient parts (and have no Branches pro∣pagated from the Glands of the gibbous part) so that the Lymphaeducts, as soon as they step out of the inferior Coat of this Bowel, are conveyed be∣tween the Duplicature of that part of the Mesentery, which bindeth the Liver and Intestines to the Back, and do deck the Vena Porta, above and below, with divers wreaths of small Vessels, and do shade the outward surface of the Neck and Body of the Bladder of Gall, with numerous small Divarications, which we lately saw in a Dog, Dissected at the Theatre of the Colledg of Physicians, in London. * 1.1907

As to the insertion of the Lymphaeducts, those of the upper Limbs, and others taking their rise from the Parotides, Jugulars, and other adjacent Glands do all meet in a Lymphatick Circle, as in a common Cistern, and then discharge their Liquor, into the Subclavian, Axillary, and Jugular Veins, into which also the Lymphaeducts of the Lungs (discovered by Fre∣derick Ruissel, as he affirmeth) do disinbogue themselves.

The fruitful Branches of Lymphaeducts, arising out of the glands of the Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, and all other Glands, seated in the lower Aparti∣ment, do climb up through the Mesentery and other parts, and disburden their thin Transparent Liquor, into the common Receptacle.

CHAP. X. Of the Lympha, or Liquor contained in the Lymphaeducts.

HAving made a rough Draught of the Lymphaeducts, as the so many little Channels, it followeth in Course, that I should give you some Account of the Lympha, or Liquor (contained in them) in which Five Considerables may seem to crave our Remark, its Colour, Genealogy, In∣geny, Motion, and Use.

As to the first, It is sometimes of a whitish Colour like Milk, * 1.1908 proceeding from a Tincture of the Succus Nutricius, or serous parts of the Blood, which gave occasion to divers Anatomists to be seduced, in taking the Lymphae∣ducts for the Milky Vessels, conveying Chyle to the Liver: Othertimes the Lympha is of a yellowish Colour, as tinged with Bilious Particles, and some∣times it is reddish, like the washing of Flesh, as somewhat hued with Blood; whereby it may be clearly proved, * 1.1909 that the Lympha hath had some converse with Vital Liquor, and not wholly derived from the Succus Nutricius, as some Anatomists of great Note, will have it. Doctor Glysson, formerly my worthy Friend and Collegue, was somewhat inclining to this Opinion, and saith, That this Liquor is not Secerned from Blood, by Percolation, as for∣merly mixed with it; but only Cursorily, springeth from it by way of steams, which by a kind of Destillation, are condensed into watry Patricles, about the sides of Fibrous and Membranous parts; as you may read in 45. Cap. de Anat. Hepatis. Arteriae Liquorem hunc minime egerunt tanquam humorem prius Commixtum, & ab illo ad colaturae normam separandum, verum potius prout sors tulerit, complures halitus a Fibrosis ac Membranosis partibus sistuntur, inque b••morem lympidum, sive aqueum condensantur. And farther this learned Au∣thor

addeth, That this thin Transparent Liquor, borroweth a greater con∣sistence from the Nervous Juice: And other learned Professors of our Fa∣culty, will not have the Arteries to contribute any thing to the production of Lympha, but give it wholly to the Nerves; which seemeth to be per∣plexed with great difficulties, seeing the Liver is most eminent for Lymphae∣ducts, in which a great source of Lympha is transmitted from its Conglo∣merated Glands, by numerous Branches of Lymphaeducts resting upon the Divarications of the Porta, and conveyed through the Mesentery, into the common Receptacle, which cannot solely proceed from the Nerves, which are inserted very much into the Coat of the Liver, and Capsula Communis of the Porta, and some parts only do penetrate the substance of the Conglome∣rated Glands of this Bowel. Whereupon Galen, that great Ancient Ana∣tomist, calleth this Nerve the smallest, in his 4th Book De Ʋsu Partium, Chapter the Thirteenth, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and giveth this reason of his Opinion: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. By reason the substance of the Liver requireth nei∣ther Sense, nor Motion, so that it seemeth somewhat improbable, that Nerves endued with no manifest Cavities, and most of them terminating into the Coat of the Liver, and Capsula Communis of the Porta, should convey a large quantity of Liquor into the Glands, seated in the substance of the Liver. * 1.1910 So that I most humbly conceive, it may be more easily be∣lieved, That the Lymphatick Liquor for the most part, springeth from the Extreamities of Arteries inserted into the Glands, as the Colatories of Blood in the Liver, in which the Red Crassament is streined from some part of its thin Crystalline Liquor, the Exuberant part of Blood; whose liquid Atomes holding a due proportion in Magnitude and Figure with the Orifices of the Lymphaeducts, are received into their Extreamities implanted into the substance of the glands of the Liver, which are furnished with a numerous company of Lymphaeducts (branched over the Veins of the Porta) fraught with a great quantity of limpid Liquor moving in a stream, which cannot flow solely from the Nerves, conveying a small proportion, gliding with a soft Current, between the narrow interstices of the Filaments integrating the body of Nerves, which can contribute only some little matter toward the pro∣duction of Lympha, whose greater stock is imparted to the Lymphaeducts, from the Recrements of the Crystalline and Serous Liquor of the Blood, by the terminations of the Vena Porta, implanted in the substance of the Glands.

Whereupon it may be inferred with great probability, * 1.1911 that the Lympha, though a thin, is not a pure Simple Liquor, but Compounded of divers constituent parts, secerned from the Succus Nutricius, and Purple Latex, of which the Nerves dispense the smallest part of it into the sub∣stance of the Conglomerated Glands for their Nutricion; and the Recre∣ments only, being streined from the Nervous Liquor, is transmitted into the Extreamities of the Lymphaeducts, which do also receive a greater pro∣portion of Serous Recrements from the Blood, after the more refined parts are admitted by proper Pores, and assimilated into the Coats of the Ves∣sels, and the milder and thin Faeces of the Blood improper for Nutricion, is entertained into the Origens of the Lymphaeducts; which is plainly de∣monstrable by the whitish, yellowish, and reddish Colours of the Lympha, being so many Tinctures of the Succus Nutricius, Bilious Particles, and the red Crassament of the Blood, which the Lymphatick Liquor lately borrowed from various Humours, in the time of its association with them.

Having Discoursed the Colour, Genealogy, and Nature of the Lympha, now according to our Method, its Motion is tendred to our Notice.

The choicest Liquors are dispensed from the inward Recesses, to the Con∣fines of the Body, and by greater and lesser Channels of Arteries and Nerves, are at last landed in the most Minute Conglomerated Glands (seated in the habit of the Body) as so many Colatories of the Blood, and Nervous Li∣quor; when transmitted into their substance, while their finer parts are re∣ceived by well Configured Pores, and assimilated into the Coats of the Ves∣sels, and afterward the thinner Serous Recrements are transmitted into the Origen of the Lymphaeducts, appertaining to the Muscular parts, * 1.1912 by whose local and voluntary Motion, the natural progress of the Lympha is much quickned, and returned with haste from the Ambient parts, and from the Jugular, the Thyroeidaean, and Axillary, and other Glands, seated above the Midriff, into the Subclavian Veins, in the Conglobated Glands of the Muscles seated below, as the Inguinal, and those of the lower Limbs and Aparti∣ment; the Lympha of the adjoyning Lymphaeducts, is promoted by Mus∣cular Motion from the Circumference to the Center, to the common Recep∣tacle.

Above all the parts, the Conglomerated Glands of the Liver, are the chief fountain of Lymphaeducts, in whose substance a Secretion is made of a lim∣pid serous Liquor, into many fine Transparent Tubes, divided, as Learned Barthol••ne hath observed, sometimes into Five, or Seven, * 1.1913 and other times into Twelve, or Twenty Branches, twining round the fruitful Divarications of the Porta; like so many curled fine Membranous Cylinders, in which is conveyed a large source of Lympha, moving from the Liver downward, in nu∣merous Branches, accompanying the Veins of the Porta, * 1.1914 till they leave them toward the Loins, and are united into one great Trunk, terminating into the common Receptacle, as a Cistern of the Lympha; whose Motion is plainly seen, by making a ligature upon the Lymphaeducts, which are evident∣ly swelled between the Liver and the Ligature, and grow lank below it; but if you press the Vessels upward, they retain the same fulness, by reason the Valves intercept the Motion of the Lympha from the ligature upward to∣ward the Liver; but if you press the Vessels from the Liver downward to∣ward the ligature, the Lymphaeducts will grow more and more extended, till they are Lacerated.

This natural Motion of the Lymphatick Liquor, * 1.1915 from the Liver to the common Receptacle, is much hastned by the Motion of the Diaphragme, which by its contraction in inspiration, bringeth it self from an Arch toward a Plain, whereby it presseth down the Liver, and squeeseth the Lympha out of the Conglomerated Glands, into the Lymphaeducts, which being compres∣sed, crowd one part of the Lympha after another, and forceth it more briskly into the common Lake.

In Expiration, the Muscles of the Belly contracting themselves inward, do press the Guts upward, and compress the Branches of the Porta, and Lymphaeducts appendant to them, and force the Lympha downward with a more speedy Motion into the common Receptacle.

The Use, to which the Lymphatick Liquor is Consigned, * 1.1916 hath a double Aspect, the one facing the Chyle, and the other the Mass of Blood: As to that of the first, The Lympha being transmitted through the Lymphaeducts, of the lowest Venter, and adjacent Muscles and inferior Limbs, meeteth the Chyle, and confederates with it in the common Receptacle; and the Lym∣pha being endued with a Fermentative disposition, is made up of Heteroge∣neous

parts, flowing from the Conglobated, and Conglomerated Glands, in which a Secretion is made of the thinner parts of the Nervous, and more Serous, of the Vital Liquor, highly impraegnated with Volatil Salt, and some Sulphureous Particles, which mixing and associating with the Chyle, in the common Receptacle, do render its fixed parts more Volatil, and its Crude more exalted; and do moreover incide and attenuate its more viscide and gross body, making the Chyle more fit to mount up the Thoracick Vessels.

Farthermore, * 1.1917 The Lymphaeducts have constant streams of thin Liquor, flowing from the Glands, seated in the lower Venter, into the common Re∣ceptacle, wherein it doth not only associate with the Milky Liquor, and enoble it, but also by its Motion presseth it forward, and giveth it the advantage of ascending upward into the Thoracick Ducts, * 1.1918 till it arrive the Mass of Blood in the Subclavian Veins, where it encountreth fresh recruits of Lympha, (springing from the Muscles and Glands of the middle Region of the Body, and parts adjacent) which hath an immediate recourse to the Blood (new∣ly clogged with gross Chyme) which would highly perplexe its Moti∣on in the right Ventricle of the Heart, and more especially in the Lungs (had it not been attenuated by the more fluid parts of Lympha) in which it would be apt to Stagnate and Coagulate, as losing its Motion in the nar∣row Interstices of the Vessels; and upon that account, the Blood mixed with thick Chyme, would be unable to infinuate it self into the Minute Extreamities of the Pulmonary Veins, unless the crude Mass of Blood were relieved in its Circulation, as being furthered by the thinner, and more fluid Particles of the Lympha, which highly assisteth the Red Crassament of the Blood, in its perpetual Flux and Reflux, by rendring it capable readily to comply with the brisk Pulsation of the Heart.

CHAP. XI. The Pathologie of the Lymphaeducts, and Lympha

HAving spoke of the Situation, Connexion, Origen, Nature, Inserti∣on, and Use of the Lymphaeducts, I conceive it may not be altoge∣ther useless to give you some relation of their Pathology, which chiefly pro∣ceedeth from the various disaffections of the Lympha, productive of divers Diseases.

The Lymphaeducts are disordered in Actione Laesa, caused either by too great, or too small a proportion of the Lympha, whence ariseth Actio Aucta, or Imminuta vasorum Lymphaticorum.

As to the first, * 1.1919 It proceedeth from a high Diet of liquid Aliment, and from pleasing our selves too much in great Draughts of strong Drinks, of Wine, Ale, and strong Beer, which do generate first a Crude, and indi∣gested Chyle, and afterward a watry and serous Mass of Blood; which be∣ing imported into the glands of the Liver, and other Viscera, is Depurated, and the watry Recrements are transmitted in great quantity, into the Ex∣treamities of the Lymphaeducts, which carry this luxuriant proportion into the common Receptacle, wherein it is blended with the Chyle, and rendreth

it overcharged with watry Recrements, which being dispensed through the Thoracick Ducts, into the Subclavian Vessels, meet the Vital Liquor, and make it full of serous Faeculencies, which render it faint and dispirited, as overpowering the choice Vital Spirits of the Blood. * 1.1920

The second indisposition of the Lymphaeducts, is founded in too small a pro∣portion of Lymphatick Liquor, produced by a spare Diet, in not taking a sufficient quantity of moist Nourishment, which generates a small propor∣tion of Lympha (in the Conglomerated Glands of the Liver) which being carried by the Lymphaeducts of the Porta, propagated through the Mesentery, into the common Receptacle, is not able to dilute and attenuate the Chyle, and promote its Motion into the Thoracick Ducts.

The third disorder of the Lymphaeducts, * 1.1921 consisteth in Actione depravatae Lymphae, when it is vitiated with a Clammy, Salt, or Acid Indisposition.

The Lymphatick Liquor, is discomposed by a Viscous quality, when the Blood is clogged with indigested and unassimilated Chyme (and thick Suc∣cus Nutricius) whence its serous parts grow gross, and clammy; which be∣ing Secerned in the glands of the Liver, and the other Viscera, are after∣ward received into the Lymphaeducts, and brought into the common Ci∣stern, wherein the gross Lympha, embodied with the Chyle, doth not exalt it, and render it fit for Motion through the ascending Thoracick Vessels, in∣to the Subclavian Veins.

The fourth Disease attending the Lymphaeducts, * 1.1922 is fetched from the Salt and Acid indisposition of the Lympha, flowing from eating of sour Aliments, Sawces, and from Medicines, and all other causes disaffecting the Blood with Sa∣line Particles, which by degrees are farther exalted and brought into a Fluor, the immediate cause of Acidity, which being high in the Lympha, secerned in the Glands, and transmitted into the common Receptacle, doth vitiate the Chyle (and give it an ill fermentative quality) which being con∣conveyed into the Subclavian Vessels, doth hinder its assimilation into Blood.

This thin Transparent Liquor, being severed in the Glands from the Vital and Nervous Liquor, is in perpetual Motion in the Lymphaeducts, * 1.1923 whose tender enclosures are fretted with Saline and Acid Particles; or overcharged either by an Obstruction, proceeding from an Exuberance of Lympha, or by the compression of the adjacent parts, intercepting its Current; whereupon the Lymphaeducts growing over big with too large a source of Lymphatick Juice, are put upon a stretch beyond their natural Dimensions, violating their thin Coats, which being Lacerated, their extravasated streams do change their Current, and pour themselves into the Cavity of the Belly, one cause of an Ascitis; of which I have given a more particular History hereto∣fore.

The watry and saline Particles of the Blood, are not separated for want of a due Ferment (by a kind of Precipitation in the glands of the Kid∣neys) which should open the Compage of the Puple Liquor, and in some sort loose the tie of mixtion, that the potulent part might be secerned from the Blood, which being not accomplished, the serous and saline Particles unduly associated with the Vital Juice, are reconveyed by the Emulgent Veins, into the Vena Cava, and right Auricle and Cistern of the Heart, and pass through the Pulmonary Vessels, into the left Ventricle of it, and from thence through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and afterwardby the Caeliack Artery arising out of the said Trunk, and by the Branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver, wherein the thin Transparent Liquor being secerned

from the Blood and Nervous Juice, is transmitted in too great a quantity into the Lymphaeducts (seated first in the Glands) and afterward creeping out of the Liver, are affixed to the Branches of the Porta, which are broken as surcharged with too large a proportion of Potulent Matter, mixed with the Lympha (which often happens in great Drinkers) emptied sometimes into the Cavity of the Belly, between the Caul and Rim of it, and most com∣monly between it and the Guts, by reason the Caul is often Putrefied.

A Young Maid Dissected in the Hospital of Utrecht, * 1.1924 which had an Ascitis Sixteen Years, and the Venters being opened, no manifest Disease could be discerned in any of the Viscera, only the Lymphaeducts appeared to be torn, which was the cause of her Dropsie; by reason she was severely treated by her Parents in her Minority, by receiving great Blows upon her Body and Limbs, so that the Lymphaeducts were broken, and the Lympha exonerated in great quantity into the Abdomen

Another cause of an Ascitis, may be assigned to the watry Particles, mix∣ed in excessive manner with the Lympha, whose course being stopped, ei∣ther by the straightness of the Lymphaeducts, lodged in the Glands of the Liver, or Mesentery, by reason of some Obstruction, or Compression; whereupon these fine Vessels being broken, the Lympha insinuates it self between the Membranes of the Liver, or Mesentery, and causeth many Pro∣tuberancies in the outward Coat of the Viscera, * 1.1925 producing great Vesicles of Lymphatick Liquor, commonly called Hydatides, (sometimes equalling a Pidgeons Egg, and other times a Hen Egg in Magnitude, and are for the most part of a less size) which Dr. William Straten, a Professor of Physick, shewed publickly to many Spectators, at the Dissection of an Executed Criminal.

Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this account, in his latter end of his 12th Chapter, De Vasis Lymphaticis, That he often shewed to the Students in Physick in the Hospital at Utrecht, Livers Tumefied with divers Vesicles, full of clean Liquor, and others broken, which distilled in a large quantity, into the Cavity of the Belly, manifestly producing an Ascitis: Whereupon I humbly conceive, that divers Dropsies, seated in the lower Venter, do arise Ab aliqua partium inferiorum Abdominis solutione, aut a ruptis Hydatitibus hepatis, Mesenterii, omenti; from the Ulcers of some inward parts, proceed∣ing as I conceive, very commonly from the broken Lymphaeducts, lodged in the interior region of the lower Apartiment.

Wolkerus Coiter, Observationibus Anatomicis scribit se in Hydropici cadavere invenisse substantiam viscerum inferioris ventris absumptam, & intus omni succo exhaustam, nihilque aquae in ventris Capicitate, at ubique Mesenterio, Peritonaeo, Intestinis, Lieni, Hepati, omnibus denique visceribus vesiculas Magnitu∣dine adhaerescentes, easque omnes aqua limpida refertas: I humbly conceive, That the Vesicles of fine Crystalline Liquors, affixed to the outsides of the Viscera, * 1.1926 swelling their Coats with various Protuberancies, are derived from bro∣ken Lymphaeducts, discharging their Extravasated Liquor into the Ambient parts of the Bowels immured with Membranes, which if broken, the Lim∣pide Humours would have showred down into the greater Cavity of the lowest Venter, immediately productive of a Dropsie.

Sometimes in Persons given to Debauchery, the Blood is so overcharged with watry Recrements, that they have a general recourse to the Glands (seated in the Viscera of the whole Body) wherein the exuberant Lympha∣tick Liquor, associated with Serous Particles, is universally discharged into the Lymphaeducts of all the Bowels, and generate Hydatides appendant to their Ambient parts. Of which Mauritius Cordaeus, hath exhibited a remarkable

Instance, Com. 5. ad Lib. 1. Hippocr. de Morb. Mulier. Anno Dom. 1567. Quum forte fortuna, Mulier quaedam de Hydrope apud Medicum quendam querere∣tur, ob Hypocartharsin quam ipse procuravit correcti stibii certo granorum numero, unde quum fructum Mulier non tulisset, ad alium nullis melioribus auspiciis pror fecta, tandem è vivis discessit.

Hujus eviscerrato cadavere nulla capacitas, hic nihil cavum in eo deprehen∣sum fuit, in quo vesica non penderet, secundum Geometriam omnium Dimensio∣num loco coaequalis, ac conformis ei, qui suo ambitu contineret, locos cavos dici∣mus, non vesicam tantum, renes & uterum, sed & Ventriculum Intestinaque, Cor, pericardium & id genus reliqua, è quibus prout tam intus quam foris nati∣vum cuique solum contigisset, Cystes pendulae conspiciebantur aqua citrina oppletae, & sine omni faetore etiam post Vigessimum Diem: Nullas partes supernas excipimus, etiam ad Jugulum usque; inferiores quoque nullas (ne quidem proximum sedi lo∣cum) quae hasce suo cavo non caperent Vesiculas: Hepar quoque intelligi volumus, tectumque laesa oppressumque foris, adeoque lienem totum: Si quasque vel minu∣tulas in numerum quispiam retulisset, octingentas numerus superasset facile.

CHAP. XII. Of the Liver of Beasts.

HAving Treated of the Liver of Man, and its several parts, I will speak somewhat of this Bowel, as it relateth to other Animals, to see what Similitude they have with a Humane Liver.

The Liver of a Lion, much resembleth that of a Cat, * 1.1927 and is composed of Seven lobes of different shapes and sizes, encompassing a great part of the Stomach; it is endued with a deep Red, or rather a Brown Colour, and with a soft substance, by reason of the lax Compage of the Glands, which are very numerous in this fierce Animal, and are very conspicuous, when they are Tumefied (which I have seen in a young Lion) with a quantity of Bilious Recrements (rendring the very surface of the Liver highly Yellow) diffused through the whole substance of the swelled Glands.

The Liver of a Chamel, is furnished with Three lobes, * 1.1928 Two are eminent as superior in Place, and greater in Dimensions; the Third is less, being covered with the other: It is hued with a dark Red, sometime inclining to a livid Colour. These lobes do invest the Stomach, and give it warmth in or∣der to the Concoction of Aliment.

The Liver of a Beaver, hath numerous lobes, * 1.1929 being Six in number (of different Magnitudes and Figures) according to Webfer; and but Five ac∣cording to the Paristan Dissectors, who are great Masters of Anatomy: Ma∣ny Bilarian Ducts are derived from each lobe, and do insert themselves in one Choledoch Cistern.

The Liver of an Elephant, is four times as large as that of a Bullock, * 1.1930 as Aristotle will have it, and is much thicker in its Origen, and groweth thin∣ner and thinner toward its Termination; as it is found in the Liver of Man, Oxen, Sheep, Deer, Horse, and many other large Animals. This Liver is most remarkable, as being very large, and destitute of a Bladder of Gall;

which is supplied (as I conceive) with a great Choledoch Duct, containing very much Choller.

This Bowel in a Hedg-Hog, * 1.1931 hath Five lobes, according to Sedger, and Seven according to Scrader, and Severinus, which are endued with va∣rious shapes and Magnitudes. The greatest lobe is lodged in the left Hypo∣condre, and the most and least in the right, one of which doth cover half of the neighbouring Kidney.

The Liver of an African Goat, * 1.1932 is accommodated with Four lobes, two of which do exceed the other in Dimensions, and one of the least doth extend it self to the right Kidney, which it encompasseth in a great part.

The Liver of a Tygre, * 1.1933 according to curious Wolfstrigel, doth lodg in both Hypocondres, and is divided into Six lobes, which do extend them∣selves to the ascendent Trunk of the Cava; the greatest of these is subdi∣vided into two Branches, into which the Bladder of Gall is affixed.

The Liver of an Indian Bore, * 1.1934 much resembleth that of a common Hog, both in Colour and Shape, and is most remarkable in the defect of the Su∣spensory Ligament; whereupon the Liver in this Animal, is not tied to the Midriff, but to the Vertebres of the Back.

The Liver of a Rabbet, * 1.1935 consisteth of Five lobes, of which Three are so closely united, that they seem to be one lobe, and do invest a great part of the Stomach (which being extended, is endued with a Semicircular Figure) the two other lobes are seated under the Stomach, one of them being of a Circular Figure, and very small, is lodged in the Arch of the Stomach, and the other is seated under the upper lobe, being very much bigger then the Circular lobe; and is broader in its Origen, and endeth almost into a Point: The Liver is hued with a deep Red, somewhat inclining to a livid Colour.

The Liver of an Ape, * 1.1936 doth furnish the Abdominal Region with Six lobes, of which the least is lodged in the Semicircle of the Stomach, the Three greater are seated in the Right Side, and one in the left, and another in the middle of the other, which receiveth the Umbilical Vein, and the neck of Vesicle of Gall, and a small lobe doth lean upon the right Kidney, to which it is affixed by a strong Ligament.

The Liver of a Cat, * 1.1937 is adorned with Six lobes, of different Shapes and Magnitudes, some of which lean upon, and others are lodged under the Stomach, and out of the middle of two of them, seated in the right side the Bladder of Gall maketh its egress; so that the bottom of it doth appear somewhat like the Prominence of an Eye.

A Civet Cat, * 1.1938 hath a Liver furnished with Seven lobes, of which Three are very small, and the latter of them doth cover a considerable part of the right adjacent Kidney, to which it is firmly annexed by a Membranous inter∣position. * 1.1939

The Liver of a Pole-Cat, is composed of Seven lobes, of which the lowest is subdivided into three Fissures, somewhat like the Foot of a Pullet; the middle of them is adorned with a Triangular Figure, and is fastned for a little space, to the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, by the mediation of a thin Membrane. * 1.1940

The Liver of an Otter, is fruitful in lobes, having Seven in number, (adorned with different shapes and sizes, some of which rest upon, and others are lodged under the Stomach) into whose concave surface, the Um∣bilical and hollow Vein do make their ingress; and the last doth furnish all the lobes with numerous Branches and Capillaries, which import Blood into their innumerable small Glands, which are so many Colatories to refine the Blood.

The composition of the Liver in a Squirrel, * 1.1941 is very elegant (as Malpi∣ghius hath well observed) and is divided into many lobes, which are ac∣commodated with numerous Globules (consisting of several Glands) which may be easily distinguished by various Colours, tinging the surface of the Liver; by reason the Globules are hued with Red, and their Interstices (whereby they are parted one from the other) are endued with a more bright Colour, which is very conspicuous in the Livers of Fish, and other more perfect Animals, as they are adorned with variety of Colours; some of which affect the Glands, and others their Interstices.

The Liver of a Land Tortoise, is divided into various lobes, * 1.1942 every way encompassing the Circumference of the Stomach, both above and below, to cherish its life and heat, the better to enable it, in reference to the digestion of Aliment.

A Mole hath a small Liver, parted into Four Minute lobes, * 1.1943 according to Seger, and Five according to Borrichius (investing the lower Region of the Ventricle) very different in shape and size, which are hued with a pale Colour. * 1.1944

A Chameleon, hath the substance of its Liver somewhat solid in some part, and many Cavities in the other; and is endued with a dark Red, and is divided into Two lobes, of which the right doth exceed the left in Di∣mensions.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Livers of Birds.

THe Liver of a Goose, is beautified with a bright Red, * 1.1945 and consisteth of two lobes; the right † 1.1946 is much larger then the other, covering some part of the Guts, and encloseth the right side of the Gizard, and end∣eth in a manner of a Point † 1.1947.

The left lobe of the Liver † 1.1948, is much shorter and more thick then the right, and investeth the higher region of the Guts in some part, and upper end of the Gizard, and hath a Fissure near its Termination, which is made in a broad thin Expansion.

This lobe is parted from the right by a broad thin Membrane, as by a kind of Mediastine, coming from the hinder region of the Abdomen, and reacheth to the Anterior.

Each lobe is hollowed in their upper Region, making two Cavities like Sockets, to give reception to the Cone of the Heart, and parts adjoyning to to its Termination.

The Liver of an Eagle, is beautified with a floride Red, * 1.1949 and divided in∣to two lobes, of which the right is the longest, filling a great part of the right Hypocondre, in which it encloseth the right side of the Gizard; and the left lobe is somewhat thicker and shorter then the other: And these lobes are distinguished from each other, by the interposition of a thin Mem∣brane, annexed to the Sternon, and under it did appear four Membranous Cavities, two lateral, made for the reception of the Lungs, and two inter∣medial,

for the lobes of the Liver; and these Membranes do not supply the place of a Midriff (as some will have it) but rather of a Mediastine.

The Liver of a Turkey, * 1.1950 is composed of three lobes, of which the right is tied to the Guts: The middle is the greatest, beginning in thick Dimen∣sions, and ending in a broad Expansion; and the left lobe is the least, both which do cover some part of the upper Surface belonging to the top of the Gizard, and have thick Origens, and terminate into a kind of Points: The Liver is hued with a more deep Red, then the Spleen.

The Liver of a Duck, * 1.1951 hath two large Cavities made in the top of the lobes, relating to it, to entertain the Cone of the Heart in its Motion: The Liver doth cover the upper region of the Guts, and Gizard, with the higher part of its lobes, of which the right, near its Termination, doth invest the right side of the Gizard, and the left embraceth the higher end of it.

This Liver is composed of Two lobes, the higher is broadest, and thickest in its beginning, and groweth narrower and narrower towards its Termina∣tion, and endeth almost in a Point; the left lobe is much shorter then the other, and terminates in a broad thin Expansion.

The Liver of a Teal, * 1.1952 much resembleth that of a Duck, the one encom∣passing the right, and the other the left side of the Gizard; they are hollow∣ed with two eminent Cavities (seated in the Origens of them, to give an entertainment to the Heart in its Pulsation) to which the heart is fastned by the mediation of thin Membranes

The right lobe is broader and longer then that of the left, which embra∣ceth the Echinus, or Termination of the Gulet.

The lobes of the Liver belonging to a Partridg, * 1.1953 have their Originations en∣dued with Cavities (after the manner of all other Birds which I have Dis∣sected as two allodgments of the Cone of the Heart, to confine it (as I conceive) in its due place, by reason the Heart is fastned to these Cavities, by the mediation of fine Membranes.

The Liver hath two lobes (as in other Birds) the right is thick and broad in its Origination, and groweth more narrow, and endeth in the man∣ner of a Point; the left lobe also is thick in its Dimensions, about the Ori∣gen where it is single, and is divided by a Fissure (near its Termination, which is thin and broad) which seemeth to make it into two lobes; these lobes in the Origens of their concave parts, do cover the Guts, and toward their Termination, the higher Extreamity of the Gizard, to which they are fastned by thin Membranes.

The Liver of a Pidgeon, * 1.1954 is composed of two lobes, as in other Birds, the right is much larger then the other; it beginneth thick and narrow, and confineth on the right side of the Heart, from its Base to the Cone, and af∣terward groweth large and thinner, especially abouts its Termination; this lobe covereth some part of the Guts, and upper surface of the Gizard, so that it cannot be discerned.

The left lobe is much narrower and shorter, and lodged in some part un∣der the Heart (as the Pidgeon is placed in a supine Posture, and is so to be understood, in all our Discourses of Anatomy) and is also seated under some part of the Gizard, to which it is affixed.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Liver of Fish.

THe Liver of a Porpess, hath large Dimensions, * 1.1955 and is adorned with a bright Red, and is parted into lobes, as some will have it, but in this resembleth a Humane Liver, as being one entire substance; its situation is in the Abdomen (as in other Animals) under the Diaphragme, and most of this Bowel is lodged in the right side, and consisteth of many Minute Glands full of Divarications of numerous Blood Vessels.

The Liver of a Sturgeon, is adorned with a more round Figure, then that of Man, encompassing the Stomach on each side, and is hued with a pale Red, and is furnished with a large Branch of the Porta and Cava, im∣porting and exporting Vital Liquor.

The Liver of a Pike, is one entire body, destitute of all lobes, * 1.1956 and Par∣titions; it is endued with an Ash-colour, and is thicker and broader in its Origen, and thinner and narrower downward, and endeth in a kind of Point: It covereth the upper Region of the Stomach, and Origen of the Intestines.

The Liver is very wonderful in a Barbil, * 1.1957 and accompanieth the Intestines in the Superior, Inferior, and lateral Region, and maketh a Gyre be∣tween the Circumvolution of the Guts, to which the Liver is fastned accord∣ing to variety of Positions, with many thin small Membranes; which I have not seen in so various and so ample a manner, in any other Fish, as in this.

A Dory hath a Liver endued with a pale Ash-colour, * 1.1958 it covereth a great part of the Stomach, which is of an Orbicular Figure; in this Table it is taken off from the Stomach, and is placed out of its proper place, in the left side † 1.1959 of the Fish.

The Liver of a Kingston, somewhat resembleth in Figure the Trident, * 1.1960 with which Neptune is commonly Painted, as consisting of three lobes, the middle one is the shortest and broadest, and that of the left side is thick∣est, and most long; the right lobe is longer then the middle (which is broad and thin) and shorter then the left: This Liver is furnished with in∣numerable small Glands, as so many Refiners of the Blood.

The Liver of a Fire-Flair, * 1.1961 or Sting-Ray (so called from a Sting beset with Teeth, and seated near the Tail) is hued with a yellowish Buff-colour, and hath a Fissure near the right side, dividing a small part of it as it were into two lobes.

It is about two Inches broad in its beginning, and four Inches long, and endeth below in a small thin Cone: Above the Origen of the Fissure, be∣ginneth the Ligamentum Suspensorium, which is a thick Cord running about an Inch and a half, and then expandeth it self, and fastneth the Liver, to the lower Region of the Cartilaginous Diaphragme, parting the lowest from the middle Apartiment; it covereth almost all parts of the lowest Venter, the Stomach, Spleen, and the greatest portion of the Guts, leaving only naked that part of them which is adjacent to the Vent.

The Liver of a Skait, * 1.1962 is coated with an Ash-colour, it beginneth in Arch, and is composed of three lobes, of which the middle † 1.1963 is the broadest and most short, formed in manner of a Semicircle.

The lobe of the right side † 1.1964, is broader and longer then that of the left † 1.1965; these lobes encompass the Intestines, and have many Partitions, seated in the concave part of the lobes.

The Liver of a Base, * 1.1966 is adorned with a Semicircular Figure † 1.1967, broadest and thickest in the middle, and smallest in both Extreamities, ending in Points † 1.1968, the one seated in the right, and the other in the left side, and en∣circle the Pylorus † 1.1969, and Origen † 1.1970 of the Guts; which make the first Cir∣cumvolution.

Out of the thick † 1.1971 part of the Liver of a Dog-Fish, * 1.1972 do arise Two lobes, and are seated on each side of the Abdomen, and are like two Wings, cover∣ing the Stomach and Intestines; the left lobe † 1.1973 is thickest and broadest in its Origen, and is parted about the middle of its length by a Fissure, and maketh its progress the whole length of the Abdomen, and part of the right lobe † 1.1974 is cut off, as hindring the prospect of the Stomach.

The Liver of a Bream, * 1.1975 beginneth in a Point, and after groweth broader † 1.1976, and is accommodated with divers Angles, and afterward is propagated in a long Process † 1.1977, passing in length about three Inches. This Bowel being broad above, is parted into two jagged lobes, the one taketh its progress in the right side, all along the Margent of the Stomach, and the other in the left, on the outside of the first Intestine.

The Liver of a Gudgeon † 1.1978, * 1.1979 is hued with a darkish, or deep Red, and being a thin Expansion, covereth the Stomach, to which it is so closely con∣joyned by Membranes, that it cannot be separated from it, without some violation; it beginneth more large, and endeth in a kind of Cone † 1.1980.

The Liver of a Rochet † 1.1981, * 1.1982 is hued with a deep Red, somewhat inclining to Purple, and is divided into lobes; the greater and broader lieth in the left side, and is adorned with a kind of Triangular Figure, covering the In∣testinula Caeca, and the right lobe is seated on the right side of the Stomach, and is in some part lodged under the Guts, in an Arch, or Semicircle of them.

The Liver of a Gurnet, is coated with a pale whitish Colour, and is composed of Two lobes, of which the left is the larger, covering the whole upper surface of the Stomach, so that I could not discern it, when this lobe was in its proper situation; the right lobe is seated in the right side of the Stomach, and is much less then the other in Dimensions.

The Liver of a Prill † 1.1983, * 1.1984, is thickest in its Origen, and lodgeth in some part upon the Neck of the Stomach, which it doth not cover, and is seated under the Guts, and some portion of it is encompassed within the circular Circumvolution † 1.1985 of the Intestines, containing many Globules of the Liver.

The Liver of a Plaice, is one entire Body, without any division into lobes, and beginneth narrow and thick in its Origen † 1.1986, and its Termination is broad and thin † 1.1987, and its lower Circumference is adorned with a kind of Semicircular Figure, as suiting it self to the shape of the Stomach, in which it is contained, and hath a Fissure near the Termination of the Stomach.

The Liver of a Soal, * 1.1988 is coated with a pale Ash-colour, and is beautified with an Arch, as the Repository of the Heart, on which it confineth; it is broad in its Origen, and more narrow toward its Termination.

The Liver of a Lamprey, is endued with an Ash-colour, * 1.1989 and is seated below the Midriff, its Origen is largest, as most broad and thick † 1.1990 when the Membrane being taken off, you may discern many Glands † 1.1991 of diffe∣rent shapes and sizes; it endeth in a kind of obtuse Cone † 1.1992.

The Liver of a Garfish, hath the Circumference of its Origen endued with a Semicircular Figure, and its concave surface is rendred uneven by many Protuberances, which are so many Glands † 1.1993 of several Figures and Magni∣tudes, and endeth in the manner of a Point † 1.1994.

The Liver of an Asellus Virescens, * 1.1995 of which the largest covereth the Stomach, and it turned to the right side † 1.1996, to discover the Ventricle, and some-part of it may be seen in its proper situation † 1.1997.

The Liver of a Viper, is coated with a deep Red colour, * 1.1998 and taketh its Origination immediately below the Lungs † 1.1999, and embraceth a great part of the right side of the Stomach. † 1.2000

CHAP. XV. The Bladder of Gall.

THe Bladder of Gall (called by the Latines, Vesica Fellea, * 1.2001 Folliculus Fellis, by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) is endued with an oblong Ca∣vity, of an Oval Figure, somewhat resembling a Pear in its Body † 1.2002, and the Stalk in its Neck † 1.2003.

The Bladder of Gall, in its upper and middle Region, * 1.2004 is entertained in a proper Sinus of the Liver, to which it is affixed, and the body of it is Pendulous (as seated without the confines of the Liver) by which it lean∣eth upon the right side of the Stomach, and some part of the Colon, which are tinged with Yellow, by vertue of the thinner parts of Choller ousing through the Pores of the Coats, belonging to the Bladder of Gall.

It is encircled with a double Membrane instituted by Nature, * 1.2005 as I con∣ceive, to confine the thin and piercing Particles of Bile, within their proper Sphaere: The first and outward Coat, * 1.2006 is derived from the Rim of the Bel∣ly, and is the same with that immuring the substance of the Liver, and is of a fine Membranous nature (consisting of various Filaments curiously en∣terwoven) by which the body of the Bladder of Gall is tied to the Liver.

The inward Membrane is much thicker then the former, * 1.2007 and is lined with a slippery Mucous Matter, to secern this fine sensible Contexture, against the Acrimony of Choller: This Coat is a Compage integrated of various kinds of Fibres, which are Right, Oblique, and Transverse, or rather Circular, which contracting the body of the Bladder in length and depth, do narrow its Cavity, and squeese the Choller into its Neck, and by relaxing the An∣nular Fibres, do transmit the Bilious sharp Recrements, into the common Trunk, and afterward into the Duodenum. Some Learned Anatomists do oppose this Hypothesis, because these Fibres are not easily seen by the Eye, but are manifest to Reason, because the strength of this part consisteth in Fibres, as well as in Veins, Arteries, Ureters, Bladder of Urine, and Se∣minal

Vesicles, most of which are endued with an Expulsive Faculty found∣ed in variety of Fibres.

The Bladder of Gall, * 1.2008 hath greater and less Dimensions in various Bodies, whose Blood hath greater or less Recrements, which being severed in the glands of the Liver, are conveyed by the Roots of the Bladder of Gall, and is more or less extended, according to the different proportion of Chol∣ler; and most commonly obtaineth the length of two or three Transverse Fingers, and the breadth of a Thumb.

The Colour of the outward Coat, * 1.2009 hath several Colours, sometimes Yel∣lowish, and other times Brownish, or Blackish, as it is tinged with Choller of a different hue, transuding the Pores of the Membranes.

This Repository of thin and sharp Bile, * 1.2010 hath different Denominations, according to its several parts; the one being greater, and of an Oval Fi∣gure, is called the Fundus, or rather the Body of the Bladder, the which is Pendulous, as seated without the substance of the Liver.

The other part of the Bladder of Gall, is named the Neck (which is of an Oblong Tubular Figure, and is much less then the bottom) and is more narrow in its upper Region, ending in a small Cavity, terminating into the common Duct.

The Neck of the Bladder of Gall (as Spigellius will have it) is endued with a Valve, * 1.2011 which is denied by some learned Anatomists, and affirmed to be a Protuberance, as having only the office and not the structure of a Valve, to hinder the regress of Choller out of the common Duct, into the Neck of the Bladder; which Doctor Glysson calleth a Spungy Flesh, not unlike that of the Duodenum, stopping the return of Choller out of the Gut, into the entrance of the common Duct, leading into the Porus Bilarius. And far∣thermore, the termination of the Neck † 1.2012, relating to the Bladder of Gall, is encompassed with an Anular Fibre, * 1.2013 which doth contract its Cavity near the common Duct, and intercepteth the recourse of Choller into the Neck of the Bladder of Gall, which is very narrow and full of Folds, to stop the overhasty passage of the Bile, that in its stagnancy, it might acquire greater degrees of Acrimony and Fermentative dispositions by its mixture with the sharp Choller, that hath been some time resident in the bosome of the Bladder.

The Bladder of Gall is furnished with variety of Vessels, * 1.2014 Arteries from the Caeliack Branch, Veins from the Porta, which emit many Branches over∣shading the outward Surface of the Bladder, which hath Nerves communi∣cated to it from the Par Vagum, whereby it is rendred sensible, and apt to contract its Nervous and Fleshy Fibres, to eject the Bile when they are op∣pressed as over-extended with its Exuberant Particles. This Bilious Recep∣tacle is also furnished with many Lymphaeducts (which are very visible in Humane Bodies newly Hanged) branching themselves over the body and neck of the Bladder, and thence pass into the Liver.

This Receptacle of Gall is accomplished with many Tubes, * 1.2015 or Excretory Vessels, furnished with Branches, Ramulets, and Capillaries (as compani∣ons of the Divarications of the Vena Porta) distributed into the Con∣cave part of the Liver, and at last are inserted into its Conglomerated Glands, wherein a Secretion is made of the Bilious, from the more mild parts of Blood, and transmitted into the Roots of the Excretories, belonging to the Bladder of Gall.

And the Liver only is not furnished with numerous Conglomerated Glands, but also the Bladder of Gall too, * 1.2016 in which small Miliary Glands are seated between the Coats of it; into these Miliary Glands, the Capil∣laries of the Caeliack Artery, and Vena Porta, and Fibrils of Nerves and Lym∣phaeducts are implanted: The three first kinds of Vessels do carry Blood and Nervous Liquor into the substance of these Minute Glands, where separa∣tion is made of the Bilious and Lymphatick Liquor. The first Recrements are carried through the Pores of the inward Coat, into the Cavity of the Bladder of Gall; and the other thin Transparent Liquor is received into the Extreamities of the Lymphaeducts (overspreading the body and neck of the Bladder) and from thence is transmitted step by step into the common Re∣ceptacle of Chyle and Lympha.

The use of the Bladder of Gall, is to be a repository of Bile, * 1.2017 which is first secerned in the Conglomerated Glands of the Liver, and afterward en∣tertained into the Roots of the Excretory Vessels, and thence conveyed through the neck, into the bosome belonging to the receptacle of Gall, wherein it acquireth a Fermentative quality from Bile conveyed from the Glands (lodged between the Coats of the Bladder) by secret Pores into the Gall, where it is rendred more Fermentative and Acrimonious by its Stagnancy; and is impraegnated with saline and acid particles of Juice (trans∣mitted from the Spleen by the Caeliack Artery, and Vena Porta, into the glands of the Liver) which are mixed with Bile, carried by proper Excretory Vessels into the Bladder of Gall.

CHAP. XVI. The Bladder of Gall in other Animals.

THe Bladder of Gall in a Lion, is Seven Thumbs breadth in length, * 1.2018 and about one and a half, or two, in breadth, and is endued with an admirable structure, as having divers Maeanders about the neck of the Blad∣der, by which it is distinguished into divers Cells, (which I saw in a young Lion lately Dissected) somewhat resembling those of the Colon in Man; which I humbly concieve was instituted by Nature, * 1.2019 to keep the Gall in this angry or enraged Animal in those Cells, to intercept its retrograde course into the substance of the Liver, lest it should swell the Glands: Which I saw in this young Lion, and I apprehend, was the cause of his death; these Cells we also saw in a young Cat (at the same time) which were very like those of the Lion.

The Bladder of Gall in a Bruit, called by the Latines, Hiaena, * 1.2020 is hued with a green Colour, proceeding from the colour of the Gall tinging its Mem∣brane (as I conceive) and hath a Figure, rendred unequal by three or four Protuberancies, and is furnished with an Hepatick Duct, terminating into the Duodenum.

The receptacle of Bile, is adorned with a Sphaerical Figure in a Hedg-Hog, and this Repository is of aeruginous and blackish Colour, and doth ad∣here (by the mediation of the Neck of it) to one of the lobes, belonging to the Liver.

The Cistern of Bile in a Porcupine, * 1.2021 seemeth to be double, terminating as it were into two Horns, and resembleth Water in Colour, Consistence, and Taste, as being like Water in every manner, and chiefly as insipid, and void of Bitterness. * 1.2022 Some immagine a Hare to be void of the Vesicle of Gall, the reason of their mistake, proceedeth from its deep Allodgment within the body of the Liver; so that the Receptacle of Gall, doth scarce appear without the confines of it.

The Bladder of Gall in an Ape, * 1.2023 hath long and narrow Dimensions, and half its body lodged in the substance of the middle lobe, and hath nume∣rous Vessels dispersed through the substance of the Liver, which do all con∣center into the neck of the Bladder, as into a common passage.

An Eagle, * 1.2024 hath a Bladder of Gall endued with an oblong roundish Figure, somewhat resembling a Walnut, and is distended with green Choller; as Learned Borichius hath observed.

The Bladder of Gall in a Goose, * 1.2025 is adorned with a round shape, and hu∣ed with a black Colour, and lodged in a Cavity of the right lobe, about the middle of it.

The Bladder of Gall in a Heron, * 1.2026 is very large in reference to its Body, and is distended with a dark green Colour, of a lentous substance; its upper part is conjoyned to the Ductus Bilarius.

The Bladder of Gall in a Swan, is very large, is much akin to that of a Goose, in shape and colour.

The Bladder of Gall; * 1.2027 are much alike in most Birds in Colour, and Shape, and situation in the Liver.

A Pidgeon, Cuckow, and Crane, have no Bladder of Gall; and I con∣ceive, the Porus Bilarius lodged within the Liver, doth supply the defect of Bladder of Gall, when it is wanting.

This Receptacle of Bilious Recrements † 1.2028, in a Fish called a Dory, is hued with a blackish Colour, flowing the nature of the Bile contained in it, and is adorned with an Oval shape, and seated near the termination of part of the Liver, placed in the left side.

This Repository of Bile † 1.2029 in a Skait, * 1.2030 is coated with darkish livid colour, and adorned with a kind of an Oval Figure, whose superior part is much the larger, and is seated in an Interstice, between the right and middle lobe of the Liver, and not in the Concave part, which is most common in Fish.

The Vesicle of Gall † 1.2031 in a Base, * 1.2032 is seated near the right Extreamity of the Liver, (which is beautified with a Semicircular Figure) and is endued with a Conical Figure, beginning in an acute, and ending in an obtuse Cone.

The Vesicle of Gall † 1.2033 in a Bream, * 1.2034 is hued with a livid Colour, and is adorned with a Conical Shape, as having its Origen and Termination in an acute Cone, and is seated between the Liver and the Stomach.

The Bladder of Gall † 1.2035 in a Gudgeon, * 1.2036 in a Gudgeon, is coated with a brownish Colour, and is fastned by a Neck, to the concave part of the Liver, and its body is endu∣ed with a depressed round Figure.

The Vesicle of Gall † 1.2037 in a Garfish, * 1.2038 is hued with a deep bluish Colour, and is seated on the Margent right side, relating to the concave part of the Liver, in its natural position.

The Vesicle of this Fish, hath many Divarications † 1.2039 of Excretory Ducts, derived from the Glands, divers of which insert themselves into one common Duct, or Neck † 1.2040 of the Bladder of Gall, and others do implant themselves into its body † 1.2041, endued with a flattish round Figure.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Porus Bilarius.

HAving handled the Bladder of Gall, according to its Situation, * 1.2042 Conne∣xion, Membranes, Magnitude, Colour, Figure, variety of Parts, Vessels, and Use, my Intendment at this time, is to Treat of the Porus Bilarius, which is very much akin to the Bladder of Gall in Office, as they are both mini∣sterial to the Refinement of the Blood; and differ, in relation the body of the Bladder of Gall is much larger then the Porus Bilarius, by reason the Bilious Recrements make a greater stay in the former, and make a more quick pas∣sage out of the latter into the Guts: Again, they differ in respect of the Bladder of Gall hath fewer and smaller Excretory Vessels, then the Porus Bilarius, whereupon a smaller proportion of more thin Bile, is transmitted out of the Conglomerated Glands of the Liver, into the Roots of the Ex∣cretory Vessels, relating to the Bladder of Gall, and the gross Choler is dis∣charged in a more liberal quantity, out of a greater company of Glands, in∣to the Extreamities of the larger and more numerous Excretories, belonging to the Porus Bilarius.

This large Cistern, * 1.2043 into which all the lesser Excretory Vessels do disbur∣den themselves, is a long and round Channel † 1.2044, which is much greater in Dimensions, then the neck of the Bladder of Gall, and maketh its egress out of the Liver, near the place where the Vena Porta maketh its entrance, and carrieth the Choler received from the glands of the Liver into the com∣mon Duct † 1.2045, which dischargeth the Bilious Recrements coming from both Channels into the Duodenum.

The Porus Bilarius, a little before it parteth with the Liver, * 1.2046 is firmly associated with the Vena Porta, and are both enwrapped with one common Capsula, which is so closely united to each of them, that they cannot be disjoyned without Laceration; whereupon the Divarications of the Porta, and Porus Bilarius, go hand in hand, and their Branches and Ramulets ac∣company each other to their utmost Capillaries, which are implanted into the Conglomerated Glands of the Liver, wherein they joyntly concur to the depuration of the Blood.

So that the Ramifications of the Porta, and Porus Bilarius, do so nearly affociate with each other, that it is difficult to distinguish them, and seem to be Vessels of one kind, and not of different Families, as in truth they are, and have several uses, in carrying various Liquor, the one Blood, and the other its Recrements only; and these divers Vessels, though they are nearly conjoyned in each others company, yet they may be distinguished in their different aspects, the Branches of the Porta being endued with a kind of Purple, and those of the Porus Bilarius, seem to be hued with brownish yellowish Colour, which may be seen through the thin transparent coat of the Capsula Communis, which may be rendred manifest in an Excarnated Li∣ver, and cannot be discovered without it, because the various Vessels as na∣turally seated in the Liver, are obscured under a deep red vail, whence their variety of Colours cannot be discerned.

That the Branches of the Vena Porta, * 1.2047 and Porus Bilarius, may be more fitly and easily associated with each other; Nature (as I conceive) hath framed a greater number of Bilarian Vessels, so that the Bilarian Branches do seem to accompany one Branch of the Porta, which is much larger then those relating to the Porus Bilarius: And it may be worth our remark, that though the Bilarian Vessels do exceed the Porta in number, yet the different Vessels are in all their Divarications encircled with one common Capsula, to keep them near to each other, and secure them in their proper situations.

And it is farther observable, * 1.2048 that though the Branches of the Porta and Porus Bilarius, are immured with one common Integument, and are closely conjoyned to each others sides in a near union, yet they have no mutual In∣osculations, because it can be no where discovered, that the Branches of the Porta, and Porus Bilarius, have any perforation of their Coats one into an∣other, which is wisely contrived by the Great Architect, lest the Blood im∣mediately passing out of the apertures of one Vessel into another, should hinder the Percolation of the Vital Liquor, which is accomplished in the spaces of the Vessels, wherein the Bilious parts are received into the Roots of the Porus Bilarius, and the refined Particles of the Blood, are transmit∣ted into the Extreamities of the Capillaries belonging to the Vena Cava, and thence conveyed by Ramulets, Branches, and Trunk of the Cava, into the right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart.

Some Professors of our Art, * 1.2049 assign two Valves (hindring the reflux of Choler out of the Duodenum, into the Ductus Choledochus) one to the Ter∣mination of the Porus Bilarius, near the confines of the Liver, and the other to its ingress into the common Duct; which are opposed by many Anato∣mists, by reason no such Valves can be discovered, as belonging to the Po∣rus Bilarius, which is inserted with an oblique position, into the Coats of the Duodenum, as passing between them, which intercepteth the regress of the Bile from the Guts, into the common Duct.

Learned Diermerbroeck, * 1.2050 giveth a Narrative of a strange Passage, beside the common Duct, out of the Liver into the Guts, and sometimes out of the body of the Bladder of Gall into the Colon, and other times out of the Bladder of Gall into the Pilorus, and into the bottom of the Stomach. As the Learned Author giveth Instance, Anat. Lib. 1. Cap. xiv. Praeter communem Ductum Choledochum jam Commemoratum, Anno 1655. Mense Aprili, Alium quendam insolitum Ductum in Theatro Anatomico publice demonstravi, altero ordi∣nario (qui solito modo aderat) tenuiorem & flava Bile repletum, cui nulla cum Poro Bilario, aut jam dicto communi Ductu communio erat, sed seorsim orieba∣tur paulo supra cervicem Vesiculae fellis, qua parte folliculus in cervicem incipit contrahi, seu angustari, & seorsim ferebatur ad intestinum Duodenum, cui circa finem inserebatur circiter Latitudinem digiti ab insertione alterius ductus communis, sequenti anno in alio subjecto aliud quid rari vidimus, nempe praeter Ductum Cho∣lidochum ordinarium, ad hoc alium insolitum, ex medio fellis folliculo, recta in coli Intestini partem ei accumbentem extensum, sic etiam nonnunquam Ductum aliquem ex Vesicula in Pylorum, interdum in Ventriculi fundum produci observa∣tum est, sed hi sunt rarissimi naturae lusus.

The Liver is called by Malpighius, * 1.2051 a Conglomerated Gland, and is in truth an Aggregate body, made up many small Glands; and every gland is a System, composed of different sorts of Vessels, constituting this Bowel to be a Colatory of the Blood, which being refined in the substance of the Glands, the more impure and Bilious parts are admitted first into the Capillaries and Branches, and afterward into the common Trunk of the Porus Bilarius,

terminating into the Guts; which clearly sheweth the use of the Porus Bila∣rius, is to receive and transmit the Recrements (severed from the Purple Li∣quor, in the Parenchyma of the glands of the Liver) into the Cavity of the Intestines.

The Bile being matured in the body of the Conglomerated Glands (ap∣pertaining to this Bowel) its more thin and useful part is immediately car∣ried into the Roots of the Vena Cava, and mixed with the Blood, to give it a Fermentative Disposition, and the most Faeculent and Bitter part, is admit∣ted into the Origens of the Capillary Vessels, and afterward dispensed through the divarications of the Excretories of the Porus Bilarius, ending into the common Trunk, conveying this gross Choler into the Duode∣num.

CHAP. XVII. Of Choler.

HAving spoke of the several Extreamities of the Capillaries, dispersed through the glands of the Liver, belonging to the Bladder of Gall, and the Choledoch Duct, as the Receptacles of Choler: It is orderly now to Treat somewhat of the Liquor it self Percolated, as secerned from the Vital Juice, which are Bilious Recrements, and by some are thought to be specifically different; but if they be well considered, * 1.2052 they differ only in qualities, and not in kind, Magis & minus non variant speciem, and so are only several degrees of the same Specifick Matter; whose more gross parts are more easily transmitted through the larger Orifices of the Excretories, appertaining to the Porus Bilarius, while the more thin and sharp Particles of Bilious Matter, do more easily insinuate themselves into the more nar∣row Extreamities of the small Vessels, appendant to the Bladder of Gall, wherein it borroweth greater degrees of Acrimony proceeding from its long stagnancy, and as being mixed with Choler, long resident in the Cavity of the Bladder, and is associated with Choler newly severed in the Glands, (lodged between the Coats of the Bladder) and carried through the small Pores of the inward Coat, into the bosome of the Bladder of Gall.

And that the Bilious Recrement, relating to the Bladder of Gall, * 1.2053 hath qualities differing from that of the Choledoch Duct, Renowned Malpi∣ghius, hath taken the pains to evidence by an Experiment, Lib. de Lien. Cap. 6. Dum scilicet in brutis ligata Arteria Hepatica prope Truncum Caeliacae lacerato{que} Bilis folliculo, vel etiam avulsis ejusdem tunicis, coercito{que} pancreatis vase, superstite per diem animalis Vita, per portam in Jecur irruente Sanguine, bilis ingens copin è Poro Bilario, & Choledocho in Duodenum transducta colli∣gitur, quae Colore nequaquam simili pollet, cum dilutior sit, nec tantum lentoris & amaritiei obtinet, quantum bilis passim Vesicae possidet; & si igne vel alio consimili exagitur, vehementissimum exhalat odorem, alia{que} longe diversa à Cy∣sticae bilis natura patitur.

Three sorts of Choler may be conceived to be in the Liver: * 1.2054 The one is never severed from the Blood in the glands of the Liver, but is intimately

confaederated with it, as it were one of its innate constituting principles, concurring to Intestine Motion, whereby the Vital Liquor obtaineth a natural Effervescence, in order to a farther Exaltation; which is accomplished in the Cava, Ventricles of the Heart and Lungs, and its motion through the Arte∣ries and Veins of the whole Body.

The second more Fermentative Particles of Choler (severed in the glands of the Liver, * 1.2055 and received into the Roots of the Excretories, belonging to the Bladder of Gall) are acted with a more Acrimonious quality, exalted to a higher degree of Effervescence, by its continuance in the Cavity of the Bladder, and as impraegnated with a new Liquor, flowing out of the Mili∣ary Glands (lodged between the Coats of the Bladder) and insinuating it self through the secret passages of the inward Coat into the Cistern of Gall: * 1.2056 But above all, this Choler receiveth greater or less degrees of sharp∣ness, as it is embodied with a greater or smaller quantity of Liquor, rendred more or less acid in the Membranous Cells, and glands of the Spleen, and is thence transmitted by the Splenick Branch, into the Roots and Branches, and Capillaries of the Porta, inserted into the glands of the Liver: This Acid Liquor, prepared in the Spleen, and mixed with the Blood, giveth it a Fermentative disposition, as being joyned with Liquor, destilling out the terminations of the Hepatick Nerves, which openeth the body of the Vital Liquor, and endueth it with a qualification in order to Secretion, made in the Parenchyma of the glands of the Liver, and so imparteth a kind of Pre∣cipitation to the Blood, whereby the more Acrimonious and thin parts are conveyed into the Excretories of the Bladder of Gall, which grow more exalted by other ferments of Liquor formerly entertained, and other more newly dispensed from the glands of the Bladder of Gall through Minute Pores, into the bosome of it.

Some Masters of Anatomy, * 1.2057 oppose this thin and sharp quality of the Bile transmitted by small Excretories, into the Repository of Gall, by rea∣son sometimes a gross and clammy Matter is found in it, and other times not sharp, but rather insipid: To which I make bold to give this Reply, That Bile is not endued with any viscidity, or grossness, immediately after its entertainment into the Bladder of Gall, by reason if it were gross and faecu∣lent, it could not pass through its Minute Excretories, but it may acquire a Lentous quality by its long stagnancy in the cistern of Bile, caused by an obstruction of its Neck; and because the more thin parts of Choler may be evaporated by the heat of the Liver, upon its great stay, whereup∣on it groweth thick and earthy, sometimes concreted into a Stone: And moreover, the Choler (appertaining to the Vesicle of Gall) is found in∣sipid only, when it is not mixed with sour Particles of Liquor, as its cur∣rent from the Spleen, is intercepted through the Splenick Vein, and Porta, into the glands of the Liver.

The third degree of Choler, * 1.2058 with which the Blood doth chiefly abound, hath less Acrimony, and more grossness, then that of the Bladder of Gall, and therefore Nature hath most wisely instituted the Excretory Vessels, be∣longing to the Porus Bilarius, more large and numerous then those of the Bladder of Gall.

This more thick Choler associated with the Blood, * 1.2059 is carried first by the Caeliack Artery, derived from the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and afterward is received into the Extreamities of the Porta (lodged in divers neighbouring Bowels) and then transmitted by its fruitful Branches and Capillaries, terminating into the substance of the Glands, wherein it meet∣eth

with Volatil, Saline, and Spirituous Particles, of Liquor coming out of the Extreamities of the Nerves, and disposing it for a Secretion, which be∣ing made, the more mild and gross Particles are carried into the Excretories, belonging to the Choledoch Duct, and the thin and Acrimonious, into the Bladder of Gall.

The principles of which Choler is compounded, * 1.2060 are a very few spiri∣tuous parts, somewhat of Sulphur, and more Salt and Earth, diluted with watry Particles: As to Spirituous parts, they are small in proportion to the other, by reason the sweet Atomes are evaporated, and the Remanent parts grow effaete and fixed.

The Sulphureous Elements, truly so called, are not many, because they are not fat and oily, participating the nature of Sulphur (and are not easily inflammable, which cannot be attributed to Choler) by reason it rather quencheth Fire as well as Water, and no way raiseth it into a flame, as all oily and fat substances most evidently do: So that the oily parts, which are in∣flammable in Bile, are evaporated, and the Earthy and Salt Particles of Sul∣phur remain in it, as exalted by the Vital heat, from whence bitterness in Bile, taketh its Origen, and in Distillation, it infecteth the Air with a stinking noisome smell.

Salt is very abundant in Choler, * 1.2061 and giveth the Sulphureous parts an Acri∣monious disposition, by rendring them corrosive; it is also endued with a detersive quality, which is very plain in its Scowring virtue, wherein it fetcheth out stains of Grease, and other Ingredients, in Cloth and Silk.

The watry Particles are very manifest in Choler, * 1.2062 as they are a thin liquid and fluid Body, not easily bounded by its own parts, which are easily dis∣joyned in Motion, as naturally separable and flowing from each other, if left to their own conduct, and are readily stopped, when confined within the concave surface of a solid Body.

The Earthy and Saline parts of Bile, are more fixed, * 1.2063 which will subside in Water; as Learned Dr. Glysson hath observed, and often have a petrify∣ing quality, by which the more gross and earthy parts do grow hard, be∣ing turned into Stone, by a kind of Precipitation, or concretion in the Cho∣ledoch Duct, and are sometimes endued outwardly with a pale colour, and in∣wardly with a yellow, and other times with a whitish colour within, and a brownish without; and sometimes have so fragile and friable temper, that they fall in pieces when handled, and so light and spungy, that they will swim upon the surface of Water. This loose and friable nature of Stone in the Liver, and Vesicle of Gall, may arise from the few parts of Earth, and many of Sulphur and Saline parts diluted with Water, which rendreth the concreted loose and spungy, as wanting a due caement of Salt, concre∣ting a large quantity of Earth, which are chiefly requisite in hard and so∣lid concretions of Stone, whose parts are firmly conjoyned when much Earth is consolidated by Saline Atomes.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Ʋse of the Liver.

HAving Discoursed the great variety of Vessels, * 1.2064 and the numerous Glands, as a composition belonging to the Liver, my Design at this time, is to shew you the Uses of it: One of them, and a very great one too (if true) assigned to it by Learned Anatomists, is the office of Sangui∣fication; which may be considered either in reference to its Primary Gene∣fation, or its Secondary Production, or Repair, when it is much decayed in a constant Circulation, or Local Motion to or from the Center.

As to the first Formation of Blood, * 1.2065 It is attributed to the Spirit of Life, residing in the Seminal Liquor; which may be clearly seen in an Egg, sat upon by a Hen, before the production of the Liver, or any other Noble part, nay, before the first Rudiment of the Heart, or Blood in it: By rea∣son the Vital Juice; before it putteth on its Purple Robe, beginneth to quit those parts of the Egg (with which it was lately confused) and to form divers Ramifications, which afterward appeared to be Veins, and these streams of Life did concenter into one Point, the rough draught of the Heart. As soon as these Rivulets do unite, their Intestine Motion commenceth, whence is propagated a gentle Ebullition of the Vital Liquor, somewhat swelling its confines; and because it cannot make its retreat the same way it came, it frameth new Channels, the Arteries, through which it maketh good its Retrograde Motion, from the Center to the Circumference, from the Heart to the ambient parts of the Body, and this Vital Liquor is carried forward and backward through the various Apartiments, before it is hued with Red; which is not essential to Blood, and is clothed in a whitish aray in its Infancy, and when it arriveth to greater perfection acquired by Local and Intestine Motion, it is adorned with a new habit of Scarlet.

So that upon a strict inquiry, * 1.2066 the Blood receiveth its first conception not in the Liver, or any other Bowel seated in the inward recesses of the Body, but in the Exterior parts, near the surface of it: And in the first generation of Blood in a Humane Foetus, its birth beginneth in the ambient parts of the Embryo, in the Corion nearly seated to the concave surface of the Uterus, by whose heat, colliquation is made in the circumference of the Genital Juice, where the Vital Spirit beginneth first to exert it self for some little space, and then taketh its progress to the inward parts, to the Dancing Point, the first Rudiment of the Heart. So that the Liver is not all concerned in the first Formation of the Vital Juice, whose birth doth antidate that of the Liver and Heart.

And when the Blood hath much exhausted its Spirits, in its constant Per∣ambulation from the Heart (a rare engine of Motion) to the utmost con∣fines of the Body, and from the circumference to the center, in a back mo∣tion to the Heart: * 1.2067 The decays of the Blood, are supplied by a soft white Liquor, generated in the Stomach and Guts, and thence transmitted by Milky Vessels through the Mesentery, to the common Receptacle, and from thence through the Thoracick Ducts, into the Subclavian Vessels, where it first espouseth the Blood, and by its constant Local and Intestine Motion,

is broken against the Walls of the Heart and Arteries, in repeated Pulsati∣on; whereupon the Chyme is embodied with the Blood, and by degrees is more and more exalted by its converse with the Vital Juice, into which at last it is perfectly Assimilated: Whereupon we may infer with good rea∣son, that Blood maketh Blood, in which is founded the principle of Sangui∣fication, in order to repair the lost and absumed parts of it made by perpe∣tual Motion, and free Transpiration; and the Liver, or Heart, * 1.2068 or any other of the Viscera, cannot arrogate to themselves the Priviledg, or rather Prerogative of Sanguification, which is the true attribute of the Se∣minal Liquor, assisted with extraneous heat, in reference to the first Forma∣tion of Blood in a Foetus; and afterward in order to a second Production, the Blood is principally concerned and not the Liver (or any other of the Noble parts, which are highly acted with this Excellent Liquor) by reason the Vital Juice hath its generation in the Seminal Liquor, before the first Rudiment of the Liver, and hath its second Production from Chyle, as its Materia Substrata, whose proper Vessels have no entercourse with the Liver, upon which account this noble Bowel (though very useful in other regards) is secluded from the office of Sanguification, which may be truly attributed on∣ly to the innate principles of the Seminal Juice, and those too of the Blood, as having a fruitful faculty to propagate it self, as conservative of the choice Aeconomy of Nature, in the great variety of Animals, wonderfully made and preserved by an All-wise and Powerful Agent, who hath instituted this Noble part, the Liver (though not for Sanguification) yet for some other important Use; which is evident, if we shall behold and admire the great∣ness of this Bowel, as a curious Compage, integrated of variety of parts, set together in excellent order, as one ministerial to another; which speak∣eth the great contrivance of the Omnipotent Architect, who hath not for∣med the choice Fabrick of the Liver to give meerlyan Attribute to himself, without any design of doing good to others, of which the All-wise Creator cannot be in any wise guilty, wherefore he most prudently constituted the frame of every part, as tending to some proper use.

The Liver, though it is not instituted for the Production of Blood, * 1.2069 yet hath an Office belonging to it, of another Rank, and is designed by Nature for its refinement, accomplished by variety of Vessels, percolating the Mass of Blood in the glands of the Liver; which is performed by various de∣grees, and is first prepared in many other neighbouring parts, which impart different Ferments to it, as predisposing the Vital Liquor, in order to the secretion of its Recrements in the Parenchyma of the Liver.

Blood is dispensed by various Branches of Arteries, springing out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, into divers parts adjoyning to the Liver, which do all concur to the depuration of the Purple Liquor.

The Caeliac and Mesenterick Arteries do convey Blood into the Ventricle, * 1.2070 and Intestines, in whose glandulous Tunicles, the Vital Juice is secerned from the Faeces of Pituitous Matter, as the reliques of effaete and indigested Chyme (not assimilated into Blood) conveyed through the Pores, relating to the glandulous Coat of the Stomach and Guts, to line the tender Fila∣ments of their inward Tunicles, thereby secured against bilious and sharp Re∣crements: So that is well ordered by Nature, that the Blood should be seve∣red from Pituitous Recrements in the glands of the Stomach, and Intestines; which if confaederated with the Purple Juice, and transmitted by the Bran∣ches of the Porta, into the substance of the Liver, would clog and obstruct the Extreamities of the Excretory Vessels, and hinder the Secretion of Blood,

which is prepared in its passage through the Stomach and Intestines, wherein it is impraegnated with Nervous and Serous Liquor, which give it Fermen∣tative vertues, and predispose it for a farther refinement in the Liver.

The Blood also in its progresses through the substance of the other Viscera, * 1.2071 is endued with Pancreatick Juice in the Pancreas, with Nervous Liquor destil∣ling out the terminations of Nerves inserted into the Mesenterick Glands, and with Particles of a peculiar Liquor, rendred acid in the Membranous Cells, and Minute Glands of the Spleen, whereby the Blood becometh affected with various Fermentative vertues, qualifying it in order to a greater maturity and refinement in the glands of the Liver.

This choice Bowel may be stiled in point of its structure (conducive to its use) a rare composition of several parts, * 1.2072 Arteries, divers kinds of Veins (some belonging to the Porta, and others to the Cava) Nerves, Lymphae∣ducts, and other Excretory Vessels, relating to the Bladder of Gall, and Choledoch Duct, and all the Roots, or Terminations of these various Tubes, are implanted into the substance of Minute Glands, appertaining to the Liver.

The Hepatick Artery, and Vena Porta, bring in Blood from the Stomach, Mesentery, Caul, Guts, Spleen (wherein it is predisposed with several Fer∣mentative Qualities) into the Parenchyma of the Glands, the Colatories of Blood, whose Bilious Recrements are severed from it, and carried into the Extreamities of various Excretories, and through proper Branches, the thin and sharp Bile is conveyed into the Bladder of Gall, and the more mild and gross Choler, into the Cavity of the Choledoch Duct; while the refined Par∣ticles of Vital Liquor, are first received into the Roots of the Vena Cava, and afterward into its Branches and Trunk, through which it is transmitted into the right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart.

Learned Diemerbroeck, * 1.2073 is of this Sentiment, That Choler is not only Se∣cerned in the glands of the Liver, from the more pure parts of the Vital Liquor; but is generated in this Bowel, as Chyle is generated in its proper Elaboratory, by a peculiar Concoction. And this Ingenious Author saith, Lib. 1. Anatom. Pag. 133. Bilis flava & amara conficitur ex Sanguine dulci, & succo Splenico subacido (quorum neutrum est flavum aut amarum, neutrum est Bilis, neutrum in se continet Bilem) simul in hepate mistis & specifico modo excoctis. But with deference to this worthy Master of Anatomy, I hum∣bly conceive, that the Bilious parts, as preexistent in the Mass of Blood, before they are imported into the Liver, by reason these effaete Sulphureous parts are produced by the heat and motion of the Blood, out of which the most spirituous and sweet steams being exhaled by the Pores of the Skin, the adust parts remain confaederated with the Blood, which being transmitted by the Vena Porta, into the glands of the Liver, are there severed only, and not generated.

CHAP. XX. The Pathologie of the Liver.

THe grand Use of the Liver (being an Organ of Depurating the Blood, by the Secretion of Choler) when frustrated, rendreth this Bowel obnoxious to variety of Diseases, by reason the Bilious parts are not separated from the purer Blood, caused by some defect in the structure of the diseased Liver; or when the Bile, a Ferment assisting the concoction of Chyle in the Guts, is not well qualified, which is different in kinds, as it hath more degrees of exaltation beyond the state of Nature: * 1.2074 As first in Bile Vitellina which is Choler of yellow colour, and great consistence and clamminess, resembling the Yolks of Eggs; whence it borroweth its Denomination, and proceedeth from the more mild and watry Particles of Bile evaporated, whereupon the Sulphureous get the dominion, and vitiate the constitution of Choler, which being acted with greater degrees of heat, doth produce Aeruginous Bile, called by the Latines, Bilis Aeruginosa, * 1.2075 where∣in the degrees of adust Sulphur are more exalted: And when the Particles of Bile arrive the hight of Adustion, it groweth Black, and is named by Latines, Bilis Atra, Black Choler, the cause of Hypocondriacal Diseases; which may owe some of their birth to the Spleen; as the Blood (carried into it by the Caeliack Artery) groweth degenerate as mixed with Acid, Salt, and Acrimonious Humours, in the Splenick glands, and thence transmitted by the Splenick Branch and Porta, into the glands of the Liver, where the Bilious Particles, as associated with Saline, Acid, and sharp Juice, lose their laudable Fermentative Qualities, and being conveyed from the Hepatick Glands, through the Bilarian Excretories and common Ducts, into the Inte∣stines, do vitiate their concoctive faculty of Chyle.

The Splenick Juice (transmitted to the Liver) disaffected with many unkindly qualities of Saltness, Acidity, and Acrimony, * 1.2076 is destructive of the due temper of natural Choler, and is productive of Fevers, Vomiting, Diarrhaea's, Dysenteries, Cholera Morbus, great flatulency highly distending the fine compage of the Guts, as integrated of Nervous Filaments, which are very much disordered by unnatural Choler, as mixed with sour, saltish, and sharp Particles confaederated with the Blood, transmitted from the Spleen to the Liver.

The Liver being a noble Bowel, is farther liable to variety of Diseases, as Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Jaundies, Scirrhus, Gangreens, Morti∣fications, Putrefaction, and Hydatides.

The Inflammation of the Liver, * 1.2077 proceedeth from Extravasated Blood (lodged in the substance of its Minute glands) which is brought from the Stomach, Caul, Spleen, Mesentery, Intestines, by the fruitful Branches of the Porta, dispersed through the Liver, and terminating into the Paren∣chyma of the Glands; so that a quantity of Blood is stagnated in their sub∣stance, flowing from the grossness, or too large a proportion of it, transmit∣ted by the Branches of the Porta, into the Interstices of the Vessels, rela∣ting to the Glands, in which the Minute Roots of the Vena Cava, are uncapable to give reception to the gross extravasated or exuberant Mass

of Blood, whereupon the spaces of the various Vessels, closely con∣joyned in Nature, * 1.2078 are parted from each other, to give admission to the powerful streams of Vital Liquor (distending the body of the Liver) whose serous parts, by their stagnancy in the substance of the Liver, do turn Putrid, and afterward grow Ulcerous, proceeding from Pus, eating its way through the substance of the Glands, and Coat encircling the Liver, productive of an Ulcer in the Liver, with a flux of Purulent Mat∣ter out of this Bowel, into the cavity of the Ahdomen.

The Liver is sometimes oppressed with a great quantity of Blood, * 1.2079 stag∣nated in the spaces of the Vessels, highly enlarged by the division of them one from another; whence ensued an eminent Inflammation, ending in a Mortification of the Liver, which was Suffocated, and its heat and life de∣stroyed by too large a proportion of extravasated Vital Liquor, which Na∣ture was not able to turn into a Pus, and therein discharge her troublesome Burden, the cause of a Sphacelated Liver.

A Boy about four years Old, the Son of a Servant belonging to the Queen, having been highly nourished with variety of good Meat and Drink, acquired a Plethorick Constitution, and upon disorder fell into a Fever, at∣tended with great Thirst and Vomiting: Wherefore I being sent to advise for him, in a desperate condition, very evident by reason of his Intermittent tremulous Pulse, made this Prognostick, That I conceived he would Die in a short space; and if I had the happiness to have seen him in time, I would have ordered a Vein to be opened, which is now too late, and presently after he violently bled at Nose, and Died.

The next day, * 1.2080 the Muscles of the Abdomen appeared highly Tumefied, which being opened, with the Peritonaeum and Caul, the Guts appeared sphacelated in divers places, as being disguised with large black Spots, and the Liver inflamed in its convex Surface, and mortified in its Concave, being clothed above with Red, and Black below.

A Dropsie is often produced by a corrupted Liver, * 1.2081 which being Ulcered (as a consequent of a high Inflammation) so that a great quantity of faetide purulent Matter, infesteth the cavity of the Belly, and speaketh a close to Life. * 1.2082

A Dropsie may also arise from the glands of the Liver, full of ill Blood, which being received by the Roots and Branches of the Vena Cava, doth vitiate the Mass of Purple Liquor, by rendring it watry and putrid, which being discharged by proper Vessels, into the Cavity of the Belly, produceth an Ascitis: An Instance of this Case may be fetched, Ex Observat. Melchioni sebit 21.

Anna Jacobi Ribes uxor, ventris inferioris Tumore insigni, ac paene incredibili, totis ac fere integris sex annis, sine ullo tamen domesticorum officiorum, ac rei familiaris suae impedimento laborans, tandem ipso Anno quo obiit, mente capta puerulum perelegantem, ac perfectum, vitalem{que} peperit, permanenti nihilominus insigni, illi ventris Tumore, magna fuit inter Medicos dissensio, aliis Molam, aliis Hydropem, aliis aliud quid Utero gestari indicantibus: Eo ipso Anno quo obiit, diebus circiter quatuordecem ante obitum, menti pristinae, restituta, tandem interiit.

Aperto à me post obitum ipsius Ventre, tantam copiam aquae putridissimae & faetidae, in ipsa capacitate Abdominis inveni, ut integras duas omas nostratis men∣surae facile adaequare, si non superare potuisset: Consideratis summo cum studio & diligentia, internis Corporis visceribus, nihil aliud observare potui, quam hepatis gibbam partem livido plane, & nigro quodam colore infectam: Lienis viscus per

medium dissectum, grumosi ac putrefacti Sanguinis instar comparuit, solidiore ipsi∣us substantia quasi colliquefacta.

The Cure of an Inflammation (relating to the Liver) as it proceedeth from a quantity of Extravasated Blood, * 1.2083 lodged in the Parenchyma of the Glands, doth indicate a Vein to be freely breathed, to make good the Cir∣culation of the Blood, and to divert the course of it into the Liver; and a Clyster may be Administred, made of Emollients, and Discutients, and gen∣tle Purgative Medicines, which are to be celebrated in the beginning of the Inflammation, in which Bleeding is most successful, which may be repeated in a Plethorick Constitution.

In a high Inflammation, Cooling Medicines are to be Advised, which con∣temperate the hot Mass of Blood, in the form of Liquids.

And in case of Evacuation, when the Peccant Matter is Concocted, gen∣tle Purgatives may be Administred, of Senna, Cassia, Tamarinds, &c. as also Purgative Mineral Waters given by themselves, or in Posset-Drink, which are endued with a Diuretick quality; and also Apozems, made of the Roots of Dogs-grass, wild Asparagus, the Four Cooling Seeds, of the leaves of Strawberries, Betony, and Winter Cherries, may be very beneficial, as they are Cooling and Diuretick; let them be sweetned with the Syrup of Five opening Roots.

But above all things, Bleeding (if the strength of the Patient will admit it) is often to be celebrated, to hinder Abscesses, Ulcers, and Gangraenes.

Decoctions of China, Sarsa Parilla, mixed with Vulneraries, are very use∣ful in Abscesses, and Ulcers, the sad consequences of Inflammations of the Liver (which most commonly determine in Death) not to be subdued by the power of Art.

And as to Dropsies, I refer you to former Discourses, wherein I have professedly Treated of them.

The Liver also is very often disaffected with the Jaundies, * 1.2084 produced by ob∣structions of this Bowel, caused by Choler mixed with indigested Chyme, or effecte Pituitous Matter, which being not discharged by the Terminations of the Caeliack and Mesenterick Arteries, terminating into the glandulous coats of the Stomach and Guts, are returned by the Veins, and associate with the Blood, and are carried by the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart, and afterward by the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Chamber, and then by the common and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Caeliack Artery, into the Stomach, Spleen, Mesentery, &c. and from thence by the Porta, into the glands of the Liver, where this indigested Chyme is separated with the Choler (from the Blood) and rendreth it so clammy, that it cannot be entertained into the Roots of the Excretories, appertain∣ing to the Bladder of Gall, and Choledoch Duct; whereupon the glands of the Liver are clogged with Extravasated Choler, * 1.2085 which acquireth an Effervescence by its stagnancy, and growing Acid, is endued with a piercing sharp quality, whereby it openeth first the Roots of the Vena Cava, and after is carried through its Branches and Trunk, into the Heart, and is thence transmitted with the Blood, into the ambient parts of the Body (which are attinged with its Yellow attire) disguising its elegant Surface.

The Jaundies are sometimes generated by the straightness of the Extrea∣mities of the Excretory Vessels (relating to the Bladder of Gall, and Cho∣ledoch Duct) whence they are made uncapable to give reception to the streams of Bilious Recrements, secerned in the substance of the Glands; so that the Cholerick Matter is impelled by the motion of the Diaphragme,

compressing the glands of the Liver into the more open Roots of the Cava, and vitiate the constitution of the Blood.

The third way of producing the Jaundies, * 1.2086 is the Obstruction of the pas∣sage of the Choledoch Duct, into the Duodenum, which is closed up by a gross Pituitous Matter lining the Guts: So that the Choler severed from the Blood in the body of the Glands, and received into the Roots, and trans∣mitted by the Branches ending into the Choledoch Duct, cannot be dischar∣ged through the stopped passage of common Trunk, terminating into the Guts. Whereupon the Excretories of the Porus Bilarius being full, cannot admit any more Choler into their Extreamities, whence the Bile is stagnant for some space in the substance of the Glands, and afterward is transmitted with the Blood, after it is made thin and piercing by Intestine Motion, into the Roots of the Cava, and carried into the Branches and Trunk of the Cava, by degrees infecting its Mass in the Viscera, and Ambient parts of the Body.

An Obstruction of the Liver causing the Jaundies, * 1.2087 sometimes happeneth upon divers small Stones, lodged in the Choledoch Duct (intercepting the current of Choler into the Guts) which being filled, and its Branches, do impede the admission of new streams of Bile, into their Extreamities; whereupon the Bilious Recrements, embodied with Blood, have an accessi∣on into the Origens of the Cava, implanted into the glands of the Liver, and thereby do stench the Mass of Blood. The stoppage of Choler pro∣duced by Stones in the common Trunk, doth despoil the Guts of a Fermen∣tative Juice, which much assisteth the concoction and refinement of Chyle, which being crude, is transmitted through the Mesenterick, Thoracick and Lacteal Vessels, into the Subclavian Veins, where it entreth into society with the Blood, and destroyeth its laudable Constitution, often productive of a Dropsie.

As to the Jaundies, * 1.2088 proceeding from grossness of Bile, and Pituitous Mat∣ter, unfit to be admitted into the small Extreamities of Excretory Vessels, belonging to the Liver, it doth indicate gentle Purgatives, as Tinctura Sacra, Pilulae Hierae cum Agaric, Aloes Rosat. quickned with Extractum Rudii, &c. And Apozems, prepared with the Roots and Leaves of Salendine the great, and Centory the less, and Shavings of Ivory, Rine of Barberry Trees; and Chimical Preparations, as Cream of Tartar, Vitriolated Tartar, Spirit of Salt, Chalybeat Wine, doth also open the Obstructions of the Liver, pro∣ceeding from gross Choler and Phlegme; and some of these Vegetable Me∣dicines being bitter, are not only Aperitive, but do also strengthen the Tone of the Liver; and in this case Vomitories are often prescribed, with good success, by reason the inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Guts, doth open the termination of the Choledoch Duct, and force the Liver to discharge her Bilious Faeculencies into the Guts: An Infusion of Horse Dung, and other Aperitive Medicines (which are Diuretick) made in an equal quanti∣ty of Water and White Wine, are very advantageous in this Disease.

Jaundies being a Disease of the Liver, * 1.2089 is not only derived from the small∣ness of the Extreamities, belonging to the Choledoch Duct, and Bladder of Gall, and from their Obstruction caused by gross Choler, mixed with a Pituitous Matter, and from Stones lodged in their Cavities, intercepting the passage of Bilious Recrements into the Guts, but also from the thinness of Choler, and sharpness (associated with Blood) penetrating the Roots of the Vena Cava, and thereby returning toward the Heart.

Bile appertaining to the Liver, is endued with Lixivial Salt, much exalted, and brought to a Fluor, by Acid Liquor transmitted with the Blood by the Porta, into the glands of this Bowel, wherein these different Elements as opposite Agents, do make great disputes with each other; by which a high Effervescence doth arise, rendring the substance of Choler more thin, fluid, and sharp, whereby it opens the Extreamities of the Capillaries, relating to the Cava, and doth very much pervert the Crasis of the Blood, as infecting it with acid saline Particles, giving it a high tincture of Yellow.

The Acrimony of Choler in the Liver, when it unnaturally Fermenteth, * 1.2090 receiveth an allay from some oily Particles, mixed with Lixivial Salt, which is also sweetned by the Liquor destilling out of the terminations of Nerves, implanted into the substance of the Glands: So that the oily parts of the Bile, associated with Nervous Liquor, do attemper its sharpness, and give it a kindly Effervessence exerted by Intestine Motion, in the glands of the Liver, wherein the Blood is depurated by a regular Secretion of its Bilious Recre∣ments. But on the other side, an extravagant ebullition of Bile is made, when the Oily Particles of Choler being too few, are over-acted with Lixivial Salt, brought to a Fluor, by Acid Liquor transmitted from the Spleen, so that the Bilious parts grow thin, sharp, and fluid, and do not enter into the Excretory Ducts, but disorderly pierce the Roots of the Cava, * 1.2091 and disturb the kind∣ly Fermentative disposition of the Blood, overcharged with saline parts of Choler, by which sometimes it is made aeruginous, and other times Black, as it participates of less or greater degrees of Exaltation, produced by less or more acidity of Serous Liquor (imparted with Blood from the Spleen) whereupon Choler acquireth a thin, subtle, and piercing nature, rendring it apt to unlock the minute Orifices of Vessels.

This Hypothesis may seem to be made good in the Jaundies, proceeding from the biting of a Viper by striking his Teeth into the Flesh, whereby the Vesicles lying under his Teeth are broken, and the Poison contained in them destilleth into the Wound, so that the Blood is immediately infected, which returning by the Veins to the Heart (maketh great Lypothymies, and Tremulous Motions) is thence conveyed by the Aorta, Caeliack, and Mefenterick Arteries, and Vena Porta, into the glands of the Liver; where∣upon the Bilious Particles of the Blood, are acted with a high Effervescence, by the subtle parts of Poyson, making the Bile very thin and fluid, * 1.2092 piercing the Roots of the Cava, whence the Choler highly Fermenting, doth tinge the whole Mass of Blood with Yellow, which being transmitted by the Cava to the Heart, is thence impelled into the inward and ambient parts of the Body, clothing them with a Yellow Coat, a true Badg of the Jaun∣dies.

This assertion may be farther evidenced in good Fellows, * 1.2093 who fall into the Jaundies, upon drinking great quantities of generous Liquors, as strong Wine, Brandies, &c. which abounding with Spirituous parts, and much volatil Salt, do put the Purple Juice upon a high Effervescence, and im∣praegnate the Bile (mixed with Blood) with Fermentative dispositions, rendring it subtle and fluid (in the glands of the Liver) whereby it insinu∣ateth it self into the small Extreamities of the Vena Cava, and from thence is carried to the Heart, and so hueth the whole Mass of Blood, and surface of the Body with a Yellow Tincture, a plain Symptome of the Jaundies.

Learned Sylvius, hath given a good Instance of this Case, Praxeos Medicae, Cap. 46. Sect. 7. Observavi autem in Dissectione Ictericorum, non s••mper Ob∣structum esse ductum aut Intestinalem, aut Cysticum. And this Learned Au∣thor

further saith in the same Chapter, Sect. 61. In cujusdam icterici mortui sectione memini me aliquando observare Sanguinem solito acidiorem.

The Cure of the Jaundies, * 1.2094 issuing from the too high Effervescence of Choler, derived from Acids, too much exalting the Lixivial Salt, and Cho∣ler, doth denote Oily and Fat Medicines, which do depress the Fermenta∣tive quality of sour Particles; and Testaceous Powders, Crabs Eyes, Pearl, Crabs Claws, Coral, &c. do give an allay to over-acid Ferments: And cooling Emulsions and Julaps, do contemperate the Ebullition of too much exalted Choler; and also in this case, gentle Purgatives of Tamarinds, Cas∣sia, Syrupe of Peach Flowers, and Purgative, and Diuretick Mineral Wa∣ters, may be advised, to dulcifie the Acid Humors, and carry them off by Stool and Urine, as very advantageous in this kind, as well as other Jaun∣dies, proceeding from great Obstructions of the Excretory Vessels, relating to the Liver.

As to the Jaundies, borrowing its rise from the Poyson of a Viper, or any other Animal, it may be Cured by Sweating Bezoartick Medicines, full of volatil Salt; Treacle made of the dried Flesh of Vipers, Salt of Vipers, and Harts Horn, Spirit of Salt Armoniack, Diaphoretick Antimony, and Bezo∣artick Mineral, &c.

The Jaundies also take their rise from an Inflammation of the Liver, * 1.2095 (sometimes accompanied with a Gangraen) flowing from a great proportion of Blood (stagnant in the glands of the Liver) compressing the Origens of the Excretory Vessels, and intercepting the passage of the Bile into them.

An ordinary Person, a Servant, was long Tortured with a pain in the Right Side, and being opened after Death, his Face and Body were coated with Yellow, the Surface and inward Recesses of the Liver toward the Ribs, were found to be hued with a blackish Leaden Colour, which spake the Li∣ver to be Gangraened, the sad product of an Inflammation.

Man is not only obnoxious to the Jaundies, * 1.2096 but also Bruits; which was very evident in a Lion, lately Dissected by my worthy learned Friends, Dr. Tyson, and Dr. Slare; his Abdomen being inspected, the glands of the Liver were very much Tumefied with a yellow Bilious Humour, stag∣nant in them, upon an Inflammation coming from luxuriant Blood, shut∣ting up the Excretory Ducts of the Liver, and stopping the current of Bile into their Extreamities.

A Jaundies is incident to a Humane Liver, * 1.2097 Inflamed and Scirrhous, where∣in the secretion and motion of the Choler, is hindred out of the Glands, into the Excretory Ducts, relating to the Bladder of Gall, and Choledoch Duct: This hard Tumour, I conceive, did proceed from the abundance of Saline and Earthy Particles of Choler (stagnant in the substance of the Glands) whose moist Particles being exhaled by heat of the inflamed Liver, the more solid grow hard and Concreted.

Learned Thomas Bartholine, giveth us an Instance of this Disease, in Actis Medicis Annorum 1674, 1675, & 1676. Ictero ab obstructis visceribus Vir quidam in urbe nostra, Fackius, defaedatus diu anxiam vitam inter mortem & inediam traxit.

Cadaver defuncti 20 Febru. * 1.2098 1675. apertum a Philippo Hacquart, Chirurgo Regio, praesentibus mecum exercitatissimis Medicis Henrico D. A. Moinichen D. Olao Borrichio, interiora viscera, Musculos{que} ab effusa bile flaventes ostendebat. Hepar ingens Scirrhosum, ea parte qua renum regioni vicinius erat, rubens & quasi sphacelo correptum, quo loco quo{que} de doloribus conquestus fuerat.

This Disease, though hardly Curable, * 1.2099 yet some Medicines may be offer∣ed if it be not too greatly confirmed, as many gentle Purgatives, mixed with Aperitive, Emollient, Attenuating, and Inciding Alteratives; and these be∣ing premised, Fomentations may be applied, consisting of Emollient, Atte∣nuating, Inciding, and Discutient Ingredients, by reason the sole use of Emollients may threaten the putrefaction of the Liver, sometimes turning into a Cancer; and if Discutients be only Administred, a danger may ensue of procuring a greater Induration of the part affected.

Another disaffection (which is very rare) may happen in the Liver, * 1.2100 wherein the Lobules of it are Concreted into a stony substance: Unde Mae∣bius in Humano hepate lapides tesserarum Figuram aemulantes vidit: qui pro∣culdubio erant hepatis lobuli, concluso & concreto tartaro petrificati. So that the Glands of the Liver being petrified, the percolation of the Blood is hin∣dred, and the Choler must necessarily run confused with the Blood, which being impelled by the Arteries into the Ambient parts of the Body, put it into a yellow habit.

The Liver is also subject to numerous Vesicles, * 1.2101 besetting its Convex Sur∣face, proceeding from the laceration of the Lymphaeducts, seated in the glands of the Liver, and afterward the Limpide Water is sometimes encircled with thin Membranes.

D. Panarolus, giveth an account of this Disease, Pent. 5. Observ. 16. Ju∣venis quidem ad me venit cum Tumore è directo regionis Hepatis, * 1.2102 quem quum ad suppurationem tenderet, scalpello aperui: Celebrata sectione, mirum dictu, multae vesicae, gallinarum ova, seu ut melius dicam, internos piscium globulos repraesentantes apparuerunt, quae aquoso humore repletae, & integrae & fractae quotidie cum pure modico egrediebantur, ita ut intra 15 Dies & amplius, fere mille vesiculae sint egressae: sed cum aeger in deterius laberetur, mortuus est.

Secto Corpore, Hepar in convexa parte totum Vesiculis tam parvis quam mag∣nis refertum erat: Reliqua vero viscera, ut in aliis sine labe reperta fuere.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Glands leaning upon the Kidneys.

THe Glands confining on the Kidneys, * 1.2103 are therefore called by Learned Bartholomaeus Eustachius (the first discoverer of them) Glandulae Re∣nibus Incumbentes: By Bartholine, Capsulae Atrabilariae: By Diemerbroeck, Glandulae Renales: By Casserius, Renes Succenturiati.

These soft Glandulous bodies, * 1.2104 are seated under the Midriff, looking to∣ward the Cava, and lean on the upper region of the fat Tunicle, to which they are firmly affixed.

The left Gland hath greater vicinity with the Diaphragme, and is seated somewhat higher then the right, which is near to the Vena Cava: But in Bruits, they are observed to be placed at a greater distance from the Kid∣neys, by the interposition of Fat, by which they are brought nearer to the Midriff.

These Glands are adorned with variety of Figures, * 1.2105 sometime Squarish, or Quadrangular, other times Triangular, and rarely Orbicular, and most commonly they do somewhat resemble the Kidneys in shape; and are some∣times so broad and flattish, that they seem after some manner to be like the Secundine of a Woman. They have largest Dimensions above, and do end in a kind of a Conick Figure, and have variety of Surfaces, in some parts convex, and in other concave.

Bauhinus is of an Opinion, * 1.2106 that they are much greater in an Embryo, then in a Child of years, which opposeth Autopsy, and are much larger in Animals, which exceed others in bulk; and do not decay in Persons, attain∣ing unto Maturity of years, and are not emaciated in Hectick Fevers: Of which Doctor Wharton hath given an account, in a Child dead of a Con∣sumption, who being Dissected, had sound and large Glands adjoyning to the Kidneys.

These Glands are covered with a thin Tunicle (as with a fine Veil) composed of very small Filaments curiously spun, * 1.2107 and passing long-ways, cross-ways, and obliquely, are so closely struck, and finely interwoven by the dexterous hand of Nature, that the Interstices of the Filaments, cannot be discovered by the quickest Eye.

They have plain Cavities (though of small Dimensions) which are scarce receptive of little Peas, * 1.2108 and are most conspicuous in an Embryo, whose Sinus are filled with a kind of black gross Matter, huing their inward Surface.

Learned Doctor Wharton, hath discovered many Holes in the Cavity re∣lating to the Glands, which I humbly conceive, are the Terminations of Vessels, coming from the substance of these Glands, which discharge some Liquor into their Cavity, which have a passage into the Emulgent Vein, in the left Side, and into the Cava in the right.

These Glandulous bodies have Arteries and Veins from the Emulgents, or rather from the Trunks of the Aorta and Cava, and Nerves in each side from the Par Vagum, whose Branches derived from each side, are conjoyn∣ed and make a Plex (to which these Glands are fastned) and do borrow many Fibrils from it.

Bartholine, * 1.2109 hath assigned these Glands to be Receptacles of Atribilarian Humours, which being accidental, and unnatural, cannot be entertained by Nature into Cavities; which are found in these Glands appertaining to Heal∣thy Persons, who have no use of them, as not being affected with these gross Humours, found only in ill habits of Body.

A Learned Physician is of an opinion, That the Plex of Nerves, * 1.2110 doth import a large proportion of Succus Nutricius, into the substance of these Glands, wherein a Secretion is made of the more refined parts, from the less pure, which are in some kind serviceable to Nature; whereupon they are discharged through many Pores into the Sinus, and thence transmitted into the Emulgent, or hollow Vein, to give a Ferment to the Blood, as I conceive, to make a Secretion of its Recrements, from the more vital parts.

A farther use (as I suppose of these Glands confining on the Kidneys) may be to impart a Fermentative Liquor, flowing out of the Termination of the Nerves, by some secret passages (not yet discovered) into the body of the Glands belonging to the Kidney, to dispose the Blood in order to the the Secretion of the serous and saline parts, from the Vital Liquor, whose Compage may be opened, and watry Particles conveyed into the Roots of the Urinary Ducts, and from thence through the Papillary Caruncles, into the Pelvis and Ureters.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Kidneys.

HAving shewed you the Compage of the Liver, as a Systeme compo∣sed principally of various Vessels and Glands, the Colatories of the Blood, in reference to Bilious Particles, secerned and transmitted into the Excretory Ducts, relating to the Bladder of Gall, and Choledoch Duct: My design at this time, is to give a History of the Kidneys, as Streiners too of the Blood, which being depurated from its salt and watry parts, is con∣veyed through the Excretories and Papillary Caruncles, into the Pelvis and Ureters.

The Kidneys have their situation under the Liver in the right, * 1.2111 and Spleen in the left side, and lean in their hinder region near the Spine, on the sides of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Ascendent of the Vena Cava, and upon the originations of the Musculi (called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by Hippocrates) un∣der which are lodged eminent Nerves; which being compressed by a Stone of the Kidney, a Stupor ariseth in the same side, by reason the cause of the Nervous Liquor (inspired with Animal Spirits) is intercepted.

They are connected to the Loins and Diaphragme, * 1.2112 by a common Integu∣ment springing out of the Rim of the Belly, by the Branches of the Emul∣gent Arteries and Veins, to the Trunk of the Aorta, and Vena Cava, and by the Ureters to the Bladder: The right Kidney is tied to the blind Gut, and now and then to the Liver; the left Kidney is fastned to the Spleen and Colon, from whence Nephritick pains receive an aggravation from store of Excre∣ments, lodged in the Colon; and this Gut sympathizeth with the Kidney,

when oppressed with violent pain, proceeding from the Stone grating its Vessels.

The Figure belonging to the Kidneys of Man, * 1.2113 have much affinity with that of other Animals: Araeteus judgeth them to be like the Testicles, from which (as I conceive) they differ in breadth, and crookedness. Ruffus, concei∣veth them to be round; which is very imperfect, and do more truly resem∣ble in shape the Seeds of Mandrakes, or Kidney-Beans, though not exactly, by reason the Beans are more short in length, and round in point of Cir∣cumference.

The surface of the Kidneys, * 1.2114 is outwardly Convex, and Crooked, and more inwardly somewhat Concave, near the ingress and egress of Arteries and Veins: Their surface also is even in Persons of mature Age, wherein all the Interstices of the Globules are filled up; but in Embryo, the Kidneys are rendred unequal in their Surface, as they are composed of various Protu∣berancies (different in Shape and Magnitude) which seem to be so many Kidneys, integrating the body of the Kidneys, which much resemble the Kidneys of other Animals, as Calves, &c.

The Kidneys are clothed with a double Membrane; * 1.2115 the Exterior is loose, as not affixed to the substance of these Bowels, and may be stripped off without any great trouble, and is therefore called Fascia Renum, and taketh its origen from the Rim of the Belly, about the lower region of the Midriff; out of this Membrane many Fibres do sprout, which tie both Kidneys to the Loins and Diaphragme, and fasten the right Kidney to the Caecum, and sometimes to the Liver, and the left to the Spleen and Colon.

The proper Membrane of these Bowels, * 1.2116 doth immediately encircle their substance, and is very thin, and is thought by a Learned Physician, to be made of the Terminations of Vessels, * 1.2117 uniting and expanding themselves in∣to a Membrane; but in truth, is principally framed (as I apprehend) of numerous fine Fibres, running several ways, and Decussating each other, till they form a curious Texture, into which many Nerves do insert them∣selves; which are propagated from the Mesenterick Plex, originally derived from the Par Vagum, and Intercostal Trunk. These Nerves are carried fur∣ther, and implanted into the Ureters, giving them acute Sense, whereupon the Nerves of the Par Vagum, being also inserted into the Coats of the Sto∣mach, are one main cause why the Stomach is drawn into consent, clearly evidenced in Vomiting, when the Ureters are Tortured in violent Nephri∣tick Pains.

The Kidneys are seldom endued with equal Dimensions, * 1.2118 by reason the left Kidney doth somewhat exceed the right in greatness; they are extend∣ed about three Vertebres of the Spine in length, and three Transverse Fin∣gers in breadth, and a Thumb in thickness, and are sometimes monstrous in bigness; which hath been discovered in Lascivious Persons. One had Kid∣neys half as big as a Mans Head. So that Nature sporteth her self to admi∣ration, both in Magnitude, Number, and Figure, of these parts; of which divers Learned Physicians give most remarkable Instances.

The Kidneys are endued with a middle Colour, * 1.2119 between that of the Li∣ver and Spleen, as having not so bright a Red as the former, and not so deep as the latter: The Colour of this Bowel, and all others, as hued with Red, proceedeth from a quantity of Blood, impelled by the fruitful Termi∣nations of Capillary Arteries, into the spaces of the Filaments (constituting the compage of the Coats investing the substance of the Viscera) where∣upon

they are tinged with Purple Liquor, in its passage from the Extreamities of the Arteries, into the Roots of the Emulgent Veins.

The substance of the Kidneys, may be considered under a double notion, * 1.2120 if strictly; it denoteth only the Parenchyma, which is nothing else, as I conceive, but an Affusion, or red Tincture of Blood, affecting the outward surface of the Vessels in its motion from the Extreamities of some, to the Ori∣gens of others; so that the Purple Liquor hath some part adhaering to the Vessels in its progress between them, whence the thin red Accretion of Blood huing the surface of the Vessels, is the Parenchyma of the Bowels.

But the more large and comprehensive notion of the substance of the Viscera, is a Systeme of many kinds of Vessels, * 1.2121 integrating the body of the Bowels, whose Compage is more or less Dense or Loose, as the Interstices of the Vessels are seated more or less close to each other.

The Kidneys according to their substance, taken in a free notion, may be stiled an aggregate Body, made up of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Urinary Vessels, which do constitute the numerous Glands, as Colatories of the Blood.

The Vessels belonging to the Kidneys of a Humane, * 1.2122 do not observe the same order in divers Bodies; but in the right and left Kidney of the same have different Origens, Divarications, and Insertions, which is very obvious to the Dissectors, which curiously pry into the secrets of these Bow∣els: But the method of Nature, is more constant in the Vessels of Bruits, which are uniform in these Animals, and admit little of variation in their rise, progress, and termination

The Arteries and Veins of the Kidneys, * 1.2123 as well as the Trunks and Bran∣ches of the Vena Porta in the Liver, are encircled with a common Coat (called in Latine, Capsula Communis) which immureth within its soft con∣fines, the more tender frame of the Vessels, which it accompanieth in all parts of the Kidneys, as being wisely formed by Nature, in stead of Armour to defend them from Laceration against outward Assaults, and against over∣much Tension in too great a fulness of the Vessels, oppressed with rapide streams of Potulent Liquor, accompanying the Blood upon great Drink∣ing.

The Emulgent Artery † 1.2124, (taking its rise in one, two, or three Bran∣ches out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta † 1.2125) passeth to the Sinous part of the Kidney, where it maketh its ingress into it (most commonly in one Trunk, and afterward is divided into five or six Branches, which emit more and more Ramulets, making fruitful Divarications, which accompany the Fibrous parts of the Kidney, in their various progress to their Termi∣nations.

The Emulgent Artery being branched through the substance of the Kid∣ney, not in straight Lines, but maketh many crooked Divarications in the manner of Arches, to hinder the overhasty Current of the Blood (as I con∣ceive) to give it the advantage of a due Percolation in the Ambient parts of the Kidney; and upon that account, out of the greater Ramifications of the Emulgent Artery, do spring many smaller Branches, running in lesser Arches, which grow less and less according to the smalness of the Ramulets, near their Termination into the Cortical parts of the Kidneys, which is made up of numerous Capillaries belonging to divers kinds of Vessels, which is the ground and cause of the Percolation of Blood.

The Emulgent Veins † 1.2126, also in their Dispensations through the body of the Kidneys, observe the same method with the Arteries, † 1.2127 and do accom∣pany

them, in forming Arches after the manner of Network, and the Bran∣ches of the Veins and Arteries, being conjoyned, according to greater and less Divarications, do make larger or smaller Circumferences in the manner of Circles, till they land near the inward Coat of the Kidney, where they make their Terminations in its red parts.

And it may be worthy our remark, that both the Capillary Veins and Arteries, do always associate and intermingle with the Urinary Ducts † 1.2128, which are subservient to the more noble Vessels, in point of Depuration of the Blood. And the manner how the Fibrous parts are interspersed with the Blood Vessels, is somewhat obscure, but the Capillary Veins and Arteries, may be more clearly seen in their Divarications, formed into greater and smaller Arches; if the Fibrous parts of the Kidney be gently taken away with a Knife, after the same manner, as the Parenchyma of the Liver is softly removed, and then the greater and smaller Branches of the Veins and Arteries, may be discerned in the Kidneys of large Bruits: For the more clearly effecting of it, this Experiment may be tried, of Injecting some deeply tin∣ged Liquor into the Emulgent Artery, and then you may discover, not only the substance of the Kidney to be Tumefied, but also the Injected Liquor to destil out of the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries, inserted into the am∣bient parts of the Kidney, when its Coats are stripped off.

And to give a more clear account, * 1.2129 how the Blood Vessels do associate with each other in the body of the Kidneys, this may be observable, That the Arteries and Veins (covered with a common Integument) do in their pro∣gress emit many Branches, Ramulets, and Capillaries, which are carried through the substance of the Glands, in a Circular manner; in which (saith Doctor Highmore) they resemble the Cells of a Hony Comb, and are fra∣med, as I apprehend, after this manner: The Divarications of Arterial Branches and Capillaries, making divers Semicircles, do meet the Branches and Capillaries of Veins, wheeling after the same model with the Arteries; and the Arches of Arteries and Veins being united, do make many great and less Circles, or rather Mashes of Network, as they are not perfectly Round, but have some Angles or other, accompanying this fine Network of the Blood Vessels, which is full of Wonder and Beauty.

The Nerves of the Kidneys, * 1.2130 are propagated from the lower Mesenterick Plex, and from two other Vertebral Nerves, which do enter into the Kid∣neys, and associate with the Emulgent Arteries, as they pass through the substance of these Bowels, and do terminate into the body of these Glands, with innumerable Fibres lodged in the Ambrent parts of the Kidneys.

The prime use of these Nerves (as I suppose) is to impart a Juice meet∣ing with the Vital Liquor, * 1.2131 with which it is embodied in the Interstices of the Vessels, inspiring it with volatil, saline, and spirituous Particles, much eno∣bling the Blood.

The second use of the Nerves, * 1.2132 relating to the Kidneys, is to transmit a Liquor into their Glands, as a Ferment to help the secretion of the serous, from the noble parts of the Blood, by a kind of precipitation, which are afterward received into the Extreamities of the Veins, and the watry Recre∣ments, into the Roots of the Urinary Ducts and Pelvis.

The fourth sort of Vessels are the Urinary Ducts † 1.2133, * 1.2134 an infinite num∣ber of Membranous Tubes, like other Excretory Vessels, in substance and use, which have their Trunks and greater Branches near the Sinous part of the Kidney, where they are fewest, and of greatest Dimensions, and after∣ward are divided into many Branches (in which they resemble the Divari∣cations

of Arteries and Veins) distributed into the lower, middle, * 1.2135 and up∣per region of the Kidney; and as these Urinary Ducts do tend toward the convex part of it, they are more and more fruitful in Branches, and at last do end in Capillaries, not making their progress in a straight course, but in many Circumvolutions in the form of Arches, to give a check to the over∣quick passage of the Serous Liquor, lest it should not be perfectly severed in the body of the Glands, before it is received into the roots of the Urinary Ducts.

These Excretory Vessels (first discovered by Learned Bartholomaeus Eusta∣chius) do accompany the Arteries and Veins, all along the substance of the Kidney, from the Papillary Caruncles, to the Ambient parts, into which the Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Urinary Ducts, do terminate, and all their Extreamities are lodged in the external parts of the Kidney † 1.2136, near each other, * 1.2137 as subservient to the main end (for which they were made) the depuration of the Blood; the Arteries bring it into the substance of the Glands, the Nerves transmit a Fermentative Liquor, disposing it for Secre∣tion, the Veins receive the refined Blood, and the Urinary Ducts the Recre∣ments severed from it: So that these various Vessels, composing the Glands, are so many Auxiliaries, that mutually contribute their endeavours as per∣fective of the Blood, in order to the exercise of the Vital and Animal Ope∣rations.

The Pelvis may be called a Cistern † 1.2138, into which the Urinary Ducts dis∣charge their streams of Urine, as into a common Receptacle; * 1.2139 it is seated in the most inward recesses of the Kidney, as a Center into which the Excre∣tory Vessels are conjoyned: This great Cavity is nothing else but a Mem∣branous Sinus, proceeding from the expansion of the Ureter, and is furnished with Eight or Ten, or more Tubulary Appendages, somewhat resembling Pipes, covered with Glandulous, or Carnous substances, called Carunculae Papillares, of the bigness of a Pea, somewhat flat above, and round under∣neath, which have small Perforations (scarce receptive of the Brissel of a Hog) through which the watry Particles of the Blood are disburdened into the Pelvis. So that the Blood is secerned in the Parenchyma of the Glands from its serous Impurities, which are immediately conveyed by an innume∣rable company of Roots of Minute Capillaries, to greater and greater Bran∣ches, which do coalesce below into Ten or Twelve Trunks, immedi∣ately transmitting the Urinary Rivulets into the Pelvis, as into a common Lake.

The Glands of the Kidney † 1.2140, may claim to themselves a great Attribute, * 1.2141 being the prime parts of this useful Bowel, as colatories of the Blood, and are very numerous and small, seated in the ambient parts of the Kidney, * 1.2142 adorned with a brighter Red then the more inward Recesses, which are of a deeper hue, and are adapted to the Urinary Ducts, which integrate the greatest part of the body of this Bowel.

As to their Figure, as far as can be discovered by the help of Glasses, * 1.2143 they seem to be round, or of an Oval shape, somewhat resembling the Eggs of Fish, and are appendant to the tops of Vessels, * 1.2144 which they crown as with Fruit; and have such connexion with the Branches of Arteries (that some∣times they are affixed to their outsides, and othertimes to their insides) pro∣pagated into many Ramulets. This may be made evident (as Learned Mal∣pighius hath observed) by the immission of a deep coloured Liquor, into the Emulgent Artery, whereupon the appendant Glands, and the Arteries (to which they are fastned) are tinged with the same deep Colour; so that

we may easily discern the connexion which the Glands have with the Arteries, and Veins too, whose Extreamities are infected with the Liquor, which be∣ing strongly injected into the Emulgent Veins, maketh its way through various Branches (by breaking their Valves) into their utmost Termina∣tions; but the injected Liquor doth not prevail so far as to ting the body of the Glands with its dark hue.

Learned Malpighius, * 1.2145 tried many Experiments to find out the Connexion of the Glands, and Urinary Ducts, which proved ineffectual, but at last he was Master of his design, by opening some part of the Belly of a Dog, and putting Ligatures upon the Emulgent Vein and Ureter; whereupon the Animal living some time, this Learned Author took the Kidney out of his Body, highly turgid with Blood, and cut it long-ways, wherein he plain∣ly discerned both the Urinary Ducts, and the Glands, appendant to the Ex∣treamities of the Vessels.

The Glands of the Kidney, lodged in its Ambient parts, in Persons of Ma∣ture Age, are beautified with an even Surface, by reason the Globules (of which the Kidney is framed) being fully grown, do fill up the former In∣terstices, and thereby are so closely conjoyned, that they seem to make one uniform Surface; which is more unequal in Infants newly Born, before the Minute Globules acquire their due Magnitude, and then the Spaces interce∣ding the Globules, are easily discernible, by reason their Protuberancies give an unevenness to the surface of the Kidney.

These Globules in Bruits † 1.2146, are outwardly roundish, and inwardly end in a kind of blunt Cone; and their Sides by which they are united to each other, consist of Four, sometimes Five or Six Angles: And after a different manner, * 1.2147 it is observable in Men, that the Globules of the Kidney have a firm and close conjunction with each other, and every Globule is a Systeme of many Glands (invested with one common Membrane, and every Gland is encircled with a proper Coat) appendant to the divarications of Vessels of various kinds, resembling Grapes hanging upon Stalks, or small Apples, or Berries, besetting the Branches of Trees, and the Globules being inwardly inspected in the Cortical parts of the Kidney, are made up of various Glands, attended with Interstices, passing up and down the Globules in many Mae∣anders, which are rendred conspicuous, by the injection of Black Liquor in∣to the Emulgent Artery; as it hath been more largely recounted in a Dis∣course above.

The constant streams of Watry Particles flowing down the Ureters † 1.2148, as Aquaeducts into the Bladder of Urine, as into a Lake, do shew the Foun∣tain and Spring-head to be in the Kidneys, as the Colatories of the Blood, and Origen of the Serous Liquor (destilling into the out-lets of this Bowel) as a Recrement severed from the Vital Liquor: * 1.2149 Whence it may be inferred, that Nature hath designed the Kidneys, to be Organs of refining the Blood, from its watry impurities; and the great difficulty will arise, how this De∣puration is performed, which I apprehend, dependeth upon the structure of this Bowel, and the nature of the Ferments raising a Fermentation in the Blood, in order to its secretion from the watry Faeces.

As to the first, * 1.2150 The Kidneys, or Systemes of various Vessels, some im∣porting Liquors, as Arteries and Nerves, the one Vital, and the other Ner∣vous, into the substance of the Glands, the other export Liquors; the one being Veins, convey the Depurated Blood, and other being Excre∣tory Vessels, do discharge its Recrements.

And as to the Ferments acting the Blood, * 1.2151 in order to the separation of its nobler from its more useless parts, the first is a Select Liquor destilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves into the body of the Glands, where it en∣countreth the Blood, and giveth it a disposition of parting with its Recre∣ments.

The second Ferment of the Kidneys, * 1.2152 ministerial to the Depuration of Blood, are the saline Particles of the Serous Liquor, which adhaere to the Coats of the Vessels (lodged in the Glands) in its passage into the roots of the Urinary Ducts, which openeth the body of the Blood in order to Percolation

To speak more clearly and fully to the use of the Kidneys, I conceive it belongeth principally to the Glands, the Colatories of the Blood, as they are a composition of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Urinary Ducts, by rea∣son the Extreamities of all these Vessels are implanted into them near each other: So that the Blood being carried by the Terminations of the Arteries, into the substance of the Glands, meeteth with the Juice dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves, and also associates with Lixivial Salt, part∣ed from the Serous Liquor, and sticking to the Coats of the Vessels; where∣upon the Blood acted with these Ferments, hath its Compage opened and rendred fit for the Secretion, of its fine from the Excrementitious Particles; the first are carried into the neighbouring Roots of the Veins, and the other to the near Origens of the Excretory Vessels.

Whence it may be inferred, with some good probability, * 1.2153 that one use to which the Kidneys may be consigned, is to bedew and enoble the Blood with a choice Juice (destilling out of the fruitful Nervous Fibres, termi∣nating into the Glands of the Kidneys) which contributeth much to its Intestine Motion, in exalting it with Spirituous and Saline Particles.

The second use, and the chiefest, is to depurate the Mass of Blood, * 1.2154 by making a separation of the Serous Recrements, which I humbly conceive, is accomplished after this manner. The Blood moving gently through the numerous Arches of Arterial Branches, till it landeth at last by innumera∣ble Capillaries, * 1.2155 into the substance of the Glands confining on the surface of the Kidneys, where the Blood is defaecated from its watry Impurities, which is produced by a kind of ferment of Nervous Liquor, and Lixivial Salt, pre∣cipitating the Purple Juice: But above all, my meaner Sentiments are, that the Percolation of the Blood, is effected by the Configuration of the Extreamities of the Serous Vessels, corresponding in size and shape, with the minute atomes of the watry Recrements, which are thereby received into their duly proportioned Orifices.

Whereupon the Urinary Ducts, import the thin, liquid, and salt Excre∣ments of the Blood, through the body of the Kidneys, into the Papillary Caruncles, which do afterward discharge them into the Pelvis, the Mouth of the Ureters

The motion of these serous Faeces of the Blood, * 1.2156 is very much assisted by Inspiration, in which the Lungs being swelled, and the Thorax dilated, the Diaphragme must be brought from an Arch to a Plain, in its Contraction, and by consequence must press the Stomach and Intestines downward, and compress the adjoyning Kidneys, and promote the flux of the serous Re∣crements of the Blood, by squeesing it through the Urinary Vessels into the Pelvis.

CHAP. XXIII. The Kidneys of Beasts.

THe Kidneys of a Lion, * 1.2157 are not of an Oval (as some imagine) but of a Round Figure, and are not ordinarily of any great Dimensions, except they be disaffected with some Disease, wherein they are sometime Tumefied to a monstrous largeness.

The Kidneys of a Bear (as the Parisian Anatomists have observed) is endued outwardly with a thin soft Membrane, * 1.2158 which being taken off, ano∣ther thick and hard Coat appeareth, not closely united to the Parenchyma of the Kidney, but sitteth loose like a Bag containing within it Fifty six Kidneys, which I conceive, were so many distinct Glands, or Globules, (encircled with proper Membranes, and conjoyned to each other by the interposition of fine Fibres) adorned with various Figures; some being Quadrangular, and other Pentagons, and a third Hexagons; so that in the whole, these numerous Glands, finely set together, resemble a Pine Apple, or a Cluster of Grapes.

The Kidneys of a Calf, * 1.2159 are not endued with plainness, as in Man, and most other Animals, but with various unevennesses, with many Globules † 1.2160 invested with proper Membranes, as so many distinct Kidneys, consisting of divers Glands, which are Colatories of the Blood, to refine it from its watry saline Recrements.

The Kidneys of a Beaver, * 1.2161 are somewhat different in Figure from other Animals, as not being endued with a Convex, but a plain flat Surface, and are small and pointed in both Extreamities, and their Compage being open∣ed, the Papillary Caruncles were seen to be engraven in several places with long and straight Furrows, and the Pelvis being cut open, its Surface appear∣ed to be painted with great variety of Capillary Vessels.

The Famous Anatomists of Amsterdam, * 1.2162 have discovered the Kidneys of Horses, to be different in their structure from other Animals, by reason the Papillary Caruncles are not perforated into the Pelvis; but the Pelvis it self is divided into many small Tubes, which are endued with small Holes, convey∣ing the watry Recrements into the Ureters.

A Hog hath very large Kidneys (endued with a Convex Surface, * 1.2163 as in most Animals) which being opened, the Papillary Caruncles appear to be many and large, conveying serous Recrements into the Pelvis.

The Kidneys of a young Tygre, * 1.2164 are pleasant to behold, as being beauti∣fied with a florid Red colour, and consist of many Minute Glands, full of variety of Vessels, by which the Blood is percolated from its serous impu∣rities.

The Kidneys of a Porcupine, * 1.2165 are very remarkable, as they are wholly destitute of all Fat, which is rare in other Animals, and are Systems of nu∣merous small Glands, furnished with all kinds of Vessels.

The Kidneys of a Civet Cat, * 1.2166 are seated very near the Midriff, and are somewhat akin to those of a Porcupine, by reason the Surface of their out∣ward Coats, is not covered with Fat, or at most with very little, and the outward Coat being pulled off, the inward presenteth a pleasant prospect,

as enameled with various Vessels, resembling the fruitful Ramulets of Trees.

The Kidneys of a Cunney, are endued with a kind of Orbicular Figure, * 1.2167 and have without a smooth Convex Surface: and are furnished in their more inward substance, with most Minute Glands of various shapes.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Kidneys of Birds.

THe Kidneys of an Estridg, take their rise in Origens, * 1.2168 graced with Oval Figures † 1.2169, and afterward have Oblong Processes, much less then their Originations † 1.2170.

The body of their Kidneys are much larger then the Origens, and Ob∣long Processes, and are beautified with a kind of Conick Figure † 1.2171.

The several parts of the Kidneys are adorned with many Globules, of various shapes and sizes.

The Kidneys of this Fowl, is furnished with emulgent Blood Vessels † 1.2172, importing Vital Liquor into the Glands, in order to the secretion of serous Recrements, from its purer Particles.

The Kidneys of a Turkey, * 1.2173 have Origens much larger then the other Lo∣bules: Those of the right side, are endued with a kind of Conick Figure † 1.2174, as pointed in their Origination, and Termination; and the Origen of the left side † 1.2175, consisteth of two Oblong Lobules of different Figures.

The Kidneys of this Bird, do end in two Lobules, of which the outward is much larger, and of a Semicircular Figure † 1.2176, encircling the other Lobule in its embraces, which is endued with a Pear-like † 1.2177 shape.

The other middle † 1.2178 Lobules of the Kidneys, are less, and are many Ob∣long Processes, beautified with different shapes and sizes, and are Glandulous in their Ambient parts, and in the whole, are Colatories of the Blood, as made up of great variety of Vessels, by which the watry Particles are se∣vered from the Red Crassament, and more useful parts of the Blood.

The Kidneys in this Bird, as well as others, is seated on each side of the Spine † 1.2179, which passeth down near the lower Region of the Back.

The Kidneys of a Goose, are coated with a deeper Red, then the Liver, * 1.2180 or Spleen, and have larger Originations, and have divers Lobules of various Figures and Magnitudes, and terminate into two Oblong Processes.

The Kidneys of this Bird, as well as others, is seated a little below the Lungs, on each side of the Spine, in peculiar Cavities, suitable to the Lo∣bules in shape and size, to which they are firmly affixed by the interposition of Membranes.

The Kidneys of a Duck, * 1.2181 are also hued with a darker Red then the other Viscera, and are seated under the Guts, and do somewhat resemble the Kid∣neys of other Animals in their Origens, which are thicker and broader then the other parts, and do terminate in more long Processes, and are lodged on each side of the Spine, hollowed with proper Cells, of different shapes and sizes, to entertain the different Lobules, as so many distinct Kidneys furnish∣ed with various kinds of Vessels, ministerial to the percolation of the Blood.

The Kidneys of a Partridg, * 1.2182 are near akin in likeness to some other Birds, as having their Origens of greater Dimensions then other Lobules, which grow less, and at last have as it were three appendant Processes: The first is endued with a kind of Oval Figure, the second with a Triangular, and the third is like a Scalenum. These Kidneys, and those of other Birds, have ap∣pendant Ureters, which discharge the watry Liquor into the Cloaca.

The Kidneys of a Pidgeon, * 1.2183 take their rise under the Guts below the Lungs, and begin in a kind of round Prominencies, or Heads, and have short Necks, and afterward have a flat Body, adorned after a manner, with Circular Margins.

CHAP. XXV. Of the Kindeys of Fish.

THe Kidneys of a Porpess * 1.2184 † 1.2185, well described by Learned Dr. Edward Tyson, in his Anatomical Treatise of it, seem to me to resemble in Figure two Ovals clapped together; and are two Systems of numerous Glands, immured with a common Coat, and every one too, is encircled with a proper Membrane, by which as by a fine Wall, they are severed one from another, and are made up of a Cortical part, and of various sorts of Vessels, as subservient to the secretion of the watry, from the more refined particles of Blood.

These Glands seem not much to exceed the bigness of a Pea, and are adorned with variety of Figures, as having more or less Angles, by which they are Discriminated from each other.

The body of the Kidney, is integrated of two ranks of fruitful Glands, one seated above another, and are so closely conjoyned to each other, by the mediation of Membranes, that they cannot easily be parted.

The Kidneys of a Gurnet, * 1.2186 are seated on each side of the Spine, which is larger in its beginning † 1.2187, and groweth less in its progress, and is endued with a kind of Pyramidal Figure † 1.2188.

The Origen † 1.2189 of these Kidneys, is much more expanded then the other parts, which afterward grow much less, as consisting of many smaller Glo∣bules † 1.2190.

The Terminations of the Kidneys in this Fish, are larger in Dimensions then the middle, and do end near the Extreamity of the Guts, and are two Lobules, endued with a Conick Figure † 1.2191.

The Kidneys of an Eel, * 1.2192 have their beginning † 1.2193 near the Gills, and take their progress as in other Fish, on each side of the Spine † 1.2194, and are of great length, according to the make of the Fish; and have their lower Extrea∣mity endued with a point, near their Termination into the Intestinum Rectum, as having no Bladder of Urine.

The Emulgent Blood Vessels † 1.2195, descend all along the right side of the Spine, and do impart many Branches to the Glands of the Kidneys.

This Fish as well as many others, doth discharge Urine, gross Excrements, Eggs, and Seminal Liquor, through the Intestinum Rectum, and Anus † 1.2196, as the Termination of it.

The Originations † 1.2197 of the Kidneys in a Carp, are very small, * 1.2198 and take their first rife as it were in obtuse Cones.

Their progress † 1.2199 is larger, and furnished with numerous Glands, some Oval, or Round, others are Oblong, and of a Conick Figure, and after two or three Inches, they go transversely to each side, as having Processes in form of a Cross † 1.2200, and have afterward smaller Processes † 1.2201 derived from the Cruciform Process, taking their progress on each side of the Spine † 1.2202.

The Origen † 1.2203 of the Kidney in a Flounder, is larger in Dimensions then the other parts, and maketh its progress in a Semicircular manner, and after Pyramidal Figure † 1.2204; its Base being seated in its beginning, and its Cone † 1.2205 in the Termination, near the Bladder of Urine.

A Tench hath small-Origens, Cruciform Processes, * 1.2206 and Pyramidal Pro∣gresses below the Cross of the Kidneys, ending in an acute Cone; in all which, this Fish perfectly resembleth that of a Carp.

A Thornback hath Kidneys much different from other Fish, in the man∣ner of the Globules, which are placed edgwise, and are Systems composed of many Glands, of several Figures and Magnitudes

The beginning † 1.2207 of these Kidneys, are much smaller then their Termi∣nations † 1.2208.

CHAP. XXVI. The Pathologie of the Kidneys, and its Cures.

THe Kidneys have as many Diseases, as parts, viz. an Iskury, (a to∣tal Suppression of Urine) a sparing, or too profuse Excretion of it, Inflammations, Apostemes, Ulcers, Gangraens, Scirrhus, Worms, Stones, as the most troublesome of all Disaffections, attended with violent pains, as so many Deaths.

An Iskury, sometimes proceeds from the indisposition of Blood, * 1.2209 for want of a due Fermentation in the Kidneys, by reason the Heterogeneous Ele∣ments are so united, that the Compage of the Blood is not capable to be open∣ed by the Ferments of the Kidneys, which sometimes are not well qualified, or wholly deficient; so that the watry saline Recrements cannot be secer∣ned in the Glands, from the more noble parts of the Vital Liquor, (in or∣der to its refinement) and conveyed into the Urinary Ducts, Pelvis, Ure∣ters, and Bladder; upon which account, no Urine can be ejected upon the application of the Catheter.

An Iskury may also be derived from an Inflammation of the Glands (lodg∣ed in the Kidneys) shutting up the Roots of the Excretory Vessels by com∣pression; which often proves fatal to the Patient. * 1.2210

A sparing excretion of Urine, is sometimes borrowed either from the grossness of Urine, mixed with purulent or fabulous Matter; * 1.2211 and some∣times it is caused by the smalness of the Orifices, belonging to the Urinary Ducts.

As to an Iskury flowing from an Indispotion of the Blood, * 1.2212 or from an In∣flammation of the Kidneys, it denoteth Blood-letting, to lessen its Mass,

and to render its watry parts more fit for Secretion; to which may be added gentle Diureticks, mixed with Emollients, as Apozemes and Emulsions, made of the Cooling Seeds of Melons, Pumpions, White Poppy; as also Leaves of Mallows, Marsh-Mallows, Pellitory of the Wall, &c. And in case the Iskury proceed not from an Inflammation of the Kidney, but from a too close Compage of the Blood, Diureticks mixed with Chio Turpentine, and Hollands Powder, may be given, as also Millepedes, Spirit of Tur∣pentine, Powder of Bees, may be administred in proper Vehicles, with great Care, * 1.2213 after Universals have been premised; lest these strong Diure∣ticks should bring a source of gross Matter (accompanying the Blood into the substance of the Glands) stopping up the Roots of the Excretory Ves∣sels, whereby the Current of the Urine may be wholly intercepted, and the Disease rendred more difficult to be Cured: Fomentations and Baths are very proper in Diseases of the Kidneys, and particularly in the late menti∣oned, to open and relax the Compage of the Blood, and enlarge the Ori∣gens of the Excretory Vessels, that they may become more fit to give recepti∣on to the watry Particles severed from the Blood.

On the other side, * 1.2214 The Kidneys are disaffected with too large an Evacua∣tion of Serous Matter, much exceeding the quantity of Ingested Liquor: This Disease is very rare, and requireth care to give a good Judgment, that we be not deceived in our Diagnosticks of it. And therefore in large Excre∣tions of Urine, we must consider, whether it doth not come from some Ex∣ternal Cause, from good Fellowship, and the like, which will afford a large ejectment of Urine: Which if it be the work of Nature in Sickness, the Patient receiveth a manifest benefit in the Alleviation, or Solution of the Disease.

But if the profuse evacuation of Serous Liquor be Preternatural, it riseth greater and greater, more and more exceeding the proportion of received Liquor, wherein the Urine is pale, thin, watry, crude, as wanting its due Consistence and Hypostasis. This Disease is accompanied with a great Drought of the Mouth, and Thirst, proceeding from the unkindly heat of the Blood, wanting a due allay of Potulent Matter, thrown off in too great a quantity by the Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder.

As to the Cause of this Disease, * 1.2215 it may be worthy our enquiry, by reason it is great and rare; which is assigned by some Physicians, to the hot Di∣stemper of the Kidneys, highly attracting Serous Liquor out of the Veins, which opposeth the Circulation of the Blood, made good by the contraction of the Heart, impelling Blood by Arteries, into all parts of the Body. And I humbly conceive, that the cause of this unusual Distemper, to be the Po∣tulent parts of the Blood, running only confused with it, as not perfectly embodied; which not having recourse to the ambient parts of the Body, and so discharged in any degree through the Pores of the Skin by Sweat, or Transpiration; but the Serous parts, or Vehicle of the Purple Liquor, is impelled in a great quantity, down the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Emulgent Artery, into the Glands of the Kidneys, where it is secerned and transmitted into the Urinary Ducts. And I also apprehend, that not only the potulent part of the Blood, is the Materia Substrata of this Disease, but also the serous part of the Blood, and the Succus Nutricius, and the more Liquid and Succulent Matter (contained in the Pores of the solid parts) Colliquated by the intense heat of the Blood, opening the Meatus of the various Vessels; whereupon the melted Succus Nutricius is received out of the solid parts into the Mass of Blood, (and is carried with it through the

Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Emulgent Arteries, into the Paren∣chyma of the Kidneys) which is the true reason why Persons labouring with this Disease, have an Emaciation of the whole Body, whose succulent parts being Colliquated by great heat, do despoil the Membranous and Muscular parts of their due Nutricion, as the same are remitted from them into the Vital Liquor. So that the watry Recrements, and the Colliquated Crystalline Juice, and Succus Nutricius of the solid parts, accompany it into the sub∣stance of the Glands, where they are separated from the Red Crassament, and conveyed into the Orifices of the Urinary Vessels, much enlarged by the great heat of the Blood.

As to the principal Indications in a Diabetes, * 1.2216 first intense heat (Colliquating the various Liquors of the Blood, and Succus Nutricius, and the accreted Juice of the solid parts) is satisfied with Incrassating and Contemperating Medicines, giving an allay and due consistence to the thin and boiling Mass of Blood; as Apozems made of Lettice, Purslain, and Emulsions prepared with the Cooling Seeds: As to the second Indication, relating to the enlarged Roots of the Urinary Ducts, it is satisfied with the Decoction of Calcined Harts-Horn; and Medicines prepared with the Roots of Cumphrey, Tormentil, Leaves of Ladies-Mantle, Prunel, Male Fluellin, Plaintain, red Rose Leaves, &c. dulcified with Syrup of dried Roses: And an Electuary may be made with old Conserve of Roses, Red Coral, Sanders, Bole Armenick, Dragons Blood, Calcined Harts-Horn, &c. made up with Syrup of Coral, drinking a good Draught after it, of an Apozem made of Cooling and Astringent Ingredients.

In this Disease, I conceive Blood-letting is very improper, * 1.2217 because the Crystalline parts of the Vital Liquor, and Colliquated parts of the Succus Nutricius are much lessened, and the strength of the Body very highly impair∣ed, which is inconsistent with Bleeding and Purging; so that Restorative Medicines of China, Sarza, Lignum Sanctum, mingled with Cooling and Astringent Medicines, may be well advised, to stop the Colliquation of va∣rious Liquors, and to shut up the Orifices of the Vessels of Urine.

Sennertus, giveth a wonderful relation of a Diabetes, which Marcus Gat∣tinaria, in Lib. 9. Rhas. Cap. de Cura involuntarii exitus Urinae, & Cardanus, Lib. 8. Cap. 44. de rerum varietate referunt, de quadam puella annor. 18. quae Anno Christi 1481. Passa est superfluum Urinae profluvium, adeo ut singulis diebus urinae libras circiter 36. emingeret, cum ex potu & cibo non plus septem Libris assumeret. Cum{que} hoc 60 diebus perseveraret, emisit ultra cibi & potus quanti∣tatem libras 1740. quod pondus longe excederet pondus puellae, & si tota in Uri∣nam fuisset resoluta; Cum puella non potuit excedere pondus, 255 librarum, imo nec 150 attingeret. Sanata autem est post duos illos menses a medico Francisco Busto, Causam hujus symptomatis statuerunt Medici fuisse aerem, qui in Arteriis ubi{que} Continebatur, qui in aquam conversus fuerit, cui alius aer successerit. Cardanus addit frigidam & humidam aeris intemperiem.

An Inflammation of the Kidneys, may arise from strong Diureticks, * 1.2218 hard Riding, violent Labour, or a Stroke upon the Small of the Back, Lacerating the Capillary Arteries, or from Stones grating upon the tender Vessels, whereupon a large quantity of Blood is impelled into the Parenchyma of the Glands; and was there stagnated, by reason the small Capillary Veins could not receive it, and reconvey it toward the Heart. This Disease is attend∣ed with a great heat and beating pain of the Back, a Stupor in the Thigh, and a high coloured Urine. The Kidneys in this Disease, are so swelled by a quantity of Blood lodged in their substance, that every Gland hath a

semblance of a large Kidney: Of which Daniel Major giveth an account (In Historia Anatomica de illis calculis conscripta) of a Famous Philosopher, Mr. John Sperling, who was long oppressed with great pains of his Back and Loins, and a difficulty of making Water, and a violent Fever, which spake a close to his miserable Life. I will give the words of the Author: Ut in∣curabilis morbi causae paterent, quasi tui a me in defuncti aperto corpore mortiferae causae locus: Integumenta Abdominis musculi & Viscera plera{que} recte satis se habebant: Quibus proinde ad latus revolutis, abacto{que} a renibus involucro, con∣festim iidem apparuere penitus imflammati, qui sic radices febris fuerant: In∣creverat adeo Renum Tumor, ut illorum figuram, etiam externam Dimensionum determinationem quodammodo mutatam cerneres: Haec ut notum est, per naturae leges instar phaseoli indici, in adultis laevi, & plana superficie describitur: In exuviis Sperlingianis, unus tantum utrobi{que} Ren observabatur, elatior tamen uter∣que, in aliquibus superficiei suae partibus, sic ut nisi Renes plurimos complicatos, quod non semel observavi in lutris dissectis, extraordinarias tamen quasdam, & arcuatas velut eminentiae notas, ob summam qua distenti erant Inflammationem referent.

In this as well as other Inflammations, * 1.2219 the Blood is to be revelled, derived, repelled, and discussed, by several Administrations: And in the beginning, in point of Revulsion, a Vein is freely to be breathed; and afterward in the progress of the Disease, the Saphoena may be opened, and Cupping Glasses may be applied to the opposite Thigh, and at last, in a Plethorick Body, Leeches may be applied to the Haemmorrhoide Veins, and gentle and Lenient Clysters may be safely injected.

Diureticks are to be avoided, * 1.2220 in the beginning and increase of the Dis∣ease, by reason they bring a greater Flux of Blood into the parts affected, and so aggravate the Inflammation. Emulsions may be given of the Four Cooling Seeds, and Decoctions, Syrups, and Conserves of Violets, Red Roses, Purslain, Lettice, and Sorrel, which do contemperate the Blood, and cool the parts affected; and Decoctions of China, Sarza, with tempe∣rate Vulneraries, may be Administred: And in the declination of the Dis∣ease, gentle opening Medicines may be advised, made of the Roots of wild Asparagus, Dogs Grass, with Maiden Hair, Straw-berry Leaves, &c.

The Diet in this Disease must be slender, * 1.2221 and the Aliment must be cool and moistning, in reference to the Inflammation, and Symptomatick Fever, as Water and Barley Gruel, Barley Cream, thin Broths, &c.

The Abscess of the Kidneys, * 1.2222 often succeedeth an Inflammation, wherein so great a quantity of Blood is extravasated in the Interstices of the Ves∣sels, that it loseth its nature for want of Motion, and the bond of Mix∣tion being dissolved, the Crystalline and Serous parts of Blood are turned first into a Pus, and afterward into an Ulcer, which betrayeth it self in the excretion of Urine; and the causes of a Purulent and Bloody Urine, are derived from Stones, which being affected with sharp Asperities, do grate upon the tender Compage of the Glands, and Corrode their soft Vessels, whereupon a quantity of Blood being some time lodged in the Parenchyma of the Glands, its more mild parts are turned in a purulent or sanious Matter.

A Woman of mature Age, being many Years highly tortured with Ne∣phritick Pains, did often throw off with Urine, several small Stones of vari∣ous Colours, some White, Red, and others Brown, or Black; and after∣ward this Patient fell into violent pains, somewhat resembling those of Par∣turition, whereby the Neck of the Bladder being opened, many Stones fell

upon the Floor with a great noise; and these horrid pains making frequent returns, gave her a freedom from thence by Death.

Her Body being opened, and the Bowels turned to the right side, the left Kidney appeared much greater then ordinary, and being flabby, did resem∣ble the Lungs both in substance and colour, and was puffed up like a Blad∣der, and being pricked with a point of a Knife, a great quantity of Puru∣lent Matter issued out of the Wound, and the Parenchyma of the Kidney wholly Corroded within, and the Cavities interceding the Papillary Carun∣des, and the Ureters were highly dilated with many small Stones.

So that a Corrosion is made by Stones, * 1.2223 often gauling the delicate frame of the Vessels, constituting the body of the Glands, which may proceed also from acid saline elements of the Blood, corroding the soft Compage of the Kidney; whence arise evacuations of Blood, and Purulent Matter, the pro∣ducts of an Ulcer, wherein the Vessels are putrefied, and thrown off with the Urine, and the whole substance of the Kidney consumed.

My dear Friend and Collegue, one of his Majesties Physicians in Ordi∣nary, was long afflicted with pains of his Back and Loins, and had frequent excretions of Blood and Pus mixed with Urine, and prolonged his Life for many Years, by a proper Method of Physick, which at last proved unsuc∣cessful.

After Death, an Incision being made through the four common Integuments and the Abdominal Muscles, all the Viscera were found to be very sound, except his Kidneys, of which one was obstructed in its Pelvis and Ureter, * 1.2224 with a long Stone, and the other had its Glands consisting of numerous Ves∣sels wholly corroded, and ejected with the Urine: So that only the Coats once clothing the Kidney, remained folded up together, and the Kidney became useless, as destitute of various Vessels, the fine Colatories of the Blood.

In order to Cure Ulcers of the Kidney, * 1.2225 it concerneth us first to hinder the afflux of Humours to the parts affected; and in a Plethorick Body, Bleed∣ing is proper, and gentle Purging Medicines of Cassia, the Lenitive Electua∣ry, Holland's Powder, Chio Turpentine, &c.

In reference to the Ulcer, Detergent and Drying Medicines, may be ad∣vised, as Hydromels made of China, Sarza, Mouse-Ear, Fluelline, Rib∣wort, Plaintain, Prunel, &c.

And last of all, Consolidating Medicines are to be advised, made of the Roots of Cumphrey, Tormentil, and other Astringent Vulneraries.

Thomas Bartholinus Cabrollius Observ. 28. * 1.2226 maketh mention of a famous Cure he did, by making an Incision into a Purulent Kidney, which after∣ward he Healed by proper Medicines. His words are these: Anno. 1578. Vocatus fui ut N. secarem An. 60. in istius Rene sinistro Abscessum magnum reperi purulenta materia plenum: Pondus ipsius erat Libr. 14. Cum Cysti & Rene, quae quidem Cystis pellem vervecinam Crassitie aequabat. Aliquo post tempore Juvenis quidem me accivit, qui cum eadem in parte vehementissimo dolore premeretur, alios tum Medicos, tum Chyrurgos accersendos esse putavi: In contrarias itum est sententias, etenim maxima pars calculum esse in renibus conjiciebat, praesertim cum aliquantulum Puris cum Ʋrinis exceruerit: Ego contra Abscessum esse con∣tendebam, Abscessus illius prioris memor: Paulo post patiens iterum me rogavit, ut inciderem, aiens sé malle mori quam tot mortes vivendo perpeti: Ego preci∣bus motus ipsum incidi, locum{que} materiam continentem reperi; sed nihil inde exiit, duabus post horis apparatum primum mutaturus accessi, tracto{que} penicillo pelvint accipere coactus sum, cujus plus quam dimidia pars pure repleta fuit, singulis{que} sequentibus diebus his vacuatio fiebat, ita ut tum mane tum sero cati∣nus

illo pure impleretur, idque per mensem integrum & amplius: Tandem vero appositis remediis ulcus detersum, cicatrix inducta, ipseque persanatus est.

Sometimes an Inflammation of the Kidney, * 1.2227 determines into a Gangraen, which is derived (as I conceive) from an exuberant quantity of Blood, impelled into the substance of the Glands, which Nature being not able to govern by turning it into a Pus, suffocates the heat of the Kidney, and pro∣duceth a Gangraen.

Fabritius Hildanus de Lithotomia Vesicae, Cap. 25. giveth an Instance of this desperate Disease, in his Eldest Son: Ait ille Anno. 1595. obiit filius meus promogenitus, qui ad septmum us{que} annum nulla unquam Pustula defaeda∣tus fuit: Cum septimo aetatis Anno per unum aut alterum diem Cephalaea affe∣ctus esset, successit Dolor lumborum cum Febre conjunctus, sicut etiam Ʋrinae retentio, ita ut fere ne guttulam excernere possit, & quamvis omnis adhibita di∣ligentia, Urina tamen non processit, at{que} ita septimo morbi die obiit.

Cadavere Dissecto, ingentem & insignem renum ac partium circumjacentium Inflammationem in Gangraenam jam degeneratam reperimus.

Othertimes, * 1.2228 an Inflammation of the Kidney being ill treated by an impro∣per Method of Physick, and ill Medicines, endeth into a Scirrhus, coming from a quantity of gross Pituitous Blood, whose thinner parts being Evapo∣rated, the substance of the Kidney groweth Indurated, and unable to per∣colate the Blood from its watry and saline parts, whereupon an ill habit of Body ensueth, a Lucophlegmatia, a cold Tumour of the Muscular parts, flowing from a quantity of Serous Recrements, lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Stones of the Kidneys.

HAving given an Account of the Structure of the Kidney, and its Ap∣paratus of various Utensils, set in excellent order (speaking the great Power and Wisdom of the Creator) as the Colatories of the Blood. It may not seem altogether disaggreeable to Method, to shew how the oeeco∣nomy of Nature is perverted, and the percolation of the Vital Liquor is hindred, and the Current of the Serous Recrements is intercepted, by Stones generated in the substance of the Kidney, Urinary Ducts, Papillary Carun∣cles, and Pelvis: And here I make bold to offer you the Subject, the Mate∣rial, the Instrumental, and principal Efficient Causes, and manner of Pro∣duction of Stones in the Kidneys, and all other parts of the Body.

This Disease being often as fatal as troublesome, * 1.2229 may be seated in all Apar∣timents of the Body, in the Head, Tongue, Heart, Stomach, Intestines, Mesentery, Liver, Bladder of Gall, Pancreas, and Spleen: And Stones are called Per Antonomasian, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: Those that are placed in the Kidneys, and Bladder, as the most common and best known.

The Kidneys as consisting of divers parts, * 1.2230 are so many Receptacles, and seats of Stones, sometimes they are lodged in the substance of the Glands, which proceed (as I conceive) from Serous Recrements mixed with Blood,

passing from the Terminations of the Arteries, to the Roots of the Veins, whereby the Tartar of the Potulent Matter adhaereth to the sides of the Ves∣sels, in its passage through their Interstices, and generateth at first small Stones, or Gravel, which grow greater by the accretion of Saline and Earthy Particles; whereupon the Vessels are more and more parted from each other, upon new supplies of Tartar, offering a violation to the adjacent parts, by disordering their situation, whence ariseth a painful discomposure (caused by the violent crowding the Nervous Filaments too close together) and a stoppage of the course of Blood, in the Arteries and Veins, and of watry and saline superfluities in the Urinary Ducts, produced by Stones lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels, compressing their Coats, and straightning their Cavities.

And when the Stones lodged in the Spaces of the Vessels, * 1.2231 do ac∣quire greater Dimensions, they do not only compress, but gaul, and some∣times Lacerate the tender Capillaries, and cause a Flux of Blood into the Parenchyma of the Glands, producing Inflammations, Abscesses, Ulcers, and wastings of the Fleshy parts of the Kidneys.

The Urinary Ducts, Papillary Caruncles, and Pelvis, are seats of Stones, as the gross saline parts of the Urine passing through the greater and less Ex∣cretory Vessels, do cleave to the inside of their Coats (in the manner of Tartar to the Casks of Wine) and give a check to the streams of watry Faeculencies by filling up the Cavities of the obstructed Vessels, and by narrowing those of the neighbouring Ducts, caused by the compression of their Coats.

The Bladder of Urine also is the seat of the Stone, and is an appendage of the Kidney to which it is fastned, by the mediation of the Ureters, as Aqu••ducts, conveying watry Excrements into the Cistern of the Bladder, to whose sides the faeculent salt parts of Urine do adhaere, as Tartar to the sides of the Urinal.

The Material Causes concurring to the production of Stones in Animals, * 1.2232 may be reduced to two kinds; either Remote, or more Near and Immediate. As to the first, All gross Liquors, whether Chyle, Chyme, Vital, and Ner∣vous Liquor, do contribute at a distance to the Procreation of Stones, in which crude indigested Chyle may claim a great share, proceeding from gross Diet, of a viscous nature (as great Fish, Skait, Thornback, Eels, and di∣vers sorts of Shell-Fish, &c.) or consisting of Earthy and dry parts, as Beef, and Hogs-Flesh, highly Salted, and hung up in the Smoak; as also gross heavy bodied, and small sour Wines (growing in Earth, impraegnated with Mineral Salts) as all sorts of small Rhenish Wines, Bayray, Manbeck, * 1.2233 Di∣back, and the like. Crude Chyle a remote cause of Stones, doth not only proceed from gross Aliment, but also from ill Ferments of Serous and Ner∣vous Liquor (destilling out of the Glands, into the Cavity of the Stomach) and Stagnant Air, as encompassed with Woods, and stenched with Lakes, Ponds, and Ditches, exhaling Vapours, and Earth great with Minerals. The Chyle is farther rendred crude, by ill Ferments of the Guts, by acid Pan∣creatick Liquor, and gross Bilious Recrements, vitiating the Alimentary Li∣quor in the Intestines, which being carried through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins, doth deprave the Blood, the remote matter of the Stone (as a caement of Concreted Particles) consist∣ing of a Glutinous substance, coming from crude Chyme, not capable to be perfectly assimilated into Blood.

Another remote cause concurring to the Production of the Stone, * 1.2234 may be the adust parts of the Blood, often seen in Hypocondriacal Diseases, wherein

the Purple Liquor is torrefied with an intense unkindly heat, productive of a Red sabulous Matter; which hath been found upon Dissections, to adhaere to the Vessels (of the Liver) and Kidneys, through which, as mixed with Urine, it passeth by the Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder, and is thence ejected through the common passage of Urine.

The more immediate Materia Substrata of the Stone in the Kidneys, * 1.2235 and other parts of the Body, are Saline and Earthy Particles (to which Sulphur may somewhat contribute in reference to its solid consistence) which are of a fixed nature, and are the greatest Ingredients in point of Solidity, rendring the compage of Bodies firm and durable.

Salt giveth a check to the putrefaction of Humours, and dissolution of Bodies, as a great bond of mixtion, whereby its various principles espouse a near union, and preserve the integrity of Compounds: And to speak more closely to our purpose, it highly promotes the Coagulation of solid Particles, and as having a fixed saline disposition, and by reason it is confaedera∣ted with somewhat of Sulphur, and most of Earth, doth impart Concretion to the more hard and compact bodies of Minerals and Metals.

And that I may give a more perfect account of the Causes of the Stone, I will conjoyn the remote and near Causes, the glutinous Matter of Chyle, Blood, and Nervous Liquor, which serveth as a Caement, to assist the more firm union of solid Particles, arising out of the Saline and Earthy parts, as the immediate matter of the Stone of the Kidney, and other parts.

The Efficient Causes requisite for the generation of the Stone, * 1.2236 are also Instrumental and Principal: The first is Heat, which may be stiled an An∣tecedent Cause, as seated in the Blood, which being first rendred gross by intense. Heat, as having some watry parts, which make a recourse to the Kidney, where they being faeculent, do stay some time in the Capillaries, whereupon the gross parts are apt to adhaere to the sides of the Vessels, by reason they are long detained in the Glands of the Kidneys, and thence bor∣row the first disposition and origen of Concretion.

Others assign the Instrumental Cause of it to Cold, * 1.2237 which doth gather to∣gether the loose Particles of Nitrous Salt; which they conceive may be well performed in the Kidneys, and Bladder, as well as a Urinal. This seemeth very improbable, because the Body is enlivened by a principle of Heat, deri∣ved from the Blood: So that in reason it cannot be apprehended, that such Coldness (as long as the Body is acted with Life) can be found to give a power of Concretion to the Saline and Earthy parts of Liquors.

And it may seem more probable in some manner, to attribute a Coagula∣ting principle to the Ferment of the Kidneys, as the Vessels have Particles of Lixivial Salt (sticking to them) separated from the Blood, in its passage through the empty spaces of the Vessels; whereupon this Lixivial Fer∣ment doth impraegnate (as I conceive) the serous parts of the Vital Li∣quor, and give them not only a disposition of being secerned, but also a fit∣ness of having the Saline and Earthy parts of the Blood to be severed from it, and prepared for Concretion, where these gross parts do stay in the In∣terstices of the Vessels (to which they are accreted) by reason they cannot be readily received into the Minute Orifices of the Urinary Ducts.

The principal and most active Efficient Cause, * 1.2238 of the generation of Stones in the Body of Man, is derived from a petrifying Principle, A succo aut spi∣ritu lapidescente, and not from Elementery qualities of Heat or Cold, as some imagine; of which, one doth evaporate the watry particles of Li∣quors, and give them greater consistence; and the other doth congele liquid

bodies, and put a restraint upon their fluid nature, by confining them to a proper place; but the production of firm Concretion in more solid bodies, as Stones, must be fetched from a different principle of Lapidescent Juice, or Spirit, by turning the Tartar of gross Liquors, into the hard compage of Stones.

And the cause of Petrifaction, cannot be solely attributed to Salt, * 1.2239 as ha∣ving an inward principle of Concretion; and though common Salt, made up of Minute Particles, may swell by many accretions into great Lumps, and though the Coalitions of many small saline parts may constitute hard bodies, as in Salt of Geman, and Fossile, and Marine Salt, yet these saline Concretions are different from those of Stones, as being less hard and solid, and more friable: So that the principle of Petrifaction, doth suppose not only Saline, but also Earthy parts, which give Consistence, and the other bind the Earthy more close together, which is rendred more firm by a Chy∣mous! Clutinous Matter, whence the compage of Stones becometh more compact and hard, then that of Salt alone, most conspicuous in artificial Coagulations, made by coction of Salt Water, and also in natural saline Concretion, produced by an innate principle in the Bowels of the Earth; so that a due proportion of Salt and Earth, is requisite to form a strong Con∣cretion, by reason the Earthy parts do hinder the solution of Saline, when they are moistned with Liquid bodies, and the Saline do give the bond of mixtion, lest the Earthy being destitute of Salt, should constitute a loose Body in the form of Powder; whereupon too great a quantity of Salt can∣not turn an inconsiderable part of Earth into Stone. Whence it may be in∣ferred, that upon a due proportion of Earth, being observed by Nature, the greater quantity of Salt, doth make a more solid and firm Concretion.

So that Saline and Earthy parts, being united in a due quantity, * 1.2240 and em∣bodied with a petrifying Juice, or Spirit, do generate the Stone in Humane Bodies. This Petrifying Liquor is found in every Soil, impraegnated with Minerals, and mixed with the Juice of the Earth, giving a growing disposition to Grass which is the nourishment of most Animals we feed on; whereupon this Lapidescent Juice (is entertained into our Bodies with our Aliment) which is not secerned in the Stomach, caused by the weakness of its Con∣coctive Faculty, not well extracting the Alimentary Liquor, and separating the Heterogeneous parts from it, whereby the Chyle vitiated with Mineral Juice, is carried through the various Lacteal Vessels into the Blood, and transmitted with it through the Heart and Lungs, and afterward the De∣scendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Arteries, into the glands of the Kidneys, wherein the Lapidescent Juice, * 1.2241 mixed with saline and earthy particles of the Serous Liquor, do turn them into Sandy Particles, or little Stones; which being caemented by a clammy indigested Chyme, do increase their Dimen∣sions, as concreted into a larger Stone, dilating the Interstices of the Ves∣sels, and the Cavities of the Urinary Ducts, and Pelvis, which give great pain discomposing our Ease and Repose: And if these Sandy Particles be car∣ried farther through the Ureters into the Bladder, the Urine groweth turbid, by reason the parts are not well embodied, and equally mixed; so that the loose saline and earthy Particles of Urine (accompanied with a petrifying disposition) falling to the bottom of the Bladder, do Coagulate into a Stone, which receiveth greater and greater Dimensions, by the access of new∣ly petrified saline and earthy Accretions.

And now I will endeavour to give some account, how Stones are gene∣rated in all parts of the Body, which proceedeth from the various Ali∣mentary,

Vital, and Nervous Juice, as also Pancreatick, Bilious, and Serous Liquors.

The Stone generated in the Stomach of an Indian Animal, * 1.2242 resembling a Goat, is derived from saline and earthy Particles (extracted out of whole∣some Plants) associated with a Petrifying Juice; whence ariseth the origen of the Stone in the Ventricle, which is very small at first, and afterward enlargeth more and more, as it receiveth new, thin, saline Accretions, which encircle it like so many fine Laminae, or Plates, making up the curious Com∣page of this salutary Stone, commonly called Bezoar.

The Glands of the Liver, * 1.2243 have been often discerned upon Dissections to be petrified, which is derived from gross Blood (carried by the Branches of the Porta, into the Parenchyma of the Liver) depraved with fixed Salt, and earthy Atomes, embodied with a Lapidescent Juice, turning the Glands of the Liver (resembling Cubes in Figure) into a stony substance.

But by reason, some may conceive the Petrification of the Glands relating to the Liver, may be produced by the gross parts of Choler, petrified in the Excretory Vessels, appertaining to the Bladder of Gall, and Porus Bilarius, taking their rise in the Glandulous part of the Liver. I will take the free∣dom to propound another Instance of Stones, lodged in the Ventricles of the Heart, which can proceed from no other cause (as I apprehend) but from the Tartar of the Blood, confaederated with a petrifying Juice, coagu∣lating it into Stones.

Stones have been discerned by Sennertus, * 1.2244 and Skenchius, in the Ambient parts of the Brain (which I judg) to be produced by the Saline and Earthy parts of crude Nervous Liquor (generated in the Cortex of the Brain) em∣bodied with a petrifying Spirit, concreting the crass parts of the Succus Nu∣tricius, into Stones.

Stones are not only propagated from crude Chyle, * 1.2245 Vital and Nervous Li∣quor, but from the Recrements of the Blood, the Pancreatick, Bilious, and Serous Liquor (whose Tartar espouseth a Lapidescent Juice) which are coagula∣ted into Stones lodged in the Pancreas, Bladder of Gall, Kidneys, and Blad∣der of Urine (which I conceive) is made after this manner: This first be∣ginning is very small at first (derived from Saline and Earthy parts of dif∣ferent Liquors, accompanied with a Lapidescent Juice) and afterward ac∣quireth greater and greater Dimensions, by the access of new Tartar, for∣med into thin stony Accretions, which encircle one another in the manner of fine Flakes; which is very evident in Bezoar, and in Stones of the Kid∣ney, Bladder of Urine, and Gall, &c. which being gently broken into pieces, the Stones may be seen to be integrated of many fine Laminae, or thin Plates, enwrapping each other in elegant order, which is very pleasant to behold.

CHAP. XXVI. The Stone of the Kidneys, and its Cures.

THe Stone in the Kidney, in a Person of Honour, was broken into (pieces in the taking out of its Bed) as being of a friable nature, and was formed of divers unevennesses (defacing its outward Surface) in irre∣gular Figures, somewhat resembling a Race of Ginger: * 1.2246 This Stone was com∣posed of numerous thin Plates, (the outermost being araied with a dark hue, and their inward compage with a White Colour) closely Caemented to each other; so that the body of the Stone, may be stiled a Systeme made up of many thin Flakes, lodged within each others embraces, to which they are closely affixed by a viscid Concreted Liquor, and some of it enwrapping the Stone, not yet Coagulated. These stony Plates, were produced of the Tartar of Serous Liquor (very manifest in their whitish Colour) confaede∣rated with a clammy Matter, the Caement to conjoyn the various thin Ac∣cretions, made up of Earthy and Saline parts; and the most inward Plates are smallest in Circumference, as being the first in order of Generation, and afterward are more and more enlarged, as they are encircled with new Flakes of saline Accretions, whence the body of the Stone putteth on greater and greater Dimensions.

The Stones of the Kidney, when they grow great, do sometimes fill up the substance of the Kidney in their various Branches, compressing the Urinary Ducts, and other times are lodged in the Pelvis, wholly intercepting the streams of Serous Recrements, into the Ureters, and Bladder of Urine.

I saw a Stone taken out of Doctor Waldron's Kidney (a Learned Fellow of the Colledg, * 1.2247 and one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary) which re∣sembled a Tree in Figure, whose Branches were clothed with White, and were divaricated through the substance of the Kidney, among the Urinary Ducts, and Papillary Caruncles; whereupon the Patient was afflicted with pain, caused by the compression of the Nerves, and often made a bloody Urine, proceeding from the gauling of the tender Capillary Vessels; and the Trunk of this Stony Tree was hued with a deep Red, insinuating it self through the Papillary Trunks into the Pelvis, where it caused a total suppres∣sion of Urine.

As to the Cure of the Stone of the Kidney, Bladder, &c. * 1.2248 Three Indications present themselves: The first is to hinder the generation, and increase of the Stone. The second is to Expel it when it is generated. The third is to Alleviate, and take away Pain, which is very afflictive in this Disease.

The Indications are first to be satisfied by Purgatives, * 1.2249 to take away the cause of the Stone, the gross Viscous Humours, and the Earthy and Saline parts of the Liquors of the Body; which may be effected by Purging Boles made of Cassia, or the Lenitive Electuary, of Chio Turpentine, Hollands Powder, Creme of Tartar, &c. and after two Hours, a Quart of Northal, or Barnet Posset may be taken. * 1.2250

And Purging Medicaments having been Administred, Emollient and Diu∣retick Apozems, are proper in this Disease, made of the Opening Roots of

Dogsgrass, Asparagus, and of the Leaves of Mallows, Marsh-Mallows, Pellitory of the Wall, Golden Rod, Raisons of the Sun boiled in Water, to which may be added some White Wine at last, and it being streined, may be sweetned with Syrupe of the Five Opening Roots.

Cooling and Emollient Emulsions, may speak a great advantage in this Malady, made up of the Four Cooling and White Poppy Seeds, sweet Al∣monds, &c.

Electuaries may be also advantageous, made of Emollient and Diuretick Medicines, of Conserve of Hips, Flowers of Mallows, Condite Eringo Roots, mixed with the Judaick Stone, Seeds of Burdock, Millet, Parsley, and Sows or Hogs-Lice powdered, mixed with Syrupe of Marsh-Mallows; upon which a Draught may be immediately drunk of a Decoction prepared with Nephritick Wood, and other Diureticks, mixed with Emollients.

And in great pains, Fomentations may be applied, made with Emollient and Discutient Medicines of Mallows, Marsh-Mallows, Centaury the less, Wormwood, Rue, Saint-Johns-Wort, Flowers of Elder, Melilot and Cha∣maemel, of Line-Seed, Fenugreek Seed, Bay-Berries, Juniper Berries, to which, when they have been well Boiled in Water and streined, may be add∣ed some Malago, or Spirit of French Wine, commonly called Brandy.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Ʋreters.

THe Ureters being Aquaeducts, * 1.2251 are oblong white Tubes, taking their rise in the Glands of the Kidneys, wherein the Blood is defaecated from its watry Recrements, afterward received into the Roots of the Ureters, and carried by numerous Capillaries, Ramulets, Branches, and Papillary Caruncles, (attended with ten or more Perforations) into the Pelvis, as in∣to a small Cystern, and from thence by the Ureters, as by Water Pipes, into the Bladder, as into a common repository of Serous Excrements.

They are commonly two in number, * 1.2252 one in each side † 1.2253, sometimes two or more, uniting themselves into one, before they are inserted into the Neck of the Bladder; as Carolus Stephanus, and Van Horn, have observed: And at another time, two have been discovered in each side; of which some have been implanted into the Neck, and others into the bottom of the Bladder, and also three have been found in the right side, and one in the left, which are unnatural, and the unusual sportings of Nature.

The Ureters have numerous Origens in the Glands (seated in the Ambient parts of the Kidneys) and form many Arches in their first rise, * 1.2254 and after∣ward make their progress in straight Lines, and their innumerable Capillaries, and fruitful Branches do coalesce into Ten or more Papillae, discharging the watry superfluities of the Blood into the Pelvis, the expansion of the Ure∣ters, which creep out of the sinous or concave part of the Kidneys, and then resting upon the Muscles of the Loins (called Psoas) to which they are fastned, do take their course between the Membranes of the Rim of the Belly, inclining somewhat inward, and are conjoyned to the back part of

the Bladder, about its origen, near the Sphincter Muscle, and in order to penetrate into the Cavity of the Bladder; they make an oblique insertion be∣tween the two Coats, to supply the place of a Valve, in hindring the egress of the Urine into the terminations of the Ureters.

They have their Connexion above to the Glands, * 1.2255 and substance of the Kidneys, from which they take their beginning and first progress; and are fastned below to the inward Coats of the Blood Vessels, from which they cannot be parted without Laceration.

These Oblong Channels, being most eminent in length, and not in big∣ness, which doth not naturally exceed that of a Straw; but in Persons Dis∣sected, dead of the Stone, they have been found to equal the Guts in great∣ness: Of which I shall give a farther account in the Pathology of these parts

The Ureters are much akin to all other Vessels in Figure, * 1.2256 as being round and oblong, and differ in their oblique progress, in which they make Maean∣ders, somewhat resembling the letter S † 1.2257.

They are encircled with a double Coat: The first is Membranous, * 1.2258 composed of many fine Threads, making their progress in divers positions, Longways, Crossways, and Obliquely, which are so rarely interwoven with each other, that they seem to be one entire substance, free from all Inter∣stices parting the Filaments.

The second Tunicle is Nervous, integrated of many Nervous Threads, finely conjoyned in various postures, which giveth this Coat a power of being extended without Laceration: The Ureters are endued with acute Sensation, which is the cause of the high Torture we feel in great fits of Gravel and Stone, where it passeth through, or is lodged in these narrow Excretory Channels

Others do assign a third Coat to these Vessels, which is fleshy, * 1.2259 as it is framed of divers straight, oblique, and transverse Fibres, which do in a com∣mon course gently contract themselves, and squeese the serous Recrements downward; and upon an Obstruction caused by a clammy Mucous Mat∣ter, or Stones, or Gravel, mixed with Urine, the carnous Fibres do more strongly move, that they may press the noysome Matter into the Bladder, and free themselves from its importunate sollicitations.

These Channels have Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick Branches, and Nerves from the Par Vagum, and a Vertebral Nerve, which being di∣spensed in various Fibres through their inward Coat, do render it highly sensible.

The use consigned to the Ureters, is very visible: * 1.2260 First to assist the Cola∣tures of the Blood in the substance of the Glands, wherein the Roots of these Vessels are seated, and have their Orifices commensurate in size and shape, to the Minute Particles of the Serous Liquor; which is afterward transmitted by the Urinary Ducts into the Pelvis, and thence through other Channels, into the bosome of the Bladder of Urine.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Ʋreters of other Animals.

THe Ureters of Beasts, have great Analogy with those of Man, both in their Origen, Progress, Connexion, Figure, Insertion, and Use, as it is verified in an Ape † 1.2261.

The Ureters of an Estridg * 1.2262 † 1.2263, are carried in more straight Lines, then those of Man and Beasts, and creep out of the Kidneys (which are very great and long in this Bird) about their Terminations, and descend thence in a direct course, and insert themselves into the Intestinum Rectum.

In stead of the Ureters of an Eagle, * 1.2264 large Ducts are appointed by Na∣ture, to convey white Excrements into the Cavity of the Intestinum Rectum. As Learned Borrichius hath observed in an Eagle, in these words: Renes agninis similes, sed non ita incurvi ut Renes vulgo esse solent. Interior eorum facies Testiculorum Carni simillima: Ab his vice Ʋreterum describebat alveo sic satis amplo Ductui Excrementa albicantia in ultimum Intestini Recti cavum depor∣tans, ut ubi cum decoloribus Intestinorum Excrementis juncta simul excludantur, quod avium generi solenne.

The Ureters of a Storke, * 1.2265 are large and long, and descend on the sides of the Back, and are inserted into the hinder parts of the Intestinum Rectum, whose Termination is expanded into a large Cavity, endued with many un∣evennesses.

A Porpess hath Kidneys full of numerous small Urinary Tubes, * 1.2266 which unite themselves first in Trunks (making the Papillary Caruncles) which discharge themselves into the Pelvis, out of which arise two Ureters † 1.2267, (one belonging to each Kidney) which have their egress near their Terminati∣ons, and are implanted into the Bladder of this Fish, near the Neck of it.

The Kidneys of an Eel beginning near the Gills, * 1.2268 and take their progress on each side of the Spine in various Waves † 1.2269, and at last end in a Pyrami∣dal Figure, and discharge themselves by Ureters, into the Intestinum Re∣ctum.

A Carp is very remarkable for a Cruciform Process, * 1.2270 (relating to its Kid∣neys) out of which do sprout two Ureters † 1.2271, which take their progress all along the Kidneys on each side of the Spine † 1.2272, and are implanted into the Bladder of Urine near its Neck.

A Codlin is furnished with a great company of Glands, * 1.2273 endued with Se∣rous Ducts, the Origens of the Ureters † 1.2274, which are very short in this Fish, and are inserted into the Bladder, not far from its Origination.

The left Kidney of a Flounder, is of a Semicircular Figure, * 1.2275 about whose Terminations made in a Cone, a short Ureter † 1.2276 creepeth out of the Kid∣ney, and some small space after, is inserted into the Bladder of Urine.

A Thornback hath Kidneys, * 1.2277 seated edgewise on both sides of the Spine, and is accommodated with short Ureters † 1.2278, implanted into the Intestinum Rectum.

A Crocodile hath long Kidneys, * 1.2279 and hath long Ducts (lodged on each side of the Spine) which are very fair, and carry down the watry Serous Liquor, as inserted into the Intestinum Rectum.

CHAP. XXX. Of the Ʋreters, and their Pathologie.

THe Ureters are liable to divers Disaffections, * 1.2280 as many kinds of Obstru∣ctions, proceeding from different Matter; sometimes they are stuf∣fed with a Mucous, or Purulent Matter, much hindring the flux of Serous Li∣quor through these Aquaeducts, Unde exoritur imminuta Urinae excretio.

The Cure of this Disease, doth indicate gentle Lenients, slippery Purga∣tives, joyned with Diureticks, as Medicines made of Cassia, Tamarinds, the Lenitive Electuary, mixed with Hollands Powder, and Turpentine, &c. As also Emollient and gentle Diuretick Apozemes of the Opening Roots, Mallows, Marsh-Mallows, Pellitory of the Wall, Golden Rod, Saxifrage, &c. As also Emulsions of the Cooling Seeds, given with several kinds of Te∣staceous Powders; and above all, a great care must be had of not giving strong Diureticks alone, whereby a great source of gross Matter may be forced into the Vessels of the Kidneys, and Ureters, and cause a total suppression of Urine, which often proveth fatal to the Patient.

Sometimes the Excretion of Urine is abolished, * 1.2281 proceeding in a great quan∣tity of Coagulated Blood, filling the Cavities of the Ureters, and intercepting the current of watry superfluities.

My worthy Friend and Colegue, Doctor Allen, gave me an Instance of of this case in a Patient of his, who first discharged a great quantity of Blood through the Urethra, and afterward laboured with a stoppage of Urine, and after divers excellent Remedies had been Administred without success in this desperate Disease; the Patient resigned his Soul into the Hands of his Gracious Maker.

The Abdomen being opened, and the Viscera carefully inspected, to see the cause of his Death; his Ureters were found highly distended with a great quantity of Grumous Blood, hindring the course of the Urine, into the com∣mon Receptacle.

Sometimes an Iskury is accompanied with great pains of the Loins, * 1.2282 and side of the Belly, derived from a Stone lodged in the Pelvis, and upper part of the Ureter, whereupon ensued a total suppression of Urine, the fore∣runner of Death.

A worthy Doctor of Physick's Wife, having been long Tortured with severe pains of her Back, and violent Vomitings, at last fell into a lost Ex∣cretion of Urine, which could not be recovered by an excellent Course of Physick; and she in great Faith and Patience, submitted her self to her Crea∣tors Will, in a happy departure.

At the instance of my Dear Friend, Learned Doctor Cox, I waited upon the dead Body of a Physicians Relation, to view the parts affected in this late deplorable case of Suppression of Urine; whereupon the Body being open∣ed by a Skilful Chyrurgeon, Mr. James Mullins, and the parts inspected, most of them appeared to be sound, except the Kidneys, one of which was wholly putrefied, and its substance absumed, and the other being cut open, a Stone was forced out of the Kidney into the Pelvis, and top of the Ureter, which wholly stopped up the passage of Urine.

Sometimes the Ureters offend Magnitudine aucta, * 1.2283 being highly distended by a great quantity of Urine contained in them, produced by the narrow∣ness of the Cavity of the Bladder, whose substance being highly Indurated, was not capable to give reception to a due proportion of Urine.

A Gentleman, one of the King's Guards, was often afflicted with a great pain in his Sides and Groin, and violent Vomiting, and Strangury, making but a little Urine, with pain and difficulty; in order to ease him, I ordered him gentle Purgatives, and Emollient Diuretick Apozems, and Emulsions of the Cooling Seeds, and Milk, and Destilled Milk, which did much Allevi∣ate the sharpness of Urine, upon which he did seem much to amend, and had for some time a free evacuation of Urine; and after some time he fell ill again, and was vexed with former pains and Vomitings, upon which I re∣peated the former Course, which at first gave him great relief, and added many other proper Medicines, and advised Fomentations made of Emolli∣ent and Discutient Ingredients, but all in vain, as being not crowned with Success.

After Death, his Abdomen being opened, the Kidneys were found well Coloured, and much Distended, and the right Pelvis grew so large, that it was capable to receive a Turkey Egg, and the Ureter (belonging to the right Kidney) was so enlarged, that it equal'd the Ileon in greatness, con∣taining in it a Pint of Furfuracious Urine, (such as he often made) which was kept in the Ureter, by reason the Bladder was Scirrhus, and not able to dilate it self, to entertain any quantity of Urine, nor discharge that well that was re∣ceived into it; because the Urethra was obstructed with many Caruncles, hindring the Excretion of Urine.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Bladder of Ʋrine.

THe All-wise Archytect hath contrived the noble Fabrick of Mans Body in great Prudence, and hath disposed all the parts in admirable Or∣der, as the Meaner are ministerial to the more Excellent, and so hath de∣signed the Kidneys to be Colatories of the Blood, and the Bladder as a Re∣pository of its watry Recrements, till such a proportion is Collected, as is fit for Expulsion, to give us ease and repose.

The Bladder of Urine hath its situation in the Hypogastrick Region be∣tween the two Coats of the Rim of the Belly, in a Cavity, immured with the Os Coxendicis, and Pubis; in Men it resteth upon the Intestinum Rectum, and in Women it is fastned to the Neck of the Ureters, and in both it is affixed to the Share-Bones, and to the Navil by the Urachus.

Marchettus found no Bladder in a Paduan, but many small Cavities sup∣plying its place. Van Horn, giveth an account of a Maid, who had no Bladder, and the Ureters discharged their Serous Liquor through Glandulous bodies, seated in the Groin. Volcheras Coiter, found two Bladders of Urine in a Maid, the one seated in the common place, and the other sprung out of the right side of the Neck of the Womb, as big again as the true Blad∣der, and was full of Excrements.

Many Animals are defective in reference to Bladders of Urine, as Birds, Serpents, and most Fish, which discharge their Urine, flowing from their Kidneys through Ureters into the Cloaca, in stead of a Bladder.

The substance of this useful part, participates a double Texture, partly Membranous, and partly Fleshy: The first is instituted by Nature for Ex∣tension when full, and Contraction when empty; and the second for Mo∣tion, in order to the Expulsion of Serous Recrements, when the Bladder is aggrieved by them.

The first and exterior Coat is Membranous, derived from the Peritonaeum, between whose Duplicature, it hangeth like a Bottle inverted, and by this sepiment of the Rim of the Belly, it is parted as by a fine Wall from the adjacent parts, lest it should be oppressed by the weight of them, and chiefly of the Guts.

The second or middle Coat is thick and fleshy (as being endued with Carnous Fibres) and encircles the whole inward Circumference of the Blad∣der: This Integument in reference to Motion, is accommodated with three kinds of Fibres; the outward are Transverse, or rather Circular, as surround∣ing the Bladder, the middle Oblique, and the inmost right; the Circular contract it in depth quite round, the second in length, and third are assi∣stant to them both: These different Fibres in their various Motions, do les∣sen the Cavity of the Bladder, and thereby squeese out the troublesome Urine.

Between the outward and middle Coat, Tulpius discovered some Stones to be lodged, which the Learned Author recounts, Lib. 4. Obser. 36. Ʋbi in decrepito Sene Calculi cruciatibus mortuo vidit tres calculos insignis vesicae tu∣nicis adeo involutos, ut ne Lynceis quidem oculis illos perspexisset, nisi Scalpellum involucra abstulisset.

The third Coat of the Bladder is Nervous, integrated of many fine Fila∣ments, finely drawn out, and so closely conjoyned, and the Interstices so well filled up with the accretion of the Succus Nutricius, that the most curious Eye cannot discern the setting together of the Filaments. This part bor∣roweth its most acute Sensation from them, whereupon, least the Bladder should be afflicted with importunate Sollicitations, proceeding from the acri∣mony of Urine, Nature in great Wisdom, hath lined it with a Mucous Matter, of the same nature, as I conceive, with the pituitous Matter besmear∣ing the Stomach and Guts.

The Figure of the Bladder is somewhat Oval when extended, or rather of a Pyriform shape, and as placed in the Body, the bottom upward, it seemeth in some sort to resemble a Bottle, when its Neck is turned downward to drein it; and this situation of it is most convenient for the exportation of the Urine, which as a heavy body, doth naturally tend downward to the Neck, which is highly assisted by the contraction of various Fibres.

The Bladder hath connexion in reference to its bottom with the Navil, * 1.2284 by the Urachus, and Umbilical Arteries (which growing dry after the Birth as out of use) are turned into Ligaments; whereupon saith Spigellius, a Learned Anatomist, the consent ariseth between the Bladder and Navil, in those who are afflicted with a large Stone: The Neck of the Bladder is fastned to the Intestinum Rectum in Men, and in Women to the Neck of the Uterus.

The Bladder in this part, is endued with the Figure of an Urinal † 1.2285, * 1.2286 and in point of its Circumference, hath divers Dimensions, as it is more or less distended by a greater or less proportion of Urine.

It hath most commonly but one Cavity, * 1.2287 made for the reception and en∣tertainment of Serous Recrements, which is sometimes divided into two, produced by a Membrane running down the middle of the Bladder.

This part is accommodated with three Perforations, * 1.2288 two of them are small, being the Terminations of the Ureters, which let in Urine into the Bladder, and the third is larger, by which it is transmitted into the Ʋre∣thra.

The body and bottom of the Bladder † 1.2289, * 1.2290 is its more large and upper part, in which the Urine is lodged as in a Repository, lest Man and other Animals, should be perpetually disturbed with the motion of Urine.

Its Neck is a small part, * 1.2291 which is somewhat crooked and longer in Men, and terminates into the beginning of the Penis, by which the Urine is discharged into the Ʋrethra, the common passage of Serous Recrements, and Seminal Liquor: It is shorter and broader in Women, and implanted above into the Neck of the Uterus, to which it is firmly affixed.

The Neck of the Bladder † 1.2292 in both Sexes is very fleshy, and is furnished with many Transverse, or rather Orbicular Fibres, which contract the Neck of the Bladder, and hinder the involuntary egress of Urine.

Learned Borichius, hath made curious Observations upon the Fibres, rela∣ting to the Neck of the Bladder in both Sexes. In faemina cervix vesicae duos transversos digitos longa, Sphincter parvus, sed non Orbicularis, ut vulgo dicitur, verum secundum longitudinem Sphincteris porrectis Fibris insignis, nisi quod Fibrae illae tantillum ad obliquos Angulos, sed vix notabiliter, inclinarent; hinc sphincterem Corpus Nervosum crassum penis Corpori analogum exterius cin∣git, in quo Fibrae circulares, nisi quod tantillum ad Figuram Helicis inclinent, ut solent in Corpore nostro Fibrae fere nusquam perfectum describere Circulum.

In viro, qua parte calculus exscinditur, observavit idem Borichius Fibras pro∣currere Semiobliquas, non Circulares, adeo{que} earum multas dissecari ab imperitis Lithotomis: In suillo Sphinctere vidit plures esse uno Musculos, eum{que} qui proxi∣me ambit cervicem vesicae, accedere ad circulares Fibras, licet plane circulares non sint, reliquos duos agnoscere Fibras semiobliquas, sicut in viro.

This Learned Author hath observed both in Man and Woman, * 1.2293 that the Neck of the Bladder is endued with Oblique and Circular Fibres, which do lessen the passage of Urine: And the Sphincter Muscle, composed of dif∣ferent Fibres, is an Antagonist, which opposeth and countermands the To∣nick motion of the oblique transverse and right Fibres, that belong to the body of the Bladder, except they be stirred up to brisk Contractions, cau∣sed by the acrimony or quantity of Urine; whereupon the Fibres seated in the several Coats of the body of the Bladder, are drawn into Motion by consent, according to the action of the Nervous Fibres of the inward Coat (first resenting some trouble or burden) and make various Contractions, according to their different positions, and thereby every way lessen the Ca∣vity of the Bladder, and force its contents toward the Neck, whereby the Fibres of the Sphincter Muscle are relaxed, and the passage made free and open, to give a reception to the current of Serous Liquor, moving through the Neck of the Bladder into the Urethra.

The Bladder of Urine is furnished with variety of Vessels, * 1.2294 with Arteries from the Hypogastrick Branch (derived from the interior region of the Ili∣ack Artery) which doth impart divers Branches to the Body and Neck of the Bladder, and Penis too, as also to the Intestinum Rectum, and Anus, which constitute the external Haemorrhoidal Arteries in Women; this Artery doth communicate many Divarications to the body and neck of the Uterus.

It hath Veins from the Hypogastrick Branch, * 1.2295 which are companions of the Arteries, both in the Body and Neck of the Bladder, and do reduce the Blood (transmitted by the Artery) into the Cava.

This part hath some Nerves from the sixt pair, * 1.2296 and also others propagated from the Spine, into all regions of the Bladder.

The use of the Bladder is to be a utensil, subservient to the Kidneys, * 1.2297 as the more excellent parts, in which the Blood is refined in the Glands as so many Streiners, separating the purer part from its watry Faeculencies, which being received into the Orifices, and conveyed through the Cavities of nu∣merous Urinary Ducts (being so many Pipes) into the Pelvis, as into a small Receptacle, and afterward the soft streams of Serous Recrements glide down the Ureters, as small Channels, carrying them into the Bladder, as into a larger Cistern, entertaining the Urine, till by its quantity or sharp∣ness, it groweth troublesome to the inward Coat of the Bladder, beset with Nervous Filaments; whereupon the Carnous Fibres of the next Coat take the alarum, and put themselves into motion, and by various Contractions, do straighten the hollowness of the Bladder, and thereby squeese the fluid contents into its Neck, and afterward into the common passage of the Urethra.

Nature fore-seeing the importunate sollicitations of Urinary Drops, if the Ureters had been inserted immediately into the Ʋrethra, hath wisely contri∣ved the Bladder as a Urinal, to receive and detain the watry Recrements, lest their perpetual Flux should render him impatient in the Celebration of holy Offices to his Maker, and of the common duty of his Calling, to serve his Neighbour, and support himself and his Family.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Bladder of Ʋrine in other Animals.

THe Bladder of Urine in Beasts, hath much affinity with that of Man, * 1.2298 in reference to its Structure, Situation, Connexion, Figure, and Use.

The Ureters of a Castor, being Cylinders, composed of many Filaments, * 1.2299 did make their progress in a crooked Posture, and passed an Inch between the Membranes of the Bladder, in an oblique Insertion, to give a check to the Urine, lest it should attempt a retrograde motion into the Ureters: The Bladder of Urine in this Animal, is very thick and rough, as endued with several folds, and is adorned with a Pear-like Figure.

The Bladder of Urine in a Female Hedg-Hog, * 1.2300 hath its neck implanted into the neck of the Uterus, into which it dischargeth the watry Recrements, coming out of the body of the Bladder.

A Mouse belonging to the Alpes, * 1.2301 is furnished with Ureters much exceed∣ing the body of this small Animal, and have the Bore of a Goose Quill, which are ordered by Nature, to give a reception to the Urine when the Bladder is full, when this Animal indulgeth a long sleep in the Winter: Whereupon the Ureters are accommodated with a large Cavity, to be Repo∣sitories

of watry Faeculencies, when the Bladder is not capable to receive any more Urine in a great space of repose.

The Pelvis relating to the Kidneys of Birds, * 1.2302 is beautified with an elegant Form, by reason a large white Vessel runneth all along the Concave part of the Kidney, from which many Systemes of Vessels are derived, and pass from the Circumference, and at last are united in a common Cystern as in a Cen∣ter; from whence are propagated two Tubes, carrying watry Recrements into the more free receptacle of the Cloaca, the larger part of the Intestinum Rectum.

The Estridg, * 1.2303 Eagle, Swan, Turkey, Goose, Bustard, Duck, Teal, and other Birds, as far as I can observe upon frequent Dissections, have no Blad∣der of Urine; but have their Ureters descending from the Kidneys, implan∣ted into the Intestinum Rectum, which serveth in stead of the Bladder of Urine in Birds.

Some Fish hold Analogy with Beasts, * 1.2304 and other more perfect Animals, as having a Bladder of Urine; and other Fish are akin to Birds, as having their Ureters implanted into the Cloaca, which supplieth the place of the Bladder of Urine.

All Cetaceous Fish, are furnished with Cisterns of watry Recrements, and have their Ureters implanted into Bladders of Urine.

A Porpess is endued with a Bladder of Urine, * 1.2305 lodged between the Du∣plicature of the Rim of the Belly, and is adorned with a Conical Figure, as beginning and ending in Cones; into it are inserted two large Ureters, at a little distance from the Neck, and the Bladder being opened, you may discover the Terminations of the Ureters, by immitting Probes into their Holes.

In a Carp, * 1.2306 the Ureters coming from the Cruciform Process, are implan∣ted near the Origen † 1.2307 of the Bladder, which is smaller then its Body † 1.2308, which is endued with a kind of Orbicular Figure, and endeth after the man∣ner of an Obtuse Cone.

In a Codlin, * 1.2309 the Ureters are implanted into the Bladder † 1.2310, (not far di∣stant from its Neck) which is adorned with a kind of Pear-like Figure, and ascendeth on the left side of the Intestinum Rectum, into which it dischargeth its watry Excrements

A Flounder, * 1.2311 hath the beginning † 1.2312 of the Bladder smaller in Dimensions, and afterward groweth somewhat larger, and hath its Body † 1.2313 endued with an oblong round Figure, and hath its Termination † 1.2314 confining on the Vent, seated on the right side of this Fish.

A Thornback, * 1.2315 hath its Kidneys beginning † 1.2316 in small Dimensions, and afterward grow larger; they are compounded of many broad Lobules, set edgewise all along the Spine, which is very rare in the Kidneys of Fish, and are much larger toward their Terminations † 1.2317, and end in short Ureters, which are implanted into the Intestinum Rectum, which serveth in stead of the Bladder of Urine.

A Crocodile, * 1.2318 saith Learned Borichius, hath oblong red Glandulous Kid∣neys, which have Ureters inserted into the Intestinum Rectum. His words are these, Renes oblongi, Glandulosi, & rubicundi, ex quibus utrin{que} Ductus patutus, amplus, membranaceus{que} descendere progrediebatur ad ultima us{que} Intestini Recti, ut Liquorem Excrementitium Urinosum{que} eo amandaret, cum Ve∣sicae nullum usquam vestigium repertum fuerit.

CHAP. XXXII. Of the Pathologie of the Bladder of Ʋrine.

THe Bladder of Urine is obnoxious to divers Diseases, Inflammations, * 1.2319 Apostumes, Ulcers, Gangraens, Scirrhus, Cancers, Obstructions, overmuch Distention and Straightness, and to the Stone, the most afflictive Disease of all.

An Inflammation hath for its Diagnostick, Tension, Hardness, * 1.2320 great heat and pain in the region of the Bladder, about the Share-Bone, to which may be added, a weakness of Excretion of Urine, accompanied with a Te∣nesmus, by consent of parts, a Symptomatick Fever, Thirst, and a Chil∣ness of the outward parts.

This dangerous Disease is derived sometimes from External Causes, * 1.2321 as vio∣lent Riding, a Fall, Stroke, &c. whereby the Hypogastrick Capillary Ar∣teries being often broken, do pour out a quantity of Blood, into the sub∣stance of the Bladder, where it is stagnant, as not being admitted into the Roots of the Hypogastrick Veins; whereupon the Blood having lost its mo∣tion, doth lose its bounty too (which is preserved by Circulation) and ac∣quireth a corruptive Indisposition, by turning the Serous part and Indigested Chyle (associating it) into a putrid Matter, (the cause of an Aposteme) which being of a sharp corrosive nature, maketh its way through the Paren∣chyma of the Bladder to the outward Coat, which it perforates and deter∣mines into an Ulcer.

An Inflammation, and Ulcer of the Bladder, * 1.2322 is also generated by Stones lodged in its Cavity, and grating upon the tender inward Coat, and bring a quantity of Blood into it, and sometimes by opening the termination of the Vessels, do produce a bloody Water.

An Inflammation of the Bladder, * 1.2323 doth indicate in the first place the open∣ing of a Vein, after or before which, a Clyster may be Administred, and Emulsions made of the Cooling Seeds, and temperate Diet-Drinks of China, Sarsa-parilla; and Medicines contemperating the Blood and Urine, compo∣sed of Barley-water, Seeds of Poppy, Syrup of Water-Lillies, Poppies, &c. Outwardly may be applied Fomentations of Emollient Herbs, without Discutients, which do highten the Inflammation; divers kinds of Injections are profitable, as Milk and Water, Barley-water mixed with Honey of Roses streined, or Syrup of Red Roses; or a Decoction of Barley-water, to which may be added the white Trochisces of Rasis, a Semicupium, prepared with Milk and Water of themselves, or Water boiled with Emollient Herbs, to which Milk may be added after the boiling.

Ulcers of the Bladder, in reference to gross and serous Recrements, do indicate Drying and Detergent Medicines, as Diet Drinks of China, Sarsa∣parilla, mixed with Sassafrass, and Vulnerary Roots and Herbs; and gentle Purgatives of Cassia, Tamarindes, Senna, Syrup of Peach Flowers, Roses Solutive, &c. may be added to the Diet Drinks; the Injection before mentioned, may be mixed with Mouse-Ear the great, Fluellin, Prunella, Cumphrey, &c. Ratione solutae unitatis (which is the last indication in Ulcers) Astringent and Drying Powders may be taken, made of dried

Cumphrey Roots, Gum Arabick, Red Saunders, &c. mixed with Sugar Candy.

A Scirrhus of the Bladder, may proceed from a quantity of Pituitous Hu∣mours, stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels, whose moister parts being evaporated, the more gross are Concreted, and thereby do indurate the sub∣stance of the Bladder.

A Noble Man, having had many signs of a Stone lodged in his Bladder, was highly afflicted for many Years with the Strangury.

And his Body being opened after Death, no Stone was found, but a hard Swelling, which was of so great Dimensions, that it almost filled up the Cavity of the Bladder, leaving little or no space for the reception of Urine.

The straightness of the Neck of the Bladder, often proceedeth from Ob∣struction, and sometimes from Compression: As to the first, It is often gene∣rated by sabulous Matter, Stones, Grumous Blood, Pus, Mucous and clam∣my Matter, Caruncles, and Warts, stopping the Urinary passage, and inter∣cepting the free current of Urine.

The straightness of the Neck of the Bladder, may also be derived from the swelling of the neighbouring parts compressing it, as also from the re∣pletion of the Intestinum Rectum, with hard Excrements, and from the In∣flammation of the Penis, and Neck of the Bladder, straightning the Urinary Channel.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of Ʋrine.

THe watry Liquors (being the more moist and fluid part of Meat and Drink in its first Rudiment) is afterward Concocted with the Oily and Salt parts of Aliments in the Stomach, and other Viscera, and then associates with the Blood in various Tubes of Arteries and Veins, to give it a thin con∣sistence, and render it fluid in order to Motion, and to put the Vital Liquor into a capacity, to insinuate it self into the most straight Capillaries, and to pass when extravasated in the narrow Interstices of Vessels, from the termi∣nations of Arteries into the Origens of the Veins, to prevent the stagnancy of Blood, and Inflammations of Fleshy and Membranous parts: So that this Potulent Matter, being a Vehicle of Blood, doth in its converse and motion with it, embody with Saline and Sulphureous parts, not serviceable to Nature, and dischargeth them as mixed with it by Salival Liquor, Sweat and Urine.

Urine borroweth its first Origen from thin Potulent Liquor, * 1.2324 as its Materia Substrata, and is compounded of Vinous, Spirituous, Sulphureous, Saline, Watry and Earthy Particles; which may be made clear in Destillation. * 1.2325 The first that rise, are some few Vinous Spirits, impraegnating Phlegm. Next follow the Watry parts, in a greater source, embodied with most Saline, and some Sulphureous parts. Thirdly, Doth rise the Spirit of Urine, impraegna∣ted with Salt of a fixed quality, which is rendred Volatil by great degrees of heat, exalting its sharp and pungent disposition, whereupon divers pre∣parations of Salt and Spirit of Urine are made by Art, which being of an Aperient and Diuretick Ingeny, do open the Obstructions (seated in the Minute Vessels of the Viscera) and the Compage of the Blood, and give it a power of freely discharging its Recrements, with a large proportion of Urine.

And last of all, when the more thin and watry parts of Urine, are eva∣porated in Destillation, the Salt and Earthy Particles subside in the bottom of the Alembick; and if the Salt be sublimated by a more intense Fire, it will quit the company of the Caput Mortuum, and leave it alone: So that the Fire in Destillation will discover, and separate the several Elements of Urine, of which the least, if any, are the Vinous parts. The next in small proportion are the Sulphureous and Earthy, and the greatest in quantity, are the Watry and Saline.

The Sulphureous parts are few, by reason Urine cast upon Fire, doth not bring it into a Flame (by reducing its Atomes into a violent Motion, and eruption as mixing with Air) but rather subdues and quencheth it; and that Urine hath some rancid oily parts, may be proved by its Faetide smell, ari∣sing chiefly from Putrefaction, as long kept, wherein the compage of the Urine being highly opened, the Sulphureous steams do embody with the Air, and give a great disturbance to the Nostrils, in their noisome smell.

Saltness may be discerned in Urine, as being somewhat akin to Nitre in taste, which is derived from the salt particles of Aliment, which are exalteid by Concoction in the Stomach, and motion of the Blood in the Vessels, and

acquire greater degrees of volatility, as they more and more associate with the Vital Spirit and heat, and as the Blood is more or less laudable in point of temper, the Urine participates more volatil or fixed Salt, and is endued with colour and consistence.

Urine hath somewhat of Vinous Spirit, though very little, which may be evinced, because it doth so soon evaporate, and leave the Watry parts (as affected with Sulphureous) obnoxious to Putrefaction; and the Vinous parts do appear by reason they render the Urine capable of Intestine Mo∣tion, by which the thin parts admit a secretion from the more gross, which fall down to the bottom, after the Urine hath been some time made and setled.

And after the fixed saline Particles are exalted, by the heat and ferments of the Stomach, and Circulation of the Blood in the Vessels, they are made Volatil, and associate with the Spirituous parts of the Urine, which as they are more or less abundant, and active, do produce divers kinds of Hypostasis.

The watry parts of Urine, * 1.2326 are manifest in reference to their fluid and moistning quality, and do far exceed the Spirituous, Sulphureous, Saline, and Earthy in proportion, and cannot be extracted so simple, but that they are associated with Volatil, Saline, and Sulphureous parts.

And the consistence which Urine hath, * 1.2327 doth denote its gross and earthy parts, which upon long Destillation (when the moist Particles are totally exhausted and evaporated) do fall, and rest in the bottom of the Alembick.

The grossness and earthiness of the Urine, is derived from the faeculency of the Chyme, which hath divers Heterogeneous parts, that cannot be As∣similated into Blood, whereupon they embody with the Potulent Matter, and are carried into the Kidneys, in order to secretion in the Glands, and expulsion by the Urinary Ducts.

The Urine is less in quantity, * 1.2328 then the Liquid substance we entertain in∣to our Mouth and Stomach, by reason somewhat of the Potulent Matter is evaporated by the heat of the Stomach, and some of it often mixeth with the more solid Excrements, and rendreth them moist, and some part of the watry Liquor is afterward confaederated with the Purple Liquor (to make it thin and fluid) which moving through the greater and less Branches of Arteries, till it arriveth the Capillaries inserted into the Glands of the Skin, wherein it is secerned from the Blood, and passeth the Excretory Ducts by Sweat and insensible Transpiration, which much lesseneth the Potulent Mat∣ter, the ground of Urine.

Drink, * 1.2329 the Materia Substrata of Urine, being received into the Mouth, and carried through the Gulet into the Stomach, embodies with Serous and Nervous Ferments, whereby the Potulent Matter, assisted with the heat of the Stomach, becomes a fit Menstruum to Colliquate and dissolve the more solid Aliment, and extract a Milky Tincture, which is attenuated by this watry Liquor, accompanying it through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins; where it espouseth the Blood in an inti∣mate union, to which it imparteth its more delicate and Alimentary Par∣ticles; upon which account it looseth somewhat of its Liquor, which being associated with the Crystalline part of the Blood, and Succus Nutricius, is entertained into the Pores of the Vessels, and assimilated into their substance, and afterward the reliques of the Potulent Matter growing effaete and use∣less (as despoiled of its Alimentary Juice) are embodied with the gross Sulphureous, Saline, and Earthy parts of the Blood, (as disserviceable to it) which then is impelled out of the left Chamber of the Heart, by the com∣mon

and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Emulgent Artery into the Glands of the Kidneys, wherein the Serous Recrements are secerned from the Vital Liquor, by vertue of a Ferment, making a kind of Precipitation, or rather received by Percolation into the Excretory Vessels, and thence carri∣ed through the Papillary Caruncles, Pelvis, and Ureters, into the Bladder, as a common receptacle of useless Potulent Liquor.

When the Chyme associated with the Blood in the Subclavian Veins, is afterward broken into small Particles, by motion in the Vessels, and by the repeated Contractions of the Ventricles of the Heart, and by the Intestine Motion of the Blood, produced by its various Elements, and by the diffe∣rent parts of the Chyme; whereupon the Chyme is assimilated into Blood, and the Heterogeneous Recrements of Sulphur and Salt, * 1.2330 not fit for Assimila∣tion, are united by Coction with the Potulent Matter, giving it an Amber Colour, which may be resembled to Salt of Tartar, and Sulphur, boiled toge∣ther in Water, which do render it of a Yellowish Colour, or if Antimony full of Sulphur, be boiled in a Menstruum impraegnated with Salt, it will give a tincture of yellow to the Liquor, not unlike that of Urine; as Doctor Willis hath observed.

The Alimentary Liquor extracted out of Meat in the Stomach, by vertue of its heat, and Serous and Nervous Ferments, hath different Elements of Salt and Sulphur, some of which being so fixed and gross, that they cannot be made constituent principles of the Blood, are thereupon incorporated by heat and motion with the Vehicle of it, to which they being united by Co∣ction, do give watry Recrements a Yellow hue.

If the Alimentary Liquor be not duly extracted out of the Contents of the Stomach, caused by the defect of a kindly natural heat and good Ferment, * 1.2331 the Vehicle of the Chyle and Blood groweth crude and thin, resembling fair Water in Colour, produced by the want of Saline, and chiefly Sulphureous parts, not well cocted and embodied with the Potulent Matter of the Vi∣tal Liquor; which is very manifest, when we take too free Cups of Drink, irritating Nature by violent Pulsations of the Heart and Arteries, to discharge the watry parts (clogging the Blood) by the Kidneys, before they are suf∣ficiently confaederated by a due digestion with Saline and Sulphureous parts, to give them an Amber Colour.

But if the watry Recrements of the Vital Liquor, * 1.2332 be embodied with the Elements of the Blood, too much exalted by its intense heat, and ill Fer∣ments, the Urine becometh Red and gross. So that the Potulent parts of the Alimentary Liquor, tinged with a Lixivial disposition in their first Rudi∣ment in the Stomach, are afterward imparted to the Blood, with which its thin Vehicle is associated, and is receptive of a farther Coction, and deeper Amber Colour, as it is endued with more Saline and Sulphureous Recre∣ments; by reason the Effaete and Adust parts of the Vital Liquor, though for the most part discharged into the Bladder of Gall, and Hepatick Duct; yet some proportion of the Sulphureous and Saline Faeces is embodied with the serous Vehicle of the Blood, and by Coction affecteth it with a deep Lixi∣vial Tincture, especially upon great Fasting, and a high Ebullition of the Blood in acute continued Fevers.

On the other side, Urine groweth very Pale, * 1.2333 after the over-much Indul∣gence of our Appetites, with great and frequent draughts of Beer and Wine, which being received with crude Chyle into the Blood, do give it a quick Motion, by which the Potulent part is impelled into the Kidneys, be∣fore

it hath received an Amber hue, produced by the Saline and Sulphureous superfluities of the Blood.

Having given an account of the Quantity and Colours of Urine, it may seem pertinent now to Discourse somewhat of its Contents, or Hypostasis, and its matter and manner of Production.

The Vital Juice being in perpetual motion to give it heat and Life, * 1.2334 as also refinement in its passage through divers Colatories, and last of all Nu∣trition too, while the Blood is impelled out of the Terminations of Arteries, into the Interstices of various Vessels, before it is received into the Roots of the Veins, to make good the Retrograde Motion of the Blood, into the right Auricle and Cistern of the Heart; whereupon I humbly conceive, Nu∣trition is performed by the motion of the Blood, through the substance of the Viscera, Membranes, and Muscular parts, wherein the Vital Liquor be∣ing some small time extravasated in its motion between the Vessels, from the Termination of one to the beginning of the other; during which passage, some soft and albuminous parts of the Blood, embodied with the Succus Nu∣tricius, are received into the innumerable Pores of the Vessels, and Assimilated by a kind of accretion into their substance, and the parts improper for Nutri∣cion, as being too crude and gross, do embody with the watry superfluities of the Blood, which being carried down the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Emulgent Arteries, into the Glands of the Kidneys, a secretion is made of the Potulent parts of the Blood, * 1.2335 and the reliques of the third Concocti∣on, which being of a clammy nature, do easily incorporate with each other, and do produce the White Contents, of the Urine, inclining to the bottom of the Urinal.

Learned Doctor Willis, * 1.2336 maketh the Contents of Urine to be a Compositi∣on of many long small Filaments, interwoven and complicated with each other, produced by various motions upward and downward, this and that way, whereby they mutually embody: Of which the Renowned Author giveth a farther account, Pag. 11. De Urinis Filamenta ista sunt longa & tertia, etiam asperitatibus quibusdam veprium instar praedita, ut hinc inde commota facile se invicem corripiant, & inter se complicentur, non aliter ac si matracio aquae-pleno plurimos injicias pilos, ac deinde vas istud diu conquassando circumducas; pili primo sparsim innatantes, brevi post tempore se mutuo comprehendent, ac in unam fasciolam colligentur pari (uti videtur) ratione Filamenta, quae Hypostasin con∣stituunt, calore & Spiritibus Urinae insitis varie hinc inde agitata, se invicem implicant & protrudunt, donec mutuo omnium implexu in unam nubeculam coe∣unt; & quoniam Filamenta illa sunt compacta, & Caeteris contentis solidiora, pondere suo versus fundum subsidunt.

This Hypothesis may be probably reinforced, by reason of the Fila∣ments seated in the Blood, which being endued with a laudable dispositi∣on (fit for Nutrition) is affected with many white Fibres, because the Blood let out of the Vessels being immitted into warm Water, the red Cras∣sament is diluted, and the long white Filaments may be discovered to swim on the surface of the Water.

In ill Hydropick Constitutions of Bodies, the Blood being clogged with watry Recrements, is despoiled of its well digested Filaments, where∣upon the Urine is destitute of all Hypostasis, or groweth turbid and confu∣sed, which is caused by a quantity of gross reliques of Concoction, filling up the Pores of the Urine.

A good and laudable Hypostasis, * 1.2337 is of a white Colour, proceeding from the remains of Nutricion, which is repaired by the Crystalline part of the

Blood, embodied with the Nervous Liquor; which being both of a whitish aray, give the same Tincture to the Hypostasis, which is their more crude Particles, disserviceable to Nutricion, as being not capable to be received into the innumerable Pores of the solid parts, in order to be turned into their substance.

It is of a kind of equal Consistence, not gross in one part, * 1.2338 and thin in another, and hath a kind of round, or rather, as I conceive, an Oval Fi∣gure, when the Urine is confined within the sides of a Urinal, and hangeth in the body of the Urine, somewhat tending towards its lower Region.

The Consistence of Urine in healthy Persons, is of a middle nature, * 1.2339 be∣tween Thick and Thin, somewhat resembling a high bodied Langoon white Wine, or well-brued Ale, as Doctor Willis will have it, consisting of ma∣ny well dissolved particles of Salt and Sulphur, and some Earth broken very small, and lodged in the innumerable Pores of Urine: So that if they be destitute of Saline, Sulphureous, and Earthy Particles (as it is often found in great Drinkers) the Urine hath a thin pale colour; but in other Bodies, that have foul Masses of Blood, the Urine groweth thick and turbid, as filled with gross Recrements, the products of an ill Concocted Blood, and vitiated Nutricion, wherein the solid parts of the Body are rendred Emaciated, as wanting a due matter of Nutricion.

The End of the Third Part.

To the Right Honourable MY LORD JOHN CECIL Earl of Exeter.

My LORD,

YOƲR Lordships Candor, and Gentiletse, have given me an in∣vitation to make my Humble Addresse to you, who are most Propense to give a kind reception to the smallest Pre∣sent, offered in great Duty and Affection; Whereupon I am very much encouraged to give you the trouble of my mean Sentiments, * 1.2340 which I am as∣sured (though no ways meritorious of your Lordships esteemes)

shall receive a Candid Interpretation; and whatsoever is amiss shall have the Honour of your Lordships Pardon, and be in some sort rendred significant in your acceptance, who can make small things great, if you set a value upon them, as ordinary Stones are made Jewels, when worn by Persons of Honour.

And now my LORD, the Results of my Retirements and Studies do tend toward you, as a Center of high Learning, and great Knowledge; and plead no excuse for their forward∣ness, but the assurance of your great Goodness, that re∣jects no application made in high Devotion, in which I pro∣mise to my self a fair interpretation, as offering an occasion to your Lordship, to exercise your profound parts, in making a great search into the Mysteries of Nature, in which you have been long highly versed, as entertaining your Self in your vacant Hours, with much pleasure and satisfaction.

And although these little notions which I have heaped to∣gether, cannot add any thing to your more Learned apprehen∣sions, yet they may sometimes give hints, whereby you may actuate your more elevated Thoughts, and employ your Fancy, and put the body of your Learning into Fermentation, by pre∣senting you with the circumstances and parts of such Senti∣ments (which hold Analogy with your more deep Conceptions) the Passe temps to alleviate your more severe and serious Hours.

And now my Lord I beg the freedom, with your permissi∣on, to tell your Lordship, without Flattery, I have most high esteems, not only for your intellectual, but Moral Per∣fections too, as those of a greater Magnitude, and higher Orbe, which render you illustrious in the eye of the World: Your great inclinations to do acts of Honour, Charity, and Justice, and your most Generous Humeur of Treating your Friends with a most civil Deportment of kind Looks, amicable Ge∣stures, and pleasant merry Language, do endear and captivate your Associates in a free, open, and ingenuous Converse, at∣tended with good Cheer, and excellent Diet, as so many ex∣presses of your noble Entertainment. And your heroick Vir∣tues are covered with Humility, as with a Vail, like a Beau∣ty shaded with Tiffeny, which transmits its excellency to the Eye, made more greedy and apprehensive by a thin transpa∣rent restraint.

And now I take the boldness Humbly to present your Lordship with the mean Discourses relating to the Organs of Generation, consisting of a Noble Apparatus of great variety of excellent parts (framed in admirable order) which your Lordship, and your accomplish'd Lady have highly improved in a fruitful and hopeful Progeny, which I hope will render you immortal in successive Generations, till time shall cease, and be swallowed up in a happy Eternity.

My Great intention at this time, is to give you my most Humble Duty, and most Affectionate Esteems, accompanied

with hearty wishes for your Health and Happiness, and shall ever deem my self highly Honoured to improve my utmost pow∣er in all good Offices to serve your Lordship; having this design, That when Posterity shall see your Honoured Name employed to rescue these Papers from Contempt, they may with more confidence expect in them something fit to be offered to a Person of so great Honour. My Lord, I am Master of my Aim, if I can serve you in your Interests; and I shall deem my self well rewarded, if you shall be pleased to give me your Pardon for this trouble, and put me in the number of your Relatives, who am most passionately for ever,

My LORD,

Your Lordships most Obedient, And obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS.

The First BOOK.

The Fourth PART.

CHAP. I. The Parts of Generation in Man.

THe first Principle of Mankind, * 1.2341 having preva∣ricated the Primitive Law (constituted in Pa∣radise) was condemned by Gods Justice and Mercy to Death, as a Curse and a Blessing, at once to shorten his unhappy Days below, and put him into a capacity of not disserving his Maker above; and to exchange a misera∣ble Temporal, for a happy Eternal state of Glory.

The first Agent hath made a Compensation for one Mans Death, in restitution of ano∣thers Life, by way of Propagation.

Mans happiness consisteth in a double Similitude: As to the first, * 1.2342 The Supream Being hath naturally implanted in him an appetite to be like his Maker: And as to the second, hath given him desires to beget somewhat like himself. In order to accomplish the first, the Infinite God, hath impar∣ted to him out of his great Wisdom and Mercy, natural Instruments and Abilities; and to that end, hath imprinted in the Table of his Heart, excel∣lent Sanctions to promote the Triade of his Duty, speaking Piety to God, Justice to his Neighbour, and Sobriety towards his own Person, as most con∣ducive to his Happiness.

From the first Appetite of Man, to resemble his Maker in likeness, * 1.2343 and from Love the natural Instrument of his desires of Happiness, do descend all the first Obligations of Religion, in which some are primarily implanted in Man by Nature, and others proceed by way of Superinduction, and posi∣tive Commands.

The second Appetite of Man (founded in the first Principles of Nature) is given him as Productive of somewhat like himself, * 1.2344 to perpetuate his Race, and as aemulous of Eternity, to preserve himself in another by way of Ge∣neration: Whereupon the Omnipotent God, out of his generous Love to Mankind, hath Crowned the happy union of Man and Woman, in their first estate of Matrimony, with the blessing of Encrease and Multiply.

And in reference to Man's natural Appetite, * 1.2345 to beget somewhat like him∣self, the great Heavenly Mind, hath hollowed these Second desires with a peculiar Sanction, and out of an act of high loving kindness to Him, hath created a Woman as an Instrument of Propagation, as an associate of his Troubles, as a dear Companion of more pleasant Converse, and as a meet help to assist him in all good and friendly Offices, in a discreet Conduct of his Domestick Affairs during the whole course of his Life.

And the First Man had his new Bride created out of him; * 1.2346 and his Wife being a part of himself, did naturally oblige him by all ways possible to Caress her with a most entire Affection, and to endear her with the greatest Love and Compleasance imaginable: And though the Origen of Man∣kind, had no choice to gratifie his curious Phancy, yet the Prime Agent made his Spouse so amiable, * 1.2347 that he could not refuse her, as Beautiful in the Li∣neaments of her Face, adorned with Roses and Lillies, and her Body so well shaped, as composed of variety of parts, answering each other in due pro∣portions; so that her handsome Body was a fair Cabbinet, to entertain the more excellent Jewel of her Soul, * 1.2348 originally graced with natural endow∣ments of great Knowledg, Vertue, Honour, and good Humeur, which were high Obligations laid upon the First Man, to confer his most affecti∣onate esteems on his choice Spouse, as a Mistress of great perfections of Body and Mind, to court and engage him to his own Advantage, by an intimate Converse and Fruition, to propagate himself to perpetuate his Memory and Nature, in the Character of his own Image.

Whereupon the First Man was obliged to Espouse a Woman in great Love, * 1.2349 as Created on purpose to be instrument of his Delight and Happi∣ness, as well as the propagation of others; which gave an advantage to Posterity, who had a Freedom as soon as the World was Peopled, to make a choice of some select Person out of many Beavies of Women, to be the Mistress of his Affections, to whom he may make kind Addresses, as court∣ing her with pleasant Looks, chearful Smiles, soft Language, and endearing Gestures, as so many expresses of his Amours, thereby to render him Ma∣ster of his Design, in making a conquest upon his Coy Mistress, in order to the fruition of those Sweets, which are hallowed by the Institution of Marriage; and though stolen Waters seem to be sweet, yet they are De∣secrated, as forbidden Fruit, and speak a Curse to him, that doth not enjoy, but after a manner deflowre a Woman in irregular Converse, without Gods License and Order: And the Offender paieth often dear for his stolen Sweets, which end in rottenness of Bones, and horrid Pains, the earnest of future endless Torments.

Whereupon I humbly conceive, * 1.2350 it is our Happiness, as well as our Duty, to conform to Gods holy Commands, in the regular satisfaction of our Sensual Appetite, as designed to an excellent end of Propagation; of which our Maker hath instituted Woman an Instrument as a Wife, and not as a Mistress, as having bounded our unreasonable desires, * 1.2351 to prevent the inconvenience of impure Mixtures, which often degenerate into a Venenate Nature, and propagate Diseases in stead of Children, by Poysoning the guilty parts, the

immediate instrument of Prevarication; and afterward the other more no∣ble parts, and the Select Liquors; which make Offenders examples of Gods Justice, by marking their Noses and Faces, those elegant parts that tempted to Folly. Wherefore supposing, which is very false, That there is no Judg to sentence, nor Heaven to reward, or Hell to punish; yet our interest of Health, and quiet repose of Mind, * 1.2352 would oblige us to the observance of Gods Commands, which are salutary Precepts, if they were Consigned to no other end, but the preservation of our Bodies, in making our Members instruments of our own Happiness, as well as of Gods Service and Glory.

Whence our uncomly parts as Debauched, are branded with Shame and Dishonour, and have abundant comliness, as being hallowed by Christs Sanction of Matrimony, * 1.2353 and being improved according to their Makers first design in their Creation, may be made excellent and honourable in the Propagation of Mankind, and in the increase of the Kingdom of Heaven, as replenished with Sons and Daughters of the Morning; which are so ma∣ny Stars of different Magnitudes, bespangling the Empyrean Heaven, the Throne of God, and the Seat of the Blessed.

Thus begging pardon for my Digression, which I hope, is not altogether Impertinent, by reason I have given you my good advice as a Physician, out of love to preserve your Health, that you may not destroy your selves, while you Propagate others; wherefore, as you value your selves, your Maker, and your Happiness, in this World and that to come, abstain inor∣dinate Embraces, and by dedicating your selves by Prayer and Divine Me∣ditation to the Service of God, you may make your Bodies Members of Christ, and Temples of the Holy Ghost, and render those meaner parts of the Body, I am now Discoursing of, happy Instruments of great good.

And now I cannot but admire and adore the infinite Wisdom of the Su∣pream Agent, who hath ordained such choice parts of Generation, * 1.2354 which are Constituted in great variety and excellent Order, as subservient to each other: The preparing Vessels subservient to the Testicles, the Testicles to the Parastates, the deferent Vessels to the Seminal Vesicles and Prostates, as so many Repositories of Natures great Elixir, productive of Mankind. Whereupon I will follow Natures Method, by treading in her steps; and begin with the Preparing Vessels, which present themselves, when the Du∣plicature of the Peritonaeum is opened.

The Spermatick Arteries and Veins, are two of each in number: * 1.2355 The Arteries are propagated according to the common course of Nature, not exactly out of the Right Side, but rather out of the Anterior Region of the Descendent Trunk of the great Artery † 1.2356, and the right Branch relating to the Spermatick Artery climbing over the Vena Cava, doth bend its course toward the Spermatick Vein, lodged in the same side; and the left Branch of the preparing Artery tendeth to the Vein, seated in the Left Side.

Learned De Graaf, giveth an account of a Body Dissected at Delph in Holland, who according to an extraordinary course of Nature, saw the right Branch of the Spermatick Artery, ascend as far as the Emulgent Vein of the Left Side, and with it associated it self, and then bent its course downward, and was conjoyned with the other Artery belonging to the Left Side, and did tend downward with the preparing Vein; and when the said unusual Sper∣matick Arteries did unite, which was but a small space after their rise, they did take their progress through the region of the Loins, over the Flexors of the Thighs, and climbing on each side over the Ureters, did transmit di∣vers small Branches to the Peritonaeum.

The Spermatick Vessels, * 1.2357 are vulgarly thought not to pierce the Rim of the Belly, as in Dogs, wherein is left a void space between the Vessels and Pe∣ritonaeum: But in Man, the Vessels are conveyed between the two Mem∣branes of the Rim of the Belly, * 1.2358 as between two safe fine Walls, to con∣serve and guard them from the assaults of the neighbouring parts, which compressing the Arteries, might hinder the due Current of the Vital Liquor, toward the Testicles. So that these Vessels are safely conveyed within the Coats of the Peritonaeum, whose upper Membrane doth so finely close the passage, that the Intestines cannot fall into the Scrotum; and this Membrane is overmuch dilated in Ruptures, wherein the Caul, or Intestines, or both to∣gether, doth quit their natural station and repose, and slide through the en∣larged passage relating to the process of the Peritonaeum, into the troublesome Cavity of the Scrotum, wherein they are straightly confined as in a close Pri∣on, thereby rendring the Body uneasie.

If the Process of the Rim of the Belly, * 1.2359 did gape as much in Humane Bo∣dies as in Bruits (wherein it conveyeth the Spermatick Vessels) Man having an erect posture of his Body in Progressive Motion, the Caul and Intestines being pressed downward by their own weight, would thrust themselves into the aperture of the Process, relating to the Rim of the Belly, and by conse∣quence, * 1.2360 force themselves into the Cavity of the Scrotum.

But the inconvenience of the empty space, left after the perforation of the Process belonging to the Peritonaeum, made by the Spermatick Vessels in Dogs and Bruits, is prevented; by reason their Progressive Motion is per∣formed in a prone position of the Body, whereupon the Caul and Intestines are easily contained in the Cavity of the Abdomen, as in a proper place, with∣out any tendency downward toward the Hole, bored by the Transmission of the preparing Vessels; and thereupon Bruits are not liable to any Hier∣nia, by the falling down of the Caul or Guts, into the Serotum.

The Spermatick Arteries, * 1.2361 when they have quitted the Cavity of the low∣est Apartiment, they here and there do dispense many Minute Branches (into the adjoyning parts) which are so small, that they can scarce be dis∣cerned, unless they be rendred turgid by Inflation, effected by a Blow-Pipe: And the Trunk, out of which these fine Vessels do sprout, doth not make so many Maeanders in Men, as in Bruits, but is carried in more straight course to the Testicles.

And it seemeth very strange, * 1.2362 how the great streams of Ancient and Mo∣dern Anatomists, should run so far from the Channel of Truth, as to de∣scribe the preparing Arteries, to make turnings and windings in the form of fruitful Tendrels of Vines, shooting in many Divarications: Whereupon the preparing Vesicles obtained the appellative of Vasa Pampiniformia, and Py∣ramidalia; whereas in truth, the Spermatick Vessels in Men, make their de∣scent in a straight position toward the Testicles, without many Gyres, and Circumvolutions, as many will have it, who are more versed in the Disse∣ction of Bruits then Men.

CHAP. II. Of the Testicles.

LIndenius, is of an opinion, That the Arteries relating to the Testicles, * 1.2363 do exceed the Veins in Magnitude, which if granted, is different from the Arteries, dispensed through other parts of the Body: And I con∣ceive, the reason is this, Because the Blood is impelled with greater force through the Arteries, and the retrograde motion of the same Blood in quan∣tity being more slow in the Veins, must necessarily imply them to be more large, or more numerous at least, to give a due reception to the Blood, else the Circulation of it cannot be made good through the Veins. Perhaps it may be true, as this Learned Author will have it, in some Salacious Per∣sons, who are a kind of Monsters in Nature, as having the Arteries greater then the Veins; but this is a great rarity, as it is very evident to Autopsy.

Paraeus giveth an account of an Old Man, * 1.2364 that was Hanged and Disse∣cted, in whom was found but one Preparing Artery. Sicut ait ille, Anno. 1598. Cadaver senis suspensi, qui venas quidem spermaticas circa initium ha∣bebat bifidas, Arteriam autem Spermaticam non nisi unam, ex medio Trunco ortam, decuplo majorem vulgaribus, duabus recta in Parastatas desinentes, hic quum annum ageret 67. tam erat faecundus, ut uxorem relinqueret gravidam, & cum duodecem Liberis. And the reason of the successful endeavours of the Old Man in point of Propagation, Pawius attributeth to the greatness of the Spermatick Artery: * 1.2365 But I conceive it more probable to assign the cause of his fruitfulness of the Seminal Liquor, and laudable disposition of the Testicles, to the Hypogastrick Artery, transmitting a Branch into the Testicle, to supply the defect of the Spermatick Artery, which should have proceeded from the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta.

The use that Doctor Glysson assigneth to the Spermatick Arteries, * 1.2366 is only to impart heat to the Testicles, and nothing in reference to generate the Seminal Matter. But with the permission of this Learned Author, the Preparing Arteries, do contribute to the production of the Semen, by reason they transmit a Serous and Chymous Liquor, associated with the Fibrous parts of the Blood, into the Testicles, wherein a separation is made of the delicate, the Crystalline Liquor, and Milky parts not assimilated into Blood; which I conceive, is the Materia Substrata productive of Seminal Liquor, which is generated in great quantity in Lustful Persons, highly indulging Venery, and cannot totally proceed from Nervous Liquor, moving very slowly, and in small quantity, between the Filaments of the small Nerves, belonging to the Testicles. But of this, with your leave, I will take the freedom to give a more full account in a subsequent Discourse, concerning the generation of Seminal Liquor.

Having discoursed the Origen and Progress of the Preparing Arteries, * 1.2367 it followeth in course to Treat of their Associates, the Spermatick Veins, which do equal the Arteries in number, and exceed them in bigness, as it is manifest in most Men, according to Ocular Demonstration, to any Per∣son, that curiously enquireth into the secrets of Nature.

The right preparing Vein, * 1.2368 taketh its rise out of the Trunk of the Cava † 1.2369 (somewhat under the Emulgent Vein) out of which it ariseth for the most part in a single Origen, and rarely in a double.

The left Spermatick Vein, * 1.2370 issueth out of the middle of the Interior Regi∣on, belonging to the Emulgent Vein † 1.2371, and sometimes the Spermatick Veins do borrow their beginning in both sides, from the Emulgent Veins.

The Spermatick Veins, before they quit the lowest Apartiment, are ren∣dred fruitful in many Divarications, some of which do spring out of their Origination, and are dispersed into the Caul, and Rim of the Belly; and others here and there associate again, * 1.2372 and afterward send forth many Branches, which pass in great Gyres toward the Testicles, and make the Pyramidal body, which being cut off four or five Fingers breadth above the Testicles, you may plainly discover the Cavities of the Vessels. So that, as Learned De Graaf will have it, If you put a Blow-pipe into one of the Veins, the Branches will swell immediately; which hath so far imposed upon some over-credulous Anatomists, as to make them believe upon this account, that the Veins have Inosculation with the Arteries; which cannot at all be evin∣ced by this Experiment, because the Branches of the Spermatick Arteries, having no immediate entercourse with the Veins, are not puffed up by the inflation of them, so that the Arteries remain lank, as unconcerned in the Dilatation of the Veins, when they are blown up with enspired Air.

In the Spermatick Veins, * 1.2373 two or three Remarks do occur: The first is, That their inward Region is beset with many Valves, not only about their egress near the Cava, and Emulgent Veins, but also through their whole progress toward the Testicles, as so many Locks to promote the streams of Blood in their current upward toward the Cava, and to bound its recourse downward toward the Testicles.

The second observable is, * 1.2374 That these Veins are often defaced with vari∣cose Tumors, chiefly about the Valves, produced as I conceive, by a gross Mass of Blood, which stopping about the Valves, doth enlarge the Coats of the Veins, and render the Pyramidal body knotty, and Varicose.

The third remark is, * 1.2375 which divers Antient Anatomists have not observed: That the Veins do not keep the same uniform progress with the Arteries, which in them is more straight; but the course of the Veins is more crooked, and full of Labyrinths, by reason they emit great variety of Branches up∣ward, and do terminate within the Membranes, resembling the Tendrels of Veins; whence the former Anatomists have stiled these Plexes of nume∣rous Veins Corpus Pyramidale, and Pampiniforme.

The use of the Spermatick Veins, * 1.2376 is to reconvey the superfluity of Blood, after it hath been serviceable to the Testicles upward, into the great Trunk of the Cava, and afterward into the right Auricle, and Chamber of the Heart, to enoble the Vital Liquor with Spirituous and Saline Particles, received from the Testicles; which make the Blood more active and vivid, imparting vigor and strength to the whole Body. So that Persons upon Castration, made destitute of these useful parts, which speak them perfect Men, lose their chearful Manly Looks, and their noble parts grow faint and languid, and are bereaved of their gay Temper, and daring Courage, gal∣lantry of Mind, Strength, and Activity of Body, as well as the excellency of the Intellectual Faculties. * 1.2377

Thus having Treated of the Spermatick Arteries, separately in their single Capacities, I will now, with the leave of the worthy Reader, make bold to speak somwhat, how they are in Association, and make their progress

toward the Testicles; which are each of them endowed with an Artery, and a Vein, which though they be disjoyned near the Kidneys, yet after∣ward they approach each other and unite, and make some small Flexures, encompassed within each others soft embraces, which are made so close by the mediation of a Membrane, derived from the Peritonaeum, that they can scarce admit any parting without Laceration.

Sattsmannus, in his Anatomical Observations, * 1.2378 made a description of three Humane Bodies, in which he discovered the left Artery, arising out of the Trunk of the Aorta, a little under the Emulgent, not to enter im∣mediately into confaederacy with the Spermatick Veins, but to ascend first toward the Emulgent Vein, and afterward overtopping it, did twine about its surface, and then descend into association with it, to the Groins, where they enter into society with a small Nerve, a Branch of the Par Vagum, derived from a Plex lodged in the lowest Apartiment.

Sometimes the Spermatick Arteries and Veins being in conjunction with the Spinal Nerve, springing out of the 21 pair of Vertebral Nerves, * 1.2379 and with the Cremaster Muscle, do pass out of the Cavity of the more free Abdomen, into the more straight enclosure of the Scrotum, through a Process, which is a production of the outward Membrane of the Peritonaeum, making a case in which the Spermatick Vessels and Testicles are lodged, as in a secure Repository.

And the Spermatick Vessels in their passage are secured, * 1.2380 and tied to each other by the interposition of many small Membranes and Nerves, and when they land and enter into the Testicles, they part company, and the Arte∣ries are partly dispensed into the Parastats, and partly into the Testicles, and for the most part creep under the proper Coat, immediately encircling the Testicles, making Flexures, sometimes toward the right side, and sometimes toward the left, after the manner of a Roman S, and emit numerous Branches into the body of the Testicles, and at last unite in a common Duct, and afterward quit the Duct, and have recourse to the Ambient part of the Testicles.

The Spermatick Veins into small Branches, * 1.2381 are entangled with the Ar∣teries, and interwoven with each other, after the manner of a curiously wrought Network; and the Veins do not only accoast each other in super∣ficial embraces, but have a more intimate converse by mutual Inosculations, * 1.2382 by a perforation made through the Coat of one Vein into its associate, wherein they hold an entercourse by the transmission of Vital Liquor, out of one Vein into another.

But on the other side, the Preparing Arteries, contrary to the opinion of many Anatomists, do not Inosculate with Veins: Perhaps divers have been mistaken, by reason the Spermatick Arteries are frequently in conjunction with the Spermatick Veins, which is no true Anastomosis, because the as∣sociation of the Arteries and Veins is only superficial; and there is no Aper∣ture interceding those Vessels of different kinds, so that they have no near correspondence with each other, by the transfusion of Liquor out of the Ar∣teries into the Veins, if they were related to each other by mutual Inosculati∣ons. And this may be rendred clear Experimentally, by making a Ligature up∣on the Preparing Vessels near the Testicles, and a quantity of Liquor being emitted into the Trunk of the Spermatick Artery above, the Arterial Branches grow big below, and at the same time none of the venal Branches are at all concerned in this Injection, as keeping the same uniform Dimensions they had before; and if the Ligature of the Spermatick Vessels be taken off,

and Liquor be freely injected by a Syringe into the Arterial Trunk above, the Liquor will descend gradually into the Testicles, and from thence be reconveyed into the Veins, and afterward fill the Branches of the Pyrami∣dal body, and no way affect the Arteries associated with them.

And it doth not only contradict Experience too, * 1.2383 that the Preparing Ar∣teries should have Inosculations with the Veins, but also being supposed, this ill Consequence will follow; that the Blood descending out of the Trunk of the Aorta, into the Spermatick Arteries, would from thence be immedi∣ately impelled through the Anastomosis, into the Veins: So that the course of the Vital Liquor would be so far intercepted, as not at all to be poured into the substance of the Testicles, whereupon they would not communicate the Serous and Chymous Particles to the Parenchyma of the Testicles, where∣in they are to be severed from the Red Crassament of the Blood, as a subject matter of Genital Liquor.

The structure of the Testicles, which discriminates a Man from the other Sex, is the subject of our present Discourse, as they are encircled with ma∣ny Tunicles, beautified with an elegant Figure, composed of a uniform substance, and various Vessels, and enobled with an excellent use.

The Tunicles, * 1.2384 or Coats, investing the Testicles differ in largeness, stru∣cture, and fineness: Vesalius, Diemerbroeck, Westlingius, and most Anato∣mists, have enumerated only Four; but Columbus and Lindanus, have given out a fifth, and have been more curious in their Phancy, then Nature in her Production; and have made two of one Coat. And therefore I will insist in the steps of most Anatomists, in assigning only four Tunicles enwrap∣ping the Testicles, which being framed together, do represent a Purse (con∣sisting of outward thicker stuff, furnished with many Linings) the Cabbanet of two precious Stones.

These Tunicles may admit another division of common and proper, * 1.2385 of which the first is External, vulgarly receiving the appellative of Bursa, from the Figure of a Purse, composed of Leather; and from this thick Coat, the whole compage of Tunicles borrow their denomination of Scrotum, which was originally given to any Pouch made of a Skin or Hide, * 1.2386 and up∣on this account it is called so in Man: And its outward Skin, called Bursa, is nothing else but a composition of Cutis and Cuticula, of the outward and inward Skin, which is much thinner then in other parts of the Body, ador∣ned with many small Arteries, Veins, and Nervous Filaments, interspersed with fleshy Fibres, curiously interwoven.

This outward Coat is destitute of all Fat: Christopher Riedenger, an Am∣sterdam Chirurgeon, giveth an account of Mr. Martin Schatius, who as the Chyrurgeons conceived, laboured with a Hiernia Intestinalis, which no Art or Industry could so far reduce, but there always remained beside the Te∣sticle, a Tumour as big as an Egg. So that when this Person was Dead, the Chyrurgeon of Amsterdam, being desirous to see the Hiernia, they could not reduce, opened the Body, and more especially the swelled Scrotum, wherein upon a curious enquiry, they discovered a quantity of Fat growing to the bottom of the Scrotum, and some parts of the Ileon fastned to the vagi∣nal Coat, by the interposition of many Fibres.

And I conceive the cause why Nature is so kind to it self, * 1.2387 as to deny all Fat to the inside of the Scrotum, is to keep it from a troublesome Extension, which would give a discomposure, and hinder the quickness and ease of Pro∣gressive Motion; and furthermore, this uneasie Lining, if stuffed with Fat, would disorder the Relaxation and Corrugation of it: Which, as I appre∣hend

hend, proceedeth from the various disposition of Carnous Fibres.

This outward thick and rough Coat, * 1.2388 is divided into two equal Aparti∣ments by a Suture, or Seam, running the whole length of the Bursa, by which the Scrotum is distinguished into a right and left Region.

The second common Coat, or Vest of the Testicles, * 1.2389 is lodged immedi∣ately under the Bursa, stiled Dartos, and taketh its origen from the Membrana Carnosa, a thin Muscular Membrane, dressed with many Carnous Fibres, and accommodated with many Ramulets and Veins, shading this fine Coat, which revive it with the course and recourse of Vital Liquor: And by the help of this Covering, assisted with fleshy Fibres, * 1.2390 the neigh∣bouring Coat, called the Bursa, contracteth and purseth up it self, whence it is endued with various Folds and Wrinkles, especially when it is exposed to the cold Air, which causeth the Carnous Fibres to contract themselves, and narrow the dilated Dimensions of the first Coat of the Scrotum. And I have read a History of a Man, who had a power given him by Nature, flowing from the Carnous Fibres, to contract his Scrotum at pleasure; as some Men have a freedom to contract their Foreheads when they please, which proceedeth from the Muscular Fibres, lodged under the Skin in the Forehead.

And it is further observed by Women, skilful in Nursing of Children, * 1.2391 that the contraction of the Scrotum, is an emblem of Health and Strength; and they think it an ill Omen in Infants when they Suck, to have a relaxed Scrotum, proceeding from the Muscular Fibres, which are not able to contract the Scrotum, an argument of weakness in the Body.

The proper Membranes, or Vests, more nearly encircling the Testicles, * 1.2392 are two: The first is stiled Erythroeides, from its red Colour, as adorned with great variety of Blood Vessels; and thereupon Paulus Aegineta calleth it Capreolaris, as Enameled with divers Vessels, * 1.2393 resembling the Minute Branches of Vines. And others call this third Coat Unginalis, as enclosing the Testicles as in a Sheath, * 1.2394 derived from the Coat relating to the Rim of the Belly; and to the outward surface of this Tunicle, is conjoyned the Mus∣culus Cremaster dictus, which borroweth its origen from the Ligament of the Os Pubis in Man: And in other Animals, from the Tendons of the transverse Muscles appertaining to the Abdomen, which take their rise from a very obscure Principle, which is scarce discernable, and the Carnous Fibres of this Coat run the whole length of the inferior region of the Vaginal Tunicle; and I conceive these Fibres are auxiliary to those of the Dartos, in order to contract the Scrotum.

The fourth Tunicle of the Testicles, is the Albuginea, * 1.2395 which is a very thin Coat, and may be called a fine white vail for its Colour and Contex∣ture, immediately covering the substance of the Testicles, adorned with variety of Vessels, every way exactly complying with the shape of them, and being of a close Compage, do every where encircle the tender frame of the Testicles, to conserve them in their proper place, as in a safe Reposi∣tory, and is very conducive by its mediation, for the better dispensation of the Vessels; which is evident in the Testicles of Calves, in which the San∣guiducts may easily be discerned, to make their progress between the Du∣plicature of this Coat.

The outward surface of this Coat, seemeth to be smooth, as well polish∣ed by Nature, and bedewed with a clear Crystalline Humour, setting a kind of Gloss upon this Tunicle, in which the soft compage of the Testicles are immured, as gently every way fastned to this Albugineous Coat; and to its

upper surface, the preparing Vessels, the Arteries and Veins, and also Nerves and Lymphaeducts, seem first to be conjoyned, and afterward to quit its com∣pany by piercing its Coat, thereby making way into the body of the Testicles.

The use of this Triade of Membranes, * 1.2396 is to aray the Testicles, as with so many Vests, to secure them as tender parts, pendulous without the confines of the lowest Apartiment, and thereupon to guard them against the frequent attempts of Cold, * 1.2397 and other ill Accidents.

The second use of the Coats, enwrapping the Testicles, is to keep them in a due Balance, lest their weight should force them to fall too low, and stretch their preparing Vessels beyond their due limits, and thereby too much contract their Cavities, and hinder the due Motion of the Blood into the Testicles, and so frustrate the design of Nature, in reviving the chil and faint substance of the Testicles, with the heat and vital spirits of the Blood.

The third use is that of the Dartos, * 1.2398 proceeding from the Membrana Car∣nosa, as dressed with many Muscular Fibres, which contracting themselves do narrow the Cavity of the Scrotum, and keep the Testicles in a due posi∣tion, which is most requisite in Coitu, wherein an Excretion is made of the Seminal Liquor, * 1.2399 coming out of the Testicles, to supply the emptied Semi∣nal vesicles, after the ejection of Semen. And indeed, the drawing up the Testicles toward the Abdomen, doth not so much proceed from the Corru∣gation of the Scrotum, made by the fleshy Fibres of the Dartos, but from the contraction of the Musculi Cremasteres, which being rendred tense, do pull up the Testicles toward the process of the Rim of the Belly.

The Testicles are endued with a peculiar substance, * 1.2400 somewhat different from any part of the Body, and is of a delicate, white and soft Compage; a Systeme made up of an innumerable company of small Vessels, curiously interwoven, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, and Seminal Ducts, as so many Tubes, conveying and reconveying several Liquors, to and fro the Body, and Ambient parts of the Testicles.

The substance of the Testicles, * 1.2401 is Spungy and Glandulous, according to Galen, Bauhinus, Fallopius, Spigelius, Westlingius, Maebius, Doctor High∣more, and Doctor Wharton, and many other Antient and Modern Ana∣tomists.

These excellent Twins of Glandulous bodies, * 1.2402 are enobled with many sorts of excellent Vessels, whose Interstices are filled up with a delicate white soft Parenchyma, every way adhaering to the Coats of the Vessels.

Others are of an opinion, * 1.2403 that the Testicles are accommodated with a Pulpy substance, as Ruffus Ephesius hath affirmed: And Renowned Lindanus hath given his Suffrage also, in favour of this Opinion, Medic. Physiolog. Cap. Sept. de Testibus, Ait ille Pultaceam hanc Testium substantiam sui generis Parenchyma esse. Saith he, This Pulpy substance of the Testicles, is a Paren∣chyma of its kind; and is much akin to the substance of Marrow, as Celsus will have it in his Seventh Book, and Eighteenth Chapter; Testiculi simile quiddam medullis habent. Whence it may be easily inferred, that the sub∣stance of the Testicles is very obscure and intricate, according to Learned De Graaf, who conceiveth, that no Anatomist as yet, hath discovered the true substance of the Testicles, in his Book De Virorum Organis. And to to do him Justice, I will take the freedom to quote his Words: Nam pace eorum dixerimus, nullus hactenus veram Testiculorum substantiam scriptis dilu∣cidavit, immo quod magis est, ne quidem veritatis umbram attigit.

Illi enim qui Testes corpora Glandulosa pronuntiant, vehementer errant; quan∣doquidem in toto Teste, ne minima quidem pars Glandulae conspiciatur, & adhuc magis à veritate aberrant, qui Testiculorum substantiam pelliculosam, vel me∣dullarem indicant, quia nullam cum illa similitudinem obtinent.

And this Learned Author, * 1.2404 having denied the substance of the Testicles to be neither Glandulous, Pulpy, nor Medullary, proceedeth to give a far∣ther account of the substance of the Testicles, according to his own Senti∣ments in subsequent words: Qualis igitur sit Testiculorum substantia, si quis nos interroget, eam dicemus nihil aliud esse, quam congeriem minutissimorum vas∣culorum semen conficientium. In which he supposeth, that the substance of the Testicles is nothing else, but an aggregate body of most small Vessels. And I confess this Opinion hath much of reason in it, and doth enervate the Hypothesis of those Learned Anatomists, that assert the substance of the Testicles to be Glandulous, which is very agreeable to the Structure of these parts, which are framed of many Vessels of different kinds, Arteries, * 1.2405 Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts; and the Glands of the Testicles have peculiar Seminal Vessels, which cannot be found, in any other Glands of the Body. And therefore those of the Testicles, may upon a good title, assume to themselves the denomination of Glands, as they have a white soft Compage, furnished with great variety of Vessels, con∣sisting of many bodies, different in shape and size; whence the Testi∣cles may be truly stiled Colatories of several Liquors, and thereupon they merit the appellative of Glands; as it will be more clearly set forth hereafter, in a Discourse relating to the use of the Testicles, in order to the percolation of different Liquors, made by variety of Vessels, and more especially by the Seminal Ducts, in reference to the Seminal Matter.

And to prepare the way to vindicate this Assertion, I will make bold to entertain you for the present, with the Description of the different Tubes, the main constituents of the Glands of the Testicles.

The first Vessels that present themselves in order, are the Arteries: * 1.2406 Some are of an Opinion, that it is doubtful, whether any Vessels enter into the Compage of the Testicles, or only insert themselves into the proper Tuni∣cle of the Testicles. But Hyppocrates, the great Master of our Art, de∣termines this Controversie, In Libro de ossium Natura, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Venae tendunt juxta 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Musculos ex utraque parte in Testi∣culos. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, are promiscuously used by this great Author, for Arteries and Veins, which do enter into the Testicles: Others, because the Vessels have an obscure ingress into the Testicles, conceive that they are not at all trans∣mitted in their substance, but only lose themselves, and die in the Albu∣gineous Coat, where the Divarications are most discernable, and afterward are difficult to be traced into the body of the Testicles, by reason they are so small, that they evade an ordinary Eye; but in Emaciated Bodies, it is more easie to discover a multitude of small Arteries, transmitted through the whole Compage of the Testicles, which pass under their Albugineous Coat, and then make many Maeanders toward the right and left side of the Testicles, and afterward insinuate their numerous Ramulets into their more inward Recesses, and perforate the common Nervous Channel, and afterward make a Retrograde Progress toward the Circumference of the Testicles.

The Veins do also answer the Arteries, * 1.2407 as having a constant entercourse with them, and are very numerous both in the Albugineous Coat, and in the Ambient, and more inward parts of the Testicles, which are garnished with geat variety of venal Branches, as well as Arterial, making many

Divarications, both this and that way, through the whole substance of the Testicles; and their Capillary Extreamities are open to give a reception to the Blood, unuseful to the Testicles, and to reconvey it upward into the Trunk of the Cava, and from thence into the right Cistern of the Heart.

The Testicles have fruitful Nervous Fibres, * 1.2408 derived partly from the Par Vagum, and partly from the Spine, and more immediately from the lower Abdominal Plex; as Learned Doctor Wharton hath observed, in which the Nervous Fibres are variously interwoven and conjoyned, and the Nerves springing out of the Plex, do associate with the Arteries and their Divarica∣tions, to secure them from being intangled one with another; and the Nerves, the lower they descend, grow more numerous, and do impart ma∣ny Fibres into Coats investing the Testicles, and at length being propaga∣ted to their Ambient parts, do seem to be expanded into a Membrane, and constitute the Albugineous Coat, from whose upper surface, divers Fibrils are transmitted into the Nervous Ducts, which is a fair Tube composed of them. * 1.2409

The Lymphaeducts furnishing the Testicles, are more in large Animals, accommodated with fair Vessels, and do seem to take their rise from the Tunicles encircling the Testicles; * 1.2410 but in truth, as I humbly conceive, they proceed from their Glandulous substance, and pass thence to the Coats, and afterward accompany the Veins, and do enter into the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment, and thence take their course toward the Mesentery, and at last discharge their Liquor into the common Receptacle. * 1.2411

The Lymphaeducts of the Testicles, as well as Veins, are accommoda∣ted with many Valves, discovered by most Ingenious Mr. Steno, and are rendred very conspicuous, when the Lymphaeducts are big with Liquor, and then these fine Vessels appear as it were joynted and knotty, where the Valves are seated.

Learned De Graaf, * 1.2412 a Person very inquisitive into the secrets of Nature, giveth an account of a Memorable Experiment, whereby he rendred the Lymphaeducts of the Testicles more evident, by fastning a Ligature upon the Spermatick Vessels with the Lymphaeducts, at the distance of four Fin∣gers breadth from the Testicles: And in Cattle new killed, a discovery may be made without a Ligature, because the Lymphaeducts do swell, as being full of Liquor, without the assistance of Art; and two days after the Cattel have been flain, the Preparing Vessels being tied, the Lymphaeducts were plainly enlarged upon a gentle handling of the Testicle: Whereupon it may be inferred, that the Lympha, moving upon the soft compression of the Testicle, doth flow from the inward substance of the Testicle.

And the Lymphaeducts being swelled (as this Learned Author hath inti∣mated in Libro de virorum Organis) if they be cut off above the Ligature near the Testicles, no Liquor contained in the Lymphaeducts will destil, be∣cause the Valves hinder the flux of it downward toward the Testicles, but if the Vessels be cut off between the Ligature and the Testicles, whatsoever is contained between the Apertion and the Testicles will ouse out; which plainly argueth, that the Lympha doth flow from the Testicles toward the common Receptacle, and not from the Abdomen toward the Testicles

And these Glandulous bodies, * 1.2413 not only adorned with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, but also with other more proper Vessels, then any of these, which make up a great part of the substance of the Testicles, and speak them much to participate of the nature of Glands, and are the princi∣pal ingredients of the Testicles, as being endued with a faculty chiefly pro∣ductive

of the Seminal Liquor, from whence they borrow the title of Se∣minal Ducts, and are a Systeme of many Minute Vessels, that are Colatories, by whose help the more gentle and delicate are separated from the Fibrous; and sharp parts of the Blood, in reference to the production of Semen.

These Seminal Tubes, are Nervous Ducts, * 1.2414 taking their rise near the Albu∣gineous Coat, in the ambient parts of the Testicles, and are from thence propagated into then more inward substance toward the common Duct, in∣to which these Seminal Ducts do discharge their Liquor, and then into the Parastars, and Deferent Vessels; which being tied, the motion of the Seminal Liquor, is suppressed toward the Vesicles, the Repositories of it, whereupon the Seminal Ducts grow Tumefied, and offer themselves to the Eye of the Spectator.

Perhaps this Experiment may seem too mean, * 1.2415 and unworthy of our Re∣mark, therefore I will propound, if you please, a more easie one, wherein the Seminal Tubes may be seen with less trouble and difficulty, by procu∣ring the Testicles of the greater Dormouse, in which through the Albugi∣neous Coat as being transparent, the white Seminal Vessels may be seen; which being dispoiled of the Albuminous Coat, and thrown into a Bason full of Water, a little stirred up and down, a prospect will present it self as full of pleasure as admiration. So that the whole Compage of the Testicles, seemeth to be framed of innumerable small white Vessels, which appear as clear as Light, without the assistance of Art.

If any Person shall be so curious as to demand the Original of these Se∣minal Ducts, Renowned De Graaf, will ingenuously inform him, that he could never arrive upon a diligent search to the discovery of them, because they are apt to break, when they are traced with a gentle Hand, near their Origen, by reason of their great fineness and tenderness; whereupon the best way to discern the beginning of these white Vessels, may be effected in the Testicles of a Dormouse, through whose transparent Albugineous Coat, you may see the first rise of these Seminal Tubes, near the inside of the albugineous Tunicle in the ambient parts of the Testicles, near the Ex∣treamities of the Spermatick Arteries.

The termination of these Seminal Vessels, are more obvious to the Eye, * 1.2416 then their Origination, by reason when they have made many Circumvolu∣tions, they end into six or seven large Ducts, as De Graaf doth conceive. And as Doctor Wharton will have it, they terminate into one common Duct, and afterward make many Gyres, and Spires, resembling those of Serpents, or Eels, when they turn and wind their Bodies into divers Spiral Wreaths, to move from place to place.

The use of these various Maeanders attending the Seminal Vessels, is to bring the Genital Liquor by a slow Motion, performed in these various La∣byrinths of Vessels, to a great Consistence; which being accomplished, * 1.2417 the numerous white Vessels discharge their Liquor (as I conceive) into one common Duct, through which it is transmitted into the neighbouring Para∣stats, wherein after some stay, it is receptive of a farther Maturity; whereup∣on it is dispoiled of its Ash-coloured hue, and clothed with a more white aray.

And the Testicles are many Minute Glandulous Bodies, as so many Sy∣stemes of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, and Seminal Tubes, in∣terlined with a white spungy Parenchyma.

Having already Treated of the Origen, Process, Divarications, of all the Vessels, my Concern at this time, is to speak somewhat of the Parenchyma, as an appendant to these numerous Vessels, the Channels of various Liquors.

Many Learned Modern Anatomists, will not allow any Parenchyma at all, asserting all Glandulous Bodies to be aggregated of many Vessels of se∣veral kinds; and because they are invested with a white attire, not wholly made up of Seminal, but of Blood Vessels, Nervous Fibres, and Membranes. But I humbly conceive it probable, * 1.2418 which may easily be discovered, that there is another substance beside that of Vessels, which entreth into the composi∣tion of Glands, and is a soft white Affusion, or Parenchyma, a spongy Sub∣stance different from the various Tubes which are of a more solid nature, and also from the Parenchyma of the Viscera, and Muscles, endued with a firm Consistence, and a red Colour.

This Hypothesis of a Parenchyma, is opposed by many eminent Anato∣mists of this Age, and therefore I shall use my endeavours with their leave, to confirm it with some probable Arguments; at last begging their Pardon, if they be not satisfactory, to evince the truth of a Parenchyma, in the Glandulous substance of the Testicles: And though it be not accompanied with Fat, * 1.2419 which would enlarge their Bulk to a discomposure, yet they are much lessened in Atrophies, the sad Consequents in Hectick Fevers, and Consumptions: So that the Extenuation of the Testicles, would not attend the Emaciation of the Body, were they not interspersed with a soft delicate substance, adhaering to the Interstices of the Vessels, called Parenchyma. And though I confess, that the Testicles may be lessened by the exhausting of Blood, and Nervous Liquor, caused by unnatural heat in Hectick Fe∣vers, whereby they lose much of their tenseness, and plumpness: Yet I humbly conceive, that the defects of Liquors, would not make so great a diminution of the substance of the Testicles, were they not dispoiled of their Parenchyma (else they would appear more full) which being Colliquated by extraordinary heat, groweth thin and fluid, fit for Motion, whereupon it is received into the Extreamities of the Spermatick Veins, and accompanieth the Blood in its Motion toward the Cava, and right Chamber of the Heart. And furthermore, it is worth our farther remark, that the Viscera (which hold much analogy with the substance of the Testicles as being Glands) have their Parenchyma much lessened in Dimensions in some Chronick Dis∣eases, * 1.2420 which doth not proceed so much from the Extenuation of the Vessels and Fibrous parts, but from the Colliquation of the Vital Liquor, adhaering to the outward surface of the numerous Vessels, which being entertained into the Roots of the Veins, incorporates with the Blood to support its decay.

The Parenchyma of the Testicles, * 1.2421 may be farther cleared up by the Ex∣periment of Excarnating their Vessels, wherein the Testicles will lose their Magnitude, Figure, and Beauty, when they are divested of their white tender Lining, and then they appear to be a naked Composition, made up of loose disunited parts; whereupon the Vessels growing flabby, and highly defaced, by reason they are stripped of their Union and Ornament, the tender white Pulp filleth up the empty spaces interceding the Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Seminal Ducts: This Experiment may be celebrated by the long Maceration of the Testicles in fair Water, and afterward they may be divested of their white pulpy Lining, by a gentle scraping, and by frequent washing the Testicles, whereby the Vessels may be parted from their tender allies; so that their compage appears uncouth in the change of Figure and Colour, as bereaved of its Parenchyma.

But it may be, * 1.2422 some will inquire into the origen and nature of the Pa∣renchyma, belonging to the Testicles: To which this Reply may be given, That the beginning of this Parenchyma, is originally produced by a viscid Genital Liquor concreted, and accrescing to the sides of the several Vessels, which are the main constituent parts; and the Parenchyma is only a Com∣plement, whose tender Pulpy frame supplieth the place of a soft Bed for their repose.

The Parenchyma of the Testicles, as to the nature of it, is Mucilaginous, * 1.2423 and of a clammy white disposition, whereupon it is easily agglutinated to the Testicular Vessels, whose outward surfaces it every way encompasseth, keep∣ing them safe and disintangled in a due position, to conserve the free Mo∣tion of the different Liquors, which would be much disordered, if the Ves∣sels were twined or displaced; which would lessen, if not obstruct the Ca∣vities of the different Tubes, and discompose, if not wholly intercept the Current of various Juices, which ought to move regularly in their different Channels.

And the Parenchyma being of a soft pliable substance, * 1.2424 easily insinuates it self between the Vessels, and filleth up their Interstices, which flow from the roundness of their Tubes, whereupon they cannot be closely united, by reason they touch only in some small parts; whence follow those Spaces, which otherwise would remain empty, were they not supplied with this soft tender Matter, adhaering closely to the outsides of the Cylinders, and doth not only line the Interstices of the inward Recesses of the Seminal Ducts, and other different Tubes, but also faceth the ambient parts of the Testicles, and rendreth them even, smooth, and graceful.

But some may ask, * 1.2425 How this spungy substance stuffing up the vacuities of the Vessels, is nourished and maintained? To which this answer may be returned, That it is supported by the same principles, or by somewhat ana∣logous to them, of which it is primarily Constituted, which are Particles of Genital Liquor concreted: And I conceive, the Nervous Juice, and the delicate part of Blood, much resembling the Seminal Liquor in nature, do repair the decay of the white soft substance interlining the Vessels; * 1.2426 so that when the Serous parts of the Blood, and the Nervous Liquor do pass be∣tween the various Cylinders, some parts are left behind, and being Con∣creted, do Caement the Testicular Vessels one to another, and do detain every Minute Vessel in their proper place, as they are lodged in the easie pliable substance of the Parenchyma, as in a soft Bosome, which may be assigned upon good grounds, as one use of the Parenchyma of the Te∣sticles.

A second use of it may be fetched from the first Elements, * 1.2427 as being ori∣ginally produced of Seminal Juice, and also from the Aliment, by which it is restored; the Nervous Liquor, and the more mild parts of the Blood, which do exalt the Parenchyma in their passage, with volatil saline Parti∣cies: So that the Vital Liquor, moveth out of the terminations of the Ar∣teries, into the soft and pulpous interspersions of the Vessels, where it recei∣veth new impraegnations of Spirituous and Saline Particles, whereby it is ren∣dred more fit for Seminal Liquor.

The third use of this delicate substance, * 1.2428 interlining the various Tubes of the Testicles, is not only to exalt the gentle parts of the Blood, one In∣gredient of the Materia Substrata of the Semen, but also to give it the ad∣vantage in its Motion through the Parenchyma, to obtain a Secretion of the serous mild parts from the more sharp and fierce, and the more delicate

Minute Particles of the Nervous Juice, from its Recrements, in reference to the production of Seminal Matter, as the main end to which the Testicles are consigned by Nature.

CHAP. III. Of the Parastats, and Deferent Vessels.

THe great Nervous Channel, * 1.2429 being a hard white Tube, ascending through the middle of the Testicles, from one Extreamity to the other, leadeth us to the Parastats, called by the Grecks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Quia testi∣bus imponuntur; and as it were small Testicles clapped upon the greater, and are derived from their upper Regions with broad Origens, where the Varicose Parastats are implanted, and do creep obliquely downward toward the bottom of the Testicles.

Learned Doctor Highmore, * 1.2430 doth derive their Originations from a white Glandulous substance: His words are these, Parastatarum principium ex sub∣stantia alba, Testis instar Glandulosa, duriore tamen multo, nec Cavitate donata constituitur: Ex plurimis quasi Glandulis invicem per Membranas Connexas, constat. And I humbly conceive, That this solid white substance, to be no∣thing else but the inward Recesses of the Testicles, which is branched into many Minute Seminal Ducts, running in many Gyres, variously interwo∣ven with each other.

Wherefore it may seem strange, * 1.2431 that this Learned Author, did not disco∣ver the multitude of small Seminal Cylinders, but only a hard Body, com∣posed of many little Glands, supposed by him to be the Origination of the Parastats: Which seemeth very improbable, seeing it is not endued with any manifest Cavity, which is very disagreeable to the Compage of the Parastats, which in its beginning is made up of many Ducts, conjoyned to each other by the mediation of many thin Membranes, and after a small space, do concenter into one common great Nervous Channel: Therefore I believe, the hard white body, as he stileth it, not to be Perforated with any manifest Cavity, and is a Systeme of many Glands, whose Vessels are so Minute, that they cannot be discerned, and a great part of the Parastats is made up of a white substance, or Parenchyma, interspersed with Vessels, which being fine and tender, are supported by it in their proper station, to render them serviceable to the better conveyance of their proper Liquor; and upon a good survey, it may discover the Compage of Seminal Ducts, to be fastned to this solid Coat, before they disperse themselves into the substance of the Testicles. And Renowned De Graaf, hath obser∣ved, That this solid white substance, assigned by curious Highmore, to be the principle of the Parastats, is not necessary for small Testicles, which are strengthened with many Membranes, passing every way through the body of the Pesticles, to keep the numerous Minute Vessels of various ranks in their due Positions, assigned by Nature, lest they should be twisted with each other, and lose their proper use of conveying different Juices, as ha∣ving their small Cavities either lessened, or obstructed.

The Parastats are very eminent parts, in reference to their rare structure, and great use of imparting a high accomplishment to the Seminal Juice, and therefore I will make bold to Treat more fully of them, in consider∣ing their Shape, Origen, Compage, Progress, Length, and Use, which is their perfection as subservient to the maturity of the Seminal Liquor.

As to their Shape, they are round and convex in their outward Surface, * 1.2432 and when they are affixed to the Testicle, they are somewhat Concave: So that these Glandulous bodies of the Parastats, are somewhat Orbicular above, and hollow below, and take their rise from the outward side of the varicose Bodies, and make their progress toward their hinder Region, somewhat in∣clining downward, toward the Anterior, * 1.2433 and are firmly tied to the Albugi∣nous Coat; and somewhat change their shape, during the whole course, while they are connected to the inward Coat, immediately immuring the Testicles; they retain the same thickness, unless it be in the place, where they are inflected upward, and begin their descent downward, where they obtain greater Dimensions: So that they seem to make a greater and less Protuberance, which De Graaf calleth the first and smaller, and the second and greater Globes of the Parastats.

The substance of the Parastats, according to Vesalius, * 1.2434 participateth the nature of solid Nerves; which seemeth only true, according to their ambi∣ent parts, appearing to be somewhat solid, but their more inward Recesses are composed of a more soft substance, being integrated of many Minute Glands, which are again made up of numerous small Vessels, principally of Seminal Ducts, the main constituent parts of these choice Compages, in∣terspersed with a tender substance, framed of Concreted, Serous, and Ner∣vous Liquor, adhaering in their passage to the Coats of the Vessels.

The progress of these Seminal Ducts, is admirable, which Dr. Highmore describeth very elegantly: Statim ubi ab hac substantia duriore reliquum Para∣statarum recesserit ad infimas descendens partes, Tortuosum processibus vermifor∣mibus, in Cerebello simile est; Tortuosae autem hae Parastatarum Circumgyrationes nihil aliud sunt, quam corpora teretia Cavitate manifesta donata, Semen{que} conti∣nentia, mirifice Gyrorum Intestinalium, sen vasorune preparantium (supra de∣••criptorum) instar complicata, ac••involuta ad fundum Testiouli tendentia, quae Semen à duriori illa substantia capitis Parastatorum selectum, longo & Labyrin∣thino ut sic dicam, itinere devehunt, quae in progressu ampliora manifestim reddita, cum a fundo rursus reflectantur in unum meatum vasi deferenti continuum termi∣nantur, cui post longam deviam{que} in Parastatarum circulationem semen amandatur.

The best way to detect the curious and wonderful Compage of the Pa∣rastats, founded in the rare Maeanders of Vessels, * 1.2435 is to divest the Parastats of the Membranes encircling them, and then the admirable Circumvolutions of the Vessels present themselves in a pleasant prospect, which may be divi∣ded from each other, by the violation of their Coats.

So that these Plexes of Vessels, * 1.2436 made of numerous Flexures from side to side, being severed by Art one from another, may be drawn out into length, and the most thin Membrane, encompassing this straightned Duct, being taken away, you may discover other rows of Gyres, tending from side to side; which Flexures are so closely conjoyned, that these many Anfractus, have been thought by unexpert Anatomists, to be but one entire continued Body, which in truth, is made up of many secret turnings of Vessels, which may be disjoyned by a skilful Hand, especially if the Duct of the Parastats be rendred big with injected Liquor, and then these Vessels may be well traced to the Testicles; and the great Duct, as it is farther distant from

its Origen (which is implanted with many Ramifications into the top of the Testicle) groweth thicker after many Seminal Branches of Ves∣sels are concreted into it; which gradually is more and more enlarged, and then maketh the Deferent Vessel, which seemeth to be an Elongation of it.

The length of these disintangled Vessels, * 1.2437 is worthy our Remark, and Ad∣miration, that being drawn out, when the Flexures are made straight, should be extended to many Ells in length, whereas they lie in a small com∣pass, when encircled in their own proper Sphaere, with a peculiar Mem∣brane: Whereupon it is manifest, that the Testicles differ from the Para∣stats, by reason those are Systemes of small Vessels, but these for the most part consist of large Ducts; and again the Parastats do not differ from the deferent Vessels, but only in manner of progress, because those have their Ducts wheeling in divers Flexures and Gyres, but these are carried in Arches, only without those numerous Circumvolutions.

The Deferent Vessels are a continuation, * 1.2438 as I conceive, of the common Seminal Channel, beginning about the midle of the Parastats, being akin to Nerves, in hardness of their substance, but not in structure; by reason Nerves are Systemes of many Filaments, closely united to each other, by the interposition of fine Membranes; but the Deferent Tubes, are round, white Vessels, endued with manifest Cavities, to give a reception and con∣veyance to the Seminal Liquor, elaborated in, and transmitted by the com∣mon Ducts of the Parastats, into the deferent Cylinders; which when they wheel in Males from the bottom of the Testicles, they are carried upward Obliquely for a little space, and then ascend in a straight course, in company with the Spermatick Vessels, through the Process of the Peritonaeum, into the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment, from whence they are reflected, tending to the hinder region of the Bladder, between which and the Intestinum Rectum, they are inserted into the Neck of the Bladder, and Expanded as it were into many Cells, and afterward being lessened again, do with a close passage, terminate into the Seminal Vesicles.

If you have not Faith enough to give Credit to this Description, * 1.2439 you may be pleased to immit some Liquor by a Syring into the Deferent Vessels, whereupon you may plainly discern the Seminal Vesicles to be lodged on each side of the Deferent Vessels, between the Bladder and the Intestinum Rectum, and are framed of many small Cells, interspersed with a Glandu∣lous substance, resembling a Bunch of Grapes, which are all conjoyned in one common Duct, terminating into the Urethra.

CHAP. IV. Of the Seminal Vesicles.

THe Seminal Vesicles are very large, * 1.2440 and of a Transparent nature in Bores, and so closely united, that they seem but one Vesicle, but upon a strict enquiry, they may be discerned to be a pair of large Vesicles, consisting of many distinct Cavities; and each of them hath a peculiar In∣sertion into the Ʋrethra, and each Insertion endeth into many small Holes, through which, upon the compression of the Vesicles, a quantity of Semi∣nal Liquor doth flow into the common Urinary passage? And in a little Guine Bore, the Seminal Vesicles are adorned with two Horns, and are Py∣ramidal, and have many Spires, or Wreaths, resembling Worms, extending themselves as far as the Kidneys.

The Seminal Vesicles have a rare Structure, * 1.2441 composed of great variety of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and many Branches of Lymphaeducts, ena∣meling a thin Membrane, enclosing divers small Apartiments, accompanied with many Glands, made up also of different Minute Tubes.

As to the Figure of these Seminal Vesicles, Ingenious De Graaf doth liken them to the Intestines of Birds, which have many Circumvolutions, and differ from them, in reference the Vesicles have many varices, which are dilated after a strange manner, according to their outward Surface, and are found to be much narrowed in their inward Allodgments.

These Repositories of Seminal Liquor, * 1.2442 commonly obtain the length of three Inches, or thereabouts, and have not the same aequality in each side, by reason one exceedeth the other in greatness, and have the breadth of a Finger, and is not aequally proportioned on both sides, in which the thickness is greater and less: So that one side of the Vesicles, is disproportioned to the other in all Dimensions of Longitude, Latitude, and thickness. And if you take a survey of the more inward Recesses, they will appear in some parts more Dilated, and in others more Contracted. So that Nature pleaseth her self, as to these Receptacles of Semen, in great variety of different Dimen∣sions, which is rare in other parts of the Body, where they are rendred pairs by Nature, as having great affinity in Similitude, and Proportion, in which for the most part, they resemble each other in aequality.

They are made Twins by Natures wise Contrivance, * 1.2443 composed of many Cells parted from each other, by Membranous Interstices, as by fine Walls, to make their various Partitions entire, as severed from each other; so that each Cell might discharge it self in relation to the Seminal Liquor, without the enter∣course of another: Whereupon they are immured with their proper Coats, as confining them within their peculiar Territories, and do emit Seminal Juice, by distinct perforations into the Urinary passage, that Generation might be the better accomplished, when one Vesicle is disabled, either by Cutting for the Stone, or by Contusion, Abscess, Ulcer, or any other Dis∣ease; the other performing its Office, might render the great work of Pro∣pagation successful.

These Minute Cisterns of Seminal Liquor, * 1.2444 are not furnished only with a large single Cavity, but with many small Receptacles, seated as it were in

Clusters, running in divers Maeanders, to give a stop to the over-hasty Ex∣cretion of Semen; so that small Cavities aemulating the Cells of Pomegra∣nate Seeds in Figure, are so many Repositories of choice Liquor, wherein Nature hath wisely constituted so many reserves of it, to speak her self a good House-Wife, in the provident conduct of her Stock, by not turning Bankrupt, by the profuse expense of so excellent a Liquor in one act of Coition.

Great Galen, * 1.2445 Learned Doctor Highmore, and many other Anatomists, do dedicate these rare Vesicles, the select Cisterns of refined Liquor, to the meaner office of rendring the Urinary passage smooth and slippery, by its Unctuous nature, to secure it against the acrimony of Urine, as impraegna∣ted with Lixivial, Saline Particles. But I conceive it more probable, with the pardon of those Renowned Authors, to assign the lining of the Urethra to some viscid Matter, which defendeth the Stomach, Intestines, Bladder, as well as Urethra, against the troublesome attempts of sharp Corroding. Matter. And to that intent, the surface of these greater and less Recepta∣cles, are anointed with clammy Matter, arising out of the Recrements of the Blood, perpetually destilling out of the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries, by reason these Seminal Vesicles are the allodgments of excellent Liquor, which hath no constant efflux into the Urinary passage, performed only in the act of Coition, or when Nature is overcharged with too great a fulness of the Semen in Nocturnal Pollutions, or in more extraordinary cases of Gonorrhaea's.

The great Current of Anatomists, * 1.2446 assign the use of the Seminal Vesicles, to be only the Repositories of Seminal Liquor, till the act of Coition; and to that end, most are of an Opinion, that the Deferent Vessels, do transmit the Semen, receiving its first rudiment in the Testicles, and afterward is more matured in the Parastars, into the Seminal Vesicles, therein to be re∣served in order to a farther use.

And in truth, it may be easily granted, that these Vessels are the Repo∣sitories of Semen: But a Question may arise, Whether they receive it from the Deferent Vessels? With which, as Doctor Wharton will have it, they hold no entercourse by any common Duct: And farthermore it is his Sentiment, that a Semen is Elaborated in these Vesicles, distinct from that of the Te∣sticles and Parastats; * 1.2447 by reason these Vesicles being furnished with a Glan∣dulous substance, do produce a peculiar Spermatick Matter. Else if their office were only to entertain a Semen generated in other parts, then Mem∣branes only were sufficient, and there were no need of a Glandulous body interspersed with them; because meer Receptacles, as the Bladder of Urine and Gall, are composed only of Membranous Tunicles, fitted for the recep∣tion and entertainment of Humours: Whereupon these Vesicles, being not only a Membranous substance, but a Compage made up of a Glandulous nature, are designed to some more noble Office, to the production of some Seminal Liquor. Which seemeth to favour the Opinion of Learned Doctor Wharton, because a Semen may be seen in these Vesicles of a different na∣ture, from that of the Testicles and Parastats; as it appeareth more plainly in the Seminal Vesicles of greater Animals.

Of this, an Instance may be given of an Horse, the structure of whose Vesicles, is integrated of two parts; the one Membranous, the other Glan∣dulous; and the Vesicles being Dissected, were of far greater Dimensions, then those of a Humane Body, and if filled, would entertain a very much greater proportion of Seminal Liquor, which in a Horse doth resemble a

kind of Gelly hued with Ash-colour; and a Probe being immitted into an open Vesicle, it was carried obliquely toward the Urethra, and did termi∣nate into a Hole, common to the Deferent Vessel, and Seminal Vesicle.

The other part of the Vesicles, was accommodated with a Glandulous Texture, which had greater Dimensions, and were thicker and broader when they were in conjunction with the Urethra; in the place where the Deferent Vessels do terminate, the Glandulous substance is much more nar∣row and contracted.

This Glandulous Compage appertaining to the Vesicles, * 1.2448 did much resem∣ble that of the Testicles in likeness, only it was not altogether of so bright a hue, but inclining somewhat to Ash-colour.

This Glandulous substance, hath its inside beset with many Minute Ca∣vities, which all concenter in one common Duct, before they arrive the Urinary passage; and a Brisle being immitted into any of these Glandulous Tubes, will easily pass into the common Duct, which doth not immediate∣ly discharge it self into the Urethra, by reason it was covered with a thin Membrane, pinked with Minute Holes, * 1.2449 through which the Semen doth gush in the act of Coition. And it seemeth very probable, that the Geni∣tal Liquor, concocted in the body of the Glands, is transmitted through many Minute Vessels into the Cells, as so many Receptacles of Elaborated Semen, (of another nature from that of the Testicles and Parastats) which is of a more White, and greater Consistence, but this of the Vesicles is more thin, and endued with an Ash-coloured hue.

Learned De Graaf, doth oppose this Opinion to his utmost, Libr. * 1.2450 de Vi∣rorum Organis (speaking of the Seminal Vesicles) Eas non Semini recipiendo sed generando destinatas esse, quod a veritate alienum existimamus, primo quod ita dispositae sint, ut semen per vasa deferentia affluens, & viam in Urethram per Carunculam clausam inveniens, necessario debet redire in earum Cavitatem, ibi{que} asservari, donec oportuno tempore & loco excernatur; secundo quia Vesiculae Seminales substantiam habent tenuem Membranaceam & nullis Glandulis visi∣bilibus Ductibus, aut aliis instrumentis seminis generationi idoneis praeditam. Ex dictis patet ait ille probabile non esse Naturam tam parvo apparatu tantae rei Generationem moliri, nisi dicamus tam Vasculorum Seminariorum, Epididymidum, quam deferentium longissimos Ductus frustra creatos esse, qui uti superius dixi∣mus nullum alium finem respiciunt, quam seminis Generationem.

Thus begging Pardon of this Learned Author, I shall take the boldness to speak somewhat in favour of my worthy Dead Friend, and Fellow Collegue, and to take the freedom to make this Reply, to the Reasons alledged against Doctor Whartons Opinion, by Famous De Graaf, who affirms, That the Seminal Vesicles are so ordered by Nature, that the Semen flowing through the Deferent Vessels, finding the passage shut up by a Caruncle, ought to return into their Cavity, and be Conserved there, till a fit time and place of Excretion. To which Argument, I give this Answer, * 1.2451 That the Semen passing into the Deferent Vessels, is not transmitted into the Se∣minal Vesicles, but lodged in the But-end of the Deferent Vessels near the Urethra, into which a Perforation being made, the Semen is impelled in time of Coition.

And this Ingenious Authors second Argument, is this, That the Seminal Vesicles have but a thin Membranous substance, endued with no Glands, having no visible Ducts, or any other Instruments, fitted for the generation of Semen. Whence he inferreth upon the former Discourse, that Nature doth not attempt the production of so great a Matter, with so small an Apparatus,

as the Seminal Vesicles are accommodated withal. To which I make bold, with the leave of this worthy Author, to speak this return: That the Semi∣nal Vesicles are a fine Compage, * 1.2452 made up of a Membranous substance, and many small Glands, which is manifest to Sense; and hath a Furniture com∣posed of many Vessels of different kinds: As he himself confesseth in the subsequent Language, in which he Treateth of the Seminal Vesicles. Con∣stant, ait ille, ex Membrana satis tenui per quam variae Arteriarum, Venarum, Nervorum, & dubio procul vasorum Lymphaticorum ramificationes excurrunt. To which I may Answer, That the Seminal Vesicles have not only Arteries, Veins, Nerves, but also some other small Vessels, which I conceive to be Seminal, consisting of many Minute Branches, terminating into one common Chan∣nel, * 1.2453 which are found in the Testicles, and Parastats, which are undoubted Organs, subservient to the generation of Seminal Liquor; and these Vesi∣cles are furnished with the same Vessels, which the Testicles and Parastats have, and are Colatories of the Blood and Nervous Liquor, which these Vesicles may prepare as well as the other, though not in so great a quantity in order to the production of Semen, which is discovered in them, of a Colour and Consistence, manifestly divers from that of the Testicles and Parastats.

And it may be farther urged in defence of this Hypothesis, * 1.2454 that Seminal Liquor, distinct from that of the Testicles and Parastats, is generated in the Seminal Vesicles, by reason a Man that had no Testicles (enjoyed a Wo∣man) whose Body being opened after he was Hanged, his Seminal Vesicles were found turgid with Genital Liquor; of which Learned De Graaf, gi∣veth an Instance out of Cabrolius, Lib. de Virorum Organis: Ait ille tertio fuisse Homines testibus carentes, qui nihilominus Vesiculas Seminales post mor∣tem semine repletas habebant, uti ex Cabrolio exemplo superius allegato convin∣citur: Ac in iis saltem necessario semen in Vesiculis Seminariis genitum fuisse. And Cabrolius saith further, Obser. Anatom. tertia. Viderit Adolescentem Intestatum, qui tamen Uxorem duxit, & complures liberos genuit. So that it is very plain, that this Learned Author, giveth an account of a young Man, destitute of Testicles, that Married and had many Children; which I conceive was ef∣fected by Genital Liquor, produced in the Seminal Vesicles.

The Prostats confining on these useful parts, * 1.2455 are endued with a white spongy Substance (made up of many Minute Glands) and being flattish in their upper and lower region, and round on each side, are beautified with an Oval Figure, except in that part where they are somewhat hollowed about the entrance of the Deferent Vessels; and being about the bigness of a Walnut, are encircled with a strong thick Fibrous Membrane, spring∣ing from the Deferent Vessels, and the lower region of the Bladder of Urine. * 1.2456

These two fine Compages, the Receptacles of Seminal Liquor, are composed of many Glands of different shapes and sizes, lodged at the Root of the Penis, above the Sphincter of the Bladder, on each side of its Neck, without the insertions of the Deferent Tubes, and Seminal Vesicles; and are ordinarily of small Dimensions, except in Persons much indulging Ve∣nery, in whom they are much enlarged, as growing big with Seminal Li∣quor, before Coition; and if their inward Penetrals be inspected, many Hydatides seem to appear, as Vesicles full of Liquor, seated in the spongy substance of the Prostats, discharging themselves upon compression into Ducts, implanted into the Urinary passage.

Their Circumference is much greater in Hogs (then in Humane Bodies) and are thick, oblong, and somewhat round, * 1.2457 adjacent to each side of the Urethra; and contain in their Cells, a thick, slippery, whitish Matter, of the consistence of a Gelly, which is transmitted by one large Insertion (ac∣cording to Doctor W••arton) placed Eight Fingers breadth below the termi∣nation of the Deferent and Seminal Vesicles, into the Ʋrethra; but most curious De Graaf, assigneth Ten in Man, and Ninety in Dogs

The Prostats are dressed with all kind of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, * 1.2458 and Lymphaeducts, running in great Divarications through the Ambient parts, and Coats of these Glandulous bodies † 1.2459, and also enter into the inward Ca∣vities, in which many Ducts may be discovered, which do Exonerate them∣selves into the Urinary passage, * 1.2460 where their terminations are covered with Minute Caruncles, putting a stop to their perpetual Efflux into the Urethra; or that the Particles of Urine should not insinuate themselves through these small Perforations of the Urethra, into the body of the Prostrats, lest they should vitiate the Seminal Liquor. * 1.2461

And if any Person shall be so Curious, as to make a farther search into these Minute Ducts, it may be effected by Blow-Pipes (when their Liquor is squeesed out, by which Breath being immitted into the Cavities of those small Tubes, seated in the spongy substance of the Prostrats) whereupon many elegant Divarications will appear, as also many little Perforations about the bigness of Mustard-Seed, which grow enlarged upon the Inflation of the small Ducts, terminating into these numerous Holes (as De Graaf hath Experimented) so that at the first sight it may be conceived, that the soft substance of the Prostats is composed of many Vessels, adorned with round, oblong Figures, in the manner of Cylinders. * 1.2462

And this most acute Author, hath made a farther Observation, which is worthy our remark, That these small Tubes (branched through the inward substance of these two Glandulous bodies) have no entercourse by Inoscu∣lation with each other, by whose Mediation, the immitted Particles of Air, are transmitted out of one Duct into another: So that the part only, into which the peculiar Tube is inserted, groweth Turgid, and the other part of the spongy substance being unconcerned, retaineth its native Lankness; whereupon, if it be intended to render the body of these soft substances big, it is requisite to immit Air into many Tubes, whereby the whole spongy compage of the Prostats, will grow equally Tumefied.

CHAP. V. Of the Penis, or Yard.

LAscivious Poets, * 1.2463 Parasites, and other Persons in all Nations, sporting themselves in Venereal Froliques, and Drollery, being no better then gentile Stallions, have found out many Names to treat their frothy Phancy, about Mans more obscene part, stiled by the Latines, Penis, Veretrum, Coles, Membrum Virile, Mentula, &c. Which was in great veneration with the Egyptia••s, * 1.2464 as some Petty God, and hath somewhat of Dignity, in reference to its nobler use of Propagation, which is performed by not indulging our selves in too frequent kind Embraces, which dischargeth Genital Liquor, be∣fore it hath acquired a due Concoction and Consistence in the Testicles, Se∣minal Vesicles, and Prostats; whereupon it being destitute of its Volatil and Spirituous Particles, is not conducive to the excellent end, designed by Na∣ture for the repair of Mankind.

The Penis is seated in the lower region of the third Apartiment of the Body, * 1.2465 as the most fit place for Fruition, and taketh its rise from strong Bones of the Pubes, into which its Roots are firmly implanted.

Other Creatures, * 1.2466 as Cocks, Crabs, Worms, &c. have a double Penis; and Man, except it be Monstrous, hath only one, to be a Monitor, that we should not please our selves in the indulgence of our sensual Appetite.

It hath an oblong roundish Figure, * 1.2467 somewhat flattish upon the Back, or upper Region, and various dimensions of Magnitude and Length, in several Bodies; and a Mediocrity in both, is most acceptable to the Sex, and advan∣tageous to Generation.

The Penis is an aggregate Body, * 1.2468 consisting of various parts, of which some are External, as the Cuticula, and Membrana Carnosa, which are so many Integuments, investing the body of the Penis.

The Internal parts, * 1.2469 are two Nervous bodies, the Septum, the Glans, the Muscles and Vessels, which do import and export Blood into, and from the Penis.

The Nervous bodies do lean upon the Urethra, * 1.2470 and are like two oblong, spongy Bodies, which are every way encircled with a thick, white, Nervous Coat; and do borrow their Origen from the inferiour Region of the Share-Bones † 1.2471, and have their beginnings from different places, and do seem to re∣semble the Letter Y, * 1.2472 as having two Horns; and when they part with the Share-Bones, they are both invested with a Membrane, and are afterward united by the interposition of the Septum, and grow less and less, as they approach toward the Glans, and when they arrive the middle of the Penis, they part with the Urethra, and climb up toward the upper region of the Yard; * 1.2473 and when they pass nearer to the termination of the Penis, the Fi∣bres of the Nervous body are lessened, and disappear as conjoyned in the Septum, near the Glans, and both these spongy bodies do Coalesce into one: * 1.2474 And hence it proceedeth that the Penis is equally erected, by reason the Yard is parted in the middle by a Septum, distinguishing one part of it from another; as I earned De Graaf, hath well observed. Whereupon the Impulse of the Arteries seated on each side, do equally fill the Nervous

bodies with Blood, and produce a uniform Erection of the Penis.

The Nervous bodies of the Penis, are endued with a spongy substance, * 1.2475 composed of a great company of Fibres, passing this and that way, in an admirable Figure, which strengthen and confine those loose Compages with∣in their proper bounds, lest they should be too much discomposed in an over-great Distension. * 1.2476

Learned Doctor Wharton, conceiveth these Nervous bodies, to be lined with a Glandulous substance. Which Ingenious De Graaf denieth, affirm∣ing he could not discover any thing but Arteries, Vital Liquor, and Fi∣bres: As he hath expressed it in his Treatise, De Virorum Organis, &c. Page 101. Nos carnem hanc Glandulosam in Capsulis illis nunquam observavimus, nec praeter Arterias, sanguinem, & Fibras in illis quidquam notavimus, quod ut vestris Oculis nobiscum videre possitis, in hunc modum Penis preparetur: Expri∣matur primo leniter sanguis qui in eo semper magis, vel minus copiosus existit, & postea immisso Tubulo in substantiam spongiosam, eo scilicet in loco, ubi ad ossa Pubis proxime accedit, atque Penis Cavitas aqua beneficio Syringae ad dimidium impleatur, & cum ea blande agitetur: Aqua illa cruenta effusa, iterum nova adimpleatur, idque ter quaterve reiterando, donec non amplius cruenta prodeat, quo viso exprimatur blande inter duo lintea aquae quantitas, quae in corporibus Nervosis continetur, atque tandem flatu ita distendatur Penis, donec Naturalem magnitudinem acquirat; in qua ut conservetur, vinculum injiciatur oportet: Flatu sic distentum, exsiccatumve Penem pro libitu examinare potestis, ut omnia à suo situ Naturali, id est tali, qualem in Veneris actu obtinere solet, clare atque destincte conspiciantur.

Wherefore it may be inferred with good reason, * 1.2477 that the Penis groweth less and flaccid, upon a small quantity of Blood impelled into the Capsulae Nervosae, which, if Tumefied with more free Rivulets of it, produce a great dissention of the Penis, upon a large proportion of Vital Liquor, lodged sometime in the Nervous bodies.

This Assertion may be farther proved, * 1.2478 by the remarkable Instance of a Gentleman, who being inflamed with Amorous Desires, Courted his Mi∣stress in order to Fruition, and paid dear for his sport, as having his un∣chast flame quenched, before it was raised to a hight; by reason his unkind Mistress gave a speedy check to his Amours in putting by his Thrust, by taking his drawn Weapon into her Hand, whereby the Weapon and not her Hand, was wounded. So that the Arteries of the Nervous bodies, re∣lating to the Yard, highly distended with a great source of Blood, and vio∣lently crushed with a rough Hand, were thereby Lacerated, and a great effusion of Blood passed through the Urethra; whereupon the Yard grew immediately lank upon a free discharge of Blood out of the Arteries, furnish∣ing the Nervous bodies.

The Ʋrethra † 1.2479 is lodged under the Nervous bodies, * 1.2480 and hath somewhat of the same composition with them, except the spongy substance which ad∣haereth to its lower Region † 1.2481, as endued with smaller Pores, by reason of its more fine and plentiful Fibres.

The Ʋrethra is made up of a double substance; the one soft and spongy, * 1.2482 and the other Membranous. The spongy part is clothed with a more thin Coat then the Nervous bodies, and accommodated with transverse Fibres, which contracting themselves, do assist the expulsion of Urine and Seminal Liquor, in time of Coition

The spongy substance of the Ʋrethra being blown up, * 1.2483 hath the bigness of a Finger, which as it cometh nearer to the Glans, groweth less and less

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by degrees, and dieth in the Glans. And it is observable, That when the Nervous bodies are Tumefied with plenty of Blood, the spongy substance of the Urethra is forthwith enlarged, which speaketh the great entercourse the Nervous bodies, and the spongy Compage of the Urethra have with each other, made by the communion of various kinds of Vessels.

The Nervous bodies, * 1.2484 and spongy substance of the Penis, are endowed with divers sorts of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, which being curiously interwoven with each other, do make a fine kind of Net-work.

The Arteries take their rise from the Arteria Hypogastrica, * 1.2485 and Pudenda, and descending from it, do first enter into the root of the Penis, and after∣ward are divaricated in numerous Branches through the Back, or upper Regi∣on of the Yard, and then pass into the inward Recesses of the Nervous bodies and spongy Compage of the Urethra.

The Veins come from the Vena Hypogastrica, * 1.2486 and Pudenda too, and are the associates of the Arteries, as having the same progress with them in nu∣merous Ramifications through the whole body of the Penis, which carry Blood into the Hypogastrick Veins.

The Nerves belonging to the Penis, * 1.2487 do arise from great Nerves passing into the Thighs, and from the Vertebral Trunk, and do accompany the Blood Vessels, derived from the Thighs; some have fruitful Divarications of Fibrils running through the Nervous bodies, and loose substance of the Urinary passage, and do import a select Liquor, impraegnated with Volatil, Saline, and Elastick Particles, which running with the Spirituous parts of the Blood, do Tumefie the Nervous bodies and Urethra, in order to Erection.

The Internal part of the Urethra is Membranous, * 1.2488 and is its more proper Integument, as covering the spongy substance, and is a Cylinder adorned with an oblong Concave Figure, of the same bigness from one Extreamity to the other, and is ordained by Nature, both to excern Urine; and Semen too, in the act of Coition.

The Glans, * 1.2489 or Head of the Penis, is a soft fleshy part, appendant to the Nervous bodies and Urethra, exceeding them in bigness, and is endued with a different Figure, encircling the other parts of the Penis, in the man∣ner of a Crown, and inclineth somewhat more to a Cone in the top.

It is beautified with an oblong roundish Figure, being somewhat smaller in its Termination, and is parted by a Fissure in its lower Region, which leadeth into the Urethra; * 1.2490 where this Appendix of the Penis is flaccid, it is coated with a kind of Blewish Colour, and with a Red hue, when rendred Tense by a quantity of Blood, impelled into its substance and Membranes, by the Arteria Pudenda, in time of Erection.

It is endowed with a peculiar, * 1.2491 soft, spongy, fleshy substance, encircled with a most fine thin Membrane; which is produced originally (as Learned Diemerbroeck will have it) from the Urethra reflected, and expanded over the Glans, which is endued with a most exquisite Sense; which is so far hightned in Fruition, that it giveth us a kind of transport of Sensual De∣light, to court us and amase us in the meaner act of Coition, where we en∣gage into the Vagina Ʋteri, seated between two receptacles of Excrements, to which we are earnestly sollicited by the most acute Sense and Pleasure, seated in the Glans: Well described by Learned Andreas Laurentius, Ana∣tom. Lib. 7. Cap. 1. Hinc (Ait ille) obscaenarum partium titillatio & sensus exquitissimus. Quis enim per Deum Immortalem, Concubitum, rem adeo faedam sollicitaret? Amplexaretur? Et indulgeret? Quo vultu Divinum illud Animal, Plenum rationis & consilii, quod vocamus Hominem, obscaenas Mulierum partes,

tot sordibus inquinatas, & ea ratione in locum imum, velut sentinam Corporis, relegatas, attrectaret? Quae Foemina maris in amplexum rueret, cum & nove∣mestris gestatio laboriosa sit, & foetus exclusio diris cruciatibus molesta, saepe{que} exitiosa, & editi foetus educatio plena sollicitudinis, nisi incredibili voluptatis oestro percita essent Genitalia.

The Glans is covered out of Coition, with a Skin, * 1.2492 which in some Bo∣dies, is easily drawn forward and backward, whereupon the Glans may be invested, or rendred bare by a gentle touch in most Persons, except where the Praepuce is so contracted in its Termination, that it cannot be slipped over the Glans, * 1.2493 without offering a great violation to the body of the Penis; which sometimes it so strongly encircleth, in the manner of a Ligament, that it intercepteth the Current of the Blood, and rendreth it stagnant in the Nervous bodies, and spongy substance of the Ʋrethra: Whereupon I saw a monstrous Tumour of the Yard in a Gentleman, a Friend, whom I pre∣sently eased, by opening a Vein, and by an Incision made into the Prae∣puce; whereupon it being enlarged, and made easie to the Patient, the In∣flammation was appeased, and the Tumour disappeared upon the application of Anodine, Emollient, and Discutient Cataplasms.

The Skin covering the Glans, is called by the Latines, * 1.2494 Preputium quod prae pudendis existit: And is much greater in Jews and Turks, (as some have reported) then in Christians, and hath grown to so monstrous greatness in Aegiptians, that it gave them the necessity of cutting off some part of it: Which the Jews do observe at this Day, in Circumcision, as a piece of the Levitical Law, which the Mahometans do imitate.

This neighbouring part, is appendant to the Termination of the Nervous bodies, which often clotheth the Glans as with a Duplicature, to whose lower Region it is affixed, by the interposition of a Bond, * 1.2495 called by the Latines, Fraenum; which is a thin Membrane, and upon the retraction of the Praepuce, may be discovered in the form of thin Membranous Wedg, appearing Edgewise, in the lower part of the Yard, * 1.2496 and is fastned in one Extreamity, to the inside of the Praepuce, and in the other, to the begin∣ning of the Fissure, running in the lower side of the Glans, and is an appendix of the inside, relating to the lower Region of the Praepuce; which being truly considered, is an elongation of the common Integuments of the Penis, to which it is so loosely affixed, that it may easily be removed from and to the Glans, which it serveth as a Covering for its fine tender Skin.

The Penis is not only furnished with Coats, Nervous bodies, and the Ʋrethra, but with Fleshy bodies too, commonly stiled Muscles, which are Four in number; Two of which are called by Spigellius Collaterales, * 1.2497 by others Erectores, and have a Nervous origen, and are short thick Muscles, taking their rise from the appendix of the Coxendix, below the origen of the Nervous bodies, into whose thick Membrane they do Terminate, and so their fleshy Fibres disappear.

Two other Muscles are assigned to the Penis, called Acceleratores Urinae, * 1.2498 from dilating the Urethra, and are long thin Muscles, derived from the Sphincter Ani, and are carried underneath near the sides of the Urethra, in∣to whose middle they are inserted: According to Diemerbroeck, and to De Graaf, into the thick Membrane, relating to the Nervous Bo∣dies.

The use commonly assigned to these Muscles, * 1.2499 is to erect the Penis and to dilate the Ʋrethra. Which Learned De Graaf, contradicteth in his Tra∣ctate de Virorum Organis, Page 107. Ratio (Ait ille) propter quam, contra

omnes Anatomicos Musculis prioribus Penem extendendi, * 1.2500 erigendi potentiam dene∣gamus, est, quod in omnibus Musculis, dum agunt id, ad quod destinati sunt, eorum ventres intumescunt, atque Extremitates ad se invicem accedunt. Quod cum ita sit, fieri non potest ut Penis hac ratione extendatur; quandoquidem Musculi actio, sit contractio, quae extentioni contraria est. Neque etiam horum Musculorum ope immediate Penis erectionem contingere posse, ex eorum accura∣tiori inspectione, & iis quae jam dicta sint, clare cognoscitur, quia Musculorum illorum Extremitates ad se invicem debent accedere, & cum principium quod Coxendicis ossibus firmiter implantatur propter illorum quasi immobilitatem mo∣veri non possit necesse est, altera corum extremitas appropinquet, cui cum affixum sit Membrum virile, necessario id sequi debet: Si vero sequatur, quid siet? Pe∣nis non Erigeretur, sed Deprimeretur; quia in inferna parte, sive sub Pene, ex Coxendicis appendicibus originem sumunt dicti Musculi, & inferiori Penis parti implantantur. So that these Muscles, called Erectores, do in their Contra∣ction rather depress, then erect the Muscles; and in the same manner, the other Muscles, called Acceleratores Ʋrinae, do rather in their action narrow then dilate the passage of Urine: As I shall more fully Discourse hereaf∣ter, about the erection of the Penis; which I humbly conceive, is Celebra∣ted after this manner. * 1.2501 A quantity of Spirituous Blood, is impelled by the Hypogastrick Arteries, into the Nervous bodies of the Penis, and spongy substance of the Urethra, where it meeteth with the Liquor impraegnated with Spirituous and Elastick Particles, destilling out of the Extreamity of the Nerves, whereupon the body of the Penis is highly distended; which is caused by the Muscles of the Yard, which being rendred Tense, do com∣press the Nervous bodies, and spongy substance of the Urethra, whereby the Blood confaederated with Nervous Liquor, is detained in the loose Compage of the Penis, which groweth great and rigid, as distended with a large pro∣portion of Nervous and Vital Liquor, whence the Yard is hued with a high Red Colour in erection; caused by intercepting the retrograde motion of the Blood into the Hypogastrick Veins, which is produced by the Con∣traction of the Muscles relating to the Penis, compressing the beginning of the Nervous bodies, and spongy substance of the Urethra: So that the course of the Blood, receiving a check in its motion toward the Veins, is carried toward the Glans, and the whole body of the Penis Tumefied.

CHAP. VI. Of the Seminal Liquor of Man.

THe elegant frame of Mans Body is beautified with divers Apartiments, consisting of variety of parts, disposed in excellent order, situation, * 1.2502 fine Figure, and due Magnitude and Proportion, answering each other in rare Symmetry, of which some are solid, and others fluid; the second are the Crown and Perfection of the other, as they give them Being and Life.

The select fluid parts of the Body are chiefly four, Chile, Vital, Nervous, * 1.2503 and Seminal Liquor: Chyle is the Materia substrata of Blood, Blood of Ner∣vous juice, and both are the matter of Genital Liquor, as the result and com∣plement of them in order to the excellent design of Generation.

The Seed of Man is a white frothy Liquor, * 1.2504 made up of spirituous and ela∣stick Particles enobled with a fructifying Spirit, generated of vital and nervous juice in the Testicles, Parastats, and Seminal Vesicles, instituted by Nature for the univocal production of Animals; whereupon the opinion of the Philo∣sopher is not worthy a reception, who held the genital matter to be an ex∣crement of the third Concoction, whereas in truth it is the most noble Li∣quor relating to the Body as it is made of blood and Animal juice, * 1.2505 productive of living Creatures, preserving the Universe in its various kinds, of which it is constituted.

The opinion of the Antients was, That Seed was Propagated from the Brain, and in truth from all parts of the Body, as I humbly conceive, * 1.2506 which is honoured by the Suffrage of great Hypocrates in his Book, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. At vero Viri genitura ex uni∣verso humido, quod in Corpore continetur, proficiscitur, ubi id, quod validissimum est excernitur, cujus rei istud est Argumentum, quod ubi rem Veneream exercemus, tantillo emisso, imbecilles evadimus.

This great Author backeth the assertion of Seed to be derived from all parts of the Body, by reason a universal weakness is the consequent of an o∣ver-free excretion of Seminal Liquor, flowing from repeated Acts of Co∣ition

Another Argument to prove this Hypothesis may be taken from the nature of Seminal Liquor, vertually containing the formation of all parts of the Body, which I apprehend may be deduced from the noble Liquors of Vital and Ner∣vous Juice, out of which the Seed is generated. Quoniam ex iisdem principiis generamur, e quibus nutrimur; By reason we are Generated of the same Prin∣ciples, of which we are Nourished, of Blood and Nervous Liquor. Where∣upon these select fluid Particles have recourse, by Arteries and Nerves, into all parts of the Body, as carried into the Interstices, of their Vessels; so that these Nutricious Liquors, in their Passage, do insinuate themselves into their numerous Cavities, * 1.2507 and are assimilated into the substance of all the more or less solid parts, and the Nutricious Liquors conversing with them, and not turned into their nature, do borrow a likeness of disposition, and being re∣ceived into the extremities of the Veins, are returned by a retrograde motion to the Heart, and from thence carried, by the descendent Trunk of the Aorta,

through the Spermatick Arteries, into the Testicular Glands, wherein the soft parts of the Blood being separated from it, and associated with a choice Li∣quor, destilling out of the extremities of the Nerves, receive the first rudi∣ment of Seed, which is entertained into the extremity of Seminal Vessels of the Testicles, transmitting it into the Parastats, where it receiveth a farther elaboration, and greater Maturity.

The Seminal matter is a very considerable Portion (endowed with the I∣dea's of various parts) relating to the whole Body of Man; * 1.2508 and it receiveth these Ideal Impressions, made upon the Blood and nervous Juice, in their per∣ambulation through all apartiments of the Body, wherein the Liquors are af∣fected with the nature of the parts to which they have recourse in order to Nutrition, and afterwards the relicks of those nutricious humours, not requi∣site for the sustenance of every part, are entertained into the Veins, and mix with the Blood, and are transmitted to the heart, and afterwards conveyed by the preparing Arteries into the Testicles, wherein they are framed into Seed.

These Ideal Configurations, * 1.2509 made upon the soft nutricious parts, hold some Analogy with the visible resemblances of things, and are similitudes imprint∣ed upon the Seed, whose Spirituous Particles are modelled by the parts of the Body from whence they are derived,; and as from all visible objects are diffused an infinite number of Rays, Coated with the colour and figure of those Bodies from which they emane, so in like manner a great company of most subtle Atoms arise out of every Particle of the Body, and Imprint their Dispositions and Configurations on the nutricious Liquors, the Materia Sub∣strata of Genital Matter, which I will more fully Treat of in a Discourse of Generation.

The Materia Substrata of Genital Matter is composed of two parts; * 1.2510 the one is the more mild substance of the Blood of its serous and Chymous Par∣ticles, not assimilated into Vital Liquor, separated from it in the Glands of the Testicles: These soft Atoms of the Blood are endued with Vital Spirits, and volatil Particles, exalting the Seed.

The other more delicate parts, less in quantity, and more in Vertue, are derived from the Nervous Juice, confaederated with the gentle parts of the Blood in the substance of the Testicles, acted with volatil, saline, and fine spirituous elastick Atoms, opening the Compage of the Serous and Chymous parts of the Blood, preparing it for Seminal Liquor, consisting of differing Liquors, made up of fermentative Principles, broken into small Particles in the Body of the Testicular Glands.

So that it may be inferred upon good reason, * 1.2511 That the Seminal Juice is in∣tegrated of two parts, the one subtil and spirituous, as consisting of the more thin and active Atoms of the fine Particles of the Blood, and nervous Juice, impregnated with Animal Elastick Spirits, enobling the Seed, as made up of active fermentative Elements, chiefly conducive to the Generation of Animals, which are stiled Germinis Nomine, consisting in the more refined active parts of the Seed.

The other parts of the Semen are more gross, frothy, watry, and Earthy, which constitute the greatest and most bulky Portion of it, and as being less active, do enclose the spirituous and volatil Atoms within its more thick and gross Confines, not permitting them to evaporate.

These different Elements of Seed, * 1.2512 being incorporated, do make a Mass, containing a double, an efficient, and material Principle; the first delineateth Prima Stamina, the very Rudiments of the Foetus, in which the Architeconick

power resideth; The second is the Alimentary Portion of the Seminal Mat∣ter, giving Support and encrease to the formed Parts.

These two Seminal Principles being confoederated, * 1.2513 are rendred inefficaci∣ous, by reason the Material is so gross that it so depresseth the more Spiritu∣ous Particles, that they cannot exalt themselves into Act in a well dispo∣sed Uterus, whereupon if the material Principle be too much debased by fixed and Saline Earthy Elements, the Uterine Heat and Ferment, cannot exert themselves, and exalt the Spirituous and Volatil, and colliquate the gross genital Matter in order to Generation of the Foetus. * 1.2514

Great Aristotle attributeth a Coelestial temper to the spirituous part of the Seed, holding some Analogy with the nature of the Stars, in reference to its great Excellency, Lib. 2. de Generat. Animal. Cap. 3, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉? Inest enim in Semine omnium, quod facit, ut foecunda sint Semina, vide∣licet, quod Calor vocatur; id{que} non ignis, non talis Facultas aliqua est, sed Spiri∣tus, qui in Semine, spumoso{que} Corpore, continetur, & Natura, quae in eo Spiritu est proportione respondens Elemento Stellarum.

The Spirituous parts of the Seminal Liquor are produced out of its thin and delicate substance, assisted by the natural and ambient heat, relaxing the Compage of the grosser parts; and are nothing else but a most subtle fluid Matter, rendred volatil by heat, whereupon it would quit its station, and embody with Air, as near a-kin to it, was it not confined within the Walls of more fixed matter.

In the Seed of all Animals and Plants, is seated an inbred Spirit, endued with an efficient Plastick Faculty, consisting in the most subtl, volatile, saline, * 1.2515 and sulphureous Particles, exalted by the natural heat of the Womb in Ani∣mals, and ambient Air in Vegetables, whereupon these thin restless Parts of the Seed would soon evaporate, were they not detained within the enclosure of more gross Matter; So that the Spirituous and Gross parts of the Seed do act the parts of Friends, in doing kind Offices to each other: The Spiri∣tuous parts do exalte the more Fixed, and the more Gross do conserve within their Embraces the more Fine and Volatil.

The most excellent Liquor (constituting the Spirutuous parts of the Seed) is transmitted through the terminations of the Nerves, * 1.2516 inserted into the Glands of the Testicles, wherein it associateth with the Serous and Chymous parts of the Blood, full of many Saline, and some few Sulphureous parts, which the Nervous Liquor doth render thin and volatile, by exalting its more gross parts, as Colliquated by heat of the Testicles, which are thence trans∣mitted into the Parastats, to receive a farther Concoction, and so to pass through the deferent Vessels into the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, as recepta∣cles of Seed, where it is reserved till the time of Coition.

The prime Elements of Seed are Saline, * 1.2517 which are endued with a Balsamick quality, and render it fruitful, and much exceed those of Sulphur, and upon this account the Poets have feigned Venus to take her Birth from the Sea, and give Lascivious Animals the appellative of Salacious; and I humbly conceive that the several parts of the Body, being more or less solid, do owe their for∣mation to greater or less Concretions, made by different Seminal Salt, mixed with some Earthy and Sulphureous Particles, which being associated with a larger proportion of Saline, do impart a greater or less consistence to the various parts of the Body; of which I will give a fuller account hereafter in the Treatise of Generation.

CHAP. VII. Of the Parts of Generation in the Males of Beasts.

THe Testicles of a Lyon, * 1.2518 which I saw Dissected, were covered with four Coats, and seated near the Penis, and adorned with an Oval Figure much resembling those of Man.

The Penis of a Lyon hath long and small Dimensions, * 1.2519 and hath its Glans seated near the Anus, as in a Cat, Hare, Cunney, &c. and hath a straight Ʋrethra passing from the Bladder of Urine to the extremity of the Penis, which hath its body composed chiefly of two Ligaments, or rather Nervous Bodies, and is for some space distant from the Prostats, seated under the Neck of the Bladder, and is not stretched out above three Thumbs breadth without the cavity, near the Anus, in the time of Coition, which is celebrated backward.

The Testicles of a Castor, * 1.2520 according to learned Webster, are not fastened to the Spine, but to the inward Region of the Os Pubis, or Share Bone, where a superficial Cavity is Engraven, confining on the Process of the Peritonaeum, and on each side may be seen half the Testicle, with the Parastat lodged in the said Sinus of the Share-Bone.

The Testicles of this Animal (if a regard be had to the size of his Body) are very small, about the bigness of a Pidgeons Egg; They are white and smooth in their outward Surface, and endued with a flattish oval Figure, ha∣ving their Body cloathed with a thick Nervous Coat: Their Glandulous Sub∣stance is white within, beset with many Fibrils, and have not the Oleagenous Substance, nor Foetide Smell of Castoreum, (very useful in Hysterick Parox∣ysmes, as we vulgarly term them) so that Castoreum is a distinct substance from that of the Testicles, and leaneth upon the upper part of the Bladder, (of which the learned Author hath given his Observations) and seemeth at the first sight to be a Glandulous Conglomerated Body, three Inches long, and an Inch and a half broad, and scarse an Inch in thickness, and resembled in Figure a long Pear dried, round on each side, and flattish in the upper and lower Region, and its Surface is somewhat like the Anfractus of the Brain, ha∣ving a grey colour, interspersed with red streaks.

The surface of the Castoreum was encircled with a Nervous Coate, * 1.2521 enamel∣led with numerous capillary Blood-Vessels, which are easily discerned in new Castoreum, but hardly when it is dried, except it be Macerated in Water, whereupon it may be severed from the Coat, wherein may be seen the Gyres of it to be tyed together by the mediation of Fibrils, and the Anfractus being loosened by breaking the small Ligaments, the Capillary Vessels may be dis∣covered to pass between the Gyres; * 1.2522 and the Castoreum being stripped of its upper Vest, another presenteth it self, very pleasant to behold, as endued with many thin Scales, which being held against the light do shine like Silver, and the upper Laminae being taken off, those underneath had a blewish colour, and according to their different situation, and various reception of Light, did seem to resemble the changeable Colours beautifying the Necks of Pidge∣ons. * 1.2523 The outward Silver coloured Membrane, encircling the Castoreum, is besprinkled every way with a thin transparent Liquor, and hath a Chink leading into the inward Cavity, into which a Finger being immitted, ma∣ny

Folds or Gyres may be easily felt, and Air being injected, by a Pipe, the Castoreum is swelled like a Bladder, so that the Body that seemeth to be wholly Glandulous, is for the most part Membranous (endued with many minute Glands) contracted by numerous Fibrils into several Folds or Gyres: * 1.2524 the bo∣dy of the Castoreum being opened, in its cavity may be seen a yellow friable substance, of the Consistence of Wax, divided into manny Globules, endued with a strong faetide Sent: The inside of the Anfractus, relating to the Coats and the Scales, were lined with this Oleagenous Matter, resembling a Wall painted with Ocker, and cleaveth so fast to the Gyres and Scales, that it can scarce be scraped off with a Knife, without breaking the Fibrils, which being taken off, many little Holes appear, as pricked with a Needle, which do import this faetide Liquor into the Receptacle of the Castoreum; which I humbly conceive is produced after this manner;

The Blood being impelled through the Arteries, * 1.2525 curiously divaricated in numerous Branches and Ramulets, shading the Surface of the Castoreum, and piercing its outward Coat, do enter into the more inward integument, adorn∣ed with variety of Flakes or Scales, one Lodged within another, which are beset with a great number of small Glands, Systems of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, terminating into their substance, wherein the more serous and oily Particles of the Blood being secerned from the Red Crassament, and embodied with Nervous Liquor, impraegnated with volatil saline Particles, opening the Com∣page of the Blood, do dispose it in order to a secretion of some parts from the other. These contrary Agents are reduced to intestine motion, as con∣sisting of Heterogeneous Principles, much incited to action by a proper Fer∣ment seated in the Body of the Glands besetting the Coats of the Castoreum; whereupon the Liquor, severed from the red parts of the vital Liquor, and being Concocted, acquireth an oleagenous nature, and colour somewhat like wax, and being imported through small secretory Ducts into the Belly of the Casto∣reum, is coagulated into a more thick substance, consisting of divers con∣creted Globules

The Testicles of an Ape are encompassed with a close Scrotum, * 1.2526 not pendu∣lous, as in Man, Horses, &c. and do confine on the sides of the Os Pubis, or near the top of the Spine relating to it, and are lodged out of the Cavity of the Belly, without the Aponeuroses of the Epigastrick Muscles; and the Ely∣throeidean Tunicle (immuring the Testicles) is adorned with fleshy Fibres, derived from the Cremaster Muscles, and the Spermatick Arteries sport them∣selves upon the back of the Testicles with various Spires, encircling them as with numerous Wreaths.

The Testicles are conjoyned in their Heads to the Belly of the Parastats, * 1.2527 where it admitteth the Spermatick deferent Vessels, and in their other extre∣mities they emit their ejaculatory Vessels, and when they are separated from the Parastats many white Points may be discovered, which are the Channels of Seminal Liquor, passing through the Body of the Testicles.

And the ejaculatory Vessels pass behind the Bladder into hardish Bodies, * 1.2528 full of several Anfractus (as in the Origen of Epididymids) under the Semi∣nal Vesicles, full of various Cells, which are so many Repositories of Semi∣nal Liquor, adjoining to the ejaculatory Vessels.

An Ape hath also, beside the Seminal Vesicles, two plump Prostats, * 1.2529 which are glandulous Bodies resembling small Nuts, adhering to the Neck of the Bladder, above the Sphincter.

The Penis of this Animal is void of any Fraenulum, * 1.2530 and thereupon the Prepuce may be put down to the Root of the Yard, and the Glans laid bare, as also the whole body of the Penis.

The Glans is like that of Mans, bating the Fraenulum, whereupon the Chink of the Glans groweth very much enlarged, as receiving no closure from the Fraenulum, where the Nervous Bodies do terminate, and the Glans is pro∣minent on each side.

Many Vessels, * 1.2531 both Arteries and Veins, do expatiate themselves upon the ambient parts of the Penis, being derived from the Epigastrick Muscles by the Prominencies Ossis ischii, and the extremity of the Share-bone, and through the same place a Nerve is Propagated from the Os Sacrum, which accompani∣eth the Blood-Vessels.

The Testicles of a Hedg-Hog are lodged within the Abdomen, * 1.2532 and are great as to the Bulk of this Animal, and are somewhat transparent; his Penis being inclosed within a thick Skin, as in a Bull, is about the bigness of the Little-Finger, * 1.2533 and four Fingers long, and hath Seminal Vesicles of a Glandu∣lous Substance, full of little Receptacles of genital matter, and hath two Pro∣stats, adorned with an oval Figure, placed at the Root of the Penis, and eve∣ry way encompassed with the Sphincter of the Bladder of Urine.

The Testicles of a Hair also are enclosed within the Abdomen, * 1.2534 as lodg∣ed under the common Integuments, and are almost three Fingers in length, one in breadth, and about half a one in thickness; and in that place where they are conjoyned to the Pampiniform plex, they seem to be much les∣sened in Dimensions, and to be tied by Ligaments to the Thighs, the more firmly to secure them in their proper places.

They are only covered with a proper albugineous Coat, as being seated under the common Integuments in the Abdomen, and consist of a glandu∣lous Substance, having so small Cavities, that they can scarce be discerned.

This small Animal hath also Seminal Vesicles, accommodated with many minute Cells, distinguished from each other by Membranes, and are so many little Allodgments of Seminal matter, in order to Coition, and are seated not far from the Neck of the Bladder.

The Prostats are two small plump glandulous Bodies, seated near the Root of the Penis, which is chiefly made up of two Nervous Bodies, interspersed with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and is conical in its extremity, and somewhat crooked.

The Seminal Vesicles of a Horse plainly consist, * 1.2535 as being very great, of a Glandulous and Membranous Substance, which doth very much confirm learned Dr. * 1.2536 Wharton's Assertion, That the Vesicles have a Power productive of Semen, different from that of Testicles, which hath been more largely discoursed above. These Vesicles are almost six Fingers long, and three broad, and a Probe being immitted into these Seminal Receptacles, is obliquely car∣ried toward the Urethra, into which they have their insertion. The glandu∣lous part of these Vesicles is their more thick and broad Substance, which adjoineth to the Urethra, where the deferent Vessels are implanted; and the Substance of these Glands is somewhat like that of the Testicles, only it is hued with a more grey colour, and have many Perforations into the Ure∣thra, receptive of a small Probe, and are covered with a spongy Substance, giving a check to the perpetual efflux of Seminal Juice.

The Prostats are very large in this Animal, where we may very plainly see, upon a Dissection, the several Apartiments containing Seminal Liquor, which passeth by twelve or more holes into the Urethra, placed a Thumbs breadth without the insertion of the deferent Vessels, and every Perforation of these Prostats hath a little Teat or Protuberance affixed to it, to secure the Ingress of Urine into the Prostrats.

The Seminal Vesicles and Prostats of a Camel are near akin to those of a Horse, but hath a Penis much different, and is Conical in its extremity, * 1.2537 where it is somewhat crooked, and hath a very large loose Praepuce, which doth not only cover the extremity of the Penis, but is also bent backward toward the hinder part of it.

A Dog hath Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, * 1.2538 holding great Analogy with those of Man, and in its Penis too, as consisting of two Nervous Bodies, interspersed with the reticular Plex of Vessels, and differs from a human Yard, as its anterior part is composed of a triangular Bone, and hath large Prostats seated near the Root of the Penis, which grow so tumefied in Coition, that fasten the Penis to the Vagina Ʋteri, that a Dog cannot disingage himself from Venereal Embraces, without great trouble and violence offered to the Prostats.

A Bear also doth very much agree in its Seminal Vesicles and Prostats with other Animals, and hath a Penis endued with Nervous Bodies, * 1.2539 and a Boney substance, like those of a Dog, and a Fox, which is crooked after the figure of an S.

A Weesel or Polcat hath very small Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, * 1.2540 which in their Structure much resemble those of other Animals, and hath a hard Gris∣seley Penis, and is crooked and wreathed in its extremity, like a small Pier∣cer, and is perforated on each side of it like the Eye of a Needle: This hard Penis is rendred soft in its ambient parts, as cloathed with a Membrane, to gratifie the Female in Coition.

The Testicles of a Porcupine are hid within the Groins, * 1.2541 of which the left is the smaller, and covered between the Coats of the Rim of the Belly in the cavity of it; the right Testicle is very much larger than the other, and is seat∣ed near the inguinal Glands. The Seminal Veficles in this Animal are ob∣long and transparent, and seem to be so many Lymphatick Vessels; in Man they are so many Cells, but here they resemble the Pancreas of Fish, as ha∣ving no distinct little receptacles of Semen, but are only Spongy Porous Bo∣dies, as I apprehend.

The Testicles of a Civet Cat are variegated with streakes of green and white, dressed with an oblong Figure, about the bigness of an Olive, * 1.2542 seated between the receptacles of Civet, and are pendulous, as hanging within the Scrotum, above the Anus, near the great Fissure (shaded with Hair like a Vulva) leading into the Vesicles of Civet.

Two round Glandulous Bodies are lodged near the Root of the Penis, * 1.2543 immuring it on each side, two Thumbs breadth in length, and one in breadth, and one and a half in thickness, and is composed of many small white Glands, hollow within, and invested with a thick fibrous Membrane, variously wreath∣ed, in the form of the cavities placed in and about the Ears.

These Glandulous Bodies, confining on the Penis, * 1.2544 have many Divaricati∣ons and Plexes of Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, every way Enameling their Coats, and importing and exporting various Liquors into the substance of nu∣merous minute Glands, chiefly integrating the body of the Receptacles re∣lating to the Civet.

Between two Prominencies, resembling two Testicles, * 1.2545 about the bigness of Hen-Eggs, is lodged a System of many minute white Globules, big with white Liquor, and are a multitude of Glands, as I conceive, which being cut cross-ways appear to be so many Channels of a Milkey Juice, (not unlike the small Tubes seated in the Breasts of Women) which is the precious Li∣quor of Civet.

These Glands are covered with the Muscles called Erectores Penis, and are furnished, with many Carnous Fibres (derived from the Epigastrick Muscles) which are circular, and encompass these Glandulous Bodies, and by their contractions do narrow the circumference of the Glands, and squeeze out the Civet toward the common Duct and Fissure.

These numerous Glands have as many little excretory Vessels as Glands, * 1.2546 taking their rise from many white Globules, and are so many small Chan∣nels discharging themselves into one common Cistern.

The manner of production of Civet I conceive is made after this manner; * 1.2547 The Vital Liquor is transmitted by the Hypogastrick Arteries into the sub∣stance of the numerous Globules, (belonging to these Glandulous Bodies, endued with a proper Ferment) wherein the Milky parts of the Blood, the Materia substrata of it, are secerned from the red Crassament, and mixed with some Liquor destilling out of the extremities of Nerves; whereupon the Bo∣dy of the Blood being opened and the Bond of Mixtion loosened, it is ren∣dred fit for the Secretion of the more soft and Chymous, from the red and sharp parts, so that the white Particles being commensurate in shape and size to the extremities of the excretory Vessels, are received into them, and carri∣ed into the common Receptacle of this Milky humour, commonly graced with the Appellative of Civet, endowed with a bitter Taste, a fragrant Smell, a whitish Colour, afterwards growing yellowish.

Between these Glandulous Prominencies of Civet is seated the Penis, Os∣seus within, and covered with a Membrane enclosing two Nervous Bodies as well as the Bony parts, and hath its Termination and Body invested with a Prepuce, as in a Dog, which are wholly unsheathed in the Act of Co∣ition.

Learned Blasius hath well described the Testicles, * 1.2548 Parastats, deferent Ves∣sels, and Seminal Vesicles and Penis of a Dormouse. Ait ille, Partes hic va∣riae quibus Semen & Semini Analoga materia elaboratur, aut saltem deline∣tur; Prima earum Vasis Spermaticis unita, Testis est, ex variè Conglometratis Fi∣brillis, quas cavas Graefius alii{que} dicunt, imprimis constans, Arteria singulariter per exteriora substantiae ejus gyroso Ductu, antequam ad interiora transeat, distributa, facile separabili Gaudens.

Secunda, Epididymis, tortuosam ibidem Faciem exhibens, longitudinis insignis admodum, habetur haec Fibrarum dictarum testem constituentium continuatio.

Tertia. Epididymidis extremo illi quod est a teste remotius, continuatum Vas deferens vocari solitum, ad Ventris interiora procedens, ubi ad Latus meatus Uri∣narii occurrit.

Quarta, Vesica ampla, Cornu quasi exasperatum, varie{que} contortum, referens: Haec iterum Ductus subtilioris faciem assumens Gyroso quodam Ductu Urethram accedit, eo loco quo Vas deferens altero extremo exceperat.

Quinta, Capsula exigua, pyriformibus Musculis Penis incumbens, in Urethram pa∣tens. Materiam haec continet tenuiorem, minus albam, similiter ac Pars sexta, Glandula sat magna, foramine manifesto, circa Praeputii externi Extremitatem in∣terius praedita.

Penis non tantum Nervoso Corpore duplici constat, Urinario{que} Ductu, sed & Ossiculo singulari, similiter ac in Cane notamus, anterius leviter incurvato, tegitur hoc Praeputio quodam membranaceo, quod internum nominare placet, cum exter∣num ad hoc cutaneum omnino.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Parts of Generation in the Cocks of Birds.

BIrds have a Cavity lodged between the Rump and Intestinum Rectum, * 1.2549 somewhat resembling a Prepuce, out of which a Penis discovereth it self, of a membranous nature, in time of Coition, the Corpora Nervosa, if any, being very thin in Birds, in some of which it cometh out of the Body a great length, after the manner of a small Gut in point of substance, only it is desti∣tute of so great a Cavity as is found in a little Intestine. In great Birds the Penis is more fleshy and big, as having the Nervous Bodies more thick and large, giving greater Dimensions to the substance of the Penis.

This is very remarkable in an Estridge, * 1.2550 in which may be discerned with∣in the Orifice of the Pudendum, a large Glans, in which it is Lodged, as within a Socket, somewhat like the Prepuce of a Horse: The Body of the Penis is hued with red, proceeding from numerous Blood-Vessels, dissemina∣ted through the substance of the Nervous Bodies, which are much greater in this large Fowl than in small Birds, in which it is difficult to discover any fleshy Substance, so that the Frame of the Penis in most Birds seemeth to be membranous.

In this Fowl the Penis resembleth a Hart's Tongue in figure and bigness, * 1.2551 as learned Dr. Harvey hath observed, who saw this Animal often first shake its Penis, and afterwards immit it into the Vagina Uteri (relating to the Fe∣male) without any motion, as if they were nailed together for some time in coition, accompanied with many little sportings of the Head and Neck, as so many expressions of Pleasure.

The Testicles of a Turkey (as in other Birds) are oblong white Glan∣dulous Bodies, seated immediately under the Renes Succenturiati, * 1.2552 between the Originations of the Kidneys, resting upon the Trunk of the great Arte∣ry and Vein, out of which do arise minute Branches of Spermatick Vessels, which are distributed into the substance of the Testicles, where the Seminal Liquor is generated, and afterwards carried down by two Spermatick Ducts by the Spine, and are inserted into the long Membranous Substance, vulgar∣ly called the Penis.

The Testicles in this Bird are connected to the upper Region of the Kid∣neys, and in some part to the Spine, and to the Trunk of Blood-Vessels, * 1.2553 to which they are fastened by the Interposition of the preparing Artery and Vein, arising out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, and are endued with a different size, by reason the right is larger and longer than the left.

The Testicles of a Swan, Goose, Duck, and other Birds, * 1.2554 are Lodged near the beginning of the Kidneys, and are conjoined to the great Blood-Vessels, (passing down the Spine) and have preparing Vessels sprouting out of them, and are divaricated in numerous Branches through the Body of the Testicles, wherein the Serous and Chymous part of the Blood are embodied with a choice Liquor, dropping out of the Extremities of the Nerves, and trans∣mitted into the Origens of the Seminal Tubes, and conveyed through the deferent Vessels into the Penis, which is a soft membranous Compage, * 1.2555 mixed with a thin loose spongy Substance, and is distended by Blood, brought

into it by the Hypogastrick Arteries, and by Animal Spirits, carried with the Liquor between the Filaments of the Nerves, inserted into the Body of the Penis, whereupon it is thrust first out of a Cavity running between the Rump and Intestinum Rectum, * 1.2556 and afterwards immitted into the Vulva of the Hen, and bedeweth it with a thin Seminal Juice, whose Spirituous parts are conveyed into the Uterus, and from thence, by a Tube, to the Eggs, which are thereby gradually impraegnated through the Ovary.

CHAP. IX. Of the Parts of Generation in Males of Fish.

THe Testicles of a Porpess are lodged within the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment, * 1.2557 and have Parastats too, which are affixed to one extre∣mity of the Testicles, seated about the Spine, and are affixed by the media∣tion of Spermatick Vessels, to the Trunk of the Aorta and Vena Cava; which do send Branches to the Testicles, and are divaricated through the Glan∣dulous parts of the Testicles, into and out of which the various kinds of Ar∣teries and Veins do import and export Blood for the preparation of Genital Liquor, * 1.2558 formed out of the Albuminous part of the Blood, separated from the red Crassament in the Glands of the Testicles, and confoederated with Liquor, coming out of the Terminations of the Nerves, which various Juices are the Materia Substrata of Seed, more crude and watry than that of more perfect Animals; so that this Elixir being first generated in the Testicles, and more matured in the Parastats, is transmitted through the deferent Vessels, in∣to the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, placed at the Root of the Penis, which is framed chiefly of two Nervous Bodies, called by some nervous Ligaments, of unequal bigness, the one being smaller than the other. The Penis is un∣der-propped by a soft Cartilaginous Bone, somewhat resembling the Os Hyoi∣des in Figure.

All Cetaceous Fish are very much akin to a Porpess in their Preparing Vessels, * 1.2559 Testicles, Parastats, deferent Vessels, Seminal Vesicles, Prostats, and Penis, which hold great Analogy in their Structure, Situation, and Use, with those of more perfect Animals.

Cetaceous Fish, and those Armed with Shells, have Parastats, Prostats, and a Penis, and other Fish have only, as I apprehend, Spermatick Vessels and Milts in stead of Testicles, and are designed for the same end, viz. the Pro∣duction of Seminal Matter.

The Milts of Fish are adorned with a kind of Conick Figure, * 1.2560 as begin∣ning and ending into smaller Extremities, and have a kind of Belly in their midst, by reason of a greater Protuberance.

They are seated on each side and under the Intestines, and are conjoined to each other in their lower Region by the mediation of a Membrane, and are fastened to the sides of Fish by thin Tunicles, adjoining to, and deri∣ved from the common Coat of the Milts.

The Milts of Fish are truly substituted by Nature instead of Testicles pla∣ced in other Animals, * 1.2561 as having the same use in reference to the production of Seminal Liquor, whereupon they are furnished with divers kinds of Ves∣sels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, &c.

The Spermatick Arteries are derived from the descendent Trunk of the Aor∣ta (passing down the Spine, and imparting a Trunk, * 1.2562 the whole length of the Milts) out of which do sprout fruitful Branches, elegantly divaricated through the outward Coat, and do terminate into the Milts or Testicles, into which they transmit Blood.

And the Spermatick Veins, * 1.2563 arising out of the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava, do sport themselves in numerous small Branches through the Coats and Substance of the Milts, and are Companions of the Arteries, * 1.2564 and have their Extremities also implanted into the Glands, relating to the Testicles of Fish, commonly having the Appellative of Soft Rowes, out of which, after a Se∣cretion is made of the Albuminous part, the more red is re-conveyed through the Trunk of Cava into the Liver, and so to the Heart.

The Nerves of the Milts or Testicles of Fish take their rise from the Ver∣tebral Nerves, sprouting out of the Spinal Marrow, * 1.2565 the elongation of the Brain, and do impart their numerous Fibrils to many minute Glands: their Substance is an agregate Body, composed of many Spermatick Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Vesicles of Seminal Liquor, whereupon they may well be de∣nominated Testicles, as performing their Office, productive of Seed.

These Glands of the Milt are very small and numerous, * 1.2566 and seem to be endued with an Oval Figure, which I discovered in the lower Region of a Skait or Thorn-back, and have many Extremities of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Seminal Vessels, implanted into their Substance; and every Gland is en∣circled with a proper Coat, beside the common Integument enclosing them all, and are accommodated with divers sorts of peculiar Vessels, transmitting various Liquors into its body, subservient to the great end of Propagation

The Milts also are endued with many little Cavities, * 1.2567 attending their Glands, furnished with minute Pores, leading into these Cells, the Reposi∣tories of a kind of Milky Humour, which in truth is Seminal Liquor.

The great use of the Milt in Fish is to procreate Genital Matter, * 1.2568 which I humbly conceive is produced after this manner,

The Blood, associated with Chyme, * 1.2569 is imported by the Spermatick Arte∣ries into the Substance of the Glands belonging to the Milt, wherein the more soft and Chymous parts being not assimilated into Blood, are secerned from it, and do associate with a noble Juice, (destilling out of the extre∣mity of the Nerves, Impregnated with fermentative dispositions, exalting these Serous and Chymous Particles, which are farther Concocted by a pe∣culiar Ferment, the relicks of the Milky or Seminal Juice, adhering to the Coats of the Vessels, seated in the Glands of the Milt, whereupon the white Genital Liquor, being well prepared, is received into the secretory Pores, agreeing in shape and size with the Atoms of the Seminal Matter, and is reposed in many minute Cells, as so many small Receptacles of it, till it is discharged through a common Duct or deferent Vessel, upon the Spawn, (excluded the Female Fish of the same kind) and lodged upon some Sand or other convenient Bed of Earth bedewed with this choice Liquor, giving Life, Nourishment, and Enerease.

In great Cartilaginous Fish I have seen the Orbicular Glands of the Milt, wherein the Milky Seminal Liquor being Concocted, is carried out

of the Glandulous Substance into one common Receptacle, * 1.2570 (emptying it self by deferent Vessels into the Intestinum rectum) which I could never dis∣cern in other smaller Fish, which have only many small Cells, as Allodgments of Seminal Liquor, which is exonerated by a deferent Vessel into a greater Receptacle, near the Anus.

CHAP. X. Of the Parts of Generation in Insects.

THe Seminal Vessels in an Ephemeron are seated on each side of the Stomach and Intestines, * 1.2571 and are Tied to the sides of this Animal by the Interposition of small thin membranous Threads; they take their rise on the Confines of the Ventricle, and terminate near the Anus.

These Genital parts resemble the Seminal Vessels of Moles, * 1.2572 Hedg-hogs, &c. and the Milts of Fish, and may be called the Testicles of this Insect, as being destined by Nature for the Production of Seminal Liquor, where∣upon these Seminal Compages are made up of a Glandulous Substance, com∣posed of Blood-Vessels and Seminal Tubes, and Vessels, carrying Air into the Vital Liquor, moving in this Insect.

The Milky Juice is produced, * 1.2573 as I conceive, after this manner; The Vital Liquor, associated with Chyle and Air, is imported into the Substance of these Glands, wherein it is severed from the red Crassament, and received into the extremities of many small Genital Vessels, and carried into many Cells, the Receptacles of this Milky humour or Seminal matter.

The Air-Vessels, * 1.2574 inserting themselves into the Glandulous Substance of the Milt or Testicles relating to this Insect, do impart elastick and fermentative Particles to the Blood, and open its Compage, and give it a disposition of making a separation of the Albumenous and Chymous from the more sharp parts of the Blood, in order to the production of the Milky or Seminal Li∣quor, lodged in the Seminal Vesicles of this Insect.

The Male Ephemeron dischargeth the Milky humour out of its Seminal Vesicles into a common Duct or deferent Vessel, * 1.2575 ending about the Anus, through which the genital matter is thrown off, and cast upon the Eggs of the Female, cast out of her Body, and swimming upon the Surface of the Water, whereupon the Eggs being bedewed with this Milky Humour of the Male, receive an Impregnation, and acquire Life, Nourishment, and Aug∣mentation, till it is formed into a Worm.

The Silk-worm is a rare Insect, * 1.2576 in reference to its Birth, Structure, and various Forms it puts on before it cometh to maturity, and then spendeth it self by laying numerous Eggs to Propagate others, and so Dieth, not long af∣ter it hath spun a Nest out of its own Intrals, interwoven with Silken Threads, into a yellow oval Figure, of which Artificers make rich Attire.

A Silk-worm hath various parts subservient to Generation, * 1.2577 as Testicles, Seminal Vessels, Parastats, and Penis.

The Testicles of this Insect are seated about the middle of the Back, and do somewhat resemble small Kidneys, or Kidney-Beans, consisting of a Con∣vex,

and Concave Region: Their Fibrous part is furnished with many small Air-Vessels, whose elastick Particles open the Compage of the Blood.

The Testicles are furnished with numerous minute Vessels, * 1.2578 supplying the office of Arteries and Veins; the first import a vital Liquor, associated with Chyle into the substance of the Testicles, where the Chymous parts of Blood are severed from the more hot Particles, and are mixt with Air, which gives it fermentative Particles, and dispose it for Seed, which is then carried through the Extremities of many small Tubes, ending into two Trunks, which creep out of the concave part of the Testicles, and convey the Genital Liquor in∣to the Parastats, which are largest in their Origen, and smaller in their Ter∣mination, about which they have divers Gyres. And as I humbly conceive the Parastats do give a farther Concoction to the Seminal Liquor, * 1.2579 (after it hath received its first Rudiments in the Testicles) which is afterwards trans∣mitted into Seminal Vesicles, which being lengthened out, do constitute the ejaculatory Vessels, terminating into one Duct, near the Root of the Penis, which conveyeth Seed into it in the time of Coition.

Near the Anus is seated a Cavity, * 1.2580 guarded with a kind of semicircular bony Sepiment; the extremity of the Penis of this Insect is placed about the ter∣mination of this bony Ring, which encircleth the Prone part of the Belly and the Anus: The Penis hath a Perforation, immured with Cartilaginous or thin Bony enclosures, through which the Seed is ejected in the time of Co∣ition.

The Extremity of the Penis is confined within a semicircular Bone (to which are affixed two Horns or Beaks) and hath a Glans enameled in various Wreaths, and hath a Praepuce sporting it self up and down the Penis. * 1.2581

The parts of Generation in a Fly, called a black Beetle, * 1.2582 do much resem∣ble those of Man, although in a smaller Model; its Testicles are made up of Vessels, composed in numerous Flexures, from which are derived deferent Vessels; about their termination are seated six Seed-Vesicles, attended with divers Ducts, conveying Seminal Liquor, as Learned Swammerdam hath observed.

A Grashopper hath a Penis composed of two small Bones, * 1.2583 whose Extre∣mities are rendred rough by many unevenesses, which constitute its termina∣tions or Glans, of which Learned Malpighius giveth an account.

CHAP. XI. Of the Diseases of the Scrotum and Testicles of Man.

THus having given a History of the Parts of Generation of Man, and the Males of Bruits, Fowl, Fish, and Insects, my Task at this time is to discourse the diseases and Cures belonging to the Genitals of Man.

The Scrotum and Testicles are afflicted with many sorts of Diseases, In∣flammations, Ulcers, several kinds of Hiernia's, Gangreens, &c.

Inflammations proceed either from a grosness, * 1.2584 or a great quantity of Blood, lodged in the substance of the Scrotum or Testicles, brought in by the Spermatick Arteries to the Interstices of the Vessels, in so large a proportion that the Extremities of the Veins are not receptive of it, whence follow∣eth a Tumor of the Scrotum, or Testicles, or of both, accompanied with a beat∣ing Pain, * 1.2585 a great heat, and a symptomatick Fever, derived from an exube∣rance of Stagnated Blood, whereupon the Serous and Chymous parts of it are often turned into purulent Matter, which being of a Corrosive temper, maketh its way through the more inward Recesses to the ambient parts, and dischargeth it self by way of Ulcer.

An Inflammation of the Scrotum and Testicles, * 1.2586 as well as other parts of the Body, denoteth a free opening of a Vein in the Arm, especially in a Plethorick Body; as to inward Medicines, cooling Juleps and Apozemes are very proper to contemperate the Blood.

And afterwards, * 1.2587 gentle repelling Medicines may be used, of Bean-Flower, Red-Rose Leaves, &c. boiled in Milk, and made into the Consistence of a Cataplasm with the Crums of White-Bread, &c. and to intercept the Flux of Blood into the Scrotum and Testicles, a defensative Medicine may be ap∣plied to the side of the Groins, made of Red-Rose Leaves, Bole-Armenick, Bean-Flower, boiled in Red Wine, or the Countesses or any other astringent Ointment may be administred to the said parts. If the Pains of the Parts affected be very urgent, Anodynes may be applied, mixed with Faenugreek and Lin-seed, boiled with Red-Rose Leaves in Milk thickned with White∣bread, to the consistence of a Pultice.

And if the humours, * 1.2588 setled in the Tumefied Scrotum and Testicles, cannot be repelled nor discussed, gentle suppurating may be mixed with the said Medicines, as white Lilly-Roots, and a little Venice-Turpentine, dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg; and afterwards the Ulcer is to be treated with in∣ward Diet-Drinks, and outward cleansing, drying, and consolidating Appli∣cations, which do satisfie all the indications of Ulcers.

Many other Tumours discompose the Scrotum and Testicles, the Epiplo∣cele, Enterocele, Sarcocele, Hydrocele, Pneumatocele.

The Epiplocele and Enterocele are the Tumors of the Scrotum, * 1.2589 as distend∣ed with the Caul or Intestines falling down into it, and proceeding either from the Rupture, which is very rare, or most commonly from the Relaxa∣tion of the Peritonaeum, in reference to its Process, through which the Sper∣matick Vessels do pass in their Progress to the Testicles.

In an Epiplocele I have seen one of the Testicles wholly encircled with the Caul, * 1.2590 which highly tumefied the Scrotum, so that the Patient having

conversed with light Women, conceived the Tumor of the Testicles to be Venereal, and thereupon gave himself over to strong Purgatives, which spake a Period to his Life; whereupon I being sent for by worthy Mr. White, the Coroner of Westminster, to view the dead Body and see him Dissected, and his Belly being opened, we discovered many Pills in his Stomach undissolved, and afterwards his Scrotum being opened, a large Tumor appeared in one side of it, which was part of the Caul (encompassing the left Testicle) which being cut, the Testicle was found to have no greater Dimensions than the other, which were both duely proportioned.

Another kind of Hiernia is called Enterocele, * 1.2591 which is the Swelling of the Scrotum upon the descent of the Guts into its Cavity, where the Pas∣sage in the Process of the Rim of the Belly, designed for the Entertainment of the Spermatick Vessels, is too much dilated, which may sometimes happen in persons upon going to Stool, whose Intestines are constipated with hard Excrements, whereupon the Guts being often pressed downwards, by frequent holding the Breath, are forced toward the Groin into the Origen of Process, relating to the Rim of the Belly, whose Cavity is thereby opened, and the Guts have freedom to pass into the Scrotum. * 1.2592

In order to the Cure of this Disease, the Guts are to be reduced into the Cavity of the Belly with a gentle hand (to avoid their Contusion) the Bo∣dy being placed in a supine posture, with elevated Thighs, which may be easily performed if the Intestines be empty, but if they be full of Excrements, or Wind, Cataplasms or Fermentations may be applied, made of emollient, discutient, and anodyne Ingredients.

When the Intestines are reduced into their proper place, * 1.2593 vulnerary and consolidating Apozemes may be advised, compounded of Cumphrey, Sanicle, Ladies-mantle, Solomons-Seal, Pentaphyl, Tormentil, Mouse-eare the great∣er, boiled in water, and incorporated with Honey after the Liquor is strain∣ed.

Topicks also may be safely applied to the Groins, made of astringent and consolidating Medicines, to shut up the over-much dilated Cavity of the Pro∣cess, relating to the Rim of the Belly, as also Arnoldus de Villa Nova his Plai∣ster de Pelle Arietis, or the Plaister good against a Rupture, and astringent Ointments, as the Countesses Liniment, and the like.

If Apocemes be not pleasant to the Patient, Electuaries may be advised, * 1.2594 mixed with astringent, vulnerary, and consolidating Medicines, taken in Posset-drink made with Rib-wort, Plantain, Horse-tail, &c.

Another kind of Tumor, belonging to the Testicles, is called Sarcocele. * 1.2595 An∣tient Authors have various Sentiments concerning this Disease. Celsus, Lib. 7. Cap. 18. Raro, inquit, sed aliquando, Caro quo{que} inter Tunicas increscit, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Graeci vocant. Galenus, Lib. de Tumoribus. P. M. Testiculos vocat induratos, & Lib. 14. Meih. Med. eundem Scirrhis non improvide comparat. But the Mo∣dern Physitians give a more clear account of this disease, and do give it the Appellative of Sarcocele, when some fleshy substance groweth to the Testi∣cles within the Scrotum, of which Hildanus and other Physicians give many Examples, but most commonly when the Testicle is tumefied it proceedeth from the enlarged inward Recesses of it, and not from carnous matter adhe∣ring to the outward parts of the Testicle.

The cause of this disease proceedeth (as I conceive) from the softer parts of the Blood, and Succus Nutricius, the Alimentary Liquor of the Testicles, * 1.2596 which being too exuberant, doth highly encrease the substance of them, com∣monly called Sarcocele. Olaus Borichius informeth us of this case, Observ.

97. Actor. Bartholin. Annor. 1671, 1972. Mercatori Samio ablatus Ferro Chy∣rurgi Ramicosus Testis, pendebat semuncias 34. Durus ille quidem toto Corpore, & Massae Carneae Nervosis hinc inde Gyris distincte similis, sed ne{que} ad Latus, ne{que} in Gremio suo ullum alium Testiculum naturalem complexus; Dissecta enim quaquaversum informi mole, ut Testiculus verus quem intus delitescere quidam sus∣picabantur, in conspectum veniret, deprehensum clarissime fuit, totum illud enorme Corpus Testem fuisse, sed Testem a Sanguine, ut conjicere licet, admisso, verum ob, vel Contusionem, vel Frigus, vel Pituitam nimiam ad superiores partes non remisso, eo{que} in Carnem degenerem coagulato distentam.

Mathiolus and Scultelus have persuaded themselves, * 1.2597 that they have Cured this disease by the Powder of Restharrowe, but I humbly conceive, with the Pardon of these Learned Men, that it was not a true Sarcocele, but rather a Hydrocele, not proceding from a fleshy or glandulous Tumour of the Te∣sticles, but a quantity of watry Recrements, distending the Scrotum, or lodg∣ed in the Body of the Testicles, so that the said Powder being an excellent Diuretick, may much alleviate, if not wholly take away, the Hydrocele, by Purging the watry Faeces, the cause of this Disease, by the free excretion of Urine.

Bartholine, and other Physicians and Chyrurgeons, deem this Cure to be performed by cutting the Groin, and extracting the Testicle, or by the In∣cision of the Scrotum, as Bartholine hath it, Observ. 28. Sectioni (ait ille) Sarcocelis in Milite interfui faeliciter, & dextre Administratae: Aperta Cute In∣guinis dextri, Testiculus dexter, qui ad Capitis Puerilis magnitudinem excreverat, separato 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Scroto extractus & resectis Vasis Spermaticis, prorsus exemptus fuit, magno Militis, alias cordatissimi Ejulatu; ligatis Vasis, consutum Scrotum, & caetera ut Vulnus decet, Curata.

Dissectus sui dextri Testiculi Tumor, Glandulosam substantiam ostendit, ex mag∣nitudine auctam, ut Oneri esset Militi satis valido; infima vero parte Vesiculas in∣tra Membranam continebat, Sanguine plenas, qua parte de maximo semper dolo∣re, ob distentionem tunicae sensilis, conquestus fuerat; Tormentorum oblitus, ad Mi∣litares Functiones postea rediit.

Another kind of Hiernia may be called Varicosa, * 1.2598 according to vulgar ac∣ception, though improperly, by reason no Hiernia can be truly so called, ex∣cept it proceed from the Rupture, or Relaxation at least, of the Process be∣longing to the Peritonaeum, but the Hiernia varicosa supposeth neither of these, but is derived from a quantity of Blood, stagnant in the Spermatick Vessels, whence ariseth Nodes or Varices in the Testicles.

And also another Hernia (commonly, * 1.2599 and unreasonably so called) is sti∣led Hydrocele, which taketh its rise from a quantity of watry Faeculencies, discharging themselves, in Hydropick Bodies, by the preparing Arteries into the Glands of the Testicles, wherein the watry Liquor is stagnant some time in the Interstices of the Vessels, whereupon the Body of the Glands is tume∣fied, and other times the watry Liquor is carried by the termination of the Spermatick Arteries, inserted into the Membranes enclosing the Testicles, so that sometimes it is lodged between their Coats, and sometimes it destilleth into the Cavity, interceding the other Membranes, and the Scrotum, where∣upon its Confines are unnaturally enlarged.

Learned Dr. * 1.2600 Horstius giveth an Instance of both these Hiernias in one Case, Observat. Anatom. 6. upon a Wound in the left Buttock. Nob. Ram∣saeus (ait ille) accepit in sinistrae natis partem superiorem & externam introrsum & deorsum leviter tendens Vulnus, ex quo statim concidit: Huic accessit Vulneri, inter alia Symptomata, sinistri Testiculi, cum Tumore & summo dolore, Inflamma∣tio,

quae tamen post magnam partem sublata, remanente solum levi duritie, rubore & dolore, vocatus deprehendo Herniam, non ventosam, ob defectum flatuum; nec simplicem aquosam, quia Scrotum nec lucidum, nec Aqua turgidum, nec Carnosum simplicem, ob dolorem, sed Herniam ex aquosa, carnosa, & varicosa conflatum: Aquosam quidem inculcat Tumor instar Ovi oblongus, cum Testiculi occultatione quoad tactum & visum: Accedit & hoc quod sinistro lateri aquosae Herniae sunt valde familiares, quod nempe Vena Spermatica sinistra oriatur ab emulgente; Car∣nosae Vulnus ad sinistrae natis partem superiorem vergens ansam dare potuit & cau∣sam; Generatur enim haec Hernia ex sanguine Testes & Scrotum obruente, ibi{que} in molem carneam mutato; cui affluxui Vulnus potuit, ut dixi, ansam dare, ut non solum in Principio statim Testiculi sinistri Inflammatio, sed & Dolor secutus fuerit: suppetias fert Sanguis adustus melancholicus a vitio lienis oriundus, Renis{que} sinistri debilitas: varicosam monstrat dolor, qui exacerbatur in distentione Vasorum Sperma∣ticorum, unde erectionem Penis cruciatus intensisimi comitantur: Omnia incassum Remedia, nam sequenti Mense moritur.

Aperto Corpore, Renum loco portionem pinguem quasi, Lienis vero loco Ovi Gallinacei quantitate nigrum frustum, sanguinis coagulati facie, inveniebamus: Cavitas (circa vesicam) Abdomenis, aqua erat repleta, ut & Scrotum circa sinistrum Testiculum potissimum, dextro longe minorem: Vasa Testiculorum varicum more consistebant; dextri Testiculi substantia spongiosa & putrida, Tunicae{que} adnata erat, in dextra Scroti parte Caro adiposa.

As to the Cure of an Hydrocele, * 1.2601 I conceive it proper to advise gentle Hy∣dragogues, and Diureticks, propounded in the Cure of a Dropsie; and af∣terwards Fomentations may be applied, made of discutient and emollient In∣gredients, viz. Bean-flower, Bay-berries, Flowers of Chamomel, Melilote, Elder, of the Seed of Faenugreek, Flax, wilde Carret, Caroways, the Leaves of Penniroial, Calaminth, Wormwood, Centaury the less, Rue, &c. of these Ingredients may be made Ointments, Cataplasms, &c.

And if the Tumor of the Scrotum cannot be discussed, * 1.2602 the Scrotum may be opened in the lower part, to let out the watry humours. Gulielmus Fa∣bricius telleth us, Cent. 4. Obs. 66. That John Grigton, a Chyrurgion, did e∣very Year make an Incision in the Scrotum of a Man, sixty Years old, and Cured the Ulcer, by cleansing, drying and consolidating Medicines, where∣upon the Patient lived long, and arrived to great Age by the Art and Care of this learned Chirurgeon.

Another Disease of the Scrotum is called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, * 1.2603 by the Latins, Hernia Ventosa, which is sometimes single, and other times is compli∣cated with a Hydrocele, and is produced by a flatulent matter, transmitted from the Abdomen, and neighbouring parts, by the Process of the Peritonae∣um, into the Cavity of the Scrotum, or by the Spermatick Vessels into the sub∣stance of the Testicles, whereupon their Body is puffed up and distended. This Distemper is more familiar to Children than to those of Riper Years. * 1.2604

This Disease may admit a Cure by gentle Purgatives, and by topick Applications of Fomentations, Ointments, Cataplasms, and Plaisters, made of emollient and discutient Ingredients, of which I have given an account in the Cure of the Hydrocele.

The Testicles are also liable to the Hydatides, * 1.2605 which are little Bladders full of Lympha, distending their tender thin Coats, and are seated principally in the second Membrane, called Dartus, lodged under the Bursa, or Cod. These Lymphaeducts, if overcharged with thin Liquor, are Lacerated, where∣upon the Cavity of the Scrotum is unnaturally swelled, which is one kind of Hydrocele, in which, as well as the other kind, the Apertion of the Scrotum

is very beneficial (and taketh away the Tumor) except sometimes in an ill Habit of Body, * 1.2606 wherein the Testicles are corrupted, and the Scrotum Gan∣greened, of which Learned Dodonaeus giveth an account, in Obs. Medi. 40. In Generoso quodam Viro (ait ille) quam omnis periculi plena sit Scroti, & Ery throidis Membranae in Hydrocele, Scalpello apertio, Teste non sublato compertum est: ab aliquot Annis sinistra parte Hydrocele huic molesta fuerat; frustra ata∣plasmata, ac aliis Remediis usus Crebro, tandem temerarii Chirurgi consilio ac∣quiescens, aperiri sibi Scalpello tumorem permisit: Effluxit cito omnis humor, Tu∣mor quo{que} subsidit; sed cum Testis ipse omnino esset corruptus, vicinas partes fa∣cile infecit: Subsecuta mox Scroti universi, ac etiam Penis, cum Tumore ac in∣genti Dolore, Gangraena: Delirium cum vehementi Febre, propter Doloris magni∣tudinem, supervenit, ac ita non multo post Mors successit.

The same Author giveth an Instance of a Spaniard, * 1.2607 who had a violent Pain occasioned by a quantity of Seminal Liquor lodged in the substance of the Testicles, as not Imported by the common Duct, and the deferent Vessels, into the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats. Ait, Hispanus quidam Testis Dolore into∣lerabili diu vexatus, frustra tentatis omnibus, maluit sibi amputari Testem inte∣grum & incorruptum quam diutius in tormentis vitam trahere. Extractum Te∣stem cum adhuc calentem per medium Dissecarem, in faciem ipsius erupit & pro∣siliit Semen.

The Testicles are also highly affected with Tumors in Gonorrhaea virulenta, * 1.2608 caused by an undue suppression of the tainted Semen, or rather purulent matter, upon the taking of astringent Medicines, whereupon the corrupted Semen, or rather Ulcerous matter, is detained in the Substance of the Glands relating to the Testicles, * 1.2609 when the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats are filled with putrid matter, which seeing it cannot be discharged by the Ure∣thra, must of necessity clog the Seminal Vessels, and common Duct of the Testicles, whereupon their Dimensions grow very much enlarged to a mon∣strous magnitude.

As to the Cure of this Venereal Disease, it denoteth opening and Diure∣tick Medicines of Venice-Turpentine, mixed with proper Purgatives, and a Diet-drink of Sarsa, China, Lignum Sanctum, &c. as also Medicines procu∣ring Salivation, which taketh away the malignity of this Distemper; and in point of the Ulcer of the Testicles, Seminal Vessels, and Prostats, healing, cleansing, drying and astringent Medicines are to be advised, which, after the Blood is refined, and the Seminal Liquor rectified, do perfect the Cure.

CHAP. XII. The Diseases of the Penis, and its Cures.

THe Penis often transgressing the Laws of Chastity in the irregular In∣dulgence of Venery, hath its sensual Pleasure countermanded by se∣vere Pains, as a piece of Gods Justice and Mercy too, to give us a sight of our Prevarications, by making us reflect upon them in the Glass of Punish∣ment, whereupon this unruly little Member payeth dear for its Faults, and is made obnoxious to variety of Diseases; Now and then it is distorted and puf∣fed up, other times Inflamed, Ulcered, and Gangreened, which chiefly hap∣peneth to young Men, as most addicted to Venery.

A distorted Penis proceedeth from an over-long Coition, * 1.2610 whereby the Nervous Bodies and spongy substance of the Urethra are filled with so great a quantity of Vital and Animal Spirits, in hot Plethorick Bodies: of this dis∣affection Arantius maketh mention, De Tumoribus praeter Naturam, Cap. 50. ••tenim Genitale distentum, ac Spiritu turgens tristi cum doloris sensu distorquetur, quo fit ut Semen in Uterum recte ejaculare nequat. And in the same Chapter the Author saith afterwards, Qui vero Veneri nimis indulgent, frequenter{que} & diu in Mulierculis placeant, distento sunt Genitali, in hoc Malum incidunt. Etenim Spi∣ritus ille inclusus in aliquam alterius Ligamenti Concavi partem impetum faci∣ens, ejus particulam ita impellit, ut eam relaxet, ac protuberare faciat, quo fit ut quantum latitudini affectae particulae adjicitur, tantum Longitudini Detrahi∣tur.

A Priapism is near akin to this Disease, as being an Inflation of the Yard, * 1.2611 derived from a quantity of vaporous and flatulent Blood, distending the loose Compage of the Penis. This Disease, coming from a quantity of Blood, is Cured by opening a Vein, and by Apozemes contempering the Blood, and by cooling and emollient Fomentations, allaying the flatulent hot Swelling of the Yard.

Sometimes the Penis is afflicted with a red painful Tumor, * 1.2612 vulgarly called an Inflammation, produced by a great quantity of Blood impelled by the Hypogastrick Arteries into the Spongy Substance of the Penis, so that the Extremities of the Veins cannot give a reception to the gross or too great quantity of Blood, which if it be not quickly discharged, * 1.2613 de∣generateth into an Ulcer, proceding from the Chymous or Serous parts of the Blood, acquiring a Caustick quality, whereby it Penetrateth the Substance and Integuments of the Penis, causing a Flux of putrid Hu∣mours, which sometimes grow so corrupt, that they produce a Gangreen, * 1.2614 and other times degenerate into a malignant quality, attended with a Can∣cerous Indisposition.

As to the Inflammation of the Penis, it denoteth Bleeding, * 1.2615 and Cool∣ing and moistning Juleps and Fomentations, and if this Disease be attend∣ed with an Ulcer, having a gross and a Watry Excrement, the Indi∣cations may be satisfied with cleansing and drying Medicines, made of China, Sarsa Parilla, Guaicum, and Vulneraries of Ladies Mantle, Prunell, Mouseare, &c. and lastly detergent and drying and consolidating Topicks

may be administred to consummate the Cure, * 1.2616 and if the Glans be Ulcer∣ed in the beginning, the Ulcer is to be cleansed with Plantain and Rose-Water, and Hydromel, or with Water in which Alom is dissolved, and af∣terwards with Wine, in which the Leaves of Brambles, Myrtle, Plantain, Nuts of Cypress, Pomegranat Flowers, and Alome, have been Boiled, and applied warm with Linnen Cloaths to the Glans; as also the white Oint∣ment Camphorated, Diapompholygus, Tutia, and others of Aloes, Lythargyrum, Ceruss, Saccharum Saturni, &c.

And if the Ulcers of the Glans be Sordid, * 1.2617 or Virulent, it may be Anoint∣ed with Honey of Roses Strained, Ʋnguento Apostolorum, Ʋnguento Aegyp∣tiaco, and also with Medicines mixed with Precipitate, &c.

And if there be an imminent Danger of a Gangreen, a Defensative is to be applied, and the affected part is to be Scarified, as also Unguent. Ae∣gyptiac. Apostolorum, mixed with Honey of Roses dried, Turpentine, Dra∣gons Blood, Myrrh, &c.

If a Gangreen or Mortification hath seized the Yard, * 1.2618 it is most safe to Cut off the Mortified Part, and to apply Medicaments proper to Heal an Ulcer.

The Yard is Subject in its Glans to Warts, Nodes, Schirrhus, and al∣so to many soft Spongy Excrescences, which may be taken away by Ma∣nual Operation; and afterward proper Topicks may be Administred, to Heal the Part.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Parts of Generation in a Woman.

THe All-wise Being, out of his Infinite Love to preserve Mankind, * 1.2619 as well the Work of his Hands, as the Master-piece of the Creation be∣low, hath made a Woman, a fit Consort for Man, in reference to Converse and procurement of due Aliment to support his Person, and above all, to Propagate his human Nature.

Wherefore the First Principle, * 1.2620 out of his unspeakable Wisdom and Good∣ness, hath Created Woman after his own Image and Mans Likeness, to gain his greater Esteem and Affection, which is very much founded in Similitude, wherein we Complace our selves in an agreeable Object, which speaketh our delight in another, as participating our own qualifications, which causeth us to step out of our selves to Court and Enjoy our like, so that Love en∣deavoureth to assimilate the Faculty and its Object, by espousing an union with it, to obtain the greater Perfection and Happiness.

The most wise Agent hath made a second Creature, * 1.2621 according to his own Image, full of all Graces of Soul, and handsomness of Body, to render her lovely in her Husbands Eye, and hath given his Spouse a pleasant Frontis∣piece of Face, embellished with variety of parts, set together in great order and graceful union, which constitutes Beauty, as it is a Harmony of different parts elegantly conjoyned, and hath also adorned her Face with many un∣evenesses of Hills and Dales, Rises and Falls, to give it the advantage of Light and Shades, which speak a great sweetness to her Visage, (beautified with va∣riety of Features and Colours) attended with a round Softness, and Plump∣ness, as consisting of many small Muscles, invigorated with Purple and Ner∣sous Liquor, inspired with Vital and Animal Spirits.

And not only her Face, but her whole Body, is encircled with a white Vail, to render her Amiable in the Eye of her Lover, to invite him to enjoy those Sweets (which are forbidden Fruit, unless hallowed by the holy Insti∣tution of Marriage) in order to an excellent end of Propagation; where∣upon Nature hath prudently contrived many proper parts of Generation in Woman, distinct from those of Man, for the preservation of our human Na∣ture, which is our Province at this time.

Some part of the Genitals belonging to a Woman are the Pudenda, the outward parts, which easily accost our view without Dissection, the Hill of Venus, Labia, Fissura longa, and Nymphae, and sometimes the Clitoris, when great, hangeth out of them.

The Mons Veneris, or the Hillock of Venus Temple, * 1.2622 is the superior part of the Pubes, and is more prominent than the rest, which People ascend in Sa∣crificing to Venus; its outward part is Skin, and the more inward substance (which rendereth it protuberant) is Fat, and may be stiled the soft Pillow of Venus, keeping the Share-bones of each Sex from grating against each other in Coition, and serve in a Woman for the Closure of the Rima longa.

The Labia, are the walls enclosing the Entrance of Venus Temple, * 1.2623 and are made of a Spongy substance, enwrapped with Skin, and beset with

Hair, shading the Rima longa, which Nature endeavoureth to Conceal, as being ashamed of this mean part, often exposed to great Violation of Chastity.

The Nymphae, * 1.2624 or the Goddesses of Waters as seated near the Egress of serous recrement, or rather Goddesses or Bridemaids waiting at the Gate of Venus Temple, and are lodged in the upper part of the Pudendum, and take their rise from the Clitoris, to whose Glands they are so firmly united, that they seem to be its processes, and do constitute a membranous production covering the Glans of the Clitoris in manner of a Prepuce; so that these, Nymphae are Processes derived from the Clitoris, descending on each side of the Urinary Channel unto the middle of the Vigina Uteri, where they manifestly disappear.

The Nymphs being productions of the Clitoris, * 1.2625 have their dimensions more or less enlarged according to the magnitude of the Clitoris, and are sometimes so excessively great, that they hinder the freedom of Coition in experienced Women, and are small in Maids that have not been exercised

The Figure of the Nymphae seemeth to be Oval, * 1.2626 as they are parted in the middle according to the length, and do somewhat resemble the red Flaps or Combs hanging under the throat of Hens or Cocks, and are endued with the same Colour in time of Coition, wherein by their agitation a great source of Blood is impelled into them by the Hypogastrick Arteries.

The substance of these parts is spongy and soft, * 1.2627 not unlike the lips of the Mouth or those of the Pudendum, and are often distended in the manner of the Clitoris in the time of Fruition.

The use of the Nymphs is to cover the Urinary Channel, * 1.2628 and in some sort the entrance into the Vagina Uteri, and being extended, do compress the Penis and speak a delight in the act of Coition.

The Labia pudendi being opened as folding Doors, * 1.2629 (shutting up the pas∣sage into Venus Temple) The Clitoris appeareth within, as a protuberant part, taking its origen from the higher Region of the Pudendum, and hath a round body terminating in a kind of Glans.

This obscoene part is very small in Maids and greater in Women often en∣joyed, and is increased in magnitude, as being very tense and red in the time of Coition, flowing from a quantity of Blood carried into it by the Hypogastrick Arteries, its ordinary bigness, when not distended, is much like the Uvula not relaxed

The Clitoris † 1.2630 is a small round Body, * 1.2631 composed of Nervous and Spongy parts, arising out of a knob of the Os Iskii, as out of two Thighs † 1.2632 meeting at the commissure of the Share-bone.

Diemerbroeck is of an opinion that the Clitoris answereth the Penis in figure, situation, substance, and differeth only in greatness and length, which I hum∣bly conceive is somewhat improbable, because the Clitoris is not perforated in its Glans, and is altogether destitute of a common passage, called the Urethra in the Penis.

Two Muscles are commonly assigned by Anatomists to the Clitoris, * 1.2633 which are propagated out of the bones of the Coxendix, and making their pro∣gress over the Crura of the Clitoris are inserted into them, and do by their Contraction compress the Thighs of the Clitoris, and do by compression give a check to the motion of the Blood, and make thereby a distention of the body of the Clitoris.

Another pair of Muscles is attributed to the Clitoris, (coming from a pas∣sage between the Labia Pudendi within the Clitoris and its Retiform Plexe) and is so fastned, that it rather contracteth the entrance of the Va∣gina, then causeth an erection of the Clitoris, as Learned de Graaf hath observed.

The Clitoris is furnished with Vessels, Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, and hath the terminations of the round Ligaments, proceeding from the sides, belonging to the bottom of the Ʋterus, and ascending between the dupli∣cature of the Peritonaeum, and afterward creeping out of the Cavity of the Belly, do pass upon the Share-bones toward the Fat enclosing them, and afterward being divided into many parts, do terminate near, or into the Clitoris.

The Arteries and Veins are propagated from the Haemorrhoidal branches, * 1.2634 and the Nerves from the par Vagum: The Blood Vessels † 1.2635 do take their rise from the Pudenda, where the Ligaments or Thighs of the Clitoris do Coa∣lesce into one and seem to constitute a third Body, upon whose upper Region they take their progress, and afterward descend to its sides, and enter into the parts of the Pudenda, and emit only small Branches into the inward re∣cesses of the Clitoris.

The Nerves climbing over the upper part of the Clitoris, * 1.2636 have large di∣mensions, and do communicate Fibres into all parts of the Pudendum.

The Veins make many Inosculations before they descend to the sides of the Clitoris, and the Retiform Plexe, * 1.2637 and afterward are dispensed into all parts of the Pudendum, where they hold mutual entercourse by nu∣merous Anastom••ses, which are more rarely found in the Arteries relating to the Clitoris.

The use of the Blood-vessels is to import Vital Liquor into the substance of the Clitoris, * 1.2638 and of the Nerves to impregnate it with a choice Juyce in∣spired with Animal Spirits (full of Elastick Particles making it Vigorous and Tense) which impart a quick Sensation, principally placed in the Glans, whereupon it may be called the Seat of Love, Veneris Oestrum, &c. and un∣less these meaner parts of the Pudendum were affected with an exquisite sense of Pleasure to Court the Sex into Venereal Embraces, Women would not undergo the great trouble and discomposure of Child-bearing, and the unspeakable pains of Travail, which would speak a period to their Lives, were they not supported by a Divine Hand which giveth a power to Conceive, and bring forth.

Learned Diemerbroeck assigneth another use to the Clitoris, Anatom. lib. 1. * 1.2639 Cap. 25. pag. 249. the emission of Seminal Liquor in Coition, Ita{que} certo sta∣tuendum Mulieris in Coitu semen etiam per Clitoridem excernere, at{que} hinc Clito∣ridi necessario inesse urethram semen eo deferentem, which seemeth very strange, seeing curious de Graaf and other most industrious Anatomists could not dis∣cover any Perforation or Channel in the Clitoris, which if in the nature of things, might be discovered by a strict search, and it is most probable if there be any passage it might be found out by Injection or Inflation by a Syringe or Blow-Pipe put into a little hole made by Nature in the termination of the Glans; and if this Hypothesis should be granted, it could be no use in point of Propagation, by reason the Semen emitted would flow into the external parts of the Pudendum and run away, and not be conveyed into the Vagina Uteri, in order to Generation.

Below the Termination of the Urethra in Maids, * 1.2640 is found sometimes a thin Membrane (fastened circularly to the sides of the Vagina Uteri near its Origen,) interwoven with fine Carnous and Nervous Fibres, and Ename∣led with numerous small branches of Arteries and Veins, and is perforated in the Center, ordered by Nature for the transmission of the Menstrua: This Membrane was called by the Antients, Hymen, (hence they Feined a God called Hymenaeus, who governed the Marrying Virgins;) others styled this Membrane the Cloister of Virginity, and Girdle of Chastity, and flower of Virginity, and Vulgarly Maidenhead.

As to the situation of it in Infants new born, Learned de Graaf hath dis∣covered it to be lodged between the Nymphae and the Urinary Trunck and Perinaeum, in his Fifth Chapter of his Book de Organis Mulierum, &c. Pag. 37. In Junioribus & recens natis puellulis inter Nymphas, meatum Ʋrinarium, & Perinaeum locum medium tam exiguo foramine pervium invenimus, ut pisam, quamvis minusculam, difficulter admitteret.

In most Maids when the Labia, the Enclosures of the Pudendum being opened wide on each side, some Membranous folds may be seen (encircling the orifice of the Vagina Uteri) which are sometimes so much expanded, that there only remains a Membranous Circle, so narrow in compass, that it cannot give admission to the Penis without Laceration

And it is no infallible argument of lost Virginity, when this Membrane cannot be discovered, which is often broken by a Violent Flux of the Men∣strua and the immission of a Finger into the Vagina, and sometimes is so ten∣der, as some will have it that it may be lacerated by the attrition of Cloths fretting it.

The surest sign of Virginity in all Maids is not always a Hymen or thin Membrane adhering to the walls of the Vagina, but a straitness seated in the Orifice of it, and in greater maturity of Years there is less of Coarcta∣tion in the entrance into the Vagina, so that Coition in them may be made without any pain or effusion of Blood.

Some excellent Anatomists have enumerated Four Caruncles (which they call Carunculas Myrtiformes) because they resemble the Berries of Myrtle, and have placed them as leaning upon the Hymen in this order, that each of them take up one Angle; one of them, saith a Learned Anatomist, is larger than the rest, and seemeth in some part to be double, and is seated near the hole of the Urinary Duct, to close it after the Excretion of Urine: the second, as this Author saith, is placed as its opposite, and the other two Caruncles are placed Collaterally, and are Conjoyned by the interposition of thin Membranes, whose union some have taken for the Hymen or Membrane closing the entrance of the Vagina Uteri.

These Myrtiform Caruncles so much Treated of by most Anatomists, * 1.2641 are nothing else (as I humbly conceive) but divers Unevenesses and Membra∣nous Folds lodged in the Orifice of the Vagina Uteri, which is nothing but the Contractions (as I apprehend) of the inward Membrane of the Vagina, making a great straitness in the passage of the Ʋterus.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Parts of Generation in a Woman.

Of the Uterus.

HAving Treated of the external parts of the Uterus, the Labia, and Nymphae, as the outward and inward Walls encompassing the En∣trance of Venus Temple, and of the Clitoris, which inviteth us by Pleasure and delight to make our Addresses in Sacrificing to this enamering Goddess of Love. My design at this time is to speak somewhat of the more inward Recesses of the Gallery and Body of Venus Temple, * 1.2642 and the Appendages belonging to it, of the Vagina Uteri, and Body of it, and the Vessels, Li∣gaments, Fallopian Tubes, and Ovaries, commonly called Testicles by the antient Anatomists.

Man is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, not only from his Soul, the Image of God, tanquam Divinae Aurae particula, as a Ray of Gods Essence wonderfully effu∣sed into the Body of Man, ennobled by its various operations, as so many Irradiations darting forth Sparks of a Divine nature, and is called a Miracle of Nature, not only from the elegant Structure of his Body, beautified with variety of parts, disposed in perfect order, but also as it is admirably formed with great Artifice and Wisdom in the Womb, excellently descri∣bed by the Royal Prophet. And let us pay an homage of Wonder and Eu∣charist to our most Great and Glorious Maker, who hath covered us in our Mothers Womb.

O let us Triumph in Thee the God of our Salvation, by whom we are fearfully and wonderfully made. O how marvelous are thy Works O Lord, our Substance was not hid from thee when we were made in secret, and cu∣riously wrought, as with Needle-work, in the Lower Parts of the Earth. Thine Eyes did see our Substance, yet being imperfect, and in thy Book all our Members were written, which day by day were fashioned, when yet there was none of them.

The Temple (concerned in the Production of Man's Body) is seated in its lowest Apartiment, (much worthy our Remark) in which we ought to consider and admire, with deep and chaste Notices, the first and wonderful beginnings of our Life, and Formation of our Body part by part, ever thank∣ing and adoring the Omnipotence of the All-Wise Creator of Heaven and Earth, who hath made Man to speak the great Praises of his wondrous Works relating to the Structure of a Humane Body, and particularly of that of the Womb, to be handled at this time, in which we will speak,

First of the Vagina Uteri, * 1.2643 (as the Entry or Gallery into the Temple of Venus) called by Vesalius, and others, the Neck of the Womb, but impro∣perly, by reason the Neck is seated nearer the Cavity of the Uterus; therefore the Vagina Uteri is called by Greek Physicians 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as a Bosom to give Reception to the Penis.

It is seated in the Hypogastrick Region, under the Share-bone, * 1.2644 in the low∣er part of the Pudendum, and is so fastened to the Intestinum Rectum, as if they were enwrapped within one common Membrane, so that one being

torn or Ulcered, the other is exposed to the same Diseases, whereupon the gross Excrements of the Guts are transmitted through the Vagina Uteri, in case of Laceration and Exulceration of the Intestinum Rectum.

The Vagina Uteri is adorned with an oblong round concave Figure, * 1.2645 hold∣ing great Analogy with the Penis in Dimensions, to which it doth conform, as being Membranous, and thereby can contract and dilate it self, according to the less or greater size of the Penis, wherein the Convex Figure of it is closely conjoined to the Concave of the Vagina Uteri.

Out of Coition, and Libidinous Inclinations, the sides of the Vagina Ute∣ri grow flabby, and nearly approach each other, and resemble the Figure of an empty relaxed gut: Its outward Orifice is more straight than the mid∣dle, and its Termination confining on the Cervix and Body of the Uterus, is most narrow of all.

The inward substance of the Vagina Uteri is Nervous, * 1.2646 as being a contexture of numerous Nervous Fibrils (taking their Progress in right, transverse, and oblique positions, closely conjoined) which give this part a most acute sense, and render it liable to Pain and Pleasure, as it is acted with different, trou∣blesome, and grateful Objects.

The Orifice of the Vagina being opened, its frame appeareth full of Une∣vennesses of numerous Folds, somewhat resembling the rough Surface belong∣ing to the Palate of a Bullock, from which it differeth by reason the Folds of the Vagina are more irregular, and have not so streight a Passage. These Folds derive their Origen from the inward Coat of the Vagina, which being larger than the outward, is contracted into many Folds, which are evident in Maids, and grow less and less in Women, and wholly disappear after Child-Birth, by reason the outward Membrane is so highly extended, after Travail, that it is equal in Dimensions to the Inward, whereupon the Folds of the inward Surface of the Vagina are wholly obliterated.

The inward Surface of the Vagina is not only endued with many Folds and unevennesses, * 1.2647 but Pinked with divers small holes, which are greatest and most numerous about that part of it that confineth on the termination of the Urinary Passage: Out of these various holes doth destil a quantity of Serous Liquor into the Cavity of the Vagina, which is very evident in the act of Coition, whereby the Vagina being much moistened, doth outwardly emit this thin watry Liquor, which some have conceived to be Seminal Liquor, by reason Women are affected with as great Pleasure in the Flux of this Serous matter through the Pores of the Vagina, as Men, with that thin Li∣quor flowing out of the Prostrats into the Urethra.

The Fountain of this Serous Juice is seated in the Glands of the Vagina, * 1.2648 which being heated in Coition, do throw off the rarified fermentative Se∣rous Liquor, through many minute Meatus into the Cavity of the Vagina, and thereby rendreth its Passage very moist and slippery, which is pleasant in Coition.

About the Borders of the Vagina, * 1.2649 the Clitoris being removed, the Sphincter Muscle presenteth it self, which with an expanded progress of Fibres climb∣eth up the sides of the Vagina, and encompasseth the lower Region of it, that it might contract its Orifice, chiefly in the time of Coition, it being pru∣dently contrived by the great Architect, that this part might have a power to contract and dilate it self, that it might conform to the different sizes of the Penis, found in great Variety in several Men.

There are other Carnous Bodies which appear when the Expansions are removed, and assist the constriction of the Orifice of the Vagina, * 1.2650 (as in con∣junction with the Processes of the Sphincter,) and are seated in the lower part of the Vagina, on each side, near the Labia Pudendi, and do ascend to the Membranous Substance, (by which the Clitoris is fastened to the neigh∣bouring parts) and do terminate into it: The right and left side of these Bodies hold no entercourse with each other, which Learned Dr. De Graaf hath made evident by an Experiment, so that one side is blown up, and the other is no ways Tumefied.

The outward Substance of these Bodies (helping the Sphincter in contra∣cting the entrance of the Vagina) is cloathed with a thin Membranous con∣texture, and their more inward Racesses are hued with a deep red or black∣ish colour, flowing from a quantity of Blood, lodged in the inward substance, framed of many Ramulets of Vessels and Fibres, which often meeting, and parting again after a little space, make a kind of Net-work, which may be is ordained by Nature to straighten the Orifice of the Vagina, to give the more grateful Reception to the Penis, when every way encircled with the more close Embraces of the Orifice of the Vagina, by reason it being swell∣ed with a quantity of Blood in Coition, cannot expand it self upward, as compressed by the Processes or Wings of the Sphincter Muscles, and the two other adjacent Bodies, so that the Orifice of the Vagina must necessarily bend inward, and inwrap the Convex Surface of the Penis within its soft and plea∣sant Concave Enclosure.

The outward Region of the Vagina is composed of a soft loose flesh, * 1.2651 as beset with divers carnous Fibres and minute Glands, (as I humbly conceive) which transmit a quantity of Serous Liquor through the Pores of the inward Coat of the Vagina into its Cavity, to gratifie the Penis in time of Coition with a Pleasant Moisture.

The Vagina Ʋteri being an oblong concave Body, * 1.2652 (consisting of an out∣ward and inward Membrane, lined within with carnous Fibres, and many small Glands) is so closely united to the Neighbouring parts, the Intestinum rectum, and neck of the Bladder of Urine, by the interposition of many thin Membranes, that it cannot easily be parted from them without the help of an expert hand, assisted by a Knife.

This entry of the Womb is furnished within and Enameled without with many Blood-Vessels of several sorts, Arteries, and Veins, as also with many Nervous Fibrils, which constitute its outward and inward Coat, as a curious contexture of them.

The Arteries make many reticular Divarications through the outward and inward parts of the Vagina, * 1.2653 and are derived from the Hypogastrick and Hae∣morrhoidal Branches; the last do make their Progress through the lower Re∣gion of the Vagina and the Hypogastrick Arteries do sport themselves in numerous Ramulets about the sides and other parts of the Vagina, which are so many inlets of Blood to render it warm and turgid in the Act of Co∣ition.

The Veins of the Vagina Uteri, being associates of the Arteries, * 1.2654 do ob∣serve their Progress in various Divarications, and do take their Rise also from the Haemorrhoidal and Hypogastrick Veins; the first do impart fruitful Ra∣mulets to the inferior part of the Vagina, and the Hypogastrick do descend and furnish the sides of it with numerous small Branches, which encircle all parts of the Vagina, and do make many Inosculations with the Veins of the Uterus, in the upper Region of the Bearing-place.

The Nerves of the Vagina are Propagated from the Par Vagum, and from divers Branches derived from the Os Sacrum, * 1.2655 and do transmit store of Fibres into the substance and Coats of the Vagina, which are the great Ingredients, integrating their curious contexture, giving them an exquisite sense, most e∣vident in Coition.

The action of this part is tension, * 1.2656 derived from a great Source of Blood (huing it with redness) carried into it by the Haemorroidal and Hypoga∣strick Arteries in the time of Fruition, when the Vagina is full of great sense, by reason a quantity of Nervous Juice, impregnated with Animal Spirits, is dispensed into it. The tenseness of this part much contributeth to the emissi∣on of Seminal Liquor into its Cavity, wherein it is conveyed into the in∣ward Orifice, Neck, and thence into the Bosom of the Ʋterus.

The use of the Vagina, as a round, tense, membranous Substance, is to give reception to the Penis, and to convey the emitted Semen into the Cavity of the Uterus, and to be a Channel, through which the Menstrua are thrown out of the Body, and to be a Passage to bring the Foetus into the world when it arriveth to a due Perfection.

CHAP. XV. Of the Uterus.

THe Uterus is called Matrix, quod Matrem Referat, as entertaining the Foetus in the tender Embraces of its bosome, wherein it is secured from outward accidents, and cherished by Vital Heat, flowing from Blood, contained in the Vessels of the Uterus.

It is seated in the lowest Region of the third Apartiment, * 1.2657 in a peculiar place, called the Pelvis, between the Intestinum rectum and Bladder of Urine, that the mean situation of the place of our Production, between two Recep∣tacles, the one of grosser, the other of thinner Excrements, might be a remem∣brancer of the mean condition of our first Propagation, and make us reflect upon our selves in low Apprehensions of our Primitive estate.

Nature, * 1.2658 out of great discretion, hath lodged the Uterus in a most safe Re∣pository, guarded before with the Sharebones, and behind with the Os Sacrum, and on each side with the Bones of the Ilium, as encircled with strong walls, for its greater safety and preservation.

And the Cavity in Women (hemmed in with variety of large Bones) hath greater Dimensions than in Men, as making provision for the distention of the Uterus, in case of a Foetus.

The Uterus is not lodged exactly in the middle of the Pelvis, but some∣times inclineth to one, sometimes to the other side of the Hypogastrium, as learned De Graaf hath observed.

The Ʋterus, * 1.2659 that it might be kept in its proper Seat, is fastened, in rela∣tion to its neck, (which is very short) to the Vagina, Intestinum rectum, and Bladder of Urine, by the interposition of many Membranes, and hath its bottom free from all Connexion with other parts, to have the advantage of

divers degrees of distention, as the Foetus obtaineth greater and greater di∣mensions; and as not being connected in its bottom to any neighbouring part, it hath liberty to contract it self upon the exclusion of the Foetus and its appurtenances, the Amnios, Chorion, and Placenta Uterina.

The Uterus is adorned with variety of Figures, * 1.2660 in Maids it is endued with somewhat of a Pear-like figure, and not with a round or quadrangular, as some will have it; in Women great with Child, in the first month it some∣what resembleth the Bladder of Urine, and it becometh more and more ex∣panded according to the greater and greater Dimensions of the Foetus, the body of it (being considered without the Neck and Vagina) is adorned almost with an Orbicular Figure.

The Neck and Vagina of the impregnated Womb is not co-extended with the body of the Uterus, but reteineth the same figure and distention it had before its impregnation, which is observable not only in Women, but in Cows, Sheep, and in other Animals too.

Galen being only versed in the Dissection of Bruits, * 1.2661 did assign Horns to the Uterus of Women, which is endued only with one Cavity and not with two, as in other Animals, who have distinct Cavities parted one from ano∣ther, who begin almost immediately after the termination of the Vagina and Neck, and pass afterward in a kind of Semicircles, endued with many incurvations somewhat resembling the horns of Rams, and in the Uterus of bruit Animals not impregnated, the horns are carried without variety of Flexures in a more even circumference.

The Ʋterus as some imagine, * 1.2662 is parted into many distinct Cells (as so many different places of Conception) some are seated in the right side as peculiar to Males, and others in the left ordained for Females, and the se∣venth placed in the middle of the other six, as instituted for Hermophradites, which are Monsters of Nature, and therefore it is most improbable that she should contrive any place, or take any care of them, and as for the other six Cells, they oppose Ocular Demonstration, by reason I have seen Wombs often dissected and have very much inspected their inward Cavity relating to the Body of the Uterus, and have found it wholly destitute of Cells, as being one simple Cavity, which is very small in Maids, and not much grea∣ter in Women, unless it be distended with a Foetus.

The Womb may be said to consist of two Cavities, * 1.2663 the one seated in the Neck, and the other in the body of it, which is somewhat oblong, and ap∣peareth more narrow in its beginning near the Neck, and is somewhat larger toward the bottom of the Uterus, whose inward Orifice is so strait, that it is not receptive of a small Probe, and therefore is not capable to admit the Glans of the Penis in Coition, as Learned Spigelius imagineth, and if this Orifice be overmuch relaxed, it hindereth Conception, which happeneth in an immoderate Flux of the Menstrua, which being over, the Orifice of the Uterus is shut up close to keep it from the coldness of the Air, which would else prove very offensive and prejudicial to the Ʋterus.

The Uterus is endued with an Orifice (as some say) resembling the mouth of a Tench: * 1.2664 And Galen thinketh it to be like the Glans of the Penis in shape, upon this apprehension, that it doth enter in Coition into the Neck of the Ʋterus, conjoyned immediately to the body of it, which cannot be done but by a Penis of a Monstrous length, which giveth a high discompo∣sure to the orifice of the Uterus, as being very small in circumference, which is somewhat less in Maids than in Women having born Children; and if it be too much relaxed is one cause of Barrenness.

The Cavity with which the body of the Womb is endued, * 1.2665 hath but small dimensions in Maids and Women not great with Child, scarce admitting a very small VVallnut into its bosom.

The Figure of this Cavity is somewhat Triangular, of which the most long angle is that of the Neck, * 1.2666 and the other two relating to the bottom of the Uterus have two small holes through which the most thin and spirituous Par∣ticles of the Seminal Liquor are transmitted into the Tubae Fallopianae, the Oviducts leading to the Ovarys.

The inward Cavity, * 1.2667 appertaining to the body of the Uterus, is encircled with a thin Coat, pinked with many minute holes, as well as the inward Integument of the Vagina and Neck, through which a serous thin Matter doth ouse into the Cavity of the Uterus, which speaketh great pleasure in time of Coition: This Matter hath been conceived by the Antients to be Seminal Liquor, which I intend to handle more fully in a subsequent Discourse.

The Magnitude of the Uterus in point of Dimensions is very Various by reason of Age, Temperament, indulgence of Venery, Child-bearing, &c. and its ordinary length from the Orifice to its superiour Region, commonly called the Bottom, is aequivalent to three or four transverse Fingers breadth, and about the Termination two and a half, and not above two about the Neck of it, and above all, the Uterus is endued with a very great thickness equalling a Fingers breadth, which is very much, if regard be had to small length and breadth.

The Uterus in Maids and VVomen not with Child, is confined within the walls of the Share-bones, Os Sacrum, and Bones of the Ilion, which are of a narrow compass, which the uterus impraegnated, doth not only fill, but extend it self to, and sometimes above the Navil, compressing the Guts by its great distention; and which is more wonderful, speaking the great VVis∣dom of the Omnipotent Protoplast, that when the Uterus is highly enlarged, that it increaseth in thickness as well as circumference contrary to the na∣ture of a distended Bladder and Stomach which grow thinner and thinner, as they are more and more expanded by a greater and greater quantity of Con∣tents, but on the other hand the Uterus when its Cavity is more and more amplified according to the greater and greater dimensions of the Foetus as it obtaineth more and more perfection of parts, * 1.2668 then the substance of the Ute∣rus groweth more plumpe, and the Coats become thick and fibrous, and the Carnous and Nervous Fibres are made more great and strong to comport with the weight and motion of a sometimes heavy and vigorous Foetus; so that its strong and thick Fibrous Compage doth preserve it self secure against all danger of Laceration. * 1.2669

The inward substance, when the Foetus approacheth the Birth seemeth to be despoiled of its Membranaceous and Glandulous nature, as putting on a more fleshy habit, by reason it is endued with large Blood-vessels, and grea∣ter fleshy Fibres, much increasing the substance of the Uterus.

And I conceive there is another wonder as great as any, to whom the Womb is incident, that when it hath discharged its troublesome Guest and Attendants, she returneth to her former state of small Dimensions in a very short space, which is accomplished by the strong Fleshy Fibres of the Uterus, reducing its admirable and great expansion to a narrow circumfe∣rence confined within the strait enclosure of the Pelvis.

The Uterus is clothed with many Coats, * 1.2670 the first is Membranous and is a common Integument borrowed from the Peritonaeum, a common Parent of all upper Coats enwrapping the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment, it is inte∣grated of Membranous interspersed with Nervous Fibres running in several Positions, so closely conjoyned to each other, that they seem to be one entire compage.

The outward surface of this Membrane is besprinkled with a serous Li∣quor, and the Uterus by divers thin Membranes sprouting out of this Coat is affixed to the Intestinum rectum, Bladder of Gall, and other neighbouring parts.

The second Integument may be called Carnous principally found in the superior Region of the Uterus, beset with circular, Long, and Oblique Fibres, * 1.2671 which are very serviceable in contraction of the Womb, first performed in the bottom of it, whereby the Foetus is carried toward the Orifice and Va∣gina Uteri in order to its Birth; the Fibres do very much assist the motions of the Foetus commonly called Throws, in order to facilitate the parting the Child from the Uterus to which it adhereth, and to convey it through the Vagina into the World; These Carnous Fibres do also promote the flux of the Menstrua and Lochia, by producing after Pains, the good effects of a bad cause.

The third Coat is Nervous, and is composed of many Nervous Fibres, * 1.2672 finely interwoven, which do give a most acute sensation to the inward surface of the Ʋ••erus; This Coat is derived from the inward substance of the Uterus, to which it is so firmly fastened, that it cannot be parted without La∣ceration.

The inward substance of the Uterus lodged between the Coats to which it firmly adhereth by the interposition of Vessels, * 1.2673 and is a Composition of numerous small Glands so finely united to each other by many thin Mem∣branes, that they seem to constitute one entire substance, and in truth are several Glands (of which every one is encircled with a proper Coat) and are so many Systems of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, * 1.2674 Lymphaeducts and Excre∣torys: This Substance is endued with a whitish Colour, and somewhat of a Spongy nature, much resembling the Glandulous Compage relating to other parts of the Body.

The common use of this Substance is to depurate the mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor, * 1.2675 whose Recrements are transmitted into the Lymphaeducts which at last discharge their Liquor into the common Receptacle, and in ill habits of Body the vitiated serous parts of the Blood, and a great quan∣tity of gross Chyme not assimilated in Blood (which being associated with it) are sometimes carried down by the descendent Trunck of the Aorta and Hy∣pogastrick Arteries, into the Glands of the Uterus, where a Secretion is made of the Foeculencies from the more refined parts of the Blood, which are entertained into the extremities of the Hypogastrick Veins, and return∣ed toward the Heart, while the more Excrementitious parts of the Vital Liquor are received into Excretory Ducts, by which they are discharged into the Cavity of the Womb, and thence transmitted through the Neck and Vagina Uteri; so that the Glands of this part are so many Colatories of the Blood secerning the Recrements from it, and conveying them through proper Channels into the bosom of the Womb, and are called by the La∣tins, Fluor Albus, and by the English, the Whites.

This Glandulous Substance (as I humbly conceive) may claim to it self another use, * 1.2676 which may seem probable during the time of Womens

Terms, or Menstruous Purgations, in which the Vital Liquor hath a more free recourse by the Hypogastrick Arteries into the Glands of the Womb, wherein a Secretion is made of the foeces of the Blood from the more pure parts, which are received into the roots of the Hypogastrick Veins, and the Recrements of the Purple Liquor are conveyed through the Excretory Ducts, into the Cavity of the Uterus, and are from thence discharged by the Carnous Fibres (contracting the capacity of the Womb) into the Neck and Vagina of it.

This Glandulous Substance hath great use in the time of Womens lying in, before which the course of the Menstrua is suppressed for many Months; whereupon the Blood contracteth many Impurities, which are separated from the Vital Juyce in these Glands, and carried through the Excretories into the Chamber of the VVomb, and thence expelled by the help of the fleshy Fibres straightning the Cavity of the Uterus, and squeezing the Lochia into its Neck and Vagina.

Between the Membranes of the VVomb when impregnated, * 1.2677 is not only lodged a Glandulous, but a Carnous and Fibrous Contexture, which ob∣taineth with the Membranes a greater thickness, proceeding from a quan∣tity of Blood, having a more free access to the inward Recesses of the Ute∣rus, wherein this Carnous Substance is produced, interspersed with many strong Fibres, which highly contract the body of the Uterus in Child-birth, and much contribute to the exclusion of the Foetus.

The VVomb is furnished with variety of Vessels, * 1.2678 Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts and Excretory Ducts.

The Arteries borrow their rise from the Spermatick and Hypogastrick branches † 1.2679 of which these are conceived to come from the upper Region and others from the under Region, and others make their progress toward the bottom of the Uterus † 1.2680.

And many branches are dispersed into the Neck and Vagina Uteri, * 1.2681 and the Artery derived from the Spermatick espouseth so near an association with the eminent branch of the Hypogastrick † 1.2682, that their branches can hardly be distinguished from each other, and their Terminations are so mutually interwoven, that they cannot be clearly discerned from each other, by rea∣son they make such mutual Anastom••ses

Divers Arteries do accompany the sides of the VVomb with many Di∣varications which do sport themselves in numerous Ramulets, taking their progress in the fore and hinder part and inward substance of the Uterus in crooked Circumvolutions, and the Arteries of one side do entertain an enter∣course with the other by mutual Inosculations † 1.2683, whereupon if you immit your breath by a Blow-Pipe into the Arteries of one side, presently will suc∣ceed an intumescence of the other, which affordeth a pleasant treat to our Eyes, which will be more happily performed if you take off the outward Coat of the Uterus, (propagated from the rim of the Belly) without any violation offered to the Vessels, whereupon you may most clearly see upon Inflation the various divarications of Arteries, relating to each side, and how they are carried in many Flexures, and where the several Inosculations of fruitful Branches are made in each side of the Uterus.

Perhaps it will be worth our inquiry upon what account so many Anasto∣m••ses of Arterial Branches are found in divers regions of the Womb, * 1.2684 so that one side of it maintaineth a correspondence with the other in a mutual enter∣course of Blood, which is wisely contrived by Nature to prevent the Stag∣nation of it (as I conceive) in the Arteries endued with great Maeanders,

which much checketh the violent motion of the Purple Liquor, whereupon various Inosculations are instituted, that when some branches of Arteries are obstructed, the neighbouring branches being open, may supply their places as their Delegates; so that these mutual Inosculations of the Arterial branches seated in each side of the Womb, will readily transmit the Blood out of one side to the other.

Some curious Persons may ask a reason why the Arteries furnishing each side of the Ʋterus with various Branches, * 1.2685 take their progress in many Flex∣ures and Circumvolutions, which is ordered (as I conceive) in great Pru∣dence by the Grand Architect, to prevent the Laceration of the Arteries, when the Ʋterus is highly distended by the increment and bulk of the Foetus; and upon that account the Vagina hath fewer Arteries, carried in more striat Positions than those of the body of the Uterus, by reason the Va∣gina admitteth no alteration in its Cavity in reference to Nature, when the bosom of the Womb is expanded to greater and greater degrees by the more and more enlarged dimensions of the Foetus.

The Veins are the associates of the Arteries in all regions of the Uterus, and a great branch of the Spermatick or preparing Vein (into which many Ramulets do Coalesce) doth descend to the Womb, Enameling the Body and Vagina of it with fruitful Ramifications † 1.2686, And also each side of the Uterus is endued with a large Hypogastrick branch † 1.2687, emitting many other Ramulets.

The Ramifications of the preparing Veins have mutual Inosculations (as well as the Arteries) so that they seem sometimes to be but one Vessel, by rea∣son they espouse so intimate a converse by mutual Perforations, carrying Blood out of one Vein into another, in numerous Divarications, to prevent a stop of the retrograde motion of the Blood in the Veins of the Uterus toward the Heart.

The Arteries and Veins of the Womb †, admit great alteration in Wo∣men great with Child, and then have their Dimensions much more enlarged and distended by a more copious quantity of Vital Liquor, so that the little Finger may be immitted into the cavity of the Vessels, when the Lochia do flow, which ceasing, the Arteries and Veins contract themselves and return to their former more small dimensions.

And it may seem very probable that the Arteries are more enlarged in time of the Menstrua, * 1.2688 wherein the Blood hath a more free recourse than ordinary, by the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Branches, into the Vessels of the Womb, whereupon they acquire a greater Circumference, as distended with larger streams of Blood, whence Pains often arise, when the Source of Vital Liquor is restrained by the narrow Terminations of the Arteries, so that it cannot be freely impelled into the substance of the Glands, and afterwards by the excretory Ducts into the Bosom of the Womb.

The Uterus is furnished both in its Coats and substance, * 1.2689 with a great com∣pany of Nervous Fibres, which impart a most accute sensation to the Womb, sufficiently evidenced in great pleasure in Coition, and in unspeakable Pain in Child-birth. These Nerves take their Origens from the Par Vagum, and from vertebral Nerves derived from the Os Sacrum, and dispense a great num∣ber of Fibres into all the Regions of the Womb.

The Ʋterus also is not only accommodated with Arteries, Veins, * 1.2690 and Nerves, but Lymphaeducts too, which take their rise from the Glands of the Womb, and afterward pass towards its Circumference, and are branched o∣ver the Hypogastrick Veins, and pass from part to part, till they arrive at

the common receptacle, into which they discharge the Streams of Lymphatick Liquor.

The Vessels of the Womb are consigned to various uses; * 1.2691 the Arteries im∣port Blood into the Membranes and Substance of the womb, and the Veins being their Companions, do assist the motion of the Purple Liquor, toward the Confines of the womb, and carry it on, making good its retrograde Motion toward the Center of the Body: The Nerves do convey Nervous Liquor, impraegnated with Animal Spirits, into the ambient parts and more inward Recesses of the womb; and the Lymphaeducts do transmit the Recrements of the Vital and Nervous Juice into the outward Coat of the Ʋterus, and from thence through various parts into the common Receptacle.

The use of the womb is partly to depurate the Blood, * 1.2692 which is accomplish∣ed in the substance of the womb, made up of numerous Glands, wherein a Secretion is made of the more profitable Parts from the Recrements, which are carried through proper Ducts into the Cavity of the womb, in the time of its Monthly Purgation.

Another and the more noble use of the Uterus, * 1.2693 is to be a place or Bosom to form and cherish the Foetus, which is done by degrees, as one part is fra∣med after another in Seminal Liquor, contained in an Egg (encircled with a thin Membrane) transmitted from the Ovary by an Oviduct into the Cham∣ber of the VVomb, where it is enlivened with Vital Heat coming from the Blood, and when the Seminal Liquor is concreted into various parts, and the Foetus perfectly formed, it is nourished with Alimentary Liquor, contained within the Amnion, enclosed with the Chorion and inward Coat of the VVomb, which enwrap it as so many Swadling Bands, cloathing the Foetus, and securing it from the Coldness of the Air, and the Danger of out∣ward Accidents.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Ligaments of the Womb.

NAture hath most wisely framed divers Ligaments as so many Appen∣dages of the VVomb, by whose Interposition it is contained in the Pelvis, as a safe Allodgment, every way immured within the strong Enclo∣sures of various Bones.

These Ligaments go in pairs, and the first may be stiled broad † 1.2694 Mem∣branous Expansions, which in their upper Region (according to Arataeus) do resemble the Wings of Bats.

These broad soft Ligaments borrow their first rise from the duplicated Rim of the Belly, as being Branches and Out-lets of it, and are not only affixed to the sides of the Uterus and its Vagina, but of the chief part of the Ligaments with the Vessels, Ovaries, and Oviducts, are lodged in them as in secure Reposi∣tories, guarding their soft and tender Compage from violence and laceration.

These expanded Ligaments derive their beginning from the Muscles of the Loins, and do terminate about the bottom of the Uterus. * 1.2695

They have a soft loose substance, composed of many Membranous Fila∣ments, curiously interwoven and interspersed with fleshy Fibres, to contract the Ligaments when they have been long extended in the time of the great distention of the womb, caused by the encrease of the Foetus.

The use of these Ligaments is to keep the Uterus from falling down into the Vagina, and out of the Body, * 1.2696 by fastning the sides of the upper Region of the Womb, called the Bottom, by their interposition, to the Muscles of the Loins, and to the Os Sacrum, and Ilion, as some will have it.

The Prolapsus Uteri chiefly proceedeth from the Rupture, and greater or less Relaxation of the broad Ligaments, tying the upper Region of the Womb (to the Back) which is removed out of its proper place more or less downward, as the broad Ligaments are more or less relaxed by a moist Distemper, or strained in a difficult Child-birth by violent Throwes, where∣upon the Womb sometimes falleth by its own weight into the Vagina, and sometimes out of the Body, which is often produced by the Imprudence of an ignorant and over-hasty Midwife, pulling down the Foetus and after∣burden, firmly fastened to the Womb.

The Prolapsus Uteri is also often produced by a great and heavy Foetus, * 1.2697 de∣pressing the Womb in the time of the Birth, or by lifting up some over-hea∣vy Weight, or by over-reaching or stretching the Arms and Body upward, or by a Contusion or Fall, a violent Cough, Tenesmus, &c.

If the Womb be dislocated, as enclining too much to either side, * 1.2698 it is re∣duced by applying a Cupping-Glass to the well side, and if the Womb come out of the Body, the Patient is to be laid in a supine Posture, that the Ute∣rus may be the better reduced into its proper place, lest it should be offended by the cold Air, or be swelled by the Compression of the neighbouring parts, and I conceive it most proper first to advise a Clyster, ••o empty the Intestinum Rectum, and to besprinkle the Uterus with some astringent Powders, and then gently to put it up with a light touch of the Fingers, lest the tender Frame

of this soft part, being highly sensible, should be discomposed with a rough hand.

Fomentations (after the Womb is reduced) may be applied to the En∣trance of the Vagina, made of the Roots of Bistorte, Tormentil, Cumphrey, the Leaves of Oak, Bambles, Shepheards Pouch, Plantain, Ribwort, Mill∣foile, Myrtle, Cypress, Sumach, the Cups of Achorns, &c.

In a great case Cupping-Classes may be applyed under the Breasts with∣out Scarification, and the Countesses Ointment, as also the Plaister against the Rupture, and that of Caesar's may be applyed to the Belly and Back, and also Fumes of Foetides may be received into the Vagina Uteri, which keep up the Womb; as also Pessaries made of Cork, Sponge, and Bees∣wax, may be gently put up the Vagina, and are often very advantageous in this Case, if they do not give a great pain and trouble to the Patient.

The Round Ligaments of the Womb † 1.2699 * 1.2700 do arise out of the sides belong∣ing to the upper region, or bottom of the Womb, as the Antients call it, near the place where the Oviducts are Conjoyned to the Uterus; and creep up between the Duplicature of the Peritonaeum (which I saw in a Woman lately Dissected in the Colledg Theatre) toward each side of the Groin; and these Ligaments come out of the Abdomen in Women as the Spermatick Vessels do in Men, whereupon Women are liable to Ruptures as well as Men, by reason the Rim of the Belly being over-much enlarged in the place where the round Ligaments creep out of the lower apartiment; so that the Intestines being carried downward by their own weight, do in∣sinuate themselves through the over-much dilated passage of the Peritonaeum into the Groin, whereupon it groweth tumefied; and this Disease is called Hiernia Intestinalis in Inguine, which is proper to Women.

The Round Ligaments after they have quitted the lowest Venter they make an oblique progress over the Share-bone toward the Fat, (Covering it,) into which they terminate near the Clitoris with many small Fibres.

If we nearly inspect the substance of these Ligaments, * 1.2701 we may discover them to be composed of a double Membrane, of which the inward is ador∣ned with various kinds of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphae∣ducts.

They are more expanded near the Uterus, * 1.2702 and are not only fastened to the sides of the VVomb near its bottom, but to its Neck too, and as they approach the Confines of the lower Apartiment and Groin their Ter∣mination have less and less dimensions in the Fat, facing the Share-bone, and at last disappear near the Clitoris.

The use of these Round Ligaments is to secure the womb in its proper place, * 1.2703 which is more eminent in Women with Child to keep the Uterus from falling to each side, when it is more and more distended by the increase of Dimen∣sions relating to the Foetus, as it arriveth greater and greater Maturity; so that these Round Ligaments detain the Foetus in the Middle, lest over∣much inclining to either side it should give a trouble to the Uterus and Mo∣ther, and hinder the regular motion of the Foetus in order to Birth.

Learned Diemerbroeck hath found out another Use (which is more no¦ble, * 1.2704 as this worthy Author styleth it) as being Vasa deferentia to convey Seminal Liquor from the Ovaries and Oviducts into the Clitoris, Lib. 1. Ana∣tom. p. 223, 224. Cap. 23. De Partibus Muliebribus. Ait ille, necesse erat, ut Mulieri aliqua pars inesset, quae ad libidinem eam fortiter stimularet, at{que} sicuti in viris stimulus iste & Glande Penis frictione suscitatur & seminis transitu ad summum augetur, ita in Mulieribus quo{que} stimulus iste in tentigine seu Clito∣ridis

Glande frictione suscitari, & seminis transeuntis titillatione ad summum de∣duci necesse fuit. Hinc codem modo ut viris per Veneream Cogitationem, ac Clitoridis frictionem, copiosi Spiritus Animales una cum Sanguine Arterioso ad obscaenas partes defluunt & illas multo, grato{que} Calore perfundunt, ac earum poros valde rarefaciunt, sic{que} Semen eodem Calore attenuatum aliqua sui parte è testibus & tubis per Vasa deferentia (illa scilicet quae antehac male Ligamenta uteri rotunda fuerunt appellata) Eliciunt, seu ad Clitoridem Defluxu faciunt, per cujus tentiginem summa cum voluptate Extillat.

The meaning of this Learned Author is, that Women (as well as Men) are gratified with a Venereal appetite seated in the Glans of the Clitoris into which the Semen is conveyed from the Ovaries and Oviducts, è Testicu∣lis & Tubis Fallopianis, as he calleth them, through the Round Ligaments as deferent Vessels into the Clitoris; to which I make bold to give my an∣swer, That I humbly conceive the Round Ligaments not to be Concave, and thereupon not fit Organs to convey Seminal Liquor into the Clitoris, but if this be granted, it will be difficult to apprehend how the Semen should be transmitted out of the Tubae Fallopianae into the Round Ligaments, which are affixed to the sides of the bottom of the Womb; so that the Se∣men sliding out of the Extremities of the Tubae Fallopianae into the begin∣ning of the Cavity of the Womb should there stop and not farther fall down into it, which is more ready and easie to receive the Seminal Liquor, natural∣ly tending downward into a larger Sinus, passing in a strait Course, than for the Ligaments to admit the semen into small holes (if any) seated in the sides of the VVomb; and above all, the Round Ligaments hold no commu∣nion or entercouse with the Clitoris, as having their Extremities inserted into the Fat, covering the Share-bone, and no where into the Clitoris, so that they cannot convey Liquor into it; of which I shall give a more full Discourse when I shall Treat hereafter of the Semen in VVomen.

Here a Question may arise, * 1.2705 How the VVomb can move upward and make its approach near the Liver and Stomach, which seemeth to oppose Reason, because the broad and round Ligaments do detain it within the Pelvis, so that the Uterus cannot move upward in Hysteric Fits, as the Antients have conceived, and it is not a good Argument by reason the VVomb can move downward as the Ligaments become relaxed, and so fall down as oppressed by its own weight; that therefore the Ʋterus should move upward, con∣trary to the nature of solid Bodies, except they be forced by some external Cause, as the VVomb is driven upward by the bulk of the Foetus, distending it by degrees.

Again, The ascent of the VVomb (being empty) in Hysteric Fits, * 1.2706 con∣tradicteth Ocular Demonstration, by reason VVomen dying of violent Con∣vulsive motions upon Hysteric Fits, having been Dissected, their VVombs have been found to be confined within the narrow bounds of the Pelvis.

And the hard Bunch or Globe that is found about the Navil or near the Stomach in Hysteric Fits, is not the body of the VVomb, but the Guts di∣stended (as I humbly conceive) by some great Flatus (puffing up the Guts in the form of an Egg) which is quickly discussed by Spirit of Castor, Harts-horn, Sal-Armoniac, either Simple or Succinated, which is the more milde, &c.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Menstruous Flux.

OUr most Gracious Maker and Judge, out of his infinite loving kind∣ness to VVoman, hath appointed a Monthly Sickness attended with Pain, as a frequent Monitrix of her primitive Aberration in the state of In∣nocence, to cause her to make often reflections upon her great Guilt in the glass of Punishment, To make repeated Confessions of her fault in Paradise, and crave Pardon of her Maker in the Name of the Holy Jesus, our Glori∣ous Mediator, who once offered himself upon the Cross as an All-sufficient Sacrifice for the Sins of the whole world

The Menstruous Flux (so much discoursed by Physicians as the cause of divers Diseases in VVoman) is very obscure how it is produced in the womb, * 1.2707 and by what ways it is transmitted into the Cavity, and whether the Matter of this Flux doth offend in quantity or quality, and how the Fluor Albus differeth from a Gonorrhaea, which cause many Disputes among Pro∣fessors of our Faculty.

Some are of an opinion that the Flux is performed by the Arteries termina∣ting into the Vagina, * 1.2708 and others, that it is managed by the Arteries ending into the body of the Uterus: And I humbly conceive, that both Opinions are true, by reason the Flux is made both in the Vagina and Body of the womb, and principally in the last, by reason it hath more numerous and grea∣ter Branches of preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries than the Vagina; and farthermore, if these fruitful Branches did not import Blood into the Glands of the Uterus, (wherein the gross parts are severed from the more refined and transmitted by the Pores of the inward Coat into the bosom of the womb) how could this Flux cause an Abortion, which frequently hap∣pens in the three or four first Months, when the tender Foetus floating in the Uterus (as not fastned to it by the interposition of the Placenta) is carried with the Flux through the relaxed orifice of the womb into the bearing place, and thence out of the confines of the Body.

The inward Coat of the Uterus is rendred unequal in divers places, and especially in the bottom of it, which is caused by the terminations of the Excretory Ducts (coming from the Glands) wherein streams of Purple Liquor flow into the Cavity of the Uterus in the time of the Menstrua and Lochia.

And as to the time of the Flux of the Menstrua, * 1.2709 the Professors of our Art have various Sentiments, the great Master of Philosophy in his Second and Fourth Book de Generat. Animalium, consigneth the cause of this Men∣struous Flux to the motion of the Moon, others attribute it to the great quantity of Blood lodged for the space of a Month in the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Vessels, till they are so much solicited by their distention, that they discharge the great trouble of the Blood into the Cavity of the Uterus.

As to the Menstruous Flux it doth not depend upon the Change of the Moon, as the vulgar conceive, but happens sooner or later, according to va∣rious

Constitutions of Bodies, as they are acted with more hot or milde, or a more large or sparing mass of Blood.

And as to the other Cause of the Menstruous Flux, it doth not proceed only from the heat and quantity of Blood distending the Vessels, by reason it is not probable that such a proportion of it should be lodged a whole Month in the vessels of the Uterus, as is evacuated in one Menstruous Purgation, and when persons have died near the time of their Monthly Evacuation, upon Dissection, their vessels have not been found Turgide with Blood.

The Monthly Course doth not proceed either from the motion of the Moon or the plenty of Blood alone, * 1.2710 but more probably from the efferves∣cence of the Blood as consisting of fermentative Particles, derived from He∣terogeneous Elements, causing Disputes with each other, whence ariseth a Fermentation; so that the Blood being upon a fret as acted with diffe∣rent and disagreeing principles, is carried down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Uterus, Integrated of many Minute Glands, wherein the more troublesome and fermentative Particles of the Vital Liquor are secerned from the more fine and spirituous, which are transmitted into the Origens of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Veins, while the more gross and excrementitious are carried through the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity and Vagina of the Uterus.

And now I perceive it may deserve our Disquisition to know the Nature of this Ferment, making the effervescence of the Blood, * 1.2711 and from whence it taketh its Origen, which I apprehend may be probably derived from the fermentative Matter acting the Blood in the Stomach, Guts, Pancreas, Spleen, Liver, and Glands, which being transmitted by proper Arteries in∣to Glands of the Uterus, may receive a new access of fermentative Parti∣cles, which I conceive may be a mucous or serous Matter (always found in the substance of the Womb when dissected) which being kept in the Glands the space of a Month, may obtain a fermentative nature, and in∣fect the Blood, when it is more freely impelled into the Glands in its Month∣ly Flux; so that the Blood having its Compage opened by the fermenta∣tive parts lodged in the Glands, is disposed for a Secretion; so that the more gross Parts may be more readily received into the Excretory Ducts, and conveyed into the bosom of the womb.

It may be objected, That this Conjecture of Secretion of the good from the impure part of the Blood in the Menstruous Flux is gratis dicta, as be∣ing a fancy of my own, without any foundation in Nature; to which I take the boldness to give this Reply, That Glandulous Substances are Colatories of the Blood in all parts of the Body, of Pancreatick Liquor in the Glands, of the Pancreas, of Bilious humours in the Liver, and of watry Recrements in the Kidneys, of Lympha in all the Conglobated Glands belonging to the whole Body; and of the Secretion of the more Foeculent blood from the more pure acted in the Glands of the Uterus, and conveyed by proper Channels into the capacity of the womb.

And it may be farther urged against this Hypothesis, That there is no Secretion made of the bad from the good Blood in the Glands of the Ute∣rus, but it is immediately transmitted by the terminations of Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries not terminating into the Glands, but into the inward Coat of the womb; to which I humbly beg the favour to give this An∣swer, That if this be granted, the good and the bad Blood will be promiscu∣ously

thrown off to its great prejudice, through the terminations of the Arteries, as having no Secretories adapted to the percolation of Blood.

But it may be farther urged in opposition to this Hypothesis, That the Uterus as well as the terminations of the Arteries is destitute of Organs fit for Secretion; of Glands and Excretory vessels, which seemeth to con∣tradict Ocular Demonstration, in the Glandulous inward substance, and the holes of the inward Coat of the Womb and its Neck and Vagina, which are all beset with them, and without doubt do convey the recrements of the Blood in the Fluor Albus, and the Serous parts of it in the time of Coition, into the Cavity of the Body and Vagina Uteri, which superfluities of the Blood were first Secerned in the Glandulous Compage of the Womb before they were transmitted into the bosom of it.

Another probable Argument may be brought to confirm this Conjecture of Secretion of the Foeculent Blood from the more fine, * 1.2712 made in the Glands of the Uterus in the Monthly Purgation, is, That the Blood thrown off doth not only offend in quantity but in quality too, by reason it highly tortureth the Nerves of the Womb with high pains, and the Glans of the Penis is often excoriated, if Coition be celebrated in the time of the Menstrua, which plainly proceedeth from the ill Corrosive indisposition of them, fretting the tender Coat of the Glans. The Menstruous blood killeth the young Sprouts of Vines and other Plants, and being drunk by Dogs rendreth them mad, and being received into the Stomach of Man (which is very unnatural) doth produce the Falling-sickness, shedding of the Hair, and other Symp∣toms of an Elephantiasis, which clearly evidenceth this constitution of Menstruous Liquor to be very ill, as putrifying by Stagnation, or mixed with other depraved Recrements of the Blood, and is much different from the disposition of the purer part of the Blood, and is severed from its Foe∣ces in the Womb, which cannot be accomplished in any other part of it but in the Glandulous Substance, and conveyed from thence into the Ca∣vity of the Womb, and if any learned Person shall think meanly of these Sentiments, I humbly beg of him to assign some other Organs of Percola∣tion of the Blood in the Menstruous Purgation, and I shall account my self highly obliged to him for my better Information; in the interim, I humbly beg his Pardon, if my Sense prove disagreeing to his.

Another Question may arise, whether the Fluor Albus (flowing from the Serous Recrements of the Blood Secerned from it in the Glands of the Uterus) may be distinguished from a Gonorrhaea, which may be thus resol∣ved, That the Fluor Albus (as I conceive) is derived from the same Sub∣stance, and discharged by the same Ducts serviceable in the Menstruous Purgations, but the Humour flowing in a Gonorrhaea, is fetched from other Fontanels, from the Glands besetting the Meatus Urinarius by reason the Vagina and body of the Uterus are unconcerned in this Fowl Distemper in which the Postrates adjoyning to the Urethra, are chiefly, if not wholly disaffected; whereupon the Parties labouring with a Gonorrhaea do complain of Pains about the Urinary Duct, and Share-bone and of Acrimony of Urine, proceeding from a sharp Ulcerous Matter coming out of the Pro∣states, seated near the passage of Urine.

The Gonorrhaea differeth also from the Fluor Albus, * 1.2713 because the Ulcerous Matter of the former is less in quantity (then the Serous Recrements of the other) bedewing the parts of the Pudendum, adjacent to the entrance of the Urethra, with a mucous Clammy Matter, but the Fluor Albus doth only be∣smear the neighbouring parts of the Origen of the Vagina.

CHAP. XVIII. The Pathology of the Menstruous Purgation.

THe Pathology belonging to the Menstruous Purgation in Women, is either abolished, diminished, too exuberant, or depraved.

The first is founded in a total Suppression, caused by a want of super∣fluous Blood, proceeding from external causes as defect of Aliment, &c. or from internal Causes, the small proportion of Chile not assimilated into Blood flowing from the ill temper of it, producing Chronick or acute Fevers; or from great evacuations of Blood by the Nostrils, Haemmorhoids, &c.

But the great cause of the suppression of the Monthly Flux in Women is the undue Fermentation of Blood, * 1.2714 as not consisting of good Fermenta∣tive Elements in ill habits of Body, whereupon the ill principle, Vital Liquor doth not observe its Monthly times of Recourse by the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Glands of the Womb, or if the Vital Liquor be impelled by the said Arteries in due times and Periods, yet it be∣ing not well disposed, as not having its Compage opened by due Fermen∣tative Principles, a Secretion cannot be made (in the body of the Glands) of the more fine from the grosser Particles of the Blood, so that it is re∣turned Confused, without any separation of the one from the other by the Preparing and Hypogastrick Veins toward the Heart, whereupon no part of the Menstruous Blood being disposed by due Fermentatives Prin∣ciples of Acides and Alcalies, of Volatil Saline, and Sulphurous Particles hath no power to open the extremities of the Excretory Ducts, to pass through the Perforations of the inward Coat, into the Cavity of the Womb; and the narrowness of its Cavity and Vessels is more rare, and the dyscrasie of the Blood is more common, caused by the want of a laudable Effervescence, whence the Blood becometh gross and thick, when the good Fermentation of the Blood is defective.

A Countrey Maid being of a Plethorick constitution, expressed in a Floride Countenance, and a Fleshy Body, was above twenty years old, and never had her Courses, whereupon she grew Sickly, and fell into a very acute Fever, of which she died the Fourth or Fifth day.

And afterward the Abdomen being opened the Viscera appeared very sound and the Ʋterus being Dissected, the Blood was found putrid, and the Cavity of the Womb wholly shut up by Nature, whereupon the Blood being Stagnant lost its due tone, and became Putrid, proceeding from a want of due Fermentation, whereupon the impure parts of the Blood (be∣ing not severed in the substance of the Uterine Glands from the more pure) were not discharged by the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the VVomb, so that the sides of it did close and take away its Concave-Surface.

This cause of the suppression of the Monthly course of the Blood re∣lating to the womb, * 1.2715 and proceeding from the defect of a due Fermenta∣tion of the Blood, denoteth Antiscorbutick and Chalibeate Medicines which impart good dispositions to it, and repair its lost tone by exalting its gross fixed Saline and Sulphureous Particles, and rendring them Volatil and Spirituous, whereby the Vital and Nervous Liquor acquire a laudable Fer∣mentation,

consisting in due Acides and Alkalys, the true Principles of Ef∣fervescence, opening the Body of the Blood, (carried into the Uterine Glands) and disposing it for Secretion; so that the faeculent parts of the Blood are transmitted through the Pores of the inward Coat into the Bosom of the womb, whence it is expelled by the Vagina to the utmost Confines of the Body.

The suppression of the Menstruous Flux is caused by straitness of the Ves∣sels and ways of the Womb, by Constipation, Compression, Coalescence, Ul∣cers, Scirrhous, and Gangraenes of the Uterus.

As to the first, * 1.2716 the preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries are obstructed by gross and viscide humours, by Blood rendred thick, as accompanied with crude Chyme, not assimilated into Blood, and stagnant in the Vessels, or in the Glands of the Ʋterus, causing a stoppage of the Flux into the Cavity of the Womb,

Learned Veslingius giveth an account of a Woman labouringwith a Sup∣pression of her Menses, * 1.2717 in whom he found the Spermatick Vessels full of Pi∣tuitous Matter.

Sometimes the Neck and Vagina of the Uterus is shut up with the Hymen, imperforated, giving a Check to the Flux of the Menstrua.

Dodonaeus giveth an Instance of this case in a Cloistered Virgin. Monialis Virg. 55 Annorum, multo tempore circa Inguina & Pubem doluit, nullis interim ex Utero prodeuntibus Excrementis: supervenit tandem Ventris Tumor, quo inde majore facto, Mors tandem supervenit, &c. Hymen autem obstitit qui Naturâ Vir∣ginibus concrescit, nam hoc integro nihil ex Utero descendere aut deferri, vel hinc apparere potuit.

A Suppression also of the Menstrua may proceed from a white Concreted Matter, * 1.2718 obstructing the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries, somewhat re∣sembling the Polypus of the Heart, and is produced in like manner from Chyme coagulated in the Vessels of the Womb, and hindering the recourse of Blood into the Uterine Glands and Cavity of the Uterus.

A stoppage of the Menstruous Course may proceed from the Constipation, dum Corpus Uteri densius redditur, or from the hardness and induration of the Neck of the womb, of which Cabrolius maketh mention concerning a Lying-in-Woman, whose Neck of her womb grew hard and grisly, and ever after lost her Menstrua; Mulier post Puerperium Menstrua amplius non habuit: Mor∣tuae Cervix Uteri spississima est reperta, ac velut Cartilginosa, quae transversi Di∣giti spissitudine coaluerat.

A Suppression of the Menstrua may be deduced from Compression by the Tumors of the womb, * 1.2719 in Inflammations, Scirrhus, &c. whereby the Cavi∣ties of the Vessels are so contracted, and the extremities of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries so shut up, that the Blood cannot pass into the Glands of the womb, and after Secretion be conveyed through the Pores of the inward Membrane into its Cavity. These small holes may be also shut up by external Causes, by the cold Air, or bathing in cold Water during the Monthly Course, wherein the Humours are condensed, and the Pores of the inward Coat of the Ʋterus admit such a Contraction that the Purple Liquor cannot be conveyed into the Cavity of the womb.

A Coalescence may induce a stoppage of the Courses, wherein some fleshy or membranous substance groweth to the Inside of the Uterus and cover∣eth its Meatus, or when the Ulcered inward Coat is cicatriced, after a cured Ulcer of the womb, wherein the minute Perforations are closed up, which

happens also after frequent Abortions, wherein the little holes of the womb (to which the after-burden adhereth) are quite stopped up, intercepting the Current of Vital Liquor into the Cistern of the Uterus.

Another cause may be added Suppressing the Monthly Purgation, * 1.2720 fetch∣ed from an ill Conformation of the Uterus, when its parts, the Body, Neck, or Vagina, are distorted, either naturally, or by some Stroke or Fall, which so perverteth the natural Position of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arte∣ries, that they cannot transmit Blood into the Substance of the Glands, and thence into the Bosom of the womb.

Ulcers and Gangreens of the womb often produce the stoppage of the Men∣strua, * 1.2721 by reason in the last Disease a great Source of Blood being impelled by the Arteries into the Substance of the womb, wherein it stagnates, produceth first an Inflammation, and then a Gangreen, wherein the motion of the Blood being stopped, presently ensueth a Suffocation of the Heat, the immediate cause of a Gangreen; in this case there is often a great Plethora in the Ves∣sels, highly Tumefied with black discoloured Blood.

A young Maid, about fifteen Years of Age, near the time of her Courses was surprised with a great Disease, accompanied with horrid Symptoms of distortion of her Mouth, and many other Convulsions, loss of Speech, &c. so that she could not be relieved by the Power of Art, and Died in a small space.

Afterward an Incision being made into the lower Apartiment, * 1.2722 the Visce∣ra appeared very sound, except the Uterus, whose Vessels were highly di∣stended with a great quantity of black Blood, and the Uterus it self was hu∣ed with a deeper black, as being Gangreened, and the Neck of it very much distorted, so that the streams of Blood were so intercepted in the substance of the womb, that they could not be transmitted into its Cavity.

A Suppression of Blood (proceeding from an Inflammation of the womb, * 1.2723 often the Forerunner of a Gangreen) doth speak, first, a free Mission of Blood in the Arm once or twice, and when the Inflammation is cured, by de∣riving the Purple Liquor into other parts, and when cooling Medicines have been administred, as contemperating Juleps and Emulsions, a Vein in the Foot may be opened, with this caution, That the Inflammation is allayed, else bleeding below will have a sad consequence, in bringing down the Blood more freely to the Ʋterus, whereupon the Inflammation will be encreased, which I once saw in a Captain of a Ship's Wife, who labouring with an In∣flammation of the Uterus, was imprudently bled by Leeches applied to the Haemorrhoides, by the Order of an imprudent Pretender to Art; whereupon she growing worse and worse, and her Pains about her Back and Share-bone be∣ing very much aggravated, she sent for me; and after I had heard the Histo∣ry of the Disease and its Symptoms recounted by herself and the Standers by, I gave order for a plentiful Evacuation of Blood in the Arm, which was Celebrated two or three times, (as I remember) and then gave her contem∣perating vulnerary Drinks, and mild astringent Injections, which spake an Allay to the Inflammation, and cured the Symptomatick Fever.

In Suppressions of the Menses, * 1.2724 flowing from the Obstructions of the Pre∣paring and Hypogastrick Arteries, and excretory Ducts of the womb, first, Purging Medicines may be advised, of foetide Pills, and Potions made of a∣perient and Purgative Ingredients, of the five opening Roots, mixed with Senna, Garick, and Syrrup of Buckthorn, &c. and aperient Apozems, made of Roots of Madder, Birthwort, Leaves of Mugwort, Motherwort, Penni∣roial, Rue, Savin, Chervil, Balm, &c. The Apozems may be properly drunk

by themselves, or upon Pills made of the Trochises of Mirrh, mixed with Castor, and the like.

Fomentations and Baths are very proper in this Disease, made with the Leaves of the former Plants, to which may be added the Leaves of Mallows, Marshmallows, Fengreek, and Line-seed, &c. and after Purging and O∣pening Medicines, bleeding in the Foot may prove very Beneficial near the common Course of the Menstrua, or in case they have been long suppressed, about the new and full Moons which is the ordinary time of their Flux, Pow∣ders of Galbanum, Frankincence, Styrax, Savin, and Bay-leaves, being cast upon the Coals, and the Fumes received into the entrance of the Vagina by a Funnel, proveth often very efficacious in bringing down the Suppressed Menstrua.

The diminished Flux of the Menstrua hath very often the same causes with the suppressed, only they are somewhat more low and mild, and therefore it is Cur••d by the same specifick Medicines, of which the mildest are to be chosen.

The super-abundant Flux of the Menstrua is easily judged, * 1.2725 by reason when too great a quantity of them doth debilitate the strength of the Body, which is associated with these Symptoms, loss of Appetite, weakness of Concoction, Cachexy, change of Colour in the Face, appearing in a faint Aspect. This Disease is also often accompanied with an oedematous Swelling of the Feet.

The causes of an immoderate Flux of the Menses may be attributed chiefly to the quality of the Blood, * 1.2726 or the too great apertion of the extremities of the Vessels belonging to the Uterus.

As to the ill qualification of the Blood, it is either hot or sharp, consist∣ing of bilious or saline pungent Particles, irritating the Vessels to an excre∣tion, and serous Blood, by reason it is thin may easily be transmitted through the Terminations of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the sub∣stance of the Uterine Glands, and thence freely pass through the Pores of the inward Integument of the Uterus.

The Orifices of the Vessels are too much dilated either externally, * 1.2727 by hot moistning, and emollient Baths and Fomentations, when aperient, alterative, and Purging Medicines have been first too freely administred, or when the Terminations of the Arteries have been very highly opened by hot, sharp, and thin Blood, or sometimes when the tender Capillaries are broken by the exuberant quantity, or corroded by the Pungent Vitriolick quality disaffect∣ing the Purple Liquor, or when the Blood, long stagnating in the Vessels doth acquire a Putrid corrosive quality.

The immoderate Flux of the Menstrua, * 1.2728 if it do proceed from too great a quantity of Blood, doth indicate a free Mission of it out of the Arm, and if from sharp and hot Blood, it is better to take away Blood often and little at a time, (to make frequent revulsions of it from the Ʋterus) by reason nature being weakened by too great a Flux of the Menstrua, the Blood can∣not be drawn off in a great quantity by opening a Vein at once.

Ligatures and Frications may be made in the Arms and Thighs, to hinder the Recourse of the Blood to the Uterus.

And in reference to Bilious and Salt Humors mixed with the Blood, * 1.2729 gentle Purging Medicines may be given, made of Indian Mirabolanes, Rubarbe, Cassia, Tamarinds, &c. and Juleps made of destilled Water of the Spawn of Frogs, and Oak-Buds, and a little Cinamon Water Distilled with Barley, and Sweetened with Syrup of dried Roses. Apozems also speak a great Advantage to the Patient, compounded of cooling and incrassating Medi∣cines, of Wood-Sorrel, Purslane, to which may be added astringent Plants,

as Mouseare, Shepherds-Pouch, Plantain, Ribworte, Leaves of Oak, Myrtle, Horse-Tail, Mill-foile, &c. and let the Decoctions be sweetened with Syrup of Corall, Red Roses, &c.

Astringent Powders of Red-Saunders, Bole-Armen. Dragons-Blood, red Co∣rall, Powder of the Roots of Cumphrey and Tormentil, are very proper to stop the irregular Flux of the Menses, and Milk and Water boiled together, and Decoction of Calcined Harts-horn, are good for an ordinary Drink.

But a depraved Flux of the Menstrua may be termed when they are dis∣charged with great difficulty and high Pain, and many other great Symptoms, * 1.2730 when a grievous Torture of the Loins ariseth, caused by a great distention of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypogastrick Arteries, compressing the Vertebral Nerves, and the Branches of the Par Vagum. This Discom∣posure is not quieted till the worst of the Blood is secerned in the substance of the Uterine Glands, and transmitted by the Excretory Ducts into the Chamber of the Uterus.

The Diagnosticks of the depraved Flux of the Menstrua are evident when the Patient complaineth, some days before the Menstrua appear, of the Pain of the Head, produced by a hot or sharp Blood, carried by the innate ca∣rotide Arteries, into the Membranes of the Brain, and of the Stomach, by offensive Purple Liquor, carried by the Coeliack Artery, and of the bottom of the Loins, and bottom of the Belly, proceeding from sharp Blood distend∣ing the Hypogastrick and preparing Arteries belonging to the womb, where∣upon its adjoining Nervous Fibres are aggrieved, made by a distention of the Neighbouring Blood-Vessels.

As to the Indications in this Disease, the cause is to be removed, and the Symptoms are to be alleviated; if the Humours be gross, they are to be at∣tenuated and incided, if hot or sharp, they denote contemperating Medicines, made up of gentle Purgatives, and of opening and cooling Emulsions.

And after Universals have been premised, emollient Fomentations and te∣pid Baths may be used to take off Pain, and the heat and sharpness of the Blood.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Fluor Albus, or Whites.

THe Menstruous Purgation is that of the purple Liquor, * 1.2731 and other Hu∣mors with it evacuated, called by the Latins Fluor Albus, and in our Tongue the Whites, by reason Serous and Pituitous Recrements are dis∣charged by the Vessels of the womb, which is sometimes abused, and made as it were the Sink of the Body, whereby not only white, but also sometimes yellow and green, and other times a kind of Purulent and Sanious Matter, is excerned, and not at set times and Periods, but irregularly, sometimes dai∣ly, and other times at a greater distance, now and then anticipating, and other times following the Menses, and when they are suppressed too.

This Disease rarely afflicteth Maids, but most commonly Women, and sometimes those that are with Child.

The Fluor Albus differeth from the discoloured Menstrua, * 1.2732 in reference these have a plain mixture of red instead of Purple Liquor, always associated with the Menses, by reason other Recrements have no shew of Blood, as being white, yellow, or green, and do not observe a regular Monthly Evacua∣tion.

Purulent matter is discriminated from the Fluor Albus, * 1.2733 because it is greater in consistence, and more white, and less in quantity; and Sanious Matter is different from the Whites, by reason it is more gross, and blended with cor∣rupt Blood.

The Fluor Albus may be distinguished from a Gonorrhaea, the excretion of a Liquor somewhat resembling Semen, which is more white and thick, and eva∣cuated in lesser quantity than the other.

The next cause of the Fluor Albus is an Excrementitious Humour of diffe∣rent kinds, * 1.2734 and very much distinct from pure Blood, sometimes white and pi∣tuitous, being of Chymous matter, not assimilated into Blood, and other times of a more thin Serous Liquor, made of acide and saline Particles, fretting the inward Coat of the Vagina Uteri; this Excrementitious Liquor is also Bilious, known by its yellow and green hue, and is blackish too, from its melancholy Nature, and sometimes seemeth to be Sanious, as mingled with some Particles of Purple Liquor.

So that the Fluor Albus is compounded of various kinds of Recrements (mix∣ed with the Blood) which are impelled with it down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, * 1.2735 and so through the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Glands (belonging to the Ʋterus) wherein these Excrementitious humours are secerned from the Blood, and trans∣mitted through the Excretory Ducts into the Bosom of the Uterus, and thence conveyed through the Vagina out of the Body.

Platerus is of an opinion that the Fluor Albus is conveyed only into the Neck and Vagina Uteri, * 1.2736 which have secretory Glands, percolating the Blood, and so hath the body of the Ʋterus, as it consisteth of many Glands as so many Colatories of the Blood as well as the Neck of the Vagina, which are en∣dued with many holes as Excretory Ducts, with which the inward Coat of the Uterus is perforated too, and chiefly in its bottom, beset with many

Asperities, as being the Terminations of the Ducts, conveying various Ex∣crements of the Purple Liquor (commonly called the Fluor Albus) into the hollowness of the Womb.

And now I suppose it may seem pertinent to discourse the manner how the Fluor Albus is produced in the Womb, which I conceive, * 1.2737 may be ac∣complished after this manner; The Blood is Confederated with gross Chyle not well Prepared by laudable Ferments of Serous and Nervous Li∣quor in the Stomach, and afterward is not well Attenuated by ill Pancreatick and Bilious Recrements in the Guts; whereupon the Blood groweth gross and pituitous, and sometimes is also vitiated with Bilious Excrements, con∣veyed into it by the roots of the Cava, when the Ductus Choleductus is obstructed; so that the Purple Liquor being tainted sometimes with pitui∣tous, and other times with Bilious and Serous Recrements, (not severed from the Blood in the Renal Glands) is transmitted by the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Substance of the Glands (belonging to the Womb) wherein the Blood being acted with Heterogeneous Particles of different ill Humours, causeth a great Fermentation, which is highly pro∣moted by the Nervous Liquor (destilling out the Terminations of the Par Vagum and Vertebral Nerves derived from the Os Sacrum) opening the Compage of the Blood, assisted by the ferments of the Womb, whereby its impure parts, the Pituitous, Serous and Bilious Recrements are se∣vered from the Purple Liquor, in the Uterine Glands (as its Colato∣ries) and thence transmitted by the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Womb.

The Menstrua being associated with various ill Recrements, * 1.2738 when they are suppressed in unhealthy Bodies (clogged with a fowl mass of Blood) do produce a Fluor Albus, wherein the Viscera tainted with the faeces of the Blood (not depurated in the Uterine Glands) do endeavour to free themselves from their troublesome Maladies by sending down Pituitous, Bilious and Serous Recrements through the descendent Trunck of the Aorta, and the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Womb, wherein the Blood being not well Secerned from its ill Associates (its noysome Excrements) doth return by the Uterine Veins to the Cava, and thence to the Chambers of the Heart, where sometimes it being Pituitous ingenders a Polypus, derived from Concreted Chyme; other times it pas∣sing through the I ungs, maketh a difficulty of breathing, and afterward when it is impelled through the descendent Trunck of the Aorta and Coeli∣ack, and Mesentrick Arteries into the Stomach, Pancreas, and Guts, it spoileth the ferments of the Ventricle and Intestines, and perverteth their Crasis; this impure Bilious Blood is carried out of the tainted adjacent parts by va∣rious branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver, wherein the Blood, being not well separated from its Bilious Faeculencies, doth vitiate the Tone of the Liver and discoloureth it; and the Glands of the whole Body are often infected with this ill mass of Blood, as not being discharged by the Uterus in a due Menstruous Flux, whence often ariseth a Fluor Al∣bus, Corroding and Ulcerating the womb and its Vagina, which sometimes endeth in a Gargren.

To confirm this Hypothesis, * 1.2739 I will give you the trouble of a long and admirable case of a Sick Person (labouring long with, and at last dying of a Fluor Albus) written in a Letter by Learned Muranto to Renowned Peier. Elizabethae Anglae quinquagesimum jam agenti aetatis annum, Menstrua

octennio ante fluere cessarunt, nunc inde ab anno redeuntia, sed inordinate: per tres menses eodem fluore Corripitur Albo, copioso, summa{que} cum virium debili∣tate: Sensim aucto, adeo ut stanti ambulanti{que} semper invitae quid destillet: Acrimonia humor is abditi Naturae loci multum oredebantur, urina{que} juxta suppre∣mebatur: unde grumi sanguinis prodierunt, ingenti cum dolore praesertim in Hy∣pocondriis: Alvus per dies quin{que} continuos adstricta erat: Adhibita autem incassum fuerunt à Medicis Excellentissimis Pharmaca, tandem supervenientibus intolerabilibus circa pubem & anum cruciatibus, & vomitu materiae Biliosae, Mortua est.

Dissecto post mortem Cadavere sequentia notavimus, 1. Omentum tenue sine pinguedine, 2. Ventriculum magnum, ac valde capacem Biliosi humoris plenum, interne Rubentem, & multis quo{que} Glandulis conspicuum. 3. Intestina tenuia in inguine sinistro contracta penitus, & crassa tum flatibus tum duris Excremen∣tis distenta, praeterea variis in locis veluti occlusa. 4. Pancreas cinerei coloris, durum tactu. 5. Lienem coloris nigricantis. 6. Hepar pallidum, ad flavedi∣nem Biliosam Vergens, nec sanguineo colore tinctum: Hujus vesiculae copiosa bi∣lis inerat: 7. Glandulae in regione lumborum plures, Conglobatae, at{que} aliae prope Ʋterum, valde durae erant, humorem crassum, sebaceum, flavescentem & pu∣ri analogum ex se fundente quo & vasa Lymphatica distenta turgebant. 9. Ve∣narum sanguis tenuissimus fuit, sero multo dilutus, 10. Cordi Polypus erat. 11. Pulmones sani, 12. Ren sinister duplici Cavitate, pelvim efformante, prae∣ditus. 13. Vesica Urinaria lotio adhuc turgebat: 14. Uterus arcte undi{que} par∣tibus Vicinis adhaesit, fundo ejus cum recto Intestino, vesica{que} Urinaria unito. 15. Circa Testiculos, utro{que} in latere, Hydatides sat magnae Conspiciebantur, Lympha turgentes insipida: Ipsi Testiculi purulenti & Ulcerati fuerunt, Tubarum processus rite apparuit: Liquor in Arteriam Spermaticam injectus, omnia Ʋteri & Vaginae Vasa implevit, inde{que} levi Compressione, tum ex Ʋtero, tum è Vagina manavit: Uterus magnus erat, intrinsecus rubens, Exulceratus, Excoriatus, pure farctus, in{que} Sinistrum magis latus inclinans: Ulcus extra Uteri Pomeria, in Vicinam quo{que} Vaginam serpsit, Nam ista quasi Gangraena tacta, prorsus nigricare visa est: Vasa Uteri omnia cruore turgebant.

The Cure of this disease is performed by the taking away the Causes, * 1.2740 which being done, the Flux ceaseth; wherefore a great care must be had that we do not administer Astringent Medicines before the Viscera are freed from their Gross, Bilious, and Serous Recrements, by proper Purgatives.

Therefore we must consider whether the Fluor Albus be derived from the ill habit of the whole Body, or from some peculiar part, from the indispo∣tion of the Womb; if it come from a Cachexy of the Viscera, gentle Pur∣ging Medicines are to be advised of Cassia, the Lenitive Electuary Ruburbe, mixed with Chio Turpentine, which doth cleanse and heal the Uterus, often Corroded with sharp and salt humours.

A question may arise, * 1.2741 whether Bleeding be proper in this Disease, to which I make bold to give this Answer, That seeing the Fluor Albus pro∣venit à Cachichymia, & non a Plethora, it doth denote rather Purging than Bleeding: Again, it doth not seem reasonable to call the foul humours of the Womb into the mass of Blood and Viscera above, which are best dis∣charged by the Uterus.

VVhen the gross humours of the Body have been prepared and evacuated in a great degree, Decoctions made of Lignum Sanctum, Roots of Sarsa parilla and China, and a dry and slender Diet is to be advised.

Learned Sennertus is of an opinion that Diureticks may be safely prescri∣bed after Purgatives have been premised; * 1.2742 Quae reliquias Morbi (ait ille) ad renes divertant, & per Urinam evacuant; to which I take the boldness to give this Reply; That Diureticks do provoke the Flux of Humours by the Womb as well as Kindeys, and so do encrease the Fluor Albus; and there∣fore I humbly conceive it most reasonable to forbear Medicines provo∣king Urine, and insist rather upon gentle Purgatives, which discharge the Gross, Pituitous, Bilious, and Serous Recrements of the Blood by the Misenterick Arteries into the Guts, and so divert them from the Womb, and do lessen the purging of the Whites by the VVomb.

And above all, Baths may be very advantageous in this Disease, * 1.2743 which do empty the Body of ill Humours, by Sweat and Stool, and thereby drane them off from the part affected, which is Corroborated by the Bath, and its cold, moist and flabby indisposition taken away.

And last of all to Consummate the Cure of the Whites, * 1.2744 drying and astrin∣gent Medicines are to be advised after universals have been duly Administred, Apozemes made of the Roots of Cumphrey, Bistort, Tormentil, the Leaves of Plantain, Mouse-Ear the Great, Knot Grass, Self-Heal, &c. Sweetned with Syrup of dried Roses and Myrtle.

Electuaries also are very proper made of Conserve of Red Roses mixed with Powders of Red Coral or Red Saunders, Bole Armen. Dragons Blood, Sealed Earth, Powder of Pearl, Calcined Hearts-horn, &c.

CHAP. XX. Of the Testicles or Ovaries of Women.

THe Testicles of Women, * 1.2745 so styled by the Antients, and Ovaries by the Modern Philosophers, are small in Bulk but great in Virtue, as con∣taining prima vitae stamina, as they are the Principles of Generation, and are two Caskets of pretious Stones, * 1.2746 which are fluid in their first Origen and Principle, and are afterward Concreted into many parts made up of differ∣ent more solid Substances; or they may be styled Curious Minute Cellars, containing within them many small Bottles, or Vesicles of Liquor of Life, as giving the first matter and rudiments of Being and Life to the best of Ani∣mals.

These choice parts afford many Notices in reference to their situation, shape, size, substance, coats, and use, of which we will treat in the same method as they are propounded.

The Testicles of Women have a different situation from those of Men, * 1.2747 which are placed in an Outlet of the body, but are seated in VVomen in a small allodgment (called the Pelvis) belonging to the lowest apartiments of the Body, within the Belly, two Fingers breadth from the bottom of the Womb, * 1.2748 to whose sides they are affixed by the interposition of the Oviducts, better known by the Name of Tubae Fallopianae, and on the other hand by the Preparing Vessels, and by the Mediation of the Membranes encompassing the Spermatick Vessels; they are tied to the Peritonaeum about the Region of the Os Ilion, and seem to observe the same hight with the bottom of the Womb, in Maids; and in Women with Child they are seated much lower, when the Womb is highly distended by the bulk of the Foetus.

These Testicles are discriminated from those of Men, * 1.2749 as being naked of the Cremaster Muscles, which are Attendants of the Testicles of Men, as hanging upon them, and are drawn upward by their Contraction, when the Penis is erected.

They are lodged within the circumference of the lowest Apartiments to preserve them from the coldness of the Air, and that they may be cherished with the more inward heat of the Body, as also are seated near the Ute∣rus, that the Impregnated Ova might have a more ready recourse by the Oviducts to the bosom of the Womb, as their Conservative and place of perfection, in which the parts of the Body are most wonderfully formed in Number, Weight, and Measure.

The Testicles of Women are endued with a shape different from those of Men, * 1.2750 which are more round and Oval, and the other more flattish, and in their lower Region are somewhat Convex and have a Semi-Oval Fi∣gure, and in their upper part are more plain, and being severed from their Blood-vessels and Ligaments, seem to be furnished with a flattish half Oval Figure.

The Surface of Womens Testicles is more uneven than Mens, * 1.2751 as having divers small protuberances seated in the Membrane, proceeding from the round Seminal Vesicles lifting up the Coats of the Testicles, and in some

places between the Vesicles, the Tunicles are Contracted, making as it were a kind of Wrinkles or Fissures in their Surfaces.

The Testicles of Women have great difference according to several Ages and Constitutions; in young Plethorick Bodies they are much larger than in old or Hectick Bodies, by reason the Vesicles are more distended, as replenished with Seminal Liquor, which is very deficient in Antient and Emaciated Bodies; and in the most Succulent VVomen in their greatest Maturity they have much less Dimensions than those of Males, and have a more flabby soft Compage in reference to the Vesicles of Liquor which give way to the touch of the Fingers Compressing them.

The Testicles of VVomen have a thinner Clothing, * 1.2752 as encircled with fewer Coats than those of Men, as they are immured within the thicker walls of the lowest Apartiments, in which they are strongly guarded within Bony Confines, and secured against outward Assaults.

The Ovaries are encompassed with a double Coat, which seem but one, by reason they are so closely affixed to each other by the interposition of fine small Ligaments or Membranes.

The outward and first Integument is somewhat thicker than the other and derived from the Rim of the Belly, * 1.2753 which is a common Parent of an out∣ward Coat investing all the Viscera contained in the lowest Venter.

The second and more inward Tunicle of the Ovaries is more fine then the other and is a curious Contexture of many Nervous Fibres so closely in∣terwoven, that they seem to be one entire piece, * 1.2754 enwraping the Vesicles of Seminal Liquor; these Coats are instituted by Nature to preserve the Repositories of Genital Juyce from Laceration.

The Testicles being denuded from these Coats, * 1.2755 a white soft Substance is presented to our Eyes of a different nature from that of men (which, accord∣ing to Learned de Graaf) is chiefly made up of many Seminal Vessels mutually conjoyned, which being drawn out, exceed in length forty Dutch Ells, as the same Learned Author affirmed. These Vessels cannot be any where discovered in the Testicles of Women, which have another, and no less admirable Structure.

The Ovaries of VVomen, as to their Substance, are a rare Composition, integrated of many Blood-vessels, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, Glands, Vesicles of thin clear Liquor.

The Blood-vessels belonging to these parts, * 1.2756 are the Preparing or Sperma∣tick Arteries and Veins † 1.2757, which are Ministerial to the Vesicles. * 1.2758 The Ar∣teries do take their progress in greater Gyres than those of Men, which notwithstanding have greater length by reason they Expatiate themselves in∣to the Testicles seated without the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment in the bosom of the Scrotum. And I humbly conceive these Arteries have many Flexures in VVomen to hinder the over-hasty motion of the Blood into the Testicles.

The Divarication of the Spermatick Arteries in VVomen, * 1.2759 is different from that of Males, in whom they are parted into two branches, of which one and the chief passeth into the Testicle, and the other as the least, goeth to the Epydidimides: In Women the first branch is carried into the Ʋterus, and Associates so with the Hypogastrick Arteries, that no Eye can discover their Terminations to be distinct; whereupon no man (saith Learned de Graaf) can certainly affirm that the Testicles of Women do receive Blood immediately from the Spermatick or from the Hypogastrick Arteries, which before they

terminate, do send two or three Branches into the Testicles. The Sperma∣tick Arteries are more numerous than the other, as they relate to the Ova∣ries, near which they are divided into two or three Branches, and are sub∣divided again into more and more Ramulets, at last inserting themselves, not only into the Coats of the Testicles, but into their Glands and Coat of the Vesicles, which these Arteries Enamel with fruitful Divarications, in the manner of Eggs of Fish and Yolks of Hens Eggs.

The Spermatick Veins are Associates of the Arteries, * 1.2760 and sport themselves in various Divarications through the body of the Testicles, and no where In∣osculate with the Spermatick Arteries, by reason their Extremities are implan∣ted into the Parenchyma of the Testicles to receive the Blood and carry it to∣ward the Heart, after it hath bedewed the Substance of the Ovaries, which it could not effect if the Vital Liquor was transmitted immediately out of the Preparing Arteries into the Veins by mutual Perforations.

The Spermatick Veins are much shorter than the Arteries, as taking their progress in a more straight position without any Maeanders or Flexures, which are very observable in the Arteries,

The use of the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries is to import Blood into the Substance of the Testicles, * 1.2761 in order to give life to them and prepare a Matter to propagate and repair the Spermatick Matter in the Vesicles when it is exhausted by Generation, by the transmission of the Impregnated Vesicles or Eggs through the deferent Vessels, the Fallopian Tubes into the bosom of the Womb.

The use of the Spermatick Veins is to reconvey the Blood (toward the Heart) not useful in the Glands of the Testicles, * 1.2762 for the Generation and support of Genital Matter enclosed in the Vesicles of the Ovaries.

The Nerves of the Testicles are of two sorts, * 1.2763 the one is derived from the Par Vagum, and the other from the Os Sacrum; both these kinds of Nerves do furnish the Ovaries with fruitful Rarifications of Fibres, which are in∣serted both into the Glands and Coats belonging to the Veficles of Seminal Liquor, called Ova by the late Anatomists

The use of these Nerves is to convey Succus Nutricius into the Substance of the Testicular Glands, * 1.2764 where it incorporates (as I humbly conceive) with the more mild parts of the Blood, and enobleth it in order to generate the Seminal Liquor conserved in the Vesicles, until there be a use of it.

The Lymphaeducts relating to the Ovaries are made of a thin Transparent Tunicle, * 1.2765 and have their roots arising (as I suppose) out of the Testicular Glands, and ascend and branch themselves into the Coat of the Ovaries, and from thence take their progress the nearest way (as I humbly con∣ceive) toward the common receptacle.

The use of the Lymphaeducts is to receive the thin Recrements of the Nerves and Arteries conveyed out of the substance of the Glands, * 1.2766 wherein the more pure parts of the Nervous and Mild Vital Liquor is disposed of by Nature in order to the production of Albuminous Matter of the Ve∣sicles, and the thin superfluous Lympha is admitted into the Origen of the Lymphaeducts seated in the Glands of the Testicles.

The Globules of the Testicles appertaining to Women, * 1.2767 are Bodies made up of many Minute Glands, and every one of them is encircled with a pro∣per Coat, and are so closely connected to each other by many fine Liga∣ments, that they seem to constitute one entire Glandulous Substance enter∣woven with the Vesicles of the Ovaries.

The Glandulous Substance is an Aggregate Body, * 1.2768 consisting of Preparing Arteries and Veins, Nerves and Lymphaeducts, whereof some Import Li∣quor as the Arteries and Nerves, Vital and Nervous Juyce into the Paren∣chyma of the Glands, and the Veins and Lymphaeducts do carry Blood and Lympha out of them.

The use of these Glands adjoining to the Vesicles, * 1.2769 is to be Secretories of various Liquors, Blood and Succus Nutricius brought in by the Extremities of Arteries and Nerves into the body of the Glands, that the more soft and fine particles of Blood and Nervous Liquor being severed from their Recre∣ments may embody and be transmitted by the most Minute Ducts of the Coats of the Vesicles, to beget and repair the decayed Seminal Liquor, encircled with the thin Tunicles of the Vesicles.

The Vesicles belonging to the Ovaries, * 1.2770 are the end and perfection of the other parts, as Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts and Glands, by reason they are all ministerial to the Vesicles, as conducive to the propaga∣tion of the Seminal Liquor conserved in them.

These Vesicles, the nobler parts of the Ovaries, * 1.2771 are replenished with di∣vers kinds of Liquors discriminated by various Colours, some Yellow, others Crystalline and Transparent like Water, and others are Wheyish or whitish in Hue; most of which are unkindly, and one only is natural, which is of a Transparent Colour, somewhat resembling the white of an Egg in Colour, and is somewhat thinner in Consistence, as the Semen of VVomen is more watry than that of Men, by which it is rendred more ex∣alted as endued with more active Fermentative Principles.

Whence may be easily inferred that the use of the Ova, lodged in the Testicles of Women, is to be a material Cause in the Formation of the Foe∣tus, which being exalted by the Seminal Liquor of the Male, is an efficient principle of Generation, giving an Effervescence to the Faeminine Vesicles, by vigorous Fermentative Elements, productive of Conception.

These Veficles of the Testicles may be truly styled Eggs in reference to the great Analogy they hold in likeness with the Eggs contained in the Ovaries of Birds, * 1.2772 by reason these Vesicles are filled with Liquor (much resembling the white of an Egg) which being boyled is Concreted into a white solid Substance, the same in Tast, Colour, and Consistence, with the white of a Birds Egg, coagulated by the heat of Fire.

And it is of no great importance, that those of Women are not im∣mured within thick and hard Shells as well as those of Birds, appointed by Nature to secure them from outward violence of cold Air, as excluded the Uterus of the Fowl, whereas the Eggs of Women encompassed with a soft Membrane, are laid in the warm bed of the Uterus to preserve it against the severity of ill Accidents.

Eggs may be discovered not only in Birds but in all kind of Viviparous as well as Oviparous Animals, as all sorts of Fish, Fowl, Quadrupeds, * 1.2773 as Cows, Sows, Bitches, Hares, Cunneys, Squirrels, Polcats, Hedghogs, Por∣cupines, &c.

Curious de Graaf hath made many good Observations upon Dissections, how the Eggs of the several Animals differ from each other, and that the Vessels of the Testicles relating to Cunneys and Hares do not exceed a Rape∣seed in Dimensions, and are so little in some Animals that they can scarce be discovered, and Coition and Age make great alterations in the Eggs of seve∣ral Animals, and though they be very minute in younger Creatures, yet they

grow much advanced in greatness in more mature age; and receive a high change after Coition, and resemble the Globules found in the Testicles of impregnated Animals, full of clear Water, and sometimes Albuminous Matter like the white of Eggs.

If any shall be so inquisitive as to demand a reason why the Vesicles of old and other barren Women cannot be impregnated; to which it may be replyed that Sterility may proceed either from the ill Conformation of the Testicles, or from the Indisposition of the Faeminine Seminal Liquor, not capable to be advanced to a Conception by that of Man.

But how may the difference be known between the Hydatides of the Testicles and the Vesicles filled with Seminal Liquor, * 1.2774 to which it may be answered the first will grow hard in Coction like the white of an Egg, and the other will retain its Fluidness, and no way admit any Concretion by the heat of Fire: Again, The Hydatides are appendant to the Mem∣branes of the Testicles, as by a kind of Stalks, which cannot be found in true Vesicles belonging to the Testicles of Women.

When the Ova are impregnated by Coition, the Glandulous substance adhering to the Vesicles groweth more large, whence arise Globules made of great variety of Glands, which Secern the Albuminons part of the Blood from the more hot and fierce Particles, and the more refined Atomes of the Nervous Liquor from the Lympha to propagate the Seminal Liquor included in the Vesicles impregnated with the more Spirituous parts of the Genital Juice relating to the Male.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Deferent Vessels of Woman.

HAving treated how the Seminal Liquor of the Male ascends the Womb, deferent Vessels, and how it insinuates it self through the Fimbriae and Coats of the Testicles and Vessels, and how it encorporates with the Seminal Liquor contained in them; * 1.2775 and how it is Impregnated by Masculine Semen; my Concern at this time, is, To shew how the Vesicles or Eggs being rendred fruitful, do part from the other Vesicles, and pass through the Coat of the Testicles and descend through the Tubes into the bosom of the Womb to participate a greater Maturity.

The manner and way how the Impregnated Vesicles of Seminal Liquor are parted from the other and excluded the Testicles, and received into, and transmitted through the Cavity of the Tubes, is of no less difficulty than importance to be understood; whereupon I humbly conceive, that the Ova when Impregnated, have an extraordinary Integument (Accrescing to the Membrane, * 1.2776 encompassing the Albuminous Liquor) endued with an Ex∣pulsive faculty, founded in fleshy Fibres, excluding the Ova the confines of the Testicles.

Presently after the Coition is performed, a Glandulous Substance inter∣spersed with Vessels and fleshy Fibres, encircleth the Impregnated Vesicle, whose Membrane is Diaphanous before Coition, and afterward groweth Clouded and Opace, the first sign of Impregnation and Rudiment of a Glandulous or Fleshy Coat (Immuring the fruitful Egg and no other,) which after it cometh to perfection is Enameled with Divarications of Ar∣teries and Veins, striped with variety of Fleshy Fibres.

This Glandulous Compage enclosing the Ova and interposing it self be∣tween the Membranes of the other Vesicles doth part them one from ano∣ther by breaking their tender Ligaments, * 1.2777 by which they were mutually fastned; So that the Impregnated Ova being loosened by the breach of their fine Bands is thrown out of the Testicles through a small Foramen, dila∣ting it self according to the capacity of the Egg gently conveyed through a narrow passage of the Testicle, which is accomplished by a soft Con∣traction of the fleshy Fibres, lessening the circumference of the Glan∣dulous covering, encompassing the parted Egg, whereby it is expelled the confines of the Testicle through a small hole, and entertained immediate∣ly after by the Fimbria, and from thence slideth into the Extremity of the Tube, and so descends through its Cavity, first into the botom, and af∣terward into the bosom of the Womb.

Perhaps some Ingenious Person may be dissatisfied how the Ova can creep through such a small passage of the Testicle; to which it may be replyed, * 1.2778 that the Foetus (when come to Maturity) is brought into the World through straights of the inward Orifice, Neck, and Vagina Uteri, which all give way by being dilated according to the Dimensions of the Foe∣tus, and darted forward by its own motion and the strong Contraction of the Uterus made by its fleshy Fibres; somewhat after this manner the Im∣pregnated Eggs are excluded the Testicles through a narrow passage, which

being pliable, is enlarged according, the Dimensions of the Vesicle crowded forward by the Contraction of the fleshy Fibres straightning the compass of the Glandulous Coat, encompassing the Egg, whereby it is compressed and turned out of the bounds of the Ovaries.

Another Scruple may be raised how the Ova can be conveyed out of the Testicles when they are closely conjoyned to each other; to which this An∣swer may be given, That the Glandulous Coat immediately enclosing the Eggs, doth crowd between the Membranes of the Vesicles, and severs them one from another by cracking the tender Ligaments (by which the Mem∣branes of the Eggs are mutually fastned;) so that the Impregnated Eggs be∣ing set at liberty, are in a capacity to be thrown out of the limits of the Testicles, and to be conveyed into the expanded Fimbriae, ready to receive them, and to convey them into the Tubes.

Some may propound a doubt why the Eggs protruded through the small apertures of their Ovaries hanging in the Hypogastrick Region, do not fall into the Cavity of the Belly; to which it may be replyed, That to prevent this ill Accident, the Extremities of the Tubes are very much expanded and seated near the Ovaries to give reception to the Eggs immediately af∣ter the Testicles have discharged them, and to convey them into the Chan∣nels of the Deferent Vessels, in order to carry and lodge them in the soft and warm bed of the Womb to give them a further perfection.

Learned Diemerbroeck is of an opinion that all VVomens Eggs are Addle, * 1.2779 or at least their Heads, that hold this Hypothesis, and thereupon offers di∣vers Arguments to evert it. Anatomes Lib. I. Cap. 23.

I. * 1.2780 (Ait ille) Quod talia Ova ex eorum testibus per abditissimos Poros & Vias penitus inconspicuas in Ʋteri capacitatem integra deferri nequeant, because such Eggs without their Shells cannot be carried whole through secret pas∣sages into the Cavity of the Womb, to which (with this great Author's leave) I take the boldness to make this Reply; That the Impregnated Se∣minal Vesicles or Eggs (encompassed only with Membranes) may be gent∣ly excluded through a manifest dilated Cavity, as being of an Extensive nature, giving way to the Dimensions of the Protruded Bodies of Eggs, without any Rupture of Membranes (encircling the Seminal Liquor,) which consisting of divers Filaments finely interwoven, are capable to be distend∣ed or Contracted without any Laceration of their pliable Contexture; So that the Oval Dimensions of these Impregnated Eggs, being compressed by the fleshy Fibres of the Glandulous Body (encompassing them) may lose their more Protuberant Oval shape, and grow oblong and narrow to pass through the hole of the Testicles, which is dilated according to the size of the com∣pressed Vesicles of Seminal Liquor.

In a Minister, committed to my care, I saw in a Urinal many Vesicles filled (with a thin transparent Liquor) and were, as I conceive, Hyda∣tides, transmitted with the Urine through the small passage of the Urethra without any Rupture of the Membranes, and were as great as some Birds Eggs.

And farthermore, These holes through which the Eggs are excluded, are very conspicuous, immediately before and after their Exclusion, and do vary according to the greatness of the Animal, as Learned de Graaf hath observed: De Organis Mulierum, Cap. 14. p. 246. Foramen per quod Ovum expelli diximus, ante Glandulosam Globulorum Substantiam frustra quaesiveris; quandoquidem immediate ante & post Ovi expulsionem tantum appareat, cum ali∣quali prominentia, quam prae similitudine non inepte Papillam nominaveris; Cujus

foramen pro Animalis magnitudine variat; stilum in Vaccis, in Cuniculis vero tan∣tummodo Setum admittit.

The second Argument the Learned Author alledgeth against the Eggs of Women in this: Quod in Mulieribus lascivientibus inter medios nimios{que} * 1.2781 Venereos Amplexus praenimia voluptate extinctis (qualis Patavii interdum ab Anatomicis Dissectae traduntur) nunquam vel Ova, vel aliquid Ovorum aliqua∣lem similitudinem habens, in Utero inventum fuisse a nemine notatum sit, cum tamen illi Oculatissimi inspectores, qui Semen in Utero invenerunt, aliquam saltem de hisce Ovis mentionem fecissent, si quid iis simile in eo observassent; Cum{que} Verisimile sit quod in copioso maxima{que} cum voluptate excreto Semine tale quid necessario inesse debuisset; because in Salacious Women killed by over-much pleasure in the middle of too high Venereal Embraces (which were re∣counted to be Dissected by the Paduan Anatomists) never either Eggs, or any thing having any likeness of Eggs, have been observed by no Man to be found in the Womb, when notwithstanding they being clear-sighted In∣spectors, who found Seed in the Womb, had made at least some mention of these Eggs, if they had observed any such thing in it, and when it is likely that in copious Seed Ejected with the greatest pleasure, some such thing ought to be in the Womb.

To which I take the freedom to speak these returns, that Lascivious Women indulging themselves in too frequent Venereal Embraces to death, are not likely to Conceive, effected by well Concocted Seminal Li∣quor, long reposed in Man's Seminal Vesicles, which cannot be frequently injected into the Uterus and ascend into the Tubes and Testicles, by reason it is not Spirituous, as not having been well Fermented by a due Stay in the Vessels; whereupon it being thrown into the Uterus, cannot Impregnate the Eggs, and sever them one from another, and exclude them through the holes of the Testicles and Tubes, into the bosom of the Uterus; and the Learned Author adds at last to inforce his reason against Eggs or Ve∣sicles of Seminal Liquor, if there be any such, they must appear in the Womb when the Seed is excerned with high delight; and this seemeth to have the greatest weight, if any Seed were immediately discharged out of the Testicles of Woman by Coition through the Tubes into the Cavity of the Womb; which hath more of Fancy than Truth, because the Liquor, giving so great a Pleasure in Venereal Enjoyments, doth not proceed from the Testicles, but (as I apprehend) from Glands seated near the Urethra, and in the Vagina Uteri, through whose Pores a great quantity of Humours are carried into it, and so out of the Body; and the Pudendum also is moistned about the Urinary Ducts with a source of Serous Recrements, which cannot flow from the Testicles and Uterus, but from Fontanels seated in the Ambient parts about the upper Region of the Pudendum.

A third Argument is this; Quod Harvaeus, * 1.2782 accuratissimus Conceptionis per∣scrutatur, nunquam in Brutorum post Coitum dissectorum (dissecuit autem plurima) Uteris Ova, aut quid Ovis simile observaverit, ne{que} etiam à nobis aliis{que} inume∣ris tale quid unquam visum fuerit. That Harvey, a most Exact Enquirer into the Conception of Viviparous Animals, never observed in Bruits Dis∣sected after Coition (though he Dissected many) Eggs or any thing like Eggs in the Uterus; neither also such a thing was ever seen by us, and by many others. To which this may be offered, That neither Great Harvey, nor this Learned Author, nor any others, though never so In∣quisitive, could see any Eggs in the Uterus of Viviparous Animals Dissected presently after Coition, by reason some Weeks are required before the

Impregnated Eggs are excluded the Testicles and descend through the Tubes into the Bosom of the Womb, which was not discovered by Har∣vey; Bernardus non vidit omnia.

A fourth Argument is stated thus; * 1.2783 Quod Mulieres consuetudine viri de∣stitutae nunquam Ova Subventanea deponant, sicut id faciunt Gallinae aliaeq, aves, cum tamen nonnunquam in Lascivis Cogitationibus & Nocturnis Pollutio∣nibus, ipsis non minus Semen (una cum Ovis si Ova adessent) è Testibus in Uterum, quam viris per Penem Effluat; As to this, I refer the Courteous Reader, to the last Paragraf of my Answer given to the Second Argu∣ment, and add, That Maids having not conversed with Man, have their Eggs so firmly fastned to each other, that unless they be Impregnated by Ma∣sculine Seed, they cannot be mutually parted and excluded the Testicles.

The fifth Argument followeth; * 1.2784 Cum Ʋterus in Mulieribus idem sit quod Ovarium in avibus, quod hinc Ova (si modo talia in iis Gigni dicendum sit) saltem non in Testibus, sed in earum Ovario, id est, Utero necessario Gigni de∣berent ex Semine Muliebri eodem modo ut in avibus, id{que} non minus ante, quam post Maris Congressum, & sic necessario Ova Subventanea multoties deponi, quod tamen penitus inauditum est. When the Womb in Women is the same with the Ovary in Birds, that hence the Eggs (if it may now be said that such are generated in them) at least none in the Testicles, but in their Ovary, that is, they ought necessarily to be generated of Feminine Seed, after the same manner as in Birds, and that no less before than after Coi∣tion, and so necessarily Wind-Eggs must be often laid, which notwithstand∣ing is altogether unheard of: To which I humbly present the Learned Au∣thour with this Answer, That the Ovary or Vitellarium is much different from the Uterus in Birds, and is the place (where the Yolks are generated) to which they are first fastned, and when they arrive to a due Maturity, they are parted from the cluster of Eggs or Ovary, and descend through a Fun∣nel into the Womb (wherein the Yolks are first encircled with Whites, and afterward incircled with Shells) of which Harvey giveth an account, Lib. de Generat. Animal. Exercitat. 27. Pag. 105. Multo magis constabit animam ei inesse; Considerante, quo pacto, quove motore, vitellus rotundus, & amplus à vitellarii racemo abruptus, per infundibulum (exiguum nempe tubulum tenuissi∣ma Membrana Contextum, nullis{que} Fibris Motoriis instructum descendat, viam{que} sibi aperiendo Uterum per tantas Angustias adeat; ibidem{que} sese nutriat, au∣geat, Albumine Cingat: and farther Great Harvey adds, calling it the Ovary, where the Eggs are impregnated (and not the Uterus where they obtain their accomplishment, as it is expressed in the precedent words) Pag. 107 Denique, quoniam papula in Ovario existens, à Coitu foecunditatem accipit; so that the Ovary is called the Bunch of Eggs fastned together and rendred fruitful, and not the Uterus in which the Eggs are perfected; whereupon it may be reasonably inferred, that the Vesicles of Seminal Liquor seated in the Testicles, do resemble the Ovaries of Birds made fruitful by the Cock, as they are Impregnated with the Spirituous Particles relating to the Semen of Man.

The Sixth Reason which Famous Diemerbroeck bringeth in opposition to Eggs seated in the Testicles of Women. * 1.2785 Quod Harvaeus quidem dixerit, omnia Gigni ex Ovo; Verum cum non voluisse hoc ex suis observationibus deduci, Ova scilicet aliqua Gigni in Viviparorum Testibus, sed in Utero, id{que} post foe∣minei Maris{que} Semen in eum Effusum; Cui mox duae Membranae (una durior In∣star Corticis exterioris Ovi, scilicet Chorion, Altera instar Tenuioris Pelliculae Ovi scilicet Amnios) Circumducuntur, & pediculo quodam Utero a nascuntur, sicut in

avibus Ovum Ovario, & sic voluit in Ʋtero quasi ovum efformari; & hominem quasi ex Ovo nasci. Because Harvey hath truly said all things to be generated out of an Egg, but this may be deduced out of his Observations, That the Eggs are not produced in the Testicles of Viviparous Animals, but in the Uterus, and that after the Seed of the Male and Female injected into it, about which two Membranes are drawn, the one more hard like the Shell of an Egg, and the other after the man∣ner of a more thin Tunicle of an Egg, as the Amnios; the thicker groweth to the Womb, by a kind of Stalk, as the Egg to the Ovary in Birds, and so he would have it that womens Eggs are formed in the Womb, and that Man is generated as out of an Egg: I confess that Learned Diemerbroeck hath truly quoted Harvey, who hath not spoke in favour of the late Hypothesis, as not found out in his time, that the first Conception is made by Impregnated Vesicles full of Albugineous Liquors (seated in the Testicles † 1.2786) called Eggs according to the late Anatomists, by reason they resemble the White en∣wrapped only within a thin Tunicle before the Shel is formed; and I ve∣rily believe, that if most Ingenious Harvey had lived to this time, he would have been highly pleased at this new discovery of Eggs in the Testicles of Women, which being rendred fruitful by Masculine Seed, do quit the borders of the Testicles, and are transmitted through the Tubes into the bo∣som of the VVomb wherein the Eggs grow more mature as encircled with the Chorion and Amnios holding some Analogy with Shels and thinner Tu∣nicles, immuring the whites of Eggs in the Uterus of Birds.

Divers Learned Neotericks, Johannes Hornius, Theodorus Kerckringius, Regnerus Graaf, Johannes Swammerdamus, and Clarissimus Ruischius, &c. do affirm, * 1.2787 That the Masculine Prolisick Seed doth not only bedew the bot∣tom of the womb, but its Spirituous Particles do ascend the Tubes † 1.2788 unto the Testicles and Impregnate the next Seminal Vesicle, that is disposed for Conception, which swelleth, as if it were after a manner Inflamed, and the next deferent Vesilce groweth red and distended, and the adjacent Fimbria † 1.2789 or jagged Extremity of the Tube doth closely embrace the neighbouring part of the Testicle as with contracted Fingers: This Redness, Distention, and tenure of the Tubes Famous Ruischius shewed publickly in a great Bel∣lied Woman Dissected after Death at Amsterdam, in the Year, 1673.

Three or four days after the Egg or Seminal Vesicle of the Testicle is Impregnated, the Egg is invested with a Glandulous substance, * 1.2790 by which it is loosened from the neighbouring Vesicle, and exciteth the Ovary to exclude it, and although in Women not with Child, there appeareth no hole from the Testicle into the Tube, yet in a Woman newly Impregna∣ted Ruischius discovered an Aperture, receptive of a large Pea, and saw the place of the Ovary (in which the Egg had been lodged) after the exclusion to contain a thick spongy substance beset with fleshy Fibres: This exclu∣sion of the Egg into the Tube is the true reason, as I conceive, of the Nauseousness and Vomiting of Women presently after their first Concep∣tion: And when the Egg is entertained into the Tube, The passage is rea∣dy and easy into the Cavity of the womb, except upon an ill Formation the motion of the Egg should be intercepted in the Tube, which is very un∣kindly, and may be called Conceptio Tubalis, or Tubaria, which is fatal to the Mother, as the Foetus acquiring greater and greater Dimensions doth Lacerate the Tube, and fall into the Cavity of the Belly; but this unnatu∣ral Conception is very rare, by reason for the most part the Egg being dis∣charged the limits of the Ovary, passeth freely down the Deferent Vessel in∣to

the bosom of the womb, where the Foetus is formed, and by degrees ob∣taineth greater and greater perfection of parts.

But divers Persons not well pleased with any new Discoveries how ra∣tional soever, * 1.2791 do propound Objections against this plain truth of Eggs lodged and receiving the first Rudiments of Conception in the Testicles. The first Objection is this, That seeing the Impregnated Egg is excluded the Testicle, how cometh it to be excluded, which I conceive, proceed∣eth from the Glandulous substance of the Egg (immuring it immediately after Impregnation) beset with fleshy Fibres, contracting the Egg and soft∣ly Compressing it; whereupon the Egg is gently protruded through the Aperture of the Testicle first into the Fimbria † 1.2792 or Extremity, and afterward into the body of the Tube. † 1.2793

The second doubt propounded is, * 1.2794 by reason the passage of the Oviduct or Testicle is straight, through which the Impregnated Egg is excluded, where∣upon a danger may arise of breaking the Egg: To which I answer, That it is first stripped of its Glandulous Coat, which much lesseneth the circumference of the Egg, before it passeth through the Aperture of the Ovary, which being of a Membranous nature can Dilate it self to give a free egress to the Egg, without Laceration of the Coat encircling the Egg, after the manner of an Eggs parted from the Ovary, which being received into the Extremity of the Tunnel, passeth through it without any rupture of the Pellicle encompassing the Egg, and is in some kind like the Foetus which pas∣seth through a small Orifice into the more free Cavity of the Vagina Uteri.

A third Scruple may be raised by reason there are two Ovaries, * 1.2795 there∣fore Twinns should be conceived: but the answer is easy; The Eggs of both Testicles are seldom Impregnated at the same time, but now in one Te∣sticle and then in another, as the most near Egg to the extremity of the Tube is rendred fruitful, and it is rare, but that either there is a defect in the Seed of the Male, or the Egg of the Female; so that they are sel∣dom both so well disposed as to generate Twinns; which doth proceed from many Impediments of Nature, either by the error of Conformation, Ob∣struction, Compression, or from the distemper of the right or left Tube or Testicle, which I have often seen in the dissection of Women, in whom sometimes the one, and other times the other hath been found to be disaffect∣ed with the Hydatides and other Diseases.

The fourth Objection may be this; That in one Coition in Hens, all the Eggs of the Ovary are made fruitful by the Cock, and why by the same reason, * 1.2796 may not all the Vesicles in the Testicles be at once impregnated by Man? To which it may be replied, That the Structure of Parts in Birds concurreth very much to the universal making of the Eggs fruitful in Birds, because the Oviducts in them is straight and more ready for the convey∣ance of the Spirituous parts of the Semen to the Eggs; whereas the Tubes in Man are full of Gyres and Maeanders, which intercept or retard at least the ascent of the subtle parts of the Masculine Genital Liquor into the Eggs lodged in the Testicles.

Thus in fine, * 1.2797 I have endeavoured to solve some Objections propoundedin dis∣favour of the Eggs which are first formed and impregnated in the Testicles or Ovaries, whence they are thrust into the Tubes, in which a Conception may be made of a humane Foetus without the Cavity of the Womb; of which a memorable instance is given by de Graaf in his Treatise de Orga∣nis Mulierum, and by Bonnetus Anato. Pract. Lib. 3. Sect. 37. de Conceptione ex Ovo & Gemellis, pag. 1367.

Benedictus Vassalius Chyrurgus Parisiensis, aperuit die 6. Jan. 1664. Cada∣ver Mulieris 32. annos natae, temperamento sanguineo, & habitu corporis satis masculo praeditae: Repertae fuerunt duae Matrices singulari connexione à Natura tam bene dispositae, ut vera jam undecies concepisset, septem nimirum Filios, & quatuor Filias, justo omnes tempore, & debitae compositionis, at{que} habebant Fra∣terculum Embryonem, Conceptum in Adjutorio, sive adminiculo Genuini Ʋteri, & quidem in loco ad distensionem tam inepto, ut Foetus grandescens decem sep∣timanas sunestis Symptomatis Matrem exagitarit: tandem trium aut quatuor Mensium factus Foetus, Carcere effracto tumulum sibi paravit in ipsa Matre, excitando ingens sanguinis Profluvium in universam Abdominis Cavitatem, id quod tribus ultimis diebus vehementissimi Motus Convulsivi & deni{que} mors sub∣secuta fuit: which may be thus rendred in our Mother Tongue; Bennet Vassal a Parisian Chyrurgeon, did open the Body of a Woman thirty two years of age, endued with a Sanguine temper, and a Masculine habit of body: two Matrices were found, so well disposed by Nature in a singular Connexion, that the true one conceived Eleven times, that is, seven Sons and four Daughters, in a due time and shape, and had a little Brother an Embryo, conceived in an Inlet of the true Womb, and in a place so unfit for Distention, that the Foetus enlarging its dimensions, did torture the Mother ten weeks with dreadful Symptoms, at last became a Foetus of three or four Months; the Prison being broken, he made a Tomb for himself in his very Mother by raising a great Flux of Blood in the whole Cavity of the Belly, which was accompanied the last three days with violent Convulsive motions, and at last with Death it self.

I humbly conceive that there were not truly two Wombs, * 1.2798 but one of them was a Deferent Vessel, in which the Impregnated Egg, ex∣cluded the Testicle, was unfortunately lodged, caused by some obstruction or compression of the Tube, intercepting the passage of the Egg into the Ʋterus, whereupon it tending to greater maturity by the heat of the Body, at last became a Foetus, and was confined within the Tube as in a straight Enclosure for three or four Months, untill the greater Dimen∣sions of the Foetus so much distending the Tube, did set it at liberty by making a Laceration (and discharging it into the more large receptacle of the Belly) which filled its Cavity with a torrent of Blood drowning the Foetus, ending the Tragick Scenes of the Mothers Life in troublesome storms of Convulsive Motions.

Which do confirm that the Eggs generated and impregnated in the Testicles as Ovaries † 1.2799, do pass out of their Confines into their Tubes, and in this extraordinary case of Conception, the Egg was unnaturally detained in one of the Deferent Vessels, in which it was so nourished till the Child ungratefully destroyed the Mother.

The Deferent Vessels of a VVoman have a double use; * 1.2800 the first is to con∣vey the Spirituous particles of the Masculine injected Seed out of the Uterus to the Testicles, in order to impregnate the Eggs or Vesicles of Albu∣gineous Liquor.

The second use the Oviducts is, to convey as Channels: * 1.2801 The more subtle and spirituous parts of the Seminal Liquor (after it hath re∣ceived some Effervescence and Colliquation in the Ʋterus) into the body of the Testicles, where it bedews and impregnates the Vesicles filled with Albuminous Matter as so many Ova, which being severed from the other Vesicles (not Impregnated) are received into the Extremities of the Oviducts, and transmitted through their Cavities into the bosom of the womb.

But some questions may arise conducive to the better understanding of the use of the Oviducts: First, Whether the Masculine Seed may be in∣jected into the VVomb: Secondly, How it may arrive the Deferent Vessels, and from thence into the Testicles: Thirdly, How the Impreg∣nated Vesicles of Seminal Liquor, the fruitful Eggs can be parted from the other Eggs, and descend through the Tubes into the Cavity of the womb.

As to the first question, * 1.2802 How the Semen relating to the Male, can move upward, being a heavy Body, and reach the VVomb, by reason the Internal Orifice in most Animals is so framed as not to admit the Semen? To which I answer, That though the Orifice is shut before Coition, yet the motion and heat of the Vagina will open the Orifice to give reception to the Genital Liquor, which though heavy, yet it may be moved by Im∣pulse, as ejected by force out of the Vagina; and in case it is injected only into the Vagina, yet it may be forced upward by fleshy Fibres contra∣cting it and sending up the Semen into the Cavity of the Uterus. And then another question may be started as difficult as this, How it can ascend from the Cavity of the Uterus into the Tubes; which may be solved after this manner, That the Seed hath been seen by Fallopius in the Cavity of the Tubes; but the difficulty still remaineth how it getteh up thither; which I humbly conceive, * 1.2803 is effected by fleshy Fibres contracting the Cavity of the Uterus, and pressing it upward into the hollowness of the Deferent Vessels which is afterward lessened by its Fibres and thereby carrying up the Semen into the Testicles, which being Colliquated by motion of the Penis and the heat and ferments of the Ʋterus, giveth it a disposition to enter the Pores of the Coat of the Testicle and Vesicle encircling the Se∣minal Liquor; whereupon the Egg being rendred fruitful, is separated from the other, and received into the top of the Tube † 1.2804, and afterward is pressed down through its Cavity by the fleshy Fibres into the bosome of the womb.

I earned de Graaf is of an opinion, * 1.2805 That the Seed it self needeth not as∣cend, but only the Spirituous parts through the Cavity of the VVomb and its Tubes to the Testicles: Ait ille de Mulierum Organis, p. 243, Dicimus omnino necessarium non esse, quod Semen ipsum ad Uterum aut Tubas ascendat; sed sufficere quod Seminalis aura illa loca pertranseundo ad Testiculorum Ova pertingat.

The sense of this Learned Author is plain, That not the Semen it self in substance but only the subtle part of it, the Steams do ascend through the Cavity of the Womb and Tubes to the Testicles, permeating their thick Coat to the Seminal Vesicles or Eggs. This Hypothesis, though it seemeth to have much of Probability, yet it doth not speak a full Satisfaction to an In∣quisitive mind, by reason it opposeth Ocular Demonstration, if we may give credit to Fallopius a worthy Physician (of great Repute) that he saw most perfect Seminal Liquor in the Tubes, which he shewed to divers Spectators. * 1.2806 And Ingenious de Graaf endeavoureth to confirm the Au∣topsy of Fallopius with Cogent Arguments, That the Masculine Semen re∣ceived in Coition, is not rejected in fruitful Women, but transmitted through the Aperture of the Tubes (adjoyning to the VVomb,) and from thence doth pass through their Cavities; as this learned Author affirmeth in his Book de Organis Mulierum, p. 239, 240. Cum vero Mulieres in Coitu Seminalem Materiam evidenter excipiant; ne{que} eandem, quando foecundae fiunt denuo re∣jiciant (uti vulgaris opinio est) necesse est eam alicubi secedere: sed in Ʋteri

fundo nulli meatus sive receptacula sunt, quae Materiam adeo crassam, ut Se∣men, recipere possunt, praeterquam Tubarum foramina in Uteri fundo hiantia: judicabant ita{que} virile Semen has Tubas subire, illud{que} liberius, cum Fallopius testetur se a iis fide dignis Spectatoribus praesentibus, in Meatibus illis Exquisi∣tissimum Semen reperisse, simile quid ab aliis quoque observatum sit; and farther adds, That this Seminal Liquor, found in the Tubes, cannot proceed from the Testicles, neither can it be generated in the Tubes, whence it may be well inferred that the Semen is injected into the womb by an external Prin∣ple, alias proveniret, quandoquidem à testibus non procedat, nec in Tubis gene∣retur. Non in Testibus generari patet ex Fallopii discursu (exquisitissimi Seminis titulo Insignientis) & sensuum testimonio constat, nullam similem Materiam in Mulierum Testibus contineri: Nec alia forma eo deferri posse per Membranas quibus Testibus alligantur, quia nulla in illis Semini Vehendo destinata Anatomi∣corum unquam detexit industria, ne{que} in Tubis ipsis generari, probatur inde, quod Organum illud pro Seminis generatione nimis simplex; * 1.2807 And this Famous Author farther confirms the Hypothesis, That the substance of the Seminal Liquor not only passeth through the cavity of the womb and Tubes, but also the Fimbriae or Fringes (adjoyning the Testicles) with great pleasure, as insinuating it self (as I conceive) through the Minute Pores of the Fimbriae confining on the Testicles; Cum Membranosa Fimbriarum expansio blanda subeuntis Seminis titillatione, undi{que} sese Testibus applicet, ita ut Semi∣nalis aura aliorsum quam ad Testes properare nequeat; To which I cannot perfectly assent, because, I humbly conceive, that not only the Steams of the Seminal Liquor (which could not speak so great a pleasure to the en∣joyed Spouse) but a thin Substance is highly Impregnated with Spirits as it is first attenuated and colliquated in the Vesiculae Seminales of Man by the repeated motions of Coition, and afterward is farther exalted and rare∣fied by heat and ferments of the Bosom of the VVomb, and it being car∣ried thence through the cavity of the Tubes and secret passages of the Fim∣briae, doth afterwards insinuate it self through the Pores of the Membrane of the Testicles (as well as Sweat through a much thicker Coat of the Skin) and last of all transudes the thinner Membrane of the next Vesicle, and there embodies with the Seminal Liquor (contained in it,) where∣upon it acquireth r••w fermentative Elements, derived from the Masculine Semen, and thereby becometh more exalted and fruitful.

Having given an Account in the former Chapter of the Vesicles contained in the Testicles, called by the Modern Anatomists Ova, * 1.2808 from the similitude they have with the Eggs of Birds and other Animals, my task at this time is to speak of the deferent Vessels through which the Impregnated Eggs of the Ovaries do pass down from the Testicles into the Bosom of the Womb to receive a greater Maturity.

Some Professors of our Faculty hold the Deferent Vessels to have one sin∣gle Origen near the Testicles, and afterward too in their progress, * 1.2809 till they approach the bottom of the Womb, where they have two Branches, the broadest and more short is implanted into the Fundus Uteri, and the other Branch being more long and narrow, doth insinuate it self between the Mem∣branes, enclosing the sides of the Womb, and extendeth it self to the Neck of it: by the first Branch they imagined Women not with Child to inject Semen into the bottom of the VVomb, and by the other Impregnated Wo∣men to transmit their Semen into the Neck of the Uterus. I humbly con∣ceive, the cause of their Mistake might be the Division of the Spermatick Arteries near the bottom of the womb, which descend on each side of it:

Or rather, I conceive, that those processes, whether they be broader and more short, or longer and more narrow (wheresoever they be found run∣ning down the sides of the womb) to be Branches of the Ligaments (by which the womb is detained in its proper place, * 1.2810) and no part of the Tubae Fallopianae conveying the Impregnated Eggs from the Testicles into the in∣ward Recesses of the womb, or any Seminal Liquor into it, by reason these Processes of the Ligaments are endued with no Cavity, in which any Liquor may be transmitted from part to part; and farthermore, these Ap∣pendages of the Ligaments are affixed only to the outward Integuments of the womb, and no where perforate the inward Coat belonging to the Ca∣vity of the Uterus, and if any hole can be discovered in the bottom of the Womb, a Probe may be put through it into one of the Tubae Fallopianae, or Deferent Vessels.

Other learned Anatomists do fancy Vessels (like the Lacteae) to pass through the Coats (by which the Deferent Vessels are tied to the Testi∣cles) and carry Seminal Liquor into the Tubae Fallopianae: * 1.2811 To which I make bold to give this Answer; That the Membranes of the Womb are furnished with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphaeducts, and have no other Ves∣sels through which the Semen may be conveyed from the Testicles to the Deferent Vessels: And I apprehend the Vessels, which the Learned Au∣thours say resemble the Lacteae, must be Nerves (divaricating themselves through the outward Membrane of the Womb) which cannot be Chan∣nels transmitting Semen into the Tubae Fallopianae, as having no proper Cavi∣ties fit for it, and are Vessels appointed by Nature for another use, to con∣vey Succus Nutricius between their Filaments.

Other Professors of Physick not well versed in Dissections, * 1.2812 do think the Round Ligaments to be Deferent Vessels; which I conceive very improba∣ble, because they are composed of a solid Membranous substance destitute of any Bore; but grant them to be Pervious, yet they could be of no use to dispense Semen from the Testicles into the bosom of the Womb, by rea∣son the Round Ligaments are inserted into the Fat, covering the Share-bone (near the Clitoris) into which (if they were true Channels) they would transmit the Semen, and not into the Cavity of the Womb, which is the due place for Semen to be injected.

Having discoursed some Opinions of the Deferent Vessels of the Womb, * 1.2813 which seem somewhat improbable, I will now present you with a descrip∣tion of them out of Learned Fallopius, (which is more agreeable to the Structure of the Parts) in his own words, Observat. Anatom. p. 472. Mea∣tus vero iste Seminarius, gracilis & angustus admodum internerveus ac Candi∣dus à cornu ipsius Uteri, cum{que} parum recesserit ab eo latior sensim redditur, & Capreoli modo crispat se donec veniat prope finem, tunc dimissis Capreolari∣bus rugis, at{que} valde latus redditus finit in extremum quoddam, quod Membra∣nosum Carneum{que} ob colorem rubrum videtur, extremum{que} lacerum valde & attri∣tum est, veluti sunt pannorum attritorum Fimbriae & foramen amplum habet, quod semper clausum jacet concidentibus Fimbriis illis extremis, quae si tamen diligenter aperiantur, ac dilatentur, Tubae cujusdam Aeneae extremum Orifici∣um exprimunt.

These Deferent Vessels called Tubae by Fallopius, are Seminary Channels according to his Sense, but in truth are called Oviducts, as conveying Im∣pregnated Vesicles of Albuminous Liquor into the bosom of Womb, they are Membranous as Contextures made up of many such Filaments, and Carnous as interspersed with fleshy Fibres.

These Tubes take their rise from the sides near the bottom of the Womb, * 1.2814 and are very small in their first Origen, and afterward grow more enlarged and then have Flexures, like the Tendrels of Vines, twining this and that way, * 1.2815 and near their terminations have broad jagged Expansions (encom∣passing half of the Testicles) somewhat resembling the Fringes of Garments, as they admit divisions into many Particles; whose elegant Figure may be plainly seen if it be put into water by the help of a Microscope.

In this Ornament Fringing the Confines of the Testicles, de Graaf recount∣eth many Hydatides to grow, as also hard Stones, which adhere to the ex∣tremities of the Fimbriae.

In Cows, Dogs, Cats, Cunneys and Hares, and in other Animals, * 1.2816 these Fallopian Tubes take their Origination from the Horns of the Womb, and have no Fringes, as not being divided into many pieces, as in Women, but have entire Expansions seated near their Extremities, which shade half the circumference of the Testicles at a distance, and are no where affixed to the Testicles but by the interposition of a thin Membranous Expansion, as it ap∣peareth in Animals endued with a horned Uterus.

The Tubes are encircled with a double Membrane, * 1.2817 the outward taketh its Origen from the Peritonaeum, and is one continued Membrane with that of the Uterus, and is free from all Asperities and Protuberancies, and is thicker toward the Uterus, and afterward groweth more thin; so that the wrinkles of the inward Coat in Brutes may be clearly seen.

The Bore of these Tubes is very various in several parts of them, and is very small in its Origen near the Womb, and afterward is more dilated, and where it is broadest its Cavity is so great, that it will admit the little Finger, and is much narrowed near the Termination about the confines of the Testicles.

The inward Coat of the Deferent Vessels is common to that of the Ute∣rus, but is much different in Structure, * 1.2818 by reason the inward Membrane of the Womb is smooth, and that of the Tubes is full of Folds, most conspi∣cuous in both their Extremities, which (as I conceive) proceedeth from the greatness of the inward Coat as much larger than the other; whereupon the inward Coat contracteth it self into Folds to narrow it self, and comply with the capacity of the outward Integument, as being less than the other.

CHAP. XXII. Of Faeminine Seed.

WOman having an Apparatus of Organs somewhat resembling those of Man, in reference to the production of Seminal Liquor, cannot be said to be wholly destitute of this select Juice, lest Nature, who doth nothing but with great reason and wisdom, should make Parts holding Analogy with the Spermatick Instruments of Man altogether disserviceable to the same action and use.

Aristotle, * 1.2819 A great Master of Philosophy, hath other Sentiments of the parts of Generation in Women, and concludeth them not to generate Seed as Men, but saith that Menstruous Blood supplieth the place of it, which is the Matter of Generation, as this Great Authour affirmeth Lib. 1. Cap. 20. de Generatione Animalium. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Quod si mas est ut movens & agens; faemina, qua faemina, ut patiens, sequi∣tur ut ad maris genituram, faemina non genituram, sed materiam conferat; quod & fieri ita videtur: Natura enim Menstruorum pro prima materia est.

This Position seemeth very improbable, * 1.2820 That Menstruous Blood should be the matter of Generation, whereas it is thrown out of the Body Monthly, and therefore cannot passively contribute to the production of a Foetus, which it often washeth away and destroyeth; and therefore Blood-letting is advised with good success, to prevent the Menstruous Flux and Abor∣tion.

Hypocrates, * 1.2821 the Great Father of our Faculty, hath a different sense from Aristotle, asserting that Women have Seminal Liquor as well as Men; as it is very plain in Lib. de Genitura: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Semen vero è corpore etiam emittit Mulier, interdum quidem in Uterum, ex quo hu∣midus redditur; nonnunquam vero foras, si plus aequo Uterus dehiscat: Here this great Physician giveth his Sentiments, that Women emit Seed into the Womb, and afterward backeth it with reason, that Children resemble their Mother as well as Father in likeness, which proceedeth from the Fae∣minine Seed, as may be found afterward in the said Book de Genitura.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Cun{que} * 1.2822 plus ex Viri quam Mulieris Corpore ad genituram accesserit, Foetus ille patri magis erit similis. Cum vero plus ex Muliere prodierit, Matrem magis referet. Ne{que} fieri potest, ut per omnia Matri similis sit, Patrem nihil referat, aut contra, ne{que} alterum re∣ferat. Verum utrius{que} aliqua in re similem esse necesse est, siquidem ex utris{que} Semen ad procreandum Foetum provenit. The Sense of this Great Authour is, That Woman as well as Man doth contribute Semen in order to the procreation of a Foetus; which he proveth from the similitude Children

have with their Father and Mother; and I conceive he meaneth that Children more resemble their Father when the Masculine Seed is most pre∣valent, and when the Faeminine hath dominion, the Foetus is like the Mo∣ther; So that I conceive Children borrow their outward form from the Seed, which being derived in reference to its first principles from all parts of the Body, imparting their visible images to the Blood and Succus Nutricius in their passage through the Brain and all other parts of the Body: Whence it may be inferred, That seeing Children have not their likeness only from the ima∣gination of the Woman, but from her Seminal Liquor too (contained in the Vesicles lodged in the Testicles) derived from the same principles of Vital and Nervous Liquor, taking their progress through the Head and all other parts of the Body, communicating their likeness to the first Elements of Se∣men in Woman as well as Man.

Another Argument may be offered to prove that Women have Seed as well as Men from the Furniture of Organs, as Spermatick Veins, Arteries, Nerves, * 1.2823 Lymphaeducts, Testicles, and Tubes ordained by Nature, for the importing by the Arteries and Nerves proper Liquors for the generation of Genital Juice in the Testicles; and to export those Liquors that are Recremental through the Lymphaeducts, and the redundant Blood by the Veins, and when the Seed is Elaborated in the Testicles of VVomen, it is there laid up as Natures treasure in proper Vesicles, as so many Cabinets, till they are suc∣cessively Impregnated by the Spirituous Particles of Masculine Seed, and af∣terward being parted from the Ovaries, do descend through the Tubes, as De∣ferent Vessels, into the Cavity of the womb, to receive a farther accom∣plishment.

Again, The Spaying of Women, * 1.2824 which is the taking away their Testi∣cles, (whereupon they grow Barren) doth clearly demonstrate the use of these Organs, which is to procreate Semen, and afterward to lodge it in these Ovaries as in many Repositories till the time of Coition, whereby they are inspired by Spirituous Particles, and rendred fruitful in the first rudi∣ment of Conception, which is performed not by mixture of Seminal Liquor of both Sex in the womb (as the Antients imagined) but in the Ovaries, whose Pores are penetrated by the Volatil Particles of the Masculine Seed, till it arriveth the Faeminine (contained in the Vesicles) and Confederates with it in order to Conception, which is brought to greater Maturity in the bosom of the womb, wherein the Impregnated Egg descended from the Ovary, appeareth filled with so great quantity of Seminal Liquor; so that it cannot in reason be apprehended to flow wholly from the Masculine Seed, which is small in quantity and great in vertue, seeing only the Vo∣latil parts of it do ascend through the body of the womb and deferent Ves∣sels into Vesicles of the Testicles, great with Seminal Liquor, which being pregnant year after year are carried down the Tubes into the freer capacity of the womb.

Learned Fallopius is of an opinion that the Vesicles of the Testicles in Women are receptacles of watry humours, and not of Seminal Liquor. * 1.2825 Ob∣servat. Anatom. p. 472. Omnes Anatomici uno ore asserunt in Testibus faemina∣rum Semen fieri, & quod Semine referti reperiantur, quod ego nunquam videre potui, quamvis non levem operam, ut hoc cognoscerem, adhibuerim. Vidi quidem in ipsis quasdam veluti Vesicas aqua vel humore aqueo, alias Luteo alias vere Lym∣pido turgentes. Sed nunquam Semen vidi, nisi in Vasis ipsis Spermaticis, vel dela∣toriis dictis, saith this Renowned Author, Modern Anatomists do assert with one voice, the Seed of Women to be made in the Testicles, and that they are

found full of Seminal Juice; which I could never see, although I took great pains, that I might know it: I have seen truly in them, as it were, cer∣tain Vesicles swelling with water, or watry humours, sometimes Yellowish, and sometimes Lympide, but I never saw any Seed, except in the Sperma∣tick Vessels, called Deferent. This may be replyed to this great Authour, That the thinner Seed lodged in the Seminal Vesicles of Man, may be en∣dued with the same colour and consistence with that of the Testicles of VVoman; I confess the Genital Liquor conserved in the Prostates, to be whiter and thicker than that which is seated in the Seminal Vesicles of Men or other Animals; And I humbly conceive that it is not the essence of all Genital Liquor to be of the same thickness, which is of less consistence in Wo∣men (then Men) who have a more thin watry Seed, and yet very service∣able to the production of a Foetus.

Here a Question may be started whether the Faemine Seed be not only requisite as the Matter of the Foetus, * 1.2826 but also as an Efficient cause in which the Plastick Faculty is seated, as well as in the Masculine Genital Liquor; to which it may be answered, That the Masculine Seed is the principal Effi∣cient cause as Impregnated with the Architectonick Spirit, and the Faemi∣nine is the Instrumental Efficient cause, * 1.2827 and being taken comparatively, as less active, may be said in some sort, a Passive principle in the formation of the Foetus, which is produced by the Seeds of both Sexes termented in one mass in the Impregnated Seminal Vesicle lodged in the Testicle of a VVoman, which being parted and carried down the Tube into the Cavity of the womb, * 1.2828 the Active principle of the Faeminine is exalted by the more noble Architectonick Spirit of the Masculine Seed; So that these divers Genital principles having Fermentative Particles, do both concur to the delineation of the members relating to the Foetus; and this may be alledged to prove that the Faeminine Seed is not only a material cause, but an Efficient too, subordinate to the Masculine, as being inspired with its more Volatil Particles, by which it is much exalted and refined, the Causality of the Faeminine Seed may be demonstrated in the Formation of the Foetus, by reason the Child obtaineth a likeness with the Mother, which must be deduced from the actives Particles of the Seminal Liquor (belonging to the VVoman) imprinting the same Images upon the Face of the Foetus, and more especi∣ally forming the peculiar parts distinguishing a Female from a Male; where∣in the Semen of the VVoman is chiefly concerned as an Efficient cause, and not that of Man, as not having any Ideal Particles productive of the pre∣paring Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, belonging to the Uterus, Testicles, and Deferent Vessels.

Another Argument may be taken from the manner of Generation of Se∣minal Juice in the Testicles of VVomen, * 1.2829 which I apprehend to be ac∣complished after this manner; The Vital Liquor being imported by the pre∣paring Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the Ovaries, wherein the more soft, the Chymous and Serous Particles of the Blood (being Secerned from the more fierce (the Purple Liqnor, as the Fibrous parts) are carried through the Secretory Vessels of the Glands) and Pores of the Membrane into its Cavity.

This Seminal Liquor is not only composed of the gentle parts of the Blood, * 1.2830 but of the Nervous Juice too, Destilling out of the extremities of the Nerves inserted into the Parenchyma of the Glands (interpersed with the Seminal Vesicles of Women) wherein the finer parts of the Succus Nutri∣cius being severed from the more watry, do associate with the Serous parts

of the Blood are carried through secret passages into the bosom of the Ve∣sicles, by which the Lympha is received into the root of the Lymphaeducts, and the red Crassament into the extremities of the Veins.

And this Hypothesis of the production of Faeminine Seed in the Glands of the Testicles, may be farther confirmed, by reason many Globules, * 1.2831 or Sy∣stems of greater Glands appear after Coition, (encircling the Vesicles of the Testicles) which are requisite to prepare a greater quantity of Liquor trans∣mitted into the Vesicles after they are Impregnated in order to the Forma∣tion of the Foetus.

The seat of the generation of Seminal Liquor in Women as well as Men, are numerous Minute Glands, (encompassing the Vesicles of the Ovaries) into which the extremities of all Vessels are implanted, Viz. of the Prepa∣ring Arteries, and Veins, and of the Nerves and Lymphaeducts, which render the Glands Colatories of the Vital and Nervous Liquor, which are brought into the Parenchyma of the Glands (by the Arteries and Nerves) where∣in a separation being made of the more proper Particles for the generation of Seeds, the more unprofitable are reconveyed by the Veins and Lymphaeducts.

The principles productive of Seminal Liquor in the Glands belonging to the Ovaries of Women are the more mild Albugineous parts of the Blood and the more select parts of Succus Nutricius, * 1.2832 which being highly impreg∣nated with Volatil and Spirituous Particles of Nervous Juice, do associ∣ate with and exalt the more soft and Chrystalline humour of the Blood; So that the Seminal Liquor consisting of different Elements of Vital and Ner∣vous Liquor, are endued with Fermentative Particles, by which they are ren∣dred fit for the procreation of Seed.

These Elements of Blood and Nervous Liquor passing through the Cortex and Medullary processes of the Brain, and the bony Cartilaginous, * 1.2833 Membra∣nous and Muscular parts of the whole Body, that they might impart to them Life, Sense, and Nourishment, do borrow from them their likeness, and communicate the same Images to the Seminal Liquor (produced in the Glands, and transmitted to the Vesicles) whereupon it is affected with a Plastick vertue productive of the several Liquors and more solid Integrals of the whole Body.

The Seed of Women is different in temper and qualities from that of Man, * 1.2834 by reason it hath its propagation from Blood and Nervous Liquor which are more cold and moist in the Female than Male, whereupon the first principles of the Semen being of a meaner nature in Women, the Seed it self will follow their constitution, which is more Crude and watry, as less Concocted by a more faint heat, working upon lower principles of Vital and Nervous Juice.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Diseases of the Womb, and their Cures.

THe Womb being a noble Utensil, framed by Nature for the propaga∣tion of Mankind, is liable to many Diseases, various kinds of Swel∣lings, Abscesses, Ulcers, Gangrens, Cancers, &c.

The first Tumour I will treat of is an Inflamation, * 1.2835 proceeding from too great a quantity of Blood, or from the grosness of it, derived from thick unassimilated Chyme, associated with Vital Liquor, impelled through the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the substance of the Womb, in which it Stagnates, by reason the Extremities of the Hypogastrick and Sper∣matick Veins, being very small, are not able to give a reception to the ex∣uberant and gross Blood, producing a great heat and beating pain in the womb, which is more inward in the body of it; and if the Vagina be af∣fected, the outward Orifice may be discerned to be tumefied and red, as be∣set with divers turgid small Veins resembling Cobwebbs; and the Inflama∣tion of the Body and Neck of the Womb, is ever attended with a Sympto∣matick Fever.

In order to the Cure of this Disease after an Emollient Clyster hath been administred, * 1.2836 Bleeding is to be celebrated in the Arm, to divert the course of the Blood from the womb, and for derivation of the Blood to the neigh∣bouring parts, Cupping-glasses may be applied under the Breasts and to the Loins.

In Cachochymick Bodies gentle Lenitives may be given, * 1.2837 as Syrup of Peach-flowers, Cassia, Tamarinds, Syrup of Roses-Solutiv. Violets, Cichory with Rhubarb. The Lenitive Electuary, &c. and strong Purgatives must be forborn, lest the Flux of the Menstrua be provoked and the Vitious humours have a violent recourse to the womb, * 1.2838 whereupon strong Vomitories are dan∣gerous, as making a great agitation of humours whereby the inflamed womb is highly discomposed.

Alterative and Cooling Medicines are very proper to give an allay to the high Effervescence of the Blood in reference to the Fever; * 1.2839 and in want of Rest dormitive Potions may be safely advised, as giving repose and a check to the Inflamation.

This course of Physick proved very successful to the wife of a Captain relating to one of the King's Ships, * 1.2840 who had a pain in her Groin and Back, accompanied with a Symptomatick Fever and other symptoms belonging to the Inflamation of the womb.

The Patient had been first treated Emperically by a Man-Midwife well versed in his own Profession, but ignorant in the practice of Physick, who first gave her a strong Vomit, which highly irritated the sharp humours, and ap∣plied Leeches to the Haemorrhoides, making a greater Flux of Blood to the parts affected, whereby the Inflamation and Fever grew higher, whereup∣on I thought it proper to draw Blood from the Ʋterus by opening a Vein above in the Arm, and also by advising Cooling and Atemperating Deco∣ctions, allaying the unkindly Fermentation of the Blood, and by prescribing proper Medicines to be injected into the Vagina Uteri; and Cataplasms may

be applied made of Purslain, Endive, Plantain, Night-shade, Water-Lil∣lies, and Vine-leaves: This method of Physick gave ease and recovered this sick Patient, who hath lived many years in health since she hath been resto∣red by the mercy of the Great Physician.

Sometimes the womb is affected in the Neck, and other times in the Body of it with a hard indolent Tumour, proceeding from gross Chymous Blood, imported by the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the substance of the womb, where the Chymous Particles not assimilated into Vital Liquor, are concreted by Saline Particles into a hard Swelling, commonly called a Scirrhus.

A Saleman's wife being much aggrieved with a Tumor in the Vagina Uteri, easily discerned by the Finger of an Artist immitted into it, was Cured by alterative and purging Diet-drinks, cleasing and sweetning the Blood, and by Emollient Decoctions injected into the Vagina Uteri, which abated, and by degrees took away the hard Swelling.

The womb is also obnoxious to a Carnous Swelling, * 1.2841 mixed with a quan∣tity of ill humours lodged in the body of the Uterus, between its Mem∣branes.

An Instance of this disaffection may be given in a Plump Woman about forty years old, who felt a great weight in the Hypogastrick Region, wherein after Death a great fleshy Tumor (upon a deep Incision made into the Cavity of the Abdomen) was discovered in the substance of the womb, which was accompanied with thick Membranes, Tendons, and other diffe∣rent Substances, lodged not in the Cavity, but in the Interstices of the Membranes encircling the body of the Ʋterus.

The Uterus is also liable to Abscesses and Ulcers, * 1.2842 from a quantity of Blood lodged in the inward Substance upon the laceration of the Vessels in Women over-lifting themselves by taking up some great weight beyond their strength, whereupon a great quantity of Blood is setled in the Glandulous parts of the womb, first producing an Inflamation, and afterward an Ab∣scess terminating into an Ulcer, (which sometimes Corrodes the womb and neighbouring parts) which is easily known by a Purulent Faetide Matter, inflicting great pains on the tender Compage of the womb, which is after∣ward Excerned by the Vagina Ʋteri.

A Semstress in taking up a great weight, found something as it were to crack within her, whereupon she was sensible of a high pain about the Loins, with a great heat about the Hypogastrick Region, and after some time she avoided a quantity of Faetide discoloured Matter through the Vagina Uteri; and two or three Months after she discharged the same Matter through the Anus; This Disease got a great head, as being a sordid inveterate Ulcer, before she sent to me for my Advice, which I gave to her, gratis, as being a Woman of a mean Condition, and attempted by all probable means to re∣lieve her, but without success; so that at last she concluded her miserable Life in a comfortable Departure, as being a Person of great vertue and pa∣tience.

And afterward she being opened by a good Chyrurgeon, the posterior part of her Womb was highly Ulcered, and its substance corrupted, and the In∣testinum Rectum adjoyning to it was rendred Putrid, having a great hole in it, through which the stinking corrupt Matter was discharged through the Anus, which was formerly Excerned through the Vagina Uteri.

An Ulcer of the womb is sometimes produced by strong Purgatives en∣raging the Acrimonious humors of the Body, * 1.2843 which having recourse to the Uterus, do produce an Ulcer in it.

A Gentlewoman, my worthy Friend, having her Courses suppressed, had sharp Medicines given her by a Midwife, which highly disaffected the Ute∣rus, whereupon she discharged a thick Purulent Sanious Matter, which highly tortured her, in its evacuation through the tender passage, relating to the neck of the womb, as composed of many Filaments: In order to allay this great Storm in the Uterus, caused by improper Medicines, advised by an ignorant Person; I prescribed Medicines of Sarsa Parilla, and Cooling Alteratives, which attempered and sweetned the enraged sharp Humors; and I also advised Cooling and Restringent Decoctions to be injected into the Vagina Ʋteri, which gave her Ease, and perfectly restored her to her Health. Laus Deo.

Sometimes the Womb laboureth with a Gangreen the unhappy consequent of an Inflamation, * 1.2844 arising from a Contusion, Lacerating the small Hypo∣gastrick or Spermatick Vessels, whereupon so great a quantity of Blood is lodged in the Glandulous substance of the womb, that the natural heat of the womb is Suffocated, as being oppressed with too exuberant a pro∣portion of Extravasated Blood, which could not be turned into Pus, whence ensueth a Gangreen speaking sudden Death to the Patient.

Learned Thomas Bartholine giveth an Account of this sad Disease, Cent. 2. Observ. 28. Faemina Veneta an. 40, an. 1645, ex casu quodam dolores Uteri acerbissimos passa est, adeo{que} graves, ut ipsam se tunderet, mille{que} modis affli∣geret: frustra omnibus adhibitis auxiliis, causa latente, septimo die dolores cum vita cessarunt.

Cadaver apertum statim dolorum causas prodidit, Ʋterus quippe capitis pue∣rilis magnitudine in tumorem carnosum degeneraverat, Gragraenosum sine exulce∣ratione, ut discissus Pilam aemularetur Carnosam: Cavitas angusta vix aureum numerum ••episset plenum Concreto sanguine: Praeterea omentum Ligamenti vicem sustinens firmissime externo Uteri fundo, alligatum erat, à quo sursum tracto do∣lores forsan aborti.

A Cancer sometimes assaults the womb, * 1.2845 derived from a high Scorbutick Indispostion, infecting the mass of Blood with a Venenate Nature, which being carried by the Uterine Arteries into the Glands of the womb, pro∣duceth a hard painful Tumor, ending sometimes in a fordid Ulcer, Corro∣ding the Membranes encompassing the bosom of the womb.

Sometimes in an ill Constitution of Body abounding with hot and acide Recrements, * 1.2846 degenerating into a corroding poysonous Disposition, upon a suppression of the Menstrua, an Inflamation first ariseth, and afterward a sordid Faetide Carnous Ulcer of the womb, attended with a great pain and an evacuation of stinking Matter, thrown out by the Vagina Uteri, which is rendred Carnous.

Fabritius Hildanus giveth a memorable Instance of this case, in a Person of Honour, C. 2. Obs. 63.

An. 1586, Cum nobilis quaedam Matrona Lausannae suppressione mensium tri∣mestri spatio laborasset, tandem exortus est dolor & inflammatio partium genita∣lium: Morbo propter verecundiam neglecto, abscessus & ulcus in collo Matricis sequutum est, cui multa abs{que} fructu à variis adhibita fuere: Biennio post cum D. D. J. Auberto Vindone, ut de curatione instituenda consultaremus vocatus fui. Adhibito Matricis speculo, ulcus Callosum, Faetidum, inaequale lividum{que} & ut verbo dicam, Cancrosum, invenimus, quod minime nobis tangendum Judica∣vimus.

Vocatus postea Empiricus mira pollicitus est, sed adhibitis medicamentis acribus auctus est dolor, aucta & Febris, Inflammatio, Vigiliae, cibi Fastidium & Syncope, ut deinde paucos post dies è vita discederet, accersitus denuo cum dicto Medico, dissecaremus cadaver, totum collum Matricis, plane Cancrosum & exulceratum offendimus.

The Womb also, as well as the Liver, Bladder of Gall, * 1.2847 and other parts of the Body is infested with Stones, proceeding from the Serous parts of the Blood, (ousing out of the secret Pores of the inward Coat of the womb) impregnated with Saline, and mixed with Earthy parts, which are concreted into Stones lodged in the Cavity of the Uterus.

The womb also is incident to a Dropsy, * 1.2848 derived from Serous Recrements of the Blood, passing down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and after∣ward through the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the womb, wherein the watry humours being severed from the Blood, are carried in a large quantity by degrees through the secret passages of the inward Coat into the Cavity of the womb, whereupon it groweth much distended, called vulgarly a Dropsy of the womb.

A German Emperess being afflicted with divers disaffections of the womb, * 1.2849 did complain of a great weight about the Share-bone, as if she had been with Child, and after Death her Body being opened; her Womb was discovered to be highly Tumefied, into which an Incision being made, a great quan∣tity of gross Faeculencies gushed out, and about its sides and body appeared many Tumours, consisting of a white mucous Matter, resembling Nervous concreted Liquor.

Crucius de Quaesitis Cent. 1. p. 21. giveth the more full History of this Case August. Imperatrix. M. omnia signa verae gestationis tribus fere annis ante obitum habuit, ut omnes Doctissimos Medicos, & expertissimas Mulieres decepe∣rit us{que} ad nonum mensem, cum motus non ita fortis, ut par esse videbatur, de∣sideraretur, & lac in mamillis, quibus de causis post decimum exactum mensem, licet optima si qua alias frueretur valetudine, ad sanguinis missionem (ipsa qui∣dem invitissima, cum omnino crederet se gestare) & ad alia oportuna remedia de∣ventum sit, sicut & reliquo tempore cum doloribus ventris per plures dies torqueretur, & aliis Symptomatibus quibus pro necessitate varia Medicamenta fuerunt praescripta us{que} fert ad secundum annum, quo tempore à pluribus communicatis consiliis ad for∣tiora Medicamenta, pro mali expulsione properavimus, demum serenissima Augusta, jam ab anno ante obitum satis manifestam corporis maciem, excepto ventre, excepit, cum alias esset satis pinguis: Post istam corporis maciem, & pulcherrimae figurae jacturam, frequentibus Lypothymiis, laboravit, ventris doloribus, Uteri affecti∣bus, gravitate circa pubem, mensium suppressione, stomachi torsionibus & Car∣dialgia, Convulsionibus plerum{que} & aliis symptomatibus fuit saepe correpta, una cum vomitu frequentiore materiae phlematicae & biliosae; & hujus per unum aut alterum mensem ante obitum, post magna animi deliquia, post magnum Stomachi ardorem, & inexplebilem sitim, per vomitum ad libras fere quindecem pluribus vicibus fuisse rejectas referunt; mensium suppressionem passa diu fuit. * 1.2850

Hujus defunctae aperto thorace, Pulmones reperti flaccidi & semiputridi, ac sanguine atro referti: in Cordis Ventriculo dextro repertum fuit corpus Glandu∣losum separatum omnino à circumstante substantia Cordis, oblongum ad ovi co∣lumbini longioris Crassitiem, foris obductum pinguedine, intus vero contineba∣tur sua Membrana Glandulosa substantia alba satis & mollis; reliquam capa∣citatem Ventriculorum occupabat sanguis ater Concretus ad uncias quatuor: Sep∣tum transversum sublividum erat, & quasi totum corrosum: Fellis Vesicula satis magna erat, cum multa bile, & duobus Lapillis durae & Tartareae substantiae,

qui casu confracti splendebant: Unus superabat magnitudinem ciceris, alter aequa∣bat, Hepar erat satis magnum, coloris subrubri, aut potius livescentis: Lien erat satis magnus, sed substantia naturalis erat: Per ejus vero longitudinem substernebatur Vesicula plena humore flavo, crasso; Intestina naturaliter se ha∣bebant, sed Mesenterium fere totum computrescens visebatur; & quasi Succubus cum longo collo Utero incumbens, oppletus magna copia Phlegmatis Crassissimi, Lividi, non valde faetentis, quod etiam totam regionem hepatis, & latus dex∣trum Offarciebat; Cavitas Abdominis etiam oppleta humore ichoroso flavo, qui una cum supradicto Phlegmate ascendit ad Lib. 24. Uterus vero erat valde mag∣nus, plenus humore Crassissimo, albo: Circa ejus latera & corpus, substantiae ejus adhaerebant quin{que} corpora satis magna, ex substantia quadam Mucosa Ner∣veam materiam referente, valde Concreta & satis solida, ita ut Complicationes Nervorum viderentur habere: In Uteri vero capacitate, inter dictam materiam, & humorem Crassissimum innatabat, ut ita dicam, quaedam substantia alba Nerve∣am materiam albam referens & similis supra dictis quin{que} Corporibus.

In this case are recited many sad Symptoms of Convulsive motions of the Stomach, and great Gripes of the Belly, and fainting Fits, attended with violent Vomitings, the plain expresses of different parts disaffected, proce∣ding primarily from obstructions of the womb, hindring the Flux of the Menstrua, which tainted the mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor, and spoiled the Ferments of the Stomach and Guts, as mixed with sharp acide Recre∣ments, causing Convulsions and Vomitings in the Stomach, and great pains of the Guts; whereupon the Chyle being ill Concocted, and gross, could not be assimilated into Blood, which passing through the Ventricles of the Heart, was Concreted into a Polypus, whence frequent Lypothymies did arise from the gross Blood ready to Stagnate in the chambers of the Heart, and the Lungs grew Flaccide, and ready to be Putrefied upon sharp Corroding humors, and the Liver was despoiled of its native Array, and put on a mourning deep Purple or Livide Colour, caused by a vitiated mass of Blood; upon the same account the Midriff grew discoloured, and Coa∣ted with a Livide hue, and last of all, the Blood accompanied with gross Chyme, had a recourse to the womb by the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries, which carried the unassimilated Chyme into the substance of the womb, where the Menses being stopped, the gross Serous and Chymous Liquor being Concreted, did Tumefy the Uterus and parts adjacent, where∣upon divers Protuberancies did arise, and the more thin parts of the Chy∣mous and Crystalline liquors of the Blood being Secerned from it in the Ute∣rine Glands, did insinuate through the secret Ducts of the inward Coat in∣to the Cavity of the womb, where it being extravasated, grew more thick, and as it were Concreted, and being much in quantity, did highly distend the womb, causing a Dropsy in it.

Many of the Antients had a fancy that the womb doth very much ascend above its natural Sphaere in Hysterick Fits or Suffocations of the womb, * 1.2851 at∣tended as they conceived, with violent Convulsive Motions, of which the Mesenterick Plexes, the Pancreas, Stomach, Intestines, are guilty, and not the Uterus.

And I cannot gain so much upon my self as to believe the Uterus to climb up to the Hypocondres; Though Hypocrates did affirm that a dry womb was elevated to the Liver the Fountain of a select Liquor. And Fernelius doth back this Opinion with his Suffrage, asserting, That he hath discerned by his touch, that the womb was carried up toward the Stomach, where it appeared like a small Globe, which I conceive, was a round Tumor of the

Mesentery, proceeding from the Convulsive Motions of the Mesenterick Plexes of Nerves, and not from the extravagant motion of the Womb, which hath not the liberty of playing upward, as affixed to its proper station of the lower Region of the Hypogastrium, by the mediation of the round and broad Ligaments; As also tied to the Intestinum Rectum, Bladder of Urine, and Pudendum, by the Interposition of the Vagina.

Again, it may be farther urged that the Uterus is not capable of extend∣ing it self so high as the Stomach, by reason of its small Dimensions, which do not exceed the bigness of a Goose Egg, or thereabouts, and can by no means, when the Body is opened by Dissection, be forced up by strength of the Hand to reach to the Midriff, as some imagine it to ascend in Hy∣sterick disaffections. And in opened Bodies, the Globe which is felt about the Stomach or Navil, is not the Womb nor the Testicles or deferent Ves∣sels; which Learned Riolan conceiveth to be swelled with putrefying Seed, whereupon the Ovaries and Tubes are hurried up and down with impetuous motions: But my apprehension is, That this Orbicular swelling is derived either from some malignant Vapour affecting the Nerves and Membranes of the Mesentery, or from great distention of the Intestines, caused by some high Flatus puffing them up. * 1.2852

And farther, I humbly conceive, That many Convulsive Motions and Hysterick Fits are attributed to the Pancreas, as proceeding from its Vitiated Juice; which Hypothesis Learned Sylvius seemeth to assert, which highly opposeth Autopsy, by reason many persons labouring with these sad Di∣stempers, are no ways guilty of any Disease belonging to the Pancreas or its ill-affected Liquor; of which Learned Diemerbroeck giveth an account, Lib. 1. Anatomes, Cap. 24. p. 236. Ait ille, Hic obiter notandum, quod Fr. de le Böe Sylvius modo dictam Hystericae Suffocationis causam non agnoscat, sed longe aliam commentus sit, scilicet succi Pancreatici peculiare vitium, & ab eo Hy∣sterica symptomata modo dicta suscitari doceat sic{que} hac de re Dogmata omnium antiquorum satis animose rejiciat, uterum{que} & partes spermaticas à talium Symp∣tomatum inductione humaniter excuset. Verum etsi multoties symptomata quaedam, cum hystericis aliquibus symptomatibus quasi similitudinem aliquam habentia, vi∣tio quodam Succi Pancreatici induci posse negare nolim (quamvis attenta obser∣vatione satis ab his distingui queant) ea{que} ego ipsemet subinde, in viris non mi∣nus quam in faeminis, animadverterim, tamen super hac re Misellum Pancreas semper accusare, nimis durum ac iniquum videtur, cum à me aliis{que} instituta ca∣daverum Mulierum Sectio multoties docuerit, Pancreas ab Hystericis affectioni∣bus prorsus insons extitisse, optime{que} valuisse, at{que} interea in testibus, modo valde tumidis (interdum alterutrum, raro utrum{que} ad semi ovi magnitudinem intumu∣isse, demonstravimus) modo male coloratis, virulento{que} liquore repletis, tanto∣rum symptomatum causam latuisse.

Whereupon it may be inferred with good reason, That Hysterick Fits cannot be derived from the disaffections of the Pancreas and its Liquor, but from indispositions of the obstructed Uterus in suppressed Menstruous Purga∣tions, and from the Vesicles of the Testicles or Ovaries, Turgid with too great a quantity, or from ill qualified Seminal Liquor which is most frequent in Hysterical distempers, accompanied with violent Convulsive Motions.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Diseases of the Testicles or Ovaries of Women.

THe Ovaries of Women being composed of many Parts, Arteries Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, Glands, and Vesicles full of Seminal Liquor, are capable of as many Diseases as Parts.

This rare System being in its own nature of small Dimensions, * 1.2853 is some∣times highly Tumefied and so disguised by the strange alteration of its Glan∣dulous Substance and Seminal Vesicles, that it is turned into a Mole con∣sisting of divers Concreted Substances; some being Clammy and Gluti∣nous, others resembling Milk Coagulated; in some places Vesicles appeared full of clear watry Substances, other Parts were Cartilaginous and Bony. Learned Bonnetus giveth an instance of this case, * 1.2854 Anatom. Pract. Lib. 3. Sect. 21. p. 1145, 1146. Anno (Ait ille) 1675, 18. Decembris. Cadaver puellae 14. circiter annorum, cui nomen Magd. Croesen, cultro nostro exposuit Vir Celeb. D. Vischerus. Ante menses 18. incepit laborare ventris intumescentia, sensim in intio, ast ultimis mensibus subito augmentata: decubuerat ante annos decem periculose, ad Septimanas 13. per aliquot dies vocem nullam edens.

Aperto ventre offerebat se omentum, ante undi{que} moli cuidam insigni totum ven∣trem occupanti, superius connatum, vasis insignibus mire scatens: Omento hoc dissecto, molem illam, mobilem omnino è corpore auferre annitebamur, ast obstitit arctissima ejus copula parte inferiore cum vasis Spermaticis, uteri{que} tuba dextra: His vero dissectis eam integram tabulae imponere licebat; Tuba haec loco illo toto qui inter fundum Uteri, & Molem hanc interjectus, octo ad minimum digitorum transversorum longitudinem habens, exilis valde, vix straminis crassitiem ha∣bens, angustior multo sinistra, cui testiculus adsitus bonae notae, qui in hoc latere affecto desiderabatur: Molem hanc dissectam ex plurimis colore, figura, consisten∣tia, toto genere diversis particulis, majoribus, minoribus compositam inveniebamus: Vesiculae hic erant multae, quarum quaedam materiam continebant aqueam, cla∣ram, tenuem; aliae subrubram, viscidam, Glutinosam, Concretae variae quasi Parenchymaticae, quarum tamen plurimis Cartilagineae, aliae Permixtae: Cavitates aderant innumerae substantiae Cartilaginosae insculptae, quae apertae pinguem quan∣do{que} medullarem, cerebro simillimam materiam exhibebant: Nonnullae lacti Coa∣gulato, modo consistenti modo granuloso admodum, modo instar stercoris Gallinacei albidioris, fluxili omnino: At quod omnium admirationem movebat, summa erat variis locis durities, non Cartilaginea, sed omnino ossea, adeo ut ne cultro quidem dividi potuerit: Nec tantum substantia hac per totam massam dispersa, sic ut variis locis particula talis se exhiberet, verum continua occurrebat non uno loco, im∣primis circa posteriorem molis partem, imo offerebant se particulae variae, in qui∣bus diversis locis pilorum saepius sat longorum, notabilis copia: vasa totam mas∣sam curioso spectaculo pererrabant, partim ab omenti vasis, partim ab iis quae Testis sunt, procedentia, Hepar ubi{que} lateri dorso{que} filamentorum ope adhaerebat, inferiore sui parte Tumefactum ac suppuratum: Lien, Ventriculus, Renes, Ve∣sica, bene se habebant.

This admirable case relating to the right Ovary, is not one, but a compli∣cation of many Diseases derived from a quantity of Seminal Liquor, con∣sisting of many distempered humors flowing from a depraved mass of Blood

and Chyme, carried by the Spermatick Arteries into the Glands and Vesicles of Seminal Juice belonging to the right Testicle, whereupon it grew very much Tumefied, and so disfigured, that the Author calleth it a Lump fast∣ned to the preparing Vessels and the right Tube, which can be nothing pro∣bably but the right Testicle (situated and connected to the said Vessels) highly swelled by a congestion of divers Substances, * 1.2855 made up of a mucila∣ginous clammy Matter, accompanied with a substance like Coagulated Milk and the medullary substance of the Brain, which I conceive, proceeded from the serous parts of the Blood, mixed with a gross unassimilated Chyme, Con∣creted in the Glands of the Ovary.

This Glutinous Coagulated Matter, was associated with a Cartilaginous and Bony Substance, which was formed by the Seminal Liquor of the Testi∣cle, consisting of saline and earthly Particles, Concreting the Genital Juice into these solid substances by reason of its various nature, propagated from all parts of the Body in order to the formation of the Foetus.

The Ovaries are liable to many Diseases (to several sorts of Tumors pro∣ceeding from variety of humors) as Inflamations, Abscesses, Ulcers, Gan∣greens, Dropsies, Steatomes, Atheromes, &c.

Inflamations of the Testicles proceed from a quantity of Blood, * 1.2856 or as of∣fending in grosness, imported into the Glands and Membranes of the Ova∣ries by the Spermatick Arteries; So that the Extremities of the Veins were not able to recovey it toward the Vena Cava, * 1.2857 whereupon the Testicles grow first Tumefied, and afterward the Stagnant Serous, or Nutricius part of the Blood is turned in a purulent Matter, productive of an Abscess, which at last dischargeth it self in an Ulcer by breaking the walls of the Testicles, by throwing off the putrid Matter of the Ovaries into the cavity of the Abdo∣men; an inveterate Ulcer derived from malignant putrid Matter, * 1.2858 degenerates into a Gangreen, manifested in a black humor contained in, and discolouring the Vesicles of the Ovaries.

Of this case Learned Riverius giveth an instance, Cent. 1. Observ. 60. Vi∣dua Dn. de Seielori, affectibus hystericis valde obnoxia, subito concidit in terram exanimis: Aperto Cadavere, inventus est Testiculus sinister Exigui Ovi magnitu∣dinem aequans, colore nigricante, eo{que} aperto substantia illius spongiosa nigra & veluti grangraena affecta visa est, &c.

An Inflamation of the Ovaries proceeding from a fulness of Blood in a Plethorick Constitution, doth denote Bleeding with a free hand, * 1.2859 as also Emulsions of the Cooling Seeds, Ptisanes, Apozemes made of Cooling Herbs contemperating the hot mass of Blood.

In reference to Abscesses and Ulcers, Vulnerary Drinks may be advised made of China, Sarsa Parilla, Sassafras, Lignum Sanctum, Pilosella Major, Prunella, Ladies Mantle, &c.

Another Disease relating to the Ovaries, may be called a Dropsie, coming from a watry mass of Blood (in ill habits of body, carried by the preparing Arteries into the Glandulous and Membranous substance of the Ovary, where∣upon the Serous Recrements of the Blood being in some degree Secerned from Purple Liquor, are transmitted by secret passages of the Membranes into the Cavity of the Vesicles, wherein these watry Particles embody with and vi∣tiate the Seminal Liquor; whereupon the Vesicles grow much enlarged by reason of the access of the Limpide Serous Liquor, and thereupon are ren∣dred Hydropick.

This case I saw in a Hanged Woman Dissected in the Theatre belonging to the Colledg of Physicians in London, * 1.2860 who had one Testicle very much

distended, as having its Vesicles rendred big with a quantity of excrementi∣tious watry Particles, making its dimensions far exceed the due limits of Nature.

The Hydropick disaffection of the Vesicles relating to the Ovaries, * 1.2861 doth indicate gentle Hydragogues, purging the watry recrements of the Blood, as also gentle Diureticks and drying Apozemes of China, Guaicum, Sassafras, mixed with Pine, Firre, Watercresses, Brook-Lime, &c. as also Medicines prepared with Steel.

The Testicles of Women are also obnoxious to Steatomes and Atheromes, * 1.2862 which take their rise, as I conceive, from the Chymous and Serous parts of the Blood conveyed into the Glandulous and Membranous parts of the Ovaries, and thence by their Minute Pores, into the Cavities of the Vesi∣cles, wherein the said Chymous and Serous parts are Concreted into a thick Substance, resembling sometimes a fatty, and othertimes a Pultaceous Matter.

Bonnetus giveth a History of this case, * 1.2863 Anatom. Pract. Lib. 3. Sect. 33. Obs∣quarta. Ait ille, Puella quaedam ante pluris annos corrupta à Veneris usu forte diu abstinuit. Varia affectionis Hystericae Symptomata sensim successerunt: Tan∣dem immanes in Hypogastrio dolores, Tumores duri, Vagi, nucis referentes, im∣primis dextrorsum, nullis pacandi medelis pullularunt: Die 3. Octobris accersi∣tus, tabidam inveni decumbentem, tumidum ostendebat crus dextrum, vestigia comprimentis digiti circa malleolum retinens, sinistro quod prius intumuerat, ex∣treme emaciato: Inflatum etiam erat Abdomen, obliteratis prioribus extuberantiis, Sceleton dixisses: Die septimo Octobris Anni 1660, Circa horam quartam matu∣tinam, Annos quadraginta novem nata obiit.

Aperto Cadavere, Hepatis convexum, Intestina crassa, Livida & Grangrae∣nosa apparuerunt, in durato Stercore plena Vasa Spermatica preparantia Semine Albugineo, Viscido, Subcaeruleo plena erant: Testes, Uteri Tubae, Vasa defe∣rentia Vesicae Seminales, omnes inquam illae partes Semine inflatae mirum in mo∣dum turgebant, ita ut in quibusdam incoctum, in aliis omnino excoctum, cras∣sum Album & Naturale in aliis situ ita induratum esset ut Steatoma referret.

This Learned Author giveth not only a History of the Ovaries clogged with an Indurated Seminal Liquor, * 1.2864 producing a Steatome, but also of a Com∣plication of Diseases appertaining to the parts of Generation, as the prepa∣ring Vessels stuffed with a white viscide and blewish Seed, and the Tubes or Deferent Vessels were overcharged with it.

Sometimes the Ovaries, the Preparing and Deferent Vessels are rendred Turgid, with a highly Concreted Liquor (in Gypseam duritiem Coagulato) resembling Plaister by reason of its hard Consistence, which is attended with violent Hysterick Fits, and a great Delirium.

The Lady of a Person of Honour was highly afflicted with great Suffo∣cations of the Womb, and high Convulsive Motions, much discomposing the Brain, as accompanied with a Delirium, and Death.

And afterward her Body being opened, * 1.2865 the Organs of Generation were highly disaffected, so that the Testicles and the Spermatick Vessels and Tubes of the Womb, were discovered to be overburdened with a Seminal Liquor, in Gypseam soliditatem Concreto, which I conceive, proceeded from some Chy∣mous and Serous parts of the Blood (confederated with the Seed) as con∣sisting of saline and earthy Atomes, cemented with viscide Matter.

CHAP. XXV. Of the Principles and Manner of Generation.

THe Omnipotent Creator out of a generous diffusive Principle of doing Good, in Communicating himself to another, hath made Man ori∣ginally like himself, by imprinting on him a divine Character of his own Image, and hath not only enobled Man in Creating him like himself, * 1.2866 but hath endued him with a Communicative Nature in giving him an Appetite and power to procreate his own Image in begetting somewhat like himself, in imparting his Being to another, wherein he becometh Aemulous of Eternity by Propagation, in perpetuating his Essence to his Progeny in a continued Series of Generation, which could not be accomplished by Man alone; whereupon the All-wise Agent out of kindness to him, made Wo∣man as a fit help for him, not only for Converse, but Enjoyment too, to Compensate the death of one by the propagation of another, which is ef∣fected by choice Liquors proceeding from both Sex mutually associating and assisting with various Fermentative Elements exalting and serving each other as efficient and material Causes, cooperating in mutual embraces, ministerial to the conception and formation of a Foetus.

The chief Seminal Liquor is that of Man's, which is white and frothy, * 1.2867 (impregnated with Spirituous and Volatile Saline Particles) proceeding from Blood impelled by the terminations of the Spermatick Arteries into the sub∣stance of the Testicles, wherein the more milde serous Particles of the Vi∣tal being embodied with the Nervous Liquor, and elaborated in the Pa∣renchyma of the Testicles, are afterward received into the Roots of Seminal Vessels, and from thence carried through the Parastats and deferent Vessels into the Seminal Vesicles and Prostats, as the receptacles of Genital Liquor.

This Seminal Liquor is compounded of two parts, * 1.2868 the one thin and spi∣rituous, impregnated with Volatil Saline parts, and inspired with Animal Spirits, which are the efficient and Architectonick cause; the other parts of this Liquor are the material cause the more gross saline, sulphureous and earthy Particles, which do confine the more Spirituous and Volatil Atomes from quit∣ting the bounds of this choice Elixir.

The Seed of Woman is more cold, watry, and crude than Man's, * 1.2869 as de∣rived from the crude Chymous and Serous parts of the Blood, (separated from the red Crassament in the Glandulous Substance of the Testicles,) wherein the Albugineous Particles of the Vital Liquor do associate with the Succus Nutricius, and compleat the body of the Seminal Liquor, which is highly exalted by the Animal Spirits, giving it fermentative dispositions; So that the Crystalline parts of the Blood being enobled by the association of the Nervous Juice ousing out of the termination of the Nerves in the Pa∣renchyma of the Glands, are received through the Pores of the Vesicles into their Cavities, where they are preserved as in safe Repositories, till they be∣come impregnated after Coition by the more Spirituous parts of Man's Semi∣nal Liquor, rendring it more exalted and fruitful.

Having given a short description of the Seminal Masculine and Faemi∣nine Liquor by themselves, I will now shew how they confederate with

each other upon Coition, * 1.2870 which is performed after this manner, as I hum∣bly conceive, The Seed is rendred hot and spumous by the repeated agita∣tions of the Penis; whereupon it groweth thin and prurient, giving brisk Appulses upon the Seminal Receptacles, composed of Nervous Filaments (full of acute Sense) which draw the Carnous Fibres of the Seminal Vesi∣cles into Consent, causing them to contract the Cavities of their Cells with a kind of Convulsive Motions, squeesing out the Seminal Liquor out of their Receptacles through small Meatus into the Ʋrethra, and from thence into the Vagina Uteri (in time of Coition,) which being irritated by the heat of the Semen, doth contract its Bore caused by the fleshy Fibres, and force the Seminal Liquor through the inward Orifice and Neck into the bo∣som of the Womb, which being contracted through its fleshy Fibres, pro∣trudes the Semen into one of the Tubes, which then ascendeth through the Fimbria and Pores of the Membranes, relating to the Testicles and adjacent Vesicle of Seed, which is impregnated with the Spirituous parts of the Mas∣culine Liquor; whereupon the Egg hath its Coat first rendred Opace, and afterward encircled with a fleshy substance full of numerous Fibres, which being aggrieved by the swelled impregnated Egg, do contract themselves and propel it through the hole of the Testicles into the neighbouring Fim∣bria and Tube, into the bosom of the Womb.

Here some Curious Person may demand a reason how the Seminal Liquor can move upward (contrary to its natural inclination to descend as a heavy Body) from the Vagina Uteri (into which it is first injected out of the Pe∣nis,) * 1.2871 through the Cavity of the Womb and Tube, into the Egg lodged in the Testicles? To which this may be humbly offered; That the Seed is carried upward not by its own instinct, but by proper Organs of fleshy Fibres sea∣ted in the Vagina Uteri and Membrane of the Womb and Tubes, which all contracting themselves one after another, do protrude the Genital Li∣quor by narrowing their several greater and less Cavities into the Vesicle of Albuminous Liquor lodged in the Ovary.

Another question may be propounded why the Seminal Juice is first in∣jected into the narrow confines of the Vagina Uteri, * 1.2872 and not into the more open Cavity relating to the body of it? To which it may be replied, That the Vagina Uteri exceedeth the Penis in length; So that it cannot inject the Seed into the bosom of the Womb, which is wisely instituted by Nature, lest the length of the Penis should offer a violation to the inward Orifice of the Womb, which is so straight in Virgins, that it cannot admit the little Fin∣ger, and so closely shut up in impregnated Women, that it cannot receive a Probe. * 1.2873 Again, If the Penis were endued with so great a length as to penetrate into the inward Orifice of the Womb, through this narrow passage, it would Lacerate the Capillary Blood-vessels seated in the mouth of the Womb, and produce a Flux of Blood, and cause an immediate Abor∣tion in great Bellied Women; whereupon it is wisely ordered by the grand Architect, that the Seminal Liquor should be first transmitted to the Vagina Uteri, and from thence through the Womb and Deferent Vessels into the Vesicle of Liquor placed in the Ovary, * 1.2874 wherein the Masculine Liquor being embodied with that of the Female, is the cause of the first rudiment of Conception, appearing in the increase of the Egg encircled with a new Mem∣brane, to which a red Glandulous substance accresceth, which interceding the membrane of the impregnated Egg and other Vesicle, doth break the Ligaments by which they are conjoyned to each other; So that the parted Egg grow∣ing great, doth irritate the fleshy Fibres of the Glandulous substance (im∣muring

the Vesicles) to contract themselves and thrust the Egg through a narrow hole of the Testicle, dilated accordingly, * 1.2875 into the neighbouring Fimbria the jagged Extremity of the adjacent Tube, through which the Im∣pregnated Seminal Vesicle is conveyed into the soft nest of the Womb to receive a greater improvement, made by the Vis 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is made up of four powers.

The first Plastic or Formative power may be styled Distinctive, by which one part of the Genital Liquor is severed from another, in order to Forma∣tion, performed by Fermentation arising out of various Elements, of which most are Saline and Spirituous, and some Sulphureous and Earthy, exalted by Juice impregnated with Animal Spirits, destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves, which embodieth with the Serous part of the Blood, sever∣ed from its red Crassament in the Glandulous substance of the Womb. This fine mixture of Albuminous Matter of the Blood, is farther exalted with Nitroaereal Particles inspired with aethereal Atomes received with Breath into the Lungues, where they associate with the Vital Liquor, and are carried with it through the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart, and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypoga∣strick and Spermatick Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the Womb, wherein the Serous Liquor of the Blood confederated with these Aethereal and airy Particles (derived from Inspiration) and Nervous Juice ousing out of the Nerves, is carried through the secret passages of the inward Coat of the Womb into its Cavity, and thence through the Pores of the Membrane en∣circling the Egg into its Albuminous Liquor, which is nourished and exal∣ted by the fermentative Matter acted with the Vital heat and imparted to the Seminal Juice of the Egg which is Colliquated, as endued with various active principles.

This select Elixir of the Egg lodged in the bosom of the Womb, * 1.2876 is made up of various choice Liquors, the one Masculine, Colliquated by Motion in the Vesiculae Seminales, and thence transmitted by many stages into Al∣buminous Liquor of the Egg more and more exalted by the Uterine Fer∣ment composed of the serous part of the Blood and Nervous Liquor inspi∣red with aethereal and airy Atomes, which being endued with Elastick Par∣ticles, * 1.2877 do insinuate themselves into the Compage and inward Recesses of the Albuminous Matter of the Egg, whose intestine motion is much impro∣ved by the Uterine Ferment, (making an expansive dispute) and highly promoted by its own disagreeing Elements founded in a mixture of both Seeds consisting of different Acides and Alcalies, of various Volatil, Saline, Sulphureous Serous, and eathy Particles, whereupon these Heterogeneous principles do make a great Effervescence, and endeavour by mutual disputes to subdue these different Particles; whereupon the Homogeneous parts do associate and preserve each other, and sever themselves from the Hete∣rogeneous: Hence ensueth the distinction of several parts of Seminal Li∣quor which first form the many similar Integrals of the Body; as Liquors, Membranes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, Ligaments, Cartila∣ges and Bones.

The second kind of Plastick power belonging to the several parts of the Body, may be called Concretive, * 1.2878 as the various particles of the Seminal Li∣quor are more or less indurated by different sorts of Concretion: Where∣upon some parts are rendred more or less solid as they participate different kinds of Salts, Concreting the several Atoms of Seminal Liquor: So that the more soft parts of the Body, as Membranes, Arteries, Veins, and Lym∣phaeducts,

are Concreted by more tender and friable Salts; whereas the Nerves, Ligaments, Cartilages and Bones, as they are more or less hard, are formed by different Concretions of more or less strong Salts, mixed with more or less earthy Particles.

If any shall make a strict enquiry into the manner of several Accretions relating to the Formation of different parts of the Body, * 1.2879 they may be found not in pure Salts, but Compages made most of Salt variously mixed with other principles in small quantity; and soft parts partake somewhat of watry, mixed with a greater quantity of saline particles: So that in modelling the various Figures of the parts relating to the Body, the Spirituous Atoms do expatiate themselves sometimes in right, and othertimes in crooked and cir∣cular lines through the Saline Particles, rendring different Configurations of similar and dissimilar parts.

The Seminal Liquor having all parts of the Body actually contained in it, * 1.2880 consisteth of several kinds of Salts, shooting themselves one after ano∣ther according to softer or harder Concretions, into different substances of more soft or solid consistence.

The Organick parts of the Body being a System composed of many si∣milar Integrals, * 1.2881 are formed of a Seminal Liquor made up of divers parts impregnated with several Acides and Alcalies, and many Saline dispositions, by which the Seed being fluid in its primitive nature, is Concreted by the Architectonick Spirit into soft and hard parts of a more or less solid sub∣stance, making up the Viscera, Trunk and Limbs of the Body.

The third kind of Plastick Vertue belonging to Seminal Liquor, * 1.2882 may be named an Assimilating Power, whereby the Foetus becometh like its Pa∣rents in the outward form of different parts, of which Great Hypocrates gi∣veth an account in his Book 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as deriving the cause of it from the diverse quality and quantity of Seminal Liquor of both Sexes commixt, the greater quantity and nobler quality of Masculine Seed maketh it resemble the Father, and the same proportion and qualification of Faeminine Liquor causeth the Embryo to be adorned with the likeness of the Mother: but I humbly conceive, * 1.2883 with the leave of this Great Master of our Faculty, this may proceed from other more probable reasons, as the first and chief cause may be deduced from the Plastick Power seated in the more spirituous particles of the Seminal Liquor, which is the first natural Agent and Principle of the Formation of the Foetus, working upon the less active Particles of the mingled Seed, in which the innate Spirit, taking its rise and origen from their more thin and Volatil Saline and Sulphureous Particles (elaborated by the ambient heat of the Womb) is detained within the confines of more gross Particles, exalted by the more Spirituous, which are the primary ef∣ficient cause in the delineation of the parts, as giving them their first Rudi∣ments and External form both in the Formation of the Foetus in Man and other Animals.

This Architectonick Spirit containeth in a small quantity the Idaeas of all parts, relating to the whole Body, in order to their Formation; So that these Spirituous Plastick Seminal Atomes, assisted by the Uterine heat, do influence the gross and more dull mass of Seed, and thereby give it Fer∣mentative dispositions flowing from Elastick Particles of Air and Animal Spi∣rits impregnating the Seminal Matter, whence it receiveth Intestine Mo∣tion productive of the likeness of external Forms and Distinction of parts in the Foetus, resembling those of the Father and Mother.

The reason of this Plastick Assimilating Power, * 1.2884 resident in the Seminal Matter, taketh its rise from the external forms and dispositions of all parts of the Body, as it is a select Extract of them made of the Vital and Animal Liquor as its first principles.

The Blood taketh its Perambulation through the Membranes, Ligaments, * 1.2885 Cartilages, Bones, &c. and all other similar parts, as also the Viscera, Trunk and Limbs, to give them Life, Heat and Nourishment, as the Albugineous Particles of the Blood are received into the innumerable Pores of the Simi∣lar and Dissimilar parts (Compounded of them) into which they are assi∣milated and become the same with them by Accretion: The Serous parts not Assimilated having conversed with the parts of the whole Body in or∣der to Nutrition, do borrow their peculiar Disposition and Images, Portrai∣ctures of the whole Body, both in reference to the Face, Head, Trunk, Viscera, and Limbs; so that these Nutricious parts not Assimilated, having penetrated the inward Compage of the whole Body, do receive the Signature of their External Form, and are reconveyed back to the Heart, and from thence impelled through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypoga∣strick and preparing Arteries, into the substance of the Testicles, where the Albugineous Particles of the Blood (having received the Ideal impres∣sions of all parts) are severed from the red Crassament, and become one principle of the Seminal Matter: And the other is the finer part of the Nervous Liquor generated in the ambient parts of the Brain, made up of Cortical and Medullary Processes, and thence transmitted through all regi∣ons by the Fibres of it; and afterward some part of the Succus Nutricius is conveyed by the Par Vagum and its Branches; and other Animal Liquor is carried through the Fibrous parts of the Medulla Spinalis into the Verte∣bral Nerves, implanted into the Testicles, wherein the Nervous Liquor (sig∣ned with the Images of the Brain, Spinal Marrow and Nerves) doth em∣body with the Albuminous Matter of the Blood, signed with the Ideas of other parts, (through which it passes) constitutes the Seminal Liquors of both Sexes, which do mutually contribute to the formation and likeness of the Foetus.

The Seminal Ideas (as I humbly conceive) are Spirits modelled and confi∣gured by those parts from whence they derive their Emanation, * 1.2886 after the manner of infinite subtile visible Rays, expressing the Colours and Images of those Bodies from whence they are reflected. In like manner some fine Atoms, as so many Effluxes coming out of the small particles of the Body, do affect the Spirituous part of the Vital and Nervous Liquor, the principles of Seminal Juice, by giving them the propriety and figures of the parts through which they pass.

These Ideal dispositions of Parts seated in the seed of Man and other Animals, * 1.2887 do not exist as separate, but are coincident to every part of the Semen, and again expand themselves in the formation of an Embryo, not unlike many visible Rays of Light are coincident into one Looking-glass, which are so unfolded afterward, that the Eye can distinctly discern the figures and co∣lours of several visibles Objects. And from hence it is that every Particle of this Architectonick Spirit in the Seed hath a faculty of forming an Ani∣mal, by reason the Images of all parts are imprinted upon every particle of the Seminal Liquor; which is very conspicuous in Birds, by reason the seed of the Cock, which is very small in quantity, but great in vertue, being in∣jected in Coition, doth ascend into the Ovary, and impregnates every Egg come to maturity with a few Spirituous Particles, which being acted with Heat, are the efficient cause Delineating every part of the Chicken.

Here a great doubt may arise, how out of the Seed those parts can be formed, of which the Parents are destitute before the generation of Foetus, by reason no Architectonick Spirit can be derived from them, as having no existence in the nature of things: To which Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this answer, That the imagination of the Parent Compensates the defect of parts, by reason Women who have lost some Limb, do by a strong imagi∣nation make such impressions of Figures upon the Spirituous parts of the Seed, and thereupon have well formed Children in reference to all their parts, as well Modelled as if the Seed had been imprinted with the Images of those parts affecting the Albuminous particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor, the principles of Genital Juice.

It is very evident how prevalent a strong Imagination hath been in Wo∣men with Child, * 1.2888 which hath wrought wonderful effects of Shapes, Colours, which have proved very Monstrous in a Woman terrified with a horned Beast, which made such impression upon the Foetus, that he grew deformed by the accrescence of a Horn: And perfect Women in Shape and Limbs, have brought forth defective Children caused by deep thoughts and a fearful imagination, making ill impressions upon the Seminal Liquor.

But some inquisitive Person may ask a reason, * 1.2889 how this strong Imagina∣tion can produce such strange effects by configuring the Seed, and make ad∣dition of things to the Foetus, which differ in their whole nature, as it ap∣peareth in the production of Monsters by strength of Imagination; which I humbly conceive, proceedeth after this manner: The Portraicture of vi∣sible Objects, or things (though not existent,) being constantly and deeply thought upon by Women with Child, do make an impression upon the Succus Nutricius in the Brain, which is afterward carried by the Par Vagum and Vertebral Nerves into the Testicles, where it meeteth with the Albu∣minous part of the Blood and giveth it the same Signature; whereupon these Elements of the Seed being configured by a powerful Imagination, do produce the same Ideas in the Foetus, and do supply the defect of Parts in those that want their Limbs, and communicate the Ideas of them to the Em∣brio by a potent Imagination, as if they really enjoyed them.

The fourth kind of Architectonick Power, * 1.2890 resident in the spirituous particles of Seminal Liquor, giveth a due magnitude to the Integral parts; and a decent Conformation, which compreh••••deth first a con∣venient Figure, accommodated to celebrate the action of the Organ; Se∣condly, Cavities and Pores, obtaining their just number and magnitude: Thirdly, Its Conformation requireth a proper surface, as endued with such a smoothness and roughness as the nature of the part requireth. Fourthly, Conformation is affected with a due situation of parts, as they have a pro∣per place and connexion with the adjacent parts: So that the Plastick Power of the Seed doth constitute all parts in weight, number, and measure, and unity too, which aggree to similar and dissimilar parts, and dispose them in an excellent order of situation and production, in which the similar parts do claim the Primogeniture, as the Vital Liquor, Membranes, Veins, Ar∣teries, Ligaments, Cartilages, Bones, and afterward the Dissimilar parts in∣tegrated of the Similar, as the Viscera and Muscular parts.

The Impregnated Egg being excluded the Testicles, and sliding through the adjoyning Tube into the Cavity of the Womb, is closely immured within its inward Membrane (contracted by fleshy Fibres,) to enliven and cherish the Genital Liquor, which in a short time is encircled with a thick and fine Coat, and is altered and colliquated by the moist warmth of the Womb; So that

the more thin and Volatil Particles of the Masculine Seed insinuating in∣to the secret Pores of the more gross and fixed Particles of the Faeminine Liquor opens its Compage, and by an expansive motion of Spirituous and Elastick airy Particles, do set the Volatil Particles of the Faeminine Seed at liberty, whereupon the Seminal Liquor of both Sexes is united and put upon Fermentation.

The Plastick Vertue seated in the more thin and Spirituous Particles, * 1.2891 doth first exert its operation in the more Colliquated and Crystalline part of the mixed Seminal Liquors; which being acted with Intestine motion, are Concreted here and there into various shapes, and hollowed into many greater and smaller Cavities, and so by degrees the Delineation of all parts of the Body is produced.

The Genital Liquor when well concocted in the Testicles, * 1.2892 is thence conveyed by the Deferent Vessels into the Seminal Vesicles, wherein it being reposed a due time, acquireth a laudable consistence, and becometh fibrous as being made up of many white Filaments, which I humbly conceive, are the first rudiments constituting the parts of the Foetus.

In these fibres (which are the chief integrals of the Semen) being of a di∣verse disposition and configuration, as more or less solid, * 1.2893 and as modelled in several shapes, the Plastick vertue is seated, and are the first stamina productive of the various parts of the Embryo.

The numerous Vessels, which are so many Tubes, * 1.2894 framing the Compage of the Muscles and Viscera, are composed of these numerous Seminal Fibrils, which being united in a round figure with a concave surface, do make the Cy∣lindres of Arteries and Veins, containing the Vital Liquor; and the Nerves being systems of many Filaments (curiously lodged one within another, in which the Nervous Juice is conserved) are framed also of a company of these Seminal Fibrils, curiously conjoyned.

And some of these Filaments being impregnated with saline Particles, * 1.2895 have a concretive power by which the Seminal Fibres are first made Membranous, and then Cartilaginous, and afterward Bony: So that I most humbly con∣ceive, That all the more or less solid parrs have these various Seminal Fila∣ments, (acted with different Salts) as so many rough draughts, out of which the Limbs of the whole body of the Embryo are delineated and finished by va∣rious saline Concretions.

And now I will endeavour to Explicate the order that Nature observeth in the Formation of Parts one after another, * 1.2896 among which the Blood doth claim the priority, and is framed out of the most hot, spirituous, volatil, sulphureous, and saline parts of Colliquated Seminal Liquor. From this most prime and principal Particle the Vital Spirit, the innate heat is propaga∣ted to the whole Body, and from this choice Elixir of Life all other Liquors receive their birth and perfection.

This is that pure Vestal Flame, ever burning, and imparting Heat and Life in its perpetual motion through all the apartiments, relating to the state∣ly fabrick of Man's Body.

The Blood is first formed in the ambient parts of the Seminal Liquor, * 1.2897 as most colliquated and inspired with attenuated and volatil Particles by the heat of the Womb, and is afterward carried from the circumference to the Center, and is generated before the Liver, Heart, or any Viscera are formed, and is carried first by Veins into the Punctum Saliens, and afterward by Arteries into all parts of the Colliquated Seed.

The Blood is first arayed with a white palish colour, and afterward is clothed in Scarlet, which proceedeth from Motion and Heat, giving the Blood a red tincture as by an Intestine Motion causing an Effervescence in it, as Fruits by long Coction acquire redness much resembling that of Blood, especially those that are pregnant with an abundant Succus Nu∣tricius.

And the rare method of Nature is very remarkable in the production of the different parts of the Body, * 1.2898 wherein She beginneth with most moist and soft, as next a kin to the fluid Seminal Liquor, which is liquid, is best disposed for immediate formation of moist parts, whereupon the Vital liquor being Fluid, is first generated in the ambient parts of the Seminal Matter, as it is colliquated by the heat of the Uterus, and afterward transmitted into the more inward Recesses, when the Vein is formed as soft and membranous, and so is the first formed solid part, as having much affinity with the nature of Se∣minal Liquor.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Generation of a humane Foetus.

THis most noble part the Blood, is first formed in the Seminal Liquor, by whose influence and irradiation of Spirits, * 1.2899 The system of all parts belonging to Animals are first animated as by a Vital principle, much constituting them, and giving vigor and heat to the Seminal Liquor in re∣ference to the delineation of all Similar parts, successively produced, out of which all Organick, as the Viscera and Muscles are formed, which com∣pleat the Animal, and give it a power of augmentation, and nutrition, which is a kind of second and continued Generation, quoniam ex iisdem principiis animal nutritur, ex quibus generatur; and the Blood much assisteth the Genital Liquor in its Architectonick Spirit in distinguishing one part from another, and is that first Particle in which the Soul doth chiefly reside, the prime Au∣thor of Life, Sense, and Motion.

Some Professors of our Faculty do give the primogeniture to the Brain, * 1.2900 Heart, and Liver, arising together out of three Bubles or Vesicles, but this Hy∣pothesis contradicteth Autopsy, which is clear to those that curiously have inspected the several Processes of the Generation of a Chicken, in which the prerogative of Primogeniture is due only to the Blood, whose rays first dawn in the outward circumference of the Albuminous Orb, and afterward diffuse themselves through all regions of it, which is evident, not only in an Egg, but in the first Conception of every Animal.

The Blood first generated in the ambient parts of the Seed, * 1.2901 is carried by Veins into the center of it, where the red Point, or beating Vesicle is ge∣nerated, (the first rudiment of the Heart) from which many Fibres or Ca∣pillaries do proceed, the first origens of Arteries, and the roots of the Veins take their roots in the outward parts of the Seminal Liquor, wherein the Vital Liquor beginneth its motion toward the beating Vesicle, from whence it is impelled by Arteries into all parts of the Seminal Liquor.

The Vital Liquor may truly assume to it self the privilege of the first Genital Particle, because it appeareth first in the circumference of the Seed, * 1.2902 before any Veins or beating Point can be discovered in the center of it, and it is very agreeable to reason, that the Blood should be generated before the Veins, beating Point, and Arteries, as the part contained is the princi∣pal, and therefore the first in the order of Nature, because the other parts are subservient to it, and are propagated, enlivened, cherished and nourished by it, as by a principle of Life and Heat; as also Intestine and Local Motion; and the beating Point, Sanguiducts, and Viscera, * 1.2903 are so many Or∣gans ministerial to the motion and depuration of the Blood, which is the first Genital Part, and the beating Vesicle, its first instrument of motion, plainly visible in the first conception of all Animals, and appeareth less than a spark, lifted up and down according to the reception and exclusion of Blood, cau∣sed by Diastole and Systole, distending and narrowing the Ventricles of the Heart, and the Systole maketh the Pulsation produced by Contraction, causing a Vibration of the Heart, which is the same time imparted to all Arteries of the Body, commonly called the beating of them.

So that the first step or period in the Generation of a Foetus, * 1.2904 is the Blood with its receptacles, The Punctum Saliens, The rough-draught of the Heart and Vessels, the Veins and Arteries; but the substance of the Heart, (consisting of two Auricles, Ventricles, and Cone, with Vessels and Fibres lodged in the Compage of it, is found in the third procedure of Generation.

The second period in the formation of an Embryo, * 1.2905 is manifested in the production of a kind of Worm or Maggot, and as it groweth into a clammy substance, it seemeth to be divided into two parts, the upper is Orbicular, and seemeth to be distinguished into three Vesicles, the Brain, Cerebellum, and one of the Eyes.

Another part of this Mite (the first rudiment of the Body relating to a Foetus) resembleth the Keel of a Ship, * 1.2906 and is a Superstructure leaning upon or accrescing to the Trunk of the Vena Cava all along its length; And in the formation of the Head, the Eyes first may be first discovered, and the De∣lineation of the Body is made immediately after, and out of the rough draught of the Spine the sides do arise (as those of the Ship are built upon the Keel) being formed of one similar substance adorned with white lines expressing Natures design of the Ribs, as the first rudiments of them; and out of the rudely Delineated Spine the Trunk doth grow, and afterward the Bones, Muscles, and Limbs, are distinguished into Joints.

These two rough Delineations of the Head and Body appear, * 1.2907 and may be distinguished at the same time, and afterward when they receive greater de∣grees of increase and perfection, the Body doth far exceed the Head in di∣mensions.

In the first formation of the Trunk there is a great disproportion between the Body and Limbs, which in time grow longer and longer; * 1.2908 and Children new born have long Bodies and short Limbs, and would go upon their Hands and Feet as Bruits upon their fore and hinder Feet, were they not supported and kept upright by others and taught to go in an erect posture.

In this second period of Generation, * 1.2909 the Architectonick Power doth exert many acts one after another, the Similar being first formed as subservient to the production of Dissimilar parts, which do proceed from a clammy Albumi∣nous Matter, and do alter in Consistence and Colour as they arrive to higher degrees of perfection; And Similar parts begin in softness as prevous to grea∣ter solidity, as they are first formed Membranous, and then Cartilaginous,

and afterward Bony; and those parts which first appeared Similar as of one Consistence, are afterward distinguished, and being conjoined by the inter∣position of fine thin Membranes, do constitute Organick parts, which be∣ing united by a mutual continuation, do form the whole Body.

In like manner the thicker Cover encircling the Brain, * 1.2910 is of a Membra∣nous soft nature, and after acquiring a greater Consistence, is made Cartila∣ginous; and last of all is Concreted into a Bony Substance, commonly called the Skull; and after the same manner the Albuminous Liquor being of a soft fluid nature, is turned into the more solid substance of Muscles, Liga∣ments and Tendons; and the Brian and Cerebellum are out of a clear tran∣sparent Liquor Concreted into a white Curd-like substance.

In the third period of Generation after the Delineation of the Body, * 1.2911 the Viscera are formed at one and the same time, Viz. the Liver, Lungs, Cone of the Heart, Kidneys, Stomach, and Intestines. These Viscera do accresce to the Veins, as so many Appendages of them, and they first appear arayed in white and clammy, till they are made fit to be Colatories of the Blood: The Stomach and Guts being very slender in their first formation, seem to be white Filaments, running in many Gyres all along the lowest Apartiment to the Anus, and about the same time the Mouth and Gulet are framed, and one continued Duct reacheth from the entrance of the mouth to the Anus, and immediately after the parts of Generation, the Penis, and Testes, and all the parts belonging to them, are formed.

The Viscera and Intestines are not yet wholly immured within the bosom of the middle and lowest apartiment of the Body, * 1.2912 but may be discovered without any Dissection, as not being encircled with the common integu∣ments as so many walls of the Trunk and Belly; So that the Viscera and Guts are Pendulous, as appendant to the Vessels to which they are affixed, and look like a House unwalled in some places, by reason the Thorax and lowest Venter are destitute of the anterior parts of the Sternon and Ab∣domen.

The Sternon being formed, * 1.2913 the Heart and Lungs are safely lodged with∣in the walled Cavity of the Thorax: Afterward the Liver, Stomach, and Guts, are encircled within the soft enclosures of the Hypocondres, and the Epigastrick and Hypogastrick region.

In this order all the inward parts are delineated in the several apartiments of the Body, * 1.2914 in which in the second, third and fourth Months, the Heart, Lungs, Kidneys, Spleen, Stomach, and Intestines, first receive a rough draught, and afterward obtain a more perfect substance, figure, and colour, which is white at first and after groweth red, as the Vessels are more re∣plenished with Purple Liquor.

The Umbilical Arteries are formed after the Veins, * 1.2915 and can scarce be discer∣ned in the first Month, and take their rise from the branches of the Crural Arteries, which Learned Harvey believeth not to be formed before the pro∣duction of Limbs, in which they have their Origens, but the Umbilical Veins, saith this worthy Author, were very Conspicuous before the Deline∣ation of the Body.

In the second Month (for in the first no formed Conception appeareth) may be discovered an Oval body (much resembling a Pidgeons or Partridges Egg without a Shell) immured with a thick Membrane, * 1.2916 which I appre∣hend to be the Chorion faced with a white viscide Liquor, chiefly found in the more obtuse extremity of the Egg, which being opened, an Albuminous Li∣quor gusheth out, lately lodged in the Cavity of the Coats, encircling the Conception.

In the latter end of the second Month, * 1.2917 the Egg acquireth greater dimen∣sions, which hath been often seen upon Abortions, and is sometimes broken and othertimes cometh whole out of the Uterus, and its surface is be∣smeared with bloody particles; in the Egg being opened, sometimes may be discerned the delineation of a Foetus, and other times a minute red Vesicle or point of Blood (which I have seen in Abortions) seated in the center of the Albuminous Colliquated Liquor: Toward the close of this Month the Conception resembleth a Goose Egg in size and shape, in which a Foetus ap∣peareth, having its parts Delineated in a rough form, viz. the Head, the Eyes, and short Limbs, without any formation of Muscles, and Bones, of which the rough Draught, the white Membranes, or tender Cartilages may be discerned; as also the white substance of the Heart (hollowed into two Ventricles of like greatness and thickness) terminating into a double Cone, like twins of Nuts growing together (Parvos nucleos gemellos diceres) as my most worthy Friend, Learned Sir George Ente ingeniously phraseth it in his most elegant Translation of Dr. Harvey's Book, de Generatione Anima∣lium. In this Abortion the Liver was very small clothed in white array, and yet no appearance of any Secundine, or After-burden, as it is vulgarly called.

In all Conceptions excluded the Womb by Abortion, may be clearly seen a thick Membrane encompassing a Crystalline Transparent Liquor, in which the small Embryo swimmeth as in a lake of Succus Nutricius, which some of the Antients have taken for Urine or Sweat, but in truth (as this more Learned Age and chiefly Dr. Harvey hath discovered) is the nourishment of the Foetus, taken into the Mouth first, and afterward transmitted by the Gulet into the Stomach.

And in a Conception of three Months Existence, * 1.2918 no part of it can be dis∣cerned to be affixed to the Womb, which is performed by the mediation of the Placenta, which is not formed till the fourth Month, in the third may be discovered only in the more blunt part of the Egg a kind of rough∣ness proceeding from a mucous Matter adhering to it, which I conceive, is the first rudiment of the Secundine.

In the fourth Month, as in another period of Generation great Dr. * 1.2919 Har∣vey (an Honour to our Faculty) observed the Foetus to have larger di∣mensions, about a span in length, in which all the Limbs were clearly deli∣neated, so that they may be distinguished from each other, and put on their red apparel as coated with Blood, and in this process the Muscles (and Bones) have their rudiments, by whose various contractions, the Embryo sporteth it self in its Nutricius Juice every where encircling the surface of its Body; * 1.2920 the Head seemeth large, and as it were, monstruous, if compared with the Body, and the Face seemeth in some sort disguised as being destitute of Lips, Nose, and Cheeks; The Mouth is endued with a large Fissure, through which the Tongue may be discovered; The Eyes appear small and naked as having no Eye-brows; The whole Head and Forehead is clothed with a Membranous substance, which afterward groweth Cartilaginous, and lastly Bony, compleating the more solid compage of the Skull, which first ap∣peareth to be Grisly in its hinder part, called Occiput by the Latines, which is afterward concreted into a more solid substance.

The Testicles are formed in this process, and are obscured in the cavity of the Abdomen, and the Scrotum is found altogether emp∣ty. And the parts peculiar to Women have a rough Delineation, the Womb with its Tubes seemed to resemble the shape of a Lambs Ʋte∣rus, as consisting of Horns affixed to the body of the Womb, which

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about the fourth Month is encompassed with a red Glandulous substance in∣terspersed with variety of Vessels, dispersed through its whole Compage, into which many Umbilical branches do sport themselves in numerous di∣varications, by whose intercession the Foetus is fastned to the inward Cavity of the Womb.

The fine Compage of the Brain formerly consisting of a lympid clear Liquor, * 1.2921 hath its fluid nature turned into a Curdly substance, beset with a great company of several kinds of Vessels.

The Thorax, seemeth to be endued with three Cavities, as so many small Apartiments, the allodgments of the Viscera, the uppermost is furnished with a Gland, called the Thymus or Heart Gland by the Buchers, as adjoyning to it, the middle Cavity is filled with the Heart covered with a loose Membrane, named the Pericardium; and the lower allodgment of the Breast is adorned with the bloody Lungs being endued with the same dark colour of the Liver and Kidneys.

The Stomach is bedewed with a thin Serous Liquor (resembling that in which the Embryo swimmeth) and is lined also with a kind of mucous substance not unlike the clammy Matter, (besmearing the skin of the new born Foetus) washed away by the Midwife. The upper region of the In∣testines is besprinkled with Chyle and some thin excrements, and the lower parts of the Guts are fowled with more gross Foeculencies; The Bladder is somewhat distended with Urine, and not the Urachus as in other Animals, as Dr. Harvey will have it; but I humbly conceive, that the Urine passeth out of the Bladder by a very small passage into the Urinary Membrane found in Man as well as other Animals.

The Coecum commonly is found destitute of Excrements in an Embryo as well as in persons of riper age, * 1.2922 but in some other Animals it is so distended as if it were another Ventricle for the largeness of its Cavity.

The bladder of Gall is also filled with yellow Excrements; * 1.2923 and the Caul encircleth the parts of the lowest apartiment as with a fine Vail, (made up of most Minute Filaments curiously interwoven,) which is so thin, that it seem∣eth to encompass the Viscera of the lowest story as with a transparent Cloud, through which the confined parts may be clearly discerned as through some fine Tiffiny.

The Kidneys appear in an Embryo as not having an even surface, * 1.2924 but full of many Asperities, of divers Globules parted from each other by many Intersti∣ces, in some manner resembling the Liver lodged in an Embryo of a Cow, and seem to be so many distinct Kidneys made up of Glands (beset with numerous Vessels) Urinary Ducts, Papillary Caruncles, &c. which termi∣minate into the Pelvis; two Glands discovered first by Bartholomaeus Eusta∣chius, a most excellent Anatomist of his time, do lean upon the Kidneys, and are called Capsulae atrabilariae & glandulae renales by the more Modern Physicians, * 1.2925 they are endued with Adipose Vessels, dispensed clean through their Compage. The Liver and Spleen appear much fairer in this pro∣cess than in the former, and are hued with red, as having greater Vessels filled with a larger proportion of Blood, giving its compage and surface a scarlet hue.

And it may be worth our remark and admiration too, * 1.2926 That in a healthy Foetus that part of the inside of the Body is besprinkled with a milky or rather wheyish Liquor derived from the Stomach by the Venae Lacteae into the Glands of the Mesentery, and by the Thoracick Vessels into the Thymus and Subclavian Veins, and not into the Pancreas, as a Learned Anatomist will have it, by reason

this Gland is not furnished with milky Vessels, and the small Breasts of a Foetus are sometimes bedewed with Milk, which some conceive to be a good sign of health and strength.

In the last period of the generation of a Foetus, the parts of the lower rank have their production, which are not absolutely requisite for the preser∣vation of its life, but for its ornament, or greater security to protect the Foetus as a defence against outward accidents.

The Skin is not only made for a grace, * 1.2927 but is of great use to the Body in point of depurating the Blood in its Glands, whereupon the recrements of Sweat and fuliginous vapours of the Vital Liquor are entertained into the Excretory Ducts and discharged the confines of the Body: the Cuticula ari∣seth out of the Skin, and is not only ornamental to the Body, but useful too, as it covereth the Extremities of the Vessels and the more sensible inward Skin, which would be discomposed with pain upon the least appulse of any outward object, had it not been invested and guarded with the more thin warm vail of the Cuticle.

All the outward parts of the Cuticle, Nails, and Hair, which are of great advantage to the Foetus after its birth, are last formed, as not so neces∣sary as the other noble parts in the time, while the Foetus is lodged in the bed of the Womb.

Man being created by God as a person of love and peace, is not fur∣nished with natural arms of Horns, long and sharp Teeth, Clawes, Beaks, &c. * 1.2928 which are found in other Animals as wisely formed by Nature for their guard and defence, which great Harvey hath expressed in his Book de Generatione, Elegantly worded by Learned Sir George Ente, a worthy Member of the Colledg of Physicians, after this manner; Nascitur certe ho∣mo nudus pariter & inermis utpote quem natura Animal sociale, politicum, ac pacificum voluerit; ratione{que} duci voluerit, quam vi trahi. Ideo{que} manibus & ingenio eum dotavit, ut acquisitis necessariis, semet ipse vestiret, & defende∣ret. Quibus enim animalibus natura robur concessit, iis arma quo{que} viribus con∣sentanea attribuit: quibus autem illud denegavit his ingenium solertiam, * 1.2929 mi∣ram{que} injurias evitandi dexteritatem largita est. Man is born naked and unar∣med, by reason Nature hath designed him a sociable, political, and peace∣able Creature as led by reason, and not drawn by force, and therefore hath endowed him with Hands and Ingenuity, that he might provide necessaries and Cloth and defend himself, by reason to those Animals Nature hath given strength, she hath appointed Arms agreeable to it; but to those he hath not granted Arms, he hath given Ingenuity, or Craftiness, and an admirable dexterity of guarding themselves against outward assaults.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Placenta Uterina.

HAving Treated of the Formation of the Foetus and of the order of Delineation of its parts one after another, my Task at this time is to discourse the Confines, the various Integuments, with which the Foetus is encircled in the Womb, * 1.2930 which being opened, the Placenta Ʋterina pre∣senteth it self to the Eye of the Spectator, and taketh its origen from the Albu∣minous or Serous parts of the Blood percolated in first the substance of the Chorion, (which is beset with very Minute Glands, which are more or less in all Membranes) and afterward destilleth through its Pores into the outward surface where the Placenta appeareth in many downy Hairs, the first rudiment of the After-burden, which is afterward filled up with a soft red substance, by degrees growing more solid, as furnished with Vessels de∣rived from the Womb (and at length frame the Navil.) Whereupon it acqui∣reth the nature and substance of a fleshy Bowel, ministerial to the Foetus in reference to Nutrition.

The Placenta most times is single, * 1.2931 and sometimes double, which I plainly discerned in the After-burden of my first Twins, wherein the peculiar After∣burdens belonging to each Child were parted from each other by a Seam or Fissure passing between them, but my Twins born a year after, had but one After-burden, which was one entire substance (without any Seam) which grew very thin as distended by the enlarged dimensions of the two Foetus near their time of birth.

Learned Dr. * 1.2932 Walter Needham affirmeth, That Twins have always but one After-burden, and though the After-burden seemeth to be parted by a Line passing through it, yet it is truly but one entire substance, saith this Judi∣cious Author, by reason the Umbilical Vesicles of the right Foetus are trans∣mitted into the left side of the Placenta, and so vice versa from the left Foe∣tus the Vessels of the Navil are branched into the right region of the After-burden.

The Anatomists have various Sentiments concerning the situation of the Placenta, * 1.2933 some affirm it is seated about the forepart, and others about the hinder part of the Womb, some about the left, and others about the right side of it; but in truth it encircleth one of the Tubes near one angle of the Ʋterus, which is the Center of the Placenta: So that the Womb having two Angles, which are the holes into which the Tubes do terminate, and now and then the Placenta is placed all round about the right Termination, and now and then the left.

This Coat of the Foetus is clothed with Red somewhat brighter than the Spleen, * 1.2934 and darker than the Liver, and seldom with a pale colour.

The Placenta, * 1.2935 in reference to its whole Circumference, is adorned with a circular Figure, and hath various dimensions of greatness and thickness in reference to the different magnitude of the Foetus, and is so small, that it scarce appeareth in its first origen, and by degrees is more and more enlarged till it arriveth its utmost perfection, wherein it obtaineth a Foot in breadth, and is endued with the thickness of three Fingers in the middle, and with less in the Circumference.

The Placenta is endued with a Convex surface (as it faceth the Womb) that it may the better comply with the Concave surface of the Uterus, * 1.2936 and be lodged close in its bosom to receive Blood and warmth from it, and is rendred uneven by many Protuberancies, by which it is affixed (as learned Diemerbroeck will have it,) to the inward Cavity of the Womb.

This integument of the Foetus is adorned with a Concave surface as it con∣fineth on the Convex of the Chorion, * 1.2937 that they may be reposed near to each other, to take up the less room, and more easily transmit nourishment from the Placenta through the Chorion to the Foetus.

The Placenta hath a peculiar substance which is loose and soft in some parts and in other respects Fibrous, * 1.2938 as made up of innumerable Filaments and Fi∣bres, interwoven with an infinite number of branches of Vessels sporting themselves through the whole compage of the Placenta, whose Parenchyma somewhat resemsembleth concreted Blood adhering to the outward surface of the Vessels, and is not much unlike the loose Parenchyma of the Liver, (which may be taken away from the fibrous part by frequent washings or by gentle scraping with a Knife) only it is more viscid and hath somewhat of the Albuminous nature relating to the white of Eggs, or to the Concre∣ted Liquor belonging to the Parenchyma of the Glands, which is less friable than that of Blood.

The Placenta is furnished with many Minute Glands, * 1.2939 appendant to the extremities of the Sanguiducts, and are divers collective bodies of Arte∣ries, Veins, and Nerves, as so many Colatories of the Vital and Nervous Liquor, to prepare a fit Aliment for the Foetus, during its abode in the Womb, and do resemble the Glands of the Breast both in substance and use.

Learned Dr. Wharton assigneth a double glandulous substance to the Pla∣centa: saith this worthy Author in the 36. Chap. de Placenta: * 1.2940 Haec substantia glandulosa duûm generum est; etenim ipsa placenta duplex est; Altera ejus medie∣tas pertinet ad Ʋterum: Altera ad Chorion: At{que} hae medietates inter se apte committuntur, seu potius inosculantur. Constat enim ex inaequali superficie, ni∣mirum, alveolis & protuberantiis sibi mutuo respondentibus; ita ut alveolus uni∣us medietatis protuberantiam alterius in se excipiat, & undi{que} amplectitur. The glandulous substance of it is of two kinds, by reason it is double, of which one half belongeth to the Womb, and the other to the Chorion; and these two halfs are conjoyned to each other, are rather inosculated, by reason the Placenta is made of an uneven surface, vid. of Cavities and Protuberancies, answering each other; so that the whole of one half doth entertain the protu∣berance of the other, every way encircling it.

This disposition of Nature is more evident in Bruits, * 1.2941 whose many Oval substances affixed to the Chorion do participate a double nature, the one more white and glandulous, and the other redder and carnous, as it appear∣eth in the numerous Placentulae of Sheep and Goats, whose upper region is white, and exterior surfaces looking toward the Uterus are Convex, and their inward Concave, which receive into their bosom the convex surfaces of the Carnous substances (affixed to the Chorion,) which is died red by the great quantity of Blood transmitted into them by the Umbilical Arteries, which are more numerous in the Carnous substances below, than in the Glandulous above; and in truth both these above and below (I humbly conceive) are of a Glandulous substance, though of different colours, and the lower part participates the nature of the Glands belonging to the Liver and Kidneys, which are red as they are filled with many streams of Purple Liquor.

Now a question may be started, * 1.2942 whether impregnated Women have any Cotyledones in reference to the Placenta; but before a reply be given, it may not be amiss to explain the word: The Greeks have called some parts within the impregnated Womb, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from a double likeness, first from that they have with the Herb Cotyledone, in Latine Umbilicus, whose Leaves are thick and round, and somewhat uneven in their circumference, and somewhat hollow in the middle. Secondly, They are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the similitude they have with the cavity of the Os Coxendix, which is called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and by the Latines Acetabulum, (and is truly so named ab aceto continendo,) in English, a Saucer; so that it is plain that Hip∣pocrates, and the Antients did not mean by Cotyledones, any protuberancies of Vessels, or any fleshy or mamillary processes of the Womb, but some parts within it with manifest Cavities, somewhat resembling those of Saucers.

Learned Diemerbroeck is of an opinion, * 1.2943 That the Cotyledones are found, not only in Bruits, but in Women too, as may be read in Lib. 1. Anatomes, de Ventre inferiore, p. 328. Quippe in mulieribus, si rem cum attentione conside∣remus, non multae, sed unica tantum (interdum in gemellis duae) est Cotyledon, scilicet tota placenta Uterina, quae versus Uterum convexa versus Chorion vero concava, tota laevis, Crassiuscula, succi plena, rotunda, & in ambitu inaequalis, exacte refert folium bulbiferae Cotyledonis herbae, vel etiam figuram parvae scutellae in qua acetum, aliudve Condimentum ad intinctus in mensa apponitur. In Wo∣men, if you seriously consider the thing, is found not many but one Coty∣ledone, (sometimes two in Twins) vid. the whole Placenta Ʋterina, which is convex toward the Womb, and hollow toward the Chorion, and wholly smooth, and somewhat deep, full of Juice, round and uneven in its circumference, exactly resembling the Bulbiferous plant called Cotyledone, or else the figure of a little Dish, in which Vineger or any other liquor is set upon the Table for Sawce.

Most judicious and ingenious Dr. Walter Needham hath other Sentiments, * 1.2944 and conceiveth, That the glandulous substances of Sheep and Goats may most properly be called Cotyledones, in his second Chapter de Placenta & Glan∣dulis p. 28, 29. Dici quidem illas glandulas perperam Cotyledonas vocari. Quod ego vocabulis solis ovibus & capris primario deberi existimo: Ubi glandulae Ute∣rinae praeter loculamenta, praedicta etiam Cotylam majusculam obtinent, quae totam ipsis superficiem excavat instar cupulae glandis, saith this Learned Author, That the Glands of some Bruits are ill called Cotyledones, which word agreeth only to Sheep and Goats, where the Uterine Glands have Cavities (like those of Sawcers or small Dishes) which enclose the convex carnous sub∣stances, as the Cup encompasseth some part of the Acorn. And I humbly conceive, That Cotyledones or Acetabula, are not in all Animals, and much less in Women who have but one Placenta, not resembling the Cavity of the Coxendix or Sawcer.

The Placenta is accommodated with Arteries, * 1.2945 Veins, Nerves, and Lymphae∣ducts too, if Dr. Wharton may be believed; it deriveth Arteries from the Womb, which it imparteth to the Placenta where it adhereth to the Womb, which is also furnished with Umbilical Arteries (propagated from the Trunk of the Aorta according to Dr. Needham, and from the Crural Artery according to Dr. Harvey, and most Anatomists,) which do adorn the Pla∣centa with numerous divarications of branches, carrying Vital Liquor from the Foetus into the Placenta.

The Veins of the Placenta as well as Arteries, do in some part proceed from the Womb, and others and the most are Umbilical Veins taking their ori∣gen from the Liver, and by their numerous extremities do receive Blood from the Placenta, and carry it into the substance of the Liver belonging to the Foetus, and the terminations of the Uterine Veins implanted into the sub∣stance of the Placenta, do reconvey Blood brought in by the Uterine Arteries into the Womb.

The Placenta is also accommodated with Nerves, * 1.2946 derived to it from the Womb, when it is fastned by the interposition of many Vessels; and I most humbly conceive, That the Parenchyma of the Placenta as well as other Glandulous bodies are adorned with Nerves, which import, as I apprehend, a select Liquor, which embodies with the chymous and serous parts of the Blood, constituting that wheyish Liquor, the aliment of the Foetus du∣ring its abode in the Womb.

The Placenta also is accommoadated with a great Apparatus of Fibres, * 1.2947 which some conceive to be Capillary Blood-vessels; and learned Dr. Walter Needham, hath seen a very great number of such Vessels in the Placenta of a Woman, which he afterward discerned to be Arteries and Veins: And on the other side, this Learned Author saith it is manifest to Autopsy, That these innumerable Fibres found in the Placenta of a Woman, as often as they associate, do make a greater Trunk, which is constituted by many bran∣ches implanted into it, which is the structure of Veins and Arteries; but these Fibres being conjoined in a confused order, do make Plexes resem∣bling the rowls of Nerves, and do approach the Veins and Arteries of the Pla∣centa, and twine about them, and are affixed to them without any ingress into their substance, and perhaps are framed by Nature to compress the Arteries, * 1.2948 to give a check to the overhasty motion of the Blood into the substance of the Placenta; and perhaps another use of these Fibres may be to strengthen the tender substance of the Placenta to preserve it from Laceration in vio∣lent motions of the Body: And I humbly conceive, That there are many other small true Nervous Fibrils which are propagated from the Nerves of the Womb into the Placenta, which is affected with sense in the violent mo∣tion of the Foetus, and in great throwes, in order to Paturition, as Doctor Wharton conceiveth, and have this use (as I apprehend) to transmit Ner∣vous Liquor (impregnated with Animal Spirits) into the Glands of the Placenta, wherein it confederates with the Chyme or milder particles of the Blood to prepare a Succus Nutricius to support the Foetus in reference to for∣mation, growth, and nourishment.

The Placenta is fastned to divers regions of the Womb, * 1.2949 sometimes in the left part, and othertimes in the right, and now and then in the bottom of it, and as the Placenta receiveth greater dimensions, it is more firmly affixed to the Womb in the first Months; and afterward when the Foetus is more and more enlarged, and acquireth a due formation and perfection of all parts, the fruit groweth ripe, and then the Placenta may be more easily parted from the less firm embraces of the Womb, as the Foetus is ready for the birth.

The use of the adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb, * 1.2950 is to keep the Foe∣tus firm to its bosom (where it is lodged as in a soft warm bed) lest in great and overhasty motions and Girks of the Body, the Foetus should be dislodged and excluded the confines of the Womb and Vagina Uteri, before its due time of birth.

The second use of the Adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb, is to hold an entercourse with it by mediation of Nerves, Arteries, and Veins, fastning it to

the inward surface of the Uterus; * 1.2951 by the Nerves, the Nervous Liquor is impor∣ted into the substance of the Glands, and by the Arteries the Vital Juice is conveyed into them, to give life, heat, and nourishment to the Foetus, and the superfluous Blood is returned from the Glands of the Placenta into the Uterus, and thence toward the Vena Cava in order to be transmitted into the Heart.

These uses of the adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb, * 1.2952 do lead us to the design of Nature in the formation of this useful part in reference to the preservation of the Foetus, which is performed by the Spermatick and Hypo∣gastrick Arteries propagated from the Womb and transmitting Blood into the glandulous substance of the Placenta, wherein the Chymous and Albu∣minous parts are severed from the Purple Liquor.

The Nerves also do contribute much to this separation of the soft parts of the Blood by reason they convey an active Fermentative Liquor into the Glands of the Placenta, where it meeteth with the Blood and openeth its Compage, and assisteth the separation of the mild parts of the Blood from the more sharp, which cannot be ministerial to the Nutricion of the Foetus, and therefore they are returned by the extremities of the Veins (implanted into the Glands of the Placenta) into the Ʋterus, and thence toward the Vena Cava, and right Ventricle of the Heart.

Another use of the Placenta is to be a warm integument of the Foetus, * 1.2953 and to give reception to the Umbilical Vessels consisting of two Arteries (and one Hepatick Vein) which dispense Blood from the Foetus into the Glands of the Hepar Uterinum, wherein it meeteth with the Vital Liquor destilling out of the extremities of the Uterine Arteries, and with the choice Liquor, (coming out of the terminations of the Nerves) which exalteth the various confederated Blood coming from the Mother and the Foetus; So that these various Liquors, consisting of different Elements, are endued with Fermen∣tative dispositions, which colliquate the Blood and sever the more mild parts from the red Crassament, and constitute a sweet wheyish humor fit for the nutricion of the Foetus.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Membranes encircling the Foetus.

THe Foetus is immured within many Coats, * 1.2954 the most outward is fleshy or glandulous, which I have already spoken of. The second inte∣gument is the outward Membrane, called the Chorion very thick, and con∣sisteth of a double Tunicle, whose outward surface is uneven and rough, and its inward smooth; its exterior surface is convex, lodged within the soft concave bosom of the Placenta; and its interior region Concave embracing the outward surface of the Amnios, and the humors contained in the other Membrane.

The figure of the Chorion is orbicular in Women, * 1.2955 in Cunneys it resem∣bleth the shape of a Kidney; in Mares the inward surface is like a long Bag, according to Dr. Harvey; in Sheep, Cows, and other Cloven-footed beasts, whose Uterus is divided, it is shaped in the manner of a Wallet extended to both Horns, and so filleth the whole Uterus, in Cunneys, Hares, Dogs, Cats, Mice; Rats, and all Animals that have Teeth above and below, have a Bipartite Ʋterus, it doth furnish but some part of the Uterus.

The Foetus is covered in Woman for some Months with the Chorion, * 1.2956 as with an outward Coat, and about the fourth Month a small downy sub∣stance appears through delineation of the Placenta, which afterward grow∣eth into a red glandulous substance, encompassing with its Concave, the convex surface of the Chorion.

The Chorion is a thick Coat consisting of a double Tunicle, * 1.2957 between which are seated many divarications of Arteries and Veins derived from the Umbilical Vessels, made up of two Arteries and one Vein, which carry Blood to and from the Chorion.

These Vessels have also many ramifications passing through the Glands of Bruits, which making many associations, produce first red spots, * 1.2958 and after∣ward many round glandulous prominencies, by whose interposition the Cho∣rion is affixed to the Uterus.

This Membrane in the first delineation of the Foetus, is free in all Animals, * 1.2959 as not being in any part of it fastned to the inward Membrane of the Uterus, till all parts of the Foetus are formed.

The Chorion in Dogs, Cats, and some other Animals, is distinguished as with a Girdle, that it seemeth to be a double Coat, but in truth is one en∣tire Membrane, which is a very thin substance the first Month, and after∣ward groweth thicker; its inward surface is smooth and ssippery, and its out∣ward is rough and uneven, as in Women.

The use of this Integument is as a Fulciment to sustain the Umbilical Ves∣sels, transmitting Vital Liquor to give warmth to the Foetus, * 1.2960 and to convey Succus Nutricius, derived from the Placenta, to support the Embryo, which it enwrapeth and defendeth against outward assaults, and also serveth as a Base upon which the red Caruncles do lean in Beasts, and the Placenta in Wo∣men.

In Bruits another Membrane may be easily discerned, * 1.2961 lodged between the Amnios and the Chorion, called by the Antients 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Farciminalis, so

called from its figure, like the Guts of which Puddings are made, and is a very thin and transparent Pellicula almost like the Vitrea or Crystallina in thinness; it is very smooth, hollow, and soft, and dense in its substance, (else it could not contain Urine, which is of a piercing nature) not encompassing the whole Foetus (from one Horn of the Ʋterus to the other) to its utmost extremity, and groweth less towards the terminations of the Horns, and endeth in a kind of Point, and is different from the other membranes enclo∣sing the Foetus, as very thin, and having no Blood-vessels.

It hath a diverse figure and size in divers Animals, * 1.2962 in some it hath the form of a Gut, in others a broad Swadling-band, as in a Cow, and much broader in a Mare, in which it is every where fastned to the Chorion, and encloseth the whole Foetus with the Amnios.

The great difficulty may be raised, * 1.2963 whether the Allantoides be found in all Animals, and chiefly whether in Women: Aquapendens saith, Men, Dogs, Cats, &c. are destitute of this Membrane, and that the Urine is contained in no peculiar Vessel (belonging to the Foetus) but is excerned from the Urachus between the Chorion and Amnios, and there is detained till the birth of the Foetus.

But the Modern Anatomists have discovered it in Bruits, * 1.2964 and yet Harvey and others deny it in Women; but Learned and Ingenious Dr. Needham (to whom the commonwealth of Learning is much indebted) hath disco∣vered it in Women too; in his seventh Chapter de Embryotomia Comparata, p. 197, 198. Quae tamen in secundinis observata à nobis sunt exhibere non gra∣vabimur. Illa àutem quum ab obstretrice receptae fuerint, ad situm naturalem, quantum fieri potest reducantur. Tum prehenso funiculo eundum us{que} ad Amnion persequere. Haec suniculo paulo infra placentam affigitur, caetera libera pendet. Ad modum recentem si obtinueris invenies ipsius venulas; aliter effuso san∣guine, & refrigerata membrana evanescunt. Hac circa funiculum relicta ad proximam membranam perge, quam si vel externe prope placentam vulneraveris, vel ad extremas fimbrias digitis laceraveris, videbis in duas facile dividi: qua∣rum exterior porosa est & spongiosa, venulis{que} scatet. Interior lubrica admodum est, & dura, summe{que} pellucida, Venis Arteriis{que} vacua, illam pro Chorio habui, hanc pro Tunica Urinaria; prioris duplicatura dici non potest ob dissimilitudinem substantiae, sed sive locum ipsius, sive figuram, aut substantiam spectemus, pror∣sus eadem est cum niembrana Urinaria placentiferorum & equi, forma vero minime Allantoeidis est: ne{que} membrana illius figurae in homine datur, saith this Re∣nowned Author, * 1.2965 Notwithstanding we will not be loath to shew what hath been observed by us in Secundines, which when they have been received by the Midwife, we have reduced as much as may be to their natural position, then take the Navil-string and follow it to the Amnios: This is tied to the string a little below the Placenta, and the rest remaineth free: If the Se∣cundines be very new, you may discover their Veins, otherwise the Blood being shed, and the Membrane cold, they vanish. This being left about the Navil-string, passeth to the other Membrane, which if you either outwardly wound near the Placenta, or tear with your Fingers to its utmost limits, you may see it easily divided into two Membranes, of which the outward is po∣rous and spongy and full of minute Veins. The inward is very slippery, and hard, and most transparent, and destitute of Veins and Arteries; That we took for the Chorion and this for a Urinary Membrane; it could not be called a Duplicature of the former by reason of the unlikeness of its sub∣stance; but if we view either its place, or figure, or substance, it is altoge∣ther the same with the Urinary Coat of those having a Placenta, and of a

Mare, but hath not the form of the Ailantoides, neither a membrane of that figure is found in a humane Foetus.

But some curious Anatomist may make a doubt how can the Allantoeides be made partaker of life and nourishment, as having no Arteries nor Veins to import and export Vital Liquor? to which it may be replied, That in it be∣ing a most fine transparent Membrane, the Blood-vessels are so minute, that they cannot be discerned as in the Cornea, outward Coat of the Uterus, and proper membrane of the Muscles, which being subject to Inflamations pro∣ceeding from Blood (setled in the substance of the Membranes) do plain∣ly evince the necessity of Blood-vessels, as the Channels of Vital Liquor, giving life, heat, and nourishment to the fine contexture of the Allantoides; which being seated in Cunneys between the Foetus and Placenta at the sides of the Umbilical Vessels, is not endued with a farciminal figure (as Learned de Graaf hath well observed) but seemeth to be made up of diverse Cavities or Cells, confining on the vessels of the Navil, as it may be made manifest by immitting a Blow-pipe or Tube through the Placenta into the cavity of the Urinary Membrane, in which, being blown up, you may see a Serous Liquor of Urine contained in its Cells.

The Use of the Allantoides in the Foetus of Woman as well as other Ani∣mals, is to be a repository of Urine, * 1.2966 which is first received by the Ureters into the Bladder, and thence by an Excretory Duct into the larger Cavity of the Allantoeides, as into a great Cistern, in which the Urine is detained, till the Partus is accomplished, and afterward the Urine is discharged by the Blad∣der and Urethra.

The Amnios is the third Membrane immediately encircling the Foetus, * 1.2967 and hath its outward surface lodged within the confines of the Allantoides, and its inward adjacent to the Foetus, and is fixed only in one little upper part to the Chorion. This Membrane is a fine Compage made up of small Umbilical Arteries, Veins, and Nervous Filaments, curiously interwoven, and is a smooth, soft, and transparent Tunicle, not at all affixed to the Foetus, to give it the freedom of distention caused by the plenty of Nutricius Li∣quor.

The substance of this Membrane is much thinner and whiter than the Chorion, as being furnished with smaller and fewer Blood-vessels, * 1.2968 which not terminating into the Placenta or Chorion, do perforate them, and are implan∣ted into this fine Membrane.

The curious Contexture of the Amnios is beautified with an Oval figure in it, resembling the Chorion, with which it is encompassed, * 1.2969 as a safe∣guard for the tender structure of this fine Tunicle.

These Membranes of the Chorion and Amnios are commonly reputed to be productions propagated from the Integuments relating to the belly of the Foe∣tus, * 1.2970 by reason the Umbilical Vessels coming out of the Abdomen of the Em∣bryo are enwrapped within two Membranes, of which the inward and thin∣ner is conceived to proceed from the rim of the Belly, and the exterior and thicker from the Membrane Carnosa, to which it may be replied, That these Membranes are formed before the parts of the Foetus are delineated, and do proceed from Filaments, coming out of the center of the Colliquated Se∣minal Liquor; Moreover these Membranes do not come from those encom∣passing the Umbilical Vessels, because they were perfectly generated before any the least Rough-draught appeared in the Colliquated Genital Juices; neither could any Lineaments be discerned in it to be derived from the Um∣bilical Vessels (when Delineated) and from thence propagated toward the

Membranes immuring the Seminal Liquor, in which the Foetus did swim without any fibres relating to the Ambient Membranes confining it; where∣upon I humbly conceive, That these Membranes enclosing the Seminal Mat∣ter, to be immediately formed out of the viscide ambient parts of it, as pre∣pared and concreted by the heat of the Womb, without any reference either to the Membranes belonging to the belly of the Foetus, or to the Umbilical Vessels, by reason these Membranes of the Chorion and Amnios are produced, before any Delineations of the Vessels of the Navil, or other parts of the Foetus could be discovered.

The use of the Amnios (as I conceive) is to enclose the Nutricious Li∣quor, * 1.2971 first severed in the Glands of the Placenta, and transmitted through the Chorion and Amnios into the Cavity, in which the Foetus is lodged, for its nourishment and increase.

O Omnipotent Lord (in whom we live, move, and have our being) our Soul triumpheth in thee the God of our salvation, who by breathing into us the spirit of life, hath created us after thine own Image.

The first rudiments of our Members were written in thy book of Prescience, as in a most faithful Register.

And the naked Idaeas of our Parts being lodged in thy understanding, as in a safe Repository, were fashioned day by day when as yet there was none of them.

O most glorious Creator, how wonderful are thy works, that we were most finely wrought like Needle-work in the narrow confines of the Womb, as in the hidden bowels of the Earth.

And the glimmering rays of our life, dawning out of the thick vails of darkness, would have immediately vanished, had not they been brightned by the light of thy Countenance.

O most holy Jesus, Thou, who art the Way, and the Life, the Truth, Graciously vouchsafe, that in the glass of thy Works, and light of thy Truth, we may see the light of Life, that out of the more obscure twi-light of thy grace, we may see the great brightness of thy Glory.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Uterus of Beasts.

WOman being the most excellent Female in this lower Orb, hath the proper part relating to her sex in greatest perfection, and is endowed with a Uterus as the rule and standard of it in all other Ani∣mals; * 1.2972 whereupon the Uterus of a Mare may challenge a dignity above many other Bruits, as holding a great Analogy with that of Woman, as having the body of the Uterus large, in which the Foetus is generated, which belongeth also to an Ass as well as a Mare, and to few other Ani∣mals, in which the Cornua are the allodgments of the Foetus; And a Mare and Ass have not only the Cavity of the Uterus large, but the Horns very small, and somewhat resembling the Deferent Vessels of a Woman.

A Mare and Ass have the Foetus floating in the Uterus, * 1.2973 as not having any fixation to the inward Coat of it in the first Months of Gestation, as then having no footsteps of any Placenta (or Glands) by whose mediation the Chorion is in conjunction with the Uterus, after the Chorion groweth thick, and the Placenta is formed in the last Months, which hath its first rudiment in many small Caruncles, and afterward grow greater, uniting themselves in one continued substance called the Placenta, which fastneth the outward membrane of the Foetus to the inside of the Uterus.

This part in a Mare and Ass as well as Woman, * 1.2974 is invested with many Coats, the first is a common Integument, (taking its first rise from the rim of the Belly) made up of many membranous Filaments interwoven with Nervous, and running in several right, oblique, transverse postures, are so closely conjoyned, that they seem to be one entire substance.

The second Coat of the Uterus of a Mare and Ass, * 1.2975 may be called Car∣nous, as chiefly integrated of divers fleshy straight, oblique, and circular Fibres, which being put into motion do narrow the Cavity of the Uterus, and by degrees exclude it by forcing it toward the Vagina and outward Orifice.

The third Integument relating to these Animals is Nervous, * 1.2976 as composed of many Nervous Filaments passing up and down in several positions, which do make up this fine contexture of the inward Coat, endued with a very accute Sensation, which draweth the Carnous Fibres into Consent, as con∣fining on the Nervous Tunicle which is first importuned by the troublesome sollicitation of the grown Foetus, and afterward communicated to the Car∣nous Fibres putting them into action.

Between the Coats of the Uterus in these Animals, * 1.2977 are lodged many small Glands, into which the terminations of Arteries, and extremities of Veins are implanted, and are so many Colatories of the Blood.

The Coats of the Ʋterus in these Animals, * 1.2978 is adorned with great variety of Vessels, as the Hypogastrick Arteries and Veins overspreading the Inte∣guments of the Ʋterus, which is also endued with many Nervous Fibrils, coming from the Vertebres of the Spine. And I humbly conceive, the Ute∣rus in these Animals hath Lymphaeducts too, as well as that of Woman.

In a Hinde and Doe no Clitoris Nymphae, * 1.2979 or Labia can be discovered about the Pudendum, but only two Orifices, one about the Urinary passage, and another about the Vagina Uteri, as also a Membrane enclosing the passages of the Urine and Uterus, which supplieth the defect of the Nymphae and Labia.

The Vagina Uteri, * 1.2980 which is extended in these Animals from the first en∣trance to the inward Orifice of the Matrix, is lodged between the bladder of Urine and the Intestinum Rectum, and answereth the Penis of the Males in figure, greatness, and length, and the inward surface of the Vagina is ren∣dred unequal with many folds and furrows, and groweth more smooth when it is more highly distended, and is lined with a clammy mucous Matter.

The body of the Uterus hath a most narrow Orifice belonging to its Neck, * 1.2981 through which the Contents may be discharged, and the inward Pro∣cess or Neck is much longer and rounder, and more strong and fibrous than that of a Woman, by reason the Coition of other Animals is more rough and violent than that of Man; whereupon Nature hath made the Vagina Uteri more thick and nervous to oppose the forcible attempt of the Male, and to prevent a Laceration.

Learned Dr. Harvey giveth an account of the great closure of the inward Orifice of the Womb in these Creatures, * 1.2982 and its firm Conglutination; So that it cannot give a reception to Aer, and to that end Nature hath placed five closures of parts one succeeding another, as this great Author hath it in his Sixty fifth Exercitation, in his Book de Generatione. Cervice hac secundum longitudinem rescissa, videas non modo ingressum ejus exteriorem, in Vaginae fundo conspicuum, arcte connivere, firmiter{que} conglutinari, adeo ut ne aer qui∣dem inflatus, in Ʋteri cavitatem penetrare queat; sed & quin{que} alias, consimiles angustias ordine collocatas, firme{que} contra omnem extraneae rei ingressum constrictas, & mucagine glutinosa sigillatas, quemadmodum & Mulieris Uteri orificium fla∣vescente glutine obstruitur. Talis etiam angustiae in cervice Uteri ovilli, vac∣cini, & Caperni (Fabricio quo{que} observatore) reperiuntur, arcte omnes conclusae, & ingressum quemlibet praecludentes, quin{que} autem recessus, distinctissime in cerva & dama conspiciantur, cen totidem orificia Uteri constricta & Conglutinata; quae merito credas munimenta adversus cujuslibet rei introitum; us{que} adeo Natura videtur providisse, ut, si quid casu, aut vi reliqua foramen primam perrumperet, idem, tamen in secundo sisteretur, & sic porro in caeteris cautum est, ne quippiam omnino Uterum subeat, stylus tamen è cavitate Uteri foras emissus, dicta foramina facile reludit, & egreditur. Debuit nempe flatus, sanguini menstruo aliis{que} hu∣moribus excernendis via patescere, rerum autem externarum, etiam minimarum (aeris puta aut seminis) ingressus, omnino praecludi.

The Cavity of the Uterus in red Deer and Does, * 1.2983 and most Animals, is very small, and its substance is not much in thickness, by reason the body of the Ʋterus is only a Porch, or passage that leadeth into the Cornua, which is different in Woman, whose body is most large and considerable, and the Neck is very short, and hath no Horns, but only Angels which confine on the Tubes or Deferent Vessels: And in Deer and most Animals except an Ape, a Mare and Ass, the Horns are the apartiments in which the Concep∣tion is made; and upon this account have the appellatives of Uterus, as be∣ing the chief parts of it, and are called Horns, from the resemblance they have with them in likeness of figure, and are most large in their Base, and somewhat Protuberant forward, and seem most crooked and less backward where they are reflected toward the Spine, and about their anterior part ap∣pear uneven, and about the lower part seem to be affected with many Cells resembling those of the Colon, and above toward the Spine are very smooth, and grow crooked and small after the manner of Horns.

In Woman the body of the Uterus and Deferent Vessels and its Appen∣dages, are fastned to the Share-bone, the Back, and adjacent parts, by broad and fleshy Membranes, which the Anatomists call the Wings of Bats, and by round Ligaments; So in like manner the Horns of the Uterus, * 1.2984 with the Ovaries, in Deer and other Animals, are tied to the Back and neigh∣bouring parts by the interposition of broad Membranes or Ligaments.

A great part of the substance of the Horns relating to the Uterus, * 1.2985 is made up of a treble Coat, the first is Membranous, composed of various Fila∣ments finely interwoven, the second Integument is Carnous, as framed of many fleshy Fibres, which do not only give strength to the horns of the Uterus, but give them a power to contract and move the Foetus first into the Body, and then into the Vagina Uteri, to free it self from the importunity of a troublesome guest: within this Coat is lodged a number of small Glands, in which a separation is made of a Serous Liquor from the red Crassa∣ment of the Blood, * 1.2986 and transmitted through minute Pores to bedew the in∣ward Coat of the Horns, which is Nervous, as made up of a company of nervous threads, which render it very sensible.

These Coats are furnished with various kinds of Vessels, Arteries, Veins, * 1.2987 and Lymphaeducts too (as I conceive) which are found in the Uterus of a Woman as well as other Animals.

The Arteries take their rise from the Crural branches, the off-spring of the descendent trunk of the Aorta, and are much enlarged in the time of Im∣pregnation or Gestation of the Uterus, and are more numerous than the Veins, by reason the Arteries do much contribute to the support of the Foe∣tus; So that a great part of delicate Liquor, associated with the Blood im∣ported by the Arteries, is spent in Nutrition of the Foetus, and not recon∣veyed by the extremities of the Veins, which are derived from the Vena Cava, and are divaricated through the Coats belonging to the horns of the Uterus.

The horns of the Womb belonging to Animals are also endued with a great number of Nerves, which impart many Fibrils to the Coats of the Uterus, * 1.2988 and are derived from the Vertebral Nerves coming from the Spine.

A Sheep hath a large Orifice belonging to her Pudendum, * 1.2989 which is more inwardly endued with many folds, which in the beginning are Semicircular, and afterward are long and straight, and where the neck of the Uterus doth terminate, is found a kind of grisly Body, about the length of three or four fingers, which may be distinguished into many Valves, which do oppose the immission of a Probe from the neck toward the body of the Uterus: These Valves are disposed in such an artifice, that every one is furnished with two Semilunary points; The Valves do somewhat resemble the Epiglottis both in colour, substance, and hardness.

The Ʋterus and its neck is made up of many Membranes, * 1.2990 between which are lodged numerous Carnous Fibres, and Vessels sporting themselves in many divarications.

The neck and valves of the Uterus being open, * 1.2991 its greater Cavity dis∣covereth it self, which after some little space is parted into two Ca∣vities, as into a right and left allodgment, and when they grow crook∣ed, receive the appellatives of Horns, which afterward have less and less dimensions, till at length they do not exceed the bigness of a Vein.

The inward Membrane of the Uterus in this Animal is besprinkled with a clammy liquor, * 1.2992 and rendred rough with many small Protuberancies to the extremities of the Cornua.

The Uterus of a Sow not pregnant, * 1.2993 hath its body longer than that of a Sheep, and hath its Horns much more extended, and hath many Tunicles, the first Membranous, the second Carnous, as consisting of many fleshy Fibres; the third Nervous, as made up of numerous Nervous Fibrils curiously interwoven.

The mouth of the Uterus in this Animal hath Anfractus or Gyres somewhat resembling those of a Cow. * 1.2994

The Vagina of the Uterus of an Ape is made rough by many folds, and hath a large Protuberance seated in the middle of it, and many Papillae all over it somewhat resembling those of a Humane Tongue or Palate, and the inward Orifice is very firm and solid, and the inward part of the neck of the Uterus is very hard, and in some part of a Cartilagi∣nous substance.

The Uterus of a wild Goat is endowed with a double Horn, * 1.2995 and is furnished in their inward Membranes with many Prominencies somewhat like those of very small Maillae, and hath a Caruncle covering the in∣ward Orifice.

CHAP. XXX. Of the Ovaries of Beasts.

ALL kinds of Animals, I humbly conceive, have Ovaries, and not only Birds and Fish and all sorts of Viviparous but Insects too, do propagate by Eggs, and all more perfect Animals, as Cows, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Dogs, Foxes, Hares, Cunneys, &c. have Testicles, full of Glands and Vesicles turgid, with a kind of Albuminous Liquor, the Materia sub∣strata of several Foetus in various Animals.

The Eggs of different kinds of Animals, * 1.2996 I mean the variety of Matter found in their Testicles, is near akin in similitude to the Albuminous Liquor of Eggs relating to Birds, by reason the different Liquors lodg∣ed in Vesicles of several Animals, do receive alike induration or Concre∣tion being held over the fire.

And it may be observed that Animals according to their different mag∣nitudes, have Testicles of divers dimensions; * 1.2997 So that those of Hares and Cunneys do not much exceed the seeds of Rape; and Sheep, Hogs, Peas; and Cows the bigness of Cherries.

And it may be worthy our remark, * 1.2998 that in these Animals besides greater Eggs, also lesser may be found, of which some are so small, that they can scarce be discerned, and other Eggs do very much increase in greatness by reason of age and Coition; in young Animals the Ovaries are very small, and acquire greater dimensions in more mature age, in which they are re∣ceptive of so great alteration, that they resemble large Globules, as being Vesicles replenished with Crystalline Liquor; these Eggs are so fruitful, that twenty or more may be discovered in one Testicle, which prove pregnant one after another by Coition.

Learned Steno hath observed the Testicles of a Beare to be composed of ma∣ny round white bodies resembling the Eggs of Fish. His words are these; * 1.2999 Testiculi in ursa constant plurimis granulis albicantibus instar ovarii piscium, tu∣barum extrema expansa illos adeo undi{que} includunt, ut parvulum duntaxat fora∣men in Abdomen pateat, quo dilatato sponte elabuntur testiculi.

In a Castor may be discerned two Testicles (confining on the horns of the Uterus) which are integrated of many small Vesicles, * 1.3000 resembling Eggs without shells.

Ingenious Steno making a curious inspection into Testicles of Animals, * 1.3001 gi∣veth a very good account of variety of Eggs, upon the Dissection of divers Does. Quater in Damis (ait ille) in Testiculorum Ova inquisivi. Prima Ju∣nior erat, nec praegnans, ubi plurima Ova albicantia humore transparente plena erant. Secunda praegnans quidem erat, sed nullum foetus principium extabat, tumentibus duntaxat interioribus partibus Uteri: hujus alter Testiculus insignis magnitudinis Ovum continebat, pars testiculi substantia glandulosa constare vide∣batur. Tertia senior Foetum integrè formatum gestabat, licet Chorion Ʋtero non nisi quam levissime adhaereret. In Quarta nutrum{que} Uteri Cornu humorem Albugi∣neum continebat, qui coctus Albuminis instar induruit, quo modo Testiculorum Ova coctione indurescebant simul & Albicabant. Erant in iisdem Testiculis quae∣dam cavitates omni humore vacuae, aliae humore Cornu ad instar Diaphano repletae. Et hic substantia Alba Parenchymatodes conspicua erat.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Uterus of Birds.

THe Anus in Birds is not circularly contracted, as in other Animals, but is parted somewhat crosways with a depressed Orifice, and is closed with two little Lips, of which the upper taketh its rise from the root of the Rump, * 1.3002 and doth cover, as the upper Eye-lid the Eye, the three Orifices of the Pudendum of Birds, vid. those of the Anus, Uterus and Ureters: So that these parts being guarded by this soft Vail, * 1.3003 cannot discharge the Excre∣ments out of the Cloaca, nor any Seminal Liquor can be immitted into the Uterus, unless this Cover be lifted up.

This fine Lip confining on the Rump, resembling in structure that of the upper Eye-lid, is composed of a Membranous substance interpersed with many Carnous Fibres, taking their progress from the Circumference to the Center, which contracting themselves, do cover the Orifices belonging to the Pudendum of Birds.

This fine part hath in its Margent a Semicircular Tarsus, * 1.3004 after the manner of the Eye-lid, and is endued with a grisly Interstice, passing between the membranous and carnous part of it, and ariseth from the root of the Rump.

The three Orifices, * 1.3005 obscured under this fine Vail, are seated so near each other, that they seem to make but one Cavity, called the Cloaca, common to Serous and more gross Excrements, through which also the Egg is ex∣cluded the body of Birds, when expelled the Uterus.

Of this Cavity Learned Harvey giveth this account in his Book de Gene∣ratio. Anim. Exercitat. quint. Hujus cavitatis (ait ille) ea fabrica est, ac si in Vesicam utrum{que} excrementum descenderet, & natura Ʋrina, pro Clystere natu∣rali abuteretur. Ideo{que} Crassior paulo & rugosior, quam Intestinum, est; at{que} in egestione & Coitu, foras provolvitur (sublato, ut dixi, velabro, quod ipsam tegit) & tanquam interior Intestini pars prolapsa, prominet: eodem{que} tempore omnia foramina distincte apparent; quae statim in ejus reductione, quasi in unam bursam collecta reconduntur.

The situation of the Orifice of the Vulva and Vagina in other Animals, * 1.3006 is different from those of Birds, in the first they are lodged between the Ve∣sica and Intestinum rectum, and in the other, there being no Vesica, they are seated next to the Rump and Spine between it and the Intestinum Rectum.

Having discoursed the outward Orifice and confines of the Uterus, * 1.3007 I will now apply my self to its more inward Recesses, to the Repository in which the Egg is brought to perfection, as encircled with its white and shell; the passage to the Uterus is called the Vagina in other Animals, in which the Pe∣nis is immitted in the time of Coition. In Birds this entry toward the Cavity of the Matrix is very loose and full of folds, which are rendred more smooth and plain, when it is distended upon the exclusion of an Egg; but on the other side the Penis or Seminal Liquor cannot pass into the body of the Uterus, as it is difficult to immit a Probe into it. And Fabritius is of an opinion, That Aer cannot be injected into it; whereupon it is not easie to conceive that the Cock can throw in the grosser but only the spiritu∣ous particles of Genital Matter into the Cavity of the Matrix, by reason there cannot be discovered any manifest difference between an impregnated,

and another Egg, which would be discerned if the fruitful Egg were embo∣died with some Seminal Liquor.

The body of the Uterus is lodged below the Stomach or Gizard, * 1.3008 be∣tween the Loins, Kidneys, and Intestinum Rectum, in the bottom of the lowest Apartiment, not far distant from the Anus; so that when the Egg is immured with a Shell, and lodged in the Cavity of the Matrix, it is easie to feel the Egg with the fingers, as placed near the Anus.

The Uterus in Geese, Turkeys, * 1.3009 and all other Hens of Birds is very dif∣ferent in dimensions and structure, by reason in a pregnant Hen the Uterus is much more fleshy and of an Oval figure, and hath greater and longer folds, as fitted for the reception and entertainment of the Egg, and is ex∣tended much farther according to the progress of the Spine; then in a Mai∣den Pullet, which is round and less fleshy, and endued with a very small Cavity, scarce capable to entertain a large Bean, and is endued with much shorter and less wrinkles, and more small Arteries and Veins, which render the body of the Uterus lank in a Maiden Pullet.

The Uterus is composed of many Coats, the first is Membranous, * 1.3010 as framed of many Filaments of the same substance, finely spun and closely struck to each other.

The second is more thick and Carnous, * 1.3011 as made up of numerous Carnous Fibres, some straight, others circular, and some oblique, which being put into motion, do narrow the cavity of the Matrix, and exclude the Egg.

The third and inward Coat is narrow, * 1.3012 as integrated of a company of Nervous Fibrils, (making their progress up and down in several positions) which being conjoyned, do constitute this fine texture endued with acute sen∣sation; whereupon the Egg after it hath acquired a due maturity, groweth troublesome to this tender Coat, and thereby draweth the neighbouring fleshy Fibres into consent, and so dischargeth the importunate guest.

Between the middle and inward Coat are lodged a company of small Glands, which are so many Colatories of the Blood, * 1.3013 and prepare a Materia substrata for the production of the white and shell of the Egg.

The Uterus of Birds is furnished with numerous divarications of Vessels, * 1.3014 Arteries, Veins, and Nerves.

The Arteries are derived from the descendent Trunks of the Aorta, * 1.3015 and have more numerous Ramulets than those of the Veins, and grow much greater in impregnated Birds, and the Arteries do exceed the Veins in number, by reason, as I humbly conceive, they import a Seminal and nourishing Liquor, which is absumed, in the formation and nutrition of the white, yolk, and shell of the Egg. The Veins of the Uterus are fewer in number than the Arteries, and do take their rise from the Trunk of the Vena Cava, and re∣convey the Blood from the Ʋterus toward the Heart.

The Uterus also is accommodated with Nerves derived from the Spine, which do associate the Arteries, and contribute a choice Liquor, which may claim a share both in the Generation and nourishment of some parts.

The use of the Glands is very great, * 1.3016 because as the Colatories of the Blood, they are fine minute aggregated Bodies containing various kinds of Vessels; The Arteries import Blood mixed with Chyme into the body of the Glands, where the soft albuminous and serous parts are severed from the Purple Juice, and confederated with a Liquor destilling out of the Nerves, and carried by secret passages into the cavity of the Uterus, where it makes an accretion to the yolk of the Egg, and formeth the white and shell, and also, as I apprehend, this fine liquor of the Blood and Nerves,

doth insinuate it self into the Pores relating to the yellow Compage of the Yolk, whereupon it enlargeth its dimensions in the cavity of the Matrix.

CHAP. XXXII. Of the Ovaries and Eggs of Birds.

ALthough Learned Harvey, the wonder of his time for his great dis∣coveries of the secrets of Nature, hath made a great inspection into the structure of Ovaries and Eggs of Birds, yet I will take the boldness, with your permission, to speak my meaner sentiments, that I might con∣tribute my Mite in order to the fuller Explication of this Subject, to declare the Situation, Connexion, Figure, Substance, Vessels, Carnous Fibrils of the Ovaries, and the manner of production of their Eggs, their increase, and the nature of their several Liquors.

The Ovary of Birds is seated a little below the region of the Liver near the Spine, * 1.3017 upon the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and Vena Cava, to which it is fastned by the interposition of Vessels sprouting out of these great Trunks and divaricated through the body of the Ovary and the Mem∣branes encircling the Eggs; the origen of the Ovary is lodged near the place, where the Caeliack Artery entreth into the Mesentery, and where the Emul∣gent and Spermatick Vessels do arise out of the greater Trunks.

The Ovary is adorned with an oblong round Figure, * 1.3018 after the manner of a Cylinder, and hath a small Origen but a large Body, which like a Belly or Matrix encompasseth the clusters of new-formed Eggs, to secure them against the assaults of the neighbouring Guts, when distended with Excre∣ments.

This useful part of Birds is made up of a various substance, * 1.3019 partly Mem∣branous and partly Glandulous; the surface of it is Membranous, compo∣sed of right, transverse, and oblique Nervous Filaments, curiously interwo∣ven, and so closely adapted to each other, that it is impossible to discern the inter∣stices of the most minute nervous threads running in variety of positions up and down, directly, obliquely, and crossways, in order to frame this fine Contexture.

The more inward part of the Ovary is composed of a soft, * 1.3020 porous, spon∣gy substance, made up of numerous Glands, beset with the terminations of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and numerous Perforations, through which the Seminal Liquor destilleth into the cavity of the Ovary, giving the first ru∣diment to the Eggs.

This rare Compage, * 1.3021 integrated of a Membranous and Glandulous sub∣stance, is accommodated with Spermatick Arteries and Veins (arising out of the Trunks of the Aorta, and Vena Cava) by whose mediation the Ovary is kept close to the Spine: These divers preparing Vessels do spread them∣selves in divers Ramulets through the membranous and glandulous part of the Ovary, into, and out of which they import and export Vital Liquor to give life and heat to this choice Fabrick the repository of the origens of Minute Eggs.

The Ovary of Birds is not only furnished with the Blood-vessels of Arte∣ries and Veins, * 1.3022 but with Nerves too, propagated from the Spinal or Verte∣bral

Nerves, imparting many Fibrils to the membranous and glandulous sub∣stance of the Ovary into which their terminations do convey Nervous Li∣quor, which meeting with more delicate part of Blood in the body of the Glands, do embody, and make a Seminal Juice, in which the first lineaments of Eggs are contained.

The Ovary of Birds is not only framed of Nervous Fibres, * 1.3023 but very small Carnous too, which are straight, oblique, and circular, and are consigned to divers uses of strengthenig the contexture of Nervous Fibres, and to give it the power of Contraction, when it is aggrieved by the greatness of the Eggs brought to due maturity and severed from the Ovary, whereupon it contracteth it self, and presseth down the loosened Egg out of its confines into the beginning of the Oviduct.

The Eggs affixed by stalks to the inside of the Ovary, * 1.3024 are so many pro∣ducts, coming from Seminal Liquor made of the mild parts of the Blood and Nervous Juice confederated.

The fruitful Glands of the Ovary have a choice furniture of divers Blood-vessels, as Arteries dispensing by their extremities Vital Liquor, whose Com∣page being opened by an active Juice destilling out of the terminations of Nerves, is disposed for Secretion, whereupon the more delicate parts of the Blood being associated with the Nervous Liquor in the body of the Glands, is carried by secret passages into the cavity of the Ovary, whereupon it is Concre∣ted into numerous minute Eggs, resembling Mustard-seed in their dimensions.

These rudiments of Eggs, * 1.3025 formed of Seminal Liquor (conveyed through the holes of the Glands into the cavity of the Ovary) are composed of a palish yellow Liquor, encircled with a thick Coat coming from the mem∣brane of the Ovary, and a more thin proper Vail immediately enclosing the Seminal Liquor, out of which I taketh its birth; and by the narrower con∣fines of the common Integument, resembling stalks of Plants, the Eggs are affixed to the Ovary, and afterward are parted from it, when they arrive a due magnitude.

These Coats immuring the choice liquor of the rough delineated Eggs, * 1.3026 are enameled with branches of Spermatick Arteries and Veins, first imparted to the Ovary, and from thence communicated to the common Coat of the Eggs, (as proceeding from the Coat of the Ovary) to give them heat and life.

In the Ovary are lodged a great company of Eggs, adorned with an Or∣bicular figure and different magnitudes, the greatest are placed about the Circumference, and the smaller about the Center, which is very conspicuous in the Ovary of an Estridge as well as in those of other Birds: * 1.3027 The first ori∣gens of Eggs are as small as the seed of Mustard, and afterward acquire the greatness of a Wall-Nut, and are all appendant by many stalks to the Ovary, and hang near one another like a cluster of Grapes, all endued with a round figure and with different sizes.

If any person be so inquisitive as to know the manner how the rudiments of Eggs are nourished and increased in the Ovary; * 1.3028 this satisfaction may be offered, That the more delicate parts of the Blood are brought by the Sper∣matick Artery into the Glands of the Ovary, wherein they are separated from the red Crassament by Nervous Liquor, impregnated with volatil and saline Fermentative Particles, disposing the Blood in order to Secretion; whereupon its more soft and oily Particles being severed and concocted into a yellowish colour by the peculiar ferment of the Ovarian Glands, are re∣ceived into secret Pores relating to the Coat of the Ovary, and carried by Proper stalks, endued with Cavities, (commensurate in shape and size to

the particles of the Succus Nutricius) into the body of the Eggs, and assi∣milated into their substance, whereby they grow gradually greater and grea∣ter, till they receive their due magnitude, and then they are parted from the Ovary, and pressed downward by its Carnous Fibres into the top of the Oviduct.

The Rudiment of Eggs, * 1.3029 commonly called the Yolk, adorned with a di∣vers colour, some part is of a more deep yellow, and another more pale, and different in consistence from the white, as being more solid and delicate in substance and taste, by reason the albuminous part of the Eggs is more thin, especially as Colliquated by a gentle natural heat, and the Yolk more oily, and hath a power of dissolving Terpentine as its proper Menstruum.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of the Generation of a Foetus in Birds.

EGgs being the first rudiments of the Foetus in Birds, * 1.3030 it may not be im∣proper briefly to delineate their parts of which they consist, the White, Yolk, Tredles, and a white spot, containing in it a Vesicle big with a pure Crystalline Liquor, as the first Origen of the Chicken.

The White (every way immuring the Yolk within its soft bosome) is encircled with a thin Membrane, * 1.3031 made of many fine spun Filaments curiously interwoven, and is a white crystalline substance, out of which, as a Seminal Liquor, all the parts of a Chicken are first formed and nourished.

The Yolk is lodged in the centre of the Egg, * 1.3032 every where encompassed with a transparent Albuminous Matter, in which it swimmeth; and is en∣dued with a more gross and firm consistence (hued with yellow) than that of the white, and is rather a Nutricious than Seminal Liquor; supporting the Chicken when brought to some perfection of parts within the confines of the Shell.

The Tredles of the Egg, * 1.3033 vulgarly so called, as they are conceived to be the seed of the Cock, which is only a fancy, by reason these parts are found in Eggs not pregnant; and one is seated in the obtuse and the other in the more acute angle of the Egg, and are most of all lodged in the white, and strong∣ly affixed to the Membrane, encircling the yolk.

The greater Tredle is composed of many knots or little round Globules, called Grandines by the Latines, as resembling Hail stones: This larger Tred∣dle doth encline toward the greater extremity of the Egg, and the less con∣sisting of fewer Globules bendeth toward the more acute angle of the Egg.

The Treddles are the more solid parts of the white, * 1.3034 being white oblong bodies, less diaphanous than the more thin parts of the Albuminous Liquor, and are ordained by Nature as two Poles to conserve the white, yolk, and white speck or Cicatricula (encircling the Vesicle of transparent Liquor) within their proper sphaeres.

The Cicatricula, * 1.3035 the white spot of the Egg, is its most considerable part, as the chief Seminal Liquor, productive of the Foetus; and a white small cir∣cle affixed to the outward surface of the Membrane, enwrapping the yolk;

and is adorned with a smooth Orbicular figure, somewhat resembling the pupil of the Eye, relating to Birds; within the narrow confines of this mi∣nute Orb is lodged a small Bladder, (made up of minute Filaments) as a fine Vail, enclosing a delicate transparent Matter, * 1.3036 the first rudiment of all the in∣tegrals, constituting the rare compage of the body of a Chicken.

Having discoursed the several parts of the Egg, as the Seminal and Nutri∣cious parts of the Foetus; I will now take the freedome to give a brief History of the diverse processes and steps of the generation of Birds, how the Ci∣catricula admitteth many alterations, and the order of production of parts, how they are successively formed, and the Foetus receiveth its due perfection.

When the Egg is enlivened with the kindly heat of the Hen, * 1.3037 the great change is first discovered in the Cicatricula or speck of the White, adjoyning to the Yolk; so that this spot is more and more dilated, as the Egg cometh to more and more maturity in order to the production of the Chicken.

After five or six hours, when the Hen hath sate upon an Egg, * 1.3038 the Spot or Cicatricula beginneth to be expanded, and the Vesicle encompassed with a Membrane, (as I conceive the Amnios) is filled with a fine Diaphanous Liquor, in which appear the first glimmerings of the Head and Spine, somewhat resembling the Keel of a Vessel, swimming in the Seminal Liquor, lodged in the Amnion, immured within a circle of the Cicatricula.

After twelve hours sitting of a Fowl, * 1.3039 the Cicatricula is receptive of a greater Expansion, and the Lineaments of the Spine and Head appear more distinct; so that the Head is designed as adorned with divers circles, and the Spine seemeth to consist of two tanks of Vertebres (guarding the first rudiment of the Spinal Marrow) floating in the transparent Seminal Liquor, enclo∣sed within a fine Membrane; and afterward the first draught of the Umbi∣lical Vessels doth seem to be formed in the Genital Matter, after the manner of an obscure reticular plexe.

After eighteen hours, * 1.3040 the more imperfect Delineation of the Foetus climb∣eth up toward the obtuse angle of the Egg, growing more distinct, and the Head appeareth greater, and the oblong Spine is made more conspicuous in the Colliquated Seminal Liquor (fenced in with a circle, which is not yet obliterated) whose ambient parts are interspersed with Rivulets, confined within Minute Vessels, tending toward the Amnion.

When the Hen hath sate a day and night, * 1.3041 the Cicatricula is very much en∣larged in the obtuse part of the Egg, and the draught of the Chicken grow∣eth more conspicuous, and is lodged in the Colliquament, endued with a long Head and many Globular rudiments of the Vertebres, making up the Spine, which now beginneth to be made hollowed and fit for the entertainment of the Spinal Marrow, and the Wings do seem to discover themselves in the manner of a Cross, and three larger Vesicles may be discerned to be seated in the extremity of the Spine, which are the first lineaments of the Brain, and also two Globules, the rudiments of the Eyes, as Learned Malpighius hath observed.

About thirty and thirty six hours, * 1.3042 the Vesicles seated in the top of the Spine, and the Globules (the ruder draught of the Vertebres of it) ap∣pear more evident, and the Umbilical Area is shaded with Varicose Vessels, which are first Coated with a yellowish, and afterward with reddish hue: In the Head furnished with two Appendages, the Eyes discover themselves, and many Circles immuring other several Areae, do contain within them five Vesicles, (the uppermost is filled with a dark and crystalline Liquor) the rudiments of the Brain.

After the Hen hath sate fourty hours upon an Egg, * 1.3043 the circles im∣muring the Seminal Liquor in the Cicatricula, make a greater and more clear shew, at which time they are elegantly painted with variety of colours somewhat resembling the Rain-bow, and the figure of the Eye, as having a protuberance not unlike that of Cornea; this Prominence encircleth a most transparent Colliquated Liquor, somewhat akin in colour to that of the wa∣try humour of the Eye. This fine sight of the Cicatricula is very elegantly described by great Harvey, Secunda ovi inspectione, Exercitatione decima sexta. Ait ille, Praeterito die secundo, dicti Cicatriculae circuli conspectiores at{que} am∣pliores fiunt, ad magnitudinem unguis digiti annularis, & interdum medii, qui∣bus tota macula in duas regiones (aliquando tres) eas{que} diversis sane coloribus obscure distinctis dividitur, oculi figuram plane referens, tum protuberantia ali∣qua qualis in Cornea tunica visitur, tum magnitudine, tum etiam humore transpa∣rente, & lucidissimo intus contento; Cujus centrum pupillam repraesentat, sed puncto quodam albo in centro existente, tanquam aviculae alicujus ocellus suffusionem sive Cataractam (ut vocant) in medio pupillae pateretur: ob quam similitudinem oculum ovi nominavimus.

Now the fine compage of the little Foetus beginneth more clearly to sport it self in the pure Crystalline Liquor, * 1.3044 in which the Spine cometh to larger dimensions, and the Orbicular Globules relating to the Vertebres are more completed, and the Vesicles of the Brain approach nearer to the substance of it: and the lineaments of the Eyes consisting in two little Orbs, arrive greater perfection, and the Beating-point, the first draught of the Heart now beginneth to discover it self in manifest different motions

The outward Margent of the Umbilical Area is walled in with a Venous Circle, * 1.3045 which hath an Aperture bending toward the Heart, or Dancing-point, which in its contraction doth impell the whitish liquor into the right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart, and from thence into the left, and is then transmitted into the Aorta, from whence one Trunk is propagated into the Head, and another all along to the extremity of the Spine, transmitting many Ramulets into the Umbilical region, wherein they often associate and part again in the manner of a reticular plexe, which is also very eminent in the numerous branches of other Blood-vessels.

The Beating-point being endued with successive motions of Constriction and Dilatation, * 1.3046 which doth plainly evince it to be the Heart, whose ambient parts are enclosed within thin Muscular walls, not as yet clothed in Red, which is its best and native aray when brought to due perfection.

The Vital Liquor first arayed in whitish and afterward in a darker and reddish colour appeareth first in the terminations of the Umbilical Vessels be∣fore it is transmitted into the right auricle and ventricle of the Heart not formed, * 1.3047 whence it may be inferred with great probability, that the Blood receiveth its first rudiment in the ambient parts of the White, * 1.3048 and is afterward impar∣ted to the Heart lodged in the center of the Body; and I humbly conceive, That the first draught of the Vital Juice, is a kind of the Colliquated Se∣minal Liquor, which after some Fermentation, is endued with a yellowish and afterward with a reddish hue, before it is transmitted from the Circumfe∣rence toward the center of the transparent Liquor, in which the Beating-point playeth up and down, as sporting it self in successive motions: So that Vital Liquor is by divers steps clothed with Purple, before the Heart beginneth its Pulsation.

And like as in the production of Seeds, the Eggs of Plants, * 1.3049 a Sap or transparent Seminal Liquor, is first conveyed out of the Earth (as out of a fruitful Womb) impregnating the Seed, out of whose bosom the Germina, the first Shoots, Trunks, Leaves, and Flowers are formed by variety of Sap and Air-vessels, big with several fermentative, concreting Elements, which produces the dif∣ferent Integrals, making the curious compage of Plants; in like manner the Foetus of other more perfect Animals and Birds too is generated of many Juices, consisting of different principles, producing several Intestine motions, * 1.3050 by which the various parts of Animals receive their first draughts, and after∣ward their more admirable finishings, wherein we may see and adore the great works of God and Nature in the divers processes of Generation; where∣upon we may plainly perceive the Foetus of Birds to have its parts gradually sprouting out of the Seminal Colliquated Liquor, made up of many fermen∣tative Elements, by whose opposite motions the Blood arriveth greater and greater degrees of perfection, at last putting on its purple robe before it maketh its perambulation in several gesses through all the parts of the Body.

After the Hen hath sate three days, the Chicken acquireth greater dimen∣sions, and its parts grow more distinct, and is lodged in the Genital Liquor, with a crooked Head and prone position of body, and the Vesicles of the Brain enameled with Blood-vessels are attended with the small orbs of the Eyes adjoyning to the ambient parts of the rudiments of the Brain; and the Spinal Marrow is lodged in the hollowed Vertebres of the Spine, and the external parts of the Colliquament begin to grow Opace, encompassing the ambient parts of the Seminal Liquor as with a Rayment, and the Vessels taking their rise from the left Ventricle of the Heart, begin their course to∣ward the middle of the Abdomen, and emit many branches of Arteries.

The Vesicles which before were discovered to be five, * 1.3051 are in after-days divided only as it were into two; in the Occiput seemed to appear a Vesicle beautified with a triangular figure, and the lower region of the Synciput, is endued with a kind of oval shape; near this Vesicle doe appear two other, which I conceive, are the rudiments of the Eyes, whose parts now become more distinguishable, in which the Pupil (hued with Black) may be discerned, and the Crystalline humor is encircled with the Vitreous; and now the Auricles, Ventricles of the Heart are more matured, and the di∣stinct motions of the Ventricles are rendred more conspicuous.

The fourth day being past, the Chicken becometh more mature, and the Vesicles of the Brain are more enlarged, approaching nearer each other, and the Globules of the Eyes receive greater dimensions, not changing their shape; and the Spine and its Vertebres appear more fair, and the Wings and Thighs grow more in length, and the Spine receiveth the addition of the Rump, and the whole Body is clothed with a mucous Matter, as an imper∣fect flesh, interspersed with great divarications of Vessels, and the Cord of Umbilical Vessels begins to creep out of confines of the Belly, and the Blood is clothed with a deeper Scarlet, as impelled through the Arteries, and re∣turning by the Veins is hued with a paler red, and the Stomach is formed in some part, and the Intestines are made up of a kind of mucous Matter, as their first rudiment; and in Eggs arriving greater maturity, the Heart is immured within the confines of the Thorax, by reason of a thin Membrane enclosing it.

The fifth day being past, the Vesicles of the Brain, * 1.3052 the Globules being the Vertebres, constituting the Spine, receive greater distinction, the Heart admitteth more rivulets of Blood, clothed with a deeper red, and the am∣bient

parts of the Umbilical Vessels encircling the Yolk, do make frequent inosculations with each other; the Brain now beginneth to be curdled and filled with a Filamentous substance, to which the Cerebellum is adjoyned, and the Viscera become more conspicuous, and the Lungs may be discerned, as arayed with a pale Red.

After the sixth day, * 1.3053 the Bill begins its formation, and the Spinal Mar∣row is divided into two equal parts, and the Wings are enlarged, and the lower Limbs lengthened by the addition of Feet, and the Inte∣stines and other Viscera being enwrapped in Integuments, are so protube∣rant as if the Abdomen was disordered by a rupture of the Navil, and the Umbilical Vessels do insinuate themselves through the White and Yolk, and the ambient Amnion, and the Arteries appear less than the Veins their asso∣ciates. The fabrick of the Liver also becometh conspicuous, as consisting of variety of Vessels to which the miliary Glands are appendant, and the empty spaces of the Vessels are filled up with a kind of Parenchyma, which is some part of the Vital Liquor adhering to the Vessels in its passage from the Arteries to the Veins: The Liver is not yet tinged with Red, but with a kind of brown colour, and the ambient parts of the Body are clothed with Skin, enduced with many ramulets of Vessels, often joyned and divided again after the manner of Network.

After the Hen hath sate seven days, * 1.3054 the Chicken hath its parts more per∣fectly Delineated, and is lodged in the Amnion encircled with the Chorion connected to the Membrane encompassing the Yolk, near the margent of the Umbilical region. The Head and Eyes receive larger dimensions, and the Vesicles of the Brain are covered with a Fibrous substance, as the rudiment of a Membrane enwrapping the more tender compage of the Brain, which beginneth to be Filamentous, or Fibrous, and now the Cerebellum and the origen of the Spinal Marrow do appear: The Heart is covered with a thin Tunicle, which I conceive to be the Pericardium, and is furnished with two Ventricles, of which the left exceedeth the right in dimensions and redness, and both Ventricles are immured with Muscular Spiral Fibres, which consti∣tute the fleshy part of the Heart; and the Auricles of it are rendred rough and unequal by the plexes of Carnous Fibres, which do as it were form ano∣ther Heart made up of two Cavities, as small Ventricles. The Thorax is encircled with white lines, the rudiments of Ribs. The Viscera of the low∣est Apartiment grow more perfect: The Gizard and Intestines are well configured; and the Liver appeareth hard sometimes with a yellowish Coat, and other times with ash colour, with the appendant miliary Glands (beset∣ting the terminations of the Vessels) endued not with a perfect round, but somewhat oblong figure. The Kidneys are invested with an ash coloured hue; The first lineaments of the rim of the Belly may be descerned to be mucous, and the whole body may be seen to be vailed with a thin Skin.

The eighth and ninth day of sitting being accomplished, the compage of the Brain groweth more solid, as the fibrous parts of it arrive to grea∣ter maturity, and the many vesicles of the Head seem to Coalesce into two protuberancies, as the Hemisphaeres of the Brain, which are hollowed into two Ventricles, and the Thalami, or Origens of the Optick Nerves begin to shew themselves with the appendant Cerebellum, and the beginning of the Spinal Marrow: The ambient parts of the Body are made unequal by many little protuberancies through which the Feathers are emitted, which are most eminent about the Back and Rump; The Liver is hued with a kind of brown colour, and divided into Lobes.

And the tenth and eleventh day being finished, * 1.3055 all the Viscera receive grea∣ter maturity: The Coats vailing the White and colliquated Yolk, are sha∣ded with branches of Umbilical Arteries and Veins, of which the latter ex∣ceed the other in greatness, and the White is also encircled with a thicker Coat, as with a Chorion, adorned with divarications of Vessels, endued with numerous inosculations. The Yolk being rendred more fluid, is hued with a yellowish colour and lentous disposition, and hath lost somewhat of its di∣mensions, and the bulk of the White was very much lessened, as being ex∣hausted in the formation of the Chicken, which is clothed with Skin and Muscular parts, and beautified with a robe of Feathers, and a bony Beak, and furnished inwardly with more accomplished Viscera, among which the Liver hath its appendant vesicle of Gall, which sheweth the Liver to arrive more ripeness, as endued with more mature Glands fitted for the percolation of Blood from its bilious Recrements, of which the bladder of Gall is in some part a Repository.

The twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth days being past, the Chicken, * 1.3056 was beautified with a plume of Feathers, and the bladder of Gall, big with a greenish humour, tinging the neighbouring Gut, which was beset with the rudiments of Glands; and the compage of the Lungs began to discover themselves, and the Ribs encircling the Thorax grew more solid, and the Muscular parts more firm, being lodged under the Skin: and the Viscera ha∣ving obtained their due circumference, were confined within the lower Apartiment as externally clothed with Skin and Flesh. The fleshy Stomach had somewhat of Chyle contained in it, and the Guts were big with a mu∣cous Matter, and in the fourteenth day they had Glands interspersing their Coats: The Chicken did swim with a crooked Spine, in the Amnion, * 1.3057 which was enameled with divarications of small Vessels; its liquor held over the Fire was Coagulated, like the serous part of the Blood, the Chorion was also shaded with Blood-vesses (and encompassed the White and Yolk) termina∣ting into reticular plexes: The Talons and Beak grew more solid and bony, and in the fifteenth day the bladder of Gall became greater, and arayed in a kind of blewish colour, as Learned Malpighius hath observed, who hath exactly described the various processes of the Generation of the Foetus, re∣lating to Birds.

In the 15^th. 16^th. 17^th. and 18^th 19^th. and 20^th. * 1.3058 days being accomplish∣ed, the Skin and Muscular parts beautified with Feathers, received grea∣ter perfection, as also the Heart and other Viscera, and at last the Shell grew tender and friable when the Foetus approached the birth, and the Cho∣rion grew thicker and almost bloody, as decked with a blush of red, and the Coat of the Allantoeides, as Malpighius conceiveth, carried streaks of Urine, made after a reticular manner, bending toward the Navil, which had an appendant Urachus, furnished with an Aperture leading into the Cloaca. Last of all the Chicken near its coming out of the Egg, doth peep, and peck upon the Shell till it maketh its way through it, after the Membranes are lacera∣ted, or else the Hen doth assist the weak Foetus to make it free, in breaking the wall of the Egg confining the Chicken.

And if the Chicken be Dissected four days after the Egg is broken and the Foetus set at liberty, you may discover a kind of Call covering the Viscera of the lowest apartiment, and the greatest part of the Yolk exhausted which had a short passage into the Guts, wherein the oily colliquated reliques of the Yolk might be transmitted into the Intestines to give nourishment

to the Chicken, as I humbly conceive, or else to be discharged as an Excrement through the termination of the Intestines, and adjoyning Anus.

CHAP. XXXIV. The parts of Generation in Fish.

THe instruments of Generation in Fish of a cetaceous kind, * 1.3059 are near akin in structure and figure to those of Beasts, and are furnished with Spermatick vessels, Ovaries, Tubes, a Womb, and Pudendum; the pre∣paring Vessels in a Porpess consisting of Arteries and Veins sprouting out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and ascendent of the Vena Cava, do make their progress toward the Ovaries and Cornua, which are shaded with greater divarications than the body of the Womb, and afford a pleasant prospect upon the Dissection, and do import Vital Liquor into the parts of Generation in this cetaceous Fish, to give life and nourishment both to these parts, as well as the Foetus.

The Testicles or Ovaries in this Animal † 1.3060, are not large in dimensions resembling in greatness the fruits of Jujubs according to Dan. Major, and did not exceed an inch in length, and the bigness of a Goose quill, as Learned Dr. Tyson hath described them, and are endued with an obtuse conick fi∣gure † 1.3061, and may be styled, as to their frame, compositions of many small Eggs, confined with proper Tunicles, closely conjoyned to each other by the mediation of the Membranes, and have one common Coat encompassing all the minute Eggs, big with Seminal Liquor, derived from the serous part of the Blood imported by the preparing Arteries into small miliary Glands (besetting the common Membrane) in which the more soft particles of Vi∣tal Liquor, are severed from the more fierce, and being embodied with a select liquor, destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves (inserted into the substance of the testicular Glands) are carried through the secret pores of the proper Tunicles into their fruitful bosomes in order to the production of the Foetus, receiving its first rudiment in the Ovary, and is afterward dis∣charged by Fibres, contracting the Ovaries, into the Fallopian Tube, seated between the Ovaries, and the † 1.3062 Cornua Uteri, running in length all along the Testicles with many Indentments or small Meandres, and then being reflected, do end into a large entrance near the Cornua Uteri.

These Deferent Vessels, * 1.3063 as well as the Ovaries, are furnished with many Carnous Fibres arising out of the Peritonaeum, and are implanted into the Fal∣lopian Tubes † 1.3064, which narrow their Cavities by the contraction of these fleshy Fibres, and expell the impregnated Eggs into the Cornua Uterina, which are furnished with many divarications of Blood-vessels † 1.3065 in a Porpess.

The Womb of a Porpess is a Composition made up of many Coats inter∣lined with variety of fleshy Fibres seated both in the Body † 1.3066 and Cornua Ute∣ri † 1.3067, which are narrow in their Origen and afterward more enlarged, and are the prime parts of the Womb, in which the Foetus is lodged, till they arrive a due maturity.

The Uterus being opened, the Vagina, * 1.3068 the inward Orifice and Bottom may be discovered: The Vagina is beset with many wrinkles or folds, which may be seen toward the bottom to pass in a transverse posture overfolding each other, that they seemed almost to fill up the cavity of the inside of the Ʋte∣rus, and rendered the entrance into it so narrow, that it is very difficult to immit a Probe into it.

The Womb in its inward surface is endued with many long Fibres; * 1.3069 be∣tween the folds may be discerned a quantity of viscide Matter, which came out of the small Glands besetting the inside of the Womb; and as I hum∣bly conceive, is much of the same nature with the Petuitous Matter found in the Intestines, Ventricle, and Ʋterus of other more perfect Animals.

The Pudendum of this Fish is endued with a long Fissure or entrance into the Vagina Ʋteri, and the Rima being somewhat dilated, * 1.3070 the Clitoris (as Major calleth it) which is a hard body shading the Meatus Urinarius, as lean∣ing upon it, and the passage into the Ʋterus was much lessened, by the Mem∣branes contracted into many folds; this part and the Vagina is furnished with Muscles or Muscular Fibres, which contracting, do narrow the passage, and assist the exclusion of the Foetus.

The Cramp Fish hath preparing Arteries and Veins arising out of the Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava, * 1.3071 which are divaricated into many bran∣ches overshading the Ovaries, and do impart Vessels to every Egg contain∣ed in them.

The Ovaries are seated near each side of the Liver, * 1.3072 and have numerous Eggs of several sizes and colours, some White, others Yellow, and are en∣dued with several figures, some round, others flattish, as being compressed by the neighbouring parts; when the Eggs are matured they are conveyed by the Deferent Vessels (contracted by Muscular Fibres seated in them) into the Cloaca.

The Amsterdam Physicians in their Dissections give a very good account of rare structure of the Ovaries of a Pike, after she had shot her Spawn. * 1.3073 Aiunt illi, in Lupo recens a partu mense Aprili Ovarium jam ab omnibus ovis liberum, apertum & aquae immersum admirandam suam exhibebat structuram: exterius glabrum est, interius villosum ex multis quasi laminis se invicem subsequentibus compositum (propemodum ut in ventriculo tertio Ruminantium) Hae laminae sunt membranae tenuissimae quibus ova annectuntur. Ovis vero excretis iisdem laminis adhaerebat substantia quaedam Glandulosa punctis aut granulis notata, quae videbantur esse ovorum rudimenta. Non tamen laminae hae per totam ovarii in∣ternam superficiem extenduntur, sed à tergo incipiunt vasa sanguinea, quae re∣punt per membranarum substantiam digiti fere latitudine dein se invicem acce∣dunt uti sit in Mesenterio, & sic ad laminas, quae ibi primum oriuntur, pergunt.

Whereupon it may be clearly inferred that Ovaries of a Pike, * 1.3074 and of other Fish too, are composed of one common Membrane interlined with various thin Tunicles (to which the Eggs are affixed) endued with Minute Glands, into which the preparing Vessels are inserted, whereupon the Vital Liquor, being imported into the substance of these small Glands, hath its more gentle and serous parts (severed from its more sharp and hot red Crassament) which being embodied with some choice juice dropping out of the extremi∣ties of the Nerves, do make the Seminal Liquor, the Materia Substrata of the Eggs of Fish.

The Ovaries of a Thornback are shaded with numerous branches of Blood-vessels † 1.3075, and are very eminent, * 1.3076 as consisting of many greater and lesser † 1.3077 Eggs, and are seated on each side of the Intestines, and affixed in their

hinder region to the Spine, by the interposition of a thick Membrane, as also to the middle of the Cloaca or Uterus.

The common Membranes of the Ovary have many small thin Mem∣branes appendant to them, * 1.3078 by which the Eggs are fastned to the Ovaries, as well as to each other. These Tunicles have divers Minute Glands annex∣ed to them, which are the Colatories of the Blood and the Seminal Matter in order to the production of Eggs.

The Ovaries of this Fish are stored with a great furniture of Eggs of dif∣ferent sizes † 1.3079 and colours, * 1.3080 some being whitish, and other yellowish, as they come to greater maturity.

The Eggs grow in clusters, and every one is encircled with a proper Coat, and are smallest in their origen near the top of the Ovary, and acquire grea∣ter dimensions as they approach nearer the Oviducts.

The Yolks on each side, when they have arrived a due perfection, are parted from the other smaller neighbouring Yolks, and Concreted (as I humbly conceive) into a white curdely substance, environed with thick white Membranes, and are afterward received into the Oviducts, wherein they are Colliquated by heat, and invested on every side with a white viscid Crystalline Liquor, overcrusted with grisly Integuments, which supply the places of shells in the Eggs of Birds, and are the true Chorion encompas∣sing the more fine inward Coat or Amnion of the Egg.

The numerous Eggs constituting the Cluster, are fastned to a white Mem∣brane † 1.3081, accommodated with many Glands, in whose compage the more mild part of the Vital Liquor is severed from the more fierce Purple, and is conveyed by Pores to the yolks of the Eggs, whereby they are nourished and encreased.

The Oviducts † 1.3082 are very large in this Fish, and begin near the Ovaries, and end into the angles of the Cloaca or rather Uterus.

About the beginning of each Oviduct is seated a semicircular white body † 1.3083 covered with a thick Membrane, containing within it a concreted white Liquor. These semicircular bodies have outwardly a convex, and in∣wardly a concave hollow surface.

The Oviducts of this Fish as well as its Ovaries are cloathed with three Coats, * 1.3084 the first or outward is Membranous, composed of many small Fila∣ments of the same kind.

The second is fleshy, as made up of numerous Carnous Fibres, lodged be∣tween the two Coats, which strengthen them, and by their contraction do crowd the Eggs into the Cloaca or Uterus.

The third Coat of the Deferent Vessels or Oviducts of a Thornback, * 1.3085 is Nervous, framed of many minute threads finely interwoven.

The use of these Oviducts is to give a reception to Eggs, * 1.3086 when thrust out of the confines of the Ovaries, and to convey them to the Cloaca, or rather Uterus.

The Oviducts have their more sine inward Ash-coloured Coats beset with numerous small Glands, * 1.3087 in whose substance the Albuminous part is separated from the red Crassament, and conveyed by secret passages into the cavities of the Oviducts, making the whites of these Eggs, on each side immuring the yolks, * 1.3088 as it is found in the Eggs of Birds. At last the grosser part of the Albuminous Matter (which I saw bedewing the inward part of the Ovi∣ducts) being made of more viscid and gross saline Particles, is concreted into a Cartilaginous shell, encompassing the Albumen and yolk of the Egg.

In the Oviducts near the middle of them, I plainly discerned through the transparent Coats two Eggs † 1.3089 (seated over against each other) invested with dark coloured Cartilaginous shells, beset with small hairs; and in ano∣ther Fish, I saw one of these matured Eggs after it was taken out of the Cloaca or Uterus, cloathed after the same manner.

The Oviducts are inserted into Angles seated in the top of the Cloaca, as it is thought by some Learned Anotamists; but I humbly conceive, with the leave of these renowned Men, That it is rather a true Uterus, as having all the Coats belonging to it, beset with many Glands, and is also endued with many Plicatures, or folds, which are found in the Uterus of other Animals.

And last of all, which most induceth me to be of this opinion, is, be∣cause the termination of the Intestinum Rectum is not inserted into the body of the Cloaca, but hath its extremity seated on one side of the Uterus in this Animal, which doth not discharge the Excrements into the cavity of the Ute∣rus, but through a particular hole ending in the Anus.

After the yolks of Eggs relating to a Thornback are rendred somewhat ma∣ture, they are received into the Oviducts, * 1.3090 where they acquire a greater perfe∣ction, till they are encircled with a Crystalline humour, endued with a tran∣sparent clammy substance, resembling the white of an Egg; and these various crystalline and yellow Orbs of various Liquors reside in the Oviducts, till they are immured with brown Cartilaginous coverings, and then are discharged successively through the confines of the Deferent Vessels into the larger cavity of the Uterus in which these quadrangular Eggs come to greater maturity, * 1.3091 and then are expelled the body of the Uterus, and are afterward bedewed with the milky humor of the Male: So that the impregnated Seminal Liquor by various processes is productive of a Beating-point, Heart, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Intestines, Kidneys, and other Muscular and Membranous parts, which are gradually formed by Nature in an admirable order; which speaketh the infinite wisdom and power of the Omnipotent Agent.

The Fish (called in the Latine Tongue Canis Charcaria, * 1.3092 which is of a Ce∣taceous kind) is stored with many kinds of Genitals, Ovaries, Oviducts, divers sorts of Eggs, &c.

Each side of this Fish is accommodated with an Ovary, * 1.3093 beginning and ending in smaller dimensions, and is endued with a membranous and nervous Coat, interlined with Muscular Fibres, assisting the exclusion of the Eggs into the Oviducts.

And the Ovaries are not only invested with a membranous, nervous, * 1.3094 and car∣nous Integument, but are also adorned with many small Glands, as so many streiners, separating the more soft from the fierce parts of the Blood, which serve as Seminal and Nutricious Juice, forming and supporting the Eggs.

The Ovaries are furnished with many Eggs of various figures, * 1.3095 magni∣tudes, and colours, some long, others round, some small, others great, and a third of a middle size; and as to variety of colour, some Eggs are white or wheyish, and others yellow.

Each Ovary hath an appendant Oviduct (beginning at the termination of the Ovary) inserted at last into the Cloaca, * 1.3096 as a common recepta∣cle of the Eggs, relating to both Oviducts, which ascend in this Fish be∣tween the Liver and Diaphragm, and afterward being reflected toward the lower region of the Abdomen, are fastned to the middle of it, which is cal∣led Linea Alba in more perfect Animals.

The lower part of the Oviducts being opened, * 1.3097 (somewhat resembling the Guts in figure and magnitude) a milky humor gusheth out, in which some long bodies did swim, as being the rudiments of the Foetus, nourished and matured in these Oviducts, as I humbly con∣ceive.

The Oviducts as well as the Ovaries, * 1.3098 are cloathed with various co∣verings, interspersed with fleshy Fibres; the upper Coat is more thick and rough, and the surface of the inward Integument is more smooth, and besmeared with a Crystalline Liquor.

The outward and thick Coat may be called the Chorion, and the more inward and fine the Amnion (as some will have it,) or rather these Oviducts in this Viviparous Fish, may in some degree have the use of the horns of the Womb, as being full of a Seminal Nutricious Liquor, which com∣pleateth and nourisheth the parts of the Foetus.

Where the Oviducts are more small, * 1.3099 they have a kind of ring, which serveth (as I humbly conceive) in stead of a Sphincter to contract the Oviducts, and by it to hinder the return of the Eggs to∣ward the Ovary; this may be seen in Skaites and Serpents, as well as in Dog-fish.

That the substance of the inward Recesses, relating to the Oviducts of the Fish, may be discovered; it is requisite to open them, wherein may be discerned the inward surface of the Oviducts, beset with divers ranks of little Prominencies placed in parallel lines, * 1.3100 which are so many minute Glands, furnished with Excretory vessels, carrying a milky humor into the cavity of the Oviducts, to give increase and nourishment to the Foetus lodged in the bosom of the Oviducts.

The white liquor of the Oviducts being held over the Fire, * 1.3101 may be con∣creted like the white of an Egg; So that it seemeth to be an Albuminous Matter, proceeding from the soft parts of the Blood, secerned from the other in the Glands of the Oviducts.

The Uterus of a Dogfish (called Galaeus Laevis by the Antients) is dou∣ble, * 1.3102 one lodged in the right † 1.3103 and the other in the left side † 1.3104, and each of them hold a perfect Analogy in figure and magnitude, and hath their ter∣minations very small in a kind of Cones, (near the Anus) and are more and more enlarged, and begin near the upper part of the lowest aparti∣ment, about the Diaphragm.

This elegant structure of the Uterus is composed of many Coats, * 1.3105 the out∣ward is white, thin, and membranous, made up of numerous Filaments finely spun, closely struck, and curiously interwoven with each other; and the inward is endued with many Glands and fleshy Fibres, excluding the young Foetus when they have arrived a due maturity in the Uterus.

When I opened the Abdomen of this Fish, * 1.3106 and removed the Intestines, I discerned each Uterus to be bigg with young Fish, swimming in a Serous Liquor, of a sweet taste, which if exposed to the fire, may be Concreted into a solid substance resembling the white of an Egg.

These Foetus were covered, * 1.3107 next to the outward integument of the Uterus, with a Chorion, (and Amnion) fastned to the Uterus, in which the young Fish were lodged in an elegant order, in two or three ranks, the upper had four in number † 1.3108, of which two lay belly to belly, and the other back to back, with their Tails turned up † 1.3109 for their convenient position in the Uterus.

The Chorion seated within the Uterus † 1.3110, is adorned with a most excellent texture, made up of many Filaments, shaded with divarications of branches of Arteries and Veins, importing and exporting Vital Liquor into this fine Compage.

This Fish had also (beside the Ʋterus great with Foetus) an Ovary (pla∣ced near the Diaphragm, between each Uterus) full of Egs of different sizes † 1.3111, as coming to greater or less maturity, which were carried down successively through the Oviduct into the origen of the Uterus, * 1.3112 when it had discharged its former guests, and left free for the entertainment of the Eggs, the young Rudiments of Foetus, which were conveyed out of the termi∣nation of the Oviducts into the Origens of the Uterus, and afterward into its body, to receive the advantage of greater and greater perfection. * 1.3113

The Ovary of this Fish was attended with a long Oviduct † 1.3114 † 1.3115 † 1.3116 passing un∣der the Guts all along between each Uterus, which I discovered by immitting a Pipe into its Extreamity, that the whole body of the Deferent Vessel grew Tumified with Breath, forced into it by a strong inspiration. * 1.3117

The Eggs, when received out of the Oviduct into the bosom of the Ute∣rus, are first encircled with an Albuminous Liquor, severed from the Purple Juice in the Glands, and conveyed by small passages of the inward Coat into the cavity of the Uterus, where it penetrateth the integument of the Egg, conjoyned to the outward surface of the Yolk, and afterward the Fish is generated part by part in many processes, till it acquireth a due per∣fection.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the Parts of Generation in Insects.

INsects are a select Compendium of Animals, * 1.3118 wherein are a great com∣pany of different Parts bound up in a small Volume, which speaketh the great artifice and contrivance of the most Noble Architect, who dis∣poseth all things out of His infinite wisdom and goodness in wonderful order, whereby the numerous fine parts of these Minute Animals are made service∣able to each other for their mutual advantage.

And these minute models of Creatures are very worthy our remark, as be∣ing furnished with a great Apparatus of Genital parts, having a mutual de∣pendance, in which they have very much Analogy with those of greater Animals.

The Males of Insects are endowed with a great stock of Genitals, * 1.3119 as pre∣paring Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Air-vessels, Testicles, Parastats, Seminal Vesicles attended with a Penis.

The Females also are adorned with a furniture of variety of parts ministe∣rial to Procreation, * 1.3120 as Spermatick Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Air-vessels, Ovaries, Oviducts, Uterus, and Pudendum.

The confines of the Guts in a Silk-Worm, * 1.3121 are immured with a bony Circle, and shaded as it were with Hair and Doun; This hard ring (being outwardly foftned with a more tender Membrane) is composed of three bony flakes winding in circular postures, guarding the terminations of the Bowels, among which the entrance of the Uterus is seated, endued with a more deep colour and a more firm substance, and adorned with a semicir∣cular figure, and in its middle hath a Fissure, leading into the Vagina, into which the Penis hath a reception.

The space, * 1.3122 interceding the confines of the Bony Circle, is encompassed with a Membrane, which being beset with Muscles, and the Belly compres∣sed, is turned outward, and rendred Tense, making many Protuberancies about the Anus, and in the middle of them two oval Tumors may be seen, interspersed with Hair, and near it is a common Cavity, as in Fish and Fowl, in which the Foetus and Eggs are some time detained before they are ex∣cluded.

Near the termination of the Ovary is placed a Bladder about the lower re∣gion of the Abdomen, * 1.3123 which passing crossways, doth climb over the Trunk of the Ovary, being attended with long Productions, which being Membranous, and of a fine texture, do somewhat resemble in Figure, the Cornua of the Ute∣rus in more perfect Animals.

The body of the Womb is beautified with a kind of Orbicular figure, * 1.3124 and is furnished with two Ducts, the one is above the Womb into which the Eggs are transmitted out of the Ovaries; The second Duct is below the body of the Ʋterus, which is the Vagina, into which the Penis of the Silk-Worm and its Seed is immitted, and through which the Eggs are car∣ried to the Vulva.

The Ovaries in Silk-Worms have eight Productions, * 1.3125 which do Coalesce into two longer Trunks, ending in one common Duct, through which the Eggs (arriving to a due maturity) are discharged near the Anus.

These various Processes are acommodated with several Cylindres, * 1.3126 impor∣ting a different Matter into the membranes of the Ovaries, rendring them fit for Generation, the production of numerous Eggs lodged in divers Membranes, the outward being more thick, resembleth the Chorion and the inward the Amnion.

The Ovaries also are composed of divers Tunicles, * 1.3127 beset with numerous minute miliary Glands, the Colatories of the Blood, secerning the finer part of it in order to the procreation of Seminal Liquor.

The Ovaries of Insects are endued with many branches of Air-vessels shading the various Tunicles, into which their Terminations are inserted, * 1.3128 importing Air into the substance of the Minute Glands, wherein a Secretion is made of the more delicate part of the Vital Liquor from the gross.

These fruitful parts have their Integuments furnished with many Carnous Fibres, giving strength to the Tunicles of the Ovaries, * 1.3129 and a power to con∣tract themselves in order to the exclusion of the Eggs.

Insects have other Genitals, as Oviducts, and an Uterus, in which the Eggs are lodged sometime, and receive greater maturity before they are transmit∣ted into the Vagina in order to exclusion.

All these various parts are formed by Nature for the production of Eggs, * 1.3130 which I humbly conceive, are generated after this manner; The Vital Liquor is transmitted into all parts of the Body to give life and nourishment, where∣upon it insinuateth it self by secret Pores into every minute Particle: So that the remains of the Blood (not serviceable to Nutrition) receive the signatures of various parts they have conversed withall, and being carried to the Heart by Veins, are thence impelled by pulsations into the Aorta, and afterward by the preparing Arteries into the substance of the Glands (seated in the Tunicles of the Ovaries) whereing the more fine and gentle part of the Blood is severed from the more sharp, and there meeteth with Nervous Liquor and Air (brought in through the terminations of proper Vessels in∣serting themselves into the glands of Ovaries) which inspire it with fermen∣tative Particles, which are afterward carried through the small passages of the inward surface of the Ovaries into their Cavities, where numerous small pro∣portions of Seminal Matter are kept separate, and afterward encircled with Coat produced out of the more viscide concreted Particles of the Genita Liquor.

The Eggs of Silk-Worms big with Seminal Liquor, derived from the more delicate liquors of the Blood and that of the Nerves, inspired with Elastick Particles, are invested with a thick Membrane Coated with Yellow for two days or more, and some space afterward the pregnant Eggs grow blewish in reference to the Foetus contained in them, which appear through the transparent Membranes encircling the Genital Juice.

The Eggs of Silk-Worms are beautified with an oval Figure somewhat flat∣tish † 1.3131, as having two lateral Cavities; * 1.3132 in addle Eggs a much greater depression may be seen, as if they had been crushed or bruised.

These Eggs of Insects are not immured within a hard friable Shell, * 1.3133 as those of Birds, but have a Diaphanous and flexible Coat, like the shavings of Horns; So that they may be divided into many Laminae; and the out∣ward surfaces of these Eggs are rendred rough with many minute Promi∣nencies.

The cavities of the Eggs, relating to Silk-Worms, * 1.3134 are filled with Liquor (hued with a yellowish colour) which being held over the fire, loseth much

of its fluid temper, as admitting Concretion, somewhat resembling the yolk of an Egg.

The yellowish liquor is encompassed with a thick Membrane, upon which divers blewish bodies are divaricated, not after the manner of Blood-vessels, whose Ramulets grows less and less, but somewhat resemble the branches of Ivy, which begin in smaller stalks, and afterward become grea∣ter in broader dimensions as having Leaves annexed.

Thus I have given a History of the Parts of Generation both in the Males and Females of Insects, and more particularly of Silk-worms; I will now with your permission, give an account how Generation it self is performed in these Minute Animals, which is wonderful in Nature, how so many fine Or∣gans should be contrived for the production of such small Creatures.

Insects as well as more perfect Animals, * 1.3135 are generated by the blending of the different seeds of Males and Females, the later (as being the Mate∣ria Substrata) is impregnated by the former, the more Nobler Liquor; which I conceive, is procreated by several instruments. The Blood being transmitted by the preparing Arteries into the substance of the most minute glands of the Testicles, the sharp parts are severed from its most soft and Serous Liquor, which is embodied in the interstices of the Vessels, with a choice Juice destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves, as also with Air flowing out of the extremities of proper Vessels: So that these different principles being confederated in one body, are received into the origens of the Seminal Vessels of the Testicles, and thence conveyed into Seed-vesicles seated near the root of the Penis, which may be clearly seen in the bodies of Silk-worms and other Insects, when laid open by Dissection and inspected by Glasses.

The Eggs of the Palmer-worm, * 1.3136 Locusts, Betel, Grasshopper, Silk-worm, and many other Insects, are furnished with a Seminal Matter, (enwrapped within Shells or Coats) consisting of the fine parts of Vital and Nervous Liquor, inspired with the Elastick particles of Air, conveyed through the terminations of the proper Vessels and secret Pores, with the said Juices, in∣to the cavities of the Ovaries, into which the spirituous particles of Mascu∣line seed (injected by the Penis into the Vagina Uteri) do ascend and im∣pregnate the Eggs lodged in the several productions of the Ovaries, which are very numerous in Insects.

The different Seeds of Male and Female Insects consisting of divers prin∣ciples, * 1.3137 made of Vital and Nervous Liquor, impregnated with different Ele∣ments are made up of Fermentative dispositions, as acted with volatil, sa∣line, and sulphureous Particles, inspired with active, aethereal, and airy Atomes, which much exalt the Vital and Nervous Liquor, and raise the fer∣mentation of Seminal Matter productive of the Foetus of Insects.

The formations of the Foetus (caused by a gentle heat Colliquating the Seminal Liquor in a Silk-worm) after it is excluded the coat of the Egg, beginneth in a black minute Body, containing the Rudiments of the parts of this Animal in the bigness of a Pins head, and afterward groweth more oblong, hued with a brown colour, and then assumeth the shape of a Ca∣terpiller, beset with two slender Processes † 1.3138 about the Mouth, with which it taketh Aliment into the mouth, and is composed of divers Rings or Inci∣sures † 1.3139, to which many Legs † 1.3140 are affixed about the Belly.

When it hath obtained half its dimensions, it casteth its brown Coat, and is arayed in white, shaded with a greenish colour; and after some time the body groweth transparent, which proceedeth from a Cristalline Liquor

(shining through its Skin) out of which being Concreted, the Silk-threads are finely spun, and conveyed through the mouth, and curiously wrought into three Coats as so many fine walls.

The most inward or third Coat is very thin, beautified with white, and made up of many small threads † 1.3141, closely interwoven, and is conjoyned in many points, and afterward parted again, causing it to be interspersed with many minute Areae † 1.3142 (less than those of the middle Coat) of several shapes and sizes.

The middle Coat † 1.3143 hath a more lax frame (than the inward) hued with a pale yellow, and affixed to the contexture of the inward Coat, and is made up of yellow Filaments, having greater Areae † 1.3144 than the former Compage

The outward Coat is adorned with a deeper yellow than the middle, and hath a more loose Contexture † 1.3145, as having plexes of Filaments (not so closely interwoven, and interpersed with larger empty spaces † 1.3146) framed of greater threads, making a more open and rough Texture than the other Coats, from which it may be easily parted.

Within the bosom of these soft Compages (composed of divers kinds of Network, decked with an oval Figure) the Worm resembling a Maggot, is lodged, till it arriveth greater perfection, and then it is clothed with a joynted Case (composed of five or six Incisures or Rings) (growing less in circumference about the Tail) yellowish about the Belly.

This Insect hath a brownish shade, running along the middle of the back † 1.3147, and is encircled on each side of the Head like a Coife † 1.3148, where this Case is narrow in its Origen, and groweth more enlarged about the Body, and end∣eth into an obtuse Cone.

When the Worm cometh to more maturity in the Silk apartiment, it breaketh by degrees its Particoloured joynted Coat, through which the Horns, Head, Eyes, Thighs, and Legs first appear, and afterward the Wings and whole Body; and when it hath quitted the Case, it eateth its way through the various Silken Coats, and putteth on a new dress after the fi∣gure of a Moth, beset on each side with double wings, of which the upper are the largest † 1.3149, covering the lower, and both of them are curiously wrought with fine Fibres, shading the thin Contexture of the wings, and is endued with two Horns (seated crossways near the Head) framed of a dark brown Trunk, out of which do sprout a rank of Comb-like Fibrils † 1.3150.

The Body of this beautiful Insect is hollowed with divers Incisures or Rings, of which two or three near the Head are Semicircular † 1.3151, and those lower in the Body are endued with perfect Circles, which become less and less in Perimiter as they appear nearer and nearer to the Tail.

The Wings of this Silk-moth being fastned to each side of its Head, are invested with a white Plume, made up of many fine Feathers; and the Thighs (attended with the Legs, Feet, and Claws) are conjoyned to the lower region of the Incisures of the Breast.

The Thighs, Legs, Feet, and Claws † 1.3152, are made of three joynts tied toge∣ther by the interposition of fine Ligaments, and these curious Limbs are be∣set with Down as a beautiful whitish covering.

This excellent Insect, after it hath acquired its due perfection, often busseth up and down with its wings for three or four days, and after the Male hath coupled, turning its Anus to the Anus of the Female, she is impregnated, and layeth its fruitful Eggs, by which she perpetuates her self in a numerous Progeny, and then dieth as ambitious to live no longer, after it hath made it self as it were immortal by Propagation.

CHAP. XXXVI. Of the parts of Generation in Plants.

DIvers ranks of Plants grow young every year, and to that end Nature hath provided Seminal instruments to render them fruitful in order to propagation.

The gay Spring is expressive of its Joy in putting on new apparrel, as cloathed with several Greens, and beautified with fine Frondage and Foliage, and the Plants have their heads crowned with Flowers, adorned with variety of colours and smells; the first court our Eyes with pleasant prospects, and the other treat our Nostrils with a grateful fragrancy.

Flowers, * 1.3153 the finer dress of Plants, and the Heralds of the teeming Spring, are made by Nature to guard the tender first-draughts of Wombs and Seeds, wherein fruitful Venus seemeth to frolique her self in various births of Plants, (as full of delight as admiration) which speak the infinite wisdom and power of the Omnipotent Parent.

Flowers, the ornaments of Plants, and the preservatives of the fine Ru∣diments, relating to the Organs of Generation, are made up of divers parts: The first that accosteth our Eyes, * 1.3154 is the Cup, as the Base, guarding and under∣propping the Flower, and is adorned in several Plants, with a different shape and size, which is more single in Olives, Auranges, and Limons, whose Flowers springing out of tender shoots, are encircled with Cups as with ra∣diant crowns, composed of many small Fibres, and little Vesicles, besetting their Interstices, and when the Flowers are withered in these Plants, the Cups remain affixed to the Fruit, as Malpighius hath observed.

In Plants endued with Cods, * 1.3155 the Cups are more indented, and have deeper incisures, and more numerous Leaves, as in Shepherds-pouch, and the like; in Bugloss, Primroses, Borage, Mallows, &c. the Cups are adorned with one rank of Leaves (different in number, magnitude, and figure) but some other Plants have divers rows of Cups seated within one another, and do spring from a double circle, as in Arborescent Mallows, in wihch the lower rank is intigrated of less Cups, and the next of greater; and in Plants, which are framed of very minute Flowers, * 1.3156 the Cups have various ranks, lying within each other like so many flakes, and in Daysies, Blew-bottles, &c. as Malpighius hath discovered.

And Hartichoacks have divers ranks of Leaves set one above another, which are so many rows of Cups ordained by Nature to preserve their Flowers, and out of the stalks first arise the thick Leaves, and afterward thinner and smal∣ler, which are seated in such order as to make a body somewhat resembling a Pine-Apple, which do shade the flower contained in the middle.

Cups are instituted by Nature as the supporters of Flowers, and these again are fine contextures, overspreading the delicate principles of Wombs and seeds of Plants, which are their end and perfection as the first fruits, and earnest of propagation: Nature being aemulous of a kind of Eternity, as ambitious to preserve it self in all orders of Entities, by innumerable re∣peated acts of Generation.

Flowers, the finer walls encircling the curious begun fabrick of the or∣gans of Generation in Plants, are embellished with various colours, * 1.3157 magni∣tudes, and figures, some have a round concave shape beginning in a smaller origen, and afterward are more and more dilated after the manner of a Bell, as in Fox-gloves, and all sorts of Bell-flowers, whose upper margents are adorned with equalities, as not divided into jagged partitions.

But the flowers of Hyacinth, described by Mathiolus, are many, crown∣ing a long stalk, out of and upon which they spring and lean, and are beau∣tified with a round hollow figure, and composed of a thick substance coated with Purple, somewhat inclining to Green, and in its upper confines, * 1.3158 are parted into six scolops, as so many small Leaves; within the covert of these Flowers are enclosed the stamina and stylus of the Plant, which are the rudi∣ments of the instruments relating to its propagation.

The Flowers of Milkwort have a curious frame, and have many Leaves, in whose center ariseth a Tube (cut into two Leaves) in which springeth up a Compage made up of many fine threads; sometimes the flowers of this Plant are severed from each other in more deep incisions, and all take their rise from one Cup.

Sometimes the Flowers of Plants are crowned with many ranks of Leaves which give them a great ornament, as is conspicuous in a double Primrose, * 1.3159 whose upper extremity of the stalk growing more enlarged, hath the Cup sprouting out of it, and after the double leaves of the Flower are rendred crisped, and the more long leaves of the Flowers are divided in the top into many partitions, and this Plant is adorned toward its lower region, with doubles Flowers, and hath no stamina nor stylus, which spring up out of the stalks in most Plants within the enclosures of Flowers; but in this the lower parts of them are hued with Yellow, where the stamina sprout out in other Plants: And Flowers are not only furnished with a fine contexture of Leaves, but with stamina too, which are a kind of Filaments surrounding the stylus, the rudiment of the Uterus in Plants.

The Cuckow-pintle hath a Flower endued with a rare structure, * 1.3160 in re∣ference to its stamen, and many small Flowers the origens of Seeds (by which they are nourished) above which divers styliform processes shoot out, about them; a little higher, are seated some small bodies, composed of double Leaves, in which many minute, yellow, round bodies are contained, and at last an oblong, straight, yellow body shooteth up, made up of many Globules.

This fine Pintle is concave, integrated of many reticular Fibres passing through the systems of many little round Compages.

The structure of this Plant in reference to its Seminal Organs, is excel∣lently described by Learned Malpighius, The Honour of our Art. Anat. Plantar. p. 49. In Aro insigne est stamen, à Cauliculo supra Calicem, qui totum ambit florem, plura seminum inchoamenta seu flosculi eminent, qui tandem exa∣rescente pericarpio, turgent, & semina fovent; superius erumpunt styliformes ap∣pendices, supra quas exigua quaedam turgent corpora, quae geminis quasi foliis com∣ponuntur, quibus lutei quidam orbiculi, veluti stamina, continentur; tandem oblongum attollitur luteum corpus, globulis excitatum; hujusmodi perlongum, rectum, concavum est, solis{que} ligneis fibris, reticulariter implicitis, occupatur; reliquum vero ligneis fistulis, in globulorum congeriem productis, pervaditur.

Turgentibus orbicularibus corporibus, quibus staminum capitula replentur, ex∣siccata{que} continente Capsula, foras prodeunt globuli minimi, & disperguntur.

The stamina or threads are not the meanest parts constituting the Flowers of Plants, and are various in number, size, shape, and origination. * 1.3161 Long

Birthwort hath a round Body (arising above the Cells of the Seeds) in which the yellow heads of the stamina are seated (without any stalk) from which many Globules are derived.

In Bell flowers, * 1.3162 Narcissus, Fox-gloves, and almost in all tubulous leaves of Plants, the stamina sprout out of the leaves of the Flowers, with short little stalks, which is most manifest in a Primrose, in which the stamina (sup∣ported by a short stem, do spring out of the inward part of the leaves of the Flowers) have their tops adorned with yellow little heads.

In other Flowers their stamina or Filaments, * 1.3163 which are many, do spring out of the substance of the Cups, and are beautified with peculiar heads, as in Plums, Cherries, and Almonds; and almost after the same manner in the flowers of Pomgranats, the divers ranks of stamina, do sprout out of the thick substance of the Cups.

In Blew-bottles, * 1.3164 many little stalks do arise out of the inward substance of the Flower, and being united, do form a blew Tube, in which that of the Style is preserved, and the top is divided into many parts, out of which the Globules of the stamina do break forth, and are enclosed between the Tube and the Capsula of the Filaments, as in a proper repository.

In Plants endued with appendant Cods, as in Peas, Beans, &c. The Fi∣laments enclosed within the leaves of the Flower, are very short, and do arise out of a Capsula encircling the Style. In these Plants (as curious Mal∣pighius hath discovered) the little leaves of the Flowers being plucked off, an oblong hollow Body (integrated of thin parts) appeareth whose extremity is divided into many stalks relating to the stamina of their Flowers.

So that the stamina lodged within the flowers of different Plants, are de∣rived sometimes from the stalks or Cups, and other times from the inner part of the Flowers, or Capsula, and are endued with different colours, shapes, magnitudes, and numbers; and sometimes they have divers Loculaments, big with numerous minute Globules, resembling Atoms, and other times the stamina have divers small Hairs of divers magnitudes, which are nume∣rous Capillary Filaments, besetting the interior part of the Flowers like a Crown.

Thus I have discoursed the frame of the several parts of the Flowers made by Nature in favour of the Style or Wombs of Plants (in which the Seeds are lodged and cherished) as the perfection of the other.

So that the Style is that part, * 1.3165 which possesseth the center of the Flower, which encircleth the Seed in its bosom, and riseth up with a Process seated between the stamina or Filaments placed within the confines of the leaves appertaining to the Flower; and I humbly conceive, that the Style hath some analogy with the Tubes of the Womb belonging to Animals, or rather the Style is a rough-draught of one or more Loculaments or Cells in which the Seed is embraced, and every Womb is a broad Body, enclosing the Eggs of Plants, and may be called a short Tube, furnished with divers Hairs or small Cylindres, derived from the stalk, and seated between the Filaments, sprouting up within the leaves of the flowers.

In Garden Fennel many Wombs may be discovered, * 1.3166 whose body is adorn∣ed with some streaks, accompanied with many Filaments and Leaves, and hath a body resembling a Vech in figure, cut into a deep Fissure, and is made up of many tender yellow Pipes, full of a clammy humor, which Malpighius calleth Turpentine.

And after the same method Nature taketh its progress in the flower of Grapes, in which the Style rising up doth give the rudiment of many Cells,

made for the bosoms of Seeds, and is furnished with a short Tube beset with many small Filaments, and about the lower region, where the stamina sprout out are seated a system of Vessels or Pipes containing a viscid humor like Tur∣pentine.

The Flower of Poeony is endued with a double Uterus, * 1.3167 somewhat resem∣bling a Cod, above which are seated the various origens belonging to the leaves of the flower, and a double Style ariseth, furnished with crooked Tubes out∣wardly covered with minute Capillary Filaments, and inwardly are placed many little allodgments of Seeds.

In Plants adorned with Cods, as Beans, Peas, &c. * 1.3168 beginneth a Womb consisting of an oblong Tube (interspersed with hairy Filaments) in which the rudiments of Seeds are conserved as in a safe Receptacle.

An elegant Style or Rudiment of a Womb may be seen in the center of Flowers (belonging to Auranges, Limons, and the like) and about its rise a yellow Body is affixed, made up of an oblong Tube, endued with an open Head, and the whole Style is beset with little Bladders full of Oyl.

And all other Flowers of Plants have one or more Styles seated in their center, as having one or more Tubes (interspersed with hairy Filaments) in which the first draughts, or origens of Seeds are lodged as in a Tender Bo∣som, wherein they are preserved and nourished with proper Liquor.

Flowers (the Beauty of Plants, * 1.3169 finely adorning their heads) are en∣dowed with a furniture of manifold parts, as a rare contexture made up of Cups, fine Leaves, Filaments, and a styliform Process; So that the top of the shoot or stem is expanded into the compage of a Flower, and the ambient part of the Rine is propagated into a Cup, often cut into various Scolops, endued with divers sizes and shapes, as the Styliform Process need∣eth greater or less nourishment.

Plants have their Cups somewhat answering the Flowers in number, * 1.3170 be∣ing framed by Nature as preservatives of their tender Compage. And the Flowers are furnished with all kind of Vessels, having Pipes of Air and Li∣quor propagated from the inner substance of the stalk into the leaves of the Flowers, stamina and Styliform Process, the first principle constituting the Womb of Plants, and the various Pipes divaricated in reticular plexes have divers ranks of Bladders of Liquor, seated in their Areae, to confer Nutri∣ment on the several parts of the Flower.

Divers stamina or Filaments encompassing the Styliform Process, * 1.3171 do arise near the origen of the Leaves (relating to the Flowers) out of the inward recesses of the stalk, and have a proper Sap lodged in little Vesicles, which discharge themselves by an Aperture into little Globules.

In the middle of the stamina or oblong Filaments is placed the Styliform Process as the Womb (propagated from the inward parts of the stem) in which is lodged a Vesicle of Liquor, Colliquated by the heat of the Sun, the first rudiment of the Seed.

The structure of Plants in point of the parts of Generation holdeth some similitude with that of other Animals; * 1.3172 Birds are furnished with one Ovary containing numerous Eggs, which are transmitted by one Tube or Oviduct into the Womb, but viviparous Animals are endued with two Testicles or Ovaries attended with two different Vessels or Tubes; but Flowers have sometimes only one Ovary or Tube, and other times many whose Compages are endued with Apertures, and their terminations are dressed with many Capillary Filaments, out of which, as so many minute Pipes, a clammy

Liquor like Turpentine destilleth, which depurateth the aliment of Flowers, as Learned Malpighius conceiveth.

In fruitful branches the Pipes of Air and Sap are so many preparing Ves∣sels, * 1.3173 seated in the Cups and leaves of the Flowers, and stamina, wherein the Liquor being concocted by the heat of the Sun, is refined, and afterward the purer part is conveyed to the Styliform Process, in whose bosom the first elements of Seeds are formed, and by degrees they and the Womb acquire greater and greater perfection.

Having described the Seminal Organs of Plants, the Cups and Flowers, consisting of Leaves, Filaments, and Styliform Process, in its first origen or draught; my design at this time is to give you a farther delineation of the womb of Plants, how it arriveth a greater maturity, in which the Eggs or Seeds of Plants are conserved.

In a Fig, * 1.3174 called by the Italians Fico gentile, The Fruit or Womb is made up of a pulpy reddish Matter, which is the Liquor (embodied with Air, destilling out of the Sap and Air-vessels) concreted into a soft and sweet sub∣stance, filling up the Interstices of the numerous Pipes, in which many round or oval whitish Seeds are lodged: This delicate substance of the fruit of Figgs is enclosed with a thick Ash-coloured or light Brown Membrane, se∣curing its tender frame, and that more firm osseous Compage of the Seeds against outward accidents.

When the Styliform Process originally seated in the flowers of Cherries and several sorts of Plums, * 1.3175 acquireth the perfection of a Womb, discovered in the matured fruit, made up of many pipes of Air, and Sap transmitting their pleasant Juice into many little Bladders (seated in the Areae between the fruitful Vessels) its purer particles are conveyed through the chinck of the Stone to the increase and nourishment of the Seed (which is lodged in the cavity of the Stone as in a Chorion rather than a Womb) which I con∣ceive to be the fruit of these different Plants, encircled with divers Mem∣branes, as having greater or less dimensions, and hued with several colours.

The womb of the Seeds of Peaches, * 1.3176 Apricocks, Nectarins, and the like, is the fruit more firm than that of Cherries and Plums; and is integrated of many Tubes of Air and Sap, attended with many little bladders of Liquor, annexed to the ramification of Vessels, having frequent Inosculations after the manner of Network; The substance of these choice fruits proceedeth from the well concocted Liquor (derived from the Sap-vessels) concreted into a more solid Parenchyma, than that of Plums and Cherries.

The Pear called by the French, * 1.3177 Beur de Roy, The Butter-Pear of the King (as I apprehend) hath many wombs, the one common, which is the fruit of the Pear invested with a Membrane, enclosing many vessels of Air and Sap, which being conveyed into the body of the Pear, is indurated into a white substance, beset with many minute grisly, stony Particles, which take their rise from the earthy and saline parts of the Sap petrifying it into this hard substance of the Pear; which hath many proper wombs (enclosing divers Seeds, coated with a deep brown or blackish colour) and are many Cavi∣ties, seated in the center of Pears, to whose lower region the Seed have their matter, parts, or stalks conjoyned, and thereby receive nourishment from Vessels conveying nourishment through the pores of Cartilaginous Coats, which are so many Wombs encircling and cherishing seeds of Pears.

Apples have many Rines, some sweet, other soure, among which they that being styled fragrant, as Pippins, Pearmains, &c. are most excellent and useful in Physick, for which our Nation is very eminent. * 1.3178 This fruit is very large, and adorned with many vessels of Air and Sap (derived from the branches, to which they are fastned by the interposition of stalks) which being concreted into a white pulpy substance, maketh the body of the Apple en∣closed within a thick Coat, which may be called a common womb, * 1.3179 as con∣sisting of a company of Tubes, to which are appendant many little bladders of Liquor, of which the more refined Particles are transmitted to the Seeds, which are of a brownish colour and endued with a Conick figure, the and obtuse Cone lying upward and the more acute downward, is fastned to the lower part of the proper Womb; which indeed is manifold and seated about the center of the Apple near each other; and these proper wombs are divers, being greater, the seeds contained in them, which sometimes one or two, and sometimes three, are lodged in one womb, endued with a firm Cartila∣ginous Coat.

In most Plants adorned with Fruit, * 1.3180 it is seated in the outward parts en∣compassing the seed lodged in wombs in the middle of the fruit, but in Strawberries the order of Nature is inverted, by reason the Seeds and the containing Wombs are placed near their circumference, and are furnished with many divarications of different Vessels, climbing up from the stalks into the ambient parts of the Strawberries, which have also many minute Bladders of delicate Liquor affixed to the Tubes, accommodating the exterior parts of this select and wholsom fruit, made up of many Seeds enwrapped within a fine thin Tunicle.

Grapes are enriched with the most generous juice of Plants, which being carried out of the stem by various stalks, accommodated with many Air and Sap-vessels (interspersed with bladders of Juice) accompanying each other into the body of the Grape, * 1.3181 in whose center are lodged two or more seeds of a stony disposition, and are formed of the Tartar, severed from the soure Liquor, and turned into Stones or Seeds, encompassed with peculiar Cavi∣ties or Wombs, which with their many Tubes and Vesicles of Liquor, are encircled with one common Coat, conserving the whole fine Compage of this delicious fruit.

A Quince hath a double womb, the one is the Flesh or Parenchyma, * 1.3182 (fur∣nished with divers ranks of vessels and bladders of Juice) and made of soure concreted Liquor, beset with many small stony bodies, borrowing their birth from earthy and saline Particles, indurated into stony substances; The body of this choice fruit is immured within a thick Coat, and in its center are many proper cavities or wombs of Seeds, endued with an obtuse Cone in one ex∣tremity, and with an acute in the other, which adhereth to the lower re∣gion of the Womb encircled with a Cartilaginous Coat.

Oranges, Limons, and Citrons, are most excellent fragrant fruits, con∣sisting of many parts, the Rine, the juicy part, and the Seed, as the com∣plement of the rest.

The Rine hath a thin fragrant part which is yellow and more firm than the pulpy substance, as more soft and white, both do encircle the juicy Compage and Seeds as their common womb.

These choice fruits have many proper Wombs, which are a kind of thin membranous substance fastned in their ambient parts to the pulpy part of the Rine, from whence it is derived, as I conceive, and transmitted to the cen∣ter which is a round Cortical Process, into which it is inserted.

The numerous common wombs of Seeds, * 1.3183 are made up of many vessels of Liquor, divaricated through these fine Coats, which are so many allodg∣ments of the Liquor and Seeds.

The colour of these Apartiments relating to the Juice and Seeds, are whi∣tish, and are fine thin Contextures made of many tender Sap-vessels (in∣terspersed with Air-pipes) taking their progress in a reticular position, as making fruitful Inosculations with each other, and do carry Liquor into the juicy part.

These several Apartiments, * 1.3184 as I conceive, are so many wombs of Seeds, adorned with a kind of semicircular figure, and have their Convex parts to∣ward the Rine, and their more Concave toward the center, and are smaller in both Extremities, and thicker in the middle toward the Rine, and more thin toward the center of the Orange, about the round Cortical Process, into which they are implanted.

In these Membranous Apartiments are juicy Compages lodged, as nume∣rous Vesicles (big with Liquor) which being cut or broken, do discharge their pleasant Liquor for use.

The Seeds are seated in these Allodgments, * 1.3185 in many small Cells, as so many wombs, placed between the Vesicles full of Juice, and have their more acute Cones fastned by little stalks to the parts of wombs near the round Cor∣tical Process.

The Seeds of these juicy fruits are endued with a Conick figure; * 1.3186 Their upper extremity hath an obtuse Cone, and the lower an acute, which is af∣fixed to the womb (about the Cortical Process) by a stalk which is beset with many Sap-vessels, conveying nourishment to the Seed, which is en∣wrapped within two Coats, the first is the thicker, supplying the place of the Chorion, and the inner and thinner is instead of an Amnion, immediately enclosing the Seed, and transmitting nourishment to it.

CHAP. XXXVII. Of the Seeds or Eggs of Plants.

HAving formerly described some of the Instruments of Generation in Plants, Their Flowers made of Cups, Leaves, Stamina, as being en∣dued with many Sap and Air-vessels, subservient to the Styliform Process, the first rudiment of the tender Womb; My task at this time is to shew how it is accomplished by degrees, and how the Seeds, the Eggs of Plants are Generated, and then after what manner they are receptive of many succes∣sive alterations in the Infant Womb, as the Eggs of other Animals both Fowl and Fish in the Ovary.

The leaves of Flowers and their Filaments do wither, * 1.3187 and shed when the Styliform Process is enlarged, and the Colliquated Liquor, confined within a Vesicle, is matured, as embosomed in the cavity of the Womb, adorned with a Tube (arising out of its body) full of Perforations, and is crown∣ed in its head with little Capillary Filaments, out of which destilleth a clammy liquor somewhat resembling Turpentine. And as the Womb recei∣veth more maturity and hath greater dimensions, the Tube is more and more lessened, and at last is wholly decayed; And the Womb in its flourishing estate, is beset with a kind of Down or Hair in its ambient parts, and con∣taineth two Vesicles in its bosom, in whose center is lodged a minute bot∣tle of Colliquated Liquor, as the ruder draught of the Seeds or Eggs of Plants.

The Styliform Process or womb of Plants is furnished with variety of Ves∣sels, * 1.3188 sporting themselves in numerous divarications (running in reticular plexes) proceeding originally from the stalk of the flower first of all, and afterward of the fruit, these various Ramulets, united in frequent Inoscula∣tions, have many Vesicles seated in their Interstices.

The Sap carried into the body of the fruit by many Tubes, * 1.3189 is by degrees more and more concreted into a pulpy substance, and the earthy and saline particles of the Sap are petrified and turned into a Stone, consisting of two Laminae, or flakes clapped together, and enclosing the Seed; and as the Womb groweth bigger, the Vesicle or Secundine (in which the Colliquated Liquor the origen of the Seed is lodged) is more expanded, and is out∣wardly accommodated with many Tubes of Air and Sap, taking their pro∣gress after the manner of Network.

The inward recesses of the womb of Plants being inspected, * 1.3190 a Vesicle may be discerned, accompanied with minute Cells, big with somewhat of Co∣agulated Liquor, and through the middle of the little Bladders may be seen, a straight Tube climbing upward that may be styled an Umbilical Vessel, be∣set with numerous Air and Sap-vessels arising out of the stalk, and importing some choice Liquor in the Vesicle, the first origen of Seeds.

And when the Tube disappeareth, as the Womb and its Eggs, * 1.3191 the Seeds more and more increase, the fruit encompassed with a Membrane, beginneth to discover it self, and is made up in some part of crude concreted Liquor, brought into the body of the fruit by many branches of Tubes, interspersed with Vesicles, which do constitute a great part of the fruit, which enclo∣seth

its Stone, produced by a Lapidescent Juice, consisting of saline and earthy Particles.

The Stone of the fruit is more soft in its first production, * 1.3192 as being as it were Membranous, and after groweth Cartilaginous, and at last being more firm∣ly Concreted by Tartar, is turned into a Stone, encircling as a Chorion the more tender origination of Seed, immediately immured within a thin Coat, as with the Amnion.

Afterward the Umbilical Vessel passeth within the Chorion, * 1.3193 into the Ve∣sicle big with Colliquated juice, whereupon it acquireth a greater expansion, and is modelled into various new forms; So that the lineaments of the Eggs or Seeds begin to display themselves in the upper region of the Amnion, as hued with white, and consisting of a mucous substance, adorned with a double Process, as with two expansions somewhat resembling wings.

After some little space of time being passed, * 1.3194 the Secundine (immuring the Amnion and new formed Seed is more enlarged and is attended with di∣vers vessels of Air and Sap, whose void spaces are interspersed with Vesicles of Liquor supplying the Secundine, Amnion and tender Seed with nourish∣ment.

This new Foetus or draught of the Seed hath a new access of dimensions; * 1.3195 So that the Juice groweth more exhausted in the Chorion, and the Amnion is rendred bigger with Colliquated Liquor, and the Umbilical Vessel remain∣eth in the same vigor, and the Amnion is furnished with many bladders of Liquor, (somewhat like the vitreous humor of the Eye) and is adorned with various figures, and encompassed in the semicircular concave figure of the Chorion; and at last when the Seed groweth more firm, and arriveth its perfection of parts, the Liquor of the Chorion and Amnion, are very much lessened, and almost wholly absumed, as the Seminal Matter is more and more Concreted into the substance of the Seeds, The end and perfection of Flowers and Fruit which are made by Nature for the propagation of Plants.

After the same method the Seeds of Apricocks, * 1.3196 Peaches, Plums, Cherries, and Apples are produced, in which the Navil passing in length, is somewhat expanded toward the top, wherein the first rudiment of the Seed discovereth it self, and the Amnion immediately encircling it, is more enlarged, and so by degrees the Seed is receptive of divers forms and altera∣tions, as it cometh to greater and greater maturity, and as the Amnion grow∣eth more big with Liquor, the Chorion and Tube is lessened, and the Seed increased, as the Liquor contained in the Styliform Process or Womb, is first rendred mucous, and afterward is gradually Concreted into Seed.

The same Progress may be observed in the generation of other Plants, * 1.3197 as Melons, Pumpions, and the like, in whose Secundines, rendred plump with Li∣quor, a broad Umbilical Vessel may be discerned as being turgid with Col∣liquated Liquor, whose confines growing greater, are turned into a Chorion, admitting various successive forms, and afterward the first origen of the Seed appeareth in the upper region of the Amnion, (as adorned with two leaves or wings) which is furnished with divers little Vesicles of Liquor, affording nourishment to the new formed Seed, and afterward the Liquor besprinkling the Amnion being absumed, the Chorion loseth its self, as the Seed cometh to greater perfection.

In all sorts of Peas and Beans their wombs are attended with long Tubes, * 1.3198 giving support to the first rudiments of Seed, whose rougher draughts are endued with wrinkles, and their wombs being cut in length, have concave inward Recesses, filled with Vesicles of Liquor containing the first deli∣neation

of Seeds discovering themselves in the top of the Amnion, and in its lower region may be discerned a greenish body, somewhat resembling a lit∣tle Cup; in the middle space holding Analogy with the Chorion, is found a kind of Colliquated Liquor, and the Secundines being enlarged, the new framed Seed acquireth greater maturity, as adorned with two little Leaves and a Root, and receiveth nourishment from a Liquor seated within the con∣fines of the Amnion, and afterward as the Seed increase in bigness, the Cho∣rion decayeth; and all the time of the growth of the Seed, its Leaves grow more thick, and keep themselves close without expansion.

In a Chesnut, the Cup being taken off, and the Flowers, with the stami∣na and Styliform Tubes remaining, three wombs may be discovered, in which every one being cut long-ways, a Cavity may be discerned having ma∣ny Vesicles (containing a Colliquament) beset with many hairy Filaments.

Within the Secundines a Bladder is seated big with Liquor, * 1.3199 in which the first Lineaments of the seed do appear in the upper part of the Amnion, ador∣ned with a Conick root and two leaves swimming in a greenish humor some∣what resembling the vitreous Liquor of the Eye; And the new formed Foetus of the Seed as it receiveth greater maturity, is endued with different forms; and last of all, when the Sap, derived from Vessels springing out of the stalk, beginneth its Concretion into fruit, the double leaves grow more thickned, and being outwardly rough, are formed into an orbicular Compage, which being opened, some Angular Excrescences may be discovered, lately endued with a hollowness, and the leaves, which in their first draught were very fine and thin, grow gibbous, and the Liquor contained within the Amnion is more incrassated, and the Seed arriveth greater perfection.

The Generation of seeds of Plants holdeth much Analogy with that of Animals, and the Navil appeareth as perforated; * 1.3200 and the Liquor is ga∣thered together in a Vesicle (in which the Seed is first delineated) seeming to resemble the Amnion, and not long after, the first rudiment of the Seed discovereth it self like a Foetus seated in the upper region of the Amnion, ac∣companied with two little leaves like wings, from whence a little Body did arise of a like substance, endued with an acute Cone: So that the origen of this Seed consisteth in the Root, Trunk, and two Leaves.

And as the Amnion acquireth greater dimensions, * 1.3201 the Seed cometh to more maturity, and the Amnion is encircled with divers ranks of Vesicles (as with a Chorion) which are big with Liquor derived from the Sap-vessels, and as the Amnion groweth greater, the Vesicles of the Chorion seem more and more lank; and last of all the Amnion, into which the Liquor is transmitted from the Chorion, is wasted; So that it is very probable the Seminal Liquor is first borrowed from the Stalk by proper Vessels passing into the Secundines and Navil, and afterward into the Vesicle in which it is more and more Concre∣ted into seed, as it is master of greater degrees of perfection, till it cometh to be fully accomplished.

Thus having treated of the first rudiments of the Seeds or Eggs of Plants, how they were first formed out of Liquor in the Vesicle contained in the Sty∣liform Process relating to the Flower, and of the Chorion and Amnion (sub∣servient to the formation of the Seeds, (which do wither when they have ob∣tained some perfection: My aim at this time, is to speak of the Eggs of Plants and their parts, and attendants, when they come to maturity.

The Sap being transmitted by many Vessels (interspersed with Tubes of Air) through a little stalk into the coats and body of the Seed, is Concre∣ted first into a mucous, and then into a more solid white substance, encircled

sometimes with a Stone as in Apricocks, Peaches, Plums, &c. and other∣times with a kind of bony Coat, as in Grapes, Figs; and Cartilaginous in the seeds of Citrons, Oranges, Limons, and a more soft Membranous Coat in Beanes, Peas, and the like.

This thicker Coat, * 1.3202 stony in some seeds of Fruit, and bony, Cartilaginous, and Membranous in others, being the outward Integument, somewhat resem∣bleth the shell of the Eggs of Birds, as the Chorion; and the more thin covering immediately enwrapping the Seed, is somewhat like the fine Membrane enclo∣sing the white of the Egg, and may be called the Amnion.

The seeds of Plants are adorned with various colours, sizes, and figures, some are Conick, as those of Apples, Limons, Citrons, Oranges, Almonds, Pea∣ches, Apricocks, Plums, Nuts; others are round as those of Figs, Peas, Tares, or Lentils; and other innumerable Seeds are endued with irregular shapes.

The Seeds are integrated of several parts, * 1.3203 as the Constituents of various substances (belonging to Plants) out of which the Root downward, and shoot upward, and their Rine, Wood, Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds do arise.

So that seeds of Plants may be called Eggs, * 1.3204 as they hold Analogy with those of Animals, especially Viviparous, because they are supported by Li∣quor carried into their Coats and Bodies, by Tubes of Sap, as by preparing Seminals Vessels, until their first Rudiments step by step arrive their maturity, as attaining unto perfection of parts.

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of the Generation of Plants.

HAving treated your Eyes with a pleasant prospect of Flowers, made up of Cups, Leaves, and Filaments or stamina, which are contex∣tures of Sap and Air-pipes, beautified with variety of colours, shapes, and sizes, dressing the heads of Plants, as ministerial to the Styliform Process, the rudiment of the Womb in which the Buds are formed: And having en∣tertained your Tast with store of pleasant Fruit, as Systems of numerous Vessels, interspersed with divers Vesicles, as so many little Cisterns of Li∣quor to convey Aliment to Kernels, the Eggs of Plants seated within the so∣lid confines of Cartilaginous, bony, and stony Shells; My province at this time, is to give an account of the parts of Seed, * 1.3205 and how they are pro∣ductive of Plants, which is as pleasant, as curious to consider, how they hold some correspondence with the generation of Animals, as having Secun∣dines somewhat resembling the Chorion and Amnion consisting of manifold Tubes, transmitting Seminal and Nutricious Juice to the body of Seeds, the epitomes of Plants, containing their several parts of which they are inte∣grated.

Perhaps some scruple may arise, whether the bony or stony Integuments (in which the Seed is preserved, as in Plums, Peaches, and the like) be Secundines or Wombs cherishing the Eggs of Plants; or whether the Carti∣laginous walls, enclosing the seeds of Apples, Pears, &c. may be entitled Wombs or Secundines, to which as by stalks the Seeds are fastned and re∣ceive nourishment.

The Flowers decaying, * 1.3206 their Cups are tied by stalks to the origens of Fruits, conveying Sap and Air to their various Cylinders, making up fine Compages, beset with divers minute little bottles of Juice, giving support to the Seeds, imparting to them a productive disposition, as giving the princi∣ples or rudiments of Plants, a likeness of all parts, from whence they pro∣ceed; whereupon, as I humbly conceive, the sap of Plants passing through the Root, Trunk, Branches, Frondage, Foliage, and Flowers, doth receive their various dispositions, and communicate them to the Seeds, whence they are rendred pregnant, as having a generative faculty, when safely lodged within the bowels of the Earth, as in a common fruitful Womb.

To this end the seeds of Plants are endowed with a double Coat, * 1.3207 the out∣ward and thicker may be called the Chorion, and the inward and finer vail may be styled the Amnion; these useful Integuments are choice Compages framed of numerous Tubes, often uniting with Inosculations after the manner of Network, in whose Interstices are seated many little Vesicles of Liquor, which is transmitted first from the outward vest as a Chorion to the more in∣ward as an Amnion, and thence to the various parts of the Seed, giving it nourishment and life, and a power to vegetate, when lodged in the teaming bosom of the Earth.

The Cods, the Wombs of Beans and Peas, * 1.3208 are composed of many fibrous Pipes of Liquor and Air, which are brought from their stalks, and branched into numerous divarications (after the manner of Network) whose Areae are

interspersed with many bladders of Liquor, which afterward do transmit it by other stems (fastning the Beans to the Cods) framed of many Tubes through the Coats into the body of the Corn.

Of these Integuments the exterior is most thick, * 1.3209 and the other more thin, immediately encompassing the said Corn, and both made up of many Ves∣sels containing Liquor and Air, which consisting of Elastick parts, doth much assist the fermentation of the Sap, when imported into the inward recesses of the Beans, Peas, after it had been received from the bowels of the Earth, and filtred in the Coats, the Secundines of the Corn, in order to Vegetation.

The thicker end of Beans is perforated, * 1.3210 through which Liquor may be conveyed into the inward Integuments, and afterward into the body of the Corn, which is framed of many parts, the first is the origen of the Root, seated in the ambient parts, immediately under the inner Coat; next to the Seminal Radicle, are seated two Leaves or Lobes, constituting the great∣est part of the body of Beans, Peas, Lupines, and most other Seeds: The most inward part is lodged in a Cavity interceding the two Lobes, and is the rough-draught of the Bud, consisting of many Leaves, wrapped within each other, out of which ariseth the upper-shoot, making the Trunk or Stem of the Plant; and I humbly conceive that the Lobes are principally made for the conservation of the Rudiment of the upper-shoot, which being a ten∣der part of the Seed (as a plicature of many Leaves) is guarded by the Lobes against outward assaults in the bowels of the Earth, in reference to Vege∣tation.

This fine inward Compage lodged in the center of the Seeds is not one simple part, * 1.3211 like that of the Seminal Root, but is a collective body compo∣sed of many thin Flakes finely couched within each other, and appear, as displayed into many Leaves upon the sprouting of the Plants.

Learned Dr. Grew, assigneth a fourth part to the body of the seed of Plants, the Parenchyma, which is dispensed through the Seminal Root, Lobes, and Plicature of Leaves, and is a considerable portion of the Seed, and a substance more loose than the other parts, somewhat resembling the Pith, when it is sappy in the Root, Trunk, and branches of Plants.

The body of the Seed being immured with two covers as with the Chorion and Amnion, * 1.3212 is a Compage made up of a Parenchyma, Seminal Root, Lobes, and upward Germen, and all are various systems of Sap and Air-pipes, fur∣nished with many Inosculations after the manner of Network, and are also endowed with divers ranks of Vesicles of Liquor set in several postures, whereof some are regular, and others irregular. These different Pipes and Vesicles are big with Liquor (derived from the several parts of Plants) which are the Seminal Matter, out of which the various members or integrals of Plants, receive their first rudiments in the Seed, and afterward are brought to greater perfection of parts by Vegetation.

Thus having discoursed the several Coats as the Secundines of Seeds and their various parts, the Parenchyma, Seminal Root, Lobes, and the plica∣ture of Leaves, as the rough-draughts of the several integrals of Plants, actually containing their different substances; I will now take the freedom, with your permission, to acquaint you, how the Rudiments of all parts of the Seeds are brought to greater maturity, which is accomplished by the fermen∣tation of various Liquors.

The feeds of Plants being entertained in the bosom of the Earth as in a fruitful Womb, * 1.3213 are besprinkled with Liquor consisting of various elements of Salt, Sulphur, and Water, which are much improved by fruitful drops of

Rain, impregnated with Aethereal and Airy Particles, endued with fermen∣tative dispositions, much exalting the watry substance of Rain, which being received into the bowels of the common parent of Plants, is Melio∣rated by Intestine motion, as embodied with manifold Elements whereby the moisture of the Earth is rendred a fit principle of Vegetation, which is admitted into the Pores of the Integuments (relating to Seeds) as they are Commensurate in figure and magnitude to the Atoms of Liquor, recei∣ved from the Intrals of the Earth; whereupon the fit Particles of Extrane∣ous moisture are only received into the Coats of the Seeds, which are so ma∣ny Colatories Secerning the unprofitable parts of Liquor, and do only com∣municate the proper Nutritious and Seminal Atoms first to Vessels of the ru∣diment of the Root, Parenchyma, Lobes, and the plicature of Leaves.

The Moisture (derived from the Earth, and transmitted by the Vests, * 1.3214 as the secundines of Seed, to their more various inward substance) is com∣posed of Homogeneous, and Heterogeneous parts, and as they are somewhat akin in disposition, they associate with the Innate Liquor contained in the vessels of the Seed; and as they are Heterogeneous, in reference to differ∣ent Principles, they make dispute with each other, and cause a Fermenta∣tion; whereupon the disagreeing Particles of several Seminal Liquors, some∣what resembling those of Animals, being embodied, do reconcile themselves by subduing each other, and espouse one common interest in reference to the production of Plants, which first appeareth in the more outward parts.

The moisture of the Earth is first admitted into the exterior Coat, * 1.3215 and then into the more inward (as so many Filtres) wherein it being endued with the Elastick particles of Air, and meeting with the Sap endued with airy and divers other Elements, contained in the Pipes and Vesicles of the Seminal Root, do there commence the first Intestine motion, whereby the Pores and Cavities of the Pipes being big with pregnant Liquor, expand them∣selves and break the confines of the Seed, and shoot farther into the neigh∣bouring bosom of the Earth, wherein it is nourished and enlarged.

The new formed Root is accommodated with divers parts (which I will more largely describe hereafter) The first is a thin Skin derived from the in∣ward Integument of the Seed, * 1.3216 and a Cortical substance (full of numerous Pores making a spongy Compage) is borrowed from the Parenchyma of the Seed, and the more solid body or wood of the Root, taking its rise (as I conceive) from the Lobes of the Seed; and lastly the Pith borroweth its ori∣gen with that of the Cortex from the more loose Contexture of the Pa∣renchyma.

These parts of the Root of Plants, being Skin, Rind, Wood, and Pith, are stored with many Pipes divaricated in divers branches (through different substances) as so many Compages of Tubes, whose extremities be∣ing seated near the confines of the Earth, do thence receive moisture, and transmit it first through the Cuticle of the Root and its adjacent spongy Compage, wherein it is filtred and conveyed to the lignous and pithy sub∣stance of the Root, and from thence to the upper shoot (sprouting out of the inward Recesses of the Seed) and from thence into all parts of the Plant, whereupon they grow more enlarged and firm, as arriving greater maturity, proceeding from the new streams of sap transmitted from the soil into all the integrals of the Plant.

After the Root is formed it supplieth the inward substance (lodged be∣tween the Lobes, * 1.3217 with Sap) whose fruitful Vessels having their channels and pores filled with Seminal Liquor, grow plump, and shoot themselves upward

through the Extremity opposite to that of the Radicle; So that the plica∣ture of Leaves expand themselves into a Bud, and afterward the vessels of the Seed seated about their center do sprout into a Trunk, compounded of a Cuticle, Cortex, or Rind, of a wooden and pithy substance; All these se∣veral Integrals of Plants are stocked with numerous Tubes, which being fur∣nished every where, both in their Cavities and secret passages, with pregnant Liquor, enlarge themselves in several dimensions, and the plants obtain greater and greater accomplishment of parts.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Mans obliga∣tion to speak an homage of Wonder and Eucharist to his Maker, for his wondrous Works.
• * 1.2

  God's good∣ness the only motive to Create the World.
• * 1.3

  God's Glory the end of the Creation, which is a Scale made of many degrees of Entities, one subservi∣ent to ano∣ther.
• * 1.4

  God's Image in Man consi∣steth in Ori∣ginal Righte∣ousness, and Dominion o∣ver the Crea∣tures.
• * 1.5

  Man is a noble Compound of two essential parts, Soul, and Body; the one material and mortal, the other im∣material and immortal.
• * 1.6

  Intellectual operations performed by the ministery of the Senses.
• * 1.7

  Sciences are formed by ab∣stracted noti∣on of the Un∣derstanding.
• * 1.8

  The perfecti∣on of the Un∣derstanding, is a reflex act.
• * 1.9

  Faith is an as∣sent to Holy Writ, as foun∣ded upon Di∣vine Authori∣ty, which is faithful and infallible, and cannot de∣ceive, nor be deceived.
• * 1.10

  Mans duty to pay thanks to his Creator, for the great perfections of his Humane Nature.
• * 1.11

  The Cuticula;
• * 1.12

  The Cuticula is produced of Seminal Liquor.
• * 1.13

  The Cuticula is an integral part of the Cutis, which would be im∣perfect with∣out it.
• * 1.14

  The Cuticula lost in sickness is repaired by the Nervous Liquor, near akin to the Genital Juice.
• * 1.15

  Diseases do determine through the Skin, by a free transpi∣ration, pur∣ging the Blood and nervous Li∣quor.
• * 1.16

  The inward Skin in a con∣texture of di∣vers Vessels.
• * 1.17

  The Skin in a humane Body is immovea∣ble, except∣ing the Head and Forehead.
• * 1.18

  The Skin of the Back in Beasts is move∣able.
• * 1.19

  The Skin is fixed by nu∣merous small Membranes to the Mem∣brana musculo∣rum communis.
• † 1.20

  e e Tabula 1.
• † 1.21

  b b Tab. 1.
• * 1.22

  The first Coat of the Skin is reticular.
• * 1.23

  Papillae Pyra∣midales.
• † 1.24

  c c Tab. 1.
• * 1.25

  The Papillae Pyramidales do terminate into the Cuti∣cula.
• † 1.26

  d d Tab. 1.
• * 1.27

  The second Coat nervous.
• * 1.28

  The nervous Coat is made of long trans∣verse, and ob∣lique fila∣ments.
• * 1.29

  The second Coat of the Skin is a sy∣••••em of ner∣vous fila∣ments.
• * 1.30

  A great part of he per∣••••••s filaments do not spring out of Nerves, but are pro∣pagated im∣mediately from seminal Liquor.
• * 1.31

  The paren∣chyma of the Skin is no∣thing but se∣rous or ner∣vous Liquor, concreted and adhering to the sides of the Vessels.
• * 1.32

  Malpighius placeth the Organ of sen∣sation in the pyramidal glands.
• † 1.33

  The glandu∣lous Coat of the Skin is furnished with nume∣rous miliary glands. Tab. 1. f f
• * 1.34

  Every cutane∣ous miliary gland is ac∣commodated with an ex∣cretory Duct; ending in the surface of the outward Skin. The extremi∣ty of these ex∣cretory Ducts, are the Pores of the Skin. The spots of the Skin in a Skaite, are its Pores, leading into the ex∣cretory Ducts belonging to the glands.
• * 1.35

  The Pores of a humane Skin are so minute that they are not discernable.
• * 1.36

  Divers Pores of the Skin and Vessels, hold some analogy with cavities in streiners, through which diffe∣rent Liquors are percola∣ted.
• * 1.37

  The use of the Skin, as beset with nume∣rous Gla••ds, is to percolate the Blood and Nervous Li∣quor from its recrements.
• * 1.38

  The Cutane∣ous Glands are reposito∣ries of a Lim∣pid L••quor, to soften the Nerves, and moisten the Papillary Pr••minen∣cies.
• * 1.39

  The use of the Excretory Vessels, is to receive and convey the steams and re∣crements of the Blood in the surface of the Skin.
• * 1.40

  The beauty of the Face is painted with Li••ies and Roses, of White and Red.
• * 1.41

  Different Co∣lours do illu∣strate each o∣ther, and be∣ing embodied do agree in an elegant Harmony.
• * 1.42

  Insects are garnished with various Shells and Ski••s, to guard their tender Visce∣ra.
• * 1.43

  Within the Bark opened, may be seen many rows of small Cavities seated under the Skin.
• * 1.44

  And under these ring∣like Cavities are placed many oblique fibrous Pipes.
• * 1.45

  And under these Pipes are lodged di∣verssystems of Filaments, which being variously in∣terwoven with each o∣ther, do make the thickness of the Bark.
• * 1.46

  The inward surface of the Bark is fra∣med of many concave Fi∣bres, inter∣spersed with Areae, full of sap and milky Vessels placed under the sap.
• * 1.47

  The Bark and Wood do mu∣tually insert transverse Fi∣bres into each other.
• * 1.48

  The Bark of Oak is furnish∣ed with two sorts of sap Vessels, and a third of resi∣niferous Tubes.
• * 1.49

  The Bark be∣ing furnished with sap and milky Vessels, is like the Skin of Am∣mals, beset with Veins and Nerves, containing; Vital and Nervous Li∣quors.
• * 1.50

  The Cuticle of Vegetables Tomewhat re∣sembleth that of a Humane Body, only it is less porous, and more thick.
• * 1.51

  The Cuticle of Plants is reti∣cular, made up of divers S••micircles filled with small ho••es, of various shapes and sizes.
• * 1.52

  Divers Cells of the Cuticle invest the convex part of the Cor∣tex.
• * 1.53

  The inside of the Bark is composed of many Rings of sap Vessels.
• * 1.54

  The rare stru∣cture of Trees is adorned by divers Aparti∣ments.
• * 1.55

  The Bark of Trees is fast∣ned to the Wood by ma∣ny Cortical Fibres, as the Skin of Man is conjoyned to the Body, by the medi∣ation of fruit∣ful Fibres or Ligaments.
• * 1.56

  The Skin is tinged with Yellow in the jaundies.
• * 1.57

  The Skin is discoloured in scorbutick di∣stempers, ma∣lignant severs, and the Plague, with Red, Purple, Livid, and Black Spots, which are sometimes critical, and other times symptoma∣tical.
• * 1.58

  The Skin is also obnoxi∣ous to divers Swellings, Ul∣ce, Scabs and Scurfes, according to variety of Di∣seases.
• * 1.59

  The descri∣ption of the Measles.
• * 1.60

  The descrip∣tion of the Small Pox. The symp∣tomes of the Small Pox, are the pain of the Head and Back.
• * 1.61

  A sore throat, and Cough are atten∣dants of the Small Pox. Great evacu∣ations of sali∣val Liquor, a good sign in the Flux Pox.
• * 1.62

  The Face is disguised with cavities and scars, caused by the corro∣ding peru∣lent Matter of the Small Pox.
• * 1.63

  The begin∣ning of the Small Pox is the first four or five days, wherein the Small Pox do appear but lit∣tle; after the fifth day com∣eth the in∣crease of the Small Pox.
• * 1.64

  The stat•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Small Pox, is that of Matu∣ration which cometh to a height, when they turn yel∣low.
• * 1.65

  The declina∣tion of the small Pox, is about the ele∣venth day.
• * 1.66

  A Cause of Cutaneous Diseases flow∣ing from the streitness of Vessels.
• * 1.67

  An Inflamati∣on of the Skin proceeding from Blood, stagnant in the Cutaneous Glands, where∣in the Veins do not receive the Blood.
• * 1.68

  Acute Fevers do take their rise a prohibita transpiratione, when the fiery steams are de∣teined, by rea∣son the Cuta∣neous Pores are obstructed by the ambi∣ent cold.
• * 1.69

  Great faint∣ness proceed∣ing from a dispirited Blood, by too free a transpi∣ration, caused by excessive heat enlar∣ging the Pores of the Skin.
• * 1.70

  A dull sensa∣tion of the Skin derived in Scorbutick Distempers, vi∣tiating the Nervous Li∣quor, ren∣dring the Nerves stupid, and sometime s••nseless, at∣tended with a great stiffness in Scorbutick disaffections.
• * 1.71

  A Hectic Fe∣ver proceed∣ing from great expense of spirits in too free transpira∣tion and eva∣cuation of the serous Liquor of the Blood, and Juice of the Nerves.
• * 1.72

  The Itch is an eruption of Matter into Pimples seat∣ed in the skin, derived from watry and sa∣line Particles.
• * 1.73

  The matter of this Disease are salt Parti∣cles, degene∣rating into a Fluor.
• * 1.74

  The gross and salt parts of the Blood do produce a Fe∣ver, by ob∣structing the Pores of the Skin, and hin∣dring a free transpiration.
• * 1.75

  The Glandu∣lous Liquor gaineth a Fer∣mentation as mixing with the Blood.
• * 1.76

  The Scabby Ferment stag∣nant in the Cutaneous Glands, assu∣meth a pso∣rous dispositi∣on, and after breaketh out into wheals.
• * 1.77

  This Ferment acquireth a Septick Indi∣sposition by a long stagnan∣cy in the Cu∣taneous Glands, pro∣ducing a Le∣prous Scurf.
• * 1.78

  This psorous Disease is im∣parted by contagi∣on from subtle parts streaming out of the Body, and making the like im∣pressions in another as being recei∣ved into the Pores of the Skin.
• * 1.79

  Dyarrhaeas and Disenteries, are to be sup∣pressed in the Measles and Small Pox, and by gentle A∣stringent Cor∣dial Medicines, throwing out the Matter from the in∣ward to the outward parts.
• * 1.80

  A Vein is to be opened in the Measles and Small Pox, when they are accompanied with dange∣rous Inflam∣mations of the inward and noble parts.
• * 1.81

  An Instance of a Person, Cured by bleeding in the Small Pox, attended with an In∣flammation of the Lungs.
• * 1.82

  Another Per∣son Cured by Bleeding in the Small Pox.
• * 1.83

  Bleeding very safe in the Small Pox, when the Pa∣tient being of a Plethorick Body, is af∣flicted with difficulty of Breathing.
• * 1.84

  Fleeding is not to be ad∣vised, except in internal In∣flammations, and great cases of the Small Pox.
• * 1.85

  Bleeding is not to be ce∣lebrated in Measles and Small Pox, ac∣companied with a Malig∣nant Fever.
• * 1.86

  The Small Pox is to be cured by Alex∣ipharmaca, and gentle Sudo∣rificks, in a Malignant Fe∣ver.
• * 1.87

  Few Medi∣cines are suffi∣cient in a kindly Small Pox, wherein a thin Diet is to be prescri∣bed, and the great part of the Cure is to be recommen∣ded to Nature and careful attendants.
• * 1.88

  Opiates and thickning Me∣dicines are to be given to Patients wan∣ting rest, whose Blood is over acted with too high an Ebullition.
• * 1.89

  The Flux Pox is very dange∣rous, and to be managed by a skilful Hand, giving gentle Sudori∣ficks at first mixed with cooling and incrassating Medicines.
• * 1.90

  Thickning and astringent Gargarisms are ill in the Flux Pox, which hinder the evacuation of salival Li∣quor by the Oral Glands.
• * 1.91

  Pronosticks give an Ho∣nor to Art where Disea∣ses are dange∣rous, or de∣plorable.
• * 1.92

  Medicines ap∣pliable to the Small Pox, in case of Malig∣nant Fevers.
• * 1.93

  Mens Lives are not to be trusted in the hands of Em∣pericks, which are very un∣safe and de∣structive in reference to the Cure of the Small Pox, and all other Diseases.
• * 1.94

  Freckles, Spots, and Morphew, are Cured by Cosmeticks.
• * 1.95

  Outward Dis∣eases are Cu∣red by Sweats and insensible Transpirati∣ons.
• * 1.96

  Topicks may be safely ap∣plied, when universal Re∣medies have been premi∣sed.
• * 1.97

  Outward Re∣pelling Medi∣cines are un∣safe, unless Purgatives, Bleeding, and Alteratives have been Ad∣ministred.
• * 1.98

  Cutaneous Diseases pro∣ceeding from ill Chyle, or the regurgita∣tion of pan∣creatick or bi∣tious Hu∣mours, or from fixed saline Parti∣cles, as in a 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.99

  Medicines fit for the Cure of a Leprosie of the Greeks.
• * 1.100

  The Itch and Scab coming from ill Diet, and nasty Rai∣ment.
• * 1.101

  Itch and Scabs derived from critical Eva∣cuations.
• * 1.102

  Itch and Scabs coming from Contagion.
• * 1.103

  Medicines are to be advised, that purge by Stool and U∣rine, and then Bleeding is requisite.
• * 1.104

  Sudorifick Medicines are to be Admini∣stred after Purgatives and Diure∣ticks.
• * 1.105

  A Leprosie caused by sa∣line Particles concreted in∣to a scabby Scurf.
• * 1.106

  A Leprosie proceeding from an ill Diet of salt Meat dried in the Smoak, and from eat∣ing of great slimy Fish.
• * 1.107

  The Leprosie proceedeth from Venere∣al and Scorbu∣tick Distem∣pers.
• * 1.108

  This Disease is Cured by Purgatives, Bleeding, An∣tiscorbuticks, Diureticks, Chalybeat and Antimonial Medicines, and Decoctions of China and Sarsa.
• * 1.109

  Purging and Mercurial Preparations backed with Diet-Drinks of China and Sarsa, are ve∣ry efficacious in a Leprosie.
• * 1.110

  The fat Mem∣brane is Na∣tures thick Robe, to se∣cure the Body against cold.
• * 1.111

  This Mem∣brane is fleshy in Beasts, but fat in Man.
• * 1.112

  This Mem∣brane oft∣times is made of many Tu∣nicles.
• * 1.113

  The inward Coat is com∣posed of ma∣ny Fibrils, va∣riously inter∣woven with each other.
• * 1.114

  This Mem∣brane ••s con∣ceived to be one, because the several Coats are so firmly and closely united, that they can scarce be par∣ted.
• * 1.115

  Some Persons have moved their Skin by vertue of Car∣nous Fibres, seated in the Membrana Adiposa.
• * 1.116

  The Membra∣nae Carnosa in Bruits, is a thin Carnous Expansion, or Muscle.
• * 1.117

  The Membra∣na Adiposa is accommoda∣ted with ma∣ny minute Cavities, as so many reposi∣tories of Fat.
• * 1.118

  Heat cannot cause Fat.
• * 1.119

  Cold is ra∣ther produ∣ctive of Fat, then Heat.
• * 1.120

  When the Alimentary Liquor is ex∣pended in Dis∣eases, it is re∣paired by Col∣liquated Fat.
• * 1.121

  Membranes may supply the places of Colatories, as endued with many minute Pores, through which Liquors may be strain∣ed.
• * 1.122

  Fat is not ge∣nerated of Nervous Li∣quor.
• * 1.123

  The situation of the Mem∣brana Ddiposa.
• * 1.124

  The connexi∣on of the Membrana Adiposa.
• * 1.125

  The use of the Membrana Adiposa.
• * 1.126

  The Membra∣na Adiposa, is not the recep∣tacle of serous Humours and Defluxions.
• * 1.127

  The Adipose Membrane is of acute sense.
• * 1.128

  The horror and rigour in Intermittent Fevers, pro∣ceed from vel∣lications of this Mem∣brane, caused by sharp steams.
• * 1.129

  An Inflamma∣tion of the Membrana Carnosa in the Neck, pro∣ceeding from a large quan∣tity of extra∣vasated Blood.
• * 1.130

  The parts of the Body are hard and soft, and the hard are the ba••e of the soft.
• * 1.131

  The Muscles are collective Bodies, com∣posed of di∣vers Tubes and Fibres.
• * 1.132

  The Muscles have peculiar Membranes, and a common integument to keep their soft frames in their proper places.
• * 1.133

  The common Membrane is tied above to the Membrana Adiposa, and below to the proper Mem∣branes of Muscles.
• * 1.134

  The Origen of the common Membrane may seem to be propagated from the Ten∣dons of the Muscles seated under it. An Instance to confirm their Hypothesis, is fetched from the Linea Alba, composed of the Tendons relating to the Abdominal Muscles.
• * 1.135

  Others derive its Origen from the Du∣ra Mater, as a common Pa∣rent of all Membranes.
• * 1.136

  Others derive its dispensati∣on from the Vertebre of the Back, to which it is firmly tied, and where it is more thick; but it is my opinion, that it is first pro∣pagated, as all other Mem∣branes are, from the Se∣minal Liquor.
• * 1.137

  The common Membrane hath a sub∣stance tran∣sparent and much thinner then the Adi∣posa.
• * 1.138

  Some do judg the common Membrane to be constituted of Right, Cir∣cular, and Ob∣lique Nervous Fibrils, inter∣woven with each other.
• * 1.139

  The Fibrils of the Membrane being round have spaces, filled up with concreted Nervous Li∣quor.
• * 1.140

  The first use of this Mem∣brane, is to defend the Bo∣dy against cold and heat.
• * 1.141

  The second use of the Membrane, is to fix the Skin by the inter∣position of many Mem∣branes sprout∣ting out of the common Mem∣brane.
• * 1.142

  Steno's Obser∣vation, how the Ligaments coming from the common Membrane, do pass to the Skin of a Skait.
• * 1.143

  The third use of it to keep the Mus∣cles in their proper seats.
• * 1.144

  Muscles are composed of solid and fluid parts,
• * 1.145

  Flesh of all sorts very ex∣cellent in Eng∣land, and some of one kind only in other Countries.
• * 1.146

  Fish are very choice, and in great varie∣ty in our Na∣tion.
• * 1.147

  Fish have ma∣ny rows of Muscles seated one within another, and are discrimi∣nated by their white Mem∣branes, as pro∣per Coats.
• * 1.148

  Endemial Di∣seases, proper to our Nation, do proceed from the free eating of va∣riety of fat Flesh.
• * 1.149

  The Muscles of Humane Bo∣dies consist of different Fi∣gures and Magnitudes,
• * 1.150

  Most Muscles are Parallelo∣grams, or Pa∣laselepipedes.
• * 1.151

  The Muscles of the Belly are adorned with a trian∣gular Figure.
• * 1.152

  Simple and regular Mus∣cles, have their Fibres seated in a uniform man∣ner.
• * 1.153

  Compound Muscles have a various pro∣gress of their Fibres.
• * 1.154

  The Gulet is furnished with Spiral Fibres.
• * 1.155

  The Tempo∣ral Muscle hath a most elegant scheme of Fibres.
• * 1.156

  Muscles are made up of solid and fluid parts. The solid parts of Muscles are a Systeme fra∣med of great variety of In∣tegrals.
• * 1.157

  The Vessels are many Cha nels con∣veying various Liquors of the Body.
• * 1.158

  The Arteries do export, and Veins import Vital Liquor to the Heart.
• * 1.159

  The Nerves do transmit Liquor be∣tween their many Fila∣ments.
• * 1.160

  The Lymphae∣ducts do con∣vey a thin transparent Liquor, the re∣crement of the Vital and Ner∣vous Juice.
• * 1.161

  Muscles are composed of tendinous and Carnous Fi∣bres.
• * 1.162

  Fleshy Fibres strictly consi∣dered, are a part of the Blood concre∣ted and adhe∣ring to the Coats of the Vessels.
• * 1.163

  Galen maketh the Tendons the first Organ of motion.
• * 1.164

  A Tendon is a dissimilar Bo∣dy made of Ligamentary and Nervous Fibres.
• * 1.165

  Flesh abstract∣ly taken, fil∣leth up the interstices of the Vessels.
• * 1.166

  Tendons are Organs of sen∣sation, as they partake of Nervous Fi∣brils.
• * 1.167

  Universal Convulsive motions are derived from wounding the Musculus Ga∣steroknemius.
• * 1.168

  The Fibres of Nerves ac∣company the Bloodie Ves∣sels to the ter∣mination of the Muscles.
• * 1.169

  Carnous Fi∣bres taken in a common sense do com∣prehend vari∣ety of Vessels.
• * 1.170

  Flesh taken in a strict notion is a soft red substance ad∣hering to the Coats of the Vessels,
• * 1.171

  The ••••••d parts of a Muscle are constituted of various Li∣quors.
• * 1.172

  Blood in a large notion is made up of Chyle, red Crassament, and a crystal∣line Liquor.
• * 1.173

  The red Cras∣sament is the coagulating part of the Blood when extravasated.
• * 1.174

  The Blood is primitively White, and afterward groweth Red,
• * 1.175

  The manner of production of the tincture of Blood,
• * 1.176

  The red Cras∣sament of the Blood coagu∣lates, when deprived of its motion,
• * 1.177

  The surface of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••ood when coagu∣lated, is hued with variety of colours.
• * 1.178

  The serous part of the Blood differ∣eth from the red Crassa∣ment, both in colour, con∣sistence, and disposition.
• * 1.179

  The Nervous Liquor is ge∣nerated of the more mild parts of the Blood in the Cortical Glands of the Brain.
• * 1.180

  Nerves are Systems of many Fila∣ments.
• * 1.181

  The Nervous Filaments are invigorated with volatil saline Parti∣cles of Ner∣vous Liquor.
• * 1.182

  The Lympha is a thin tran∣sparent Li∣quor, severed in the Gands.
• * 1.183

  The greatest part of the Lympha is a Recrement seperated from the Blood.
• * 1.184

  The Muscles of the Abdo∣men, are so many cover∣ings of the parts seated in the lowest apartiment.
• * 1.185

  The descrip∣tion of the oblique de∣scendent Mus∣cles.
• * 1.186

  The Oblique ascendent ••••••des de∣scribed.
• * 1.187

  The delinea∣tion of the transverse Muscles of the Abdomen.
• * 1.188

  The perfora∣tions of the Muscles of the Abdomen by the sperma∣tick Vessels is made in ob∣lique postures, to secure the Caul and Intestines from falling down into the Scrotum.
• * 1.189

  An eminent Inosculat••on of Vessels of the same kind in the Epiga∣stricks, seated in the inward ward recesses of the Abdo∣minal Vessels.
• * 1.190

  An Inoscula∣tion made be∣tween the Epigastrick with the Mam∣mary Nerves.
• * 1.191

  A Tumour is discharged (proceeding from a quanti∣ty of Blood intercepted) by frequent Inosculations of the Epiga∣strick with the Mammary Vessels.
• * 1.192

  The Pyrami∣dal are assi∣stant to the oblique ascen∣dent Muscles.
• * 1.193

  The progress and original of the Pyra∣midal Muscles.
• * 1.194

  The inward parts of the lowest story are secured within the Abdominal Muscles, as within so ma∣ny safe Walls.
• * 1.195

  The Muscles of the Abdo∣men are made fleshy, that they might more easily give way to the Stomach and Intestines when they are pressed down∣ward in inspi∣ration.
• * 1.196

  The insects have many thin Expansi∣ons lodged one within another, which resemble in some sort the Muscles of the Belly.
• * 1.197

  The right Fi∣bres do not run in parallel Lines, but irregularly.
• * 1.198

  The second ra••k are lodg∣ed under the right Fibres.
• * 1.199

  The third row of Fibres have an opposite progress to the former.
• * 1.200

  A less order of Fibres creeping un∣der the third.
• * 1.201

  Many other Fibres run counter to the lesser, called Oblique De∣scendents.
• * 1.202

  Under the Descendent, pass ascendent Filaments.
• * 1.203

  The Muscles of Silk-worms are small Fila∣ments, inter∣woven with each other, passing in dif∣ferent po∣stures.
• * 1.204

  These thin Muscles of Silk-worms, are like the fine fleshy Ex∣pansions of the Belly.
• * 1.205

  These Muscles of the of Silk-worms are made as well for pro∣gressive moti∣on, as the pre∣servation of the Viscera.
• * 1.206

  The efficient causes of mo∣tion are the Animal Spirits and the In∣struments are Fibres, acted by these spi∣rits.
• * 1.207

  These Muscles lodged be∣tween the an∣nular Mem∣branes, are the Organs of pro∣gressive moti∣on.
• * 1.208

  The motion of Silk-worms beginneth in the posterior parts!
• * 1.209

  The motion of these In∣sects is pro∣moted by the lifting up their Legs and Feet.
• * 1.210

  The Cuticle and Bark are fine compages made up of divers Fila∣ments.
• * 1.211

  The body of Plants compo∣sed of many hollow Fibres, filled with a Parenchyma, is somewhat like the body of Animals.
• * 1.212

  The fine woo∣den Laminae do in some manner resem∣ble the thin f••eshy Expan∣sions of the Abdominal Mu••cl••s.
• * 1.213

  The use of the Muscles of the Abdomen cover the Vi∣scera of the lowest Apar∣timent, as with fine Vestments consisting of various Li∣nings.
• * 1.214

  The second use is by their contraction to assist the Peristaltick Motion of the Intestines.
• * 1.215

  The various position of the Abdomi∣nal Muscles, do keep the Viscera in a due ballance.
• * 1.216

  The Muscles of the Abdomen by the divers progress of their Fibres, as by several ways of Ban∣dage, do keep the inward parts of the Belly in their due places.
• * 1.217

  The Diaphrag∣me is relaxed in Expiration by the Abdo∣minal Muscles.
• * 1.218

  The Os Pubis being the cen∣ter of motion, and the right Muscles con∣tracting them∣selves pull the Sternon down∣ward, which are assisted by the Psoas which draw∣eth the Tho∣rax down∣ward, as well as elevate the Thigh.
• * 1.219

  When the Sternon is the center of Mo∣tion, and the right Muscles contract them∣selves, the Os Pubis is drawn upward.
• * 1.220

  This motion is assisted by the Muscu∣li Quadrati, which begin∣ning their con∣traction be∣low, and mo∣ving upward do pull the Os Pubis toward the Sternon.
• * 1.221

  The oblique descendent Muscles being joyned to the Os Ilium as a center of mo∣tion, and con∣tracting them∣selves do draw the Os Ilium toward the Ribs, when a flexion is made of the Verte∣bres of the Loins by the Quadrati.
• * 1.222

  The ascendent Muscles fast∣ned to the Ribs above, and to the Os Ilium as the center of mo∣tion, and mo∣ving them∣selves, must necessarily draw the Ribs obliquly down∣ward toward the Os Ilium.
• * 1.223

  The Trans∣verse Muscles being contra∣cted, do ele∣vate the Loins when the Bo∣dy lieth in a supine positi∣on.
• * 1.224

  The rotation of the Thorax is not truly so called, because it is not carri∣ed round in a circular moti∣on, but only backward and forward.
• * 1.225

  The oblique descendent and ascendent Muscles of the Belly, accord∣ing to their different Hy∣pomoclia, do pull the Os Ilium and Ribs obliquely up∣ward and downward.
• * 1.226

  The Musculus Quadratus, and Transversalis of the same side, contra∣cting them∣selves, do move the Thorax and Loins inward, and also back∣ward, accord∣ing to divers centers of mo∣tion.
• * 1.227

  The rotation of the Loins and Thorax, begun by the Sacer, Qua∣dratus, and transverse Muscle, is pro∣moted much by the Psoas, and Iliacus Internus, and other Muscles of the Thigh.
• * 1.228

  The descripti∣on of the low∣est apartiment in reference to its various co∣verings and situation.
• * 1.229

  The descripti∣on of the Ab∣dominal Mus∣cles, in point of their situa∣tion.
• * 1.230

  The descripti∣on of the Mus∣cles of the Belly, as to their Figure, Connexion, Uses, and Actions.
• * 1.231

  Fallopius as∣signeth Muscu∣lar Motion to fleshy Fibres.
• * 1.232

  A Muscle is accommoda∣ted with many rows of fleshy Fibres, inser∣ted into the Tendon. The motion of a Muscle is celebrated by the contracti∣on of the Fi∣bres inward, whereby the body of the Muscle beco∣meth Tense and Rigid.
• * 1.233

  Galen maketh the Tendinous Fibres (col∣lected into one body in the Tendon) the Organs of muscular mo∣tion.
• * 1.234

  The Carnous Fibres are on∣ly assistant in muscular mo∣tion.
• * 1.235

  Steno maketh Flesh and a Tendon to be integrated of Carnous Fi∣bres, loosely or firmly uni∣ted.
• * 1.236

  A Tendon is like a Cord, made up of Nervous and Ligamentous Fibrils.
• * 1.237

  The difference of Tendinous and fleshy Fi∣bres in colour and consi∣stence, the one being white and solid, the other red and soft.
• * 1.238

  The Tendi∣nous Fibres are solid and strong, the Carnous weak and flabby, whereupon Muscular mo∣tion cannot be chiefly assign∣ed to them.
• * 1.239

  According to Aristotle, all motion is founded in somewhat im∣moveable, as a center of it.
• * 1.240

  Muscular mo∣tion some∣what resem∣bleth the arti∣ficial motion by Levers.
• * 1.241

  The various Centers of motion, upon which the Arm is lifted up.
• * 1.242

  The Hypomo∣clia upon which the Cu∣bit is eleva∣ted.
• * 1.243

  A motion of a Pulley, is somewhat like the motion of a Muscle.
• * 1.244

  Steno concei∣veth the Mus∣cle to acquire greater Di∣mensions in motion.
• * 1.245

  Muscles do lessen them∣selves in con∣traction, by reason the Coat of the Muscle is plain before motion and somewhat wrinkled af∣terward in contraction.
• * 1.246

  Muscles grow less in motion by reason the Fibres move inward.
• * 1.247

  The Fibres being contra∣cted in Muscu∣lar Motion, the Muscle is shortned by bringing one Extreamitie as much as may be, toward the other.
• * 1.248

  Some attri∣bute the man∣ner of Muscu∣lar motion to a kind of In∣flation.
• * 1.249

  Muscular mo∣tion is perfor∣med by irrita∣tion of the Fi∣bres, made by the Spirituous and Elastick parts of the Nervous Li∣quor.
• * 1.250

  The motion of the Blood is quickned by motion of Fi∣bres, compres∣sing the Blood Vessels.
• * 1.251

  The Muscles of the whole Bo∣dy are Anta∣gonists to the Muscle of the Heart.
• * 1.252

  The Muscle being abbre∣viated, pulleth the Limbs to∣ward the cen∣ter of motion.
• * 1.253

  It is very ob∣scure how some Muscles should move at pleasure, and others not.
• * 1.254

  The opinion of the Ner∣vous Valves is contrary to sense.
• * 1.255

  The Nerves having no Ca∣vi••ies, are not capable of Valves.
• * 1.256

  Gassendus his opinion, that the Soul is of a fiery nature.
• * 1.257

  Muscular mo∣tion perfor∣med by Ex∣plosion, is ve∣ry improba∣ble.
• * 1.258

  It is more rea∣sonable to ap∣prehend the motion of a Muscle, to be made by the invigoration of Animal Spirits.
• * 1.259

  Every Muscle naturally con∣tracteth him∣self, if left to his own di∣spose.
• * 1.260

  The motion of every Muscle is balanced by the Antago∣nist Muscle; whence pro∣ceedeth the tonick motion of Muscles.
• * 1.261

  The opposite motion of the Muscle being equal, keep the Limbs in a middle positi∣on, as being neither ex∣tended nor contracted to the utmost.
• * 1.262

  The Antago∣nist Muscles are prevalent in motion, as they are acted with greater appulses of the Animal Spirits.
• * 1.263

  The general notion of the understanding causeth an in∣differency, but the practical judgment de∣termine us to the choice of good, and refu∣sal of evil.
• * 1.264

  How every Muscle is mo∣ved by the commands of the Will is ve∣ry difficult to be understood.
• * 1.265

  The Soul com∣mandeth eve∣ry Muscle by an Organick Power seated in them, by Animal Spirits coming from the Brain, and invigorating the Muscular Fibres.
• * 1.266

  Progressive Motion is ma∣naged by seve∣ral motions of the Limbs, ma∣king various angles with the Area and Trunk of the Body.
• * 1.267

  Progressive Motion treat∣eth us with variety of places and pleasant pro∣spects, and a∣bove all with the company of our Friends at a distance from us.
• * 1.268

  The Body of Man is compo∣sed of three Stories, erect∣ed upon the Thighs and Legs, as joyn∣ted Columns, and the Feet as Pe••estals.
• * 1.269

  The center of Gravity in a standing po∣sture, passeth through the middle of the Trunk, and between the Thighs, and Legs, and Feet, the last ma∣king right an∣gles with the Ground.
• * 1.270

  The Foot mo∣ving in Pro∣gressive Moti∣on from the Heel to the Toes upon the Floor, is some∣what like a sphaerical bo∣dy moving up∣on a Plain.
• * 1.271

  The Heel first receiving the weight of the Body in a new step, and after∣ward the Foot being clapped to the Floor, maketh a kind of acute angle with it, and an obtuse one with the bend∣ed Trunk, and a right one with the Leg.
• * 1.272

  The motion of the Limbs in order to Pro∣gressive Moti∣on, is celebra∣ted by various flexions and tensions of the Thighs, Legs, and Feet.
• * 1.273

  One Limb by various po∣stures b••ing lifted up, and the Body bent very much for∣ward would fall, unless the Foot be quickly clapped to the ground to re∣ceive the cen∣ter of Gravi∣tation.
• * 1.274

  The center of gravity is transferred from Limb to Limb alter∣nately in Pro∣gressive Moti∣on, which is the reason why we are apt to fall in violent moti∣tion of the Limbs, when the centers of motion are changed over∣hastily from Limb to Limb.
• * 1.275

  The carrying the Trunk for∣ward, is made by the pressure of the hinder Foot against the Floor, whereby the Body is brought for∣ward.
• * 1.276

  The Limbs are Coadjutors to each other in alternate vari∣ous postures, in reference to Progr••s∣sive Motion.
• * 1.277

  The weight of the Body rest∣ing perpendi∣cular upon the hinder Limb, and the Body being much bent forward, the weight be∣ing carried be∣yond the per∣pendicular, must necessa∣rily tumble, unless the center of gra∣vity be recei∣ved by the Fore-limb.
• * 1.278

  Progressive Motion is act∣ed by various p••stures of the Limbs made by Flexion and Tension, and divers centers of motion.
• * 1.279

  Progressive Motion being made upon di∣vers Semicir∣cles, cannot be stiled a pure right mo∣tion, but ra∣ther mixed.
• * 1.280

  The Limbs are supported by Bones.
• * 1.281

  The structure of Humane Body is com∣posed of three Stories, erect∣ed upon inve∣rted Piramidal Pillars.
• * 1.282

  The upper Bones making the different articulations, are the seve∣ral centers of Motion, rela∣ting to the di∣vers parts of a Limb.
• * 1.283

  The Bone of the Thigh playeth in a large Socket, to which it is strongly affix∣ed by a dou∣ble Ligament.
• * 1.284

  The principal Bone of the Leg, is the Os Tibiae.
• * 1.285

  The lesser Bone of the Leg, is the Os Fibulae.
• * 1.286

  The Pillars of Mans Body consisting of Thighs and Legs, are sup∣ported upon the Feet as two fine Pe∣destals.
• * 1.287

  The Bones of the Thighs and Legs.
• * 1.288

  The Thighs are elevated by two Flex∣ors, the Psoas and Iliacus In∣ternus.
• * 1.289

  The Psoas is fastned above to the Verte∣bres of the Back and Loins, and the Iliacus Inter∣nus, to the sur∣face of the Os Ilium, as to centers of Mo∣tion.
• * 1.290

  The Muscles making the extension of the Thigh.
• * 1.291

  The Os Ilium, Sacrum, and Coccyx, are the centers of Motion, in the extension of the Thigh.
• * 1.292

  The Flexors of the Leg do pull it back∣ward.
• * 1.293

  The Share∣bone, Coxen∣dix, and Fibu∣la, are the centers of mo∣tion in the Flexion of the Leg.
• * 1.294

  The Tensors of the Leg.
• * 1.295

  The motion of the Feet is accomplished by the flexion and tension of the Tarsus.
• * 1.296

  The weight of the Body is equally re∣ceived in an erected po∣sture on both Limbs by the Muscles put into a Tonick Motion.
• * 1.297

  The first de∣portment of the fore Limb is made by a Flexure of the Thigh and Leg.
• * 1.298

  The s con•• carriage of the Limb is acted by a ten∣sion of Thigh and Leg.
• * 1.299

  The line of Gravitation is transferred from one Limb to ano∣ther in the making every new step.
• * 1.300

  The flexors of the fore Limb in carrying it forward, do by consequence draw the hin∣der Limb for∣ward.
• * 1.301

  Progressive Motion is ce∣lebrated by divers Arches described by various Cen∣ters, by which the line of Gravitation is carried from Limb to Limb.
• * 1.302

  Quadrupeds have more centers of motion then Bipeds.
• * 1.303

  The Progres∣sive Motion of Brutes is per∣formed by the decussation of the fore Limb with the hin∣der.
• * 1.304

  All. Creatures have a parity of Limbs o•• each side.
• * 1.305

  The motion of the Thigh and Legs is made by di∣vers Muscles, Flexors and Tensors.
• * 1.306

  It is not ne∣cessary for Blood to be Red.
• * 1.307

  The Body is, balanced with a kind of e∣quality of weight, lest the body should tumble when moved.
• * 1.308

  In Six-footed Creatures, three remain the centers of motion while the other are moved.
• * 1.309

  In many-foot∣ed Creatures, many fore Feet of one side, joyn with the other by a kind of De∣cussation.
• * 1.310

  The perfecti∣on of the Wings, is ex∣pressed in a Figure.
• * 1.311

  Flying Fish recorded in History.
• * 1.312

  Birds have Wings vari∣ous is colours, shape, and size.
• * 1.313

  The Wing is enlarged by Tensors.
• * 1.314

  Flexors con∣tracting the Cubit.
• * 1.315

  Flexors con∣tracting the third Bone of the Wing.
• * 1.316

  The Adductors or Pectorals are the great∣est Muscles re∣lating to the Wings.
• * 1.317

  The Scapulars or Adductors are much less and are the Elevators of the Wings.
• * 1.318

  Wings resem∣ble Oares, and the trains of Birds Rud∣ders, gover∣ning them in their flight.
• * 1.319

  The manner of flight of Birds, how it is performed.
• * 1.320

  Flight is ma∣naged by con∣densing the Air, caused by frequent stroaks of the Wings, made by Abductors, and Addu∣ctors.
• * 1.321

  Wings are made of a tre∣ble rank of Feathers.
• * 1.322

  The solid bo∣dies of Birds are supported by the light covering of Feathers.
• * 1.323

  Birds have va∣rious postures in flying up∣ward, down∣ward, and ob∣liquely.
• * 1.324

  Soaring is cau∣sed by depres∣sing the wings directly down∣ward, and move forward by the wings carried some∣what back∣ward.
• * 1.325

  Birds are car∣ried obliquely chiefly by the motion of one wing.
• * 1.326

  The chief mo∣tion of the wings is made downward, and the eleva∣tion is produ∣ced in order to the other.
• * 1.327

  The wings are kept ex∣tended in their motion, both upward and down∣ward.
• * 1.328

  The wings of Insects are dressed with many rows of Fibrils, seated one above another.
• * 1.329

  The wings of Insects are covered with fine Feathers or Down.
• * 1.330

  The wings of Insects are carried up and down by Ab∣ductors, and Adductors.
• * 1.331

  Insects fly by their Wings depressed, and somewhat bent back∣ward by Ad∣ductors.
• * 1.332

  Insects boy up their Bodies, by their wings gently mo∣ving down∣ward upon Air under∣neath them.
• * 1.333

  Birds move with greater quickness in Air, then Fish in Water.
• * 1.334

  Fish and Fowl have diffe∣rent Mediums and Instru∣ments of Mo∣tion.
• * 1.335

  Fish having heavy bodies, move in a more solid medium then Air.
• * 1.336

  The weight of the water in which Fish swim, doth somewhat ba∣lance the weight of Fish.
• * 1.337

  Vesicles of Air seated in the lower venter, do help to bear up Fish in Water.
• * 1.338

  Fish do swim chiefly by the motion of their Tails, caused by Flex∣ors and Ten∣sors seated in their hinder region.
• * 1.339

  Fowls called Palmipedes, do swim by the motion of their broad foot backward against the re∣sisting water.
• * 1.340

  Fish swim from place to place, to pro∣cure aliment.
• * 1.341

  Fins somewhat resemble wings in figure and use, both being institu∣ted by nature in order to Motion.
• * 1.342

  Tension is ser∣viceable to Flexion, in re∣ference to the motion of the Fins and Tails of Fish.
• * 1.343

  The analogy between Fly∣ing and Swim∣ming.
• * 1.344

  The mediums of Flying and Swimming a∣gree as fluid, and disagree in consistence.
• * 1.345

  Fish have more or less Fins, accor∣ding to the weight of their bodies.
• * 1.346

  Fish are car∣ried in s••••ple and mixed motion.
• * 1.347

  Creeping in Reptiles is performed by sweeping their Bellies on the Ground, as having no Legs nor Feet.
• * 1.348

  Reptiles do move their Bodies gradu∣ally, by ma∣king many Arches.
• * 1.349

  Undulation the first kind of motion in Reptiles.
• * 1.350

  The second kind of moti∣on in Reptiles is Fluctuation.
• * 1.351

  The third kind of motion in Reptiles, is made by Ex∣tension and Contraction.
• * 1.352

  The first mo∣tion of Insects is wavelike.
• * 1.353

  The second kind is per∣formed by Spires.
• * 1.354

  The third is effected by Contraction and Extension.
• * 1.355

  The fourth is made by lesser Arches.
• * 1.356

  The motion of Serpents and Eels, is Spiral.
• * 1.357

  The second posture of mo∣tion is made by Depression.
• * 1.358

  The third kind of Cree∣ping Motion is performed by one great Arch.
• * 1.359

  The Fourth manner of Creeping Mo∣tion is per∣formed by Traction.
• * 1.360

  Anasarca is seated in the Muscular parts.
• * 1.361

  The use of the Liver is to be a Colatory of the Blood.
• * 1.362

  Procatartick causes, sup∣pose an indi∣sposition of the Body.
• * 1.363

  An Anasarca differeth from an Ascitis in the parts affe∣cted.
• * 1.364

  Crude Chyle a cause of an Anasarca.
• * 1.365

  Gross serous Humours may be a cause of an Anasarca.
• * 1.366

  The causes of an Anasarca, do proceed A laesa Sanguifica∣tione.
• * 1.367

  Crude Chyle is not easily assimilated into Blood.
• * 1.368

  The Mass of Blood is com∣posed of many parts.
• * 1.369

  The different Principles are the chief ground of Fermentation.
• * 1.370

  The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart.
• * 1.371

  The Blood is refined by Air in the Lungs.
• * 1.372

  A pituitous Matter is the first cause of an ill Mass of Blood.
• * 1.373

  The second cause of a vi∣tiated Blood, is fixed Salt and Sulphur.
• * 1.374

  Serous Hu∣mours do vi∣tiate the Mass of Blood.
• * 1.375

  Gross Air de∣presseth the Vital Liquor.
• * 1.376

  Purulent mat∣ter flowing out of the ab∣scesses of the Viscera, do spoil the Blood.
• * 1.377

  Repelling Me∣dicines out∣wardly appli∣ed are unsafe, if Universals be not first pre∣scribed.
• * 1.378

  Purulent mat∣ter the conti∣nent cause of an Anasarca.
• * 1.379

  The remote causes of an Anasarca.
• * 1.380

  The first re∣mote cause is ab Excretis.
• * 1.381

  The second remote cause is a Retentis.
• * 1.382

  The first Cura∣tory Indica∣tion.
• * 1.383

  The second Preservatory.
• * 1.384

  The Curatory Indication is satisfied by Purgatives and Diure∣ticks.
• * 1.385

  Lixivial Saits are very pro∣per in an Ana∣sarca.
• * 1.386

  Lixivial Salts mixing with Acids, make an Intestine Motion in the Blood.
• * 1.387

  Sudorificks are proper in an Anasarca.
• * 1.388

  Diet Drinks good in an Anasarca.
• * 1.389

  Chalybeats made of the Filings of Steel, are best in this Disease.
• * 1.390

  Topicks are to be of daster Universal Me∣dicines have been given.
• * 1.391

  Frictions good in an Anasarca, to help Tran∣spiration.
• * 1.392

  Fomentations are proper as provoking Sweat, and in∣sensible Tran∣spiration.
• * 1.393

  Oyl of Scor∣pions very proper as out∣wardly appli∣ed in an Ana∣sarca.
• * 1.394

  Blistering Plaisters un∣safe in an Ana∣sarca.
• * 1.395

  Escharoticks are more safe then Vesica∣tories.
• * 1.396

  The Muscles are liable to several sorts of Diseases.
• * 1.397

  The causes of Steatomes, A∣theromes and Melicerids.
• * 1.398

  The matter of a Steatome re∣sembleth Fat in Consistence.
• * 1.399

  A Steatome proceeding a Pituita Gypsea.
• * 1.400

  The cause of a Steatome i•• in∣digested Chyle.
• * 1.401

  The descripti∣on of an Athe∣rome.
• * 1.402

  Unassimilated Chyme of greater or less consistence is the cause of Steatomes, Atheromes, and Melicerids.
• * 1.403

  Difference of a Steatome, Atherome, and Meliceris.
• * 1.404

  These Diseases are Cured principally by Chyrurgery.
• * 1.405

  The divers causes of stag∣nation of Blood produ∣cing an In∣flammation.
• * 1.406

  The distention of the adja∣cent parts, causeth the troublesome Pulsation of the Artery.
• * 1.407

  The antece∣dent cause of an Inflamma∣tion, is a quan∣tity of Blood moving in the Vessels.
• * 1.408

  The continent cause of an In∣flammation, a quantity of Blood extra∣vasated.
• * 1.409

  A quantity of Blood settled in the habit of the Body doth denote Blood-letting to so∣licite the mo∣tion of the Blood, to take on an Inflam∣mation.
• * 1.410

  Repelling To∣picks are dan∣gerous in an Inflammation.
• * 1.411

  Where Emol∣lients and Discutients are not pre∣valent, Sup∣purating Me∣dicines are to be applied.
• * 1.412

  Tumours brought to Suppuration are to be o∣pened by In∣cision
• * 1.413

  Cleansing and Drying Medi∣cines are to be injected in∣to hollow Ulcers.
• * 1.414

  A Fistula is to be made a green Wound, before it will admit a Cure.
• * 1.415

  Bilious Blood the cause of an Erysipelas.
• * 1.416

  Purging Me∣dicines im∣proper in an Erysipelas.
• * 1.417

  An Oedema is caused by an indigested Chyme.
• * 1.418

  A Scirrhus is caused by a gross indura∣ted serous of pituitous Li∣quor.
• * 1.419

  A Cancer is a hard painful Tumour like Crabs Claws.
• * 1.420

  A Cancer not not Ulcered.
• * 1.421

  A Cancer Ulcered.
• * 1.422

  Sharp and hot Topicks are very prejudi∣cial in Can∣cers.
• * 1.423

  Cooling and Drying Medi∣cines are to be applied in Ul∣cered Can∣cerss.
• * 1.424

  Nervous and Membranous Fibres rela∣ting to the Muscles, are the subjects of a Rheuma∣tism.
• * 1.425

  The Muscles of the lower Limbs, are most liable to a Rheumatism.
• * 1.426

  Rheumatisms have Types and Periods.
• * 1.427

  The matter of a Rheumatism is Blood made up of Fermen∣tative Parti∣cles.
• * 1.428

  The serous parts of the Blood are most concern∣ed in a Rheu∣matism.
• * 1.429

  The pituitous Matter is not the cause of a Rheumatism.
• * 1.430

  Different kinds of Salts the causes of a Rheumatism.
• * 1.431

  Acids and Al∣kalies mak•• great Ebulli∣tions.
• * 1.432

  The Mass of Blood and Nervous Li∣quor, resem∣ble the diffe∣rent Elements of Vegeta∣bles.
• * 1.433

  Nutrition is performed by various Li∣quors.
• * 1.434

  Heterogene∣ous principles make great Fermentation in the Body.
• * 1.435

  The antece∣dent cause of a Rheumatism, proceedeth from Humours in the Vessels.
• * 1.436

  The continent cause of a Rheumatism, is derived from different ill Liquors sea∣ted in the In∣terstices of the Vessels.
• * 1.437

  Ill Diet is a Procatartick cause of a Rheumatism.
• * 1.438

  Heat and cold do alter the Constitution of the Body.
• * 1.439

  Violent La∣bours and too great indul∣gence of Ve∣nery, and the suppression of wonted Eva∣cuations are a Procatartick cause of a Rheumatism.
• * 1.440

  The Blood in a natural state is not too fixed nor too vola∣til.
• * 1.441

  The Liquors in the Bodies of Animals, hold some proportion with those of Vegetables.
• * 1.442

  Nutrition of the solid parts is made by Assimilation.
• * 1.443

  The crudity of Chyle is produced by the Compage of the Aliment not duly open∣ed.
• * 1.444

  A Rheuma∣tism proceed∣eth from ill Blood and Nervous Li∣quor.
• * 1.445

  An ill Nervous Liquor the cause of a Rheumatism.
• * 1.446

  A Rheuma∣tism is not dangerous.
• * 1.447

  A Rheuma∣tism flowing from saline and earthy parts concre∣ted into a Chalky sub∣stance.
• * 1.448

  A Rheuma∣tism associa∣ted with an Atrophy.
• * 1.449

  A Rheuma∣tism derived from Sulphu∣reous and fla∣tulent matter.
• * 1.450

  Pain proceed∣ing in a Rheu∣matism, from the tension of Nervous Fi∣brils.
• * 1.451

  Tension of the Nerves is caused by the Elastic parti∣cles of Wind.
• * 1.452

  Pain is hight∣ned by the in∣terstices of the Membra∣nous parts ob∣structed.
• * 1.453

  An universal Rheumatism is caused by the Muscles of the whole Bo∣dy disaffected
• * 1.454

  Bleeding, Pur∣ging, Diure∣tick, and swea∣ting Medicines are proper in a Rheumatism.
• * 1.455

  The Curative Indication.
• * 1.456

  The preserva∣tive Indicati∣on.
• * 1.457

  The Vital In∣dication.
• * 1.458

  Blood-letting is most benefi∣cial in the be∣ginning of a Rheumatism.
• * 1.459

  Purging Me∣dicines are most proper in the decli∣nation of a Rheumatism.
• * 1.460

  Purging is most profita∣ble, when the ill Humours receive a Co∣ction.
• * 1.461

  The several kinds of Pur∣ging Medi∣cines good in a Rheumatism.
• * 1.462

  Several sorts of Diet drinks and Powders, and Chaly∣beats, proper in a Rheuma∣tism.
• * 1.463

  Purging and Bleeding are improper in Hectic Bodies.
• * 1.464

  A Milk-water prepared with Antiscorbu∣ticks and Re∣storatives.
• * 1.465

  When Uni∣versals have been premi∣sed, Topicks may be appli∣ed.
• * 1.466

  Repelling Me∣dicines dange∣rous in a Rheumatism.
• * 1.467

  A Rheuma∣tism and a Joint Gout do not differ es∣sentially, but in the parts affected.
• * 1.468

  The Rim of the Belly is the most large Membrane of the Body, ex∣cept those common Inte∣guments.
• * 1.469

  The Dura Me∣nynx, the Pa∣rent of all Membranes.
• * 1.470

  The Peritonae∣um giveth a Coat to all the Viscera of the lowest Venter.
• * 1.471

  The situation of the Rim o•• the Belly.
• * 1.472

  The Figure of the Peritonae∣um.
• * 1.473

  The connexi∣on of the Pe∣ritonaeum.
• * 1.474

  The substance of the Peri∣tonaeum.
• * 1.475

  The Arteries have Inoscu∣lations with Arteries, and Veins with Veins.
• * 1.476

  The Peritonae∣um is made up of ••everal Fi∣laments, ma∣king divers progresses.
• * 1.477

  The origen of the Peritonae∣um.
• * 1.478

  The descripti∣on of Ner∣vous Fibrils.
• * 1.479

  Some con∣ceive the Rim of the Belly hath volunta∣ry motion, which is very improbable, as having no fleshy Fibres.
• * 1.480

  The Duplica∣ture of the Peritonaeum, is a Conduit and Repository for divers Vessels and parts.
• * 1.481

  The Processes of the Perito∣naeum.
• * 1.482

  The Glands of the Peri∣tonaeum.
• * 1.483

  The first use of the Peri∣tonaeum.
• * 1.484

  The second use of the Peritonaeum.
• * 1.485

  The cause of an Inflamma∣tion.
• * 1.486

  The Cure of an Inflamma∣tion.
• * 1.487

  The cause of a Rupture pro∣ceedeth from a Relaxation or Rupture of the process of the Peritonae∣um.
• * 1.488

  The several kinds of Rup∣tures.
• * 1.489

  Topicks are to be applied in Ruptures.
• * 1.490

  Divers Tu∣mours of the Belly proceed∣ing from diffe∣rent causes.
• * 1.491

  A Swelling derived from Extravasated Chyle.
• * 1.492

  A Tumour of the Abdo∣men flowing from Blood.
• * 1.493

  A Tumour of the Abdomen caused by pu∣rulent Matter.
• * 1.494

  A fifth Swel∣ling of the Peritonaeum, deduced from a pituitous Humour.
• * 1.495

  The several seats of a Dropsie.
• * 1.496

  A Dropsie causing an Atrophy.
• * 1.497

  The antece∣dent cause of an Ascitis.
• * 1.498

  Dr. Lower's Experiment to prove an Ascitis in a wounded Dog.
• * 1.499

  The continent cause of an Ascitis.
• * 1.500

  The antece∣dent cause of a Dropsie.
• * 1.501

  The procatar∣ctick cause of an Ascitis.
• * 1.502

  The cause of an Ascitis from the suppressed Haemorrhoids,
• * 1.503

  A Dropsie ari∣sing from a suppressing of the Menstrua.
• * 1.504

  An Ascitis flowing from a Rupture of the Bladder.
• * 1.505

  A Dropsie flowing from watry Recre∣ments lodged in divers Ve∣sicles.
• * 1.506

  An instance of a Dropsie pro∣ceeding from the broken Lymphae-Ducts.
• * 1.507

  Three indica∣tions do offer themselves in order to the Cure of Dis∣eases, the Pre∣servative, Cu∣rative, and Vital.
• * 1.508

  Gentle Purga∣tives are first to be advised in Dropsies.
• * 1.509

  Strong Hydra∣gogues are to be given with great caution, because they increase the Tumours of the Belly.
• * 1.510

  Diureticks are very pro∣per in Drop∣sies.
• * 1.511

  Diureticks do refine the Blood, and the most pro∣per are com∣posed of Vo∣latil Salts.
• * 1.512

  Chalybeats very proper in Dropsies, by reason they refine and sweeten the Blood.
• * 1.513

  Diaphoreticks are improper in an Ascitis.
• * 1.514

  Fomentations are hurtful in an Ascitis.
• * 1.515

  An Ascitis in a Waterman proceeding from high Drinking and from Cold, on a suddain shut∣ting up the pores of the Body.
• * 1.516

  A Paraconte∣sis only relie∣veth, where the Viscera are found.
• * 1.517

  A Bastard Tympanitis, when the Bel∣ly is distended upon a Flatus lodged in the Stomach and Guts.
• * 1.518

  Tumours of the Membranes of the Belly, do often arise from the Tu∣mour of the Viscera and Glands.
• * 1.519

  A Tumour of the Be••ly may proceed a Laesa ••••••octione V••••••riculi, pro∣ducing a num∣ber of Va∣po••••s turned ed into a Fla∣tus.
• * 1.520

  A Tympanitis arising from Wind.
• * 1.521

  Vapours the ground of a Flatus.
• * 1.522

  The matter of Vapours ta∣ken under a cold and moist disposition.
• * 1.523

  Steams pro∣ceeding from an ill conco∣cted Aliment hard of dig••∣stion.
• * 1.524

  Gross Fish not easily digested produce Va∣pours in the Stomach.
• * 1.525

  Steams do al∣so flow from contrary El••∣ments, not ea∣sily subduing each other.
• * 1.526

  Wind is cau∣sed by exalted Vapours.
• * 1.527

  Vapours the subject of Wind.
• * 1.528

  The differen∣ces of Wind, are founded in variety of Vapours.
• * 1.529

  The Vapours differ accord∣ing to their several sub∣jects.
• * 1.530

  Vapours and Wind illustra∣ted by destil∣lation.
• * 1.531

  Vapours do differ accord∣ing to divers Elements, out of which they arise, and do con∣stitute divers kinds of wind.
• * 1.532

  The manner of production of Flatus, which if gentle, is caused by a mild heat.
• * 1.533

  Wind prucee∣ding from ex∣alted Vapours by an intense degree of heat.
• * 1.534

  Tympanitis ari∣sing from wa∣try Vapours is of a gentle Emollient na∣ture without great pain.
• * 1.535

  A Flatus a dif∣ferent essence from Va∣pours.
• * 1.536

  The various subjects of Wind.
• * 1.537

  The different kinds of wind.
• * 1.538

  The discripti∣on of a natu∣ral Flatus.
• * 1.539

  A preternatu∣ral Flatus is very trouble∣some, as it consisteth of Elastic Parti∣cles, produ∣ctive of many Diseases.
• * 1.540

  A Flatus is de∣rived from ill Fermentation of Blood, vi∣tiating the Ferment of the Stomach.
• * 1.541

  The progress of Wind from part to part.
• * 1.542

  A Tympanitis is generated by an imperfect Wind, partly Vaporous and partly Flatu∣lent.
• * 1.543

  Dr. Willis his opinion, that a Tympanitis ariseth from the Animal Spirits mo∣ving in great disorder.
• * 1.544

  A Ligature made upon the Par Va∣gum on each side of the Neck, produ∣ces an Inflati∣on of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.545

  A strange Hi∣story out of Smetius.
• * 1.546

  A true Tympa∣nitis caused by a meer Flatus lodged in the Cavity of the Belly, is rare.
• * 1.547

  The more common Tym∣panitis is deri∣ved from Wind mixed with watry Humours.
• * 1.548

  An instance of a spurious Tympanitis.
• * 1.549

  An instance of a true Tympa∣nitis.
• * 1.550

  An instance of a Tympanitis, which is com∣monly deri∣ved from Wind, accom∣panied with watry Recre∣ments.
• * 1.551

  Blee ing not proper in a Tympanitis.
• * 1.552

  Topicks may be applied af∣ter Universals have been premised.
• * 1.553

  The Situation and Connexi∣on of the Caul.
• * 1.554

  The upper Leaf of the Caul.
• * 1.555

  The hinder Leaf of the Caul.
• * 1.556

  The surfaces of the Caul are adorned with evenness and uneven∣ness.
• * 1.557

  The Magni∣tude of the Caul is vari∣ous in divers Persons.
• * 1.558

  The figure of the Caul, is after a manner of a Circular Figure.
• * 1.559

  The manner of the produ∣ction of Cir∣cular Figures of the Caul.
• * 1.560

  The substance of the Caul is fine and tran∣parent.
• * 1.561

  The nature of Fat is oily and fluid original∣ly, and is after∣ward concre∣ted.
• * 1.562

  The Cells re∣sembling the cavities of Hony-combs, are the reposi∣tories of Fat.
• * 1.563

  Blood the ori∣gen of Fat.
• * 1.564

  The sulphure∣ous parts of Blood are not the material cause of Fat.
• * 1.565

  Many small Glands placed in the Fat of the Caul.
• * 1.566

  Glands the co∣latories of Blood in order to the produ∣ction of Fat.
• * 1.567

  Numerous Membranes in the Caul may be streiners of the oily parts of the Blood.
• * 1.568

  The minute pores of the Membranes may be Cola∣tories, as hold∣•••••• a Configu∣•••••••••••• with the oily par••s of Liquors.
• * 1.569

  Fat may be colliquated in∣to Oyl, by heat in Acute Fevers.
• * 1.570

  Many transpa∣rent little Ves∣sels the pro∣per places of Fat.
• † 1.571

  E. E. Tab. 1.
• * 1.572

  The Adipose Ducts accom∣pany the Ves∣sels which of∣ten meet and part, making a kind of Net∣work.
• † 1.573

  Υ Υ. Tab. 1.
• * 1.574

  The nature of the Adipose Ducts is diffi∣cult to be un∣derstood.
• † 1.575

  E E. Tab. 1.
• * 1.576

  The minute Adipose Ducts do resemble Network in their curious frame.
• * 1.577

  The Adipose Ducts do asso∣ciate with the blood Vessels.
• * 1.578

  The progress of the nervous Fibrils much different from the Adipose Ducts.
• * 1.579

  The Vessels of Fat do not proceed out of the Mem∣branous Cells.
• * 1.580

  The Adipose Ducts do arise out of Bodies made of Fat.
• * 1.581

  A Question propounded whether Adi∣pose Ducts are like Blood Vessels, or Nerves made of many Fila∣ments.
• * 1.582

  The Adipose Ducts have an obscure Ori∣gen, because they are so small.
• * 1.583

  The Splene may be proba∣bly conjectu∣red to be the fountain of the Adipose Ducts.
• * 1.584

  The Caul hath connexion and enter∣course with the Stomach.
• * 1.585

  The Pancrea∣tick Liquor r fineth the Chyle in the Intestines.
• * 1.586

  The oily parts streined from the serous part of the Blood through the Membranes as so many streiners.
• * 1.587

  Colliquated Fat supplieth the Blood in the desect of Alimentary Liquor.
• * 1.588

  Fat colliqua∣ted is received into the Ves∣sels, and asso∣ciates with the Blood.
• * 1.589

  The origen of Adipose ducts are the Spleen and Stomach.
• * 1.590

  The common integrals of which the Caul is com∣posed.
• * 1.591

  The progress of the Caeliac Artery.
• * 1.592

  The right Ep••∣ploic branch.
• * 1.593

  The left Epi∣ploic stiled the Splenick Branch.
• * 1.594

  The third Cae∣liac stiled the short Arterial Branch.
• * 1.595

  The progress of the Vena Porta.
• * 1.596

  The left bran∣ches are deri∣ved from the Splene.
• * 1.597

  The first roots of the Porta are seated in the Spleen.
• * 1.598

  The second Root of the Porta are divi∣ded into two Branches.
• * 1.599

  The third Root of the Porta is so small, that it can scarce be discerned.
• † 1.600

  B B. Tab. 1.
• * 1.601

  The branches of the Porta derived from the bottom of the Stomach, run in arches.
• * 1.602

  The Stomacic and Splenic Branches of the Porta sha∣ding the Caul, do resemble the Fibrils making the substance of Leaves.
• * 1.603

  The Nerves of the Caul do sprout out of the Par Va∣gum.
• * 1.604

  The Lacteal Vessels do pass through two eminent Glands of the Caul.
• * 1.605

  The first kind of Lacteal Vessels in the Glands of the Caul. The second kind of Milky Vessels pass over the Pan∣creas.
• * 1.606

  The Pancreas is beset with many minute Glands near the Spleen.
• * 1.607

  All Mem∣branes are dressed with small miliary Glands.
• * 1.608

  The use of the Glands of the Caul, is to refine the Chyle.
• * 1.609

  The first use of the Caul is to secure the vessels in their progress to∣ward the Splene, Liver, and Pancreas, and Milky Ves∣sels, toward the common Receptacle.
• * 1.610

  A second use of the Caul is to keep the Viscera in their proper Situa∣tion.
• * 1.611

  The Caul is expanded in Inspiration, and contra∣cted in Expi∣ration; the Caul being Membranous easily compli∣eth with the motion of the Viscera.
• * 1.612

  The Caul of a Lamprey is composed of fruitful bran∣ches of Fat re∣sembling the Gyrs of the Intestines.
• * 1.613

  Another use of the Caul in re∣ference to its numerous branches of Fat, is to ren∣der the Inte∣stines slippery.
• * 1.614

  The Caul is like a Hawk∣ing-Bag in Fi∣gure in the round circum∣ference of its Origen.
• * 1.615

  The use of the Caul, as Aqua∣pendente con∣ceiveth, is to assist the dige∣stion of the Stomach, by enclosing the Steams of it within its Membranes.
• * 1.616

  The second use assigned by Aquapendente is to contain Recrements within its Leaves.
• * 1.617

  The third use as Aquapen∣dente concei∣veth it to be a seat of Hypo∣condriacal va∣pours.
• * 1.618

  Riolan's Opi∣nion, that it is possible to form a speech in the Belly.
• * 1.619

  The Vessels of Arteries, Veins, and Nerves, con∣veyed by the Caul to the Viscera.
• * 1.620

  The Caul is li∣able to Inflam∣mations, Ab∣scesses, Ulcers, Steatomes, Scirrhus, and Dropsies.
• * 1.621

  Inflammation of the Caul is derived from Blood extra∣vasated in its substance.
• * 1.622

  An Abscess floweth from the serous part of the Blood turned into purulent Mat∣ter, and pro∣duceth an Ul∣cer by its cor∣rosive quality.
• * 1.623

  An Instance of a putrid Ulce∣rous Caul.
• * 1.624

  A Steatome proceedeth from a con∣creted pitui∣tous matter concreted and enclosed in a Coat like Fat.
• * 1.625

  An Instance of a Steatome.
• * 1.626

  A Disease de∣rived from many Scirrous Glands.
• * 1.627

  An Instance of the Caul very much indura∣rated.
• * 1.628

  A Dropsie produced by intemperate Drinking, so that the watry Particles be∣ing severed in the Kidney, were convey∣ed into the Caul.
• * 1.629

  An Ascitis de∣duced from an Ulcered Caul▪ ever overchar∣ged with wa∣try Recre∣ments flowing from the bro∣ken Lymphae∣ducts into the Ulcered Glands.
• * 1.630

  The Hydatides of the Caul, are great store of Vesicles a∣rising from watry Recre∣ments distend∣ing the Lym∣phaeducts seat∣ed in the Caul.
• * 1.631

  An Instance of the Hydatides in an Hydro∣pic Woman.
• * 1.632

  The manner of the produ∣ction of the Hydatides flowing from a quantity of watry Recre∣ments (sepa∣rated from the Blood in the Glands) and distending the Coats of the Lymphaeducts placed in the Caul.
• * 1.633

  A Tympanitis flowing from Wind ming∣led with wa∣try Humours, filling the Ca∣vity interce∣ding the Coats of the Caul.
• * 1.634

  Inflammations in the Caul do indicate Vul∣nerary Poti∣ons, and clean∣sing and dry∣ing Diet Drinks.
• * 1.635

  And in a Tym∣panitis, Pur∣ging, Anti∣scorbuticks, and Chalybe∣at Medicines may be advi∣sed to refine the Blood, and discharge the Flatus which is hard to effect.
• * 1.636

  This Sheet to be placed before Folio 197.
• * 1.637

  The upper, middle, and lower Story of Mans Body.
• * 1.638

  The Muscles of the Belly keep the Inte∣stines in their proper Situa∣tion, by rea∣son of the va∣rious progress of their Fi∣bres.
• * 1.639

  The Stomach is an Elabora∣tory in which the Alimenta∣ry Liquor is extracted.
• * 1.640

  The Liver is the streiner of the Blood, wherein it is depurated from its Bili∣ous Humours.
• * 1.641

  The Nervou•• Liquor exalt∣eth the Blood in the Splene. The Kidneys are the Cola∣tory of th•• Blood from its watry Faeces.
• * 1.642

  The Nervous Liquor made in the Brain, is thence car∣ried by Nerves into all parts of the Body.
• * 1.643

  The salival Li∣quor is im∣proved by Juice flowing out of the third, fourth, and seventh pair of Nerves into the Mouth producing the first rudiment of Concocti∣on, which is after perfected in the Stomach by an access of Nervous Li∣quor distilling out of the Stomacic Nerves.
• * 1.644

  The serous part of the Blood is also ferment of the Stomach in Concoction.
• * 1.645

  The Chyle is more attenua∣ted in the Guts by Liquor coming out of the Mesenteric Plex of Nerves.
• * 1.646

  The Chyle is attenuated by Lympha into the common Receptacle, is thence carried by the Stoma∣cie Ducts into the Subclavi∣an Veins.
• * 1.647

  The Animal Liquor made in the Cortex of the Brain,
• * 1.648

  The substance of the Viscera and Flesh, are Systemes of Vessels.
• * 1.649

  Membranes are Contex∣tures of Ner∣vous Fila∣ments.
• * 1.650

  The Succus Nutricius is made up of se∣rous and Ner∣vous Liquor.
• * 1.651

  Nutricion is made by the Succus Nutri∣cius, both ac∣creted to the surfaces, and by entring in∣to the Pores of the Vessels and assimila∣ted.
• * 1.652

  The various Liquors of the Body are ex∣alted by Ner∣vous Juice pas∣sing through the noble parts.
• * 1.653

  Liquors acted with Vital and Animal Spirits, are the immediate organs of the Soul and solid parts, and Mus∣cles are Sy∣stemes of va∣rious Vessels.
• * 1.654

  Bones are en∣dued with Ar∣teries, Veins, and Nerves.
• * 1.655

  Fluid parts are the more es∣sential, and the solid the organical parts of the Body.
• * 1.656

  The Aliment is first prepa∣red in the Mouth.
• * 1.657

  The Mouth, and its adja∣cent parts.
• * 1.658

  The Mouth may be called a Dining Room, in which we are treated with variety of Meat and Drink.
• † 1.659

  Ta. 2. Fig. b b. The Lips are a spungy Flesh, invested with a thin Skin.
• * 1.660

  The Lips have minute glands mingled with its flesh.
• * 1.661

  The first pair of Muscles of the Lips.
• * 1.662

  The second pair of Mus∣cles.
• * 1.663

  The third pair of Muscles.
• * 1.664

  The fourth pair of Mus∣cles.
• * 1.665

  The fifth pair of Muscles.
• * 1.666

  The Orbicu∣lar Muscle is placed in the center of the five pair of Muscles.
• * 1.667

  The Orbicu∣lar Muscle is interlined with many Glands.
• * 1.668

  The use of the Lips.
• * 1.669

  The use of the Buccinatores is to thrust the Aliment in∣ward in chaw∣ing.
• * 1.670

  An Excretory Vessel passeth from the Pa∣rotides into the Mouth.
• † 1.671

  Tab. 3. Pruits have their Cheeks all furnished with Glands,
• † 1.672

  Tab. 3.
• * 1.673

  The Spasmas Cynicus, so cal∣led, because it is like the Grinning of a Dog.
• * 1.674

  A Palsie in the Lips is derived from a Relax∣ation of the Nerves.
• * 1.675

  The Goomes, teeth, Palate, and tongue, are Instru∣ments of Ma∣stication.
• * 1.676

  Teeth are parts of use, as instruments of Eating.
• * 1.677

  The Ancients had great e∣steem for the teeth.
• * 1.678

  The teeth are fastned with the Goomes to the Cavi∣ties of the Mandibles.
• † 1.679

  Ta 2. Fi. 1. f f f f.
• * 1.680

  Divers sorts of teeth, Inci∣sores, Canini, and Molares.
• † 1.681

  T. 2. F. 1. g g.
• † 1.682

  T. 2. F. 1. e e.
• * 1.683

  The Cavities of the Mandi∣bles are repo∣sitories of the teeth.
• * 1.684

  The substance of the Teeth is most firm and solid.
• * 1.685

  The teeth are furnished with divers sorts of Vessels.
• * 1.686

  The drawing of teeth is sometimes ac∣companied with a fatal Haemorrhage.
• * 1.687

  Pains of the teeth do pro∣ceed from sharp Humors torturing the teeth.
• * 1.688

  The teeth are furnished with external caro∣tide Arteries.
• * 1.689

  The teeth have branches of external Ju∣gular Veins.
• * 1.690

  The teeth bor∣row Nerves from the third and fifth pair.
• * 1.691

  The first ori∣gen of the teeth is from Seminal Li∣quor in the Uterus.
• * 1.692

  The first rudi∣ment of the teeth is Mu∣cous.
• * 1.693

  The mucous matter of the Teeth is first Concreted in the outward, and afterward in the inward part.
• * 1.694

  The inward Cavity of the Teeth lined with a fine Membrane.
• * 1.695

  The Teeth are Ornaments to the Mouth.
• * 1.696

  The beauty of the Teeth con∣sisteth much in their white∣ness, as also in their likeness of proporti∣on one with another.
• * 1.697

  The second use of the Teeth is to contribute to Speaking.
• * 1.698

  The third use of the Teeth in other Animals 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to guard them.
• * 1.699

  The fourth use in Fish, in to catch their Prey.
• * 1.700

  The fifth and prime use in Men and other great Animals, is the commi∣nution of Ali∣ment.
• * 1.701

  The causes of the discolour∣ing the Teeth.
• * 1.702

  The causes why the Teeth loose their due propor∣tion.
• * 1.703

  Fistula's in the Teeth produ∣ced by cor∣rupt matter.
• * 1.704

  An Ulcer of the Chin from putrid matter, destilling out of the Roots of the Teeth
• * 1.705

  The rotten∣ness of the Teeth is pre∣vented by cleansing and drying Medi∣cines, by Den∣tifrices and Gargarisms.
• * 1.706

  Carious teeth are to be pul∣led out.
• * 1.707

  Nodes cannot proceed from Vapours and Humours flow∣ing from the Head.
• * 1.708

  Nodes are not propagated from the Ar∣teries relating to the Gooms.
• * 1.709

  A Fungous Bone adhear∣ing to the Tooth cured by a Cautery.
• * 1.710

  Teeth defici∣ent in num∣ber.
• * 1.711

  Teeth exces∣sive in num∣ber.
• * 1.712

  Animals have various ranks of Teeth.
• † 1.713

  Ta. 5. Fig. 3.
• † 1.714

  Ta. 5. Fig. 4.
• * 1.715

  Teeth are sometimes ir∣regular in Si∣tuation, Fi∣gur, and Mag∣nitude.
• * 1.716

  A Laxity of Teeth procee∣deth from the Gooms not well closed to the Teeth, which is cau∣sed by sharp and salt Hu∣mours.
• * 1.717

  Antiscorbu∣ticks, inward Decoctions, and Garga∣risms, are pro∣fitable in the looseness of the Teeth.
• * 1.718

  The pain of the Teeth is seated in Ner∣vous and Mem∣branous parts.
• * 1.719

  The obstruct∣ed Interstices of Mebranous Filaments cause a pain in the Teeth.
• * 1.720

  Saline and Acid Particles of the Blood produce a pain in the Teeth.
• * 1.721

  Flatulency in the Blood is often a cause of pain in the Teeth.
• * 1.722

  Sharp and A∣cid Particles of the Ner∣vous Liquor do discompose the Nerves of the Teeth.
• * 1.723

  Infants much tortured in Dentition, whence pro∣ceed Fevers, Convulsions, Loosenesses.
• * 1.724

  Inflammation of the Gooms in Dentition, proceedeth from a quan∣tity of stagna∣ted Blood.
• * 1.725

  Convulsive motions do flow from the contusion and laceration of tender Fibres, in the erupti∣on of the Teeth.
• * 1.726

  The membranes of the Brain are drawn in∣to consent with the mem∣branes of the Teeth.
• * 1.727

  Vomitings in Dentition are derived from the Fibres of the Stomach, which are drawn into consent with those of the Brain.
• * 1.728

  Great pains in Dentition do make an Effer∣vescence in the Blood, and produce Diar∣rhaea's.
• * 1.729

  Blood-letting is proper in the Inflammation of the Gooms flowing from Dentition in Plethorick Bodies.
• * 1.730

  Blistering Plai∣sters may be applied in pains caused by Dentition, and the Gooms may be open∣ed by a Lancet in order to the easier E∣ruption of the Teeth.
• * 1.731

  Purgatives may be ordred in foul Bodi••s upon pains of the Teeth, and afterward Narcoticks may be taken.
• * 1.732

  The Mouth is arched above with the Pa∣late, and floo∣red with the Tongue.
• * 1.733

  The situation and connexi∣on of the Pa∣late.
• † 1.734

  T. 2. F. 1. h h. The Palate is? garnished with many Glands.
• † 1.735

  T. 2. F. 1. ii. The trunk of the Tree a∣dorning the Palate is dou∣ble.
• * 1.736

  The promi∣nencies crow∣ning the top of the Tree, relating to the Palate.
• † 1.737

  Tab. 3. Fig. 1. c c c c. The indented processes of a Calves Palate passing cross∣ways.
• † 1.738

  Ta. 3. d d d d.
• * 1.739

  A Bore hath its Palate be∣set with rows of plain pro∣cesses.
• † 1.740

  Ta. 4. Fig. 1. a a a.
• † 1.741

  Ta. 4. Fig. 1. b b b b.
• † 1.742

  Ta. 4. Fig. 1. c c c c.
• † 1.743

  Ta. 4. Fig. 1. d d.
• † 1.744

  T. 4. F. 1. f f.
• † 1.745

  T. 4. F. 1. g g.
• † 1.746

  Ta. 4. Fig. 1. e e e.
• * 1.747

  The Palate of a Goose is em∣bossed with five ranks of bony Protu∣berancies.
• * 1.748

  The Palate of a Duck hath only four bo∣ny processes, and is garnish∣ed on each side with a row of pointed Glands.
• * 1.749

  The Palate of a Bustard con∣sisteth of ma∣ny rows of pointed pro∣cesses.
• † 1.750

  Ta 5. Fig. 2. a a a.
• † 1.751

  Ta. 5. Fig. 1. b b b b.
• † 1.752

  Tab. 5. Fig. 1.
• † 1.753

  Tab. 5. Fig. 1. g g g g.
• † 1.754

  Tab. 5. Fig. 1. h h h h.
• * 1.755

  The Palate of a Thornback.
• * 1.756

  The Palate of a Stingflair.
• * 1.757

  The Palate of a Holybut.
• † 1.758

  Tab. 5. Fig. 3. a a a a.
• † 1.759

  T. 5. F. 3. b b.
• † 1.760

  Ta. 5. Fig. 3. c c c c.
• † 1.761

  Ta. 5. Fig. 3. d d d d
• † 1.762

  Ta. 5. Fig. 3. e e e e.
• * 1.763

  The Palate of Bruits, Fowl, and Fish, hold a similitude with that of Man, in pro∣cesses and Glandulous substance.
• * 1.764

  The Ʋvula is composed of a soft Glandu∣lous substance.
• * 1.765

  The use of the Ʋvula is as∣signed by Dr. Holder, to be a Vessel to o∣pen and shut the passage out of the Mouth into the Nostrils, to give a stop to the Voice into it.
• * 1.766

  The use of the Palate in Man is to tune the Voice, and to help the Arti∣culation of Letters (and Words) whence they are called Li∣terae Palatinae
• * 1.767

  Tasting is not seated in the Palate.
• * 1.768

  Second use of the Palate as Glandulous, hath divers fontanels of Salival Liquor
• * 1.769

  The third use of the Palate is to appease thirst by the emission of Sa∣lival Juice.
• * 1.770

  A use of the Asperities of the, Palates of Bruits, is in reference to the chewing of Aliment.
• * 1.771

  The Structure of the Tongue.
• * 1.772

  The Coats of the Tougue are Four.
• * 1.773

  The first Coat is Membra∣nous, inter∣spersed with various Ves∣sels and Aspe∣rities.
• * 1.774

  The second Coat of the Tongue is a thin fleshy Ex∣pansion com∣posed of many Vessels, inter∣lined with a Parenchyma.
• * 1.775

  The third co∣vering is Ner∣vous, made of numerous small Fibres.
• * 1.776

  The fourth in∣tegum••••t is Glandulous, framed of ••••∣ny small Glands.
• † 1.777

  T. 11. F. 12. n n.
• * 1.778

  The Arteries of the Tongue are the Exter∣nal Carotides.
• * 1.779

  The Veins are the External Jugulars.
• * 1.780

  The Fibres of the Tongue consigned to Tasting, are derived from the fifth pair of Nerves, and those to moti∣on from the seventh pair.
• † 1.781

  T. 11. F. 11. e e.
• † 1.782

  T. 11. F. 1••. f f.
• * 1.783

  The Stylogloss Muscles draw the Tongue upward and inward.
• * 1.784

  The Basiogloss Muscles do move the Tongue in∣ward and downward.
• * 1.785

  Thegeniogloss Muscles do pull the Tongue out of the Mouth.
• * 1.786

  The Cerato∣gloss Muscles in a joynt acti∣on move the Tongue di∣rectly down∣ward, and one of them con∣tracting mo∣veth the Tongue to one side of the Mouth.
• * 1.787

  The ••ilogloss Muscles do draw the Tongue downward.
• * 1.788

  The first rank of Fibres in the Tongue doth pass the length of it.
• * 1.789

  The second rank of Fibres incline down∣ward in a straight po∣sture. The third in transverse Ducts.
• * 1.790

  The Fibres of the Tongue being seated in divers posi∣tions, make different moti∣ons in the Tongue.
• † 1.791

  T. 2. F. 2. e e.
• † 1.792

  T. 2. F. 2. f f.
• † 1.793

  T. 2. F. 2. g g.
• † 1.794

  T. 2. F. 2, h h.
• † 1.795

  T. 2. F. 2. ii.
• † 1.796

  T. 2. F. 2. k k.
• † 1.797

  T. 2. F. 2. l l.
• † 1.798

  T. 2. F. 2. e e.
• † 1.799

  T. 2. F. 2. f f.
• * 1.800

  The Tongue of a Lion is beset with ma∣ny pointed Processes.
• * 1.801

  The Tongue of a Chamel is dreaded with many Promi∣nencies.
• * 1.802

  A Chameleon can catch Flies with his Tongue.
• † 1.803

  T. 4. F. 2. c c c.
• † 1.804

  Ta. 4. Fig. 2. d d d d.
• † 1.805

  Ta. 4. Fig. 2. e e e e.
• † 1.806

  T. 4. F. 2. f f.
• † 1.807

  Ta. 4. Fig. 2. g g g g.
• † 1.808

  T. 4. F. 2. h h.
• † 1.809

  T. 4. F. 2. k k.
• † 1.810

  T. 4. F. 2. l l.
• † 1.811

  Ta. 4. Fig. 2. m m.
• * 1.812

  The Tongue of a Duck is dressed on each side with indented Pro∣cesses.
• * 1.813

  The Tongue of an Eagle beset on each side with a pair of Teeth.
• * 1.814

  Fish having no Tongue, have their Glandulous Palates.
• * 1.815

  The Tongue of a Dolphin is moveable.
• * 1.816

  The Tongue of a Porpess is Muscular.
• † 1.817

  Ta. 5. Fig. 2.
• † 1.818

  Ta. 5. Fig. 2. a a
• † 1.819

  Ta. 5. Fig. 2. b b b.
• † 1.820

  T. 5. F. 2, c c.
• † 1.821

  Ta. 5. Fig. 2. d d d d.
• † 1.822

  Ta. 5. Fig. 2. e e e e.
• † 1.823

  T. 5. F. 2. f f.
• † 1.824

  T. 5. F. 2. g g.
• † 1.825

  Ta. 5. Fig. 4. a a a a.
• † 1.826

  Ta. 5. Fig. 4. b b b b.
• † 1.827

  T. 5. F. 4. c c.
• † 1.828

  Ta. 5. Fig. 4. e e e e.
• † 1.829

  Tab. 5. Fig 4. f f f f.
• † 1.830

  Tab. 5. Fig. 4. g g g g
• † 1.831

  Tab. 5. Fig. 4. h h h h.
• * 1.832

  Action and Passion are different Mo∣dalities of the same entity.
• * 1.833

  Tasting flow∣eth from Sa∣line and Sul∣phureous Par∣ticles, making appulses upon the Nerves seated in the Tongue.
• * 1.834

  Tasting is not seated in the soft parts of the Tongue.
• * 1.835

  The Mem∣brane of the Tongue bese•• with Nervous Fibrils is the subject of Ta∣sting.
• * 1.836

  The numerous Papillae are not the subject of Sensation, by reason they do ••o•• perfo¦rate the thick ••oat of the Tongue.
• * 1.837

  The Roots of the Cartilagi∣nous Processes in Coats of the Tongue, are 〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Glan∣••••ous Coat, ••••dged under 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Papillae.
• * 1.838

  The faculties of the Soul are defined and determined to such parts of the Body dis∣posed for their proper Ope∣rations and Determi∣ned by pecu∣liar objects.
• * 1.839

  Objects of the Taste, inter∣nally or exter∣nally consi∣dered.
• * 1.840

  Internal Ele∣mentary prin∣ciples are Sa∣line and Sul∣phureous Par∣ticles the cause of bitter Tastes.
• * 1.841

  The cause of sweet Tastes proceedeth from sweet oily parts evi∣dent in ripe Fruits.
• * 1.842

  Insipid tastes arise out of fixed oily in∣digested parts.
• * 1.843

  The unctuous sweetness is derived from sweet, oily, well tempered Particles.
• * 1.844

  Soure Tastes flow from Sa∣line parts o∣verpowring the Oily.
• * 1.845

  The pleasant Taste of sweet and soure, may be deduced from oily and saline parts e∣qually mixed.
• * 1.846

  Rancid tastes are derived from innate rank O••ly Particles.
• * 1.847

  Insipid tastes come from few saline and oily Parts as in simple destilled Wa∣ters, &c.
• * 1.848

  Insipid tastes flowing from crude Sulphur and fixed Salt.
• * 1.849

  The manner of Tasting wherein sapid objects make first appulses upon the Ner∣vous Fibrils seated in the Coat of the Tongue, and are thence im∣ported by the continuation of Nerves to the common Sense precep∣tive of the va∣riety of sapid objects.
• * 1.850

  Divers objects of Tasting are differenced by Schematisms.
• * 1.851

  Bitterness may be derived from a little distorted round Figure.
• * 1.852

  Tastes more probably may be deduced from Saline Particles affe∣cted with pro∣per dispositi∣ons, motions, figures, sizes, agreeable to the pores seat∣ed in the mem∣branes of the Tongue.
• * 1.853

  The causes of several tastes flowing from the atomes different in fi∣gures and sizes.
• * 1.854

  Man being of a sociable Na∣ture, Carres∣seth his Com∣panions with pleasant looks and civil Lan∣guage.
• * 1.855

  Words are made signifi∣cant not by Nature, but by Use.
• * 1.856

  Words are Articulated by divers stops modelling the Expired Air, which is the matter of Words, which are formerly constituted by the motion of the Tongue and Lips.
• * 1.857

  Other organs of the Voice are the Lunges, Wind-pipe, Larynx, Arch of the Palate, Gooms, teeth, Ʋvula, and Nose.
• * 1.858

  The Words receive their first birth by Air, vibrating against the ••••de of the Eurelike Car∣t••age.
• * 1.859

  Breath being formed into a Vocal sound, is sweetned by the Arch of the Palate.
• * 1.860

  Whispering being a soft kind of speak∣ing is acted by Breath, making more gentle appulses upon the eurelike Cartilage.
• * 1.861

  The active or∣gans of Speech are the Tongue and Lips, o∣thers are pas∣sive, as the Pa∣late, Gooms, Teeth.
• * 1.862

  B, is formed by an appulse of Breath upon the Lips.
• * 1.863

  B, P, and M, are framed by the same or∣gans, B, is celebrated by a more strong appulse of Breath, P, and M, are made by softer vibrations of Air.
• * 1.864

  T, D, and N, are formed by an appulse of the tip of the Tongue upon the Gooms.
• * 1.865

  K, is framed by the boss of the Tongue moved toward the Palate.
• * 1.866

  F, is produced by lifting up the under Lip to the Teeth inward.
• * 1.867

  S, is articula∣ted by lifting up the tip of the Tou••ue to the upper Gooms.
• * 1.868

  L, is formed by putting the Tongue to the Gooms.
• * 1.869

  The same mo∣tions may be observed in T, and D.
• * 1.870

  R, is framed by the Tongue making a stroke upon the Gooms, and by a ten∣sion of it to the sides of the Mouth.
• * 1.871

  Vowels are formed by Breath passing through an o∣pen Mouth, by the secret mo∣tions of the Tongue, with∣out any mani∣fest appulse of one organ of Speech upon another.
• * 1.872

  Consonants are formed by, the appulses of the organs of Speech, as by so many stops in Musical strings, and Vowels by the vibration of the open.
• * 1.873

  Consonants, are rendred significant by the association of Vowels.
• * 1.874

  Vowels make Speech intel∣ligible and easie, as pas∣sing from an appulse of one organ of Speech upon another, to an aperture of the Mouth.
• * 1.875

  Vowels are al∣so easie in re∣ference to free play of breath in an open Mouth in Vowels, which is more close in the forming of Conso∣nants.
• * 1.876

  Oral Glands emitting Li∣quor into the Mouth.
• * 1.877

  A fourfold matter of Spittle.
• * 1.878

  Bronchus is a clammy mat∣ter derived originally from the ill concocted Chyme.
• * 1.879

  The crude Chyme sepa∣rated from the Blood in the Lungs, is discharged by a Cough out of the Bronchia and Aspera Arteria.
• * 1.880

  The pituitous Matter is eje∣cted the Bron∣chia, by the contraction of the right and circular Fi∣bres.
• * 1.881

  The second kind of Spit∣tle, the Mucus Tonsillarum, is the gross Mat∣ter severed from the Blood in the substance of the Tonsils, as in a Colatory.
• * 1.882

  A Nervous Li∣quor doth im∣praegnate the serous parts of the Blood, and is the nourish∣ment of the Tonsils.
• * 1.883

  The third kind of Spittle is Mucus Na∣rium.
• * 1.884

  The Mucus ••arium may either be de∣rived from the crude Chyme, or from the Recrements of the Nerves.
• * 1.885

  The Recre∣ments of Ner∣vous Liquor are discharged sometime by Fibrils inser∣ted into the inward Mem∣brane of the Nostrils.
• * 1.886

  The fourth kind of Spittle is the Salival Liquor.
• * 1.887

  The Oral Glands spue out a Salival Liquer bor∣rowed from the Nerves implanted in∣to them.
• * 1.888

  The Vital Li∣quor contri∣buteth to the Salival.
• * 1.889

  Salival Liquor is a thin, watry, diaphanous body.
• * 1.890

  Saliva will as∣sociate with various bo∣dies.
• * 1.891

  Salival Liquor is a kind of universal Men∣struum, and entreth in con∣faederacy with all kinds of Aliment, whose com∣page it open∣eth, in ord••r to dissolution.
• * 1.892

  Another use of salival Juice is to incorpo∣rate with bro∣ken Aliment, and assist swal∣lowing.
• * 1.893

  Bruits have numerous sali∣val Glands to facilitate Ma∣stication.
• * 1.894

  The third use of Salival Juice is to mix with solid Aliment, and to help to mo∣••ifie and open its hard Com∣page.
• * 1.895

  The fourth use of this thin Limpid Liquor is to gratifie our Thirst.
• * 1.896

  The Buccina∣tores borrow their rise from the Gooms of the upper Jaw and do end in∣to the Gooms of the lower Mandible.
• * 1.897

  Bruits have their Cheeks dre••••ed with many Glands, attended with Excretory Vessels, trans∣mitting Li∣quor into the Mouth.
• * 1.898

  The lower Mandible hath various moti∣ons celebrated by six pair of Muscles.
• * 1.899

  The various progress of the Fibres of the Temporal Muscles is per∣formed in an elegant order.
• * 1.900

  The Tempo∣ral Muscles do take their ori∣gen from seve∣ral Bones of the Forehead, Temples, and Synciput, and are inserted into the acute process of the lower Mandi∣ble, and do raise it up∣ward.
• * 1.901

  The second pair of Mus∣cles, called Di∣gastrici, take their begin∣ning behind the Mammi∣forme Proces∣ses, and do ter∣minate into the fore and middle part of the Chin, and do pull the lower Jaw downward.
• * 1.902

  The third pair of Muscles ap∣pertaining to the lower Mandible are the Quadrati, and do take their rise from the top of the Sternon, Cla∣vicle, Scapu∣ia, and hinder part of the Neck, and are im∣planted with oblique Fibres into the Chin, and do draw the lower Jaw downward.
• * 1.903

  The fourth pair of Mus∣cles of the lower Mandi∣ble the Masse∣teres, do bor∣row their rise from the Os Jugale, and are inserted into the lower mandible.
• * 1.904

  The fifth pair are the Pteri∣goidei Interni which arise from the inside of Pro∣cessus Pterigoei∣dei, and do terminate in the lower mandible, which they carry out∣ward.
• * 1.905

  The sixth pair of muscles of the lower Mandible, the Pterigoeidei Externi, do arise out of the outward region of the Os Pterigoei∣dei, and are inserted into the inside of the lower Jaw and pull it in∣ward.
• * 1.906

  The Muscles concerned in Mastication, are those of the lower Man∣dible.
• * 1.907

  The Musculi Digastrici and Quadrati, are the depressors of the lower Mandible, and the Temporal Muscles are the elevators of it.
• * 1.908

  The Pterigoei∣doi Interni, do draw the low∣er Mandible outward. And the Pte∣riogoeidei Ex∣terni do move the lower Mandible in∣ward.
• * 1.909

  The Buccina∣tores by their Contractions put the Meat inward into the Mouth up∣on the Tongue which being moved by one of the Styloglos∣si, throweth the Aliment out∣ward.
• * 1.910

  The use of Mastication is to break the Meat into small Parti∣cles, and to mix it with Salival Liquor which giveth it a preparati∣on to Conco∣ction.
• * 1.911

  The motion of the lower Mandible in various po∣stures, squce∣seth out the Salival Liquor out of the Pa∣rotide, Max∣illary, and Oral Glands, into the Mouth.
• * 1.912

  The Air mix∣ed with the broken Ali∣ment in respi∣ration, and be∣ing of active and fluid Par∣ticles doth ex∣alt it.
• * 1.913

  The Air rai∣seth a Ferm••n∣tation in the Aliment by its Elastick Particles,
• * 1.914

  The Aliment is impraegna∣ted with aethe∣real Particles, carried into the Mouth with Air in Mastication.
• * 1.915

  The Salival Juice is a universal Menstruum embodied with oily, sa∣line, watry, and earthy Particles of the masticated Alimen••. The broken Aliment con∣sisting of dif∣ferent figures and sizes, and by meet∣ing with ae∣thereal and airy Particles and Salival Li∣quor, whose various Ele∣ments do pro∣duce a Fer∣mentation in order to Con∣coction.
• * 1.916

  The different Figures of broken Ali∣ment, are made uniform by Intestine Motion.
• * 1.917

  The irregular sides and an∣gles of the Recrements are precipita∣ted from the Aliment, as not able to close with it by reason of their great In∣terstices.
• * 1.918

  The spiritu∣ous parts of Liquors may be received into the ex∣treamities of the Gustatory Nerves.
• * 1.919

  An instance of this Hypothe∣sis in Horses, when they are very much spent in Travel.
• * 1.920

  The subtle parts of Ali∣ment, or Spi∣rituous Li∣quors may be received through the Venae Raninae, and so carried into the Cava, and right Chamber of the Heart.
• * 1.921

  The various parts of the Mouth, the Tongue, Pa∣late, Ʋvula, are affected with variety of Diseases.
• * 1.922

  The Tongue as the organ of Tasting, is dis∣affected when the origen of of the Nerves is obstructed, sometime the Taste is depra∣ved by ill Ner∣vous and Se∣rous Liquors, other times the Taste is vitiated by fae∣tide Matter.
• * 1.923

  The Taste dis∣ordered from purulent Mat∣ter thrown out of the Lungs by the Aspera Arteria into, the Mouth.
• * 1.924

  An ill Taste arising from offensive steams com∣ing from the Guts.
• * 1.925

  A discompo∣sure of the Mouth may proceed from the heat of the Blood.
• * 1.926

  The Palate and Tongue are often made foul by a mucous mat∣ter spued out of the Oral Glands.
• * 1.927

  The inflamma∣tion of the Tongue in a Squinancie, flowing from a plenty of Blood.
• * 1.928

  An inflamma∣tion of the Tongue, deri∣ved from bili∣ous Blood (called an 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) making Bli∣sters in the Tongue.
• * 1.929

  Cures in case of an Inflam∣mation of the Tongue.
• * 1.930

  Ulcers of the Mouth called Apthae, defa∣cing the Tongue, Pa∣late, Gooms, with a clam∣my matter.
• * 1.931

  Venereal Dis∣eases often disaffect the Mouth, and its parts with Ulcers, Gan∣greens, Mor∣tifications.
• * 1.932

  The Salival Liquor is stop∣ped in great obstructions of the Glands appertaining to the Mouth.
• * 1.933

  The Salival Li∣quor is some∣times dischar∣ged in too great a quan∣tity out of the Salival Glands.
• * 1.934

  The use of the Gulet in Man, is to convey Aliment into the Stomach.
• * 1.935

  The origen and progress of the Gulet.
• * 1.936

  The reason of the situation of the Gulet behind the Wind-pipe.
• * 1.937

  The Gulet as to it compage is made of Muscles, Ves∣sels, and Glands.
• * 1.938

  The first pair of Muscles en∣largeth the entrance of the Gulet, for the admission of Aliment.
• * 1.939

  The second pair of Mus∣cles dilateth the Gulet.
• * 1.940

  The third pair of Muscles do also enlarge the Gulet,
• * 1.941

  The seventh Muscle con∣tracteth the Cavity of the Gulet, and protrudeth the Aliment, into the Ven∣tricle.
• * 1.942

  The various origen of the Gulet as to its first Coat.
• * 1.943

  The second Coat of the Gulet is more fleshy, and is made of Spi∣ral Fibres.
• * 1.944

  The third Coat of the Gulet is Ner∣vous.
• * 1.945

  The inward Coat of a Sea-Turtle, is be∣set with nume∣rous pointed Protuberan∣cies.
• * 1.946

  The Gulet is furnished with various sorts of Ves∣sels.
• * 1.947

  The Arteries of the Gulet are branches of the Caro∣tides.
• * 1.948

  The Veins are Jugulars.
• * 1.949

  The Nerves are derived from the Par Vagum.
• * 1.950

  The Lymphae∣ducts of the Gulet, which Bartholine cal∣led Lacteae.
• * 1.951

  The Gulets of Bruits, are akin to that of Man.
• * 1.952

  The Gulets of Birds are thin, and less fleshy then that of Man.
• * 1.953

  The Gulet of Birds is ador∣ned with ma∣ny Glands at∣tended with Excretories. through which a ferment may be squeesed into the Cavity of the Oesophagus.
• * 1.954

  The Gulet of a Heron, is made of four Coats.
• * 1.955

  The Gulets of Hawks are Membranous, not attended with Crops and fleshy Sto∣machs.
• * 1.956

  The Corn in Birds recei∣veth the first rudiment of Concoction in the Gulet.
• * 1.957

  The longest part of the Gulet is above the Crop.
• * 1.958

  The upper part of the Gulet is long in long-Neck Birds, and short in o∣thers.
• * 1.959

  The lower Gulet taketh its origen in the Right-side of the Crop.
• * 1.960

  The inside of the Gulet is lined with a clammy mat∣ter in Birds.
• * 1.961

  The lower part of the Gulet in a Pidgeon, is much larger then in other Birds. The lower re∣gion of the Gulet in a Pidgeon, is beset with ma∣ny minute Glands.
• * 1.962

  The inward Coat of a Sea-Turtle, is fur∣nished with white poin∣ted Protu∣berancies en∣circled with Cartilaginous Shells.
• * 1.963

  The Gulet of a Cod hath many Coats, the first mem∣branous, the second glan∣dulous, the third nervous.
• * 1.964

  The Gulet of a Skait hath four Tunicles, the first mem∣branous, the second fleshy, the third glan∣dulous, the fourth ner∣vous.
• * 1.965

  The Gulet of a Kingston, is largest in the first entrance, and afterward the Cavity is endued with equal dimen∣sions.
• * 1.966

  The Gulet of a Fire-Flair, hath a mem∣branous, fleshy glandulous, and nervous Coat, they being pierced in many places for the transmission of a Liquor into the Cavity of it.
• * 1.967

  The Gulet of a Lamprey is accommoda∣ted with nu∣merous glands, and hath ma∣nifest citcular and long Fi∣bres, and the Orifice of the Gulet is guar∣ded with a Py∣ramidal Car∣tilage.
• * 1.968

  The Gulet of an Eel is long and narrow.
• * 1.969

  The Gulet of a Salmon con∣sisteth of four Coats, of which the Glandulous is most thick.
• * 1.970

  The Gulet of a Viper is nar∣row and long,
• * 1.971

  The Gulet of Insects is short and small.
• * 1.972

  The Gulet of an Ephemeron resembleth a Thread in smallness.
• * 1.973

  Deglutition is acted chiefly by the Gulet, and by the Tongue, La∣rynx, and Epi∣glottis, which are concur∣rent to it.
• * 1.974

  The Tongue is lifted up by the Stylogloss Muscles, whereupon the Aliment is couveyed to∣ward the Fau∣ces.
• * 1.975

  The Musculi Hyothyroidei lift up the La∣rynx, and throw the Aliment to the entrance of the Gulet.
• * 1.976

  The motion of the lower Jaw doth squeese the Salival Li∣quor out of Oral Glands, which make the Fauces and Tongue slip∣pery, so that the moistued Aliment pas∣seth the more nimbly down the Gulet.
• * 1.977

  The Mouth is opened, and the Tongue drawn inward and Larynx depressed by various Mus∣cles in order to the recep∣tion of Ali∣ment into the Mouth assisted by the weight of the Atmo∣sphaere, or ra∣ther by Su∣ction.
• * 1.978

  Whether Li∣quid or Solid bodies are swallowed with greater case.
• * 1.979

  The natural motion of the Gulet, is De∣glutition.
• * 1.980

  The unnatural actions are Vomiting and Belching.
• * 1.981

  The Gulet and Stomach do sympathize, caused by one common in∣ward Tunicle enwrapping them both.
• * 1.982

  Belching de∣scribed.
• * 1.983

  Deglutition is wholly lost by the defects of Nervous Li∣quor, or by its grossness.
• * 1.984

  The course of the Animal is intercepted by Tumours of ambient parts compres∣sing the origen of the Fibres of the Brain.
• * 1.985

  The Animal Liquor stop∣ped in the processes of the Brain.
• * 1.986

  Purging and Cephalick Potions are very proper in sleepy Dis∣eases of the Brain.
• * 1.987

  Blistering Plai∣sters are useful in these Dis∣eases.
• * 1.988

  Lost or dimi∣nished Swal∣lowing, may be derived from an In∣flammation, or any Tumour compressing the Bore of the Gulet.
• * 1.989

  Lost or lessen∣ed Deglutiti∣on may also proceed from the swelling of the Palate, Tonsils, and parts adjacent to the en∣trance of the Gulet.
• * 1.990

  Swallowing may be disaf∣fected by some hard Body fal∣ling into the Cavity of the Gulet.
• * 1.991

  Deglutition is much disor∣dered by an Inflammation of neighbou∣ring parts.
• * 1.992

  Lessened or or abolished Deglutition may proceed from a Carti∣laginous Gu∣let.
• * 1.993

  Lost or lessen∣ed D••glutiti∣on may be de∣rived from the swelling of the Wind-pipe.
• * 1.994

  Depraved Do∣glutitio•• is accomparied with Convul∣sive motions.
• * 1.995

  Depraved De∣glutition may proceed from the Muscles of the Gulet ren∣dre convulsed.
• * 1.996

  The Situation of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.997

  The Magni∣tude of the Stomach.
• * 1.998

  The Figure of the Stomachs when full, is somewhat like a Bag-Pipe.
• * 1.999

  The substance of the Sto∣mach is vari∣ous according to its different Coats. The first is Mem∣branous.
• † 1.1000

  Ta. 7 Fig. 2. d d.
• * 1.1001

  The second Coat is made of divers ranks of Car∣nous Fibres.
• † 1.1002

  Ta. 7. Fig. 1. e e.
• * 1.1003

  The first row is composed of transverse, or rather An∣nular Fibres.
• * 1.1004

  The second row is for a little space made of right Fibres, and afterward of Oblique.
• * 1.1005

  The Circular Fibres do nar∣row the Sto∣mach in depth.
• * 1.1006

  The right Fi∣bres running in length, do pull one Ex∣treamity of the Stomach to the other, and lessen its length.
• * 1.1007

  The third Coat of the Stomach is Nervous.
• * 1.1008

  The fourth Coat is Glan∣dulous.
• * 1.1009

  The retentive faculty is per∣formed by the gentle contra∣ctions of dif∣ferent Fibres, enclosing the Aliment in the Stomach.
• * 1.1010

  The excretory power of the Stomach is acted with the more strong motion of the Carnous Fi∣bres.
• * 1.1011

  The expulsive motion of the Stomach in Vomiting, is exerted by the more violent of the Car∣nous Fibres, then that of Purging.
• * 1.1012

  The Carnous Fibres are drawn into consent by the appulses first made upon the Nervous Fibrils, and then upon the Carnous by sympathy, as near to them.
• * 1.1013

  The left Ori∣fice of the Stomach, into which the Gulet is im∣planted.
• * 1.1014

  The right Ori∣fice of the Sto∣mach, called the Pylorus, or termination of it is encircled with an Orbi∣cular Muscle.
• * 1.1015

  The Stomach hath four kinds of Ves∣sels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and Lymphae∣ducts.
• * 1.1016

  The Stomach hath fi••e bran∣ches of Blood Vessels.
• * 1.1017

  The Nerves of the Stomach do come from the Par Vagum a••d first con∣sist of an out∣ward and in∣ward Branch.
• * 1.1018

  The lower Stomacick Branch.
• * 1.1019

  The Stoma∣cick Nerves of the left side, associate with the Hepatick Plex.
• * 1.1020

  The Milky Vessels of the Stomach, are fewer then those of the Guts.
• * 1.1021

  The Vasa La∣ctea are mi∣staken by some for Lymphae∣ducts in the Stomach.
• * 1.1022

  The Stomach of a Lion.
• * 1.1023

  The inward Coat is full of Furrows.
• * 1.1024

  A Camel hath four Venters.
• * 1.1025

  The upper re∣gion of the second Venter hath many Cavities, as so many Ci∣sterns to con∣tain Water.
• * 1.1026

  The Stomach of a Beaver.
• * 1.1027

  The fleshy part of the Stomach was beset with Glands, at∣tended with Excretory Ducts, carry∣ing a clammy matter.
• * 1.1028

  The Glands have various Arteries and Veins,
• * 1.1029

  Beasts chewing the Cud have four Venters, the first is the Panch, the second is called the Ho∣ny Comb, the third is named the Feck.
• * 1.1030

  The fourth Venter is cal∣led the Reed.
• * 1.1031

  The manner of chewing the Cud.
• * 1.1032

  Hawks have Membranous Stomachs.
• * 1.1033

  The Stomach of an Eagle consisteth of two regions, interspersed with many pa∣rallel folds.
• * 1.1034

  A Castrel hath a Membranous Ventricle.
• * 1.1035

  A Heron hath three Sto∣machs. The first is like a Poke.
• * 1.1036

  The second is of a round Figure.
• * 1.1037

  The third is of an Orbicular Figure.
• * 1.1038

  The Stomach of Fowl that eat Corn, have Muscular Sto∣machs.
• * 1.1039

  The Gizards of Birds are incrusted in their inward Recesses, with a Cartilagi∣nous substance.
• * 1.1040

  The Gizard lieth cross∣ways in the lower Aparti∣ment of the Body.
• * 1.1041

  The Figure of a Gizard is Oval.
• † 1.1042

  T. 19. F. 1. l l.
• † 1.1043

  T. 91. F. 1. gggg.
• † 1.1044

  T. 19. F. 1. iiii.
• † 1.1045

  T. 19. F. 1. kkkk.
• † 1.1046

  T. 19. F. 1. l l.
• † 1.1047

  Ta. 19. Fig. 2, bbbb.
• † 1.1048

  T. 19. F. 1. m m.
• † 1.1049

  T. 19. F. 1. n n.
• † 1.1050

  T. 19. F. 1. o o.
• † 1.1051

  T. 19. F. 1. p p.
• † 1.1052

  T. 19. F. 2. g g.
• † 1.1053

  Ta. 19. F. 1. g g g g.
• † 1.1054

  Ta. 19. F. 1. iiii.
• * 1.1055

  The manner of grinding of Corn in the Gizard, as in a Mill.
• * 1.1056

  The Gizard is furnished with fit organs to grind Corn.
• * 1.1057

  The Corn is prepared first in the Crop and Echinus, with a Milky Humour.
• * 1.1058

  The Glands be setting the Echinus, do emit a white Liquor to in∣tenerate the Corn before it is ground in the Cavity of the Gizard by Cartilaginous Plates.
• † 1.1059

  Ta. 19. Fi. 3. a a a a.
• † 1.1060

  Ta. 19. Fi. 3. b b b b.
• † 1.1061

  Ta. 19. Fi. 3. e e e e.
• † 1.1062

  Ta. 19. Fi. 3. f f f f.
• † 1.1063

  Ta. 19. Fi. 3. g g g g.
• * 1.1064

  The Stomach of a Whale is very large.
• * 1.1065

  A Porpess hath three Stomachs.
• * 1.1066

  The Stomach of a Dory, is of an Orbicu∣lar Figure.
• † 1.1067

  Tab. 26. d d.
• * 1.1068

  The Vintricle of a Kingston.
• † 1.1069

  Tab 27. f f
• * 1.1070

  The S••omach of a Sting-Ray.
• † 1.1071

  Tab. 28. l l l.
• * 1.1072

  The Ventri∣cle of a Skait hath four Coats.
• * 1.1073

  The Stomach of a Base.
• † 1.1074

  Tab. 31. e.
• † 1.1075

  Tab. 31. h.
• † 1.1076

  Tab. 32. m.
• * 1.1077

  The Stomach of a Dog-fish,
• * 1.1078

  The Stomach of a Bream.
• † 1.1079

  Tab. 34. g.
• * 1.1080

  The Stomach of a Pope, and Pearch.
• † 1.1081

  Tab. 35.
• * 1.1082

  The Stomach of a Smelt.
• † 1.1083

  Ta. 35. Fi. 3.
• * 1.1084

  The Stomach of a Gudgeon.
• † 1.1085

  Ta. 35. Fi 4.
• * 1.1086

  The Stomach of a Rochet.
• † 1.1087

  Ta. 36. Fi. 1. b b.
• † 1.1088

  Ta. 36. Fi. 1. e e.
• † 1.1089

  T. 36. F. 2. f f.
• † 1.1090

  T. 36. F. 2. g.
• † 1.1091

  Tab. 37.
• * 1.1092

  The Stomach of a Turbat.
• † 1.1093

  T. 37. c c c c.
• * 1.1094

  The Stomach 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a Plaice.
• † 1.1095

  T. 37. F. 5. b b.
• * 1.1096

  The Stomach of a Prill.
• † 1.1097

  T. 37. F. 4. e e.
• * 1.1098

  The Stomach of a Garfish.
• † 1.1099

  Tab. 38.
• * 1.1100

  The Stomach of a Lobster.
• * 1.1101

  Hunger and Thirst, are Natures mini∣sters, inviting us to Eat and Drink.
• * 1.1102

  Hot and dry according to Aristotle, are the object of Hunger.
• * 1.1103

  〈…〉〈…〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as taking off the roughness of the Ventricle.
• * 1.1104

  The object of Hunger may be founded in Saline and Sul∣phureous and well tempered Acids and Al∣kalys.
• * 1.1105

  Hunger is not seated in Suc∣tion, by rea∣son it is incon∣sistent with the Circulati∣on of Blood, which is ma∣naged by an Impulse.
• * 1.1106

  The first con∣dition of Hun∣ger, is the laudable dis∣position of the Blood.
• * 1.1107

  The second disposition re∣quisite to Hun∣ger is the vi∣gorous tone of its Fibres.
• * 1.1108

  The third re∣quisite of Hun∣ger, is a quick sensation flow∣ing from the good dispositi∣on of the Nervous Fi∣brils placed in the inward Coat of the Stomach.
• * 1.1109

  Dr. Glysson, attributeth Hunger to the Folds of the Stomach.
• * 1.1110

  The fourth re∣quisite of Hun∣ger, is the ten∣derness of the inward Coat of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1111

  The last dispo∣sition of Hun∣ger, is seated in a voracious temper of the inward Coat. of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1112

  Liquid bodies are the vehi∣cle of Ali∣ment.
• * 1.1113

  The object of Thirst, may be placed in fluid Bodies.
• * 1.1114

  The Antients have assigned Thirst to cold and moist.
• * 1.1115

  Thirst is often appeased by streams of Li∣quor flowing out of the sa∣lival Glands.
• * 1.1116

  The first re∣quisite of Thirst, is Moisture.
• * 1.1117

  The second requisite of Thirst is the thinness of Li∣quor.
• * 1.1118

  The third re∣quisite of Thirst is cold, which is not necessary to appease Thirst.
• * 1.1119

  The immedi∣ate ground of Thirst, pro∣ceedeth from a driness of the Membranes of the Mouth.
• * 1.1120

  The subject of Thirst is much larger then that of Hun∣ger.
• * 1.1121

  The first di∣sposition ren∣dring the sub∣ject capable of Thirst, is the acuteness of the Nervous Fibrils.
• * 1.1122

  The second quality of the Membrane, the seat of Thirst, is to be affected with moisture.
• * 1.1123

  The third condition of Thirst, is the driness of the Membrane the subject of Thirst.
• * 1.1124

  The first dis∣composure of the Membrane the seat of Thirst, is from ••••s driness and roughess.
• * 1.1125

  The second diaffection of the subject of Thirst is Stiffness, pro∣ceeding from violent heat.
• * 1.1126

  The first cause of Thirst, may be fetched from the heat of the Blood.
• * 1.1127

  The second cause of Thirst may be deri∣ved from want of moisture.
• * 1.1128

  The third cause of Thirst may be an ill qualified Sali∣val Liquor.
• * 1.1129

  The lost Appe∣tite proceed∣eth from the ill temper of the Stomach.
• * 1.1130

  The Appetite is lessened, when the Fi∣bres of the Stomach are weakned in cold and moist Distempers, and sometimes from the heat of the Air, and from viscid A∣liment, which dulleth the quickoess of the Fibres relating to the Coat of the Stomach.
• * 1.1131

  The Appetite groweth faint in too great intensions of the mind.
• * 1.1132

  The depraved Appetite de∣pendeth upon unnatural Objects.
• * 1.1133

  The cause of a greedy Ap∣petite may come from a peculiar temper of the Stomach, putting its Fibres upon over frequent Contractions.
• * 1.1134

  The Doglike Appetite may be deduced from the re∣liques of con∣coction adhe∣ring to the folds of the Stomach.
• * 1.1135

  The Doglike Appetite may proceed from Viscid Humors affected with acid particles.
• * 1.1136

  Acid Juices of the Stomach are Cured by fixed and vola∣til Salts.
• * 1.1137

  This Doglike Appetite is often Cured by bitter Me∣dicines.
• * 1.1138

  The meaning of the term Faculty.
• * 1.1139

  The retentive Faculty is sea∣ted in the Fi∣brils of the Coats of the Stomach.
• * 1.1140

  Attraction of Aliment is not performed in the Stomach but Mouth.
• * 1.1141

  Attraction consisteth in Similars.
• * 1.1142

  The Fibres of the Coats of the Stomach cannot concur to the attra∣ction of Ali∣ment.
• * 1.1143

  Attraction of Aliment can∣not proceed from a Vacu∣um, because the Stomach is filled with Air when empty of other con∣tents.
• * 1.1144

  The motion of Fibres doth contract and not enlarge the orifice of the Stomach.
• * 1.1145

  The Aliment is protruded into the Sto∣mach, where∣upon its Fibres are relaxed, and the orifice of the Sto∣mach opened.
• * 1.1146

  The Fibres seated in the orifice of the Ventricle, have no power to relax them∣selves, which may be effe∣cted by the transmission of Aliment for∣cing open the mouth of the Ventricle.
• * 1.1147

  The Stomach is gratified with the de∣light and re∣fection of A∣liment, and therefore is not willing to part with it.
• * 1.1148

  The Fibres of the Ventricle are right, ob∣lique, and circular.
• * 1.1149

  The Stomach by the gentle contraction of its various re∣taineth the A∣liment within its bosome.
• * 1.1150

  The folds of the Stomach do assist the retention of the Aliment.
• * 1.1151

  The retentive faculty of the Stomach is serviceable to the Con∣coctive, and is accomplished by the gentle Contraction of all the Fibres.
• * 1.1152

  The Tone of the Ventricle is lost, when the course of the Animal Liquor is stopped, either by the thick∣ness of the nervous juice, or by the compression of the Origen of the Fibrils in the Brain.
• * 1.1153

  The lost re∣tention is sometimes borrowed from the ill constitution of the nervous Liquor.
• * 1.1154

  The retentive faculty of the Stomach is weakened, when the nervous juyce is in some sort deficient.
• * 1.1155

  The retentive faculty of the Ventricle grows faint, from a cold and moist di∣stemper.
• * 1.1156

  The retentive faculty of the Stomach, is weakened by too great a quantity of Meat and Drink.
• * 1.1157

  The depraved retention of Aliment, may proceed from a kind of pal∣pitation in the Stomach.
• * 1.1158

  Another cause of a depraved retention of Meat and Drink, may come from disorderly motions of the Ventri∣cle.
• * 1.1159

  Blood-letting is proper in a plethorick Constitution: Vomiting and Purging are proper in foul Stomachs
• * 1.1160

  Sharp and souer, are contempered by sweet and bitter Medi∣cines.
• * 1.1161

  The cure of the weak Tone of the Stomach, is accomplished by astringent Medicines. The depraved nature of the retentive fa∣culty is cured by testacuous Powders.
• * 1.1162

  The various Coats of the Stomach, are garnished with many Fibres.
• * 1.1163

  The Aliment is prepared with Salival Juyce in the Mouth, where it is inspired with Airy and aetheral par∣ticles.
• * 1.1164

  The Aliment is not only acted in the Stomach with serous and nervous Li∣quor, but is also exalted with vital Heat, where∣by the Meat and Drink is concocted, as as in Balneo Mariae, by the assistance of adjacent warm parts.
• * 1.1165

  Various Ani∣mals have dif∣ferent degrees of Heat in their Sto∣machs.
• * 1.1166

  The Alimen∣tary Liquor is extracted in the Stomach by Colliqua∣tion.
• * 1.1167

  The Blood consisteth of saline and sul∣phureous Par∣ticles (the E∣lements of In∣testine Moti∣on) and is im∣praegnated in the Lungs with Air, in∣spired with Nitrosulphu∣reous Atomes, and is also ex∣alted with vo∣latil and saline parts of Li∣quor dropping out of the ex∣treamities of the Ne••ves in∣to the Cham∣bers of the Heart.
• * 1.1168

  The Blood acteth, as made of Heteroge∣neous princi∣ples.
• * 1.1169

  The heat of the Stomach is rendred faint by too great a quan∣tity of watry and ill Diet.
• * 1.1170

  The heat of the Stomach is rendred too high from hoe Liquors infla∣ming the Blood.
• * 1.1171

  The Stomach is overheated by too hot steams of Air.
• * 1.1172

  The Stomach is disordered by the heat of the Blood overacted by hot steams in prohibited transpiration.
• * 1.1173

  The heat of the Blood somewhat re∣sembleth the Fermentation of Wine in the Must.
• * 1.1174

  The Ebulliti∣on of the Blood, holdeth some analogy with the Fer∣mentation of Vegetable Juices.
• * 1.1175

  The heat of the Blood sometimes is derived from the oily parts too much ex∣alted.
• * 1.1176

  A continued Fever is pro∣duced from the too much exalted sul∣phureous parts of the Purple Liquor, which being impar∣ted to the Sto∣mach, doth weaken the Retentive Fa∣culty and hin∣der Conco∣ction.
• * 1.1177

  Some Fer∣ments of the Sto∣mach work by secretion, and others by pre∣cipitation.
• * 1.1178

  Ferments are active fluid bodies, affected with spiritu∣ous, saline, and sulphureous parts exalted by heat.
• * 1.1179

  Different bo∣dies have va∣rious men∣strua suitable to them, to dissolve them.
• * 1.1180

  Ferments work upon bodies that have some di∣sposition a∣greeable to their temper, though in the main they are opposite.
• * 1.1181

  Ferments are little in bulk, and great in efficacy.
• * 1.1182

  Ferments work in bodies opened by airy and aethereal Particles.
• * 1.1183

  Ferments compounded of small parts are easily brought into action, by rea∣son they can∣not oppose the contest of con∣trary agents.
• * 1.1184

  Ferments en∣dued with a∣cute Angles, do more easi∣ly insinuate themselves in∣to lax bodies.
• * 1.1185

  Ferments as agreeing in Figure, may have a disposition to motion.
• * 1.1186

  Nervous Li∣quor is neces∣sary in point of Nutrition.
• * 1.1187

  In Wounds of Tendons a gleete issueth out, which is a Nervous Liquor.
• * 1.1188

  The Nervous Liquor may be asserted by reason the Nerves swell in young Ani∣mals upon a Ligature.
• * 1.1189

  Another argu∣ment to evince the existence of Nervous Liquor is the number of Nerves im∣planted into parts, who do not need much Motion or Sensation.
• * 1.1190

  The Nervous Liquor im∣praegnated with volatil saline parts, doth insinuate it self into the compage of Meat and Drink.
• * 1.1191

  The Animal Juice as con∣sisting of diffe∣rent parts in shape and siz: flowing from Aliment, doth reduce it into motion.
• * 1.1192

  The Nervous Liquor hath Fermentative dispositions in reference to the Blood, from which it is propaga∣ted as having contrary Ele∣ments.
• * 1.1193

  The Nervous Liquor as em∣bodied with Air in Corti∣cal Glands, obtaineth Ela∣stick Partic••s and is active in Fermentation.
• * 1.1194

  Nervous Li∣quor is of a subtle and active Nature. in being the cause of Mus∣cular Motion.
• * 1.1195

  Serous Liquor severed from the Blood, is a Ferment, in order to Con∣coction.
• * 1.1196

  The Antients conceived an acide Juyce to be transmit∣ted by the Vas breve in∣to the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1197

  Quercetan as∣signeth the production of Chyle to fa∣melick, hun∣gry, and thir∣sty Spirits.
• * 1.1198

  Modern Phy∣sicians assign serous Liquor. to be ministe∣rial to Chy∣lification.
• * 1.1199

  Acidity is on∣ly an imper∣fect degree of Concoction, which when perfected, is rather sweet.
• * 1.1200

  Soure belch∣ings, the ef∣fect of an ill Concoction.
• * 1.1201

  The Chyle is often embodi∣ed in the Sto∣mach, with acide Recre∣ments, the reliques of a former Con∣coction.
• * 1.1202

  Acidity is a fusion of sa∣line Eliments, as in the fer∣mentation of Vegetables.
• * 1.1203

  The serous Liquor con∣veyed to the cavity of the Stomach, is not acted with Acide, but Saline parts.
• * 1.1204

  The Sto∣machs of Fish, in point of Concoction, are endued, not with Acide, but Saline Parti∣cles.
• * 1.1205

  The Stomach in Scorbu∣tick, and Hy∣pocondriacal Distempers is affected with four Hu∣mors.
• * 1.1206

  The various Ferments of the Stomach embody with the Homoge∣neous parts of Aliment, and precipitate the Heteroge∣neous.
• * 1.1207

  Potulent mat∣ter requireth less concocti∣on then Escu∣lents.
• * 1.1208

  Drink being made of subtle saline parts having little Aliment, soo∣ner passeth through the Stomach and Intestines into the Lacteal Vessels.
• * 1.1209

  The quick pas∣sage of the Mineral Wa∣ters proceed∣eth from their thin substance and pungent qualities.
• * 1.1210

  Wine doth contribute to the concocti∣on of Aliment.
• * 1.1211

  Wine turneth acid in the Sto∣mach, when is faline parts acquire a Fluor.
• * 1.1212

  Wine is kept sweet, when the saline and sulphureous parts are uni∣ted.
• * 1.1213

  Liquid Ali∣ment having enlarged Pores, is more easily Concocted then solid.
• * 1.1214

  Solid Meats give a more substantial nourishment and require greater Heat to open its more close Pores.
• * 1.1215

  Wines being very solid Bo∣dies, cannot be Concocted by the too faint Heat and low Fer∣ments of Ani∣mals.
• * 1.1216

  The corrosive Salts of Steel do precipi∣tate the Acide Juyces of the Body.
• * 1.1217

  Gold passeth through the Stemach and Gut uncon∣cocted.
• * 1.1218

  Stones recei∣ved into the Stomachs of Fowl, do cleanse them.
• * 1.1219

  Meat is Con∣cocted in the Stomach-without Cor∣ruption and Putrefaction.
• * 1.1220

  Dr. High∣more's opini∣on, that Con∣coction is a putrefaction, and separati∣on of parts.
• * 1.1221

  Putrefaction is made in a moist Body, by ambient Heat, which corrupteth the natural.
• * 1.1222

  The putrefa∣ction of the Aliment de∣praveth the mass of Blood.
• * 1.1223

  The Excre∣mentitious parts are se∣vered from the Alimen∣tary, by a gentle Heat, not produ∣ctive of pu∣trefaction in the nourish∣men
• * 1.1224

  The elabora∣tion of the Aliment is ac∣complished by a perfective not corrup∣tive Fermen∣tation.
• * 1.1225

  The Intesline Motion in the extracted Aliment, re∣sembleth the Fermentation of Vegetable Juyces.
• * 1.1226

  Fat substances do not hinder Concoction in a good Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1227

  Salt of Tartar doth check the too high Fermentation of Wines, and precipitate their Faeces.
• * 1.1228

  Acid parts turn sweet in the Stomach, as exalted by proper Fer∣ments, and a kindly heat of the Ventricle.
• * 1.1229

  The Fermen∣tation of Ve∣getable Juices require a greater expan∣sion then the Intestine Mo∣tion of Ali∣ment in the Stomach.
• * 1.1230

  Wine and strong Liquor assisteth the Stomach in Concoction.
• * 1.1231

  The Fermen∣tation of Meat and Drink in the Stomach, is different from that of Vegetable Juices.
• * 1.1232

  Vegetables retain some∣what of their form after De∣stillation, but Aliment loo∣seth it in Con∣coction.
• * 1.1233

  Meat recei∣veth a new substance in Concoction, as some are of an opinion.
• * 1.1234

  The Fermen∣tation is dou∣ble in Conce∣ction: The first perfective in the extra∣ction of the Alimentary Tincture. The second corruptive in point of Ex∣crements, the reliques of Concoction.
• * 1.1235

  The manner how Chyle is produced, as holding analo∣gy with ope∣rations of Art in Chymistry.
• * 1.1236

  The Ferment of Meat masti∣cated in the Mouth, is Sali∣val Liquor in∣spired with airy and aethe∣thereal Atoms.
• * 1.1237

  The Meat in the Stomach is exalted by Nervous and Serous Li∣quors.
• * 1.1238

  The Alimen∣tary Liquor is extracted by Ferments, and afterward the Faeces are se∣parated by a kind of pre∣cipitation.
• * 1.1239

  The method of Nature in the producti∣on of Chyle.
• * 1.1240

  Health is maintained by the good Constitution of Ferment or order to the producti∣on of Chyle, Blood, and Animal Li∣quor.
• * 1.1241

  The salival Liquor is dis∣affected with fixed saline, or over-acide parts, and vi∣tiated with ill Air.
• * 1.1242

  The Ferments of the Sto∣mach are viti∣ated with sa∣line and acide Recrements of the Blood, and animal Juyce, mak∣ing a crude Chyle, the Caused of ma∣ny diseases.
• * 1.1243

  Difficulty of Breathing, proceedeth from an ill Chyme, stag∣nated in the substance of the Lungs.
• * 1.1244

  The crude Chyme dis∣persed into Cortexe pro∣cesses of the Brain, is pro∣ductive of Soporiferous Diseases.
• * 1.1245

  A Leucoph'eg∣matia may proceed from a crude Chyme lodg∣ed in the Muscular parts. Crude Chyme trans∣mitted with the Blood into the Mem∣branes, and into the In∣terstices of the Nervous Fila∣ments, doth generate a Rheumatisme.
• * 1.1246

  The Conco∣ction is vitiat∣ed by an ill sa∣lival Liquor flowing out of the Oral Glands.
• * 1.1247

  The Saline Recrements are evacuated as well by the Nerves as Ar∣teries, into the Salival Glands. Apepsia, when little or no Mutation is made in the Meat. An imperfect Conconction is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which is very slow in ope∣ration.
• * 1.1248

  A pepsy is made aut à Vitiata Con∣formatione aut mala temperie, aut Fermentis male dispositis.
• * 1.1249

  An Apepsymay proceed from the lost Tone of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1250

  The ill Tone of the Sto∣mach may be derived from a cold and moist distem∣per.
• * 1.1251

  Another cause of an ill Tone of the Stomach, may come from an ill Conforma∣tion.
• * 1.1252

  The inward Coat of the Stomach, is sometimes af∣fected with Pustles.
• * 1.1253

  An ill Tone of the Sto∣mach pro∣ceeding from Emaciation of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1254

  Another cause of an ill Tone of the Sto∣mach, may arise out of the over-Tenseness of the Fibres.
• * 1.1255

  Another cause of a weak Tone, may proceed from Inflation.
• * 1.1256

  The Stomach may be swel∣led by a quan∣tity of serous Liquor lodged in the Cavity of it.
• * 1.1257

  The union of the Stomach is violated in Exulcerations.
• * 1.1258

  The weakned Tone may be drawn from the same causes in a lower degree, which were recounted in the lost Tone of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1259

  The weakned Tone may be derived from a faint heat of the Blood, it may also pro∣ceed from a cold and moist temper of the Ventricle.
• * 1.1260

  A weak dige∣stion may pro∣ceed from too great a quan∣tity of Meat, or no good order in re∣ceiving it.
• * 1.1261

  And one main cause of a weak digesti∣on, is the ill Air.
• * 1.1262

  The depraved operation of the Conco∣ctive Faculty.
• * 1.1263

  The lost Con∣coctive Facul∣ty proceeding from an ill Tone of Sto∣mach, coming from Blood intercepting the course of the Animal Liquor deno∣teth Blood∣letting.
• * 1.1264

  The grossness of the Ner∣vous Liquor, is helped by Chalybeat Me∣dicines, and Testaceous Powders.
• * 1.1265

  The loose tone of the Stomach is helped by Corrobora∣ting Medi∣cines.
• * 1.1266

  Blood com∣pressing the Fibres of the Stomach, in∣dicates the opening of a Vein.
• * 1.1267

  The Abscess and Ulcer of the Stomach, is Cured by cleansing and drying and consolidating Diet Drinks.
• * 1.1268

  The Emaciati∣on of the sub∣stance of the Stomach, is Cured by cold and moist, and Restorative Drinks.
• * 1.1269

  The Inflation of the Sto∣mach, is Cu∣red by Emolli∣ent and Discu∣tient Medi∣cines.
• * 1.1270

  The foulness of the Sto∣m••ch is dis∣cha••ged by Vomiting, Purging, and op••ning Medi∣cines, a••d A∣stringents at last to streng∣then the Tone of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1271

  The hea•• of the Stomach doth denote cooling and temp••rate Ju∣laps.
• * 1.1272

  The cool and moist temper proceeding from serous Recrements, is Cured by gentle Hydra∣gogues, and warm Diure∣ticks.
• * 1.1273

  A good Air doth highly assist the Con∣coctive Fa∣culty.
• * 1.1274

  The defect of salival Liquor, is repaired by moist Medi∣cines, restora∣tive Drinks, and Broths, and all kind of thin Suppings
• * 1.1275

  The ill quali∣ty of salival Liquor, flow∣ing from fluid or fixed Salts, denoteth sweet Medi∣cines, which dulcifie, and volatil Salts which im∣pregnate the salival Liquor.
• * 1.1276

  The gross and acide Parti∣cles of the se∣rous Ferment of the Sto∣mach, and by Spirit of Harts-Horn, Salt, Armoni∣ack, &c.
• * 1.1277

  The quantity of Blood lodged in the Brain, and compressing its Fibrous parts, doth indicate Blood-letting.
• * 1.1278

  The grossness of the nervous Ferments of the Stomach doth denote cephalick Me∣dicines, and Purgatives, that refine the animal Juyce.
• * 1.1279

  Narcotick Steams of Me∣dicines indis∣posing the Brain, are countermand∣ed by volatil Spirits of Salt, Armoni∣ack, succina∣ted &c.
• * 1.1280

  The pancrea∣tick and bili∣ous Recre∣ments trans∣mitted from the Guts into the Sto∣mach, are cu∣red by Vomi∣ting, Purg∣ing, and cor∣roborating Medicines.
• * 1.1281

  The Conco∣ction of the Stomach is lost by an external Error, which is cured by tem∣perance and care.
• * 1.1282

  Treats are not made in order to eat of every Dish. but one or two are most agreeable to us.
• * 1.1283

  The Fibres of the Stomach are more briskly con∣tracted in ex∣pulsion then in retension.
• * 1.1284

  The first re∣quisite of the expulsive Fa∣culty, is the slipperiness of the in∣ward Coat of the Stomach.
• * 1.1285

  Vomiting and Purging, are produced by the various motions of the Fibres
• * 1.1286

  The right Fi∣bres are aux∣iliary to the circular, as they both t••nd to the lessen•••• the Cav••ty of the Stomach in their Contra∣ctions.
• * 1.1287

  The Fibres in purging do first com∣mence their motion about the lef•• Orifice, and so do move down∣ward to the bottom of the Stomach. In Vomiting the Fibres be∣gin their mo∣tion about the right Orifice, and so move toward the lest.
• * 1.1288

  The action of Purging and Vomiting is performed by the joynt con∣currence of all the various Fi∣bres of the Stomach.
• * 1.1289

  Vomiting is a kind of strong Convulsive a∣gitation of the Fibres.
• * 1.1290

  Another re∣quisite atten∣ding the Ex∣pulsive Faculty of the Sto∣mach, is a troublesome object irrita∣ting the Fibres of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1291

  Variety of in Objects do of∣fend the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1292

  The gross Phlegm is transmitted by the numerous terminations of Vessels, to every part of the inward Coat of the Ventricle.
• * 1.1293

  The crude Chyme is car∣ried by the Caeliack Arte∣ry into the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach.
• * 1.1294

  The Chymous part being rendred thin by the heat of the Blood, is transmitted through the terminations of the arteries, holding con∣formity with them both in shape and size.
• * 1.1295

  The reliques of Concocti∣on are not mi∣nisterial to the Fermentation of the Sto∣mach in point of Digestion.
• * 1.1296

  Bilious and Pancreatick Liquor, do ir∣ritate the Ex∣pulsive Facul∣ty of the Ven∣tricle.
• * 1.1297

  The first re∣quisite of the expulsive pow∣er of the Sto∣mach, consist∣eth in good tone of the Fibres. The second condition is the sensation of an ill object.
• * 1.1298

  The third is the slipp••ri∣ness of the in∣ward Tunicle of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1299

  The first dis∣affection of the Expulsive Faculty, is the ill tone of the Stomacick Fi∣bres.
• * 1.1300

  Another dis∣affection of the expulsive Faculty of the Stomach, floweth from the compressi∣on of the Fi∣bres of the Brain, by a quantity of extravasated Blood. Cephalick Potions are good in this distemper.
• * 1.1301

  The Second Error of the expulsive Fa∣culty, is the faintness of the Tones, re∣lating to the Stomacick Fibres.
• * 1.1302

  The weakness of Stoma-Fibres flow∣ing from a cold and moist distem∣per.
• * 1.1303

  The weakness of Stoma∣cick Fibres, may proceed firm the too free Draughts of cold water, and other cooling Li∣quors, which is cured by warm and dry∣ing remedies.
• * 1.1304

  The depraved action of the Stomach, is when the Fi∣bres are ever-contracted in Purging, Vo∣mitings, Hyc∣cops, &c.
• * 1.1305

  The inverted peristaltick motion of the Guts, doth cause the Stomach to throw up re∣crements.
• * 1.1306

  Vapours, the Materia sub∣strata of a Flatus.
• * 1.1307

  The Serous and Nervous Recrements give a trouble to the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1308

  The manner how Purging Medicines do operate.
• * 1.1309

  Nauseousness of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1310

  Vomiting is performed by a more strong contra∣ction of Fi∣bres, then nauseousness.
• * 1.1311

  Vomiting proceedeth from objects highly discom∣p••sing the Fi∣bres of the Stomach.
• * 1.1312

  Vomitings are derived from Inflammati∣ons, Ulcers, and Excoria∣tions of the ulcerous and corrupt Hu∣mours, trou∣bling the Ner∣vous and Car∣nous Fibres of the Stomach.
• * 1.1313

  Inveterate Ulcers often degenerate into Fistula's.
• * 1.1314

  Vomiting co∣ming from sharp and salt Humours ex∣coriating the Stomach.
• * 1.1315

  Vomiting sometimes is derived from ill and poyso∣nous Medi∣cines.
• * 1.1316

  Vomiting from consent of neighbou∣ring parts.
• * 1.1317

  Vomiting proceeding from Cholick, and pains of the Gravel and Stone.
• * 1.1318

  Vomiting co∣ming from Abscesses of the Intestines Mesentery, Liver, Caul, &c.
• * 1.1319

  Cholera is sometimes dry from a Flatus, and sometimes moist from Humors.
• * 1.1320

  Purgatives discharge Ali∣mentary as well as Excre∣mentitious Humours.
• * 1.1321

  The manner how Purga∣tives exert their operati∣ons, by passing through vari∣ous Vessels.
• * 1.1322

  A Hiccop is a kind of Con∣vulsive Motion of the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1323

  Hiccops deri∣rived some∣time from In∣flation, and sometime from the pu∣trefaction of the Intestines.
• * 1.1324

  A Hiccop from the In∣flammation of the Liver.
• * 1.1325

  A Hiccop from the Con∣vulsive Moti∣on of the Mi∣driff.
• * 1.1326

  A Hicrop from a Pesti∣lential Fever.
• * 1.1327

  A Hiccop from an ill Succus Nutri∣cius.
• * 1.1328

  A Hyccop, from too great a quantity of Meat and Drink, and from bilious and pancre∣atick Liquor, and from fla∣tulent Mat∣ter, which do indicate Pur∣gatives.
• * 1.1329

  An Hiccop, from a cold and moist Humor impacted in the Stomach, which denote Hydragogues, and drying, and warm Di∣et-Drinks. Hyccop, pro∣ceeding from ill prepared Medicines, of a venenate na∣ture.
• * 1.1330

  Hiccops are often cured by Blood-let∣ting in inflam∣mations of the viscera.
• * 1.1331

  Indivers cases Opiates are very power∣ful in taking away Hic∣cops.
• * 1.1332

  Belching, pro∣ceeding from flatulent and crude indi∣gested Matter.
• * 1.1333

  Belchings, de∣rived from the reliques of Concocti∣on, and from bilious and pancreatick Recrements.
• * 1.1334

  Vomiting and Purging Me∣dicines, good for Belchings, coming from a foul windy Stomach.
• * 1.1335

  The descri∣ption of the Intestines.
• * 1.1336

  The reason why the Inte∣stines are made hollow and Membra∣nous.
• * 1.1337

  The cause of the Maeanders seated in the Intestines.
• * 1.1338

  The substance of the Inte∣stines
• * 1.1339

  The first Tu∣nicle of the Intestines,
• * 1.1340

  The reason why the first Coat of the Intestines may be named Tendinous.
• * 1.1341

  The use of the first Tunicle.
• * 1.1342

  The second Tunicle of the Intestines, is carnous, as made of two ranks of Fi∣bres.
• * 1.1343

  The use of the two ranks of carnous Fi∣bres, which produce the Peristaltick motion of the Intestines. The manner of the Peri∣staltick moti∣on of the Guts.
• * 1.1344

  The Third Coat of the Intestines. is nervous.
• * 1.1345

  The Third Coat of the Intestines is garnished with many ca∣pillary Bloody and Lacteal Vessels, and nervous Fi∣brils. The Third Coat of the Intestines may be stiled Glandulous as beset with many small Glands.
• * 1.1346

  The Chyle associateth with a Liquor distilling out of the Nerves, in the cavity of the Inte∣stines. The paren∣chyma of the Guts.
• * 1.1347

  The uneven∣nesses of the various Fila∣ments, one intersecting another, are made plain, as filled up at first by semi∣nal, and af∣terward by nervous ac∣creted Li∣quor.
• * 1.1348

  The reason why the In∣testines grow thick in plump Bodies, and thin in Consumptive.
• * 1.1349

  The Intestines are lined with a mucous Matter.
• * 1.1350

  Cholick pains arising from the saline acri∣mony of mu∣cous matter, are Cured by Galen by a Clyster made with Oyl of Rue.
• * 1.1351

  Two instances of Diseases coming from a concreted matter, per∣forated in the middle, and resembling Intestines.
• * 1.1352

  The origen from whence this mucous lining of the Bowels doth spring.
• * 1.1353

  The manner of production of this clammy matter anoin∣ting the Inte∣stines in equal proportion.
• * 1.1354

  The use of this viscid matter incru∣sting the Bow∣els, is to se∣cure them from the trou∣ble of sharper Humours.
• * 1.1355

  The difference of the Duode∣num from the Jejunum, as having no Cir∣cumvolution.
• * 1.1356

  The Duodenum in Fish, is gar∣rished with many Intesti∣nula Caeca.
• * 1.1357

  The second is called Jeju∣num, from its emptiness.
• * 1.1358

  The length of the Jejunum.
• * 1.1359

  The situation of the Ileon.
• * 1.1360

  The Valvulae Conniventes, are fewer in the Ileon then Jejunum.
• † 1.1361

  T. 7. q q q q.
• * 1.1362

  The cause why the Valves of the Jejunum stand more close then those of the Ileon.
• † 1.1363

  T. 7. q q q q q.
• * 1.1364

  The Conni∣vent Valves of the Guts••arise out of their inward Tu∣nicles.
• * 1.1365

  The Intestina Crassa.
• † 1.1366

  T. 7. r r. The Caecum. so called by reason it hath but one Ori∣fice.
• † 1.1367

  T. 7. r r. An extraordi∣nary Caecum appeared in a Woman lately Dissected in the Colledg Theatre.
• * 1.1368

  The Cunney hath a Caecum endued with Spiral Fibres.
• * 1.1369

  The Caecum is single in Man, and double in many other Animals.
• * 1.1370

  The Caecum in Man is less then in other Creatures.
• * 1.1371

  A slender Diet rendereth the dimensions of the Guts less.
• * 1.1372

  The smalness of the Caecum in Man, may proceed from delicate Food.
• * 1.1373

  The Caecum giveth a stop to the return of Excre∣ments into the Ileon.
• * 1.1374

  The situation and progress of the Colon.
• † 1.1375

  Ta. 7. m m.
• † 1.1376

  Tab. 7. l. l. l. l.
• † 1.1377

  Tab. 7. n. n.
• † 1.1378

  T. 7. p. p. p. p.
• † 1.1379

  Tab. o. o. o. o. The Colon is distinguished into many Cells, derived from a liga∣ment passing the whole length of the Gut.
• † 1.1380

  T. 7. o. o. o. o.
• † 1.1381

  T. 7. q. q q q.
• † 1.1382

  T. 7. q. q. q. q.
• * 1.1383

  The Valvulae Conniventes of the Colon.
• * 1.1384

  The length of the Colon.
• * 1.1385

  The Rectum, so called from its straight course.
• * 1.1386

  The connexi∣on of the Rectum. The termina∣tion of the Rectum. where it is en∣circled with many circular Fibres.
• * 1.1387

  The Muscles, called Leva∣tores ani.
• * 1.1388

  The Rectum hath no Cir∣cumvolution.
• * 1.1389

  The Vessels of the Guts.
• * 1.1390

  The Arteries, or the Caeliac. and upper and lower Mesen∣terick.
• * 1.1391

  The reason of the name of the Caeliac Artery.
• * 1.1392

  The Origen of the Caeliack Artery.
• * 1.1393

  The upper Mesenterick Artery, ac∣companied with Veins.
• * 1.1394

  The lower Mesenterick Artery, hath also Veins for its associ∣ates.
• * 1.1395

  The Haemo∣rhoidal Arte∣ries, are ac∣companied with Veins.
• * 1.1396

  The Fluxes of the Haemor∣rhoides is ve∣ry beneficial to nature.
• * 1.1397

  An inveterate Flux of the Haemorrhoids, is not to be Cured with∣out Blood∣letting.
• * 1.1398

  The Nerves of the Guts sprouting out of the Par Vagum.
• * 1.1399

  The origen of the Lacteal Vessels out of various Guts.
• * 1.1400

  The Guts are beset with nu∣merous Glands.
• * 1.1401

  Holes may seem in the Guts, which are the Ter∣minations of the Excretory Vessels belong∣ing to the Glands.
• * 1.1402

  Comparative Anatomy is very ministe∣rial to the knowledg of the Body of Man, which is the standard of all other Bodies.
• * 1.1403

  The Guts of a Camel.
• * 1.1404

  The Guts of a Lion.
• * 1.1405

  The Guts of a Tygre.
• * 1.1406

  The Guts of a Hedg-Hog.
• * 1.1407

  The Guts of a Porcupine.
• * 1.1408

  The Guts of an Ape.
• * 1.1409

  The Caecum of a Hare.
• * 1.1410

  The Caecum of a Castor.
• * 1.1411

  The Guts of an Eagle.
• * 1.1412

  The Guts of a Swan.
• * 1.1413

  The Guts of a Crane.
• * 1.1414

  A Castrel hath no Intestina Caeca. as are found in most Birds.
• * 1.1415

  The Guts of a Pidgeon.
• * 1.1416

  The Guts of a Brand-Goose.
• † 1.1417

  T. 20. q q q.
• † 1.1418

  Tab. 21.
• * 1.1419

  The Guts of a Curlue.
• * 1.1420

  The Guts of a Heron.
• † 1.1421

  T. 24. F. 1.
• * 1.1422

  The Guts of a Snipe.
• * 1.1423

  The Guts of a Wood-Cock. T. 24. F. 2.
• * 1.1424

  The Guts of Fish.
• * 1.1425

  The Guts of a Cod.
• * 1.1426

  The Guts of a Dory.
• † 1.1427

  Tab. 26.
• † 1.1428

  Tab. 26. g.
• † 1.1429

  Tab. 26. h.
• † 1.1430

  iiii.
• † 1.1431

  Tab. 27.
• * 1.1432

  The Guts of a Kingston.
• † 1.1433

  T. F. 1. l l.
• † 1.1434

  Ta. 27. m m.
• † 1.1435

  Ta. 27. Fig. 2. b b.
• * 1.1436

  The Guts of a Fire-Flaire.
• † 1.1437

  Tab. 28. n n.
• * 1.1438

  The Guts of a Skait.
• * 1.1439

  The Guts of a Base.
• † 1.1440

  T. 31.1.
• † 1.1441

  T. 31. l. l.
• † 1.1442

  T. 13. n.
• † 1.1443

  T. 31. o o o.
• * 1.1444

  The Guts of a Dog-Fish.
• † 1.1445

  T. 32. R R R.
• * 1.1446

  The Guts of a Bream.
• † 1.1447

  T. 34. k.
• † 1.1448

  Ta. 34. m.
• † 1.1449

  Ta. 34. o.
• † 1.1450

  T. 35. F. 1. l.
• † 1.1451

  T. 35. F. 1. h.
• † 1.1452

  T. 35. F. 1. m.
• † 1.1453

  T. 35. F. 2. e e.
• † 1.1454

  Tab. 35. f.
• † 1.1455

  Tab. 35. d.
• † 1.1456

  Ta. 35. g.
• † 1.1457

  T. 35. F. 3 h.
• † 1.1458

  Ta. 35. ii.
• † 1.1459

  T. 35. F. 4. d.
• † 1.1460

  T. 35. T. 4. e.
• † 1.1461

  T. 35. F. 4. f.
• † 1.1462

  T. 40. F. 1. h.
• † 1.1463

  k k.
• † 1.1464

  i.
• † 1.1465

  l l.
• † 1.1466

  n n.
• † 1.1467

  T. 40. F. 2. h h h.
• † 1.1468

  T. 40. F. 2.1.
• † 1.1469

  T. 37. F. 1.
• † 1.1470

  T. 37. F. 2. d d d.
• † 1.1471

  F. 2. f f.
• † 1.1472

  T. 37. F. 3. f f f.
• † 1.1473

  T. 37. F. 4. g g.
• † 1.1474

  Fig. 4. h h.
• † 1.1475

  Fig 4. n.
• † 1.1476

  Fig. 4. k.
• † 1.1477

  T. 38. F. 1. g g g.
• † 1.1478

  T. 38. F. 2. f f.
• † 1.1479

  g.
• † 1.1480

  T. 39. e e.
• † 1.1481

  T. 39. d.
• † 1.1482

  T. 40. f f.
• † 1.1483

  T. 40. g.
• † 1.1484

  T. 40. h h.
• * 1.1485

  The Intestines of a Viper.
• † 1.1486

  T. 41. F. 1. m.
• † 1.1487

  Tab. 41. n.
• † 1.1488

  T. 41. F. 1. k.
• * 1.1489

  The Guts of a Silk-Worm, have many Circumvolu∣tions in the manner of Arches.
• * 1.1490

  The Intestines have a perfo∣ration into the common Trunk, out of which the va∣rious Tubes do sprout.
• * 1.1491

  Area of seve∣ral Figures seated between the Vessels.
• * 1.1492

  The Varicose Vessels are like clusters of Glands.
• * 1.1493

  A Palmer-Worm. hath Tubes somewhat like those of a Silk-Worm.
• * 1.1494

  The Vessels are some white and o∣thers yellow; the white have Cells like those of the Colon.
• * 1.1495

  The Vessels have a white and yellow Liquor.
• * 1.1496

  Insects have Trunks bran∣ched into the ambient parts, and into all the Viscera.
• * 1.1497

  The Fermen∣tation of the Blood and Chyle in In∣sects, is very much impro∣ved by the volatil, saline, and elastick parts of Air.
• * 1.1498

  The Guts have a power to concoct, and Aliment as they have the same, the se∣rous and ner∣vous Ferments with the Sto∣mach.
• * 1.1499

  The pancrea∣tick and bili∣ous Liquor are proper Fer∣ment of the Guts.
• * 1.1500

  The Stomach and Guts have the same stru∣cture, and have one con∣tinued Cavity.
• * 1.1501

  The Stomach and Guts seem to be the same in a Lamprey, and Garfish.
• * 1.1502

  The Stomach in Famelick Persons, is little different in its' dimensi∣ons from the Guts.
• * 1.1503

  The Stomach a••d Guts have a likeness in faculties and operations.
• * 1.1504

  The Pancrea∣tick Liquor is a Ferment of the Guts.
• * 1.1505

  The Pancrea∣tick Liquor is associated with a serous and nervous Juice in the Pancreas.
• * 1.1506

  The third Fer∣ment of the Guts, is the more milde part of the Blood.
• * 1.1507

  The fourth Ferment of the Guts, is a Nervous Li∣quor.
• * 1.1508

  The Conco∣ction of the Chyle in the Guts, how it is accomplish∣ed.
• * 1.1509

  The Expulsive Faculty of the Guts, rendreth our Life com∣fortable.
• * 1.1510

  The first con∣dition of the Expulsive Fa∣culty of the Guts, is to be endued with manifest Ca∣vities.
• * 1.1511

  The second requisite of the Peristal∣tick Motion of the Guts, is to be pliable as membrane∣ous.
• * 1.1512

  The third re∣quisite ren∣dreth the Guts sensible.
• * 1.1513

  The fourth condition of the Peristal∣tick Motion, are the Car∣nous Fibres.
• * 1.1514

  The expulsive power of the Guts, hath va∣rious motions. The first is re∣gular from the origen of the Guts to the Anus.
• * 1.1515

  The second kind is preter∣natural from the great Guts to∣ward the small and so to the Stomach.
• * 1.1516

  The third kind of the Peristaltick Motion, is mixed when the Peristal∣tick Motion is carried up∣ward and dawnward presently af∣ter one ano∣ther.
• * 1.1517

  The natural motion of the Guts is mana∣ged by the soft vermicu∣lar motion of the Guts effe∣cted by gentle contractions of v••rious Fibres.
• * 1.1518

  The inward nervous coat of the Guts receiveth the first appulses of the Con∣t••nts.
• * 1.1519

  The reliques of concoction grow offensive to the Guts, as bereaved of the soft Ali∣mentary Par∣ticles.
• * 1.1520

  The sharp and saline Parti∣cles of the Bilious and Pancreatick Liquor, do ir∣ritate the ner∣vous coat of Guts to expel Excremenst.
• * 1.1521

  The mann••r how Purga∣tives operate.
• * 1.1522

  Purgatives do affect the vil∣lous and ner∣vou Filaments of the Guts.
• * 1.1523

  The reason why the Car∣nous and Ner∣vous Fibres, are discompo∣sed by Purga∣tives.
• * 1.1524

  The Mucous Matter of the Guts is clean∣sed off by Pur∣gatives.
• * 1.1525

  The reason why Patients have frequent ease in the working of Medicines.
• * 1.1526

  The Diseases attending the Faculties of the Guts.
• * 1.1527

  The last Con∣coctive Facul∣ty proceeding from the want of Ferments, commonly called Lien∣teria.
• * 1.1528

  The weakned Concoctive Faculty of the Guts, called Passio Gaeliaca.
• * 1.1529

  The depraved action of the digestive pow∣er of the Guts.
• * 1.1530

  The obstru∣ction of the Hepatick and Pancreatick Ducts, are Cured by Aperient Me∣dicines.
• * 1.1531

  The Cure of the Celiack Passion.
• * 1.1532

  The depraved Concoctive power procee∣ding from the acrimony of Bile, and aci∣dity of the Pancreatick Juice, is Cu∣red by Testa∣ceous powders and Antiscor∣butick, and Chalybeat Medicines.
• * 1.1533

  The disaffected distributive faculty of Chyle pro∣ceeding from its grossness and viscidity, is Cured per∣fectly by the assumption of good Aliment, and by Atte∣nuating, Inci∣ding, and De∣terging Medi∣cines.
• * 1.1534

  The slowness of the Peri∣staltick Moti∣on of the Guts, derived from its stupid ner∣vous coat, doth indicate Ce∣phalick Medi∣cines.
• * 1.1535

  The slowners of the Expul∣sive quality of the Guts com∣ing from Nar∣coticks, may be Cured by strong Purga∣tives and sharp Clysters.
• * 1.1536

  The slowness of the Peri∣staltick Moti∣on, proceed∣ing from the hot and dry temper of the Guts, doth in∣dicate cold and moist Appli∣cations.
• * 1.1537

  The overhasty motion of the Guts, is appea∣sed by Lenient and Astrin∣geat Purga∣tives and Alte∣ratives.
• * 1.1538

  The vitiated Expulsive Fa∣culty of the Guts coming from Inflam∣mations, is Cured by vul∣nerary Diet Drinks.
• * 1.1539

  The Inflam∣mation of the Guts perver∣teth their nu∣trition, where∣upon the soft parts of the Blood mixed with the Suc∣cus Nutricius, are not turned into the sub∣stance of the Guts.
• * 1.1540

  The cause of the Inflamma∣tion of the Guts.
• * 1.1541

  In this case gentle Purga∣tives may be given mixed with Opiate Electuaries, and other A∣lexipharmacal Medicines.
• * 1.1542

  Dysenteries are accompanied with Inflam∣mations deri∣ved from sharp and sa∣line parts of the Blood, whence arise Gangreens, and Mortifica∣tions.
• * 1.1543

  In inveterate Dysenteries, the substance of the Guts is lessened, which doth indicate resto∣rative vulnera∣ry Diet-drinks.
• * 1.1544

  The Iliack Passion com∣ing from the distortion of the Guts.
• * 1.1545

  The Iliack Passion pro∣ceeding from one part of the Guts, shooting themselves in∣to another.
• * 1.1546

  One kind of the Iliack Pas∣sion is when the lower part is thrust into the upper. This is often discharged by Purgatives, and by swal∣lowed Bullets, and by the as∣sumption of a large pro∣portion of crude Mercu∣ry.
• * 1.1547

  Another kind of the Iliack Passion is, when the up∣per part of the Guts is shot into the low∣er.
• * 1.1548

  Strong Astrin∣gents are not to be admini∣stred in great Diarrhaea's, till Nature or Art hath fully emptied the Guts of Ex∣crements.
• * 1.1549

  The Colon stuffed with a hard concre∣ted Phlegm.
• * 1.1550

  An Iliack pas∣sion coming from a hard Cartilaginous Matter stop∣ping up the Cavity of the Leon.
• * 1.1551

  An Iliack Pas∣sion derived from a quan∣tity of gross Excrements obstructing the passage of the Guts.
• * 1.1552

  An Iliack pas∣sion proceed∣ing from a strange matter filling the hollowness of the Guts.
• * 1.1553

  An Iliack pas∣sion coming from an In∣flammation of the Guts.
• * 1.1554

  An Iliack pas∣sion derived from an Ulcer of the Guts.
• * 1.1555

  An Iliack pas∣sion proceed∣ing from a Gangreen of the small Guts.
• * 1.1556

  The Iliack Passion is much higher then the Cho∣lick, as accom∣panied with greater Dis∣eases and high∣er symptomes.
• * 1.1557

  The Colon is the most pro∣per seat of this Disease.
• * 1.1558

  Colick pains are chiefly felt in the region of the lower Apartiment of the Body.
• * 1.1559

  The pain of the Stomach i••seated above the Navil.
• * 1.1560

  Colick pains are distingui∣shed from that of the Kidney, because the first is Pungent and Tensive, and the other more ••ull, and passeth down the side of the Belly to the Groin.
• * 1.1561

  The variety of pains relating to the Colon.
• * 1.1562

  The Colick accompanied with beating pains is from Blood, impelled into the substance of the Guts.
• * 1.1563

  Colick pains proceeding from inflam∣mations, de note large Evacuation of Blood, ef∣fected by Art.
• * 1.1564

  Piercing and fixed pain may come from sharp pancreatick Liquor, blend∣ed with viscid Phlegme.
• * 1.1565

  Colick pains may arise from sharp bilious Hu∣mors lodged within the Coats of the Guts.
• * 1.1566

  This Disease is cured by Medicines good for the Jaundies.
• * 1.1567

  Pricking Co∣lick pains may proceed from ill pancreatick, and billions Recrements.
• * 1.1568

  The cure of a Colick, co∣ming from acide Recre∣ments, doth denote Testa∣ceous Pow∣ders to be ta∣ken with an∣tiscorbutick Apozemes.
• * 1.1569

  Colick pains from a quan∣tity of gross Faeces, lodg∣ed in the Ca∣vity of the Guts.
• * 1.1570

  A Colick from the in∣flation of the Bowels.
• * 1.1571

  The Tenseness of the Guts from a mild Flatus, ari∣sing out of Chyle.
• * 1.1572

  An unkindly Flatus pro∣ceeding from a crude Chyle and from ill Ferments of the Guts.
• * 1.1573

  Flatus is deri∣ved from Va∣pours, ren∣dred Volatil, and endued with Elastick Particles, of an expansive nature.
• * 1.1574

  A Flatus gi∣veth pain to the tender Fibres of the Bowels, by overmuch ex∣tending them.
• * 1.1575

  The too high extended Fi∣bres, by the expansive Particles of a Flatus are re∣laxed by E∣mollient and discutient Me∣dicines, so that the flatulent Matter may be discharged by Purga∣tives.
• * 1.1576

  Gentle cool∣ing Medicines, and Nourish∣ments are proper in a C••lick, ari∣sing out of hot, sharp parts of a Fla∣tulent Mat∣ter.
• * 1.1577

  The descrip∣tion of the Mesentery, as compound∣ed of Mem∣branes, Ves∣sels, and Glands. The substance of the Messen∣tery is Mem∣branous. The upper and lower Coat of the Mesentery, borrow their Origen from the rim of the Belly.
• * 1.1578

  Dr. Wharton's Third Mem∣brane seated between the other two.
• * 1.1579

  The connexi∣on of the Me∣sentery.
• * 1.1580

  The upper Origen is de∣rived from the first Ver∣teber of the Loins. The lower about the Third, and it is propagated from the ab∣dominal Plex∣es.
• * 1.1581

  The Figure of the Mesentery is Circular, as the most convenient for the Situa∣tion of the Guts.
• * 1.1582

  The Origen of the Mesen∣terick Artery.
• * 1.1583

  The upper Branch of the Mesenterick Artery.
• * 1.1584

  The lower Branch of the Mesenterick Artery, from whence are propagated the internal Haemorrhoi∣dal Arteries. The insertion of the Right Mesenterick Veins.
• * 1.1585

  The Left Me∣senterick Vein hath al∣so many small Branches.
• * 1.1586

  The Right Mesenterick Rowle of Nerves. The upper Branch of this Rowle, and its distributi∣on.
• * 1.1587

  The lower Branch of the Mesenterick Plexe, and its distributi∣on.
• * 1.1588

  The Left Me∣senterick Plexe, hath four Rowls. The first is Stomacick.
• * 1.1589

  The second is Splenick.
• * 1.1590

  The third is carried be¦tween the Splenick and Hepatick. The fourth is united to the third Rowle, and great Plexe. The Fourth Plexe doth furnish the Left Kidney with Plexes.
• * 1.1591

  The Mesente∣rrick Branches derived from the intercostal Trunk. The great Me∣senterick Plexe is seat∣ed between the two inter∣costal Branch∣es of Nerves.
• * 1.1592

  A Vertebral Nerve, im∣planted into the Interco∣stal, is trans∣mitted into the Testes Fae∣minei & Ʋre∣ters. The distribu∣tion of the In∣tercostal Nerves.
• * 1.1593

  The Mesente∣ry is accom∣modated with seven great Plexes.
• * 1.1594

  The upper in the Left Side is Stomacick. The middle in the same Side is called Sple∣nick. The lowest and third Plexe, is the Left Renal. The fourth is seated in the middle, between the other Plexes. The fifth Plexe of the Right Side may be called Hepatick. The sixth is Right Renal. The seventh is dispersed into the great Mesenterick Plexe, and Ovarys and Ureters. The one use of the Mesen∣terick Nerves is to transmit Liquor into the Stomach and Guts, as a Ferment of Concoction, and to refine the Blood by assisting the secretion of Bile in the Glands of the Liver, and serous Recre∣ments in the Renal Glands.
• * 1.1595

  The Origen of the Milky Vessels, is from the Guts.
• * 1.1596

  The progress of the Milky Vessels from the Guts into the Mesente∣rick Glands.
• * 1.1597

  The lacteal Vessels of the first kind.
• * 1.1598

  The second kind of lacteal Ves∣sels.
• * 1.1599

  Dr. Highmores opinion of the insertion of lacteal Ves∣sels, into the Pancreas and Liver, which in truth were Lymphae∣ducts.
• * 1.1600

  The Valves of the Milky Ves∣sels, is to hin∣der the regress of Chyle into the Guts.
• * 1.1601

  The use of the Milky Vessels is first to con∣vey Chyle to the Mesente∣rick Glands, and then to the common Receptacle.
• * 1.1602

  An Experi∣ment to make good this Hy∣pothesis.
• * 1.1603

  The manner of conveying the Chyle through the Mesentery, in∣to the com∣mon Recep∣tacle.
• * 1.1604

  The Lymphae∣ducts, their ••ife and pro∣gress from the Glauds of the Liver, and are carried above and under the Porta, and the side of Chole∣dock Duct, and are after∣ward trans∣mitted be∣tween the Coats of the Mesentery in∣to the com∣mon Lake.
• * 1.1605

  The substance of the Glands is soft and fri∣able and made up of many Globules as so many small Glands.
• * 1.1606

  The shapes and sizes of the Mesenterick Glands are various.
• * 1.1607

  Their situati∣on is between the Mem∣branes of the Mesentery.
• * 1.1608

  The number of the Mesen∣terick Glands is different, and have vari∣ous Figures.
• * 1.1609

  The Ancients assigned the use of those Glands to re∣ceive serous Recrements.
• * 1.1610

  The second use assigned by the Ancients to these glands so as to pre∣serve the Diva∣rications of Vessels from Laceration.
• * 1.1611

  The proper use of these Glands, is to make a Secre∣tion of the more pure parts of the Chyle from the more gross
• * 1.1612

  The second use of the Me∣senterick Glands, to convey a Li∣quor which mixeth with, and enobleth the Chyle in their Paren∣chyma.
• * 1.1613

  The Mesentery is endued with many Nervous Fibres, to car∣ry a choice Liquor into the substance of the Glands, where it em∣bodieth with the Chyle and much exalteth it; whereup∣on the Chyle mixed with Lympha in the common Re∣ceptacle, is made fit to as∣cend the Tho∣racick Ducts.
• * 1.1614

  The use of the Mesentery, is to keep the Guts free from entang∣ling with each other.
• * 1.1615

  The second use of the Me∣sentery to con∣vey variety of Vessels.
• * 1.1616

  The Mesentery is obnoxious to variety of Diseases.
• * 1.1617

  The Inflam∣mation of the Mesentery, is derived from Blood stagna∣ting in its Pa∣renchyma.
• * 1.1618

  The abscess of the Mesentery proceedeth from the se∣rous parts of the Blood, turned into Pus, which corroding the Coats of the Mesentery be∣getteth an Ulcer.
• * 1.1619

  The inflamma∣tion of the Mesentery indicates, a vein to be opened,
• * 1.1620

  Abscesses and Ulcers are cured by gen∣tle Purgatives and proper Diet-drinks made of cleansing and drying, and after∣wards of astringent and consolidating Diet-drinks. The scirrhus of the Mesen∣tery proceed∣eth from a Chyle, or Succus nutri∣cius, concre∣ted in the Pa∣renchyma of the Mesente∣ry.
• * 1.1621

  The Hyda∣tites of the Mesentery, are serous Tu∣mours encir∣cled with Coats or Tunicles.
• * 1.1622

  The hurte di∣stribution of the Chyle, coming from the grosness of it.
• * 1.1623

  The distribu∣tion of the Chyle is les∣sened, or lost, by the greater or lets want of it.
• * 1.1624

  The Caeliack passion often proceedeth from a fluxe of Chyle, as not being re∣ceived into origens of the Lacteal Vessels. In this case, aperient Me∣dicines may be properly advised. The depraved action of the destributive faculty may may come from the con∣vulsive moti∣on of the Mes∣senterick Nerves, ma∣king an over∣hasty motion of the Chyle. Mesenterick Paroxismes are improper∣ly called Hy∣sterick Fits, as having no relation to the Ʋterus.
• * 1.1625

  The elastick particles of the animal spi∣rits, may pro∣duce an infla∣tion of the Mesentery, and great agi∣tation of it, resembling convulsive motions.
• * 1.1626

  Great pains of the Back are not the disaf∣fection of the Colon onely, but of the Mesentery too.
• * 1.1627

  Mesenterick disaffections are often de∣rived from se∣rous, saline, and acide parts of the Blood, high∣ly irritating the Fibres of the Mesente∣ry,
• * 1.1628

  The Mesente∣ry is also high∣ly discompo∣sed by flatu∣lent Matter, distending the nervous Fi∣bres of the Mesentery.
• * 1.1629

  A cure in this case may be attempted by emollient and discutient Clysters, and by Purga∣tives, and by Fermentati∣ons.
• * 1.1630

  Mesenterick pains pro∣ceeding from Blood, may indicate Bleeding, and purging Me∣dicines, and apperient and antiscorbutick Decoctions, given with Chalybeates. The Lymphae∣ducts are of∣ten obstruct∣ed by the grossness ••f the Lympha; or narrowed by the tumors of the Mesen∣tery. The Lymphae∣ducts are cor∣roded by the sharpness of Recrements.
• * 1.1631

  The Lymphae∣ducts are cor∣roded by an ulcerous mat∣ter.
• * 1.1632

  This disease may be cured by gentle Hy∣dragogues, and by Diet∣drinks, of drying ingre∣dients.
• * 1.1633

  A tumour of the Mesente∣rick Glands, from a quan∣tity of extra∣vasated Chyle lodged in their Paren∣chyma.
• * 1.1634

  The passage of the Chyle is intercepted by a swelling of the Mesen∣terick Glands. The paren∣chyma of the Mesenterick Glands, is ob∣structed by coagulated Chyle.
• * 1.1635

  The Caeliack Passion deri∣ved from the obstruction of the Mesente∣rick Glands.
• * 1.1636

  An Inflamma∣tion of the Mesentery, m•••• proceed from a quanti∣ty-of extrava∣sated Blood, degenerating into Abscesses and Ulcers.
• * 1.1637

  The Mesente∣rick Glands are liable to variety of Tumors.
• * 1.1638

  The cause of Steatomes in the Mesentery.
• * 1.1639

  The cause of Atheromes in it.
• * 1.1640

  The cause of a Scirrhus in the Mesentery.
• * 1.1641

  The cause of a Serophylous and Strumous Tumors in the Mesentery.
• * 1.1642

  The substance of the Pancre∣as, is of a glan∣dulous nature.
• * 1.1643

  The figure of the Pancreas is long and flattish, and full of Aspe∣rities.
• * 1.1644

  The situation of the Pan∣creas.
• * 1.1645

  The magni∣tude of the Pancreas.
• * 1.1646

  The substance of the Pan∣creas is tender and friable.
• † 1.1647

  T. 8. F. 2. a a a.
• † 1.1648

  T. 8. F. 2. b b b b.
• † 1.1649

  Ta. 8. F. 3. d d d d.
• † 1.1650

  Ta. 8. F. 3. b b b.
• † 1.1651

  Ta. 8. F. 3. c c c c.
• † 1.1652

  Ta. 8. F. 3. b b b.
• † 1.1653

  F. 3. f.
• † 1.1654

  F. 3. a a.
• † 1.1655

  F. 3. g g.
• * 1.1656

  The Pancreas is a collective body made up of many Ves∣sels; the Cae∣liack, and sometimes the Splenick Ar∣teries are asso∣ciated with numerous Veins, and en∣ter into the Pancreas.
• * 1.1657

  Some Anato∣mists do assign Lymphaeducts to the Pancre∣as, which go near but do not enter into the Pancreas. The origen and progress of the Excre∣tory Ducts, belonging to the Pancreas.
• * 1.1658

  The insertion of the Pancre∣atick Duct in∣to the D••ode∣num, is four Fingers below the Pylorus.
• * 1.1659

  A Woman ha∣ving two Pan∣crea's, and two Excretory Ducts.
• * 1.1660

  The Pancrea∣tick Ducts are various in se∣veral Animals.
• * 1.1661

  The Pancrea∣tick Duct when single, is commonly joyned with the Porus Bi∣larius.
• * 1.1662

  The Pancrea∣tick and He∣patick Ducts enter the ••••ut at a distance in divers Ani∣mals.
• * 1.1663

  The Pancrea∣tick Duct in Carps and Barbils, is in∣serted into the Stomach.
• * 1.1664

  The Pancrea∣tick Duct hath no Valve, but an oblique in∣sertion into the Duodenum.
• * 1.1665

  The Pancrea∣tick Juice is not of an acid but rather sweetish taste.
• * 1.1666

  The use of the Pancreas.
• * 1.1667

  The Pancrea∣tick Glands are so many strainers of the Blood and nervous Juice
• * 1.1668

  De Graaf's, opinion of the Intelline Motion of the Chyle from the acidity of the Pancrea∣tick Juice, mixed with the saline parts of Bile.
• * 1.1669

  De Graaf's opinion ••••at the Pancrea∣tick ••••••ce in sometimes insipid.
• * 1.1670

  Fermentation doth not only consist in acids, but in the mu∣tual oppositi∣on of contra∣ry Guts, pro∣ceeding from Heterogene∣ous Elements.
• * 1.1671

  The sweetness of the Pan∣creatick Li∣quor may be proved expe∣rimentally by taile.
• * 1.1672

  The sweet taste of the substance of the Pancreas, may be an ar∣gument to shew the qua∣lity of the Pancreatick Juice.
• * 1.1673

  The Pancreas of a Lion.
• † 1.1674

  T. 17. F. 3. d d d d.
• † 1.1675

  b b.
• † 1.1676

  b b.
• † 1.1677

  c c c.
• * 1.1678

  The Pancreas of a Tigre.
• * 1.1679

  The Pancreas, of a Dog.
• * 1.1680

  The Pancre••s of a Hare.
• * 1.1681

  The Pancreas of an Otter.
• † 1.1682

  T. 18. F. 1. iii.
• † 1.1683

  T. 18. F. 1. ••.
• † 1.1684

  T. 18. F. 1.
• * 1.1685

  The Pancreas of a Cat.
• * 1.1686

  The Pancreas of a Civet Cat.
• * 1.1687

  The Pancreas of a Rabbet.
• * 1.1688

  The Pancreas of an Eagle.
• * 1.1689

  The Pancreas of a Goose.
• * 1.1690

  The Pancreas of a Swan.
• * 1.1691

  The Pancreas of a Porpess.
• † 1.1692

  T. 27.
• † 1.1693

  F. 2. f f.
• † 1.1694

  e e.
• † 1.1695

  g g.
• † 1.1696

  T. 28. p p.
• * 1.1697

  The Pancreas of a Skait.
• † 1.1698

  T. 29. e.
• * 1.1699

  The Pancreas of a Cod.
• * 1.1700

  The Pancreas of a Dog-Fish.
• † 1.1701

  T. 32. f f.
• † 1.1702

  T. 32. u u u u u u.
• † 1.1703

  Tab. 32. w.
• * 1.1704

  The Pancreas of a Plaice.
• * 1.1705

  The Pancreas is liable to di∣vers Diseases in point of its substance. The Inflam∣mation of the Pancreas Exu∣berant Blood-extravasated in the sub∣stance of it.
• * 1.1706

  Abscesses and Ulcers come from a quan∣tity of Blood deg••nerating into a Pus, in the Parenchy ma of the Pan∣creas.
• * 1.1707

  Steatomes of the Pancreas, flowing from oily and grea∣sie Particles, enclosed with∣in a Cistis.
• * 1.1708

  An Instance of a Cancer of the Pancreas.
• * 1.1709

  A Scirthus of the Pancreas may proceed from a serous or nutricious Liquor con∣creted.
• * 1.1710

  The obstructi∣on of the Pan∣creatick Duct from Stones, intercepting the passage of the Pancrea∣tick Liquor into the Guts.
• * 1.1711

  The Pancreas is subject to Convuisive Motions and Tremblings, coming from an ill Nervous Juice.
• * 1.1712

  The Diseases of the Pancre∣as, proceeding from the want of Pancrea∣tick Juice.
• * 1.1713

  The Pancreas is some times disaffected by too large quantity of Pancreatick Juice.
• * 1.1714

  The Conco∣ctive Faculty of the Guts is depraved by the acidity of a Liquor flow∣ing out of the Pancreas.
• * 1.1715

  Stomacick pains, procee∣ding from a four Pancre∣atick Liquor transmitted into the Sto∣mach, whence also is derived a Dog-like Appetite.
• * 1.1716

  The four Liquor of the Pancreas car∣ried out of the Guts through the ••act••ae with the Chyle, and afterward with the Blood through the Subclavian Veins and Ca∣va, into the right Ventri∣cle of the Heart, causeth Palpitations, Lypothymies, and Syncopies and this soure Liquor carri∣ed by the Pul∣monary Arte∣ry into the Lungs, maketh a difficulty of Breathing▪ and being im∣pelled through the ascend••nt Trunk of the Aorta and Ca∣rotice Arte∣ries, vitiates the concocti∣on of the Ner∣vous Liquor in the Brain, and being transmitted into thenerves of Muscular parts, predu∣ceth Convul∣vulsive Moti∣ons.
• * 1.1717

  This four Liquor of the Pancreas being transmitted by the Arte∣ries with the Blood into the substance of the Muscles, gi∣veth a pain to the Nervous Fibres, and produceth a Rheumatism, and being car∣ried by the Arteries into the substance of the Mem∣branes encom∣••assing the Joynts, ma∣keth an Ar∣thritis; and being impel∣led with the Blood, by the Emulgent Ar∣tery into the Kidney, and from thence with the U∣rine through the serous Ducts, Pelvis, and Ureters, into the Blad∣der, maketh the Stran∣gury. The acid Pan∣creatick Li∣quor mixed with the Blood, and carried by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Guts, is productive of Diarrhaea's, and Dysenteries.
• * 1.1718

  The acid Li∣quor mixed with Bile in the Guts, pro∣duceth Atra∣bilarian Hu∣mours, the causes of Hy∣pocondriacal and Melan∣cholick Di∣stempers.
• * 1.1719

  The Cures of Diseases rela∣ting to the Pancreas.
• * 1.1720

  The penury of Pancreatick Juice, is re∣paired by Re∣storatives.
• * 1.1721

  The want of this Liquor proceeding from the ob∣struction of the Excretory Duct by clam∣my Matter, denoteth A∣perient, Inci∣ding, and De∣tergent Medi∣cines.
• * 1.1722

  The acidity of the Pancrea∣tick Liquor, is allaied by lixivial, fixed, and volatil Salts.
• * 1.1723

  The manner of concoction of Chyle by various Fer∣ments in the Mouth, Sto∣mach and Guts, and its distribution through the Lacteal and Thoracick Ducts, and Subclavian Veins, into the Mass of Blood, and so conveyed through the Heart, Lungs, and other Vessels into the Spleen.
• * 1.1724

  The Blood is refined in the Spleen.
• * 1.1725

  The situation of the Spleen.
• * 1.1726

  The connexi∣on of the Spleen.
• * 1.1727

  The colour of the Spleen.
• * 1.1728

  The dimensi∣ons and figure of the Spleen.
• * 1.1729

  The preterna∣tural great∣ness of the Spleen, in un∣healthy Per∣sons.
• * 1.1730

  The Arteries of the Spleen.
• * 1.1731

  The unkindly pulsation of the Arteries proceeding from a stagna∣tion of Blood in the habit of the Body.
• * 1.1732

  The Veins of the Spleen.
• * 1.1733

  The Nerves of the Spleen.
• * 1.1734

  The substance of the Spleen.
• * 1.1735

  The Spleen is in a great part framed of Nervous Fi∣bres.
• * 1.1736

  The rise and propagation of the Ner∣voue Fibres of the Spleen.
• * 1.1737

  The contex∣ture of the Nervous Fi∣bres seated in the Spleen.
• * 1.1738

  The Fibres of the Spleen are not endu∣ed with mani∣fest Cavities.
• * 1.1739

  Some Nervous Fibres do ter∣minate into Glands of the Spleen, so that they may im∣port some se∣lect Juice into them.
• * 1.1740

  The Lymphae∣ducts of the Spleen.
• * 1.1741

  The origen of the Lymphae∣ducts.
• * 1.1742

  The substance of the Spleen.
• * 1.1743

  Some make its substance to be an affu∣sion of con∣creted Blood, as they con∣ceive in the other Viscera.
• * 1.1744

  Malpighius hath discover∣ed many Mem∣branous Cells in the Spleen.
• * 1.1745

  An Experi∣ment to find out the sub∣stance of the Spleen.
• * 1.1746

  The Sinus of the Spleen, resemble the Holes of Ho∣ney Combs.
• * 1.1747

  The Membra∣nous Cells of the Spleen dif∣fer in Magni∣tude and Fi∣gure.
• * 1.1748

  The Holes of the Spleen re∣semble the Lungs of a Sea Tortoise.
• * 1.1749

  The Glands of the Spleen.
• * 1.1750

  The Spleen of a Porpess.
• * 1.1751

  The Spleen of a Cod.
• * 1.1752

  The Spleen of a Salmon.
• * 1.1753

  The Spleen of a Sturgeon.
• * 1.1754

  The Spleen of a Cramp Fish.
• * 1.1755

  The Spleen of a Tortoise.
• * 1.1756

  The Spleen of a Pike.
• * 1.1757

  The Spleen of a Sword-Fish.
• † 1.1758

  T. 26. m.
• * 1.1759

  The Spleen of a Dory.
• * 1.1760

  The Speen of a Kingston.
• † 1.1761

  T. 27. o o.
• * 1.1762

  The Spleen of a Fire-Flair.
• † 1.1763

  T. 28. q.
• † 1.1764

  T. 28. r.
• * 1.1765

  The Spleen of a Skait.
• † 1.1766

  Tab. 29. p.
• † 1.1767

  Tab. 30.
• * 1.1768

  The Spleen of a Prill.
• * 1.1769

  The Spleen of a Plaice.
• * 1.1770

  The Spleen of a Base.
• † 1.1771

  Tab. 31. t.
• † 1.1772

  Tab. 31. u.
• † 1.1773

  Tab. 31. s.
• * 1.1774

  The Spleen of a Gudgeon.
• † 1.1775

  T. 35. F 4. m.
• * 1.1776

  The Spleen of an Asellus Vi∣refeens.
• † 1.1777

  Tab. 40. n.
• * 1.1778

  The Spleen of a Crocodile.
• * 1.1779

  The Spleen of a Salamander.
• * 1.1780

  The Glands appear more fair in ill asse∣cted and ob∣structed Spleens.
• * 1.1781

  The Spleen cannot be a receptacle of gross Humors, as being desti∣tute of any manifest Ca∣vity.
• * 1.1782

  Marehetty, hath discover∣ed as it is affir∣med an Excre∣tory Duct, in∣serted into the Duodenum.
• * 1.1783

  The Spleen cannot arro∣gate to it self an office of Sanguificati∣on.
• * 1.1784

  Blood gene∣rates Blood.
• * 1.1785

  The Antients have thought the Spleen to transmit an A∣cid Liquor into the Stomach, by the Vas Breve, which opposeth the Law of Cir∣culation, rela∣ting to the Blood.
• * 1.1786

  The use of the Spieen may be to prepare a Ferment for the Liver, in order to the secretion of the Bilious Humors from the Blood.
• * 1.1787

  The Spleen of a Lion.
• † 1.1788

  T 17 F. 2.
• † 1.1789

  b.
• † 1.1790

  d d d.
• † 1.1791

  T. 17. F. 2. a a a.
• † 1.1792

  A.
• † 1.1793

  f f f.
• † 1.1794

  g.
• † 1.1795

  h h.
• * 1.1796

  The Spleen of a Cassor.
• * 1.1797

  The Spleen of of African Goat.
• * 1.1798

  The Spleen of a Dog.
• * 1.1799

  The Spleen of an Ape.
• † 1.1800

  T. 18. F. 1. F.
• † 1.1801

  T. 18. F. 1. k.
• * 1.1802

  The Spleen of an Hyaena.
• * 1.1803

  The Spleen of an Indian Bore.
• * 1.1804

  The Spleen of a Tygre.
• * 1.1805

  The Spleen of a Porcupine.
• * 1.1806

  The Spleen of a Hare.
• * 1.1807

  The Spleen of a Hedg-Hog.
• * 1.1808

  The Spleen of a Land Tor∣toise.
• * 1.1809

  The Spleen of a Goose.
• * 1.1810

  The Spleen of a Duck.
• * 1.1811

  The Spleen of a Partridg.
• * 1.1812

  The Spleen of a Turkey.
• * 1.1813

  The Spleen of a Teal.
• * 1.1814

  The Spleen of a Pidgeon.
• * 1.1815

  The Spleen of an Eagle.
• * 1.1816

  The Spleen of a Hawk.
• * 1.1817

  The Diagno∣sticks of the Inflammation of a Spleen.
• * 1.1818

  The seat of the Inflamma∣tion of the Spleen.
• * 1.1819

  An Inflamma∣tion of the Spleen dege∣nerating into a Scirrhus.
• * 1.1820

  An Inflamma∣tion of the Spleen, caused by a quantity of good Blood.
• * 1.1821

  In an Inflam∣mation of the Spleen, the Membranous Cells have been discern∣ed to be full of Blood.
• * 1.1822

  The preterna∣tural great∣ness of the Spleen.
• * 1.1823

  An Inflamma∣tion of the Spleen, dege∣nerating into an Abscess.
• * 1.1824

  An Instance of a putrefied Spleen-
• * 1.1825

  A Dropsie ari∣sing from the broken Lym∣phaeducts of the Spleen.
• * 1.1826

  The Hydatides of the Spleen.
• * 1.1827

  A Scirrhus Tumour of the Spleen coming from concreted pi∣tuitous Mat∣ter.
• * 1.1828

  Divers mate∣rial causes of the indurati∣on of the Spleen.
• * 1.1829

  A Scirthus proceeding from acid Re∣crements.
• * 1.1830

  An Experi∣ment proving Concretion to be derived from Acid Li∣quors.
• * 1.1831

  Acid Liquors producing di∣vers sorts of Concretion in the Blood.
• * 1.1832

  The descrip∣tion of the Liver.
• * 1.1833

  The convex surface of the Liver.
• * 1.1834

  The concave surface of the Liver.
• * 1.1835

  The Liver is seated in the right Hypo∣condre.
• * 1.1836

  The reason of the convex surface of the Liver.
• * 1.1837

  The reason of its concave surface.
• * 1.1838

  The connexi∣on of the Liver.
• * 1.1839

  The Suspen∣sory Liga∣ment of the Liver, where∣by it is tied to the Diaphrag∣me.
• * 1.1840

  The second Ligament of the Liver, is the Umbili∣cal Vein.
• † 1.1841

  T. 9. H H.
• * 1.1842

  The third Li∣gament fast∣neth the Liver to the Ensi∣form Process.
• * 1.1843

  The connexi∣on of the Li∣ver to the Ve∣na Cava, and to the Mesen∣tery and Caul, Stomach, Guts, Spleen, and Pancreas, by the media∣tion of the Vena Porta.
• * 1.1844

  The obscure motion of the Liver being accidental, as it is acted with the contracti∣on and relaxa∣tion of the Midriff.
• * 1.1845

  The Figure of the Liver.
• * 1.1846

  The Mem∣brane of the Liver.
• * 1.1847

  The substance of the Liver.
• * 1.1848

  The Vessels of the Liver.
• * 1.1849

  The Arteries of the Liver, are called He∣patick, from the part it self.
• * 1.1850

  The Hepatick Branches are encompassed with a Capsula Communis.
• * 1.1851

  The Hepatick Artery is not distributed into the Pa∣renchyma of the Liver.
• * 1.1852

  The Veins of the Liver, are the Cava and Porta, the last consisteth of a double Coat, as having the use of an Ar∣tery in the Li∣ver, and hath a single Coat only in the o∣ther adjacent parts.
• * 1.1853

  The Branches of the Vena Porta.
• * 1.1854

  The Splenick Branches of the Porta, and many other Divarications.
• * 1.1855

  The entrance of the Porta into the mid∣dle of the concave part of the Liver.
• * 1.1856

  The Sinus of the Liver.
• * 1.1857

  The Branches of the Sinus belonging to the Liver.
• * 1.1858

  The various Branches of the Porta. do furnish all parts of the Liver with Blood which is refined in its Glands.
• † 1.1859

  T. 9. E E E.
• * 1.1860

  The Porta is different from all other Ves∣sels, as it be∣ginneth and endeth in Ca∣pillaries.
• * 1.1861

  The Veins of the Cava hold some propor∣tion with those of the Porta.
• * 1.1862

  Many Capilla∣ries and Bran∣ches discharge themselves in∣to one Trunk of the Cava.
• * 1.1863

  The Nerves of the Liver.
• * 1.1864

  The Excreto∣ry Vessels of the Liver, be∣longing to the Porus Bilarius, and Bladder of Gall.
• * 1.1865

  The Extrea∣mities of the Porus Bilarius, are more nu∣merous then those of the Porta.
• * 1.1866

  The Excreto∣ry Branches of Porus Bila∣rius does ac∣company those of the Porta.
• * 1.1867

  The Vessels of the Liver do convey divers Liquors.
• * 1.1868

  The rise of the Capsula Communis.
• * 1.1869

  The progress of the Capsu∣la Communis.
• * 1.1870

  The Capsula Communis, is made to se∣cure the veins of the Porta, and Excreto∣ry Vessels.
• * 1.1871

  This Capsula is an Integu∣ment for the Umbilical Vein in an Embryo.
• * 1.1872

  The Porta, and Porus Bilarius, have many as∣sociations, but no Anastomo∣ses.
• * 1.1873

  The Branches of the Porta do accompa∣ny the Diva∣rications of the Cava, but do not inos∣culate with each other.
• * 1.1874

  The associa∣tion of the Branches of the Porta with the Cava, is to Corrobo∣rate each o∣ther.
• * 1.1875

  Former Ages have had a mean opinion of the Glands.
• * 1.1876

  The structure of the Glands.
• * 1.1877

  The descrip∣〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the ••ds of the 〈…〉〈…〉.
• † 1.1878

  Ta. 1. w w.
• * 1.1879

  The division of the Glands of the Liver.
• * 1.1880

  The use of the Excretory Glands of the Liver.
• * 1.1881

  The Glands as Systems of va∣riou, Vessels, are Colatories of the Blood.
• * 1.1882

  Every Gland consisteth of many Globu∣les.
• † 1.1883

  T. 38. Fig. 3. d d d d d.
• † 1.1884

  T 38 F. 1 ii.
• * 1.1885

  The structure of the Glands is composed of many conside∣rables.
• * 1.1886

  The Glands are appendant to the various Vessels.
• * 1.1887

  The seat of the Glands of the Liver are the Extreamities of the Vessels. The Figure of the Glands is Conick.
• * 1.1888

  The connexi∣on of the Glands is made by Liga∣ments.
• * 1.1889

  In Fish the Glands of the Liver resem∣ble Trefoil.
• * 1.1890

  The Globules consist of ma∣ny Angles, so that they can∣not be closely conjoyned to each other.
• * 1.1891

  The Figures of various Glands in dif∣ferent Ani∣mals.
• * 1.1892

  The substance of the Glands appertaining to the Liver, taken in a strict sense.
• * 1.1893

  The substance of the Glands conceived un∣der a large notion.
• * 1.1894

  The various origen of the Vena Porta.
• * 1.1895

  The rise of the Vena Cava.
• * 1.1896

  The Nerves of the Liver do proceed from the Interco∣stal Trunk, and Mesente∣rick Plex of the right side: The origen of the Lymphae∣ducts belong∣ing to the Liver.
• * 1.1897

  The Excreto∣ry Vessels, ap∣pertaining to the Porus Bi∣larius.
• * 1.1898

  The Excreto∣ry Ducts be∣longing to the Bladder of Gall.
• * 1.1899

  The use of the Glands as they are Colatories of the Blood, associated with Nervous Li∣quor opening the compage of the Blood, and rendring it fit for Secre∣tion.
• * 1.1900

  The structure of the Lym∣phaeducts.
• * 1.1901

  The Coats of the Lymphae∣ducts.
• * 1.1902

  The rise of the Lymphae∣ducts.
• * 1.1903

  Arteries and Nerves only import Li∣quor to the Glands.
• * 1.1904

  The feat of the Lymphaeduct.
• * 1.1905

  The Lymphae∣ducts borrow∣ing their ori∣gination from the Glands of the Liver.
• * 1.1906

  The Lymphae∣ducts take their rise from the Glands of the Liver.
• * 1.1907

  The various insertion of the Lymphae∣ducts. Those of the upper Limbs and adjacent parts, meet above in a Lymphatick Circle as in a common Ci∣stern. The Lymphae∣ducts of the Liver, and neighbouring parts discharge themselves in∣to the com∣mon Recep∣tacle.
• * 1.1908

  The colour of the Lympha is whitish, and sometimes yel∣lowish, and other times reddish.
• * 1.1909

  The Lympha is in some part derived from the Vital Li∣quor, and not wholly from the Succus Nutricius.
• * 1.1910

  The Lympha∣tick Liquor, is chiefly deri∣ved from the Arteries seat∣ed in the Glands, where the Lympha is percolated from the red Crassament and Crystal∣line Liquor.
• * 1.1911

  The Lympha is not a simple Liquor, but compounded of the Recre∣ment of the Succus Nutri∣cius, and Blood.
• * 1.1912

  The motion of the Lym∣pha, is much promoted by the motion of the Muscles.
• * 1.1913

  The numerous Branches of the Lymphae∣ducts, accom∣pany the Vena Porta.
• * 1.1914

  The Lympha moveth from the Liver to the common Receptacle, which is pro∣ved by an Ex∣periment.
• * 1.1915

  The motion of the Lym∣pha is quick∣ned by the motion of the Diaphragme, and Muscles of the Belly in Expiration.
• * 1.1916

  The use of the Lympha, is to attenuate the Chyle.
• * 1.1917

  The constant motion of the Lympha doth assist the Chyle.
• * 1.1918

  The Blood is disposed for motion of the thin and fluid parts of the Lympha.
• * 1.1919

  The action of the Lymphae∣ducts, is hurt by ill Diet.
• * 1.1920

  The lessened function of the Lympha.
• * 1.1921

  The depraved action of the Lymphaeducts.
• * 1.1922

  Acid and salt Particles do vitiate the Lympha.
• * 1.1923

  The Lymphae∣ducts are bro∣ken by too great a quan∣tity of the Lympha.
• * 1.1924

  An Instance of a Dropsie pro∣ceeding from to n•• Lym∣p••aeducts.
• * 1.1925

  The Hyda∣tides of the Liver, derived from an exu∣berant quan∣tity of Lym∣pha.
• * 1.1926

  The causes of Hydatides.
• * 1.1927

  The Liver of a Lion.
• * 1.1928

  The Liver of a Chamel.
• * 1.1929

  The Liver of a Beaver.
• * 1.1930

  The Liver of an Elephant.
• * 1.1931

  The Liver of a Hedg-Hog.
• * 1.1932

  The Liver of an African Goat.
• * 1.1933

  The Liver of a Tygre.
• * 1.1934

  The Liver of an Indian ••ore.
• * 1.1935

  The Liver of a Rabbet.
• * 1.1936

  The Liver of an Ape.
• * 1.1937

  The Liver of a Cat.
• * 1.1938

  The Liver of a Civet Cat.
• * 1.1939

  The Liver of a Pole-Cat.
• * 1.1940

  The Liver of an Otter.
• * 1.1941

  The Liver of a Squirrel.
• * 1.1942

  The Liver of a Land Tor∣toise.
• * 1.1943

  The Liver of a Mole.
• * 1.1944

  The Liver of a Chameleon.
• * 1.1945

  The Liver of a Goose.
• † 1.1946

  T. 19. F. 1. r r.
• † 1.1947

  S.
• † 1.1948

  u u.
• * 1.1949

  The Liver of an Eagle.
• * 1.1950

  The Liver of a Turkey.
• * 1.1951

  The Liver of a Duck.
• * 1.1952

  The Liver of a Teal.
• * 1.1953

  The Liver of a Partridg.
• * 1.1954

  The Liver of a Pidgeon.
• * 1.1955

  The Liver of a Porpess.
• * 1.1956

  The Liver of a Pike.
• * 1.1957

  The Liver of a Barbil.
• * 1.1958

  The Liver of a Dory.
• † 1.1959

  T. 26. k k.
• * 1.1960

  The Liver of a Kingston.
• * 1.1961

  The Liver of a Sting-Ray.
• * 1.1962

  The Liver of a Skait.
• † 1.1963

  T. 29. k.
• † 1.1964

  T. 29. l.
• † 1.1965

  T. 29. m.
• * 1.1966

  The Liver of a Base.
• † 1.1967

  T. 31. b b.
• † 1.1968

  Ta. 31. c c.
• † 1.1969

  T. 31. k.
• † 1.1970

  T. 31. i.
• † 1.1971

  T. 32. f f.
• * 1.1972

  The Liver of a Dog-Fish.
• † 1.1973

  T. 32. g g g.
• † 1.1974

  T. 32. h.
• * 1.1975

  The Liver of a Proam.
• † 1.1976

  T. 4. C. C.
• † 1.1977

  Tab. 34. d.
• † 1.1978

  T. 35. F. 4. g.
• * 1.1979

  The Liver of a Gudgeon.
• † 1.1980

  h.
• † 1.1981

  T. 36. F. 1. a a.
• * 1.1982

  The Liver of a Rochet.
• † 1.1983

  T. 27. F. 4.
• * 1.1984

  The Liver of a Peill.
• † 1.1985

  T. 37. F. 4. g g.
• † 1.1986

  T. 37. F. 4. C.
• † 1.1987

  T. 37. F. 5. d d.
• * 1.1988

  The Liver of a Soal.
• * 1.1989

  The Liver of a Lamprey.
• † 1.1990

  T. 38. F. 1. c c.
• † 1.1991

  T 38 F. 1. d d d d.
• † 1.1992

  T. 38. F. 1. e.
• † 1.1993

  T. 38. F. 3. a a.
• † 1.1994

  T. 38. F. 3. d d d d d.
• * 1.1995

  The Liver of Asellus Vire∣scens.
• † 1.1996

  F. 3. C.
• † 1.1997

  T. 40. l l l.
• * 1.1998

  The Liver of a Viper.
• † 1.1999

  T. 40. m.
• † 1.2000

  T. 41. F. 1. h.
• * 1.2001

  The Figure of the Bladder of Gall.
• † 1.2002

  T. 9. F. 1. g.
• † 1.2003

  T. 9. F. 1. d.
• * 1.2004

  The seat of it.
• * 1.2005

  The coats of the Bladder of Gall.
• * 1.2006

  The outward Membrane.
• * 1.2007

  The inward Membran••.
• * 1.2008

  The Dimensi∣ons of the Bladder of Gall.
• * 1.2009

  The colour of Bladder of Gall.
• * 1.2010

  The denomi∣nations of it.
• * 1.2011

  A Protube∣rance seated in the neck of the Bladder in stead of a Valve.
• † 1.2012

  T. 9. F. 1. d.
• * 1.2013

  The neck of the Bladder is full of solds, to hinder the quick motion of Choller.
• * 1.2014

  The Bladder of Gall is ac∣commodated with variety of Vessels.
• * 1.2015

  The Excreto∣ry Branches of Vessels be∣longing to it.
• * 1.2016

  The Bladder of Gall is fur∣nished with Glands.
• * 1.2017

  The use of the Bladder of Gall, is to be a recepta∣cle of Bile.
• * 1.2018

  The Bladder of Gall in a Lion, hath Cells in its Neck.
• * 1.2019

  The use of the Cells of the Bladder of Gall in a Lion.
• * 1.2020

  The Bladder of Gall in a Hiaena.
• * 1.2021

  The Eladder of Gall in a Porcupine.
• * 1.2022

  The Bladder of Gall lieth deep in the Liver.
• * 1.2023

  The Bladder of Gall in an Ape.
• * 1.2024

  The Bladder of Gall in an Eagle.
• * 1.2025

  The Bladder of Gall in a Goose.
• * 1.2026

  The Bladder of Gall in a Heron.
• * 1.2027

  The Bladder of Gall hath great affinity in divers Birds. Divers Birds have no Gall.
• † 1.2028

  Ta 26. l. The Bladder of Gall in a Dory.
• † 1.2029

  Ta. 29. n.
• * 1.2030

  The Bladder of Gall in a Skait.
• † 1.2031

  Tab. 31. d.
• * 1.2032

  The Bladder of Gall in a Base.
• † 1.2033

  T. 34. e.
• * 1.2034

  The Bladder of Gall in a Bream.
• † 1.2035

  T. 35. F. 4. ii.
• * 1.2036

  The Bladder of Gall in a Gudgeon.
• † 1.2037

  T. 8. F 3. f f.
• * 1.2038

  The Bladder of Gall in a Garfish.
• † 1.2039

  T. 38. F. 3. e e e e e e.
• † 1.2040

  T. 38. F. 3. c c c c c c.
• † 1.2041

  f f.
• * 1.2042

  The difference of the Blad∣der of Gall from the Po∣rus Bilarius.
• * 1.2043

  The descripti∣on of the Pa∣rus Bilarius.
• † 1.2044

  T. 9. F. 1. c.
• † 1.2045

  T. 9. F. 1: l.
• * 1.2046

  The Porus Bi∣larius, or Vena Porta, are en∣circled with one common Capsula.
• * 1.2047

  Two or three Bilarian Ves∣sels do accom∣pany one Branch of Porta.
• * 1.2048

  The Vessels of the Porus Bilarius and the Porta, have no Inoscula∣tion with each other.
• * 1.2049

  The Porus Bi∣larius hath no Valves, only an oblique in∣sertion into the Duodenum.
• * 1.2050

  Many strange passages out of the Liver and Bladder of Gall into the Guts.
• * 1.2051

  The Blood be∣ing refined in the glands of the Liver, the grosser Bile is transmitted into the Porus Bilarius.
• * 1.2052

  The Choler of the several Receptacles, doth not differ in kind, but in degrees.
• * 1.2053

  An Experi∣ment to prove the difference of Choler.
• * 1.2054

  Some part of Choler is an inmate of the Blood.
• * 1.2055

  The Choler received into the Vesicle of Gall, is ex∣alted by its stay in it.
• * 1.2056

  Choler is en∣dued with greater or less degrees of acrimony as it is embodied with Acid Li∣quor, coming from the membranous cells of the Spleen.
• * 1.2057

  The Bile some∣times acqui∣reth grossness by its long a∣bode in the Vesicle of Gall.
• * 1.2058

  The Vessels of the Porus Bi∣larius, are more and lar∣ger then those of the Bladder of Gall.
• * 1.2059

  The more thick Choler is associated with the Blood and carried by the Veins of the Porta, into the glands of the Liver.
• * 1.2060

  Choler is compounded of few Spiri∣tuous and Sulphureous parts.
• * 1.2061

  Bile is full of Salt.
• * 1.2062

  The watry parts of Cho∣ler are very visible.
• * 1.2063

  Bile hath also carthy and saline parts.
• * 1.2064

  Sanguification is ••ot ma•••• in the Liver.
• * 1.2065

  Blood is gene∣rated by the Spirit of Life, residing in the Genital Juice.
• * 1.2066

  Blood is first produced by extraneous heat in the ambient parts of an Embryo.
• * 1.2067

  The Blood is repaired by Chyle.
• * 1.2068

  The Blood is first formed in a Foetus by heat and Se∣minal Liquor, and afterward Blood is pro∣duced by Blood, as an efficient cause, and by Chyle as a material.
• * 1.2069

  The use of the Liver is to percolate the Blood, by va∣riety of Ves∣sels.
• * 1.2070

  The Glands of the Stomach and Liver, are ministerial to those of the Liver, in re∣ference to the farther perco∣lation of the Blood.
• * 1.2071

  The Blood is also refined in the sub∣stance of the other Viscera.
• * 1.2072

  This Bowel in reference to its use, may be stiled a rare Systeme of va∣rious parts.
• * 1.2073

  Diemerbroeck's opinion, that Choler is ge∣nerated in the Liver; but in truth, it is preexistent in the Blood, before it is brought into the Liver.
• * 1.2074

  Bilis Vitellina, resembleth the Yolks of Eggs.
• * 1.2075

  Bilis Aerugi∣nosa, proceed∣ing from grea∣ter degrees of heat, Bilis Atra.
• * 1.2076

  The salt and acid Splenick Juice doth pervert the natural tem∣per of Choler.
• * 1.2077

  The Inflam∣mation of the Liver, pro∣ceedeth from stagnant Blood.
• * 1.2078

  The serous parts of the Blood when extravasated, do turn pu∣trid, produ∣ctive of an Ulcer.
• * 1.2079

  The Inflam∣mation of the Liver, ending in a Mortifica∣tion.
• * 1.2080

  An Instance of a Mortified Liver, in its concave parts.
• * 1.2081

  A Dropsie de∣rived from a putrid Liver.
• * 1.2082

  A Dropsie flowing from the watry parts of the Blood in the Liver.
• * 1.2083

  The Cure of an Inflamma∣tion of the Liver, borrow∣ed from stag∣nated Blood.
• * 1.2084

  The Jaundies proceeding from an ob∣struction of Porus Bilarius.
• * 1.2085

  The Blood in a Jaundies, is mixed with Bile in the Ve∣na Cava, upon the stoppage of the Porus Bilarius.
• * 1.2086

  A Jaundies proceeding from an ob¦struction of the Hepatick Duct, into the Duodenum.
• * 1.2087

  A Jaundies coming from divers Stones lodged in the Choledech Duct.
• * 1.2088

  The Cure of the Jaundies derived from gross Bile, and viscid Pitui∣tous Matter.
• * 1.2089

  A Jaundies caused by thin acrimonious Choler en∣tring into the roots of the Vena Cava of the Liver.
• * 1.2090

  The sharpness of Choler is tempered by Oily Particles, mixed with Lixivial Salts.
• * 1.2091

  The fermen∣tative temper of the Blood, is vitiated in the Liver by saline and acid Particles.
• * 1.2092

  A Jaundies proceeding from Poyson, rendring the Bilious parts of the Blood so fluid, that they open the roots of the Cava.
• * 1.2093

  Jaundies deri∣ved from drinking of strong Li∣quors.
• * 1.2094

  The Cure of a Jaundies, produced by an ebulition of Choler.
• * 1.2095

  A Jaundies caused by the inflammation of the Liver.
• * 1.2096

  The Glands in the Liver of a Lion, were very much swelled.
• * 1.2097

  An inflamed Liver degene∣rating into a Scirrhus in the Jaundies.
• * 1.2098

  An Instance of a Scirrhous Liver.
• * 1.2099

  The Cure of a Scirrhous Li∣ver.
• * 1.2100

  The lobules of the Liver turn∣ed into a stony substance.
• * 1.2101

  The Hydatides of the Liver.
• * 1.2102

  An Instance of the Hydatides of the Liver.
• * 1.2103

  Glandulae Re∣nibus Incum∣bentes.
• * 1.2104

  The seat of the Glands leaning on the Kidneys.
• * 1.2105

  The figure of the Renal Glands.
• * 1.2106

  The magni∣tude of the Glands confi∣ning on the Kidneys.
• * 1.2107

  The coat of these Glands.
• * 1.2108

  The cavity of these Glands, into which the termina∣tion of Vessels four Liquor.
• * 1.2109

  Bartholines's use of the Glands.
• * 1.2110

  The second use of the Suc∣cus Nutricius, is carried into the body of these Glands.
• * 1.2111

  The situation of the Kid∣neys.
• * 1.2112

  The connexi∣on of the Kid∣neys.
• * 1.2113

  The shape of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2114

  The surface of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2115

  The Mem∣branes of the Kidneys, the outward coat of the Kid∣neys.
• * 1.2116

  The proper Membrane of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2117

  The texture of them.
• * 1.2118

  The Kidneys are unequal in Dimensions.
• * 1.2119

  The colour of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2120

  A double ac∣ception of the substance of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2121

  The common notion of the substance of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2122

  The Vessels of the Kidneys are different in several Animals.
• * 1.2123

  The Blood Vessels of the Kidneys are enclosed with∣in a common Coat.
• † 1.2124

  T. 10. F. 1. A.
• † 1.2125

  T. 11. f f.
• † 1.2126

  T. 10. b.
• † 1.2127

  T. 11. b b.
• † 1.2128

  T. 11. b b b b b b.
• * 1.2129

  The manner of the pro∣gress of the Blood Vessels.
• * 1.2130

  The Nerves of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2131

  The first use of the Nerves of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2132

  The second use of the Nerves.
• † 1.2133

  T. 10. F. 1.
• * 1.2134

  The Urinary Vessels.
• * 1.2135

  The divarica∣tion of the Urinary Ducts.
• † 1.2136

  T. 10. F. 1. h h.
• * 1.2137

  Ta. 11. b b b b b b b b.
• † 1.2138

  T. 10. F. 1. d d.
• * 1.2139

  Ta. 11. d d.
• † 1.2140

  T. 10. F. 1. h h.
• * 1.2141

  The Glands of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2142

  T. 11. a a a a.
• * 1.2143

  The figure of the Glands of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2144

  The connexi∣on of the Glands.
• * 1.2145

  Malpighius's Experiment to find out the connexi∣on of the Glands.
• † 1.2146

  T. 10. F. 6. a a a a.
• * 1.2147

  Globules are made up of many Glands.
• † 1.2148

  T. 10. F. 1. C.
• * 1.2149

  The depurati∣on of the Blood is cau∣sed by the structure of the Kidneys, and by pecu∣liar Ferments.
• * 1.2150

  The Kidneys are compages of various Vessels.
• * 1.2151

  The first Fer∣ment of the Kidneys is Nervous Li∣quor dispo∣sing Blood to a Secretion.
• * 1.2152

  The second ••erment are serous parts of the Blood.
• * 1.2153

  The first use of the Kid∣neys.
• * 1.2154

  The second use of the Kidneys, is the depurati∣on of the Blood.
• * 1.2155

  The manner how the Blood is per∣colated.
• * 1.2156

  Inspiration doth assist the motion of the Blood, in re∣ference to its depuration in the Kidneys.
• * 1.2157

  The Kidneys of a Lion.
• * 1.2158

  The Kidneys of a B••ar.
• * 1.2159

  The Kidneys of a Calf.
• † 1.2160

  T. 11. F. 6. a a a a.
• * 1.2161

  The Kidneys of a Beaver.
• * 1.2162

  The Kidneys of Horses.
• * 1.2163

  The Kidneys of a Hog.
• * 1.2164

  The Kidneys of a young Tygre.
• * 1.2165

  The Kidneys of a Porcu∣pine.
• * 1.2166

  The Kidneys of a Civet-Cat.
• * 1.2167

  The Kidneys of a cunney,
• * 1.2168

  The Kidney of an Estridg.
• † 1.2169

  T. 42. a a.
• † 1.2170

  b b.
• † 1.2171

  c c c c.
• † 1.2172

  d d.
• * 1.2173

  The Kidney of a Turkey.
• † 1.2174

  T. 21. F. 4. d d.
• † 1.2175

  e e.
• † 1.2176

  g g.
• † 1.2177

  h h.
• † 1.2178

  f f f f.
• † 1.2179

  iiii.
• * 1.2180

  The Kidneys of a Goose.
• * 1.2181

  The Kidneys of a Duck.
• * 1.2182

  The Kidneys of a Partridg.
• * 1.2183

  The Kidneys of a Pidgeon.
• * 1.2184

  The Kidneys of a Porpess.
• † 1.2185

  T. 12. c c.
• * 1.2186

  The Kidneys of a Gurnet.
• † 1.2187

  T. 38. F. 4. a a.
• † 1.2188

  b b.
• † 1.2189

  c c.
• † 1.2190

  d d d.
• † 1.2191

  e e.
• * 1.2192

  The Kidneys of an Ecl.
• † 1.2193

  T. 41. F. 2. f f f f.
• † 1.2194

  iii.
• † 1.2195

  g g g g.
• † 1.2196

  k.
• † 1.2197

  T. 43. F. 1. a.
• * 1.2198

  The Kidneys of a Carp.
• † 1.2199

  b b.
• † 1.2200

  c c.
• † 1.2201

  e e e e.
• † 1.2202

  h h.
• † 1.2203

  T. 44. h.
• † 1.2204

  iii.
• † 1.2205

  k.
• * 1.2206

  The Kidneys of a Tench.
• † 1.2207

  T. 44. F. 4. a a.
• † 1.2208

  b.
• * 1.2209

  An Iskury de∣rived from an ill mass of Blood.
• * 1.2210

  An Iskury de∣rived from an Inflammati∣on of the Glands of the Kidneys.
• * 1.2211

  A sparing ex∣cretion of Urine.
• * 1.2212

  The Cure of an Iskury.
• * 1.2213

  Strong Diure∣ticks are dan∣gerous in Iskuries.
• * 1.2214

  The too great excretion of Urine, or Diabetes.
• * 1.2215

  The cause of a Diabetes.
• * 1.2216

  The prime in∣dications in a Diabetes.
• * 1.2217

  Blood-letting not good in a Diabetes.
• * 1.2218

  Inflammations of the Kid∣neys from strong Diure∣ticks, &c.
• * 1.2219

  The Cure of the Inflamma∣tion of the Kidney.
• * 1.2220

  Diureticks improper in Inflammations of the Kid∣ney.
• * 1.2221

  A slender Diet is good in this Disease.
• * 1.2222

  An Abscess of the Kidney.
• * 1.2223

  An Abscess of the Kidney from Stones fretting its substance.
• * 1.2224

  A case of an Ulcer of the Kidney.
• * 1.2225

  The Cure of the Ulcer of the Kidney.
• * 1.2226

  An Incision made into a purulent Kid∣ney.
• * 1.2227

  The causes of the Gangraene of the Kid∣ney.
• * 1.2228

  The Scirrhus of the Kidney.
• * 1.2229

  Stones are found in all parts of the Body.
• * 1.2230

  The causes of the Stone of the Kidney.
• * 1.2231

  The Stones do break the ten∣der Capillary Vessels in the Kidney.
• * 1.2232

  The material causes in the production of Stones.
• * 1.2233

  Small Wines the remote causes of the Stones of the Kidney.
• * 1.2234

  Adust Blood a remote cause of the Stone.
• * 1.2235

  The next ma∣terial cause of the Stone are saline and earthy Par∣ticles.
• * 1.2236

  The efficient causes of the Stone are in∣strumental, or principal.
• * 1.2237

  Some assign cold to be the cause of the Stone.
• * 1.2238

  The principal efficient cause of the Stone is a petrifying principle.
• * 1.2239

  The cause of petrifaction, cannot be as∣signed solely to Salt, but as mixed with Earth.
• * 1.2240

  Saline and earthy parts incorporated in a due pro∣portion, do produce the Stone.
• * 1.2241

  The manner of the produ∣ction of the Stone.
• * 1.2242

  The generati∣on of the Be∣zoar Stone.
• * 1.2243

  The Glands of the Liver pe∣trified.
• * 1.2244

  Stones gene∣rated in the Brain.
• * 1.2245

  Stones propa∣gated from various Li∣quors of the Body, as ha∣ving a Lapi∣descent Juice.
• * 1.2246

  The Stone consisting of many thin Flakes, and was like a Race of Gin∣ger.
• * 1.2247

  A Stone re∣sembling a Tree.
• * 1.2248

  The indicati∣ons relating to the Cure of the Stone.
• * 1.2249

  Purgatives are proper in the Stone.
• * 1.2250

  Emollients and Diuretick Apozems, are good in this Disease.
• * 1.2251

  The descrip∣tion of the Ureters.
• * 1.2252

  The number of the Ure∣ters.
• † 1.2253

  T. 11. t t t t.
• * 1.2254

  The origen and progress of the Ure∣ters.
• * 1.2255

  The connexi∣of the Ure∣ters.
• * 1.2256

  The Figure of the Ureters.
• † 1.2257

  T. 11. t t t t.
• * 1.2258

  The Mem∣branes of the Ureters.
• * 1.2259

  Some assign a third Coat to the Ureters as fleshy.
• * 1.2260

  The use of the Ureters.
• † 1.2261

  T. 18 b b.
• * 1.2262

  The Ureters of an Estridg.
• † 1.2263

  T. 42. c c.
• * 1.2264

  The Ureters of an Eagle.
• * 1.2265

  The Ureters of a Stork.
• * 1.2266

  The Urinary Ducts and Ureters of a Porpess.
• † 1.2267

  T. 12. d d.
• * 1.2268

  The Kidneys and Ureters of an Eel.
• † 1.2269

  T. 41. F. 2. t t t t.
• * 1.2270

  The Ureters of a Carp.
• † 1.2271

  T. 43. F. 1. d d d d.
• † 1.2272

  iii.
• * 1.2273

  The Ureters of the Codlin.
• † 1.2274

  T. 43. F. 2. f f f f.
• * 1.2275

  The Kidneys and Ureters of a Flounder.
• † 1.2276

  T. 44. F. 1. l.
• * 1.2277

  The Kidney and Ureters of a Thorn. back.
• † 1.2278

  T. 44. F. 2. C.
• * 1.2279

  The Kidneys and Ureters of a Croco∣dile.
• * 1.2280

  The obstructi∣ons of the Ureters, and their Cure.
• * 1.2281

  The Iskury flowing from coagulated Blood.
• * 1.2282

  An Iskury co∣ming from a Stone lodged of the Pelvis.
• * 1.2283

  An unnatural expansion of the Ureters.
• * 1.2284

  The connexi∣on of the Blad∣der.
• † 1.2285

  T. 11. u.
• * 1.2286

  The dimensi∣ons of the Bladder.
• * 1.2287

  The cavity of it.
• * 1.2288

  The perfora∣tions of the Bladder.
• † 1.2289

  Tab. 11. A.
• * 1.2290

  The bottom of the Blad∣der.
• * 1.2291

  The neck of the Bladder is furnished with fleshy Fibres.
• † 1.2292

  Tab. 11. W.
• * 1.2293

  The circular and obliqua Fibres of the Bladder.
• * 1.2294

  The Vessels of the Blad∣der, its Ar∣teries.
• * 1.2295

  Veins of the Bladder.
• * 1.2296

  Nerves of the Bladder.
• * 1.2297

  The use of it.
• * 1.2298

  The Bladder of Urine in other Animals.
• * 1.2299

  The Bladder of Urine in a Castor.
• * 1.2300

  The Bladder of Urine in a Female Hedg-Hog.
• * 1.2301

  The Arteries and Bladder of Urine in a Mouse belong∣ing to the Alps.
• * 1.2302

  The elegant Figure of the Pelvis in Birds.
• * 1.2303

  The Cloaca in Birds, suppli∣eth the place of a Bladder.
• * 1.2304

  The Bladder of Urine in Fish: in some of them the Cloaca suppli∣eth the place of a Bladder.
• * 1.2305

  The Bladder of Urine in a Porpess.
• * 1.2306

  The Bladder of Urine in a Carp.
• † 1.2307

  T. 43. F. 1. f.
• † 1.2308

  g.
• * 1.2309

  The Bladder of Urine in a Codlin.
• † 1.2310

  T. 43. F. 2. h h.
• * 1.2311

  The Bladder of a Flounder.
• † 1.2312

  T. 44. F. 1. n.
• † 1.2313

  o.
• † 1.2314

  p.
• * 1.2315

  A Thornback hath no Blad∣der of Urine.
• † 1.2316

  T. 44. F. 2. a.
• † 1.2317

  b.
• * 1.2318

  A Crocodile is destitute of the Bladder of of Urine.
• * 1.2319

  The Diseases of the Blad∣der.
• * 1.2320

  An Inflamma∣tion of the Bladder.
• * 1.2321

  The causes of its Inflamma∣tion.
• * 1.2322

  Ulcers of the Bladder.
• * 1.2323

  The indicati∣on of an In∣flammation.
• * 1.2324

  The origen of Urine.
• * 1.2325

  The discove∣ry of the parts of Urine by Destillation. First arise the vinous spirit, then watry, mixed with most saline and some sul∣phureous Par∣ticles.
• * 1.2326

  The watry parts of U∣rine.
• * 1.2327

  The consi∣stence of Urine.
• * 1.2328

  The quantity of Urine.
• * 1.2329

  Drink the Materia Sub∣strata of U∣rine.
• * 1.2330

  The Amber colour of Urine.
• * 1.2331

  Crude Urine proceeding from an un∣kindly natu∣ral heat.
• * 1.2332

  The cause of a red and gross Urine.
• * 1.2333

  The cause of a pale Urine.
• * 1.2334

  The Hypo∣stasis of Urine.
• * 1.2335

  The white contents of Urine.
• * 1.2336

  The contents of Urine as to its sub∣stance.
• * 1.2337

  A good Hy∣postasis of a white colour.
• * 1.2338

  The figure of the Hypostasis
• * 1.2339

  The good consistence of Urine.
• * 1.2340

  This Sheet to be placed before Folio 511.
• * 1.2341

  The cause or Death.
• * 1.2342

  Mans happi∣ness founded in a double likeness.
• * 1.2343

  The first Ap∣petite of Man to be like his Maker.
• * 1.2344

  The second Appe••i••e to be••et some∣what like him∣self.
• * 1.2345

  The end of the making Wo∣man.
• * 1.2346

  The manner of producing Woman.
• * 1.2347

  The first Wo∣man full of Beauty.
• * 1.2348

  The perfecti∣ons of Eve.
• * 1.2349

  The first Man had no choice in Marriage.
• * 1.2350

  Our happiness in conforming our desires to Gods will.
• * 1.2351

  The sad con∣sequents of impure mix∣tures.
• * 1.2352

  Health and quiet of Mind, a kind of Heaven.
• * 1.2353

  Marriage is of Divine Insti∣tution.
• * 1.2354

  The parts of Generation, constituted in great variety and excellent, Order.
• * 1.2355

  The Sperma∣tick Arteries.
• † 1.2356

  T. 11. n n n n.
• * 1.2357

  The passage of the Sper∣matick Arte∣ries in Dogs.
• * 1.2358

  The passage of them in Men, is diffe∣rent from Dogs.
• * 1.2359

  The process ••f the Rim of the Belly, is closer in Man then Bruits.
• * 1.2360

  The space of the Rim of the Belly in Bruits is not incon∣venient, by reason of their prone position of body in Progressive Motion.
• * 1.2361

  The Sperma∣tick Arteries are divided into small Branches, af∣ter they have left the Ab∣domen.
• * 1.2362

  The Sperma∣tick Arteries in Man are carried in ma∣ny Gyres, as the Antients imagined.
• * 1.2363

  The prepa∣ring Arteries are not grea∣ter then the Veins.
• * 1.2364

  A Hanged Man having but one Sperma∣tick Artery, and two Veins.
• * 1.2365

  The goodness of the Semen proceedeth chiefly from the good di∣sposition of the Testicles.
• * 1.2366

  The use of the Spermatick Arteries.
• * 1.2367

  The preparing Veins.
• * 1.2368

  The origen of the right pre∣paring Vein.
• † 1.2369

  T. 11. ω ω.
• * 1.2370

  The rise of the left-p••e∣paring Vein.
• † 1.2371

  T. 11. π π.
• * 1.2372

  The preparing Veinshave ma∣ny Maeanders in their pro∣gress toward the Testicles.
• * 1.2373

  The Valves of the preparing Veins.
• * 1.2374

  The vericose Tumours of the prepgring Veins.
• * 1.2375

  The preparing Veins have a different course from the Arteries.
• * 1.2376

  The use of the Spermatick Veins.
• * 1.2377

  The associati∣on of the pre∣paring Arte∣ries and Veins in their pas∣sage toward the Testicles.
• * 1.2378

  The left ari∣sing out of the Trunk of the Aorta.
• * 1.2379

  The associati∣on of the Spermatick Arteries and Veins, with Spinal Nerve.
• * 1.2380

  The Sperma∣tick Arteries are distribu∣ted into Pa∣rastats and Testicles, and make circum∣volutions.
• * 1.2381

  The Sperma∣tick Veins and Arteries joyn in the manner of Network.
• * 1.2382

  The Inoscula∣tions of the Veins with Veins, and not with Arteries.
• * 1.2383

  The Inoscula∣tions of Ar∣teries with Veins, would hinder the ge∣neration of Seminal Li∣quor in the Testicles.
• * 1.2384

  The Tunicles of the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2385

  The division of the Tuni∣cles of the Testicles into common and proper.
• * 1.2386

  The make of the Scrotum or Burfa.
• * 1.2387

  The reason why the Scro∣tum hath no Fat.
• * 1.2388

  The Seam of the Scrotum.
• * 1.2389

  The second Coat of the Testicles, cal∣led Dartos.
• * 1.2390

  The use of the fleshy Fibres of the Dartos.
• * 1.2391

  The cotracti∣on of the Scro∣tum in Chil∣dren is a sign of Health.
• * 1.2392

  The proper Membranes clothing the Testicles.
• * 1.2393

  The first Mem∣brane is called Erythroeides.
• * 1.2394

  The second proper coat is stiled Vagina∣lis. The rise of the Cremaster Muscles.
• * 1.2395

  The fourth Tunicle of the Testicles.
• * 1.2396

  The first use of the proper Membranes of the Testicles.
• * 1.2397

  The second use of the coats of the Testicles.
• * 1.2398

  The third use of the coats of the Testicles.
• * 1.2399

  The action of the Crema∣ster Muscles.
• * 1.2400

  The substance of the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2401

  The Glandu∣lous substance of the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2402

  The Paren∣chyma of the Testicles.
• * 1.2403

  The pulpy substance of Testicles.
• * 1.2404

  The Testicles are Systemes of many Ves∣sels.
• * 1.2405

  The peculiar Seminal Ves∣sels of the Testicles.
• * 1.2406

  The Sperma∣tick Arteries enter into the substance of the Testicles.
• * 1.2407

  The Veins do answer the Arteries in point of en∣tercourse with them.
• * 1.2408

  The Nerves of the Testicles, and their rise.
• * 1.2409

  The Lymphae∣ducts of the Testicles, and their rise.
• * 1.2410

  The Lymphae∣ducts of the Testicles asso∣ciates of the Veins.
• * 1.2411

  The Vaives of the Lymphae∣ducts.
• * 1.2412

  An Experi∣ment demon∣strating the Lymphaeducts of the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2413

  The proper Vessels of the Testicles, are the chief parts of their Te∣sticles.
• * 1.2414

  The rise of the Seminal Ves∣sels of the Testicles.
• * 1.2415

  The Experi∣ments to ma∣nifest the Se∣minal Tubes of the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2416

  The extrea∣mities of these Seminal Ves∣sels may be better seen then their Origens.
• * 1.2417

  The Seminal Vessels dis∣charge their Liquor into one common Duct.
• * 1.2418

  The Paren∣chyma of the Testicles.
• * 1.2419

  The bulk of the Testicles is much lessen∣ed in an Atro∣phy.
• * 1.2420

  The Paren∣chyma of the Viscera is ve∣ry much les∣sened by the colliquation of Vital Liquor.
• * 1.2421

  The Paren∣chyma of the Testicles may be evidenced by the excar∣nation of them.
• * 1.2422

  The primary production of the Parenchy∣ma of the Te∣sticles.
• * 1.2423

  The nature of the Parenchy∣ma, relating to the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2424

  The Paren∣chyma filleth up the Inter∣stices of the Vessels be∣longing to the Testicles.
• * 1.2425

  The nourish∣ment of the Parenchy∣ma of the Testicles.
• * 1.2426

  The manner of the producti∣on of Paren∣chyma belong∣ing to the Te∣sticles, and its first use.
• * 1.2427

  The second use of the Parenchyma.
• * 1.2428

  The third use of the Paren∣chyma.
• * 1.2429

  The Parastats, or Epididymi∣des.
• * 1.2430

  The origina∣tion of the Parastats.
• * 1.2431

  The compage of the sesti∣cles, is made for the most part of Semi∣nal Cylinders.
• * 1.2432

  The Figure of the Parastats.
• * 1.2433

  The connexi∣on of the Pa∣rastats.
• * 1.2434

  The substance of the Para∣stats.
• * 1.2435

  The way to discover the rare compage of the Para∣stats.
• * 1.2436

  The Parastats are made of many Flex∣ures.
• * 1.2437

  The length of the Parastats.
• * 1.2438

  The Deferent Vessel is an elongation of the common Seminal duct.
• * 1.2439

  An Experi∣ment to prove the Deferent Vessels to ter∣minate into the Seminal Vesicles.
• * 1.2440

  The Seminal Vesicles.
• * 1.2441

  The structure of the Semi∣nal Vesicles.
• * 1.2442

  The length of the Seminal Vesicles.
• * 1.2443

  The many Cells in the Seminal Ve∣sicles.
• * 1.2444

  The use of the many Cells in the Seminal Vesicles.
• * 1.2445

  Some assign the use of the Seminal Vesi∣cles to make the Ʋrethra smooth, which is effected not by Seed, but with a clam∣my matter.
• * 1.2446

  The Seminal Vesicles are receptacles of Seed.
• * 1.2447

  The Seminal Vesicles had no need of a Glandulous substance, if meerly Re••ep∣tacles of Seed.
• * 1.2448

  The Glandu∣lous substance of the Semi∣nal Vesicles, is much like that of the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2449

  The Seed in the Seminal Vesicles, is different from that of the Testicles.
• * 1.2450

  De Graaf de∣nieth the Se-Seminal Vesi∣cles to be in∣struments in the generati∣on of Seed.
• * 1.2451

  The seed com∣ing from the Testicles and Parastats, is lodged in the lower end of the Deferent Vessels.
• * 1.2452

  The structure of the Semi∣nal Vesicles, is much like that of the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2453

  The colour and consi••ence of the Seed in the Seminal Vesicles, is different from that of the Testicles.
• * 1.2454

  A Man enjoy∣ed a Woman that had no Testicles.
• * 1.2455

  The structure of the Pro∣stats.
• * 1.2456

  The Prostats greater in Men indulging Venery.
• * 1.2457

  The Dimensi∣ous of the Prostats is greater in Hogs then Men, contain∣ing a thick w••itish Li∣q••or like Gelly.
• * 1.2458

  The Prostats have divers kinds of Ves∣sels.
• † 1.2459

  T. 13. F. 1. a. a.
• * 1.2460

  The Caruncles seated in the terminations of the Semi∣nal Ducts.
• * 1.2461

  The Seminal Ducts of the Prostats, ma∣king divarica∣tions into their spongy substance.
• * 1.2462

  The Vessels of the Pro∣stats have no mutual Inos∣culations.
• * 1.2463

  The many names of Mans obscene Mem∣ber.
• * 1.2464

  Frequent Coi∣tion is destru∣ctive of Ge∣neration.
• * 1.2465

  The situation of the Yard.
• * 1.2466

  Some Anima•••• have a double Penis.
• * 1.2467

  The figure of the Yard.
• * 1.2468

  The structure of the Yard. The external parts.
• * 1.2469

  The internal parts of the Penis.
• * 1.2470

  The Nervous bodies of the Yard.
• † 1.2471

  T. 13. F. 1. d d.
• * 1.2472

  The figure of the Nervous bodies, and their progress and dimensi∣ons.
• * 1.2473

  The Fibres of the Nervous bodies are conjoyned in the Septum.
• * 1.2474

  The Septum of the Yard part∣ing in the middle.
• * 1.2475

  The spongy substance of the Yard, is made up of many Fibres.
• * 1.2476

  Dr. Wharton's opinion of the Nervous bo∣dies, that they are Glandu∣lous, which De Graaf de∣nieth.
• * 1.2477

  The smalness of the Penis proceedeth from little quantity of Blood impel∣led into the Nervous bo∣dies.
• * 1.2478

  The Lacerati∣on of the Ar∣teries seated in the Penis, made by a strong com∣pression.
• † 1.2479

  T. 13. F. 1. k.
• * 1.2480

  The seat of the Ʋrethra.
• † 1.2481

  T. 13. F. 1. b. b.
• * 1.2482

  The compage of the Ʋre∣thra is double, spongy, and Membranous. The Fibres of the Ʋrethra.
• * 1.2483

  The spongy substance of the Ʋrethra.
• * 1.2484

  The Vessels of the Vrethra, and Nervous bodies.
• * 1.2485

  The origen of the Arteries of the Penis.
• * 1.2486

  The Veins of the Penis.
• * 1.2487

  The Nerves of the Penis.
• * 1.2488

  The internal p••rt of the Ʋrethra is Membranous. The Bore of the Ʋrethra is equal in big∣ness. The use of it.
• * 1.2489

  The Glans of the Yard, and its Figure and Connexion.
• * 1.2490

  The colour of the Glans is blewish when flaccid, and red when di∣stended.
• * 1.2491

  The soft spon∣gy substance of the Glans, is enclosed within a thin Membrane of excellent sense, which court∣eth us to Frui∣tion.
• * 1.2492

  The Prepuce of the Glans
• * 1.2493

  The straitness of the Pre∣puce inter∣cepteth the Current of Blood.
• * 1.2494

  The Prepuce is greater in Jews than o∣ther Men.
• * 1.2495

  The Fraenum of the Yard.
• * 1.2496

  The conexion of the Fraenum.
• * 1.2497

  The collateral Muscles of the Yard.
• * 1.2498

  Muscles called the Accelera∣tores Ʋrinae.
• * 1.2499

  The use of the Muscles of the Yard.
• * 1.2500

  The action of the Muscles of the Yard, is not to erect the Penis.
• * 1.2501

  The Erection of the Penis, and the man∣ner how it is performed.
• * 1.2502

  The parts of the Body are solid & fluid.
• * 1.2503

  The fluid Parts of the Body.
• * 1.2504

  The descripti∣on of the Seed
• * 1.2505

  The Liquors, of which the Seed is made.
• * 1.2506

  The Seed is derived from all parts of the Body.
• * 1.2507

  The manner how the nutri∣cious Liquors are Painted, with the Fi∣gures of all parts of the Body.
• * 1.2508

  The Seminal Liquor bor∣roweth the likeness of all parts of the Body.
• * 1.2509

  The resem∣blances of parts imprint∣ed upon the Seed do some∣what repre∣sent the visible images of things.
• * 1.2510

  The Materia-Substrata of Seed.
• * 1.2511

  The Seed is composed of Spirituous Watry, and Earthy parts.
• * 1.2512

  The formative Principle re∣sideth in the Seed.
• * 1.2513

  The gross parts of the Seed do de∣press it.
• * 1.2514

  Aristotle as∣signeth a Coe∣lestial dispo∣sition to the Seed.
• * 1.2515

  The Volatil, Saline, & Sul∣phureous parts of the Seed are exalted by the heat of the Womb.
• * 1.2516

  The Nervous Liquor associ∣ates with the serous parts of the Blood,
• * 1.2517

  The chief parts of the Seed are Sa∣line, in which the calstick Vertue doth very much consist.
• * 1.2518

  The Testicles of a Lyon.
• * 1.2519

  The Penis of a Lyon.
• * 1.2520

  The Testicles of a Castor.
• * 1.2521

  The Surface of the Castoreum endued with many Vessels adorning its upper Coat.
• * 1.2522

  The second Coat of Ca∣storeum beau∣tified with many fine Scales.
• * 1.2523

  The outward Silver Coat is Membra∣nous, beset with many minute Glands
• * 1.2524

  The yellow substance of the Castoreum is divided into many Clo∣bules, affected with a Faetide Scent.
• * 1.2525

  The manner how Castore∣um is produ∣ced.
• * 1.2526

  The Testicles of an Ape.
• * 1.2527

  The connex∣ion of the Te∣sticles of an Ape.
• * 1.2528

  The ejacula∣tory Vessels of an Ape, and its Seed-Ves∣sels.
• * 1.2529

  The Prostats of an Ape.
• * 1.2530

  An Ape hath no Fraenulum.
• * 1.2531

  The Penis of an Ape is sur∣nished with many Blood Vessels.
• * 1.2532

  The Situation of the Testi∣cles of a Hedg∣h••g.
• * 1.2533

  A Hedg hog hath Prostats and Seminal Vesicles.
• * 1.2534

  The Genitals of a Hare.
• * 1.2535

  The Genitals of a Horse.
• * 1.2536

  The Seed-ves∣sels of a Horse have a proper productive Power of seed different from that of the Testicles.
• * 1.2537

  The Seed Ve∣sicles and Pro∣stats of a Ca∣mel.
• * 1.2538

  The Genitals of a Dog.
• * 1.2539

  The Seminal Vesicles and Prostats of a Bear.
• * 1.2540

  The Genitals of a Weesel or Polcat.
• * 1.2541

  The Genitals of a Porcu∣pine.
• * 1.2542

  The Testicles of a Civet Cat.
• * 1.2543

  The Prostats of a Civet Cat.
• * 1.2544

  These bodies have many Di∣varications of Vessels.
• * 1.2545

  The Civet-cat hath a multi∣tude of Glands big with white Liquor or Civet.
• * 1.2546

  The excretory Vessels rela∣ting to these Glands.
• * 1.2547

  The manner of producing of Civet.
• * 1.2548

  The Genitals of a Dor∣mouse.
• * 1.2549

  The Genitals of Birds.
• * 1.2550

  The Genitals of an Estridge.
• * 1.2551

  The Penis of an Estridge.
• * 1.2552

  The Testicles of a Turkey.
• * 1.2553

  The connexi∣on of the Te∣sticles in a Turkey.
• * 1.2554

  The Testicles of Birds have many Vessels.
• * 1.2555

  The Penis of Birds.
• * 1.2556

  The Ovaries of Birds are made praeg∣nant by the spirituous parts of the Seed.
• * 1.2557

  The Situation of the Testi∣cles of a Por∣pess, which are furnished with variety of Blood-Ves∣sels.
• * 1.2558

  The Genital Liquor in Fish derived from Blood mixed with Nervous Liquor.
• * 1.2559

  The Genitals of Cetaceous Fish.
• * 1.2560

  The Figure relating to the Milts of Fish.
• * 1.2561

  The Milts of Fish supply the place of Testicles.
• * 1.2562

  Thh Sperma∣tick Arteries of the soft Rows of Fish.
• * 1.2563

  The Sperma∣tick Veins of the Milts of Fish.
• * 1.2564

  The soft Rows of Fish may be called Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2565

  The Nerves of the Milts of Fish.
• * 1.2566

  The Glands lodged in the Milts of Fish, as in a Skait or Thorn-back, are endued with all kind of Vessels.
• * 1.2567

  The Glands of Milts are en∣dued with ma∣ny little Ca∣vities.
• * 1.2568

  The use of the Milt of Fish.
• * 1.2569

  The manner of production of Seminal Liquor in the Milts of Fish.
• * 1.2570

  The Seminal liquor is lodg∣ed in a com∣mon Recepta∣cle in Cartila∣ginous Fish, & in Cells in small Fish.
• * 1.2571

  The S••minal Vessels in an Ephemeron.
• * 1.2572

  The Genital parts in this Insect resem∣ble those of other small Animals.
• * 1.2573

  The manner of Production of Seed in In∣sects.
• * 1.2574

  Insects are en∣dued with ves∣sels of Air.
• * 1.2575

  The Seminal Liquor is dis∣charged into a common Duct, ending about the A∣nus.
• * 1.2576

  The Silk∣worm hath a rare Stru∣cture, Birth, and varicey of Forms.
• * 1.2577

  The parts of Generation in a Silk-worm.
• * 1.2578

  The Vessels belonging to the Testicles of a Silk∣worm.
• * 1.2579

  The use of the Parastats.
• * 1.2580

  The Penis.
• * 1.2581

  The termina∣tion of the Penis.
• * 1.2582

  The Genitals of a Fly.
• * 1.2583

  The Genitals of a Grass∣hopper.
• * 1.2584

  The Inflam∣mations of the Scrotum and Testicles.
• * 1.2585

  The Inflam∣mations of the Genitals is at∣tended with a Symptoma∣tick Fever.
• * 1.2586

  A Vein is to be opened in the Inflamma∣tion of the Genitals.
• * 1.2587

  Repelling Me∣dicines may be applied af∣ter bleeding.
• * 1.2588

  Suppurating Medicines are to be used when Tumors cannot be Cu∣red by repel∣ling nor discu∣tient Applica∣tions.
• * 1.2589

  The Tumors of the Scro∣tum called E∣piplocele and Enterocele.
• * 1.2590

  The Epiplo∣cele.
• * 1.2591

  The Entrocele.
• * 1.2592

  The Cure of an Enterocele.
• * 1.2593

  Astringents are to be ap∣plied in an En∣terocele, after the Guts are reduced.
• * 1.2594

  Astringent de∣coctions are proper in an Enterocele.
• * 1.2595

  Sarcocele.
• * 1.2596

  The cause of a Sarcocele.
• * 1.2597

  The Cure of a Sarcocele.
• * 1.2598

  Hernia Vari∣cesa.
• * 1.2599

  The Tumor of the Scrotum called Hydro∣cele.
• * 1.2600

  An instance of a Hernia vari∣cosa and Hy∣drocele.
• * 1.2601

  The Cure of an Hydrocele may be per∣formed by gentle Hydra∣gogues, and Diureticks, & afterwards E∣mollients and Discutients may be appli∣ed.
• * 1.2602

  The Scrotum may be open∣ed if a Hydro∣cele cannot be discussed.
• * 1.2603

  Hernia ventosa.
• * 1.2604

  The Cure of the Hernia Ventosa.
• * 1.2605

  Hydatides.
• * 1.2606

  The Scrotum may be open∣ed in a Cor∣rupted Testi∣cle.
• * 1.2607

  A great Pain Produced from Seed lodged in the Testicles.
• * 1.2608

  The Testicles highly affect∣ed in a Go∣norrhea.
• * 1.2609

  The Glands of the Testicles disordered by Astringents, unduly sup∣pressing the evacuation of Seed in a Go∣norrhea.
• * 1.2610

  The distorti∣on of the Pe∣nis.
• * 1.2611

  A Priapism proceding from Infla∣tion.
• * 1.2612

  The Inflam∣mation of the Penis.
• * 1.2613

  The Ulcer of the Penis.
• * 1.2614

  The Gangreen and Cancer of the Penis.
• * 1.2615

  Bleeding is good in the Inflammation of the Penis.
• * 1.2616

  The Ulcer of the Penis is to be Cured by detergent and drying To∣picks.
• * 1.2617

  The Cure of a sordid Ulcer of the Yard.
• * 1.2618

  The Yard is to be cut off in Mortificati∣ons.
• * 1.2619

  The great end of the Creati∣on of Woman is to Propa∣gate Mankind.
• * 1.2620

  A Woman is created after Gods Image and Mans like∣ness.
• * 1.2621

  A Woman is full of Vertue and Beauty.
• * 1.2622

  Mons Veneris.
• * 1.2623

  Labia Pudendi.
• * 1.2624

  Nymphae.
• * 1.2625

  The dimen∣sions of the Nymphae.
• * 1.2626

  The Figure of the Nymphae.
• * 1.2627

  The Subst••nce of the Nym∣phae.
• * 1.2628

  The use of the Nymphae.
• * 1.2629

  The Labia Pudendi.
• † 1.2630

  t. 14. x. x.
• * 1.2631

  The Clitoris,
• † 1.2632

  y. y.
• * 1.2633

  Two Muscles assigned by Anatomists to the Clitoris.
• * 1.2634

  The Blood∣vessels of the Clitoris.
• † 1.2635

  t. 14. z. z.
• * 1.2636

  The Nerves of the Clitoris.
• * 1.2637

  The Inoscu∣lations of the Veins of the Clitoris.
• * 1.2638

  The use of the Blood-vessels of the Cli∣toris.
• * 1.2639

  Diemerbroecks use of the Cli∣toris.
• * 1.2640

  The Mem∣brane of the Vagina com∣monly called Hymen.
• * 1.2641

  The Myrti∣form Proces∣ses.
• * 1.2642

  The inward parts belong∣ing to Gene∣ration in a Woman.
• * 1.2643

  The Vagina Ʋteri.
• * 1.2644

  The Seat of the Vagina.
• * 1.2645

  The magni∣tude of the Vagina.
• * 1.2646

  The substance of the Vagina.
• * 1.2647

  The inward surface of the Vagina.
• * 1.2648

  The Fountain of Serous Juice, com∣monly called Seed, is placed in the Glands of the Vagina.
• * 1.2649

  The Sphincter Muscle.
• * 1.2650

  Carnous ex∣pansions help∣ing the con∣tracting of the Orifice rela∣ting to the Vagina.
• * 1.2651

  The outward part of the Vagina.
• * 1.2652

  The descrip∣tiou of the Vagina.
• * 1.2653

  The Arteries. of the Vagina
• * 1.2654

  The Veins of the Vagina.
• * 1.2655

  The N••rves of the Vagina.
• * 1.2656

  The action of the Vagina.
• * 1.2657

  The situation of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2658

  Parts confi∣••ing on the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2659

  The connexi∣on of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2660

  The Figure of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2661

  The Ʋterus in a Woman is destitute of Horns.
• * 1.2662

  The body of the Ʋterus hath but one simple Cavity void of Cells.
• * 1.2663

  The neck and body of the Womb hath two Cavities.
• * 1.2664

  The Orifice of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2665

  The Dimen∣fions of Ʋterus is small in Maids.
• * 1.2666

  The Figure of the Cavity of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2667

  The inward Coat of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2668

  The Coats of the Ʋterus grown thic∣ker when en∣larged by the Foetus.
• * 1.2669

  The substance of the Womb groweth more fleshy about the time of the birth of the Foetus.
• * 1.2670

  The first and Membranous Coat of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2671

  The second and Carnous Integument of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2672

  The third and Nervous Coat of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2673

  The inward Substance of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2674

  The Glands of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2675

  The use of the Substance of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2676

  Another use of the Glan∣dulous sub∣stance of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2677

  The Fibrous and Carnous Compage of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2678

  The Vessels of the Ʋterus.
• † 1.2679

  T. 14. H. H. The Origen of the Arte∣ries of the Womb.
• † 1.2680

  T. 14. Q.
• * 1.2681

  The prepa∣ring Arteries do associate with the Hy∣pogastrick.
• † 1.2682

  T. 14. F. F. F. F.
• † 1.2683

  T. 14. I. I. I. I.
• * 1.2684

  The use of the Inosculations of Arteries.
• * 1.2685

  The use of the progresses of Arteries in Flexures.
• † 1.2686

  T. 14. K. K. K. K.
• † 1.2687

  G. G.
• * 1.2688

  The Arteries are more en∣larged in the time of the Menstrua.
• * 1.2689

  The Nervous Fibres of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2690

  The Lymphae∣ducts of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2691

  The uses of the Vessels re∣lating to the Womb.
• * 1.2692

  The first use of the Womb.
• * 1.2693

  The second use of the Ʋterus.
• † 1.2694

  T. 14. e e e. The broad Li∣gaments of the Womb.
• * 1.2695

  The Origen of these Liga∣ments.
• * 1.2696

  The use of these broad Ligaments.
• * 1.2697

  The cause of the Prolapsus Ʋieri.
• * 1.2698

  The Cure of a Dislocatea Womb.
• † 1.2699

  T. 14. V. V.
• * 1.2700

  The round Ligaments of the Womb.
• * 1.2701

  The round Li∣gaments are adorned with various Ves∣sels.
• * 1.2702

  The Connexi∣on of the round Liga∣ments.
• * 1.2703

  The first use of the round Ligaments.
• * 1.2704

  The second use of the round Liga∣ments.
• * 1.2705

  The motion of the Womb forc'd up∣words, is im∣probable.
• * 1.2706

  The swelling about the Na∣vil in Hysteric Fits, may be judged the di∣stention of the Guts by a Flatus.
• * 1.2707

  The cause of the Menstruous Flux very ob∣scure.
• * 1.2708

  The manner how the Men∣struous Flux is performed.
• * 1.2709

  The time of the Menstruous Flux.
• * 1.2710

  The Menstru∣ous Flux pro∣ceedeth chief∣ly from the Fermentation of the Blood.
• * 1.2711

  The disposi∣tion of the Ferment pro∣ducing the Menstruous Flux and whence it a∣riseth.
• * 1.2712

  The Foecu∣leneies of the Blood are Se∣cerned from it in the Men∣struous Flux.
• * 1.2713

  The Ulcerous Matter is less in quantity in a Gonor∣rhaa then the Matter of the Fluor Albus.
• * 1.2714

  The cause of the Suppres∣sed Purgation.
• * 1.2715

  Another caus•• of the up∣pression of the Menstrua.
• * 1.2716

  The obstructi∣on of the Hy∣pogastrick and Preparing Ar∣teries.
• * 1.2717

  The Cause of the Suppres∣sed Menstrua.
• * 1.2718

  A Suppression of the Men∣strua from a Concreted Matter.
• * 1.2719

  A Suppression of the Men∣strua from the Tumors of the Womb.
• * 1.2720

  A suppression of the Men∣strua from an ill Confor∣mation of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2721

  The Suppres∣sion of the Menstrua from a Gangreen.
• * 1.2722

  An Instance of a Gangreen'd Ʋterus.
• * 1.2723

  Bleeding is good in an In∣flammation of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2724

  Purging and Opening Me∣dicines are good in the Obstruction of the Vessels of the Womb.
• * 1.2725

  The Symp∣toms of the immoderate Flux of the Menstrua.
• * 1.2726

  The immode∣rate Flux of the Menstrua flowing from an ill qualifi'd Blood.
• * 1.2727

  The exube∣rancy of the Menstrua flowing from the ••x remi∣ties of the Vessels of the Womb too much dilated.
• * 1.2728

  If the too great quanti∣ty of the Men∣strua proceeds from too much Blood, it indicates Bleeding.
• * 1.2729

  In an ill mass of Blood Pur∣ging Medi∣cines are pro∣p••r.
• * 1.2730

  The depraved Flux of the Menstrua.
• * 1.2731

  The Fluor Al∣bus.
• * 1.2732

  The Fluor Al∣bus differeth from the Menstrua.
• * 1.2733

  The difference of Purulent Matter from the Fluor Al∣bus.
• * 1.2734

  The Cause of the Fluor Al∣bus.
• * 1.2735

  The Fluor Al∣bus containeth many kinds of Recrements.
• * 1.2736

  The Fluor Al∣bus is convey∣ed into Ca∣vity of the Womb by Excretory Ducts.
• * 1.2737

  The manner how the Fluor Albus is pro∣duced.
• * 1.2738

  The Fluor Al∣bus proceed∣eth from an ill mass of Blood.
• * 1.2739

  An instance of a Person dy∣ing of a Fluor Arbus.
• * 1.2740

  Astringent Medicines are not to be Ad∣ministred be∣fore Purga∣tives.
• * 1.2741

  Purgatives are more proper than Bleeding in the Fluor Albus.
• * 1.2742

  Diuretick may be advised af∣ter Purgatives in this Disease, according to Sennertus.
• * 1.2743

  Baths may be proper in the Fluor Albus.
• * 1.2744

  Drying and Astringent Diet drink are safe in this Disease when Purgatives have been premised.
• * 1.2745

  The Testicles or Ovaries.
• * 1.2746

  The descrip∣tion of them.
• * 1.2747

  The situation of the Ova∣ries.
• * 1.2748

  The Connexi∣on of the O∣viducts.
• * 1.2749

  The Ovaries are void of Cremaster Muscles.
• * 1.2750

  The Figure of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2751

  The Ovaries are endued with divers small Protu∣rebancies.
• * 1.2752

  The Testicles of Women have fewer Coats than those of Men.
• * 1.2753

  The external Coat of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2754

  The inward Tunicle of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2755

  The Substance of the Testi∣cles.
• * 1.2756

  The prepa∣ring Vessels.
• † 1.2757

  T. 14. d.
• * 1.2758

  The Arteries of the Ova∣ries.
• * 1.2759

  The difference between the Testicles of Men and Wo∣men.
• * 1.2760

  The Sperma∣tick Veins of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2761

  The use of the Spermatick Arteries.
• * 1.2762

  The use of the Spermatick Veins.
• * 1.2763

  The Nerves of the Ova∣ries.
• * 1.2764

  The use of the Nerves.
• * 1.2765

  The Lymphae∣ducts of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2766

  The use of the Lymphaeducts.
• * 1.2767

  The Glands of the Ova∣ries.
• * 1.2768

  The substance of the Glands belonging to the Ovaries.
• * 1.2769

  The use of the Glands of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2770

  The Vesicles of the Ova∣ries.
• * 1.2771

  The Vesicles of the Ova∣ries are fur∣nished with divers Li∣quors.
• * 1.2772

  The Vesicles of the Ova∣ries are Eggs.
• * 1.2773

  Eggs are found in all kind of Animals.
• * 1.2774

  The difference between the Seminal Vesi∣cles and Hy∣datides.
• * 1.2775

  The Eggs pass through the Oviducts to receive a greater per∣fection in the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2776

  The Expul∣sive Faculty of the Tubes is founded in fleshy Fibres.
• * 1.2777

  The Eggs are parted from each other by an Interve∣ning Glandu∣lous substance.
• * 1.2778

  The Eggs may be carried through the small passage of the Tubes.
• * 1.2779

  Diemerbroeck opposeth this Hypothesis of Eggs in Wo∣men. His first Argu∣ment.
• * 1.2780

  His first Argu∣ment.
• * 1.2781

  Diemerbroecks second Argu∣ment against the Eggs of Women:
• * 1.2782

  A third Argu∣ment against the Eggs of Women.
• * 1.2783

  The fourth Argument.
• * 1.2784

  The fifth Ar∣gument of Diemerbroeck.
• * 1.2785

  Diemerbroecks sixth Reason against the Eggs of Wo∣men.
• † 1.2786

  T. 14. c.
• * 1.2787

  The Spiritu∣ous parts of the Masculine Seed do as∣cend the Ovi∣ducts and im∣pregnate the Eggs of Wo∣men.
• † 1.2788

  T. 14. l l.
• † 1.2789

  T. 14. p.
• * 1.2790

  The Egg is loosened by a Glandulous substance.
• * 1.2791

  The first Ru∣diment of Conception is made in the Testicles.
• † 1.2792

  T. 14. p.
• † 1.2793

  T. 14. l l.
• * 1.2794

  The passage of the Oviducts is cepable to receive the Egg.
• * 1.2795

  The most near Eggs to the Ovi ••uct are first impreg∣nated.
• * 1.2796

  The Flexures of the Gyres of the Ovi∣ducts do somewhat hin∣der the quick ascent
• * 1.2797

  A humane Fae∣tus may be formed in the Oviduct.
• * 1.2798

  Two Womb•• cannot be found in a Woman.
• † 1.2799

  T. 14. c.
• * 1.2800

  The first use of the Ovi∣ducts.
• * 1.2801

  The second use of the O∣viducts.
• * 1.2802

  The Seed is capable to more upward.
• * 1.2803

  The Seed is carried up by the fleshy Fi∣bres of the Womb.
• † 1.2804

  T. 14. p.
• * 1.2805

  De Graaf con∣ceiveth the Spirituous parts of the Seed ascend only through the Tubes un∣to the Eggs.
• * 1.2806

  Fallopius saw Seed in the Oviducts.
• * 1.2807

  This Author Farther saith that the Se∣men doth as∣cend to the Testicles.
• * 1.2808

  The Impreg∣nated Eggs are conveyed through the Oviducts into the body of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2809

  Some affirm the Oviducts have a doub••e branch near the Fund••s Ʋteri.
• * 1.2810

  The Liga∣ments are branched into the Fundus Ʋ∣teri.
• * 1.2811

  The Ovi••ucts have no Semi∣na•• Vessels.
• * 1.2812

  The Liga∣men••s are not Deferent Ve••∣sels.
• * 1.2813

  The descrip∣tion of the Oviducts.
• * 1.2814

  The rise and progress of the Oviducts.
• * 1.2815

  The Fimbria of the Ovi∣ducts.
• * 1.2816

  In Bruits the Oviducts take their Origen from the Cor∣nua Ʋteri.
• * 1.2817

  The Coats of the Oviducts. The outward Coat.
• * 1.2818

  The inward Coat of the Oviduct.
• * 1.2819

  Aristotle saith, That Menstru∣ous Blood sup∣plieth the place of Seed.
• * 1.2820

  Menstruous Blood cannot be the Matter of the Faeius.
• * 1.2821

  Hypocrates af∣firmeth that Women emit Seed.
• * 1.2822

  The likeness of the Faetus proceedeth from the Seed of both Sexes.
• * 1.2823

  Womens seed may be dedu∣ced from their Spermatick Vessels.
• * 1.2824

  Women grow barren upon taking away their Ovaries or Testicles.
• * 1.2825

  Fallopius saith the Vesicles of the Testi∣cles do con∣tain watry humours.
• * 1.2826

  The Faemi∣nine Seed is an efficient cause of the Foetus.
• * 1.2827

  The Faemi∣nine Seed may be called Pas∣sive, as the less active Principle.
• * 1.2828

  The Faemi∣nine Seed is exalted by the Masculine.
• * 1.2829

  The manner of Genera∣tion of Se∣men in the O∣varies.
• * 1.2830

  The matter of the Seminal Liquor.
• * 1.2831

  The Globules of the Ova∣ries are a com∣pany of Glands.
• * 1.2832

  The Materia Substrata of Semen is the more milde part of the Blood confe∣derated with Nervous Li∣quor.
• * 1.2833

  The Nervous Liquor con∣curreth to the formation of the Vis Plasti∣ca.
• * 1.2834

  The Seed of Woman is different from that of Man,
• * 1.2835

  The inflama∣tion of the Womb.
• * 1.2836

  Pleeding is proper in an inflamation of the Womb.
• * 1.2837

  In Cachochy∣mick bodies Purgatives may be admi∣nistred.
• * 1.2838

  Vomitories are not safe in the inflama∣tion of the Womb.
• * 1.2839

  Alterative and Contem∣perating Me∣dicines are good in this Distemper.
• * 1.2840

  A course of Physick given in ••an Infla∣mation of the Womb.
• * 1.2841

  The Carnous Tumor of the Womb.
• * 1.2842

  The Abscesses and Ulcers of the Womb.
• * 1.2843

  An Ulcer of the Womb produced by strong Purga∣tives.
• * 1.2844

  The Gangreen of the Womb.
• * 1.2845

  A Cancer of the Womb.
• * 1.2846

  The Cancer in the neck of the Womb, proceeding from Corro∣ding Venenate humors.
• * 1.2847

  Stones ledged in the Womb.
• * 1.2848

  The Dropsie of the Womb.
• * 1.2849

  An Instance of a Dropsie and other diseases of the Womb.
• * 1.2850

  Many diseases accompany∣ing the disaf∣fections of the Womb.
• * 1.2851

  The Womb doth not move upward in Hy∣sterick Fits.
• * 1.2852

  Hysterick Fits attributed by Sylvius to the Pancreas.
• * 1.2853

  The Tumors of the Ova∣ries proceed∣ing from di∣vers kinds of Matter.
• * 1.2854

  An instance of Swellings re∣counted by Bonnetus.
• * 1.2855

  The Tumor of the Ovary from a Con∣creted Serous part of the Blood and gross unassi∣milated Chyme. The Tumor of the Testicle produced by Cartilaginous Bony Sub∣stance.
• * 1.2856

  Inflamation of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2857

  An Abscess and Ulcer of the Testicles.
• * 1.2858

  The Gangreen of the Ovary.
• * 1.2859

  An Inflamati∣on derived from a quan∣tity of Blood, denoteth Bleeding and Cooling Ju∣lapes. And Abscesses and Ulcersare cured by Vul∣nerary drying Diet Drinks. The Hyda∣tides of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2860

  An instance of the Hydatides.
• * 1.2861

  A Dropsie of the Testicles denoteth gen∣tle Hydra∣gogues and Diureticks and drying Decoctions.
• * 1.2862

  Atheromes, S••eatomes, of the Ovaries.
• * 1.2863

  Bonnetus his Instance of Steatom••s and Atheromes.
• * 1.2864

  The obstru∣ction of the preparing Vessels with a viscide Mat∣ter.
• * 1.2865

  A case of Suf∣focations and Convulsive Motions, cau∣sed by the Stoppage of the Vessels and Tubes of the Womb by a Concreted Seminal Li∣quor.
• * 1.2866

  Man is created after God's Image, and hath a power to beget some∣what like him∣self.
• * 1.2867

  The Elements of Man's Seed which consist∣eth of the more milde parts of the Blood and Nervous Juice.
• * 1.2868

  The Masculine Seed hath some parts Spirituous and Volatil, and others gross and fix∣ed.
• * 1.2869

  The Feminine Seed is more watry, crude and cold than that of Man.
• * 1.2870

  The manner how Mascu∣line and Fae∣minine Seed espouse each other after Coition.
• * 1.2871

  The manner how the Seed can move up∣ward.
• * 1.2872

  The Seed is first immitted into the Vagi∣na Ʋteri and not into the body of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2873

  The Penis doth not pe∣netrate the inward Ori∣fice of the Ʋ∣terus.
• * 1.2874

  The first Ru∣diment of Conception cometh from the embody∣ing of both Seeds.
• * 1.2875

  The manner how the Im∣pregnated Egg is divided from the ad∣jacent Egg, and carried into the Ovi∣ducts and bo∣dy of the Ʋte∣rus.
• * 1.2876

  The Liquors of the Egg lodged in the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2877

  The intestine motion of both Seeds when mixed.
• * 1.2878

  The second kind of the Plastick ver∣tue relating to the Seed, is Concretive.
• * 1.2879

  The Accre∣tions belong∣ing to the Formative Power, do not proceed from pure Salts but as mixed with other Ele∣ments.
• * 1.2880

  Different sorts of Salts shoot themselves in∣to various consistences.
• * 1.2881

  The Seminal Liquor is made up of many Acides and Alcalies.
• * 1.2882

  The third kind of Pla∣stick Vertue is an Assimila∣ting Power.
• * 1.2883

  The Plastick Power is sea∣ted in the more Spiritu∣ous parts of the Seed, as the prime effi∣cient cause in the Formation of the Foetus.
• * 1.2884

  The Seed con∣taineth the Ideas of all parts of the Body.
• * 1.2885

  The manner how the like∣ness of all parts of the Body is con∣veyed to the Seed.
• * 1.2886

  The Images of the Seed are modelled by the parts through which they pass.
• * 1.2887

  The Seminal Ideas do not exist Sepa∣rate.
• * 1.2888

  The Imagina∣tion is very powerful in giving its Fi∣gures to the Foetus.
• * 1.2889

  The manner how the Ima∣gination con∣curreth to the production of Monsters.
• * 1.2890

  The fourth kind of Ar∣chitectonick Power giveth a due magni∣tude, number, figure, situa∣tion, connex∣ion, &c.
• * 1.2891

  The Plastick Vertue doth first shew it self in the more Colli∣quated part of the Seed.
• * 1.2892

  The Seminal Liquor is Fi∣brous.
• * 1.2893

  The Seminal fibres have divers dispo∣sitions and fi∣gures.
• * 1.2894

  The Vessels are composed of divers uni∣ted Fibres and Filaments.
• * 1.2895

  The Concre∣tive Power is seated in these Fibres acted with diverse kinds of Salts.
• * 1.2896

  The order how the parts of the Body are formed.
• * 1.2897

  The Blood is first formed in the outward parts of the Colliquated Seminal Li∣quor.
• * 1.2898

  The fluid and soft parts of the Body are first formed.
• * 1.2899

  The system of all parts of the Body are ani∣mated by Vital Princi∣ple seated in the Blood.
• * 1.2900

  Some Anato∣mists do give Primogeni∣ture to the Brain.
• * 1.2901

  The first mo∣tion and pro∣g••ess of the Blood.
• * 1.2902

  The Blood first appeareth in the circum∣ference of the Seed.
• * 1.2903

  The Blood is the first prin∣ciple of Life, Heat, Inte∣stine and local motion.
• * 1.2904

  The first step in the Gene∣ration of a Foetus is the Blood and its Receptacles.
• * 1.2905

  The second process of Ge∣neration is the producti∣on of a kind of Worm or Maggot.
• * 1.2906

  A third period of Generation appeareth in formation of a kind of Keel; as the first draught of the Spine.
• * 1.2907

  The rudiment of the Spine and Head do early appear.
• * 1.2908

  Children new born have long Bodies and short Limbs.
• * 1.2909

  The Similar parts are first formed, and afterward Dissimilar.
• * 1.2910

  The Skull is first Membra∣nous, and af∣terward Car∣tilaginous, and last of all Bony.
• * 1.2911

  The third pe∣riod of Gene∣ration.
• * 1.2912

  The lower apartiment lieth open, as being at first void of Inte∣guments.
• * 1.2913

  The Heart and Lungs at length are en∣closed within the Sternon.
• * 1.2914

  The Viscera are formed in the second, third, and fourth Month.
• * 1.2915

  The Umbili∣cal Arteries cannot be seen in the first Month.
• * 1.2916

  No formed Conception appeareth in the first Month. An Oval body without a Shell, may be seen in the se∣cond Month.
• * 1.2917

  In the latter end of the se∣cond Month the Egg ac∣quireth grea∣ter dimen∣sions and a rough draught of parts ap∣peareth.
• * 1.2918

  The first three Months the Egg is not af∣fixed to the Womb.
• * 1.2919

  In the fourth Month the Foetus groweth greater.
• * 1.2920

  The first for∣mation of the Head seem∣eth great and monstruous.
• * 1.2921

  The Brain be∣ing first of a limpid fluid nature, is afterward Concreted in∣to a white curdly sub∣stance.
• * 1.2922

  The Coecum is void of Ex∣crements.
• * 1.2923

  The Fladder of Gall is big with yellow Recrements.
• * 1.2924

  The Kidneys seem to be so many di∣stinct Glands.
• * 1.2925

  The Capsulae atrabilariae or glandulaerena∣les. The Liver and Spleen are Coated with a deeper hue in this process.
• * 1.2926

  The Lacteal Vessels.
• * 1.2927

  The Skin.
• * 1.2928

  Man in his production is void of natu∣ral Arms.
• * 1.2929

  Ingeny sup∣plieth the de∣fect of natural Arms.
• * 1.2930

  The origen of the Placenta Ʋterina.
• * 1.2931

  The Placenta is most times single and rarely double.
• * 1.2932

  Twins have most times two, and rare∣ly one After-bunden.
• * 1.2933

  The situation of the Pla∣centa.
• * 1.2934

  The colour of the Pla∣centa.
• * 1.2935

  The Figure of the Placenta.
• * 1.2936

  The coevex surface of the Placenta to∣ward the Womb.
• * 1.2937

  The Placenta hath a Con∣cave surface as it faceth the Chorion.
• * 1.2938

  The substance of the Pla∣centa.
• * 1.2939

  The Glands of the Pla∣centa.
• * 1.2940

  Dr. Wharton attributeth a double gladu∣lous substance to the Plan∣centa.
• * 1.2941

  The nume∣rous Plancen∣tulae of Bruits have a more evident dou∣ble substance than the Pla∣centa of Wo∣man.
• * 1.2942

  A Woman is destitute of Cotyledones.
• * 1.2943

  Diemerbroeck saith a Wo∣man hath Co∣tyledones.
• * 1.2944

  Dr. Gualter Needham de∣nieth the Co∣tyledones to be in Woman.
• * 1.2945

  The Vessels of Placenta.
• * 1.2946

  The Nerves of the Placenta.
• * 1.2947

  The Placenta is furnished with many Filbres ma∣king Plexes like the rowls of Nerves.
• * 1.2948

  The use of these Fibres.
• * 1.2949

  The connexi∣on of the Pla∣centa.
• * 1.2950

  The use of the fastning of the Placema to the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2951

  The second use of the fastning the Placenta to the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2952

  The first use of the Pla∣centa. The manner how the Nu∣tricion of the Foetus is per∣formed.
• * 1.2953

  The second use of the Placenta.
• * 1.2954

  The first Coat of the Foetus is fleshy or glan∣dulous. The second is Membranous. The double Membrane of Chorion.
• * 1.2955

  The figure of the Chorion.
• * 1.2956

  The Foetus is first covered with the Cho∣rion before the Placenta is formed.
• * 1.2957

  The Vessels are divarica∣ted between the Coats of the Chorion.
• * 1.2958

  The Glands of Bruits are en∣dowed with many bran∣ches of Ves∣sels.
• * 1.2959

  The Chorion is free as not affixed to the Ʋterus till all parts of the Foetus are for∣med. The Chorion in some Ani∣mals is distin∣guished as with a Girdle.
• * 1.2960

  The use of the Chorion.
• * 1.2961

  The Allanto••i∣des in Bruits.
• * 1.2962

  The Figure of this Coat is different in variety of Animals.
• * 1.2963

  Some Anato∣mists the Al∣lantoeides in Woman.
• * 1.2964

  Dr. Needham's di••covery of this Tunicle.
• * 1.2965

  The way to find out the Allan••ocides in Woman.
• * 1.2966

  The use of the Allantoides.
• * 1.2967

  The third Coat of the Foetus called the Amnios.
• * 1.2968

  The substance of the Am∣nios.
• * 1.2969

  The figure of the Amnios.
• * 1.2970

  The rise of the Chorion and Amnios.
• * 1.2971

  The use of the Amnios.
• * 1.2972

  The Ʋterus of a Mare.
• * 1.2973

  The Foetus is not fixed in Bruits in the first Months.
• * 1.2974

  The Ʋterus of a Mare hath many Coats. The first Coat.
• * 1.2975

  The second Coat.
• * 1.2976

  The third Coat.
• * 1.2977

  The Glands lodged be∣tween the Coats.
• * 1.2978

  The Vessels relating to Coats of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2979

  The parts of Generation in a Hinde and Doe.
• * 1.2980

  The Vagina Ʋteri.
• * 1.2981

  The body of the Ʋterus hath a narrow Orifice.
• * 1.2982

  Dr. Harvey's opinion con∣cerning the inward Ori∣fice of the Womb of these Animals.
• * 1.2983

  The Cavity of the Ʋterus in Bruits is very small.
• * 1.2984

  The connexi∣on of the Ʋte∣rus of Bruits.
• * 1.2985

  The substance of the horns of the Ʋterus is Membra∣nous. The first Coat is Membra∣nous: The second Carnous. The Glands of the Coats.
• * 1.2986

  The inward Coat is Ner∣vous.
• * 1.2987

  The Vessels of the Coats relating to the Cornua Ʋteri, in which the Arteries are more nu∣merous than Veins.
• * 1.2988

  The Nerves belonging to the horns of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2989

  The Orifice of the Puden∣dum in Sheep is large, and inwardly be∣set with many Wrinkles.
• * 1.2990

  Many mem∣banes of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.2991

  The body of Ʋterus in Sheep is divi∣ded into two Cavities.
• * 1.2992

  The inward Cavity of the Ʋterus in Sheep.
• * 1.2993

  The Ʋterus of a Sow hath many Tuni∣cles.
• * 1.2994

  The mouth of the Ʋterus in a Sow is full of Gyres. The Ʋterus of an Ape.
• * 1.2995

  The Ʋterus of a wild Goat.
• * 1.2996

  The Ovaries of various Animals have Analogy to each other.
• * 1.2997

  The sizes of the Eggs of Hares and Cunneys.
• * 1.2998

  The Ovaries of Animals grow greater in mature age.
• * 1.2999

  The Eggs of a Bear, accord∣ing to Steno.
• * 1.3000

  The Eggs of a Castor.
• * 1.3001

  Steno's obser∣vations upon the Eggs of di∣vers Animals.
• * 1.3002

  The Orifice of the Pudendum in Birds.
• * 1.3003

  The thin Membrane co∣vering the O∣rifices of the Anus and Pu∣dendum. The structure of the cover of the Anus and Pudendum.
• * 1.3004

  The Semicir∣cular Figure of this cover.
• * 1.3005

  This Vail ob∣scureth three Orifices.
• * 1.3006

  The situation of the Orifice relating to the Pudendum.
• * 1.3007

  The inward parts of the Ʋterus in Birds.
• * 1.3008

  The situation of the body of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.3009

  The Ʋterus of various Birds is different in size and stru∣cture.
• * 1.3010

  The first Coat of the Ʋterus of Birds.
• * 1.3011

  The second Coat.
• * 1.3012

  The third Coat.
• * 1.3013

  The Glands of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.3014

  The Vessels of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.3015

  The Arteries exceed the Veins in num∣ber.
• * 1.3016

  The use of the Glands be∣longing to the Ʋterus.
• * 1.3017

  The situation of the Ova∣ries of Birds.
• * 1.3018

  The figure of the Ovaries.
• * 1.3019

  The substance of the Ova∣ries of Birds.
• * 1.3020

  The inward part of the Ovary is be∣set with many Glands.
• * 1.3021

  The prepa∣ring Vessels relating to the Ovaries of Birds.
• * 1.3022

  The Nerves of the Ova∣ries.
• * 1.3023

  The Carnous Fibres of the Ovaries.
• * 1.3024

  The producti∣on of Eggs, and the man∣ner of their Formation.
• * 1.3025

  The Coats en∣circling the liquors of Eggs.
• * 1.3026

  The Coats of Eggs are fur∣nished with many Blood-vessels.
• * 1.3027

  The Eggs of an Estridg.
• * 1.3028

  The manner how the Egg are nourished and encreased.
• * 1.3029

  The Eggs are composed of different Li∣quors.
• * 1.3030

  The parts of an Egg.
• * 1.3031

  The White.
• * 1.3032

  The Yolk.
• * 1.3033

  The Tredles.
• * 1.3034

  The descrip∣tion of the Treddles.
• * 1.3035

  The Cicatri∣cula of the Egg.
• * 1.3036

  The many steps in the generation of Birds.
• * 1.3037

  The change of the Cicatricu∣la in Genera∣tion.
• * 1.3038

  The expansion of the Cica∣tricula and the Vesicle im∣mured with a Tunicle after six hours.
• * 1.3039

  After twelve hours the Ci∣catricula is more Dilated, and some little appearance of the rudiments of the Spine and Head.
• * 1.3040

  After eigh∣teen hours the ambient part of the Colli∣quated White is interspersed with Vessels tending to∣ward the Am∣nion.
• * 1.3041

  When the Hen hath sate a day and night, many Globules ap∣pear, the Rough∣draught of the Vertebres of the Spine.
• * 1.3042

  About thirty six hours the Vesicles seat∣ed on the top of the Spine, are become more fair.
• * 1.3043

  After fourty hours sitting of the Hen the Cicatricu∣la is painted with variety of colours.
• * 1.3044

  The little Foe∣tus groweth more com∣pleted.
• * 1.3045

  The Margent of the Umbi∣lical Area is walled in with a Venous Cir∣cle having an Aperture to∣ward the Heart.
• * 1.3046

  The Beating-point hath al∣ternate mo∣tions of Con∣striction and Dilatation.
• * 1.3047

  The Blood first appear∣eth White and is after∣ward made Red.
• * 1.3048

  The Blood is first generated in the ambi∣ent parts of the Colliqua∣ted Liquor.
• * 1.3049

  The Plants have their first production out of differ∣ent Elements.
• * 1.3050

  The Foetus of Birds is gene∣rated of many Juices as out of different principles.
• * 1.3051

  After three days the Chic∣ken acquireth greater per∣fections in re∣ference to all parts.
• * 1.3052

  The fourth and fifth day the Vesicles of the Brain, and the Glo∣bules, the ru∣diments of the Vertebres and other parts of the Body come to grea∣ter maturity.
• * 1.3053

  After the sixth day the Bill is partly for∣med, and the Spinal Mar∣row is divided into equal parts, and the Intestines and other Viscera, are clothed with Integu∣ments, and the Umbilical Vessels are branched through the White and Yolk.
• * 1.3054

  After seven days the Foetus is more per∣fectly delinea∣ted in all its parts, and the Brain beco∣meth Fila∣mentous or Fibrous, and the Cerebel∣lum app ar∣eth, and the Heart is co∣vered with a thin Tuni••le, and furnished with two Ventricles.
• * 1.3055

  After the tenth and ele∣venth days all the Viscera re∣ceive greater accomplish∣ment, and the White is clo∣thed with a thicker Coat, as with a Cho∣rion.
• * 1.3056

  The twelfth, thirteenth, and four∣teenth days being past, the plumes of Feathers, the the bladder of Gall, the Lungs, and the Ribs grew more firm, and the Visce∣ra were enclo∣sed with Flesh and Skin.
• * 1.3057

  The Amnion and Chorion were shaded with Vessels.
• * 1.3058

  At the twen∣tieth day the Skin and Mus∣cular parts are beautified with Feathers, and the Shell groweth ten∣der and fri∣able near the birth.
• * 1.3059

  The parts of Generation in Cetaceous Fish have much affinity with those of Bruits.
• † 1.3060

  T. 12. pp. The Ovaries of a Porpess.
• † 1.3061

  T. 44. x x.
• † 1.3062

  T. 44. a a.
• * 1.3063

  The Deferent Vessels of the Porpess.
• † 1.3064

  T. 12. q q.
• † 1.3065

  T. 12. s f. T. 44. ν ν. The Womb of the Por∣pess.
• † 1.3066

  T. 44. β. T. 12. L.
• † 1.3067

  T. 12. π π. T. 44. α α.
• * 1.3068

  The Vagina Ʋteri.
• * 1.3069

  The inward surface of the Womb is be∣set with many long Fibres and Glands.
• * 1.3070

  The Pudendum of this Fish and its situa∣tion.
• * 1.3071

  The preparing Blood vessels of a Cramp Fish.
• * 1.3072

  The Ovaries of this Fish.
• * 1.3073

  The Ovaries of a Pike.
• * 1.3074

  The Mem∣branes and Glands of the Ovaries of a a Pike.
• † 1.3075

  T. 43. g g g g.
• * 1.3076

  The Ovaries of a Thorn∣back.
• † 1.3077

  T. 43. f f.
• * 1.3078

  The Mem∣branes of the Ovaries.
• † 1.3079

  T. 43. f f.
• * 1.3080

  The Eggs of the Ovaries.
• † 1.3081

  T. 43. b h. The Glands of the Membrane encircling the Eggs.
• † 1.3082

  T. 43. k k.
• † 1.3083

  T. 43. ii.
• * 1.3084

  The first Coat of the Oviduct is membranous. The second Coat is fleshy.
• * 1.3085

  The third Coat is Ner∣vous.
• * 1.3086

  The use of these Ovi∣ducts.
• * 1.3087

  The cause of the White of these Eggs.
• * 1.3088

  The cause of the Shell re∣lating to the Eggs of a Thornback.
• † 1.3089

  T. 43. m m. Eggs covered with Cartila∣ginous Shells placed in the middle of the Oviducts. The Ʋterus of a Thornback.
• * 1.3090

  The Eggs re∣ceive a grea∣ter maturity in the Ovi∣ducts.
• * 1.3091

  The manner of Generation of the several parts belong∣ing to a Thornback.
• * 1.3092

  The Genitals of a Canis Carcharia.
• * 1.3093

  The Ovaries.
• * 1.3094

  The mem∣branes and Glands of the Ovaries.
• * 1.3095

  The Ovaries of this Fish are accommo∣dated with many Eggs of various shapes and sizes.
• * 1.3096

  The Ovi∣ducts.
• * 1.3097

  The first ori∣gen of the Foetus.
• * 1.3098

  The various Integuments of the Ovi∣ducts.
• * 1.3099

  The Sphincter of the Ovi∣ducts.
• * 1.3100

  The Glands of the Oviducts in this Fish.
• * 1.3101

  The white li∣quor of the Oviducts, re∣sembling the white of an Egg.
• * 1.3102

  The Ʋterus of a Dogfish is double.
• † 1.3103

  T. 45. m m m.
• † 1.3104

  T. 45. n n.
• * 1.3105

  The Coats of the Ʋterus.
• * 1.3106

  Each Ʋterus big with young Fish.
• * 1.3107

  The Chorion is seated under the Ʋterus.
• † 1.3108

  T. 45. o o o o.
• † 1.3109

  T. 45. p p.
• † 1.3110

  T. 45. q. The various Blood-vessels of the Cho∣rion. The Ovary of the Dogfish and its situa∣tion.
• † 1.3111

  T. 45. f f f.
• * 1.3112

  The Eggs of this Fish.
• * 1.3113

  The Ovary.
• † 1.3114

  T. 45. g.
• † 1.3115

  T. 45. h h.
• † 1.3116

  T. 45. i.
• * 1.3117

  The Eggs when lodged in the Ʋterus are enwrap∣ped within an Albuminous Matter.
• * 1.3118

  Insects are a kind of Epi∣tome of grea∣ter Animals.
• * 1.3119

  The Genitals of Males of Insects.
• * 1.3120

  The Genitals of Females.
• * 1.3121

  The adjacent parts of the Intestines in Silk-Worms.
• * 1.3122

  The Muscles of the Ab∣domen.
• * 1.3123

  A Bladder seated near the termina∣tion of the Abdomen.
• * 1.3124

  The figure of the Womb in Silk-Worms.
• * 1.3125

  The Ovaries.
• * 1.3126

  The Vessels of the Ovaries.
• * 1.3127

  The Tunicles of the Ova∣ries.
• * 1.3128

  The Air-ves∣sels of the Ovaries.
• * 1.3129

  The Carnous Fibres of the Ovaries.
• * 1.3130

  The manner how Eggs are produced in Silk-Worms.
• † 1.3131

  T. 46. F. 7. f f.
• * 1.3132

  The figure of the Eggs.
• * 1.3133

  The Shell of Silk-Worms.
• * 1.3134

  The Liquor contained in the Eggs
• * 1.3135

  The manner how Insects are generated.
• * 1.3136

  The Seminal Matter con∣tained in the Eggs of divers Insects, is composed of Vital and Nervous Li∣quors, inspi∣red with Air.
• * 1.3137

  The different seeds of In∣sects are con∣stituted of many Ele∣ments endued with Fermen∣tative dispo∣sitons.
• † 1.3138

  T. 46. F. 1. a a.
• † 1.3139

  b b b b b b.
• † 1.3140

  c c c c c c.
• † 1.3141

  T. 46. F. 3. a a.
• † 1.3142

  b b.
• † 1.3143

  T. 46. F. 2. c c.
• † 1.3144

  d d.
• † 1.3145

  a a.
• † 1.3146

  b b.
• † 1.3147

  T. 46. F. 4. g g.
• † 1.3148

  f.
• † 1.3149

  T. 46. F. 6. f f.
• † 1.3150

  c c.
• † 1.3151

  d d.
• † 1.3152

  T. 46. F. 7. d d d d d d.
• * 1.3153

  Flowers the preservatives of Seeds.
• * 1.3154

  The Cup guardeth the Flower.
• * 1.3155

  Indented Cups of Flowers.
• * 1.3156

  The various rows of Cups.
• * 1.3157

  The various colours, shapes, and sizes of Flow∣ers.
• * 1.3158

  The Flowers of Hyacinth are made up of six scolops.
• * 1.3159

  The Flowers of Plants composed of many ranks of Leaves.
• * 1.3160

  The stamen and stiliform processes of Flowers be∣longing to a Cuckow-Pin∣tle.
• * 1.3161

  The stamina or threads of Plants.
• * 1.3162

  In all tubu∣lous Plants stamina arise out of the leaves of Flowers.
• * 1.3163

  The stamina of Flowers springing out of the leaves.
• * 1.3164

  In Blew-bot∣tles many lit∣tle stalks do shoot out of the substance of the flowers.
• * 1.3165

  The Style is the mouth of the Flower encompassing Seed and hath some likeness with the Tubes of the wombs of other Ani∣mals.
• * 1.3166

  Fennel hath many wombs.
• * 1.3167

  The flower of Paeony hath a double Ʋte∣rus.
• * 1.3168

  In Plants with Cods the Womb is made of ob∣long Tubes. The oblong Tube of Au∣ranges, and the Style is beset with Vesseles of Oyl.
• * 1.3169

  The texture of a Flower is composed of divers parts.
• * 1.3170

  The Vessels of Flowers.
• * 1.3171

  The stamina encircling the Styliform Process, do arise near the beginning of the leaves.
• * 1.3172

  The parts of the Genera∣tion in Plants. have some likeness with those of Ani∣mals.
• * 1.3173

  The pipes of Air and Sap, 〈…〉〈…〉 pre∣paring vessels.
• * 1.3174

  The Womb of a Fig.
• * 1.3175

  The Womb placed in the flowers of Cherries.
• * 1.3176

  The wombs of the seed of Peaches, A∣pricocks, Ne∣ctarins, &c.
• * 1.3177

  ••ear named 〈◊〉〈◊〉 de Roy, hath many, wombs.
• * 1.3178

  The Sap and Air-vessels of Apples.
• * 1.3179

  The womb of Apples.
• * 1.3180

  The womb in most fruit is seated in the middle of the Process, but in Strawber∣ries it is pla∣ced in the am∣bient parts.
• * 1.3181

  The Seeds of Grapes are stony, and lodged in the inward reces∣ses.
• * 1.3182

  A Quince hath a double womb.
• * 1.3183

  The wombs of Seeds have many Sap-vessels.
• * 1.3184

  The wombs of Seeds are adorned with a kind of se∣micircular fi∣gure.
• * 1.3185

  The Seeds are seated in Cells as so many wombs.
• * 1.3186

  The seeds of juicy fruit are endued with a Conick fi∣gure.
• * 1.3187

  The leaves of Flowers and their Fila∣ments wi∣ther when the Styliform Process grow∣eth greater, and then the Tube decay∣eth.
• * 1.3188

  The womb or Plants is fur∣nished with variety of Vessels.
• * 1.3189

  The way of producing the Stone of Fruit.
• * 1.3190

  The Cells of the wombs are filled with Congulated Liquor.
• * 1.3191

  The Tube va∣nisheth when the Seeds grow mature.
• * 1.3192

  The Stone of fruit groweth more and more solid.
• * 1.3193

  The Umbili∣cal vessel of Plants.
• * 1.3194

  The Secun∣dine of the Seed.
• * 1.3195

  The Chorion, Amnion, and Umbilical ves∣sel of Seeds.
• * 1.3196

  The Seed of Apricocks, Peaches, and Plums, Cher∣ries, Appl••s, &c.
• * 1.3197

  The Seeds of Melons, Pum∣pions, and the like.
• * 1.3198

  The seeds of Peas. B••ans, and their fur∣niture.
• * 1.3199

  The Linea∣ments of the Seed in a Chesnut.
• * 1.3200

  The Genera∣tion of the seeds of Plants somewhat re∣sembling that of Animals.
• * 1.3201

  The maturity of the Seed, supposeth the larger dimen∣sions of the Amnion.
• * 1.3202

  The various Coats of Seeds.
• * 1.3203

  The several parts of Seeds.
• * 1.3204

  The Seeds of Plants hold some propor∣tion with the Eggs of Ani∣mals.
• * 1.3205

  The Seeds productive of Plants, are somewhat like Animals in the manner of their Genera∣tion.
• * 1.3206

  Fruits are nourished by Sap-vessels.
• * 1.3207

  The thicker coat of Seeds may be called Chorion, and the thinner, Amnion.
• * 1.3208

  The Cods of Beans and Peas are com∣posed of many fibrous Pipes of Liquor and Air.
• * 1.3209

  Corn is in∣vested with many Coats made up of Pipes contain∣ing Liquor and Air.
• * 1.3210

  The thicker end of Beans is perforated to receive Li∣quor. The various parts of Plants are lodged within the Seeds.
• * 1.3211

  In the center is seated a system of ma∣ny thin Flakes.
• * 1.3212

  The Integrals of the Seeds.
• * 1.3213

  The manner of production of plants out of Seeds.
• * 1.3214

  The moisture transmitted to the inward Recesses of Seeds, is com∣posed of va∣rious parts.
• * 1.3215

  The manner how moisture impregnates the liquor of Sap••a••d body of Air in the various Vesi∣cles.
• * 1.3216

  The Root is furnished with divers parts.
• * 1.3217

  The forma∣tion of seve∣ral parts of Plants.