A systeme of anatomy, treating of the body of man, beasts, birds, fish, insects, and plants illustrated with many schemes, consisting of variety of elegant figures, drawn from the life, and engraven in seventy four folio copper-plates. And after every part of man's body hath been anatomically described, its diseases, cases, and cures are concisely exhibited. The first volume containing the parts of the lowest apartiments of the body of man and other animals, etc. / by Samuel Collins ...

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Stomachs of Beasts.

ALion, the King of Beasts, is furnished with a Stomach, * 1.1 having larger Dimensions in the bottom, and toward the left side, and more nar∣row toward the middle, and is endued in his Anterior and upper Region, with two unequal Protuberances; and the Pylorus is sometimes hard and Car∣tilaginous, which reached to the middle of the Duodenum, which Thomas Bartholine saw in a Dissected Lion.

The inward Coat of the Stomach, is contracted into many Folds, * 1.2 by which the Ventricle is laid into Furrows, and one part of it is distinguished from another, as by so many Partitions, of which Twelve were disposed in elegant order by Equidistant Circles, and each of them were conjoyned to other smaller ones (as the Valves of the Heart are fixed to its Columns) in which, as so many Repositories, the Aliment is safely lodged for its better concoction.

A Camel, hath four Venters, as so many Allodgments, * 1.3 in which the Ali∣ment is prepared and concocted, as in other Bruits, chewing the Cud: These four Receptacles, are distinguished one from another; the first is the Panch, which being larger then the other, is attended with a second, much less in Di∣mensions, which is accompanied with a third, much less, but longer then the first, and then the fourth bringeth up the Rear, and is much akin in extent to the second Venter. * 1.4

In the upper Region of the second Apartiment of the Stomach, are lodg∣ed many Cavities like so many Cisterns, to retain Water, which are seated between the coats of the Stomach, which make the whole substance of it; these Sacks, accommodated with Glandulous Muscles, Nature hath most

wisely framed, as so many Receptacles of Water, which are drawn out, when this Beast travelleth through dry Countries, for the support of Na∣ture in time of Necessity.

The structure of the Stomach in a Beaver, * 1.5 is admirable (as Blasius hath well observed) and is very rare and large, somewhat resembling in Figure, a Hog, except where it is divided by a kind of Furrow, or Cavity running downward, and making it as it were a double Stomach; in the left side near the Orifice, is seated a fleshy substance, about the length of four Inches, adorned with an Oval Figure.

And in the Stomach being cut in length, were discovered many pieces of Barks and Roots of Trees, and nothing of Fish found in the Cavity of it, whose inside appeared all lined with a Mucous Matter: And over against the Furrow (which was discerned outwardly) in the inside of the Sto∣mach, was placed a Nervous Prominence, which did not extend it self so far to the bottom, as to part the Ventricle into two parts.

Where the red Protuberance appeared, in the outside, and in the inside, might be seen many little Holes, or extreamities of Vessels chiefly of a round Figure, receptive of a Tare; and some of these Orifices seemed to be of a Semilunary shape, which are placed near the upper region of the Stomach: And some of the outward parts of the Orifices being sliced away, under∣neath were discovered other more Minute Orifices, which were part of the Excretory Ducts being cut off; and out of the remanent Holes, the red substance being compressed outwardly, a Mucous Matter distilled, re∣sembling Castoreum in sent; and Breath being immitted into the Orifices by a Blow-pipe, the red substance was immediately Tumified, which be∣ing stripped off from its Exterior Membrane, * 1.6 a fleshy substance offered it self, full of right Fibres, running parallel to those of the Gulet: This Muscular substance was beset with numerous Minute Glands, attended with Excre∣tory Vessels, perforating the inward Coat of the Stomach

These small Glands of one bigness, were set in many Rows, passing in right Lines, according to the progress of the Fibres: These Glands being squeesed, a clammy Matter oused out, and the Glands grew lank, and af∣terward Breath being immitted into them by a proper Instrument, they grew big again, and assumed their former Figure.

Whereupon, * 1.7 I most humbly conceive, that these small Glands being ac∣commodated with numerous Arteries, and Veins; the first import Blood into the body of the Glands, where the more soft parts are severed from the Purple Liquor, and carried by Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Stomach, and serve as a Menstruum and Ferment to moisten, and to impraegnate its dry Aliment of Barks and Rinds of Trees, in order to extract an Ali∣mentary Liquor.

Four Venters are assigned bp Nature to Beasts chewing the Cud: * 1.8 The first is called by Grecians, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Panch, which hath the most large bosome for to Macerate and Concoct Aliment, before it is reconveyed to the Mouth, in order to the more easie Chewing; and is composed as well as the Gulet, of four Coats, the Membranous, Carnous, Nervous, and Glan∣dulous covering. It hath several inequalities, which are the Duplicatures of Muscular Membranes; as Learned Doctor Grew hath observed.

The second Venter, called by the Latines, Reticulum, in English, the Hony Comb; hath three Orifices, the first is conjoyned to the Gulet, from which it receiveth Aliment: The second conveyeth it into the Panch; and the third into the Feck. The second Venter is hollowed in divers places, in

reference to its inward surface into many Cells, somewhat resembling the cavities of a Hony Comb (whence it borroweth its denomination in English) and are instituted by Nature to stay the Aliment, for the better Con∣coction of it before it is imparted to the third Venter, called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and by the Latines, Omasus, and by the English, Feck; which is of a rare Frame, as composed of many broad transverse Membranes, as so ma∣ny Repositories of Aliment, till it is farther Digested, and Intenerated, as a disposition to a better Concoction in the fourth Venter, which somewhat resembleth the Stomach of Man in Figure, called by the Greeks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and by the Latines, Abomasus, in English, the Reed; * 1.9 and is endued with more and greater Plicatures, then that of Man, which take their progress in a straight course: This Venter receiveth the Aliment prepared in the former Venters, and giveth it a more perfect Elaboration. This Venter almost wholly emploied, and the former of no other use in young Animals that Suck, but to transmit the Milk into the fourth Venter, which alone giveth its Conco∣ction, and so transmitteth it into the Intestines, to receive a greater refinement caused by proper Ferments in the Guts.

Before I part with the Stomachs of Bruits, * 1.10 I will take the freedom to of∣fer my Sentiment about the chewing of the Cud in Horn Beasts, which is ordered first by a reconveying the Aliment out of the Panch into the Mouth, to receive a further Comminution by the Teeth: Of which Doctor Glysson giveth this Account, Cap. 2. de Histor. Ventriculi. Modus, quo tota actio per∣ficitur, sic se habet: Collecta bona cibi portione, & aliquandiu in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 pe∣nu coacervata, laetatur Phantasia, & de fruitione bonorum partorum cogitare incipit. Hinc paulo fortius solito tensis Musculis, Abdominis, & una Diaphragma. magno ven∣tri dat ansam se quoq conformiter comprimendi: Adeo{que} motus peristalticus ab infra sursum excitatur, qui ascendens in reticulum, & inde in gulam, cibum in os re∣fundit. With the permission of this great Author, I humbly conceive that the crude Aliment is not thrown out of the Panch, as being only grateful to it, wherupon the Muscles of the Abdomen and Diaphragme do not Con∣tract themselves, to give the Hony Comb and Panch, more close em∣braces of the crude Aliment, upon the account of greater Pleasure and De∣light; but as rather lying somewhat heavy upon the Panch, by reason of its great and indigested quantity, so that the Hony Comb and Panch, do lessen the Cavities by the contraction of the Carnous Fibres, assisted with the Muscles of the Abdomen, to gulp up the Inconcocted Grass or Hay, to be farther moistned in the Mouth, by Salival Liquor, flowing out of the Oral Glands; and then to be broken into small Particles, by the grinding of the Teeth, put into various postures and motions by the Muscles of the lower Jaw, and afterward it is swallowed down the second time into the Panch, to receive a greater Concoction.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Stomach of a Lion.
• * 1.2

  The inward Coat is full of Furrows.
• * 1.3

  A Camel hath four Venters.
• * 1.4

  The upper re∣gion of the second Venter hath many Cavities, as so many Ci∣sterns to con∣tain Water.
• * 1.5

  The Stomach of a Beaver.
• * 1.6

  The fleshy part of the Stomach was beset with Glands, at∣tended with Excretory Ducts, carry∣ing a clammy matter.
• * 1.7

  The Glands have various Arteries and Veins,
• * 1.8

  Beasts chewing the Cud have four Venters, the first is the Panch, the second is called the Ho∣ny Comb, the third is named the Feck.
• * 1.9

  The fourth Venter is cal∣led the Reed.
• * 1.10

  The manner of chewing the Cud.