A systeme of anatomy, treating of the body of man, beasts, birds, fish, insects, and plants illustrated with many schemes, consisting of variety of elegant figures, drawn from the life, and engraven in seventy four folio copper-plates. And after every part of man's body hath been anatomically described, its diseases, cases, and cures are concisely exhibited. The first volume containing the parts of the lowest apartiments of the body of man and other animals, etc. / by Samuel Collins ...

DIVERS HYPOTHESES RELATING TO Natural and Experimental PHILOSOPHY, Explicatory of several Terms and Notions, used in the Subsequent Anatomical Disquisitions.

CHAP. I. Of the Parts, and Dispositions of Humane Bodies, described Me∣chanically under General and Particular Notions.

CIties have their Suburbs, Houses their Porticos, Vestments their Fringes, Musick its Pre∣ludes, Plays their Prologues, Books their Pre∣faces, Discourses their Prolegomena, which are duly premised, as fit Preambles, to usher them in with the greater advantage of Order and Decorum. * 1.1

Truth, to which we aspire in a most curi∣ous search, as perfective of our Understand∣ing, is a Divine Ray enlightning our better parts at our First Creation: * 1.2 All Entities in their Transcendental Capacities being so many Emanations, holding Confor∣mity, with that most Heavenly mind, as being several Copies of that great

Original: * 1.3 And all truth of Enunciation is founded in simple verity, in being represented to our Understanding, as truly conformable to the nature of things, of which it is a resemblance to our Conceptions. * 1.4 And all Sciences being of eternal Truth, or constituted by abstracted Notions, as Universals, denuded by our subtle apprehensions, from material Circumstances, with which all sin∣gulars do exist, * 1.5 and all Universals in them, as Fundamentals. Upon which account all Intellectual Knowledg being originally Empirical, borroweth its first rise from the ministery of the Senses; because all Sciences consist of ma∣ny Systems made up of Principles and Theorems, as so many deductions from sensible things; and the most true and clear Philosophy is experimental, as con∣firmed by the plain suffrages, and evident testimonies of our Senses.

Whereupon Anatomy is most assistant to propagate and refine Natural Philosophy, * 1.6 by making inspection into the inward recesses of Humane Bodies, and of other Animals, to pry into the great secrets of Nature; speaking the wondrous Works, and the excellent Wisdom of the Creator.

It is my intendment to treat Anatomically of a Humane Body, * 1.7 which be∣ing apprehended under a comprehensive Notion, is an universal Organ (subservient to all the more noble and meaner faculties and operations of the Soul) made up of great variety of Parts, disposed in admirable Order, so that the Inferior in their several Stations and Capacities, pay a duty of subjection and obedience to the Commands of the Superiour.

And as preliminary to a clearer understanding of the Anatomical Disquisi∣tions, * 1.8 I will premise somewhat of the parts of the elegant Fabrick of Mans Body, and their Qualifications, under the notion of Solid and Fluid, Soft and Hard, Rare and Dense, Rarefaction and Condensation, Transparent and Opace, * 1.9 Gross and Subtle: And of Fermentation, flowing from these diffe∣rent Qualities: and of the various ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquors, and of Air (impregnated with variety of corporeal Effluxes) productive of fermentative dispositions in Fluid Bodies, which are refined by secretion, am∣bulatory to percolation, made in the Glands (lodged in the Membranes, Vi∣scera, and Muscular parts) as so many colatories of Liquors, always making various Circuits from part to part.

So that this rare machine of Humane Body is ministerial to divers uses and operations of Life, * 1.10 Sense, and Motion, and may be mechanically described a Systeme of many excellent and meaner parts, contrived in a well disposed order, with a mutual dependance to advance each others Welfare and Inte∣rest: * 1.11 And are divided by some into Spermatick and Sanguineous, which divi∣sion seemeth to me somewhat improper, because they borrow their first rudi∣ment from seminal Liquor, and not out of Blood, primarily, because Blood it self is originally produced by Colliquation out of the ambient parts of ge∣nital Juice, which is plainly visible in the white of an Egg, disposed step by step to the production of a Chicken: and solid parts of the muscles and paren∣chyma of the Viscera, are stiled improperly Sanguineous, because denominati∣ons are derived a majori, and then the substance of the Muscles and Viscera must have the appellative of spermatick parts, and are collective bodies com∣posed of several parts, generated and nourished out of seminal and nervous Liquors, and are tinged only with red, caused by Blood passing through the spaces of, and adherent to the coats of the Vessels, as a thin accretion; which being of a superficial thickness, may be taken away by frequent scrapings and repeated washings with fair Water, whereby the aggregate bodies of many membranous tubes, modelled in various sizes, may be spoiled of their adven∣titious scarlet, and be reinvested with their native whitish veils.

Wherefore the parts of the Body may admit another division (more agree∣able to Reason, and the nature of the things) into Similar and Dissimilar: * 1.12 The first are so denominated, because every Particle hath one definition or nature with the whole, every part of a Fibre participateth the like substance with the whole. These Similar parts are reputed Eleven in number, as Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, Membranes, Fibres, Nerves, Tendons, Veins, Arteries, Lymphaeducts, and Flesh; but most of these, if not all, do not merit the title of Similar, as appearing so only to sense upon a superficial view, and upon a more strict sur∣vey are found to be composed of different Particles; as Flesh is an aggregate body bound up with all sorts of Vessels (conjoyned to each other by the in∣terposition of many minute thin Membranes) whose interstices grow big with vital Liquor: and Membranes, Veins, Arteries, and Nerves, are made up of many small Filaments, interspersed with vital or nervous Liquor; and Tendons are framed of ligamentary and nervous Fibres, the one sensible, and the other insensible.

Dissimilars are so called, because they consist of many parts of disagree∣ing substance, and are much more considerable than the Similars, who are integrals of the Dissimilar, these being Limbs, or at least small Machines in∣tegrating the greater Organ of Humane Body, of which they are instruments, upon which account these Dissimilars are termed Organical, * 1.13 as consigned to be ministers of Natural Actions; and to that end they are accommodated with a determinate and sensible Conformation, consisting in a decent Figure, just magnitude, due number, and proper situation of parts, all which do conspire and joyntly contribute to render a part Organical, in celebrating the opera∣tion of Life, Sense, and Motion.

And those Organick parts may be subdivided into Fluid and Solid: * 1.14 The first are the more excellent, as the instrumental efficient causes of the rational Sensitive and vegetable Functions; and are those select Liquors of the Body, the Alimentary, Vital, and Animal, all which have their proper Channels. The Alimentary is conveyed from the Stomach, through the Intestines, and lacteal Vessels into the common receptacle, and from thence through the Thoracic Ducts into the subclavian Veins, where it associateth with the Vital Liquor, thence transported through the Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart, and from thence by the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins, into the left Chamber of the Heart, out of which it is impelled by various Arteries into all parts of this great Machine, and then it is reconveyed again by numerous Veins into the right cistern of the Heart. And the Nervous Liquor generated in the cortex of the Brain, is dispersed thence through small fibrils (for the most part integrating the body of the Brain into the trunks of Nerves, seated in the Medulla Oblongata, and Spinalis, and from thence propagated by greater and lesser nervous Channels, into all the parts of the Body.

These liquid substances are easily contained, * 1.15 and bounded within the Chan∣nels, encircled with membranous Coats, and are very extravagant, when left to their own conduct; and therefore these Liquors (as Fluid Bodies) being boundless in their own nature, are confined within the inclosure of Vessels, and do configure their soft pliable substance, to the more firm concave surface of their Channel.

And I conceive the fluid quality of these choice Liquors doth arise from hence, because their numerous Particles have a loose compage, * 1.16 and may be easily parted from each other, which necessarily supposeth many spaces inter∣ceeding, the fruitful atomes compounding liquid bodies, rendring them very ready to move truly about the little surfaces, which encircle them. And

these Liquors being impaled within the inward surface of their Vessels, in which an impulse being made, one Particle must necessarily press another for∣ward, till the whole mass of Humours, consisting of innumerable Particles of a fluid substance, must by consequence be put upon motion. So that Ali∣mentary, Vital, and Nervous Liquors, being heavy bodies, do naturally tend downwards, when left to their own freedom, but being streightned within the concave surfaces of Tubes, and a force put upon them, their motion must be guided sometime directly upwards, and sometime downwards, and other times in a transverse or oblique motion according to the position of the Ducts, and not always in a straight motion downwards, according to their own in∣clination.

But the most solid part of the Body, * 1.17 as Bones, Cartilages, Tendons, Liga∣ments, and the like, are easily confined within their own bounds, and preser∣ved within their proper surfaces, as consisting of Particles more nearly espou∣sed to each other, that they cannot easily suffer a divorce; and upon that account they are discriminated from Fluids, whose minute parts (though con∣tinued) may upon easie terms be dissociated, but on the contrary, the solid parts obtain a firmness accruing to them by the close position, of their most minute parts (of which they consist, whether they be one, or several kinds) so closely wedged together within each others different Angles, that they cannot be parted without great violence.

Solid parts are of divers qualities, * 1.18 some are affected with softness, others with hardness; the first kind are Flesh, Arteries, Veins, Membranes, and the like, amongst which, Flesh is termed soft upon this score, because it com∣plieth with the touch, as being a compage made up of many concave Vessels, whose ambient parts being pressed, have a recourse inward, and the Cavities of the Vessels grow less and less, as their inward surfaces more and more near∣ly approach each other; and the interstices of the Vessels are lessened as the outward surfaces of their Coats are more closely conjoyned.

And so the Veins and Arteries are qualified with softness in reference to their inward motion, * 1.19 when acted with a pressure of our Fingers, and the in∣sides of our Veins and Arteries do tend to a closure with each other, whereupon the motion of the Vital Liquor is quickned when squeesed out, its receptacles, by the contraction of Muscles, compressing them.

The Nerves have a softness too, as their outward confines give way inward upon compression, so that the Nerves being Systems of many Filaments lodg∣ed one within another, and the more ambient, being moved by an outward contact do successively move all the Filaments inward, and by consequence hasten the progress of the Animal Liquor, by straightning the interstices of the Filaments. * 1.20

And divers parts are said to be indued with softness, although they have not manifest Perforations, but only insensible Pores, upon whose account, the external parts may be brought nearer to the inward, when the outward sur∣face being first compressed, its Pores are contracted, and so one part pressing another toward the middle, the inward Pores are successively lessened, and the whole compage groweth more compact.

The more hard parts of Humane Body, * 1.21 are Bones, Cartilages, and have a firm and compacted substance, as so many Bases and Pillars, by which the more tender frame of soft parts is supported, and are the Hypomoclia and Centers, by which the motion of the Limbs, and Trunk of the Body is cele∣brated. The more solid part of the Body is that of Bones, and are judged to be hard, because their compage is of a stiff and rigid disposition, as con∣sisting

of solid Atomes closely conjoyned, whose surface is immoveable (un∣less it be overacted by the stroke of a more hard body) which else cannot be rendred pliable by an easie compression of the Fingers: And although some Bones are perforated with greater or lesser Cavities, yet they are not capable of introcession, as being compressed, because their large or narrow Channels, (the repositories of Marrow) are immured within firm inclosures, that they cannot give way and be contracted in their Cavities, because the Walls every way encircling the perforations of Bones, are endued with so solid and stub∣born a Constitution, that their inward concave substances cannot admit any flexile address to each others embraces.

And now I will endeavour to give an account how some hard bodies may be mollified and become of a more yielding nature, when their more closely conjoyned Particles may be so set at liberty, as to make their former compage looser by a more porous consistence, whence ariseth a capacity of one part to give way to another in their flexions toward the Center; and so the Pores grow less and less, as the ambient parts make nearer and nearer approaches to the inward, and the manner how softness may be imparted, is by heat or moisture. As to the first, the atomes of Fire by their subtle Particles, insi∣nuate into the pores of concreted Fat, a sulphureous body (fit for their sup∣port) and first disunite the closer parts of Suet, rendring them soft and fluid by Colliquation; and afterwards the Fire by more numerous atomes, infuses and propagates it self by a most impetuous motion into a flame, which I con∣ceive to be made up of volatil sulphureous parts of Fat, embodied with Air, and burns, as most violently moved, and breaks into act, producing that thin flaming Expansion.

But Bones, the most dry parts of Humane Bodies, being strictly considered, * 1.22 are contextures formed of Saline and Earthy Particles, and of themselves are no way subject to be mollified by Fire, which is sustained by Sulphureous Par∣ticles, which are not the constituent parts of Bones precisely taken, whose Ca∣vities only are Cells and Receptacles consigned to the entertainment of Marrow; which though it may be mollified and rendred liquescent and inflamable by vertue of fiery Atomes, yet it cannot be accounted an integral part of a Bone, which is a far more compacted substance.

And another sort of a dry Body, as Leather, and the like, may be inte∣nerated by moisture, whose liquid Particles soaking into the porous Particles do relax the commissures of its more minute conjoyned Particles, which being parted by the interposition of very small watry bodies, borrow a soft disposition, enabling the more inward to give way to the ambient parts by compression: But Bones being not capable to be mollified by the moisture of fluid Humours do retain their own Solidity and Hardness, * 1.23 when the vital and nervous Liquor conveyed by Arteries and Nerves into their substance to give them Life and Nourishment, are only softned by an unnatural purulent matter, * 1.24 lodged near the surface of the Bones, which first rendreth them carious, and after soft and rotten.

And on the other side, soft bodies are Indurated and concreted sometimes by sulphureous, and most of all by saline Particles: And the Seminal Matter is concreted first into Membranous, and afterwards into a Cartilaginous, and last into a bony substance.

And having discoursed somewhat of the parts of Humane Body as Similar and Dissimilar, and the quality of it as Fluid and Solid, Soft and Hard: * 1.25 I shall farther endeavour to give you some account of them relating to Rarity and Density, which are various Schematisms, speaking different postures of

Matter, as taking up more or less place, by virtue of greater or less dimensions.

Because the Ratio formalis, or Essence of Quantity, is founded in extension, which is to have one part seated without another; and as matter is capable of greater or lesser extension, it is in reference to place, and so hath an appellative of Rarity and Density: * 1.26 And the parts of Humane Body affected with Rarity, as Spirituous Substances, Liquors, and the like, are so deno∣minated, that in reference to much quantity, lodged in a small compass of Matter; but how this is accomplished is very difficult to be apprehended, whe∣ther the parts of the Body being rare, as a little Matter having great dimen∣sions, and thereupon lodged in a large place, do so furnish all that place (cir∣cumscribed with such a surface) that they do fill every minute particle of that place, and that no space of it, though never so little, but is accommo∣dated with some small portion of Matter; or whether the parts of place are not every where so furnished with Matter, * 1.27 but that some void places may be left not interspersed with the minute parts of Matter, and then it may be conceived upon this supposition of empty spaces; that those bodies are masters of the greatest Rarity, whose parts of Matter are most disunited, and inter∣mingled with the largest empty spaces. This opinion of learned Gassendus, is incumbred with great difficulties, as supposing a Vacuum, which is of as little use, as being, and is vulgarly defined a disfurnished Interval, or more plainly a space without a body, a Mathematical Body existing with∣out a Physical, which is so near an abstracted notion, that its being is objectively in the understanding, and hath no essence in the nature of things.

It is more easie to conceive the three Dimensions to have an abstracted no∣tion in the Understanding, than to apprehend a body divested of all kind of Extension, which seemeth more repugnant to Reason, than these empty Dimensions, which are only entities in our Conception, should exist in the nature of things, and essentially constitute Rarity: And therefore famous Vanhelmont doth assert this naked place, as dispoiled of Corporeity, to be a real entity existing in Nature, which he entitleth Magnale, (a great word and nothing else) and maketh it neither Substance, * 1.28 nor Accident, but a third order of Entities; because if it should be constituted in the first rank of things, as a being subsisting of it self, it must participate of the nature of a body invested with Dimensions, filling up this imaginary Vacuity: And if it be placed in the second degree of Entities as an accident, it must be suppo∣sed to exist of it self without the support of a subject, which is contrary to its constitution in Nature: or if this naked Interval be ranked in a third degree of being, this Renowned Author must assign what it is, which is yet unde∣termined, or else he must give me leave to tell him, that his Vacuum was in his Head only; * 1.29 and so ends the Dispute.

Another difficulty perplexing this opinion, is assigned by profound Doctor Glysson, That one part of Matter contained in Air, is accompanied with two thousand of a Vacuum, which is inconsistent with the Phoenomena observable in Air. The antecedent seemeth to be thus illustrated, that Gold may be equally expanded to the rarity of Air, which is evident in Auro fulminante, and consequently Air may be reduced to the density of Gold, or at least a body of equal rarity with Air may be so Condensed: in this reduction the rare body being reduced to the density of Gold, is confined to a sphere two thousand degrees narrower, than it had before, and this may be evinced (if occasion serveth) by divers experiments of Rarefaction and Condensation, wherefore Air according to this opinion, hath two thousand parts more of a

Vacuum than Gold, and by consequence one part of Matter, founded in Air, is encircled with thousand parts of a Vacuum: whence may be inferred, that this supposition is repugnant to the Phoenomena of Air, which according to this proportion, can neither be conceived as a body continued, * 1.30 of aggregate in∣numerable minute bodies, floating in a Vacuum, by reason of the vast inter∣position of empty spaces, which are two thousand of a Vacuum, in reference to one part of Matter contained in Air, which would (as I humbly con∣ceive) not at all answer one great design of Nature in reference to respira∣tion of Animals and vegetation of Plants, which could not be supported with so small proportion of Air, as this opinion supposeth. Again, this learned Author affirmeth, That these numerous empty spaces encompassing a very small quantity of Airy Matter, must be conceived either to be lodged like Hony in Cells of a Comb, or Air in the Cavities or Pores of a Spunge, or like Network composed of many Interstices, running between the Filaments: And, as I conceive, all these suppositions do oppose the Phoenomena of Air. For if it be apprehended, that the empty space be seated within the limits of Air, either as Hony in the Cells of a Comb, or Air in the Cavities of a Spunge, it will not contain above twenty or thirty times as much Vacuum as matter of Air, because the Comb being melted into solid Wax, doth contain about the twentieth part of the Dimensions, making up the body of the Hony-Comb, and a Spunge cannot be squeesed by the greatest violence into the twentieth part of its Expansion: And then I pray consider what proportion the twentieth part holdeth to that of two thousand

Again, to obviate this difficulty, * 1.31 Air may be thought to be a huge Mass of thin Bubbles, filled with empty Spaces, and not with Air, and then I conceive this phancy is like it self, nothing but a Bubble; for who can ap∣prehend these Bubbles, which are nothing but void Spaces, can impart any Extension or Repletion? And who can understand Bubbles, made up of emptiness capable of Distension? And if these Bubbles be any thing, they be expansions of thin bodies, and this Hypothesis of a Vacuum falleth upon a supposition; these Bubbles big with a Vacuum to be subtle bodies, * 1.32 they will run counter to all the other Phaenomena of Air. For through this bubbling cloudy Mass, the Rays of Light cannot be freely diffused, and will give a check to the more free motion of bodies, which will be more nimbly celebra∣ted in the more thin and pliable substance of Air; and moreover, this bub∣bling Compage being various in Rarity and Density, will make many diffe∣rent unkindly Refractions, and so pervert the order of Vision, of which one Instance may be given in froth, which is nothing but an innumerable company of Bubbles, made of Air, encircled with many fine watry investi∣tures, which being of different substance, cast a shadow, and obscure the re∣semblance of visible Objects, which speaketh the unreasonableness of the supposition of a Vacuum, as framed of Bubbles swimming up and down the Air, and therefore to make good the continuity of it, blended with so ma∣ny empty Spaces, it may be thought somewhat probable by them to contrive a Network posture of parts, not to be formed according to a plain only, but every way according to a retiform contexture; * 1.33 and that the compage of Air should be composed of Minute Filaments, in whose interstices two thou∣sand parts of void Spaces to one of Matter must be included, with this supposi∣tion that the Filaments of Air may be invigorated with an elastick quality. It being most certainly true, that if Air be overmuch confined by some ambient body behind the sphear of its proper rarity, it will when set at liberty, nimbly recoil with a kind of spring to its natural Expansion; and so this Re∣sistance

cannot be attributed to a Vacuum (which cannot be capable of any vertue or power, seeing it is nothing) but to the small Filaments of Air, as to its arms, by which it reduceth it self to its proper Extension.

At last it may be discoursed, whether Air may be conceived to be made up of innumerable Particles, playing up and down in a Vacuum, as Atomes or Sun-beams, frisk up and down in Air; but it will be difficult to sustain this phancy, because the Air being transparent doth not hold analogy with a body divided into innumerable parts; for a deform position of manifold parts residing in the Air, maketh different refractions in the Rays of Light, as is very conspicuous in the Air, intermingled with Smoak and Clouds, which cast a shadow; so that this Hypothesis of innumerable Particles flying up and down, would intercept the free course of the Sun-beams in the Air, and take away the clear Sun-shine.

And lastly, * 1.34 and above all, a Vacuum, as apprehended to be a space free from all bodies, is repugnant to the wise Aeconomy of Nature, whose parts are so well disposed by an essential wisdom in so excellent a frame and man∣ner, that upon all occasions they use their utmost endeavours for a mutual preservation, whereupon private bodies, move contrary to their pe∣culiar inclinations, heavy things moving upward, and light pressing down∣ward to preserve as fellow members, the great Body of the Universe, in secu∣ring its continued or contiguous order from all interruption and vacuity.

And now I most humbly beg pardon for giving so largely learned Doctor Glyssons, and my own Sentiments, relating to a Vacuum, which I have taken all the freedom to offer, because some of this late Age, being given to No∣velties, are beyond reason fond of this opinion, a mere Chymaera.

Wherefore, I humbly conceive, I have good reason to believe that rare Bodies are not interspersed with void Interstices, because their substance is highly extended, as having large Dimensions comprised in a small portion of Matter, which is so far expanded, that it is every way commensurate to the place in which it is reposed; and that very rare Bodies having great Expan∣sions, are beset with numerous Interstices, which are not empty Spaces, but Pores and Cavities, fraught with subtle Bodies, as frothy Blood, contained in the Interstices and Cavities of the Pulmonary Vessels, is very much expanded; because its numerous Pores are very much interspersed with the elastick parti∣cles of Air, and Vital Spirits, when the Lungs are very much extended in inspiration, in which the Cavities and Pores of the Bronchia and Vesicles grow big, after they have received free draughts of Air.

But on the other side, * 1.35 Bodies are termed dense, when they are compact as having a more solid Consistence, and as heavy Bodies have small Dimensions lodged in a great quantity of Matter, and thereupon have a more close Com∣page, as the bones of a Humane Body, which have minute Pores: And cor∣poreal Substances, are rendred Dense, when their Pores and Cavities are streightned by Compression, in which subtle expansive Bodies are turned out of their Receptacles, as in Expiration, the Lungs may be said to be made more Dense, when the elastick parts of Air are excluded, and the Bronchia and Vesicles are lessened in their Pores and Cavities, and so the body of the Lungs grow more dense and compact, as reduced into a smaller circumfe∣rence, whereupon the Blood and the Lungs are modelled into several Fi∣gures, obtaining divers situations, produced by various motions of Rarefa∣ction and Condensation, in which no loco-motive motion is celebrated, im∣plying the motion of the whole from place to place, but only a mutation of the position of the parts in reference to each other, as they have a greater di∣stance

is more disunited and so grow more porous, which is filled up by vola∣til bodies in Rarefaction, as Blood floating in the void spaces of the Pulmonary Vessels, is rendred first porous by Heat, and afterward as fraught with subtle particles of Air, imparting greater dimensions to that Spumous Blood, which afterwards groweth Condensed, gaining a more solid substance, and when circulated in the Veins, it is divested of its frothy temper and florid colour, as despoiled of its more volatil Particles of Air, which groweth effoete and dispirited, when resident any time in the Mass of Blood, and is discharged (as I conceive) by Transpiration, and then the Blood making a new re∣course to the Lungs, is rarefied, and impregnated with more spirits, as rein∣spired with fresh particles of Air.

And now a difficulty may be started, How these motions of Rarefaction and Condensation can be accomplished: Gassendus is of an opinion, that Rare∣faction cannot be produced without the mediation of many empty spaces, which supposeth a Vacuum, and hath been already discoursed how inconsi∣stent it is with the order of Nature, to which it offereth a great violation. * 1.36 And as to both the opposite motions referring to Rarity and Density. Learned Doctor Glisson asserteth that that they cannot be made without penetration of Substances, in his Seventeenth Chapter of Condensation and Rarefaction. Fateor, ait vir eximius, absque penetratione substantiarum hosce motus intelligi non posse; etenim in condensatione materia retrahit suas partes exteriores in interiores, & interiores proportionaliter densiores fiunt; In Rarefactione, partes prius intra ali∣as conclusae, egrediuntur, locumque sibi peculiarem exposcunt, & rariores fiunt: This great Person (as accomplished with Virtue and Learning) saith, * 1.37 That it can∣not be understood how the motions of Condensation and Rarefaction, can be made without penetration of Substances; because in Condensation the matter retracteth her outward parts inwards, whereupon the inward are proportion∣ably rendred more Condensed, and in Rarefaction the parts confined within others, have their recourse outward, claiming to themselves a peculiar place, are made more rare.

And in the next Chapter, the excellent Author, as Explicatory, and Argumentative, to reinforce his former Assertion, addeth these words: Verum enimvero si sola quantitas actualis sit causa impenetrabilitatis cor∣porum, eaque sit Naturaliter mutabilis; quid impedit ne substantia materialis aliam substantiam mutata quantitate, * 1.38 novaque simul assumpta utrisque Commu∣nis penetretur? Prior quantitas impedire nequit, quia eo momento, quo unio fit, evanescit, nec subsequens, quia resultat a materiis penetratis & unitis: Neque enim substantiarum unio hoc inhibet. But in truth, If actual quantity be the sole reason of impenetrability of Bodies, and that is naturally alterable, what hindreth, but a material substance may penetrate another substance, the quantity being changed, a new one assumed, common to both. The first substance cannot hinder the Penetration, because in a moment the union disap∣pears, when it was made, and the subsequent quantity cannot be any impe∣diment, because it is the result of the penetrated bodies, united, neither doth the union of the penetrated Matter oppose the penetration of Bodies.

And that he may farther prove the Hypothesis of penetration of Bodies, * 1.39 he assigneth three Conditions requisite for it. Tres itaque prorsus conditiones ad substantiarum penetrationem requiruntur, prima est duarum aut plurium sub∣stantiarum localis unio, sive transiens, sive permanens; secunda est depositio prioris quantitatis utriusque subjecti; * 1.40 tertia assumptio quantitatis novae utrisque communis. The first condition requisite to penetration of Bodies (saith this profound Author) is that there must be a local Union, (whether

Transient or Permanent) of two or more Substances: * 1.41 The second is, There must be a laying down of the former quantity in both Substances: And the third is, an Assumption of a new quantity in both. I humbly conceive (with the pardon of this Master of Reason) that these conditions are not well suited to the description of Penetration of Substances given by Philosophers; * 1.42 which is, when two Bodies are lodged in the same place; and therefore it is not sufficient to assign a local Union, whether Permanent or Transient of two or more Substances, to be a condition requisite to qualifie the penetra∣tion of Bodies; because a local Union of two or more Substances supposeth only a contiguous union of divers Bodies, * 1.43 and cannot be accomplished with∣out the interposition of Air, which configureth it self to each Body, giving them peculiar confines, by severing one body from another; so that every one hath a proper place conservative of it: And every distinct substance hath different Dimensions, which cannot be so modelled, as to run absolutely through one another, which is inconsistent; because then, the different Ex∣tensions of several bodies remaining so, must so far comply with each other, as to be made one and the same, which implieth a Contradiction, and upon that account two Bodies cannot be lodged in the same place; which accord∣ing to the Schools is a Penetration: And the second and third Condition assigned to it, that there must be a Deposition of the former quantity, and an Assumption of a new in both, and the second condition seemeth Prelimi∣nary to the third; because it is necessary, that both Bodies should be despoil∣ed of the former quantity, and have an Assumption of new in both: And if both these be true, yet the Point (as I apprehend) cannot be gained. For suppose the former Condensed Substances to be now Rarefied, or the two first Rarefied to be afterwards Condensed, then they will obtain greater or less Dimensions, and consequently greater or less places, which are peculiar to each other, as they are encircled with proper surfaces of Air. So that it is very unreasonable, that two Bodies of different Extention, should so far violate each others Dimensions, as to be crouded by Penetration into the same numerical place, and be surrounded with the same surface of Air, proper only to one peculiar Body, which is no way dispensable in Nature.

Whereupon (I most humbly conceive) that the motions of Condensa∣tion and Rarefaction, * 1.44 may be celebrated without a true penetration of Bo∣dies, (which supposeth two Bodies to be seated in one proper place) be∣cause the more rare Body may easily give way by contracting its extension, and rendring its compage more Condensed, which lesseneth all its former expansion and quantity: An instance may be given in Air, which is readily compressed upon the motion of a more solid Body, by moving the Air in∣ward, or by making a greater or less retirement of its ambient parts into more inward recesses, according to the greater or less Dimensions of a larger or smaller compact Body; which giveth us an Instance of magnifying God's great Attributes of Wisdom and Power, in composing the curious Fabrick of the World, of Solid and Fluid, of Dense and Rare parts, wherein we may see and admire the wise Aeconomy of Nature, so well disposed for Mo∣tion, that Volatil and Fluid Bodies, should submit themselves to the Com∣mands, and readily give way to the more Dense and Solid; so that aethereal and airy Vapours, and Watry, and other rare Bodies, do observe the motion of the more solid and heavy, by confining themselves within more narrow Circumferences, and by plucking in their Wings, and by making one part more nearly retreat to another, have a more near converse with each other. And because solid Bodies have several gesses, and various progresses, and by quit∣ing

one place do obtain another in motion, and so the compressed and con∣fined Volatil, and Fluid Bodies do gain their liberty, and reimbrace each other, and when their parted quarters haing quitted their former Guests, do reunite, and espouse each other.

But perhaps some may be so curious, as to make an inspection into the Aeco∣nomy of Nature, in reference to Condensation and Rarefaction of Bodies, * 1.45 and by what conducts they are managed; unto which it may be thus replied, that these motions are sometimes governed by External, sometimes by In∣ternal Principles, and sometimes partly by External, and partly by Internal Principles; and an Instance may be had of Natures conduct in Condensa∣tion and Rarefaction by External, * 1.46 when Blood the most generous Liquor (as the fountain of Life) addresseth it self by greater and less Arterial Chan∣nels from the Center to the Circumference, from the inward to the outward Regions, where its greater fervour receiveth manifest allays by the ambient cold, and groweth more gross and heavy, the plain effects of Condensation; and the Vital Liquor is also affected with this quality, when by too great a quantity, it lodgeth it self into the substance of the Body, as in Inflammati∣ons, and Aedematous Tumours, wherein the Blood is extravasated in the interstices of the Vessels, which destroyeth its tone and Spirits by undue Stagnation; whereupon it groweth gross and condensed: And these Tumours are Cured often by Blood-letting, and hot Fomentations, and the making good the motion of the Blood, giveth it tone and thinness of parts, whence ariseth Rarefaction, rendring it fit for local motion.

But the Vital Liquor is governed by Inward Principles, * 1.47 when by a due Fermentation, consisting of Volatil, Saline, and Sulphureous Particles, ex∣alted and rarefied, as it is inspired with thin spirituous substances, giving Life and Motion.

But the intestine motion of the Blood groweth degenerate by in∣ward Principles, when it is managed by fixed saline and gross Sulphureous Particles, whereupon the Blood is depressed, turning thick and condensed, * 1.48 wherein the briskness of our Spirits, and Life is much lessened, and so we are rendred obnoxious to numerous Diseases, much taking off the enjoyments of our selves, and our pleasant Converse with others.

The various intestine motions, proceeding from Inward Principles, where∣by Bodies contract or dilate themselves by gaining less or greater dimension in Condensation and Rarefaction, are so many methods of Nature to speak greater Advancement and Perfection; which is very visible in Production, Vegetation, Nutrition, and augmentation of Plants, and in the maturation of their Fruits, and the like. And in the generation of Animals, by the colliquation of Seminal Liquor, and their support in order to Life and Sensation in the concoction of aliment in the Stomach, Inte∣stines, and by concocting it into Blood, by assimilation in the Heart and Vessels, and in the production of Animal Liquor and Spirits in the Cortex of the Brain. * 1.49

In these spontaneous motions, instituted by the great Architect, Nature celebrates its various operations of Condensation and Rarefaction, the Seminal Liquor growing at first colliquated, and rarefied in its Expansion, and afterward by divers steps of Condensation, acquireth greater and greater Solidity, and the parts of the Body as so many accretions made up of Saline, Sulphureous, and Earthy Particles, do assume several kinds of Magnitude, Figure, and Consistence, and from a Transparent Liquor, are turned into the more condensed parts of Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Fibres, Membranes, Cartilages, and Bones, and

above all a thin limpid Liquor, at first Colliquated, is afterward as it were Coagulated into the white pulpy and fibrous substance of the Brain.

And all these several Accretions of different parts are so many degrees of Generation, and the results of manifold Condensation.

Farthermore, * 1.50 the Alimentary, Vital, and Animal Liquors, have their first rise and greater improvement, by the intestine motion of Rarefaction, where∣by they are exalted in growing more volatil and Spirituous, to celebrate the Vegetable, Vital, Sensible, and Intellectual Operations.

And by the great variety of these inward Motions, the noble Fabrick and beautiful Order of the World, is preserved in various methods of Conden∣sation and Rarefaction, speaking the great prudence and contrivance of that most Divine and Omnipotent Mind: And to put a period to these Discourses of Condensation and Rarefaction, I will add the famous Experiment of Thermometer, wherein the confined Air is more or less displayed in greater or less Dimensions, as the season of the Weather presents us with variety of Heat and Cold, produced as some would have it by the contest of the At∣mosphere with the Air; the one endeavouring to press downward raiseth the Water, and the other resisteth its ascent, by depressing it by its elastick qua∣lity, which is affected with greater or less vigour, either as it is expanded by Heat, or condensed by Cold. And Air being rarefied by Heat, doth en∣large its Dimensions, and reduceth the body of Water into a narrower place downward: and the Particles of Air in Condensation making their retreat upward, take up a less compass, and give leave to the Water to ascend.

Moreover, though I confess in the old Thermometer the pressure of the Atmosphere, * 1.51 may contribute somewhat to croud the Air into a more narrow Circumference, yet I cannot conceive how the new Thermometer (in∣vented by Ingenious Master Boile) being very close, as Hermetically seal∣ed, can be liable to the pressure of the Atmosphere; and in the interim the Particles of Air, and Spirit of Wine, having a recourse downward in cold Weather, and their Quarters straightned by Condensation, do more tend to the bottom of the Glass, and upon the approaches of Heat, insinuated into the Pores of Air and Spirit of Wine, they are thereupon receptive of larger Di∣mensions by Rarefaction, and by an elevated motion do aspire toward the upper Region of the Thermometer.

Transparent and Opace Bodies, may be well entitled the Subject of our next Discourse, as being akin to Rare and Dense Substances; and in∣deed Transparent Bodies being more conspicuous as they participate of great∣er or less variety, and may deserve as well our remark as esteem; in that they speak a Joy and Comfort to our Lives, as being Instruments to propagate the glorious Beams of Light to our Eyes, presenting us with the beautiful order of the Creation, and in it with many pleasant Prospects, expressed in variety of outward Objects, painted with divers Colours, and modelled in several Shapes and Sises; and above lal, Transparent Bodies, transmitting the Rays of Light to treat us with the harmonious Lineaments of different faces, to give us a grateful sight of our Friends, which setteth a Lustre upon our Con∣verse, speaking a kind of transport of Joy in our amicable Discourses with them.

And upon this account, * 1.52 we are highly obliged to Transparent Bodies of Aether and Air, and the like, as receptive of bright Beams imparted to them as clear Substances, made up of innumerable Pores aranged in such an Order, one against another, that they seem as it were pervious by reason of many insensible small Ducts, through which the splendid Emanations of lucid

Bodies are darted with a most quick motion to the Globes of the Eyes, which being composed of divers Transparent Membranes and Humours, all beset with Minute Pores, receiving the subtle aethereal Particles, (making several refractions in so many different Mediums) being embodied with visi∣ble resemblances, do give appulses upon the Retina, the immediate subject of Vision.

And truly, to apprehend the nature of Transparent Bodies, there are none absolutely so called, because no substances are so universally encircled with uniform empty Spaces, but there are some dense Interstices interspersed, which hinder the reception of bright Aethereal Bodies, and the more they are expanded, and ranked with numerous Minute Pores, the more they are re∣ceptive of fluid and airy Particles, beautified with Beams of Light: * 1.53 And Bodies, the more they approach to Density, as having a more close Com∣page, and less Cavities irregularly ranked, they grow more opace, and so are not capable of the transmission of lucid Rays, through their more solid substances which make reflections, conveying the shapes of visible objects to the Eyes of the Spectators.

And this Hypothesis may be experimented in fine Linnen, as Cambrick, Tifany, or the like composed of small Filaments, interspersed with many Vacuities and Chinks, through which the Air sporteth it self backward and forward, illustrated with bright Rays: And if you clap divers fine Linnen Clothes one behind another, in which the Interstices of the several Clothes do not answer each other, they will obstruct your sight in reference to Ob∣jects placed beyond them

The same Instance may be given in the Membranes of Humane Body, as the Peritonaeum, Omentum, Dura and Pia Mater, Intestines, which being contextures of fine spun Filaments, not so closely interwoven with each other, but that some little spaces may be left, through which the subtle particles of Light do insinuate themselves, rendring the Membranous Substance transparent; and if many Membranes be conjoyned, and that the ranks of void spaces lodged in several Membranes, do not happen directly opposite to each other, the beams of Light are intercepted by the more opace parts of the Membranes, which do not throughly receive, but make reflections only of those lucid Particles.

But the Liquors of the Eye, the Cristaline parts of the Blood, * 1.54 the Ner∣vous Juice, Lympha, and Urine, and the like, do partake of that noble quality of Transparency, as encircled with bright Emanations of the Planets, which have recourse into their open Compage, as consisting of innumerable insensible Cavities, easily admitting the subtle Particles of Light; and as they are made up, of many ranks running in straight Lines, and seated directly one against another, do transmit the bright Rays from one side to the other, clean through the body of the Liquors, when opposed to the Light.

And Gems, which for the most part have no intrinsick value, but what esteem giveth them (unless some of them have Medicinal vertues) and are used for Ornaments to speak a Foil to those more excellent Jewels of the Sex, whose greater embelishments are Grace and Virtue, imparting to them a higher Perfection than of outward Form and Beauty: Though accompanied with great variety of Gems, receiving their Lustre, partly from reflections of Light, and partly from Transparence, derived from bright Particles darted through their various rows of innumerable minute Pores, which give them high Price and Value, received from the opinion of great Persons, who are more peculiarly distinguished from the Vulgar, by these select Ornaments.

And Jewels, * 1.55 as to their Origen and Nature, were first of all Fluid Bodies in Solutis Principiis, and afterward concreted into more fine solid Substances, by vertue of saline Particles, shooting themselves into great variety of Shapes and Sises; which are instruments of great Pleasure and Admiration to those inquisitive Persons, that are ambitious to pry into the Wonders of Nature, discovered by Experimental Philosophy; of which Learned and Honourable Mr. Boile is a great Master.

About Quarries seated near Springs, having somewhat of a petrifying qua∣lity, may be seen rough and opace Stones, which being broken, within their wombs may be oftentimes discerned some rare Liquor concreted, into some finer substance; and frequently in outwardly solid Stones, may be discovered in their inward Recesses, large Cavities all beset with beautiful Concreti∣ons, resembling Transparent Christals, adorned with different Figures and Magnitudes, which seem to proceed from some thin petrifying Liquor (percolated through the Compage, of which the Stone was formed) land∣ing at those Cavities, framing the inward Recesses of this Massy Stone, and the moister parts of this fine lapedesent juice being exhaled, it took the ad∣vantage to shoot into those curious Christals, which did encircle the Cavities in numerous clusters.

And this Hypothesis may receive a farther Confirmation, * 1.56 not only from the External Figuration, but the inward texture of these Gems, which do not only resemble one another in outward Forms, but in the Interior Con∣cretions; as it hath been seen in a great Lump, made up of an aggregate body of many soft Christals, which seemed originally to be many fine liquid Par∣ticles, hastily coagulated in a Clift or Cavity, modelling them into such Fi∣gures, as were suitable to the Mould into which they were cast: And it hath been also observed, that their inward Coalitions, have been framed of one uniform Model, very agreeable to the outward; as is very conspicuous in common Salt, originally a Fluid Body, integrated of numerous Saline Parti∣cles (dissolved in Water) which being Concreted, are dressed with one Shape, and may by juxta position coalesce, into one Lump.

The same account may be given of Gems, * 1.57 as Diamonds, Rubies, Saphires, and the like, which were in their first substances Transparent liquid Bodies; because it is not probable that solid concreted Substances, that were never Fluid, should participate of Transparency. Which I conceive, proceedeth from the loose compage of Liquid Bodies, beset with various Minute Pores, ranked in such order, as it meeteth every way to receive the subtle Particles of Light, which so dispose the Fluid Substances; that when they are Con∣creted into solid Bodies, they retain the same passages made in them by the beams of Light, during their primitive constitution of Transparent Sub∣stances; * 1.58 whose lustre doth not only proceed from refractions of Lucid parts, first Incident to the surface, next to the Eye, and then putting forward through the open compage of Pellucid Bodies, but also from the lively Re∣flections (made, as I conceive, from some opace parts accompanying a Transparent substance) first penetrating the surface distant from the Eye, and afterward darted through the more inward recesses of Transparent Bo∣dies.

This Hypothesis may be confirmed by Christal, and Cornish, or true Dia∣monds, whose vivid repercussions of Light, are not only sporting up and down from the various polished angles of cut Diamonds (borrowed from the plain external surfaces of these well polished, and finely shaped Bodies) but also from the reflection of Beams, reconveyed from an opposite surface through

the inward penetrals of pellucid Substances; * 1.59 whereupon it's remarka∣ble, that the most bright repercussions of Light, take their rise from the in∣ward compage of Transparent Bodies, and that the Beams are first received into their Surface, and then insinuated into their interior parts, till at last passing through the most remote Surface, did afterward suffer most vivid re∣flections of Light from the neighbouring surface of Air.

So that more numerous Rays were reconveyed to the Eye, by the surfaces of Christals, or Diamonds, in which they were twice inflected, as admit∣ting a double refraction after their incidence in each Surface, whereupon they gained a greater brightness of the Christal, or Diamond, without any re∣fraction; as most ingenious Mr Hook hath truly observed.

And the truth of this Hypothesis may be farther evinced, that the more bright reflections of Light arise from the more condensed parts of Air, produ∣ced by the effluvia of Vegetables, Minerals, and the like; may be experimented by putting the lower surface of Christals, Diamonds, into some Transparent Liquor, which intercepteth the approach of any Air, and then the reflection groweth so faint, that it could scarce be discovered: And another way may be tried by clapping on a solid body, as the Hand to the lower surface of Chri∣stals, wherein it is despoil'd of Air, when the Hand presseth hard upon the Transparent Body, and then the reflections do almost disappear; and if the Hand be somewhat loosened from the lower surface of pellucid Substances, the Air lodged in the creases of the Hand, doth present us with lively refle∣ctions of Light as before.

And furthermore, the lower surface of the Transparent Bodies, being im∣mersed into pure Quick-silver, the clear repercussions of Light grow more strong than these arising from Air, or Water, and the reason (as I appre∣hend may be this: Because Quick-silver doth offer greater resistance to the motion of Light, than either Air or Water; whereupon Quick-silver giveth more bright reflections, by making returns of more numerous Rays than Air or Water, into the substances of Transparent Bodies.

And it may be worth our notice, * 1.60 how Diaphanous Bodies embelished with fine Geometrical Figures, are made up of many thin Laminae, or Plates, one seated within another, which in their first origen, are so many thin Accreti∣ons chiefly framed of Saline Particles, imparting to Transparent Substances, a power to coagulate by shooting themselves oftentimes into divers fine Plates, so closely adheering to each other, that they seem to constitute one uniform Substance.

This rare texture of Pellucid Bodies, * 1.61 composed of many thin Phisical Plains, may be discovered by a curious survey of their Edges, which are placed one under another in unequal distances, that they seem to resemble so many small Steps, lying one above another, not unlike the Leaves of a Book, a little opened; this is observable in the compage of divers Transpa∣rent Minerals, and in some kinds of Talk, and in divers Gems, whose cu∣rious Fabrick (though commonly reputed to be one entire Substance) is fitted up of many thin Accretions, so admirably set together, with so exact a closeness, that it cannot be discerned, but by a curious Eye, where those Transpatent Jewels have some fine edges unequally terminating them; or when they are broken, some of these Flakes, integrating the body of Gems, do scale off, by reason of the close juxtaposion of their thin Accretions, is loosened, and shattered, in the violent agitation of their parts.

Another Instance may be given in other precious Stones (which being cut and polished, to give them Lustre and Beauty) as the Hyacinth and Saphire, whose frame being strictly inspected, by putting them into several Postures, and by opposing them various ways to the Light, the fine closures of the thin Flakes may be discovered.

And this Observation may be made good in unwrought or ruff Diamonds, * 1.62 which being viewed with select Glasses, give a clear sight of the commissures of the Plates, which were not so exactly joyned in a perfect Plain, but their minute unevennesses were discoverable, running like small edges one above another.

Another way of Experimenting these flaky compages of Jewels, is made by the common practice of Artists, * 1.63 in splitting of Diamonds; which is accom∣plished by forcing the Steel Instrument according to the grain of the Stones, else they cannot be rendred fissile, but will break off short, deceiving the at∣tempt and expectation of the Artificer: Which to prevent, they so place their Tools upon frequent trial in such a posture, as will follow the Ducts of the fine Plates; which being of unequal thickness, do not always run in perfect Phisical Plains, but make Angles in the bodies of the Stones, which hinder their exact splitting into equal pieces.

And now, I suppose, it may be worth our Scrutiny, how those Transpa∣rent Bodies, consisting of numerous thin Plates (as so many fine coagulations may partake of Light) whose flaky contextures having more or less Rarity, make different refractions, and so impart greater or less irradiations to these Diaphanous Substances; which being originally Fluid Bodies, have loose Compages, fitted for the trajection of Rays, produced by many minute pas∣sages, ranked in such order: As Pores for the most part are placed directly opposite to Pores, throughout the frame of these Diaphanous Bodies, and when the small Ducts are irregular, as not answering one another, the beams of Light are reflected by opace Interstices, and so play (as I conceive) be∣tween fine the commissures of these flaky Textures, and therein communicate many bright reflections, which give a lustre to Transparent Bodies.

CHAP. II. Of Natural and Artificial Fermentation of Liquors, as holding Analogy with those of Mans Body.

HAving given you some Account of the nature of Dense and Rare, Transparent and Opace Bodies, it may seem to follow of Course, to speak somewhat of Thick and Gross, Thin and Subtle Substances: The first is so entituled, as having a hard and compact Cosistence, made up chiefly of fixed Salt and Earth, and of little or no Volatil Parts, as is observable in divers kinds of Stones.

And sometimes hard Bodies are composed of gross Sulphur, fixed Salt and Earth, which are originally of a loose compage in solutis Principiis, and af∣terwards concreted in the bowels of the Earth, as Minerals and Metals: Of which it is not my intendment now to entertain you any longer, design∣ing to speak at this time of Substances less crass, of the qualification of Ve∣getables and Animals, and of more Fluid Bodies; which are termed more or less gross, as they participate of greater or less degrees of Density: And on the other hand, Substances are called thin and subtile, which are Spirituous and Volatil, full of Motion and Activity.

These opposite Schematisms of Grossness and Subtilty, * 1.64 of Density and Rarity, are made by different positions and Frames, residing in one Matter, and are like Twins, strugling in one Womb; and the great Machins of Fermen∣tation, causing various intestine Motions, as so many brisk Disputes in the inward recesses of Bodies, to reduce each other to greater Maturity and Perfe∣ction. The more spirituous and subtle Particles are confined within the Bow∣els of the more Gross, when they are entertained for a mutual Advantage, the Gross fixing the over-subtle, and the Spirituous again speak their returns, in advancing the more crass Particles; and the more Subtle vainly aspiring to flie upwards, and embody themselves with Airy Particles, are rendred more modest, and less active within the more sober limits of solid parts, which are improved in their active converse with more Spirituous Substances, thereby gaining more refined Dispositions.

And Nature hath most prudently instituted upon the account of contrary Principles, various natural Operations, * 1.65 which are very much assisted and promoted by Artificial Contrivances; and they are very numerous, and can hardly be reduced to distinct Tribes and Families: And may be chiefly stated under these three Heads.

The first is, The Frame and Constitution of those Bodies that are more or less subject to Intestine Motion.

The second implies such requisite Conditions as will advance, or give an allay to Fermentation, in a due Subject Matter.

The third speaketh the great variety of Intestine Motion, and to what end it is Consigned, and what effects and alterations are the Products of it.

As to the first Classis, That Bodies should acquire such a Disposition, * 1.66 as is perfective of their Nature, in a proper Intestine Motion.

First, That Bodies should be endued with an open and loose Compage, wherein the Volatil Particles may freely expatiate; wherefore viscous Bodies,

whose moister Particles are evaporated to a grossness or solid Substances (which are Concreted by fixed saline parts) little or no ways subject to Fer∣mentation.

But Liquors (whose substances are more easily Expanded, are very ob∣noxious to Intestine Motion, as the various Juices of Grapes, and other Fruits and Plants: And all potulents, as Fluid Bodies, have loose Compages beset with numerous Pores, big with Aethereal and Airy Particles, which by their elastick qualities, puff up liquid bodies, rendring them disposed to ma∣ny Intestine Motions.

The second Requisite in order to Fermentation, * 1.67 is, That Bodies should consist of contrary Principles and Dispositions, which making great Con∣flicts to subdue each other, and by entring into a more intimate Confedera∣cy, do speak a mutual Advantage; because the more Spirituous Particles being highly agile, do sublime the more gross, by expanding their Dense Habit, do impart more noble Disposions.

The third Qualification relating to Intestine Motion, * 1.68 that the parts should not be depressed by too much Crudity, nor over exalted by too much Ripe∣ness, wherein the Volatil are exhaled, which speak a great decay of Spiritu∣ous Particles; the main and most noble Ingredients in Fermentation, and in the first, the more active parts are so confounded with the Gross, that they grow faint and paled, loosing their brisk Motion; as it appeareth in Sider made of unripe Apples. On the other side, when the more subtle Particles are evaporated in Fruits tending to Putrefaction, the Liquor also is Dispirited upon the loss of its more volatil Atomes: And upon this account, the Vital Liquor, on the one side, groweth Gross and Depressed, when the Succus nutricius, by overmuch Crudity, cannot be assimilated into Blood; or when it looseth its Tone, growing low and faint, as being dispoiled of its Spiri∣tuous parts, in so free a transpiration in immoderate Sweats.

And first, In Artificial as well as Natural Compositions, of Vegetable and Animal Liquors, this Hypothesis of Fermentation, is founded in different Elementary Principles, and contrary qualifications of Gross and Subtle Par∣ticles, is asserted upon very probable Reasons; of which divers Instances may be given in divers kind of Aliments and Medicaments, the preservatives of Humane Nature. * 1.69

In point of Aliment, Bread, Bear, Wine, and Sider, and all other Con∣diture, they receive their great vertue, delicacy, and easiness of Concoction, from a due Fermentation.

Meal and Flower, when moulded up with water only, which being a sim∣ple Elementary Body, made up of unactive parts, raising little or no Fer∣mentation, doth not attenuate the Viscous and Earthy parts, making In∣digested Bread, * 1.70 hard of Concoction; but Ferments of Balm, or Whites of Eggs, and the like, being blended with the Meal, in the time of Kneeding, openeth, and puffeth up the body of the Mass: And in Baking, the more subtle parts, the Volatil Salt, and Sulphur, being put into motion by the Ferments insinuating themselves into, and expanding the substance of the Bread, rendring it spungie and hollow, and so more savory, and easie to be Digested.

But Corn having taken wet, and growing in an unseasonable Harvest, is put into a disorderly Fermentation; and the Mass being Kneeded, and of a soft and fluid Disposition, groweth broad and flat, in being heavy Dough, not able to raise it self in Baking, caused by the unnatural Ferment, and grow∣ing quality of the Corn received from wet (in an unkindly Harvest) im∣bibed

into the substance of the Corn; whereupon the thin Saline and Sul∣phureous Particles being hurried into an irregular motion, and the Mass be∣ing farther importuned by the violent heat of the Oven, groweth Fluid, ex∣patiating it self into a thin flat body; which seemeth to be an ill baked Dough, of a maukish taste.

And as to Bear, it is thus Brewed, by pouring scalding hot Water upon Ground Malt, which being sometime infused in the hot Liquor, impreg∣nates it with active Particles; and when the Liquor after a sufficient Infusion, being strained from the grosser Faeces, is afterward well boiled, * 1.71 till it acqui∣reth a due Consistence, as being exalted with Saline and Sulphureous Particles of the Malt; and being somewhat cooled, Balm, or some other Ferment being added to it, the active Particles are put into motion: and the Beer working some time in the Tun, and afterward in Vessels, groweth clear, being secern∣ed from its grosser parts, which quit the body of the Liquor, * 1.72 and fall to the bottom of the Vessels; but if the Malt be too long infused in the hot Li∣quor, it will gain too great a Consistence, and turn thick and ropy, so that it will not be capable of a due Fermentation; because the Spirituous parts be∣ing over active, do so raise the Terrene, with which the Pores of the Liquor grows so big, that at last they confound the active Principles of it, and give a stop to Fermentation.

And if the Liquor be put into the Vessel too hot, in the extremity of heat in the Summer, or in severe cold Weather in the Winter, on the one side the overmuch heat giveth a check to due Fermentation, upon which the Liquor groweth Vapid, and pauled by too great an Evaporation of the sine and Spirituous parts: And on the other side, upon extremity of Cold, the Pores of the Liquor are too much Constipated, and the Saline and Oily parts grow too much fixed and gross, which hindreth a due Intestine motion: But if the watry part of Beer impregnated with proper Ferments, do duly work in the Vessel, the more spirituous and airy Particles do open the compage of the Liquor, and the active Principles do so much expand its Pores, that its Balmy tide overflows the Confines of the Vessel, and the more gross and ter∣rene parts subside to the bottom: So that the Fermentation being well accom∣plished, the substance of the Beer groweth more thin and clear, being de∣purated from its Faeces, and is rendred more serviceable, as Wholsome and Pleasant.

But when a due Fermentation is celebrated, if the Liquor be not closely stopped, or covered with a Cork, Bung, or the like, the more Volatil and Spirituous parts, quit their proper station, being naturally ambitious to ascend and associate with Airy and Aethereal Particles (to which they are near akin) and leave the Liquor to the dominion of the Saline; which being too highly exalted, do degenerate into a Fluor, imparting a sourness to the whole body of Liquor; which is also often occasioned by firing of Canon, and Claps of Thunder, which produce so violent an Agitation in the body of the Liquor, that the Volatil parts being too much moved, do evaporate and expose the Liquor to the tyranny of the Saline; which so far debauch the Beer, that it is rendred disserviceable for Drink.

Thus having given a taste of Bread and Beer (two great Necessaries to support our Life) how by Artificial Contrivances, acted by various Ferments, promoting Intestine motions, much consisting in the mutual contests of grosser and finer parts, to advance each others Nature, and the common good and interest of Mankind.

I intend now to present you with the most generous Liquor of the Grape, in whose free Cups we indulge our Selves and Friends in solemn Treats and Collations, * 1.73 as so many Expresses of our high Esteems, and affectionate Ca∣resses to each other: this noble Juice is acted with greater Fermentation than any Liquor (except that of Blood) which proceedeth from the ex∣uberant quantity of volatil Salt and Sulphur, the great Engines of intestine Motions, and the Arts of exalting and depressing the Fermentation of Wine; the Vintners (as much as they can) reserve in their own Breasts, as the great Secrets and Mysteries of their Profession.

In these they have many Systems of a kind of Medical Rules, Precepts and Methods, consigned to the curing of Wines when they are sick, wherein they prescribe a kind of Maturia Medica made up of Purging, Alterative and cordial Druggs, to raise the Fermentation when deficient, in Wines not fine, and to depress it, by attempering Medicines, when it runneth so high by rea∣son of intemperate Heat; and do add Stumm, (inclosed in Vessels hoop∣ed with Iron, and put into the Earth to detein it from working) and other more salutary Ferments, to impart Colour, Life, and Spirit to decaied Wines.

So that in short, * 1.74 the Art of a Vintner, consists chiefly inthese three Heads;

First, In the Fining of Wines, when they are turbid and gross in their substance, proceeding from a mixture of their flying Lees

Secondly, In giving them due allays in so great Effervescences and Fermen∣tations, commonly called Frets, caused by immoderate Heats in the midst of Summer.

Thirdly, In rendring them brisk and palatable, when they are grown faint and pauled, or sower, caused by the evaporation of their delicate oily parts.

As to the First, It is not so requisite, that Ferments should be applied to Wines in the Must, as to Wort in the Tun, because the finer juyce of the Grape, is enobled with spirituous qualities, that they rarely need any auxili∣ary Ferments to raise their natural intestine motion.

Therefore the Grapes being trode, and the juyce put into open Vessels, hath at first a high ebullition, somewhat resembling that of Water put into a Kettle and set upon a great Fire; and when the great effervescence of Wine in the Must is somewhat allayed; it is then confined in closer Vessels, in which it is receptive of a farther depuration, wherein the more delicate and volatil particles do open the compage of the Wine, making a secre∣tion of the gross faeces, from the more generous and pure parts, which ren∣ders the Wine fine and transparent, and serviceable to entertain its Ma∣ster, the Lord of this lower Orbe.

And because in the juyce of Grapes, the finer parts are so deeply engaged with the more gross, that they cannot make themselves free without the assist∣ance of Art; and thereupon Vintners consulting their own Interest, as well as the publick Good, do add some depurating Medicines, that the more Earthy and excremental parts (as unprofitable for use) may be sunk to the bottom; whereupon they are clarified upon a double account, either by viscous applications, as Ising-Glass, Whites of Eggs, and the like, whose clam∣my Embraces associating with the Lees of Wine, do so far depress them, till the Liquor is refined and rendred useful.

There are also other ingredients (added to Wines in the Muste, that have a precipitating quality) insinuating themselves into the Pores of the Li∣quor, do squeeze the grosser particles out of their former receptacles, till

they force them to the bottom; of this kind is Alabaster poudered, and Flint Calcined, and the like.

Wines having great bodies though made fine, yet do fret (as the Vint∣ners stile it) which giveth them a kind of feverish Distemper, as labouring under too great a distemper of Ebullition, proceeding often in Summer from Heat, opening the body of Wine, and disposing it for the reception of the flying Lees (arising from the bottom of the Vessel) being full of Salt and Sulphur, active Particles, which being exalted, put the Wine into a new Fermentation rendring it Rancid, Ropy, and sometimes Sour and Vapid, derived from an extravagant Effervescence, destructive of its fine volatil Temper.

Whereupon to prevent this Inconvenience, the Winecoopers, and Vint∣ners, wrack their Wines, and by drawing them out of one Cask into ano∣ther, do sever the Liquor from the Lees; adding sometimes Milk to tem∣per the Ebullition of Wine, and to restore its Colour, and make it grateful to the Eye and Pallate, by turning the dark brown hue into a more bright Colour.

And to speak a Cure for Ropy Wines, Artists apply unslackt Lime, burnt Allom, Salt, and the like, by which the Faeces of this generous Liquor are secured from the more fine parts, and at last turned to the bottom by a kind of Precipitation.

Lastly, Wines growing faint and pauled (loosing their briskness of taste) do drink down, which is occasioned in small Wines, by the evaporation of the fine and delicate Salt and Sulphur, in the heat of Summer, arising from a tumultuary motion of the active principles of Wine.

Whereupon Artists advise a kind of Cordial Medicines to be applied to decayed Wines, to repair their lost Life and Briskness, which is effected by ad∣ding to them new and choice Tartar, and the like; which being big with Saline chiefly, and also some Sulphureous Particles, do as it were impart a new life and spirit to Depauperated Wines, which are also accomplished by Syrupes made of Generous Wine, mixed with Spice and Sugar.

And I conceive, it will not be requisite to tire you with a farther Dis∣course of the Fermentation of the Juices of Apples, Cherrys, Corants, Goos∣berries, and the like; which are to be treated according to the same Rules and Method of Art, prescribed in order to defaecate these gross, and revive the decayed Juices.

Having made you a mean Treat of Wine, and of the manner of its In∣testine Motions, how they are managed by subtle and gentle, and by gross and sluggish Elements in Plants; my Design at this time, * 1.75 is to shew you the more exalted Fermentation in Animals (which hath great analogy in Nature with those of Vegetables) being Commenced and Promoted, by Volatil, Airy, and Spirituous Particles, enlarging the Compage of their more gene∣rous Liquors, whose gross parts do inclose the more fine; binding them to their good behaviour, lest they should make their escape, and pervert the choice Aeconomy of Nature, which endeavoureth to espouse Gross with Subtle Particles, that they may refine and perfect each other, in a mutual Converse; Nature being ambitious by various motions, to reconcile different dispositions of Entities, in a third more friendly temper, as an Union arising out of contrary Agents, designing by different Conflicts, * 1.76 to reduce each other to such a Mediocrity, as is a mutual Preservative.

And this Method, Nature observeth in the more select Liquors of Humane Body, which being acted by different Principles, do strive by contrary acti∣ons

to Meliorate, and in some degree to Assimilate each other, it being a kind of Love and Interest, in which Nature pleaseth it self in order to its Preservation.

The more volatil particles of Liquor relating to our Bodies, are immured within more gross Confines, which speak an advantage to the more spirituous (which ever being in a kind of Minority, as not being able to govern themselves) are reduced under the dominion of others (which are advanced by their more excellent society) whose spirituous parts being retired into the inward Recesses of the gross, do enoble their repositories, by imparting to their nar∣row Confines, more enlarged and finer dimensions.

And that a clear apprehension may be given of intestine Motion, in reference to the production of several Liquors, supporting the Body of Man, some Remarks may be offered, that concern the Nature and Properties of Ferments, and how they manage their motion of secretion of gross parts from the more fine.

CHAP. III. Of various Ferments productive of intestine motion, in reference to alimentary and vital Liquors.

HEre it is my Design to Treat mechanically of the nature of Fer∣ments, as consisting of contrary Principles, and different Figures, ope∣rating sometimes by expansive, and other times by a precipitating power; and to speak in particular of the Ferments of Salival, Serous, and Pancre∣atic Juyces, preparing and improving the alimentary and vital Liquor.

Ferments are vulgarly termed such Bodies, * 1.77 as are small in Quantity and great in Virtue, which being composed of different substances, do highly advance the Liquors of our Bodies, which cannot be effected without some gentle ebul∣lition, consisting in the mutual Disputes of contrary Principles, which are put into motion by several Ferments; * 1.78 whose various operations admit different manners of Determination; some raising an effervescence and tumefaction, and others are managed by precipitation.

And that a deeper inspection may be made into the nature of Ferments, taken in a general notion, we must observe their Phaenomena.

And indeed they are principally Liquors, pregnant with exalted Saline, sul∣phureous and spirituous Particles, plainly visible in the extracting the several Virtues of compound Bodies by Spirit of Wine: and Salts do also open the more solid concreted Bodies, and sulphureous parts appearing in form of Oils, and do open the Compage of Sulphureous Bodies, and do associate with their Oily, Rosinous, and Balsamick Liquors, so that various Ferments, do act upon such Substances, whose peculiar Dispositions have a likeness to their Nature and Operations.

And above all, * 1.79 the most active Ferments do consist of many particles of different and heterogeneous Natures, embodied in one mass, whence ariseth tumultuary agitations, to subdue the contrariety of Principles, and to reduce them at last to an amicable correspondence.

And a looseness made in the same Bodies (as being capable of a greater

expansion, by reason of dilated Pores) contributeth much to Fermentation, * 1.80 produced by mutual Conflicts of contrary Agents, at last ending in a hap∣py reconcilement, and perfection.

And to promote this intestine motion more effectually, it is requisite, that the various active Principles should be broken into many Minute Particles, * 1.81 whence they will be sooner reduced into Motion; because small Bodies can make less resistance than greater, and thereby are capable more quickly to en∣ter into Action, by a mutual Incorporation.

And not only the Minute Dimensions of Bodies, * 1.82 but their Figures also do assist Fermentation; as in some cases, the small sphaerical bodies of Liquors, receive an aptitude to it, as having loose substances, whose parts may be easi∣ly Expanded, and readily put into Motion.

Other Bodies also of different Dispositions, being endued with various An∣gles, do communicate a greater efficacy to Ferment, * 1.83 because they can more easily associate, and enter into confederacy with Minute Substances of Angular Figures; which being naturally fitted, do mutually insinuate themselves into one another, by Angular Interpositions, holding a mutual Conformity, so that they readily entertain a Similar Motion: But on the other side, plain Bodies, that entertain no Angles, are easily severed from those Bodies that encounter them, as being not able to make any impresses of motion upon them, and speedily part as strangers, being not able to make any Alliance with each other.

It may be added moreover, that Substances figured with acute Angles, * 1.84 are in a greater capacity to be Expanded, as they are more acute; because those Angles insinuating themselves in motion into the pores of other Substances, do Dilate them by making their former Spaces more enlarged.

And whatsoever Bodies have natural inclinations to motion imparted to them, either by vertue of Bulk, or Figure, yet they are not capable of Mo∣tion, unless their Dimension and Figure hold a suitable analogy with the Bodies, to which they are moved: as if they fall upon Bodies endued with an over-loose Compage, giving them too easie a passage without any re∣sistance.

Or if Bodies encounter each other, who have so compact a frame, whose parts are so closely conjoyned, that they cannot be parted, and thereupon they cannot admit any mutual Action or Passion, because their parts being so nearly wedged, cannot give any mutual reception into their inward Re∣cesses, therein to gain an opportunity of falling into action.

Wherefore various Bodies, in reference to motion, * 1.85 must necessarily hold some proportion with each other, in point of their Compage, in being nei∣ther too loose, nor too compact; and their parts consisting of various Fi∣gures, as they are disagreeable to each other, are put into motion by ma∣king a mutual resistance in variety of Action and Passion, produced by diffe∣rent dispositions of parts, working one upon another, to reduce themselves to a better Temper and Agreement.

Whence it may be inferred, that Ferments are Bodies consisting of minute parts, and very disagreeing Angular Figures of several kinds, which are re∣ceived into the various Pores of different Substances; through which they every way diffuse themselves, making divers Expansions and Intumescences, by their great resistance in variety of motion.

And now I beg pardon of the Courteous Reader, if these Mechanick Motions of Minute Bodies, beautified with variety of Figures in order to Motion, doe not complace his Temper, which I have given as most obvi∣ous

to Sense and Reason, the first being ministerial to the second; and there∣fere sensible Deductions, make great impression in, and speak satisfaction to our Understanding.

And whosoever will give himself the pleasure deeply to inspect the nature of things, * 1.86 may clearly apprehend the reason of Intestine Motion, proceed∣ing from Bodies (consisting of Peripatetick Elements, or Chymical Princi∣ples) which may be best explained by Mechanick Conceptions, of Figures, and small Dimensions; for though Sublunary Substances are discriminated by many Appellative, yet they all agree in one common nature, as they are Corporeal, and so are divisible into numerous Minute parts, affected with determinate Figures, which give high advantages and dispositions to each other to associate, to produce great variety of Intestine Motions: which I humbly conceive, are derived not only from the contrariety of Agents, but also from Bodies broken into small Particles, and modelled with different Fi∣gures; some being Sphaerical, Conical, Cubical, and others Pyramidal, Oval, Angular, producing several motions in divers Bodies; the causes of whose actions being reduced to Mechanick Principles, hold great correspon∣dence, as well with our Sense and Reason, as with the nature of things, and the truth of their Essences

Ingenious Descartes supposeth the souls of Bruits to be made up of Sphae∣rical, * 1.87 moveable Particles, which are imagined to be such a Ferment of so great Activity, as is not extant in the nature of Things, as being capable to build so elegant a Structure of the Body, in which it exerteth so great a variety of Intestine Motion.

But this Hypothesis is perplexed with many difficulties: For how can it be conceived the souls of Bruits, being composed of Orbicular Particles (which add Wings to Motion) should be deteined within the narrow confines of the Body seeing no Cements can be found to conjoyn these most active and moveable Particles, which being but gently agitated, will immediately part, and as they are encircled with Orbicular Figures, can only touch in Points, and so may easily vary their station; and as they are very small, and of a Volatil nature, can easily trans••ire the innumerable Minute Pores of the Body.

And if any outward assaults, upon these Minute Orbicular Bodies, as so many angry Guests, they will speedily quit their former Mansion House, and enter into a new Association, with Airy and Aethereal bodies, as much akin to these imaginary Volatil Particles, embelished with divers kinds of Figures, of bruitish Souls. * 1.88 Which curious Dr. Willis, describeth in manner of a Flame, arising out of the fiery parts of the Blood, composed of innumerable Minute Particles of divers kinds of Figures, acted with a most rapid Moti∣on, of which its flamy nature doth consist, and is conceived to be framed of a disagreeing furniture of many oily Particles, apt to be inflamed by a hasty motion; which is maintained by the most vigorous contests of many Minute Bodies affected with Angular Figures, which dashing one against another, do by a kind of attrition, reduce themselves to a Globular form, thereby rendring their nature more Volatil, and ready to extinguish this finer flame, unless it be perpetually supported by a constant fuel of new Orbicular, Spi∣rituous, and Sulphureous Particles.

From whence it may be inferred with great probability, * 1.89 that the Inte∣stine Motions, attending variety of Ferments, may be reduced to two kinds of Expansive, and Precipitatory Actions.

The first kind have difform constituent parts, which occasion the great disputes in contrary Agents, making a variance among themselves, as well as

Fermented Mass: * 1.90 In this rencounter of disagreeing Bodies (which being highly active) some are forced to make their retreat, to give freedom of space to others to exercise their Motion; and Particles different in Figure, do violently assault each other, endeavouring to Countermand each others mo∣tion by vigorous resistances, until some stubborn parts are turned out of Doors, and others (as more pliable) are subdued, being brought to such a degree of Uniformity, as is consistent with the welfare and perfection of the whole.

But Minute Bodies acting in Fermentation by a precipitating power do consist of more Heterogeneous, and differents Figures, * 1.91 which being more simple, endued with more accute and incisive Angles, do embody in a Mass, and do encounter whatsoever opposeth their motion with great briskness; and presently in substances of a loose Compage, free themselves from impor∣tunate Guests, and in a more compact Mass, make more violent Effervescences, produced by greater resistances, by which they are disburdened of opposite Particles, and then the disputes are calmed, and the more generous Particles are united, entring into those Pores, which before were prepossessed with other less similar Particles

Having treated of the nature of Ferments, and the requisite conditions of Fermentation, and its causes proceeding from bodies lessened into small Particles, dressed with various Figures, and acted with contrary Principles; considered in a general notion, as preliminary to intestine Motion, relating to the Body of Man, and taken in a more especial apprehension, in which we make inquiry into the subject matter of Fermentation, and its Causes, the various Ferments productive of it, and the ends to which it is consigned; the secretion of Liquors, and the secretory parts, and the manner of effect∣ing secretion by Percolation, produced by Vessels of several kinds, as so many Organs instituted by nature for the accomplishing of it

And seeing the Body of Man is made up of divers Substances, affected with Fermentative Principles, founded in contrariety of Qualities, and variety of Figures: And it may be worth our Disquisition, What is the subject matter of these Principles and Figures, which, I conceive, to be Constituents, of which Mans Body is formed; the Containing and Contained, the Solid and Fluid parts.

The first are made up of divers little Surfaces so closely conjoyned, that they cannot easily be parted; or of many Particles, which being of one or divers kinds, are so firmly espoused to each other, that they cannot easily suffer a divorce.

And those are stiled more Solid, as they more firmly adhere, and are more closely fixed to each other; as Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, which admit little or no Fermentation by reason of their great Driness and Solidity.

But the less solid and more tender parts, as Veins, Arteries, and Nerves, are the Repositories of fluid parts, and are so many Systems, made up of numerous Tubes, of several sizes, preserving, and receiving the various mo∣tions of different Liquors; so that Vessels, or other more solid parts, are on∣ly capable of some little Fermentation, as their Minute Pores are receptive of fluid parts, in order to Nutrition.

Whereupon the solid and dry parts, precisely taken, are disposed by Na∣ture to little Intestine Motion, which is chiefly assigned to Fluid Bodies as having greater empty Spaces, not firmly adhearing to each other, may more easily be Dissociated; so that this loose Compage of Liquors, is of an Expansive disposition, made by several Intestine Motions, proceeding from Substances, broken into small Particles, consisting of contrary Qualities, and various Figures.

The Liquors therefore (in which Fermentation is resident in Mans Body) are principally Chyle and Blood. * 1.92 The first receiveth its rudiment in the Mouth, where the Aliment being broken into small Particles by Mastication, is inspired with airy and aethereal Atomes, and impregnated with Salival Li∣quor, * 1.93 and then being conveyed through the Gulet into the Stomach, is ex∣alted with the greater parts of serous and nervous Liquors (exuding out of terminations of the Arteries and Nerves) by which the Chyle being first the prepared in the Stomach, is thence transmitted through the Pylorus into the Intestines, where it is improved by new Ferments of the Pancreatick Juice, and Nervous Liquor; the one coming out of the Excretory Ducts of the Pancreas, and the other distilling out of the more narrow extremities of of the Nerves.

And then this Milky Liquor is farther impelled by the peristaltick motion of the Intestines, and assisted by the compression of the Diaphragme into the Milky Vessels, conveying it into the Mesenterick Glands, where it re∣ceiveth a farther elaboration by Nervous Liquor, dropping out of the Nerves of the Mesentery, inserted into its Glands: From whence the Chyle after∣ward passeth by a second kind of Vessels, into the common receptacle, where it is embodied with the Lympha, rendring the Chyle more attenuated and fitted for Motion into the Thoratic Ducts; importing the prepared Chyle into the Subclavian Veins, where it entereth into confaederacy with the Sub∣clavian Veins, putting it into a new Fermentation, by reason of the crude Clymous parts very different from the nature of Blood.

The Vital Liquor being broken by impetuous motion into Minute parts, consisting of contrary Elements (and various Figures) consisting of Spiri∣tuous and Gross, of Volatil and fixed, Salin and Sulphureous Particles, of Acid, * 1.94 and Alcaly, which variously acting and reacting upon one another, do cause Intestine Motion in the chambers of the Heart, where the Blood receiveth a farther Exaltation, as associated with Nervous Liquor, squeesed out of the extremities of Nerves, terminating into the inward Walls of the Ven∣tricle; and out of the right, by the contraction of the Heart, the Purple Juice is briskly forced through the Pulmonary Arteries, into the substance of the Lungs, where it is inspired with Nitroaereal Particles (conveyed thither through the Vesicles, the appendant Vessels to the Bronchia) giving it a Scar∣let hue, and a gentle flame of Life.

And the Blood being afterward transmitted by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart, and thence through the common and ascen∣dent Trunks of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries (where it receiveth new impregnation of Nervous Liquor, distilling out of the small nervous Fibres, inserted into the inward arterial Coats) into the Cortical Glands, wherein ariseth a soft Fermentation; produced by volatil saline Particles, lodged in the substance of the ambient part of the Brain.

So that the various and chief Ferments subservient to Fermentation (by which it is highly promoted in the production and improvement of Chyle and Vital Liquor) are Salival Juice, the serous Liquor extracted out of the Blood, the Pancreatic Juice, and the airy and aethereal Particles.

Salival Liquor hath a fermenting Quality, * 1.95 and though it be a clear Tran∣parent Substance, yet it is not a simple Body, being compounded of many Elements; and is more gross than Water, and more fluid than the mucous matter of the Nostrils: and is not frothy in its own nature, being so rendred by the mixture of Air, and the motion of the Tongue and Teeth in Masti∣cation. And it is of as great difficulty, as importance, to describe its Nature

and Properties (which are as admirable as useful) because in Mastication, it entreth into association with the broken Aliments, very variously affected; as being Moist, Dry, Oily, Saline; and there is no Alimentary Substance of whatsoever qualification, that will not mix with this rare Juice, ••••d incorporate with it.

And whereas other simple and Heterogeneous Humours, as Water, Spirit, Oyl, Saline Liquors, and the like, being mixed, do part again from each other, and nevertheless do all associate with Salival Juice; * 1.96 by whose media∣tion these different Principles are reconciled to each other: Therefore this salival Liquor seemeth to be a universal Menstruum, which embodieth with, and prepareth all Masticated Aliments, of what disposition soever, and ac∣companieth it into the Ventricle, to give it a farther Exaltation; which the Salival Juice performeth by vertue of many Elements, of which it is Integrated, * 1.97 it being a Composition, of large Watry and some Nervous Liquor, and of Volatil Saline, and some oily and acide Particles very well commixed.

This rudiment of the first Concoction of the Meat, by the mixture of Sali∣val Juice in the Mouth, is more elaborated in the Stomach, by Serous Liquor dreined from the Blood, and transmitted into the cavity of the Sto∣mach, where it insinuates it self into the substance of the Aliment, and seve∣reth the Alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces, by a kind of Precipita∣tion, which it effecteth by its Watry, Saline, and some very few Acide Par∣ticles, affecting this Serous Liquor; which very much contributeth to the production of Chyle in the Stomach, which being carried into the Intestines, is farther attenuated and improved by the Pancreatic Juice, which is of thin Transparent Substance, and of a sweetish taste, inclining somewhat to Sub∣acide, and is endued with Fermentative disposition; as it is a serous and sa∣line part of the Blood, impraegnated with volatil saline Particles, derived from Nervous Liquor, transmitted into the body of the Pancreas, and mixed with serous Particles, which are conveyed by a common Duct into the Inte∣stines, where it meeteth with the Chyle; in which it raiseth an Effervescence in it, by which it is exalted and refined by defaecating the pure parts from the impure.

Another Humour, and that noble too, * 1.98 may be stiled the Nervous Li∣quor, impraegnated with Animal Spirits, and Volatil Saline, and Aereal Par∣ticles, whose spirituous and elastic body, doth much assist Fermentation in the production of Chyle and Blood, by relaxing the Compage of Alimen∣tary and Vital Liquor, and in reducing the contrary Aliments in these Hete∣rogeneous Bodies into action, whence ariseth an Effervescence of these Li∣quors commonly stiled Fermentation.

This Animal Juice associateth with that limpid Liquor in the Salival Glands, where it is very much enobled by its spirituous active Ingeny, and giveth a farther improvement to the serous Liquor of the Blood, which ex∣uding the inward Coat of the Stomach, giveth a farther digestion of the Aliment, and entereth into society with the Juice of the Pancreas; by ren∣dring it more spirituous and active, to impart a greater attenuation to the Chyle in the Intestines: From whence it being transmitted, * 1.99 into the Mesen∣teric Glands, doth there embody with the Animal Juice, which giveth it a greater exaltation, and maketh it more fit to enter into alliance with the Blood, in the Subclavian Veins, and Ventricles of the Heart, and substance of the Lungs, where it giveth impraegnation to the Blood, as much contribu∣ting to its Intestine Motion: The Succus Nervosus, also communicates a pow∣er to the serous Liquor of the Blood, to be exalted in the Cortical Glands of

the Brain, in reference to the formation of Animal Liquor and Spirits.

And in the Viscera, * 1.100 the Spleen, Liver, and Kidneys, these noble Colato∣ries of the Bl••••d, the Nervous Liquor is ministerial to the Purple Liquor; and by enlarging its Pores, giveth it a disposition of Secretion, which is lastly accomplished by Percolation, made by various Cavities of different kinds of Vessels; which I shall endeavour more clearly to set forth in Trea∣ting of Secretion and Percolation of Liquors.

CHAP. IV. Of the Fermentative Power of Aethereal and Aereal Particles, advancing the Chyle and Blood of Humane Bodies.

THe most exalted Ferments are Aethereal, * 1.101 which are as quick in Motion, as active in Qualities, and is most wisely Contrived by that most Glorious Agent, by an excellent Aeconomy in the first Constitution of Things, that Inferiour Bodies should be acted by the Influences of Superiour; where∣upon Caelestial Bodies, as common Parents in the production of Sublunary Entities, do improve their Seminal Vertues, by imparting new and more spi∣rituous dispositions to their sluggish Matter.

So that Aethereal Particles being of a kind of Divine Extract (as Emana∣tions of Caelestial Bodies, do penetrate into the Minute Pores of solid Sub∣stances, and the more free passages of Fluid Bodies; and their Compages enlarged by a sublimed heat, and influences do cause great Expansions in the noble Liquors of Mans Body, raising their Fermentation to a great Re∣finement.

Subtle Aethereal Particles do easily insinuate themselves into the less Active Bodies, * 1.102 Nutricious, Vital, and Nervous Liquor: And these fine Irradiati∣ons, being of a Volatil Ingeny, have inclination to mount upward toward their former Stations, to associate with Similar Substances, were they not de∣tained below within the more fixed confinements of Earthy Bodies.

And seeing all Intestine Motion is celebrated between contrary Agents, according to that great Philosopher, in his Book De Generatione, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Agere & pati sunt contrariorum. Aethereal influences pro∣pagated from bright Luminaries, being thin spirituous Substances, do come from above to meet here below, with dull Earthy Bodies; where they raise disputes in Waters, making great Intestine Motions, to advance the gross dispositions of inferiour Beings, and elevate them to a higher degree of Perfection, by somewhat of Assimilation, which these lower Bodies do gain by their Converse with the more sublime Aethereal Influences, derived from Caelestial bodies.

Again, Bodies suffering great comminutions, have their particles dressed with different shapes and sizes, else they will be despoiled of all intestine Motion, with which they are acted, because, when many Bodies are endu∣ed with an equality of Figures, and Magnitudes, they cannot long, if at all, partake of Motion, which consisteth in an open Compage of move∣able

substances, by reason their distant parts will soon reduce themselves close to each other, produced by an equality of sides, which making their near∣er applications to each other, the intermedial spaces, are filled up, and the inte∣stine Motion consequently ceaseth.

So that these minute spirituous Particles flowing from the beams of the Sun, and other Planets and Starrs (of greater or less Magnitudes) are darted into the Pores of all sublunary Bodies, whose nimble Motions could pro∣duce little or no impressions (as Ferments in this lower Orbe) if they should meet with liquid Subjects, only perforated with streight Pores, accom∣modated with regular Figures, by reason they would find no resistance, speedily running through these regular Passages, and cause little or no Inte-Motion.

Whereupon these aethereal Particles, not consisting of irregular Angles, * 1.103 do naturally stream with the greatest swiftness imaginable, in right Lines, through all Pores of other Bodies, adorned with uniform Figures, which give aethereal Influences free passages readily to be transmitted, without gi∣ving check to their direct course, thereby making, by reason of their smooth abode, little alteration in Bodies penetrated with such inexpressible quick∣ness.

But the Liquors of Mans Body composed of Heterogeneous Prin∣ciples, are brought by Motion into minute Parts, * 1.104 furnished with variety of Magnitudes and Figures, holding no exact fitness with each other, must needs have empty spaces interceding their sides; whereupon they cannot make so near accesses to each other, by reason of their disproportioned sides, and unequal Angles, giving freedom to the minute agitated Parts, to play up and down, and continue their Motion.

Whereupon aethereal Influences acted with subtil Particles, do insinuate themselves through the secret Passages of our Body in its fluid Parts, adorn∣ed with numerous Angles, and irregular sides, which do hinder the over-hasty Motion of Celestial Influences, and by dashing them against the various Angles, and disagreeing sides of fluid Particles, do distort their natural Motion in right Lines, causing them to make many Reflecti∣ons from Angle to Angle, and Side to Side, thereby forcing these aethereal Emanations, embodied with Air, to make a long stay within the narrow limits of nutricious, vital and nervous Liquors, to impregnate them with spirituous Particles, and excite their most sluggish Principles to greater de∣grees of activity; whence procede Intestine Motions, to mature those in∣digested Liquors, to render them more fit Instruments of Life, Sense and Motion.

Having Treated of aethereal Particles, * 1.105 as Fermentative in Humane Bo∣dies. I Design now to speak somewhat of Air, as receptive of those more Coelestial Influences, and very much contributing to Fermentation, perfect∣ive of all other, as well as Humane Bodies.

And as preliminary to it, I will briefly discourse the nature of Air, as abstractly taken, and afterwards of the different Influences of Minerals, Vegetables, and Animals, impregnating Air, and rendring it Fermentative.

And Lastly, what Influences it hath upon the Body of Man, by insinuating it self, according to secret pores into the Veins, and as received by more large cavities upon mastication into the Mouth, Stomach, Intestines, and by in∣spiration into the Aspera Arteria, Bronchia, and Vesicles of the Lungs, through which it is conveighed into the Substance of them, where it meeteth the Blood, and by degrees impregnates the whole mass of it.

As to the nature of Air, * 1.106 if it be considered, as divested of all extraneous Particles, the Emanations of Coelestial and sublunary Beings, it is a simple Body, consisting of most minute and subtile parts, which being in per∣petual Motion (caused by the pulses of Heat) do render it fluide, as having an open Compage, * 1.107 whose parts are most readily severed one from another, by steams issuing out of the Earth, and other sublunary Bodies; it hath al∣so an expansive disposition, as composed of elastic Particles, and is often condensed, as compressed by the weight of incumbent Bodies, which being taken off, the Air enjoyeth its freedom, by enlarging it self by a kind of Spring, unto its natural expansion

And is very light in its own nature, * 1.108 and groweth more ponderous by the constant effluxes of other Bodies, which perpetually vent themselves into the Air, rendring it more weighty, whose upper Region pressing down the lower, and at last making the surfaces of inferior Bodies, as Water, Mercury, and other fluides, unequal, by raising them up many degrees in Cylinders, above their natural Sphaere.

Learned Mr. * 1.109 Hook maketh Air a Tincture or Solution of Terrestrial and Aqueous Bodies dissolved into it, and agitated by it, just as Cochenele is nothing but some fine dissoluble parts of that Concrete, licked up or dis∣solv'd by that fluide Water, and from this Notion this curious Author con∣ceiveth an Account may be intelligibly given of the Condensation and Ra∣refaction of Air.

This opinion, though it is most ingenious, and full of probability, yet it may seem somewhat short of Truth, in that it supposeth the Aether (excluding Air) to be a fluide medium in which all other Bodies do move and swim.

And apprehendeth Air to be meerly a Tincture and Composition of other Bodies, to which I cannot fully subscribe; because I humbly con∣ceive that Air is not only a Compage made up of extraneous parts, * 1.110 but is in its own Nature precisely taken, an entire, simple, and fluide Body, composed of most numerous subtile elastic parts, and is not only impreg∣nated with aethereal Particles, but also with fruitful Emissions, flowing out of various sublunary Bodies.

And Air (according to my apprehension) is a distinct Substance from Aether, as having a peculiar Essence in the Creation of the Universe, and was not constituted originally of various steams, or of a saline Substance, dissol∣ved by the agil and fluide aether, but in its first principle is a homogene∣ous Body, consisting of many minute similar parts, and afterwards advan∣ced with divers Caelestial Emanations, and tinged with different effluvia, proceeding from Mineral, * 1.111 Vegetable, and animal Bodies, which being he∣terogeneous, do affect it with Fermentative Dispositions.

Metals and Minerals being of a Compact Substance, do emit fewer efflu∣via then vegetables; in respect their Pores are more minute, and their Bodies more dry; but because these solid Substances, are also im∣pregnated with volatil Particles of Salt, Sulphur, Bitumen and the like, they breath out many effluxes into the Air, by which it is made more act∣ive, and fit for Fermentation, as consisting of heterogenous Elements

So that the Air is a vehicle of infinite effluvia of various tempers exha∣led out of the Earth, * 1.112 some Watry, others Fiery, and Sulphureous, and Saline; some proceeding from common Salt, Alum, Nitre, and others, from Vitriol and Armoniac, which are exhaled by the Sun out of the Earth near the Surface, and others more violently emitted out of its Bowels, and

inward Recesses by subterraneous Fires, into the Atmosphaere, making great agitations of the Air (somewhat resembling the waves of Water) which making Appulses successively one upon the neck of another, do cause a con∣tinued Motion, as long as the extraordinary Effluvia (breathed out of the Earth) do last.

These various Emissions raised out of the Earth, * 1.113 and flowing from dif∣ferent Watry, Saline, and Sulphureous Elements, do in all probability, pro∣duce the various Meteors, sometimes seated and floating in the Air; hence arise variety of Winds, and the different seasons of Heat and Cold, Rain, Snow, Hail, Dews and Frost, which make divers impressions upon Vege∣tables and Animals.

So that the innumerable company of steams, swimming in the Air, breathed out of the Earth, and Minerals (acted with quick Motions) con∣sisting of innumerable minute Bodies, of different Natures, Shapes and Si∣zes, hurried with most impetuous Motions, do hereby give the Air a Fer∣menting disposition.

Having given you a glimpse of the steams arising out of Minerals, infect∣ing the body of Air, and therein contributing to Fermentation, I will now (God willing) speak somewhat of the effluxes of Vegetables, * 1.114 how they inspire the Air, and impart to it a fermentative ingeny, wherein three considerables seem at the first sight to present themselves, the structure of Vegetables, the various Liquors, nourishing and reviving them, do send out constant steams into the Air, and the circulation and motion of these different Juices, to and from their Centre, from the more inward to the ambient parts, by whose Pores the several effluvia are breathed out into the Atmosphaere.

As to the structure of Vegetables, they are a curious contexture, * 1.115 made up of Bark, Wood and Pith. The Bark again is composed, of a thin outward velament, somewhat resembling the thin skin, covering a more thick spongy substance, not altogether unlike the parenchyma, of the skin of Animals.

The thin Coat every way encircleth the Bark, * 1.116 and a woody substance is made up of innumerable minute filaments, running the whole length of Ve∣getables, and is of a close Compage, pinked with numerous minute Pores, receiving alimentary Liquor and Air, affected with fruitful steams.

Under this thin Coat is lodged a more loose substance, formed of many small Fibres passing in crooked Lines, making various Arches, occasioned by their frequent inosculations, wherein they often meet, and part again, having divers Areae of divers Figures and Sizes, interspersed with several Cells (having Inlets one into another) filled with Succus nutricius, as so many Cisterns of it derived into the extremity of Network-vessels, chiefly composing the more spongy part of the Bark, which hath divers inserti∣ons, passing horizontally, through the body of the Wood, and terminating into the Pith.

The woody substance of Vegetables, * 1.117 is framed of most numerous small Tubes, so closely cemented together, that they seem to make one entire substance, sometimes modelled into an orbicular Figure, and in trunks of Trees, and stalks of Plants, into various round and angular Bodies.

These manifold concave Cylinders do chiefly run the whole length of the Wood, and sometime transversely in annular Figures, * 1.118 and other times in Diametral Rays, pass from the circumference to the center; beside these Sap-Vessels in the body of the Wood, may be discovered in every Rind, ma∣ny airy Vessels, which being sometimes radiated, do run in Diametral Rays, betwixt the Pith and Bark.

The Pith of Vegetables (lasting but one Year) in their first shooting, is composed of a loose Fabrick, * 1.119 something like the inward part of the Bark, and is seated in the Center, and is integrated of two parts; the one of Vessels, of Angular, and also of round Forms; making divers Rings in the Margent of it, and dressed with numerous Vessels; and the other part, is a kind of Parenchyma.

The Vessels are receptacles of Sap, * 1.120 deriving it to the manifold annular Tubes, and thence communicating it, to the fruitful Vessels, composing the body of the Wood. The Vessels of the Pith, have a different progress from those of the Bark and Wood, which for the most part run in length, in straight Lines; but those of the Pith, being of an annular Figure, pass Horizontally.

The Liquors are impregnated with Air, * 1.121 (which is communicated to them by the Pores of the Cuticle, enwrapping the inward recesses of the Bark) and are of several Kinds, of different Colours and Consistence; some White, Yel∣low, and others of a darkish hue; some Transparent, others Opacous; some Watry, Milky, and others Gummy, Resinous, and of a Gummy resinous nature.

Various Juices, * 1.122 advancing the several parts of Plants, and Trees do mount upwards in straight Lines, through the vessels of the Bark, Wood, and Pith, and are also transmitted horizontally from the Bark by Cortical in ser∣tions, through the substance of the Wood, and thence reconveyed from the Center to the Circumference, by Wooden Vessels; which terminate into the Cuticle of the Bark, perforated with innumerable Pores, through which the Watry, Milky, Gummy, Resinous, and Resinogummy, do emit their con∣stant and various Effluxes into the Air, and perfume it with sweet smells, especially in the first rising of the Sap, which is primarily imparted from the Earth, and is filtred through the many minute Pores of the Bark; into which such an Alimentary Liquor is received; whose small Particles are configured to the little perforations, seated in the cuticle of the Root, from whence it is transmitted into the System of small Fibers (constituting the substance of the Wood) and is afterwards reconveyed by other cross Insertions (by which the body of the Trunk is dilated) into the Bark of Trees, and cuticle of Plants, Buds, and Flowers; through whose secret passages, many steams of subtil, and odoriferous effluxes are emitted, making in the Spring, every Bush a Nosegay, and every Field, finely dressed with Flowers, a Garden.

So that Vegetables, * 1.123 far surpassing Animals in number, do out of their numerous bodies breath out more fruitful Effluxes into the Air, thereby much more contributing to its Fermentative disposition, then all the kinds of Ani∣mals, living in the whole Universe.

But this I must confess, that if Animals were as numerous as Vegitables, they would impart to the Air, a greater quantity of more subtil Effluxes, then Trees and Plants, whose Alimentary Liquor, moveth much slower then that of Animals; in which the Blood is hurried with a more impetuous Tor∣rent, giving it a great proportion of heat and thinness, which produce a greater portion of more refined and spirituous steams, the true cause of faint∣ness in hot Weather, wherein the Blood having a great Effervescence, send∣eth forth a luxuriant proportion of Effluvia, through the enlarged Pores of the Skin.

Whereupon, the Vital Liquor (the principal materia substrata of steams in Animals,) being carried by the impulse of the Heart, first into the greatest Trunks of Arteries, and from thence into smaller and smaller Branches, till at

last they terminate into small Capillaries, lodged in the Cutis, * 1.124 all beset with innumerable Minute Pores, through which the agile effluxes of Blood do transpire, and associate with Air, as being near akin to these rarefied fluid bodies, which impraegnate a great space of Air, with a small quantity of Matter.

So that the effluxes transmitted out of the bodies of Animals, will infect the Air at a great distance with spirituous Emanations, without any eminent or sensible decrement of the bodies in weight, which speaketh the great light∣ness and subtlety of the steams, * 1.125 which hath been often experimented by Balances; shewing that bodies, after they have sent out large proportions of Odoriferous Steams (as Musk and Civet) have received a small diminution in weight.

And the Effluvia of Animals, after they have been long Transpired, and highly affected with the neighbouring bodies, have caused no manifest impres∣sion by any visible adherency to them, that could be discovered by a most cu∣rious Eye; and yet at the same time, those light thin Exhalations, leave such sensible Characters on adjacent bodies, that they can be discerned by Animals affected with the most tender sense of Smelling.

Partridges, and Quails, upon their feeding in Pastures, do leave such impressions on the Ground and Grass, made by Steams, exhaling the Pores of their Feet and Bodies, that Spaniels can discern by the scent, where Partridges and Quails have fed.

The Particles of Fluid Bodies being acted with constant motion, * 1.126 are em∣bodied with those thin substances in which they swim, seeming to be their Constituent Parts; as may be clearly evidenced, by Saline Particles dissolved in, and Incorporated with a proper Menstruum, and the floating steams of Living Bodies, enter into such a confederacy with Air, that they are not at all distinguishable from it.

And the Atmosphaere (the proper place of Corporeal Effluxes) is infi∣nitely greater in Circuit, than the emittent bodies; * 1.127 as may be easily imagined by the distance: Buck-hounds, and Harriers, will take the scent of Deer, be∣fore they arrive the places, they have lately frequented. And it is very pro∣bable, that in places having free Air, the Effluxes do perpetually stream out of the Fountain for many Hours, for so long a time, as the scent lieth; so that it will be requisite, there should be a kind of Stock of Matter left upon the Ground, or Grass, upon which Deer or Hares have lodged, to send out per∣petual Emanations into the Atmosphaere, to maintain the scent for a long time; and so a very small quantity of Matter made up of these Effluxes, doth manifestly affect a great compass of the Air, ten thousand times greater, than the bodies emitting these steams. Whence it may be evinced, with as much ease as clearness, they are Spirituous, Minute, and Light, else the Air could not be supplied with a scent so long time, by so small Atomes of Matter, which assiduously sendeth out for many hours so large recruits of invisible steams, as are necessary for maintenance of the scent; which is so hot in a blown Deer, that I have seen the Hounds chase him, and single him out in the midst of a Herd of Deer.

Whereupon the steams (issuing out of the bodies of Animals, through their Pores into the Air) are very subtle, seeing they cannot be discerned by the quickest fight: And because, out of a small quantity of Matter, nume∣rous effluxes may be emitted without much decrement of the Body (out of which they Transpire, as it plainly appeareth, by weighing it in a balance, after the Effluvia have been a long time imparted to the Air: whose quarters

are impregnated at a great distance, with a small deal of Matter. So that Spaniels can scent Partridges and Quails, and Hounds, Deer and Hare, at a great space, before they range or run to places, where they spring the Fowl, or rouze the Deer. Which is an argument, That the steams of Living Bodies, have great power to influence the Air, and do highly assist its Fermenting Quality, which is acted not only by the Effluvia, derived from Animals, but also from Vegetables and Minerals.

The lower Orb, the Center of the Universe, is composed of Solid and Fluid Parts, of Earth and Water: The Earth is rich in Treasures, of Metals and Minerals, * 1.128 which are made up principally of different Salts and Sulphurs; which being lodged near the Surface of the Earth, are besprinkled with Showres of Rain, and warmed with solar heat, and impraegnated with Aethe∣real Particles: By whose vertue, these various Salts and Sulphurs (being in Solutis Principiis) have the compage of their bodies opened, emitting steams of different dispositions into the Atmosphaere.

Vitriol and Niter, * 1.129 breath out Penetrating and Coroding Exhalations, di∣vers sorts of Allom, being of gross parts, do countermand the others fierce∣ness by Incrassation; and the watry vapours dissolving the Saline, do associate with them, by moistning and dulcifying their dry and acid Qualities, and do reduce each other to a due Temper.

Divers unctuous kinds of Earth, as Sulphur, Amber, Bitumen, Marl, Fullers Earth, and the like, send out hot fumes into the Air, where they meet with cold watry Vapours, giving their heat a due allay.

Terra Sigillata, Chia, Silesiaca, Lemnia, Bolus Armena, and many whole∣some Earths in our own Climate; being bedewed with Showres, do send out many salutary Effluxes into the Air, and are as it were so many Antidotes to correct, in some sort, malignant vapours arising out of Cinnabar, Mercury, Arsnick, and other venenate Minerals: Whose noisome Exhalations are di∣spelled by Saline Steams, * 1.130 which do purge the Air by their detersive Qualities, keeping it from Putrefaction, and by giving it a brisk Motion, which is produced by great crowds of boistrous Exhalations (justling one against another) of different tempers; among which, as I conceive, the Saline are the most active, making great bustles in the Air, hurrying it from one term to another, as a Fluid Body, somewhat resembling the motion of Waters; so that one Wave by its impulse, soon raiseth another, and the second the third, and a third the fourth, and Wave after Wave, still pressing one another forward, till at last they are broken by the power of the Shore, or their force retunded by con∣trary Waves.

In like manner, * 1.131 a Wind being raised by highly Acid and Saline steams arising out of the Earth, which do first assault one part of the Air, and im∣mediately attack the next neighbouring parts, and so one wave of Air ur∣ging the next immediately forward, do successively force one another with great nimbleness, making a quick agitation of the several parts of the Air, so that it seemeth to be one continued Motion, until Mountains, Clouds, Showres, or contrary Winds, speak a period to languishing Steams, and mo∣tion of the Air; which is not only rendred wholsome by impetuous hurry of various Mineral Exhalations, but also by the mere motion of steams, ari∣sing out of the Alimentary Juices of Vegetables, whose sweet saline and oily Balsamick Effluxes, do much advance the natural temper of the Air, by gi∣ving it a salutary fermentative Disposition.

So that Effluxes do issue out of several Nutricious Juices (animating Trees and Plants) which are first derived from the Mould into the Minute Pores of

the Cuticle encircling the Root, and afterward into the Bark and Wood, * 1.132 through whose substance the Sap is propagated by a number of small Vessels, running long-ways from the bottom to the top, and is afterward conveyed cross-ways by Wooden Fibres inserted into the Bark, through which the gum∣my steams, are emitted out of Plum-Trees, Cherry-Trees, and the like, which being of an Emplastick, Thickning, and Cooling temper, do enter into alliance with Watry Vapours, as near akin to them; and all Effluxes proceeding from Lactescent Juices of Succhory, Dandelion, and the like, being of a moist and cooling temper, do associate with Aqueous Emanati∣ons: And also Gummy Effluvia, by their viscide and temperate nature, do countermand the over Aperitive Qualities of hot sulphureous and caustick Steams.

The Oleagenous Effluxes flowing from Balsamick Liquors of Resinous Trees, * 1.133 do with an aperient, emolient, discutient and healing Disposition, much enoble the Atmosphaere, as conducing to the preservation of the Lungs in a due Tone, and to restore it when afflicted with thin and acid Catarrhs.

The unctuous steams of Balsamick Liquors, are dissolved by, and embo∣died with vinous Effluxes, breathed out of several kinds of Fruits, as Grapes, Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Goosberries, Corance, Rasberries, and the like, which impart a Cordial quality to the pleasant refreshing draughts of Air, giving the Vital Liquor in the Lungs a spumous substance and Florid Colour.

These generous Vital Steams, are great and principal Ingredients, consti∣tuting the Fermenting temper of the Air: As they are the most active steams, putting the other sluggish contrary Effluvia of Trees and Plants, into Inte∣stine Motion.

The Resinous, and Vinous Effluxes, being of a similar temper, do enter into a near Conjunction, as preservative one of another, and are Alexiphar∣macal to exalt the Air with benign Influences, in opposition to noisome steams, that are emitted out of the poisonous Liquors of Plants, as wild Cucumbers, Hellebore, Night-shade, Black Poppies, divers parts of Tithi∣mals, and many other of the like nature.

And not only Mineral and Vegetable Effluvia are Ingredients, but also those of Animals claim their share, in producing the Fermentative Ingeny of Air, which is a universal Vehicle of all steams whatsoever.

The Vital Liquor of Animals, * 1.134 being briskly transmitted by a strong Im∣pulse in many greater and smaller Cylinders, from the inward Recesses, to ambient parts of the Body, the Cutis, and Cuticula; through whose in∣numerable Pores, the more thin and spirituous Particles of the Blood do per∣petually Transpire, and in a most eminent degree; when the Blood is carried in a great Torrent, with violent agitations of the Body, wherein it is acted by strong contractions of Muscles, squeesing the Vessels, and hastning the mo∣tion of the Blood, imparting to it great Heat and Rarefaction; * 1.135 whereupon the Compage of the Blood being opened, and tumultuarily impelled by the greater and lesser Arteries to the surface of the Body, through which it emitteth numerous steams into the Air, as being more excellent Emana∣tions, springing from an elevated principle of Life (attended with more se∣lect Organs) than those of Vegetables.

And in order to give a more clear account of the true Origen, and Causes productive of the Fermentative Power (which is more eminent in Air, than in any other Body) as it consisteth of many contrary active Principles, the various steams that inspire it; some being Caelestial Emanations, of a Hea∣venly

Extract, as streaming above out of the Sun, and other Planets, and Stars, of a greater or less Magnitude; and others being of a more mean Off-spring, arising out of a lower Orb, have divers Families, as they are pro∣pagated from Minerals, Vegetables, and Animals.

The Mineral Steams also are of a different Ingeny, * 1.136 some Saline, some Sul∣phureous, and others Earthy; the Saline are different too, as Armoniac, Vitriolick, Nitrous, Aluminous, and many others, made up of Acids and Alcalys, and Sulphureous Effluxes also are of several sorts, whereof some are Salutary, as Amber, Bitumen, Common Sulphur; and others Venenate, as Auri∣pigmentum, Arsnick: and Earthy Steams are also several, as flowing from different Earths, as Terra Lemnia, Sigillata, and the like.

The Vegetable Effluxes too are no like Heterogeneous, * 1.137 and far more nu∣merous, than those of Minerals: Because the whole Earth being Clothed with Plants, and adorned with Leaves and Flowers, perpetually emitting wholsome Steams into the Air; some Watry, and Gummy, and other Ui∣nous and Resinous, Oily and Balsamic, and others Saline of several Families, compounded of Acids and Alcalys.

The Effluxes of Animals, inspiring the Air, are much less than those of Vegetables, and are of several Natures; some Fuliginous, transmitted out of the Lungs, with the expired Air; and others Alimentary, which are the more fine, Volatil, Saline, and Sulphurious Particles of the Blood, and Ner∣vous Liquor, transpiring the many Minute Pores of the Cutis and Cuticula.

These various Effluxes arising out of several Families of Entities, and every particular Branch of them, are so many different Sources (out of which, they are transmitted into one common receptacle of Air) make divers disputes, the Volatil, Saline, and Sulphureous aspiring, are confined within the more gross embraces of the aqueous and earthy Steams; which get the advantage of being refined, by the more Spirituous and Volatil.

The more thin, aperitive, vinous Effluxes of Vegetables, are enclosed within the more Astringent, Emplastic, and Oleaginous: The gummy and resinous Steams, grow more exalted by the association of volatil and vinous Effluvia.

The Steams also of the bodies of Animals, * 1.138 are different from those other Families of Entities, and arising out of the Heterogeneous Principles of the Blood, do contribute to the fermentative disposition of the Air, consisting of many extraneous parts; which being of contrary Natures, some Rare, some more Dense, others aperitive or astringent, some volatil, others gross, some Saline, others Sulphureous, some Gummy, others Resinous, some active, others passive, do act and react upon each other, according to their several Capacities; and at last, after divers Contests, the Heterogeneous parts that cannot be reconciled to each other, suffer a Divorce; and the more Similar do mutually espouse by entring into an intimate union, as great Friends and Preservation of each other.

These various Effluxes, though little in bulk, yet are of great power, their great number speaking a Compensation for their smalness of their bo∣dies, * 1.139 as being associated in one Compage, do seem to Operate, as it were, one great agent made up of many Minute ones.

So that, as not only lesser Land Waters breaking their Confines, do over∣flow the Neighbouring Meadows, but also great Inundations swallowing up whole Countries, are acted with bodies singly so small, and inconsiderable; as drops making Showres in their immense numbers, and after their long con∣tinued fall do create Deluges of Waters, which in Noah's time, covered the

whole face of the Earth. This great association of small Particles of Wa∣ter, constituting Showres of Rain, are compounded of far less; and more numerous bodies of ascending vapours, which being condensed first into Clouds, do afterwards dissolve into Showres, to drench and impraegnate this lower Orb.

Thus having shewed the several Fountains (out of which these Corporeal Effluxes do stream) and their various Dispositions, imparting to Air, a Fer∣mentative Nature: My farther Intendment is now to declare, how Air impraeg∣nated with different Steams, doth influence the several orders of substances and Entities, whose Effluvia do advance the Atmosphaere: and again, the Atmosphaere being impraegnated with Aethereal and Corporeal Emanations, * 1.140 doth speak its grateful returns, to the treble Family of Minerals, Vegetables, and Animals, as the Parents of all Corporeal Effluxes, which are conveyed to and fro all Earthy Bodies, by the mediation of the Air, the common ve∣hicle of Steams (for the most part consisting of a thin subtle nature) easily insinuating themselves into the Pores of Neighbouring Bodies: Because the great swarms of Effluxes, being great multitudes of minute volatil Bodies, do not only sport themselves upon the outward Surfaces, but also penetrate through the small secret passages, into the inward parts of Bodies.

And though every single Steam, and its proper Operation, is not consider∣able in reference to the numerous parts (of which Bodies are composed) yet vast numbers of these minute agents, assisting each other in joynt Ope∣rations, may highly affect a proportionate number of parts, whose substance they permeate.

And here (I conceive) it may not be unworthy our Remark, that great swarms of Effluvia, may produce notable effects upon Bodies, when we consider that they do not proceed at once in manner of a Torrent, or like a Hailshot coming out of a Gun, but issue from bodies, as vaporous Winds do out of an Aeolipil well heated: Or like Waters issuing out of a Fountain, in continued Streams, * 1.141 wherein numerous Fluid Particles still press one ano∣ther forward in a successive motion; so that though multitude of Steams emitted at one time, be only capable to affect the outward surfaces of Bodies, yet the succeeding Effluxes, may insinuate themselves a little farther inward, and every minute emitteth new supplies of Corporeal Emanations, which do press forward those that are already entred, and successively move each other, from place to place, through the manifold Pores, seated one within another, till they being embodied with their vehicle of Air, do at last arrive the inmost recesses of the Body.

And indeed, upon a curious survey of the Subject, we may discover, that though greatness of Bodies, do somewhat contribute to their Operation up∣on others, yet matter precisely taken in its own nature, is a sluggish Princi∣ple (and one part acteth upon another by local Motion) whose Operations are rendred more easie, and diversly Modelled, by their Figure, Magnitude, Situation, and texture of agent and patient. And therefore Bodies, * 1.142 though very small, yet in great numbers, may have a degree of Motion, when Mi∣nute Particles do conform in shape and size to the Pores of the Bodies they act upon; and the minute models of Effluvia, do hold analogy with the texture of Bodies, fitted to receive their amicable, or hostile impressions, and may accom∣plish such effects in the Subject, as more considerable bodies in quantity, be∣ing ill shaped, and moved, are not capable to effect upon the same body.

Minerals in Solutis principiis, being Liquid and Fluid Bodies, have an open Compage, and being lodged near the Surface of the Earth, may be penetrated

by the Air, enobled with Aethereal and Mineral Effluvia, which being com∣posed of thin and volatil parts, may be readily conveyed through the Pores of Mineral Juices into the penetrals of them.

And these Mineral Effluxes, are framed of Saline, Sulphureous, and Earthy parts, which being most small bodies, may easily enter into an inti∣mate Confederacy with each other, and much assist the Fermentation of the loose fluid principles of Minerals, in order to a more fixed and solid substance in Concretion, which is the maturity of Minerals.

Minerals, * 1.143 when they are made Capita mortua, as despoiled of their nature and qualities, by repeated operations of Art, and are revived again, as impregnated with new and lively qualities, derived from subtle Corporeal Effluxes swimming in the Air.

Antimonium Diaphoreticum (being almost, if not altogether a Calx) is divested of its native Qualities, and restored to its primitive Principles, reassu∣ming its vomitive quality, when exposed to the open Air, whose Saline and Sulphurious Effluvia, do open and enter into the body of Antimonium Diaphoreticum, and imparteth to it, its former nature and dispositions.

The Earth being robbed of its Treasures, by digging up its Mines and Minerals, is experimentally found to be enriched in their growth again after some Years; which I conceive proceedeth from Mineral Juices, lodged in the Earth, * 1.144 receiving new impraegnations from Mineral Influxes communicated to the Air, which being embodied with the saline, and earthy Particles of the Embrionated Minerals, do farther their Fermentative power, and at last step after step, accomplish their more solid Consistence, ending in a fixed con∣creted body.

Salts inclosed within the confinement of Fixation, * 1.145 are enlarged again by the effluvia of Air, and turned into a Fluor.

The Earth, * 1.146 the common parent of Plants and Trees, when bereaved of all its Oily and Saline parts, is turned into a Caput mortuum, and groweth fruitful again by being exposed to the Air, whose Saline and Sulphureous Steams, give it a new Fertility: Whereupon Summer Fallows, do faecun∣date the Earth, as improved by aethereal particles of the Sun and Air, big with fruitful Corporeal Effluxes.

And not only Mineral, but also Vegetable Juices, are rendred Fermenta∣tive by manifold Steams, (embodied with Air) which are of a very diffe∣rent nature, reteining the qualities of those Substances, out of which they issue, and are transmitted into the bodies of Plants and Trees (as I conceive) after this manner: The Succus nutricius of Vegetables, is received out of the Earth by the secret passages of the Cuticula (enwrapping the Root) beset with numerous Perforations (suited in figure and magnitude to the Minute Particles of the Sap) through which the alimentary Liquor is filtred, and then is carried upward through the systems of Wooden Fibres, which are so many Minute Tubes making the body of Trees, and stalks of Plants.

So that the Sap, * 1.147 as it runneth upward from the Root to the top, is impraeg∣nated in its passage, with streams of Effluxes, insinuating themselves through many secret passages of the Bark, by which numerous Fibres passing horizon∣tally, the many subtle and spirituous Steams, being of different tempers, shapes and sizes, are conveyed into the Oblongue Cylinders, big with Sap, impart∣ing to it Intestine Motion, proceeding from contrary agents and patients, some being more volatil, mount upward, and others more gross, do detein the spirituous within their quiet embraces, hence the more thick alimentary Liquor, advanced by spirituous Steams, passeth by Oblongue Vessels, running

the whole length of the Trees and Plants, and crossways from the Centre to the Circumference, by short Wooden Tubes, doth fill up the Vessels in length, and breadth; and the Air impraegnated with various Effluxes, and with Elastic Particles, * 1.148 doth every way extend the body of Vegetables by its expansive nature, and the architectorick airy Spirits, accompanied with Sa∣line and Sulphureous Particles, do enlarge their Wooden Territories in which they reside; and every way dilate the empty spaces, till the Trees and Plants arrive their due Figure and Stature.

And Vegetables do not only in their Trunks and Stalks receive nourish∣ment and growth, but Germination also, which is crowned with Shoots, Leaves, Flowers and Fruits, which are all propagated from Sap; rendred active by airy Particles, elevated with Caelestial Influences, and several Cor∣poreal Emanations, which do penetrate the pores of the Cuticle, encircling the ambient parts of the Trunks, Branches, Leaves, Flowers, and Fruits, which are all brought to maturity by manifold dispositions of Steams, swarm∣ing in the Air, and afterward insinuating themselves, into their ambient and inward parts of all Vegetables, * 1.149 do inspire their Succus nutricius with constant Ferments; which are very instrumental to impart great efficacy in variety of Intestine Motions to Trees and Plants, in order to their Growth, and Germi∣nation, adorned with beautiful Flowers and pleasant Fruits.

Because in Summer, some sooner, and others later, Nature hath indulged Plants their proper Stature and Magnitude, as having advanced them to the height of their growth; and hath exactly finished, the more rough draught of Bulk and Figure, which hath been accomplished by divers steps of Fermen∣tation, Commenced, and matured by Sap impraegnated with Air, affected with several Steams; by whose vertue, the active principles in Vegetables, do free themselves from the more gross, and raise themselves to the top; when the most Spirituous Particles are modelled into Flowers, which being made of a soft and delicate nature, do quickly loose their beautiful aspects, whence their spirituous saline and sulphureous Particles do quickly evaporate, and their fine Compage is immediately dissolved.

Whereupon, Nature being very ambitious to preserve it self, and being not able to perpetuate it self numerically in every Individuum, is very soli∣citous (being emulous of a kind of Eternity) to compensate the defects of particulars, in the more common preservation of the Species, and hath instituted new confederacies of Volatil, Saline, and Sulphureous Particles, as the more lasting and fertile reliques of Plants; out of whose Sap, tinged with Fer∣mentative airy Steams; a Secretion is made of the more noble and agile parts, (associated with somewhat of Water) which are formed into Seeds, as so many reserves and quintescences of Plants, fitted for a new birth and restitu∣tion.

And in the mean time, the Trunks, and Stalks (being stript of their beauti∣ful retinue of Frondage, Foliage, and Flowers) do loose their splendor and life, or at least do very much decay as their Alimentary Liquor is dispoiled of its noble and spirituous parts, proceeding very much from the Suns withdrawing it self, and its select emanations in the Autumn, and Winter, wherein the Air groweth more effaete, being divested of its more vivid Efflu∣via, which much cease transpiring the bodies of Vegetables, * 1.150 in the gloomy and unactive Winter Season.

And Corporeal Effluxes highly improving the Atmosphaere, do not only render Mineral and Vegetable Juices Fermentative, but those of Animals too, which have higher Effervescences than the other, because they participate of

greater proportions of Air inspired with different Steams, into the Bronchia, and Vesicles of the Lungs, which is afterward imparted to the Blood, when it moveth into the Interstices of the Pulmonary Vessels.

Whereas in Minerals and Vegetables, the Air is emitted into their sub∣stances by many small Pores, but in Animals it is received by full draughts in∣to the Aspera Arteria, by which it is transmitted into the body of the Lungs; where it encountreth the Vital Liquor; and the Air inspires it with aethereal and sublunary Emanations, which are made up of different dispositions (issuing from Minerals Vegetables, and Animals) some Volatil and Spirituous, and others more Fixed and Gross; some Vinous and Ecphractical, and others Gummy, Resinous, and Emplastic; some Aqueous, others Earthy; some Saline, * 1.151 others Sulphureous.

These Heterogeneous Steams affecting the Air, are so many contrary agents acting and reacting upon each other, in the Atmosphaere, and being carried in inspiration, do first associate with, and promote the Alimentary Liquor in the Mouth, where it is first prepared by Mastication, and is afterward protru∣ded by the contractions of the Muscles, proper to the Gulet, through its Cavity into the capacity of the Ventricle; where it is farther elaborated by new Ferments of Serous Liquor, of the Blood (distilling through the ex∣tremities of the Capillary Caeliac Arteries and a more select Juice, dropping out of the terminations of the Nervous Fibres, inserted into the inmost coat of the Stomach; whose empty space is every way filled with Air, praegnant with fruitful Steams, which do much contribute to the better Concoction of Aliment in the Ventricle.

From whence, * 1.152 it is gently impelled by the contraction of Fleshy Fibres into the cavity of the Intestines, and there is more attenuated by the Pan∣creatic Liquor, and airy Particles: and afterward the Chyle is carried by the Milky Vessels, into the Mesenteric Glands, where it is meliorated with Ner∣vous Juice, and so conveyed into the common receptacle of Chyle, where it is Dilated, and improved by a Lymphatic Liquor, to render it more capable to pass through the Minute Thoracic Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins, and right ventricle of the Heart; by whose contract, it is impelled through the Pulmonary artery, into the substance of the Lungs.

Where the Air, big with variety of Effluxes (streaming out of the seve∣ral orders of Entities) doth insinuate it self into the body of the Blood, causing a greater Fermentation, than in the Chambers of the Heart, proceed∣ing from the contrary principles of the aethereal, and sublunary Steams float∣ing in the Air, and conveyed by inspiration into the vital Liquor.

Whereupon the different Spirituous and Volatil, are confined within the more fixed and gross Effluvia, and the vinous and aperitive within the Gum∣my and Refinous, the fine Saline, within the more consistent oily Particles.

CHAP. V. Of the nature of Blood, and how it is supported by Chyle, and refined by Glands.

IT is my intendment here, to Treat of the Constitution of the Blood, impraegnated with Air, acted with divers Steams, consisting of various Elements, giving it a Fermentative power; and how it is maintained by the Succus nutricius, and of its Intestine and Local Motion, from part to part, to quit its Faeculencies, which is performed by Secretion and Percolation, made by various Vessels, lodged in the Glands, relating to the Viscera, and Ambient parts.

These various Steams impelled into the Lungs, * 1.153 by the elastic particles of Air, and embodied with the Blood, consisting of Homogeneous, and Hete∣rogeneous principles, do make great contests with those of a different temper, in order to bring them to a Harmony, in which Nature pleaseth it self in re∣ference to its own accomplishment, effected by reconciling the Heterogeneous to the Homogeneous Elements, in an amicable union of an innumerable com∣pany of Minute Bodies.

So that various Effluvia first sporting in the Air, and afterward immitted in∣to the substance of the Lungs, are made up of spirituous saline and sulphu∣reous Particles, which enter into society with those Homogeneous parts of the Blood (and Succus Nutricius) broken into small Particles, by local motion in the Chambers of the Heart, Lungs, and Arteries, where they receive per∣petual Intestine Motion, to give them a greater refinement, promoted by nitroaereal Particles, proceeding from Corporeal Effluxes, accompanying the Blood through the greater, and smaller Arteries into the outward parts of the Body, in which the Air growing effaete (as its nobler parts are incorpo∣rated with the Blood) is discharged through the extremities of the Capilla∣ry Arteries (terminating into the Skin) into the ambient air, to receive new impraegnation of fruitful Steams, which afterwards are reconveyed through the secret passages of the Cutis, into the extremities of the Capillary Veins into the Blood, which is much enobled by these subtil and spirituous Ema∣nations.

Whereupon these Effluxes embodying the Air, move in a kind of Circu∣lation, because the effaete air perpetually transpiring the terminations of Arte∣ries, with the volatil parts of the Blood; * 1.154 and the Air being again rendred fruit∣ful, as impraegnated with new Effluvia, is reconveyed through the Porous Skin, into the extreamities of the Veins, where they are admitted into fellowship with the Vital Liquor, which is thereby rendred more attenuated and fit for its retrograde motion toward the Heart.

Thus having given the several Ferments, by which the Intestine Motion of Minerals, Vegetables, and Animal Liquors are celebrated, my design at this time, is to close these Philosophical Discourses, with the effects of Fer∣mentation and Ferments, how in Humane Bodies, Secretion and Percolation, is managed by Secretory Organs.

The frame of Mans Body is a rare Contexture, made up of different Inte∣tegrals, (disposed in an excellent order) which are so many Cylinders encir∣cling

various Liquors, some Alimentary, others Recremental. It being ordered by a most Prudent and Supream Power, that spirituous and volatil parts of the Blood, * 1.155 perpetually transpiring the secret avenues of the Body should be supported by new supplies of a Succus Nutricius: So that some parts being in the Bud and Blossome, and others in Maturity, do afterwards droop and die. The blood being acted with continual Intestine Motion, some parts being brisk and young, others grown old and decayed, doth perpetually discharge its Fuliginous and Effaete Particles with the unfruitful Air, by a free Expiration.

The Alimentary Juice being extracted out of Meat in the Stomach, * 1.156 the more gross parts are secerned by a kind of Precipitation, and turned into the Intestines, while the Nutricious Liquor is impelled through the Lacteal and Thoracic Ducts, into the Subclavian Veins, where it is made an associate of the Blood, and afterward by several Comminutions and Steps, turned into its substance by Assimilation; while other grosser parts, which cannot be subdued, do quit the converse of the Vital Liquor, as unfit for Life and Nourishment.

The Blood is composed of different parts, * 1.157 some Alimentary, and others Excrementitious: The first are integrated of more matured and crude Par∣ticles: The last are indigested Chyle, not turned into Blood, whose better parts of a Christaline Liquor, and a red Crassament, which Coagulates (when Extravasated) thereby gaining a more solid Consistence, * 1.158 produced by manifold Fibres; whose more compacted parts are diluted by Serous Li∣quor, and by the more thin watry Lympha, and above all by the more sub∣til substance of Air, acted with noble aethereal Emanations, and more gross Effluxes, issuing out of the treble order of Sublunary Entities.

Whereupon the Blood is compounded of Constituent, * 1.159 and Extraneous, of Alimentary, and Excrementitious, of Crude and Digested Parts; which being considered in their Primitive Essence, are made up of different Ele∣ments, some of one kind, others of another: So that these various Principles, constituting the body of the Blood, are at great variance with each other; among which the more active, as being near akin in disposition, go hand in hand to preserve each other, and to bring the disagreeing parts at enmity with them, to a greater likeness, and conformity in temper, to espouse a more inti∣mate union and agreement.

And the most stubborn, * 1.160 and different parts, that cannot be brought to a Compliance and Concord, by reason of their difformity, and disagreeing nature, are thereupon justly divorced from the fellowship of the Blood, by a Secretion made in the manifold Glandulous parts of the body.

The Vital Liquor being versed in perpetual Motion, is impelled through various Channels, and substance of the Body, wherein the Lactescent Juice is imported by proper Vessels, into the Mass of Blood, where it suffers many Comminutions and Effervescences, caused by divers Ferments, by which it is made fit by several degrees for Assimilation into Blood; * 1.161 whose gross parts being uncapable to be advanced, as requisite for Life, are thrown off as uprofitable by Excretory Vessels.

Secretion (being a separation of the gross parts, from the more pure) is accomplished by various Ferments of the acid and serous parts of the Blood, Nervous Liquor and Air (inspired with aethereal and sublunary Emanations) raising Fermentation, by insinuating themselves into the inward Recesses of the Alimentary and Purple Liquor, whose body being opened, the Recre∣ments are thereby capacitated to be severed from the more noble and useful Particles of Fermenting Subjects.

These different Ferments (as I conceive) are preparatory to a farther work of Secretion, which is lastly and chiefly performed by Percolation, * 1.162 celebrated in the divers apartiments, of the elegant Fabrick of Humane Body, by the mediation of numerous Minute Glands, seated in the Mem∣branes and Viscera, as so many Colatories, to depurate the Choice Liquors of the Body.

The Glands may admit a division into Conglobated, and Conglomerated, * 1.163 or more plainly into Reductive, and Excretory Glands: The first having no Excretory Ducts, do only clarifie the Nervous Liquor, whose Recrements are conveyed by Lymphaeducts and Veins, into the Mass of Blood, to give it a Fermentative Ingeny.

The Excretory Glands are chiefly subservient to the depuration of Liquors, * 1.164 which being percolated in the substance of the Glands, where the more re∣fined Particles are received into the Lymphaeducts, and Veins; and the more Faeculent into the small extremities of the numerous Excretory Ducts, which discharge themselves into one common Channel.

But the glands (being secretory Organs) are a great and select appa∣ratus of numerous Vessels, Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Lymphaeducts, * 1.165 and some∣times excretory Ducts, whose extremities being of different Magnitudes, and Figures are receptive of such Liquors only, as hold a conformity with them in shapes and sizes, which is the greatest, if not the only reason of perco∣lation of alimentary, vital and nervous Liquors, whose various minute par∣ticles, as being fluid Bodies, do hold analogy with the different bores of manifold Vessels.

The Aliment being broken into small particles by mastication, is impreg∣nated with Air, big with various steams, and being protruded down the Gulet by the contraction of its Muscles, into the cavity of the Stomach, there receiveth a farther concoction by Ferments, derived from the extre∣mities of the capillary Arteries, * 1.166 and nervous Fibres inserted into the inmost Coats of the Stomach, in whose empty space the Compage of the aliment is opened by the elastic particles of Air; whereupon the alimentary Liquor is severed by a kind of precipitation from the grosser Faeces, which are again exonerated into the intestines, where it is advanced by the pancre∣atick juyce, and nervous Liquor, distilling out of the termination of the Nerves, implanted into the inward tunicle of the Intestines; and afterwards this improved alimentary juyce is impelled by the contraction of the Dia∣phragme and the peristaltic motion of the Guts into the lacteous Vessels, ter∣minating into the substance of the misenteric Glands, where it being perco∣lated and advanced by the nervous Liquors exuding out of the ends of the Nerves, is admitted into the second sort of lacteae, and thence conveyed through the common receptacle, into the thoracic Ducts, * 1.167 and subclavian Ves∣sels into the mass of Blood, with which it entreth into confederacy, and pas∣seth into the Cava, and into the right Ventricle, where the nutricious juyce suffereth great comminutions against the walls of the Heart, caused by brisk contractions, forcing it with the purple Liquor through the pulmonary Arte∣ry, into the body of the Lungs, where it is embodied with Air, enobled with aethereal and sublunary Emanations, much advancing with their spirituous and subtil Dispositions the ingeny of the Blood, and by enlarging its Compage, doth sever the Lympha, carried into the extremities of the Lymphaeducts, and purify it by emitting the fuliginous reak, embodied with effaete Air, in∣to the extremities of the bronchia, and greater branches of the aspera arteria, while the purer part of the percolated Liquor is received into the pulmonary

Veins, * 1.168 and thence discharged into the left Cistern of the Heart, and from thence into the common Trunk of the great Artery, and afterward through the ascendent Trunk, and carotide Arteries into the cortex of the Brain, in which the finer parts of the serous Liquor of the Blood is secerned from the red crassament of the Blood, and being admitted into the extremities of the nervous fibres, while the vital Liquor is reconveyed through the jugu∣lar Veins, and descendent Trunk of the cava, into the right chamber of the Heart, from whence it is impelled through the great and descendent Trunk of the Aorta, and divers branches of the Caeliac, and upper and lower mesenteric arteries into the Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas, Intestines, be∣set with numerous glands, percolating the Blood, which is transmitted through the fruitful branches of the Porta, * 1.169 into the substance of the Liver, where the blood receiveth a farther percolation in its numerous minute glands, in which the bilious parts of the Blood are severed and discharged by di∣vers excretory Vessels, into the Vesicula fellea, and the Porus bilarius into the Intestines, and the purer streined part of the purple Liquor, is con∣veighed into the Branches of the Cava, and so transmitted into the Heart.

The vital Liquor being impelled through the descendent trunk of the Aorta, * 1.170 and not received into the Caeliac and Mesenterick Arteries, is in some part protruded by the emulgent Arteries into the bodies of the Kidnies, in whose small glands the vital Liquor is separated from its watry and saline impurities, and the depurated parts of the Blood are returned through the Cava into the right lake of the Heart; and afterwards by divers tubes of the Lungs into the left Cistern, from whence, as the center of the Body, the Blood, as by greater and less Channels, transmitted into the ambient parts of the Body, all bestudded with innumerable small glands, percolating the Blood, and perpetually emitting insensible transpiration, and sometimes watry saline Particles upon violent Motions, and in great distempers, and ef∣fervescences of the Blood.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Truth the end of all our Stu∣dies and Lear∣ning.
• * 1.2

  The nature of Simple Veri∣ty.
• * 1.3

  The nature of Compound Verity.
• * 1.4

  The nature of Sciences.
• * 1.5

  The origen of Sciences is de∣duced from experience.
• * 1.6

  Anatomy pro∣pagates and refineth Natu∣ral Philoso∣phy.
• * 1.7

  Humane Body the noblest subject of An∣atomy.
• * 1.8

  The qualifica∣tion of Hu∣mane Body.
• * 1.9

  Fermentation floweth from different prin∣ciples, pro∣moted by va∣rious Fer∣ments.
• * 1.10

  The descripti∣on of Humane Body, as a Sy∣stem of many parts disposed in excellent order.
• * 1.11

  A division of the Body into Spermatick and Sanguine∣ous parts not proper.
• * 1.12

  A most proper division of the Body into Si∣milar and Dis∣similar parts.
• * 1.13

  Organical parts of the Body.
• * 1.14

  A subdivision of Dissimilar parts into Fluid and So∣lid. The Fluid parts are the Liquors of the Body.
• * 1.15

  The Fluid parts or Li∣quors are con∣fined within Vessels or Channels.
• * 1.16

  The Descrip∣tion of Fluid Bodies or Li∣quors, to have a loose com∣page made up of numerous Particles fit for motion.
• * 1.17

  A description of the solid and bony part of the Body as easily prefer∣red within their own bounds deri∣ved from the close position of their most minute parts.
• * 1.18

  The nature of soft and less solid parts, consisting in many Nerves and Cavities, and so may easily be pres∣sed inward.
• * 1.19

  The softness of Nerves is manifested when the Fi∣laments have access to each other upon Compression.
• * 1.20

  Soft parts made use of insensible Pores, which are lessened by the Com∣pression when an outward surface is brought in∣ward.
• * 1.21

  The most hard parts of the Body, have their compage so closely con∣joyned, that their surface is immoveable upon com∣pression.
• * 1.22

  The nature of Bones, as be∣ing contex∣tures of saline and earthy Particles.
• * 1.23

  The unnatu∣ral softness of the Bones as rendred Ca∣rious.
• * 1.24

  Bodies made solid or hard∣ned, when the parts in their first formation are made hard by the seminal matter, having several de∣grees of Con∣cretion.
• * 1.25

  Rarity and Density are various Sche∣matisms ha∣ving different positions of Matter.
• * 1.26

  The parts of the Body are said to be rare when much quantity is lodged in a little matter much extend∣ed.
• * 1.27

  Rare Bodies do not imply a Vacuum; or Bodies highly extended to have empty Spaces inter∣spersed.
• * 1.28

  The two ranks of Entities, substance and accidents, the last cannot exist without substance, as its subject.
• * 1.29

  A Vacuum in Air is inconsi∣stent with its Phoenomena.
• * 1.30

  A Vacuum in Air would hinder respi∣ration in Ani∣mals, and Ve∣getation in Plants, which could not be effected with a small quantity of Air.
• * 1.31

  Air cannot be conceived a mass of thin Bubbles, filled with empty Spaces.
• * 1.32

  Light cannot be freely dis∣fused through the bubbling compage of Air, which being various in Rarity and Density, would make unkind∣ly refractions, and pervert the order of Vision.
• * 1.33

  A Vacuum in Air would spoil its ela∣stick quality, a Vacuum ha∣ving no pow∣er when con∣densed, to re∣duce it self to to an Expansi∣on which is found in Air.
• * 1.34

  A Vacuum is repugnant to the aeconomy of Nature, in which heavy Bodies move upwards, and light down∣wards, to se∣cure the order of the parts of the Uni∣verse from in∣terruption or vacuity.
• * 1.35

  Bodies are termed dense when small dimensions are lodged in a great quan∣tity of matter, as heavy, and having small Cavities or Pores.
• * 1.36

  Rarefaction and Conden∣sation are op∣posite motions of Rarity and Density.
• * 1.37

  In Condensa∣tion the mat∣ter retracts her ambient parts inward, and contrari∣wise in Rare∣faction, the in∣ward parts have a re∣course out∣ward.
• * 1.38

  Dr. Glysson supposeth a penetration of Bodies to be made in Rare∣faction and Condensation.
• * 1.39

  Dr. Glysson's conjecture of three conditi∣ons required to the pene∣trations of Bodies.
• * 1.40

  The first con∣dition is a lo∣cal Union of two or more Substances.
• * 1.41

  The second is a laying down of the former quantity in both Sub∣stances.
• * 1.42

  The third is in assumption of a new quantity in both Sub∣stances.
• * 1.43

  A local Union of two or more Substan∣ces supposeth only a conti∣guous union of divers Bo∣dies, encircled with peculiar surfaces of Air as their proper places, which avert∣eth the pene∣tration of Bo∣dies, sup∣posing two Bodies to be in one place, and that di∣stinct Substan∣ces having different Di∣mensions should run through one another as to be made the same, which is very improba∣ble.
• * 1.44

  The motion of Condensation and Rarefacti∣on may be made without penetration of Bodies, which suppo∣seth two or more Bodies in the same place, because Rare Bodies may easily give way to the more Dense.
• * 1.45

  Condensation and Rarefacti∣on governed sometimes by External, and sometimes by Internal Prin∣ciples.
• * 1.46

  An instance of Condensation and Rarefacti∣on by Exter∣nal Principles when the Blood moving from the cen∣tre to the Cir∣cumference is condensed by ambient Cold in Winter, and rarefied in Summer by ambient heat.
• * 1.47

  Rarefaction governed by an Inward Principle in a due fermenta∣tion of the Blood, caused by Volatil, Sa∣line, and Sul∣phureous Par∣ticles.
• * 1.48

  Condensation of the Blood by an ill fer∣mentation made by fixed Saline and Sulphureous parts.
• * 1.49

  Generation produced by Rarefaction and Conden∣sation when the Seminal Liquor, first expands it self by Colliquati∣on, and then groweth more and more con∣densed into divers parts by various Accretions.
• * 1.50

  The Alimen∣tary, Vital, and Nervous Liquors are exalted by di∣vers intestine motions of Rarefaction, to impart Nourishment, Life, Sense, and Motion.
• * 1.51

  Thermometer is an index of cold and hot Weather, in cold the Air and Liquors descend to∣ward the bot∣tom, as contra∣cted by Con∣densation; in hot Weather, the Air and liquors ascend, as gaining greater Di∣mensions by Rarefaction.
• * 1.52

  Transparent Bodies have ranks of pores, one seated a∣gainst another, by which they are receptive of Light.
• * 1.53

  Opace Bodies are Dense, ha∣ving very small Cavities irregularly placed, through which the rays of Light cannot be transmit∣ted.
• * 1.54

  Liquors are transparent, as made up of many ranks of insensible Ca∣vities running in straight Lines, through which the rays of Light are darted through the body of the Liquor.
• * 1.55

  The origen of Jewels, as fluid Bodies in solutis Princi∣piis, and after concreted by saline parts, shooting themselves in∣to several Shapes and Sises.
• * 1.56

  Gems do not resemble one another in outward form, but also in the inward concretion of a Lump, being an aggregate body of many soft Christals.
• * 1.57

  Gems being once fluid transparent Bodies, do re∣tain the same compage beset with many minute Pores, ranked in or∣der one a∣gainst ano∣ther, by which they receive Light.
• * 1.58

  Transparent Substances do not proceed from refracti∣on of lucid parts, but also from lively reflections of opace parts, mixed with the transpa∣rent.
• * 1.59

  The bright repercussions of Light in Transparent Bodies, are first received into their surface, and then insi∣nuated into∣their inward parts, till at last passing through the opposite sur∣face did bor∣row most vi∣vid reflections of Light from the neighbou∣ring surface of Air.
• * 1.60

  Diaphanous Bodies are made up of many thin La∣minae, or Plaits.
• * 1.61

  The rare tex∣ture of Tran∣sparent Bo∣dies framed of Phisical plains, may be disco∣vered by their edges placed under each o∣ther in une∣qual distances.
• * 1.62

  The edges of rough Dia∣monds plainly discove able by Glasses, in the several commissures of the Laminae of which they are framed.
• * 1.63

  Another way of Experi∣menting, this is by rendring Diamonds split by Tools, according to the grain of the Laminae, of which they are made.
• * 1.64

  Grossness and Subtilty, the great instru∣ments of In∣testine moti∣on.
• * 1.65

  Three condi∣tions acquired to Intestine motion.
• * 1.66

  The first qua∣lification of Bodies subject to Fermenta∣tion, is to be of a loose Compage, as Fluid Bodies.
• * 1.67

  The second qualification of Bodies ca∣pable of Fer∣mentation, is to be endued with contrary Principles.
• * 1.68

  The third dis∣position of Bodies fit for Fermentati∣on, that they should not be be depressed by too much Crudity, nor too likely ex∣alted by over much ripe∣ness.
• * 1.69

  Artificial Fer∣mentation in point of Ali∣ments.
• * 1.70

  Of the Per∣mentation of Doe made by Balm, white of Eggs, and the like, which opening the Body of the Mass in Ba∣king, the more subtle parts are put into motion.
• * 1.71

  The manner of the due In∣testine moti∣on of Beer.
• * 1.72

  The ill Fer∣mentation of Wort, when it hath too great a consi∣stence upon overmuch in∣fusing, turn∣ing ropy, when the Spi∣rituous parts being over active raise the Terrene, giving a check to the inte∣stine motion.
• * 1.73

  Wine is a Li∣quor acted with the greatest Fermentation except that of Blood.
• * 1.74

  The curing of Wines, con∣sisteth in three things, the First in Fining them when they are gross and embodied with their ••ees. The Second Art is to check the im∣moderate Fermentation called the Froth. The Third is to render them brisk, when pauled and faint.
• * 1.75

  Fermentation in Animals, hath great af∣finity with those of Ve∣getables.
• * 1.76

  The Fermen∣tation of the Liquors of Humane Bo∣dies, as acted by contrary Elements.
• * 1.77

  Ferments as described, be small in Bulk and great in Quality.
• * 1.78

  The different manners of the ope∣rations of Ferments, some by Ebul∣lition, others by precipita∣tion. Menstruum's have affinity in nature with those Bodies they unite, and act in their disso∣lution.
• * 1.79

  But the most potent Fer∣ments are made up of different parts, making brisk motions in contrary agents.
• * 1.80

  The porous bodies of Li∣quors are most subject to Fer∣mentation, as being easily expanded.
• * 1.81

  Bodies broken into small par∣ticles by Lo∣cal Motion, are most capa∣ble of Fer∣mentation.
• * 1.82

  Bodies of a sphaerical Fi∣gure, are easi∣ly acted with motion, as being of a loose Com∣page.
• * 1.83

  Bodies also of divers dispo∣sitions, as af∣fected with various An∣gles, do give Ferments a power of motion.
• * 1.84

  Substances a∣dorned with acute Angles, are readily expanded.
• * 1.85

  Divers bodies relating to motion, must hold some a∣nalogy with each other, as being neither too loose nor too compact.
• * 1.86

  Mechanick Notions are the clearest way of ex∣plaining Inte∣stine Motions, as most obvi∣ous to Sense.
• * 1.87

  Descartes con∣ceiveth the Souls of Bruits to consist of Orbicular Particles, which is very improbable, because Sphae∣rical Bodies can only touch in. point, and so are very movea∣ble; and be∣ing minute, will easily transpire the parts of the Body.
• * 1.88

  Dr. Willis de∣scribeth the souls of Bruits in manner of a Flame, made of numerous small bodies of divers shapes.
• * 1.89

  Fermentation acted with va∣rious Fer∣ments, is divi∣ded into two kinds of Ex∣pansive and Precipitatory motions.
• * 1.90

  Intestine Mo∣tion perfor∣med by Ex∣pansive Facul∣ty.
• * 1.91

  Fermentation accomplished by a precipi∣tating power.
• * 1.92

  The Fermen∣tative Liquors of Man, are Chyle and Blood.
• * 1.93

  The manner of producti∣on and exalta∣tion of Chyle, made by vari∣ous Ferments in several parts of the Body.
• * 1.94

  The Blood consisting of Saline and Sulphureous parts, and of Acid and Al∣caly, hath in∣testine moti∣tions in the Ventricles of the Heart, promoted by nervous Li∣quors.
• * 1.95

  Salival Li∣quor is endu∣ed with a Fer∣mentative In∣geny, as made up of many various Ele∣ments.
• * 1.96

  Salival Li∣quor is a kind of universal menstruum, as embodieth with different Liquor.
• * 1.97

  Salival Juice is a Composi∣tion of watry and nervous Liquors, im∣pregnated with Saline, Oily, and acid Particles, and is the first Fer∣ment of the Alimentary Liquor in the Mouth. The second Fer∣ment of Chyle in the Sto∣mach, is the serous Liquor of the Blood. The third Ferment of the Chyle in Intestine, is Pancreatic Juice.
• * 1.98

  The fourth Ferment is the nervous Liquor, ex∣alting the In∣testine Moti∣on of the Chyle and Blood.
• * 1.99

  Chyle is im∣pregnated with nervous Liquor, in the Glands of the Mesentery.
• * 1.100

  The Viscera, are colatories of the Blood.
• * 1.101

  The highest Ferments are caelestial Ema∣nations.
• * 1.102

  Aethereal Particles be∣ing of a subtle nature, are easily concei∣ved into the bodies of the Alimentary, Vital, and Nervous Li∣quors.
• * 1.103

  Aethereal Particles made up of regular Angles, move with great swiftness in right Lines.
• * 1.104

  Liquors of Mans Body broken into small parti∣cles, are endu∣ed with di∣vers shapes and Sizes.
• * 1.105

  Air is exalted by Coelestial Emanations.
• * 1.106

  Air is a simple body denuded of all corpo∣real effluxes.
• * 1.107

  Air is of an expansive na∣ture, as made of Elastic parts.
• * 1.108

  Air being light in its own nature, groweth more ponde∣rous by the association of Steams.
• * 1.109

  Mr. Hook de∣scribeth Air to be a Tinct∣ure of ter∣restrial and watry Bodies dissolved into it.
• * 1.110

  Air in its own nature is a simple fluid Body.
• * 1.111

  Air is exalted with aetheral Particles, and embodied with various effluxes issu∣ing out of the treble Order of sub∣lunary Enti∣ties.
• * 1.112

  Air is a vehi∣cle of various steams, some earthy, others watry; some Saline, others Oily.
• * 1.113

  Steams arising out of the Earth, and Mi∣nerals are made of diffe∣rent Ele∣ments, and give the Air a Fermentative disposition.
• * 1.114

  The effluxes of Vegeta∣bles affect the Air with a Fermentative quality.
• * 1.115

  Vegetables are as a fine composition of Bark-Wood and Pith.
• * 1.116

  The thin Coat is a fine texture of many minute filaments interspersed with nume∣rous perfo∣rations.
• * 1.117

  Wood a Compage of numerous small tubes
• * 1.118

  The Sap-Ves∣sels pass long ways and transversely in annular Fi∣gures, and in Diametral rays.
• * 1.119

  The Pith is compounded of two parts, of Vessels and Parenchyma.
• * 1.120

  The Vessels of the Wood pass in straight Lines, and those of the Pith cross ways.
• * 1.121

  The Liquors of Vegitables are inspired with Air.
• * 1.122

  Juices are car∣ried upward by Vessels, and cross ways from the Bark by cortical Insertions in∣to the Wood and Pith, and reconveyed from the in∣ward to the ambi∣ent parts by Lignous Ves∣sels.
• * 1.123

  Vegetables (as more nu∣merous) im∣port greater portions of Effluvia to the Air then Ani∣mals.
• * 1.124

  Assiduous steams of the Blood, are discharged out of the ex∣tremities of the Capillary Arteries, and transpire through the Cutaneous Perforations.
• * 1.125

  The effluxes of bodies, are of subtil and light nature.
• * 1.126

  The steams do so embody themselves with Air, that they seem its constituent parts.
• * 1.127

  The Effluvia will infect the Air at a great distance from the place where the bo∣dies are lod∣ged, out of which the steams are emitted.
• * 1.128

  Embrionate Salts and Sul∣phurs, having their bodies opened by heat, do send out steams, impraegnating the Air.
• * 1.129

  Contrary Principles do countermand and reduce each other to a due har∣mony.
• * 1.130

  Malignant va∣pours are di∣spelled by sa∣line steams, which do cleanse the Air by their detersive na∣ture.
• * 1.131

  Winds arise from brisk motions of contrary Ex∣halations breathed out of the Earth.
• * 1.132

  The manner of propaga∣ting Sap out of the Mould, through the pores of the Cuticle, into the compage of the Wood.
• * 1.133

  Resinous Trees emit balsamic steams in o•• the Air, rendring it salutary.
• * 1.134

  Spirituous steams are e∣mitted out of the Pores of the Cutis, and are the vola∣til parts of the Blood.
• * 1.135

  The causes of the Fermenta∣tive power in Air, proceed from contrary Elements, the different Ef∣fluvia of seve∣ral Bodies, when some aethereal, are emanations of Plants, some sublunary ari∣sing out of Minerals, Ve∣getables, and Animals.
• * 1.136

  The various steams of Mi∣nerals.
• * 1.137

  The several Effluxes of Vegetables.
• * 1.138

  The most dif∣ferent Effluvia of Animals, as they are deri∣ved from Blood, a very fermentative Liquor, as made up of Heterogene∣ous Princi∣ples.
• * 1.139

  A powerful Agent may be made up of a number of mi∣nute bodies united.
• * 1.140

  The Steams do move in a Circle, as first emitted out of the Pores of Bodies to the Air, and then Air im∣praegnated with Effluxes, is immitted again into the pores of Bo∣dies, into the Liquors of Minerals, Ve∣getables, and Animals, gi∣ving them a fermenting vertue.
• * 1.141

  The manner propagating steams, incor∣porated with Air, through the ••dif••ce, into the in∣ward recesses of the Body.
• * 1.142

  Agents and Patients, do act upon each other as con∣form in tex∣ture, when the small Par∣ticles of the Agents are suitable in shape and size with the pores of the Pati∣ents.
• * 1.143

  Minerals when divested of their qualities are revived by new im∣praegnations of Air.
• * 1.144

  Minerals in Solutis Princi∣piis, receive impraegnati∣ons of Air.
• * 1.145

  Fixed Salt are volaticed by the Effluxes of Air.
• * 1.146

  Earth divested of Saline and Sulphureous Particles is a∣gain rendred fertile, being exposed and inspired with aethereal and corporeal Effluxes.
• * 1.147

  The Sap is ex∣alted with Air in its motion upward, hori∣zontally through the Vessels of the Bark and Wood.
• * 1.148

  The growth of Plants and Trees, is pro∣duced by the elastick Parti∣cles of Air, which by their expansive na∣ture, do every way extend the Barky and Wooden Ves∣sels, and en∣crease the di∣mensions of Plants and Trees.
• * 1.149

  Germination Flowers, and Fruits, are ve∣ry much the product of Air, as advan∣ced by vari-Effluxes.
• * 1.150

  The Liquor•• of Animals are most Fer∣mentative, because they are inspired with large quantities of Air.
• * 1.151

  The different Steams swim∣ming in the Air, and be∣ing received into the Lungs do affect the Blood as with so many con∣trary princi∣ples, whence the Blood is enobled by In∣testine Moti∣on.
• * 1.152

  The motion of the Chyle is accelerated by fleshly Fi∣bres of the Stomach.
• * 1.153

  The Air con∣sisting of vari∣ous Steams embodied with the blood made up of Hetero∣geneous Prin∣ciples, hath great contests, by which the different parts are brought to a due temper, and in some sort assimila∣ted.
• * 1.154

  The Effluxes swimming in the Air, move to and from the Blood in a kind of Cir∣cular motion.
• * 1.155

  Some parts of the Blood per∣petually tran∣spiring, are supported by Alimentary Liquor.
• * 1.156

  The Succus Nutricius af∣ter divers al∣terations made in seve∣ral parts of the Body, is afterward as∣similated into Blood.
• * 1.157

  The Blood is made up of Alimentary and Excre∣mentitious parts.
• * 1.158

  The Alimen∣tary parts of the Blood, are composed of a serous part, and a red Crassament.
• * 1.159

  Alimentary and Excre∣mentitious parts consist of different Principles.
• * 1.160

  The difform parts of the Blood, that cannot be re∣conciled to it in assimilati∣on, are secer∣ned from it in the Glands.
• * 1.161

  The unprofi∣table parts of the Blood are discharged by Excretory Ducts.
• * 1.162

  Secretion preparatory to percolati∣on.
• * 1.163

  Reductive and excretory Glands.
• * 1.164

  Depuration of Liquors in the substance of the Glands.
• * 1.165

  The secreto∣ry Glands are formed of va∣riety of Ves∣sels of diffe∣rent Shapes and Sizes.
• * 1.166

  The progress of the nutri∣cious Liquor through the various parts of the Body.
• * 1.167

  The Succus nutricius be∣ing refined by several steps in divers parts entreth into associati∣on with the vital Liquor in the subcla∣vian veins. The reak of the Blood em∣bodied with effe••e Air. is discharged through the bronchia and greater chan∣nels of the As∣pera arte••••a.
• * 1.168

  The motion of the Blood through greater and smaller tubes of the Body.
• * 1.169

  The Blood percolated from the bili∣ous mass in the Glands of the Liver, and discharged by the excreto∣ry Vessels in∣to the Inte∣stines.
• * 1.170

  The Blood depurated from watry and saline re∣crements in the glands of the Kid∣neys.

  The Blood percolated in the glands seated in the ambient parts of the Body.