To the extent possible under law, the Text Creation Partnership has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above, according to the terms of the CC0 1.0 Public Domain Dedication (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). This waiver does not extend to any page images or other supplementary files associated with this work, which may be protected by copyright or other license restrictions. Please go to http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/ for more information.
Another, as Peter from Paul, Blackness from Whiteness, &c. Negation of its self; as Sight from Blindness, Light from Darkness, &c.
Ax. 4. A Diversity of Reason is that by which things are distinguished only in Conceptions.
1. §. Which happens when one and the same thing is not understood by one and the same 〈…〉〈…〉 The Schoolmen divide it in their manner 〈…〉〈…〉 ••••••¦barously, into Distinction of Reason 〈…〉〈…〉
Reason reasoned: For 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Reason is a Common Name, and agrees both to the Understanding and Essence of things, as explain'd in Definition; Quiddi∣ty they commonly call it. The Intellect they call Reason reasoning; Quiddity, Reason reasoned. And therefore the Distinction of Reason reasoning amongst Scholasticks; is that which is constituted by the Under∣standing it self, which is, when one and the same thing is distinguish'd by two or more, and those resembling Conceptions. Reason reasoned when in one and the same thing there is found one and another Quiddity or Definition; then Effected, when one and the same thing is objected to dissimilous Conceptions. Concepti∣ons are said to be alike; when they represent one and the same thing after the same manner; unlike when a Different. For Example: Should any one conceive Peter to be the same with himself, he must of Neces∣sity conceive Peter twice, and likewise after the same Manner: But if any one should conceive Peter to be a Man or an Animal, he must also of Necessity consider him twice, but after another and another manner: For the Conception by which Peter is conceiv'd as Peter, is unlike to that Conception by which the same Peter is conceived as a Man or as an Animal.
2. §. The Distinctions of Reason, reasoning and reasoned may be discerned by this Sign. Those things which are distinguished by Reason reasoning are pre∣dicated the one of the other in an Identical Predication: Those by Reason reasoned not predicated, or if they are, their Predication is not Identical.
Ax. 5. Modal Diversity is that by which, Things are distinguish'd by their Modes.
1. §. There is something in things which neither is the thing it self, nor another thing, nor yet nothing: But a certain Medium betwixt them both. And this u∣ses to be called a Mode. For Example: A Degree of Quality is not Quality, nor yet is it wholly nothing but a Mode: And therefore a Quality when intended or remitted does not become another Quality, but a Mode
of Quality. And when Quality, or any other thing is chang'd after this Manner, it is said to be distinguish∣ed modally from it self. So is Heat in the first Degree from it self in the second and third; and the Hand un∣folded from itself contracted.
Ax. 6. Diversity may also be distributed into that of Essential and Accidental.
Ax. 7. Essential that, by which things are distin∣guished Essentially.
Ax. 8. And is either Subordinate or Coordinate.
Ax. 9. Subordinate is that by which Superiours dis∣fer from Inferiours subject to them.
1. §. To wit the Genus from its Species's, and Species's from their Individuals subject to them; and so on the contrary. So Animal differs from Man, Man from Socrates, Colour from Whiteness and contrariwise. This Diversity is, of Reason; because Subordinates being the same in the thing it self, they must of Necessity be distinguish'd only in Reason.
Ax. 10. Coordinate Diversity is either Numerical, Specifical, or Generical.
Ax. 11. Numerical, is that by which are distinguish'd the Individuals of the same Species; as Plato and Socrates.
Ax. 12. Specifical, the Species's of the same Genus and their Individuals; as Man and Beast, Alexander and Bucephalus.
Ax. 13. Generical, by which the Genus's them∣selves as well the Chief as the Subaltern, and their Species's and Individuals; as Substance and Quantity, Body and Spirit, Animal and Plant, Socrates and this Pear-Tree.
Ax. 14. The chief Genns's are diverse in their whole Essence whilst the Subaltern in Part only, appear∣ing thus.
1. §. The chief Genus's have no common Ge∣nus nor constitutive Differences; and therefore it follows they must be diverse in their whole Essence. But Subalterns have the same Common Genus, and therefore cannot be in their whole Essence different but in Part only, to wit, their constitutive Differences.
Ax. 15. Accidental Difference is either Interna•• or External: Internal is either Imparity or Dissimili∣tude.
Ax. 16. Imparity is a Diversity in Quantity.
Ax. 17. Those things are said to be Impars of which one is greater or less than another.
1. §. To wit, either in Quantity of Bulk or Perfe∣ction, and so Silver and Gold, Gold and Virtues are esteemed to be Impars, in this Verse,
Vilius Argentum est Auro, Virtutibus Aurum.
i. e. Silver is of less Value than Gold, Gold than Virtues.And Chapter the 7th of St. Matthew, the Body is compared with Raiment, as the greater with the less, and the Fowls of the Air and Lilies of the Field with Man as the less with the greater.
Ax. 18. Dissimilitude is a Diversity either in Qua∣lity or Passion.
1. §. In Quality, to wit, either of a diverse Spe∣cies; as, White, Red, &c. at least of a diverse Degree; as, more or less White: For those things which differ not in Species, but Degree, are Part like, Part unlike. Hitherto may be referr'd also Diversity in Site.
Ax. 18. External Difference like that of Conveni∣ency which we have treated of before consists in, such and such Causes, Effects, Subjects and Adjuncts External, which appertain not to the Essence of the thing.
1. § So Mice generated by the Sun out of Putrid Matter, as it is generally believed are distinguished by Efficient from those Mice which are generated of Seed: So the Eye and Ear are distinguished by their Ends. Hitherto also belong those things that differ in Mat∣ter, as Statues of Marble and Brass. Those which differ in Form, differ also in Essence. Farther, Water and Fire, differ in Effects. Virtues, Ethical, and Di∣noetical
in Subject: For those are in the Appetite, these in the Mind or Understanding, which is in the Greek term'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Diversity of things, in In∣ternal Adjuncts, Belongs to Imparity or Dissimili∣tude: Hitherto only that that consists in Objects, Signs and Circumstances. If a Cause Efficient, or Fi∣nal, Subject, or Adjunct, appertain to the Essence, or Definition of a thing, if any Diversity be in them, then it is not to be esteemed an External but Essen∣tial: And so we proceed to the next Chapter, viz.