The marrow of physicke, or, A learned discourse of the severall parts of mans body being a medicamentary, teaching the manner and way of making and compounding all such oyles, unguents ... &c. as shall be usefull and necessary in any private house ... : and also an addition of divers experimented medicines which may serve against any disease that shall happen to the body : together with some rare receipts for beauties ... / collected and experimented by the industry of T.B.

CHAP. IV. Of Members.

What a member is. THE Members are bodies ingendred of the first commixtion of ele∣ments, humours, and spirits, be∣cause they consist of a solid, fleshy, and spirituous substance. By partes in generall, I understand the head, breast, belly, and their adjuncts; by the particular partes of those I understand the simple similar partes, which are in number only eight, bones, gristles, fibres, liga∣ments, membranes, tendones, simple flesh, and skin, some adde to these, vaines, arteries, fat, marrow, nailes, and haires, others omit them as excrements: these aforesaid are called simple rather in the judgment of sense, then of reason, for all are nourished, have life, and sense, either manifest, or obscure.

A bone. A bone is earthly, drie and hard, that they may the better serve in the foundation of the whole body, and uphold it as pillars; and this ought not to be all one bone, but divided into divers partes that the body may with ease bend its members, which way necessity re∣quires; of these some are hollow, and some solid; the first nourished by marrow, the last by a thick bloud en∣tring by the pores, as may be perceived in broken bones which are united by a Callus, which is generated of the reliques of the alimentary bloud.

A gristle. A gristle is the same in substance, that a bone is of, and is meerly a soft bone, that may be crushed; as the bones of children are but gristles, untill the heate en∣creasing with age doth harden them into bones; gristles doe differ in themselues, for some are at the ends of the bones, as in the huckle bone, nose, sternon, and knots of the ribs; others without bones, as in the eares, the flap of the weasell, throtle, aspera arteria, and basis of the heart.

A ligament. As a bone is harder then a gristle, so is a gristle harder then a ligament, which serves only to hold the bones together, which otherwise would slip asunder; it is in colour and substance very like a nerve, but harder; and altogether without sense and feeling, excepting some few, which either receive the nerves, or have their originall from the sensible membranes.

A tendon. A tendon is the end and taile of the arbitrary muscles, and the first instrument of motion, and is called a tendon from the latin Tendendo, because it stretches like a cord, when the member is moved; it is so much softer then a ligament, as it is harder then a nerve; it feeeles, and is moved by a voluntary motion by reason of the nerves, but by reason of the ligaments, it knits the muscles to the bones.

A fibre. A fibre is a small thred, but firme and strong, which nature hath placed in the muscles, that so the body may move every way; the right fibres do draw, the transverse do put back, the oblique do hold, every one helpes one another, as if you should hooke your fingers one within another.

A mem∣brane. A membrane and a coate differ onely in this, a mem∣brane

is a name of substance, a coat is a name of office, for where a membrane invests any part, it is called a coate; in some parts it hath a proper name, as that which in∣volues the bones is called the periosteum, that which co∣vers the braine pan is called the pericranion, which co∣vers the braine, is called the mevinx, that which covers the ribs, and the contained parts as the heart, lights, and aspera arteria is a proper coate, and is called a compassing membrane; that which containes the naturall parts, and gives to every one his proper coat, is called peritone∣um, and from these the parts have feeling; for if you scrape the periosteum from the bone, you may cut the bone, burn it, or any thing without any paine.

Skinne. The skin is the greatest of all the membranes; it is the coat covering all the body, except such places by which any excrements are evacuated; as the eies, eares, nose, privities, fundament, mouth, and ends of the fin∣gers, where the nailes grow; it is the sluce of the whole body, through which it is purged by sweat, from all fulginous excrements; of substance it is spermaticke, for being once lost it cannot be restored as formerly it was, but there remaines a skar, which is nothing els but flesh dried beyond measure; it takes its feeling from the nerves, of which (together with veines and arteries) it is composed, and is by nature cold and drie, ordained for to keep safe and sound the continuity of the whole body, and all the parts thereof from the violent assault of all externall dangers.

Simple flesh. Simple flesh may be seene in the gummes and ends of the fingers; the flesh of a muscle is very like these, ••ut it is not simple: in the p••ppes and stones, it is called glu∣dulous flesh, and the substance of the heart and liver is called flesh, but improperly.

Fat. Fat, and flesh proceed both from one and the same matter that is blood; the difference is, that flesh comes of blood, heate, and overdried; the fat from cold by a cer∣taine congealing or growing together of membranes, it is of a middle temper betweene heat and cold, although it may seeme cold in respect of the efficient cause that is of cold by which it concreates; in the joynts is ano∣ther sort of fat farre more solid, and hard then the for∣mer, and it is mixed with a viscid humour, tough like the whites of Egs, that it may for a good space moisten those parts which are subject to much drines by their continuall motion; another kinde of fat is called seame, Seame. which is much dryer then ordinary fat, and lyes princi∣pally about the midriffe, where there are many win∣dings of arteries and veines; it lyes also about the reines, loynes, and basis of the heart.

Compound members. Those parts are called compound, which are made and composed by the mediation, or immediately of the simple, which they terme otherwise organicall, or in∣strumentall; as an Arme, Leg, Hand, Foote, and others of that kinde: the simple parts cannot be devided into any particles, but of the same kinde; but the compound may: they are called instrumentall and organicall, be∣cause they performe such actions of themselves, as serves for the preservation of themselves, and the whole body; as the eye by it selfe, not assisted by any other part, seeth, and by his faculty defends the whole body, and also it selfe: In each instrumentall part we observe foure properties; One by which the action is properly performed, as the Christaline humour in the eye: The Second without which the action cannot be perfomed, as the nerve & the other humors of the eye: The Third,

whereby the action is better and more conveniently done, as the tunicles, and muscles: The Fourth, by which the action is preserved, as the eye-lid and circle of the eye: The same we say of the hand, as First, by the muscle: Secondly, by the ligament: Thirdly, by the bones and nailes: Fourthly, by the veines, arteries, and skinne.

Instrumen∣tall parts. The instrumentall parts have a fourefold order; those that are immediately composed of the simple, are of the first order, as the muscles and vessels: they are of the second that consist of the first simple, and others be∣sides, as the fingers: they are of the third, that are com∣posed of the second order, and others besides, as the hand in generall: The fourth order is, the whole body the instrument of the soule. In all these parts, whether simple or compound, we doe consider nine things, Sub∣stance, Quantity, Figure, Composition, Number, Con∣nexion, Temperature, Action, and Use.

Amongst the organicall parts, there is three princi∣pall parts, governing all the rest, viz. the Braine, Heart, and Liver, because from them, some force, power, or fa∣culty proceeds and flowes over the whole body, when as there is no such sent from any other part. To these some adde the testicles, not for that they are of neces∣sity of the individuall or peculiar body, but for genera∣tion and preservation of the species: Herein we may see the industry of nature, who like a good Architect seeks not only to build, and furnish her fabricke with all kinde of materialls necessary, by which the body may live; but also she hath furnished it with the testicles, thereby to make it immortall, because hereby every one may substitute another in his place before he depart

this world. The veines, arteries, and nerves, are the first simple instrumentall parts: the veines Veines. spring all from the liver, the arteries Arteries. from the heart (except only the vena arteriosa) which hath its originall from the eight ventricle of the heart: it is called vena arteriosa Vena arteri∣osa. compo∣sitively, & therefore is not reckoned amongst the simple instrumentall parts: for it is called a veine, because it di∣stributes alimentary blood to the lungs; and arterious, because like an artery it consists of two coates, all the rest consist but of one coate, knit together with a triple kinde of fibres, and this veine hath two principall cavi∣ties, one by which the Chylus is carried to the liver, and is called vena porta, Vena porta. or the gate veine; the other by which the blood made out of the Chylus is dispersed amongst all the members for nourishment, and is called vena cava, Vena cava. the hollow veine. The gate veine hath its originall in the blunt end or lower end of the liver, and there it spreads its rootes: The hollow veine beginneth in the gibbous part of the liver: The truncke of the gate veine is divided into two principall branches; the one is splenicus, which is carried to the spleene, the o∣ther is mesentericus, which goes to the mesentery; it hath other small slips that nourish the most part of the lower belly, and take their names from the parts they nourish; as that which nourishes the ventricle, is called grastica, intestinalis, that nourishes the intestines; cistica which brings nourishment to the bladder of the gall; from the mesentery branch spring small slips to the right gut, which makes the hemorroids: The truncke of the hollow veine is also divided into two branches; one is carried upwards to nourish the superiour parts, a∣nother is carried downward to nourish the inferiour.

An artery differs from a veine because it consists of two coates that the spirits may not be exhaled, and that it may not be broken by the continuall motion and beating; a veine beates very little or not at all.

A nerve. A nerve is that which proceeding from the braine or spinall marrow hath sence and motion; some partes of the body which have nerves have feeling also, but no voluntary motion; as the membranes, veines, arteries, guts, and all the entrailes: from the braine arise two soft nerves, which have feeling, the hard nerves spring from the spinall marrow, and are moving; from the braine proceed seven conjugations of nerves, from the spinall marrowe thirty paire, that is sixty nerves, some nerves cannot be perceived to be hollow at all, it is a simple part of our body, bred and nourished by a grosse, and phlegmaticke humour.

The second instruments. Of the three first and simple instruments, veines, nerves, and arteries, and of the eight aforesaid parts least confor∣mable, being knit in due quantity, number, and scite, spring the second instruments; amongst which the mus∣cles Muscles. have the first place, as being the instruments of vo∣luntary motion; which is performed six maner of waies: viz. upwards, downewards, forwards, backwards, to the right hand, and to the left hand; this is simple motion the second voluntary motion is circularly, as when you lure a hauke you swinge your hand round. A muscle consists of veines, nerves, and arterious flesh, and fibres, from which they receive nourishment, life, sense, and motion: they are reckoned amongst the second instruments, be∣cause they consist of a coate, a tendon, and a ligament; and are devided into three partes, the begining, middle, and end, the head, insertion and neather parte; and these

are all differing in figure, scituation, perforation, and quantity, colour, and connexion.

The fingers. The fingers consist not only of veines of which they are nourished, of arteries from whence they receive spi∣rit and vitall heate, nerves by which they feele, and muscles whereby they are mooved; but also of three bones in each finger (that is fifteene in each hand, which are hollow, fistulous, and full of thinne and liquid mar∣row, and not of grosse and thick as in the arme or thigh) whereby they are fortified and sustained; likewise of ligaments whereby the bones are connexed, of fl••sh, and skin; by whose coniunction is ordained, the true organicall touching, the fingers are in number five. The nailes are generated by the fibers of the ligaments, and the excrements of the tendons, which are termina∣ted at the bottom of the nailes.

The hand. The hand consists of five fingers, the palme or hollow of the hand, the back of the hand, and the wrest; it is the instrument of instuments, made for to take up and hold any thing, for with the hands are all the other in∣struments made; it is devided into five fingers the more easily to take up even the least bodies of any figure or fashion soever; and to this end nature ordained us the nailes, because the fingers ends being soft flesh, might not turne away in meeting with a hard body.

The heart. The heart is the chiefe mansion of the soule, the or∣gane of the vitall faculty; and is placed in the body as the Sun in the firmament: it is placed by nature as it were in a box, that it may have free liberty to spread it selfe, and receive hurt neither from the ribs, or vertebres of the chest; it containes a continuall moisture, that by its motion and heat, it may not be over dried; it consists of a

hard and dense flesh, in which are two hollowes, the right side is the biggest, the left side is the more corpu∣lent, and thereby the more straite, but it is the more so∣lid and thick, that the vitall spirits which are worked in it may not be exhaled: In the right hollow are two vessels, a branch of the hollow veine whereby the heart drawes the bloud from the liver, and the gate veine by which it sends the bloud throughly concocted, and subtilized to the lunges. In the left side also are two vessels, the great Artery Aorta, whereby it sends the vitall spirits every way, and the arteria venosa, whereby it receives the aire from the lunges, which are only the bellowes of the heart to coole it. The heart hath auricles or little eares on every side, to hold up the gate vein, and branch of the hollow veine, that they be not broken by the violent motion of the heart; the heart is one alone scituate most commonly upon the fourth vertebrae of the chest, being placed there by nature, because it is the most sure and armed place; and is besides, as it were, covered on every side by the hands of the lunges, and is made of a more dense, solid, and compact substance, then any other part of the body, because it must have a naturall motion of its selfe.

These thinges I have spoken in briefe, only to shew you how necessary it is to be perfect in Anatomie, wher∣by you shall the more easily discern the p••rts aff••cted by the place of paine, and cure it by a fit application of re∣medies without the hurting of any other part: next I shall speake of the faculties.