The works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, Esq., epitomiz'd by Richard Boulton ... ; illustrated with copper plates.

PART. 1. Containing a List of Titles for the History of Human Blood.

* 1.1BEfore I proceed to enumerate the Titles laid down for a Natural History of Human Blood, it may be requisite to advertise, that the first Set which I call primary, and to which those in the Appendix are secondary ones, con∣sist of such as offer themselves to the View at the First sight, which need not be either nicely Methodical, or accommodated to any Hypo∣thesis. The second Class consists of such as are to be ranged into a better order, being of a greater extent and more comprehensive, so that one Topick may be branched into several sub∣ordinate ones, or secondary Titles. And from the Materials drawn together under this Head, may be deduced a Set of Titles, reduced into an inchoate Natural History of the Subject they have Relation to.

And since the Subject to be treated of is ve∣ry difficult or comprehensive, as the Genera∣tion of Living Creatures, Magnetism, Fermen∣tation, Gravity, &c. it may be useful, if not necessary, to interpose betwixt the Titles of the last, and those of the first Order, a Set of Titles that may be called of the middle Or∣der

or Classis; in which the Nature of the Subject is more narrowly look'd into.

Titles of the first Order for the Natural History of the Blood of Healthy Men.

• * 1.2I. Of the Colours of Human Blood, Arteri∣al and Venal.
• II. Of the Taste of Human Blood.
• III. Of the Odours of Human Blood.
• IV. Of the Heat of freshly emitted Human Blood; which is observed to be much violenter after it hath run a while, than when it first began. The Blood that came out of the Veins of a young Gentlewoman, falling upon the Ball of a Ther∣moscope, caused the Liquor to ascend above an Inch nearer the smaller and upper Ball of the Glass. And in another Tryal it was raised almost as high as to the Ball of an ordinary Thermoscope; but being held in the Blood of a healthful and lusty Man, the Heat raised the tinged Liquor a good way into the upper Ball; which was high∣er than the Heat of the Air in the Dog-days u∣sually does, and the Blood of a healthful Man continued its Heat so lo long, that it raised the tinged Liquor three or four Fingers breadth when it was coagulated.
• V. Of the inflamability, and some other Qua∣lities of Human Blood. A piece of Human Blood being dryed 'till it was fit to be powdered, and then held in the flame of a Candle, it took Fire, and afforded a flame not much unlike that which caused it, burning with a Crackling noise, and here and there melting; and if it was laid upon live Coals, and now and then blown, it

• would yield a very yellow Flame, and during its Deflagration, would seem to fry upon the Coals, and in a great measure to melt into a Black Substance almost like Pitch. And some of the Powder of Blood being cast into the flame of a Candle, they took Fire in their pas∣sage, and flashed not without some noise, as if they had been Rosin.
• VI. Of the Aerial Parts naturally mixed with Human Blood; and also found in its di∣stinct Parts.
• VII. Of the Specifick Gravity of Human Blood entire. It may be different in several Persons, according to their Sex, Age, Consti∣tution, &c. as also in the same Person, accord∣ing to the time of the Year, the Day, or, as it is taken out at a less or greater distance from a Meal. But to make an Estimate of its Speci∣fick Gravity, we took the Blood of a sound Man, and put it into an oblong Glass; and when it was setled, we marked with a Diamond, that part of the Glass to which the Liquor wrought; and then weighing the Glass, and the Blood contained in a very Tender Ballance; we poured out the Blood, and having washed the Vessel, we filled it up to the same Mark, and then weighed it in the same Ballance; and then weighing the Glass, and deducting that from the weight of the Glass, and the two Liquors, the Water weighed nine Ounces, six Drams, and fifty Grains. And the Blood equal to it in Bulk, weighed ten Ounces two Drams, and four Grains, so that the Blood being three Drams and fourteen Grains heavier, it was about ••/2•• part heavier than Water.

• VIII. Of the Specifick Gravity of the Fibrous and Red part; and of the serous part of the Blood.
• IX. Of the Consistence of entire Human Blood.
• X. Of the Disposition of Human Blood to Concretion; and the time wherein it was per∣formed.
• XI. Of the Liquors and Salts that coagulate Human Blood. Clotted Blood being kept some Hours in Spirit of Wine, which is a Men∣struum fit to dissolve some Bodies, it was taken out as hard as if it had been dryed by the Fire.
• XII. Of the Liquors and Salts that obstruct or dissolve its Coagulation.
• XIII. Of the Liquors, &c. that preserve Hu∣man Blood.
• XIV. Of the Mixture that Human Blood may receive from Aliments.
• XV. Of the spontaneous or Natural Analysis of Human Blood into a serous and a fibrous Part.
• XVI. Of the respective Quantities of the se∣rous and fibrous part of Human Blood.
• XVII. Of the differences betwixt the serous, and the Red part of Human Blood.
• XVIII. Of the Artificial or Chymical Analy∣sis of Human Blood; and first of its Spirit.
• ...

  XIX. Of the Volatil Salt of Human Blood, and of its Figures. This Salt is so fusible, that one part of it may be brought to boil, whilst the other flies way; and this Observation will hold in most Volatil Salts. And tho' this Salt, when sublimed, looks white and Clean, and a very homogeneous substance, yet I am apt to

• ...

  think, that it is made up of Parts of Matter of sizes and shapes different enough, for having weighed some Grains of re-sublimed Salt of Hu∣man Blood, that seemed pure, its smell was very strong and diffusive, so that one would have expected it to fly away in a little time, but we observed that it was very little diminished in seven or eight days time; yet what remain∣ed had lost its Odour, but retained a saline Taste; and being put upon a Solution of Sub∣limate in common Water, turned it White, so that its diffusive and penetrant Humour seem∣ed to depend on some more volatil Parts of the Blood. But it may be a Question to be solv'd by further Experience, whether the fixedness of this Salt may not proceed from the Coalition of an Acid Salt in the Air.

  A Dram of Volatile Salt of Human Blood sublimed in a Lamp-furnace, was put into com∣mon Water, and when a Thermoscope was brought to its right temper, being immersed in this mixture, the tinged Spirit of Wine mani∣festly subsided about 2/10 parts of an Inch; tho' a considerable part of the Salt lay undissolved in the bottom of the Water. And when the Liquor would descend no further, we added to the Solution strong Spirit of Nitre, 'till it would no longer make a manifest Conflict with the Salt; and then we observed, that whilst the Conflict lasted, the Spirit of Wine rose above three Inches and a half higher than the station it stood at before. The figure of this Salt may be either considered in reference to single Grains, or an Aggregate of them, when they are raised and sublimed to the top of the Glass;

• ...

  the latter of which may be best observed, when they fasten themselves to the inside of the Glass that is set to receive them; for in the begining of the Operation, one may ob∣serve the little saline Concretions to lye in rows, sometimes straight enough, and sometimes more or less crooked, with different Coherings and Interferings, so that they sometimes represent either Trees, or their Branches or Harts-horn, &c. which are casual figurations depending on se∣veral accidental causes and circumstances, as the degree of fire made use of to sublime the Salt, the quantity of the ascending matter in reference to the Capacity of the Vessel that receives it. And the like diversity of Configu∣rations I have observed amongst the Salts of other Volatile Salts, as well as those of Hu∣man Blood. And as for the single grains of the Salt of Human Blood, I discovered a good many of them to be finely shaped; but whe∣ther they were accidental or not, experience must determine. But these figures were only observed in the sublimate of the first Distilla∣tion, for those obtained by rectifying the Salt and distilling it again, were of a conside∣rable bigness and solidity tho' differently sha∣ped, some of them being Cubes, others Paral∣lelopipeds, others Octoedrons, being almost like grains of Allom; but most of them prettily shaped; being comprehended by Planes, smooth, finely figured, and aptly terminating in solid Angles, as if the concretions had been cut and polished.

  Another way I took to discover the figures of the Salts of the Blood, was to rectifie the

• ...

  Spirit, so that it may be fully satiated with the Salt, whilst the Liquor continues warm; for when it is refrigerated, a number of saline Concretions of different sizes, several of which shoot into very smooth Crystalline Plates pret∣tily figured, having their broad and parallel Surfaces of an Hexagonal or an Octogonal figure, regular enough.

  A drachm of dry Volatile Salt of Blood, being dissolved in some distilled Water, we dropped into it good Spirit of Nitre, till the two Liquors would no longer manifestly act one upon another, and when the conflict ceas∣ed, we slowly evaporated the superfiuous moisture, which steamed almost all away be∣fore the saline part would coagulate. At length it became dry, and the middlemost part ap∣peared in the form of thin Crystals, not un∣like those of Salt Petre; but the rest which was by much the greatest part of the Concretion, seemed to be a confused mass without any di∣stinct figure; and this mass weighed but twelve grains above a drachm; so that Volatile Salt of Blood may be satiated with a fifth part of its weight of the saline Parts of Spirit of Nitre. This Salt exposed to the open Air in a win∣dow was very apt to run per Deliquium, and a little of it being put upon a live Coal, it melt∣ed and seemed to boil; and towards the end made a noise, and afforded a flame yellower than that of common Nitre.

• XX. Of the Phlegm of distilled Human Blood.
• ...

  XXI. Of the two Oyls of Human Blood. By distillation in a Retort, it affords an Empy∣reumatical

• ...

  and a very fetid Oyl, whose colour is almost black; which seems to be occasioned by the increase and opacous redness of the Liquor, since some of it being spread thin upon Glass, and held against the light, appeared yellow, or of a reddish colour, as they lay thicker or thiner upon it, but when it was well dryed before committed to Distillation, it yielded a greater quantity of Oyl, so that once out of a Pound of not over-dryed Blood, we obtained an ounce and a half of Oyl, and from another we had a much greater quantity of Oyl. And having once prepared Blood by a convenient Digestion, and rectified very carefully the di∣stilled Liquor that came over with the flame of a Lamp, I obtained amongst other things two Oyls of very different colours; the one being of a pale Amber or yellow colour, and the other of a deep red; and tho' these Oyls were both of them afforded by the same Blood, and were clear and pure enough; yet they would swim in distinct Masses one over another, and if mixed by shaking would again separate like Oyl and Water. Whether the difference in specifick Gravity betwixt these two Oyls, kept them from mixing permanently, as well as it kept them distinct before they were mix∣ed; or whether the seeming incongruity pro∣ceeded from the Texture of these Liquors I shall not now stay to dispute.

  To shew that the Oyl of Human Blood con∣tains several saline Particles, capable of being separated from it, we put a parcel of unrecti∣fied Oyl, to a convenient quantity of distilled Water, and having mixed them sufficiently by

• ...

  agitation, so that the Water might rob the Oyl of its separate saline Particles, the event was that after the Liquors were well setled, the Water was found to be impregnated with saline Particles, that it obtained by dissilution from the Oyl; so that it acquired a moderatly brisk taste, and would readily turn Syrup of Violets green; and precipitate a white Pow∣der out of a solution of Sublimate; but whe∣ther the like will succeed with other Empyreu∣matical Oyls or not, drawn from Bodies be∣longing to the Animal Kingdom, I shall leave o∣thers to determine.

  Having put some unrectified Oyl of Human Blood into a concave piece of Glass, and then dropped as much Oyl of Vitriol into it, as might amount to a third or fourth part of the fetid Oyl, we stirred them together with a slender piece of solid Glass, upon which the Mixture emitted store of whitish fumes or Smoak; and acquired a considerable degree of Heat, so that tho' it amounted to not much more than a spoonful, yet I was not able to hold my finger under that Part of the Glass, that contained the Liquor.

  Having taken some Empyreumatical Oyl of Human Blood unrectified, tho' it was dark, and gross, and muddy, yet it would easily in the cold dissolve in rectified Urinous Spirits, to which it gave a reddish colour deep e∣nough.

• XXII. Of the fixed Salt of Human Blood. To obtain but one ounce of it, there is requisite to employ a considerable quantity of Blood; and duly prepared by a very obstinate fire; for the

• Caput Mortuum being kept three or four hours in the fire, it will yield no fixed Salt at all: But having by an obstinate Calcination obtain∣ed three or four drachms of this Salt, I found that it was of the Nature of common or Sea-salt, tho' a little different; for it tasted like it, and a strong solution did not readily turn Syrup of Violets green, nor precipitate a Brick colour, or brownish yellow, no more than a white Powder, out of a solution of Sublimate; nor did the Spirit of Salt dissolve it as an Alkaly. And having put a little Oyl of Vitriol upon our dryed Salt, it immediatly, as it several times did upon common Salt, corroded it with great violence, and with much foam and Smoak. We also dropped a little of it dissolved in Wa∣ter, upon a solution of Silver made in Aqua Fortis, upon which a white Powder was imme∣diatly precipitated: And having put some Leaf-Gold upon Aqua Fortis, which would not work upon it, whilst it was swimming there without being so much as discoloured, I put a little of our powdered Salt into it, which being thereby turned into a kind of Li∣quor, did without the assistance of Heat, pre∣sently dissolve it.
• XXIII. Of the Terra Damnata of Human Blood. From twenty four ounces of dryed Blood, we got after two days Calcination, but two drachms and nine grains of Earth; which probably was not pure Earth, since it had a red colour like that of Colchotar of Vi∣triol.
• XXIV. Of the Proportion of the differing Sub∣stances Chymically obtain'd from Human Blood.

• they are scarce to be determin'd, not only be∣cause of the sometimes great disparity, as to proportion, that may be met with of the fibrous part to the Serum, in the Blood of se∣veral Persons; but of the same, according to different Circumstances, and also, because it is hard to distil the pulverised part of the Blood; since no one hath so much as taken notice of the Necessity of shifting the Retort, to gain as much Volatile Substance as may be obtained; and leave as little as may be in the Caput Mortuum. For having distilled a quan∣tity of dryed Blood, the same Heat which made the lower part pass in the form of Exhalations into the Receiver, made the matter to swell, so that it lifted up a considerable quantity of Black Matter to the upper part of the Vessel, which a common Distiller would have called a Caput Mortuum, tho' to a discerning Eye, it appear∣ed to be of the same Nature with the Matter first put in, tho' blackened by the ascending Fumes, therefore taking it out, and mixing it with the remaining Substance, that was more of the Nature of Caput Mortuum; it was com∣mitted again to Distillation in another Retort, whereby we obtained more Oyl, &c. And perceiving that even this Caput Mortuum had upon the top of it, a pretty deal of Matter, which was not sufficiently despirited, I caused it to be distilled again in a fresh Retort, in which it afforded a not contemptible quantity of Volatile Matter. And having thus in three Retorts distilled twenty four Ounces of dryed Human Blood, we obtained of Volatile Sub∣stances,

• viz. Spirit, together with a little Phlegm, White Salt, and very high colour'd Oyl thirteen Ounces and one Dram, besides se∣veral parcels of thick Oyl that stuck to the Re∣torts and the Receiver, which we judged to be seven Drams more; so that the whole Quanti∣ty of the Volatile Part amounted to fourteen Ounces, of which the Oyl was six Ounces six Drams, and the clear Liquor six Ounces, three Drams and a half, besides the Volatile Salt, which, when the Spirit was drained from it, appeared white but wet; so that it was not possible to determine exactly, neither how much Liquor it yet retained, nor how much it self weighed; but it will be no hard matter to guess near the Truth to any Man that knows, that having carefully sublimed the Salt, there remained in the Glass two Drams and five Grains of Phleg∣matick Liquor; which was not wholly void of Salt; and of Volatil Salt in a dry form, we ob∣tained one Ounce and two Drams and a half; the Caput Mortuum amounting to eight Ounces and a half, and somewhat more, which being calcined for two or three Days together, afforded not White, but brounish-red Ashes, whence we obtained seven Drams ¼ of White and fixed, but not a truly lixiviate Salt; and two Drams and nine Grains of Earth. But indeed considering the great proportion of each of these Substances lost in distillations, it will, upon that account, be a hard matter to determine the true pro∣portion of the Principles of Human Blood.

• XXV. Of the Fermentation or Putrefaction of Human Blood and its Phaenomena.
• XXVI. Of the Mechanical Uses of Human Blood, as in Husbandry, &c.
• XXVII. Of the Chymical Uses of Human Blood.
• XXVIII. Of the Medicinal Uses of Human Blood.
• XXIX. Of the difference betwixt Human Blood, as its found in sound Persons, different∣ly constituted, and circumstantiated, as Men, Women (when Monstrous and when not) Chil∣dren, Moors, Negroes, &c.
• XXX. Of the affinity and difference betwixt the Blood of Men, and that of several other Animals, as Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, and Sanguineous Insects.
• XXXI. Paralipomena relating to the History of Human Blood.
• XXXII. Micellaneous Observations, Ex∣periments and Enquiries about Human Blood.

Were this Treatise applyed to any o∣ther than extravasated Blood, to these we might add the following Titles.

• I. Of the process of Sanguification, or the series of changes that the Aliment succes∣sively undergoes, from its first being taken in at the mouth, till it be turned into Blood.
• II. Of the motions of the mass of Blood, and particularly its Circulation.
• III. Of the Chyle, Lympha, and other Li∣quors, that are supposed to enter and mingle with the Blood.

• IV. Whether Phlegm, Gall and Melancholly, be constituent Parts of the Blood.
• V. Whether some other Substances may not, with as much reason be admitted into the composition of the Blood.

Titles of the first Classis, for the natural History of Human Ʋrine.

• 1* 1.3I. Of the colours of Human Urine.
• II. Of the taste of Human Urine.
• III. Of the Odours of Human Urine fresh and putrified.
• IV. Of the Heat and Cold of Human Urine.
• V. Of the specifick Gravity of Human Urine.
• VI. Of the Consistence of Human Urine, as to Density, Viscosity, &c.
• VII. Of the Aerial Parts contained in Hu∣man Urine.
• VIII. Whether Human Urine is a fit Li∣quor for Fermentation properly so called.
• IX. Of the differences betwixt fresh and stale Human Urine.
• X. Of the Fermentation or Putrefaction of it, and the time it requires.
• XI. Of its Spontaneous separation of Parts.
• XII. Of its Vulgar Analysis by Distilla∣tion.
• XIII. Of some other ways of distilling Hu∣man Urine.
• XIV. Of the proportion of the Principles, or Ingredients of Human Blood.

• XV. Of the Spirits of Human Urine.
• XVI. Of the Phlegm of Human Urine.
• XVII. Of the Volatile Salt of Human Urine.
• XVIII. Of the fixt Salt of Human Urine.
• XIX. Of the compounded Salts of Human Urine.
• XX. Of the shining Substance obtainable from Human Urine.
• XXI. Of the Salt that is Predominant.
• XXII. Of the Empyreumatical Oyls of Hu∣man Urine.
• XXIII. Of the Mellago, or Rob of Human Urine, and its uses.
• XXIV. Of the Terra Damnata.
• XXX. Of some accidental differences of Human Urine, as it's emitted in the Morning, or at certain distances from Meat, or after the use of certain Aliments, or Medicaments, as Asparagus, Turpentine, &c. Or at diffe∣rent seasons of the year, as Winter, Sum∣mer, &c.
• XXVI. Of the affinity of Human Urine with divers other Bodies, especially Vegetables and Minerals.
• XXVII. Of the Hostility of Human Urine with Acids, &c.
• XXVIII. Of the affinity and difference be∣twixt Human Blood, Urine, Gall, Milk, &c. and divers Liquors, or Juices belonging to the Animal Kingdom; particularly of the com∣parison betwixt Human Urine and that of Beasts.
• XXIX. Of the Mechanical uses of Human Urine.

• XXX. Of the Chymical uses of Human Urine, and its Parts, especially as a Menstru∣um.
• XXXI. Of the Medicinal uses of Human Urine External and Internal.
• XXXII. Paralipomena relating to the Histo∣ry of Human Urine.
• XXXIII. Promiscuous Observations, Ex∣periments and Enquiries about Human Urine.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Of the Na∣tural Histo∣ry of Hu∣man Blood.
• * 1.2

  Titles for the Natural History of Blood.
• * 1.3

  Titles for the Natural History of Human Urine.