Rules for assizing of bread viz. by troy-weight, or sterling, and by avoirdupoids weights : together with the rule of coequality of both weights, and the assize by a standard-weight for white, wheaten, and household loaves, assized by a certain price, rising and lowering, as the price of wheat rises and falls in the market : all three calculated exactly according to the statute Assiza panis 51.H.3. now in force in Ireland.

RULES FOR THE ASSIZE of BREAD; By Avoir-du-poids-Weights. Calculated by the Coequality with Troy-Weights, and Sterling Money, to answer the just Weight of Bread, Established by the Statute Assiza Panis, 51 H. 3.

THis Weight is called by the French Poids du Roy, the Kings Weight, and by the Normans Avoir-du-poids, which signifies as much as Habere Pondus, to have full Weight, by others Ligostatica Libra, containing 16 Ounces, and by the Vulgar, Haber-de-poids. They all agree as to the Pounds and Ounces, but differs in the Quintals and Drachms. The French reck∣ons their Quintal at 104 Pound, in these Kingdoms the Quintal general is 112 Pound, and that of Butter, &c. 120 Pound. Some Divides the Pound in 16 Drachms, others in Eight, and each Drachm in 3 Scruples, and a Scruple in 24 Grains, which lat∣ter

Scrupulus the weight of 24 Grains, the 3d part of a Drachm Semidrachma the weight of 36 Grains the half of a Drachm. And Drachma the weight of 72 Grains, the Eight part of an Ounce. And Uncia Unciola, is Interpreted to be the 16th part of a Pound, or 8 Drachms, or 24 Scruples, or 576 Grains.

Therefore the following Tables are Calculated by this Rule, only ladding 1 Grain to the 72, to bring all Weights to a true Coequa∣ity, 73 Ounces Troy being equal with 80 Avoir-du-poids, as you may see by the following Tables of Coequality.

The Three TABLES shewing the Coequality of Sterling, Troy, and Avoirdupoids Weights.

By Old Sterling.

Old. Sterling	Troy.	Avoir Dupoids.
Pounds	Ounces.	Ounces.	Drach.	Gr. 73.
1000	12000	13150	3	35
500	6000	6575	2	54
400	4800	5260	2	14
300	3600	3945	1	41
200	2400	2630	1	7
100	1200	1315	0	40
50	600	653	4	20
40	480	526	0	16
30	360	594	4	12
20	240	263	0	8
10	120	131	4	4
5	60	65	6	2
4	48	52	4	6
3	36	39	3	45
2	24	26	2	30
1	12	13	1	15
Shill.	O. P. Wt.	Ounces.	Drach.	Gr. 73.
10	6	6	4	44
5	3	3	2	22
4	2 8	2	5	3
3	1 16	1	7	57
2	1 4	1	2	38
1	0 12	0	5	19
Pence.	Pen. Wt.		Drach	Gr. 73.
5	5	0	2	14
4	4	0	1	55
3	3	0	1	23
2	2	0	0	64
1	1	0	0	32

By Troy-Weight.

Troy	Avoir-du-poids.	Old Sterling
Ounces.	Ounces.	Drams.	Gr.	Po.	Shill.	Pence.
1000	1095	7	9	83	6	8
500	547	7	41	41	13	4
400	438	2	62	33	6	8
300	328	6	10	25	0	0
200	219	1	31	16	13	4
100	109	4	52	8	6	8
50	54	6	26	4	3	4
40	43	6	50	3	6	8
30	32	7	1	2	10	0
20	21	7	25	1	13	4
10	10	7	49	0	16	8
5	5	3	61	0	8	4
4	4	3	5	0	6	8
3	3	2	22	0	5	0
2	2	1	39	0	3	4
1	1	0	56	0	1	8
Pen. W.		Dram.	Gr.			Pence.
10		4	28			10
5		2	14			5
4		1	55			4
3		1	23			3
2		0	64			2
1		0	32			1

By Avoir-du-poids.

Avoir dupoids	Troy.	Sterling.
Ounces.	Ounces.	P. Wt.	80	Pounds	Shill.	Pence.	Grains
1000	912	10	00	76	00	10	0
500	456	5	00	38	00	5	0
400	365	0	00	30	8	4	0
300	273	15	00	22	16	3	0
200	182	10	00	15	4	2	0
100	91	5	00	7	12	1	0
50	45	12	40	3	16	0	2
40	36	10	00	3	00	10	0
30	27	7	40	2	5	7	2
20	18	5	00	1	10	5	0
10	9	2	40		15	2	2
5	4	11	20		7	7	1
4	3	13	00		6	1	0
3	2	14	60		4	6	3
2	1	16	40		3		2
1	0	18	20		1	6	1
Drams.	P. Wt.	80	24	Shill.	Pen.	Quart.	480
4	9	10	00		9	0	240
3	6	67	12		6	3	180
2	4	45	00		4	2	120
1	2	22	12		2	1	60
S••ri••p.	P. Wt.	80	24		Pen.	Quart	480
2	1	41	16		1	2	40
1	0	60	20		0	3	20
Grain.	P. Wt.	80	24			Quart	480
10		30	10			1	250
5		15	5			0	365
4		12	4			0	292
3		9	3			0	219
2		6	2			0	146
1		3	1			0	73

The use of these Tables of Coequality, is chiefly for the finding out the just equality of Troy, and Avoir-du-poids Weight, to satisfie the Curious that both Assizes are alike.

It has been proved by the Assize by Troy-Weight, that when a Quarter of Wheat is sold for 6 d. the Bakers White Penny Loaf is to Weigh 676 Ounces, 16 Penny Weight, or 13536 Penny Weight, or 323864 Grains Troy. And by these numbers of Penny Weights or Grains, all Assize may be made without Fracti∣ons; by Dividing those Numbers, by as many Six-Pences, as are in the Price of a Quarter of Wheat, and allowance to the Baker.

The same method must be observed for the following Assize by Avoir-du-poids: But first of all, the Weight must be found by the Coequality of both, which may be done by the first Table Coequa∣lity by Troy Weight.

First you must set down the 676 Ounces 16 Penny Weight, as in the Example following; according to such Numbers as are in the first Column Troy, and may answer the 676 Ounces 16 Penny Weight, setting down first 500 Ounces, then 100. 50. 20. 5. and 1. and then 10 Penny, 5 Penny, and 1 Penny, as you see here. Afterwards look on the next Column Avoir-du-poids, and place over against each of the Troy Numbers, that of Avoir-du-poids next to it, as to 500 Ounces Troy, 547 Ounces 7 Drachms, 41 part of a Drachm, divided in 73 Grains. To a 100 Ounces Troy, 109 Ounces 4 Drachms 52 Grains. To 50 Ounces Troy, 54 Ounces 6 Drachms 26 Grains. To 20 Ounces Troy, 21 Ounces 7 Drachms 25 Grains. To 5 Ounces Troy, 5 Ounces 3 Drachms 61 Grains. To 1 Ounce Troy, 1 Ounce 56 Grains. To 10 Penny Weight Troy, 4 Drachms 28 Grains. To 5 Penny Weight Troy, 2 Drachms 14 Grains. And to 1 Penny Weight Troy, 32 Grains Avoir-du-poids, add all these together, and you'l find that 741 Ounces 5 Drachms and 43 Grains Avoir-du-poids, answers exactly 676 Ounces 16 Penny Weight Troy.

Example.

Troy-Weight.	Avoir-du poids.
Oun.	Dr.	Oun.	Dr.	73.
500	00	547	7	41
100	00	109	4	52
50	00	54	6	26
20	00	21	7	25
5	00	5	3	61
1	00	1	0	56
0	10	0	4	28
0	05	0	2	14
0	01	0	0	32
676	16	741	5	43

The said 741 Ounces 5 Drachms, being Multiplied by 8, which is the number of Drachms in an Ounce, brings with the odd 5 Drachms 5933 Drachms, which being also Multiplied by our 73 Grains (or so many parts of a Drachm) (so Divided) brings 433152 Grains Avoir-du-poids, Coequal with 323864 Troy.

For avoiding all Fractions, and many Rules, take the same Method in this Assize, as in that by Troy-Weight, Divide the 433132 by the Number of Six-Pences you find in the Price of a Quarter of Wheat, and allowance to the Baker, and what you find in the Quotient, will be the Weight of a Penny White Loaf.

Example.

When Corn is at 6 d. per Quarter, the Penny Loaf is to Weigh as abovesaid 433152 parts of a Drachm divided in 73 Grains. Supposing then the Corn to be at 12 s. 3. per Barrel, or 24 s. 6 d. the Quarter, and 6 d. allowance to the Baker, which makes 30 s. 6 d. or 61 Six-Pences. Divide the 433152 Grains by the 61 Six-Pences, and you'l find in the Quotient 710O Grains, and 52 parts. Divide this by 73 Grains, and you'l find in the Quotient, 97 Drachms, 19 Grains, and 52 parts of a Grain. Divide this againe by 8 Drachms to make Ounces, and the Quotient will be 12 Ounces, 1 Drachm, 19 Grains, and 52 parts of a Grain, which is the weight of a Penny White Loaf, when Corn and allowance to the Baker is at 30 s. 6 d. per Quarter, and this is coequal with a 11 Ounces 1 Penny Weight, and 55 parts of 61 Troy-Weight, which is the Weight of a White Penny Loaf by that Weight.

Keeping this Method, all other Assizes may be soon Calculated, so that whosoever will be so curious, as to look after my mistakes, (or that of the Printer) may ascertain all Assizes in a very short time.

This is necessary for all Magistrates to know, else they may mistake in Punishing the Bakers, for lack of Weight in their Bread, and the latter take advantage of the want of knowledge of the former, and Bake under Assize.

A Table of Assize of Bread. By Avoir-du-poids Weight.

L. for Pounds, sh. for Shillings. d. for Pence. Po. for Pounds, Ou. for Ounces, Dr. for Drachms, each Drachm divided in 73 Parts. 8 Drachms to an Ounce, and 16 Ounces to a Pound.
Wheat the Quarter Price.	Penny White.	Penny Wheaten.	Penny Houshold.
L. sh. d.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.
0 00 6	46 5 5 43	69 8 4 28	92 11 3 13
0 1 0	23 2 6 58	34 12 2 14	46 5 5 43
0 1 6	15 7 1 63	23 2 6 58	30 14 3 53
0 2 0	11 9 3 29	17 5 1 7	23 2 6 58
0 2 6	9 4 2 52	13 14 4 5	18 8 5 31
0 3 0	7 11 4 68	11 9 3 29	15 7 1 63
0 3 6	6 9 7 47	9 14 7 34	13 3 7 21
0 4 0	5 12 5 51	8 11 0 40	11 9 3 29
0 4 6	5 2 3 21	7 11 4 68	10 4 6 42
0 5 0	4 10 1 26	6 15 2 2	9 4 2 52
0 5 6	4 3 3 30	6 5 1 9	8 6 6 60
0 6 0	3 13 6 34	5 12 5 51	7 11 4 68
0 6 6	3 9 0 31	5 5 4 46	7 2 0 62
0 7 0	3 4 7 60	4 15 3 54	6 9 7 47
0 7 6	3 1 3 41	4 10 1 25	6 2 7 9
0 8 0	2 14 2 62	4 5 4 20	5 12 5 51
0 8 6	2 11 5 2	4 1 3 40	5 7 2 4
0 9 0	2 9 1 47	3 13 6 34	5 2 3 21
0 9 6	2 7 0 21	3 10 4 32	4 14 0 42
0 1 0 0	2 5 0 49	3 7 5 1	4 10 1 25

The Table of the Assize of Bread. By Avoir-du-poids

Wheat the Quarter Price.	Penny White.	Penny Wheaten.	Penny Houshold.
L. sh. d.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.
0 10 6	2 3 2 40	3 4 7 60	4 6 5 7
0 11 0	2 1 5 51	3 2 4 40	4 3 3 29
0 11 6	2 0 1 71	3 0 2 70	4 0 3 69
0 12 0	1 14 7 17	2 14 2 62	3 13 6 34
0 12 6	1 13 5 25	2 12 4 1	3 11 2 50
0 13 0	1 12 4 15	2 10 6 23	3 9 0 30
0 13 6	1 11 3 55	2 9 1 47	3 6 7 38
0 14 0	1 10 3 66	2 7 5 63	3 4 7 59
0 14 6	1 9 4 44	2 6 2 66	3 3 1 15
0 15 0	1 8 5 57	2 5 0 49	3 1 3 41
0 15 6	1 7 7 29	2 3 7 7	2 15 6 59
0 16 0	1 7 1 31	2 ••2 6 10	2 14 2 62
0 16 6	1 6 3 58	2 11 5 51	2 12 7 44
0 17 0	1 5 6 37	2 0 5 56	2 11 5 2
0 17 6	1 5 1 38	1 15 6 21	2 10 3 5
0 18 0	1 4 4 60	1 14 7 17	2 9 1 47
0 18 6	1 4 0 26	1 14 0 40	2 8 0 53
0 19 0	1 3 4 16	1 13 2 24	2 7 0 32
0 19 6	1 3 0 10	1 12 4 15	2 6 0 20
1 0 0	1 2 4 24	1 11 6 37	2 5 0 49
1 0 6	1 2 0 52	1 11 1 6	2 4 1 32
1 1 0	1 1 5 20	1 10 3 66	2 3 2 40
1 1 6	1 1 1 72	1 9 6 71	2 2 3 71
1 2 0	1 0 6 62	1 9 2 20	2 5 5 51
1 2 6	1 0 3 62	1 8 5 57	2 0 7 52

The Table of the Assize of Bread. By Avoir-du-poids.

Wheat the Quarter Price.	Penny White.	Penny Wheaten.	Penny Houshold.
L. sh. d.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.	Po. Ou. Dr. 73.
1 3 0	1 0 0 72	1 8 1 35	2 0 1 71
1 3 6	0 15 6 18	1 7 5 27	1 15 4 36
1 4 0	0 15 3 45	1 7 1 31	1 14 7 17
1 4 6	0 15 1 6	1 6 5 46	1 14 2 12
1 5 0	0 14 6 49	1 6 2 00	1 13 4 25
1 5 6	0 14 4 25	1 5 6 37	1 13 0 50
1 6 0	0 14 2 7	1 5 3 11	1 12 4 15
1 6 6	0 13 7 69	1 4 7 67	1 11 7 66
1 7 0	0 13 5 64	1 4 4 60	1 11 3 55
1 7 6	0 13 3 64	1 4 1 60	1 10 7 55
1 8 0	0 13 1 69	1 3 6 68	1 10 3 66
1 8 6	0 13 0 7	1 3 4 10	1 10 0 14
1 9 0	0 12 6 22	1 3 1 33	1 9 4 44
1 9 6	0 12 4 41	1 2 6 62	1 9 1 10
1 10 0	0 12 2 65	1 2 4 24	1 8 5 57
1 10 6	0 12 1 19	1 2 1 65	1 8 2 39
1 11 0	0 11 7 51	1 1 7 40	1 7 7 29
1 11 6	0 11 6 13	1 1 5 20	1 7 4 26
1 12 0	0 11 4 52	1 1 3 5	1 7 1 31
1 12 6	0 11 3 20	1 1 0 67	1 6 6 41
1 13 0	0 11 1 65	1 0 6 62	1 6 3 58
1 13 6	0 11 0 40	1 0 4 61	1 6 1 8
1 14 0	0 10 7 18	1 0 2 64	1 5 6 37
1 14 6	0 10 5 72	1 0 0 72	1 5 3 72
1 15 0	0 10 4 55	0 15 7 10	1 5 1 38
1 15 6	0 10 3 41	0 15 5 26	1 4 7 10
1 16 0	0 10 2 30	0 15 3 45	1 4 4 60

The Table of the Assize of Bread. By Avoir-du-poids Weight

Wheat. the Quarter Price.	Penny White.	Penny Wheaten.	Penny Houshold.
L. sh. d.	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.
1 16 6	10 1 20	15 1 67	20 2 41
1 17 0	10 0 13	15 0 20	20 0 26
•• 17 6	9 7 8	14 6 49	19 6 16
1 18 0	9 6 5	14 5 8	19 4 10
1 18 6	9 5 4	14 3 43	19 2 8
1 19 0	9 4 5	14 2 7	19 0 10
1 19 6	9 3 7	14 0 48	18 6 15
2 0 0	9 2 12	13 7 18	18 4 24
2 0 6	9 1 18	13 5 64	18 2 37
2 1 0	9 0 26	13 4 39	18 0 52
2 1 6	8 7 35	13 3 17	17 6 71
2 2 0	8 6 46	13 1 69	17 5 20
2 2 6	8 5 58	13 0 51	17 3 44
2 3 0	8 4 72	12 7 35	17 1 71
2 3 6	8 4 14	12 6 22	17 0 29
2 4 0	8 3 31	12 5 10	16 6 62
2 4 6	8 2 48	12 4 0	16 5 24
2 5 0	8 1 67	12 2 65	16 3 62
2 5 6	8 1 14	12 1 58	16 2 29
2 6 0	8 0 36	12 0 54	16 0 72
2 6 6	7 7 58	11 7 51	15 7 44
2 7 0	7 7 9	11 6 50	15 6 18
2 7 6	7 6 33	11 5 50	15 4 66
2 8 0	7 5 59	11 4 52	15 3 43
2 8 6	7 5 12	11 3 55	15 2 24

The Table of the Assize of Bread. By Avoir du-poids Weight.

Wheat the Quarter Price.	Penny White.	Penny Wheaten.	Penny Houshold
L. sh. d.	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.
2 9 0	7 4 39	11 2 59	15 1 6
2 9 6	7 3 68	11 1 65	14 7 67
2 10 0	7 3 24	11 1 00	14 6 49
2 10 6	7 2 54	11 0 8	14 5 36
2 11 0	7 2 12	10 7 18	14 4 25
2 11 6	7 1 44	10 6 30	14 3 15
2 12 0	7 1 3	10 5 41	14 2 7
2 12 6	7 0 37	10 4 55	14 1 1
2 13 0	6 7 71	10 3 70	13 7 69
2 13 6	6 7 33	10 3 13	13 6 66
2 14 0	6 6 68	10 2 30	13 5 64
2 14 6	6 6 31	10 1 47	13 4 63
2 15 0	6 5 68	10 0 66	13 3 64
2 15 6	6 5 33	10 0 13	13 2 66
2 16 0	6 4 71	9 7 34	13 1 69
2 16 6	6 4 37	9 6 55	13 1 1
2 17 0	6 4 3	9 6 5	13 0 7
2 17 6	6 3 43	9 5 28	12 7 14
2 18 0	6 3 11	9 4 53	12 6 22
2 18 6	6 2 52	9 4 5	12 5 31
2 19 0	6 2 20	9 3 31	12 4 41
2 19 6	6 1 62	9 2 57	12 3 52
3 0 0	6 1 32	9 2 12	12 2 65
3 0 6	6 1 2	9 1 40	12 2 5
3 1 0	6 0 46	9 0 69	12 1 19

The Table of the Assize of Bread. By Avoir-du-poids Weight.

Wheat the Quarter Price.	Penny White.	Penny Wheaten.	Penny Houshold.
L. sh. d.	Ou. Dr. 73	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.
3 1 6	6 0 17	9 0 26	12 0 35
3 2 0	5 7 62	8 7 56	11 7 51
3 2 6	5 7 34	8 7 14	11 6 68
3 3 0	5 7 6	8 6 46	11 6 13
3 3 6	5 6 52	8 6 5	11 5 32
3 4 0	5 6 26	8 5 39	11 4 52
3 4 6	5 5 72	8 4 72	11 3 72
3 5 0	5 5 46	8 4 33	11 3 20
3 5 6	5 5 21	8 3 68	11 2 43
3 6 0	5 4 69	8 3 31	11 1 65
3 6 6	5 4 44	8 0 67	11 1 16
3 7 0	5 4 20	8 2 30	11 0 40
3 7 6	5 3 69	8 1 67	10 7 66
3 8 0	5 3 45	8 1 32	10 7 18
3 8 6	5 3 22	8 0 70	10 6 45
3 9 0	5 2 72	8 0 36	10 5 72
3 9 6	5 2 50	8 0 2	10 5 27
3 10 0	5 2 27	7 7 41	10 4 55
3 10 6	5 2 6	7 7 9	10 4 12
3 11 0	5 1 57	7 6 49	10 3 41
3 11 6	5 1 36	7 6 17	10 2 72
3 12 0	5 1 15	7 5 59	10 2 30
3 12 6	5 0 67	7 5 27	10 1 61
3 13 0	5 0 46	7 4 70	10 1 20
3 13 6	5 0 26	7 4 39	10 0 53

The Table of the Assize of Bread. By Avoir-du-poids-Weight.

Wheat the Quarter Price.	Penny White.	Penny Wheaten.	Penny Houshold.
L. sh. d.	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.
3 14 0	5 0 6	7 4 10	10 0 13
3 14 6	4 7 60	7 3 53	9 7 47
3 15 0	4 7 40	7 3 24	9 7 8
3 15 6	4 7 21	7 2 68	9 6 43
3 16 0	4 7 2	7 2 40	9 6 5
3 16 6	4 6 57	7 2 12	9 5 41
3 17 0	4 6 38	7 1 57	9 5 4
3 17 6	4 6 20	7 1 30	9 4 41
3 18 0	4 6 2	7 3 3	9 4 5
3 18 6	4 5 57	7 0 50	9 3 42
3 19 0	4 5 40	7 0 24	9 3 7
3 19 6	4 5 23	6 7 71	9 2 46
4 0 0	4 5 6	6 7 45	9 2 12
4 0 6	4 4 62	6 7 20	9 1 51
4 1 0	4 4 45	6 6 68	9 1 18
4 1 6	4 4 29	6 6 44	9 0 58
4 2 0	4 4 13	6 6 19	9 0 26
4 3 0	4 3 54	6 5 45	8 7 35
4 3 6	4 3 38	6 5 21	8 7 4
4 4 0	4 3 23	6 4 71	8 6 46
4 4 6	4 3 8	6 4 48	8 6 16
4 5 0	4 2 65	6 4 25	8 5 58
4 5 6	4 2 51	6 4 3	8 5 29
4 6 0	4 2 36	6 3 54	8 4 72

The Table of the Assize of Bread. By Avoir du poids Weight.

Wheat the Quarter Price.	Penny White.	Penny Wheaten.	Penny shoushold.
L. sh. d.	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.	Ou. Dr. 73.
4 6 6	4 2 21	6 3 32	8 4 43
4 7 0	4 2 7	6 3 11	8 4 14
4 7 6	4 1 66	6 2 62	8 3 59
4 8 0	4 1 52	6 2 41	8 3 31
4 8 6	4 1 38	6 2 20	8 3 3
4 9 0	4 1 24	6 2 00	8 2 48
4 9 6	4 1 10	6 1 52	8 2 21
4 10 0	4 0 70	6 1 32	8 1 67
4 10 6	4 0 57	6 1 12	8 1 41
4 11 0	4 0 43	6 0 65	8 1 14
4 11 6	4 0 30	6 0 46	8 0 61
4 12 0	4 0 18	6 0 27	8 0 36
4 12 6	4 0 5	6 0 8	8 0 00
4 13 0	3 7 65	5 7 62	7 7 58
4 13 6	3 7 53	5 7 43	7 7 33
4 14 0	3 7 41	5 7 25	7 7 9
4 14 6	3 7 28	5 7 6	7 6 57
4 15 0	3 7 16	5 6 61	7 6 33
4 15 6	3 7 4	5 6 43	7 6 9
4 16 0	3 6 66	5 6 26	7 5 59
4 1 66	3 6 54	5 6 8	7 5 35
4 17 0	3 6 42	5 5 64	7 5 12
4 17 6	3 6 31	5 5 46	7 4 62
4 18 0	3 9 19	5 5 29	7 4 39
4 18 6	3 6 8	5 5 13	7 4 17
4 19 0	3 5 70	5 4 69	7 3 68
4 19 6	3 5 59	5 4 62	7 3 46
5 00 0	3 5 48	5 4 36	7 3 24

I have omitted in this Assize by Avoir-du-poids, all the Fractions of a single Grain, which are all insignificant, there being no Weight in use of the 20. 30. or 50th part of a Grain. Besides, all the curious Criticks may easily supply that, when they shall take the pains, to Calculate any of the Assizes.