The Spanish grammer vvith certeine rules teaching both the Spanish and French tongues. By which they that haue some knowledge in the French tongue, may the easier attaine to the Spanish; and the likewise they that haue the Spanish, with more facilitie learne the French: and they that are acquainted with neither of them, learne either or both. Made in Spanish, by M. Anthonie de Corro. With a dictionarie adioyned vnto it, of all the Spanish wordes cited in this booke: and other more wordes most necessarie for all such as desire the knowledge of the same tongue. By Iohn Thorius, graduate in Oxenford.

The Spanish Grammer.

I Would thinke it superfluous and néedelesse at this time to treat of the number & pronunciation of the let∣ters of the Spanish tongue, vnlesse in the prolation of some of them, this tongue did greatly differ from all the other languages commonly spoken in Europ. And therefore to take away all occasion of error which may be committed in the pronunciation by the strangers that are desirous to speake this language, I will intreat of the power which each letter hath, and how it ought to be pronounced.

The Spanish tongue hath seuen and twentie letters, with those which are written double: and these be they.

A. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. x. y. z.

And these be the double letters. ch. ll. n̄.

Some men marueile much why the Spanish tongue being descended from the Latine, hath gotten more letters than the Latine Spéech it selfe: Vnto this I aunswere, that although the Spanish tongue in our time be corrupt & bro∣ken Latine: it was neuerthelesse before deriued from some other auncient language▪ Besides, it hath sought letters to vtter all the prolations which the instruments which God hath giuen man could articulate and pronounce. Now then let vs sée the valure and pronunciation particulerly of euery letter.

Of the letter A.

This letter, the Spanish tongue pronounceth after the same order as all other tongues do: To wite, with onely

opening the mouth without vsing any violence at all with any of the other instruments.

Of the letter B.

This letter, kéepeth the pronunciation of the Lattine B. and will not be pronounced as some Grecians do: (I call those Grecians thae now a dayes teach the same tongue in Europe) who pronounce the B. touching the vnder lippe with their téeth, as if it were V consonant Vita. But the perfect pronunciation of this letter is, ioyning both the lips together. And so the Hebrues call it litteram labialem, the labiall Letter.

The French men pronounce these two letters after the same manner as the Spaniardes.

Of the letter C.

This letter must be pronounced by applying the tongue to both the rankes of the téeth, making the winde go out by force, like many of the Grecians pronounce the letter ••. The pronunciation of this letter is answerable (as I think) to a letter which the Hebrues haue, which they call çadic The pronunciation wherof, because it hath béen vnknowen to some: that letter hath béene thought superfluous in the Hebrewe Alphabet. I am perswaded that it is correspon∣dent to the pronunciation of this Hebrewe letter: séeing that the Spanyardes when they borrowe a worde from the Hebrewe tongue to vse it, they write it with a C. as wée may take example by this worde çagnero, which is as much to saye as the worde postrero (in English the latter,) which the Hebrewe properly pronounceth çagnir.

But leauing this a syde wée must note that this letter hath two pronunciations according to the vowell which is adioyned vnto it: For if an A fellowe, then it is pronounced

as the letter K. So doth it also when o. or u. followeth▪ Example castidad, ca••••ad, cara, c••rdu••a, costumbre, cantar, cantaro, cuchillo. And this as well in the mid∣dle of the worde, as in the beginning, as Escama, es••on∣dido, sacudir, acabar, escudrin̄ar, escudrin̄ador, escu∣char.

But if e. or i. followe the c. then shée taketh the first pronunciation, of which we haue spoken aboue, as cena, cenat, ciudadano, ciudad: But if the necessitie of the worde require, that though a. o. or u. doe followe the c. and yet notwithstanding it must be pronounced as if e. or i. did followe, then we must put a little note vnder the c. being as it were a halfe circle drawen towardes the right hand, which is called çerill••, ç And this ought to be obser∣ued as well in the beginning of the word, & middle, as in the latter ende. Example, cereça, çapa••o, açor, cedaço, çamarro; caçador, çarça, maça, alabança, çumo, çun̄o, çaquiçami, &c.

The Frenchmen vse the same pronunciation in this let∣ter c. as well in the beginning of a worde, and middle, as in the ende: except, when the ••. is noted with the little half circle beneath, then it is to be pronounced as if it were an s. In so much that they saye, François, as if it were writ∣ten Fransois: as for example: •• apperçoy bien, que cest homme la est souspeçōn eux. Car il ne fait qu' aller sa & la, pour sçauoir la façon des François, &c.

The Spanish tongue hath another letter compounded of c. and h. thus ch. The pronunciation whereof is so proper and particuler vnto the Spanyardes, that the French men can scarce and that with great difficultie immitate the same pronunciation. In so much, that it is as a token whereby the natiue Spanyardes are knowen from the strangers that can speake the Spanish tongue. For the same ch. is as it were a stumbling blocke vnto them, and especially vnto Frenchmen. Like as among the Israelites they

werr knowen of what Trybe they were by the pronunci∣ation of an Hebrewe letter which is called Schin.

The right pronunciation, and which commonly is vsed among the Spanyardes is, when you put the thickest of the tongue to the vpper ende of the throat, with the picke ende of the tongue touching both the rankes of the téeth, breathing with violence, as we pronnunce in English: chickens, chamber, chatfield.

And because in all the French tongue I cannot fynde any such pronunciat••on, I cannot declare it by example, whereby they may learne to pronounce this Spanish let∣ter right, which Englishmen may easily doe. And hence it commeth that a French man comming into England, when he will saye chickens, he sayeth shickens.

And euen as they cannot pronounce Chickens but Shickens, so in the Spanish tongue, when they will saye cuchillo they say cushillo, not able to immitate the right pronunciation of the same letter ch. And therefore I counsell them Frenchmen that will pronounce the same letter well, to learne the pronunciation of it, of some natu∣rall Spanyard.

When I doe attentiuely consider from what tongue the Spanish nation hath taken this letter, I coniecture that it was taken from the Hebrewe spéech, and that this letter ch. is correspondent vnto the letter which the He∣brewes call Schin, when they set a poynt on the toppe of the right syde of the letter, which in their tongue they call Schin-jamin: For when they set the tittle poynt ouer the left syde of the letter, then they call it Schin∣semol.

To the end, that the strangers may exercise themselues in the pronunciation of this letter ch. I will set downe all the wordes which for the most parte are founde in the Spanish tongue written with this letter: chismear, chis∣mero, chismeria, muchacho, china, mancha, achaque,

chueca, chapin, machucar, chupar, chiste, chistar, charlatan, chamarra, chinche, pichel, chozno, chi∣menea, tachar, &c.

The Frenchmen haue the same letter also, but they pronounce it after another manner: For they make it sounde as the Spanyardes are accustomed to pronounce the letter x. and as English men pronounce Sh. and so they saye cheual, cheualier, as if it were written sheual, sheua∣lier. And among the Spandardes xeual, xeualier: For so is the letter x. pronounced in the Spanish tongue as wée shall afterwardes more at large speake thereof.

In the meane time this is to be noted, that all the wordes which the Frenchmen pronounce with this letter ch. the Spanyardes vtter them with a single c. onely, as for Example, cheualier, cauallero, cheual, cauallo, &c. And this is onely obserued in the beginning of the worde.

Of the letter D.

This letter is pronounced alike in both tongues, the Spanish and the French, to wite, putting the ende of the tongue against the téeth halfe open.

Of the letter E.

This vowell in the Spanish tongue is pronounced as in the Latine tongue.

But as for the French tongue, note that there be two kindes of e: the one is é acuta: the other e grauis: or the one é masenlin, and the other e feminin.

The é Masculin is alwayes noted with an Accent on the toppe, as in these wordes, charité, grauité, aimé, jugé.

But when the ••. is not accentuated with the title ouer

head, that e. the French men call the e Feminin: For the sounde of the same e is not so sharpe and acute, as the Masculin é. As for example, Sap••ence, diuine, immortelle, eternelle, euangile, &c.

It happeneth sometimes that this letter e. is sometimes set double in the ende of the worde, especially in the Par∣ticiples of the Feminine gender. And then the first e. is é Masculin, and the latter is e Feminin: As for exam∣ple, Espousee, animée, rachetée, enseignêe, arrousee, &c. In so much that the é accentuate or Masculine is pronoun∣ced as the Lattine e. But the e Feminin is pronounced among the Frenchmen, almost as if it were a Latine a.

The straunger must diligently note the difference of these two kindes of e. For otherwise they might bee ter∣ribly deceiued in the significations of many French words. Example, cestuycy est juge, is to saye: This man is Iudge. But cestuycy est jugé, signifieth; this man is iud∣ged: So in this word il est aveugle, is to say: He is blynd. But thus, il est aveuglé, it is to saye: He is blinded. contes, accountes: but contés, counted: charges, is to saye Charges, or cares: but chargés signifieth Charged.

Furthermore, this must be noted, that all the Spanish Participles passiues in the Masculine Gender and singu∣lar Number, the French men forme them with é Ma••cu∣line: As for Example. comprado, acheté, herido, blessè, amonestado, amonesté, acusado, accusé, despedido, conged••é, contado, conté, &c.

The Frenchmen, as we haue aboue noted, pronounce their e Feminine, as if it were an a. And also they vse the same order in vttering their e. as if it were an a when the e. commeth before m. or n. as wée shall hereafter shewe by Examples.

Of the letter F.

This letter is pronounced by the Spanyardes, as in the French and Latine tongues. Yet notwithstanding, this ought to be noted by the waye: that when there is a∣ny worde which descendeth eyther from the Latine or Gréeke tongue, which is written with ph. the Spany∣ard writeth it with the same letters, pronouncing it like an f. writing phylosopho, and not filosoto: philoso∣phia, and not filosofia. In trueth, the pronunciation is all one, but yet it is better to kéepe the Ortographie, be∣cause it may be knowen from whence the worde takes it beginning.

Of the letter G.

This letter in the Spanish tongue is pronounced as the Hebrewes pronounce their letter which is correspondent vnto this, and they call it Gimel: which pronunciation also the Latinistes and French men vse.

But this must be noted that the G. when it commeth be••ore a. o. or u. is otherwise pronounced then when it commeth before e. or i. For before a. o. u. it is pro∣nounced as wée pronounce it in this worde gauntlet, god, good. As for example: ganar, ganado, gonces, golpe, governar, angustiar, gustar, &c. But when the g. is set before e. or i. it is pronounced as g. in English in this worde, Gentleman, George, &c. As for example, gesto, genti••••ç••, gemido, gigantes, &c. And if the necessitie of the worde require that the g. notwithstanding a. o. or u. following, yet it is to be pronounced as if e. or i. follo∣wed, then it is written with j long: ••s for example jarro and not garro, johan, and not goan, j••••••o, and not gusto, cerrojo, and not cerrogo, jubon, and not gubon, &c.

Note also, that if after the g. an u. followe with a also▪ the u. shall be distinctly pronounced, and not as the French tongue which soundes not the u. when it standeth be∣wixt g. and a. So that you must in the Spanish tongue giue the u. her full sounde and pronunciation, and sound it lengua, averiguar, fragua, tregua, mengua, pegua, agua, as if it were written with a double w: l••ngwa, &c. but not as if it were written lenga, averigar, fraga, &c. like the French men do.

Of the letter H.

This letter of aspiration retayneth the common pro∣nunciation of all other tongues. Yet this may be noted, that in the Spanish tongue, it is pronounced with a more vehement sound in some wordes then other. And hereof no certaine rule can be giuen, but onely by marking and lear∣ning it by the common vse of speaking. Yet this is plaine, that in the beginning of euery worde, it is pronounced more vehemently, then in the middle or ende of the same.

Of the letter i.

The Spanish tongue hath thrée kindes of I.

The first hath a small forme, and is pronounced as a vowell.

The other is called the long j. and that is an j. conso∣nant, which serueth in stéede of g. when it commeth be∣fore a. o. or u. as we haue before saide. Example: jamas, and not gamas, &c.

The third I. is a y. commonly written in words that des∣cend from the Gréeke tongue and are vsed in the Spanish tongue. But it is pronounced like the little i.

This v. is also put, when it commeth before another vowel, like as yo, ya, dezya, avya, comya, embyo, &c.

Of the letter K.

The Spanish tongue vseth this letter when a Lattine or Gréeke worde requireth it. And it is pronounced like c. when it commeth before a. o. or u. as is Ka∣lendas, &c.

Of the lette••s L. and ll.

This letter, when it is not double, is pronounced after the same manner as in all other languages: But when it is doubled, then it is pronounced, putting the ende of the tongue in the concaue and hollowe place of the vpper téeth, as the Italians pronounce gl. As for Example: llamar, llovar, llegar, espinilla, llorar, tollo, sollo∣çar, xervilla, llave, &c.

Of the letter M.

This letter retaineth the same pronunciation as well in this tongue and the French, as in all the other lan∣guages.

Of the letter N.

When this letter is written without a note on the top, then it is pronounced as in all other languages.

But when it is noted with a tittle ouer the head as n̄. then it is to be pronounced putting the tongue in the con∣caue place of the vpper téeth something high towardes the throat, in such order as the French men and many Lati∣nistes do pronounce g••. But the right pronounciation of this Spanish letter n̄. is as we in English would pronounce nia, making but one sillable of it, and somthing drow∣ning

the i. and sound it as wée sound the y. in English comming before another vowell, as in this worde, yea, yet, yonder: then putting an n. before it, wée make it nyet, nyate, Monosyllabum and so hit vppon the* 1.1 right pronunciation of this Spanish letter n̄. which they pronounce n̄a. n̄e. n̄i. n̄o. n̄••. as we would pronounce nya. nye. nyi. nyo. nyu. As for example, an̄••dir. an̄o. pan̄o. esen̄ar. man̄a. ren̄egar. man̄ana. as if it were written anyidir. anyo. &c.

Of the letters O. P. Q.

These letters are pronounced among the Spanyardes as among other Nations. This onely may be noted, that ph. comming together must be pronounced as if it were f. as we haue heretofore shewed.

As for this letter q. Note that whensoeuer it commeth before u. the u. is to be pronounced, and loseth n••t her sound, as wée haue noted also in the letter g. And saye, quando, and not as if it were written qando: quatro, and not qatro▪ quanto•• and not qantos: quales and not qales. But if after the ••. immediatly follow e. or i. then the u. loseth her sounde, and you must pronounce the worde as if there were neuer an u. in it. As for exam∣ple quinze, quitar, querer, quemar, as if it were wri∣ten, qinze, qitar, qerer, qemar, &c.

Of the letter R.

This letter, if it be single in the middle of a worde, it is pronounced with a swéete aspiration, arador, h••re∣dero, orador, haron. But if it be in the beginning of a worde: then it is pronounced with a great vehemen∣cie: As for Example, rodar, ren̄ir, redemptor, ruido▪ risa, reir, ruinar, &c▪ as if it were written rhodar,

rhen̄ir, rhedemptor, &c. Thus is it also pronounced in the middle of a worde if it be a double rr. as in these wordes, errar, herrero, corregir, correr, carreta, &c. as if it were written errhar, herredero, &c. For in this letter the Spanyardes immitate and followe the pronunciation which the Grecians doe vse in their letter Rho.

Of the letter S.

This letter is correspondent to two letters, which the Hebrewes haue: the one they call Same••••: and the o∣ther Scin. When this letter is in the beginning of a worde by it selfe, single, or in the middle of a worde double ss. then it is pronounced with something a vehement sounde, as in these wordes salud, sanctidad, sanidad, saltar, saltear, sufrir. Example, when it is double in the mid∣dle of a worde: fuessemos, dixessemos, ••uviessemos. But if this letter S. be alone and single in the middle of a worde, then it is to be pronounced sweetely with a min∣gled sounde betwixt the pronunciation of S. and z, which the French men doe with great dexteritie, which addeth a meruailous grace vnto their tongue. The same sounde hath the S. in the ende of the worde. Example: Dios ama a sus hijos, escojelos, llama los, para a la fin, glorificar los, which is as much to saye as: God loues his children, chooseth them, calleth them: in the ende to glorifie them.

Of the letter T.

This letter retayneth the same pronounciation which is vsed in all other languages. As for Example: tomar, tutar, tirar, ••oro, ti••ta. In the like sorte it is pro∣nounced when it is added to H. in these wordes which the

Spanish tongue borroweth of the Gréeke: as Theolo∣gia, ethimologia, &c. pronouncing it as if it were wri∣ten Teologia, etimologia. &c.

Of the letter V.

This letter serueth sometimes for a vowell, sometimes for a consonant.

Being a vowell, it retayneth the common pronuncia∣tion vsed in all tongues, as in these wordes: guardar, gusto, fuero, ygualdad, and is correspondent to the He∣brewe vowel vaf••u••ec••.

But v. being a consonant it must be pronounced tou∣ching the vnder lippe with the vpper téeth, as some Gre∣cians pronounce the seconde letter of their Alphabet, which they call vita. And as the English men pronounce the v. in these wordes: over, vaunt, valiant, verie, &c. The Latinistes that are something precise in writing, make this distinction of the v. that when it is a consonant, they write it thus v. when it is a vowell thus, u. as in these wordes valde, servare, ••overe, Consonant. But Vowels in these: ullus, musicus, &c.

But they that are not so skilfull in making difference be∣twixt the v. consonant, and the u. vowell. They com∣monly vse this kinde of v. when the worde beginneth with an u. and in the middle of the worde they vse this u. And thus much of this.

But before I passe to the other Letters, I will set downe some examples of Spanish wordes written with v. Consonants: Vianda, vida, voto, vestido, envi∣erno, llevantar, &c. And this v. is aunswerable to the Hebrewe vaf. and the Gréeke Ypsilon, as it is nowe∣adayes much pronounced in Europ.

Of the letter X.

To pronounce this letter well, a man may note howe the French man pronounceth ch. which is much like to the English sh: So that the Spanyarde pronounceth his X. as the English man pronounceth sh. and the French∣men ch. For betwixt the English sh. and the French ch. I can finde but small difference. Examples: xaquima, xara, xerinlla, xaral, mexilla, texillo, lexia, texer, lexos, axime••, axuar, &c. As if it were written sha∣quima, shara, sheringa, &c.

Of the letter Z.

The Spanyards pronounce this letter as the Hebrewes their letter Zaim. And as the Frenchmen pronounce their s. but with more vehemencie. And as we pronounce our English z. Example: Dezir, rezio, azeite. And it kee∣peth the same sounde, though it be put in the end of a worde: as raiz, perdiz, boz, enzina, zarco, razimo, zacha∣rias, &c.

Of the diuision of the foresaid letters.

These letters are deuided in two partes. Sixe of them be vowels, A. E. I. O. V. Y. All the other besides these sixe, are called Consonants, because they doe as it were consound, that is sound with the Vowels, for without they be ioyned to some of the Vowels they haue no sound.

And as for the French tongue, the strangers that are desyrous to attaine to the knowledge of the same, must note that among the Consonants in the French Alphabet, there is one sort that be called, quiescen••es: That is as much to saye: as that though they be written, yet ought they not to be pronounced; which thing maketh the

French tongue séeme something harder to be learned. And in déede it discourageth many of other Nations from lear∣ning of the Frenche tongue, because it is almoste impos∣sible vnto them to immitate such a kinde of dissimulation in letters, and passing by them without pronouncing them: vnlesse by vse they are acquainted after what manner the French men vse to let them escape vnpronounced.

True it is, that this manner of writing of certaine let∣ters though not pronouncing them, was left in the French tongue, by the graue counsell and full consent of auncient men: to the ende that euery one might the playnlier see, from what tongue the vowels descended: and that the wri∣ting of the wordes might shewe the right Etymologie of them.

Yet notwithstanding this reason, some Neoterical wri∣ters of these our times haue attempted to deliuer their spéech from this difficultie, writing the wordes as they common∣ly were by euery one pronounced. Which alteration, or reformation: whether it be good or no, I leaue it to be iudged to the learned of Fraunce. But this I saye, that for all their reformation and alteration of letters, yet re∣maineth the difficultie of S. vnreformed, and not as yet al∣tered: So that the pronunciation of the same letter is left in doubt, when it ought to be sounded, and when to escape vnpronounced. And in déede without great difficultie can no man giue rules thereof.

And as much as I could obserue in the learning of the French tongue, I marked, that when the S. commeth be∣fore a Vowell, then shée is sounded: But if shée come be∣fore a Consonant, then shée is dissembled, and the worde is pronounced, as if it were written without S. Example: If the worde be written Epistre, the French man pronoun∣ceth it, epitre, &c.

This generall rule hath one exception, and that is: that all the wordes, that are halfe Lattine, in which, if

after the S. a C••nsonant followe, the S. for the moste parte retayneth her scunde and is pronounced. As for Ex∣ample: Baptiste, Euangeliste, Organiste, chaste, dome∣stique, Fantastique, esprit, juste, celeste, terrestre, satis∣faction, restitution, and such other wordes, which are pro∣nounced as they are written, and not as if they were thus: Baptite, Evangelite, Organite, &c.

And yet there are some wordes taken and borrowed from the Lattine tongue, which neuerthelesse pronounce not the S. but are vttered as if they had not S. written. as these wordes, feste, pasque, fenestre, estoille, espine, espange, espee, &c. which are pronounced, as if they were written: fete, paque, fenetre, etoille, epine, eponge, epèe, &c.

We may also note, that if this letter S. be in the be∣ginning of a worde which is borrowed from the Lattine tongue, and immediatly after the same ••. if a Consonant followe, the French men vse to adde an E. before the S. and pronounce the worde, as if it were written without S. As for ex••mple: Estienne, estude, estudier, escole, es••rne, espoux, espouse, espouser, estable, &c. which wordes are pronounced, as if they were written: etie••ne, etude, &c. But there be some wordes that are excepted out of this rule: as Sphere, scribe, science, stile, sterile, &c.

Of the APostrophes.

We call that an Apostrophe, when as two Vowels comming togither, the first is taken away to make a pro∣nunciation and sounde fit to the eare.

As for the Spanish tongue, there is no vse of Apo∣strophes in it. For the Spaniardes do speake so bread and leasurely, that notwithstandinge anye ••oaccur∣rens or méeting together of Vowels, yet it bréedeth not

any 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or ill sound to the eares. But in déede in their verses and meeter, the Spanyardes sometimes vse to e∣clips a Vowell to haue their verses equall touching the number of syllables. The Italians also vse the same col∣lision of letters.

Touching the Frenche tongue, the strangers maye note, that they shall finde manye Apostrophes vsed in the same, as well in prose as in verse. And the French∣men therefore vse them so much, because of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or good sound, which beautifyeth their speech much. For vn∣lesse they should cut off the first Vowell of the two when they concurre and méete togéether, it were impossible that they shoulde sounde well, because they speake so fast: for in trueth, they speake so fast that they cannot pro∣nounce one Vowell first, and then another after. And therefore two Vowels comming together, the first of the two is cut off. As you may sée in this example: j'aime l'homme, qui sadonne, a l'stude de l'escriture sancte, & qui porchasse d'auancer l'honneur de l'eternell.

Out of this generall rule are excepted all the Partici∣ples ending in é Masculine: which though they come be∣fore an other Vowell, yet they be not taken away, whe∣ther they be Participles or Nownes. As for example, on a jugé en verité. vous avez esté elevé en prosperite: & a∣ves blasphemé contre le ciel: mais vous serez humilie en brief &c.

Of the Dipthongs.

The Grammarians defyne a Dipthong to bee the con∣iunction of two Vowels which sounde as if they were but one Vowell onely. Yet the Spanish tongue hath not any Diphthong, but euery Vowell is pronounced by it selfe, not ioyning or mingling it sound with any other.

But in the French toong, the stranger must observe that there are eight diphthongs: which is as much to say, as a cōjunction or joyning togither of two vowels, which sound as if there were but one. And these be the eight diphthongs used in the French spéech, ay. oy. oe. au. ei. eu. ou. and uy. The first, the second, and the third are pro∣nounced as if both the vowels were but one onely, e. As for example: mayson, orayson, foy, loy, coeur, oeil, aeuvres, &c. Which words are pronounced, as if they were written thus: meson, oreson, foe, loe, keur, eil. In the other five diph∣thongs both the vowels are almost sounded; as in these words, Feu, eau, peine, jour, nuyt. An example: Aujourduy j'ay eu grand peine. which is to say: This day have I had great paine or trouble, &c. Item, Les richesses de l'esprit, ne peuvent perir, ne par feu, ne par eau. that is to say, The riches of the mind or spirit cannot perish neither by fire, nor by water. But to be short, I am of this opinion, that no man is able to pronounce these well, unlesse he heare some French man speake.

These rules have I set down, and noted as shortly and compendiously as possibly may be, touching the letters, sillables, diphthongs, and apostrophes; by the use and aid of which rules any man may easily learne to read the Spanish toong. But as for the French toong, I would ex∣hort them that are willing and desirous to learne the French toong, to take the lectures and helpe of some na∣turall borne French man: And then they may of him learne how distinctly to read and pronounce the French toong. Which I take to be so difficult for many reasons, that I thinke a man shall or may hardly (nay and scarce so too) learne the pronunciation thereof, unlesse he heare a French man pronounce it.

But now I will hy to the second part of this Gram∣mar, wherein I treate of the parts of spéech, as well in the French as in the Spanish toong.

THE SECOND PART OF THIS TREATISE.

Of the parts of speech.

IN the Spanish and French toong there be eight parts of spéech, as in the Latin toong. And I will treat parti∣cularly of each one, noting the necessary rules.

Of the Noune.

ANd to begin with the nounes note that they be of two sorts; nounes proper, as Iuan, Pedro, Fran∣çesco, &c. and nounes appellatives, which are also of two sorts: some substantives, and other be adjectives, as maestro, discipulo: bueno, justo, &c.

There are two numbers: the singular that speaketh of one, and the plurall which speaketh of mo than one: the plurall number is made of the singular after this ma∣ner: When the singular endeth in a vowell, the plural is made by adding thereto s, as donzella donzellas, hom∣bre hombres, sancto sanctos, hermano hermanos, justo justos, padre padres, &c. But if the last letter of the sin∣gular be a consonant, then to forme the plurall you must adde es, as verdad verdades, maldad maldades, arbol ar∣boles, ladron ladrones, animal animales, &c.

Some are excepted from this rule, which ending with a vowell do forme their plurall as if they ended with con∣sonants: but these are very few, as Ley leyes, fe fees, Rey Reyes, and some such other.

The nounes pronounes and participles are not decli∣ned with cases: but the articles shew of what case every noune is.

They have two genders, masculine and feminine, but they have not the neuter.

The articles are thus declined:

Nominat.	Genit.	Accusat.	Ablat.
Masculino	S.	el	del	a el	de el
P.	los	delos	a los	de los
Foeminino	S.	la	de la	a la
P.	las	de las	a las

To know the right use of these articles is so necessary for them that would learne the Spanish toong well, that such as cannot apply them aright, commit therby a thou∣sand incongruities and faults, as we sée the Biscains and Portugals daily do, bicause they take upon them to speake the Castiglian language before they have learned it.

Besides this, there are other signes whereby the cases may be knowen, as you shall sée in the example follow∣ing of the declensons.

After the same maner you must consider the articles in the French toong declining them with thrée cases: as for example.

Nominat.	Genit.	Accusat.
Masculino Foeminino	sing.	Le	Du	Au
La	De	A
Plural.	Les	Des	Aux.

Héere you must note that in the plurall one terminati∣on serveth both genders, masculine and feminine.

Of the declensons of Nounes.

THe Spanish and French toongs have not any de∣clensons, but all the nounes are indeclined: for the diversitie of cases is made by meanes and helpe of

the articles. But that you may better understand the dif∣ference of genders and cases we will set downe an exam∣ple in each of the toongs. In the Spanish we will put sixe cases, and in the French thrée, notwithstanding that even in the Spanish it selfe there is small difference betwéene the dative, accusative, and ablative.

An example of the masculine singular in Spanish.

• Nominat. El doctor.
• Genit. del doctor.
• Dativ. para el doctor.
• Accusat. al doctor.
• Vocat. o doctor.
• Ablat. del doctor.
• ...French Le docteur.
• ...French du docteur.
• ...French au docteur.

An example of the masculine plurall.

• Nominat. los doctores.
• Genit. de los doctores.
• Dativ. para los doctores.
• Accusat. a los doctores.
• Ablat. de los doctores.
• ...French Les docteurs.
• ...French des docteurs.
• ...French aux docteurs.

An example of the feminine singular.

• Nominat. la doctrina.
• Genit. de la doctrina.
• Dativ. para la doctrina.
• Accusat. a la doctrina.
• Ablat. de la doctrina.
• ...French la doctrine.
• ...French de la doctrine.
• ...French a la doctrine.

The feminine plurall.

• Nominat. las doctrinas.
• Genit. de las doctrinas.
• Dativ. para las doctrinas
• Accusat. a las doctrinas.
• Ablat. de las doctrinas.
• ...French les doctrines.
• ...French des doctrines.
• ...French aux doctrines.

After the same maner be all other nounes declined, as you sée in this example, so that knowing how to decline your articles, you may be able to decline any noune.

Of the Comparatives and Superlatives.

THe Spanish toong hath no comparatives: but to make a comparison they make it by this particle, mas, and in the superlative, muy. When they will use a comparative, they put the positive, and adde this particle, mas, or mayor, thus: Pedro es mas blanco que Iuan; La gracia de Christo es mayor que la condemna∣cion que nos ca••sò el peccado de Adam. Menores son los hombres que hormigas, comparados a la grandeza de Dios.

So that the particles where with comparison is made, are: mas, mejor, peor, mayor, menor, &c.

The Superlative is made with this particle, muy, (which answereth to the English, Most, &c.) as when they say; Dios es muy piadoso, &c. God is most pitifull. Not∣withstanding they do in exaggerating and magnifieng a matter use to forme superlatives from nounes adjectives, as: El rey es humanissimo; serenissimo principe; illu∣strissimo Sen̄or: La princesa es una hermosissima don∣zella, &c.

And héere I must advertise such as would attaine to good knowledge of the Spanish toong, that they learne how to apply their epithetons, and know of what nounes they may forme superlatives: for héerein is some diffi∣cultie in this toong.

In nownes proper there is no comparison: but by ad∣ding unto them some qualitie, as Iuan es mejor official que Pedro. The adverbs of qualitie do receive compa∣rison as the nouns whence they come, by adding to them these particles mas, and muy, as mas instamente, muy

sabiamente, &c. There are also prepositions that admit comparatives & superlatives as the adverbs do, as cerca, mas cerca, muy cerca. mas adelante, muy adelante.

Of Nounes diminutives.

The Spanish toong hath also nounes diminutives (which are derived from the principals,) as the La∣tins have: as chico, chiquito; pequen̄o, pequen̄i∣to▪ chica, chiquita, pequen̄a, pequen̄ita, as bien pequen̄i∣ta es la compan̄ia que sigue las leyes de dios. When this particle Asaz, or this particle muy is added to these nounes it doth aggravate the thing spoken of, as Asaz os he amonestado. muy bien os lo havia dicho.

Touching the French toong.

YOu are also to note that it hath neither compara∣tives nor superlatives, but they supplie the want thereof with these particles plus & tres (as the Spa∣nish doth with mas & muy) as Heureux, plusbeureux, tres∣heureux. which is in Spanish dichoso, mas dichosa, muy dichoso. In English happy, more happy, most happy.

From this rule are excepted two, good and naught, for the French saith, bon, meilleur, tresbon, bonne, meilleure, tres∣bonne, mauvais, pire, tresmauvais, &c.

Héere you are to note that no nounes substantives, but onely adjectives doo admit comparison.

After the same maner also Adverbes of qualitie admit comparison with plus and tres, which adverbs do alwaies end in ment in French, and in Spanish mente: as juste∣ment, justamente, &c. In which adverbes it is to be no∣ted that the l before n is pronounced of the French men as if it were an a.

There are also some prepositions in the French toong

which receive comparatives after the same maner, but not superlatives, as pres plus pres in Spanish cerca mas cerca. But the French man saith not tres pres, as the Spa∣niard saith muy cerca, &c.

There are besides some other particles which being ioyned to this particle plus doth much encrease the compa∣rison, and these are beaucoup, trop, partrop, as if you should say in Spanish, en grande manera, sobre manera, as for example. la lecture des sainctes liures est bien plus honeste & beaucoup plus profitable a l'homme que celle de les fauses fables d'Amadis de Gaule. where beaucoup plus profitable, is much more profitable.

The French toong hath also diminutives, as femme femmelette, chambre chambrette, &c. And sometimes they forme them with this word petit, which is litle, as petit Iean, litle John, petit chastea••, &c.

Rules of Nounes in the Spanish toong.

The first rule.

ALl nounes pronounes and participles are undecli∣nable in the Spanish toong; but the difference of cases is knowen by the articles adjoined to them.

The second rule.

THe nounes appellatives have their articles in all ca∣ses singular and plurall. And the nounes proper in al cases except the nominative, which is alwaies without any article. Wherefore it were absurd to say, el Pedro, el Iuan. And héerehence is, that surnames are so much used by the Spaniards.

The third rule.

NOunes adjectives feminine are made of the adjec∣tives masculine onely by changing the last o into a▪

as bueno, buena. hermoso, hermosa. sancto, sancta, &c. This rule hath no place in nounes substantives proper, but it is true in some appellatives: as maestro, maestra, and in verbals in dor: as vendedor, vendedora; com∣prador, compradora, &c.

The fourth rule.

IN the genders of nounes the Spaniards for the most part follow the Latins. So that such as are masculine in the Latine, are masculine in the Spanish: and they that are feminine in the one, are so in the other. But those words that are neuters in the Latine, are in the Spanish somtimes masculine and somtimes feminine: as el hom∣bre homo, el varon, la muger, el templo, la camara, &c.

The fift rule.

NOunes adjectives have their articles in all cases ac∣cording to their genders, as wel as the substantives: as Lo negro conserva mas la vista que lo blanco. Los misericordiosos alcançaran misericordia. But in these examples the substantives are understood.

In the Spanish toong the names of trées for the most part are masculine: and the names of fruites feminine: as el mançano, and la mançana. el ciruelo, and la cirue∣la. el perall, and la pera. el naranjo, and la naranja. el no∣gal, and la nuez. el castan̄o es arbol rezio. el naranjo esta verde todo el an̄o. del moral se haze la seda. In some nounes it is contrary: for the trées are feminine, and the fruits masculine: as La hyguera, and el higo. la palma, and el datil. la parra, and el razimo, &c.

The sixt rule.

WHen the Spaniards would use any Latine word, and transferre it unto their owne language, they do it in one of these thrée sorts.

The first is by adding thereto letters: as by adding n unto those nounes that in Latine end in io they are made Spanish: example, religio, religion: inuentio, invention: comparatio, comparation: and such others.

The second is by taking away some letters: as such words as in Latine end in mentum are made Spanish by taking away m and changing u into o, as sacramentum, sacramento: instrumentum, instrumento: unguentum, un∣guento: &c. Those words also which end in alis, by ta∣king away is are Spaniolized, as liberalis, liberal, gene∣ral, principal, &c. Those nounes also which end in o, no vowel going before, by changing o into e and adding n, as ordo, orden: origo, origen, &c.

The third maner of spaniolizing Latine words, is by transposing letters or sillables, which way is much used by the French men in franchising of Latine words, but seldome used by the Spaniards, as dextera, diestra: terra, tierra: porrum, puerro: cista, cesta, &c.

The seventh rule. Of Nounes numerall.

NOunes of number may be divided into thrée kindes in Spanish, as they are in Latine. The first kinde is cardinall, or principall: as

uno,	dos,	tres,	quatro,	cinco,
1	2	3	4	5
seys,	siete,	ocho,	nueve,	diez,	onze,	doze,	treze,	quatorze,
6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
quinze,	diez y seis,	diez y siete,	diez y ocho,	diez y nueve
15	16	17	18	19
veinte,	treinta,	quarenta,	cinquenta,	sesenta,	setenta,
20	30	40	50	60	70
ochenta,	noventa,	ciente,	dozientos,	trezientos,
80	90	100	200	300
quatrozientos,	quinientos,	seiscientos,	sietecientos,
400	500	600	700

ochocientos,	nuevecientos,	mill,	dosmill,	tresmill,
800	900	1000	2000	3000
quatromill,	cincomill,	seismill,	sie••emill,	ochomill,
4000	5000	6000	7000	8000
nuevemill,	million.
9000	10000.

The second kind is ordinall, as primero, segundo, ter∣cero, quarto, quinto, sexto, septimo, octavo, noveno, de∣zeno, onzeno, dozeno, trezeno, quatorzeno, quinzeno, &c. The first, the second, the third, &c.

The third kinde may be called adverbials joining the cardinals with these two words, vez vezes, as una vez, one time: dos vezes, two times: tres vezes, thrée times, &c.

This word Dios, God, bicause it agréeth with none but one onely God the Lord, is reckoned by the Spaniards amongst nounes proper, and therefore they put no article before it. And those who in speaking Spanish do set an article before it, are of the Jewes race and stocke, whose predecessors for dios did say El dio, retaining héerein the articles used in their Hebrew toong. But yet whē there is any other epitheton joined to it, then it hath an article, as el dios fuerte humillara los sobervios. el dios padre de Iesu Christo cumplira sus promesas con los que le fue∣ren fieles.

The eight rule.

THe Spaniards in construction do alwaies put the substantive before the adjective in the beginning of a sentence: as el hombre justo tiene firme esperança en dios. el pan blanco es de mas rezia digestion que el* 1.2 moreno. So likewise the right cases are put before the oblique. For the Spaniards do not say, de juan la cabeça, (as the Biscains when they begin to learne the Spanish) but la cabeça de juan. And this agréeth with the order of nature, which first and chiefly doth respect the substance,

and afterward the accidents. The Welch or British ••oong useth the same natural order of placing the substan∣tive before the adjective, but most other toongs, as Itali∣an, French, Dutch, English use the contrary.

These two words, bueno and malo, do indifferently either go before or come after the substantive, as buena casa, però mal vezino, buena ley però malos guardado∣res, &c.

The nounes instrumentall, by which we denotate the cause of some worke, and by which as it were a thing is done, we somtimes put the same in the nominative case, with his article joined to it, and somtimes in the genitive case, with the article of the genitive case by it. As for ex∣ample: Los discipulos son ensen̄ados por los precep∣tos: and el cuerpo esta sustentado de la vianda, &c.

The ninth rule.

WHen we demand any thing in Spanish, we must put the thing asked in the nominative case: (the French men put it alwaies in the genitive) as dadme dineros para comprar libros. dadme pan que tengo hambre. But when we demand a part or péece of a thing we put it somtimes in the genitive with a limitation: as dadme una vara de razo: dadme un poco de queso.

Rules of the Nounes in French.

The first.

THe nounes pronounes and participles in French are undeclined, but the cases are known by their ar∣ticles, as in the Spanish.

The second rule.

NOunes appellatives have alwaies their article be∣fore them, and that in al cases and numbers: nounes proper & apropriated have there articles onely in oblique cases. Nounes apropriated in French are of themselves appellatives, but being ioined with a noune or pronoune* 1.3 proper, are so called, such are called by the Logitians In∣dividua Artificialia: as monsieur Louys: maistre Iean. cest homme, mon pere, ta mere, son frere, mes soeurs, &c.

The third rule.

NOunes proper, and apropriated, do not require mas∣culine articles, but feminin••: as l'evangile de Iesu Christ, not du Iesus Christ. donne cela a Philippe, not au Philippe. La doctrine de cest homme est bonne, and not du cest homme, &c. Item, tel honneur & amitiè te porteront tes en∣fants, comme ta auras portè à ton pere, & à ta mere, and not au ton pere, &c.

So that nounes proper and apropriated do alwaies follow the rule and nature of feminines which strangers ought to observe very diligently for avoiding incongrui∣ties in spéech.

The fourth rule.

BIcause that proper and apropriated nounes want the plurall number, it is to be noted that these nounes which we call appropriated being in the plurall number, require the articles that are of the same case in the singu∣lar number: as la faveur de mes amis ne me sert de guere en cest endroit. But they say not des mes amis. Il me fault servir à mes seigneurs, and not Aux mes seigneurs. Item, nous devous obeir à nos princes, & à tous nos superieurs, selon que di∣eu le nous comande. But they say not, aux nos princes, or aux tous nos superieurs, &c.

The fift rule.

NOunes feminine appellatives have in their oblique cases besides the article proper to the same case, also the article of the nominative, but this is understood onely in the singular number: as donnons honneur à la parole de Dieu, & not only à parole de dieu: cest une sentence de la sainct escriture, que tous hommes sont subjets à la mort. The same rule may be given of nounes appellatives masculine that begin with a vowel, but then it is done with an apostro∣phe to the end that two vowels concur not togither. Ex∣ample, Ie suis de l'ordre ou classe troisiesme. Garde toy bien de l'homme flatteur, car il j' à morse pour j' envenimer.

The sixt rule. Of Genders.

THe French toong doth often imitate the Latine in genders, so that those words which are masculine in Latine, are masculine also in French: and so likewise for the feminins, as le liure, la plume, le pain, la chair, &c. But those that are neuters in Latin are sometimes masculine and sometime feminine in the French, as le temps, le banc, la parole, la semence, &c.

The seventh rule.

THe feminine of every noune adiective is made by ad∣ding an e at the end of the word, which the French pronounceth as if it were an a, as bonn bonne, mauvais mau∣vaise, blanc blanche, &c. The same rule serveth also for the participles active & passive, as aimant aimante, aimè aimeè, enseignant, enseignante, enseignè ens••igneè, &c. Notwithstan∣ding there are some nounes adjectives which with one onely termination serve to both genders: as juste, chaste, honeste, sage, docile, amiable, &c. The same is also said of these pronounes, Ie, toy, and others like. Yet note that they are not to be termed to be of the common gender.

The eight rule.

NOunes adjectives take articles in all cases according to their gender: & that is, bicause in ordinary course and maner of spéech, the substantive is understood, though the adjective be onely expressed, as le blanc est meilleur, que le rouge: understanding vin. le juste receura justice & les mi∣sericordieux obtiendront misericorde, understanding hom∣mes, &c.

The ninth rule.

IN the French toong the names of trées are masculine, and of fruits feminine, as le pomier, la pomme, le poirier, la poire, le pescher, la pesche, le figuier, la figue, les figuiers sont à Marseille, & les figues à Lyon. Le noyer est un grand arbre, mais la noix est un bien petit fruict.

The tenth rule.

THe French words that end in al, are Heteroclites, or irregular, bicause they forme their plurall in aux, as animal, animaux: general, generaux: cheval, chevaux, &c.

The eleventh rule.

WHen the French men speake of flesh, fish, or mo∣ney, they use to speake in the singular number, and not in the plurall (as the Spaniards do) as Ie veux acheter du poisson: and not des poissons. La chair & le poisson sont extremement chers en ceste ville, and not les chairs & les poissons, &c. Item, I'ay donnè tout mon argent aux pouures, and not tous mes argens, &c.

The twelfth rule.

THe French men have a marvellous dexteritie and grace in enriching their language out of all other toongs, and especially by the Latine, and that in thrée sorts: The first is by addition of a letter: as unto words

ending in io, they adde n. as religio, religion: redemptio, redemption, &c. The second is by diminishing the letters, especially in words ending in mentum: as of sacramen∣tum they forme sacrament: of juramentum, jurement, &c. And so likewise words ending in Latin in alis, by taking away, is, are franchised. As for example: general, principal, liberal, nuptial, hospital, &c. The third, by changing or trans∣posing of letters. And this maner is much used among French men, and that not onely in nounes, but also in verbes. And after this maner the Latine words that end in a, being changed in e, are made French words. As of propheta, they make prophete: of poeta, terra, porta, fe∣nestra, they make poete, terre, porte, fenestre, &c. And some∣times Latine words are made French, by changing of sil∣lables, thus: agilis, fragilis, debilis, utilis, inutilis, tem∣pestas, caelestis, terrestris, &c. agile, fragile, debile, utile, inu∣tile, tempeste, celeste, terrestre, &c. Example in verbes by changing the last sillable by decrement: justificare, justi∣fier: sanctificare, sanctifier: edificare, edifier, magnifier, glo∣rifier, venir, servir, fortifier, dormir, &c.

The xiij. rule.

THe French toong hath the like names to expresse the numbers as the other toongs: which numbers are reduced to thrée kinds; for others are cardinall or princi∣pall numbers: as un, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, cix, sept, huit, neuf, dix, onze, douze, treize, quatorze, quinze, seize, dix & sept, dix & huit, dix & neuf, vingt, trente, quarente, cinquante, soixante, septante, huitante, nonante, cent, mille, &c.

Others be ordinall numbers, that signifie and betoken order; and they are formed of the cardinall numbers, by adding ieme unto them: as unieme, deuzieme, troizieme, quatrieme, cinquieme, &c. They say also, primiere, second, tiers, &c. but very seldome quart, quint. or higher, to say sext, sexts, huyts, &c.

The last sort of number be adverbiall numbers, adding to the cardinall number this word, foys, as un fois, deux fois, trois fois, quatre fois, &c.

The xiiij. rule.

BIcause in the French toong this word (head) is divers∣ly termed, note, that when French men speake of the head materially, as it is taken for the head of a mans bo∣dy, then they terme it teste; but if they speake of a head, as of the head of an army, a college, a country, a citie, and so foorth figuratively and metaphorically, then they call it chef, as for example: Ma teste me fait mall, taken really: but l'homme est la chef de la femme, le Roy est le chef du roy∣aume; & le capitaine est le chef de l'armee. Intentionally.

The xv. rule.

THough the name of God be not a proper name, and declareth not his essence nor being, but onely taken from his office (as Plato writeth in his dialogue which is called Cratilus, and Dionysius in his booke De divinis o∣peribus) yet in the French toong, as in many & almost all other toongs, we use it as a proper noune, and so never ad the article to it, but when it hath some other epitheton joyned with it: as le Die eternel, le Dieu fort, juste & mise∣ricordieux a parlé, le Dieu d'Abraham, d'Isaac, & de Iacob. Le Dieu de nos peres. but when they name him simply without any other epitheton, then they say, Dieu a parle, Dieu a commandé, Dieu est un pere misericordieux, &c. with∣out the article, le.

The xvj. rule.

THe French men in construction do set the nouns sub∣stantives alwaies before the adjectives, and the no∣minative case before the other cases. And so they say, Le pain blanc, & not blanc pain: and le Vin rouge, not le rouge Vin.

Item, la main de Iean, not de Iean la main: and le marché du ble & du poisson, not du ble & du poisson le marché.

Out of this rule these two words bon and mauvais are excepted; for they say, Bon pais, & mauvaise gent, Intention bonne & aeuvre mauvaise; bon conseiller & mauvais conseil.

The xvij. rule.

ITem the ablative betokening instrument or cause, com∣monly is put in the accusatiue case with a preposition, & so they say, Nous sommes rachetes par le sang de Iesus Christ, &c. Sometimes in the genitive case with the article de; O seigneur rempli nos coeurs de ton S. esprit, Item, le peuple s' ap∣proche de moy de sa bouche, & m'honnore de ses leures, mais leur coeur est bien loing de moy. dit le seigneur, &c.

The xviij. rule.

THe French men when they aske a part of any thing, in stead of the accusative case, they put it in the geni∣tive case, with the article of the gender which is pertai∣ning to it: as Ie vous prie, prestes moy de l'argent, pour ache∣ter des liures. Item, donnez moy du pain, & je vous donneray de l'argent, donnes nous du poissen, du formage, du vin, &c. And not, le poisson, le vin, le formage, &c. But when they aske all, and the whole thing, and not a part of it, then they put it in the accusative case: as Rendez moy l'argent, que je vous ay presté. Item, preste moy vostre liure, vostre cheval, &c.

THE THIRD TREATISE. Of the Pronounes.

THe Spanish toong useth the same pronounes that the Latine toong hath. Which are divided into thrée sorts: The first sort, of pronounes demonstrative, the second of pronounes possessive, and the third of pro∣nounes relative.

Of the first sort, there are but thrée, Yo, tu, and aquel; I, thou, and he, which are declined as the nounes with their articles.

The declension of the first person.

• ...
  Singu.
  • Nom. yo.
  • Gen. de mi.
  • Dat. para mi.
  • Acc. a mi.
  • Voc.
  • Abl. de mi.
• ...
  Plural.
  • Nom. nosotros.
  • Gen. de nosotros.
  • Dat. para nosotros.
  • Acc. a nosotros.
  • Abl. de nosotros.

The second person.

• ...
  Singu.
  • Nom. tu.
  • Gen. de ti.
  • Dat. para ti.
  • Acc. a ti.
  • Voc.
  • Abl. de ti.
• ...
  Plural.
  • Nom. vosotros.
  • Gen. de vosotros.
  • Dat. para vosotros.
  • Acc. a vosotros.
  • Abl. de vosotros.

The third person.

• ...
  The pronoune sui, sibi, &c. is declined in Spanish after this order.
  • Genitive singul. de si.
  • Dative para si.
  • Accusative a si.
  • Ablative de si.
• ...
  The pronoune (este) is thus declined.
  • ...
    Singu. Masc.
    • Nom. este.
    • Gen. de este.
    • Dat. para este
    • Acc. a este.
    • Voc.
    • Abl. de este.
  • ...
    Plural. Masc.
    • Nom. estos.
    • Gen. de estos.
    • Dat. para estos.
    • Acc. a estos.
    • Abl. de estos.

• ...
  • ...
    Sing. foem.
    • Nomin. esta.
    • Genit. de esta.
    • Dativ. para esta.
    • Accus. a esta.
    • Vocat.
    • Ablat. de esta.
  • ...
    Plur. foem.
    • Nomin. estas.
    • Genit. de estas.
    • Dativ. para estas.
    • Accus a estas.
    • Ablat. de estas.
• ...
  The declenson of Aquel.
  • ...
    Sing. masc.
    • Nom. aquel.
    • Gen. de aquel.
    • Dat. para aquel.
    • Accus. a aquel.
    • Vocat.
    • Abl. de aquel.
  • ...
    Plur. masc.
    • Nom. aquellos.
    • Gen. de aquellos.
    • Dat. para aquellos.
    • Accus a aquellos.
    • Abl. de aquellos.
  • ...
    Sing. foem.
    • Nom. aquella.
    • Gen. de aquella.
    • Dat. para aquella.
    • Acc. a aquella.
    • Vocat.
    • Abl. de aquella.
  • ...
    Plur. foem.
    • Nom. aquellas.
    • Gen. de aquellas.
    • Dat.para aquellas.
    • Acc. a aquellas.
    • Abl. de aquellas.

These pronounes somtimes be compounded with this word mismo: as yo mismo, yo misma; tu mismo, tu mis∣ma; este mismo, esta misma and so throughout all the ca∣ses, adding the articles to them: as de my mismo, de my misma; para mi mismo, para mi misma; a mi mismo, a mi misma, &c. Examples: yo mismo a mi mismo no me conozco, viendo los diversos desseos y contrarios que mi mismo coraçon produeze. Item, No es maravilla que tu misma muger te sea infiel, pues tu lo eres a tu mismo: y al mismo sen̄or que te crio. Like examples might likewise be given in the other pronounes.

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Rules for the Pronounes.

The first rule.

WHen pronouns demonstrative are joined with nounes appellatives they serve in stéede of ar∣ticles: as este hombre, this man: aquella mu∣ger, yonder woman: mi hermano, tu prima: vuestros criados y los nuestros han ren̄ido hoy: my brother, thy cosine: thy servants and ours have scolded to day.

The second rule.

THese pronounes yo, tu, and aquel, do not vary; but whether they come before a verbe or before a noune; they be written still after one maner. But the French men (as I will shew when I set downe rules for the French pronounes) do write these thrée pronounes other∣wise when they come before nounes, than they do when they come before verbs; as afterwards we will by exam∣ples declare.

The third rule.

THese pronounes este and aquel, many times are put in the neuter gender, as for example. When we aske about some thing that is happened: Quien a hecho esto? quien tiene la culpa de aquello? quien sabe esso?

Of the second sort of Pronounes, called Possessives.

THe Spanish toong hath five pronounes possessives, mio, tuyo, suyo, nuestro, vuestro, which are declined

after the same maner that the nounes be declined with their articles. The feminines correspondent to them are these: mia, tuya, suya, nuestra and vuestra. And of the sin∣gular to forme the plurall, adde onely one letter s at the end, and you have the plural: as mio, mios; tuyo, tuyos; mia, mias; tuya, tuyas.

But he that learneth the Spanish toong, must learne the use of these possessives, and when he ought to use them, least in speaking he be noted of discourtesie: for the common people thinketh it an ill saieng & discourteous to say, lo mio, lo tuyo, lo suyo: which the French men use, & which séemeth to them a most courteous kind of saieng. But the Spaniards use to joine some other word to these pronounes, which doth expresse the sense of them: and say not, lo mio yo lo dare bien a pobres: but they say, la mia hazienda yo lo dare, &c. So that the use of these pro∣nounes will be surest, if we use them as adjectives, and not substantives. Where is to be noted, that when they be used as noune adjectives, then they lose the last letter. For they say not, mia capa, but mi capa: tuyo coraçon, but tu coraçon. But when it is put absolutely, then the last letter is also written and pronounced. As for exam∣ple: as if one should aske, Cuya es esta casa? answer, mia; not mi. de quien es este castillo? tuyo, not tu.

Againe to make the plurall number of mi, tu, su, do no∣thing but adde s to each one. Example for al: Mi hijo; oye mis palabras, inclinando a ellas tus orejas: ama a Dios esperando en sus promesas, y temiendo sus amenazas: estando cierto que el es tu Dios: y tu eres su creatura.

The fourth rule.

WHen these pronounes make any relation of any thing, then they be alwaies written at the end of the sentence, claud, or period, and that without any let∣ter taken away or diminished. As for example: Esta doc∣trina

no es mia, mas de aquel que me embio; para que mediante ella fuessedes hechos suyos.

The French men use these pronounes oftentimes in the dative case, when they betoken possession, saying a moy, a toy, &c. But the Spaniards say not, este es a mi, (or) a ti, (but) esto es mio, tuyo &c. And all cases with their articles according to the purpose whereof one speaketh. As they say, Este presente viene para mi, pero la carta es para ti, a mi me viene el provechio de gosarlo, mas a ti la molestia de responder, de mi no viene quexa alguna, pero de ti creo que toda la carta esta llena. Enbiale mis encomiendas, diziendo, que los frutos de sus arboles me han sido agradables.

The fift rule.

THe Spaniards imitate the French men in this, that in those above named pronounes, they forme the ac∣cusative cases: saying, me, te, se, setting them in stéed of datives. For where they should say, (speaking according to the right rules) mi padre a escripto a mi, they say, mi padre me ha escripto. Tu hermano te embia encomien∣das. El hombre se piensa que es algo, pero Dios dize que es vanidad, &c. And such accusative cases are al∣waies set before the verbe.

Of the third sort of Pronounes, called Relatives.

The first rule.

THe Spanish toong useth these relatives, lo, los, la, and las, which are referred to the adverbs of place, alli and alla, which adverbs are declined with cases and articles as nounes, example of lo, and los, tememos el mundo, pero Christo lo vencio. Para los que estan en Christo, no ay cōdemnation: las quales no andan segun

la carne, mas segun el spiritu, porque las obres de la car∣ne, son de las quales resulta la muerte, pero de las del espiritu, resulta vida y paz: Examples for alla, and alli, Ninguno subira al cielo para traer ensen̄amiento a los hombres, si no aquel que baxo de alla, para ser doctor y ensen̄ador.

The second rule.

THis adjective, qual, is made a relative of name or person, by adding the articles to it in every case thus, Christo el qual es hijo de dios nos libro del peccado, del qual eramos herederos, pagando la pena, a la qual estavamos condemnados, por aver trespassado el man∣damiento de dios del qual se desviaron nuestros, pa∣dres, por el consejo de sathanas. And so we also say, Nu∣estros primeros padres los quales fueran criados con li∣bre voluntad, despues de aver peccado la perdieron, dexando por herederos de captiverio, a todos aquellos los quales no recibieron el espiritu de regeneration.

The third rule.

THese words, aquel, aquellos, aquella, aquellas, are also declined with articles through all the cases, and so become relatives. As for example: Aquellos son hijos de Dios, que son guiados, por el spiritu de Dios: de a∣quellos es el reyno de los cielos, que padecen por la confession de la verdad. Aquellas se llamaran verdade∣ramente virgines, que lo fueron de coraçon, y de su cu∣erpo; porque de aquellas, cuyos desseos son deshone∣stos, poca esperança puede haver que sus hechos sean castos: o lo seran por fuerça y encerramiento.

The fourth rule. Of the Pronoune, Quien.

THere is in the Spanish toong another pronoune, which they use when they aske for any one, and the

same is also declined with articles in all the cases as the other before. As for example: Quien es el hijo de Dios? quien es el hijo de la virgen? para quien vino? answer: Para los peccadores que creyeren en el. A quien se ma∣nifiesta? a los contritos y humildes de coraçon: de quien huyo: de los incredulos, &c.

Note that the chéefest difficulty of the Spanish toong consisteth in the use of these pronoun••s: and therefore they that wil attaine to the knowledge of this toong, must diligently marke the use of these pronounes in the au∣thors which he reades.

And now I will set downe rules for them that learne the French toong, touching the French toong: and shew the difference that is betwixt the Spanish and French pronounes.

Rules for the French pronounes.

ANd first of all they be divided in thrée sorts, as the Spanish were, vz. Demonstratives, Possessives, and Relatives.

The table of the pronounes, I, and You, in French:

Singular.

• ...
  Nominat.
  • le or moy.
  • Tu, or toy.
• ...
  Genitive,
  • ...de moy.
  • ...de toy.
• ...
  Dative,
  • ...a moy.
  • ...a toy.

Plurall.

• .
  Nominat
  • ...Nous.
  • ...vous.
• ...
  Genitive,
  • ...de nous.
  • ...de vous.
• ...
  Dative,
  • ...a nous.
  • ...a vous.

The pronoune, Sui, is thus declined:

Singular

• Genitive, soy. It lacketh the plurall.
• Dative, a soy. It lacketh the plurall.
• Accusative, se. It lacketh the plurall.

Dec••e••sion of Iste and Ista in French.

Mas••. gend. sing. number.

• Nominative, ce.
• Genitive, de ce.
• Dative, a ce.

The French men use also to say, cest, de cest, a cest, when they come before words beginning with a vowell, as héereafter, &c.

Plurall.

• Nominative, ces. or ceux.
• Genitive, de ces. or de ceux.
• Dative, a ces. or a ceux.

Feminine singular.

• Nominative, Ceste.
• Genitive, de ceste.
• Dative, a ceste.

Feminine Plurall.

• Nominative, cestes, or ces.
• Genitive, de cestes, or de ces
• Dative, a cestes, or a ces.

The declension of Ille and Illa in French.

Masculine singular.

• Nominative, Il, or luy.
• Genitive, de luy.
• Dative, a luy.

Plurall.

• Nominative, ils, eux, or leurs.
• Genitive, de eux, or de leurs.
• Dative, a eux, or a leurs.

Feminine singular.

• Nominative, elle.
• Genitive, de elle.
• Dative, a elle.

Feminine Plurall.

• Nominat. elles, or leurs.
• Genitive, de elles. or de leurs.
• Dative, a elles. or a leurs.

They say also, leur, de leur, a leur, as wel in the feminine gender as in the masculine, when they speak of any thing onely in the singular number: as sois tel a tes amis estans en adversité, que tu estois en leur prosperité. Item, Ces gens de bien ont perdue tous leurs biens & exposé leur vie pour souste∣nir la verité, &c.

There is another pronoune, which is thus declined:

• ...
  Masc. sing.
  • Nominat. Celuy.
  • Genitive, de celuy.
  • Dative, a celuy.
• ...
  Masc. Plur.
  • Nominat. ceux.
  • Genitive, de ceux.
  • Dative, a ceux.
• ...
  Fem. sing.
  • Nominat. Celle.
  • Genitive, de celle.
  • Dative, a celle.
• ...
  Fem. Plur.
  • ...ceux.
  • ...de ceux.
  • ...a ceux.

Note that these prenounes are sometimes compoun∣ded, and that in both genders. Example: Cestuy ci, celuy la, ceux cy, ceux la. Neverthelesse, the compounds in signifi∣cation differ nothing from the others, but onely in use, as héereafter, &c.

Rules of the first sort of Pronounes, to wit, of Demonstratives.

The first rule.

IF the pronounes be set before nounes appellatives they serve in stéed of articles and of nounes appella∣tives they make them nounes (as the French men call them) apropriated. As for example: Cest homme, ceste fem∣me, mon ••stude, tes liures, mes auditeurs, ton cousin, ses ser∣viteurs, &c.

The second rule.

THese pronounes I, thou, and he, in French, if they be ioined to a verb, then they be all pronounced after this maner, le, tu, il: as for examp••e: I•• say une s••••le chose (••it Socrates) cest que j•• n•• sayr••••n. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, S•• tu argues le ••es∣chant, & il re••••it •••• correction, tu as gaign•• s••n ••••e, m•••••• ••' il ne ••oit point, ill mourra en son impieté, & ta s••••as excuse de∣vant le seigneur, &c.

But when they be set by themselves, then they be writ∣ten thus, moy, toy, luy, like if one aske, who hath done this? the French man answereth, moy, toy, or l••y, but no••, ••••, tu, il, And if he ioine any verbe to the pronoune, then he sayeth, je l'ay fait, or tu l'as fait, &c. And this is onely understood of the nominative case, for in the other cases they use to say, moy, as for example. Mon ami ••scoute moy, fay moy ce bien, cognoy toy mesme, & garde toy bien de mesdi∣re d'autruy: si ton ennemi a fun, donne luy a manager: s' il a soif, donne luy a boyre, car en ce faisant, tu luy assembleras charbons de feu sur sa teste, &c.

The third rule.

THe pronounes, Iste and ille, in French, if they be set by themselves without any substantive by them, then they be thus pronounced, Cestuy ••i, celuy la, as we may sée in this example. Cestuy ci est homme de bien & cestuy la est un meschant. Cestuy cy dit quela science est sobrieté aux jeunes & soulas aux vieils, richesses aux poures, & honneur aux ri∣ches; mais celuy la le contredit. Item, if one aske, who did this? the French man answereth, cestuy ci, or celuy la. But if these pronounes be joined with any noune substantive expressed, and the s••me noune begin with a vowell, then they pronounce cest, and when the noune beginneth not with a vowell, they say onely ce: example, ce pain est bon, mais ce vin est mauvais, ce conseil me plait, & cest honneur

me deplait. Cest homme pense manger les charettes toutes fer∣rèes, mais tout son cas tombera en fumée, &c. The same is to be understood of the pronounes, Ista and Illa, which be∣ing set by themselves without any noune are written, ceste cy celle la. Example: Ceste cy est la femme vertueuse, la quelle Salomon a descrite, en ses proverbs, & celle la, est un de∣bauchée & inconstante, &c. But if those pronounes be ••oi∣ned to some noune substantive, then they say onely ceste, or celle; example, Ceste science ne s'apprend point en dor∣mant; ceste doctrine est veritable, & celle est fause: but they say not, ceste cy doctrine ou science, &c.

The fourth rule.

THese pronounes ce, and cest, have but one significati∣on, and one of them betokeneth no more than the other; but yet they be diversly used: for if the word which followeth begin with a vowell, then the French men use cest, if with a consonant, then ce; example. Ce grand dieu eternel a envoyé cest ange a cest homme pour luy signifier sa vo∣lonté: and not cest grand dieu, ce ange, (or) ce homme. The cause of this is bicause the French toong doth as néere as possiblie it can shun the concurrence and méeting of two vowels, which are never pronounced both, but the o••e taken away.

The fift rule.

WHen these pronounes demonstratives, Iste and ille in French, shew any inanimated things, then the French men declare them by these words, cecy, cela: example, Qu'est cecy? que signifie cela? Cecy duit bien amoy: & cela a vous. Item, Faites cela vous, & les autres feront ce∣cy, &c.

The sixt rule.

NOte that the French men in their composition use cy, when they shew things at hand, hard by, but

when they shew or demonstrate things a far off, they use la; example, ce belitre cy me faschefort, mais cest hypocrite la me fasche encore d'avantage. Item, cecy est bon, mais cela est mauvais.

The seventh rule.

THis pronoune, suus, if it be set at the end of the word, the French men write it soy, but if it be set before the word, then they alwaies say, se, as for example, Se sage (dit Bias) porte tous ses biens avec soy. Item, l'hypocrite se jus∣tifie soy mesme, mais le juste n'estime rien de soy. Item, Qui bien se mire, bien se void, & qui bien se void, bien se cognoit, & qui bien se cognoit, peu se prise, & qui peuse prise, sage est.

IF you adde this word mesme, unto the former pro∣nounes, they will be answerable and correspondent to those pronounes which the Spaniards forme with this word mismo (or) misma. Example in French: Moy mesme, toy mesme, soy mesme, nous mesmes, vous mesmes, eux mesmes, cestuy cy mesme, cestuy la mesme, ceux mesmes qui vous ont dit cela, l'ont dit aussi a moy mesme, &c. In Spanish, Yo mis∣mo, tu mismo, &c. I my selfe, thou thy selfe, &c. Out of this rule are excepted, je, tu, il, which admit no such compo∣sition. For the French man saith not, je mesme, tu mesme, il mesme: but, moy mesme, toy mesme, &c.

Of the second kind of Pronounes, which the Latins call Possessives.

THe pronounes possessives in the French toong are five: Mon, ton, son, nostre, and vostre. These are utte∣red and declined in two maners, in all genders and

numbers, bicause sometimes they be pronounced posses∣sively betokening possession, and sometims relatively be∣tokening relation. The thrée first possessives are pro∣nounced after this sort in the masculine gender, mon, ton, son, and in the feminine, ma, ta, sa. But when they be taken relatively, then they be written thus, mien, tien, sien, in the masculine gender: and in the feminine, mienne, tienne, si∣enne: and to forme the plural number you must adde an••. In the tables following you may plainly sée an example for all. In the which we will set downe the declension of each pronoune by it selfe with it cases and articles.

A table of these pronounes, Mine, Thine, and His, taken possessively.

• ...
  Masculine gender singular number.
  • ...
    Nominative,
    • ...Mon,
    • ...ton,
    • ...son.
  • ...
    Genitive,
    • ...de mon,
    • ...de ton,
    • ...de son.
  • ...
    Dative,
    • ...a mon,
    • ...a ton,
    • ...a son.
• ...
  Plural masculine.
  • ...
    Nominative,
    • ...mes,
    • ...tes,
    • ...ses.
  • ...
    Genitive,
    • ...de mes,
    • ...de tes,
    • ...de ses.
  • ...
    Dative,
    • ...a mes,
    • ...a tes,
    • ...a ses.

The table of these pronounes, Mine, thine, and his, taken possessively in the feminine gender.

• ...
  Singular feminin
  • ...
    Nominative,
    • ...ma,
    • ...ta,
    • ...sa.
  • ...
    Genitive,
    • ...de ma,
    • ...de ta,
    • ...de sa.
  • ...
    Dative,
    • ...a ma,
    • ...a ta,
    • ...a sa.
• The plurall is like to the masculine.

Table of the pronounes, Mine, thine, his, taken relatively.

• ...
  Masculine singul.
  • ...
    Nominative,
    • ...le mien,
    • ...le tien,
    • ...le sien.
  • ...
    Genitive,
    • ...du mien,
    • ...du tien,
    • ...du sien.
  • ...
    Dative,
    • ...au mien,
    • ...au tien,
    • ...au sien.

Plural masculine.

• ...
  Nominative,
  • ...les miens,
  • ...les tiens,
  • ...les siens.
• ...
  Genitive,
  • ...des miens,
  • ...des tiens,
  • ...des siens.
• ...
  Dative,
  • ...aux miens,
  • ...aux tiens,
  • ...aux siens.

Feminin singular

• ...
  Nominative,
  • ...la mienne,
  • ...la tienne,
  • ...la sienne.
• ...
  Genitive,
  • ...de la mienne,
  • ...de la tienne,
  • ...de la sienne.
• ...
  Dative,
  • ...a la mienne,
  • ...a la tienne,
  • ...a la sienne.

Plurall feminine.

• ...
  Nominative,
  • ...les miennes,
  • ...les tiennes,
  • ...les siennes.
• ...
  Genitive,
  • ...des miennes,
  • ...des tiennes,
  • ...des siennes.
• ...
  Dative,
  • ...aux miennes,
  • ...aux tiennes,
  • ...aux siennes.

The other two pronounes possessives, Our and Your, possessively and absolutely taken, are pronounced after this order: nostre, our: vostre, your. But in the plurall number the French men say, nos, vos. And when they be taken relatively, then they be pronounced in the singu∣lar, nostre, vostre, and in the plurall, nostres, vostres.

The table of these pronounes Nostre, vostre, taken possessively.

• ...
  Masculin singular
  • ...
    Nominative,
    • ...Nostre,
    • ...vostre.
  • ...
    Genitive,
    • ...de nostre,
    • ...de vostre.
  • ...
    Dative,
    • ...a nostre,
    • ...a vostre.

Plural masculine.

• ...
  Nominative,
  • ...nos,
  • ...vos.
• ...
  Genitive,
  • ...de nos,
  • ...de vos.
• ...
  Dative,
  • ...a nos,
  • ...a vos.

The table of the same pronounes, nostre and vostre, taken relatively.

• ...
  Masculin singular
  • ...
    Nominative,
    • ...le nostre,
    • ...le vostre.
  • ...
    Genitive,
    • ...du nostre,
    • ...du vostre.
  • ...
    Dative,
    • ...au nostre,
    • ...au vostre.
• ...
  Plural masculine.
  • ...
    Nominative,
    • ...les nostres,
    • ...les vostres.
  • ...
    Genitive,
    • ...des nostres,
    • ...des vostres.
  • ...
    Dative,
    • ...aux nostres,
    • ...aux vostres.

The feminine is declined like the masculine, as wel in the singular number as in the plurall; onely changing the masculine articles in feminine.

Rules of the second kind of Pronounes.

The first rule.

THese thrée pronounes, mon, ton, and son, absolutely set, comming immediately before a noune substan∣tive, the French men pronounce them thus, mon, ton, son; in the masculine termination: and in the femi∣nine, ma, ta, sa. And in the plurall number, mes, tes, ses, in both genders. And this is to be understood as well in a spéech or sentence, as in the bare words. Example: Mon

fils escoute ma voix, & enten mes paroles: Aye en admiration l'eternel ton Dieu, en toutes ses aeuvres. cognoy le en sa parole, & te dedie totalement à son service: lors il beniray toy, ta feme, tes enfans, &c. Telle amitiè te porteron tes enfans, comme tu auras porte à ton pere, & à ta mere. Item, ne reproche à aucun sa poverte. Aime ton Dieu sur toutes choses, & ton pro∣chaine, comme toy mesme.

But if these pronounes be taken relatively, without any noune substantive expressed but onely vnderstood, then be they set in the end of the sentence, or reason, and are pronounced thus, Mien, tien, sien, in the masculine gen∣der, & in the feminine, Mienne, tienne, sienne; as may be séen in this example: Ceste doctrine, n'est pas mienne, mais de ce∣luy qui m'a envoyé. Item, les arbres sont tiens, mais les fruicts sont miens; car je les ay achetes à poids d'argent. Item, nous diviserons tellement cest oeuf avec nostre compagnon, que le ••aune sera mien, & le blanc tien, & lo cocque sera sienne, &c.

And out of proposition or sentence in bare words they say after this order: De qui est ce conseil? To this they an∣swer: mien, tien or sien. De qui sont ces enfans? they answer: miens, tiens, or siens.

And according to the opinion of those that meane to speake after the purest and finest maner, in stéed of saieng, mien, tien, sien, we ought to say, a moy, a toy, a soy. and a luy. as in this example: C••ste doctrine est a moy: ces arbres sont a toy: mays le fruict est a moy. Neverthelesse in the common use of speaking the French men use much to say, Mien, tien, sien, &c.

The second rule.

THese pronounes feminines, Ma, ta, sa, are never put before nounes of the feminine gender which begin with a vowell: but in stéed of feminine pronounes they put the masculine, mon, ton, son, which they do to shun the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or ill sound, which the French men thinke com∣mitted when two vowels concur and méete togither. Ex∣ample:

Mon ame son eglise, ton ingratitude: and not, Ma ame; sa eglise ta ingratitude; but this word, amie is excep∣ted out of the rule. For they say m'amie. The strangers that will learne to speake the French toong must take great héed and diligence in observing this rule, least they commit some incongruitie when they speake, in joining the pronouns with the nounes.

The third rule.

THe French men almost continually use these pro∣nounes, me, te, se, in stéed of saieng A moy, a toy, a soy, &c. For whereas following the Grammar rules they ought to say, Ʋous aves escrit a moy, they commonly and corruptly say, Vous m'aves escrit. Item they say, Ie te ren ce que tu m'avois presté, where they ought to say, Ie ren a toy ce que tu avoyt prestè à moy. Item: Cest homme la se plaict en ses paroles, & se faict plus de mal, qu'il ne pense &c. This maner of speaking now adaies is the commonest and most used among the French men, saieng, me, te, se. And therefore the strangers and such as learne the French toong, must note this diligently.

In the plurall number they are accustomed to say. Ie ne vous donneray rien, in stéed of je ne donneray rien a vous. Item, Cela nous appartient, in stéed of, cela appartient a nous, &c. This order of speaking is now so much in use, that if a man do leave it and pronounce according to the rule, he should be accounted ignorant and one not skilfull in the toong: besides it were a thing impossible, to correct the same maner of speaking by art, bicause the comminalty and people hath received it as it were for a fine kinde of spéech.

The fourth rule.

THese pronouns, me, te, se, of what case soever they be, dative or accusative, they be alwaies set before the verbe, wherewith they be joyned. And that without in∣terposing

or putting any word betwixt any of the said pronounes and the verbe. As in this example appéereth: je me tay▪ & tu te vantes trop: ••e te fie point en ta prosperité. je ne te failli••ay jamais Vous me faites tort. Item, se meschan se flatte, & se trompe en ses paroles, &c.

And note that what we have said of these pronouns in the singular number, it ought also to be understood of the plurall, nous vous, leur. As in this example following: je vous donne cecy a la pareille. Item, je vous prie de nous faire ce plaisir maintenant; & une autrefois nous vous en ferons un au∣tre. Item, vous nous servez fidelement, aussy nous vous payons tres-bien: faites venir vos enfans, & je leur donneray une pi∣ece d'argent; ce sera pour leurs estraines, &c. So that these genitives plurall, Of them, or Of you, and the datives are alwaies expressed and declared by one of these two words, leur, or leurs. As in this example we may note: les hommes imprudens, mal avisez & mal conseyllez, souvente fois mettent leur corps & leurs biens en grand hazart. Item, les meschans servent a leurs convoitises, ausi mal heure leur en advient, &c.

The fift rule.

IN the French toong there be fower maner of words, that immediately after them require a verbe. And first these pronounes, me, te, se. Secondly, the relatives. Third∣ly, the negations. Fourthly, those which the Grammari∣ans call (personas agentes.) Example for all. As if one should aske, Me voulez vous reveler vostre secret? The o∣ther answereth negatively, le ne le vous reveleray jamais. And affirmatively, Ie le vous reveleray quelque jour, &c. Vostre faute est si grande, que je ne la vous puis perdonner, t'adresse donc a ce grand Dieu immortel, qui a toute puisance au ciel & en la terre, &c.

The sixt rule.

THese two pronounes Our and your, possessively and absolutely taken, are declared in the French toong by

these two words, nostre and vostre, in the singular num∣ber: and nos and vos, in the plurall number. But being re∣latively taken they say, nostres and vostres in the plurall: with the article belonging to their case. As may easily be séene in this example: Nos amis sont venus, & les vostres sont demoures. Reformes un peu vos moeurs, & nous reforme∣rons les nostres: vostre parole est bonne, mais vos moeurs ne va∣lentr••en. Item, faites raison a nos serviteurs, & nous le fairons aux vostres, &.

The seventh rule.

THe five said pronounes when they be taken posses∣sively and absolutely, alwaies require a noune ap∣pellative expressed, and in the nominative cases put of the article, but not in the other cases, imitating the proper nounes. But if the said pronounes be taken relatively, then contrarie to the former rule they kéepe their arti∣cles and be very seldome joined with a noune appellative. As in this example: Mon honneur est le tien, & ton profit le sien. Son bien est le nostre, Nostre salut est le vostre: & vos∣tre salut est nostre gloire.

Of the third kind of Pronounes, which are called Relatives.

IN the French toong their be divers sorts of pronounes relatives. Others be of name and person onely, as qui, le la: others be of place, and of such there is onely one, and that is, y. as in this example appéereth: Nous estions esgarez de la voye de justice & verite: mais Christ de sa grace nous y a ramenez. Item, j'ay este une, fois sur la mer, mays je n'y returneray jamays, &c.

Rules of these Pronounes.

THese pronouns, le, and la, when they come by a verbe, then they be alwaies relatives, but when they come

before a noune then they be articles, as for example: A tard se repent le rat, quand par la queve le tient le chat, that is to say, Very late repenteth the rat, when by the taile holds him the cat. Quand orgueil precede, la honte & le dommage le suyvent de bien pres. Item, la vraye sapience vi∣ent du ciel, & le seigneur la donne aqu'il veut, &c.

The second rule.

THe adjective quel, (which the Spaniards call qual, and we in English say, which,) is made a pronoune relative of name or person in all genders and num∣bers; by setting any of these articles, le, or la, before it. As for example: Cest par un seul Iesu Christ, que nous som∣mes sauves; le quel nous a esté fait justice, redemption, satis∣faction, &c. L'apostre S. Paul nous a presché une doctrine entie∣re, la quelle nous menera a perfection: si nous la voulons suivre: mon enfant amasse toy les richesses, les quelles ne perissent ja∣mays.

The third rule.

THe pronounes which the Spaniards pronounce, el, and English men, he, the French men call celuy, which also is made a pronounce relative of name or person by setting the letter i before it, at the beginning. As for ex∣ample: celuy qui est beau, & parle vilainement, iceluy tire un eousteau de plomb d'une gaine d'yvoire, dit Diogenes. Item, ce∣luy qui fera bien, iceluy trouvera le bien et celle qui fera mal, icelle aussi trouvera le mal, et ceux qui se meront benediction, iceux recueillir••nt mal heur et malediction.

The fourth rule.

LAstly note that the pronouns relatives in the French toong are nine: videlicet, five single or simple ones, le, la, qui, y, en. and fower compounds, which are these, lequel, laquelle, iceluy, and icelle: which are declined after the or∣der of the nounes in both numbers and genders. Like as

lequel, duquel, auquel, lesquels, desquels, ausquels, iceluy, d'iceluy a iceluy, iceux, d'iceux, a iceux, &c. The same is to be vnder∣stood of the feminine gender: like as laquelle and icelle. And also of the relative, qui, which is thus declined: qui, de qui, a qui, and that in both genders and numbers. As appéereth by this example: Longue corde tire, qui la mort d'autruy de∣sire: that proverbe do the Spaniards thus write; Luenga cuerda menea, quien a otro la muerte dessea. In Eng∣lish, A long thrid doth he frame, That anothers death doth claime. Item, Sage est, qui par autruy se chastie, &c.

THE FOVRTH TREATISE.

Of the Verbe.

THe Spanish toong hath the same kind of verbes, moodes, tenses, numbers, and persons, as the Latin and French toong. There is this onely difference betwixt them, that it hath not any passives, as héereafter we shall shew.

The conjugations by the which the Spanish verbs be declined, are thrée: and they be known by the infinitives. For the verbs of the first conjugation forme their infini∣tive moode alwaies in ar: as adorar, orar, invocar, com∣prar.

The second conjugation formeth the infinitive in er: as leer, vender, poner, tener, &c.

The third formeth the infinitive moode in ir: as regir, oir, sentir, permitir, &c.

Bicause the chéefe difficultie of the Spanish toong doth consist in the knowledge of well declining the verbs, and

finding the moodes and tenses: that the stranger may som∣what the easier attaine to the knowledge of the same; I will héere set certaine generall rules, which shall stand them in stéede of advertisements and notes, before they come to the conjugations.

Of the present tense of the Indicative moode.

TO find the conjugation of every verbe, we must only marke the second person singular of the indicative mood: for if the last letter of the same person being an s, be turned into an r, then is the infinitive of the same verbe formed, & the conjugation knowen. Like as, Amo, amas, amar: adoro, adoras, adorar; the first conjugation. Co∣mo, comes, comer: defiendo, defiendes, defiender; the second conjugation. But in the third conjugation the e must be changed in i, and the s in r: as, Oygo, oyes, oir: escrivo, escrives, escrivir: induzgo, induzes, induzir, &c.

They that are acquainted with the Latin toong, shall learne to know the conjugation by this meanes. All the Latine words that be used in the Spanish toong, if they be of the first conjugation in the Latine, then they be also of the first conjugation in the Spanish.

Item, all such verbs as in the Latine toong be of the se∣cond or third conjugation, they be referred to the second conjugation in the Spanish toong.

And all the verbs of the fourth conjugation in the La∣tine toong, are put in the third conjugation among the Spaniards.

Furthermore, me thinks it were not amisse to make a certaine agréement and correspondence betwixt every tense and moode, that they may the easier and with lesse paines be formed, and declined.

So that each present tense is formed of the present in∣dicative, and of the first preterperfect tense, each other pre∣terperfect tense: and of the first future, also each other fu∣ture.

Of the present tense in the Indicative moode, and that in the first conjugation.

THe first person singular of the indicative moode, what conjugation soever, alwaies endeth in o. As for ex∣ample: Posseo, vendo, oygo, &c.

The second person of the verbs of the first conjugati∣on alwaies end in as: as tu deseas, tu compras.

Now, taking away the last letter s. you forme the pre∣sent tense in the imperative moode: as amas; take aways, and remaines ama.

But to forme the present tense optative you must adde to the second person present indicative this sillable, se: as amas; put se to it, and it is amasse, &c.

The present tense subjunctive is also formed of the same person of the indicative mood by taking away the last let∣ter s, & changing the a next before it into e: as amas; take away s and there remains ama: now turne the last a into e; and it is ame; But the present tense infinitive is formed of the said second person, by turning s into r: as amas; turne s into r, and the infinitive is formed: amas, amar; compras, comprar; andas, andar, &c.

Of the present tense in the second and third conjugation.

THe verbs of the second and third conjugation forme the second person of the present tense indicative al∣wai••s in es; and the third person in e.

The present tense imperative is formed of the second person singular of the present tense indicative, taking a∣way the s.

The present tense optative is formed of the said per∣son interposing this letter i before the last e; and joyning this syllable se, after the e; as for example: vendes, inter∣pose

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i before the last e; and it wil be, vendies: adde se, and it maketh the present tense optative vendiesse; corres, corriesse.

The present tense infinitive is formed, by changing s into r vendes, vender, &c. But in déed to forme al the ten∣ses after this sort, it were difficult, and very hard: for there are so many exceptions that without great trouble to the learner one might hardly set downe rules for all. So that I wish them to learne this rather by use than by art: and especially in the verbes of the third conjugation.

Of the preterimperfect tense.

THe preterimperfect tense is formed of the second per∣son singular of the present tense; changing s into va; as for example: Amas, amava; compras, comprava; en sen̄as, ensen̄ava, &c. But the verbs of the second and third conjugations forme their termination in ia. As for exam∣ple: hazia, dezia, corregia, &c. As we will at large shew when we come to speake of them. The imperfect tense of the optative is formed of the said second person of the in∣dicative moode; changing the letter s, in the syllable ra; as for example, amas, amara; ensen̄as, ensen̄ara, &c.

Of the preterperfect tense.

THe formation of this tense is the hardest of al others; insomuch that there can be no certaine rules given of it: bicause of the multitude of exceptions.

But for the most part commonly all the preterperfect tenses indicative in the first & second conjugation end in e; as anduve, truche, tome, &c: and in the third conju∣gation in i; as corregi, oy, consenti, &c.

The formation of the other persons may be easily lear∣ned by use, reading the tables that shall follow héer after.

The preterpluperfect tenses of the infinitive and all the other moodes, & the preterperfect tenses also are com∣pounded

with the Latine verbe called, habeo, habes, &c. and also with the participle of the verbs. As for example: Yo avia amado, uviesse amado, avia dicho, abre hecho, abre comprado, uve traido, aver dexado. As we say in English I had loved: I would to God I had loved, &c. But at the end of these rules among the other conjugations, I will set downe the conjugation of the same verbe habeo, in Spanish: that yée may be acquainted with the use of the same word.

Of the future.

ALl the futures of the indicative moode alwaies end in e; and have the accent on the last sillable, being for∣med of the infinitive by adding an e; as for example: amar, amarè: comer, comerè: dormir, dormirè: saltar, saltarè: defender, defenderè: comprar, comprarè: juzgar, juzgare: acabar, acabarè, &c. And this in all the thrée conjugations.

Of the imperative moode.

THe imperative moode hath one onely tense in the Spanish toong. Which tense serveth indifferently, and is sometimes used as the present, and sometimes as the future tense: as occasion is offered unto them that speake, which will soone be knowne by them that are a little exercised in the toong.

Of the optative moode.

THe optative moode in the Spanish toong hath five tenses as in the Latin toong.

The present tense of the first conjugation endeth in asse; as for example: amasse, comprasse, &c.

The present tense in the second and third conjugation end in iesse; like as, hiziesse, tuviesse, dormiesse, andu∣viesse, prometiesse, &c.

The preterimperfect tense in the first conjugation is

in ara; as amara, mirara, contara, tratara, com∣prara, &c.

In the second and third conjugation the preterimper∣fect optative doth end in era: like as hiziera, pusiera, dor∣miera, corriera, &c.

The preterperfect and pluperfect tenses are formed with the verbe Habeo, and the participles passives. Ex∣ample: uviera amado, uviera comprado, uviera dormi∣do, uviera marescido, &c. And in the pluperfect tense, u∣viesse comido, uviesse bevido, uviesse traido, &c.

The future when it is of the first conjugation, then it beginneth in e: as comprè, templè, ensen̄è, maxquè, &c. In the second and third conjugation the future endeth in a: haga, duerma, corra, defienda, &c.

Of the Subjunctive moode.

THis moode hath his tenses like the optative.

The present tense hath the selfesame terminations as the future optative.

The preterimperfect tense is like the present and pre∣terimperfect tense in the optative.

The preterperfect and pluperfect tenses are altogither like the same tenses in the optative moode, in terminati∣on: but in sense neverthelesse much different.

For in the optative, when we wish for any thing in Spanish, we use this word, Oxala, or this word, plugi∣esse, joining it to the verb. And in the subjunctive, Como. As for example, in the optative moode, we say thus in the Spanish language: oxala yo amasse tanto a Dios, como el dessea que yo le ame, plugiesse all Sen̄or, que jo fuesse ya de••atado deste cuerpo mortal.

Example for the subjunctive moode. Como yo uvies∣se oydo munchas vezes las bozes de Dios, nunca le qui se responder; como yo supiesse bien la voluntad de Di∣os, hize contra ella.

Of the Infinitive moode.

WE have alreadie in a maner shewed all the for∣mations of the infinitive above, for,

• The first conjugation ••••ds in ar▪
• The second in er.
• The third in ir.

As for the preterperfect tense and the future, they be compounded with the verbe, Habeo, habes, and the parti∣ciples passives.

••••••e that the presentense of the infinitive moode doth almost alwaies require de, or en; as for example: Tenga el hombre cuenta, de huyer de los vicios: acuerdese de reverenciar a Dios, &c.

Of the Gerunds.

THe French toong hath no gerunds, but utter them by circumloqu••tions: But there is great use of them in the Spanish toong. As they say in Spanish: Vengo de oyr la palabra de dios; en acabando de orar, yre a tra∣tar mis negotios. Haziendo, comiendo, dormiendo, &c. And in déed these gerunds in do, of the ablative case be the commonest, and most used. The other terminati∣ons, may be rather called infinitives than gerunds.

Of the Supines.

AS touching the supines; the Spanish & French toong have no use of them.

The Spaniards in stéed of the supine use the infinitive by putting the preposition a before it; as for example: Voy a oyr sermon, ire a hazer cuentas, &c.

And thus much I thought to note of the verbs general∣ly, before we come to the conjugations of them, that I should not be driven afterward to repeat one thing often∣times.

Now we shall not doo amisse, if we set downe an ex∣ample of each conjugation particularly, that according to the same all the other verbs of the same conjugation, may with lesse difficultie be learnd, how it ought to be formed and declined.

But bicause the verbs of the active voice and such as signifie action, must be declined with the verbe habeo; and the passives of the other verbe sum, es, est; I thinke it best first to set downe the maner how them two verbs ought to be declined: that afterward we may learne the easier to decline and forme all the other verbs.

The verbe habeo, in the Spanish toong. The present tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • Yo he,
  • Tu has,
  • Aquel ha.
• ...
  Plu.
  • Nosotros hemos,
  • Vosotros haveys,
  • Aquellos han.

The present tense of the indicative in French, shall follow afterward, and in English also.

The preterimperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • Yo avia,
  • Tu avias,
  • Aquel avia.
• ...
  Plu.
  • Nosotros aviamos,
  • Vosotros aviades,
  • Aquellos avian.

As touching the orthographie and right spelling of this verbe in the Spanish toong, some write it alwaies with an h, in each termination, and others without h; accor∣ding to the pronunciation used in each severall shire, where they be borne in. Item some say uve, and others, ove. But as for this diversitie in writing, every man may fréely do as it pleaseth him: But héere we do ob∣serve the Andaluzian and Sevillan maner of pronunti∣ation.

The preteperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo uve,
  • tu uviste,
  • aquel uvo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros uvimos,
  • vosotros uvistes,
  • aquellos uvieron.

The preterpluperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo avia avido,
  • tu avias avido,
  • aquel avia avido
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros aviamos avido,
  • vosotros aviades avido,
  • aquellos avian avido.

The future tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo aure,
  • tu auras,
  • aquel aura.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros auremos,
  • vosotros aureis,
  • aquellos auran.

Imperative moode, present tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • tu ayas,
  • aquel aya.
• ...
  Plu.
  • vosotros aved,
  • aquellos ayan.

The first termination of this moode commonly is ta∣ken from the verbe teneo, tenes, &c. So likewise the fu∣ture tense of the optative and present tense of the subjun∣ctive. So that the Spaniards commonly use this impera∣tive,

• Ten ••u,
• Tened aquel, &c.

The optative moode.

In the optative we must observe this, that in all ter∣minations as well singular as plurall, we must use this word, Oxala, or else this, Pluguiesse a Dios, in stéed of that the Latinists say Vtinam, the French men, Pleut a Dieu que, and the English men, Would to God, &c.

The present tense.

• ...
  Sing. oxala que
  • yo uviesse,
  • tu uviesses,
  • aquel uviesse.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros uviessemos,
  • vosotros uviessedes,
  • aquellos uviessen.

The imperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing. oxala que
  • yo uviera,
  • tu uvieras,
  • aquel uviera.
• ...
  Plu
  • nosotros uvieramos,
  • vosotros uvierades,
  • aquellos uvieran.

The preterperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing. oxala que
  • yo aya avido,
  • tu ayas avido,
  • aquel aya avido.
• ...
  Plu
  • nosotros ayamos avido,
  • vosotros ayays avido,
  • aquellos ayan avido.

The pluperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing. oxala que
  • yo uviesse avido,
  • tu uviesse avido,
  • aq. uviesse avido
• ...
  Plu
  • nosotr. uviessemos avido
  • vosotr. uviessedes avido,
  • aquellos uviessen avido.

The future tense, Oxala que

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo aya,
  • tu ayas,
  • aquel aya.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros ayamos,
  • vosotros ayays.
  • aquellos ayan.

Of the subjunctive moode.

The subjunctive moode is altogither like the optative, for, The present tense is like the future tense in the former moode. And the preterimperfect, perfect, and plu∣perfect tenses be all a like in this and the former moode: but that in stéed of oxala, they use in this moode, quando: visto que. which the French men call, quand; veu que. and in English we say, When, séeing that, &c.

The infinitive moode.

The present tense, Aver, Some men The preterperfect tense, Aver avido. write with h.

Note that when the Spaniard will say or expresse any thing by the future tense of this infinitive moode, he doth not onely use this word aver, but also addeth some other strange word unto it to shun the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or ill sound; for else he should say: Aver de aver, which repetition doth séeme absurd to the eare: And therefore in stéed of repea∣ting this word, he taketh some other verbe, and adding it to the present tense, supplieth the future. As for example: Espero aver bueno conclusion de mi negocio: Cierto estoy de aver paz exterior, si yo la tengo con Dios en mi conscientia, &c.

Now followeth the conjugation, which the Latins cal Sum es fui, &c.

The indicative moode, and present tense.* 1.4

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo soy,
  • tu eres,
  • aquel es.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros somos,
  • vosotros soys,
  • aquellos son.

The preterimperfect tense.* 1.5

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo era,
  • tu eras,
  • aquel era.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros eramos,
  • vosotros erades,
  • aquellos eran.

The preterperfect tense.* 1.6

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo fue,
  • tu fueste,
  • aquel fue.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros fuemos,
  • vosotros fuestes,
  • aquellos fueron.

The pluperfect tense compounded.* 1.7

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo avia sido,
  • tu avias sido,
  • aquel avia sido.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros aviamos sido,
  • vosotros aviades sido,
  • aquellos avian sido.

The future tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo sere,* 1.8
  • tu seras,
  • aquel sera.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros seremos,
  • vosotros sereis,
  • aquellos seran.

The imperative moode, present tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • se tu,* 1.9
  • sea aquel.
• ...
  Plu.
  • seamos nosotros,
  • sed vosotros,
  • sean aquellos.

The Optative moode, present tense.

• ...
  Sing. O si
  • yo fuesse,* 1.10
  • tu fuesses,
  • aquel fuesse.
• ...
  Plu. O si
  • nosotros fuessemos,
  • vosotros fuessedes,
  • aquellos fuessen.

The preterimperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing. O si
  • yo fuera,* 1.11
  • tu fueras,
  • aquel fuera.
• ...
  Plu. O si
  • nosotros fueramos,
  • vosotros fuerades,
  • aquellos fueran.

The preterperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing. O si
  • yo aya sido,* 1.12
  • tu ayas sido,
  • aquel aya sido.
• ...
  Plu. O si
  • nosotros ayamos sido.
  • vosotros ayays sido,
  • aquellos ayan sido.

The pluperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing. O si
  • yo uviesse sido.* 1.13
  • tu uviesses sido,
  • aq. uviesse sido
• ...
  Plu. O si
  • nosotr. uviessemos sido.
  • vosotros uviessedes sido.
  • aquellos uviessen sido.

The future tense.

• ...
  Sing. O si
  • yo sea,* 1.14
  • ••u seas,
  • aquel sea.
• ...
  Plu. O si
  • nosotros seamos,
  • vosotros seays,
  • aquellos sean.

The Subjunctive moode, present tense. The present is alike with the future of the optative.* 1.15

The perfect and pluperfect of this and the former mood are alike also. But in stéed of O si, & Oxala, or Pluguiesse a Dios, they say, Quando, or Como.

But the preterimperfect tense is not like the preter∣imperfect tense or any other in the optative moode: but is thus declined:

Singular.

• como yo fuera seria, y fuesse,
• tu fueras, serias y fuesses,
• aquel fuera, seria, y fuesse.

Plurall.

• fueramos, seriamos, y fuessemos,
• fuerades seriades, y fuessedes,
• fueran, serian y fuessen.

In the French toong the subjunctive moode is altogi∣ther like to the indicative moode: onely in the subjunctive moode they use to adde these words, veu que, and quand, be∣fore the verbe in all persons and numbers: as we shall af∣terwards shew.

The infinitive moode.

• The present, ser.
• The preterperfect tense, aver sido.
• The future, aver de ser, &c.

The knowledge of these two verbes, Habeo, and Sum, how to decline and forme them as they ought to be, is the principalest and chéefest foundation to speake both these toongs. So that the strangers ought in any cause to exer∣cise themselves very wel in the flexiō & declining of them.

Rules belonging to the conjugations of the French toong.

THe French toong declineth hir verbes by fower con∣jugations: thrée regular, and the fourth irregular.

The tokens and signes wherby they be distinguished the one from the other, are taken from the preterperfect tense in the indicative moode, and also from the infinitive mood.

The verbs of the first conjugation forme their preter∣perfect tense in e, and the infinitive in r: like as aimé, ai∣mer; enseigné, enseigner; chanté, chanter, &c.

The verbs of the second conjugation forme their pre∣terperfect tense in i, and the infinitive in ir: as dormi, dor∣mir; oui, ouir; souffri, souffrir.

The verbs of the fourth conjugation forme the preter∣perfect tense in u, and the infinitive in re: as leu, lire; creu, croire; vaincu, vaincre, &c. Insomuch as e, er, i, ir, and u, re, are the signes and tokens of all the conjugations regular.

As touching the fourth conjugation it is so out of order and divers, that it cannot by rules or any certainty be set downe: so that the strangers must learne it more by use than by art. And for bicause that in the French toong the chéefest difficulty consisteth in the verbes, I will héere set downe certaine generall rules concerning the formation of moodes and tenses, as before I have done in the Spa∣nish toong.

Of the present tense of the indicative moode.

TO find the first person of the present tense and indi∣cative moode (which is called Thema) you must looke for the second person of the same tense: which, if you de∣prive it of the last letter s, maketh the (thema) that is to say, the first person of the whole conjugation; and from which all the conjugation is as it were drawen and fet∣ched. As for example: tu aimes; take away s, and remai∣neth aime, j'aime, tu aimes, il aime: tu dors, take away s, and remaineth dor: tu croys, take away s, and it is croy, &c. Item, the (thema) may be found after another rule also, vz. That all the verbs of the first conjugation in the first and third person of the present tense and indicative moode

in the singular number end in e feminine. As for exam∣ple: j'aime, il aime, &c. But the verbes of the second and third declension have sundry terminations. Nevertheles, the third person singular of the present tense, and indica∣tive moode, alwaies endeth in t: which t being taken a∣way, the (thema) is formed. As for example: il dort; take away t, and it is dor: and this is the (thema) or first person of the whole conjugation. As for the other verbes, they are under this rule also: as il lit, je ly: il croit, je croy: il boit, je boy, &c.

Of the preterimperfect tense.

ALl verbs of what inflexion or conjugation whatsoe∣ver in the first person of the singular number alwais end in the diphthong oy, the second person in oys, and the third in oit. As for example: je prioy, tu priois, il prioit: j'avoy, tu avois, il avoit. And in the plurall number it is like the plu∣rall of the present tense, but that in the last sillable it hath one letter interposed viz. i. in the first and second person, but in the third this diphthong oy, is interposed, as nous aimons nous aimions, vous aimes, vous aimies, ils aiment, ils aimoyent, &c.

Of the preterperfect tense.

THe French men imitating the Gréekes, have two preterperfect tenses, the one may be called simplex, single, bicause it is not joined to any other verbe: as j'aimay, tu aimas, il aima, je dormy, tu dormis, il dormit, je fu, tu fus, &c. The other is called compositum, compounded, bicause it alwaies is joined to some other verbe.

This preterperfect tense is formed of the participle passive of the same verbe, and the verbe habeo, habes, or fum, es, &c. As appéereth in this example: j'ay aimé, tu as aimé, il a aimé, j'ay dormi, tu as dormi, il a dormi, &c.

The terminations of the first and single preterperfect tense in the first conjugation are these: ay, as, a, ames, ates, arent: as j'aimay, tu aimas, &c.

In the second conjugation these, i, is, it: imes, ites, irent: as dormi, dormis, dormit: dormimes, dormites, dormirent. In the third conjugation these, eu, eus, eut: eumes, eutes, eurent: as je leu, tu leus, il leut: nous leumes, vous leutes, ils leurent. In∣somuch that the termination and last sillable of the first person, in the first and second preterperfect tense is alike; as well in the second conjugation as in the third. Exam∣ple: Ie dormi, and j'ay dormi. Ie leu, and j'ay leu, &c.

Of the use of these two preterperfect tenses.

AMong all other difficulties that are in the French toong, one of the most is to know the true and readie use of these two preterperfect tenses, and therfore I coun∣sell the novice diligently to learne the same, and remem∣ber it. The French men use the first preterperfect tense whensoever these adverbes of time, dernierement, ier, jadis, and such others come before or after it. As for example: Nous passames ier par my les brigans, & fumes en danger d'estre destroussez.

Item, they use the same preterperfect tense, when they speake of things past long since. The second preterperfect tense is used among the French men, when it commeth before or after adverbs of time signifieng and betokening presence as auiourd buy, maintenant, desja, &c.

Item when they speake of things already done, but not long ago, as appéereth in this example following, where∣in the verbe sum, es, and habeo, habes, make the conjunc∣tion: j'ay creu, & pource ay-je parlé, Tu as delaissé le mal, & j'ay faict le bien. vous avez rejecté la doctrine saincte, & nous l'avons receue. Ces gens-cy, sont venus about de leurs affaires: & nous ne sommes pas venues a la fin de nos entreprinses, j'ay tous jours ouy dire qu'il ny a rien si precieux que le temps, &c.

Of the preterpluperfect tense, &c.

THis tense doth not any thing differ from the second and compound preterperfect tense, but that in stéed of

the present tense of the verbe Habeo, habes: it hath the preterimperfect tense of the same verbe. As for example: j'ay creu, I have beléeved: j'avoy creu, I had beléeved. In the optative moode they say, Pleut a Dieu que j'eusse creu, Would to God I beléeved. In the subjunctive moode, Veu que j'avoy creu, séeing that I have beléeved: Veu que j'avoy dormi, séeing that I have slept. And in the infinitive, avoyr creu, to have beléeved, &c.

The same is to be understood of verbs neuters absolute signifieng passion; which forme their preterperfect and pluperfect tenses with the helpe of the verbe, Sum, es, est. As for example. Ie suys venu, I' estoy venu: je suis monté, j'estoy monté, je suys descendu j'estoy descendu. In the op∣tative: Pleust a dieu que je fusse venu. In the subjunctive, Veuque je suys venu, veuque j'estoy venu. In the infinitive: Estre venu.

Of the future.

THe future of the indicative moode, of what verbe soe∣ver, doth alwaies end in ray diphthong, and it is for∣med from the first person of the present tense, by adding ray, unto it, as for example: je chante, adde ray, and the future is formed: Ie chanteray, jecroy, croyray, je mange, je mangeray, &c. Where this may be noted, that the future tense ever requireth an r, which is to be added to the pre∣sent tense.

Of the imperative moode.

IN the French toong the imperative moode hath no moe tenses than the present, which is commonly like to the present tense of the indicative moode, especially in the plurall number. But sometimes it doth not require the pronoune, which alwaies in the indicative moode is joined to the verbe; and when it doth use the pronoune, then the pronoune doth alwaies follow the verbe, as we use in English sometimes: Rise you, go we: ride you, runne we: and so foorth.

The French men either commanding or asking, speake after the same maner: as levez vous, & allons nous en d'icy. Item, Ne favoriserons nous a la verité? Perdrons nous courage au milieu de la victoire?

Sometimes without the pronoune: as Servons a Dieu, & obeissons a ses loyx, oyez & entendez la parole du seigneur: Mon fils honnore les enciens: hante les sages, aye pitié des po••∣vres: visite les bons liures, fui les vices, & ensuy toute vertu. Item, mangeons, beuvons, dormons, allons, allez: venez, mon∣tez, &c. In which examples the pronoune is understoode, but not written or set downe: But I doubt whether a man may set downe any rule, when it ought to be writ∣ten with the verbe, and when not: For I have asked of some men that were very skilfull in the French toong, and they could not tell me; and therefore it must be learned by use.

Of the optative moode.

THis moode in the French toong hath but thrée tenses, for the present and preterimperfect tenses be formed both alike with double ss, and i, for every preterimperfect tense hath an i, in the first and second persons of the plural number. The preterperfect and preterpluperfect tenses are also formed both alike with the preterimperfect, tense of the optative moode of the verbe, habeo, es, joined to them, as Pleusta Dieu que j'eusse dormi, que tu eusses dormi, qu'il eust, &c.

The future tense is by it selfe, and is commonly formed and declined as the present tense of the indicative moode.

Of the subjunctive moode.

THis moode in the French toong is almost altogither like the indicative moode in all tenses, this excepted: that at every person they adde in the subjunctive moode, either veuque, or qua••d, and sometimes si.

And for bicause the subjunctive moode hath no particu∣lar tokens, there be some that would have the subjunctive moode formed diversly, according to the variety and diffe∣rence of the conjunctions that are joined with it: but that would bréed but a confusion in mingling the inflections & declensions, and so as it were induce a new difficultie.

Indéed in the preterimperfect tense they use little vari∣etie when quand cōmeth before it not else: and then at the end of the last sillable they interpose an r, as quand j'aime∣roi, for aimoy, & yet somtimes they say also, quand j'aimoy, &c

The future tense, when this word si commeth before it, then it is formed as the present tense in the indicative moode; as for example: Si je peche, vous me pardonnerez: but they say not, si je pecheray, &c. Si vous espousez une fem∣me plus riche que vous, vous avrez trousjours un maistre: but they say not, vous espouserez, &c. Sometimes the preterperfect tense of the indicative moode joined with the future tense of the verbe, habeo, maketh the future of the subjunctive moode; as for example: Quand vous aures fait tout ce que Dieu vous a commandé humiliez vous, & dittes, nous sommes serviteurs inutiles. Item, Quand nous aurons receu la Doctrine de Christ, par vray foy, lors nous serons vrays enfans de Dieu, &c.

Of the infinitive moode.

THis moode doth varie in terminations according to the diversitie of the conjugations: bicause the first endeth in er, the second in ir, and the third in re: Inso∣much that if the tokens how one might know the verbe were onely taken from the infinitive moode, there would be no verbe irregular, bicause all verbes whatsoever are reduced into these thrée terminations.

The preterpluperfect tense is compounded of the se∣cond preterperfect tense of the indicative moode and of the infinitive of the verbe habeo: as avoir aime, avoir dormi, avoir creu, &c.

The French toong hath no future tense in the infini∣tive moode, but formeth it as the future tense in the indi∣cative moode, and it is to be noted, that the infinitives de∣mand this particle de: as for example: Ce n'est pas honte d'apprendre, ains c'est honte de rien savoir. Item, mon enfant, prenpeine de fuir les vices, & d'ensuivre la vertu, garde toy d•• mesdire, &c.

Of the gerunds.

THe French toong hath no use of gerunds, but they de∣clare them by circumloquutions.

The gerunds that ends in di, they declare them by the infinitive: as il est temps de faire bien, ou jamais non, &c.

The gerund in do, they declare by the participle of the active voice of the same verbe, and the preposition en; as en contemplant les oeuures de Dieu, je ne me laisse jamais, &c.

The gerund in dum, is declared by the infinitive, ad∣ding this preposition pour, to it: as je vien pour advancer l'honneur & gloire du seigneur, & tu viens pour l'empecher, &c

Of the Supines.

THe French men lack supines, but they expresse them by circumloquutions.

The first supine is declared by the infinitive of the same verbe it doth descend of: as vat'en dormir de bonne heure, & te leve de maine de grand matin. Item, allons com∣batre pour la denfense de nostre pais, &c.

The second supine by the preterperfect tense of the in∣dicative moode of the same verb, and of the infinitive of the verbe, sum, es, est, &c. like as, Ce livre est digne d'estre leu. Vostre doctrine est digne d'estre ouye et receue de tous &c.

Thus much of the rules how to forme the moodes and tenses in the French toong. Now we will set downe the conjugation of the verbe habeo, in French, that the strangers may know how it is declined in French.

The Indicative moode, present time.* 1.16

• ...
  Singular
  • j'ay,
  • tu as,
  • il a.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous avons,
  • vous avez,
  • ils ont.

The preterimperfect tense.* 1.17

• ...
  Singular
  • j'avoy,
  • tu avois,
  • il avoit.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous avions,
  • vous aviez,
  • ils avoyent.

The first preterperfect tense.* 1.18

• ...
  Singular
  • j'eu,
  • tu eus,
  • il eut.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous eusmes,
  • vous eustes,
  • ils eurent.

The second preterperfect tense or compounded.* 1.19

• ...
  Singular
  • j'ay eu,
  • tu as eu,
  • il a eu.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous avions eu,
  • vous aviez eu,
  • ils ont eu.

The preterpluperfect tense.* 1.20

• ...
  Singular
  • j'avoy eu,
  • tu avois eu,
  • il avoit eu.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous avions eu,
  • vous aviez eu,
  • ils avoyent eu.

The future tense.* 1.21

• ...
  Singular
  • j'auray,
  • tu auras,
  • il aura.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous aurons,
  • vous aures,
  • ils auront.

The Imperative moode, present time.* 1.22

• ...
  Singular
  • ayes tu,
  • a il.
• ...
  Plural
  • ayons nous
  • ayes vous,
  • ayent ils.

The Optative moode, present tense and preterimperfect tense.* 1.23

• ...
  Sing. Pleut a Dieu que
  • j'eusse,
  • tu eusses,
  • il eust.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous eussions,
  • vous eussies,
  • ils eussent.

The future tense.* 1.24

• ...
  Sing. Dieu veulle que
  • j'aye,
  • tu ayes,
  • il ait.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous ayons,
  • vous ayes,
  • ils ayent.

The subjunctive moode is altogither like the indica∣tive moode: but you must put veu que, or quand to each person, &c.

The Infinitive moode.* 1.25

• ...
  Singular
  • ...avoir,
  • ...avoir eu.

We have shewed before how the French toong hath no gerunds or supines, but are declared by circumloquu∣tions, &c.

The verbe, Sum, is declined after this maner.

The Indicative moode present time.* 1.26

• ...
  Singular
  • je suis,
  • tu es,
  • il est.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous sommes,
  • vous estes,
  • ils sont.

The preterimperfect tense.* 1.27

• ...
  Singular
  • j'estoye,
  • tu estois,
  • il estoit.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous estions,
  • vous esties,
  • ils estoyent.

The first preterperfect tense.* 1.28

• ...
  Singular
  • je fu,
  • tu fus,
  • il fut.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous fumes,
  • vous fustes,
  • ils furent.

The second preterperfect tense compounded.* 1.29

• ...
  Singular
  • j'ay esté,
  • tu as esté,
  • il a esté.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous avons esté,
  • vous avez esté,
  • ilz ont esté.

The preterpluperfect tense.* 1.30

• ...
  Singular
  • j'avoy esté,
  • tu avoys esté,
  • il avoit esté.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous avions esté,
  • vous avies esté,
  • ilz avoyent esté.

The future tense.* 1.31

• ...
  Singular
  • je seray,
  • tu seras,
  • il sera.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous serons,
  • vous serez,
  • ilz seront.

The Imperative moode present time.* 1.32

• ...
  Singular
  • sois tu,
  • soit il.
• ...
  Plural
  • soyons nous,
  • soyes vous,
  • soyent ils.

The Optative moode, present and pre∣terimperfect tense.* 1.33

• ...
  Singular
  • j'eusse esté,
  • tu eusses esté,
  • il eusset esté.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous eussions esté,
  • vous eussies esté,
  • ils eussient esté.

The future tense.* 1.34

• ...
  Sin. dieu veulle que
  • je soye,
  • tu soys,
  • il soit.
• ...
  Plural
  • nous soyons,
  • vous soyes,
  • ils soyent.

The subjunctive moode is altogither like the optative, but that in stéed of Pleut a Dieu que, they adde to all the persons of each number of every tense, Veu que, or quand, &c.

The Infinitive moode.* 1.35

• Estre; Avoir esté: To have béen.

The same exhortation which I used touching the

Spanish toong, I also repeat héere, wishing every one that is desirous to speake the French toong, to bestow no small pains in the declining of these two verbs: to wit, Habeo, habes, and Sum es, &c. Now to the Spanish conjuga∣tions.

Of the first Conjugation.

THe first conjugation is of those verbs, which forme the infinitive moode in ar; as for example: Comprar, andar, cambiar, açotar, hablar, pasear, &c. And that the novice may sée how the verbs of the first conjuga∣tion are declined, I will set downe the forme or declensi∣on of one of them. For after the same order are all the other verbs whatsoever of the first conjugations declined also.

The Indicative moode, present tense.* 1.36

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo amo,
  • tu amas,
  • aquel ama.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros amamos,
  • vosotros amais,
  • aquellos aman.

The preterimperfect tense.* 1.37

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo amava,
  • tu amavas,
  • aquel amava.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros amavamos,
  • vosotros amavades,
  • aquellos amavan.

The preterperfect tense.* 1.38

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo ame,
  • tu amaste,
  • aquel amo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros amamos,
  • vosotros amastes,
  • aquellos amaron.

The preterpluperfect tense.* 1.39

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo avia amado,
  • tu avias amado,
  • aq. avia amado.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosot. aviamos amado,
  • vosotr. aviades amado,
  • aquellos avian amado.

The future tense.* 1.40

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo amare,
  • tu amaras,
  • aquel amara.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros amaremos,
  • vosotros amareys,
  • aquellos amaran.

The Imperative moode.* 1.41

• ...
  Sing.
  • ama tu,
  • ame aquel.
• ...
  Plu.
  • amad vosotros,
  • amen aquellos.

The Optative moode.* 1.42

• ...
  Sing. oxala
  • yo amasse,
  • tu amasses,
  • aquel amasse.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros amassemos,
  • vosotros amassedes,
  • aquellos amassen.

The imperfect tense.* 1.43

• ...
  Sing. oxala
  • yo amara,
  • tu amaras,
  • aquel amara.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros amaramos,
  • vosotros amarades,
  • aquellos amaron.

The preterperfect tense.* 1.44

• ...
  Sing. oxala
  • yo oviera amado,
  • tu ovieras amado,
  • aq. oviera amado.
• ...
  Pl.
  • nosotr. ovieramos amado.
  • vosotr. ovierades amado.
  • aquellos ovieran amado.

The preterpluperfect tense.* 1.45

• ...
  Sing. oxala
  • yo oviesse amado,
  • tu oviesses amado
  • aq. oviesse amado.
• ...
  Pl.
  • nosotr. oviessemos amado.
  • vosotr. oviessedes amado.
  • aquellos oviessen amado.

The future tense.* 1.46

• ...
  Sing. oxala
  • yo ame,
  • tu ames,
  • aquel ame.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros amemos,
  • vosotros ameys,
  • aquellos amen.

The subjunctive in the Spanish toong, is altogither like the optative, except the preterimperfect tense and the future tense. And also whereas they say, oxala in the op∣tative: héere they use como, or quando: as quando yo ame, &c.

The preterimperfect tense of the Sub∣junctive* 1.47 moode.

• ...
  Singular quando
  • yo amare, amaria y amasse,
  • tu amares, amarias y amassedes,
  • aquel amare, amaria y amasse.
• ...
  Plural.
  • nosotr. amaremos amariamos, y amassemos,
  • vosotros amares amariades y amassedes,
  • aquellos amaren amarian, y amassen.

The preterperfect and pluperfect tenses are like to the same tenses of the optative moode.

The future tense.* 1.48

• ...
  Sing.
  • quando yo avre amado,
  • tu avras amado,
  • aquel avra amado.
• ...
  Plu.
  • abremos amado,
  • abreis amado,
  • abran amado.
• ...
  The infinitive moode.* 1.49
  • Amar aver amado, aver de amar.
• ...
  The gerunds.* 1.50
  • De amar, en amando, en siendo amado, a amar, or ser amado.

The Spanish toong hath not any use for supines.* 1.51

After the same maner are all other verbs of the first conjugation declined: as Euangelizar, predicar, annun∣ciar, disputar, perdonar, rescatar, libertar, dexar, dese∣char, escalentar, quemar, trabajar, limpiar, &c.

The first conjugation in French.

THe first conjugation formeth the second preterper∣fect tense in é, and the infinitive in er: as aimé, ai∣mer; chanté, chanter; mangé, manger, &c.

An example of the first conjugation through out all moodes and tenses.

• ...
  Singul.
  • ...j'aime,
  • ...tu aimes,
  • ...il aime.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous aimons,* 1.52
  • ...vous aimes,
  • ...ils aiment.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...j'aimoye,
  • ...tu aimoyes,
  • ...il aimoit.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous aimions,* 1.53
  • ...vous aimiez,
  • ...ils aimoyent.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...j'aimay,
  • ...tu aimas,
  • ...il aima.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous aimantes,* 1.54
  • ...vous aimastes,
  • ...ils aimerent.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...j' ay aimé,
  • ...tu as aimé,
  • ...il a aimé.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous avons, aimé* 1.55
  • ...vous avez, aimé
  • ...ils ont. aimé
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...j' avoye aimé,
  • ...tu avois aimé,
  • ...il avoit aimé.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous avions, aimé.* 1.56
  • ...vous aviez, aimé.
  • ...ilz avoyent. aimé.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...je aimeray,
  • ...tu aimeras,
  • ...il aimera.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous aimerons,* 1.57
  • ...vous aimerez,
  • ...ils aimeront.* 1.58
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...aime tu,
  • ...aime il.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...aimons nous,
  • ...aimes vous,
  • ...aiment ils.
• ...
  Singul. Pleut a dieu que.
  • ...j' aimasse,
  • ...tu aimasses,
  • ...il aimast.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous aimissions,
  • ...vous aimissies,
  • ...ils aimassent.

• ...
  Singular
  • ...j' eusse aimé,
  • ...tu eusses aimé,
  • ...il eust aimé.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous eussions aimé,* 1.59
  • ...vous eussies aimé,
  • ...ils eussent aimé.
• ...
  Singular
  • ...j' aime,
  • ...tu aimes,
  • ...il aime.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous aimions,
  • ...vous aimies,
  • ...ils aiment.

The subjunctive moode is altogether like the infinitive moode, except only that in stéed of, dieu veville, or Pleut a dieu que, you must here say veu que, or quand.

Aimer, avoir aimé.* 1.60

After this maner are all other verbs of the first conju∣gation declined: as Evangelizer, precher, annoncer, disputer, perdonner, racheter, delivrer, delaisser, abandonner, monter, pas∣ser, demourer, manger, chanter, eschauffer, brusler, labourer, tra∣vailler, gaster, edifier, netoyer; and like more that forme their preterperfectense in e. and the infinitive in er.

Of the second conjugation.

THe second conjugation is of those verbs, which forme the infinitive in er, as leer, creer, bever. &c.

An example of the second conjugation.* 1.61

• ...
  Sing.
  • Yo Leo
  • Tu lees
  • Aquel lee,
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros leemos
  • vosotros leeys
  • aquellos leen.
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo leya
  • tu leyas
  • aquel leya
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros leyamos
  • vosotros leyades
  • aquellos leyan.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo ley
  • tu leyste
  • aquel leyo
• ...
  Plu.
  • vosotros leymos* 1.62
  • vosotros leystes
  • aquelle leyeron.
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo avia leydo
  • tu avias leydo
  • aquel avia leydo
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros aviamos leydo.* 1.63
  • vosotros aviades leydo.
  • aquellos avian. leydo.
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo leere
  • tu leeras
  • aquel leera.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros leeremos* 1.64
  • vosotros leereis
  • aquellos leeran.
• ...
  Sing.
  • lee tu
  • lea aquel
• ...
  Plu.
  • leamos nosotros* 1.65
  • leed vosotros
  • lean aquellos.
• ...
  Sing.
  • oxala yo leyesse
  • oxala tu leyesses
  • oxala aq. leyesse
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros leyessemos
  • vosotros leyessedes
  • aquellos leyessén.
• ...
  Sing. oxala que
  • yo leyera,
  • tu leyeras,
  • aquel leyera.
• ...
  Plu
  • nosotros leyeramos,
  • vosotros leyerades,
  • aquellos leyeran.
• ...
  Sing. O si yo
  • aya leydo,
  • tu ayas leydo,
  • aquel aya leydo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros ayamos, leydo.* 1.66
  • vosotros ayais, leydo.
  • aquellos ayan. leydo.
• ...
  Sing. O si
  • yo oviesse leydo
  • tu oviesses leydo
  • aq. oviesse leydo
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros oviesmos, leydo.* 1.67
  • vosotros oviessedes, leydo.
  • aquellos oviessen. leydo.
• ...
  Sing. O si
  • yo lea,
  • tu leas,
  • aquel.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros leamos,
  • vosotros leays,
  • aquellos lean.
• ...
  Sing.
  • como yo lea,
  • tu leas,
  • aquel lea.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros leamos,* 1.68
  • vosotros leays,
  • aquellos lean.
• ...
  Sing.
  • como yo leyera leerya y leyesse,* 1.69
  • leyeras, leeryas, y leyesses,
  • leyera, leerya y leyesse.

• ...
  Plu.
  • leyeramos, leeryamos, y leyessemos,
  • leyerades, leeryades, y leyessedes,
  • leyeran, leeryan, y leyessen.
• ...
  Sing.
  • como yo aya leydo,
  • tu ayas leydo,
  • aquel aya leydo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • ayamos leydo,* 1.70
  • ayades leydo,
  • ayan leydo.
• ...
  Sing.
  • como yo oviesse leydo,* 1.71
  • como tu oviesses leydo,
  • como aquel oviesse leydo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • como nosotros oviessemos leydo,
  • como vosotros oviessedes leydo,
  • como aquellos oviessen leydo.
  • leer aver leydo.* 1.72

AFter this maner are all the verbs declined of the se∣cond conjugation, which in the French toong are of the thirde conjugation: as it séemeth by them that have written French Grammers. As in these verbs folowing. creer, croire, bever, boire, vencer, vaincre, hender, fendre, romper, rompre, torcer, tordre, coser, coudre, morder, mordre; and many such more, which the Latin toong placeth in the second and third conjugation: Fur∣thermore that yée may the easier confer this conjugation with that French conjugation which is correspondent unto it, we will next set downe the French verbe of the last conjugation, noting that it is the third conjugation in the French toong, which formeth the preterperfect tense in u, and the infinitive in re.

AN example of the third French conjugation, which is correspondent to the second Spanish conjugation.

• ...
  Singul.
  • ...je lie,
  • ...tu lies,
  • ...il lie.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous lisonz,* 1.73
  • ...vous lyzez,
  • ...ils lisent.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...je lisoye,
  • ...tu lisois,
  • ...il lisoit.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous lisions,
  • ...vous lisiez,
  • ...ils lisoyent.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...je leu,
  • ...tu leus,
  • ...il leut.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous leumes,* 1.74
  • ...vous leutes,
  • ...ils leurent.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...j'ay leu,
  • ...tu as leu,
  • ...il a leu.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous avons leu,* 1.75
  • ...vous avez leu,
  • ...ils ont leu.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...j'avoye leu,
  • ...tu avois leu,
  • ...il avoit leu,
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous avions leu,* 1.76
  • ...vous aviez leu,
  • ...ils avoyont leu.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...je liray,
  • ...tu liras,
  • ...il lira.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous lirons,* 1.77
  • ...vous lires,
  • ...ils liront.
• ...
  Singul.
  • ...ly tu
  • ...lise il.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...lisons nous,* 1.78
  • ...lisez vous,
  • ...lisent ils.
• ...
  Sing. Pleut à Dieu
  • ...que je leusse,* 1.79
  • ...tu leusses,
  • ...il leusse.
• ...
  Plural.
  • ...nous leussions,
  • ...vous leussies,
  • ...ils leussent.
• ...
  Sing. Pleut à Dieu que
  • ...il esse leu,* 1.80
  • ...tu esses leu,
  • ...il eust leu.
• ...
  Plural.
  • ...nous eussions leu.
  • ...vous elissiez leu,
  • ...ils eussent leu.

• ...
  Sin. dieu veuille que
  • ...ie lise,
  • ...tu lises,
  • ...il lise.
• ...
  Plural
  • ...nous lisions,* 1.81
  • ...vous lisiéz,
  • ...ils lisent.

The subjunctive moode is like the indicative moode, onely adding veu que, or, quand to ech person.

Lire, avoir leu.

* 1.82

After the same sort be all the other verbes of the thirde conjugation declined, as, croire, boire, vaincre, vivre, abatre, combatre, fendre, fondre, vendre, descendre, rompre, tordre, coudre, mourdre, and such others that forme the preterperfect tense in n, and thinfinitive in re.

Of the third Conjugation.

THe third conjugation is of those verbs, which form the infinitive in ir; as Dormir, sentir, oyr, &c, which in the French toong the Grammarians place in the second conjugation.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo duermo,
  • tu duermes,
  • aquel duerme.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros dormimos,* 1.83
  • vosotros dormeis,
  • aquellos duermen.
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo dormia,
  • tu dormias,
  • aquel dormia.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros dormiamos,
  • vosotros dormiades,
  • aquellos dormian.
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo dormi,
  • tu dormiste,
  • aquel dormio.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros dormimos,
  • vosotros dormistes.
  • aquellos dormieron.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo avia dormido,
  • tu avias dormido
  • aq. avia dormido.
• ...
  Plu
  • aviamos dormido,* 1.84
  • aviades dormido,
  • avian dormido.
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo dormire,
  • tu dormiras,
  • aquel dormira.
• ...
  Plu.
  • dormiremos,
  • dormireys,
  • dormiran.
• ...
  Sing.
  • duerme,
  • duerma aquel.
• ...
  Plu.
  • duermamos nosotros* 1.85
  • dormid vosotros,
  • duerman aquellos.
• ...
  Sing.
  • oxala dormiesse
  • tu dormiesses,
  • aquel dormiesse.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros dormiessemos,* 1.86
  • vosotros dormiessedes,
  • aquellos dormiessen.
• ...
  Sing.
  • oxa. yo dormiera
  • tu dormieras,
  • aquel. dormiera.
• ...
  Pl.
  • nosotros dormieramos,* 1.87
  • vosotros dormierades,
  • aquellos dormieran.
• ...
  Sin.
  • oxalayo oviera dormido
  • tu ovieras dormido,
  • aquel oviera dormido.
• ...
  Plu.
  • ovieramos, dormido* 1.88
  • ovierades, dormido
  • ovieran. dormido
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo oviesse dormido
  • tu oviesses dormido,
  • aquel oviesse dormido,
• ...
  Plu.
  • oviessemos dor.* 1.89
  • oviessedes dorm.
  • oviessen dormido
• ...
  Sing.
  • oxalaque yo duerma,
  • tu duermas,
  • aquel duerma,
• ...
  Plu.
  • nos. duermamos,* 1.90
  • vosotros dormais
  • aquel. duerman.
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo duerma,
  • tu duermas,
  • aquel duerma,
• ...
  Plu.
  • nos. duermanos.* 1.91
  • vosotr. dormais.
  • aquel. duerman.
• ...
  Sing.
  • como yo dormiera, dormiria y dormiesse,* 1.92
  • tu dormieras, dormirias y dormiesses,
  • aquel dormiera, dormiria y dormiesse.
• ...
  Plu.
  • dormieramos, dormiriamos, y dormiessemos,
  • dormierades dormiriades, y dormiessedes,
  • dormieran, dormirian, y dormiessen.

• ...
  Sing. co∣mo.
  • yo aya dormido,
  • tu ayas dormido,
  • aquel aya dormido.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nos. ayamos, dormido* 1.93
  • vosotr. ayays, dormido
  • aquel. ayan. dormido
• ...
  Sing. co∣mo.
  • oviesse dormido,
  • oviesses dormido,
  • oviesse dormido.
• ...
  Pl.
  • oviessemus dormido,* 1.94
  • oviessedes dormido,
  • oviessen dormido,
• ...
  Sing.
  • quando yo aure dormido,* 1.95
  • quando tu auras dormido,
  • quando aquel aura dormido.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros auremos dormido,
  • vosotros aureis dormido,
  • Auran dormido.

This subjunctive moode in the French toong is altogither like the indicative moode, in the terminations or last syl∣lables of ech person in all tenses and numbers: but onely this: that to the subjunctive moode they adde one of these particles, veuque, or quand. After the same order that the last example is declined, are also all other verbs of the same conjugation formed, as these which follow, oyr, sen∣tir, sufrir, abrir, descubrir, arrepentir, partir, dezir, pro∣duzir, venir, destruir, contradezir, and others, that forme the infinitive moode in ir.

Now will I set downe an example of the French con∣jugation, which is correspondent to this Spanish conju∣gation; advertising the novice, that those verbs which the Spaniards forme in the third conjugation, the French men place in the second inflexion, forming their preterperfect tense in i. and their infinitive in ir. as for ex∣ample, Dormi, dormir: senti, sentir.

An example of the second French conjugati∣on which is correspondent to the third conjugation in the Spa∣nish toong.

Indicatif temps present.

• ...
  Singul.
  • je dor,
  • tu dors,
  • il dort.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous dormons,
  • vous dormes,
  • ils dorment.

Preterit imperfait.

• ...
  Singul.
  • j' dormoye,
  • tu dormois,
  • il dormoit.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous dormions,
  • vous dormies,
  • ils dormoient.

Preterit perfait premier.

• ...
  Singul.
  • je dormi,
  • tu dormis,
  • il dormit.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous dormimes,
  • vous dormistes,
  • ils dormirent.

Preterit perfait second.

• ...
  Singul.
  • j'ay dormi,
  • tu as dormi,
  • il a dormi.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous avons, dormi.
  • vous aves. dormi.
  • ils ont. dormi.

Preterit plus que perfait.

• ...
  Singul.
  • j' avoy dormi,
  • tu avois dormi,
  • il avoit dormi.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous avions, dormi.
  • vous aviez, dormi.
  • ils avoyent. dormi.
• ...
  Singul.
  • je dormiray,
  • tu dormiras,
  • il dormira.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous dormirons,* 1.96
  • vous dormires,
  • ils dormiront.
• ...
  Singul.
  • dors tu,
  • dorme il.
• ...
  Plur.
  • dormons nous,* 1.97
  • dormes vous,
  • dorment ils.

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• ...
  Singul.
  • je dormisse,
  • tu dormisses,
  • il dormist.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous dormissions,* 1.98
  • vous dormissiez,
  • ils dormissent.
• ...
  Singul.
  • j' eusse dormi,
  • tu eusses dormi,
  • il eust dormi.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous eussions dormi,
  • vous eussiez dormi,
  • ils eussent dormi.
• ...
  Singul.
  • je dorme,
  • tu dormes,
  • il dorme.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous dormions,
  • vous dormiez,
  • ils dorment.

The subjunctive moode is like the indicative moode, ex∣cept only that veu que, or quand, is to be added unto it in the conjunctive.

Dormir, avoir dormi.

After this manner are all other verbs of this second conjugation formed, as are, ouir, sentir, assaill••r, occir, cuel∣lir, offrir, souffrir, bastir, aguandir, eslargir, amoindrir, acour••ir, ouvrir, descouvrir, noirir, blanchir, rugir, garentir, punir, fail∣lir, repentir, and others which forme the preterperfect tense in i, and the infinitive in ir.

I would willingly in the Spanish toong have followed the order of conjugations, which the French Gramma∣rians shew; but bicause the disposition and order of the Latine conjugations is more common and used of most, I thought good to follow the Latine order, reducing the verbs which forme their infinitive in ar, to the first conju∣gation, and those which forme their infinitive in er, to the second, and lastly those which forme their infinitive in ir, to the third.

Of the fourth conjugation.

IF we adde any other conjugation to the former, it shall be of the verbs irregular, which are not many in num∣ber; and all the difficultie in knowing how they ought to be declined, consisteth in knowing in which tenses they

change their characteristicall and formative letter, which is the last letter of the Thema, which is the first person of the indicative moode present tense, and singular number, example. This verbe Facio, in Spanish is written, Ha∣go, the g, before the o, is called the formative letter, which is varied and changed in many tenses, as in this verbe Hago, which in the present tense is formed Hago, but in the preterimperfect tense it is formed Hazia, &c.

And bicause the novice shall not be troubled and hin∣dred through the difficultie of these verbs, I will set downe the hardest of them, among which are, Hazer, yr, in French, Faire, aller, and by the formation of these they may easily forme the rest which are not many.

The conjugation of the verbe Facere.

Sing.

• yo hago,
• tu hazes,
• aquel haze.

Plu.

• nosotros hazemos,* 1.99
• vosotros hazeis,
• aquellos hazen.

The preterimperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo hazia
  • tu hazias,
  • aquel hazia.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros haziamos,
  • vostros haziades,
  • aquellos hazian.

The preterperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo hize,
  • tu hiziste,
  • aquel hizo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros hezimos,
  • vosotros hezistes,
  • aquellos hizieron.

The preterpluperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo havia hecho,
  • tu avias hecho,
  • aqu. avia hecho.
• ...
  Plu.
  • aviamus hecho,
  • aviades hecho,
  • avian hecho,

The future tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo hare,
  • tu haras,
  • aquel hara.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosot. haremos,
  • vosot. hareis,
  • aquellos haran.

The imperative.

• ...
  Sing.
  • has tu,
  • haga aquel.
• ...
  Plu.
  • hagamos nosotros.
  • hazed vosotros,
  • hagan aquellos.

The Optative moode, present tense oxala.

• ...
  Sing.
  • si yo hiziese,
  • tu hizieses,
  • aquel hiziese.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros hiziessemos,
  • vosotros hiziessedes,
  • aquellos hiziessen.

The imperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • si yo hiziera,
  • tu hizieras,
  • aquel hiziera.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros hizieramos,
  • vosotros hizierades,
  • aquellos hizieran.

The preterperfect, and preterpluperfect tense.

• ...
  Singular
  • oviera y oviese hecho,
  • ovieras y ovieses hecho,
  • overa y oviesse hecho.
• ...
  Plural.
  • ovieramos y oviessemos hecho,
  • ovierades y oviessedes hecho,
  • ovieran y oviessen hecho.

The future.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo hago,
  • tu hagas,
  • aquel haga.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros hagamos,
  • vosotros hagais,
  • aquellos hagan.

The subjunctive in Spanish is formed as the optative, saving that in the subjunctive in stead of this signe oxala they put como and quando.

The infinitive. hazer, aver hecho, aver de hazer.

NOw as touching the French toong the strangers shall note that it hath but thrée regular or perfect conjugations, and if we adde the fourth thereunto: the verbs which commonly are called by the Grammarians irregulars, may be accounted of that conjugation: wherof the foresaid is one, the example wherof we will set down in French.

The example of the conjugation of the verbe, Faire.

The indicative present tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je fay,
  • tu fais,
  • il fait.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous faisons,
  • vous faites,
  • ils font.

Preterimperfect.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je faisoye,
  • tu faisoyes,
  • il faisoyet.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous faisions,
  • vous faisies,
  • ils faisoyent.

The preterperfect of the first kind.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je fy,
  • tu fis,
  • il fit.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous fimes,
  • vous fites,
  • ils firent.

The preterperfect of the second sort.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je ay fait,
  • tuas fait,
  • il a fait.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous avous fait,
  • vous avez fait,
  • ilz ont fait.

The preterpluperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'avoye fait,
  • tu avois fait,
  • il avoit fait.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous avions fait,
  • vous aviez fait,
  • ils avoyent fait,

Future.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je feray,
  • tu feras,
  • il fera.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous ferons,
  • vous ferez,
  • ilz feront.

The imparative present.

• ...
  Sing.
  • fay tu,
  • face il.
• ...
  Plu.
  • faisons nous,
  • faytes vous,
  • facent ilz.

Optative present tense and preterimperfect. Ple ut a dieu que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • le fisse,
  • tu fisses,
  • il fist.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous fissions,
  • vous fissies,
  • ils fissent.

The preterperf. & preterpluperf. tense. Ple ut a dieu que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'eusse fait,
  • tu esses fait,
  • il eust fait.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous eussions fait,
  • vous eussies fait,
  • ilz eussent fait.

Futur. dieu vueille que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je face,
  • tu faces,
  • il face.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous facions,
  • vous faciez,
  • ils facent.

The subjunctive is altogither like the indicative onely adding these signe, veu, que, or quand, vnto every person. Infinitive. faire, avoir fait.

The conjugation of the verbe Aller, which in Spanish is yr.

Indicative present.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo voy,
  • tu vas,
  • aquel va.
• ...
  Pl.
  • nosotros vamos,
  • vosotros vais,
  • aquellos van.

Preterimperf.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo iva,
  • tu ivas,
  • aquel iva.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros ivamos
  • vosotros ivades,
  • aquellos ivan.

Preterperf.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo fue,
  • tu fueste,
  • aquel fue.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros fuemos,
  • vosotros fuestes,
  • aquellos fueron.

Preterpluperf.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo avia ydo,
  • tu avias ydo,
  • aquel avia ydo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nos. aviamos ydo,
  • vosotros aviades ydo,
  • aquel. avian ydo.

Futur.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo yre,
  • tu yras,
  • aquel yra.
• ...
  Plu.
  • y remos,
  • y reis,
  • y ran.

Imperative present tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • ve, va,
  • vaya.
• ...
  Plu.
  • vamos nosotros,
  • yd vosotros,
  • vayau aquellos.

Optative present and imperfect tense. oxala que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo fuesse,
  • tu fuesses,
  • aquel fuesse.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros fuessemos,
  • vosotros fuessedes,
  • aquellos fuessen.
• ...
  Sing.
  • yo fuera,
  • tu fueras,
  • aquel fuera.
• ...
  Plu.
  • fueramos,
  • fuerades,
  • fueran.

Preterperfect tense. oxala que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo aya ydo,
  • tu ayas ydo,
  • aquel aya ydo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • ayamos ydo,
  • ayais ydo,
  • ayan ydo.

Preterpluperfect tense. oxala.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo fuesse ydo,
  • tu fuesses ydo,
  • aq. fuesse ydo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • fuessemos ydos,
  • fuessedes ydos,
  • fuessen ydos.

Future.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo vaya,
  • tu vayas,
  • aquel vaya.
• ...
  Plu.
  • vamos,
  • vais,
  • vayan.

The subjunctive is formed like the optative, saving that in in stead of the signe oxala, it hath the signe como, or quando.

Infinitive.

Yr, aver ydo, aver de yr, after the same maner is the verb dezir declined, digo, dizes, dize, dezimos, dezis, dizen. Ie dy, tudis il dit, nous, disons, vous dizes, ils disent. The spanish toong in some tenses changeth the c latin into g, in some other into z, but this diversitie is to be learned by the vse of reading and speaking. Thus far we have set down the conjugations of verbes actives regular and irregular, it remaineth that we should briefely handle the passives. But that we may the better confer the French with the Spanish, we will first put downe the example of the said verbe yr, in French.

Indicative present of Aller which in Spanish is Andar.

• ...
  Sing.
  • Ie vay,
  • tu vas,
  • il va.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous allons,
  • vous allez,
  • ils vont.

Preterimperfect.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'alloye,
  • tu alloyes,
  • il alloit.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous allions,
  • vous alliez,
  • ils alloyent.

Preterperfect tense of the first kind.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'allay,
  • tu allais,
  • il alla.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous allames,
  • vous allatez,
  • ils allerent.

Preterperfect of the second.

• ...
  Sing.
  • Ie suis allé,
  • tues allé,
  • il est allé.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nou sommes alles,
  • vous estes allez,
  • ils sont allez.

Preterpluperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'estoye allé,
  • tuestois allé,
  • il estoit allé.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous estions allez,
  • vous estiez allez,
  • ils estoient allez.

Future.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'iray,
  • tu iras,
  • il ira.
• ...
  Plu.
  • irons,
  • irez,
  • iront.

Imperative present.

• ...
  Sing.
  • va tu,
  • aille il,
• ...
  Plu.
  • allons nous,
  • ailez vous,
  • aillent ilz.

Optative present and preterimperfect. Pleut ad dieu que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'allasse,
  • tu allasses,
  • il allast.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous allissions,
  • vous allissiez,
  • ils allassent.

Preterperfect and pluperfect. Pleut a dieu que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je fusse allé,
  • tu fusses allé,
  • il fut allé.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous fussions allé,
  • vous fussiez allé,
  • ilz fusseen allé.

Future tense. Dieu veuille que.

• ...
  Singul.
  • j'aille,
  • tu ailles,
  • il aille.
• ...
  Plur.
  • nous aillons,
  • vous aillez,
  • ilz aillent.

The subjunctive is like the indicative, onely by adding the signe veu que or quand, in every number and person.

Infinitive aller, and estre allé.

After the same sort must you decline dire: je dy, tu dis, il dit, &c. and such like verbs.

Hitherunto we have handled verbs actives personals, as well regular as irregular: it remaineth that we should next entreat briefly of the passives, and then after of Im∣personnals.

Of verbs passives.

THe verbs passives in the French and Spanish toong observe the same manner and order, and that is, in stéed of passives, they vse the participles adding thereto the verbe, Sum, es, fui, but they differ in forming their persons, as you shall sée by example.

The Spaniard formeth the participle passive of the in∣finitive moode, by taking awayr, and adding do, as amar, amado: comprar, comprado: atar, atado: dormir, dormido: and this is done in the first & third conjugati∣on, but in the second you must first change the last e, into y, before you adde do, as of leer, leydo: tener, tenydo, &c. Therefore if you will know how to use these participles, you must learne to forme them well, and to decline the verbe Sum, es fui.

The Masculine termination of the participles is form∣ed of the infinitive, as you have séene: the plurall is made of the singular onely, by adding s, as callado, callados, tenido, tenidos, &c.

To forme the Feminine termination you must turne o into a, as, templado, templada, &c. and to forme the plurall you must onely adde an s thereto, as it is said be∣fore of the masculine termination.

It remaineth that we should put downe one example▪ for more plainenes, whereby you may know how to form the rest verbes passives of any conjugation.

The passive voice, Indicative moode and present tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo soy amado,
  • tu eres amado,
  • aquel es amado.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nosotros somos amados,
  • vosotros soys amaydos,
  • aquellos son amados.

The preterimperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo era amado,
  • tu eras amado,
  • aquel era amado
• ...
  Plu.
  • eramos amados,
  • erades amados,
  • eran amados.

Preterperfect tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo fui amado,
  • tu fuiste amado,
  • aquel fue amado
• ...
  Plu.
  • fuimos amados,
  • fuistes amados,
  • fueron amados.

The preterpluperfect.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo avia sido amado
  • tu avias sido amado
  • aq. avia sido amado
• ...
  Pl.
  • aviamos sido amados,
  • aviades sido amados,
  • avian sido amados.

Future tense.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo sere amado,
  • tu seras amado,
  • aquel sera amado.
• ...
  Pl.
  • nos. seremos amados,
  • vosotr. sereis amados,
  • aquel. seran amados.

Imperative.

• ...
  Sing.
  • se tu amado,
  • sea aquel amado,
• ...
  Pl.
  • seamos nos. amados,
  • seais vosotr. amados,
  • sean aquel. amados,

Optative present, oxala.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo fuesse amado,
  • tu fuesses amado,
  • aquel fuesse amado
• ...
  Pl.
  • fuessemos amados,
  • fuessedes amados,
  • fuessen amados.

The imperfect.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo fuera amado,
  • tu fueras amado,
  • aquel fuera amado
• ...
  Pl.
  • fueramos amados,
  • fuerades amados,
  • fueran amados.

Preterperf.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo aya sido amado,
  • tu ayas sido amado
  • aq. aya sido amado
• ...
  Pl.
  • ayamos sido amados,
  • ayades sido amados,
  • ayan sido amados.

Preterpluperf.

• ...
  Sing.
  • uviese sido amado,
  • uvieses sido amado
  • uviese sido amado.
• ...
  Pl.
  • uviessemos sido amad.
  • uviessedes sido amados
  • uviessen sido amados.

Futur.

• ...
  Sing.
  • sea amado,
  • seas amado,
  • sea amado.
• ...
  Pl.
  • seamos amados,
  • seais amados,
  • seau amados.

Subjunctive. Quando o como.

• ...
  Sing.
  • yo sea amado,
  • tu seas amado,
  • aquel sea amado,
• ...
  Pl.
  • seamos amados,
  • seais amados,
  • sean amados,

Imperfect.

• ...
  Sing.
  • sere, seria, y fuese amado,
  • seras, serias, y fueses amado,
  • sera, seria, y fuese amado.
• ...
  Plur.
  • seremos seriamos, y fuessemos amados,
  • sereis, seriades, y fuesedes amados,
  • serau, serian, y fuesen, amados.

The preterperfect and preterpluperfect tense of this moode, is the same as it is in the Optative moode: except that in stéede of the signes oxala, and o plugiese adios, this moode hath como, and quando, and osi.

Future.

• ...
  Sin
  • yo aure sido amado
  • tu auras sido amado
  • aq. aura sido amado
• ...
  Pl.
  • auremos sido amados,
  • aureis sido amados,
  • auran sido amados.

Infinitive.

• ...
  Sing.
  • ser amado,
  • aver sido amado,
  • aver deser amado.
• ...
  Pl.
  • ser amados,
  • aver sido amados,
  • aver de ser amados.

After the same maner you may forme the terminati∣ons of the Feminine gender, onely by changing the last o into a, and os into as, as amado, amada, amados, ama∣das, hecho, hecha, hechos, hechas, &c. for the better de∣claration whereof we will put downe one example.

Sing.

• yo soy amada,
• tu eres, amada,
• aquella es amada,

Pl.

• no. somos amadas,
• vosotros sois amadas,
• aquellas son amadas.

After this same maner must you forme and conjugate in the passive voice all verbes actives, and neuters that have a passive signification, as yo soy desterrado, soy vendido, and such other: now we will put downe an ex∣ample of the passive voice in French.

An example of the conjugation of the verbe Passive in the article mascu∣line in the French toong.

Indicative moode.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je suis aimé,
  • tu es aimé,
  • il est aimé.
• ...
  Pl.
  • nous somes aimez,
  • vous estez aimez,
  • ilz sont aimez▪

The Preterimperf.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'estoye aimè,
  • tu estois aimè,
  • il estoit aimè.
• ...
  Pl
  • nous estions aimez,
  • vous estiez aimez,
  • ils estoint aimez.

The preterperfect of the first kind.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je fu aimè,
  • tu fus aimè,
  • il fut aimè.
• ...
  Plu.
  • fumes aimez,
  • futez aimez,
  • furent aimez.

The preterperfect of the second kind.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'ay estè aimè,
  • tuas estè aimè,
  • il a estè aimè.
• ...
  Plu.
  • nous avons esté aimez.
  • vous avez esté amez.
  • ils ont esté aimez.

The preterpluperfect.

• ...
  Sing.
  • I' avoye esté aimè
  • tu avois esté aime,
  • il avoit esté aimé.
• ...
  Plu.
  • avions esté aimez,
  • aviez esté aimez,
  • avoyent esté aimez.

Future.

• ...
  Sing.
  • serai aimé,
  • seras aimé,
  • sera aime.
• ...
  Plu.
  • serons aimez,
  • serez aimez,
  • seront aimez.

Imparative present. Que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • tu sois aimé,
  • il soit aimé,
• ...
  Plu.
  • soyons aimez,
  • soyez aimez,
  • soyent aimez.

Optative present and preterimperfect tense. Pleut a dieu que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • le fusse aimè,
  • tu fusses aimé,
  • il fust aime.
• ...
  Plu.
  • fussions aimez,
  • fussiez aimez,
  • fussent aimez.

The preterperfect and preterpluperfect tense. Ple ut a dieu que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • j'eusse este aimé,
  • tu eusses este aimé
  • il eust este aimé,
• ...
  Plu.
  • eussions, esté aimez,
  • eussiez esté aimez,
  • eussent esté aimez.

Future. Dieu vuielle que.

• ...
  Sing.
  • je soy aimé,
  • tu sois aimé,
  • il soit aimé.
• ...
  Plu.
  • soyons aimez,
  • soyez aimez,
  • soyent aimez.

The Subjunctive is altogither like the Indicative, on∣ly adding the signe veuque, or quand, to every person and number, as in the active.

The infinitive.

Estre, aimè, avoir estre aime.

An example of the passive conjugation in the article foeminine.

• ...
  The indicative.
  • ...
    Sing.
    • je suis aimee,
    • tu es aimee,
    • elle est aimee.
  • ...
    Plu.
    • nous sommes aimees,
    • vous estez aimees,
    • elles sont aimees.

The preterimperfect tense. j'estoye aimee, tu estois ai∣mee, elle estoit aimee, &c. as in the conjugation masculine, in al tenses, onely adding in the end of every person this letter e, as in stéede of aime, and aimez, you shall say aimee and aimees, &c. After this maner you must conjugate all other verbes passives, and such as signifie simple passives, as neuter passives: as je suis fait, je suis vendu, je suis batu, &c. in the voice masculine: but in the feminine je suis faite, je siús vendue, je siús batue, &c.

The Spaniards shall note that in the French toong, properly there are no passives, but in stéed of them they

use the participles passive of the preter tense, and ioi••e with them Sum, est, fui, so as we noted above in the rules of the Spanish toong.

Of verbs impersonals.

THere are in the Spanish toong certaine impersonall verbs that answere to the latine impersonals, as me∣nester es, necessario es, pertenece, and such like, and they be conjugated in this manner.

Sing.

• de mi se pertenece,
• de ti se pertenece,
• de aquel se pertenece.

Pl.

• à nos. se pertenece,
• à vos. se pertenece,
• à aq. se pertenece.

And thus you must conjugate them through all moods, observing the terminations of the second conjugation. Others are declined with this verbe, Sum, est, fui, as me∣nester es, menester fue, menester sera, &c. There are few verbs impersonals of any other sort in the Spanish toong, although in a demand or question, all verbs are made impersonals, as Sirven a dios por estatierra? &c. and so likewise any other verbs. In the French toong there is great use of verbs impersonals bicause they imi∣tate the latines. And so they have impersonals active and passive, to the passive they adde this signe on, to the active il. An example of both.

Fault il mourir? ne fault il pas esperer en dieu? onrespond. Il fault mourir: c'est vn arrest du grand parlement celeste: &c. mais il fault tous jouravoir esperāceau seigneur, &c. An exam∣ple of the passive. Sert on a l'eternel en ce pais icy? ou l'honore on quand on vit selon ce mond en toute concupiscense de chair? &c. On respondera, on serticy au seigneur & on honore l'eternel, quand on chemine selonsaparole, en toute humilite, &c. Like∣wise, on fait, on dit, on dort, on parle, on boit, &c.

These verbs impersonals are conjugated in French in the third person singuler only, as in the Latine. Like as,

Il.

• ...fault,
• ...failloit,
• ...fallut,
• ...a fallu,
• ...avoit fallu,
• ...faudra.

It hath no Imperative.

• ...
  optativ. pleut a dieu, qu'il
  • ...fallut,
  • ...eust fallu,
  • ...faille.

The subjunctive is like the Indicative altogither ad∣ding veu que, or quand, in every tense.

Infinitive.

• Failloir, avoir fallu.

Examples of the verbs impersonals passives▪ Indicative.

• ...
  On.
  • ...chante,
  • ...chatoit,
  • ...a chautè,
  • ...avoit chatè,
  • ...chantera.

Imperative,

• Qu'on Chante.
• ...
  Optative pleut a dieu qu'on.
  • ...chantast,
  • ...eust chanté,
  • ...chante.

The subjunctive is altogether like the indicative, on∣ly adding veu que or quand, unto every tense and person.

Infinitive.

• estre chanté, avoir esté chanté.

All other verbs impersonals passives whatsoever they be are conjugated after the same sort: which are so many in number as the personals whereof they be derived.

Here follow•• certaine observations about verbs as well in the French as Spanish.

The first observation.

IN the French toong, even as a noune substantive hath alwaies an article before it that agréeth with it in gen∣der and case; so every verbe personall hath his nomina∣tive case, or a pronoune demonstrative before it, that agréeth with the verbe in number and person. So the French men doe not say, aime, aimes, &c. or croy, crois, &c. but j'aime, tu aimes, il aime, &c. And they never utter a verbe without a noune or pronoune going before; which is to be noted the rather bicause in Spanish it is quite contrarie. For although it doth alwaies put the articles to the substantives; yet to the verbs they never joine the pronoune demonstrative. wherein they imitate the ele∣gancie of the Latine toong; and they utter their verbs without putting any pronouns before them, as you may sée by experience in reading the Spanish.

The second observation.

STrangers are to note that in the French toong the first and second conjugation are regulars and doo not faile in any tense. But the third conjugation oftentimes obser∣veth not the rules in the preterperfect tense, as you may see in these verbs, which being in the order of the third in∣flexion, forme their preter tense, in is, as je ay mis, comis, requis, &c. Others take n, betwixt i, and s, as je ay prins, ap∣prins, reprins, &c. Others forme their pretertense in it, as je ay destruit, seduit, cuit, &c. Others taking to them n, forme their preter tense in int, as je ay craint, peint, &c. So that there is great diversitie especially in the preter tense of the third conjugation.

In the Spanish the diversitie is not so great, notwith∣standing there are some that change their characteristical or formative letter in the present tense: as in this verbe dire, which maketh in the present tense digo, in the pre∣terimperfect tense, dixe, dix ste, dixo, &c. but there are few such in this toong.

The third observation.

IN the French toong al the verbs actives, & such as signi∣fie action, forme their pretertenses by the helpe of the verbe habeo, habes, except the first pretertense which is for∣med without it, as we have shewed before. But the verbs passives & such as signifie passion, are formed with the verbe Sum, es, est: as I'aydor mi, tuas dormy, &c. The same rules are to be observed in the Spanish toong, especially in the preterpluferfect tense, as when we say, quando ovieremos creydo a las promesas de dios, &c. seremos fieles.

The fourth observation.

YOu must also note in the French toong that verbes which forme their tenses with this verbe, Sum, es, in the plurall numbers of their pretertenses, they alwais forme an s, which they do not being formed with the verb Habeo, habes. Example. Ie suis venu, nous sommes, venus, vous estes venus, ils sont venuz, &c. Item, I'ay chatè, tuas chatè, il a chautè, nous avous chate, vous avez chate, ilz ont chate, &c. and not nous avous chate, &c. the same rule is observed in the Spanish also. &c.

The fift observation.

YOu must also note in the French toong, that there are certaine verbs that have a mixt inflexion, for in

the preterperfect tense they are of the third conjugation, and yet they forme their infinitive moode, as if they were of the second conjugation. As for example, I'ay veu, tenu, detenu, obtenu, &c. which forme their infinitive, voir, tenir, ob••enit, &c. as if they were of the second conjugation: in the Spanish there are no such verbs.

The sixt observation.

ITem, you must note that some verbs in the French toong have two preterperfect tenses: and these be ouuir, offrir, souffrir, couvrir, &c. j'ay ouvry, and j'ay ouvert, j'ay offri, and j'ay offert, j'ay soufry, and j'ay souffert, j'ay couvry, and j'ay couvert.

The seventh observation.

ITem we must observe, that some verbs which in the Latin are imperfect, are perfect in the French and Spa∣nish, as the verbe Hayr, in Latine, Odisse, for the French∣men saith Ie hay, tu hais, il hait, nous haissons, &c. and so the Spaniard saith, yo aborresco, tu aborreces, aquel abor∣rece, nosotros aborrecemos, vosotros aboreceys, a∣quellos aborrecen. And contrariwise some in the latine are perfect which in the French & Spanish are imperfait, as, Soleo, soles, &c. in French. Ie souloye, tu souloyes, il souloit, nous solions, vous souliez, il souloient. In the Spanish it hath but two tenses, the present tense, and the preter∣imperfect tense: yo suelo, tu sueles, aquel suele, noso∣tros solemos, vosotros soleis, aquellos su••len. The im∣perfect tense, yo solia, tu solias, aquel solia, nosotros so∣liamos, vosotros soliades, aquellos solian. all the other tenses are supplied by the verbe acostūbrar, & in French by acoustumer, as I'ay coustumè, tuas coustuimè, &c.

The eight observation.

THere are also some verbs impersonals in Latin, that in French and Spanish are personals and perfait as for example, this word repentir in these two languages by adding onely to it these pronouns, me te se, nous, vous, ilz, is a personall and perfait: as Ie me repens, tu te repens, il se repent, nous nous repentons, vous vous repentez, ilz se re∣pentent, &c. and in Spanish yo me arrepiento, tu te arre∣pientes aquel se arrepiente: nosotros nos arrepentimos vosotros vos arrepentis, aquellos se arrepienten: and so likewise throughout all other tenses.

The ninth observation.

IN the French such verbs as signifie mooving to a place, require after them these prononus, te, se, &c. with a pre∣position and an apostrophe, for avoiding of the vnpleasant pro••••ntiation of two vowels, the one after the other, as Ie men fuy, tu t'en fius, il s'en fuit, &c. Ie m'en vay, tu t'en vas, &c. And all other verbs are declined after the same sorte, when by them we note or signifie a reciproca∣tion with these particles, me, te. se. as Ie m'aime, tu t'aimes, il s'aime, &c. Ie m'endor, tu t'endors, il s'endort, &c.

THis rule is practised also in Spanish in the same ma∣ner, saving that in stéede of en, they put a, or al, as, yo me huyo, tu te huyes, aquel se huye, &c. yo me voy, tu te vas, &c. yo me voy al campo; yo me huy al sagrado, viendo me perseguido, &c. an example of the second: quando yo me siento culpado, el mejor remedio que para mi hallo, es, no adularme a mi mismo, antes, reconoscerme pec∣cador delante del sen̄or, &c.

The tenth observation.

THere are certaine verbs in the French that cannot be expressed in one word, as also in the Latine toong.

And then they use to expresse them by some circumlo∣qu••tion, or composition of divers words, as for example, I'aime mieux, tu aimes mieux, il aime mieux: nous aimons mieux, vous aimes mieux, ils aiment mieux, &c. Item, Ie me porte bien, tu te portes bien, &c. Item, I'ay acoustumè, tu as acoustumè &c. In the same sorte do we say in Spanish: yo quiero mas, tu quieres mas, &c. Item, yo me hallo bien dispuesto, tu te halles bien dispuesto, &c. Item, yo he acostumbrado, &c. In like maner be the same verbs al∣so declined negatively, as, Ie me porte mal, &c. Item, Il ne m'••n chant, il ne t'en chaut, il ne luy en chaut, &c. and in Spa∣nish, no se me da nada, no se te da nada, no se le da na∣da, &c.

Of the Participles.

IN the Spanish toong there are two sorts of participles, actives and passives. The actives are formed of the third person singular, of the indicative present adding thereto this relative el que, as, el que ama: el que pone: el que duerme. &c. Plur. los que escrivē, &c. the feminine arti∣cle is la que, in the singular, and las que in the plurall, as la que travaja, &c. las que travajan, &c. The partici∣ples passive are formed of the same person, adding to the masculine Sing. do, and Plu. dos, and to the feminine Sing. da, and Plu. das, as comprado, comprados: com∣prada, compradas: &c. la muger bien ensen̄ada huye las occasiones de ser notada de liviandad, &c.

So in the French toong also there are two sorts of par∣ticiples actives descending from the verbs active, and ps∣sive descending from the verbs passive, the active have their terminations in ant, and are all of the masculine gender, but by putting to an e, are made feminine, as ai∣mant, aimante: l'hōme croyant, & la femme croyante, &c. The passive participles of the first conjugation end in e, of the

second in i, or u, and those that are of the third conjugati∣on they follow the termination of the preterperfect tense that they come of: and they are all of the masculine gen∣der, but by putting to e, are made feminines: as aime ai∣mée, ouy ouye venu venue, endormi, endormie, &c. Here you must note that in both these toongs, the participles are de∣clined like nounes, with their proper articles pertaining to them, and to make the plurall of the singular you must onely adde an s.

The declension of the participles.

• ...
  Masc. Sing.
  • el que lee,
  • deel que lee,
  • al que lee,
• ...
  Plu.
  • los que leen,
  • de los que leen,
  • a los que leen,
• ...
  Femin. Sing.
  • la que lee,
  • de la que lee,
  • a la que lee.
• ...
  Plu.
  • las que leen,
  • de las que leen,
  • a las que leen,

Participle passive.

• ...
  Masc. Sing.
  • el leydo,
  • deel leydo,
  • al leydo.
• ...
  Plu.
  • los leydos,
  • de los leydos,
  • a los leydos.
• ...
  Femin. Sing.
  • la leyda,
  • de la leyda,
  • a la leyda.
• ...
  Plu.
  • las leydas,
  • de las leydas,
  • a las leydas.

An example of the participles active in both genders in French.

• ...
  Masc. Sing.
  • le lisant,
  • du lisant,
  • au lisant.
• ...
  Plu.
  • les lisans,
  • des lisans,
  • aux lisans.
• ...
  Femin. Sing.
  • la lisante,
  • de la lisante,
  • a la lisante.
• ...
  Plu.
  • les lisantes,
  • des lisantes,
  • aux lisantes.

Example of the participle passive in both genders.

• ...
  Masc. Sing.
  • le leu,
  • du leu,
  • au leu.
• ...
  Plu.
  • les leus,
  • des leus,
  • aux leus.
• ...
  Femin. Sing.
  • la leue,
  • de la leue,
  • a la leue,
• ...
  Plu.
  • les leues,
  • des leues,
  • aux leues.

Of the adverbs.

HItherto we have written of those parts of spéech that have declenson and conjugation: it remaineth now that we speake somthing of those parts which the gram∣marians call Indeclinables: and first of the adverbs, which are diversly formed in the Spanish toong: some are made of nounes feminine in a, and doe alwaies or com∣monly end in mente: as abierta abiertamente: pronta, proutamente, &c. which maner of forming the French do also observe, with this termination ment: as belle, bel∣lement: sot sottement: seure, seurement, &c. you must note that the French men in forming such adverbs often∣times take away certain letters vy a figure called syncope, as elegament, prudement, ignorament, &c. in stéede of elegau∣tement, prudentement, ignorantement, &c. of this kind of ad∣verbs there are great store in both the toongs French and Spanish.

There are other adverbs that are not formed of nouns, but of themselves: and these are of divers sorts and sig∣nifications: of them some are adverbs of place: as aqui, alli, aca, alla, de alla, &c. some of time: some of number, or numerall. And to be bréefe there is as great diversitie of adverbs in the Spanish and French toong, as in the Latine and Gréeke

We haue shewed before how we must vse the Aduerbes Comparatiue: Now the Strangers must note the vse of the Negatiue Aduerbes in the French tongne which is ve∣rie hard, because in the Spanish tongue there are none but these: no. and ni. As for example: no yre jamas a lugar infame: no dire jamas mentira. Item. ni el avariento, ni el fornicario possedera•• el reyno de los cielos. But the French vseth the Aduerbes Negatiue with adding these Particles, point, and pas. And in an absolute Proposition the French men vse this Aduerbe ne, with the said Parti∣cles, point and pas; As celuy n▪ est passage que se fie a vn fol. Item vous n'aimez point ••a paix: &c. Within a Pro∣position or sentence they vse this Negatiue, ne, but with∣out a Proposition in bare wordes, they vse, non, and nany. Example for the first: Ie ne l'ay point fait. Item: je ne l'ay point dit. Example for the second. If one aske me doy je fier en ma prosperité, they answere, Non, nany. So that ne serueth alwaies in a spéech, and is neuer put abso∣lutely, and nany, is neuer vsed in a proposition or spéech, but absolutely and by it selfe: this Negatiue non, is some∣times but (very sildome) vsed in a spéech or proposition, and most commonly it is ioyned with these particles point, and pas. As, non point a nous, non point a vous seigneur, ains a ton soit nom donne gloire et honneur. Item, nous vivons non pas tant du pain, que de la parole que procede de la bouche de dieu, &c.

Sometimes instead of point or pas, they say rien, or ja∣mais, as celane vault rien: l'homme sage ne ditiamais je ne l'usse pas pensé &c. vous ne cerches rien si non de vous enri∣chir par tromperies, et pource vous ne trouuerez tamais les vrayes richesses, &c.

To interrogations made with these particles perchance? is it true, is it so? The French men answere in two sorts: either by affirming as Dieu, est il iniuste, qui ameine ire, & punit nos faultes? je n' adviene, &c. Or by Negati∣on:

as, n'est il pas meilleur avoir vnbon amy en place, qu▪ ar∣gent en cofre▪ &c. The Aduerbs in the Spanish Constru••∣tion, are most commonly put immediatly after the Verbe; as quien bive christianamente, morira en esperan••a de gozar eternalmente de la gloria celestial. And so are they likewise in the French, as wee will shew in the Rules of the French Syntaxis.

Of the Prepositions.

The Spaniards haue the same vse of•• prepositions as the Latins haue: sometimes in composition, and sometimes without: as leyendo en la ley divina yremos a Dios por camino acertado: por la ley, y por el Rey y porla pa∣tria es menester poner la vida. &c.

In composition, as partir, repartir, pensar recompen∣sar, poner disponer: &c. The French men haue the same vse of prepositions: As for example, do••ir, addoucir: ioin∣dre, disioindre: dire, contredire: venir, contrevenir: chasser, pourchasser: donner, perdonner: &c.

In all these Compositions the Prepositions are separa∣ble: but yet in some other they are inseparable, as in these Compoundes facile, difficile: forme, difforme: semblable, dissemblable: suyvre, ensuyne: &c.

We ought to note diligently the vse of this Preposition de in the French tongue, which alwaies serueth the geni∣tiue case: but there is a certeine difference in it, for béeing ioyned with a Nowne Masculin appellatiue not appropria∣ted, beginning with a Consonant: it chaungeth e. in u. al∣waies, & in stead of de they say du: but in all other Nownes they say de: As toute verité procede de dieu. Et tout men∣songe prouient du diable: de Iehan: de George, and not du Iehan, or du George: Item ••ecy vient de Por, de l'argent, de l'homme, &c. Not du or, du argent, du homme &c. The cause is, because those words begin with Vowels.

The same rule doth hold in the Preposition en. which be∣ing ioyned to a Nown Masculin appellatiue not appropria∣ted, beginning with a Consonant, is chaunged into the ar∣ticle of the datiue case au: but in all other Nownes it is en. As les anges sont au ciel, & les hommes en terre: les enfans de dieu sont au monde, mais non pas du monde, &c. They say also, allons en nostre temple, and not, au nostre temple. As if it were a Nowne appropriated, but they say simply, allons au temple: In the plurall, this proposition is chaun∣ged two maner of wayes into aux or es, as les vns sont aux fauxbourges de la ville, & les autres sont es portes: nostre pere qui es escieux, &c.

You must note concerning this Preposition de, that in the Spanish and French for the most part it worketh a con∣trarietie in the signification: As Hazer, deshazer: dezir, desdezir: &c. In French, faire, deffaire: lier, deslier. &c. Sometimes it signifieth not a contrarictie as: tener, detener, mandar, demandar: &c. And in French, venir, devenir: nier, denier: partir, depaertir: &c. This Pro∣position (in) in the Spanish and French do••h alwaies signi∣fie a contrarietie in composition: as iusto, iniusto: pio im∣pio in Spanish: and in French, luste, iniuste, docte, indo∣cte &c. And sometimes in. is turned into en. as well in Spanish as in French: As for example in French, an••y, en∣nemy: and in Spanish: amygo, and enemygo. And this Particle mes, is also of the same nature and qualitie in the French: as cognoistre, mescognoistre: croyant, mescroyant: &c.

The Preposition (de) serueth for the Infinitiue moode: as de dire: de faire, d'acheter, &c. Vnto the which, the French sometimes addeth an S. as for example, des le com∣mencement iusques a la fin i'ay estuaié en toutes bonnes le∣tres des mon enfance, &c. The Spaniard saith, des de mi niūez; des de mi mocedad: des de el an̄o pasado. Sometimes the French men adde this Particle puis: as

Absalon estoit fort beau depuis la plante des pieds iusques au sommet de la teste. Sometimes it is put in stead of this Par∣ticle du: as vous sortes hors de propos, in stead of du pro∣pos: vous n'avez point de sens, ne de caur, ne de courage, &c.

Of the Interiections.

The Spaniards vse most commonly the same shew of affections as other Nations: but the French Nation espe∣cially, vseth Interiections very sildome: and therfore when they heare a Spaniard sigh, it séemeth to the French men that such complaintes are not vsed but in extreame afflicti∣ons. Contrariwise, the Italians and Spaniards vse verie much these admirations and threatnings, and interiections of gladnes and sorrow: the vse whereof must be learned by frequent communication with naturall Spaniards and I∣talians themselues; least you vse them out of the purpose.

Of the Coniunctions.

We call that a Coniunction, which ioyneth and knit∣teth togither diuers parts of spéech: the Spaniards vse such Particles almost as the Lattins doo: sauing that they haue not so many. In the Spanish tongue there is onely one Coniunction Copulatiue y. which when the word follow∣ing beginneth also with a y. is turned into e. because two yy. should not méete togither, as Piedro y. Antonio. yo y tu, el rey, e infinita multitud de ••en̄ores. The Con∣iunction disiunctiue is o. as Alonso ojuan, &c. The Con∣iunction rationall (that is signifying a Reason) is. Pues, as vi••to puez oue la fe sin obra no es fe sino muerta: &c. The French Coniunctions are et, ou, mais, car, donc, as ••est homme la pense complaire a dieu, & au mond, mais il s'abuse; car nul ne peut seruir a deux maistres: car ou il hai∣••a l'vn, & aimera l'autre, ou il se ioindra al'vn, & ne tiendra

conte de l'autre: nous ne pouvous dōc seruir a dieu & au mon∣de. They haue also some other Coniunctions; the vse wher∣of may be learned in reading French Authors; as these be: or, toutefois, neantmoins, iaçoit, ains, aussi, pource, veuque, conbienque, puisque, pourveuque, ni, si, sinon. An example of (ni) and ains which are the hardest: la richesse enorgueillit l'homme, & la pouure••é aucunefois luy cause vn desespoir: & pource je ne desire ni l'vn, ni l'autre, ains seulement med••o∣critè, &c.

Of the Construction or Syntaxis of the Spa∣nish and French tongues.

We haue hitherto spoken of all the partes of spéech, so briefly as wee could possibly: now it remaineth that wée should speake something of the construction and disposition of the same parts in a spéech: for it is verie necessarie in a Grammer (of what language soeuer it be) to know the con∣cordance of Genders, the regiment of Verbes, and the pro∣portionable disposition of all other partes of spéech: for the preposing or postposing of a word in speaking or writing, is thing of no small importance. And they that confusedly vt∣ter whatsoeuer is at the ende of their tongue, without dili∣gent obseruation of the order of wordes, in stead of making men vnderstand their conceits, they bring forth nought els but brabbles. For who seeth not that there is great diffe∣rence betwéene a sentence well set foorth and orderly dispo∣sed, and a heape of wordes pronounced or written without order. As for example. Saint Paul dit que T••us ceux qui veulent viure fidelement en Iesus Christ, endureront per∣secution. Now if you change the order of these wordes and say: tous viure persecution qui en ceux fidelement Iesus Christ, soufriront, veulent. You can make no sence of it. Notwithstanding that the same wordes remaine: whereby it is manifest, how necessary a thing it is towards speaking

or writing well, to know the disposition of words, which i•• truth is necessarily required and vsed in euery language.

Touching▪ the Spanish tongue (for so much as I haue ob∣serued) it is not so superstitious in disposing and ordering of words as the French: but obseruing the concordance of gen∣ders & Nombers, and regiment of Verbes, according to the rules of the Lattine tongue, it disposeth the Periods in such sort, as the eare of the hearer may be best pleased: so that the Nominatiue is sometime before and sometime after the Verbe at the ende of the Period. And those partes of spéech which are called indeclinable are so placed, that they make no Equiuocation or Amphi••ologie, that is to say, a diuers sense, that may diuersly bee interpreted. But such as will write in Spanish, are especially to note, that they vse paren∣theses so sildome and rarely as they may possibly: and put them in such a place of the spéech, that they make not the sense going before and comming after, obscure and hard to be vnderstood.

As touching the French tongue: first you must obserue the Concordance of Genders and Nombers as in the Lat∣tine. Then note that you put no Verbe without his No∣minatiue case, and that for the most part going before the Verbe: but very sildome after. And then afterward, the accusatiue case must follow the Verbe: and the Aduerbe must be in the last place: as, Ie serviray a l'eternel mon dieu tresvolontiers, jusques a la mort, &c. Orels jusques a la mort je serviray a l'eternel mon dieu:

Item tresvolontiers a l'eternel mon dien serviray ie iusques a la mort: Item a l'eternel mon dieu tresvolontiers iusques a la mort ie serviray. This spéech is thus varied foure waies notwithstanding the same wordes remaining in Gramma∣ticall congruitie: Another example with a Parenthesis. Les sacrifices doivent estre faitz a dieu auec petite despense (di∣soit Socrates) pource qu'il n'a point besoin de nos biens, et qu'il regarde plus le coeur decelui qui sacrifie que les sacrifices

mesmes, &c. And this is to be vnderstoode in an absolute spéech: for in an interrogation the french vseth these pro∣nownes me, te, se, and puts the nominatine after the verbe: as, veux tuavoir vie eternelle? guarde les commandemens: ••o••nore Dieu, et obey a sa parole, &c. Item me repentiray ie d'auoir bien fait? &c. Or by a negatiue in a spéech which denyeth: as, ne fais point a autruy ce que ne vouldroyes es••re fait a toy mesme, et.

Phillip de Comines the historian, whose kind of spéech and writing is greatly estéemed of among the French-men, doth alwaies put the verbe before the nominatiue case, thus: & commanda le Roy qu'vn chascun se retirast en son logis, &c. et vindrent les ambassadeurs de tous costez pour moyener la paix entre les princes. etc. But whether this manner of spéech be the better, or not, I leaue it to the iudgement of natiue Frenchmen.

The French tongue vseth verie much to begin a spéech with a verbe impersonall, which answereth to the Spanish ay. As, ay vna manera de hōbres que son fuera de toda razon &c. In French thus. ••l ya vn certaine sorte d'hom∣mes qui sont bien hors de raison. Il en y a moins qu'on ne pen∣se. Item. Ily a trois chosen qui chassent l'homme hors de la maison, assauoir, la fumée, la goutte qui chait d'en••aut, & la femme rioteuse. Sometimes they say, simply thus. Il est bon de converser avec les sages. Item: Il vaut mieux estre roy de ceux qui ont l'or & l'argent, qu'avoir l'or mesme, &c.

These small aduertisements, togither with the rules that I haue set downe in the Treatise of the Verbes, may ••er••e for this tune.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  A word of one sillable.
• * 1.2

  Rectus casus is the nomina∣tive, and Obli∣qui casus be all the others.
• * 1.3

  Videlic. nounes appropriated.
• * 1.4

  Indicativo presente.
• * 1.5

  Praeterito imperfecto
• * 1.6

  Praeterito perfecto.
• * 1.7

  Praeterito plusquam perfecto compuesto
• * 1.8

  Futuro.
• * 1.9

  Imperativo presente.
• * 1.10

  Optativo presente.
• * 1.11

  Imperfecto
• * 1.12

  Praeterito perfecto.
• * 1.13

  Plusquam perfecto.
• * 1.14

  Futuro.
• * 1.15

  Subjunctivo presente.
• * 1.16

  Indicatif temps pre∣sent.
• * 1.17

  Preterit im∣perfait.
• * 1.18

  Le preterit perfait pre∣mier ou sin∣gle.
• * 1.19

  Le second preterit per∣fait ou com∣posé.
• * 1.20

  Preterit plus que perfait.
• * 1.21

  Futur.
• * 1.22

  Imperatif temps pre∣sent.
• * 1.23

  Optatif, temps pre∣sent, & pre∣terit imper∣fait.
• * 1.24

  Futur.
• * 1.25

  Infinitif.
• * 1.26

  Indicatif temps pre∣sent.
• * 1.27

  Preterit imperfait.
• * 1.28

  Preterit perfait pre∣mier ou sin∣gle.
• * 1.29

  Preterit se∣cond ou com∣posé.
• * 1.30

  Preterit plus que perfait.
• * 1.31

  Futur.
• * 1.32

  Imperatif temps pre∣sent.
• * 1.33

  Optatif temps pre∣sent & pre∣terit imper∣fait Pleut a Dieu que
• * 1.34

  Future.
• * 1.35

  Infinitif.
• * 1.36

  Indicativo presente.
• * 1.37

  Praeterito imperfecto
• * 1.38

  Praeterito perfecto.
• * 1.39

  Praeterito plusquam perfecto.
• * 1.40

  Futuro.
• * 1.41

  Imperativo
• * 1.42

  Optativo
• * 1.43

  Imperfecto
• * 1.44

  Praeterito perfecto.
• * 1.45

  Preterito Plusquam perfecto.
• * 1.46

  Futuro.
• * 1.47

  Imperfec∣to del Sub∣junctivo.
• * 1.48

  Futuro.
• * 1.49

  Infinitivo.
• * 1.50

  Gerundios
• * 1.51

  Supinos.
• * 1.52

  Indicatif temps pre∣sent.
• * 1.53

  Preterit imperfait.
• * 1.54

  Preterit perfait pre∣mier.
• * 1.55

  Preterit perfait se∣cond.
• * 1.56

  Preterit plus que perfait.
• * 1.57

  Futur.
• * 1.58

  Imperatif temps pre∣sent. Optatif temps pre∣sent, & pre∣terit imperf.
• * 1.59

  Preterit per∣fait ou plus que perfait, pleut a dieu que. Futur Dieu veville que.
• * 1.60

  Infinitif.
• * 1.61

  Indicativo modo ti∣empo pre∣sente. Imperfecto
• * 1.62

  Praeterito perfecto.
• * 1.63

  Praeterito plusquam perfecto.
• * 1.64

  Futuro.
• * 1.65

  Imperativo modo ti∣empo pre∣sente. Optativo modo ti∣empo pre∣sente. imperfecto
• * 1.66

  Praeterito perfecto.
• * 1.67

  Preterito Plusquam perfecto. Futuro.
• * 1.68

  Subjuncti∣vo presente
• * 1.69

  imperfecto
• * 1.70

  Preterito perfecto.
• * 1.71

  Preterito plusquam perfecto.
• * 1.72

  Infinitivo.
• * 1.73

  Indicatif temps pre∣sent. Preterit im∣perfait.
• * 1.74

  Preterit per∣fait premier.
• * 1.75

  Preterit per∣fait second.
• * 1.76

  Preterit plus que perfait.
• * 1.77

  Futur.
• * 1.78

  Imperatif temps pre∣sent.
• * 1.79

  Optatif temps pre∣sent & pre∣terit imper∣fait.
• * 1.80

  Preterit per∣fait & plus que perfait.
• * 1.81

  Future.
• * 1.82

  Infinitif.
• * 1.83

  Indicativo modo ti∣empo pre∣sente. Preterito imperfecto Prererito perfecto.
• * 1.84

  Preterito plusquam perfecto. Futuro.
• * 1.85

  Imperati∣vo.
• * 1.86

  Optativo modo.
• * 1.87

  Preterito imperfecto
• * 1.88

  Preterito perfecto.
• * 1.89

  Plusquam perfecto.
• * 1.90

  Futuro.
• * 1.91

  Subjuncti∣vo presen∣te como.
• * 1.92

  Preterito imperfecto
• * 1.93

  Preterito perfecto.
• * 1.94

  Plusquam perfecto.
• * 1.95

  Futuro.
• * 1.96

  Futur.
• * 1.97

  Imperatif temps pre∣sent.
• * 1.98

  Optatif tēps present & preter im∣perfait Ple∣ut a dieu que. Preterit per∣fait plusque perfait pleut a Dieu que. Futur Dieu veulle que. Infinitif.
• * 1.99

  Indicativo modo.