The grounde of artes teaching the perfect vvorke and practise of arithmetike, both in whole nu[m]bers and fractions, after a more easie ane exact sort, than hitherto hath bene set forth. Made by M. Robert Recorde, D. in Physick, and afterwards augmented by M. Iohn Dee. And now lately diligently corrected, [and] beautified with some new rules and necessarie additions: and further endowed with a thirde part, of rules of practize, abridged into a briefer methode than hitherto hath bene published: with diverse such necessary rules, as are incident to the trade of merchandize. Whereunto are also added diuers tables [and] instructions ... By Iohn Mellis of Southwark, scholemaster.

The sixteenth Chapter contay∣neth a declaration of the valuation and diuersitie of coines of most places of Chri∣stendome for traffique: And the manner of exchaunge in those places from one ci∣tie or towne to an other, whiche knowne is righte necessarie for Merchauntes, by meanes whereof they doe finde the gaine or losse vpon the exchaunge.

ITem for as much as the greatest diuer∣sitie of money of exchaunge is at Lions Therefore I will beginne duely of the mo∣ney of that place.

At Lyons they vse Franckes, Soulxes and Deniers Tournois: a Francke maketh 20

Soulx, and one Soulx 12 Deniers: But the Merchants to kéepe their bookes of accompts doe vse French Crownes of the marke at 45 Soulx the péece, and doe diuide it into 20 s, 1 s and 12 d.

Item a Marke of golde 65 {water} of the Marke, whiche serueth for exchaunge. And diuide it into 8 ounces. The ounce into 24 pēce or Deniers, the Denier into 24 graines: And so the sum or whole by imagination or gesse.

Also at Lyons there are 4 fayres in a yere, at the which they do commonlye exchaunge, whiche are from thrée monthes to thrée mon∣thes.

At Geanes they vse the Soulx: on Duc∣ket maketh lb. 3.

At Naples they vse Duckets, Tarie, and Graines: The Ducket maketh 5 Taris, & one tarie 20 graines, but they take 6 Duc∣kets (whiche maketh thirtie taries) for the ounce.

A Ducket maketh 10 Carlins, & a Carlin 10 graines, so that 2 Carlins make a Tarie, and 100 graines make a Ducket.

At Rome they vse Duckets of the Cham∣ber, one Ducket is worthe 12 Guylis, and a Guili 10 Soulx.

At Ʋenice they vse Duckets Curraunts at 124 Soulx a peece or 24 Deniers, & one De∣nier maketh 32 picolis.

At Falerine and Messine they write, after ounce, tary, & graynes, and 1 ounce is worth 6 Duckets, or 30 taris, and 1 tary is twenty graines, and 1 graine 6 picolis, One Ducket is also worth 24 Carlins,

At Milan they vse lb. s. d. of Duckettes imperials, and {water} of exchaunge is worthe 4 lb.

At Lucques, Florence and Aucone they vse the {water} of gold: in gold the French Crowne is worth lb. 7: but at Buloigne, lb. 3.10 s

At Barselon they vse the soulx, the Ducket of exchaunge is worth 22 soulx.

At Valence and Saragosse they vse the Liuer, Soulx and Denier, the Frenche crowne of exchange is worth 20 soulx, and 1 soulx is 12 Deniers.

At the Fayres of Castill they vse the Mer∣uaidies, the Ducket is worth 375 Meruai∣dies.

At Lisbone they vse the Raies, one Duc∣ket of exchaunge is worth 400 rayes.

At Noremburge, Franckford, and Auguste in Germanie they vse the Krentzers, whereof 60 make a Floryn.

At Antwerpe they vse lb. s and d de Gros, and they exchaunge into the Denier de Gros. To wit our English peny.

At London they vse the 1 lb sterling and 1 d sterling and they exchaunge in 1 d ster∣ling.

The exchaunge of Lyons at sun∣drie places.

Item at Lyons there is exchaunge in thrée sorts, at the cities and townes following.

Firste they deliuer at Lyons one Marke to haue or receiue at Naples almoste 41 ½ Duc∣kets: at Venice, 70 Duckets corrant, at Rome 63 Duckets of the Chamber, Luques and Florence 65 {water} of Gold, at Milan 82 {water}.

And contrariwise at the saide Cities a∣foresaide they doe giue so muche of money to haue a marke at Lyons.

Secondlie they giue at Lisbone one {water} of Marke of 45 soulx Turnois a péece to haue at Gennes, almost 68 Soulx. At Palerme and Messine almoste 24 Carlins: at Barselone 22 soulx at Ʋalence or Saragosse 20 soulx. At the fayre at Castili 350 Meruaides: at L••sbone 360 Rats: in Antwerpe 57 Deniers de Gros: and at London 70 d sterling.

And contrariwise they do giue in the said Cities almoste as muche of their money to haue a Frēch Crown of the Marke at Lyons.

Thirdlye they doe giue at Lyons a {water} of the sunne to haue almost 93 Krentzers at Franck∣forde, Auguste, Norenberge, or other Cities in Almaine.

Also at Lyons only they do pay the chaunge the 2/•• in gold, and 1/•• in mony, or else al in mo∣ney in giuing 1 ½ for the hundreth.

Chaunges at Naples and other Townes.

Item at Naples they giue or deliuer al∣most 112 Duckets to receiue at Rome, 100 Duckets of the chamber at the old value.

Through Luques and Florence they deliuer 100 Duckets Carlins to receiue there al∣most 86 {water} of gold.

Through Palerme & Messine one ducket of 5 Tary to receiue there almost 164 graines.

Throughe Milan one Ducket to receyue there almost 90 Soulx.

Throughe Geanes one Ducket to receyue there almost 65 soulx. The whole sum to be paide within 10 dayes after the sighte of the bil of exchaunge.

Also at Naples they deliuer one Ducket to receiue in Antwerpe almost 67 d or Deni∣ers de Gros. within 2 monthes: At London almost 60 d sterling, in •• months: At Barse∣lone almost 20 Soulx within 2 monthes: At Ʋalence almost 18 soulx w^tin 2 monthes: At Lisbone 333 Raies, within 3 monthes: and at the fayre at Castil, almost 340 Merueydes at the same faire.

Chaunge of Venice to other places.

At Venice they deliuer 100 Duckets curraunte to receiue in Almayne almoste 140. Florenes at 60 Krentzers the péece.

At Lucques and Florence almost ••8 {water} of gold in 10 dayes.

Likewise at Ʋenice they deliuer a Duc∣ket curraunt to receiue at Palerme and Mes∣sine, almoste 21 Carlins, at Milan almoste 93

Soulx. At Geanes almost 62 soulx, the whole at 10 dayes ende.

Of the Pair or Pari.

As touching the exchaunge, it is neces∣sarie to vnderstande or knowe the Pair which the Italians call Pari which is no other thing than to make the money of the change of one Citie or towne to or with the money of an other, by meanes whereof they doe finde the gaines or losse vpon the exchange.

Example.

Item hauing receiued letters of credite of one of Antwerpe that the {water} of the sunne is there worth 7 soulx. The question is what the same is worth at London when the Pair or exchaunge goeth for 23 s?

Answer. Saye if 23 giue but 20 what gi∣ueth 7: worke and finde 6 s 1 1/23 d: and so muche is the {water} of the sunne worth at Lon∣don.