Lac puerorum M. Holti anglice mylke for children

¶ Tertia pars principalis huius presentis opusculi

¶ The thre concordes in Grammer

THere be but thre concordys in Gram∣mer. The first betwyxt the nominatif or the vocatyf and the verbe.

The secounde bitwyxt the adiectif and the substantyf.

The thyrde bytwyxt the relatyf and the antecedent. It hath ben sayde ther be two more. but lerned men reduce them to the secounde. as rosa est pulcherrim{us} florum. where is vnsterstonde thys substantyf flos. Alter istorum currit. where is vnderstonde Vir. Pu∣er. or some other lyke.

¶ The fyrst Concorde

¶ The verbe presonal and hys nominatyfor vo¦catyf case must agree in two accidentes. Noumbre & person. as Ego amo. O virgili ama

Here is to be noted that if I shal make an englys∣she in latyn. I mustre herse it tyll I haue it perfytly & see how many verbes be in the same reason. and yf ther be put one. he is the principal verbe thēne must I put before hym thys questyon who or what. & that worde that answereth to the questyon. shal be the no¦minatif or vocatyf to the v{er}be. as the mayster techeth this worde techeth is the verbe who. or what techeth the mayster. this worde mayster. here answereth to this questyon. and therfore it shal be nominatyf case as magister docet. And lyke wyse of the vocatyfe. as

Virgyll loue. Virgili ama

¶ If onythynge cometh after the v{er}be I must put before the verbe thys questyon. whom or what. and that worde answereth to thys q̄stion whom or what shal be the accusatyf case mooste commenly as The mayster techet me. whom or what doth he thechet? me. this worde me. answereth to this question. whō or what. and therfore it shalbe the accusatif case to the verbe. as magister docet me. Virgyll loue God. Vir∣gili ama deum.

But and yf the worde that foloweth the v{er}be may conueniently answere to thys questyon of whom. or of what. it shal be put in the ablatyf case wyth one of these preposicyons A. ab. abs. De. E. Ex. as I am be¦te of the maystre. Vapulo a preceptore

Two noīatyf cases singuler with a coniunctiō co¦putlatyf &c. wyll haue a verbe plurel al way. Excepte the reason be figuratyf. vt plani{us} post pacebit. as Io¦hannes I Robertus currunt.

One nominatyf case singuler wyth an ablatyf ca se hauynge this preposicyon Cum. bytwyxt them if they be coupled to some sentence. be of the same stren¦ghte. as Petrus cum Paulo coronabuntur in celis Oratores cum poeta loquuntur

A nowne of multitude in the nomīatif case singu¦ler is of the same strenght. as Turba strauerunt ve∣stimenta sua in via

When I haue two noīatifes cases one of the fyrst {per}son & an other of the secound. else of the thyrde the v{er}∣be shal alway acce••de with the nominatyf case of the

first person. as Ego & tu sumus. Viretego stan••us

Also if I haue a noīatif case of the secounde {per}sone & an other of the thyrde the verbe shal accorde with y^e nominatyf case of the secounde. and not of the thyrde as Tu & frater tuus estis discipuli.

¶ The secounde concorde

The adiectyf & the substātyf must agree in. iij. acci dentes. gēdre. noūbre. & case. as vir doctus legit

Here is to be noted that two substātyues singuler with a coniunctyon copulatyf comynge bytwene. or else hauynge this {pre}posicion cū wyll haue an adic••tyf plurel. as Iohānes & robertus sedent scribentes. Pe∣trus cum paulo sunt ••oromandi in celo.

¶ And whan I haue two substantyues cominge togydre one of the masculyne gendre. and an other of the feminyn. or of the neuter ioyned with an adiectyf than shal the adiectyf agre wyth the substantif of the masculyne in gendre. and lyke wyse it is bytwyxt the feminyne and the neutre. as Ego & soror me a sumus albi. soror tua & iumentum estis pulchre For lyke as the fyrst persone is more worthy then the secounde. or the third. so is the masculine more worthy then the fe¦minyn or the neutre

Also whē so euer I haue a nowne or a pronowne adiectyf. I must put to thys questyon. who. whome. or what. after hym. & then alway the worde that ans¦were the. shal be the substātyf. as moch breede much what breede. my gowne. my what gowne

¶ If the adiectyf be a partitiple. thys questyō mu¦ste goo byfore. as growynge trees. who or what gro∣wen

trees.

Here is generally to be noted that all wordes that stande as one persone. muste euer be put in one case and al that be in une case. stande as one {per}sone. Ther fore it is comynly sayde. that all y^t longeth to one thyn¦ge shal be put in one case. as My fader a man loueth me a chylde. Pater meus vir. diligit me puerū. My moder a wooman loueth me a chylde. Mater mea mulier diligit me puerum

¶ The thyrde concorde

The thyrde is bytwyxt the relatyf of substaunce, and his antecedēt. the which muste euer agree in. iij. accidentes Gendre. noumbre. and persone. howe be it he may discorde wyth the verbe somtyme in perso ne. as Equus quem video currit

Here is to be vnderstande that there be two ma∣ner of relatyues. One of substaunce. And one of accy¦dence. The relatyf of substaunce requireth a substā∣tyf for his antecedentes. as Qui. Ille. Ipse. Sui. Is. and Idem. The relatyf of accidence reherseth an adie¦ctyf for hys antecedent. as Talis. Qualis. Tantus. Quantus.

Also whan I haue a relatyf of substaunce. I shal put after hym this question who. whom. or what. & that worde that answereth to this question shall be y^e anteredent to the relatyf. as Virgyll is dede y^e whych was a poete. The which what. Virgyll. Thys word Virgyll answereth to the questyon. and therfore it is hys antecedent

This relatyf Quiis knowē by these signes. that

who me. or the which

Whan ther cometh a nomiatyf case bitwyxt the relatif and hys next verbe. than shal the relatif be su∣che case as the verbe wylle haue after hym as Ego quem p••eceptor docet aduerto.

And whanne noo nominatyf case. & cetera. The relatyf shal be the nominatyf case to the v{er}be as Ego qui sedeo scribo

It is to be noted also. that the relatyfe may agree wyth hys antecedent in .iiij. Gēdre. Case. Noumbre and persone. as Homo monetur. Idē homo currit

(Whan hys worde that comythe in a reason if I may put thys englyssh the whyce in hys place it shall be made by thys relatyf Qui if not so that it reporte o¦ny thynge a fore sayde bysom pronoune relatyfe, if hyt betokyng schewyne by Ille. illa. illud. Or some o¦ther pronownes demonstratiues. and whanne it be tokeneth a thynge. as willed to be done by. Vt and a thynge as tellynge the cause by {quod} or quia or other ca∣suall coniunctions

Coniunctions copulatyries and disiunctyues du¦bitatyue and interrogatyues wyl ioyne comonly ly∣ke Case. Gendre. Noumbre. Mode. and Tens

Also two antecedentys singuler with an E•• con¦iunction copulatyf comynge bitwene. will haue a re¦latyf plurel. as Iohannes & Robert{us} quos ego do∣cui non discunt delige ••••er

Whāne I haue a relatyf comynge bitwene two substanyues of dyuerse gendres longyng both to o∣ne thynge. If the substantyf that foloweth be appe∣latyf.

thenne the relatyf may accorde wyth eyther of theym indifferently. as in Gendre. as Eo Oxoniam. que vel qui est locus studendi.

But and if the substantyf that foloweth be a now ne propre. the relatyf shall accorde wyth the latter al∣way in gendre. as Est locus incarcere quod tul••ia••ū appellatur

Whāne there be many verbes in a reason. euer more the fyrst verbe shalbe the princypall verbe Ex∣cepte he come sone aft{er} one of these signes That who∣me. or the whyche. or ony of these. If. But. whenne. after that. before that. although. Sith. Excepte or o∣ther lyke. Or else after ony of these latyn wordes. Si {quam}uis. &ce. Or else after ony of these signes To. or To be as To loue. or to be loued

¶ Here is to be noted. that where as manye ver∣bys be in a reason. that verbe is princypalle that ma keth the reason persyte

Also where as be many verbys. one verbe at the lest wyse cometh bytwyxt the forsade signes. and the principalle verbe. as the boke that I begynne to wri¦te yf it were ended shulde profyte chyldre muche. Li∣ber quem incipio scribere. si perfieretur multum pro desset pueris

A pronowne relatyf may nat be sett in that same rea son. that his antecedente is in. But euermore he ma¦keth a reason imperfyte in hymselfe

¶ A pronowne relatyf maybe sett in one reason with his antecedent. as Patrem sequitur sua proles. Sua cui{que} satis placebant. dominum 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dabunt

¶ Strēnght of compulynge case

The verbe of substance. and all that be of lyke en¦glyssh wyll haue suche case after them. as they haue before them. as I am a man. Ego sum vir

The same strenght hath all v{er}bes vocatyues. as Nominor. Appellor. Nuncupor. &ce. I am called tho∣mas. Ego vocor thomas. Also appareo. sedeo. wyth other lyke

And generally all verbes may couple lyke case whenne the worde that goeth before the verbe & the worde that cometh after the verbe longe both to one thynge. as Iaic{us} nō seder iudex in causis ecclesiasticis

¶ Note wele.

A▪ nominatyf else a vocatyf may nat stonde with oute a verbe finite set oute. or vnderstonde

Nor lyke wyse a verbe finite wythout a nomina tif or vocatyf case

A verbe is called finite in al modes. Excepte the ī¦finityf. Also euery Infinityf mode may haue an accu satif case set byfore hym expressyd or vnderstonde. as for such maner of spech. Cui nunc cognomeē Iulo. Is more after vse than crafte

Nor an aduerbe may nat stonde wythout a ver∣be. Not a coniuncuō wyth oute two clauses. and two verbes set ou••e. as Ego lego. & tu legis. Or vnderstō de. as Lego virgilium & ciceronem for lego virgilium & lego ciceronem

Nor two clauses. or two verbes withoute a cōiū∣ctyon. Excepte that one be an Infinityf mode, or else

ioyned with a relatyf

Nor a preposicyon without a case. Not an adiec¦tyf without a substantyf. Nor a relatyfe withoute so¦me worde rehersed. of y^e reason afore. the which may be called the antecedent

Not a relatif without a verbe diuerse from the v{er}be of the antecedent. yf the relatyf be a nowne

Whan wordes must be construed togydre beto∣kenynge thynges that be as one persone. they must agree in as many accydentes as they may

A persone is called in gramer. the beer. the doer. the sufferer. the hauer. the thynge that is had. that. y^t groweth to. as auauntage.. or hurt. angre. or plesu∣re. Also pryce. tyme. instrumente. & other lyke

Accidentes I calle. Case. Gendre. Noūbre Per∣sone. Mode. & Tens. &c

This infinityf mode Esse. when he cometh after ony of these v{er}bes. Volo soleo. cupio. incipio. disco. or ony other lyke standynge personally wyll haue after hym a nominatyf case. after the use of greekes what so euer be vnderstond afore. as Volo esse rex. Soleo esse amicus. Cupio esse doctus. Disco esse pater. &c.

But and if the verbe that cometh afore esse be im¦personall. the worde that foloweth shall somtyme be the datyue case. Licet mihi esse bono. Placet tibi esse regi

¶The wythspe kynge though it be approued by the vse of Greekes. and latyns. yit it is nat after the crafte

Nownes of the cōparatyue degre wil haue after

theym an ablatif case, whā this signe than. foloweth theym. as I am wyser than these Sum doctior ijs. And a genityf whan this signe of foloweth theim. as This is the wyser of yout••••yne. Hic est doctior ve¦strum duorum

The superlatyue wyl haue a genityf plurell of all wordes. excepte the nowne of multitude. of who¦me he is contente. wyth a genityf case singuler. as Virgi¦lius erat doctissimus poetarum. Troiane gentis for∣tissimus erat Hector

Euerry verbe is construed with case after his sig¦nificacyon. Therfore if it be nat englysshed after hys constructyon. it is nat englysshed after his significa∣cyon Wherfore these verbes Noceo and placeo. and such other the wyth haue after theym adatyue case. must haue these englysshes I do greue. I do plesure. and contrary wyse ••edo and offendo. I hurte and of∣fende rather than I do hurte. or offence. and lyke wy¦se in one verbe. as Vaco tibi. I take hede to the.Va∣co doctrine. I lacke konnynge But where it is harde to englyssh theym after their constructyon. We mu∣ste go as nygh as we may, and for their construction to be knowen say generally that all verbes actyues. deponentes and communes may haue after theym an accusatyf case. or somwhat sette in the stede of it. as Amo Loquor Veneror orationē. Amo legere. Cu∣pio vt legas. & so they haue the nature of actyues.

(Al verbes may haue after theym a da••yf case to the thynge the which is gyuynge. sendinge. vaunta¦ge. or damage. or such other lyke. of the same strēgthe

be all verbes that be token proferrynge or compary¦son. as Homo prestat homini

Euery v{er}be adiectif that hath no passif signe with his englyssh. may haue after hym an accusatif case. of a worde that is of the same significacyō. or else that mesureth his significacyon. and so is as an actyf. as Curro cursum. or stadium. or multum. Viuo vitam infelicem

Euery verbe may haue after hym an ablatyf ca∣se that standeth as pryce. dotynge. or armare

And generally of all verbes that be as instrumēt as Emi equum centum nummis. Induo te tunica Percussus pugione

Oute of this rule be excepte adiectiues of vncertē pryce the which shal euer be put in the genitif case sin¦guler. & neutre gendre substantyuate if they be with substantyues. as Magni iuterest. parui constat

But and if the substantyf be exprest. they shal both be put in the ablatif as Penus emitur magno p••ecio vel multa pecunia

To these be reduced verbes be tokenynge. lacking as Careo Vaco

Also such verbes Exulo. Spolio. Nubo. Priuo Also verbes be tokenyng inouynge wyl haue after them the first supine. or else the gerundiue in dū with this preposicion ad. as. Eo cubitum. vel ad cubandū

And where this generall rule wil nat satisfye. we must say specially. that some verbes wyll haue after them a genityf case. as In••••••••lo. accuso. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 re∣cordor. potior. and misereor. Some wyth the ablatyf

〈…〉〈…〉 passiue wyth the accusatyf. as Grauor. doceor. postulor. To these be re¦duced two particyples. Exosus. and percesus. as Ex¦osus contubernium. pertesus ignauiam

¶The ablatyf case absolute

¶Whan so euer I haue in a reason a Nowne. or a pronowne substantyf. With a nowne. pronowne. or particyple adiectyf comynge togedre wythout ani verbe or other worde of whome they may be gouer∣ned. they shal be put in the ablatyf case. whiche is cal∣led the ablatyf case inconsequente If there come a no¦minatyf case with his verbe hangynge other byfore or after. as Cesar reynynge. Virgyll was borne. Ce∣sare regnante. Virgilius natus est. vel natus erat.

¶This case is called absolute or inconsequente by cause that he is lowsed from de power of all gouernaunce, and stondeth in a reason. as the maister techy•• ge. the scolers muste take hede. Docente preceptore discipulos oportet anim•••• ••••uertere.

I beynge dede. thou salt lacke helpe. Mortuo me in∣dige his aurilio

The ablatyf inconsequent may be expowned. or be ••lared by these aduerbes. Dum. quum. or quādo. and such tenses of the verbys. as the particyples be. whan I haue a particyple in the sayde ablatif case, as pre••••eptore disco vel discebant. i. Dum. quū or quando pre••eptor docet vel docebat.

More ouer whensoeuer I haue in a reason any su¦che signe. whyles Allonge as after that. if. although

notwythstādynge. 〈…〉〈…〉 turne y^e nexte verbe into a particyple & sette hym ī ab¦latyf case inconsequēte in cōformite of case gēdre. and noūbre to the woode y^t semeth to be the noīatyf case to the sayde verbe of whyles I lyue. thou cāste lacke no thynge Dū ego viuo. vel me viuente pote st••••bi nihil de esse Prestis after theyr materes be sayde hye them sylfe to masse Sacerdotes dictis prius matutinis. pa¦rant sese ad missā. Firste serue thy maker whan them hast doo so go aboute other thynges. Primum serui creatori. quo facto. alias res mundanas age

¶ Constructyon of verbys with dyuerse cases ¶ Desino. Cesso. Desisto

These thre verbes Desino desinis. Cesso cessas. & Desisto desistis haue alone englyssh anglice to Leue Cesse or Let be

But Desino desinis. wyl haue after hym a genityf or an ablatif case wyth a preposy∣cion of the thynge y^t we bydde to be lefte. as Leue thy playnge. Desine ludi vel a ludo

Cesso cessas. wyl haue an accusatyf case. or else an ablatyf wyth a prepoūcyon indifferētly. as Cesse thy vengeance. Cessa vindictā tuā vela vindicta tu••

Desisto desistis wyl haue an ablatyf case wyth a preposicyō. as Excepte you leue youre malice I wyll slee you. Nisi desistatis a malicia. interficiam vos

¶ Supersedes

This verbe Super sedes. anglice. to leue of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue after hym a datyf case. vt inquit. Aulus gelius. Exemplis supersedes I leue of examples

¶ Abstineo

Abstineo. es. anglice. to be absteyne. with ho•••••• or for bere. as metes drynckes. or delectatiōs may haue after hym a genityf or an ablatyf case wyth a {pre}posicy¦on. wythoute of the thynge y^t we kepe our silfe fro. as we must forbere flessh y^e frydayes. Sextis ferijs carniū carnib{us}. vel a carnib{us} abstinere debem{us}. But there is comēly exprest or vnderstōde y^e accusatyf reci∣procatiue. as Debemus abstinere nos a carnib{us}.

Other while he is thus englysshed to holde or kepe And thēne he hath an accusatyfe or an ablatyfe with a preposicyō exprest or vnderstōde. And so wyl Conti¦neo. as kepe thy honde oute of y^e dysshe. Abstine•• ma∣nū a disco. I kepe my fyfte from his cheke. Contineo pugnū a mala. The••••••••••{us}. Non manū abstines ma∣stigia. Idē. Vix me contineo quin in capillium in volē

¶ Egeo Indigeo. Careo.

These. iij. verbes egeo. indigeo. careo. hath alway one englysshe. anglice to lacke. wāt. mysse. neede. ha ue mysse. or haue neede

But Egeo & indigeo may haue in differently a ge∣nityf or a ablatyf with a preposicyō of the thynge y^t is away or myste. as Egeo vel indigeo salutis vel salute And cared euer more an ablatyf. as cares by••eto. thei hath other cases of anti{qui}te. But it is nat after crafte.

¶ Desum. Deficio.

These. ij. v{er}bes Desum. & Deficio. be of the same en¦glyssh. But they wyl haue a noīatyfe case of thynge that is away or myst And a datyf of the {per}son y^t nedeth or lacketh. as in psalmo. Nihil mihi deerit. Deficiunt mihi pecunie

¶ Abundo. Affluo

These. ij. v{er}bes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Abundo as. anglice 〈◊〉〈◊〉 haue plentye or ynough haue a noīatif of the lordre or possessor. an ablatyf of the thynge y^t is had. as Rex. afflicit diuina. anglia abundat m••••••••bus Else a noia¦tyf of thynge that is had & a datyf of the Lordre. or po∣ssessor. as Diuitie affluunt regi Milites abundāt an¦glie

¶ Dominor. Misereor

Dominor aris. anglice to haue lordshyppe to go¦uerne. to haue power. or to be owner of. & Misereor reris. anglice to haue pyte or mercy. may haue after them indifferently a genityf or a datyf. as Pater me{us} dn̄abitur multarū terrarii. vel multis terris. De{us} mi¦sereatur nostri vel nobis

¶ Arguo. Moneo. Accuso

All verbes that betoken accusynge. reprouyng. Damnynge. monisshynge. or warnynge. as Arguo Moneo. Accuso. Damno Reprehendo. & other lyke may gouerne after the man accusatyf of the persone & a genityf else an ablatyf wyth a preposycyon of the faute or vyce. as Preceptor arguit discipulos tardi ad uentus. velde tardo aduen••••••••

¶ Obliuiscor. Reminiscor.

All v{er}bes y^t betoken remembryng. or forgetynge. as Obliuiscor Reministor. & Recordor may gouerne after them a genityf. an accusatif. or an ablatif with a {pre}posicion. as I thynge upon thy gētlenes. Record or tue humanitatis. veltuā humanitatē. vel de tua hu∣manitate

¶ Priuo. Spolio

These. ij. v{er}bes prius as. & spolio as anglice. to rob be. steele. or to take away. wyl haue an accusatyf of y^e

owner. & an ablatyf wythoute a {pre}position of thinge taken away. as Iohannes priuauit me cultello. And their passyues alway wyth an abla••yf of the thynge takē away. as Priuorquin{que} libris. Spolior diutijs.

All passyues hath before them a nominatyf of y^e suffrer. and a ablatyf with a preposicyon of the doer. And somtyme a datyf. in the whyche is vnderstonde an ablatyf. as Darippa amat••••ame. vel mihi. They may haue also all such cases as theyr ••wordd•• actyues. as Arguor abs ••e mei tardi aduentus. velde meo tar∣do aduentu.

¶ Aufero Rapio. Eripio. Adimo

There four verbes. Aufero aufers. Rapio rapis Eripio eripis. & Adimo adimis. anglice to Robbe. ste¦le. or to take away. And generally all verbes that be∣token diminucyon or takyng fro. gouerne an accusa∣tyf of the thynge stolen. and a datyf else an ablatyf wyth a preposicyon of the owner. as Latrd aufert pe∣cunia mihi. vel a me. Eripuit argentum tibi. vel ate. Rapiam face migni. del abigne. Mors adimit vitam nobis vela nobis

¶ Benedico. Maledico

These. ij. v{er}bes Benedico. anglice to blisse. & Ma¦ledico to curse. gouerne after them indifferētly a dafif else an accusatyf of the sufferer. as benedico tibi vel te

¶ The scripture is ful of suche examples

But Benedico anglice. saye wele of. & maledico to saye yll of. wil somtyme haue an accusatif of the law¦de. & an ablatyf with a {pre}posicyō of the person. as Pa∣ter multa bene dicit 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Onmes bene dicunt de te.

But whēne I shal make anysuche englysshe I am bounde to blysse my fadre. Thou shalt blysse me. or a¦ny other lyke I may muche bettre make thē by Op∣to as. {pre}cor aris. Execro as. deuoueo es. Im{pre}cor aris & suche other lyke with bene or male. ioyned to them as. Discipuli habēt bene dicere nō male dicere {pre}cepto¦ri Scolers ought to say wel & natyll by their mayster Habeo bene optare {pre}ceptori. vel habeo bene precari magistro. & tu habes imprecari illi

Cōsulo is. anglice to aske con̄scil. is a v{er}be actyfe. & may gouerue an accusatyf of the {per}son y^t I aske of. & a genityf or else an ablatyf with a{pre}posicyō of y^e thynge that I coūseil for. as Cōsulo te remedij. vlde remedio Cōsulo is. anglice to geue coūseil. is sometyme a ver¦be neutre I wyl haue a datyf of the {per}son y^t I geue coū seil to, as Medici cōsulunt mihi. He is also in this sig¦nificacyō somtyme a v{er}be aftyf. I wyl haue after hym an accusatyf of thyng y^t I geue coūseil for. & a datyf of the persone. as Consulo commodum tibi.

Consulo is. anglice to see to. or prouide. or to helpe is alway a verbe neutre. I hath after hym a datyf case only. as Helpe me in this mater Consule mihi in hac re. See to thy sone. Consule filio tuo

¶ Sum es fui

Thys v{er}be Sum es fui. whā he betokeneth the cō∣mendacyon or dispraysynge. may haue after he 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a genityf or an ablatyf case of the lawde or reproue. vt Virgo est pulchre venustatis. Vir forti animo. Whē this englyssh for may be chaunged in to this worde to It is alway the signe of the datyf case. vt. Lac est bonū

pueris

¶ Valeo. Consto

Valeo es. anglice to be worth. & Cōsto as. anglice to coste. whā they be token certeyn pryce. gouerue af∣ter them an ablatyf case of the word that betokeneth pryce. as Liberine{us} cōstabat viginti denarijs. Equ{us} tuus valer centum solidis

But when they betokē vncerten price. they gouer∣ue a genitif case. as liber me{us} cōstabat pluris {quam} valet Equus tu{us} multi valet. Cit{ur} Quod mihi constat plu∣ris {quam} si in foro emissem Somtyme he is put for this verbe Scitur or Patet. & then he gouerneht a datyfe case also. as Thys is open or knowen to euery body. Hoc cōstat oībus. & somtyme he is laten to coste vts̄.

Also after Gwarrē. he is englysshed somtyme to stande togydre. as Salustius saith. Multitudinē {pro}∣cul hostiū cōstare viderunt. also for Cōuenire anglice to agre to or agre with. vt Citer Adhuc que dicta sunt arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris artuū scriptorib{us} Also for manifestum esse. anglice to to be open or kno∣wen. as Citer. Hoc mihi at{que} asuersarius constat. Also for Consistere et firmum esse. as Constat pedib{us} constat animo. constat mente

Somtyme he is taken for thys verbe. Est Fio. or cō∣struor. and then he is construed wyth an ablatyue ca se with a {pre}posicyon. as Domus cōstat ex tecto parie∣te & fundamento. i. Est Fit vel Construitur Qua••••u or sunt elementa ex quibus omnia constant

¶ Attineo. Pertineo. Specto

These. ij. v{er}bes Attineo & Pertineo. anglice to {per}tet¦ne. or longe to. haue after them alway an accusatyfe

with this {pre}posicyon ad. as Cōperiebam nihil ad Pā philū quic{que} attinere. Hec res pertinet ad te.

¶ Tis v{er}be specto. is of the same cōstructyon. vt Hoc ad {per}tes spectat. filij {pro}be educantur

¶ Illudo

Illudo is. anglice to mocke. or to laugh to skorne. may gouerne after hym a datif an accusatif. or an ab¦latyf wyth this preposicyon in as. Certant{que} illudere capto. Verbis virtutem illude superbis Therentius in Audria. In quibus sic illudatis

¶ Metuo. Timeo. Vereor

These. iij. v{er}bes Metuo. Timeo. & Vereor. angli¦ce to fere. whā they betoken loue or fauoure they go∣uerne after theym a datyf case. as Timeo vel metuo mihi ne moriar But when they betokē hatered. thei muste haue after them an accusatyf case or else an ab¦latyf wyth oone of these. vi. preposicyons. A. ab. abs De. E. Ex. vt Timeo vel metuo te vel abste. ne per cucias me. Vereo & dyabolū. vel a dyabolo. The rēct{us} in Andria. Ego non nihil veritus sum daue abs te ¶ Also alle verbes that betoken feere. haue the same strenght. as Paueo. Formido. and other lyke

¶ Fugio. Caueo

(These. ij. verbes Fugio is. and Caueo es. angli∣ce to flee. or to be ware. to Eschewe or auoyde. gouer¦ne after them an accusatyf. or else an ablatyf with a {pre}¦posicyon. as Fuge vel caue equū vel ab ••quo

Moreouer this v{er}be Caueo When he betokeneth loue or fauoure. Wyll nede haue after hym a datyfe case. as Caue capitine hoc frangatur ictu

¶ Abrenuncio

This verbe Abrenuntio. anglice to forsake. gouer∣neth after hym a datyf case. as Abrenuntio sa••hane

¶ Sum

Here is to be noted. that whā the v{er}be of Substā¦ce gouerned after hym a nomīatyf case with a datyf. than may y^e sayd noīatyf be put in to the datif. & so he may gouerne a double datyf. as Mors est mihi cura Et mors est mihi cure. & mihi vita pudor Sic est mihi vita pudori.

¶ Composita de Sum

All the compoundes as Sum es fui. may gouerue after them a datif case. as {pro}sum tibi. desum inimici

¶ Insum

Moreouer this verbe Insumes. besyde his datyf may haue an ablatyf wyth thys preposicyon In. as Inest mihi. vel in me maxima virtus. Tibi vel in te magnum in est vicium. Insum etiam in temporibus hyems. estas. ver. autumnus

Al the verbes in these verses folowyng gouerne after them a datyf case. as. Obuio tibi. parco pueris. placeo regi. noceo mihi. &c.

¶ Oduio. parco. placet. noceo. ••aco. supplico scruit

Subuenit. officio succurit propirior{que}

Sufficit aspiro. valedico. gra••••••or. astat

Insideor pa••eo. minde ac obtempero. fido

Obstat obedit. eis fauer. heret. proficit addas

Congruo. compacior. confert. succedit, adulor

Occureit. restat. & cedo quando locumdat

Whanne soeuer I haue afore ony of these forsay∣de verbes ony of these sygnes. am. art. Is. was. we∣re or be. That that semeth to be the nominatyf case.

shal be the datyf & the thyng that doth the dede. shal be the ablatyf wyth a preposicyon. as I am serued of my sonne. Mihi seruitur a filio meo. The kynge is plesed of his subgettis. Regi placetur a stus subditis.

All these v{er}bes folowyng in these verses. may go¦uerne after theyn a double accusatif case. as Postulo te veniā. Doceo te grāmaticam The latter accusa∣tyf of whom may be gouerned of theyr passyues. as Postulor veniā. Doceor grāmaticam. Versus

Postulo. posco. peto. doceo. rogo. flagito. celo

Exuo cum vestit. monet. induo. calceo. cingo

Oro. petunt quartū simul ac interrogo binum

But these v{er}bes postulo. posoo. peto. rogo. flagito oro & interrogo. anglice to aske or desyre. & al other ly∣ke. may muche better gouerne an accusa tyf case of y^e thynge yasked on desyred and an ablatif wyth one of these forsayde▪ vi. {pre}posicyons of the person that we as¦ke or desyre ought of. as Postulo veniam abste

These. v. v{er}bes Exulo Vestio Induo Calcio & ••••¦go. & all lyke. may muche bettre & eleganter gouerne an accusatyf of the body. & an ablatyf wythoute a pre¦posicyon. of the garmēt. or of the thynge yworne. as Exuo me tunica. I doo of my cote Paul{us} in epistolis. Accinxit lumbos suos fortitudine

And the passyues of the forsayde. v. v{er}bes may gouerne elegantly an ablatyf case without a {pre}posici¦on. as Exuor tunica. In psalmo. Accīgere gladio tuo super femur tuum potētissime

¶ Celo

This verbe celo as anglice to couer or to hide coū¦seil may gouerne by syde his strenghte an accusatyf

case. of the thyng that is couered or hidde & a datyf of the {per}son y^t is ignorant. as Celo meū consiliū tibi. Or else hee may haue an accusatyf of y^e thynge that is co¦uered or hidde. & an ablatif case with a {pre}posicyon of y^e person that is ignorant. as Celo meū consilium a te

These v{er}be folowynge in this v{er}se wyll gouerne an ablatyf case wythoute apposiciō as vescor solo pane

Vescitur & fruitur. vtor. fungor{que} potitur

Vescor ris. caret preteritis & supinis. anglice to ete Fruor ris. fruit{us} vel fretus. anglice to vse at oure ple¦asure. or to do after Vtor eris. anglice to vse or to oc¦cupy. as thynges necessary Potior eris. veliris. anglice to occupy as pleasure or delyte

Fungor ris. anglice to doo oure offyce or dewey

¶ Particyples Serundyues. & Supynes.

Al may gouerne after them al such cases. as doth the v{er}bes y^t they come of as Doceo grāmaticam. vel sum doceus grāmaticā. Loquor tibi. velsum locut{us} ti∣bi. Disco Virgiliū & venigracia discendi Virgiliū. Au¦dio missam & vado auditum missam

¶ Perfiguram Synodochen

Whan this englysshe signe. y^e. foloweth an adiec¦tyf. nowne. particyple. or else a v{er}be passyf or neutre. & cometh before the {per}te of a bodi. the {per}te of y^e body mai be put in y^e accusatyfcase wythout a {pre}posicyō by this fygure Synodoche. as Hec est virgo vetust a faciē Frater me{us} est lot{us} tybiā Doleo caput. frāgor brachiū

Moreouer al nownes adiectiues. y^t may gouerne an accusatif case by y^e forsayde signe. may gouerne an ablatyf by y^e same strenght vt Hec est virgo venusta

faciē vel facie. Vir fortis brachisi vel braachio Tu es hi¦laris vultiū vel vultu.

¶ Quā coniunctio

This cōiunceyon {quam}. anglice than. causeth the wor¦des that be cōpared. to be of one case. as I loue brede bettre than chese. Amo panē plus {quam} caseū. I loue thy mayster better thā thou. Diligo preceptorem melius {quam} tu?

¶ Nisi Preter{quam}

These. ij. cōiunctyōs Nisi & {pre}ter{quam}. anglice but. sa ue or excepte. causeth y^e substātyf of the signe vniuer∣salis. & the worde y^t is excepte to be of one case as Ois hō {pre}ter{quam} simō currit. Video oēm hoīem {pre}ter{quam} simo¦nē currere. Nemo discit nisi ego. Neminē videtis dis∣cere nisi me

¶ Signa uniuersalia

Al these adiectyues be called signes vniuersales Omnis. quiuis. quilibet. quis{que}. vnusquis{que}. quicū{que}. & vter{que}. anglice Eche or euery. & Nullius. neuter. an¦glice. notre or neuer one. Also Nihil & nemo. be signes vniuersales substātyfes

¶ Opus

This nowne Opus anglice for neede. vndeclined wyl haue after hym an ablatyf case of the thinge that Incede of. as Habeo opus pecunijs

¶ Fulnes Emtynes

All wordes y^t be tokē Fulnes & emtynes. may ha∣ue after them a genityf or an ablatyf case. as Maria est plena gracie vel gr̄a. Tues vacu{us} virtutis. vel vir¦tute

¶ Worthynes. vnwortynes

Also al nownes that betokeneth worthynes & vn¦worthynes. be of the same strēgt. as S••um dign{us} lan¦dis vel laude. Indignus honoris vel honore.

¶ Plentefulnes. Pouerte

Al nowns that betoken plentefulnes or pouerte be of the same strenght. as Sum diues auri. vel auro Tues impotens sanitari vel sanitate.

¶ Praysynge. Dispraysynge

¶ Whēne there cometh an nowne substātyf with the token of the genityf case scz of. whyche substantyf hath an adiectyf ioyned to hym betokenyng praysin¦ge. or dispraysing. thēne set them bothe in the genityf case or ablatyf. whiche is more elegāte. And this may be after a nowne substātyl. a pronowne demōstratif & after Sum es. fui. as Vidi mulierem nigri faciei vl nigra facie. Sum elegātis forme. vel eleganti forma Ille pressorum narium. vel pressis naribus est inimi∣cus patris mei

¶ Similis. Dissimilis

These nownes Similis & dissimilis may haue af¦ter them a genityf or a datyf. as. Sum similis tui vel tibi

¶ Tyme

Al nownes that betoken Tyme may be put indi¦fferently in the accusatyf or ablatyf case Excepte they be the nominatyf case to the verbe or other wyse gou¦uerned as in example folowe The rētius in eunucho Dies noctes{que} me ames. tercentū vixerat annis and other while in the genityf case. as Sum decem & sep∣tem annorum.

¶ Lenght. brede. space.

Al wordes that betoken Lenghte. brede. or space may be put in the ablatyfcase. Hec virga est decē pe∣dibus lōga. Hec scola est trib{us} vlnis lata. Distant Lō∣donie ab oxonia quinq̄ginta passum.

And also in the accusatyf. vt O••idi{us} Mi••ia quor•••• es distat ab vibe decē. Erāt eis iacula q̄tern••s longa pedes

¶ Infinitiuus modus

The Infinitif mode takē in the neutre gendre & in declynable. may be the nomīatyf case to a v{er}be somty¦me sett alone. somtyme ioyned with other wordes. & so may somtyme a hole sentence be. as in these exam ples. It is gode to rede. what is gode? to rede This in¦finityf mode to rede is noīatyf case to thys v{er}be Is. as Legere est bonū. It is holsome to ete lytyl. Pauxillū comedere est salubre

¶ Endynges of Gerundyues

How many endynges of Gerūdyues. ben there as many as be of particyples of the last future tense & so they be declyned in all cases. and al noumbres as Nominatiuo Amandus. da. dum

¶ Difference of Gerūdiues and particyples

What differēce is bytwyxt Gerūdyues & partici¦ples? Gerūdyues betoken necessyte & dede wythou∣te tyme / And {per}ticyples betoken tyme wythoute nece¦ssyte or dede. Examples of Gerūndyues. Tenet me occupatio iuris discēdi. Tenet me cura dotis numerā¦de. Examples of Particyples. Cras legēdos esse. a••s Nasonē & Virgilium anglice. To morowe thou sayst that Virgyl & Ouide shal be redde.

How may Gerūdyues be mooste in vse: iij. whi∣che. in. Di. do. dū. Howe shal they be occupyed: thus as it foloweth.

¶ De gerundiuo in Di

Whēsoeuer the englyssh of y^e Infinityf mode co¦meth after ony of these nowne. Tēpus. Causa. Loc{us}.

Libertas. Ius. voluntas. ars. licētia. mod{us}. otium. & ony other nownes that betokeneth accidēt. whyche nowne hath hys gouernyng of some other worde I may put the gerūdif in Di. in y^e stede of the Infinityf mode. as It is tyme to pray. Tempus est orādi. I ha∣ue cause to wepe. Habeo causam flendi.

And whē soeuer In must speke by a relatyf. I shal occupy y^e gerundyfe in Di. as Hic dies attulit initium dicēdique vellē. Non autē dicendo{rum} eo{rum} que vellē

Also a gerundyf in Di may gouerne after hym a genitif case plurell. Pla••tus in cap. scdo.

Nominādi tibi isto{rum} erit magis {quam} edendi copia

Particyples & many adiectyues that cometh off verbes be enioyned aswell to the gerūdyf in Di. as to the infinitif mode as Timens nauigare & nauigā di. doctus cantare & catandi cupiens peritus. promp¦tus. consuetus & similia. Timidus. cupidns. auidus habere & habendi. & similia

¶ De Gerundiuo in Do

¶ Whēne the englyssh of y^e Infinityf mode cometh after a v{er}be y^t betokeneth Praynge or besechynge. It shal be put in a gerūdyf in Do. with thys preposicyō de before hym. Or else I may take the coniūctyf mo∣de. as Ore te de scribēdo mihi latinitatem. Et oro scri∣bas. vel scribas mihi latinitatem

Also whēne the englyssh of a particyple of the pre¦sentens wyth this englyssh sygne of alore hym coēth after a owne adiectyf it may be put in a gerūdyf in do wyth these preposicyons In or De. vel sine prepositi∣one si placet. as I an••wer yoffyttynge. Fessus sum

sedendo. vel de sedendo

Also whē I haue y^e englysshe of a {per}ticiple of the pre¦sentēs with this {pre}posic••ō In. afore hym ioyned with noo substātyf y^e sayde englyssh may be put in a gerū dyf in Do with this {pre}postciō In or withoute si placet as scolers in takynge heed growe to cōnynge. Scho¦lastici aduertēdo vel in aduertēdo euadunt docti

Also I may haue a gerundyf in Do. after ony of these examples & in all other lyke Plinius posterior. Sermonib{us} dies trassigebat quū a scribēdo vacaret Cicero Ex quo ardescit siue amor. siue amicitia. vtrū¦{que} enim dictum est ab amando. Itē ab edēdo fact{us} est satur. Item Tuquid togites de transeundo in epyrū scire sane velim. Ediscēdo ali{qui}d cōmodi capio. Ex de¦fendendo {quam} accusando vberior gloria comparatur

Also I may haue a gerūdif in do. withoute a {pre}po sicyō whē I haue these englysshe wordes. whē. whil se. or as••ōge. ioyned wyth a passyf significa••yō. as as lōg•• as mynde is occupied. it is encressed as al other thynges. Memoria excolēdo sicut alia ••ia augen••▪ Excolēdo. i. dū coli•• 〈…〉〈…〉fe〈…〉〈…〉a videndo. i. quū vide••

¶ De gerundiuo in Dum

Whē the englyssh of y^e infinitifmode cometh after a reason & telleth the cause of y^e reason. It may be put in the gerūdyf in Dū. with this {pre}posicyon ad byfore hym. as I come to lerne grāmer. Venio ad discendū grāmaticam Also I may haue a gerundyf in dū with these preposicyons In ob propter. or ante. as in these examples. and all other lyke. as Vado in capiē dum hostem vel ad si placet. Ego venie ob te vel pro¦pter

te redimendum. Virgilius Nam{que} ante domā, dum ingentes tollent animos

Also I may haue a gerundyf in Dum. wyth thys preposicyon Inter. whan so euer I haue ony of the∣se englyssh wordes. whan whyles. or aslonge put be fore a cōiunctif moode. as whyles thou playest. thou forgetest moch thyng Inter ludendū. multa de discis Virgilius. Age tytire & inter agendū occursare capro cornu ferit ille caueto

Whan the euglyssh of the Infinityf mode folow¦eth this englyssh. It is it may be put in a gerundyf in Dum with this v{er}be est. set im{per}sonally. & that that se¦meth to be the noīatyf shalbe the datyf. as The kyn∣ge it is to fyght. Regi pugnandum est

Also whā I haue this englyssh must. where as it semeth to be made by thys v{er}be Oportet. It maybe made lyke wyse. as I muste nedys cost goo to towue Mihi eundū est in oppidum

After al such verbes that betokē callyng shewyn¦ge. mouynge. or rest. I shal euermore haue a gerun∣dyf in Dum. & neuer the Infinityf mode. as Vocaui te ad currendū. nō currere. Surgo ad audiendū. nō audire. Sto ad pre dandū. non predari

But these verbys folowynge. the Infinityf. & not the gerundyf. as Iubeo re arare. nō ad arandū. cogi∣to timeo edificare. nō ad edificandū. Sū be indifferēt to bothe. as Hortor te studere. & ad studēdū. Flagitor. paratus sum. aptus. idoneus. militare. & ad militan∣dum. But such for the most parte. wyl haue the gerū dyf & leue the infinityf mode.

The gerundyf is knoween fro the {per}ticyple in dus. by that y^t it betokeneth the doynge of a thyng withou¦te ony respecte of the tyme. as Sum or oc••patus in do¦cendo pueros. or in docendis pueris

The {per}ricyple in Dus betokeneth a thinge to be do¦ne in tyme to cōme. as Chremes est exotandus a me

Bytwene In docēdo pueros. & In docēdis pueris is this difference that in docendo pueros. is of y^e acryf¦significacyon. & may be exponed outher by the now¦ne verbale in io. or by the present Subiunctyf. & vt oc¦cupatus sum in docēdo pueros. for in doctione puero∣rum. or Vt doceam pueros In docēdis pueris. is of y^e passyf & passuely exponed. as Occupatus sum in do∣cendis pueris. for vt doceant{ur} And generally all gerundyf be actyfly expowned except they stōde ab∣solutely. as Vrit{que} videndo. i. dū videantur. illustria ad cognoscendum. hoc est cognoscantur

The gerūdyf in do hath these {pre}posicyōs In o•• De as In or De trāsen̄do in epyrū. with E & Ex. Aor. ab as Ex discedēdo Ab audiēdo. with cum. as Cum loq̄••¦do

¶ De supinis

¶ Whē the englyssh of the īfinityf mode cometh af∣ter a v{er}be or a {per}ticiple betokenyng mouynge or goyn¦ge to a place it shall be put in y^e fyrst supy••e as I goo to huntyng. Ego vado venatū. Also I may haue the fyrst supyne after al such v{er}bes that be token pryue mouīg. as Do cōcedo. admitto. recipio & many other lyke. as Do filiā 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Cōcedo edes venū. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a te spectatū. Cōced••••••t{ur} edes venū. admitt•••• specta••••••.

Also I may haue the la••tre supyn after al nownes

of the neutre gēdre y^t be of the cō{per}atif & su{per}latif degre as Quo {qui}d magis abhominabile eo turpi{us} dicto? Et quāto magis est aliqd studiosum. tāto digni{us} honora¦tu. Optimū fa•••••• {qui}d sit ne scio. Dignissimū intellectu est illud opus. Also I may haue the lat••re Supy¦ne after all these nownes adiectyues in al gendres. & noūbres. scz Dign{us}. turpis. rarus. iocund{us}. absurd{us}. seuerus. seuus. obseuus. su{per}bus. austerus. clar{us}. du∣rus. & al other of lyke significacyō. as Naso dignus le¦ctu. Res digna visu. Pecus dignū amatu.

Also it is to be noted that Supines may in noo wi¦se be ioyned with adiectyues in cōformyte of case gen¦dre & noūbre Nor thei may nat be gouerned of noo {pre}∣posicyon Also they haue noo case but alway be v{er}bes Also they be nat gou••erned of v{er}bes. nor of {per}ticyples but of adiectyues. vt Miserabilis visu. i. vt videatur Also they be of affiny••e with the Infinityf mode

¶ De infinitiuo modo

¶ When. ij. v{er}bes come togedre withoute a relatyf or a cē iunctiō comynge bytwene them the lattre v{er}be shal be the infinitif mode. as Volo legere. cupio doce¦ri. And one Infinityf mode may cause one other v{er}be to be the Infinityf mode. as dicome non posse venire Therentius ai••se videre ••e cupere

Such adiectyues Dign{us}. indign{us}. iocund{us}. let{us}. tri¦stis. be enioyned better to the infinityf mode thā to y^e gerundyf. vt Tues dign{us} habere opes. Tues dign{us} honorari. Tu es let{us} me bn̄ valere Tu es letus me ho¦norari Moreouer wheresoeuer I take the Infini¦tyf mode of the prefentens or preter{per}fitens of y^e passif

significacyon. there I may take the latter supyne o•• the same verbe. as Tu es dignus honorari vel hone¦ratu. sed non versa vice

Also whenso euer I take the fyrst supine. there I may take the neutre gendre substantiuate with this preposicyon ad. or the gerundifin Dum. vt Curro lo¦cutum regi. vcl ad loquendum regi

¶ De participijs

Whan the englyssh of the particyple of the presē∣tens else of the infinityf mode of the aciyf significacyō cometh after ony tens of Sum es fui. I shal make the vulgare by the said verbe Sum. and the particyple in Rus. as I am goynge forth from home in to the cō¦trey. as I am to go. & cetera. Profecturus sum domo rus. and like wyse of other tenses. as Lecturus eram martilogium. Auditurus eram grammaticam Fuit visurus rhomam si vixisset pater. Lyke wyse I may make such englysshes of the future tens. I wyl soupe byfore fyue of the clocke. Sum cenaturus ante quin tam. The saudiers shal fight in batel Milites pugna turisunt in bello. And if the englyssh of the said infini¦tyf mode. be of the passyf significacyon. or cometh af∣ter the signe must. shulde. or ought. it shal be made bi the said verbe Sum. and the particyple of the gerun¦dyf in Dus. as These oxen be to selle. or to be solde. hi boues sunt vendēdi. Chyldre must be chastysed Pue¦ri sunt castigandi

(Also the particyple in Dus. goth somtyme in to the strength of a nowne. and than he betokeneth as much. as Dignus digna dignū. with an infiuitif. mo¦de

of the passyf significacyon. vt Iste liber est legēdus id est dignus legi vellectu. &c.

There is a difference bytwixte the fyrst supyne & the particyple in Rus. For the fyrste supyne cometh after the verbe that betokeneth mouynge & he hym silfe signifieth bodely dede

But the particyple of the fyrst future moste cōmen¦ly cometh after verbes that betoken rest. and he nou¦ther betokeneth mouynge nor bodely dede. But al ō¦ly a tyme to come vncerten. Example of the supyne. Eo cenatum. eo cubicum. Example of the particyple in Rus. as Ego quidem cenaturus sum. Non tamē eo cenatum. Et scio te cenaturum esse. sed non proti¦nus ire cenatum

¶ De circunlocutione modi Indicatiui. Optatiui. & Con¦iunctiui

All tēses of the forsayde modes that are made by circūlocucyon ar made by Sūes fui. & a particyple ī Tus or in Sus. so that there be cōformite of case. gen¦dre. & noūbre. bytwyxt the particyple & the noīatif ca¦se to the verbe. as Vir est amatus. virgo amata est, Capud amatū est. Viri amati sunt Virgines amate sunt. Capita amata sunt. In verbes passiues & such that hath circunlocutiō the imperatyf mode may ha¦ue pretertenses nat of hys owne wordes but vsynge for them preterper. & plu. of the cōiunctyf. as Doctus es vel esto. doctus sit vel esto. ornat{us} es vel esto. orna∣tus sit vel esto. Locut{us} sis prius {quam} ad me redeas: and this vertu such spech hath that what we cōmaunde.

may be paste in a certen tyme to cometh. vt causa sit mox fenestra. Post horam sit iuratus. Auto••e pusciano in secumdo Mi••••••s

¶ De circunlocutione modi Infinitiui preteritiperfecti & plus{quam} perfecti

The circūlocucyon of y^e {pre}ter{per}fitens & plu{per}sitēs of the forsayde mode of y^e passyf voyce is euermore ma∣de with one of these. ij. wordes Esse or fuisse. & the {per}ti¦ciple in tus. with cōformite of case. gēdie. & noūbre by twixte the {per}ticyple. & the casuel worde that goth befo¦re the Infinityf mode. as Vir dicebatur amat{us} fuisse Virgo amata fuisse. Caput amatūfuisse. Viri ama ti fuisse. Virgines amate fuisse. Capita amata fuisse Et similiter de Esse.

¶ De circunlocutione futuri temporis acti••i significationis modi Infinitiui

The circūlocucyō of the future tens of y^e actyf voy¦ce of y^e forsayd mode is made with this infinityf mode Ire. & the {per}ticiple in Tus or Sus Or else with this infinityf mode Esse & the {per}ticyple in Rus with cōformi¦te of case gēdre & noūbre bytwixte y^e {per}ticiple & the casu¦al worde. Also y^e said future tēs betokeneth tyme. mo¦uynge. & bodely dede. as Volo te amatūire. vel ama turū esse me. Amatā ire. vel amaturā esse me. &c

¶ De circunlocutione futuri temporis passiue significationis ante dicti modi

The circūlocucyon of the future tens of the passif significacyō is euermore made with this infinityf mo¦de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 & the {per}riciple in Tus or ī Sus. or else with this infinityf mode Eē, & y^e {per}ticyple in D••{us} with cōfo••••••es

of case gendre & noūbre betwyxt the {per}ticyple & the ca¦suel worde. as Intelligo. scio. credo. video. opinor. exi∣stimo peccarū 〈…〉〈…〉 facie 〈…〉〈…〉 esse vel pati factū iri. Neglige 〈…〉〈…〉 faciendā esse vel pati factā iri.

Saue it is to be noted that y^e particyple in Tus or in Sus. wyth all circōlocucyons of the future tens of the actyf significacyō. betokeneth tyme present at hā∣de. as Video te accusat•••••• ire me. id est mu•••• anglice. I see that nowe thou doest accuse me.

Also the {per}ticyple in ••us. with al circūlocucions of the future tens of the actyf significacyō betokeneth vncerteyne tyme wythoute ende. as Nūc video te ac∣cusaturū esse me. anglice Nowe I see thou wilt ōs ac∣cuse me. i. post hac tēpore incerto. But all circūlociōs of y^e future of the pas•••••• significaciō betokeneth bothe tyme & dede {pre}sent. & to come indifferētly as video me accusatū iri abs re. i. video re vel accusatū ire me vl ac¦cusaturū esse me &c. anglice. I see I am accused of the now or else I see I shal be accused of the herafter

¶ Exulo. Vapulo. Veneo. Liceo

¶ Whēne soeuer I am cōpelled to make a latyn by one of these. iiij. v{er}bes Exulo. Vapulo Veneo. & liceo that thynge y^t doth the dede. shal be y^e ablatyf wyth a {pre}posicyon. & the sufferer shal be the noīatyf case. as y^e kyng hath banysshed many a••raytour A rege multi traditores exularūt. The mayster beteth scolers. A {pre}reptore vapulāt discipuli. The fysshers sel theyr fysshe deere A piscarijs pisces care veneūt Thou doest ap{pre}yt te thy seruaūt. A te tu{us} seru{us} licet

¶ Nubo

This v{er}be Nubo bis. hath euermore a nomīatyf

case of the woman & a datyf of the māin all comō spe∣ches as my brother hath wedded thy suster. Fratri meo nupsit soror tua. I shal wed thi moder. Mihi nu¦bet matertua

¶ De hoc vulgaris signo &c

Whanne soeuer there comyth a propre name of a place or towne after thys englisshe signe at. It shall be put in the genitif case. so that it be the singuler noū bre. and the fyrst declinson. or the secounde. as I lerne grammer at Oxforde. Disco grammaticam Oxonie. I dwelled a whyle at yorke Manebam aliquam diu Eboraci

But and if the forsayde propre name be y^e thyrde de¦clynson or the plurel noūbre. It shall be put in the ab¦latyf case wythoute a {pre}posicyon. as Thou waste bor¦ne at Chartage. Tu eras Thartagine natus. Thou dyddest studye at athenys. Studuisti athenis

Moreouer I may take an accusatyf case. or else an ablatyf of y^e forsayde nownes. wyth a {pre}posicyon of a conueniēt significacyō. as Manes apud chartaginē and so of al other. as sum apud Londonias

¶ De hoc vulgari signo To

Whansoeuer I haue a propre name of a place af∣ter this englysh signe To. it may putte in the accusati ue case wyth a prepostcyon. or wythoute indifferentli what noumbre or declynson soeuer he be. as Eo oro∣niam. vel ad oxoniam Londonias. vel ad londonias Chartaginem. vel ad chartaginem

¶ De hoc vulgari signo Fro

Whan soeuer ther come a propre name of a place after this englyssh signe fro. it shal be put in the abla∣tyf

case wych a preposicyon or wythout in differently what noumber orde 〈…〉〈…〉 euer he be. as Venio oxonia vel ab oxonia. 〈…〉〈…〉. vel a lōdonijs. Char¦tagine. vel a chartagine Thes rules be alway true except the {pro}pre name of towne or place be com¦pouned for then I must haue euermore an accusatyf case or an ablatyf wyth a preposicion of a cōueriēt sig¦nificacyō. as Eo ad sanctū Iacobū. Fui apd terrā san¦ctam. Venio a sancto Iacobo. vel a terra sancta

¶ Rus. Domus. Humus. Militia

These. iiij. nownes. Rus. domus. humus. & mili¦tia foloweth the rules of the sayde {pro}pre names of pla¦ces. as maneo ruri. venio rure. vado rus. Sū domi. eo domū. proficiscor domo. &c.

Of the same gouernaūce we fynde Belli. Duelli & many other indiuerse autours. The whych euery ••hon be aduerbes alway wythout they be ioyned to the sayde preposicyons. vt supra

¶ Penitet. Tedet. Piget. Miseret. Pudet

These. v. v{er}bes in i{per}so nalles Penitet. anglice to be sorye. or to repente. Tedet. & Piget. anglice to be we∣ry. or to haue no luste Miseret anglice to haue pyte or mercy. or to be sory for fauour. Pudet. anglice to be as hamed. gouerne an accusatyf case in the stede of y^e no minatyf and a genityf of the thyng that we be sory fo¦re. or haue pyte of. wery or ashamed of. as I repent me for my lewdenes. Me penitet mei maleficij. Te∣det animā meā vite mee. I am sory for thy losse. Me 〈…〉〈…〉. calamitatis. Nos pudet nostro{rum} p••••ōrum.. Te pigeat inunensi laboris

¶ Iuuat. Dilectat. Deret. Oportet. Latet

These. v. v{er}bes im{per}sonels Iuuat & dilectat. angli¦ce to desyre or haue pleasure. Decet oportet. anglice to must. or to be bounde & Latet. anglice to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or to cannot telle haue also euermore an accusaif case of that. y^t semeth to be the noīatyf. as Me iuuat veldi lectat ludere. Te decet vel oportet ascultare preceptori Nos latet doctus ne es an stolidus

¶ Interest. Refertest

These. iij. verbes im{per}sonallees Interest. refert. & est. anglice to be {pro}fitable or accordyng hath euermo∣re a genitif case of the worde that semeth to be the no∣minatyf. as Fratris mei interest amare me

Oute of this rule be excepte these. v. {pro}nownes {pri}∣matyues Ego. tu. sui. nos & vos. & this nowne int{er}ro∣gatyf Quis in stede of whom I shal take y^e ablatif ca∣se feminyne gēdre & singuler non̄bre of them possessyues That is to say Mea. tua. sua. nr̄a. vestra. & tui••. as Mea interest discere. Tua int{er}at docere. Sua int{er}fuit andire. Nr̄a interfuerat cauere. Vestra intererit monuisse. who is bound totel y^e trouthe? but he that knoweth al the mater Cuia interest enarrare verita¦tem nisi sua qui nouit omnem rem

Also when I haue ony suche englyssh. It is my of¦fice. my duty. or my {per}te. It longeth for. It behoueth. It is good reason. or accordynge. or ony suche other y^t encludeth duty I may cōueniently occupy one of the se. v. v{er}bes. Decet. Opo••tet. Interest. Refert. de Est Wyth the forsayde gouernaunce of case.

Al these v{er}bes in these v{er}ses folowynge may haue

〈…〉〈…〉 of the {per}son that the dede lōgeth to. as Mi¦hi licet ludere. Thou taryst nat wherer. I lyue or dye Tibi nō vacat inorearne an viuam Versus

Her liber at{que}. licet liquet. & patet. accidit at{que}

Congruit. euenit. attinet. expedit & licet adde

Pertinet. incumbit. vacat. & sedet addito cōstat

Conuenit & prestat. contingit. iunge sa••••••••it

Sufficit ad ternos. cum competit aduoco casus

All v{er}be im{per}sonalles of the passyf voyce gouerne before them an ablatyf with a {pre}posicyon. else a datif of the {per}sone that doth y^e dede. as Ame vel mihi amat{ur} & after them an accusatif or an ablatif with a preposi∣tyon. but neuer withoute as Ame〈…〉〈…〉 antiquam siluam. Ame auditur. Ame statur in foro

Saue other whyle they may haue after thē such cases as hath y^e v{er}bes that they be diriues of. as Ame seruit{ur} tibi. Interdictum̄ est tibi aqua et igni.

Euermore before the Infinityf mode of a v{er}be im{per}sonall of y^e passyf voyce I must expresse y^e ablatif with a preposicyon of the do••••. as Volo a me amati id est volo amare. Volo a me seruiri. i. volo seruire

¶ Benefit. Malefit. Satisfit

These v{er}bes Benefit. malefit. & Satisfit. wil haue before thē an ablaf case with a {pre}posicyō of y^e doer. & af¦ter thē a datyf case of y^e 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ame benefit tibi

Whensoeuer ther ••emeth ony of these. ••t. signes 〈◊〉〈◊〉. act. Is was. were. or be. byfore a verbe 〈…〉〈…〉 betokeneth bodely mouyng I may euer more take y^e preter{per}fytens of the Indicatyf mode or some other y^t is formed of him. as y^e vulgare 〈…〉〈…〉

the preterperfytens of the Indicatif mode 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by¦syde his owne strenght. bothe for the presentens & the preterim{per}fytens And so he & all tenses formed out of hym haue the passyf significacyon. as my maister is come. Preceptor meus venit. my folowes bengoon. Mei condiscipuli abierunt

How many {per}ticyples come of a verbe Im{per}sonal of the passyf voyce? one. which one? A {per}ticyple of the {pre}tertens & the neutre gendre only. as Ntō hoc oppo¦sitū. abltō ab hoc opposito. & he hath after hym a dati¦fe case. as Mihi prius opposito tibi opponetur

¶ Incipit. Desinit Debet. Potest. Solet. Vult These. vi. verbes Incipit. Desinit. Deber. Potest Solet. and Vult. ioyned to the Infinityf mode of ver¦bes impersonalles be impersonalles and wyll haue before them such cases as wyl the verbes impersona¦lles. as me incipit te de••••s vigilie. Mihi desinit placere studij. me debet pudere maleficij. bonos solet penite re flagitij. me vult delectare dormire. Else they be al way verbes impersonalles. and haue before them a nominatyf case. as Volo legere. &c

¶ Pono. Fers

These two verbes actyues Pono and Fero com¦powned wyth pre. or ante. be thus englyshed. to telle more price. to set more by. to loue better, to haue leuer wyll haue after theym an accusatyf case of thing that we make moost of. and a datyse. of the thynge) we make leest of. as Prepono virtutem vicus. I am neminem prepones Ca••••••i. Prefero 〈…〉〈…〉 Nescio vtrū altria•• feram

And of this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be al these v{er}bs with many other such. as Valeo es. preponder•• as presto as an¦glice vt prius. as Ingenio vales

Item other whyle with an ablatyf with a {pre}posic¦on. vt Tullius ad modum valuit in genere dicendi ternatius numerus preponderat binario

¶ Postpono

But postpono is of contrary cōstructyon. to Ante¦pono. as Postpono aud••um visui

¶ Cello. Eo. Cedo

These iij. v{er}bes Cello. Eo. & Cedo. cōpowned with Ante. {pre}. or extra. anglice to passe. excede. excelle or be better. gouerne afore them a noīatyf case of y^e thin¦ge that we make moost of. & after them an accusatyf of the thynge. vt supra as I passe ferre al my brether¦ne both in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 & redynge. Ego ante cello o••••es fratres meos & scribendo & legendo. Also ablatyf 〈…〉〈…〉 with this {pre}posicyon In. vel sine si placet. of the thyn¦ge that we compare in. as Thou excedest me in myg¦hte. as moch as I passe the in conynge. Tu antere dis¦me fortitudine. vel in fortitudine tanto. quāto ego an∣te cello te scientia Virgilius ante cellit alios poetas car¦mine. vel in carmine

The same strēght hath Supero as. & all other v{er}¦bes that hath the forsayde englyssh

Whā no word lacketh in a reason to the most {per}fyt sentēce. than it is called ful. as Ego lego virgiliū

And whā ony thynge that is required to {per}fyt sentēce lacketh if it be vsed to be vnderstōd by y^e 〈…〉〈…〉 stomes of romaines y^e reason may be called figurate

as Lego litteras. where must nedes be vnderstōd E∣go & the signe is called Eclipsis

There be customably understōde in latyn tonge these with euery relatyf the worde that it reherseth of the reason afore in the same case. gendre. noūbre. & {per}∣sone. as the relatyf is. as Lego virgiliū qui est poeta. Where is vnderstonde with {qui} virgilius. or else more general. as Stude nam ea res proderit

Ofte tyme the worde that the relatyf reherseth is exprest wyth the relatyf. & vnderstonde afore. as Vr∣bem quam statuo vestra est. Where is vnderstonde before Est this worde vrbs

Also in answeres comōly the v{er}be that is in the as¦kynge. as to thys askynge. Quis est. if I say Ego. is vnderstonde Sum

Also Ego. tu. meus. tuus. suus. as Verb ero filiū Where is vnderstonde Ego. & after filiū. meū. tuum or suum. as the mater requireth

Sus es est. as Bonū discere. Doctior {quam} ille Whe¦re is vnderstonde Est.

Also Ens wherfoeuer. ij. or mo propres or appel¦latyues. or one {pro}pre. an other appellatyf. come to ge¦dre in one case & one clause wythoute ony v{er}be or coniū¦ctyon bytwene. as Vrbē rhomā. for vrbē entē rhomā

Also nownes after su{per}latyues whan they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in gendre with the genityf after them. as Pulcherri∣mum florum. where is vnderstonde flos

And after partityues. as after duo{rum} hominū whe¦re is vnderstond. homo. but else they haue the cōstru¦ctyon of adiectyues

Also coniunctyons of 〈…〉〈…〉 poetys else nat. but the spekynge be changed into in¦terragatiū or 〈◊〉〈◊〉. as Surge pa••••. abi. whe∣re to vnderstond twyse e••. & specially vt before subiūc∣tiues. as Fac mittas. for far vt mittas

Also {pre}posicion with names of townes. as Vade rhomā. Where is vnderstōde ad. Veni rhoma whe¦re is vnderstonde a. also Fui thebis. where is vnder¦stōde in. The which spekinge though it be figurate is when we say. fui rhome or tarēti. But there is onder¦stōde besyde the {pre}posicyō In. locus. vrbs or oppidū

And lyke as in these y^e figurat is more vsed then y^e fulso is it in Statur Curritur. where is vnderstonde Stacio. & cursus. And in all suche. as Pluit. tona••. ful¦minat. is vnderstōde Deus. And in these. v. verbys. Miseret. Tedet. Penitet. Piget & Pudet. as ofte. as they haue nat an Infnityf with them. is vnderstōde one of ther owne nownes miseratio. penitētia. pudor to the which nownes alway perteyneth tho genityfe that foloweth these verbes. as Penitet me tui. for pe¦nitētia tui penitet or a afficit me. the accusatyfis ioyned to the verbe as an actyf

Somtyme. ij. or more like clauses be closed to gedre with one worde singuler. the whiche is vnderstonde in euery clause. and set oute in one. as Cicero Virgili{us} Homerus scripsit. and of thys spekynge the figure is called zeugma

But of diuerse clauses none lyke other in gendre. no sibre or {per}son. be clo••ed wyth one worde, then in the fygure. Sylepsis. & the worde that closeth is wont to

agre with the last. as Vir & mulier magna ad 〈…〉〈…〉 Hic illius arma 〈…〉〈…〉

But yf the worde that closeth be plurell. thenne it must agree in gendre & {per}son wyth the cheef. as Ego & uxor amati sumus. in the whiche is sylepsis in {per}son & gendre. but nat in noumbre

To this fygure may be reduced suche cōstructiōs Vrbē quā statuo. & Fabulas quas fecisset &c.

¶ When. ij. or more thinges be generally cōpared in one worde & afterwarde specyally set oute. as Aqui le volauerūt vna abonēte. alia ab occidente. then is y^e fygure Prolepsis. ac.

Cetera plātus & plentus discesex Sulpitis.