Lac puerorum M. Holti anglice mylke for children

¶ Sequitur: secunda pars principalis Opusculi

¶ Secunda pars principalis Diffinicyon of nownes

A Nowne betokeneth a thyng with o••¦ce any differynce of tyme

Also the name of all that I may see. fe∣le or perceyue by any of my fyue wyt∣••esis a nowne,

A nowne propre betokeneth a thynge commyn but to one thynge a loue of hys fyrst ordinaunce. as Virgilius Rhoma.

A nowne appellatyf betokeneth a thing cōmen∣to many thynges of hys first ordinaūce. & euerythin¦ge after of the same kinde is called by the same name

as Homo Lapis Albus Niger

¶A nowne substantyfman stonde by hym selfe withoute the helpe of an adiectyf as homo. Lapis And cometh commenly with one of these ••ocknes. A an. the. as a man. a horse. the sonne

A nowne adiectyf may nat stonde by hym selfe. withoute the helpe of a substantyf. as albus niger

Al adiectiues of nownes & pronownes cōmenly goth before the substantyf. whēne they be ioyned to∣gydre. as a good man. a fayrre maydē. my fadre. my modre. A particyple cometh after his substantyf. as y^e maister techyng. the belle ronge

Here is to be noted that adiectyfes in the neutre gendre. hauing after them exprest or vnderstōde any of these englysshe wordes thyng thynges. or gere. be as substautyues. and be called substantyues. and stō¦de substantyuat. as album differt a nigro. pauca ha beo. multis indiged

Soo may be an infinityf mode. as amare. legere or any other worde yput mater y••••••. as Ego est pro¦nomē amo est verbū. the which be alway vnmoua∣ble. and the synguler noūbre. and the thyrde persone.

A nowne interrogatyue betokeneth askynge of a thynge. as Quis. qualis. quotus. quot. cuius. quo te••••s. quoten••is

A nowne redditif answereth to a questiō by some by kenes or shewynge. as Tal. tāt{us}. tot. sol{us}. bin{us}. biēnis

A nowne relatyf make thre hersynge of a thynge that was spokē of afore. as Qui. qualis quātus quo tus. quod. & cuius

A nowne distributyf or vniuersalis thusspan••s englys¦shed al. eche. euery. ••••on and they be two sortes

Affirmatyues as quilibet. omnis. vter{que} negati¦ues. as Nemo. nullus. nihil. and all suche. as begyn-neth with N.

A nowne {per}tityf betokeneth a {per}te. as alter. vn{us} ali∣quis and suche as ben thus englysshed. some or any.

A nowne infinyte hath in his englyssh. maner. & euery. as Quicun{que} quisquis. qu••••••s. Anglice what maner of man or who so ••••yr

¶Diffinicyon of Gendres

¶The masculine gendre is that. that is accordyng to males only in theym that hath both male and fe∣male. as vir or else is wonte of auctours to be ioyned to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 where is noo difference of male or fe∣male as Iapis

The feminyne gendre is that. that is accordynge to females only in them &c. as mulier. Or else is wonte of auctours to be ioyned with feminines where is 〈…〉〈…〉 cet{ur}a as petra.

The neutre gendre is that. that is indifferēt to bo the in theym & cet{ur}a. as Ium ertum. Or else is wonte of auctours to be ioyned with neutre where is. & cet{ur}a as Saxum.

The common gendre is that. that is comon both too males and females in thynges only that haue ly fe. as parens. miles

Those nownes be of al gendres that to al thynges may perteyne indifferently. as Felix. Velox

There be also besyde al these some nownes that be

called of the dubyn gendre. the whiche withoute any discrecion of significacyō. be supposed now to the mas culyne. and nowe to the feminyne terminacyon. as Margo. Dies

There be some of the Epycen gendre. the whiche vnder one uoyce and vnder one artycle artycle ••ōpre hende both male and female. as hic Passer. her dama both for male and female

¶Diffinicyon of cases

(The nominatif case is that. that nameth a thyn∣ge as it is only. and natin other respecte. and hys en∣glysshe may answere to thys q̄styon. wh〈…〉〈…〉. or what set byfore the englysshed of a verbe of certen noū••••e. and certen persone. as Poeta

The genityfcase generally betakeneth a thyng•• as the hauer. as poete. and that is the ra〈…〉〈…〉e it may be tourned in to the possessyue his signe in englysshe is this worde of. therfore whan that worde. of cometh before a nowne propre. or appellatyf It shal be put in the genityf case. If the reson may be turned in to this wyse. The haf••e of my knyf. my knyues hafte. Or el∣se comonly it may be sayde by a preposicyon. as Ae∣guor a preceptore

The datyf case betokeneth a thinge as to whiche is Gyuynge. wātynge profe••. or hurte. or to y^e which is Iykenesse. euynne. sendynge. or pleasure. and his signe in englysshed is this worde to. as I am profyta ble. lyke or equale to the Sum vtilis s〈…〉〈…〉lis. vel equa lis tibi

〈…〉〈…〉 is to be noted that this englyssh worde to. be

〈…〉〈…〉 bodely mouynge. requi reth the datyf case. But wyth bodely mouynge the accusatyf case. with this preposicyon ad

The accusatyf case betokeneth a thynge. as suffe∣rynge. and generally all that. that may receyue y^e de∣de of the verbe actyf. or the actyf significacyon. shall be the accusatyf case

¶The vocatyf betokeneth a thynge as called or spoken too.

(The ablatyf case betokeneth a thynge as fro the whysch some what is taken away He betokeneth al so tyme. pryce. or instrument. and all these be the sig∣nes of the ablatyf case. In. By. wyh. thorowe. for. frō and fro. also by a place. and this worde then. after a {con}¦paratyue degree. be signes of the ablatyf case.

¶The worde that signifieth Instrumente hath co¦menly vnderstonde or set oute. thys englysshe sygne with. and wyl haue neuer after the crafte thys prepo¦sicyon Cum

¶Diffinicyon of noumbre

¶The singuler noumbre speketh but of one thyn ge. as vir. a man

The plurel speketh of many thinges as viri. a men

(Here is to be noted that nownes of multytude. as Popul{us}. gens. though they be the singuler noum¦bre. thei haue the strenght of the plurel. lyke as haue ij. or moo propres or appellatyues. as Dirgilius and Fulgencius. Grammaticus. and Rhetor

¶Diffinicyon of persones

The first {per}sone; 〈…〉〈…〉 vs. and we. and is only appropered to y^e thynge that speketh. and of this persone be but two latyn wordes with their obliques. Ego and Nos. vt prius

The secounde persone is knowen by these sygnes thou the. you. orye. and longeth only to the thynge y^t is spoken to

Of this persone also be but. ij. latyn wordes. withe their obliques tu & vos and euery vocatyf case

Al other casuel wordes in the worlde be of y^e thyr∣de persone

¶ Diffinicyon of pronownes

A Pronowne is a parte of speche. the whyche is sett for a propre name of a man or any thyng else & re¦ceyueth certeyn noumbre and certeyn persone

A {pro}nowne primityfis that. that hath hys begyn¦nynge of none other worde. and those be. viij. vt pri{us}

A pronowne Diriuatyf is that. that is deduct out of his primityf. and is as possessyd. as Meus of ego.

Noster of nos. And they be. vij. vt prius.

A pronowne relatyf

A pronowne demonstratyf

A pronowne reddityf. is so diffinyd. vt prius

¶ Diffinicyon of a verbe

A verbe betokeneth a thynge with some token of tyme. as I loue. I loued. I haue loued

Also he betokeneth to doo. suffre. or to be. as Pu¦gno. Vapulo. Sum.

Of verbes some be Substātyues. as Sum. and all in this verse

Sum. fit & existo. manet exto. cum fore. consto. with fewe, ••ermoo. when thei be thus englyssed

Am. art. is. was. wer. or be

Also be. v. verbes vocatyues. s. Nominor. Appellor Vocor. Dicor. Nunc••••••••

All other verbes be called adiectyfes. as amolego doceo. curro. loquor. &c.

¶ Of verbes Some be {per}sonals. as amo lego. the whiche hath certeyn noūbre & persone. & they be con¦iugate with thre distyncte voyces in both noumbres as Amo amas amat. The plu. amam{us} amat{us} amāt

Some be impersonalles as tedet miseret. the whi¦che be coniugate in the voyce of the thyrde person on¦ly singuler in euery mode & ••ēse of both voyces. as re∣de••tedebat. amatur amabatur.

¶ Of verbes person alles some be Actyues. as A∣mo. Some be Passyues. as amor

Some be Neutres. as ••••rr••.

Some be Deponentes. as Loquor

Some be Communes. as Largior

Here is to be noted y^t al v{er}bes y^t makethful senten¦ce by thēsilfe. without any casuel worde after theym∣•••••• shulde receyue their dede be called absolute. as Sto. Istonde. Iacio. Ilye. Sedeo I sitte

Al verbes else be called trās;itiues. Of these. ij. kyn¦des some ende in o. As actyues & neutres. & some en∣de in 〈◊〉〈◊〉. aspassyues. deponentes. & cōmunes

A verbe actyf endeth in o. & betokeneth a dede y^t may go into a resonable thynges. as amo tango

Resonable thynges I ••al God, angel fende & ma〈…〉〈…〉

A verbe neutre endeth in o. & betokeneth noo de¦de that may passe into a resonable thynge. as Sto. Curro ••o

Here is to be noted that all verbes in o. that hath before theym any of theise signes am art &c. be called verbe neutre passyues. as Caleo I am hote. Frigeo I am colde. Insanio I am madde

Of verbes neutres some be pure. as Sto Curro some be substantyues as Sum & Fore. And some be neutre passyues. as Caleo Frigeo

A verbe passyf endeth in R. & betokeneth to suf∣fre. and hath also byfore hym one of theise sayde syg∣nes am. art. & ce••a. and to the moost perfyte sentence he requyreth some thynge after hym to answeere to thys questyon of whō. or of what. as amor ate I am loued of the.

To theses v{er}bes be reduced. vi. verbis that ende in o. as Exulo Liceo Vapulo Veneo Fio & Nubo

A verbe Deponent endeth in R. and hath distin••¦cyon only of the actyf. as Loquer. Or else only of the passyf. as Nascor

And generally verbes y^t ende in R. & haue none of these sayde signes be verbes Deponētes. as Seqr to folowe. Opinor to wene Tro••eor suppose

A verbe commune endeth in R. & hath diffiniciō both of the actyf and of the passyf. as Largior to graū te. or to be graunted

¶ Diffinicyon of tenses

¶ The presentens betokeneth a thynge that is in doynge nowe / and hath expressed or vnderstond this

englyssh signe Do. in al verbes transytyues. as I lo¦ue. or do loue

The preterimperfytens betokeneth a thynge. as late begunne. But nat yet {per}fetly endeth or fynisshed and hath exprest or vnderstonde with the condycyon a fore sayde thys englysshe signe dyde. as I loued. or dyde loue

The {pre}ter{per}. betokeneth a thynge as {per}fytly fynis∣shed & hath al way ex{pre}ssed or vnderstond this ēglish signe haue. as I haue loued. I haue taught

The {pre}terplu{per}fectens betokeneth a thynge that was perfyth past. of longe tyme a goon. and he hath alway expressed or vnderstonde thys englyssh signe had. as I had loue. I had taught

The future betokeneth a thyng that is to come. & euermore hath exprest or vnderstōde one of these en∣glysshe signes wyl. or shal. as I wyl loue. or I shal lo∣ue. I wyl teche. or I shal teche

Here is to be noted. that yf the verbe may recey∣ue in hys englysshe thys signe haue after to. as Mi∣sereor misereris. to haue mercy or pyte. Abundo abū∣das. I haue ynough.

Thēne must I altre some of my signes. and some must I double in this wyse

In the present haue. In the preterim{per}fectēs had. In the preterperfectens. haue hadde In the {pre}terplu had had. In the future. wyl haue or shal haue

¶ Diffinycyon of moodes

¶ The shewynge moode signifyeth a thynge. as tolde. as I loue I doo loue. & requireth a nominatyf

or a vocatyf case before hym. as Ego lego 〈…〉〈…〉

¶ The asaynge mode signifyeth a thynge as que∣stion. as loue I? doo I loue? & cōmenly requireth his nominatyf or vocatyf after hym. Else betwyxt his singne and hym bothe in commyn speche. & also in la¦tyn. as Doest thou here hym? Audintuillum?

The byddyng moode sygnifyeth a thynge. as byd¦dyng or commaunded. And requireth his noīatyf ca∣se or vocatyf. w••e the asaynge mode. as Speke vir∣gyll. Loquere virgili. Here you. Audite vos

¶ The wysshynge moode or Optatyf signifye tha thynge as desyred. & hathexprest or vnderstōde both in latyn and in englysshe. vt pu{us} in prima {per}te

¶ The potēcyal moode betokeneth a thynge. as nat doō. but y^t may or myght haue be done & ha•••• as grete strenghte as one of these verbes. Possum. V••∣l••. debeo. And y^e Infinuyf moode of the verbe that he cometh of. and his sygnes in englysshe be these may myght. wolde shulde ought. must. & other lyke as ra¦perē I wolde pull. Obtunderē. I wolde knocke

This moode also is vsed cōmenly. other with a ne¦gatyf. or with an other condicyonall clause. as. Si hoc non possum: flumina amen. Non expectet Si esset in his fides? non laboremus

Sometyme he is vsed withoute negacyon or con¦dicyon exprest. as Videas gestire dixerit aliqu••••

Also this mode may be vsed in questyōs. as Quid igitur faciam? Noneam. Quid agas 〈…〉〈…〉. with su¦che condicyons as wer shewed afore.

¶ The Subiūctyf mode betokeneth a thynge. as

ther verbe. as Iubeo ••e facias.

His signes in englysshe be these If. but. & when after that. and many other more

And also these latyn wordes may haue after thē the Subiunc••yf mode Versus

Si {quam}uis {quam}{quam}. tam etsi. licet. at{que} prius{quam}

Ante {quam}. an. donec. vt post{quam}. siue quous{que}

Quū. iust. ac si. quando{quam} iungis, vbi

¶ The Infinityf moode betokeneth a thynge. as doon. or to be doon. Withoute other noumbre or per∣sone. and sometyme hath exprest these signes to. or to be. as to loue. or to be loued

¶ Diffinicyon of a Particyple

A Particyple is a parte of a speche declyned wyth case. the whiche taketh parte of a nowne. parte of a verbe. and parte of a ••o••he.

He taketh of a nowne gendre and case. of a verbe tyme and significacyon. of both noumbre and figure

(A particyple was ordeyned to make the reason shorter & more ornat auoydyng the concourse of rela∣tyues. aduerbes & coniunctyons. whith the whiche. were nat he. the reason shulde be foule accombred

There be. v. tenses in a particyple. as be in a ver∣be. One of the presentens & preterin{per}fectens in one voyce. Another of the preter per. & plu. in one voyce. And two particyples of the future in two voyces. One of the fy••st 〈…〉〈…〉 and an other of the 〈…〉〈…〉

(The particyple of the 〈…〉〈…〉 knowen bothe by his englyssh & by his latyn. for his englysshe endeth in yng or in and. as louyng ••ouād. And his latyn endeth in ens or in ans. as Legens A¦mans. and he formed vt prius

The particyple of the preter{per}fectens & plu. is kno¦wen &c. For his englysshe beginneth with I or a. and endeth in D T. or in N. as I loued. I taught. I seen Agoon. and his latin endeth in Tus. sus. or xus. and is formed vt prius

The particyple of the fyrst future is knowen. &c. For his englyssh begynneth with to. without be. as to loue. to teche. and his latin endeth in Rus. as ama∣turus. lecturus. and he is formed or prius.

The particyple of the lattre future is knowen. &c For his englysshe begynneth wyth to. & be togydre as To be loued. To be taught. and hys latyne endeth in dus. as Amandus. O••cendus. Legendus, and he is fourmed vt prius.

¶ Diffinicyon of aduerbes

AN aduerbe is sett to the verbe to fulfyll and de∣clare the significacyon of the verbe

¶ There be. ij. maner of aduerbes

Some be primityues. as Cha••••.

Some be diriuatyues as Clan••dum

¶ Thre thynges longe to an aduerbe

Significacyon Comparyson. and Figure

Significacyons in an adverbe be 〈…〉〈…〉 folde So¦me be of tyme. some of place as it was shewed 〈◊〉〈◊〉

And an aduerbe hath comparison. as hath a nowne The posityf as Diu. The comparatyf as Diutius The superlatyf as Diutissime

¶ Some aduerbes be symple. as Diu. Some be compoūned. as Interdiu. Some be decompounned as Imprudenter.

¶ Diffinicyon of Preposicyon

A Preposicyon is se••t before al other partes of spe¦che in apposicyon or in composicyon

A preposicyon stondeth in apposicyon. whenne he is put byfore a parte declynable. and gouuerneth hym in case. as ad dn̄m. a dn̄o. Indn̄o

A preposicyon stondeth in composicyon. whēne he is ioyned to another preposicyon or to any other {per}¦rte of speche. And of them two partes remayne but o∣ne named after the last. as Peramo a verbe. and pre clarus a nowne

¶ To a preposicyon longeth but one thynge. case only. or power to gouerne case only

(Of preposicyons. some be separable. as the thre forsayde sortes. and only. vi. be vnseparable. as Di. Dis. Re. Se. Con. an

All preposicyōs separable of the fyrst sorte. with a▪ ue after them an accusatyf case

All preposicyons of the secounde sorte. an ablatyf Preposicyons of the thyrde sorte. somtyme an accusa tyf. and somtyme an ablatyf

¶ Diffiuicyon of Coniunctyon

A Coniunction byndeth or ioyneth wordes togy¦dre in ordre or in sentence

¶ Thie thynges longe to a Coniunctyon Power Figure. and Ordre.

The power of a coniunctyon stondeth in couplyn¦ge or disioynyng &c. vt prius

A coniunctyon hath figure. as hath an aduerhe Simple as nam. Compouned as nam{que}

¶ Thys is the ordre of coniunctyons.

Some be put in the begynnynge of a sentence. as at. ac. ast. Some in secounde or thyrde place. as {que}. ve ne. autē. Some be commune. as Ergo. ides. igitur

¶ Diffinicyon of Interiectyon

IN Interiectyon betokeneth passyon of the sou¦le with an vnperfyet voyce or noyse. as Haha. Tehe. oure a lasse. and wele alwaye &c.

To an Interiectyon longeth only significacyon The whiche be diuerse vt prius.

¶ Sequitur tertia pars principalis Opusculi