The composition or making of the moste excellent and pretious oil called oleum magistrale First published by the commaundement of the King of Spain, vvith the maner hovv to apply it particulerly. The which oyl cureth these diseases folowi[n]g ... Also the third book of Galen of curing of pricks and wounds of sinowes. A method for curing of vvounds in the ioynts, and the maner how to place them. Abreef gathering togither of certain errours which the common chirurgians dayly vse ... Faithfully gathered and translated into English by George Baker chirurgian. 1574.

A breef gathering to gither of certain errors which the cō∣mon Chirurgians vse: very necessary and profitable for all Chirurgians, which are desirous to haue the right method of curing.

The first error which they vse: is touch∣ing the dissease called in Latin, Lues Venerea, and in English the French Pocks.

THe errors which be vsed at this present (touching the Venerian dissease) are very great, principally at the begin∣ning, for when it begin∣neth it appéereth in the yard with infla∣mation, Vlcers and excoriation of the conduict of the Vrine, whiche commeth from the neck of the Bladder. And after that commonly foloweth Apostumes of the groynes, with pusshes and suche o∣ther like discouloured Pimples accor∣ding to the infected humor, for the cure of the which, they begin with vehement or strong medicins, as Colocinthis, con∣fection

of Hamech or such like. And the next day folowing they open a Vain in the right or left Arme (respecting not that there may folow a Lask of their ve∣hement purgation) and then minister their Vnctions and suffumigations whi¦che is certainly a manifest error.

By the whiche meanes they drawe the infectious blood and humors to the no¦ble partes, and féeling the inwarde a∣noyance of the same: sendeth it to diuers outward partes of the body. The which dooth ingēder hard tumors as knots and kernels not easely curable and moste sharp and fretting (rebellions against curation) botches with such other like.

And so by the malitiousnes of the hu∣mor: it corrupteth and eateth the bone, with such paines and torments that the poore patients are so afflicted: that they knowe not where to rest, and especially more in the night then in the day. Ther¦fore at this present, I haue thought good according to my little skil: to teach a me∣thod for to bring these errors into a per∣fit order.

At the begining of this contagious dissease: you shall first begin this curati∣on by euacuating of the body with gen∣tle

Lenitiues, which doo bothe coole the boyling rage of the blood: and also make it thinner, in mundifying the blood, this must be vsed according to the tem∣perature of the body,

The whiche shalbe doon after that the body is prepared, to the end that the solutiues may the better work vpon the aforesaid humors. For in this case, na∣ture must rule the Chirurgion, & not the Chirurgian nature. Then after that: it is necessary and profitable to open the Anckle vain, in the right or left foot, ac∣cording as y^e Apostume dooth appéer & if therbe no apostume: according to y^e discre¦tion of the lerned Chirurgion, this doon: you diuert or pul back y^e aforesaid infecti¦us humors, frō the principall parts. And vpon y^e Apostume, you shall apply conti∣nually mollifying & drawing medicins, in dooing what may be to bring him to suppuration. This Indicatiōs beeing ac∣complished: you shall vse of the potion made with Ebenum & Guaiacum, pre∣pared according to the temperature of the humors, which shalbe vsed the space of a moneth or there abouts.

And although that some learned men haue an opinion, that the decoction of

Guaiacum ought tobe vsed without any other medicines, yet neuer the lesse it hath béen found by experience, that the vse of other Simples with it, (béeing fit and agréeing to the diseases) hath a great deale more profited, & béen found of better effect then if it had béen mini∣stred alone, for in a compound dissease: a Simple remedy is not requisit.

Although that Alphonsus Ferrus hath written to the contrary, the which Al∣phonsus vseth this decoction of the wood in a manner to all disseases (whose oppi∣nion is not to be folowed) which decocti∣on is vsed in Pthisi. etiam si dies placu∣erit in senio Philippi.

Moreouer they haue greatly erred, which haue set forth the Radix chim bée¦ing a root very deer, vnprofitable, and all togithers without taste, and the grea∣test error of all is committed among them, which haue brought in vse, the di∣et of the decoction of Box trée, whiche is an astringant wood, stinking and an e∣nemy to all the principall partes. And if you wil haue a wood whiche is moste agréeable to the Guaiacum: you shal vse of Fraximus, the which openeth obstru∣ctions of the Liuer, of the Melt and of

the Rains, for I haue knowen many which by the vse therof haue recouered their helth.

¶ The second error touching the saide dicease vvhen it commeth to suppuration.

WHen this disease hath béen once ta∣ken in hand and euil handled, ei∣ther by Ignorance of the Chirurgian or the negligence of the patient: The comon Chirurgians vse commonly new errors, that is, in giuing solutiues with out preparing of the euil humors. By the which meanes they take away the best and leaue the worst behinde, wher¦of ingendreth Nodes, olde and cancard fores, and such like. Then they (as euil or rather wursse) apply their vnctions or suffumigations before that the vlcers be made clean or the Nodes taken away, and somtimes leaue the bone foule. By the which menes they purchase to them selues both shame and infamy, for with in foure or fiue moneths the vlcers open with great corruption of the bone.

Moreouer they commit an erroure touching the vnction, for they anoint the hed, the Region of the hart, and other no∣ble

partes, against all reason. And also all the whole body ouer, which is the oc∣casion of many a mans death.

Therfore to amend these errors (when you sée that this dissease is confirmed, and that there are hard Vlcers, hard swellings or Nodes) it is the moste su∣rest way to mundifye the said Vlcers and to open the Nodes with a cawstick, then you shall make incision in the node vnto the corruption of the bone, and then apply Praecipitatum, or els pled∣gets with Basilicon and Presipitatum mingled togither, this doon: you shall take away the corruption of the bone.

And then after that you may safely vse your vnctions made with Axungia Gummes, Mineralls, Oiles and Mercu¦ry, also if you ad thereto of fine Treacle or Mithridatum, it wil be the better.

You shall anoint the shoulders, the muscles of the back, the Loines, y^e Hips, the Thighs, the knées, and all the out∣ward members, as Legges and Armes.

But you must take very good héede that you touch not the head, the region of the hart, the Stomack, nor the ridge of the Back. Also yee must haue a good respect to ceasse your anointing, in

suche order that you bring not to muche accidents to the mouth, wherby the Pa¦cient might vtterly lose the vse bothe of his tung and teeth.

Because that so many ignorant Chi∣rurgians, haue taken vpon them this cure (without either discretion in apply∣ing the vnction, or ordering of y^e patient) I haue thought good to write ij, or thrée woords touching the ordering of the Pa∣cient.

When the body is prepared of his humors, with apt and méet medicines, aswel Sirups, Decoctions, purgings, and opening of the Vain according to the disposition of the body: the patient shalbe placed in a place naturally hot or els otherwise made warme, whiche must be frée from all colde, hauing the doores, windowes and other open places closely stopt, for the colde aire is very hurtful bothe for the Sinewy parts, and also for the woorking of medicines, for it wil deminish & hinder the actions ther∣of. And in this case ther are many which commit great errors, which are worthy of reprehencion, for aswel in the winter as in the Summer: they anoint the Pa∣tients in great and large Chambers,

where very much ayre entreth.

Wherfore at y^e beginning of this cure (if the place be not very close & warme) you shall make a Pauilion with Coue∣rings and suche other like round about a fire, by the which meanes you shall keep the colde ayre from the Patient. But if it be possible: it is better to haue a little chamber close and warme, and also con∣tinually a pan with Coles in the midst of it.

If it bee so that the Patients be so weke that they cannot abide the heat of the fire, or would be loth to be séen naked (as women or maids) you shall anoint them lying in their beds. First the pa∣tient shall put out one Arme, and then the other, and so the rest of the partes shalbe anointed one after an other. And you shall vse the Patients from time to time according to the dissease.

The third error is concerning wounds pearcing into the Brest.

IT fortuneth often times, that the wounds pearce the holownes of the brest, so that great quantitie of blood dooth fall down into the bottome of the

same, and there dooth stay vpon the Dia∣phragma,* 1.1 also the heuinesse of the said blood oppresseth the Diaphragma, and pu¦trifieth and ingendreth an euill qualti∣tie. The which putrifaction sending va∣pours to the hart: causeth a continuall fe¦uer, and commonly death within •• day∣es. Of the which the common Chirurgi∣ans haue no consideratiō or els by their ignoraunce they knowe not the cause, and so the Patient is destitute of all help.

Wherfore when you sée that the wound perceth into the Thorax or brest you shal take good aduisemēt, in searchīg out diligently, whether the blood be des∣cended into the lower parte of the Dia∣phragma, the whiche may bee knowen by the stinking of the breath, and by the relation of the Patient, which dooth féele the blood quiuering or shaking inward∣ly. And also commonly his face wil be of a reddish or hie coulour, by reason of the vapours which assend vp.

And note that at the which side the blood dooth moste remaine in lying vpon the same side: the patient shall feel lesse pain then vpon the other, because that the said blood oppresseth the Lungs and the Dia∣phragma,

the Chirurgian ought to haue a good respect to y^e signes aboue written, and whilst that the strength of y^e patient is yet remaining: it shall bee needful to make way for the said blood to be Euacu∣ated, betwéen the fourth & v. rib, a hand breadth or a little more from the Ridge of the back, and your incision knife shall be very sharp, also you shall doo it by lit∣tle and little very gentlely in cutting Mesopleuria or y^e muscles betwéen the ribs, it ought to be doon towarde the lo∣wer part of the said muscles, for the vain whiche nourisheth them and the liga∣ments which giueth them their mouing and féeling: are placed more abooue then belowe.

After that the incision is made: you shall let out the corrupted blood by little and little, according to your discretion, and it shall suffise to euacuate euery dre∣ssing v. or vi. vnces, this doon: it shalbe very profitabe to vse the wunted potions which you shall finde in the writings of learned practitioners which haue large¦ly written of the said potions, and by this meanes abooue written: I healed foure in one yéer. The whiche Cures, without the aforesaid remedyes: could

neuer haue béen holpen, for the whiche I giue vnto God moste harty thanks.

¶ The fourth error touching the ap∣plications of the Traepans Tere∣belles, for fractures of the hed.

IN the fractures of the Skul: there are committed great errors touch∣ing the applycation of the Traepan, prin¦cipally when the bone is broken in ma∣ny partes, for they haue no considerati∣on of the shiuering of the skul, but apply the Trapan, by the which meanes, they presse down the shiuers of the bone vp∣on the Dura mater, & rent or tere it in such order that it bringeth great & grée∣uous accidents, wherby commonly deth ensueth. Wherfore in this case: you shal haue a good consideration, before that you apply the Traepan, for it is better (if it be possible) in this case to vse other in∣strumēt{is} as Eleuiatories, Cisers, Lenti∣culj or such other like, to make way for the brused matter which depresseth the Duramater, it shalbe y^e better & lesse dan¦ger for the Patient. By this meanes I I haue many times forborne the apply∣ing of the Traepan, to the profit of my Patients and my good name and esti∣mation

Moreouer there bee many Ignorant Chirurgians which without considera∣tion apply the Traepan, vpon all partes of the hed aswel vpon the comistures or seames: as other places, whiche is the cause of the death of many Patients.

Wherfore they ought to haue a great consideration, and to be very diligent in this respect, and for to vse their art accor¦ding to the true method.

The fift error touching the punctures of Nerues.

WHen it chaunceth that any is hurt by the punctures of Nerues, if hee be not spéedily holpen by some cunning and expert Chirurgian: hee is in great danger to fall into conuolsions, which is the occasion of many a mans death whi¦che commonly chaunceth to them that be drest by the Ignorant and common Chirurgians, for when they begin the cure: they make fomentation, with hot water, wherein hath béen boyled Mal∣lowes, Violets and such like, then after the fomentation they apply an appea∣ser of pain, made with the crummes of white Bread béeing mingled with the

yolke of an Egge, Oil of Camomil and Oil of Roses. The which things are al∣togither contrary to the Punctures of Nerues.

For asmuch as their application dooth moistē to much the Neruous places and retaineth or kéepeth in the matter whi∣che is all redy come to the place, and if there be any apostume it dooth augment and encrease him, and causeth the mat∣ter to assend vp to the brain, wherby en∣sueth conuolsion and finally death.

Wherfore to auoide this daunger, and to follow the cure methodically: you shall haue first a regarde to the Euacua∣tion of the body, and if the strength of the patient be good, to vse Flebetonice Reuolsiue or according to the cause of the gréef. Then (to take a way that whi¦che is redy conioinct) you shall enlarge the Orofice, to the end that the medicin may the better penetrate to the bottom, and take away the sharpnes of the hu∣mor. In this case I haue found very pro∣fiitable the Oil of Hippiricon prepared in this forme that is to say with Venice Turpentine, and for one vnce of the said Oil, you shall take half a scrupple of Euphorbium, which shalbe applyed ve∣ry

hot with pledgets, & vpon that a Plai¦ster made with Propolis, Gum ammo∣niack and Wax asmuch as shall suffise. By this meanes the matter (which is drunk into the Nerues or tendons) shal∣be drawen out to the outwarde partes.

Also for this intent I haue found pro∣fitable Linseed Oile and Enphorbium of eche like muche, with the xx. parte of Sulpher béeing very finely poudred, with Perosin and wax as much as shall suffice to make an Vnguent.

This Vnguent dooth heat moderatly, attract and dissicate and is of a subtil fa∣cultie, with the which (by the help of God) the Chirurgians shall get bothe honor and profit,

The sixth error is touching the abuse of the runners about called cutters for the stone and Ruptors.

AMong the common Runnees a∣bout (which vse to cut for the stone and Ruptures) is vsed a great abuse and to be lamented of any christian hart, for vnder this cure of cutting the Hernyes they doo miserably take away the stone aswell in the Hernia aquosa or vento¦sa as in all the rest, the which is vnman∣ly

and against the wil of God, and they doo not only vse it in men, but moste of all in little Children, therfore it should be very good for the parents which haue their Children in any maner of wayes troubled with any kinde of Hernies, that before they commit their Children to léese their stones, and some times liues, by any of these that bee Runnagates, (for so may I wel terme them) that they shew them to some learned Chirurgian to the end that he may sée what kinde of Hernies they haue, and so to discerne the Aquosa or Ventosa, from Intesti∣nale or Omentales.

For certainly I haue séen Hernies in childrē which came by the relaxasion or deuision of y^e Peretoneū, haue been perfit¦ly healed by the apt applying of glutina∣tiue medicins & such otherlike, without cutting or taking away of the Testicle. But such is the couetouse desire of these Runners whiche make the parents be∣léeue that it cannot bee helped without their butcherly cutting, and for to intrap¦mony, for they be as greedy after it as a¦ny liuing thing is after their pray, not hauing the fear of God before their eies, but like gréedy gripers catch what they

may for the time, and care not what become of them afterwardes, whether they liue or die, wee haue had it by experience of them what harme they haue doon bothe by the murdering cruel∣ly and also laming with continual pain, for when they come rushing into Eng∣land and haue suche a great name at their first comming. But after when their woork{is} be tried and then the proof of them seen: the people for the moste parte are wery of them, and many a fa∣therlesse childe and widdow which they haue made: may lament the time that euer they knewe them, and many o∣thers (which is not a few) bide torment{is} and pain by the dealing with them. I dare affirme they neuer did any cure in this Realme but that there be English men which haue doon the like and grea∣ter.

Suche is the folish fantasyes of our English nation that if he bee a Straun∣ger: he shall haue more fauourers then an English man, though the English mans knowledge doo far passe the others as experience therin hath shewed, and this I wil stand to the proof that ther be English men that shall in all things doo

asmuch bothe by learning and experiēce as any of them all. Paraduenture you wil obiect and say, that there be Straun∣gers which haue doon cures which some English men haue refused, I wil graunt that it may be so, for there bee a great many of vnlearned Chirurgians which take vpon them the art, & look what they doo it is by blinde chaūce, and so through their blindenes some are marred, wher¦by after it falls to a straungers chaunce to doo it, and then it is giuen out that all the Chirurgiās in London could not doo it, and so the whole company is defamed and euil thought of, but I could shewe to the contrary, where the straungers haue left and could not doo, English men haue doon it diuers times: which if néed be I can bring the proof and no small sort, whiche to name I will omit til another time more meet. And now to return to the matter, sée how long any of these cut¦ters doo tarry in a place, some a quarter of a yéere, some half, and none scant a yéer, for it wil bee to hot for them: for af∣ter their beastlines is once knowē: then they must seek a new place, for if they should tary in one place they would bee hated like mad Dogs, & that they knowe

wel inough. Now for because that they shall not deceiue the cōmon people with their fair promises: I wil write all the kindes of Ruptures or burstings and how to knowe euery one of them to the end that if any Chirurgiā which hath not the knowledge, may straight at the first sight knowe what may be doon, and so to enforme the parents of the Children the trueth of it, & what the Cutter may doo in it, for moste commonly they bee so ignorant that they knowe not the one from the other, therfore as I haue said before, it is néedfull for the Patients to haue an expert chirurgiā to aprooue him and sée whether hee be able to fulfill that which he promiseth or no. Now I will begin to treat of the kindes of Ruptures and first I wil begin with the deuision of them in generall and then perticulerly.

Of the viij. kindes of Hernies.

THere be eight kindes of Hernies or Ruptures wherof sōe haue their pro¦per names: and the others by similitude, the proper Hernies doo moste commonly come by the relaxasiō or Rupture, of the Pretoneū, insomuch that the Intestines and Epiplocō or zirbus dooth loose their

naturall place, and of these are vij. kind{is}, that is Enterocele otherwise called Her¦nie Intestinale, Epiplocele or Hernie Zirbale, Bubonocele or Hernie Ingui∣nale, the hernies by similitude are whē there is some tumor against nature in the Cods or in some parte of the Groin, without the comming foorth of the Inte∣stines or Zirbus, and of these there are v. kindes, the first is called Hernie A∣queuse and of the Gréeks Hidrocele, the second hernie Charneuse or Sarcocele, the third: Variquese, the fourth Vente∣use which is called of y^e Gréeks Pneuma¦tocele, y^e fifth Humorale, whiche shalbe spoken of pertitulerly in order, and first we wil begin with the proper kindes.

Of the hernie Intestinale.

FOr because that the hernie Intesti∣nale is the moste conuenientest, I wil speake first of it. This kinde is no other then a certain descending down of the Intestines in Scrotum, the cause of the whiche is when the Peretoneum is broken or relaxed in the place wher the Spermatike vessels doo passe, which cōs commonly by some vehement strain, as by vehement running, leaping, lifting,

or vehement crying, and such other like, the signes to knowe when the Intesti∣nes is descended into Scrotum, is when he lyes, they wil easely be put vp again without any maner trouble, or may bee reduced the patient standing with ones hands, and in the redusing you shall hear a gurguling or noise, & by this you may knowe it from Zirbus because that whē the zirbus is put vp it makes no noise, and also it is not so painfull: the other signes shalbe declared when we come to speak of the hernie Zirbale.

When this kinde is not very farre gone, and that it be not complet: the best way is to cure it by medicines, aswel to be taken inwards: as to be applyed with out, that is to say with emplaisters and so by conuenient trussing and boulste∣ring stipt in the Iuce of herbes conueni∣ent for Ruptures which are of astringāt and glutinatiue facultie. I haue seen ma¦ny by these afore said medicines haue béen perfectly cured, yet neuerthelesse if for the oldenes of it y^t it be not tobe cured by these menes: then you must come to the last remedy which is by cutting, for the executing of the whiche I wish all men to chuse an expert woorkman, and

not to trust to much to these runners a∣bout, and as for this kinde it may be cut without taking away of the Testicle.

Of hernie Zirbale.

HErnie Zirbale whiche the Gréeks doo call Epiplocele, is a nother thing then the falling of zirbus (whiche is a grece that couereth the Guts) into Scro∣tum the which moste commonly falles within Didimes, but yet sōtimes by the breaking of the Didimes it falls out, the causes aswel inwarde as outwarde are the same which cause hernie Intestina∣le, for look how the Peretoneum is bro∣ken or relaxed in the other: euen so dooth it in this, the signes are much like also, sauing that it is much more softer, for in the touching it handleth like wul, and is also lesse painful, and it is more difficult to put vp thē the hernie Intestinale, and in the redusing makes no noise, this kinde is lesse dangerous then the others by reason that the pain is lesse and also for because that the excrement is not in it as it is in the hernie Intestinale.

Now héer is a speciall thing tobe no∣ted in this kinde, which the common cut¦ters doo vse, that is, they doo vse to cut a∣way

the zirbus whiche is descended within Didime without either tying or cautrising, and so there foloweth a flux of blood which hauing no issue but is retai∣ned in the belly there dooth corrupt whi∣che causeth most perilous accidents and moste commonly the death.

Of the relaxacion of the Peretonium called hernie Inguinale.

HErnie Inguinale is a descending of the Intestines or zirbus into the Groynes, which the Latins cal: Ingui∣na, the which sort dooth neuer go further then the Groin, for when the Intestines or zirbus dooth passe thorow the Pereto∣neum: then is it either Intestinale or zirbale, for this kinde is nothing but a relaxacion of the Peretoneum. The cau¦ses are as of the others aforesaid, and it is easely to be knowen by the roundnes, and it will be more easely reduced then any of the others, you may knowe when the Intestins is descended by noise that it wil make, though not commonly: yet moste oftennest as hath béen said of En∣terocele, but if it be the zirbus it makes no noise, and is much more softer and not so great pain.

Of the kindes of Hernies which be by similitudes or improperly called.

HEertofore we haue spoken of those thrée kindes of hernie whiche are properly called, now it remains to speak of the fiue kindes whiche are by simili∣tudes, & first we wil begin with the A∣quose, whiche is no other thing then a certain watrish tumor of Croton increa¦ced by little and little, & for the most part lies betwéen heritroides and y^e Sperma¦tike vessels, how beit some times it may be contained betwéen Dartos and heri∣troides and betwéen Dartos & the Scro¦tum as many learned men haue writ∣ten, the signes are, that the Scrotū doth wax big by little and little and for the moste parte without pain, and the tu∣more is heauy and glistering and hard principally when the Scrotum is filled: it waxes in length and dooth not return as doth the Intestinale and zirbale but remaines at one stay.

This kinde if that the water, haue long line there and so corrupted the Te∣sticle: it must be taken away.

Of hernie Charneuse.

HErnie Charneuse which y^e Gréek{is} doo cal Sarcocele is a tumor against nature in y^e Scrotum which there dooth grow to a certain scireuse flesh, and dooth much resemble the Verequeses or swel∣led Vaines, the causes of the which are by the gathering togithers of abūdance of grose humors, whiche nature cannot rule because of the weaknes, the signes are an vnequable hardenes, and infla∣tion which dooth alwaies remain in the parte that is to say the Dideme, and doth alwaies increace with pain béeing vne∣quall and not euen, wherefore Guido saith that this kinde and Vanqueuse ar very dangerous.

Hernie Verequese,

HErnie Verequese is an appéerāce of Vaines not accustomed about the Testicles and other partes contay∣ned with in Scrotū. The causes ar grose humors gathered togithers as melan∣colike blood and such like, whiche nature cannot disparce because of wekenesse. The signes are, replecion of the vaines about like to the Twigs of Vines with softnes of the Testicle or Dideme.

This kinde if it be not very great and far

gone it may be healed by solutiue medi∣cines.

The hernie Ventose.

HErnie Ventose is a tumor of the cods increaced of a windines, the cause is of the imbesility or weaknes of the parte, and is knowen by the swel∣ling of the Coddes and yard, and gliste∣reth like vnto a slikt paper, which comes sudainly and is round and light, so that there be not another humour adioyned with it,

This is to be cured with Carnificatiues as Oleum nucum, Oleum Anethinum, Costinum &c. and there may be added to of Séeds and hearbes, as Semen, ani∣si, Carui, Faeniculi, Agni casti, Ruta, Calaminta, Origani. &c.

Hernie Humorale.

HErnie Humorale is an Apostume contained likwise in the cods whi∣che is ingendred of humors hot and colde not muche declining from his naturall habite, which may lye betwéen Scrotum and Dartos or betwéen heritroydes and Dartos or onely within heritroydes, as for the causes, signes and curation are

like to other Apostumes.

Now that I haue declared the defini∣tion, causes and signes of hernies: it shall not be amisse to expound in few woords those parts which must be opened when any of these kindes must be cured by han¦dy operation, and this is tobe noted first, that the Testicles are couered with three Tunicles, the first of them takes his ori∣ginall of the skin & is called Scrotum or pursse, the second which takes his origi∣nall of the Peretoneū and is called Dar∣tos, the third whiche is proper to the said Testicle and is called Heritroydes, these two last doo not onely couer the Testicles but also the Spermatike vessels, aswell they whiche bring the substance where with the Sperme is made which are na∣med Preparans: as thē which bring the Sperme to the neck of the bladder which is called Eiaculatoires or expelling, the which goes vp to Osepubis.

The declaratiō of the waights and mesures vsed in Chirurgery.

HEer gentle Reader I thought good to declare certain waights and me¦sures for the better vnderstāding of this

book of Galens and all other of his woorks to the end that yung Studients in this art should haue none occasion of let frō the perfit vnderstanding of it, and first I wil shew you how they were called in y^e olde time of the Greek{is} & also of the Romains and as neer as I can how muche euery one dooth contain according to our mea∣sure. And as for the names of y^e simples: I thought it good to write them in the La¦tin as they were, for by the searching of their english names: the Reader shall ve¦ry much profit, and another cause is that I would not haue euery ignorant asse to be made a Chirurgian by my Book, for they would doo more harme with it then good.

First Mina which y^e Gréeks call Mna, there are of diuers sortes, for some are Romain others Attique, others Egipti∣enne, others Alexandrine, but Romains is according to Paulus Aegineta and Ga¦lens 16. vnces.

The pound according to the Romains is 12. vnces.

The Attique and Egiptienne is .16. vnces.

The vnce whiche is the 12. parte of a pound is 8. Drams.

Deunx is 11. vnces, which are .264. Scrupples, that is, 2. third partes and 1. fourth parte of a pound.

Dextans is the half and the third part of a pound, that is to say 10. vnces and 240. Scrupples, Vitruuius in his third Booke saith that it is the measure of ten Inches.

Dodrans is the half and one quarter of a pound, which is 230. Scrupples, Vi∣truuius in his Book afore said dooth call Dodrans the measure of 12. Inches.

Bis is 2. third partes which is 8. vnces and 240. Scrupples.

Sextunx is 1. half and 1. twelf parte that is 7. vnces and 168. Scrupples.

Selibra is half a pound or Semis, and 144. Scrupples.

Quincunx is 5. vnces.

Triens is the 3. parte of a pound which is 4. vnces and 120. Scrupples.

Quadrans is the 4. parte of a pound which is 3. vnces and 72. Scrupples.

Sextans is the 6. part of a pound whi∣che is 2. vnces and 48. Scrupples.

Vnsia is to say an vnce whiche is 8. Drams.

Semiuncia is half an vnce.

Denarius or Drachma is the 8. parte

of an vnce and is 3. Scrupples which the Gréeks call Grammata that is xxiiij. let∣ters in the Gréek, and the vnce hath as many Scrupples as the Gréek hath let∣ters.

Scrupple is as it were the beginning of all waights as an introduction and is 2. Oboles, an Oboles is 2. Siliques, and a Silique 2. Chalces, & the Chalces is 8. Graines.

The pound of liquid things as Wine, Oile, and such like, was in Roome mea∣sured by a vessel of Horne whiche had xij. rundels about it, and euery one of them did signifie an vnce, and was called a me¦sured pound, Galen makes mention in his first book Decom. medic. secundum genera, in the making of the white plai∣ster.

Amphora of the Italy measure, dooth contain 72. pound of Oile, and of Wine 80, and of Hunny 108. the Hunny is the 4. parte more heuyer then is the wine, and the half more then Oile

The Ceranium is of Wine and Vi∣nagre 80. pound, and of Oile 72. pound, and of Hunny 120. pound.

The Vrne is of wine & vinagre 40. l. of Oil 36. l. and of Hunny 60. pound.

The Conge is of Wine and Vinagre 10. pound, of Oil 9. pound, and of Hunny 15. pound.

The Sestier is of Wine and Vina∣gre 1. pound. 8. vnces, of Oil, 1. pound, and of Hunny 2. pound

The Hemine is of Wine and Vina¦gre 10. vnces of Oile. 9. vnces, and of Hunny 1. pound.

The Cotile is of Wine and Vina∣gre, 10. vnces of Oile 9. vnces, and of Hunny 1. pound.

The Oxibaphus is of Wine and Vinagre 18. Drams, of Oile 18. Drams, and of Hunny 27. Drams.

The Acetabule is of Wine and Vi∣nagre .18. Drams, of Oile 18. Drams, and of Hunny 27. Drams.

The Ciath is of Wine and Vinagre 12. Drams and 4. Scrupples, of Oile. 18 Drams, and of Hunny 20. Drams.

The Cheme is of wine & Vinagre 3. Drams and one Scrupple and of Oile 3. Drams, and of Hunny 5. Drams.

The end of waights and mea∣sures of the auncient writers.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Diaphrag¦ma 〈◊〉〈◊〉 two muscles which go 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 the ••••••st & seperateth the hart frō the Liuer.