The fourth volume of Plutarch's Lives Translated from the Greek, by several hands.

[illustration] depiction of Phocion

PHOCION.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

MBurgh. sculp.

commonly said, That the Populace is most insulting and contumelious to great men, when they are puff'd up with Prosperity and Success, the contrary oft happens; Af∣flictions and publick Calamities naturally eagering and sowring the Minds and Man∣ners of men, and disposing them to such Peevishness and Chagrin, that hardly can any one carry himself so swimmingly in his words or actions, but they will be apt to take pett: he that remonstrates to their Miscarriages, is interpreted to insult over their Misfortunes, and even the mildest Ex∣postulations are constru'd Contempt: Ho∣ney it self is searching in sore and ulcerated parts; and the wisest, though soft Coun∣sels, may prove to be provoking to distem∣per'd minds, that have not well prepar'd ears to entertain them. This made the Po∣et express such applications, by a word sig∣nifying* 1.1 a grateful and easie touch upon the mind, without harshness or offence: in∣flamed Eyes require a retreat into gloo∣my and dusky places, amongst Colours of the deepest shades, unable to endure the vi∣gorous and glaring light: So fares it in the Body politick, when heated with Factions and Irresolution; there is a certain Niceness and touchy Humour prevails in the Minds of men, and an unaccountable jealousie of any person that with openness and freedom of∣fers

to scan their actions, even when the necessities of their affairs most require such plain-dealing. And surely such a condition of State is most ticklish, when those who endeavour to stem the popular Torrent, are in danger to be run down by them, and those who humour them, to be swal∣low'd up with them in the common ruine.

Astronomers tell us, the Sun's motion is neither exactly parallel with the rest of the Orbs, nor yet directly and diametrically opposite to them; but describing an oblique line, with insensible declination, he steers his course so, to dispence his Light and In∣fluence, in his annual Revolution, at seve∣ral Seasons, in equal proportions, to the whole Creation: so it happens in political Affairs, that if the motions of Rulers be constantly opposite and cross to the Genius and inclination of the People, they will be stomach'd as arbitrary and tyrannical; as on the other side, too much Deference and In∣dulgence to the Subjects Levity and Wanton∣ness, has oft proved dangerous and fatal; but the gratifying them in reasonable and fair Requests, when they are not masterly and insolent, may prove for the honour and safety of the Government: yet it must be confess'd, it is a nice Point, and extream difficult, so to temper this Lenity, as to preserve the Authority of the Government,

that it may not be exposed to the Peoples Affront and Contempt. But if such a bles∣sed Mixture and Temperament may be ob∣tain'd, it seems to be the most regular and harmonious of all other; for thus we are taught even God governs the World, not* 1.2 by irresistible sorce, but perswasive Argu∣ments and gentle Insinuations into our Minds, bending them to compliance with his eternal Purposes.

Thus it befel Cato the younger, whose Manners were so little agreeable or accep∣table to the People, that he received very slender marks of their Favour; witness his repulse in the Pretences he made to the Consulate, behaving himself, as Cicero ob∣serves, rather like a Citizen of Plato's Com∣monwealth, than among the Lees of Romu∣lus's Posterity: the same thing happening to him, in my opinion, as we observe in Fruits ripe before their season▪ which we rather gaze at and admire than use; so much was his old-fashion'd Virtue out of present mode, considering the depraved Customs, Time and Luxury had introduc'd, that it appear'd (indeed) sightly and splendid, but suited not the present Exigencies, being so disproportion'd to the Manners in vogue, and the guise of the present Times. Yet his Circumstances were not altogether like Phocion's who came to the Helm when the

publick Bottom was just upon sinking. Ca∣to's Time was, indeed, stormy and tempe∣stuous, yet so as he was able to assist in managing the Sails, and lend his helping hand to those that steer'd: his manly reso∣lution gave Fortune a task of Time and difficulty in ruining the Commonwealth, in which he and his Friends had almost pre∣vail'd against her, which yet, by other assi∣stance, with long time and tugging, by slow degrees was afterwards effected.

Now we compare Phocion to him, not only in the common Resemblances that ap∣pear amongst great Men and States-men; for indeed there is some difference among Virtues of the same denomination, as the Valour of Alcibiades and Epaminondas, the Prudence of Themistocles and Aristides, the Justice of Numa and Agesilaus. But these men's Virtues are the same, even to the most minute differences, having the same colour, stamp and character impressed upon them, so as not to be distinguishable; whe∣ther you look upon them in the exact mix∣ture on the one hand, with austerity on the other; their Gallantry upon some occasions, and Caution on others; their extream solli∣citude for the Publick, and perfect neglect of themselves; their fixt and immovable bent to all virtuous and honest Actions, ac∣compani'd with an extream tenderness and

scrupulosity of doing any thing might ap∣pear mean or unworthy: so that in these, as in two Instruments exactly tuned to each other, he must have a nice Ear that can perceive any Discord.

As to Cato's Extraction, it's confess'd by all to be illustrious, (as shall be said hereafter) nor was Phocion's (I'm well assured) ob∣scure or ignoble; for had he been the Son of a Turner, (as Idomeneus reports) it had certainly not been forgot to his disparage∣ment, by Hyperides the Son of Glaucippus, who heaped up a thousand spiteful things a∣gainst him: nor indeed was it possible for him in such Circumstances to have had such liberal Education in his Youth, as to be first Plato's, and afterwards Xenocrates's Scholar in the Academy, and in whatever gentile Ac∣complishments, to have been all along emu∣lous of the very best of his Contempora∣ries. His Countenance was so composed, that scarce was he ever seen by the Atheni∣ans laughing, or in tears; he indulged not himself in the luxury of the publick Baths, (as Douris reports) nor ever had his Hands without his Cloak, when he appear'd dress'd in publick: Abroad and in the Camp he was so hardy to go always thin clad and bare∣foot, except the Frost was vehement and in∣tolerable, that the Soldiers used to say in Merriment, that it was a hard Winter like

to be, when Phocion wore his Shooes. Al∣though he was of most easie Conversation and great Humanity, his appearance was morose and sowr, so that he was seldom ac∣costed by any that were Strangers to him: upon which occasion Chares, upon a time jeering his supercilious Look, and the Athe∣nians applauding him for it, Phocion reply'd My Sullenness never made any of you sad, but these men's Jollity hath given you sorrow e∣nough. In like manner Phocion's Discourse was grave and pithy, full of useful Remarks with a sententious brevity, awful and austere, however unpleasant: after the manner as Ze∣no says a Philosopher should speak, his words throughly tinctur'd with the inward sense of his mind; such was Phocion's who crow∣ded much into little room: and to this pro∣bably Polyeuctus the Sphettian had regard, when he said, that Demosthenes was indeed the best Orator of his time, but Phocion the most powerful Speaker; whose words were to be estimated like smaller Coins from the intrinsick value of the Metal, not from the bulk. He was observed sometimes, when the Theater was fill'd with Spectators, to walk musing alone behind the Scenes, which one of his Friends once taking notice of, said, Phocion, you seem to be thoughtful; ••es verily, replyed he, I am considering where∣in I may retrench what I am to say to the Athe∣nians.

Even Demosthenes himself, who used to despise the rest of the Haranguers, when he rose up, was wont to say presently to those a∣bout him, Now mark, says he, the Pruning-hook* 1.3 of my Periods. But this perhaps may be re∣ferr'd to the Authority of the man, since not only a word, but even a nod from a person had in reverence, is of more force than the most studied and elaborate Speech∣es of others. In his Youth he serv'd un∣der Chabrias, at that time General, whom he greatly honour'd, and by him was abun∣dantly instructed in military Knowledge; and in return, help'd to correct his Hu∣mour, which was odd and capricious: for being otherways naturally heavy and fleg∣matick, he was so fired and transported in heat of Fight, that he threw himself headlong in∣to danger beyond the forwardest; which in∣deed cost him his Life in the Island of Chio, having press'd his own Ship foremost, to force a descent into the Haven. But Pho∣cion being a man of Temper as well as Cou∣rage, had the dexterity at some times to warm the General's Flegm, and at others to mode∣rate and cool the impetuousness of his unsea∣sonable Fury. Upon which account Cha∣brias, being a good natur'd man, loved him extreamly, and preferr'd him to Offi∣ces and Commands, and effectually recom∣mended him to the Athenians, using his assi∣stance,

and taking his advice in all his Affairs of moment: particularly the Sea fight at Naxus made not a little to Phoci∣on's Reputation; for having the left Squa∣dron committed to him by Chabrias, he so managed the Matter, that the Controversie was quickly decided in their favour by a speedy Victory: and this being the first prosperous Dispute the City had with the Groecians, by its single force, since it was under Hatches, Chabrias the General was mightily adored, and Phocion magnifi'd as a man worthy of the greatest Trust and Command. This Victory happen'd at the great Solemnities, and Chabrias appointed an Anniversary to commemorate it on the 16th. of August, on which it was obtained, and distributed a Largess of Wine among the A∣thenians. Much about this time Chabrias sent Phocion to demand their Quota of the Char∣ges of the War from the Islanders, and prof∣fering him a Guard of 20 Sail, he told him, if he intended him to go against them as Ene∣mies, that force was insignificant; if as to Friends and Allies, one Vessel was sufficient: so he took one single Galley, and having visited the Cities, and treated with the Go∣vernours friendly and apertly, he return'd with a good number of Ships, sent by the Confederates to Athens, with supplies for their maintenance. Neither did his Friend∣ship

to Chabrias determine with his Life, but after his decease was religiously main∣tained to all that related to him: chiefly his Son Ctesippus he labour'd to bring into some decorum, and although he was a very stu∣pid and unhewn young Fellow, he ceased not, what in him lay, to correct and cover his faults and follies; once when the Young∣ster was very impertinent and troublesom to him in the Camp, about ordering the Ar∣my, still shooting his Bolt, interrupting him with idle Questions, and documentizing Phocion with his silly Opinions in the Mat∣ter, he could not forbear crying out, O Chabrias, Chabrias, this is the greatest test of my Friendship to thee, to endure this Blockhead!

Upon looking into publick Matters, and the Managers of them, he observed they had shared the administration of Affairs a∣mong themselves, as it were by Lot; the Sword-men, and those of the long Robe, so as not to interfere with each other: these were to manage the Assemblies, register their Votes, and publish their Acts and Edicts, of whom were Eubulus, Aristophon, Demosthenes, Lycurgus and Hyperides; this was a gainful Trade among them, and the men of the Blade, as Diopithes, Menestheus, Leosthenes and Charetas, by their military Emploies, carved out fair Proportions for themselves

out of the publick Stock. Now Phocion was o•• opinion, that such a model of Government as that of Pericles, Aristides and Solon, wherein the same person acted both Parts, in propounding Laws and ordering the Mi∣litia, was a more perfect, uniform and re∣gular Mixture, and would redound most to the common Good and Safety; each of these persons being well qualifi'd for both purposes, that I may use Archilocus's words

Mars and the Muses Friends alike design'd, To Arts and Arms indifferently inclin'd.

Minerva being styl'd the Patroness and Protectress of Arts both Civil and Military.

Phocion having thus consider'd with him∣self, his Inclinations and Genius were al∣ways for peace and quietness, yet was he engaged in more Wars than any of his Pre∣decessors; never indeed promoting or encou∣raging such Designs, nor, on the other hand, shunning or declining any Enterprize when he was call'd to it by the publick ne∣cessity of the State. And thus much is well known, that he was no less than 45 several times chosen General, when he was never once of those times present in the Assembly; but the Command, in his absence, by com∣mon Suffrage, conferr'd on him, and he sent for on purpose to undertake it: inso∣much

that it amazed those that did not well consider, to see the People always preferr Phocion, who was so far from humouring them, or courting their Favour, that he al∣ways thwarted and opposed them. But so it was, as great Men and Princes use their Buffoons and Jesters after Meals, for their Disport and Merriment, so the Athenians up∣on slight occasions entertain'd and diverted themselves with their spruce Speakers and trim Orators; but when it came to dint of Action, they were so sober and considera∣tive to mark out the gravest and wisest for publick Employment, however opposite to their Sentiments. This he made no scru∣ple to own, upon the occasion of the O∣racle of Delphos being read, which informed them, that the rest of the Citizens being unanimous, there was one only person so presumptuous to abound in his own sence, which he frankly told them was himself, bidding them look no further, for he indeed was nothing satisfied in all their proceed∣ings. Happening afterwards to speak his own opinion, to the General approbation of the Assembly, turning to some of his Friends, he demanded of them, What foo∣lish thing had escaped him unawares to merit their Applause?

Upon occasion of a publick Festivity, be∣ing sollicited for his Contribution, by the ex∣ample

of others, and pressing him much, he bid them apply themselves to the wealthy, for his part he should blush to be so prodigal to throw away any thing, whilst he was in the Usurer's Books, pointing to Callicles the Scrivener. Being still clamour'd on and im∣portun'd, he told them this Tale: A certain white liver'd Fellow intending for the Wars, hearing the Ravens croak in his passage, threw down his Arms, resolving to be quiet: recol∣lecting himself after, he adventur'd out again, but hearing the same Musick, made a full stop, saying, they might tear their Throats (if they pleas'd) for joy of smelling a Feast, but for his part he was resolv'd to save his Skin.

The Athenians urging him at an unseasona∣ble time to fall upon the Enemy, he perem∣ptorily refused, and being upbraided by them with Cowardice and Pusillanimity, he told them, Gentlemen, we understand one ano∣ther very well; you cannot make me valiant at this time, nor I you wise. In time of securi∣ty, the people were very pert and severe up∣on him, demanding a strict account how the publick Treasure had been employed and the like: He bid them first be assured of their safety, and after mind their good Hus∣bandry: in effect, the passions of the Mo∣bile alter'd with their Affairs, being extream timorous and submiss in times of danger; when that was blown over, insolent and o∣ver▪

bearing, clamouring upon Phocion as one that envied them the honour of Victory. To all which he made only this Answer, My Friends, you are happy that have a Leader knows your humours, or you had long since been undone.

Having a Controversie with the Boeotians about Boundaries, which he counsell'd them to decide by Treaty, they inclined to Blows; he told them, Gentlemen, for my part I think it advisable for you to have a tryal of skill at the Weapons you can best manage (your Tongues) and not your Hands, in which you are infe∣riour. Once when he was speaking, they run him down with noise, not suffering him to go on, or enduring to hear him: Well, Sirs, quoth he, you may overpower me to do what I would not, but you shall never force me to say any thing contrary to my sense. The whole Crew of Haranguers upon a time bandying against him, Demosthenes said, Phocion, the Athenians will tear thee piece- meal, if once they grow enraged; and thee, says he, when they return to their right minds. Observing Polyeuctus the Sphettian a very corpulent man, with earnestness, till he wanted breath and dropt again with sweat, labouring the Assembly for a War against King Philip; This indeed, says he, is a proper person to perswade you to Action, and will doubtless be∣have himself notably in back and breast, that

with talking only has almost melted his grease. When Lycurgus had spoken many reflecting and scurrillous things against him, closing with that of his advising them to deliver ten of the Citizens for Hostages, which A∣lexander had demanded; he coolly reply'd, That he had been the Author of much safe and wholsom Counsel, which had not been follow'd. There was a man call'd Archibia∣des, nick-named the Lacedoemonian, affect∣ing their Gravity, by wearing an overgrown mossie Beard, an old leaguer Cloak, with a very formal Countenance: Phocion being teased by the rest, made sure of this man for his Advocate and Compurgat••r; but finding him when he began to speak, smoothing and weadling with the predominant Faction, taking him by the Beard, he cry'd, Nay Friend, if you turn Courtier, by all means off with your Gravity. Aristogeiton the Syco∣phant, was a terrible man of War within the doors of the House, always sounding to horse and inflaming them to Battel; but when the Muster-rool came to be produc'd, where every ones Name was that was fit for service, he came limping with his Crutch to the Meeting, with a world of Bandage on his Leg, like a maimed Souldi∣ers: Phocion spy'd him afar off coming in, and cry'd out to the Clerk, Set down Ari∣stogeiton too for a counterfeit Cripple. It

was a little to be admired, how a man so severe and smart upon all occasions as Pho∣cion was, should notwithstanding maintain his Respect and Reputation with the People; yet though difficult, it is not impossible a man's Temper, like some Wines, may have a sweetness mixt with some harshness also, not at all ungrateful; as on the con∣trary, some are so extream luscious, they are both untasty and unwholsom. Hyperi∣des who was sowre and sarcastical, used to excuse it to the Athenians, by saying, Consi∣der,* 1.4 I pray, whether I have designed any advan∣tage by my bitterness; as though a covetous Design were the only unsupportable Grie∣vance, and not also men may justly render themselves obnoxious to Censure, by abu∣sing their Authority, with Pride and Passi∣on to prevail upon the weakness, and awe the minds of the Vulgur. But Phocion had no personal Pique nor Spleen to any man, nor indeed reputed any man his Ene∣my, but who contravened his Proposals for the Weal publick; in which Argument he was most tenacious, sturdy and uncontrol∣lable: for his general Conversation, it was easie, courteous and obliging to all, to that point, as to befriend all sorts in distress, and even espouse the Cause of those who differ'd most from him, when they needed his Patronage. His Friends reproaching

him for pleading in behalf of an ill man, he told them, The innocent had no occasion for an Advocate. Aristogeiton the Sycophant, we mention'd before, having after Sentence pass'd upon him, sent earnestly to Phocion to speak with him in the Prison, his Friends disswaded him from going; Why, by your fa∣vour, says he, where should I rather choose to make Aristogeiton a Visit?

As for the Friends and Allies of the Athe∣nians the Islanders, whenever any Admiral besides Phocion was sent, they treated him as an Enemy suspect, barricado'd their Gates block'd up their Havens, drove the Coun∣trey of their Cattel, Slaves, Wives and Children, and put them in Garrison: but upon Phocion's Arrival, they went out to welcome him in their Shallops and Barges, with Streamers and Garlands, and received him at Landing, with all demonstrations of Joy and Triumph. At this time King Phi∣lip made a descent into Euboea bringing thither an Army from Macedonia, endeavou∣ring to gain the Cities to his Interest, by the means of their Governours: Plutarch of Eretria (a City in Euboea) was sent to pray Aid of the Athenians, toward the re∣lief of the Island, that was in imminent dan∣ger of being surprized by the Macedonians. Phocion was sent thither with a handful of men, (in comparison) in expectation the

Countrey would flock in amain to him; but when he came, he found all things in con∣fusion, the Countrey betray'd, all corrupted by Bribery, and bought and sold by the Pensioners to King Philip, insomuch that he ran the greatest risque imaginable. To se∣cure himself the best he could, he possest himself of a small rising Ground, which was divided from the Camp about Taminias, by a large Trench, in which he enclosed the choicest of his Army: for the Praters and idle Vagabonds that straggled from the Camp, and forsook their Colours, he bid his Officers not regard them, for that they would not only be disorderly and ungover∣nable themselves, but be a hindrance to the rest; and further being conscious to them∣selves of the neglect of their duty, they would be less apt to prate and misrepresent the Action, or bespatter them at their return home. When the Enemy drew nigh, he commanded them to stand to their Arms, whilst he went to sacrifice; in which he spent a considerable time, either by the te▪ diousness of the thing it self, or on purpose to invite the Enemy nearer. Plutarch in∣terpreting this tardiness as a failure in his Courage, fell on alone with the Auxiliaries; which the Cavalry perceiving, could not be contained, but issuing also out of the Camp confusedly and disorderly, spurr'd up

to the Enemy. The Van by this means was worsted, the rest were easily dispersed, and Plutarch himself show'd a fair pair of heels, as judging the whole Army had been routed. But by this time, the Sacrifice being over, those within the Camp made a Head, and fell upon them that were got to the Ditch, putting them to flight, and cutting many of them in pieces: and Phocion having or∣der'd a particular Squadron to watch their motions, and pursue those that first gave way in the Skirmish, himself afterwards, with a reserve of his best men, engaged the whole Body of the Enemy in a sharp and bloody Fight, in which all of them behaved themselves with remarkable Courage and Gallantry. Thallus the Son of Cineas, and Glaucus of Polymedes, that fought near the General, signalized themselves; so did also Cleophanes merit the Reputation of a brave man, having every where laid about him, and call'd upon the Horse that were whee∣ling, to succour the General, who was in danger, he made them face about, so as to confirm the Victory already obtained by the Infantry. By which means Plutarch was dri∣ven out of Eretria, and the commodious Castle of it was taken, being situate in that part of the Island, where it is narrowed into a small neck of Land, the rest of the Island being surrounded other-where by the Sea.

He would not permit them to take any of the Greeks Prisoners, for fear the Orators at Athens should inflame the People against them, to determine something to their pre∣judice.

This Affair thus dispatch'd and settled, Phocion set Sail homewards, having given most manifest tokens of his Justice and Hu∣manity to the Allies, and to the Athenians indisputable proofs of his Courage and Con∣duct. His Successor Molossus had worse fate to fall alive into the Enemies hands, which inspired Philip with great thoughts and de∣signs, to move with all his force into the Hellespont, so to the Chersonesus and Perin∣thus, and on to Byzantium. The Athenians raising Recruits to relieve them, the Dema∣gogues made it their business to preferr Cha∣res to be General, who sailing thither, ef∣fected nothing worthy of such an Equipage; nor would the Confederates harbour his Fleet, having jealousie of him, so that he did nothing but pirate about, pillaging their Friends, and despised by their Ene∣mies. Upon this occasion, the People be∣ing chased by the Orators, were in great Ferment, and highly enraged they had been so fool'd, to send any Succour to the Byzan∣tines: whereupon Phocion rising up, told them, My Masters, you have not so much rea∣son to be concern'd at the Jealousies of your

Friends, as the Ʋnfaithfulness of your own Ge∣nerals, who render you suspected, even to those who yet can't possibly subsist without your Suc∣cours. The Assembly being moved with this Speech of his, chang'd their minds on the sudden, and commanded him immedi∣ately to raise more Force, and assist their Confederates in the Hellespont, which would be of the greatest moment for the security of Byzantium.

At this time Phocion's Name was up, and an old Acquaintance of his, who had been his fellow-Student in the Academy, Cleon, a man of highest renown for Virtue among the Byzantines, having vouch'd for Phocion to the City, they opened their Gates to re∣ceive him, not permitting him (though he desired it) to incamp without the Walls, but entertained him and all the Athenians with entire Respect; and they to requite their Considence, conversed with their new Hosts, not only soberly and inoffensively, but behaved themselves on all occasions with great chearfulness and resolution for their de∣tence. Thus came King Philip to be driven out of the Hellespont, and despised to boot, who was till now thought impossible to be match'd, and even apprehended invincible. Phocion also took some of his Ships, and re∣took some of the Places he had garrison'd, making besides several Inrodes into the Coun∣trey,

which he plunder'd and over-run, un∣till such time as he happen'd to be wounded by some of them that came to his Assistance, he made off towards home.

The Megareans at this time privately pray∣ing Aid of the Athenians, Phocion fearing lest the Boeotians being aware of it, should prevent them call'd an Assembly very early in the morning, and backing the Boeotians Petition, it was put to the Question, and vo∣ted in their favour. As soon as ever it was done, he made Proclamation immediately by sound of Trumpet, and led them off straight from the Assembly, to arm and put them∣selves in posture. The Megareans received them joyfully, they help'd them to fortifie Ni∣soea, and build two new Bulwarks on each side, from the City to the Haven, and so joyn'd it to the Sea; so that being suffici∣ently defended on the Land side from the Assailants, it was secured to the Athenians.

Now was the time that the Liberty of Greece was openly disputed with King Philip, and at Athens such Chiefs chosen in Phocion's absence, that at his arrival from the Islands he dealt earnestly with the Athenians, (being deeply possess'd what danger might ensue) that since Philip show'd some peaceable In∣clinations towards them, they would consent to a Treaty, being contradicted in this by a prating pick-thank Fellow of those sort of

Vermin that haunt the Places of publick* 1.5 Assembly, (this was a famous Place of the Athenians meeting open to the Air.) This sawcy Companion asking Phocion, if he durst presume to perswade the Athenians to Peace now their Swords were in their hands? Yes, said he, I dare, though I'm satisfied I shall be thy Master in time of War, and thou (perhaps) mine in time of Peace. Since he could not prevail, and Demosthenes's opinion carry'd it, advising them to make War, as far off home as possible, (that was to the far side of Attica) Phocion argued, that in these Mat∣ters the Place was not so much to be considered, as the probability of Success, for by this the distance of War was to be mea∣sured; to be sure, those that were worsted, would have it quickly brought home to theirs doors. Accordingly Matters suc∣ceeding ill, the Innovators and Incendiaries haling up Charidemus to the Tribunal, to be nominated to the Command, the best of the Senators were in a panick fear, and call'd a Meeting of the People at Areopagus, where with Entreaties and Tears they hardly pre∣vail'd to have Phocion preferr'd and intrusted with the care of the City. He was of opi∣nion that the fair Terms Philip proposed, were to be accepted; yet after demades had propounded, that the City should receive the self same conditions, that were tender'd

to the rest of the States of Greece, he opposed it, till it were known what the Particulars were King Philip had demanded. Being over∣born in this Advice at that juncture of time, presently after the Athenians sufficiently re∣pented it, when they understood that by them Articles, they were obliged to furnish Philip both with horse and Shipping: This, Gentlemen, says he, I foresaw, and therefore opposed; but since you have now articled, make the best on't, be courageous, and bear it as well as you can, remembring that your Ance∣stors using their Fortune indifferently, sometimes giving Laws, at other times truckling, per∣form'd each part with decorum, and perserved not only their own City, but the rest of Greece.

Upon the news of Philip's Death, he would not suffer the People to make Bon∣fires, or other publick demonstrations of Joy and Jubilee, minding them how ungenerous it was to insult upon such an occasion, and that the Army that had fought them at Che∣ronoea was lessened by one man only.

When Demosthenes made Invectives a∣gainst Alexander, who was now set down be∣fore Thebes, he repeated those Verses of Ho∣mer:

What mean'st thou, Fool, with rage to swell his Breast, Already full, with glorious hopes possest?

What's this but adding fresh fuel to the Fire, and pushing your selves forwards into the Flames, that are already devouring the Neighbour-hood; for my part (says he) I will not be consenting to your destroying your selves, though you should court me to it, and for this end only have I continued my Com∣mand.

After Thebes was lost, and Alexander had demanded Demosthenes, Lycurgus, Hyperides, and Charidemus to be deliver'd up, the whole Assembly turning their eyes fre∣quently and intently upon him, and calling on him also by Name to deliver his opinion; at last he rose up, laying hold upon one of his most dear and intimate Friends, that he loved and confided in above all others, telling them, Sirs, you have brought things amongst you to that pass, that for my part should he demand this my Friend Nicocles, I would not refuse him, and should think it the greatest happiness my self, to sacrifice my own Life and Fortune for your safety; for truly, says he, it pierces my heart to see those that are fled hither for Succour from the desolation of Thebes; and surely it will be more for the common Interest, that we rather deprecate the Conqueror, and intercede for both, than run the hazzard of another Battel.

When this was decreed by the Commo∣nalty, Alexander is said to have rejected

their first Address when it was presented, throwing it back scornfully, and turning his back on the Ambassadors, they depart∣ed; but the 2d. which was presented by Phocion, he graciously received, understand∣ing by the grave Seniors, how much Philip always held him in the highest Esteem and Veneration; and not only accepted his Memorial and Petition, but also permitted him to advise him; which he did to this effect, that if his designs were for Peace and Quietness, he should put a stop to his Ca∣reer, if the glory of his Arms were his aim, he should do well to divert them from Greece, and turn them on the Barbarians. With divers such insinuations, dextrously fitted to the Humour and Genius of Alexan∣der, he so won upon him, and softned his Temper, that he was heard to say, The A∣thenians ought to value themselves, for if any thing amiss betided him, they only were worthy of the Soveraignty. Conver∣sing thus with Phocion as his Friend and Confident, he did him that Honour, which few of those that were next his Person ever received; insomuch that Douris reports, when he grew great and high, after the De∣feat of Darius, he left off the word Greeting in all his Letters, except in only those that were directed to Phocion and Antipater he conde∣scended to use it, which also is confirmed by

Chares. As for his Munificence to him, it is well known he sent him a Present at one time of a 100 Talents, which being brought to Athens, Phocion demanded of the Bearers, how it came to pass, that among all the rest of the Athenians, he alone should be so highly obliged to his Bounty? and being told, that Alexander esteemed him (only) a Person of Honour and Worth: May it please him then, (said he) to permit me to continue so, and be still so reputed. Follow∣ing him to his House, and observing his simple and plain way of Living, his Wife imploy'd in the Pastry-work with her own hands, himself pumping Water to wash his Feet; they press'd him to accept it, with some Indignation, being asham'd, (as they said) that Alexander's Friend should live so poorly and pitifully. Phocion taking notice of a poor old Fellow in a tatter'd Coat pas∣sing by, asked them, If they thought him in worse condition than that poor Wretch? They begg'd his pardon for the Comparison; yet, says he, this man has less to live upon than I and is content; and in short, I must tell you, if this summ be more than I can use, it is al∣together superfluous; if I live up to it, I shall give cause of jealousie both of your Master and my self to the rest of the Citizens. So the Treasure was returned back from Athens, giving the Gracians an illustrious Example,

how much truly richer the man is, who by contracting his mind, has no occasion for more, than him who by the largeness of his Fortunes is capable of the largest Munifi∣cence. Alexander was displeased at this, and writ to him again, acquainting him, That he could not esteem those his Friends, who thought much to be obliged by him. Yet neither would this prevail with Phocion to accept the Money, but he made use of his favour to intercede for Echecratides the So∣phist, and Athenodorus the Imbrian, as also for Demaratus and Sparton, two Rhodians, that had been convicted of certain Crimes, and were in custody at Sardis, that he would please to enlarge them: This was presently granted by Alexander, and they were set at liberty. Afterwards sending Craterus into Macedonia, he commanded him to make him an Offer of four Cities in Asia; Cio, Gergetho, Mylassis and Eloea, any of which, at his choice, should be delivered to him; being instant with him, and decla∣ing he should resent it, should he continue obstinate in his refusal; but Phocion was not to be prevail'd with at all, and presently af∣ter Alexander died.

Phocion's House is shown to this day in a Village call'd Melita, beautify'd with Tyles of Copper, otherways plain and homely. Concerning his Wives; of the first of them

there is little said, save only that she was Si∣ster of Cephisdotus the Statuary: The other was a Matron of no less Reputation for Vir∣tue and good Housewifery among the Athe∣nians, than Phocion for Probity. It happen'd once when the People were entertained with a new Tragedy, he that was to rigg out the Queen and her Attendants, wanted some fine Habits and Accountrements for the purpose, to make them appear splendid; which not being provided, the Player was sullen and refused to act, but kept them in expectation, till Melanthius the Master of the Revels, push'd him on the Stage, crying out aloud, What, Sirrah, don't you take notice that Phocion's Wife goes constantly attended with one only waiting Woman, but you must debauch the Sex, and fill the Womens heads with nothing but pride and vanity? This free Speech of his was received with wonderful Applause, and clapp'd by the Audience round the Theater. The same plain Lady, entertaining at her House a Stranger, a spruce Dame of Ionia, who show'd her all her Finery of gold Embroide∣ry, rich Jewels, Bracelets, Necklaces, and the like: For my part, Madam, says she, all my Ornament is my Goodman Phocion, who has commanded the Athenians now this 20 years. Phocion's Son had an ambition to make one at the Exercises performed at Athens in ho∣nour* 1.6 of Minerva every 5th. year, which he

permitted him to do, not so much to have the Garlands of Victory, (if he approved himself) but for his Health, and to invigo∣rate his Body by manly Labour and Absti∣nence, the young man being at other times intemperate and a Pot-companion. Having succeeded in the Sports, many offer'd their service to treat his Son with the usual Com∣plements to the Victor, which Honour he refused to all, except one Gentleman. When he came to the Treat, and found it very extravagant upon all accounts, even the Water brought to wash the Guests Feet min∣gled with Wine and Spices, he reprimanded his Son, asking him Why he would so far permit his Friend to sully the Honour of his Victory; and endeavouring wholly to wean the youngster from such courses and com∣pany, he sent him to Lacedoemon, and plac'd him among the Youth that were educated according to the custom of that Country. This the Athenians took offence at, as though he slighted and contemned the Edu∣cation at home; and Demades twitted him with it publickly, telling him, Why, Pho∣cion, do not we perswade the Athenians to receive the Laconian Manners and Discipline? If you please to have it so, I am ready to pro∣pound such a Law. Yes indeed, said Phocion, it would exceedingly become you that are so pouder'd and perfum'd, with that Revelling

Habit on your back, to Speech it in praise of* 1.7 Lycurgus, and invite the Athenians to Col∣ledge Commons.

When Alexander had demanded the Gal∣leys they had agreed to furnish him withal, the Orators opposed the sending them, and the Council demanding Phocion's sence, he told them freely; Sirs, I would either have you make sure of a Victory, or a Friend of the Victor. About that time one Pytheas, a confident talking Fellow, begun to be very impertinent and troublesom with his often prating: Him Phocion check'd, telling him, That it would be better manners for him to be silent, who was but of yesterday among them. At that time Harpalus came from Alexander out of Asia into Attica, with a vast sum of Money; at whose arrival the little people of those that use to be hangers on upon the Court, flock'd about him to get something of him: amongst whom he scattered some small largesses to gain them, and tye them by the teeth: But to Phocion he made an offer of no less than 700 Ta∣lents, and all manner of other advantages he pleas'd to demand; with the Comple∣ment from Alexander, that he would en∣tirely commit himself and all his affairs to his disposal: To which Phocion answer'd sharp∣ly, That if he took such measures, he should dearly repent his projects of corrupting and

debauching the Citizens: Upon which he de∣sisted with regret. After, while the Athe∣nians were deliberating in Council about him, he found those that had received Pen∣sions from him, to be his greatest enemies, urging and aggravating matters against him, to prevent themselves being discover'd: But Phocion who had clean hands, and whose chief aim was always the Weal-publick, to have some regard also to his particular secu∣rity. This encourag'd him once more to feel his pulse, and attack him; but he found him like a strong Fortress, every way so defended, that even the Golden Key could gain no admittance, on all sides inaccessible and impregnable: Yet having made a par∣ticular Friendship with Phocion's Son in Law Charicles, and using him with entire confi∣dence in all his affairs, he brought him in∣to some suspicion: Upon the occasion of Pythonica the Courtesans dying, who was Harpalus's Mistress, for whom he had a great fondness, and had a Child by her; he resolv'd to build her a sumptuous Monument, and committed the care of it to his Friend Charicles. This design, vain enough in it self, was yet further disparag'd by the workmanship, after it was finished (for it is yet to be seen in Hermio, as we go from Athens to Eleusina, there appearing nothing answerable to the sum of 30 Talents, said

to be accounted by Charicles as expended about it. After Harpalus his own decease, his Daughter was educated by Phocion and Charicles with great care; but Charicles be∣ing question'd by some of Harpalus his Re∣lations about his concerns, and intreating his Father in Law's Protection, and that he would appear for him in the Court; Phoci∣on refused him peremptorily, telling him, He would espouse his cause, as his Son in Law, only in things worthy and honourable.

About this time Asclepiades the Son of Hipparchus, brought the first tidings of Alexander's Death to Athens, which Dema∣des told them was not to be credited; for were it true, the whole World would feel the stink of the dead Carkase. Phocion per∣ceiving his design of innovating and stirring the People to Sedition, endeavoured to prevent and restrain them, but many of them crowding up to the Bench, and cry∣ing aloud that it was true what Asclepiades had related; Well then, suppose it, says he, if it be true to day, it will be as true to mor∣row and the next day; so that we have leisure quietly and treatably to consult our security. Leosthenes had a design of imbarquing the A∣thenians in the Groecian War, which Phocion could not brook, nor forbear him: He ask'd Phocion scoffingly, what the State had been benefited by his Ministry now so many

years? Truly not a little, said he, methinks that the Citizens have been quietly laid up in their own Sepulchres. But Leosthenes conti∣nuing to huff and swagger in the Assembly,* 1.8 Young man, says Phocion, your Language is like the Cypress Trees, tall and topping, but without Fruit. After him Hyperides set up∣on him, demanding of Phocion when the time would come, he would advise the A∣thenians to make War? Why truly, says he, when I shall find the younger sort tractable and observant of Discipline, the Wealthy forward in their Contributions, and the Lawyers for∣bear pillaging and robbing the Publick Exche∣quer. After, when many admired the For∣ces raised, and the Preparations for War that were made by Leosthenes, they ask'd Phocion how he approved of the new Le∣vies? Very well, says he, for a course, but I apprehend the success of a War, the Common∣wealth being wholly destitute both of Treasure, Shipping and Seamen for the expedition: And the event justify'd his prognostick; yet at first all things appear'd fair and promising, Leosthenes gain'd Reputation by worsting the Boeotians in Battel, and driving Antipa∣ter within the Walls of Lamia; and the Ci∣tizens were so transported with the first suc∣cesses, that they kept solemn Festivities for them, and instituted publick Sacrifices to the Gods of Victory: So that some, to re∣proach

Phocion for being of contrary senti∣ments, ask'd him whether now he would not willingly be Author of this successful Action to the Publick? Yes verily, says he, most gladly but also of the former Counsel. When one Express after another came from the Camp, confirming and magnifying the Victories, Nay then, says he, sure we shall never have done killing and slaying. Leosthe∣nes died soon after, and those that feared lest if Phocion obtain'd the Command, he would put an end to the War, dealt with an obscure Fellow in the Assembly, who should stand up and pretend himself to be a Friend and old Crony of Phocion's, and perswade the People to spare him at this time, and reserve him for a more pressing occasion, having none comparable to him for Conduct at a pinch; but now to send Antiphilus with the Command of the Ar∣my. This pleas'd the Generality, but Pho∣cion made it appear, he was so far from having any friendship with him of old standing, that he had not so much as the least familiarity with him: Yet now, Sir, says he, give me leave to put you down among the number of my Friends and Familiars, ha∣ving advised in my concerns, so much to my advantage.

Still the Athenians being violent to en∣gage against the Boeotians, Phocion was the

first oppos'd it, and his Friends telling him the People would kill him, for always run∣ning counter to them; Truly, says he, it will be hard measure if I advise them honest∣ly, if not, let me suffer. Whilst they were loud and hot upon't, he commanded the Cryer to make Proclamation, that all the Athenians from 16 to 60, should presently prepare themselves with 5 days provision, and immediately follow him from the As∣sembly: This caused a great tumult: Those in years were startled, and clamour'd against the Order; he demanded wherein he injured them, For I, says he, am now fourscore, and am ready to lead you. This divreted them and pacified them for the present; in the mean time Micion, with a great force of Macedonians and Mercenaries, was ravaging and pillaging the Sea coast, making a descent into Ramnunta, and wast∣ing the Country. Against him Phocion was sent and drew out his Army, where some stragglers pragmatically intermedling in the Marshalling of it, would needs be tutoring him how he should possess himself of such an Hill, and dispose of the Cavalry in such a place, and so and so to range the* 1.9 Battalions to the best advantage: O Hercu∣les, says he, how many Generals have we here, and how few Soldiers? Afterward having form'd the Battle, one that would seem

forward, advanc'd out of his Order before the rest; but the Enemy approaching, his heart fail'd him, and he retired back into his rank: Him he reproach'd, telling him, Youngster, are you not asham'd twice in one day to desert your Station, both where I had plac'd you, and you had plac'd your self? But falling on the Enemy with great bravery and resolution, he routed them, killing Micion and many more upon the spot, and afterwards he overcame the Groecian Army that was in Thessaly, wherein Leonatus had joyn'd himself with Antipater and the Mace∣donians, that came out of Asia: Leonatus was kill'd in the Fight, Antiphilus command∣ing the Foot, and Menon the Thessalian, the Horse. Not long after, Craterus coming out of Asia with a great Force, another skirmish hapned in Cranon, wherein the Groecians were worsted, but the loss was not very considerable, nor the number of the slain; yet with their restiveness to their Governors, who were young men, and too mild and indulgent. Antipater, in the mean season, also under-hand tampering with the Cities, the Groecians utterly lost themselves, and shamefully betrayed the Liberty of their Country.

Upon the news of Antipater's approach∣ing Athens with all his force, Demosthenes and Hyperides deserted the City, and Demades,

who was altogether insolvent for any part of the Fines that had been laid upon him by the City, (for he had been condemn'd no less than 7 times for false Judgments contra∣ry to the known Laws) and having lost his Reputation to that degree, that he was not permitted to Vote in the Assembly, laid hold on this favourable juncture to bring in a Bill for sending Embassadors with Plenipotentia∣ry Power to Antipater, to treat about a Peace, but the people distrusting him and calling up∣on Phocion to give his opinion, as the Person they only and entirely confided in, he said: My Masters, if my former Counsels had been any thing prevalent with you, we had not been re∣duc'd to such straits as we now labour under in our deliberations about these matters. However, the Vote pass'd, and a Decree was made, and he, with others, deputed to go to Antipater, who lay now incamped in the Theban Territories, but intended suddenly to dislodge, and pass into Attica. His first proposal was, that the Treaty might begin whilst he staid in that Country: This was cry'd out upon as un∣reasonably propounded by Phocion (by Cra∣terus) to oppress the Country of their Friends and Allies by their stay, since they might rather use that of their Enemies, for provisions and support of their Army. But Antipater taking him by the hand, said, 'Tis true, but let us grant this Boon out of re∣spect

to Phocion: And for the rest, he bid them return to their Principals, and acquaint them that he would grant them no other Terms than what he himself had received from Leosthenes, then General, when he was shut up in Lamia.

When Phocion had return'd to the City, and acquainted them with this answer, they made a virtue of necessity at this Juncture, and comply'd, since it would be no better: So Phocion return'd to Thebes with other Embassadors, and among the rest, Zeno∣crates the Philosopher, the reputation of whose Prudence and Wisdom was so great and celebrated among the Athenians, that they conceiv'd there could not be any thing of mankind so brutal and barbarous, or de∣void of common humanity, that even his meen and aspect would not gain upon and create a respect for him: But the contrary hapned by the insolence and ferity of Anti∣pater's disposition, who embracing all the rest of his Companions, pass'd Zenocrates, by not deigning so much as to salute him, or take the least notice of him: Upon which occasion, Zenocrates said, He was well satis∣fied he used him so scurvily, since he had the same intentions to the whole City: As soon as ever he began to speak, Antipater thwarted and interrupted him, not suffering him to proceed, but enjoyned him silence: But

when Phocion had declar'd the purport of their Embassy, he reply'd short and peremp∣torily, he would make a League with the Athenians on these conditions and no others. That Demosthenes and Hyperides be deli∣ver'd up to him: That the ancient way of Raising Taxes in the City be observ'd: That they should receive a Garrison from him into Minichia: Defray the Charges of the War, and damages sustain'd, and put themselves under Contribution for it. As things stood, these Terms were judg'd tolerable by the rest of the Embassadors: Zenocrates said, Truly if Antipater reputed them as already his Slaves, they were indifferent; but if he considered them still as Free, they were insufferable. Phocion press'd him with much earnestness, only to spare the Garrison, and used many Arguments and Intreaties: Antipater re∣ply'd, He should find him compliant in any thing to his request, that did not inevitably tend no the ruin of them both. Others report it differently, that Antipater should ask Pho∣cion, If he remitted the Garrison to the Athe∣nians, he would stand Surety for the City to demean themselves peaceably, and endeavour no Innovations? To which when he demurr'd and made no return; on the sudden Calli∣medon the Carabian, a hot man, and a pro∣fess'd Enemy to Free States, rose up, asking Antipater if he would suffer himself to be

juggled withal, and have his confidence a∣bused so far as not to act what he thought most expedient? So the Athenians receiv'd the Garrison, and Menyllus for the Gover∣nor, a fair condition'd man, and one of Pho∣cion's Acquaintance.

This proceeding seem'd sufficiently im∣perious and arbitrary, indeed rather a spite∣ful insulting and ostentation of power, than that the possessing himself of that Fortress, would be of any real advantage to his af∣fairs. The resentment of this usage was heightned by the time it happened in: For it fortun'd the Garrison was brought in in the Month of August, just at the time of the great Festival, when Bacchus was carried with solemn Pomp from the City to Eleusi∣na; so that the Solemnity being disturb'd, many began to recollect what had happen'd at the time of those Rites both anciently and modernly. For of old, in their greatest prosperity, there had been odd appearances seen, and Voices heard at the time of their Celebration, which struck terror and a∣mazement into their Enemies; but now at the same season, the Gods themselves stood Wittnesses of the extream oppressions of Greece; the Holy time being prophan'd, and their greatest Jubilee made the unlucky date of their most extream calamity. Not many years before, they had brought an

Advertisement from the Oracle at Dodona, That they should carefully Guard the Pro∣montory of Diana's Temple, and secure it from the possession of Strangers: And about the same time when they dyed the Rib∣bonds and Garlands, with which they adorn'd the Pageants in devotion to her; instead of a Purple, they receiv'd only a faint dead co∣lour, and which added to the Omen, all those things that were dyed for common use took the natural colour. Also a Sacri∣ficer washing a Porket in the Haven, whilst it was calm, a Shark seiz'd on him, bit off all his hinder parts to the Belly, and de∣voured them; by which they imagin'd the God gave them apparently to understand, that having already lost the lower parts of their Territories, towards the Sea coast, they should more carefully guard those to∣wards the City.

Now the Garrison under Menyllus was no ways offensive to those of the better sort, but of the meaner sort, the number of whom (who by reason of their poverty were not taxed) were reckon'd in the City to be above 12000; those that remain'd in the City thought themselves oppress'd and affronted, and those that had gone away in∣to Thrace, on whom Antipater had bestow'd a Town, and some Territories to inhabit, accounted themselves only as a Colony of

Slaves and Exiles. Demosthenes dyed at that time in Calabria, and Hyperides at Cleona, a City of Greece, (as we have else-where re∣lated) which put the Citizens in mind of the death of Philip and Alexander, and al∣most wishing the return of those times. Just as after Antigonus was slain; and those that had taken him off, afterwards more grievously afflicting and oppressing the Peo∣ple; a Countryman in Phrygia digging in the Fields, was ask'd what he was doing? I am, says he, (fetching a deep sigh) searching again for Antigonus. So said many that re∣membred those days, and the disputes they had with those Kings, whose anger, howe∣ver great, was yet generous and placable; whereas Antipater, with the counterfeit hu∣mility of appearing like a private man, in the meanness of his Habit and homely Fare, covered the haughtiness of his Mind, and insolently abusing his power, was indeed in∣sufferable to those under his Command be∣ing extream Lordly and Tyranical. Yet Phocion had interest with him to recal many from Banishment by his intreaty, and pre∣vail'd also for those that fled away, that they might not, like others, be hurried beyond Foenarus and the Mountains of Ceraunia, but remain in Greece, and plant themselves in Peloponnesus, of which number was Agnonides the Sycophant He no less studiously manag'd

the affairs within the City, with signal E∣quity and Moderation, preferring constant∣ly those that were Men of Worth and Tem∣per to the Magistracy; keeping out the factious and turbulent, lest they should abuse their power to raise stirs, and those that were decayed, he advis'd to retire into the* 1.10 Country, and mind tillage. Observing that Zenocrates payed his Assessments as a Forei∣gner, he would have perswaded him to ac∣cept of his freedom; which he refus'd, saying: He could not receive it from that City, whose Liberties and Franchises were doomed, when he himself was one of the Embassadors. Menyllus offered Phocion a considerable Sum of Mo∣ny, who, thanking him, said, Neither was he greater than Alexander, nor his own occasi∣ons more urgent to receive it now, who then refused it from him: But still pressing him to permit his Son Phocus to receive it, he replyed; If my Son returns to his right mind, his Patrimony is sufficient, if not, in the cour∣ses he now takes, all supplies will be insignifi∣cant. But to Antipater he answered more tartly, who would have him engaged in something dishonourable; Antipater says he, can't use me both as a Friend and a Flatterer. And indeed Antipater was wont to say, he had two Friends at Athens, Phocion and Demades, the one would never suffer him to gratifie him at all, the other would never be satisfi∣ed:

For Phocion's Virtue made his Poverty appear reputable, having so oft been Com∣mander in Chief of the Athenians, and ad∣mitted to the Friendship of so many Poten∣tates, he had yet grown old and poor in the service of the Common-wealth: But De∣mades prided himself by lavishing his Wealth, to break in upon the Publick Constitutions and affront them: For there having been an Order that no Foreigner should be enter∣tain'd to Dance at the Publick Shows, on the penalty of 1000 Drachma's to be levied on him that should exhibit them; his vani∣ty was so great to hire 100 Strangers, and paid the Fine for them all in ready Cash upon the Stage. Marrying his Son Demeas at that time, he told him with the like vanity, Son, when I married your Mo∣ther, it was done so privately it was not known to the next Neighbours; but Kings and Princes show themselves forward to present you at your Nuptials.

Still this Garrison was a grievous eye-sore to the Commonalty among the Athenians, and they ceased not clamouring upon Pho∣cion, to prevail with Antipater for its remo∣val; but when he despair'd of effecting it, or rather observed the People more gover∣nable, and behaving themselves more order∣ly, by the Awe that was upon them, he constantly declined that Office; yet as to the

Money-matter, effectually obtained of him, not to demand the Subsidy agreed on, but prolonged the time of its payment. So the People, leaving him off, apply'd themselves to Demades, who readily undertook the Employment and took along with him his Son also into Macedonia; the Devil, as it seem'd, owing him a shame, he came just at that nick of time, when Antipater was seized with Sickness, and Cassander taking upon himself the Command, had found a Letter of Demades's, formerly writ by him to Antigonus in Asia, moving him to take upon himself the Empire of Greece and Ma∣cedonia, which now stood upon an old and rotten Stalk, so rallying Antipater.

So when Cassander heard of his coming, he seized him, and having caused his Son to be brought before his Face, slew him, so ordering it, that the Son's Blood should fly upon the Father, and bedawb him; after, bitterly taunting and upbraiding him with his Ingratitude and Treachery, he dispatch'd him.

Antipater (having nominated Polyperchon General, and Cassander Colonel) being dead, Cassander presently set up for himself, and immediately dispatch'd Nicanor to Menyllus, to be his Successor in the Athenian Garri∣son, commanding him to possess himself of it, before the News of Antipater's Death,

should be bruited abroad. Which being done, and some days after the Athenians hearing the Report of it, Phocion was taxt, as privy to it before, and censured heavily for dissembling it, as a Friend and Confede∣rate of Nicanor's: but he slighted their tittle tattle, and meeting oft and conferring with Nicanor, made it his business to render him civil and obliging to the Athenians, and not only so, but perswaded him to some Ex∣pence upon them, and have some Shows at his own charge to entertain the People. In the mean time, Polyperchon, to whose Care the chief Affairs were committed, to coun∣termine Cassander, writ a cunning Letter to the City, declaring, that they were re∣stored to their ancient Privileges and Im∣munities, and were at entire liberty to go∣vern their Commonwealth, according to their ancient Customs and Constitutions. The bottom of these Pretences was meer Stratagem and Trick, levell'd principally against Phocion, as the Event manifested it self; for Polyperchon's design being to pos∣sess himself of the City, he despaired altoge∣ther of bringing it to pass, whilst Phocion lived, and in Credit: but the most certain way to ruine him, would be again to bring into play the Demagogues, who had been put out of Office for seditious Practices, and restore them to their Places of Trust, both

in the Courts of Judicature, and their Votes in Common-Council. Thus the Populace being let loose, presently great Commotions hap∣pen'd in Athens, which Nicanor endeavour∣ing to compose, call'd the Senate together into the Pyroeum, and came thither himself, committing himself to Phocion for his secu∣rity;* 1.11 but one Dercyllus, a Captain of the Train-bands in the Suburbs, attempting to seize him, he having some hint of it, with∣drew himself, giving out that he would suddenly right himself upon the City for this Affront. Phocion was accused for be∣ing near him, and not seizing him, as he was required; but he defended himself, say∣ing, that he had no manner of mistrust of Nicanor, nor the least reason to expect any mischief from him; but should it prove o∣therways, for his part he would have them all know, he had rather receive, than do an ill thing to any Man. This Carriage of Phocion's, fairly and simply considered, would appear extream generous and Gentle∣man-like; yet looking upon a man stand∣ing in relation to his Countrey, now endan∣ger'd, and that in the highest station of Power and Authority there is something (methinks) of prior Consideration and ori∣ginal Obligation of Justice, in discharging the trust reposed in him, to be regarded, much rather than such Points of Honour:

for it is not a satisfactory pretence to say, that he dreaded the involving the City in War, by seizing Nicanor, nor that in Ho∣nour and Justice he could not lay hands on a man, who had given him all the assurance and security in the world, that he would no ways molest or disturb the Athenian State; but it was, indeed, his Credulity and Confidence in him, and an over-ween∣ing opinion of his Sincerity, that imposed upon him: so that notwithstanding the sun∣dry Intimations he had from those that ac∣cused him of having Designs on the Pyroe∣um, and sending numbers of Mercenaries into Salamina, besides his tampering with, and endeavouring to corrupt those of Pyroe∣um, (where his Garrison stood) he would (notwithstanding all this Evidence) never be perswaded to belive it. Nay further, al∣though Philomedes, the Son of Lampres, had got a Decree pass'd, that all the Athe∣nians should stand to their Arms, and be ready to follow Phocion their General, he yet sate still and secure, till such time as Nicanor had actually brought down Arms and Ammunition from Minichia to Pyroeum, and begun to draw Trenches round it. Whilst these things were transacted when Phocion (at last) would have led out the A∣thenians, they mutined against him, and slighted his Orders.

Alexander, the Son of Polyperchon, was at hand with a considerable Force, pretended to be for succour of the City against Nica∣nor, but intended nothing less (if possible) than to surprize the City, whilst they were in Tumult, and divided among themselves: for those that had been banished, getting into the City, to whom the Foreigners joyn∣ed themselves, and all the Rabble rout thronging in to them, they made up an odd irregular mixt Convention, wherein they presently divested Phocion of all Power, and chose to themselves other Commanders; and if by chance Alexander had not been spy'd from the Walls, alone, and in close Consult with Nicanor, and given the Athenians just cause of Suspicion, certainly the City at that moment had run a great Risque. Imme∣diately the Orator Agnonides fell foul upon Phocion, and impeacht him of Treason: Cal∣limedon and Pericles fearing the worst, con∣sulted their own security by flying from the City: Phocion, with a few of his Friends that stay'd with him, went over to Polyperchon, and out of Respect, Solon of Platoea, and Di∣narchus of Corinth, accompany'd him, being reputed Friends and Confidents of Polyper∣chon. But Dinarchus enjoying ill Health, they remained many days in Elatoea, a City of Phocis, situate near the Mountain Acrori∣um. During which time Agnonides promot∣ing

it, Archestratus procured a Decree, that th•• People should send Delegates thither to accuse Phocion: so both of them waited up∣on Polyperchon, who was with the King view∣ing the Countrey, and was then at a small Village of Phocis, Pharygas, now call'd Ga∣late.

There Polyperchon having pitch'd a Royal Tent of Cloth of Gold for the King and his* 1.12 Friends, caused Dinarchus to be brought with∣out further Ceremony, and having first tor∣mented him, caused him to be slain; then he gave Audience to the Ambassadors, who filled the Place with Noise and Tumult, peaching and accusing one another; Agno∣nides approaching, entreated they might all be shut up together in an iron Grate, and convey'd to Athens, there to decide the Con∣troversie: At that the King could not for∣bear smiling; but the Company that atten∣ded, Macedonians and Strangers, that now had leisure enough, were eager to see the Scuffle, and hear them pelt one another, made Signs to the Delegates to go on with their Accusations. But it was far from a fair Hearing, nothing equitable could be obtain∣ed; Polyperchon frequently interrupted Pho∣cion, and at last knocking with his Battoon on the Ground, refused him absolutely, and commanded him Silence. Hegemon appeal'd to Polyperchon himself, as one that well knew

how studious he had been of the Interest of the People; to which he reply'd furiously; Forbear to belye me before the King: the King starting up was about to have darted him through with his Javelin, but Polyper∣chon interposed and hinder'd him; so the As∣sembly was dissolved.

Phocion then and those about him were put into Custody; but those of his Friends that were at some distance, observing this, hiding their Faces, endeavour'd to save them∣selves by Flight: but Clitus perceived them, and brought them back to Athens, pretend∣edly, to purge themselves, but in truth, as men already sentenced, to die. The manner of conveying them was indeed extream moving; they were carried in Chariots through Ceramicum, straight to the Place of Judicature, where Clitus secured them till they had call'd a Hall, which was open to all Comers; neither Foreigners, nor Slaves, nor any of the Rascality, being refused Ad∣mittance, but was free to all; Men, Women and Children, being allowed to seat them∣selves in the Court; and even upon the Bench: where having read the King's Let∣ters, wherein he declared, he was abundant∣ly satisfied that these men were Traitors; however, they being a free City, he will∣ingly indulged them the Grace of trying and judging them according to their own Laws.

Clitus brought in his Prisoners. The men of highest Quality blush'd at the sight of Phocion, and hanging down their Heads, could not forbear Tears: One of them was so hardy to say, Since the King was so gra∣cious to permit them freedom in Judgment, he thought it reasonable to dismiss the Strangers, and those of servile condition, from the Assembly; but the Populace would not endure it, crying out, They were Ene∣mies to the Commonwealth, and Betrayers of the Liberty of the People, and deserved to be stoned that sided with the Nobility; after which no man durst offer any thing farther in Phocion's behalf. He was scarce suffer'd to be heard, when he demanded, if they intended to put them to death by form of Law or not? Some answer'd, According to Law: He reply'd, How should that be done, except we have a fair Hearing? But when they were deaf to all he said, approach∣ing nearer, As to my self, says he, I confess the Crime, and submit my self to the Judgment of the Law, but for these my Friends, O ye men of Athens, what have they done to de∣serve the Sentence, having in nothing offended you? The Rabble cry'd out, They were his Friends and Complices, that was enough. Hearing this, he drew back as one struck dumb.

Then Agnonides read the Bill of Attain∣der,

whereby the People were impowered to have a Poll for majority of Voices, whether they judged them Guilty; and if so it should be found, to be sentenced to Death. The Names being read, some were so brutish to desire it might be added to the Sentence, That Phocion should not only die a simple Death, but be tortured also, and that the Rack should be produced with the Tormen∣ters: but Agnonides perceiving even Clitus himself to dislike this, esteeming it a thing most horrid and barbarous; says he, If we can take that Villain Callimedon, O ye Athe∣nians! let us serve him so with all my heart, but I can't consent Phocion should be used so: And one of those that were better minded, rose up, saying, Thou art in the right, if Pho∣cion be tortured, what dost thou deserve thy self? So the Sentence was ratified, taking e∣very man's Vote singly, no man sitting down, but all rising up, and some with Garlands on their Heads condemn'd them all to death.

There were with Phocion, Nicocles, Theu∣dippus, Hegemon and Pythocles: moreover Demetrius the Phalaroean, Callimedon, Chari∣cles, and some others, were in the same Con∣demnation, being absent. After the Assem∣bly was dismist, they were remanded to Prison, some of their Friends following them, embracing and weeping over them, and making great Lamentation. Phocion's Coun∣tenance

was not chang'd, but went with the same undaunted Look, he used to be follow∣ed from the Court to the Camp, whilst he was their General; that most men admired the Bravery and Magnanimity of the man, yet some sneaking Fellows of his Enemies insulted over him, reviling and abusing him as he pass'd: And one coming up to him, spit in his Face; at which Phocion, turning to the Officers, only said, Will no body cor∣rect this Fellow's Rudeness? Theudippus, when he observed the Executioner tempering the Poyson, and preparing it for them, was dis∣order'd, and began to bemoan his condition, and the hard measure he received so unjustly to suffer upon Phocion's account: What, says he, dost thou not think it creditable to run the same Fate with Phocion? One of his Friends that stood by, askt him, if he would have a∣ny thing to his Son? Yes, by all means, says he, command him from me to forget the Athe∣nian's Ill Treatment of his Father. Then Ni∣cocles, the dearest and most faithful of his Friends, begg'd of him first to drink the Poyson: Ah! my Friend, says he, this is the most harsh and ungrateful Request thou ever madest me; but since through my whole Life, I have never deny'd thee any thing, I must gratifie thee in this also. Having all drunk, there wanted of the due Proportion, and the Executioner refused to prepare more, except

they would pay him 12 Drachma's to de∣fray the charge of a full Draught. Some de∣lay* 1.13 was made, and the time spent▪ Phocion call'd one of his Friends that stood by: What, says he, can't a man die on Free-cost among the Athenians? and bid him give him a small spill of Money.

It was the 19th. day of the Month Myni∣chion,* 1.14 when there was accustomed to be so∣lemn Processions in the City, in Honour of Jupiter: The Horsemen, as they pass'd by, some of them threw away their Garlands, o∣thers stopt at the Prison-doors, bitterly weep∣ing, and casting most doleful Looks towards the Place of Execution; and as many of the rest, whose Minds were not absolutely de∣bauch'd by Spite and Passion, or had any spark of Humanity left, acknowledged it to be most wicked and ungodly; at least, not to have reprieved them that day, and purge the City from Blood and Slaughter at the solemn Festival. But as if all this had been small Game, the Malice of Phocion's Enemies went yet higher, to endeavour that his dead Corps might be thrown out of the City∣boundaries; none of the Athenians daring to light a Funeral Pile, to burn the Body, after their manner; neither durst any of his Friends presume to concern themselves a∣bout his Body, only one Conopion, a man ac∣customed to those Offices, having procured

the Body, at his own Expence, to be carry'd beyond Eleusina, borrow'd Fire from a Wo∣man of Magoera, and burnt it; the Woman her self, with her Servant-maids, being pre∣sent and assistant at the Solemnity, casting up a small Monument for him, performed the customary Offerings; and gathering up his Bones in her Lap, and carrying them by night, digg'd a Place by the Fire-side in her House, saying, Dear Gods, Guardians of* 1.15 this Place, here I deposite the Remains of this excellent Person, and you, I beseech you, pro∣tect and restore them to the Sepulcher of his Ancestors, when the Athenians return again to their right Minds.

And indeed, a very little Time, and their own sad Experience, soon informed them, what an excellent Governour, and how great an example and Patron of Justice and all Virtue, they had bereft themselves of: And now they decreed him a Statue of Brass, and his Bones to be buried honourably at the publick Charge; and for his Accusers, Ag∣nonides they took themselves, and caused him to be put to death; Epicurus and Demophi∣lus, that fled from the City for fear, his Son met with, and took his Revenge upon them. This Son of his they report not otherways to be considerable, only a man of Pleasure, that was enamour'd of a Wench kept by a common Bawd; and happenning one day

to hear Theodorus the Atheist talking at this rate, That if a man might venture to rescue his Friend, why not his Mistress? and if not one, why the other? The Argument hit∣ting his Humour, encouraged him to take a∣way the Girl by force. But this Fate of Phocion's, revived the Memory of Socrates among the Groecians, their Case being exact∣ly parallel, both their Deaths being alike, the most shameful Fault, and heavy Misfor∣tune of the People of Athens.

Notes

• * 1.1

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.2

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.3

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.4

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.5

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Forum maximum Athenis sub dio.
• * 1.6

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.7

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 caenae frugi apud Lacones.
• * 1.8

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in adagio.
• * 1.9

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.10

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.11

  Locus 5. vel 6. miliar. I∣tal. distans, ubi Tem∣plum Dia∣nae Mynich.
• * 1.12

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.13

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈…〉〈…〉su〈…〉〈…〉 & pond. genus.
• * 1.14

  March.
• * 1.15

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.