An history of the late warres and other state affaires of the best part of Christendom beginning with the King of Swethlands entrance into Germany, and continuing in the yeare 1640 / written in Italian by the Count Galliazzo Gualdo Priorato and in English by the Right Honourable Henry Earle of Monmouth.

[illustration]

DOCTRINA PARIT VIRTUTEM.

(Book 5)

* 1.1The Warres, and other State-Affaires of the best part of Christendome. THE V. BOOK. (Book 5)

The Contents of the Fifth Booke.

Herein is discovered the condition of the one partie and the other after the Battell of Lutzen; The Swedes resolution to fight again with the Impe∣rialists; Walesteines retreat into Bohemia; How the Protestants re∣ceived the Kings death; His conditions; The Roman Catholiques sor∣row for the losse of Pappenheim; The Swedes taking of Lipsia; Gu∣stavus Horne his proceedings in Alsatia; The death of Fredericke King of Bohemia, Elector Palatine; The restoring of Franchen∣dall, and other Townes of the Palatinat, to his Sonnes; Baudis his at∣tempt against the Electorat of Cullen; Aldringer his proceedings in Swabenland; Reliefe brought to that Province by the Swedes; The Imperialists retreat into Bavaria; Inrodes made by the Austrians in Alsatia; The Duke of Loraynes Achievements; The indeavour of Peace with the Duke of Saxony set on foot againe by Walesteine; The Imperialists proceedings in Slesia; The Dyet held at Helbrune; Preparations made by the Duke of Feria at Millan for the comming of the Infant of Spaine; The Siege of Hagghenaw in Alsatia, and also Filisborg; Provisions made by the French in Rhetia; A Treatie of Peace propounded to the Hollanders by the Spaniards; The event of the Negotiation with Saxony, and of the like with the Vnited Pro∣vinces.

THe Battell of Lutzen being thus ended, the Swedish Commanders greatly confused for the losse of their King, and very weary by reason of the pains they had taken, resolved to withdraw themselves to Wisenfells; where before they tooke any refresh∣ment, being all assembled together, & having each with other condoled their Kings death, at last they paused; and having dryed their teares, they like undaunted Chiefe∣taines (the constancy of their hearts not failing them for all this so

important an accident, nor having the clearenesse of their wisedome darkened by the gastlinesse of death and feare, but rather (which was worthy of remarke) comforting each other, and moderating each others griefe, it was at last propounded by Duke Waymer, whether they should hault in expectance of Saxony, Laneberg, and other Forces al∣ready on their march towards them, or else before their heat were coo∣led, or their Swords sheathed, they should pursue the Enemy, astoni∣shed through the deaths & flight of their men; the importancy of this businesse being very well weighed, there were some that advised,

That without further consideration they ought to pursue Walesteine, be∣fore by new recruits he might take to the Field againe; that these were of the number of such advantagious occasions as were not to be let slip; that the Swedes were inraged at their Kings death; that revenge by pursuing of the Imperialists, was that which by the gene∣rall applause of the Souldiers was desired and thirsted after; that this the Souldiers daring was wonderfull advantagious; that if their Prince were lost, they ought not at least to abandon the Victory up on which the common good depended, that it behoved them who loved the Kings life not to forget his death.

Whilst the greatest part of the Commanders were pondring such conceptions as these, the out-cry of the Souldiers, who like so many inraged men broke in, asking where the King was, thundring in the eares of the Generalls, and every one agreeing in opinion of prosecuting the Enemy (and this the rather, for that the newes just then came of the Duke of Lunebergs arivall at Affendorfe, a Village within foure houres march of them) after they had cryed up (and by the joynt applause of all the Militia) chosen Duke Waymer for their Generall, who was deservedly beloved by them all, and a Prince both for birth and courage deserving such a charge, it was resolved, that that very night, Offchirch should goe with some of the Horse into the Field to recover the Body; and the Soul∣diers being refresh't with Victualls and Wine (of which there was great store found in Wisenfells) the Swedes appeared againe the next morning in Battell Array upon the same plaine. The Sunne was two houres high before they could find the Kings Body; which when they found, was stript, and so dis-figured and mangled with blood, and the being trampled on by Horses, as hardly could they know it; it was with dolefull lamentations of the whole Army put into a Coach, and sent with a good guard to Neuburg, and from thence to Hall.

The Swedes having heer got some Cannon, which for want of Horses were left behind by the Imperialists, & some Crabats which were come to fetch them off, being put to flight, Offchirch pursued them, but Walesteine, who was then at Leypzyg, expecting the arrivall of some Regiments who were not in the Battell, and the recruiting of the dis∣banded Forces, with those of Holke, to whom he had sent to come to him▪ being hereof informed by his Scouts, he called a Councell of Warre, wherein he demanded the opinion of all his Commanders, whether they should make good the station where they were, or else retreat. Somewere of opinion,

That to retreat, was rather a signe of losse then Victory; that they pretended to be Victors, and there∣fore

it mis-became them to ••lye from those whom they gave out they had beaten; that they had a safe refuge within the Walls of Leypzig, if they should apprehend danger in the Field; that they might there expect Holkes arrivall, and other Souldiers from the neighbouring parts, by which addition they should not be short of the Swedes in number, might to the field again and Crowne their Victory:

Walesteine was well enough inclined hereunto, but it being knowne that there was not in Leypzig two dayes Victuals for the Soul∣diers; that the people therein adhered unto the Swedes; that the Duke of Saxony being not farre off upon his march, might s••ut up the passage into Bohemia; that the Swedes being grieved would in a desperate manner flye upon them; and that it was much better for them to expect what effect the Kings death would worke, then to fall to blowes with them, who thought they could not lose their lives better then in accompanying their King; seeing moreover how the Swedes had received new Forces from Saxony; not finding any advan∣tage in staying any longer in that Citie with their men who were wea∣ryed, and somewhat affrighted by the cowardice of some Officers who some few dayes after payd for their Treachery in Prage, he resolved to be gone; and therefore having reviewed his Forces, and given them new orders, he sent them towards Borne neere Pleise, and he himselfe fol∣lowed them that very day in the Reare with Troopes conducted by some Colonells, who were not so much wounded as were the rest. O∣ther Companies of Horse came up afterwards unto him, who being abroad to informe themselves of the Enemies condition, were not at the Battell: And having exhorted the Citizens to be mindfull of gra∣titude, promising, that if they would so doe, he would keepe good correspondency with them, (as should appeare upon any future occa∣sion) he marched towards Bohemia, intending to Winter in that King∣dome, and in the meane time to expect what effects the Kings death would produce

The newes of the Kings death was suddenly spread every where, and the successe thereof was confusedly discoursed of in divers parts; those who never heard that a King ranne any hazard in a Battell, were strangely and unusually astonished; to many the newes seemed an il∣lusion or Chimera, a very dreame; neither could it fall into their im••g••nation, that that King could be slaine, who not long before was surrounded with Victories and Triumphs, and who seemed not onely to have perswaded Fortune to partialitie, but to have subdued her. Others would have it, that this was but newes given abroad, to know what men would thinke thereof, and that the King was privately gone into Swethland; which secret departure of his was given out for his death. All the Protestant Princes were much cast downe, at this so important advertisement; words are not able to expresse the griefe which this losse caused in the Hauns Townes. There were many who wept for eight dayes together, and would take no sustenance; the Country people and Garrison-Souldiers moved pittie, whilst flocking together, and full of feare, scratching their heads, and looking like so many Lambes that had lost their flocke, they

ranne like mad men up and downe calling upon their King.

The resentments of all other Princes were but shadowes in respect of the Elector of Saxonies sorrow, being strucke almost dead at the newes thereof; he spared not for teares or sighs, but broke forth in∣to such like speeches as this; The King of all valiant hearts is dead, the German liberty hath lost its onely prop. There was not any one in France, England nor Holland, who was not grieved at this misfortune. Those Kings and Princes confest a gallant King was dead, and that they had not words sufficient to expresse the griefe they thereat conceived: there was not any Nobleman, or Common Subject in those Provin∣ces who did not commisserate his losse: the Papists and those that were his Enemies, durst not hold up their heads as seeming to re∣joyce; the fame of his valour and of his civill comportments had not onely captivated the good will of his Souldiers, and his owne Sub∣jects, but even the like of strangers and his very Enemies; never was Prince so beloved as hee, those who had never seen his Majesticall per∣son coveted to injoy the sight thereof in effigies. Painters were never so much set on worke, as in drawing this Prince his picture, every one desired to have it; when it was brought downe into any Country where it had not formerly beene seen, the bringer of it was sure to want no visiters. There was not any one in Germany (Noble or not Noble) who did not make more esteem of it, then of any other pi∣cture in his house; the French, English and Italians never stucke for price so they might have a Coppy. Hee was tall of stature, some∣what corpulent, of a Majesticall aspect, which wrought in men reve∣rence, admiration, love, and feare; his countenance was faire, mixt with red, his haire and beard flaxen, insomuch as he was called by ma∣ny the Yellow King: hee was not full out eight and thirty yeares old; from his Infancy he was addicted to warre, desirous of renowne, and ambitious of good repute; in all his actions he exprest wisedome, in all his speeches gracefull eloquence, in all his treaties affability; in his enterprises boldnesse, in businesse constancy, in difficult affaires dis∣cretion, in battailes courage, in dangers undauntednesse, upon occasi∣ons watchfulnesse. In fine he was a Prince who knew all, and under∣stood all. Never was Commander served with greater applause and affection: he gave satisfaction to every one, either with praise, pro∣mises, or affability: praise-worthy actions were by him written in Characters not to he razed out; he forgot not services received; he was pleasant in his discourse, not costly in his entertainments. He did not disdaine to speake with all men▪ and many times as he walked before his people, and his Souldiers, he would aske them how they did, what they did, and what they would have? every private Cavalier or Com∣mander was admitted to his Table, and to his Chamber; he had wont to say that the Table was the racke to wrest out secrets, the net where∣withall to take affection and friendship: hee no wayes coveted cere∣monies nor complements, and if any one not knowing his humour should use any such with him, he would in a jesting manner bid them keep their Courtship for the Queens Ladyes; for that he was in the field to teach to fight, not to learne to dance: he was very severe in pu∣nishing

the Souldiers insolency, very dilligent in providing for the safety of his owne men: when he tooke any City belonging to a∣ny Roman-Catholique, hee would answer such Commanders as would advise him to lay heavie taxes upon the Citizens, and impose new lawes upon them;

This is now my City, it belongs no more unto the Enemy; I am come to unfetter every mans liberty, not to imprison them; let them live as best pleaseth them, and as they have formerly done: I change no lawes to such as know how to live in those lawes that Religion hath ingrafted in them; new shooes doe often times pinch the foot too much.

He made no difference in his treatings between Protestants and Roman-Catholiques; hee shewed himselfe equally affectionat to the one and to the orher, affirming,

That they were all the workmanship of God: that hee thought e∣very one believed well that observed the Kings lawes; that it was not the worke of a Prince to instruct his people how to keep out of hell, but that it belonged to Ecclesiasticall persons and Ministers of Gods word to doe that:

whence it ensued that the Romanists lo∣sing nothing but their native Prince, and that Protestants regaining their liberty of Conscience, his Empire and dominion was desired by the one and by the other:

like a Philosophying Souldier, to witnesse the greatnesse of his minde, he never indeavoured the perfecting of any enterprise wherein his Souldiers might not run some ha∣zard; hee was angry with those who would advise him to be carefull of his life and person; he thought the thought of death misbecame a Prince professing Armes; that the fancies of saving ones selfe were Counsels proffered by feare; he called them happy who dyed in their vocations; said death was a Voluntier who tooke pay of those that feared him most.

Great were the designes of his taking up Armes; but after the victory of Leypzig they grew very vast, for he aspired at the Empire of Germany, which when hee should have gotten he thought it too narrow a bounds to his Commands, unlesse he should inlarge them over Italy, and other regions of Europe, yea, peradventure over the Ottoman Empire. The Lord Paule Tresborg (who was his Leger Embassadour at Constantinople, and in his returne homeward lay at my house) told me the very Turkes began to appre∣hend the fortune and valour of this King; he had wont oft times to say, that our predecessors having had so valiant Commanders, and effe∣cting so great enterprises, he wondered how now the world was impo∣verished of such men, and that this was the reason why many under∣takings failed of performance: to which being answered that this was occasioned through the divers use of Armes, and manner of wa∣ging warre, and the goodnesse of strong holds; hee replyed, that the diversity of Armes was nothing to be esteemed, but the diversity of hearts; that all Alexanders enterprises might be effected, Hanibals victories obteyned, and Caesars progresses be made, if the heart of Alexander, the minde of Haniball and Caesars daring were to be found. In two yeares space this valiant King drew over to side with him or else won two hundred ninty six Cities, Fortresses and walled Townes, which formerly obsequiously reverenced the Scepter of the Empe∣rour

Ferdinand the second. Hee won many victories in the field, but that of Leypzig crowned and immortalized his glory, since therein he overcame the worthiest and most victorious Commander of this our age, and an Army which growne gray-headed in Armes, and suffe∣rings, knew not what it was to be worsted.

By how much the Protestant party was afflicted at this great losse, and the rest who envyed the Austrian greatnesse, so much were the Im∣perialists, and Church-men consolated thereby; for though many more curious then others listened with delight to the actions of the King, applauding them rather as things unusuall, the present times not ha∣ving knowne a King who would himselfe in person fight in the first Files against his Enemy; yet the feare of his proceedings, the doubt of having their rest and riches turned into labour and misery, the cer∣tainty of having great taxations and contributions laid upon them to sustaine the Caesarian unsinew'd authority were very fitting occasions to cancell the affection they bore to the worth of this King, and to re∣kindle their hatred and envy of him; as was seen by the demonstra∣tions they made in bonefires, musicke and all other outward shewes of joy, which gave the Protestants occasion of much murmurre, who said thus to rejoyce for the death of a man was barbarous, execrable, and inhumane; yet many there were that slighted these Jubilies, say∣ing that his glory was the greater, by how much more estimation they put upon his losse.

Yet amongst these mirths and jollities the Imperialists were not free from paying tribute of some teares, for they were very sensible of the death of Godfrey Count Pappenheime, and more particularly the Ecclesiasticall Princes about Westfalia, who had been by him and his worth defended against the imminent & inevitable dangers that threat∣ned them, bewailing (as it became them) the losse of a benefactor, more then rejoycing at the like of an Enemy, were much afflicted thereat. Their lamentation could not be held backe, by their rejoy∣cing for the Kings death; which not being thereby allayd, shewes the force of their affection to this Commander.

Godfrey Count Pappenheime was by birth an Alman, of noble Pa∣rentage, and excellent education: he applyed himselfe from his first yeares to the warres, and passing though all degrees of preferment, he at last arrived to the Command of being one of Caesars Colo∣nels, a place of great esteem and no small consequence; the first proofes he gave of his worth and valour was in the defence of Riva di Chianena, in the Valtaline, which was playd upon by the French, where he raised his renowne, and made men curious to inquire after his fu∣ture actions; behaving himselfe afterwards no lesse couragiously in Germany, he appeared more worthy to command then to serve; and therefore being advanced to the place of Lieutenant-generall of the Catholique League he did more then satisfie the expectation that was had of him.

In the most difficult actions he was couragious, in advers fortune not moved, in making of matches politique, in deliberation bold, in Counsell well advised, modest in victory, severe in execution, in his

dealings affable; in fine he was in all things vigilant, expert, valiant, mercifull, and magnanimous; the many scarres wherewith his face was adorned, were the Characters wherin his good service was writ∣ten; the love and reverence the Souldiers bore him testified his civill and noble carriage; the good repute his very Enemies had of him published his ineffable worth to be without spot; his estimation and renowne were the Trumpets of his valour and experience. Germany hath not produced a privat Gentleman of so mature an understan∣ding▪ of so diligent a mind, of so sprightly a wit, nor one so generous: he never undertooke any enterprise, before he had well weighed what the event and consequence thereof might be; he met with no difficul∣ty, which he found not some meanes to overcome▪ hee prised not any preferment, profit, or interest, wherein his particular person was concerned; he was held to be in all things zealous to his masters ser∣vice, desirous of reputation, and ambitious of glory;

he had wont to say to some of his friends, who would perswade him to be more sparing of the monyes that were paid him; that to de∣serve well of a Prince did not consist in having ones chests full of Gold; that Souldiers loved not there, where their Captaines were too mindefull of themselves; that a faithfull Servant could have no more glorious title then that of Banckrout;

in fine he had a soule to which nothing was wanting but a body of Soveraignty that therein might be seen, whatsoever of good, wise, courteous, or conscious, may be desired in a Prince; hee was renowned by his Souldiers, ad∣mired by his Companions; he gratified Princes, and deserved very well of the Roman-Catholique League, and of all the house of Austria.

The Imperialists being gone from Leypzig, Offchirch hasted with three Regiments of Horse, and presented himselfe before the gates thereof: the Inhabitants received him quickly within their wals, as∣well out of the duty they ought to the Duke of Saxony their naturall Prince, as out of the love they bore to those of the Protestant party. In the Castle there was a Garrison of the Imperialists, wherefore Offchirch sent a Trumpet to the Governour thereof, threatning fire and sword if he would not surrender; but he not failing in his loy∣alty, being an experienced Souldier, and well verst in warre, refused to doe it, and prepared to defend it; whereupon the Swedes drawing that very night neer the ditch, raised up workes of earth, and the next morning began to play upon the wals thereof with their Cannon.

In an other part, some Companies of Saxon Horse and some others of the Duke of Lunenburg, (who came to re-inforce the Swedish Ar∣my) thinking to come time enough to the Battaile, understanding that not many of the Emperours Souldiers were left in Chemnitz, a Towne seated upon the River Chemnitz, (which comming sorth from the furthermost bounds of Bohemia towards the South, fals into Mulda, another River of the said Province, which taking its beginning from the Mountaines of Voitland a part of Bohemia, waters Misnia, and then falls into the Elb) and not thinking it safe to leave that Towne be∣hinde them, they turned their march towards it; and with little di∣sturbance placing their Artillery against it, they in a few houres per∣swaded

the Inhabitants (who knew the weakenesse of the place) to parly, and to agree to quit the Towne, marching out onely with their Swords, which they did, to the number of 400 Foot and 70 Horse.

This Towne being taken, Kniphausen, the Swedish Marshall of the Field went with six Regiments of Foot and Horse to joyne with Tu∣ball, who stayd with 3000 Souldiers before the Castle of Leypzig, and he quartered the rest of his Forces about Aldenburg, a walled Towne with weake and ancient Fortifications, neere Pleis, betweene Borne and Zwika. The Imperialists stoutly answered the enemies out-rage from the Castle; when the Wind mills, which were for the service of the Garrison, being be••ten downe, and Kniphausen being come up unto the Enemy, the Castle was more narrowly beset; whereupon the be∣sieged, seeing themselves neere lost, resolved to parly, promising to surrender the place if they were not succoured within ten dayes: this Proposition was entertained by Tuball, but no succour appearing, and the ten dayes being expired, they surrendred the Castle to the Swedes, the Imperialists comming forth on the 12 of December with their Swords onely,* 1.2 to the number of 300.

The Saxons hereby incouraged to new enterprises, they bethought themselves of the taking in of Zwika, (a place well fortified upon the side of Mulda) to the end, that they might not suffer that Garrison of the Imperialists to grow greater, which might afterwards be likely to disturbe their proceedings in those parts. Therefore, Knipha••sen taking with him those Souldiers which he found there about Leypizg (which were some 5000 Foot and 1600 Horse, marched towards Aldenburg; and the Saxons being advertised of the great preparations made by the Austrians in Sletia to oppose their designs, here divided themselvs, & fa∣ced about towards that Province. The Governour of Zwika perceiving the comming of the Swedes, resolved valiantly to defend it; he therfore fired all the houses which stood about the Ditch which might serve the Enemy for a blind, he withdrew into the Citie all that the time would permit him to doe, he disposed of his Cannon in the fittest pla∣ces, and made it appeare he was resolved not to fayle in the dutie of his charge, and performance of his loyaltie. Kniphausen being come within the sight of the walls, and finding it very hard to get earth, by reason of the excessive Frosts, built some Gabions of great pieces of Wood, and filled them with earth, and made such use thereof to se∣cure his Batteries, as that serving himselfe thereof to purpose, and the besieged understanding that Walesteine was retreated from Saxony, seeing little hope of timely succour, after thirteene dayes holding out, parlyed, and surrondred the Towne upon more honourable conditions then in like case is usually received from a conquering Enemy, march∣ing forth with 700 Foot and 100 Horse.

Gustavus Horne this meane while made divers progresses in Alsatia; in particular, he took Benfield, one of the most important places of that Province, guirt about with five Royal Bulworks, though not very great ones, with Ditches and halfe Moones, in a spacious open Country, not farre from the Rhyne, upon the side of Ill (a River which comming

from the Mountains of Helvetia fals into the Rhyn beneath Strasbourg:) This place being in two moneths taken, he marched towards Ebers∣munster; the Inhabitants whereof, knowing themselves not able with their imperfect walls to resist the Swedish Forces (who were above 10000 fighting men, and 22 piece of Cannon) that they might shun the dangers and incommodities which those receive who foolishly undertake impossibilities, accorded upon the first summons, and recei∣ved into quarter 200 Horse, and 600 Foot.

The taking of this place facilitated the Swedes advancing to before Silistat, (a chiefe Citie of Alsatia, betweene Benfield and Brisach, fortified with strong Parapets) where playing upon it with 12 peice of Cannon for the space of three weeks, Colonell Breitembach, who commanded in the Towne, (after having gallantly defended himselfe) dispairing of succour by reason of the sew Austrian Forces that were in that Province, not amounting in all two 2000 Horse and 3000 Foot, which was a force hardly sufficient to defend Brisach, he was ne∣cessitated to yeeld the Towne unto the Swedes, the which he did upon the 13 of December on honourable conditions,* 1.3 the Garrison march∣ing forth which consisted of 600 Foot and 150 Horse, with their Armes, Baggage, and two piece of Cannon.

This meane while there were come from Lorayne, upon the Con∣fines of Alsatia, not farre from Colmar, some Companies of Horse payd by the Imperiall Officers in that State, and in Burgundie, to the number of 1400 Foot and 400 Horse; and because these of them∣selves were not sufficient to thwart the Swedes proceedings, Montecu∣culi (who then commanded in chiefe in Alsatia) resolved to march out with part of the Garrisons of Colmar and Brisach, that he might joyn with them, and so not onely disturbe the Enemies quarters in that Countrey, but keepe the neighbouring Townes from being invaded by the Swedes, who knowing the Romanists designe, and setting upon them before their Forces were joyned, forced them, with the losse of a great many of their men, to retire to Brisach.

Charles Duke of Lorayne, considering the Swedes proceedings in Alsatia, and the neere position of their Forces to his Territories, upon the Frontiers whereof, there neither being strong hold, nor yet Army in the Field, to preserve him from being injured by them, he apprehended some very great danger. He therefore gave Gustavus Horne to understand, who then was at Markerck, a place not farre from the Frontiers of Lorayne, how that he (the said Charle) had some years before, lent good store of Money to the Arch-Duke Leopald, for the securitie whereof he had assigned unto him Benfield, Da••sten, and Za∣bren, which being now in possession of the Swedes, he by the way of friendship desired to know what their purpose was concerning them, & whether they would proceed with him as a friend, or as with an Ene∣my? Horne in a modest and civill manner answered; That his High∣nesse might expect all good correspondency and intire friendship from the Crowne of Swethland, if he would forbeare to assist the Im∣perialists, their Enemies; and that for what concerned his claime to those Townes, as soone as he should have therewithall acquainted the

assembly of the interessed and confederate States, he should reape such fruits as he should sow, and answerable to his proceedings.

The Imperialists on the other part had thought to have surprized 500 Swedish Horse within their quarters, and had therefore dispatched away Forces to effect that designe; but Colonell Comoschi knowing of it got on horse-back, and nimbly pursuing them with his Regiment, and some other Troopes belonging to Colonell Schavalischi, set upon them at unawares, whilst they thought to have entred Edengham, with∣out any manner of let; and though at the beginning of the skirmish neither side seemed to have the best, he inforced the Caesarians to return to their quarters with the losse of their Colonell Cronech, being rather beaten back and overcome by the advantage of the seat, and unexpe∣cted chance, which is usuall in such cases to cause great confusion and hinder businesses otherwise projected, then by the Swedish Forces.

But as under a clouded sky one clap of thunder comes seldome un∣seconded by another, the Inhabitants of Colmar, perceiving the Au∣strian affaires to grow every day worse and worse, and finding them∣selves very much opprest by the insolency of the Caesarian Garrison, and the Governour, who that he might rayse moneyes from thence be∣fore he departed, which he knew would be ere long (because he saw no hopes of succour, but likely-hoods of the Swedes comming thither, who grew every day stronger) extorted moneyes from them by all dis∣honest wayes, contrary to the will of his Superiours; they resolved to throw off this burthen, by giving themselves over into the Swedes protection.* 1.4 And thus upon the 20 of December they privately ac∣quainted Horne with their intention, and agreed with him that he should appeare before their gates at an appoynted houre, which he should find open, and they would deliver unto him the Governour. Horne, though he were elsewhere employed, yet as one that knew, a wise man ought not to let slip any occasion, whereby by the getting of any Towne he may succour the Frontier, and that such purchases as are made without shedding of blood are most commendable amongst souldiers, resolved to march towards it, & to receive the effects of their promise;* 1.5 so as appearing before the Towne on the 24^th of the same moneth, the Citizens straightway taking up armes, first made the Go∣vernor safe, then cut in pieces all those that seemed to contend against them, and let in the Swedes by the gate of Elsen, and drove out the Austrians. An example to those who unadvisedly perswaded by some favourit, conferre the government of a Citie or Territory to a greedy selfe-interessed person, who takes upon him such an imployment, not out of glory or honour, but for private gaine, and who knowes not how to exercise any other lenitie then that whereby he fleeceth the Subject, and inricheth himselfe, things which are detested even by the most faithfull; for people cannot indure, that he who is sent to comfort, to maintaine▪ and to defend them, should only tend himselfe and provide for himselfe, cutting others mens clothes short to piece out his owne.

The bounds being inlarged which held in the Swedish progresse, by

the giving up of Colmar, they had not onely leisure to carry their For∣ces even to the banks of the Rhyn over against Brisach, subduing like∣wise Ensesheim, Ruffach, Bastuillier, Tann, and all the Cities, Townes, and Castles, which lye betweene Colmar and Basel; a Canton of the Switzers; but by these happy successes, and the Austrians weakenesse, Horne was incouraged to march towards Haghenaw, a place held by the Caesarians, and of no contemptible consideration, being seated upon the Confines of Lorayne, begirt with strong walls, and deepe Ditches, though of the old manner: The taking whereof, as it would be very advantagious to those of Strasburg and the neighbouring places, for that Parties sallying every day out from thence in pursuit of passen∣gers, and ill-guarded Villages, the Traffique of so great a Merchan∣dizing Towne, and the suretie of the neighbouring places was much indammaged, so was it likewise much desired by the Swedes, not so much for the increasing of their bounds by such a Towne, as to give satisfaction to Strasburg and the neighbouring parts, to win the good wills whereof, the Swedes did politiquely apply themselves, as know∣ing how much the good report and love of people conduces to the wel∣fare of Warre. And it being Gustavus Hornes custome, to use Trea∣ties, Propositions and Perswasions, before he fell to Threats or Vio∣lence, (especially in strong holds, wherein hee knew the power of the Garrisons were conterpoised by the multiplicitie of the Inhabitants) he sent a Trumpet with Letters into the Towne, fairely inviting the Garrison and Citizens to accord with him; the sound whereof having given an allarme to the Burgers, they were counselled by the feare they had of the weakenesse of their owne Forces, and out of the desire they had of quiet, foreseeing they could not long hold out against so potent an Enemy, being every where invironed by them, and having no hope of succour; as likewise knowing, it was alwayes better to listen to such capitulations as are friendly propounded, then to be put afterwards to demand them with feare of not having them granted; they therefore tooke in the Swedish Garrison forcing the Imperialists, though much against their wills, to depart, hoping notwithstanding to receive them in againe, when it should be their fortune to be Masters of the Field, and that they should be neere their City.

At this time Franckendal, the chiefe Towne and Fort of the Lower Palatinat, being betweene Spier and Worms, not farre from the Rhyn, and which was exactly fortified, was streightly besieged by the Swedes, & was out of all hope of succour, the Austrian Forces being too far from it, and the Enemy too neere it; so as the Spaniards, who were in possession of it, finding they could no longer keepe it, for that their friends Forces were every where all imployed in the defence of their own Estates, & consequently they had not wherewithall to assist them, these wise States-men, knowing how advantagious it is to surrender up that by the way of seeming curtesie, which they could not by force maintaine, they resolved to handle their necessitie with cunning and ar∣tifice; Insomuch as the English Embassadour to the Emperour, pressing hard for the restitution of this Towne, and the rest of the

Palatinat, they seeming to put a value upon the satisfying of that King, and to seem well disposed towards him, that they might win upon his good will, which they very much needed for their interests in France and Flanders, delivered up the Towne into the hands of the En∣glish Officers, who had been sent over and were entertained into the service of the Crowne of Swethland, the one and twentieth day of November.* 1.6

The restitution of this place promising the like of the whole Pa∣latinat to the Princes Palatine, the Inhabitants thereof, who intirely loved their Princes and hoped to have them hereby againe their Sove∣raignes, had their sorrows somewhat lessened for the death of Frede∣ricke Prince Elector and late King of Bohemia, who dyed of a Fever in Mentzon the 29^th of November 1632. a Prince so sweetly conditio∣ned as that he was universally beloved by all Protestants.* 1.7

This Prince was in his first yeares much favoured by fortune, hee was first Elector of the Empire possest of the most fruitfull and plea∣sant County of all Germany, insomuch as other seeming to emulate his happinesse, kept their eyes onely fixt upon him: but as our weak∣nesse is usually wont to grow so much neerer to an unhappy downfall, by how much it is higher raised by worldly ambition; so this Prince begirt on every side with peace and quiet, upheld with reverent and obsequious estimation, strengthened by a dreaded jurisdiction, comfor∣ted by his Allyance with Iames the first King of great Britane, and by the beauty and perfection of the Princesse Elizabeth his Wife, secu∣red by confederates, both within and without Germany, and though of himselfe he was incomparably moderate, yet great mens desires be∣ing like fire, which the more materials are heaped on it, the higher doth the flame mount; so this peacefull Prince, called on by his peo∣ples unquietnesse to a higher degree of Majesty, perswaded by the sug¦gestions of his interessed friends to further greatnesse, counselled by his unstable, ambitious, and vain-glorious Ministers of state to in∣large his bounds, and finally allured by his wife (who as shee was Daughter to a King desired likewise to be Wife unto a King) to girt about his Electorall Cap with the Crowne of Bohemia (which was presented and offered unto him;) the flames of ambition being blown by so many somenters, notwithstanding his naturall moderation, were of force enough to evaporat that wisedome, which hee having after∣wards lost, was the ruine of all that happy Empire; giving a begin∣ning to so horrible tourmoyles, as doe cause (even yet) the sufferings of many regions. Hee was of a pleasant aspect, of a browne com∣plexion, of an easie minde, of slowe impression, a Prince more given to the ease of peace then to the troubles of warre.

In these dayes some of Walesteines and Tersicas Officers being upon the Confines of Slefia, and sent thence towards Polonia, passed on to∣gether with a good number of Polaches which they had assembled to Neiss, which Towne by reason of an insurrection made by the Inha∣bitants, the greatest part whereof were Roman-Catholiques, and well affected to the Caesarian party, would make use of this occasion, and no longer conceale the ill will they bore the Protestants; so as upon

the appearing of these Forces, they quickly delivered themselves up into the hands of the Caesarians; when not long after Harnem being advertised thereof, faced about with his Army, and Tuball laid an am∣bush for the Polaches, wherein he put above 208 of them to the sword, whereupon it behoved the said City to submit it selfe againe to the Saxons, as did likewise Ratibor and Leschnitz, which were ill treated, shewing their Rebellion against their native Prince.

Baudis made no lesse prosperous progresse in the parts about Coln, who without being master of the Field did with his Army over-runne all the County, when those of Coln, fearing lest at last they might be∣thinke themselves of taking in their Citie, made haste to Fortifie Dutts, a Towne on this side Rhyn, over against their City; but by the mediation of my Lords the States of Holland they obteyned leave to be Newtrals, upon condition that they were not to Fortifie any place that did not belong unto them. Though this Towne was within the limits belonging to them, yet Baudis (as those are used to doe who minde their own profit) desirous of any pretence or just occasion to breake this agreement, knowing that this Towne might easily be ta∣ken, whereby he hoped to inrich himselfe, either by taking the sayd City, or by composition made by the richer Inhabitants to buy their peace with a summe of mony, acquainted the chiefe Magistrate that he expected he should desist from the Fortification which he had be∣gun to make, as contrary to the Articles of Capitulation; to the which those of the Magistracy did in a handsome manner and with reason reply, that their intentions were onely to secure their Towne: but this answer satisfied not Baudis, who answered againe, that under the flowers of this their pretence the Serpent of some deeper designe lay hid: whereupon drawne by hopes of profit, (which oft-times prevailes more with Souldiers then reason doth) he resolved to ad∣vance, and to try his fortune. He the next night unexpectedly came be∣fore it, planted his Great Guns, and played upon the weakest side of the Towne, where a Bullet fell by chance into the Ammunition, and set∣ting fire thereon about 400 men were burnt; at which accident the rest being afrighted and astonished, the Swedes had not much difficul∣ty to get upon the abandoned Rampiers, and so surprise the Towne: yet their aboade there was but short; for the Romanists planted their Cannon against it, and playing incessantly upon it with 24 Great Guns, wherewith they battered downe the houses, threw downe the wals, and the stones flying in all places from the tops of houses, they within foure dayes space were inforced to forsake the Towne and to retire themselves to Molheim; where Baudis perceiving the difficul∣ty of the enterprise, though he infinitely coveted to effect it, did at the instance of the Holland Ambassadours desist from further violence, giving thereby satisfaction to my Lords the States, (with whose safe∣ty it did not stand to permit more potent neighbours to be neer them then those they had, and therefore they did not well approve of these the Swedish advancements) by Surrendering Molheim likewise (a wal∣led Towne not farre off) to those of Coln, or Colonia Agrippina (so called for that Agrippina mother to Nero the Emperour was borne

there) seated upon the Bankes of the Rhyn towards the North, not farre distant from ••he Confines of the Low-Countries; it is one of the greatest Cities of all Germany, begirt with a double Wall, and double Ditches, and having above fourscore strong Towers about it; it is governed by Lawes and Officers like a Common-wealth.

Whil'st the Swedish affaires proceeded on this manner in Germany, the Lord Chancellor Oxesterne (who had taken upon him the charge of the Swedes Militia, and the direction of the Protestants resolves) foreseeing of what importance it would be to free Westfalia from the oppression of the Imperialists, wherein their Forces grew every day more numerous, he made a levy of 8000 fighting men, and framed the Body of an Army of them; part whereof he assigned to Duke George of Lunenburg, and the other part to the Landsgrave of H••ss••n, aswell to afford them meanes thereby to maintaine their Forts, as to preserve the friendship of the Princes who were confederates with Gustavus the late King, who if they should finde affaires begin to de∣cline, being wrought upon by their particular interest, might change their mindes, and betake themselves to that side by which their owne dominions might be the more secured and kept intire. Hee assigned other 8000 to Duke Bernard Waymer, that hee might passe with them into Franconia, to the taking in of Bamberg, a place which made much for their advantage; to the effecting whereof it much impor∣ted them first to take Cronach, a place of some account, seated upon the Bankes of Radach, and watered on the West side by the rivolet Haflach, which was on their backes. At their first approach they took the City which was forsaken by the small Garrison in it; but the en∣terprise proving exceeding difficult by reason of the valiant and stout defence made by the Imperialists in the Castle, he was perswaded to quit it.

From hence he came before Bamberg, where the Caesarians wanting sufficient Provision to maintaine themselves within those Wals, be∣ing advertised of the Swedes marching towards them, made haste to be gone from thence, to the great griefe of the Inhabitants, (occasio∣ned rather by the Souldiers carrying away with them whatsoever they could lay their hands on, then for their departure) and retreated to Fortheim, a strong hold in the same Province, seated in the Angle which is made by the River Visent, where it falls into the Rednitz ano∣ther River. But Colonell Bolach pursuing them in the Reare with some fresh Horse, stayed many of them who were flying from Bam∣berg to Fortheim, for that (being incumbred with Baggage, Women, and Children) they could not march so fast as they had wont; but they were all afterwards (as unusefull people) set at liberty by Way∣mer, to the end that they might witnesse to the rest of the Inhabi∣tants of Bamberg, who were already got into Fortheim, that they might returne to their owne homes, where they should not any wayes bee injured by the Swedish Souldier. Hee furthermore made publique edicts and proclamations, that they should all within one moneths space returne to their owne houses, otherwise they should be decla∣red to be for ever banished and have their goods forfeited; a course

usually observed by the Swedes, to the end the Townes they wonne might not be void of Inhabitants, the numbers whereof render a Ci∣ty rich and strong.

Whil'st businesses were in this posture, some Caesarian Forces un∣der the Command of Aldringer, which waged warre in the behalfe of the Duke of Bavaria, were by his diligence acrewed to so conside∣rable a number, as that they were able to keep the Field in Swaben∣land, with some appearance of no contemptible successe: whereupon Aldringer thinking he might be able, by reason of the absence of the Swedish Forces which were busied in Alsatia, to doe some notable act, he bethought himselfe of taking in Getzberg, a walled Towne be∣tween the Vlm and Ausburg, which did afterwards much facilitate his Siedge against Auspurg, in those dayes a rich, strong, and very stately City by reason of the site thereof, lying as it were in the Cen∣ter of Swabenland, between the Leech and the Werhach; hee therefore planted his Cannon against it, and beginning to play very hotly up∣on it, after three dayes stout defence made by the Garrison the Town yielded; as soone after did Landspurg, a place of greater account, seated in Bavaria on the Confines of Swabenland upon the Bankes of Leech, which being unprovided of Victuals and Ammunition, and streightly beset on all sides by the Roman-Catholiques, was in∣forced to Surrender, to the great prejudice of the Swedish affaires; the chiefe Officers who commanded there being made prisoners, and the Common Souldiers mingled amongst his weakest Companies, where∣by his Forces were increased, and the Enemy weakened.

Aldringers proceedings in Swabenland did not a little anger Horne, who was then in Alsatia with the maine Body of his Army, having taken in all the Townes of that Province, wherein were any Garrisons of the Imperialists, unlesse it were Brisach; hee fearing lest the Imperi∣alists might advance even to the recovery of Auspurg, and so make themselves masters also of Mimingham (a City of very considerable consequence, seated in the heart of Swabenland) and that from thence the Passage being open unto them they might enter into the Duke∣dome of Wirtenberg, (a Country which the Swedes had a very great care of, not onely out of the obligation they ought to the Prince ther∣of, who had so much to his prejudice declared himself for the Swedes, as for that it being a rich and opulent Country, and not yet impoveri∣shed by the Armies, they might there promise themselves good re∣freshment for their Army, and to keep themselves commodiously in Swabenland and in Alsatia, in the midst whereof this Dukedome was seated) hee therefore munited the strong holds of greatest considera∣tion in Alsatia, to withstand the Lorayners attempts, who were to the number of about 7000 fighting men, upon these Confines towards Ramberville (a Towne on the side of Motona a River of Lorayne) and the Garrison of Brisach being very sufficient for that Fort, whe∣ther all the Garrisons of those Townes which he had taken in had re∣treated themselves, he recommended the care of that Province to the care of Otho Lodowick Ringrave, and passed over the Rhyn at Sco∣naw between Strasburg and Brisach, and came with 8000 Foot and

1000 Horse before Freiburg, a little walled Towne within foure houres march of Brisach, hold by the Imperialists; he set upon it, and with little difficultie obteined it, it being a place of no defence; from thence he advanced forward, and joyning with the Duke of Wirten∣bergs Forces (who were about 2000 Foot and 600 Horse) they march∣ed towards Enghem, a little Towne towards the Switzers Cantons, and the Lake of Constance, that he might likewise joyne with Bannier, who stayd with 4000 Souldiers to guard the Townes about Auspurg, till he was hindered by the Caesarians from so doing, who did already besiege Mimingen and Kempten in Swabenland.

But Horne came too late, for Mimingen no longer able to resist the Imperialists, was inforced to yeeld upon conditions (which were not afterwards kept by the Bavarians) and to give themselves up into the hands of the Roman Catholiques; who deteining the Officers Priso∣ners, constrained the Magistrates to pay a great Contribution. This was said to be occasioned by reason of some words of the Governour, and by the default of the Commissioners. Kempten being invironed with old walls and Towers, but wanting Rampiers of Earth, after ha∣ving susteined eight dayes continuall Battery, being more oppressed by the Imperialists (who after the taking of Mimingen ranne all thi∣ther) was taken by Storme, and all that were met withall in heat of blood, or that were knowne to be Souldiers, were put to the Sword. Whilst the Austrians were about the taking of Kempten, and Mar∣shall Horne was marching that wayes to bring the besieged opportune succour, some Squadrons of the Imperialists Horse, commanded by Colonell Galbert, met with Plate (a Swedish Commander, who was sent to enquire after their wayes) and the skirmish betweene them be∣ing begunne, the Roman Catholiques were forc't to give back: For certaine other Troopes of the Enemy which followed after them, set so fiercely upon them, as that Galbert (a gallant Souldier, and one that was not used to turne his back) whilst he manfully defended himselfe, was, together with many of his Souldiers, slain, and many other were taken prisoners; the remainder, saving themselves by the favour of the night, which afforded them meanes of safe retreating. Whereup∣on, Horne seeing he could doe them no more harme, without great dis∣advantage to himselfe, marched towards Mindelheim, betweene Au∣spurg and Mimingen, which at first preparing for defence, and being provided of all necessaries, when they saw the Cannon ready to bat∣ter, that they might not make proofe of the violence that was threat∣ned them, they resolved to accept the Conditions that were offered, and to yeeld to the Swedes. Aldringer this meane while, being come to Kansbeuren, which lyes betweene Auspurg and Kempten, upon the Ri∣ver Vertach, and being there advertised of the surrender of Mindelheim, he thought himself not safe there; wherefore having put a good Garri∣son into it, he withdrew himself towards Bavaria, there to attend fresh succor from Walestein; and Horn came to Kausbeuren, & surprised it by Petars; forcing the Guardians thereof, (who defended themselves in a corner of the Towne, barricadoed up with Carts) to yeeld, and in∣role themselves under his Banners.

This meane while those of Brisach, being delivered from Horne, and the Ringrave being imploy'd about Altchirch, (a Castle in Alsatia neer Wirtenberg) they sent some Country people under colour of car∣rying somewhat to sell at Newenburg upon the Rhyn, betweene Bri∣sach and Basel, charging them to make a stand in the Gate, and cut in pieces the small guard of the Swedes that were there, which being by them accordingly done, with weapons which they carried hid under their rustick habits, Colonell Mantrenti's Horse, and the like of Har∣court (who waited to that end at a set distance) came speedily in at the signe given, made themselves Masters of the Citie, cut many of the Garrison in pieces, tooke many prisoners, and brought the best things of the Citie with them to Brisach. And for that men doe not usually feare blowes a farre off, the Duke of Lorayne, seeing Alsatia quit of the Swedes (perswaded by the Imperialists, impatient to expect the event of the Protestant assemblies, touching the indempnitie pretended upon Zurbein and Dacsteine) and comforted by Spanish hopes, resolved, since the Swedes absence permitted him now so to doe, to make himselfe Ma∣ster of those places which were not farre from Strasburg, at the foot of those Mountains which divide Lorayne from Alsatia therfore his men advancing with their Cannon, he set upon them, and they (not being provided of Garrisons, nor sufficient Ammunition, and the Inhabi∣tants being better affected to the Austrians then to the Swedes, and sur∣prised by this unlook'd for accident, believing for certaine that the Duke in respect of his owne particular interest, would never have in∣deavoured a breach with France, which had more then once willed him to keepe at home, and not shew any hostilitie against his friends) yeelded, and tooke in a Garrison of Loraynes▪ The Imperialists of Br••∣sach likewise, under Montecuculi, re-inforced by some Countrey peo∣ple of the neighbouring parts, and solicited by intelligence from cer∣taine Citizens from Haghenaw, betooke themselves to the taking in of that Towne, wherein they prospered; for the Inhabitants having in∣vited the Governour and chiefe Officers of the Garrison to dinner, ac∣cording to the German custome, they so plyed the Governour, Offi∣cers, and Souldiers of the guard, with Wine sophisticated with slee∣ping-powder, as it was no hard matter to take the Governour and Of∣ficers, who were fast asleepe, prisoners, and to win the Court de guard of that Gate whereby they let in the Caesarian Forces, who to that pur∣pose lay concealed not farre from thence. This successe is fitting to be observed by those who have the charge of any Citie or strong hould committed by their Prince to their care, that they be not frequent at invitations or feasts made by the Inhabitants, but that they be diligent in their owne quarters, and take order for such things as they thinke appertaine, as well to the politique part, as to the defence of the place recommended to their fidelitie and care.

It being usuall for men to be incouraged to make new attempts by the prosperous successe of others, the Country people of Verdgaw and Altchirch rising in commotion against the Swedes, and taking Psitten, (a Village where some of their Horse were quartered) set upon them so unexpectedly, as that not having time to betake themselves to

horse,* 1.8 they tooke their Captaine prisoner, slew the Souldiers, and used the prisoners with much barbarism••, which when the Ringrave heard of, and how the Lorayners and Austrians had behaved them∣selves, he being already past the Bridge of Strasburg as farre as Sclestat, and calling to minde these wicked actions, got on horse-backe with all his followers, which were 1000 Horsemen, all of them either Gentlemen or experienced Souldiers, (for he was so desirous of being well served, as that besides his faire carriage towards them, he laid not out his mony so willingly upon any thing, as in entertaining such as had fair repute in wars) and together with some Troops of Colonell Harfe, he hasted straight wayes towards those parts▪ and overtaking them that were in Mulbausen, (not farre from Basel) he flew upon them with his Dragoones, and firing the first houses of the Village, the Country people astonished at this unexpected accident, (being base, and not wonted to see angry countenances and drawne Swords) betooke themselves to their heeles, and fled towards the hils of Tan: but the Swedes spurring their horses apace after them, some of them were hew'd in pieces, and the rest of them burnt, for they thought it not fitting to give quarter to those that had so inhumanely betrayed their Companions.

The Ringrave hearing againe after this, how that Montecuculi, with a great many of Armed Country-men, was about Berfort, upon the Confines of Lorayne, hee marched thitherwards; but Montecuculi (knowing by experience that little trust was to be put in a rablerout, without either order or discipline, who were taken from the Mathook) thought it not fitting to encounter with the Swedes; he therefore re∣treated with eight Companies of Horse which he had with him, and one of Dragoones, into Brisach, and left the Country people in Da∣meschirch, a little Village two Leagues distant from Basel, where the Enemy ariving, and they not knowing how to put themselves in de∣fence, but basely running away, the greatest part of them were cut in pieces, and 700 that were taken prisoners, in recompence of the inhu∣manity they had used towards the Swedes, were tyed together by se∣ven and seven with withs of willowes, set in the open fields, and in this posture the Horse were commanded to fall upon them and put them all to the Sword; the which they did, leaving thirty of the chiefest of them hung by the heeles upon trees.

In Alsatia affaires went thus,* 1.9 when Walesteine, resolving upon the continuance of the warre, and foreseeing what the prejudice might be which would result to the Imperiall Crowne, aswell as to his owne par∣ticular interest, if he should be dispossest of the Townes in Swaben∣land, and of such a Province, a good part of the jurisdiction of his Dukedome of Glagaw and Sagan, which if it should fall into the power of the Protestants, would sever the annexion held with the States of Poland, (from whence, in fitting time he hoped for a considerable suc∣cour, the King thereof inclining very much to the Caesarian partie, as well in respect of their ancient hatred borne to the Swedes, as for the succours they had received from the Emperour in the Warre of Liefland, as also for that a brute ran that there might be some hopes

of a marriage with that house) he therefore charged Gallasse to go with part of his Army, and with some pieces of Artillery, to divert the Saxons designes, whil'st he himselfe stayed in Bohemia to re-inforce his Army by Monies, and to contrive Counsels, Intelligence, Diver∣sions, and fitting Instruments for the worke wherein hee was concer∣ned. He therefore went by Brawn neere Stein, and within a few dayes space got into that Province, where he surprised many places which wanted necessaries for warre; and had hee indeavoured the taking of Sweinitz, a City of some importance, not farre from Breslaw, hee might easily have done it, though he was advised to the contrary only out of a false opinion of meeting with great difficulties; for though it were surrounded with ancient Wals and Rampiers of Earth, yet in respect of the weaknesse of the Garrison, and for want of Ammu∣nition, it was greatly afraid to be set upon, and was rather in a con∣dition of demanding Articles then of preparing for defence.

Two thousand Saxons being this meane while advertised that some Troopes of Caesarian Horse belonging to Tersica were quartered in Goltz upon the Weistriz, thought to surprise them; so as making thi∣therward, they no sooner approached neere Olaw, but that they fell upon them; who being risen from their former quarters over-runne the Country▪ they charged so closely home, as the Caesarians, though not inferiour in number, fled, losing not above thirty of their Souldiers.

In this interim Colonell Guets was come with 1000 Horse and 800 Foot neer Brieg, between Olaw and Oppelen upon the side of O∣der: hee desired passage from the Prince thereof▪ who desirous to stand neuter, denyed it him, whereupon he betooke himselfe to Force: but finding that the Citizens were ready for defence, and that the en∣terprise was somewhat briske, he returned to his quarters at Neisse. Harnem hearing hereof, who was with the greatest part of the Saxon Army at Nanstaw (a Towne beyond Breslaw) and fearing left Brieg might fall into the Caesarians hands, (which would be very prejudiciall to the Elector) found there a Passage over the Oder in the heart of that Province, passing over the which he made towards it, that hee might secure it, by putting thereinto a Saxon Garrison, which not∣withstanding was denyed by the Prince, who persisted in his neutral∣lity: but Harnem howsoever resolved to secure the Towne, brought Cannon thither, which when the Inhabitants saw, (who were more inclined to peace then to warre, and foresaw the dammage and trou∣bles occasioned by warre) they perswaded their Prince to grant Har∣nems request, as after two dayes treaty he did. Harnem having gathe∣red his men together, and being joyned with Tuball, made a generall Muster, wherein he found 14000 fighting men, wherewithall hee matched towards Strelen and Wansen (Townes lying upon Ola) where the Imperialists at the first appearing of the Saxons, put themselves in Battaile-array, seeming as if they would not refuse to fight with them; but finding afterwards the disadvantage, they left part of their Forces in Strelen, forsooke Wansen, and retreated with the grosse of their Army to Grotkaw and Nei••se; which when Harnem saw, he prepa∣red

to take in Strelen, the Garrison whereof (knowing themselves not able to defend it, and having directions left with them to quit it, if the Enemy should face the Towne) indeavoured, though in vaine, to fly: for being incompassed by the Saxon Horse, the greatest part of them were made prisoners, and brought to Olaw.

The taking of Strelen incouraged the Swedes to the taking in of Grotkaw betweene Neisse and Brieg; where, as soone as the Imperialists saw the Enemies Scouts, they forwent the place and retreated to Neisse, not caring much to fight, that they might not hazard their men in a Battaile, since they shortly expected such recruits, as that they might without being incountered drive their Enemies from those places, though they should have a thousand men for their Gar∣risons; but the Saxons not slipping the occasion, did forthwith set up∣on the Wals with such violence, as that the Inhabitants wanting meanes to make sufficient defence, and that they might not be left to the mercy of the Sword, (as it oft-times befals them who trust too much to their owne weaknesse) yielded upon Conditions, that they might march forth onely with their Swords; the which was done with little losse either to the one or to the other. These same Imperia∣lists when they were come into Neisse (a place better stored with Pro∣visions) resolved to defend the Towne to the last man▪ they provi∣ded the best they could to defend the Wals, placing there Cannon, and preparing stoutly to defend it; whereupon the Saxons (foresee∣ing what difficulties and dammages Assaults would produce) they laid Siege unto it.

Gustavus Horne having this meane while taken Kaufbeuren, hee ad∣vanced towards Mimingen and Kempten,* 1.10 and on the Tenth of Febru∣ary so streightly besieged them, as that he was come covered even un∣derneath their Wals. But understanding that Aldringer, recruited by 4000 Bavarians, had passed the Leech, and taken Mindelheim and Bibe∣rach the chiefe Cities of Swabenland, seated upon the River Risse, (which running a little higher fals afterwards into the Danube) so as he might easily fall upon the state of Wirtenberg, (a businesse which much troubled his thoughts) he rose from thence, and passing backe a∣gaine over the Danube at Munderking betweene Vlm and Reidlinghen, where the very day before the Casarians had passed, both the Armyes met together at Zwifalten, a litle Towne of Swabenland, upon the Confines of Wirtenberg. Aldringer with the Imperiall Horse set upon the Swedes in the Reare, and skirmished with them, and after much contesting charged so home upon the Swedish Squadrons, as that hee put them to flight; taking many Carriages, much Baggage, two Cor∣nets, and beating down about 50 of the Enemy. Horne knowing him∣selfe to be too weake to appeare in the Field, retreated to Minsuig, in the Dukedome of Wirtenberg upon the Confines of Swabenland, and there intrenching himselfe waited for the arivall of some Troops that were at Wirtenberg, and had received orders already to march towards him. Aldringer finding it would be a difficult matter to advance fur∣ther, retired to Mimingen, quartering his Forces, some in the Coun∣try, some in the Towns, within the precincts of Constantz.

Horne being re-inforced by these Forces of the Rhingrave and Scha∣valuchi, and hearing that Colonell Hispani was lodged at Sigmaring upon the Danube, he resolved to surprize him; wherefore he advan∣ced to Blochingw, and passing the Danube at Sheer, (a Towne upon the Banks thereof, betweene Vlme and Mulen) he set upon him at una∣wares: Hispani astonished at this noveltie, had not leisure to put on his Boots before he was taken prisoner, together with the losse of four Companies that were with him.

But the strife in these Provinces, who should more warely watch over them, did not exceed the like care had in Westfalia by the Land∣grave of Hessen, against Cronsfelt and Tenecausem; for after having met with some Imperialists neere Paderborn, where he dealt roughly with some Companies of the said Cronsfelt, and being past into the Bishoprick of Munster, where he thought to make some invasion, he forbore notwithstanding to doe so, by reason of the Inhabitants pro∣mising him to stand Neutralls, and that they would not in any sort fo∣ment or assist the Imperialists. He assayled Dortmund, betweene Rhur and Lippa, (Rivers, which arising out of the said Province of Westfa∣lia, fall into the Rhyn beneath Cullen) which wanting walls, and Inha∣bitants able to make resistance, easily yeelded. Dorsten followed the example of Dortmund, a place not stronger then the other, but a seat of much importance, standing upon the Lippe, betweene the Bishop∣ricke of Munster, and the Dutchy of Cleaves; he therein placed a suf∣ficient Garrison, commanded by Colonel Vich, and went from thence to Dulmen in the same Bishoprick, and Halteren in the same Province, which being with small resistance taken, and leaving in each of them a fitting Garrison, he staid with the rest of his Forces in Bocholta, a place watered by Bever, a River, which taking its rise from the Bi∣shoprick of Paderborn, after a short course falls into Wesser.

Amongst these particulars, Oxesterne the Lord Chancellour knew, that to wage Warre with many Forces under severall Commanders of equall power, must occasion discord, division, and disobedience; and therefore knowing very well, that it was necessary to ordaine a poli∣tique order concerning the present affaires, to bridle the Military li∣centiousnesse, whereby mens meanes were wasted without discretion, though friends and confederates, and to agree upon Contributions to maintaine the Warre; hee required a Dyet to be held by the Col∣leagues in Neilbrun, a Towne in Wirtenberg, wherein he desired the necessity of the cōmon interest might be weighed, & that order might be taken for the preservation of their State. This Proposition was accepted of; the Protestant Deputies, and those of the confederate States came thither;* 1.11 so as the Dyet began about the midst of March; wherein whilst the most advantagious meanes were in dispute, how to maintaine the Protestant greatnesse, the Duke of Saxony, and the Ele∣ctor of Brandenburg, reflecting upon their owne interest, saw that the best meanes to adequate their affaires, was a firme resolution, either to prosecute the Warre with all their might, or else to conclude a Peace, which was by Walesteine desired. They therefore forthwith sent for the Prince of Denmarke, (who was then in the Saxon Army)

for Harnem, and all the wisest men of their side, to come to Dresden, that they might advise upon this particular, and to argue what resolu∣tions they should give to Walesteines Propositions: It was therefore propounded, whether they ought to accept of Peace, or prosecute the Warre; those that were for Peace, wrought thereunto by huge Gifts, and mightie promises made them by Walesteine, said:

That his Highnesse had hitherto managed the Warre with little profit, and great expences, since he hath got nothing thereby but the being num∣bred amongst the confederates of S••ethland, and one of those that had maintained Warre against the Emperour; wherein if he had as yet profited but little, he was likely to profit lesse; since that if the Austrians had preserved themselves against the first brunts, be∣ing set upon in so many parts, what would the event of these affaires be if every day strengthened by Spanish Forces, by Indian Gold, and by the worth of their Commanders, who affectionately applyed themselves to the service of Caesar and Walesteine, they should acrew to that power as in appearance they were likely to doe? That those Princes are said to be very wise, who fore-seeing future ruine, can apply remedies whereby to prevent it before it come; That Peace was never to be refused when the accepting of it may make for profit and reputation; that times were not alwayes the same, but changeable, and that men did ost times repent the not having entertained such occasion as time hath offered; that the occasions, wherefore the Warre was undertaken, ought to be considered, and the ends thereof, which if they were obtained, men ought to be sa∣tisfied, since the fortune of Warre doth oft-times favour, when kept within bounds, and doth forsake those who transcend them; that the Imperiall greatnesse was already sufficiently lessened, and consequently the vapours thereof extinguished, which the ambition of her Officers had raysed up; that the Swedes were borne forward by advantage; that it was not good to cherish them any longer in their bosomes; that the pleasures of Germany were too much thirsted after by the Ministers of that Crown; that they Treated with the Princes of the Empire with restlesse pretensions; that one of the chiefest Electors of Germany ought not to comply with the will of men come from forth Woods and Mountaines; that he ought to indeavour not to dis-member himselfe from the Empire, to preserve himselfe with those that were strangers thereunto, who already give proofes of their immense designes: and what would they be if they should obtaine their vast ends upon the Empier? That an union of many was of no long lasting, that every one had his particular Maximes, so as it would be hard to find an agreement amongst so many differing opinions, geniouses, and interests; that it was better to accept of an offer made, then to pursue it when de∣nyed.

These Reasons strongly urged by some Spanioliz'd-Officers, wrought very much upon the Elector, who was exceedingly inclined to Peace, and did not a little prevaile with Oxesterne, and other Swedish Ministers of State, whose intentions were not good, yet were they not able to get a resolution, so as what had beene formerly alledged,

was discreetly opposed by others,

who urged the tye of Religion, crying downe the ends of the Imperialists, and their by-gon behavi∣our towards that Elector, shewing how hee was rewarded for his friendship, by the Invasion made into his State by Tilly: declaring the hatred borne by Ecclesiasticks to Protestants, and (which was of greater moment) wounding him with the calling to mind the Emperours late published Edict touching the restitution of the goods taken from the Church; and remembring him of the means whereby hee might so conveniently acquit himselfe thereof, and free himselfe from those jealousies.

Though hee was on the one side Counselled by his desire of Peace, and his emulation of the Chancellour Oxesterne, and affrighted on the other side by suspition of the Austrians behaviour, hee resolved not∣withstanding, by not refusing to treat of an accommodation, to keep Walesteine in hopes, and by not giving way to the Propositions, to put diffidence in the Swedes, and to conclude a suspension of Armes, as did insue, for two moneths, all of them retiring themselves to their quarters, and re-assuming their former negotiations.

The Duke of Berchenfelt who was till now left with his men in the parts of Vetterania, incouraged by Baudis, who still desirous to invade the State of Coln, grew impatient of effecting his desires, and who had invited him to joyne with him, so to re-inforce his Forces, as that enterprise was propounded, invited by the likelyhood of the de∣signe, he patted from those parts with his men which were about 5000 Souldiers, and joyning with some other Troopes marched thither∣wards.

Gustavus Horne was during this in Swabenland, (no whit at all fea∣ring the Imperialists, who were now farre from that Country,) plun∣dring the Country, and bringing what he got into Vlm and Biberack: when Aldringer went unexpectedly with some Regiments towards Rain, making the Governour of that place believe, by counterfeit signes and false names, that his men were some of the Swedish Troops, sent upon some enterprise against the Imperialists; and being favou∣red by a thicke mist, which that morning darkened the sky, and hin∣dered the Swedes from discovering the Country, he without bloud∣shed entered the City; wherein leaving a good Garrison, he with the rest of his Army went towards Auspurg, imagining to meet with as good fortune in the surprisall of it: but Gustavus Horne hearing hereof, made all the haste he could thitherward to hinder him.

Much about this time the arrivall of the most illustrious Ferdinand Infant of Spayne, Brother to the most Catholique King, was expected in Milan; and the Spaniards purposing to send this Prince into Flan∣ders to take upon him the government of those Provinces whereof there was very great need, for that the illustrious Infanta Clara Euge∣nia was now growne very old, and those people not being willing to be commanded by any, but by some Prince of the Blood-Royall of the house of Austria, and it behoving him to have considerable For∣ces to get into those Provinces, not onely to open the way unto him, but likewise to re-inforce their Armies, and for his greater credit, the

Duke of Feria a man of great wisedome and understanding (who was then Governour of Milan) obteyned Authority from the Em∣perour, and Claudia of Inspruch Arch-Duchesse to raise (to boot with those levies of men raised in Lombardy and Naples) 2000 Souldiers for the service of Spayne in Germany, and to joyne thereunto the Re∣giment of Colonell Altemps, and moreover that Fredericke Enriques, Embassadour at Brussels for Tiroll, Swabenland and the Austrian Countryes of Germany, might raise wha•• men he listed.

The French likewise who were in Rhetia in defence of the Grisons being carefull of the safety of that Country, which might without much difficulty have been taken by the Spaniards, through the intelli∣gence of some of their State Ministers, and more particularly the chiefest of the lower Ag••edina, they resolved not onely to finish the Fortifications of Steich, a Passage by which they goe from Rhetia in∣to Swabenland, neere Veldkirch, a Towne not farre from the Lake of Consta••••z, but designed moreover a Fort-royall of foure Bulworkes upon the Rhyn, not farre from Meienfelt; and good summes of Mony were sent to Mounsieur Lande the French-Kings Ambassadour, who was at Coira, to keep those confederates in Loyalty, and partly to sa∣tisfy the advancements which they pretended unto.

Waymer (who having taken Bamberg and Kr••nach had all this while kept himselsefe in those quarters, doing nothing of moment) think∣ing it was now time to looke about him, and hinder the inrodes which were made by the Crabats and other Caesarian Horse quartered about Egra, hee reviewed his Troops, and having assembled a Body of men to about 8000 he encamped himselfe three daies about Steimach, between Egra and Kronach, he afterwards sent part of his Horse into the higher Palatinat to scoure the Country, and inquire after the Cae∣sarians proceedings, who being very much increased in those parts, seemed as if they would make some new attempt, and hee with the rest of his men stayed behinde to joyne with Horne, that so they might passe into Bavaria; but the Duke thereof knowing of their de∣signe, failed not with all speed to send many Bands of Souldiers to the Confines of Swabenland, to have a care of his owne Country. Way∣mer, before he should come to the Danube, would satisfie the desire which had more then once been made unto him by the Senat of Ma∣riemberg, who were in scarcity both of Victuall and Traffique, where∣in their greatest meanes did consist; not receiving any benefit from the neighboring Countryes possessed by the Austrians, who over-run their Country; He therefore turned on the left hand, and came in per∣son to Mariemberg, where he was honourably received; and his Horse not having the lucke to meet with any but five Companies of Crabats (who as knowing the Country were abroad to listen after this motion of the Enemy, whereof the rest being advertised retired neerer Egra,) they Charged them and slew some fifty of them.

Horne on the other side, being by sundry letters intreated to come to Waymer, he presently removed his Army from about Auspurg, and marched towards Dunawert to joyne with him; but for that it much imported the Swedes to regaine Rain, as a place w••ll seated, and

where passing the Leech, they might the easier enter from Bavaria into Swabenland, he thought in this his march to take it, and therefore drawing his Army about it, he erected three Batteries against the new little Fort, built by the Bavarians upon the River, and won it; being afterwards re-inforced by some Regiments sent him by Waymer, he hastened the taking of the Towne; whither the Bavarians not being able to come time enough, who made long marches to come in unto their succour, and were expected by the defendants, their Ammuniti∣on fayling them, they were constrained to yeeld with no small losse of Souldiers, who are usually more grieved when they are strong, yet are debarred of meanes of fighting, then when they have meanes to fight and are weake.

Berchenfelt, who being gone from Vetterania, a Countrey betweene the Maine and Heccar, went to foment the designes of Baudis, came before Montabeur, a walled Towne betweene the Rivers of Steg and Lain, which fall into the Rhyn about Coln, which was guarded by foure Companies, rather that they might therein be lodged, then for the de∣fence thereof; and making divers shot at it, he tooke it. Whereat Merodes being startled, who was then in the Territories of that Ele∣ctorate to hasten the raysing of Forces for the service of the Catho∣lique League, he passed over the Rhyn with 3000 Horse & 5000 Foot, and marched towards Siburg, a place situated upon the banks of Seidg, not farre from Coln, not onely to disturbe the designes of Baudis and Berchenfelt, but to beat the Swedes out of the quarters which they had usurped in those parts.

Now was the Dyet at Helbrun ended, where by cōmon consent it was concluded & agreed upon, that the Electors and Princes of the League should keep constantly united together til such time as what was taken from them by the Austrians should be restored unto them, their past Lawes should be established, as likewise the privileges of the Cities of the Empire, & till the Crown of Swethland should be satisfied for its service done to the Confederates, each of them promising never to Treat or conclude any Agreement severally without the consent of the rest of the Colleagues. And because it was requisite that the many numbers of this body should be joyned to one head, by which, as by an expert Pilot, the Ship of their common interest might be guided in the Sea of their present Emergencies, it was resolved that a Juncto of twelve Deputies or Commissioners should be chosen to assist Oxen∣stern (nine of which were to be Germans, & three Swethlanders) who was declared to be the Director thereof, and Generall of the Army of the Crowne of Swethland; and that this Councell or Juncto was to pro∣vide for publique occurrences, to deliberate upon all expeditions which concerned the common interest, and to take upon them the whole Affaires.

Alsatia having at this time but few Swedes, by reason of Hornes be∣ing gone from thence; Montecuculi (who commanded in chiefe the Emperours Forces in that Province) having augmented the number of his Forces at Brisach, by the remainders of those which he could get from the Garrisons of the neighbouring Cities which Horne had

formerly taken; he appeared every day to advance in his procee∣dings, sometimes surprising quarters, sometimes troubling the neighbour-garrisons, sometimes over-running the Countrey, and in∣deavouring to withdraw the residue of that Province into the said strong hould, the preservation whereof was much studied by the Caesa∣rians; it being the Key and Sanctuary of Alsatia and Swabenland, and the most important and considerable passage of the Rhyn: So as the Swedes, considering how much their interests were concerned in the ha∣ving the intire possession of that state, and the securing themselves on the Rhynes side, they resolved to prosecute the enterprise, and to doe this whilst Saxony Treated of Peace, whilst Walestein prepared to march into the Field, and whilst preparations were making at Millan for augmenting Caesars Forces; to the end, that they might afterwards turne their Forces whether best pleased them. Their returne there∣fore to this Countrey being resolved upon, the first thing propounded was the taking of Haghenaw, which standing upon the Frontiers of Lorayne, incited the Duke to take up Armes in the behalfe of Caesar, and hindred the Commerce of Strasbrough, a friendly place, and wor∣thy to be upheld, since in it did consist the safetie and plentie of those parts. Oxesterne (having very wisely weighed, that it behoved not them to lose their men in the taking in of Townes, whilst the Enemy grew stronger in the Field, whereon the Game that was begun was fi∣nally to be ended) put the Commanders in mind, that they should use all their care and diligence in preserving their men; and the Duke of Berchenfelt (who by reason of the arrivall of the Emperours Forces, commanded by Merodes and Gronsfield, could not hope to advance, the rather, for that the States of Holland did not willingly adheare to such acquisitions) being retired to the Teritories of the Electorate of Coln, where his first quarters were, about Francfurt, he received orders to besiege Haghenaw and F••••burg, lying a little lower on the side of the Rhyn, one League distant from Spier, from the Garrison whereof par∣ties continually sallyed forth, which kept the neighbouring Towns of the Palatinate and Wirtenberg in Contribution, Colonell Smidburg a Dutch-man, had orders at the same time, that he with his men, and those of Colonell Abell-moda a Hollander, should lay siege to it; Mon∣tecuculi, who fore-saw that this cloud must fall upon him, threatning a great tempest, failed not notwithstanding, in his formerly shewen cou∣rage, nor in the constancy which upon former occasions he had shew∣ed; but continuing his valour, which was never seen to go lesse in him, he went forth of Brisach, and supplyed the weakenesse of his Forces by the strength of his mind. He plundered divers Townes, cut in pieces 100 of the Enemies Horse where they lay in quarter, tooke Rutell, a Castle standing upon a hill not farre from Basel, and faced Friborg in Briscovia, with 700 Foot and 500 chosen Horse, to the no little terror of the Garrison thereof, the which he might as easily have taken, as the Swedes did when they tooke it, had not the Ringrave, who was very diligent in Military executions, succoured it by charging up∣on the Caesarians, whom he drove to the very gates of Brisach, and slew fiftie of them.

On the other side, the Imperialists were gotten to be a considerable number in Slesia towards Sweinitz, and with little gaine-saying prospe∣red in that Province; the Saxons being marcht into the Field they seemed fearefull to make any new adventures, and that they adjourned their designes waiting for Walesteines comming in the Field, who after having made great Provision of Cannon, Ammunition, and other Engines of Warre, departed from Prage; and though the morning that he went forth the skyes were very cleare, yet on the suddaine there rose a terrible storme of Wind, Raine, and Haile; and as he lay that night at Brandais, the Towne was set on fire, and the greatest part thereof burnt to the ground, and great store of Carriages and Cattell were likewise burnt; which prodigious accident was thought to fore∣tell no great good fortune likely to befall him. He passed on to Chine∣grats upon the Confines of Bohemia towards Slesia, where he mustered his Army, wherein were found to be 140 Foot Ensignes, 180 Cornets of Horse, 28 pieces of great Cannon, and 2000 well furnished Car∣riages. Heere he divided his Army, sending Holke with 7000 Soul∣diers towards Egra to secure Bohemia on that side, as likewise to op∣pose any attempts Duke Waymer might make, who had neere about 6000 fighting men, consisting partly of his owne men, partly of those he had drawne out of the neighbouring Garrisons, with the which in the beginning of May he advanced from Franconia.

* 1.12At the newes hereof, the Elector of Saxony apprehending danger in Walesteines marching with so great Forces towards Slesia, and the sus∣pension of Armes being fruitlessely expired, he suddenly assembled together all the Forces that were upon the Confines of Bohemia, toge∣ther with those of Brandenburg, and the Swedes that were disperst a∣bout those parts; and gave order that they should march under the command of Tuball towards Neisse, to watch over the Caesarian pro∣ceedings, who being well-nigh 16000 fighting men, lay not far from thence expecting Walesteine, who stayd eight dayes in Golts a Towne neere Velstritz, in expectation of Forces from Bohemia, and an answer from the Court of Saxony concerning the particular of Peace, which was never by them imbraced, but alwayes wisely managed with new conditions.

The Duke of Bavaria, fearing lest by Walesteins being so far off, and by the great recruits of Souldiers which the Swedes every day made upon the Confines of his Dukedome, his Dominions might receive some notable prejudice, he gave command, that all the Corne, Hay, and best moveables of the Villages thereabouts should be brought in∣to the walled Townes and strong holds, to the end, that if the Swedes should offer at any enterprise, they mought not find wherewithall to maintaine their Army, and consequently wanting behoofefull ne∣cessaries they might through Famine faile of their desires: and Al∣dringer with the rest of the Imperialists incamped about Monaco, and beganne there to fortifie himselfe, that hee might resist the Swedes, and defend that Citie till he should receive such Forces as Walesteine had promised him, if occasion should require.

But Waymer, (though being joyned with Horne, he had neer about

15000 fighting men) being informed of Holkes advancing towards Egra, (who sent by Walesteine to guard the Frontiers on that side, had opportunely possessed himselfe of the most considerable seats of the upper Palatinat) and knowing likewise that his Brother Duke William had not Forces sufficient to oppose the Imperialists designes, he bridled his desire, and sent some Regiments of Horse towards Aichstet, to observe Holkes proceedings, and he himselfe went to be∣tween Dunawert and Rain to secure those places. Horne went towards Auspurg, and the Ringrave returned towards Alsatia, to begirt Brisach.

Whilst the sky of Germany was thus troubled, foretelling much misery, the clouds threatned no lesse foule weather towards Flanders; for the Hollanders growing every day more powerfull, had now a gal∣lant Army in readinesse to make some attempt against the Austrians; and it was generally resolved on by them to send an Army to take in Rimberg, a Fort which stands on the Rhyn, on this side of the We••ssell, made much for their further inlarging themselves in the Angle which lyes between the Mase and the Rhyn towards the Electorat of Coln. The Prince of Orange marched forth therfore with his Army, and intrench∣ing himselfe about the Towne, did on the 15th of May begin to raise his Batteries.* 1.13

The Saxons knowing themselves to be too weake in Slesia to with∣stand the great preparations made by Walesteine to drive them out of that Province, resolved to retreat towards the Oder, that they might make advantage of those Banks, and avoid the ingaging of themselves in a disadvantagious Battaile, the which they cunningly foresaw and opportunely shunn'd, as that in the losse whereof the greatest mischief did consist which could befall that State: and that the Austrians might not finde wherewithall commodiously to maintain themselves in that Country, they tooke away the Militia, Artillery, Ammuni∣tion, and Victuals from the Cities, Towns, and Villages, and brought them into their strong holds, and what they could not readily convey away they fired, to the end that the Enemy not finding wherewithall to maintaine themselves and Horses, might change their mindes, and retire from thence without the hazard of a Battaile.

Waymer and Horne finding by their Intelligence that Holke came upon their backes, and fearing lest being shut up in Bavaria they might be inclosed by the Caesarians and Bavarians, (who were with considerable numbers equally advanced towards the River Par,) they passed to Dunawert, and incamped themselves between Ratisbone and Amberg, dividing their Forces into the Bishopricke of Aichstet, which after some defence made by the Castle, which for six dayes bravely maintained it selfe, it fell into their hands, being onely in∣vironed with ancient Wals, not able to withstand the Cannon.

Walesteine being come to Goltz and having easily taken it, (the Sax∣ons having at his first appearance abandoned it) and finding that his policy could not prevail, but that all his propositions were refused by the State of Saxony, which were aware of his ends, and whither his am∣bition did secretly aspire, he thought good to move a new treaty of

agreement, and to put far more moderate Conditions, which hee would have Albert Duke of Sassen Laremburg to open and make knowne unto the Saxon Councell, which subscribed to a Truce for other two moneths, though nothing insued thereon by reason of the immoderatnesse of the Electors pretensions, the chiefe scope whereof was, that the Edict whereby all the Churches goods were to be restored to the Roman-Catholiques should be repealed.

This meane while the Imperialists who were commanded by Holke appeared between Ratisbone and Egra; so as the Swedes finding what difficulties they should meet withall by making any longer aboade in the Bishopricke of Aichstet, they retired towards Dunawert, think∣ing to secure themselves there, and watch over the Austrians procee∣dings, who invited by the Swedes departure, got ground, fi∣red divers Villages, and quartered themselves in those places which lye on the West side and on the South between Duna∣nawert and Wilsborg.

The end of the fifth Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  LIB. 5. 1632.
• * 1.2

  Decem. 12.
• * 1.3

  Decem. 13.
• * 1.4

  Decem. 20.
• * 1.5

  Decem. 24.
• * 1.6

  Nov. 21.
• * 1.7

  Nov. 29.
• * 1.8

  LIB. 5. 1633.
• * 1.9

  1633.
• * 1.10

  Feb. 10.
• * 1.11

  March.
• * 1.12

  May.
• * 1.13

  May, 15.