The workes of that famous chirurgion Ambrose Parey translated out of Latine and compared with the French. by Th: Johnson

OF THE FACULTIES OF SIMPLE MEDICINES, AS ALSO OF THEIR COMPOSI∣tion and Use. THE TWENTY SIXTH BOOK. (Book 26)

THE PREFACE.

AMongst the causes which we terme healthfull, and other remedies which pertain to the health of man, and the expelling of Diseases, Medicines easily challenge the prime place; which (as it is delive∣red by Solomon) God hath produced out of the earth, and they are not to be abhorred by a wise man; for there is * 1.1 nothing in the world, which sconer, and as by a miracle, asswageth the horride torments of diseases. Therefore Herophilus called them fittingly administred, The hands of the Gods. And hence it was that such Physitians as excelled in the knowledge of Me∣dicines, have amongst the Antients acquired an opinion of Di∣vinity. It cannot by words bee expressed what power they have in healing. Wherefore the knowledge of them is very necessary not only for the prevention, but also for the driving away of Diseases.

CHAP. I. What a Medicine is, and how it differeth from nourishment.

WEE define a medicine to bee, That which hath power to change the bo∣dy according to one or more qualities; and that such as cannot bee changed into our nature: contrary whereto we terme that nourishment which may be converted into the substance of our bodies. But we define them by the word power, because they have not an absolute nature, but as by relation and depending upon the condition of the bodies by whom they are taken. For that which is medicine to one, is meat to another, and that which is meat to this, is medicine to that. Thus for example, Hellebore is nourishment to the Quaile, but a medicine to man: Hemlocke is nourishment to a Sterling, but poison to a Goose: the Ferula is food to an Asse, but poison to other cattell. Now this di∣versity is to be attributed to the different natures of creatures.

It is recorded in history, that the same by long use may happen in men. They re∣port that a maide was presented to Alexander the great, who, nourished with Napel∣lus, and other poisons, had by long use made them familiar to her, so that the very breath she breathed was deadly to the by-standers. Therefore it ought to seeme no marvaile, if it at any time happen, that medicines turne into the nature and nourish∣ment of our bodies: for we commonly may see birds and swine feed upon serpents and toads without any harme: and lastly,

—Serpenti Ciconia pullos Nutrit, & per devia rura lacerta: Illi eadem sumptis quaerunt animalia pennis.

The Storke with Serpents and with Lizards caught, In waylesse places nourisheth her brood: And they the same pursue, when as they're taught To use their wing, to get their wish't for food.

CHAP. II. The differences of Medicines in their matter and substance.

EVen as the concealed glory of worldly riches lyeth hid in the bowels of the earth, and depths of the sea and waters, as gold, silver, and all * 1.2 sorts of metals, gemmes and pretious stones, furnisht with admirable vertues; so we may behold the superficies of this earth clothed with al∣most an infinite variety of trees, shrubs, and hearbs: where wee may contemplate and wonder at the innumerable diversities of roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, gummes, their smells, pleasant tasts and colours, but much more at their ver∣tues. This same mother Earth, as with her breasts, nourisheth marvellous distinct kindes of living creatures, various in their springing, encrease and strength. Where∣in the immense goodnesse of God, the great Architect and framer of all things, doth most clearely appeare towards man, as who hath subjected to our govern∣ment, as a patrimony, so ample and plentifull provision of nature for our delight in nourishment, and necessity of healing. Therefore the antient Phisitians have right∣ly delivered, that all sorts of medicines may bee abundantly had from living crea∣tures, plants, the earth, water and aire.

Medicines are taken from living creatures either whole and entire, or else the * 1.3 parts and excrements of them. Wee oft times use in Phisicke whole creatures, as foxes, whelps, hedge-hogs, frogs, snailes, wormes, crabbes, and other living crea∣tures. Wee also make use of some parts of them, as the liver of a wolfe or goat, the

lungs of the foxe, the bone of the stagges heart, Cranium humanum, fat, blood, flesh, marrow, the cods of the Castor or Beaver, which is therefore termed Castoreum, and such other particles that are usefull in Physicke. We know also that there are some medicines taken from excrements, as hornes, nailes, haires, feathers, skin; as also from urine, dung, spittle, hony, egges, waxe, milke, wooll, sweat, and others of this kinde, under which wee may comprehend muske, civet, pearle, oesipus, and sundry others of this nature.

Wee take medicines from plants, both whole, and also from their parts, whether trees, shrubs, or herbes. For we oft times use succory, marsh-mallowes, mallowes, * 1.4 plantaine, and the like, whole: but otherwhiles onely the roots of plants, their pith, wood, barke, shoots, stalkes, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, juices, gummes, ro∣sines, mosses, and the like.

Things taken from the earth for the use and matter of medicine, are either earths, * 1.5 stones, or mineralls. The sorts of earth are Bole armenicke, Terra sigillata, fullers earth, chalke, potters clay, and such like. Stones are the pumice, Marchisite of gold, silver, brasse, marble, the load-stone, plaister, chalke, sulphur vivum, lapis specula∣ris, and others. Metals and mineralls are gold, silver, tinne, lead, brasse, iron, steele, antimony, cerusse, brimstone, cinnaber, litharge of gold and silver, tutty, true Pom∣pholix, verdigreece, alume, romane vitrioll, coprose white and greene, salts of sun∣dry kinds, both the Arsenickes, and such like.

The following medicines are from fresh water, raine water, spring water, river * 1.6 water, and all things thence arising, as water lentile, common flagges, water lillies, water mints, and all the creatures that live therein. From the salt water are taken salt, Alcyonium, all sorts of corall, shels of fish, as also cuttle bones, sponges, and all creatures of the sea. From waters mixt of salt and fresh, the herbe Androsace (which growes in plenty in the marshes at Fontignan and Cape de Sete) Asphaltum, which is found in the dead sea.

From the aire proceeds Manna, therefore called melaërium (i. e.) hony of the aire, * 1.7 and also all other kindes of dew that are usefull in Physicke by reason of the vertues they receive from the sunne which raiseth them up, from the aire, whereas they make some stay, as also from the plants, whereupon they fall and reside.

CHAP. III. The differences of simples in their qualities and effects.

ALL the mentioned sorts of simples are endued with one or more of the foure faculties, whereof I now purpose to treat.

The first faculty common to all the rest, and as it were their founda∣tion, flowes from the foure first qualities of the prime bodies or ele∣ments, that is, heat, coldnesse, drynesse, and moisture, and this either simple or compound, as one or two of these prime qualities exceed in the temper of the medicine, as it may appeare by the following tables.

The simple quality is either to

• Heat,
• Coole,
• Humect,
• Dry.

The compound, arising from two joyned qualities, either

• Heats and dries,
• Heats and moistens,
• Cooles and dries,
• Cooles & moistens.

Heat, which is

• moderate,
  • Heats,
  • Attenuates,
  • Rarifyes,
  • Opens the passages,
  • Digests,
  • Suppurates.
• immoderate
  • Inflames and burnes,
  • Bites, whence followes
    • Violent attraction,
    • Rubrification,
    • Consumption,
    • Colliquation,
    • An eschar,
    • Mortification.

Cold, which is

• moderate,
  • Cooleth,
  • Condenseth,
  • Obstructeth.
• immoderare,
  • Congeales,
  • Stupefyes,
  • Mortifyes.

Moisture, which is

• moderate,
  • Humects,
  • Lubricates,
  • Levigates and mitigates,
  • Glues.
• immoderate,
  • Obstructs,
  • Lifts up into a flatulent tumour, especial∣ly if it be a vaporous humidity.

Drynesse, which is

• moderate,
  • Dryes,
  • Rarifyes,
  • Attenuates.
• immoderate,
  • Binds,
  • Contracts or shrinks,
  • Causeth chops and scailes.

The effect of these qualities is distinguished, and as Galen observes, digested into these orders, which wee terme Degrees; so that by a certaine proportion and mea∣sure, * 1.8 they may serve to oppugne diseases, as the same Galen affirmes. For to a disease (for example) hot in the second degree, no other medicine must bee used than that which is cold in the like degree: Wherefore all simple medicines are,

Hot, Cold, Moist, Dry,

in the

Beginning, Middle, Extreme,

of the

first, second, third, fourth,

degree.

• The Heat, of the first, degree, is Obscure,
• The Coldnesse, of the second, degree, is Manifest,
• The Moisture, of the third, degree, is Vehement,
• The Drynesse of the fourth degree, is Excessive.

An example of heat distinguished thus by degrees, may bee thus, Warme water is temperate; that which is a little hotter, is in the first degree of heat; if manifestly * 1.9 hot, it is in the second degree; but if it heat more vehemently, it may be thought to

come to the third; but if it scald, then we know that it hath arrived to the fourth de∣gree of heate. Such also is the distinction of coldnesse, moisture, and drinesse, by their degrees. Wherefore it will be worth our labour, to give you examples of cer∣tain medicines, distinguished in their order and degree, by which you may the more easily give conjecture of the rest.

Simple Medicines hot in the

First degree.

• Absinthium.
• Althaea.
• Amygdala dulcia.
• Beta.
• Brassica.
• Chamaemelum.
• Ladanum.
• Semen Lini.
• Saccharum.
• Ervum, sive Orobus.
• Vinum novum: For old is judged hot in the second or third degree, as it is more or lesse yeares old.

Second degree.

• Ammoniacum.
• Arthemisia.
• Anethum.
• Foenugraecum.
• Mastiche.
• Salvia
• Marrubium.
• Melissa.
• Pix utraque tum arida corporibus particu∣lisque solidioribus aptior, tum liquida de∣licatioribus.
• Scilla.
• Sarcocolla.
• Bryonia.
• Apium.
• Chamaepytis.
• Crocus.
• Ficus.
• Thus.
• Myrrhae.
• Mel.
• Nux moschata.
• Sal.
• Opopanax.
• Ammi.

Simples hot in the

Third degree.

• Abrotanum.
• Agnus castus.
• Anisum.
• Asarum.
• Aristolochia.
• Chamaedrys.
• Sabina.
• Calamintha.
• Cinamomum.
• Iris.
• Juniperus.
• Hyssopus.
• Origanum.
• Sagapenum.
• Chelidonium majus.
• Ruta saliva.

Fourth degree.

• Allium.
• Caepa.
• Euphorbium.
• Nasturtium.
• Pyrethrum.
• Sinapi.
• Tithymalli.
• Anacardi.
• Chelidonium minus, Galeno. Yet ours, by reason of the gentleness of the ayre, & moisture of our soile, is not so acride.
• Ruta sylvestris. This, as all wilde and not cultivated things, becomes more strong and acride than the Garden Rue.

Simples cold in the

First degree.

• Atriplex.
• Hordeum.
• Cydonia mala.
• Malva.
• Pyra.
• Pruna.
• Rosa.
• Viola.

Second degree.

• Acacia.
• Cucurbita.
• Cucumis.
• Malagranata acida, dulcia enim temperata sunt potiùs.
• Plantago.
• Polyganum.
• Solanum hortense, nam id quod somniferum dicitur, vi refrigerandi ad papaver accedit.

Third degree.

• Hyoscyamus.
• So••anum somniferum.

Fourth degree.

• Cicuta.
• Papaveris genera omnia, excepto Cornicula.

• Portulaca.
• Sempervivum.
• Mandragora.

• to, huic enim incidendi & abstergendi vim attribuit Gal. Certè nitrosum & sal∣sum gustu percipitur, quo fit ut calida & siccae sit naturae.
• Opium.

Simples moist in the

First degree.

• Buglossum.
• Viola.
• Malva.
• Rapum.
• Spinacia.

Second degree.

• Ammoniacum.
• Lactuca.
• Cucurbita.
• Cucumis.
• Melones.
• Portulaca.

Simples dry in the

First degree.

• Thus.
• Chamaemelum.
• Brassica.
• Sarcocolla.
• Crocus.
• Faba.
• Faenugraecum.
• Hora••••m integrum.

Second degree.

• Artemisia.
• Orobus.
• Balaustia.
• Lens.
• Mastiche.
• Mel.
• Sal.
• Anethum.
• Myrrha.
• Pix arida.
• Plantago.
• Nux moschata.

Third degree.

• Abrotonum ustum.
• Absinthium.
• Acetum.
• Milium.
• Sanguis draconis.
• Galla.
• Myrtus.
• Aloe.
• Cuminum.
• Sabina.

Fourth degree.

• Piper.
• Allium.
• Nasturtium.
• Sinapi.
• Euphorbium.

Those we have mentioned have of themselves and their own nature all such qua∣lities, * 1.10 yet doe they produce farre other effects by accident, and besides their owne nature in our bodies, by reason of which they are termed accidentall causes. This shall be made manifest by the following examples.

Externall heat by accident refrigerates the body within, because it opens the pas∣sages and pores, and cals forth the internall heate, together with the spirits and hu∣mours by sweats: whence it followes, that the digestion is worse, and the appetite is diminished. The same encompassing heate also humects by accident, whilest it diffuses the humours concrete with cold: for thus Venery is thought to humect.

The like may be said of Cold, for that it heates not by its proper and native, but by an adventitious force: whereof you may make tryall in Winter, when as the ambient cold, by shutting the pores of the body, hinders the breathing forth and dissipation of the native heat. Whence it is inwardly doubled, and the concoction better performed, and the appetite strengthened. This same cold also dries by ac∣cident, when as it by accident repercusses the humour that was ready to flow down into any part, and whilst it concretes that which is gathered in the part: for thus by the immoderate use of repercussers, an oedematous tumour, proceeding from gross and viscide phlegme, degenerates into a scirrhus.

Drinesse and moisture, because they are more passive qualities, shew their effects by not so manifest operations, as heate and cold doe; but in comparison of them they are rather to be judged as matter or a subject.

CHAP. IV. Of the second faculties of Medicines.

WEe terme those the second faculties of Medicines, which have dependance upon the first, which are formerly mentioned, as it is the part

Of Heate to

• Rarefie,
• Attract,
• Open,
• Attenuate,
• Levigate,
• Cleanse.

Of Cold to

• Condense,
• Repercusse,
• Shut up,
• Incrassate,
• Exasperate,
• Constipate.

Of Moisture to

• Soften,
• Relaxe.

Of Drinesse to

• Harden,
• Stiffen.

Hence we terme that an attractive medicine, which hath an attractive faculty, as on the contrary, that a repercussive, that repels; a detergent, that which cleanses viscous matter. We call that an Emplasticke medicine, which not only shuts up the pores of the body, but reduces the liquid bodies therein contained to a certaine e∣quality of substance. Thus also emollients, relaxers, and the rest, have their deno∣minations from their effects, as we shall declare hereafter.

CHAP. V. Of the third faculties of Medicines.

THe third faculty of medicines depends for the most part upon the first and second faculties, sometimes conjoyned, otherwhiles separate. Also some∣times it followes neither of these faculties, but a certaine property and inexplicable quality, which is only knowne by experience. Now the o∣perations of this third faculty are to agglutinate, to fill with flesh, to cicatrize, to as∣swage paine, to move or stay the urine, milke, seed, the courses, sweats, vomits, and performe such like operations in or about the body.

Thus the generation of flesh is produced by the concourse of two faculties, that is, of drying and cleansing. But drinesse and astriction produce a glutinating and ci∣catrizing faculty. A hot and attenuating faculty causeth sweats, moves urine, the courses, and the like in the body; but contrary faculties retarde and stop the same.

To mitigate paine, proceeds only from the first faculty, to wit, from heate, or a moderately heating faculty; to procure rest, from cold onely, or coldnesse joyned with some moisture. But to procure vomit, proceeds neither from the first nor se∣cond faculty, but from a certaine occult and essentiall property, which is naturally implanted in Agaricke, and other nauscous and vomitory medicines.

CHAP. VI. Of the fourth faculty of Medicines.

THe fourth faculty of medicines is not of the same condition with those * 1.11 that are formerly mentioned; for it depends not upon them, or any other manifest or elementary quality, but on an occult property of the whole substance, by meanes whereof, it workes rather upon this than that part, upon this rather than that humour. Wherefore Physitians cannot by any reason finde out this faculty, but only by experience, as we have said a little before of me∣dicines

procuring vomit. Hence it is, that names are given to those medicines from those parts that they chiefly respect: For they are termed Cephalicks, which respect the head, as Betony, Marjerome, Sage, Rosemary, Staechas: Pneumonicks, which respect the Lungs, as Liquorice, sweet Almonds, Orris, Elecampane. Cordials, that strengthen the heart, as Saffron, Cinamon, Citrons; but chiefly their rindes, Bu∣glosse, Corall, Ivory. Stomaticall, which respect the stomacke, and the orifice there∣of, as Nutmegs, Mint, Anise, Masticke, Pepper, Ginger. Hepaticks, which respect the Liver, as Wormwood, Agrimony, Spikenard, Succory, Sanders. Spleniticks, which have relation to the spleene, as Time, Epithymum, Broome flowers, Cetrach, Capers, the barke of their rootes, the barke of Tamariske. Diureticks, such as re∣spect the kidneyes and urenary passages, as the rootes of Smallage, Asperagus, Fen∣nell, Butchers brome, the foure greater cold seeds, Turpentine, Plantaine, Saxifrage. Arthniticks, or such as strengthen the joynts, as Cowslips, Chamaepytis, Elecampane, Calaminte, Hermodactiles, and the like.

To this ranke may be referred purging medicines, which, furnished with a speci∣ficke property, shew their efficacy on one humour more than another humour, and that impact more in one part than in another. For thus Agricke chiefly drawes phlegme from the head and joynts, Rubarbe drawes choller chiefly from the Liver, and hurts the kidneyes. But let us here forbeare the consideration of such things, as not appertaining to Surgery. But some medicines of this kinde are furnished with one simple faculty, othersome with more, and those contrary, whereof your taste may give you sufficient notice: for Rubarbe at the first touch of the tongue is found acride and hot; but when you come to chaw and throughly to taste it, you shall find it to partake of an earthy astriction. Therefore because tastes give notice of the fa∣culties of medicines, therefore I have thought good to treat of them briefly.

CHAP. VII. Of Tastes.

TAste, as Galen delivers according to Aristotle and Theophrastus, is a * 1.12 certaine concoction of moisture in drinesse, caused by meanes of heate, which we know or discerne by the tongue well tempered, and fittingly furnished with spittle and his nerves. There are nine differences of tastes; for there are three judged hot, to wit, the a∣cride, * 1.13 bitter, and salt: three cold, the acide, austere, and ac••rbe: three temperate, the sweet, the oily or fat, and the insipide. Now they are thought so many, according to the different degrees of concoction; for it appeares greater in hot tastes, and as it were a certaine assation, but lesse in cold, but indifferent, and as it were an elixation in things temperate: therefore Nature ob∣serves this order in the concoction of sapide bodies, that at the first the acerbe taste should take place, then the austere, and lastly, the acide; from these (as it were) ru∣diments of concoction, arises an insipide, then an oily, then a sweet perfectly con∣cocted and temperate. This concoction exceeding the bounds of mediocrity, there arises a salt taste, then a bitter, and then an acride with the highest excesse, of almost a fiery heate. Yet I would be thus understood, that all things that are by na∣ture sapide, do not alwayes ascend to the height of sweetnesse by the degrees of a∣cerbity, austerity, and acidity, as though it were of absolute necessity, that all things that are sweete, they should first bee acerbe, austere, and acide. For there are many things found, especially in plants and their fruits, which when they shall arrive to their perfection and maturity, are acide, bitter, or salt, but being yet unripe, and not come to full perfection, they have a certaine sweetnesse, which afterwards, by a fur∣ther digestion, or perfection and concoction, acquire a bitter, austere, or acide taste. For thus bitternesse in Wormwood and Aloes, acrimony in Pepper or Pellitory, is a perfection of nature, a full ripenesse and perfect concoction, and not an excesse of heate in that species. Also acerbity and austerity is a perfection of nature, and not a

rudiment in Services and Cornelians; acidity or tartnesse is also so in verjuice. But in very many things it so fals out, that the sweet or fatty taste become so, and acquire their perfection by concoction, as in Grapes, Figges, Peares, Apples, and almost all other such fruits, as wee usually feed upon. Therefore I will now treat of each of them in order, first beginning with the cold tastes.

The acerbe taste is cold and terrestriall, and of a substance absolutely grosse, being * 1.14 lesse humide than the austere, but much lesse than the acide. It notably cooles and dryes, it condensats, binds, repels, especially from the superficies, and it also exaspe∣rates; this taste resides, and may be found in Pomegranate pils, Galls, Sumach, and Cypresse nuts.

The austere is nighest in temper and effects to the acerbe, but somewhat moisture; * 1.15 for the acerbe absolutely consists in a terrestriall & cold substance. Wherefore this, increased by a degree of concoction, acquires more store eyther of heate alone, or else of moisture alone, or else of both together: moisture, I say, and that is either ayery, or else watry. Therefore if these fruits, which before their maturity are a∣cerbe, have an accession of heate, then doe they become sweet, as you perceive by Chesnuts; but if there be an acc••ssion of moisture only, and that more grosse, of a∣cerbe they become austere: for both the tastes are in the like degree of cold, but the austere is the moisture. But if to the same frigidity remaining in fruits, a certain sub∣tle humidity accrew, then is there caused an acide taste. But if they have an accessi∣on of a watrish moisture and heate, they will acquire a sweet taste, or else oily, if the humidity accrewing with the heate be ayery.

I have judged it requisite to admonish you hereof, that you might know by what meanes sapide bodies mitigated become sweet of acerbe, as it were by these inter∣posed degrees of austerity, acidity, and oylinesse, as they acquire a various accession of heate and moisture separately, or conjunctly.

Now by all that wee have delivered, you may gather, that all acerbe and austere things are cold and dry; and as they are cold, they repell and hinder defluxions: as they are dry and terrestriall, they condensate, incrassate, constipate, and straiten the passages; yea, and they also cicatrize: but acerbe things performe this farre more powerfully, as those which are absolutely terrene, cold, and dry, not partaking of moisture, or water. Now austere things consist (as it were) in a middle matter, that is, in a more dilute terrene body, as it is apparent in Services, unripe Grapes, Cor∣nelians, Medlars, Crabs, wilde Peares, and all sorts of unripe fruits, whence it is termed a crude taste.

The acide taste is of a cold and watrish nature, but most subtle, by benefit whereof * 1.16 it penetrates, and divides almost as powerfully as the acride. It incides, or divides, attenuates, bites, cleanses, opens obstructions, repels and dryes. For by the meanes of the deep piercing cold, it repels all defluxions; and by the drying faculty, which is strong even in its watry consistence, it stayes and stops all bleedings, the haemor∣rhoides and dysenteries. The force thereof is chiefly manifest in Vinegar, as also in the juice of Citrons, Sorrell, Cherries, Berberries, and the like. And this is the na∣ture of cold tastes, now it is time we speake of such as are temperate.

The insipide is unproperly termed a taste, as that which is rather a privation of * 1.17 tastes, it is in some sort cold, and of a very watrish and grosse nature, it inspissates, constipates, and stupifies. This kinde of taste is chiefly manifest in water, and next in Gourds, Citruls, and many such like things.

The oily taste is hot, humide, and ayery; therefore it humects, relaxates, molli∣fies, * 1.18 lubricates. Of this kinde are oyle, butter, fat which is not raucide by age, nor acride by nature, as that of Lyons and Foxes.

The sweet taste is made by a moderate and well concocting heate, consisting in a * 1.19 matter more tenuious and hot than the insipide, but in somewhat more grosse than the oily, from which in the first qualities it doth not differ; therefore it is of a hot, ayery, and temperate nature. Therefore every sweet thing detergeth, levigates, con∣cocts, ripens, relaxes, and asswageth paine. Examples of this taste may be had in Su∣gar, Honey, Manna, sweet Almonds, Milke, and other like. Now let us come to hot tastes.

The salt taste is hot and astringent, lesse earthy than the bitter, as that which re∣sides * 1.20 as it were in a middle matter. For it proceeds from an earthy drinesse, which is formerly torrified & attenuated by the force of heate in a watry humidity. Where∣fore that which is salt contracts the pores, cuts, cleanses, digests, or rather dryes up the humours by the drinesse thereof, without any manifest sense of heate, whence it is, that it vindicates from putrefaction. Under this kinde are contained all sorts of salt, as salt-Peter, niter, sal Ammoniacum, sal gemmae, common salt, sea water, and such other like.

The bitter taste is hot, earthy, and drying; for the matter thereof is grosse and * 1.21 earthy, which the abounding heate hath torrified and dryed up. Wherefore bitter things taken in wardly, purge and carry away superfluous humours: and outwardly applyed, they mundifie and deterge ulcers, they open the mouthes and passages of the veines oft-times by their abstergent faculty; whence it is that they move the courses and haemorrhoides. The principall things indued with this taste are A∣loes, Gall, Wormwood, Gentian, the lesser Centaury, Coloquintida, Fumitory, Soot, and such like.

The acride taste is hot, of a subtle and fiery nature; for it is kindled of a hot, sub∣tle, * 1.22 and dry matter, neither can it consist in any other. Therfore that which is acride, heats, prickes or bites the mouth by the acrimony, it heates, and oft-times burnes, it penetrates, opens the passages, attenuates, attracts and drawes sorth grosse humours, evacuates and sends forth urine, the courses, and sweat: besides it oft-times is sep∣ticke, blistering, and escharotick; and lastly, burning, and causticke. The septicke & putrefactive things are sublimate, Chamaelea, the juice of Thapsia. The vesicatories are Dittander, Cantharides, Crowfoot, Mustard, Pellitory of Spaine, Euphorbium. But the causticke and escharoticke are Lime, Oake ashes, and the like.

But wee know medicines not onely by the taste, but also by our other senses, as touch, sight, hearing, smell. And as by the taste, so also by these we judge of and try the goodnesse of medicines, and distinguish the true legitimate from the adulterate. The touch judges what are hot and cold, moist and dry, rough and gentle, or smooth, hard and soft, brittle or friable, glutinous and viscide, dry or slippery. We approve of the goodnesse of medicines by their colour, brightnesse, or duskinesse, whereof the eye is judge; for wee commend that Senna which is somewhat greenish, but dislike the whitish: as also we like well of such Cassia as is blacke both within and without, shining and full, and not dry and shrunke up. Yet the judgement of the first qualities, by the colour is deceitfull, or none at all; for such things as are white, or of the colour of Snow, are not therefore cold: for sundry of them are hot, as Lime. Neither are red things to be therefore judged hot; for Roses coole. Also medicines are chosen by the smell; for such as have a good, fresh, and naturall smell, are com∣monly hot, and in their perfect vigour. On the contrary, things that want smell are for the most part cold and evanide. By hearing we distinguish things full from such as are empty: thus we choose Cassia, which shaken, makes no noyse with the grains or seeds ratling in it. Hitherto we have explained the first, second, third, and fourth faculties of medicines in generall, & have shewed how they may be found out: now must we more particularly treat of their second and third faculties, because by rea∣son of these they chiefly come into use in Surgery: Yet let mee first briefly shew by what meanes and arts they may be prepared.

CHAP. VIII. Of the preparation of medicines.

To prepare medicines, is nothing else, than by art to make them more commodi∣ous for use and com∣position, whereby they are ey∣ther made	More gentle.	All which are performed	By bruising, as when medi∣cines are brokē by striking and rubbing or grinding in a mortar, & that either of	Brasse, Iron, Lead, Glasse, Wood, Marble, & other like.	conside∣ring The thing which is to be beaten. The strength or force wherewith it must be performed. The time or space. The situation. The things to be added. The consistence which the thing beaten must be of.
More strong.	By searsing, whereby we separate the pure and finer from the more impure and gross, which is done by sives and searses, made of	Wood, Parch∣ment, Horse haire. Silke, Lawne.	Wherein is to bee noted, that the same consideration is to bee had in sear∣sing, as in beating; therefore such things as are to bee finely powdred, must bee searsed in a finer searse: such as are more grosse, in a cour∣ser.
More plea∣sant.	By dissol∣ving or molli∣fying.	Which is nothing else but a dissol∣ving of a simple or compound medicine, of a thick or hard con∣sistence, either into a mean consi∣stence, or a little more liquid or soft, which is performed	Either by heate onely; for by heate gums and hornes are mollified: or by liquor, as by vine∣gar, water, wine, juice of Lemmons, &c.
	By desiccation or hardening, which	Is nothing else, but the consuming of the superfluous and hurtfull moisture, and this is performed, either	By the Sun, or By Fire.
More whole∣some.	By infusion, which is nothing else but the tempering or macerating of a medicine a little beaten or cut, in some liquor ap∣propriate and fit for our purpose, as in Milke, Vinegar, Water, Oyle, and the like, so long as the nature of the medi∣cine requires. To infusion	Nutrition may bee reduced, which is nothing else, but as it were a certaine accression of the medicine, by being moistened, macerated, rub∣bed, or ground with some moisture, especially wth heate.
	By burning, that is, by consuming the humidity which is in them. And that, either that they may be the better powdred, being otherwise too glutinous, or that they may lay aside their gross essence, and become of a subtler temper; or that they may put off, or partly lose some fiery qua∣lity, as acrimony, Gal. lib. 4. cap 9. simplicium. Or that they may acquire a new colour. Now all things are burnt, eyther	Alone, as such things as have a fatty moi∣sture, as haires, swea∣ty wooll, hornes: Or else with some com∣bustible matter, as sulphur; alome, salt, barley, &c.
More fit for mix∣ture.	By boyling or elixation, which is performed by a humide heate, as burning is by a dry, & that either that wee may increase the weake faculties of such medicines as are boyled, by boyling them with such as are stronger; or else to weaken such as are too strong, or else wholly to dissipate such as are contrary: Or that one faculty may arise of sundry things of different faculties being boyled to∣gether, or for the longer keeping them, or bringing them to a cer∣taine forme or consistence: all which are done, eyther by the	Fire, or Sun.
	By washing or cleansing, wher∣by the impurity of the medicine is wasted away or cleansed, and such things are eyther	Hard, as met∣tals, stones, parts of living creatures, con∣densed juices, & other like: Or soft, as Ro∣sines, Gums, Fats, Oyles.	And these ought first To be finely beaten, that the water may penetrate into all their sub∣stance. Or to be dissolved, & cast in∣to a vessel filled with water, and so stirred, & then suffered to subside, so that the fat may swim aloft: and this must be done so long that the water retaine nothing thereof in colour, smell, or taste.

CHAP. IX. Of repelling, or repercussive medicines.

REpelling or repercussive medicines are cold, and of grosse and earthy parts; by which name also astringent medicines are understood, be∣cause * 1.23 they hinder the falling downe of the humours upon the part. Re∣percussives are such, either of their nature and of themselves, or else by accident, being not such of their own nature. These which of them∣selves are such, are of two kinds; for some are watrish & moist, without any astrictive * 1.24 faculty, which almost wholly proceeds from an earthy essence; wherefore that fa∣culty of repelling which they possesse, they have it wholly from coldnesse. Of this kinde are lettuce, purslaine, sow-thistle, duckes-meat, kidney wort, cowcumbers, melons, gourds, house-leeke, mandrake apples, night-shade, henbane, and the like, which coole powerfully, and unlesse they be taken away before the part waxe black∣ish, they extinguish the naturall heat. Other some are of an earthy essence, and there∣fore astrictive; but yet some of these are hot, other some cold. Such things as are cold of temper, and of an earthy consistence, are properly and truly termed repel∣lers. Of these, some are simple, other some compound: the simples are plantaine, vine leaves, leaves of roses, oakes, brambles, cypresse, berberies, sumach, all unripe fruits, verjuice, vinegar, red wine, the juice of sower pomegranats, acacia, the juice of barberries, and quinces, hypocistis, pomegranate pills; oake barke, the flowers of wilde pomegranates, the meale of barly, beanes, panicke, oats, millet, orobus mixed with juices in forme of a pultis, bole armenick, sanguis draconis, cerusse, litharge, terra sigillata, fullers earth, chalke, marle, the load-stone, lead, coralls, all marchisites, an∣timony, spodium, true pomphilix, all sorts of earth, and other things of the like na∣ture.

Now compound things are oleum rosaceum, omphacinum, mirtillorum, papaveris, cidoniorum, nenupharis, unguentum rosatum, album rhasis, camphoratum, emplastrum di∣acalcitheos, dissolved in vinegar and oile of roses, desiccativum rubrum, populeon, em∣plastrum nigrum soutetrapharmacum of Galens description, empl. contra rupturam, de cerusa, pro matrice. All such cold repercussives are more effectuall if they be associa∣ted with tenuity of substance, either of themselves, or by mixture with some other * 1.25 things: for to this purpose we often mixe vinegar, camphire, and the like things of subtle parts, with repercussives of grosse parts, that they may serve as vehicles to car∣ry in the repercussives faculty. Repercussives of grosse parts and hot, are worm wood, centory, gentian, agrimony, savin, coriander, mint, bay leaves, cardamomes, cala∣mus aromaticus, aloes, spikenard, saffron, nutmeg, cinamon, amber, salt, alome, co∣porose, sulphur, oleum absinthinum, mastichinum, nardinum, costinum, ceratum, Gal. stomachicum, santalinum, emplastrum diacalcitheos. But such things as repell by acci∣dent, are bandages, compresses, linnen cloaths, and rowlers of all sorts, cases, caute∣ries, * 1.26 blood-letting, cupping, painefull frictions in the opposite parts, and other such like things as are properly said to make revulsion. The use of repercussives is to force * 1.27 backe the humour which flowes from any other place into the part, and thus they mitigate the heat of such inflammation as that defluxion of humors hath caused, yea oft times to asswage and helpe paine, the feaver, abscesse, maligne ulcers, and morti∣fication. Such repercussives must alwaies bee so opposed to the disease, that respect may bee had to the temper, complection, and particular nature of the part whereto they are applied; for all parts cannot equally beare the like force of repercussives, as nervous & other spermatick and cold parts. Furthermore, there are some parts wher∣to wee may by no meanes apply repercussives, as the groines, arme-pits, and those glandules or kernells which are behind the eares and braine, lest the humour should retire backe into some of the principall parts: the like reason is also of bodies, for the bodies of women, children, eunuches, cannot endure so strong repercussives and the like excesse of cold as manly and vigorous bodies may. Besides, every disease requires not repercussives, for if the body bee repleat with ill humours, if it bee ple∣thoricke,

the use of repercussives, unlesse after generall purgation, cannot be safe; as neither if the humour which is in motion shall be venenate, grosse, acrid, criticall, or shall cause great paine in the part, for then on the contrary wee must rather make use of attractives. But now if the disease be great, weake repercussives will availe no∣thing against it, as lettuce against a great inflammation; and thou shalt doe ill if thou set upon a small defluxion with powerfull repellers; for by that meanes the skin is straitened, and the passages thereof stopt, whereby the inflammation is encreased, or else brought to a schirrhus. Wherefore let the Chirurgian have a care that hee temper the force of his Repercussives according to the magnitude of the dis∣ease.

CHAP. X. Of attractive medicines.

AN attractive medicine is contrary to the repeller; the greeks call it Helcti∣cum, * 1.28 it is of a hot and thin substance, whereby it draweth forth into the su∣perficies of the body that which lyeth hid in the center, although some∣times it doth it by an occult quality; other whiles also by accident, as by the acrimony. Those things which by a manifest quality doe attract, are either sim∣ple or compound.

The simple are Bryonia, allium, caepa, porrum, arastolochia, hermodactyli, ciclamen, * 1.29 lilium, sigillum beatae Mariae, arum, asarum, asphodelus, gentiana, pyrethrum, ruta, sa∣bina, calamentum, omnes tithymalorum species, viscum, abrotanum, anagallis, urtica, ra∣nunculus, struthium, and such like: ammoniacum, bdellium, gabbanum, sagapenum, eu∣phorbium, asphaltum, cinis e faece vini vel aceti, calx viva, sulphur, sal ammoniacus, omnes salis species, auripigmentum, oleum vetus, adeps leonis, ursi, canis, anseris, vipe∣rae, ranarum, axungia porci vetustate acris, aut attritu rotarum. Composita vero, ut ole∣um de spica, philosophorum, de terebinthina, de croco, de scorpionibus, rutaceum, vulpi∣num, laurinum, anethinum, de vitriolo, unguentum Agrippae, aragon, seu auxiliare, mar∣tiatum, enulatum, theriaca, mithridatium, empl. de meliloto, diachylon magnum & par∣vum, oxycroceum, divinum.

Those things which draw by a secret property in nature, as are the load-stone, * 1.30 quick-silver, pyony, amber, all antidotes and treacles that are remedies against the bitings of venemous beasts, and all purging medicines.

These which draw by accident, performe it otherwise than of their owne na∣ture, * 1.31 they have that quality out of putrefaction and corruption, as doves dung, goats dung, cow dung, mans dung, and all kinde of dungs: also leven, old cheese, and such like.

Cupping glasses, leaches, syrenges, rougher and harder frictions, sucking, paine, straight ligations, cauteries doe also draw, but after a different manner from them spoken of before.

Attractive medicaments must neither burne nor discusse, and being very strong and sharp••, they should bee tempered and mixed with oyle of roses, and other leni∣tives: but to weake ones should be added oyle of bayes, calx viva, and such like to strengthen them. The use of attractives is to draw poyson toward the skin, & to hast∣en * 1.32 forward criticall abscesses; and they make those parts which were benumbed and consumed, to have life, they restore the refrigerated parts by drawing thither the spi∣rits; they draw forth the viscous filth of maligne ulcers that lies hid in the nerves, and hollow passages of them; they also draw out scailes of bones, splinters of wood, nailes, thornes, arrowes, and that matter which is impact in hardened inflammati∣ons.

CHAP. XI. Of resolving medicines.

THat is called a resolving medicine, which by heat, and the tenuity of his substance openeth the pores, attenuates the humours, dissipates and dis∣cusseth * 1.33 by evaporating the unprofitable matter. There are two sorts of these kindes of medicines; the one is called Araeoticum or ratifying; the other is termed Diaphoreticum or digesting.

The Araeoticum by a meane heat, and not dry, and endued with a tenuity of sub∣stance, openeth and relaxeth the skinne, and draweth forth the matter shut up un∣der it, whereby it may ease paine, like as Anodines, because it doth not much depart from a temperate heat.

But the Diaphoreticum being much hotter, whatsoever sticketh in the part being there impact, it doth by thin vapour insensibly dissipate: therefore the acrid and hot things are in this case to be made use of rather than attractives, because that cold and grossenesse is more difficultly to be digested, and the length and involution of the waies being to be considered. The Araeoticke, which we may call weake resolvers, are either simple or compound.

The simples are these, bismalvatota, parietaria, adianthum, mercurialis, ebulus, valeriana, rosmarinus, salvia, thymus, chamaemelum, melilotum, anethum, farina hordei, tritici, seminis lini, faenugraeci, nigella, furfur, adeps gallinae, anseris, anatis, cuniculi, vi∣tuli; almost all metalls unlesse such as are acrid. The compounds are oleum chamae∣molinum, anethinum, liliaceum catellorum, lumbricorum, Keirinum, de vitellis ovorum, de tritico, amygdalarum dulcium, Unguentum de althaea, empl. diachylum, ireatum. Diapho∣retickes or digestives, are also both simple and compound: the simple are Aristolo∣chia, enula campana, iris, caepa, scylla, sigillum Salomonis, sigillum beatae Mariae, bryo∣nia, panis porcinus, dracunculus, asphodelus, origanum, mentha, pulegium, sabina, ser∣pillum, calamentha, hyssopus, urtica, arthemisia, lavendula, chamepytis, anisum, foenicu∣lum, cuminum, piper, nux moschata, coriandrum, baccae lauri & juniperi, farina fabarum, lupinorum, orobi, milii, frumenti, furfur, mica panis, acetum tepidum, oxycratum, vi∣num vetus aut aromaticum, mel, aqua vitae, muria, adeps tauri, equi, leonis, canis, hirci, medulla cervi, cruris bovis & arietis, ammoniacum, galbanum, opopanax, sagapenum, myrrha, bdellium, thus, terebinthina, pix nigra, ladanum, styrax, calamita, benioinum, stercus caprinum, columbinum, caninum, bubulum, & aliae stercorum species.

Compound diaphoretickes are oleum amygdalarum amararum, Juniperinum, lauri∣num, de scorpionibus, irinum, costinum, nardinum, de terebinthina, de croco, canabinum, raphaninum, è cucumere agresti, vulpinum, rutaceum, philosophorum de lateribus, de eu∣phorbio, de tartaro, de petroleo, de kerva, sive ricininum, unguent. Agrippae, aragon, mar∣tiatum, enulatum, empl. de Vigo, without addition, and with addition, oxycroceum, di∣acalcitheos, dissolved in a digesting oyle to the forme of a cerat.

Araeotickes are profitably used in the increase and state of superficiall tumours.

But Diaphoretickes are not to bee used in the encrease of tumours, unlesse some a∣stringent * 1.34 bee added, lest by their more strong digestion, they should draw and in∣crease the defluxion: but when the tumours decline, they are then onely to be used in the parts chiefly where the skinne is dense and hard, and when the humour is cold and grosse, and lying hid deep in the body, so that the vertue of medicaments can hardly come thereto: but consideration is to bee had of the parts to which resolu∣tives are to be applied; for you may not apply relaxers or diaphoretickes to the li∣ver, spleen, stomacke, or bowels, unlesse you adde some astringents, of which a great part must be aromatickes.

To the parts where sense is more dull, may be applied the stronger diaphoreticks, but those parts which are endued with a more exquisite sense, as the eye and the nerves, to them we must apply weaker. When the matter is grosse and cold, things cutting and attenuating, and then emollients are to be used, and so by degrees come to diaphoretickes; otherwise that onely is resolved which is the most subtle of the

unprofitable matter, the grosser becomming concrete and hardened. But if the part be afflicted with a continuall defluxion, so that there may be danger of a gangrene or sphacel, it is not lawful then to make use of resolvers, but you must in the place where the humour flowes, devide the skin by scarification, as it is most learnedly noted by Hollerius in that profitable booke of his left to posterity, whose title is, De mate∣ria Chirurgica.

CHAP. XII. Of suppuratives.

A Suppurative medicine is said to bee that, which shutting the pores, and * 1.35 preventing transpiration by his emplasticke consistence, increaseth the matter of native heat, and therefore turneth the matter cast out of the vessels into pus and sanies. It is of nature hot and moist, and proportiona∣ble to the native heat of the part to which it is applied, and of an emplasticke con∣sistence, that so it may hinder the native heat from being exhaled; in which respect it differeth from emollients and malactickes, of which wee shall speake hereafter. There bee two kindes of suppuratives, for some doe it of themselves, and by their * 1.36 proper qualitie; others by accident. Those things which by their owne strength do bring to suppuration, are either simples or compounds.

Simples are radix liliorum, caepa, allium, malvarum omnium folia & semina, buglos∣sum, acanthus, senecio, violae, parietaria, crocus, caules, ficus, passulae mundatae, with a decoction of these things, farina tritici, farina volatilis, farina hordei excorticati, lo∣lii, seminis lini & foenugraeci, galbanum, ammoniacum, styrax pinguis, ladanum, viscum aucupatorum, thus, pix, cera, resina, colla, adeps suillus, vitulinus, vaccinus, caprinus, butyrum, vitellus ovi, oesipus humida, stercus suillum, columbinum, caprinum, pueri.

Compounds are oleum liliorum, lumbricorum, de croco, unguent. basilicum, emplast. diachylon commune, magnum, de mucilaginibus.

Those things doe suppurate by accident which worke it onely by the meanes of * 1.37 an emplasticke consistence: for so often times astringents, because they are of ear∣thy and thicke parts, are found to suppurate; such are unguentum de bolo nutritum, and such like. Such also are those which by their coldnesse keep the heat in, and shut the pores. Hence is it that the qualities of sorrell are commended to generate pus: for whilest it keepeth the heat within, it encreaseth his effects, to the thickening of the suppurable matter, and the overcomming other rebellious qualities. We use things ripening in great inflammations, whose growth we cannot hinder with repellers, or increase with resolvers or discussers.

CHAP. XIII. Of mollifying things.

THat is defined to bee a mollifying medicine, which by a stronger heat than * 1.38 that which is proper to suppuratives, without any manifest quality of drying or moistning, again malaxeth or softeneth hardned bodies: where∣fore * 1.39 this differs from that which suppurates, because that may bee hot in the first or second degree, according to the severall temper of the body, or part to which it is applied, working rather by the quantity of heat than the quality: con∣trariwise, that which mollifieth being endued with a greater heat, rather worketh by the quality of the heat, being otherwise in drynesse and moisture temperate.

Although as many things agree together in some respects, though of a divers na∣ture; so many emollients are such as are hot in the first degree, and dry in the second

and third, that so they may the better disperse and diffuse that which is congealed, by taking away a little of the humidity, which is contained within the part affected; but not by exhausting it wholly by the violence of heate or drinesse: for hereon would follow a greater hardnesse.

Things mollifying, are either simple or compound; and these againe strong or * 1.40 weake. The weake are, Radix liliorum alborum, cacumeris agrestis, althaeae, folia mal∣vae, bismalvae, liliorum, anethi summitates, viola, branca ursina, semen malvae, bismal∣vae, lini, foenugraeci, carici pingues, passulae mundatae, pedum, capitum, intestinorum ver∣vecinorum decoctum, adeps exjunioribus & castratis, domesticis, foeminis animalibus, a∣d••ps suillus, vitulinus, hoedinus, caprinus, bubulus, vulpinus, gallinaceus, anserinus, ana∣tinus, olorinus, efficaces. The weaker are things more gentle, as, Butyrum, lana succi∣da, cera pinguis, vitellus ovi, medulla exossibus, cervina, ovilla, caprina. The com∣pound are oyle, wherein are boiled mollifying herbes, as, Oleum liliorum, chamaeme∣linum, amygdalarum dulcium. Stronger emollients are, Acetum, adeps taurinus, ursi∣nus, cervinus, leoninus, pardalinus, apri, equisevum, pinea, picea, abietina, terebenthina, ammoniacum, bdelium, styrax, galbanum, ladanum, propolis, opopanax, ung. de althaea, emp. diachylon commune & magnum, de mucilaginibus, ceroneum, oxycroceum, Joannis de vigo.

We use emollients in scirrhous tumours of the muscles, or in the lips of ulcers, in * 1.41 any of the limbes, belly, glandules, bowels, by reason of a grosse, cold, and viscous matter, eyther flegmaticke, or melancholicke. Yet those tumours which come of me∣lancholy, commonly turne to cancers, which are exasperated by mollifying things. On the contrary, such as proceed from a flegmaticke matter, are brought to an equa∣lity of consistence, by the use of emollients. Furthermore, there are three things ob∣servable * 1.42 in the use of emollients: the first is, duely to consider how much the affe∣cted part differs from his proper and naturall temper and proportion, that so we may apply an equivalent remedy. The second is, that wee distinguish the natures of the parts. The third is, that we artificially gather after what maner this mollifying must be performed, that is, whether we should mingle with the emollients, detersive or discussing medicines. For there are many desperate schirrhous tumours, that is, such as cannot be overcome by any emollient medicine, as those which are growne so hard, that they have lost their sense; and thereupon are become smooth and with∣out haires. Here you must observe, that the part sometimes becomes cold in so great an excesse, that the native heate plainly appeares to languish, so that it cannot actuate any medicine. That this languishing heate may be resuscitated, an iron stove shall be set neere to the part, wherein a good thicke peece of iron heated red hot shall be inclosed, for so the stove will keep hot a long time.

[illustration]

The figure of an iron stove.

A. The casse of the stove.

B. The iron Bat to be heated.

C. The lidde to shut the stove.

CHAP. XIV. Of Detersives, or Mundificatives.

ADetersive is defined to be that which doth deterge or cleanse an ulcer, and purge forth a double kinde of excrement; of the which one is thic∣ker, which is commonly called sordes, which is drawne forth from the bottome of the ulcer, by the edificatious quality of the medicine, the o∣ther is more thin and watery, which the Greekes call Ichor, the Latines Sanies, which is taken away by the drinesse of the medicine; and therefore Hippo∣crates hath well advised, that every ulcer must be cleansed and dryed.

Of Detersives, some are simple, some compound, some stronger, some weaker. * 1.43 The simple are eyther bitter, sweet, or sowre: the bitter are Gentiana, Aristolochia, iris, enula, scilla, serpentaria, centaurinum minus, absinthium, marrubium, perforata, ab∣rotonon, apium, chelidonium, ruta, hyssopus, scabiosa, arthemisia, cupatorium, aloë, fu∣mus terrae, haedera terrestris, a lixivium made with the ashes of these things, lupini, oro∣bus, amygdala amara, faba, terebinthina, myrrha, mastiche, sagapenum, galbanum, am∣moniacum, the gals of Beasts, stercus caprinum, urina benè cocta, squamma aeris, aes ustum, aerugo, scoria aeris, antimonium, calx, chalcitis, misy, sory, alumen. The sweet are Viola, rosa, mellilo••um, ficus pingues, dactyli, uvae passae, glycyrrhiza, aqua hordei, aqua mulsa; vinum dulce, mel, saccharum, serum lactis, manna, thus. The sharpe are all kinde of sowre things, Capreoli vitium, acetum, and other acide things. The compound are Syrupus de absinthio, de fumaria, de marrubio, de eupatorio, de arthemisia, acetosus, lixi∣vium, oleum de vitellis ovorum, de terebinthina, de tartaro, unguentum mundificativum de apio, apostolorum, pulvis mercurialis. We use such things as deterge, that the super∣fluous * 1.44 matter being taken away, nature may the more conveniently regenerate flesh to fill up the cavity: But in the use of them, consideration is first to bee had of the whole body, whether it be healthy, plethoricke, or ill disposed, there is considera∣tion to be had of the part, which is moyster and drier, endued with a more exquisite

or duller sense. But oftentimes accidents befall ulcers besides nature, as a callus, a de∣fluxion of a hot or otherwise maligne humour, and the like symptomes. Lastly, con∣sideration is to be had, whether it be a new or inveterate ulcer; for from hence, ac∣cording to the indication, remedies are appointed different in quantity and quality: so that oftentimes wee are constrained to appoint the bitter remedy in stead of the sweet. Neither truly with a painfull and dry ulcer doth any other than a liquid de∣tersive agree: neither to the moyst any other than that of a dry consistence, as Powders.

CHAP. XV. Of Sarcoticks.

THat medicine is sayd to be sarcotick, which by its drinesse helpes nature to regenerate flesh in an ulcer hollow, & diligently clean∣sed from all excrements. But this is properly done by bloud in∣different in quality and quantity. Wherefore, if we must speak ac∣cording * 1.45 to the truth of the thing, there is no medicine which can properly and truly be called sarcoticke: For those which vulgar∣ly goe under that name, are only accidentally such; as those which without biting and erosion do dry up and deterge the excrements of an ulcer, which hinder the en∣deavour of nature in generating of flesh. For as by the law of nature, from that nou∣rishment which flowes to the nourishing of the part, there is a remaine, or a certaine thin excrement, flowing from some other place, called by the Greekes Ichor, and by the Latines Sanies: Thus by the corruption of the part there concretes another gros∣ser excrement, termed Rypos by the Greekes, and Sordes by the Latines. That makes the ulcer more moyst, this more filthy. Hence it is, that every wound which requires restitution of the lost substance, must be cured with two sorts of medicines, the one to dry up and waste the superfluous humidity thereof, the other to fetch off the filth: and by how much the wound is the deeper, by so much it requires more li∣quid medicines, that so they may the more easily enter into every part thereof.

But diversity of things shall be appointed according to the various temper of the part. For if the affected part shall be moyst by nature, such things shall be chosen as shall be lesse dry: if on the contrary the part be dry, then such things shall bee used as be more dry; but many sorts of medicines shall be associated with the sarcoticks, according to the manifold complication of the affects possessing the ulcer. There∣fore nature only is to be accounted the workmaster, and the efficient cause in the re∣generating of flesh, and laudable bloud the matteriall cause, and the medicine the helping or assisting cause, or rather the cause without which it cannot be: as, that by cleansing and moderately drying without any vehement heat, takes away all hinde∣rances of incarnation and orders, and fits the bloud to receive the forme of flesh. This kinde of medicine, according to Galen, ought to be dry only in the first degree, lest by too much drinesse, it might drink up the bloud and matter of the future flesh, which notwithstanding is to be understood of sarcoticks, which are to bee applyed to a delicate and temperate body. For if the ulcer be more moyst, or the body more hard than is fit, we may ascend to such things as are dry, even in the third degree. And hence it is, that such drying medicines may first be called detersives, and then presently sarcoticks. A sarcoticke medicine is eyther simple or compound, stronger or weaker. Simple sarcoticke medicines are, Aristolochia utraque, iris, acorus, dra∣cunculus, asarum, symphyti omnia genera, betonica, sanicula, millefolium, lingua canis, * 1.46 verbena, scabiosa, pinpinella, hypericon, scordium, plantago, rubia major & minor, eo∣rum{que} succi. Terebinthina lota & non lota, resinapini, gummi arabicum, sarcocolla, ma∣stiche, colophonia, manna thuris, cortex ejusdem, aloë, olibanum, myrrha, mel, vinum, sanguis draconis, lythargyros auri, spodium, pompholix, iutia, plumbum ustum lotum, sco∣ria ferri. The compound sarcoticks are, Oleum hypericonis, ol••ovorum, mastichinum, * 1.47 & catera olea, quaebalsami nomine appellantur, unguentum aureum, emp. de betonica, vi∣gonis,

de janua, Emp. gratia Dei, Emp. nigrum. We use not sarcoticks before that the ulcer be cleansed and freed from paine, defluxion, inflammation, hardnesse, and di∣stemper. In using these things we consider the temper of the body, and the affected part: For oft-times a part otherwise lesse dry by nature, requires a more powerfull drying medicine, and stronger sarcotick, than another part which is more dry, and this for some other reason, which ought to come into our consideration: For exam∣ple, the glans would be more dryed than the prepuce, although it be of a temper lesse dry, because it is the passage of the urine. Wherefore wee must diligently observe the condition of the affected parts, and thence taking indication, make choice of more strong sarcoticks. For both that which is too little, and that which is too much sarcoticke, makes a sordid ulcer: the first, because it dries not sufficiently; the latter, for that by its acrimony it causeth defluxion. Therefore diligent care must bee used in the examination hereof.

CHAP. XVI. Of Epuloticks, or skinning medicines.

AN Epuloticke medicine is that which covereth the part with skin: it is said to bee such as by drinesse and astriction without biting desiccates, bindes, and condensates the flesh into a certain callous substance, like to the skinne, which we commonly call a cicatrize or scarre: yet this, as the generating of flesh, is the worke of na∣ture. A medicine therefore is said to be Epuloticke, for that it as∣sists nature in substituting and generating a scarre, in stead of the true skinne, whilest it consumes the superfluous humidities, condensates, incrassates, and binds the next adjacent flesh; therefore it ought to dry more powerfully than a sarcoticke. Epuloticke medicines are of three kindes: the first is the true epulotick, * 1.48 which only dries and binds. The second is an acride and biting epuloticke, which, for that it wastes the proud flesh, is called so; and this must bee sparingly used, and that only to hard and rusticke bodies. The third is that which onely dries without astriction. The things whereof they consist are these: Aristolochia utraque, gentia∣na, iris, centaurium majus, pentaphyllon, symphitum majus, chamaedrys, betonica, cauda equina, eupatorium, verbenaca, plantaginis & symphyti folia, gallae, baccae myrti, glandes & earum calices, balaustia, cupressi nuces, malicorium, cortex quercus, cortex tamaricis, cortex ligni aloës, acacia, colophonia, sarcocolla, sanguis draconis, ladanum, lithargyros auri, argenti, cerusa, plumbum ustum, alumen ustum, tuthia, squamma aeris & ferri, & eorum scoria, aerugo, flos aeris, as ustum & lotum, sulphur vivum, chrysocolla, corali, bo∣lus armenus, terra sigillata, cineres buccinarum, ostreorum, silicis, ossa usta & siccata, ca∣ries lignorum, ung. diapompholygos, ung. alb. rhasis, desiccativum rubrum, emp. de cerusa, de betonica, diacalcitheos, emp. nigrum.

We use Epuloticks when as the ulcer is almost filled up, and equall to the adjacent * 1.49 skinne. In the use of these we must also have respect to the tendernesse and hardnesse of the body; for such things as are corrosives to tender and delicate bodies, are epu∣loticke to hard and rusticke bodies. Also wee must have regard, whether the body be plethoricke or replete with ill humours, for such do not easily admit cicatrizati∣on. Also it is most worthy of your observation, to marke whether the ulcer that is to be cicatrized, be fed or nourished by the present defect of any part, as the liver, spleene, lungs, or a varix lying about it. For it cannot be cicatrized before these im∣pediments (if any such be) be taken away. Lastly, the callous lips of an ulcer, unlesse they be scarified or softened, hinder cicatrization. Therefore all such defaults must be taken away, and then such an epulotickeapplyed, as may not by the too much drinesse leave the scarre too hollow, or the too little, leave it too high.

CHAP. XVII. Of Agglutinatives.

AGlutinating or agglutinative medicine is of a middle nature, be∣tween the sarcoticke and epuloticke, more strong than the former, and weaker than the latter, for it is dry to the second degree. It by the drying and astrictive faculty, voide of all detersion, con∣joynes parts that are distant, or rather lends helping hands to na∣ture the principall agent in this work. Glutinatives, whether they be strongly or weakly such, doe agglutinate either by their pro∣per or accidentall nature: Of this sort are Plantagin is omnes species, consolida utraque, * 1.50 buglossa, millefolium, verbena, pimpinella, pilosella, cauda equina, sempervivum, tele∣phium, sanicula, atractilis, folia quercus & dracunculi, salix, ebulus, sambucus, penta∣phyllon, veronica, cortex pini, ulmi, palmae quercus, Aqua vitis, aq. è folliculis ulmi, suc∣cus calaminthae, vinumausterum, terebinthina, myrrha, sanguis draconis, bolus armenus, terra sigillata, omnia denique acerba.

Glutinatives by accident are those that hinder defluxion, and binde the part, as * 1.51 Sutures, Bandages, rest, rowlers, and the like. We use glutinatives in greene, and as yet bloudy wounds, whence the Greekes call a glutinative medicine Enaema, al∣though sometimes they are used to inveterate, maligne, fistulous and sinuous ulcers; for they hinder the defluxion from comming to the lips of ulcers. You must confi∣der, when as you intend to apply them, whether the skinne be whole or no: For ul∣cers knit together, or heale more difficultly, if the skinne be rubbed off, or cut, or o∣therwise lost. Neither ought you to be unmindfull of the fore-mentioned cautions and indications drawne from the sexe, the tendernesse or hardnesse of the affected body, the continuance and magnitude of the ulcer: for hence indication must bee taken, what the quantity and quality of the medicine ought to be.

CHAP. XVIII. Of Pyrotickes, or causticke Medicines.

THat medicine is said to be Pyroticke or Causticke, which by its acrimony and biting, commonly consisting in an earthy consistence, either superfi∣cially corrodes, or more deeply eates and putrefies, or lastly, burnes and consumes the skin and flesh, so that it even pierces into callous and hard bodies. Therefore there are three degrees of Pyrotickes; for some are termed ca∣thaereticke * 1.52 or corroding, for that they waste the proud flesh of an ulcerated or any other part, and these are judged the weaker sort of the Pyrotickes. Othersome are termed Septicke or putrefying, as those which destroy and dissolve the tender and new sprung up flesh, and raise blisters in the skinne, and these are more powerfull than the cathaeretickes. Lastly, there are othersome termed most powerfull Escharo∣tickes, which by their fiery and terrestriall quality cause eschars or crusts; where∣upon they are also termed Ruptoria, & potentiall Cauteries: Now all these differen∣ces are taken from that they are more or lesse powerfull. For it oft-times happens, that according to the different temper and consistence of the parts, according to the longer or shorter stay, a Cathaereticke may penetrate as farre as a Septicke, and on the contrary, an Escharoticke may enter no farther than a Septicke.

These are judged Cathaeretickes, Spongia usta, alumen ustum & non ustum, vitrio∣lum * 1.53 ustum, calx mediocriter lota, arugo, chalcanthum, squamma aeris, oleum de vitriolo, trochisci andronis, phasionis, asphodelorum, ung. Aegyptiacum, apostolorum, pulvis mer∣curii, arsenicum sublimatum.

Septickes and Vesicatories are, Radix scillae, bryoniae, sigill. beatae Mariae, buglossa, * 1.54 radix ranunculi, panis porcini, apium, risus, lac tithymallorum, lac fici, euphorbium, ana∣cardus,

sinapi, cantharides, arsenicum sublimatum: For all these weaken the native temper and consistence of the part, and draw thereunto humours plainly contrary to nature.

Escharotickes or Caustickes are, Calx viva, fax vini cremata, & pracipuè aceti, * 1.55 ignis, whereto are referred all Cauteries, as well actuall as potentiall, whereof wee shall treat hereafter.

Wee use Cathaeretickes in tender bodies and diseases not very contumacious; * 1.56 therefore by how much they are lesse acride & painfull, by so much oft-times they penetrate the deeper, for that they are lesse trouble some by delay; but we use Sep∣tickes, and sometimes Escharotickes in ulcers that are callons, putride, and of inex∣hausted humidity, but principally in cancers, carbuncles, and excessive haemorrha∣gies. When as we make use of these, the patient must have a convenient dyet ap∣pointed, must abstaine from wine: lastly, they must not be used but with great dis∣cretion; for otherwise they may cause feavers, great inflammations, intolerable paines, swounings, gangrenes, and sphacels. Cauteries heedfully used, strengthen and dry the part, amend an untameable distemper, dull the force of poyson, bridle putrefaction and mortification, and bring sundry other benefits.

CHAP. XIX. Of Anodynes, or such as mitigate or asswage paine.

BEfore we treat of Anodyne medicines, we thinke it fit to speake of the nature of paine. Now paine is a sorrowfull and trouble some sense, cau∣sed * 1.57 by some sodaine distemper, or solution of continuity. There are three things necessary to cause pain; The efficient cause, that is, a sodain departure from a naturall temper or union: the sensiblenesse of the body receiving the dolorificke cause: lastly, the apprehension of this induced change, caused either by distemper or union; for otherwise with how exquisite soever sense the body receiving the cause is indued with, unlesse it apprehend and marke it, there is no paine present. Hence is that Aphorisme of Hippocrates, Quicun{que} parte aliqua corporis dolentes dolorem omninò non sentiunt, his mens agrotat, that is, Whosoever pained in any part of their bodies doe wholly feele no paine, their understanding is ill affected and depraved. Heat, cold, moisture, and drinesse, induce a sodain change of temper; and heate and cold cause sharpe paine, drinesse moderate, but moisture scarce any at all: for moisture causeth not paine so much by its quality, as it doth by the quantity. Both the fore-mentioned qualities, especially associated with matter, as also certaine externall causes too violently assailing, such as these that may cause contusion, cut, pricke, or too much extend. Wherefore paine is a symptome of the touch, accompanying almost all diseases; therefore oft-times leaving these, they turn the councell of the Physitian to mitigate them, w^ch is performed either by mi∣tigating the efficient causes of paine, or dulling the sense of the part. Hereupon they make three differences of Anodynes: For some serve to cure the disease, othersome to mitigate it, othersome stupefie, and are narcotick. We terme such curative of the diseases, which resist, and are contrary to the causes of diseases. Thus paine, caused by a hot distemper, is taken away by oyle of Roses, Oxycrate, and other such like things, which amend and take away the cause of paine, to wit, the excesse of heate. Paine caused by a cold distemper, is amended by Olcum Laurinum, Nardinum, de Castoreo. Paine occasioned by too much drinesse, is helped by Hydraeleum, a bath of fresh and warme water. Lastly, by this word Anodyne, taken in the largest sense, we understand all purging medicines, Phlebotomy, Scarification, Cauteries, Cup∣pings, Glysters, and other such like things as evacuate any store of the dolorificke matter. But such as are properly termed Anodynes, are of two sorts: for some are * 1.58 temperate, others hot and moist in the first degree, and consequently, neere to those that are temperate: these preserve the native heate in the proper integrity, thus they amend all distemperatures; of this kinde are accounted Sallade oyle, oyle of sweete

almonds, the yolks of egs, and a few other such like things, these strengthen the na∣tive heat, that thus encreased in substance, it may with the more facility orecome the cause of paine: besides also, they rarifie, attenuate, digest, and consequently evacu∣ate both grosse and viscide humours, as also cloudy flatulencies hindred from passing forth: such are flores chamaemeli, meliloti, crocus, oleum chamaemelinum, anethinum, o∣leum lini, oleum ex semine althaeae, lumbricorum, ovorum, ex tritico, butyrum, lana succi∣da, suillus adeps, vitulinus, gallinaceus, anserinus, humanus, ex anguilla, cunicula, & a∣liis. Lac muliebre, & vaccinum, mucago seminis lini, foenugraeci, althaa, malvae, vele∣jusmodi seminum decoctum: as also Decoctum liliorum, violariae, capitis, pedum, & in∣testinorum arietis & hoedi.

Narcotickes, or stupefying medicines, improperly termed Anodines, are cold in the fourth degree, therefore by their excesse of cold, they intercept or hinder the * 1.59 passage of the animall spirit to the part, whence it is that they take away sense: of this sort are hyoseyamus, cicuta, solanum manicum, mandragora, papaver, opium, arctis∣sima vincula.

You may make use of the first sort of Anodynes in all diseases, which are cured by the opposition of their contraries: but of the second, to expugne paines that * 1.60 are not very contumacious, that by their application wee may resist defluxion, in∣flammation, the feaver, and other symptomes. But whereas the bitternesse of paine is so excessive great that it will not stoop to other medicines, then at the length must wee come to the third sort of anodynes. Yet oft times the bitternesse of paine is so great that very narcoticks must be applied in the first place, if we would have the part and the whole man to be in safety. Yet the too frequent use of them, especially alone without the addition of saffron, myrrh, castoreum, or some such like thing, useth to be very dangerous: for they extinguish the native heat, and cause mortification, mani∣fested by the blackenesse of the part. But intolerable paines, to wit, such as are oc∣casioned by the excesse of inflammation and gangrenes, may bee sooner mitigated by opening a veine, purging and scarifying the part affected, than either by proper∣ly termed anodines or narcotickes, to wit, that paine may bee the remedy of paine. By purgers we here understand not onely such, as taken by the mouth, produce that effect, but also such as outwardly applied performe the same, as those whereof Acti∣us * 1.61 makes mention. As,

℞. pulpa seu medul. colocynth. semin. eruc. rut. sylvest. elaterii, gr. cindii, lathyrid. expurgatar. galban, nitri, cerae, singulorum, ℥ iiii. opopan. ʒ ii. terebinth. ʒvi. terendate∣rito, * 1.62 & taurino felle paulatim irrigato, donec apte imbibantur. Then apply it about the navill even to the share, for thus it will purge by stoole; if on the contrary you ap∣ply it to the bottome of the stomacke, it will cause vomit. Another; ℞. elaterii, ʒiii. colocynth. scammon. squammae aeris, radic. cucumer. agrest. lathyrid. an. ʒi. aut pro la∣thyrid. tithymal. succum terito & cribrato, ac cum oleo plurimum salis habente subigito; magnam inde pilame lana confertam hoc medicamento illitam, umbilico aut lumbis appli∣cato. Or, ℞. fellis taurin. ʒ i. gr. cindii virid. ℥ iv. succi lupinor. virid. ℥ ii. euphorb. * 1.63 ℥ i. pulp. colocynth. tantundem adip. vulpin. recent. ℥ ii. adip. viper. ℥ ii ss. stercor. mu∣ris, ℥ iv. succi poeon. castor. singulor. ʒ iv. ol. ligustrin. ℥ vi. ol. antiq. ℥ i. fiat unguentum vel oleum. It purgeth without trouble, and besides the other commodities it also is good against distraction or madnesse. Two spoonefulls is the greatest quantity to be used at one time, for in some one is sufficient: anoint with it the navill and therea∣bouts, and a just purgation will ensue thereupon, which if it shall flye out beyond your expectation, you may foment the belly with a sponge moistened in warm wine and pressed forth againe, and it will be presently stayed. Moreover Fernelius lib. 7. methodi, makes mention of a laxative ointment.

CHAP. XX. Of the composition and use of Medicines.

HItherto wee have spoken of the faculties of simple medicines, now wee thinke good to say something of the compounding of them: for so by the Architect are had & known every thing apart, and then he settles the workemen to the building, the conceived forme of which hath beene in his minde ever since hee did enterprise it. Therefore the composition of divers me∣dicaments with their qualities and effects, is a mingling appointed by the art of the Physitian. Hence therefore rheum, aloe, rosa, absintbium, although they have divers * 1.64 substances and faculties, yet are notwithstanding called simple medicines, because they have that variety from nature, not from art. But we many times call simple such things as are compounded by art, as oxym. simpl. oxysacch. simplex, as compared to greater compositions. And therefore often times wee use compound medicines, be∣cause alwaies the simple medicine alone, hath not strength enough to oppugne the * 1.65 disease. For many times the sicke labour with manifold, and not simple affects, from which there being taken a various indication, we gather contrary simple medicines, to apply to every affect, in one composition. But often times the nature of the part of the patient, or of the body affected, requireth another kind of medicament which may bee proper for the removing that disease; wherefore it is so made to oppugne the disease and not offend the body: and we mingle many other together, whose ef∣fects may temper one another. Moreover, the composition of medicines was necessa∣ry, that because those things which have not a good taste, colour, or smell, by art or composition might be made more gratefull. Compound medicines of which we in∣tend to speak, are Glysters, Suppositories, Noduli, Pessaries, Oiles, Liniments, Oint∣ments, Emplasters, Cerats, Pultisses, Cataplasmes, Fomentations, Embrocations, Epi∣themaes, Vesicatories, Cauteries, Collyria, Errhina, Sneesing powders, Masticatories, Gargarismes, Dentifrices, Bags, Fumigations, Semicupiums, Baths. But first it is ex∣pedient that I say something of weights and measures, with their notes, by which medicines commonly are measured and noted by Physitians.

CHAP. XXI. Of weights and measures, and the notes of both of them.

EVery weight ariseth from a beginning and foundation, as it were; for as * 1.66 our bodies doe arise of the foure first simple bodies or elements, into which they are often resolved: so all weights do arise from the graine, which is as it were the beginning and end of the rest. Now hereby is * 1.67 understood a barly corne or graine, and that such as is neither too dry, or overgrowne with •…•…uldi•…•…ss•…•…r rancide, but well conditioned, and of an indif∣ferent bignesse.

Ten graines of these m•…•… •…•…bolus; two Oboli, or twenty graines make a scru∣ple, * 1.68 three scruples, or sixt•…•… graines make a dramme, eight drammes make one ounce, twelve oune•…•…ake one pound medicinall, which is for the most part the greatest waight used•…•… Physitians, and which they seldome exceed; and it is resolved into ounces, dr•…•…mes, scruples, oboli and graines, which is the least weight. To expresse these weights we use certaine notes, the pound is expressed by this note, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. the ounc•…•… this, ℥. the drammethus, ʒ. the scruple thus, ℈. the obolus with the begin∣ning•…•… •…•…ter thus, obol. the graine with his beginning letter thus, g. But sometimes we me•…•…e the quantity of medicines by measures and not alwaies by weights; and th•…•…fore we expresse a handfull by this note, m. a pugill thus, p. number thus, n. and the halfe part of every weight and measure is expressed by this note, ss. put after eve∣ry note of the aforesaid weights and measures of the same sort, as the halfe pound,

lb ss. the halfe ounce, ℥ ss. and so of the rest. Moreover, in describing the same medi∣cament wee use the notes sometimes of weights, sometimes of measures; and there∣fore it is to bee noted that herbes, greene or dry, are signed with these notes, m. p. but those which are dry and be brought to powder, with these notes, ℥. ʒ. p.

Roots, Barks, Seeds, Fruits,

by these notes,

℥. ʒ. p. m. ℥. ʒ. ℥. ʒ. an. p. ℥. ʒ. ℈. p. m. ℥. ʒ. p. ℥. ʒ.

All other medicaments either dry or liquid, are described with these notes, lb. ℥. ʒ. ℈. obol. g.

Having expounded these things, let us come to the description of compound medi∣cines, beginning with glysters first, as the remedy which is most common and fa∣miliar, and almost chiefly necessary of all others.

CHAP. XXII. Of Glysters.

A Glyster is an injection prepared first and properly for the grosse intestines and fundament; for sometimes glysters are used & made for the stomack, * 1.69 spleen, reines, bladder, wombe, mesentery, and also for the head, from whence often times by sharpe glysters, the hurtfull matter is brought downewards, as we see in Apoplexies. Therefore there is no part of the body which receives not some benefit by glysters, but more or lesse according to the vicinity they have with the belly, and the strength of the glyster: for there are divers sorts * 1.70 of glysters, some emollients, other evacuating, some anodines, some astringents, some cleansing, some sarcoticke, and epuloticke, and some may bee said to nourish. They are all made of the parts of plants or beasts, with compound medicines either solutive or altering, and others according to the advise of the Physitian. The parts * 1.71 of plants which are used to this purpose, are roots, seedes, leaves, flowers, fruits, shouts, juices, mucilages. Parts of beasts are yelkes of egges and whites, honey, chickens, capons, old cockes well beaten, heads and feet of sheepe, the intestines, whey, milke, sewer, axungia, and such like in decoctions, wherein wee mingle and dissolve simple and compound medicines. Wee sometimes use without any other medicament, to make a glyster with oyle alone, as oile of nuts for the Cholicke, of whey alone, the decoction of the head and feet of the sheepe alone, and of the de∣coction of Cicers and barly do we prepare glysters.

The quantity of a glyster is sometimes lesse according to the divers disposition of men and their diseases: for weake children the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is lesse: for women with * 1.72 child, and in the cholicke, dysentery, lyentery, o•• •…•…uch hardened excrement is within. But when wee would abundantly move •…•…ement, and there is no∣thing that may hinder, the dose of a glyster for the mo•…•…art is halfe a pound, one pound, or three quarters of a pound. The glyster must bee injected •…•…rme or hot, more or lesse, according to the nature or condition of the sicke; for b•…•… cold it of∣fends the intestines, and the neighbouring nervous parts, which are co•…•… of them∣selves. It must bee given by degrees, for being injected sodainely, the w•…•… which is usually in the guts will beat it backe againe, whence comes intolerable p•…•… But this will bee more cleere by that wee shall teach concerning the differences o•• gly∣sters, whereof there shall be sufficient examples.

℞. malv. violar. bismalv. acanth. an. mi•• radic. alth. lilior. an. ℥i. passul. fi•…•… ping. ℥ ss. fiat decoctio ad lb i. in qua dissolve cass. butyr. recent. an. ℥ i. ol. viol. ℥ iii. fiat * 1.73 clyster.

Glysters, that doe evacuate, are prepared by the councell of the Physitian, and of divers Simples, being boyled for severall purposes. Therefore if the humours bee cold which are to bee evacuated, the Glyster shall be after this manner: ℞. Salviae, * 1.74 origani, abrotoni, chamaem. melilot. an. m. ss. seminum anisi, foenic. cumini, an. ʒiii. semin. carthar. ʒii. Make a decoction of them, wherein dissolve Diaphon. Hier. Simpl. an. ℥ss. ol. aneth. chamaem. an. ℥i. ss. Mellis Antho. sach. rub. an. ℥. i. fiat Clyster.

To evacuate Cholericke matter, prepare a Glyster after this manner.

℞. quat. remollient. pariet. Cichor. endi. an. m. ss. Semin. quat. frigid. Major. an. ʒiii. hordei integri p. i. Make a decoction of them, and dissolve in it Cass. ℥. i. Ol. viol. mellis viol. an. ℥ii. fiat Clyster.

To evacuate melancholy, this Glyster following will be usefull.

℞. Fumiter. Centaur. minoris, Mercurialis, an. m. i. Polyp. Qu. folicul. sennae, an. ʒiii. seminis agni casti, Thymi, an. ʒii. Make a decoction, and dissolve therein, Confect. Ha∣mech. ℥ss. Cass. recens extract. ʒiii. olei violati, lilior. an. ℥ss. Sach. rub. mellis viol. an. ℥iss. salis, ʒi. And those Glysters doe not only evacuate the humours that offend, but al∣so correct the distemper of the bowels and inward parts. For the Glysters described against pituitous and melancholy matter, helpe the cold distemper; but that which is for choler, the hot distemper. Purging medicines, which are dissolved in the de∣coctions of Glysters, are very strong, as, Confect. Hamech. Benedicta, Diaprun. Solu∣tivum, Diaphaenicon, being used from ʒ. vi. to ℥i. at most: but the weaker and more gentle are Catholicon. Cassia, Hiera simplex, from ʒvi. to ℥ii. at most.

An Anodyne Glyster is usually made without such things as purge or evacuate: as,

℞. Flor. Chamaem. melil. Aneth. an. p. i. rad. Bismal. ℥. i. boyle them in Milke, and to * 1.75 the decoction adde Mucaginis seminis lini foenugraeci extractae in aqua Malvae ℥ ii. sa∣chari albi, olei anethi, chamaemeli, an. ℥i. vitellos ovorum duos, fiat Clyster. These Gly∣sters should be kept longer in the body, that so they may more easily mitigate paine.

The example of an astringent Glyster.

℞. Equiseti, plantag. poligani. an. m. i. boyle them in lacte ustulato, to ℥xii. to the * 1.76 decoction strained adde Boli armeni, sanguinis draconis, an. ʒii. olei rosati, ℥ii. album. ovorum duorum, fiat Clyster. We use these kinde of Glysters in Dysenteries, and in the immoderate fluxe of the Hemotoid veines, having first evacuated the usuall ex∣crements. Glysters, which be •…•…oticke, epuloticke, and cleansers of the greater guts, and fit for the curing of ulcers, are to be prepared of such medicines as are de∣scribed before in their proper Chapters.

Alimentary Glysters are made of the decoction of Chickens, Capons, Cockes, * 1.77 being boyled to a gelly, and strongly prest forth. They are also prepared of Marrow, gelly, which are not altogether so strong as those which are commonly taken by the mouth, because the faculty of concoction in the guts, is much weaker than that of the stomacke. Oftentimes also the matter of these kinde of Glysters are prepared in wine, where there is no paine of the head or feaver, but more frequently in the decoction of Barley, and in Milke, adding the yelkes of Egges, and some small quan∣tity of white Sugar, lest by the cleansing faculty it move the guts to excretion. And therefore Sugar of Roses is thought better, which is conceived to bee somewhat binding. Here you may have examples of such Glysters. ℞. Decoctionis Capi perfectè cocti lb. i. ss. sachari albi, ℥ss. misce, fiat Clyster. ℞. Decocti Pulli & Galatinae, an. lb. ss. vini opt. ℥iv. fiat Clyster. ℞. Decocti hordei mundati, & in cremorem redacti lb. ss. luctis boni lb. i. Vitellos ovorum duos, fiat Clyster. We use these kinde of Glysters to streng∣then * 1.78

children, old and weake men, and bodies which are in a Consumption. But in the use of these there are three things to be observed: First, that the faeculent excre∣ments be taken away, either by strength of nature, or by art, as by a suppository, or an emollient Glyster, lest the alimentary matter, being mingled with them, should so be infected and corrupted. The other is, that there be great quantity given, that so some may ascend to the upper guts. The third is, that the sicke sleep after the ta∣king of it; for so it is more easily converted into nourishment, and the alimentary matter is better kept: for sleep hindereth evacuations. In Glysters of this kinde wee must be ware of Salt, Honey, and Oyle; for the two first provoke excretion by their acrimony, and the last by his humidity doth relaxate and lubricate. They, who thinke no kinde of Glyster can nourish or sustaine the body, relye upon this reason: That it is necessary whatsoever nourisheth, should have a triple commutation or * 1.79 concoction in the body: first, in the stomacke; secondly, in the liver: thirdly, in all the members. But this opinion is repugnant to reason and experience: to reason, for that a certaine sense of such things as are defective, is implanted in all and every of the naturall parts of our body. Therefore seeing nutrition is a repletion of that which is empty, without doubt the empty and hungry parts will draw from any place that nourishment which is fit and convenient for them, and in defect thereof, whatsoever they meet with, which by any familiarity may asswage and satisfie their desire. But the alimentary Glysters, by us described, consist of things which agree very well with the nature of our bodies, and such as are boyled and ordered with much art, so to supply the chylification to bee performed in the stomacke. There∣fore they may be drawne in by the meseraicke veines of the guts, which, according to Galen, have a certaine attractive faculty. And thence they may bee easily carried through the gate veine, liver, and so over the whole body. And experience tea∣cheth, * 1.80 that many sick people, when they could take nothing by the mouth, have bin sustained many daies by the helpe of these kinde of Glysters. What is more to bee said? We have seen those who have taken a Suppository by the fundament, and vo∣mited it at the mouth; by which it also appeareth, that something may flow without danger of the sicke from the guts into the stomacke.

Commonly they give Glysters any houre of the day, without any respect of time, but it should not be done unlesse a great while after meales, otherwise the meate, be∣ing hindered from digestion, will be drawne out of the stomacke by the Glyster.

Glysters are used to helpe the weaker expulsive faculty of the guts, and by conse∣quence also of the other parts, both that such as through want of age, and old peo∣ple, * 1.81 and such as by reason of great imbecility by sicknesse cannot admit of a purging medicine, may by this meanes at least ease themselves of the trouble and burden of hurtfull humours. Galen hath attributed to Storkes the invention of Glysters, which with their bils, having drunke Sea water, which from saltnesse hath a purging qua∣lity, wash themselves by that part, whereby they use to bring away the excrements of their meates, and of the body. But a Glyster is fitly taken after this maner: whi∣lest the Syrenge is expressed, let the patient hold open his mouth; for by this means all the muscles of the Abdomen, which helpe by compression the excretion of the guts, are relaxed. Let him weare nothing that may gird in his belly, let him lye up∣on his right side, bending in a semicircular figure; and so the Glyster will the more easily passe to the upper guts, and (as it were) by an overflowing, wet and wash all the guts and excrements. It hapneth otherwise to those who lye upon their left side; for the Glyster being so injected, is conceived to abide, and (as it were) to stop in the Intestinum rectum, or Colon, because in this site these two Intestines are oppres∣sed, and as it were shut up with the weight of the upper guts. A little while he may * 1.82 lye upon his backe after hee have received the Glyster, and presently after hee may turne himselfe on either side. And if there be paine in any part, so long as he is able he may incline to that side. Moreover, because there are many, who cannot by any reason bee perswaded to shew their buttockes to him that should administer the Glyster, a foolish shamefastnesse hindering them: therefore I thought good in this place to give the figure of an Instrument, with which one may give a Gly∣ster

to himselfe, by putting up the pipe into the fundament, lifting the buttockes a little up. The pipe is marked with this Letter A. The body of the Syrenge, where∣into the Glyster must be put, with this Letter B.

[illustration]

The figure of a Glyster pipe and Syrenge, by benefit whereof a man may give himselfe a Glyster.

CHAP. XXIII. Of Suppositories, Nodules, and Pessaries.

A Suppository is a certaine medicament, formed like unto a tent, or gob∣bet of paste, such as is commonly used to fat Fowle. It is put up into the fundament, that it might excite the sphincter muscle to send forth those excrements which are kept in the guts. Antiently it had the forme of an Acorne, whence it is called to this day Glans. The Suppositories we now usually make have the forme of a Pessary, that is, round and longish, in the forme of a waxe Candle. They are either weake, stronger, or sharpe; the weake are * 1.83 made of the stalkes or the rootes of Beets, of Lard, boiled Honey with Salt, or of Castle-sope. The stronger of purging powders, as, Hiera with Salt and Honey. The sharp with Scammony, Euphorbium, Coloquintida, and like things powdred, and with Honey, or the juices of sharpe herbes, or mingled with the gals of Beasts. It is com∣monly made thus: as, ℞. Mellis ℥i. Salis aut pulveris alterius irritantis ʒi. * 1.84

℞. Mellis cocti ℥i. pul. Colocynthidos ℈ ss. Salis gemmae. ℈i. fiat Suppositorium. Wee use * 1.85 Suppositories, when the sicke by his infirmity is unwilling, or not able to beare or away with a Glyster, as in burning Feavers: or, when as one being injected, is slow, and resteth in the guts. And we use the sharper Suppositories in seporiferous affects of the head, that they might provoke the dull faculty of the guts to expulsion. As also, when the condition of the disease is such, that by the use of Glysters there is manifest hurt; as, in an Enterocele, where the gut so swels, that over and above it be filled by the glyster infused, it would the more presse the Peritonaeum, so that straight∣waies by the relaxed or broken part it might easily be devolved into the Codde.

Nodules have the same use with Suppositories, and are oftentimes substituted in stead of Glysters. They are made of gentle medicines, as the yelkes of Egges with a little Salt and Butter, or of Gall and Honey tyed up in a cloth in the forme of a Fil∣bert, the string of it may hang forth, whereby the Nodule in the fundament may be drawne forth. This description may be an example of Nodules: ℞. Vitellum unius * 1.86 ovi, cui adde salis modicum, fellis vervecis, mellis an. ℥ss. butyri ℥iii. misce, fiant Noduli filo appensi.

A Pessary is grosser than a Suppository, and is appointed for the wombe, being * 1.87 made with Cotton-wooll or Silke steeped in some medicament, and then put into the necke of the wombe.

A pessary is used either to ulcers of the necke of the wombe, or for the procuring, or stopping of the Menstrua, or against sordide and hurtfull humours of the wombe * 1.88 causing hystericall passions, and therefore to be wasted away and evacuated. There∣fore in the composition of pessaries are used gummes, juices, seeds of herbes, roots, and many other things, according to the advise of the Phisitian; they are also made of a solide consistence, the bignesse of a finger, that they may enter into the necke of the wombe; these being tyed with a string, which must hang forth to plucke it out withall when occasion serves. This following may be an example of their de∣scription. {rum}. myrrh. aloes, an. ʒ i. sabin. semin. nigel. arthemis. an. ʒ ii. radic. ellebor. nig. ʒ i. croci, ℈ i. cum succo mercurial. & melle fiat pessus; let it bee tied to the thigh with a thread. Or this, ℞. mastich. thurii, an. ℥ iii. alum. ros. rub. nuc. cupres. an. ʒ ii. ladan. hypoci. sumach, myrtil. an. ʒ iii. fiant pessi cum succo arnoglos. & cotoniorum. Ac∣cording to this example others may be made for to mollifie, to binde, to cleanse, to incarnate, to cicatrize and cover the ulcers of the womb: they are to be put up when the patient lieth in bed, and to be kept all night.

Pessaries are also made of medicinable powders, not onely mingled with some juice, but also with those powders alone being put into a little bagge of some thinne matter, being stuffed with a little cotton that it might be of a convenient stiffenesse, and this kinde of pessaries may bee used profitably in the falling of the mo∣ther.

An example of one mentioned by Rondeletius in his booke of inward Medicines, is as followeth.

℞. Benioini, styracis, caryoph. an. ʒ i. gal. mosch. ℥ ss. moschi, gr. vi. fiat pulvis; this * 1.89 being made up with cotton may be put up into the body.

CHAP. XXIV. Of Oyles.

PRoperly and commonly we call oile that juice which is pressed forth of Olives; but the word is used more largely, for we call every juice of a fluxible, unctuous, and aiery substance, Oyle. There are three differences of these oleaginous juices: The first is of those things which yeeld oile by expression, as well fruits as seeds being bruised, that by beating the oily juice may be pressed forth; some are drawn without fire, as oile of sweet and bitter almonds, oyle of nuts, of palma Christi. O∣thers are made to runne by the helpe of fire, by which meanes is gotten oile of baies, linseed oyle, rape oyle, oile of hempe, and such like: The manner of drawing oile from seeds is set downe by Mesue in his third booke.

The second sort is of those oyles which are made by the infusion of simple medi∣cines in oyle, wherein they leave their qualities: and this is done three severall * 1.90 waies, the first is by boyling of roots, leaves, tops of flowers, fruits, seeds, gummes, whole beastes, with wine, water, or some other juice, with common, or any other oile, untill the wine, water, or juice bee consumed, which you may perceive to bee perfectly done, if you cast a droppe of the oyle into the fire, and it maketh no noise but burneth. It is to be remembred that sometimes the seeds or fruits are for a cer∣taine time to be macerated before they are set to the fire; but it must bee boiled in a double vessell, lest the oyle partake of the fire.

After this manner is made oleum costinum, rutaceum, de croco, cydoniorum, myrtillo∣rum, mastichinum, de euphorbio, vulpinum, de scorpionibus, and many others. The se∣cond is by a certaine time of maceration, some upon hot ashes, others in horse dung, that by that moderate heat the oile might draw forth the effects of the infused me∣dicines into it selfe. The third is by insolation, that is, when these or these flowers, being infused in oile, are exposed to the sunne, that by the heat thereof the oile may

change, and draw into him selfe the faculty of the flowers which are infused: of this kinde are oile of roses, chamomile, dill, lillies, of water lillies, violets, and others, as you may see in Mesue.

The third kinde is properly that of the Chimists, and is done by resolution made after divers manners, and of this sort there are divers admirable qualities of divers * 1.91 oleaginous juices, whether they be made by the sunne or fire, or putrefaction, as we shall speake in his place hereafter.

Wee use oiles when wee would have the vertue of the medicament to pierce deepe, or the substance of the medicines mingled with the oile to bee soft and gen∣tle. Moreover, when wee prepare oiles that should be of a cooling quality, the com∣mon oile of the unripe Olive is to be used: of that should the oile of roses be made.

Againe, when we would prepare oiles of heating qualities, such as are Oleum phi∣losophorum, or of Tiles, sweet and ripe oile is to be chosen.

CHAP. XXV. Of Liniments.

ALiniment is an externall medicine of a meane consistence, * 1.92 between an oile and an ointment, for it is thicker than an oile; for besides oile it is compounded with butter, axungia, and such like, which is the reason why a liniment is more effica∣cious in ripening and mitigating paine, than simple oile. The varieties of liniments is drawn from their effects, some coole, others heat, some humect, some ripen, others by compositi∣on are made for divers uses. The matter whereof they are u∣sually made, is oile, axungia, sewet, butter, all those things which have an oily substance or consistence, as styrax liquida, turpentine, the muci∣lages of fenugreeke, marsh-mallowes, marrow, and other like. To these are some∣times added powders of rootes, seedes, flowers, rindes, metals, but sparingly, that the liniment may be of a liquid consistence.

An example of a liniment that is good to attenuate, heat, and digest, is this that followeth.

℞. ol. amygd. amar. lilior. an. ℥ i. axung. anat. gallin. an. ℥ ss. butyr. sal. expert. ℥ i. mucag. sem. alth. foenugr. extract. in aq. hyssop. an. ℥ ss. pulver. croci, ireos, an. ℈ i. fiat linimentum.

This may be an example of a liniment to humect and mollifie.

℞. ol. amygd. dulc. ℥ ii. axung. human. ℥ ss. mucag. semin. malv. extract. in aq. pari∣etar. ℥ ss. fiat linimentum: you may adde a little saffron. There bee many others like these which may be made for divers affects. They are easily applied to every part of the body, because they are not so liquid as oiles: the reason is, they are more agree∣able to any of the parts. If they be to enter into any crooked narrow passage, such as the eare, they must be more liquid, and have more oile: if they be to sticke on the part, they will admit of more axungia and sewet.

They are deceived who thinke that the difference betweene liniments and oint∣ments is, that there is no waxe in liniments as there is in unguents; for there be some unguents which admit not any waxe to bee added, as aegyptiacum, and all such as are used in gangrenes, and all sorts of putride ulcers; because to these kinds of diseases all fatty things, as oiles, fats, rosines, and waxe, are enemies. Therefore wee substitute in the place of them in aegyptiacum, hony and verdigreace; for of these it hath his consistence, and his quality of cleansing.

CHAP. XXVI. Of Ointments.

OYntments are of a more solid consistence than Liniments, and are therefore of more force. Their differences are partly taken from * 1.93 their effects; for some heate, others coole, some dry, and some hu∣mect, some cleanse, some corroborate, some waste dead flesh, and o∣thers cicatrize, partly from the variety of colours, partly from the first invertors, as, Album rhasis, Desiccativum rubrum: partly from the number of the simple medicaments whereof they bee made, as, Tetrapharmacum, Triphar∣macum, or Nutritum: partly from that medicament which is principall in the com∣position, hence are they called, Unguentum de Lythargyro, de Minio, Diapompholi∣gos, and such like. They are compounded of herbes, rootes, seedes, fruits, mettals, and parts of Beasts; the juices and other liquid things being consumed away by boyling, as we have said in the Chapter of compound Oyles. Herbes, and the parts of them, if they be dry, must be powdred, and also mettals; but being greene, they are boyled and strained forth, and the juice so pressed is wasted by boyling. Gums and Rosins some are powdred, others being put to some convenient liquor are dis∣solved by fire: So Waxe is dissolved in the Oyle. In the composition of unguents this proportion is usually observed, that for one ounce of powder, two ounces of Waxe, and eight of Oyle is added: notwithstanding for that Waxe serveth onely to the consistence of the oyntment, it is better to leave the quantity to the will of the Apothecary; but he may be more sparing in adding Waxe to the oyntments in the Summer than in Winter: for the heate of Summer, drying them, addeth to the consistence; by examples propounded, these common preceps will more plainly appeare.

℞. Olei ros. ℥iv. pil. lepor. bol. armen. terrae sigil. an. ʒi. bal. Gallar. an. ʒ ss. tritis terendis, * 1.94 & simul mixtis, addita cera quod sufficit, fiat unguentum. Here wee must observe, that there bee three waies of making Oyntments: The first is of those which are made only by stirring or grinding in the Mortar without any fire, and so is made Unguen∣tum nutritum. The second is, when we dissolve Waxe in Oyle, Fat, or some such substance with fire: and being all dissolved, wee mingle the powders according to the proportion we noted before. After which manner are made Unguentum Aureum, Basilicon, Diapompholigos, Desiccativum rubrum, Enulatum. The third sort is, when we bruise herbes with a Pestell, and mingle them with Axungy, boyling them to∣gether, and then straining them, and the Oyntment is that which is strained. There∣fore let us proceed to explaine this by examples.

℞. Lythar. auri triti & loti lb ss. olei ros. lb. i. aceti ros. ℥iv. fiat Unguentum. First, wee put the Lytharge into the Mortar, powring in a little Oyle, and working it with a * 1.95 Pestell, that it may grow thicke, then with the Oyle we put a little Vinegar, conti∣nually working, untill they mingle into one body, now and then betweene whiles adding sometimes a little Oyle, sometimes a little Vinegar, untill the whole bee brought to the consistence of an Oyntment. If of an Oyntment of this kinde thou wouldst make a blacke plaster, by degrees consume all the Vinegar, so shall the plaster shine and grow blacke.

℞. Cerae citr. ℥vi. olei boni lb. ii. tereb. ℥ii. resin. & coloph. an. ℥i ss. olib. mastich. an. ℥i. cro∣ci, ʒi. fiat Unguentum. First, dissolve the Waxe with a good part of the Oyle, then * 1.96 adde the Rosin and Colophony broken small. These being dissolved, take the com∣position from the fire, and then adde the Turpentine; when the whole is somewhat cooled, adde the Olibanum and Masticke being finely powdred, then the Saffron, which shall be macerated in the rest of the Oyle.

Tetrapharmacon is so called, because it is made of foure simple medicines, * 1.97 Waxe, Rosin, Pitch, Tallow, of each a like quantity, and so equally mixed.

℞ Resin. picis nigr. adip. vituli. & cerae an. ℥ii. ss. Olei veteris olivarum maturarum, lb i ss. or if you would have it harder, lb i. that oyntment also is called Basilicon, the

Waxe being cut small and dissolved in Oyle, then adde the rest of the things, which being dissolved, thou shalt have the desired oyntment.

℞. Olei ros. ℥ix. cer. alb. ℥iii. succi solani hortensis, ℥iv. Cerus. lot. ℥i. Pompholygos, plum∣bi * 1.98 usti & loti, olib. puri, an. ℥ ss. fiat Unguentum. Dissolve the Waxe in the Oyle with a gentle fire, then you shall take it from the fire, and adde to the rest of the ingredi∣ents, working them together in a stone Mortar, powring on the juice by degrees, at least so much of it as will incorporate.

℞. Lap. calam. ter. sig. an. ℥ii. Litharg. auri, cerus. an. ℥i ss. Camphor. ʒ ss. cerae, ℥ii ss. Olei * 1.99 rosat. viol. an. ℥iii. fiat Unguentum. Dissolve the Waxe in the Oyle, then set it to coole, and worke in the powders with a spatter, and at last adde the Camphor dissolved in a little Oyle of Roses, or Rosewater.

℞. Rad. ènul. campan. coct. cum aceto & contus. ut decet lb ss. Axung. porci, olei commu. * 1.100 an. ℥i ss. argen. vivi extincti, & tereb. lot. an. ʒi. sal. commu. pulverati, ʒii. incorporate them according to art. The boyled rootes must be drawne through a Sieve, which being boyled by a gentle fire with the Axungia, must bee continually stirred, then put to the Salt with Oyle & Waxe: when you set it from the fire to coole, then adde the Quick silver, being killed with a little Axungia and Turpentine.

℞. Olei rosat. ℥ix. cerus. alb. ℥iii. cer. alb. ℥ii. make it thus: Let the Cerusse bee finely * 1.101 powdred, and put into the Oyle and Waxe whilst it is hot, and so worke the whole together, untill they shall be brought into a body.

℞. Rad. Ath. lb i. semi. lini, foenugr. an. lb. ss. Scillae ℥iii. Olei com. lb. ii. cer. lb ss. terebinth. * 1.102 gum. heder. galb. an. ℥i. coloph. & resin. ℥iii. The rootes and seeds being bruised, are in∣fused for three dayes in five pintes of water; boyle them untill three ounces be con∣sumed, and then draw forth the Mucilage, and boyle it with the Oile, then adde Waxe cut small: these being taken from the fire, the Galbanum being dissolved with Vinegar, & mingled with the Turpentine, must be added together with the Gumme Hederae, Colophony, and Rosin.

℞. Ocul. populi arb. lb i ss. fol. papaveris nigr. Mandrag. byoscyami, lactucae, sompervi∣vi * 1.103 parvi & magni, violae nigrae, solani, umbilici veneris, seu cymbalar. bardanae, an. ℥ ss. (Cordus, Fernelius, & Nicolaus singulorum ℥iii. praescribunt) Adipis suilli recentis salis expertis, lb ii. vini boni, lb i. fiat Unguentum. The Poplar buds and Violet leaves must be bruised and maccrated in the Axungia for the space of two moneths, that is, untill the rest of the herbes be ready; for they cannot bee gathered before the Summer time, but the Poplar buds and Violets may be had in March. They must be bruised and mingled very well, and set in a warme place for eight dayes; then adde one pinte of strong Vinegar, and boyle them till it be consumed, which may bee percei∣ved by casting a little of it into the fire, then straine it forth, and put up the Oynt∣ment.

℞. Tereb. cer. alb. res. an. ʒxiv. Opopanacis, floris, seu viridis aeris (nam hic flo•• aris non * 1.104 propriè accipitur pro granulis, quae scintillarum instar ab aere exiliunt dum à fabris ferra∣riis aqua tingitur: sed pro viridi aeris usurpatur, cujus contra maligna ulcera notae sunt vires, contra quae omninò id Unguentum est comparatum) an. ʒii. ammon. ℥xiv. aristol. lon. thuris masculi an. ʒvi. myrrhae & galbani an. ʒiii. bdellii, ʒvi. Litharg. ʒix. olei, lb ii. fiat Unguentum. The Litharge is to be mingled with two ounces of Oyle for the space of five houres, and with a gentle fire to be boyled untill it come to the consistence of Honey, and be alwayes stirring, lest it burne: being taken from the fire and warme, the Waxe and the Rosin, being dissolved, with the rest of the Oyle, must be added. Then put to it, when it is cooling, the Gummes dissolved in Vinegar, boy∣led and incorporated with the Turpentine. Then the Aristolochia, Myrrhe, and Frankinsense are to be mingled, and last of all the Verdigrease, being in fine pow∣der, and sprinkled in: and so the unguent is made.

℞. Cortic. median. castan. cortic. median. querc. cortic. median. gland. mirtil. eques. cor∣tic. * 1.105 fabar. acinor. uvar. sorbor. siccor. immatur. mespillor. immaturor. rad. ch••lidon. folior. prunor. silvest. an. ℥iss. Aquae plantaginis, lb viii. cer. nov. ℥viii ss. olei myrtillor. lb iiss. Then these things which follow, being finely powdred, are to be sprinkled in.

℞. Pulveris corticis mediani castan. corticis mediani gland. cortic. median. arb. gland. id est, querc. gallar. an. ℥i. Cineris oss. cruris bovis, myrtill. acinor. uvar. sorbor. siccor. an. ℥ ss.

Trochiscorum de carabe, ℥ii. fiat Unguentum. First, make a decoction corticis mediani arboris quercus, acini uvar. rad. chelid. mespil. sorbor. equis. seminis myrtil. folior. pruni syl∣vestris, cort. fabar. cortic. mediani gland. cortic. castan. & gallar. in the Plantaine water for the space of two houres, then straine it, and divide the liquor into nine parts, washing the Waxe, dissolved with the Oyle of Myrtils seven times; the liquor being all spent, and the Waxe and Oyle being melted, then insperge the powders, Cruris bovis, ossium, cortic. median. querc. median. cortic. gland. castan. gallar. sorbor. mespil. semi∣num myrtil. acinor. uvar. and at last the Trochisces carab. after this manner shall you make this Oyntment.

℞. Olei absinth. mastich. de spic. rosat. an. ℥ss. pulver. absinth. ros. major. menth. an. ʒi. Caryoph. cinam. mastich. galang. an. ʒi. Powder those things which are to bee pow∣dered, * 1.106 and with a sufficient quantity of Waxe make a soft oyntment, wherewith let the stomacke be annointed one houre before meales continually.

℞. Cer. alb. lb ii. cerus. litharg. auri, an. lb i. myrrh. medull. cervi, an. ℥ii. thuris, ℥i. olei, lb ss. Boyle the Litharge in the oyle to a meane consistence, then adde to the Waxe * 1.107 & Cerusse, and when it will not sticke to the fingers, take it from the fire, and put in the Medulla, when it beginneth to coole, the Myrrha and Thus, being finely pow∣dred, must be cast in by little and little, and the oyntment may be put up for use. The chops of the fundament, and remollient Pessaries are likewise made of it, and it is very good against the bitings of madde Dogges, and the punctures of nerves and tendons, keeping wounds so that they doe not agglutinate.

℞. Picis pinguis, lb i. Opopanacis in aceto forti, oleo liliorum, & veteri porci axungia cocti, ℥iii. fiat Unguentum. Oleum ex sinapi is good against those bitings of mad beasts * 1.108 and punctured nerves: for it doth open wounds when they are cicatrized. Oynt∣ments are used to overcome the contumacy of a stubborne evill by their firme and close sticking to, especially if there shall need no medicine to goe further into the body.

CHAP. XXVII. Of Cerats and Emplasters.

SUch affinity there is in the composition of a Cerat and Emplaster, that * 1.109 oftentimes the one is taken for the other, as is usually done in Oynt∣ments and Liniments. A Cerat is a composition more solide and hard * 1.110 than an oyntment, and softer than a plaster, having his name from Waxe, which taking away the fluidness of the oyle, bringeth him to his consistence. The differences of Cerats are taken some from the parts by which they are called, as Ceratum stomachicum: some from the effects, as Ceratum refrigerans Ga∣leni: Others from the simple medicaments which are the chiefe in the compositi∣on, as, Ceratum Santalinum. The proper matter of Cerats is, new Waxe & Oyles, being appropriated to the griefe of these, or those parts; so that Liniments & Oynt∣ments doe scarce differ from Cerats, if they admit of Waxe: for if oyntment of Roses should have Waxe added to it, it were no longer an oyntment, but a Cerat.

Cerats, which are made with Rosins, Gummes, and Metals, doe rather deserve the names of Emplasters than Cerats. And therefore Ceratum ad Hernias, we com∣monly call Emplastrum contra Rupturam. If that paine or inflammation do grieve any part, we make Cerats of plaster, dissolved with Oyle, lest that the more hard and heavie consistence of the Emplaster should be troublesome to the part, and hinder perspiration: and therefore laying aside the composition of Cerats, let us speake of Emplasters.

An Emplaster is a composition which is made up of all kinde of medicines, espe∣cially * 1.111 of fat and dry things, agreeing in one grosse, viscous, solid, and hard body stic∣king to the fingers. The differences of Emplasters are taken from those things, which the variety of oyntments are taken from. Of those things which goe into the composition of an Emplaster, some are only used for their quality and faculty, as

Wine, Vinegar, Juices. Others to make the consistence, as Litharge (which, accor∣ding to Galen, is the proper matter of Emplasters) Waxe, Oyle, and Rosin. Others be usefull for both, as, Gums, Metals, parts of beasts, Rosin, as Turpentine to di∣gest, to cleanse, and dry. Of Emplasters, some are made by boyling, some are brought into a forme without boyling; those which bee made without fire, doe so∣dainly dry, nor are they viscous: they are made with meale and powder, with some juice, or with some humid matter mingled with them. But plasters of this kind may rather bee called hard oyntments, or cataplasmes: for plasters properly so called are boyled, some of them longer, some shorter, according to the nature of those things which make to the composition of the Emplaster: Therefore it will bee worth our labour to know what Emplasters doe aske more, or which lesse boyling. For roots, woods, leaves, stalkes, flowers, seeds, being dryed, and brought into powder, are to be added last, when the plaster is boyled as it were, and taken from the fire, lest the vertue of these things be lost. But if greene things are to be used in a composition, they are to be boyled in some liquor, and being pressed forth, that which is strained to be mingled with the rest of the composition; or if there be juice to be used, it is to be bruised and pressed forth, which is so to be boyled with the o∣ther things, that nothing but the quality is to remaine with the mixture, as wee use to doe in Empl. de Janua, seu Betonica, & Gratia Dei. The same is to bee done with Mucilages, but that by their clamminesse they do more resist the fire. But there doth much of oyle and honey remaine in plasters when they are made. Those juices which are hardned by concretion, as, Aloes, Hypocystis, Acacia, when they are used in the composition of a plaster, and be yet new, they must be macerated and dissol∣ved in some proper liquor, and then they are to bee boyled to the consumption of that liquor. Gums, as, Opopanax, Galbanum, Sagapaenum, Ammoniacum, must be dis∣solved in Wine, Vinegar, or Aqua vitae, then strained and boyled to the consumpti∣on of the liquor, and then mixed with the rest of the plaster. And that they may have the exact quantity of Gums and Pitch, it is necessary that first they bee dissol∣ved, strained, and boyled, because of the stickes and sordid matter which are min∣gled with them. You must have respect also to the liquor you use to dissolve them in; for Vinegar of the best Wine doth more powerfully penetrate, than that which is of weake and bad Wine.

Other Gums, which are drier, are to be powdred, and are to bee mingled with plasters last of all. Metals, as, Aes ustum, Chalcitis, Magnes, Bolus Armenus, Sulphur, Auripigmentum, and others, which may bee brought to powder, must bee mingled last, unlesse advice be given by long boyling to dull the fierce qualities of them. The like consideration is to be had of Rosin, Pitch, and Turpentine, which must be put in after the Waxe, and may not be boyled but very gently; but the fats are mingled whilst the other things are boyling. The Litharge is to be boyled with the oyle to a just consistence, if wee would have the plaster dry without biting. Cerusse may en∣dure as long boyling, but then the plaster shall not bee white, neither will the Li∣tharge of filver make a plaster with so good a colour as Litharge of gold. More∣over, this order must bee observed in boyling up of plasters: the Litharge must bee boyled to his consistence; juices or mucilages are to be boyled away, then adde the fats, then the dry Rosin, Waxe, Gums, Turpentine, and after them the powders: You shall know the plaster is boyled enough by his consistence, grosse, hard, gluti∣nous, * 1.112 and sticking to the fingers, being cooled in the ayre, water, or upon a stone. Also you shall know it by his exact mixtion, if that all the things become one masse hard to be broken.

The quantity of things which are to be put into a plaster can hardly be described, * 1.113 but an artificiall conjecture may be given, by considering the medicaments, which make the plaster stiffe, and of a consistence, and the just hardnesse and softnesse they make being boyled. Waxe is not put into such plasters wherein is Labdanum; for that is in stead of Waxe. For if there shall be in the composition of a plaster some empla∣sticke medicaments, the Waxe shall be the lesse: Contrariwise, if they shall bee al∣most all liquid things, the Waxe shall be increased so much as shall be necessary for the consistence of the plaster. The quantity of the Waxe also must bee altered ac∣cording

to the time, or the aire; therefore it is fit to leave this to the art and judge∣ment of the Apothecarie. Emplasters are sometimes made of ointments by the ad∣dition of waxe, or dry rosine, or some other hard or solide matter. Some would that a handfull of medicaments poudred, should be mingled with one ounce, or an ounce and an halfe of oile, or some such liquor, but for this thing nothing can certainely bee determined: Onely in plasters described by the Antients there must bee great care had, wherein hee must bee very well versed, who will not erre in the describing the dose of them; and therefore wee will here give you the more common formes of plasters.

℞. ol. chamaem. aneth. de spica, liliacci, an. ℥ii. ol. de croco, ℥i pingued. porci, lb i. * 1.114 pingued. vitul. lb ss. euphorb. ʒv. thuris, ʒx. ol. lauri, ℥i ss. ranas viv. nu. vi. pingued. viper. vel ejus loco human. ℥ii ss. lumbricor. lotor. in vino, ℥iii 〈◊〉〈◊〉. succi ebuli, enul. ana, ℥ii. schoenanthi, staechados, matricar. an. m ii. vini oderiferi, lb ii. litharg. auri, lb i. te∣rebinth. clarae, ℥ii. styracis liquid. ℥i s8. argenti vivi extincti, so much as the present occasion shall require, and the sicke shall be able to beare, and make up the plaister. To one pound of the plaster they doe commonly adde foure ounces of quick-silver, yet for the most part they doe encrease the dose, as they desire the plaster should be stronger: the wormes must be washed with faire water, and then with a little wine to cleanse them from their earthie filth, of which they are full, and so the frogs are to be washt and macerated in wine, and so boiled together to the consumption of a third part; then the squinanth must bee bruised, the feverfew and the staechas cut small, and they being added, to be boiled to the consumption of one pint, and be∣ing boiled sufficiently, the decoction being cooled shall bee strained and kept; and the Letharge is to be infused for twelve houres in the oile of chamomile, dill, lillies, saffron, and the axungies above spoken of. Then boile them all with a gentle fire, by and by taking it from the fire, and adde one quart of the decoction above spoken of, then set it to the fire againe that the decoction may bee consumed, and then by de∣grees adde to the rest of the decoction: the oile of spike shall bee reserved unto the last, which may give the plaster a good smell. Then are added the juices of walwort and enula, which must bee boiled untill they bee wasted away. Afterwards it being taken from the fire, to the composition is added the frankincense and euphorbium, and white wax as much as shall suffice. When the whole masse shall coole, then at last is mingled the quick-silver extinct, turpentine, oile of bitter almonds, baies, spike, of line, styrax and axungia, being continually stirred, and it shall bee made up upon a stone into rolls. Unlesse the quick-silver be well extinguished, it will runne all in∣to one place, and unlesse you tarrie untill the composition coole, it will vapour away in fume.

℞. croci, ʒii. bdellii, mastich. ammon. styrac. liquid. an. ℥ss. cerae alb. lb s8. tereb. ℥vi. medul. cruris vaccae, adipis anserini, an. ℥i. aesypi, vel si desit, axung. gallin. ℥ix. olei * 1.115 nard quantum satis ad magdaleones formandos, expressionis scillae, ℥i s8. olibani, sevi vi∣tul. ℥i. The oesypus, sepum, adeps, medulla, cera, are to bee dissolved together; when they coole, adde the ammoniacum dissolved in the decoction of faenugreeke and cha∣momile, halfe an ounce, and so much juice of squils, then put to the styrax and tur∣pentine, stirring them continually; then adde the bdellium, olibanum, mastich, aloes, brought into fine powder, and when they are perfectly incorporated into a masse, let them bee made up with oleum nardinum into rolls.

{rum}. terebinth. lb s8. resin. lb i. cer. alb. ℥iv. mastich. ℥i. fol. verben. betonic. pimpinel. an. m i. The herbes being greene, the tops are to bee cut and bruised in a stone mor∣tar, * 1.116 and boiled in red wine to the consumption of one third part. To the strained li∣quor adde waxe cut into small pieces, and being dissolved by the fire; the liquor be∣ing consumed put to the rosine, when it shall coole adde the Mastick powdred, wor∣king it with your hands, by which it may bee incorporated with the rest of the things.

℞. succi beton. plantag. apii, an. lb i. cerae, picis, resin. tereb. an. lb s8. fiat empl. the * 1.117 juices are to bee mingled with the waxe being dissolved, and boiling them untill three parts be consumed, adde the rosine and pitch, which being dissolved and hot, must be strained, and then adde the Turpentine, and make up the plaster.

{rum}. croci, picis com. (or rather picis navalis, because this emplaster is used to discusse * 1.118 and draw forth the matter which causeth the paine of the joints) coloph. cerae, an. ℥ii. tereb. galb. ammon. thuris, myrrhae, mastioh. an. ʒv ss. The cera, pix, and colophonia are by little and little to bee dissolved, to which adde the gummes dissolved according to art, and mingled with the terebinth; and taking it from the fire adde the thus, myrrha, and at last the crocus in fine powder, and then make it up into rowles with oyle of wormes.

{rum}. ol. com. lb ii. cerus. subtilis. lb i. boile them together with a gentle fire, stirring * 1.119 them continually untill they come to the body of an emplaster: if you would have the plaster whiter, take but ℥ix. of the oile.

℞. lytharg. triti, acet. fortis. an. lb ss. ol. antiq. lb i. fiat emplastrum: let the oile bee * 1.120 mingled with the litharge for the space of twelve houres, then boile them untill they come to a good consistence, putting in the vinegar by little and little; but you shall not take it from the fire untill the vinegar be quite wasted away.

{rum}. ol. vet. lb iii. axung. vet. sine sale, lb ii. lytharg. trit. lb iii. vitriol. ℥iv. let the * 1.121 oyle bee mingled with the lytharge for the space of twelve houres, and boile them to a good consistence, then adde to the axungia, stirring them continually with a spatter made of the palme tree, reed, or willow, and being sufficiently boiled, take it from the fire; and adde the vitrioll in fine powder.

℞. picis naval. aloes, an. ℥iii. lytharg. cerae, coloph. galban. ammoniac. an. ℥ii. visci * 1.122 querni, ℥vi. gypsi ust. utriusque aristoloch. ana, ℥iv. myrrhae, thuris, an. ℥vi. tereb. ℥ii. pulveris vermium terrestrium, gallar. utriusq. consolid. bol. arm. an. ℥iv. sang. humani, lb i. fiat emplast. If you would have it of a very good consistence, you may add of the oile of myrtills or mastich; lb ss. you shall make it thus: Take the skinne of a Ramme cut in pieces, and boyle it in an hundred pints of water and vinegar untill it come to a glew or stiffe gelly, in which you shall dissolve the visco quer. then adde the pitch and waxe broken into small pieces, and if you will you may adde the oile with them, afterwards the galban. and ammoniac. dissolved in vinegar, being mingled with the terebinth, may be added. Then adde the litharge, gypsum, bol. aristoloch. consolida, vermes, & sang. human. At last the myrrhe, thus, colophon, and aloe, stirring them continually; and that they may bee the better mingled, worke the plaster with a hot pestell in a mortar.

{rum}. mucag. sem. lini, rad. alth. foenug. median. corticis ulmi, an. ℥iv. olei liliacei, cham. * 1.123 aneth. an. ℥i ss. ammon. opopanac. sagap. ana ℥ss. croci, ʒii. cerae nov. lb ss. tereb. ℥ss. fi∣at empl. Fernelius hath ℥xx. of wax: the wax being cut small must be mingled with the oiles and the mucilages, stirring them continually with a wooden spatter till the liquor be consumed. Then the gummes dissolved and mingled with the terebinthi∣na must be added, and last of all the saffron finely poudered.

{rum}. ol. ros. myrtil. ung. populeon, ana, ℥iv. pinguedinis gallin. ℥ii. sebi arietis castrati, * 1.124 sepi vaccini, an. ℥vi. pingued. porci, ℥x. lytharg. auri, argenti, an. ℥iii. cerus. ℥iv. mi∣nii, ℥iii. tereb. ℥iv. cerae, q. s. fiat emplastrum vel ceratum molle. The lithargiros, cerusa, and minium are to be brought into fine powder, severally being sprinkled with a lit∣tle rose water, lest the finest of it should flye away; these being mingled with the oile of roses and myrtles, with a gentle fire may bee boiled untill they come to the con∣sistence of hony; then adde the axungia's, and boile them till the whole grow black, after adde the sebum, and that being dissolved take it from the fire, and then adde the unguentum populeon, and some waxe if there be need, and so bring it to the forme of a plaster.

℞. litharg. puri pul. ℥xii. ol. irin. chamaem. aneth. an. ℥viii. mucag. sem. lini, foenug. * 1.125 rad. alth. ficuum ping. uvar. passar. succi ireos, scillae, oesipi, icthyocollae, an. ʒxii ss. tereb. ℥iii. res. pini, cerae flavae, an. ℥ii. fiat emplastrum: The litharge is to be mingled with the oyle before it be set to the fire, then by a gentle fire it is to be boiled to a just con∣sistence; after the mucilage by degrees must bee put in, which being consumed the juices must bee added and the icthyocolla, and they being wasted too, then put to the waxe and rosine, then taking the whole from the fire, and the oesipus and terebin∣thina.

We use plasters when wee would have the remedy sticke longer and firmer to the * 1.126

part, and would not have the strength of the medicament to flye away or exhale too suddenly.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of Cataplasmes and Pultisses.

CAtaplasmes are not much unlike to emplasters lesse properly so called, for they may be spred upon linnen cloaths and stoupes like them, and * 1.127 so applied to the grieved parts. They are composed of roots, leaves, fruits, flowers, seeds, herbes, juices, oiles, fats, marrowes, meales, ro∣sines. Of these some must bee boiled, others crude. The boiled are made of herbes boiled tender, and so drawne through an haire searse, adding oiles and axungia's thereto. The crude are made of herbes beaten, or their juices mixed with oile and flower, or other powders appropriate to the part or disease, as the Phy∣sitian shall thinke fit. The quantity of medicines entring these compositions can scarce be defined, for that they must be varied as we would have the composition of a softer or harder body. Verily they ought to be more grosse and dense when as we desire to ripen anything, but more soft and liquid when wee endeavour to discusse. We use cataplasmes to asswage paine, digest, discusse and resolve unnaturall tumors * 1.128 and flatulencies. They ought to be moderately hot and of subtle parts, so to attract and draw forth; yet their use is suspected the body being not yet purged, for thus they draw downe more matter into the affected part. Neither must wee use these when as the matter that is to be discussed is more grosse and earthy, for thus the subtler parts will be oaely discussed, and the grosse remaine impact in the part unlesse your cataplasme be made of an equall mixture of things, not only discussing, but also emollient, as it is largely handled by Galen.

This shall be largely illustrated by examples. As, ℞. medul. panis, lb ss. decoquan∣tur * 1.129 in lacte pingui, adde olei chamam. ℥ ss. axung. galin. ℥ i. fiat cataplasma. Or, ℞. rad. alth. ℥ iii. fol. malv. senecionis, an. m i. sem. lini, faenug. an. ʒ ii. ficus, ping. nu. vi. de∣coquantar * 1.130 in aqua, & per setaceum transmittantur, addendo olet lilior. ℥ i. far. hord. ℥ ii. axung. porcin. ℥ i ss. fi at cataplasma. Or, ℞. far. fab. & orob. an. ℥ ii. pulv. chamam. & melil. an. ʒ iii. ol. irin. & amygd. amar. an. ℥ i. succi rut. ℥ ss. fiat cataplasma. Pultisses differ not from cataplasmes, but that they usually consist of meales boiled in oile, water, hony, or axungia. Pultisses for the ripening of tumours are made of the floure of barly, wheat, and milke, especially in the affects of the entralles; or else to dry and binde, of the meale of rice, lentiles, or Orobus with vinegar; or to cleanse, and they are made of hony, the floure of beanes and lupines, adding thereto some old oile, or any other oile of hot quality, and so make a discussing pultis. Also anodine pultisses may bee made with milke; as thus for example, ℞. farin. triticeae, ℥ ii. mica * 1.131 panis purissimi, ℥ iii. decoquantur in lacte, & fiat pulticula. ℞. farin. hordei & fab. an. ℥ ii. far. orob. ℥ iii. decoquantur in hydromelete, addendo mell is quart. i. olei amyg. amar. ℥ ii. fiat pulticula. Wee use pultisses for the same purpose as wee doe cataplasmes, to the affects both of the internall and externall parts. Wee sometimes use them for the killing of wormes, and such are made of the meale of lupines boiled in vine∣gar, with an Oxes gall, or in a decoction of Worme-wood, and other such like bit∣ter things.

CHAP. XXIX. Of Fomentations.

A Fotus or fomentation is an evaporation or hot lotion, chiefly used to mol∣lifie, relaxe and asswage paine, consisting of medicines having these fa∣culties. A fomentation commonly useth to be moist, being usually made of the same things as embrocations, to wit, of roots, seeds, flowers, boiled in water or wine. The roots here used are commonly of mallowes, marsh-mallowes, and lillies. The seedes are of mallowes, marsh-mallowes, parsly, smallage, line, fe∣nugreeke. Flowers are of chamomile, melilote, figges, raisons, and the like: all which are to bee boiled in wine, water, or lye, to the consumption of the third part or the halfe: as,

℞. Rad. alth. & lilil. an. ℥ii. sem. lini, foenug▪ cumin. an. ʒiii. flo. cham. melil. & aneth. an p. i. summit. orig. m. ss. bulliant in aequis partibus aquae & vini, aut in duabus partibus aqua, & una vini, aut in Lixivio cineris sarmentorum, ad tertiae partis consumptionem, fiat fotus. In imitation hereof you may easily describe other fomentations, as occa∣sion and necessity shall require.

We use fomentations before we apply cataplasmes, oyntments or plasters to the * 1.132 part, that so we may open the breathing places or pores of the skin, relaxe the parts, attenuate the humour, that thus the way may be the more open to the following me∣dicines. The body being first purged, fomentations may be used to what parts you please. They may be applyed with a female spunge, for it is gentler and softer than the male; with felt, woollen clothes, or the like dipped in the warme decoction wrung out, and often renued; otherwise, you may fill a Swines bladder halfe full (especially in paines of the sides) of the decoction, or else a stone bottle, so to keep hot the longer; yet so, that the bottle bee wrapped in cotton, wooll, or the like soft thing, that so it may not be the hardnesse and roughnesse offend the part, accor∣ding to Hippocrates. * 1.133

CHAP. XXX. Of Embrocations.

AN Embroche, or Embrocation is a watering, when as from on high wee * 1.134 (as it were) showre downe some moisture upon any part. This kinde of remedy is chiefly used in the parts of the head, and it is used to the coro∣nall suture, for that the skull is more thin in that part, so that by the spi∣racula or breathing places of this suture, more open than those of the o∣ther sutures, the force of the medicine may more easily penetrate unto the Meninges, or membranes of the braine. The matter of Embrocations is roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, and other things, according to the intention and will of the Physitian. They are boyled in water and wine, to the halfe or third part. Embrocations may also be made of Lye or Brine against the cold and humide affects of the braine. Sometimes of oyle and vinegar, otherwhiles of oyle onely. ℞. fol. plantag. & solan. an. m. i. sem. portul. & cucurb. an. ʒii. myrtil. ʒi. flor. nymph. & ros. an. p. ss. fiat decot. ad lb i. cum aceti ℥ii. si altè subeundum sit, ex qua irrigetur pars inflammata. In affects of the braine, when we would repercusse, we often and with good successe use oyle of Ro∣ses, with a fourth part of vinegar.

We use Embrocations, that together with the ayre drawne into the body by the * 1.135 Diastole of the arteries, the subtler part of the humour may penetrate, and so coole the inflamed part: for the chiefe use of embrocations is in hot affects. Also wee use embrocations, when as for feare of an haemorrhagie, or the flying asunder of a bro∣ken or dislocated member, we dare not loose the bandages wherewith the member is bound. For then wee drop downe some decoction or oyle from high upon the

bandages, that by these the force of the medicine may enter into the affected member.

CHAP. XXXI. Of Epithemes.

EPithema, or an Epitheme, is a composition used in the diseases of the parts of the lower and middle belly, like to a fomentation, and not much * 1.136 unlike an embrocation. They are made of waters, juices, and powders, by means whereof they are used to the heart, chest, liver, and other parts. Wine is added to them for the more or lesse penetration, as the condition of the hot or cold affect shall seeme to require; for if you desire to heate, more wine must bee added, as in swouning by the clotting of bloud, by the corruption of seed, by drink∣ing some cold poyson: the contrary is to be done in a fainting by dissipation of the spirits by feaverish heates, also vinegar may bee added. The matter of medicines proper to the entrailes is formerly described, yet we commonly use the species of e∣lectuaries, * 1.137 as the species elect. triasantali the liver being affected, and Diamargariton in affects of the heart. The proportion of the juices or liquors to the powders, uses to be this, to every pinte of them ℥i. or ℥i ss. of these, of wine or else of vinegar ℥i. You may gather this by the following example.

℞. aqu. ros. bugl. borag. an. ℥iii. succi scabios. ℥ii. pul. elect. diamarg. frigid. ʒii. cort. citri * 1.138 sicci ʒi. coral. ras. ebor. an. ʒss. sem. citri & card. ben. an. ʒiiss. croci & moschi an. gra. 5. ad∣dendo vini albi ℥ii. fiat Epithema pro corde.

Epithemes are profitably applyed in hecticke and burning feavers to the liver, * 1.139 heart, and chest, if so be that they be rather applyed to the region of the lungs; than of the heart; for the heate of the lungs being by this meanes tempered, the drawn in ayre becomes lesse hot in pestilent and drying feavers. They are prepared of hu∣mecting, refrigerating, and cordiall things, so to temper the heate, and recreate the vitall faculty. Sometimes also we use Epithemes to strengthen the heart, and drive there-hence venenate exhalations, lifted or raised up from any part which is gan∣grenate or sphacelate. Some cotton, or the like, steeped or moistened with such li∣quor, and powders warmed, is now and then to be applyed to the affected entraile; this kinde of remedy, as also all other topick and particular medicines, ought not to be used, unlesse you have first premised generall things.

CHAP. XXXII. Of potentiall Cauteries.

THat kinde of Pyroticke, which is termed a Potentiall Cautery, burnes, and causeth an eschar. The use of these kindes of Caute∣ries is to make evacuation, derivation, revulsion, or attraction of * 1.140 the humours by those parts whereto they are applyed. Wherefore they are often and with good successe used in the punctures and bites of venemous beasts, in a venenous, as also in a pestilent Bubo and Carbuncle, unlesse the inflammation be great: for the fire doth not only open the part, but also retunds the force of the poyson, cals forth and plen∣tifully evacuates the conjunct matter. Also they are good in phlegmaticke and con∣tumacious tumours; for by their heate they take away the force and endeavours of our weake heate. Also they are profitably applyed to stanch bleeding, to eate or waste the superfluous flesh of ulcers and wens, to bring downe the callous lips of ul∣cers, and other things too long here to insist upon.

The materials of these Cauteries are Oake ashes, Pot ashes, the ashes of Tartar, of * 1.141 Tithymals or spurges, the Figge-tree, the stalkes of Coleworts and Beanes, cuttings

of Vines, as also sal ammoniacum, alkali, axungia vitri, sal nitrum, Romane Vitrioll, and the like; for of these things there is made a salt, which by its heate is causticke and escharoticke, like to an hot iron and burning coale: Therefore it violently looses the continuity by eating into the skinne, together with the flesh there-under. I have thought good here to give you divers formes of them.

Take of unquencht Lime extinguished in a bowle of Barbers Lye three pounds: * 1.142 When the Lye is settled, let it be strained, and into the straining put of Axungia vi∣tri, or Sandiver, calcined Argol, of each two pounds, of Sal nitrum & ammoniacum, of each foure ounces, these things must be beaten into a grosse powder, then must they be boyled over the fire, and after the boyling let them remaine in the Lye for foure and twenty houres space, being often stirred about, and then strained through a thicke and double linnen cloth, lest any of the earthy drosse get thorow together with the liquor. This strained liquor, which is as cleare as water, they call Capitel∣lum, and they put it in a brasen Bason, such as Barbers use, and so set it upon the fire, and as soone as it boyles, they keep it with continuall stirring, lest the salt should ad∣here to the Bason; the Capitellum being halfe boyled away, they put in two ounces of powdred vitrioll, so to hasten the falling of the eschar, and so they keep the bason over the fire untill all the liquor be almost wasted away. Then they cut into peeces the salt or that earthy matter, which remains after the boyling away of the Capitel∣lum, & with a knife or hot iron spatula forme them into cauteries of such figure and magnitude as they thinke fitting, and so they lay them up, or keep them for use in a violl or glasse closly stopped, that the ayre get not in: Or,

Take a bundle or sufficient quantity of Beane stalkes or huskes, of Colewort stalks two little bundles, of cuttings of Vines foure bundles, burn them all to ashes, which put into a vessell of river water, so let them infuse for a dayes space, being stirred ever now and then; to this adde two pounds of unquencht lime, of Axungia vitri halfe a pound, of calcined Tartar two pounds, of Sal niter foure ounces, infuse all these, being made into powder, in the foresaid Lye for two or three dayes space, of∣ten stirring it, then straine the Capitellum or liquor through a thicke cloth untill it be∣come cleare. Put it into a bason, and set it over the fire, and when as the moisture is almost wholly spent, let two or three ounces of vitrioll be added, when the moisture is sufficiently evaporated, make cauteries of that which remaines, after the for∣merly mentioned manner.

Take of the ashes of sound, knotty, old Oake as much as you please, make thereof a Lye; powre this Lye againe upon other fresh ashes of the same wood, let this bee done three or foure times, then quench some lime in this Lye, & of these two make a Capitellum, whereof you may make most approved cauteries. For such ashes are hot in the fourth degree; and in like sort the stones, whereof the lime by burning be∣comes fiery and hot to the fourth degree: Verily, I have made cauteries of Oake ashes only, which have wrought quickly and powerfully. The Capitellum or Lye is * 1.143 thought sufficiently strong, if that an Egge will swimme therein without sinking.

Or, Take of the ashes of Bean stalkes three pounds, of unquencht lime, Argoll, of the ashes of Oake wood, being all well burnt, of each two pounds. Let them for two dayes space be infused in a vessell full of Lye made of the ashes of Oake wood, and be often stirred up and downe. Let this Lye then be put into another vessell, ha∣ving many holes in the bottome thereof, covered with strums or straw pipes, that the Capitellum flowing through these strait passages may become more cleare. Let it be put twice or thrice upon the ashes, that so it may the better extract the heate and causticke quality of the ashes. Then putting it into a Barbers bason, set it over the fire, and when it shall begin to grow thicke, the fire must be increased, and cauteries made of this concreating matter.

The following cauteries are the best that ever I made tryall of, as those that ap∣plyed to the arme in the bignesse of a Pease, in the space of halfe an houre without * 1.144 paine, especially if the part of it selfe be painlesse and free from inflammation, eate into the skinne and flesh even to the bone, and make an ulcer of the bignesse of ones fingers end, and they leave an eschar so moyst and humide, that within foure or five

dayes space it will fall away of it selfe without any scarification. I have thought good to call these cauteries Silken or Velvet ones, not onely for that they are like * 1.145 Silke, gentle and without paine, but chiefly because I obtained the description of them of a certaine Chymist, who kept it as a great secret, for some Velvet and much entreaty: Their description is this.

Take of the ashes of Beane stalkes, of the ashes of Oake wood well burnt, of * 1.146 each three pounds, let them bee infused in a pretty quantity of river water, and bee often stirred up and down, then adde thereto of unqueneht lime foure pounds, which being quencht, stirre it now and then together for two daies space, that the Capitellum may become the stronger, then straine it through a thick & strong linnen cloth, & thus strained, put it three or foure times upon the ashes, that so it may draw more of the causticke faculties from them, then boyle it in a Barbers bason, or else an earthen one well leaded, upon a good Char-cole fire, untill it become thicke. But a great part of the secret or art consists in the manner and limit of this boyling; for this Capitellum becomming thicke and concreating into salt, must not bee kept so long upon the fire, untill all the moysture shall bee vanished and spent by the heate thereof: for thus also the force of the foresaid medicines, which also con∣sists in a spirituous substance, will bee much dissipated and weakened; therefore be∣fore it be come to extreme drinesse, it shall be taken off from the fire, to wit, when as yet there shall some thicke moysture remaine, which may not hinder the caute∣ries from being made up into a forme. The made up cauteries shall bee put up into a glasse most closely luted up or stopped, that the ayre may not dissolve them, and so they shall be laid up and kept in a dry place. Now, because the powder of Mercury is neere to cauteries in the effects and faculty thereof, which therefore is termed Pulvis Angelicus for the excellency; therefore I have thought good to give you the description thereof, which is thus:

℞. Auripigmenti citrini, floris aeris, an. ℥ii. salis nitri, lb iss. alumin. rochae, lb ii. vitri∣oli * 1.147 rom. lb iii. Let them all bee powdred, and put into a Retort, having a large receiver well luted put thereto. Then set the Retort over a Fornace, and let the distillation be made first with a gentle fire, then increased by little and little, so that the receiver may waxe a little reddish.

℞. Argenti vivi, lb ss. aquae fortis, lb i. ponantur in phiala, & fiat pulvis, ut sequitur.

Take a large earthen pot, whereinto put the violl or bolt head wherein the Ar∣gentum vivum and Aqua fortis are contained, setting it in ashes up to the necke thereof, then set the pot over a fornace, or upon hot coales, so that it may boyle and evapourate away the Aqua fortis: neither in the interim will the glasse bee in any danger of breaking, when all the water is vanished away, which you may know is done when as it leaves smoaking; suffer it to become cold, then take it forth of the ashes, and you shall finde calcined Mercury in the bottome, of the colour of red Lead, separated from the white, yellow or blacke excre∣ment; for the white that concretes in the toppe is called Sublimate, which if it should remaine with the calcined Mercury, would make it more painfull in the operation. Wherefore separating this calcined Mercury, you shall make it into powder, and put it in a brasse vessell upon some coales, stirring or tur∣ning it with a spatula for the space of an houre or two: for thus it will lose a great part of the acrimony and biting, whence it will become lesse painfull in the operation.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of Vesicatories.

VEsicatorie and rubrifying ointments, cataplasmes, or plasters are made of * 1.148 acride medicines, which have power to draw forth to the superficies of the body such humours as lye deepe, by exulcerating the skin and causing blisters. Their matter is the same with septicke medicines, as sinapi, anacardus, cantharides, euphorb. radices scillae, bryon. and the like, which with hony, turpentine, leaven, gum, or rosine, may be made into cataplasmes, ointments, or plasters; therefore the composure of vesicatories, or rather their con∣sistence differs not from that of hard or soft unguents. Therefore I will give you one example or description of them, which is thus.

℞. cantharid. euphorbii, sinapi, an. ʒss. mellis anacardini, ʒi. modico aceti, & fermen∣ti * 1.149 quod sit satis excipiantur, & fiat vesicatorium. Some of the antients thinke it better to make up these medicines with water rather than with vinegar, because expe∣rience teacheth that vinegar abates the strength of mustard. Wee use this kinde of * 1.150 medicine in long diseases, when as wee cannot any thing prevaile with other re∣medies; especially in the head-ache, megrime, epilepsie, sciatica, gout, the bites and punctures of venemous creatures, pestilent carbuncles, and other inveterate and contumacious diseases.

Also we use them when as wee would restore life and strength to a dead or decay∣ed part, for thus they are drawne backe together with the hear; for which purpose wee must make choice of more gentle vesicatories, as such which onely rubrifie, so that the part may onely become red, and not be burnt: the part must first be strong∣ly rubbed, that the decaied and dull heat may bee rowzed and stirred up, the pores of the skin more opened, that the force of the medicine may enter the deeper into the body.

CHAP. XXXIV. of Collyria.

A Collyrium is a medicine proper for the eyes, made of powder fine∣ly * 1.151 levigated and ground into the forme of Alcohol, as the Arabi∣ans and our Alchymists terme it: yet the word in a more generall acception is used for any liquide medicine, made with liquors and powders, and applied or used to any part. Wherefore collyria * 1.152 are of three kindes, some are moist or liquid, which are properly called collyria; others dry, which are of the same consistence with Trochisces; others have the consistence of hony, or a liniment. The liquid serve for * 1.153 the greater and lesser corners of the eyes; those of the consistence of hony are meet for the apple of the eye; but the dry are to be made into powder, and so blowne in∣to the eyes: also sometimes they are to be dissolved in some juice, or other conveni∣ent liquor, that so they may be made into moist collyria.

Therefore collyria have divers uses, and are applied to severall parts according to the intention and counsell of the Physitian: for liquid collyria put into the corners of the eyes doe more readily mitigate the heate of their inflammation, by reason they enter more easily by the tenuity of their substance, such things as have a more firme consistence adhere more tenaciously, and worke more certainely. Moist colly∣ria are made of juices, mucilages, waters of herbes, flowers, seeds, metalline bodies, * 1.154 galles, and other such like medicines, which are repercussives, resolvers, detergents, anodines, and the like, according to the nature of the present disease.

Sometimes they are made of juices and distilled waters onely, otherwhiles pow∣ders,

or dry collyria made into powder, are mixed with them, together with the white of an egge. Powders are prescribed to ʒii. and liquors to ℥iv. or ℥v. in medicines for the eyes; but for other parts, as when it is to be injected into the urenary passage, they may be prescribed to the quantity of a pinte. Dry Collyria are made of powders exceeding finely beaten or ground, and incorporated with some juice, whence it is that they differ little from Trochisces. Wherefore the collyrium album Rhasis is now usually termed a Trochisce, and kept with them. Cathaereticke powders are not applied in the forme of a moist collyrium, but in the forme of a liniment, that is, incorporated with fat or oile. All these things shall be made more plaine by the fol∣lowing examples,

℞. aq. plant. & rosar. an. ℥ii. album. ovi unum, bene agitatum, misce, fiat collyrium. * 1.155 ℞. aq. rosar. & viol. an. ℥iii. trochis. alb. Rhas. cum opio, ʒii. fiat collyrium. Or, ℞. de∣coct. foenug. ℥iii. mucag. sem. lini, ℥ii. sacchar. cand. ʒi. croci, ℈i. fiat collyr. ℞. thuris, myrrh. an. ℈ii. tut. prepar. & antimon. let. an. ʒii. cum succo chelidon. fiat collyrium in umbra siccand. ℞. fellis perdic. aut lepor. ʒss. succi foenicul. ʒi. sacchar. cand. ʒii. syrup. ros. excipiantur, fiat collyrium.

Wee use collyria in wounds, ulcers, fistula's, suffusions, inflammations, and other diseases of the eyes.

CHAP. XXXV. Of Errhines and Sternutatories.

ERrhines are medicines appointed to bee put into the nose to purge the braine of its excrementitious humours by the nostrills, or to deterge * 1.156 such excrements as are therein, by reason of an ozana, polypus, or the like disease. Errhines are either liquid or dry, or else hard, and of the * 1.157 consistence of an emplaster. Liquid errhines, which usually are to purge the head, are made of the juices of herbes, as beets, coleworts, marjoram, pimper∣nell, hyssope or balme, or of their decoctions taken alone, or mixed with wine, or syrupe, as oxymel scilliticum, syrupe of hyssope, roses, or mel anthosatum: some∣times powders are mixed with these liquors, as of pepper, euphorbium, pellitory of Spaine, hore-hound, nigella romana, castoreum, myrrhe, white ellebore, sow-bread, and other like, in a small quantity, to wit, to ʒi. little more or lesse according to the vehemency of the disease. Wee will make this more plaine by examples.

℞. succi betae, majoran, brassic. an. ℥i. depurentur, & modice bulliant cum vini albi, * 1.158 ℥ii. oxymelit. scillit. ℥ss. fiat errhinum. When as you desire to attract more power∣fully from the braine, you may dissolve in errhines some purging medicines, as aga∣ricke, diaph oenicon, senna, carthamus, and the like: hence doth arise the distinction of errhines into such as are meet to purge phlegme, choler, and melancholy. This following example is set downe by Rondeletius. ℞. rad. pyreth. irid. an. ʒi. puleg. calam. origon. an. mi. agar. trochisc. ʒiii. flor. anthos & staechad. an. pi. fiat decoctioin * 1.159 colatur. lb i. dissolve mellis anthosati & scillit. an. ʒiii. fiat caputpurgium. But it is bet∣ter to this purpose to make use of purging simples, as agarick, turbeth, coloquintida, and the like, than of compositions, as diaphaenicon, for these make the decoction more thick, and lesse fit to enter the passages of the nostrils, and the sieve-like bones, but apt rather there to cause obstruction, and intercept the freedome of respiration.

℞. succi betae, ʒi. aq. salv. & beton. an. ʒiiss. pul. castor. ℈ss. piper. & pyreth. an. * 1.160 ℈i. fiat caputpurgium. Dry errhines that are termed sternutatories, for that they cause sneesing, are made of powders onely, to which purpose the last mentioned things are used; as also aromaticke things in a small quantity, as to ʒii. at the most: as, ℞. major. nigel. caryoph. zinzib. an. ℈i. acor. pyreth. & panis porcin. an. ℈ss. euphorb. * 1.161 ℈i. terantur diligenter, & in nares mittantur, aut insufflentur. Errhines of the con∣sistence of emplasters, by the Latines vulgarly called Nasalia, are made of the de∣scribed powders or gums dissolved in the juice of some of the forementioned herbs,

incorporated with turpentine and waxe, that so they may the better be made into a pyramidall forme to bee put into the nostrills. As, ℞. majoran. salv. nigel. ℈ii. pip. * 1.162 alb. caryoph. galang. an. ℈i. pyreth. euphorb. an. ℈ss. panis porcin. ellebor. alb. an. ℈i. terantur, & in pulverem redigantur. And then with turpentine and waxe as much as shall be sufficient, make them up into Nasalia of a pyramidall or taper fashion. Wee * 1.163 use errhines in inveterate diseases of the braine, as the epilepsie, feare of blindnsse, an apoplexie, lethargie, convulsion, the lost sense of smelling: yet we first use gene∣rall remedies and evacuations, lest by sneesing and the like concussion of the brain for the exclusion of that which is offensive thereto, there should be made a greater attraction of impurity from the subjacent parts. Liquid things must be drawn * 1.164 up into the nostrils warme out of the palme of the hand, to the quantity of ℥ss. the mouth being in the interim filled with water, lest the attracted liquor should fall up∣on the pallat, and so upon the lungs: dry errhines are to be blown into the nose with a pipe or quill: solid ones must be fastned to a thred, that they may be drawn forth as need requires, when as they are put up into the nostrils. The morning (the belly be∣ing empty) is the fittest time for the use of errhines. If by their use the nose shall be troubled with an itching, the paine thereof must bee mitigated with womans milke, or oyle of violets. The use of attractive errhines is hurtfull to such as are troubled * 1.165 with diseases of the eyes, or ulcers in the nose, as it oft times falls out in the Lues ve∣nerea: wherefore in this case it will bee best to use Apophlegmatismes, which may divert the matter from the nose.

CHAP. XXXVI. Of Apophlegmatismes, or Masticatories.

APophlegmatismoi in Greeke, and Masticatoria in Latine, are medicines * 1.166 which kept or held in the mouth and somewhat chawed, doe draw by the mouth forth of the braine excrementitious humours, especially phlegme: now they are chiefly made foure manner of waies; the first is * 1.167 when as the medicines are received in hony or waxe, and formed into pills, and so given to chaw upon. The second is when as the same things are bound up in a fine linnen cloath, so to be held in the mouth. The third is when as a decocti∣on of acride medicines is kept in the mouth for a pretty space. The fourth is when as some acride medicine, or otherwise drawing flegme, as pellitory of Spaine, ma∣stich, and the like, is taken of it selfe to the quantity of a hasell nut, and so chawed in the mouth for some space. The matter of masticatories is of the kinde of acrid me∣dicines, as of pepper, mustard, hyssope, ginger, pellitory of Spaine, and the like; amongst which you must make choice chiefly of such as are not trouble some by any ingrate taste, that so they may be the longer kept in the mouth with the lesse offence & loathing. Yet masticatories are sometimes made of harsh or acerbe medicines, as of berberies, the stones of prunes or cherries, which held for some space in the mouth, draw no lesse store of flegme than acrid things; for the very motion and row∣ling them up and down the mouth attracts, because it heats, compresses, & expresses: the quantity of the medicine ought to bee from ℥ss. to ℥iss.: as, ℞. py∣reth. staphisag. an. ʒiss. mastich. ʒss. pulverentur & involventur nodulis in masticatoria. Or, ℞. zinzib. sinap. an. ʒi. euphorb. ℈ii. piper. ʒss. excipiantur melle, & fiant pastilli pro masticatoriis. ℞. byssop. thym. origan. salv. an. pi. bolie them in water to wash the mouth withall. Or, ℞. zinzib. caryoph. an. ʒi. pyreth. pip. an. ʒss. staphisagr. ʒii. mastiches, ℥ss. excipiantur, fiant pastilli pro masticatoriis. We use masticatories in old * 1.168 diseases of the braine, dimnesse of the sight, deafnesse, pustles of the head and face, and sometimes to divert the excrements which runne to the nose being ulcera∣ted.

Masticatories are very hurtfull to such as have their mouths or throats ulcerated, * 1.169 as also to them whose lungs are subject to inflammations, destillations and ulcers; for then errhines are more profitable to derive the matter of the disease by the nostrils.

For though the humour drawn from the braine into the mouth by the meanes of the masticatory, may bee thence cast forth by coughing and spitting, yet in the interim nature will bee so inured to that passage for the humour, so that it will run that way when as wee sleepe, and fall downe upon the parts thereunder, weake either by na∣ture or by accident.

The time fittest for the use of Apophlegmatismes is the morning, the body being first purged: if any ingratefull taste remain in the mouth, or adhere to the tongue by using of masticatories, you shall take it away by washing the mouth with warm wa∣ter, or a decoction of liquorice and barly.

CHAP. XXXVII. Of Gargarismes.

A Gargle or gargarisme is a liquid composition fit for to wash the mouth and all the parts thereof, to hinder defluxion and inflam∣mation, * 1.170 to heale the ulcers which are in those parts, to asswage paine. Their composition is twofold, the first is of a decoction of roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds fit for the disease; now * 1.171 the decoction is to be made either in faire water alone, or with the admixture of white or red wine, or in the decoction of liquorice and barly, or of pectorall things, as the intention of the Physitian is to repell, coole, or hinder inflammation, as in the tooth-ache caused by matter which is yet in moti∣on; to discusse, as in the tooth-ache already at the height; or to cleanse, as in the ul∣cers of the mouth; or to dry and binde, as when it is fit to heale the ulcers already cleansed.

The other way of making of gargarismes is without decoction, which is, when as wee make them either of distilled waters onely, or by mixing them with syrupes, * 1.172 mucilages, milke, the whey of Goats milke carefully strained. There are mixed sometimes with a decoction, distilled waters and mucilages, melrosatum, oxymel sim∣plex, diamoron, dianucum, hier a picra, oxysacchara, syrup. de rosis siccis, syrupus acetosus, and other things, as the present case shall seem to require, as alome, balaustia, myrrhe, olibanum, ginger, pepper, cinamon, dry roses, and many such things, even so that oft times there enter into gargles such medicines as have force to draw from the braine, as pellitory of Spaine, carthamus, turbith, and such things as have no bitternesse, which is the cause that neither agrick nor coloquintida ought to enter in∣to gargarismes.

The quantity of liquor for a gargarisme is commonly from lb ss. to lb i. mixe therewith some ℥ ii. of syrupes, but put in powders sparingly, as some ʒ iii. Alome may sometimes bee put in to ʒ vi. let mucilages be extracted out of ʒ ii. of seeds: let these serve for some examples.

℞. plant. polygon. oxalidis, an. m i. rosar. rub. p ss. hordei, p i. fiat decoctio ad ℥ viii. * 1.173 in qua dissolve syrupi myrtillorum, ʒ vi. dianucum, ℥ ss. fiat gargarisma. Or, ℞. cham. melil. aneth. an. p i. ros. rub. p ss. passul. mund. & ficuum, an. p iii. decoquantur in aequis partibus vini & aquae, ad ℥ vi. addendo mucag. sem. lini, & foenugr. an. ℥ ii. fiat garga∣risma.

Or else, ℞. aq. plantag. ligust. absinth. an ℥ ii. mellis rosati colati, ʒ vi. syrupi rosar. siccar. & de absinth. an. ʒ vi. fiat gargarisma. * 1.174

We use gargles in the morning fasting after generall purgations; they are some∣times taken or used cold, when as a maligne, acride, and thinne humour fals downe, sometimes warme, but let these things bee done according as the Physitian shall ad∣vise.

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of Dentifrices.

DEntifrices are medicines prepared and serving divers waies for to cleanse, whiten, and fasten the teeth; for from their use they take * 1.175 their name. Of these some are dry, othersome moist: of the dry * 1.176 some have the forme of opiats, others of pouders grossely beaten, but the moist are commonly made by distillation: the matter of dry * 1.177 dentifrices is taken from detergent and drying things, such as are corall white and red, harts-horne, scuttle bones, alome, crystall, pumice, sal nitre, myrrhe, frankincense, balaustia, acornes, all sorts of shels of fishes: all these are to bee made into powder either by burning, or without it, for scuttle bones burnt cast forth a stinking and unpleasant smell. To these for smell sake are added certaine aromaticke things, as cinamon, cloves, nutmegs, and the like: such powders if mixed with some syrupe, as oxymel scilliticum, or with mucilage of gum arabicke and tragacanth, will become opiates, to be made into a pyramidall forme of some fingers length, round or square, and sharpe pointed, that dryed they may serve for dentifrices.

Sometimes emollient roots are boiled with salt or alome, that dryed againe they may be used for dentrifices: moist ones are made of drying herbs, distilled together with drying and astringent things.

All the differences shall appeare by the following examples. ℞. lapidis spong. pu∣micis, * 1.178 & cornu cervi ust. an. ʒ ii. coral. rub. & crystal. an. ʒ i. alum. & sal. ust. an. ʒ i ss. cinamom. & caryoph. rosar. rub. pulver. an. ℈ ii. fiat pulvis pro dentifricio. Or, {rum}. ossis saepia, ʒ ss. masticbes, coralli rubri usti, an. ʒ ii. cornu cervi usti, ʒ i ss. aluminis, carbonis, rorismarini, an. ʒ i. cinamomi, ʒ ii. fiat pulvis pro dentifricio. Or, {rum}. ossis saepiae, alum. & salis usti, an. ʒ i. crystalli, glandium, myrrhae, thuris, an. ℈ ii. corticis granatorum, ma∣cis, cinamomi, an. ℈ i. fiat pulvis qui excipiatur mucagine gummi tragacanth. & formen∣tur pyramides longae, siccand. pro dentifricio. Or, ℞. rad. malvae junioris, & bismalvae, an. ℥ ii. coquantur in aqua salsa aut aluminosa, deinde siccentur in furno pro dentifricio. ℞. salis, ℥ vi. alumin. ℥ iii. thuris, mastiches, sang. dracon. an. ℥ ss. aquae ros. ℥ vi. distil∣lentur in alembico vitreo pro dentifricio.

Dentrifices are not onely good to polish, cleanse, and strengthen the teeth; but * 1.179 wee also oft times use them for the tooth-ache, the diseases of the mouth, and ulccrs of the gummes. You may use them in the morning, before and after meat.

The antients, of lentiske wood made themselves tooth-picks, and such devices to strengthen their loose teeth, which also at this day is in use with those of Languedock, with whom this wood is plentifull, so that it may be brought thence for the use of Noblemen and Gentlemen; myrrhe may also serve for this same use, and any other astringent wood.

Our people commonly use the stalks of fennell, yet have they no faculty to fasten the teeth, but their smell is gratefull.

CHAP. XXXIX. Of Bagges or Quilts.

PHysitians terme a bagge or sacculus, the composition or mixture of * 1.180 dry and powdred medicines put in a bagge, therefore it is as it were a dry fomentation. Their differences are not drawne from any other * 1.181 thing than from the variety of the parts whereto they are applied: such as are for the head must be made into the fashion of a cap, those which bee for the whole ventricle must be made into the forme of a citherne; those for the spleene, like to an oxes tongue: lastly, such as are for the li∣ver,

heart and other parts must be made according to the figure of those parts. Their matter is usually taken from whole seeds fryed in a frying-pan, or made into powder; there are sometimes added roots, flowers, fruits, rinds, cordiall powders, and other dry medicines, which may bee easily brought into powder, and conduce to the grie∣ved parts; the quantity is different according to the magnitude of the affected parts; In the books of practisers it is commonly found prescribed from ℥iii. to ℥viss. some∣times flowers, and dry herbs are prescribed by handfulls and pugils: and here there is need of an artificiall conjecture to conceive and appoint a fit quantity of powders: but let us give you some examples.

{rum}. rosar. rub. p i. mastich. ℥ ss. coralli rub. ʒ iii. sem. anisi, & faenic. an. ʒ ii. nucis moschat. ʒ i. summitat. absinth. & menth. an. m i. tritis omnibus, fiat sacculus consutus * 1.182 & compunctus pro ventriculo.

℞. furfuris macri, p i. milii, ℥ i. salis, ʒ ii. rosar. rub. flor. rorismarini, staechados, ca∣ryoph. * 1.183 an. m ii. fol. beton. & salv. an. ʒ iii. tritis omnibus fiat cucupha, intersuta & cale∣facta fumo thuris, & sandarachae exustorum, capiti apponatur.

{rum}. flor. borag. buglos. & violar. an. p ii. cortic. citri sicci, macis, ligni aloes, rasurae e∣boris, * 1.184 an. ʒ i. ossis de corde cervi, croci, an. ℈ ii. fol. melis. m ss. pulveris diambrae, ʒ ss. contritis omnibus fiat sacculus è serico pro corde, irror andus aquascabiosae.

Wee use bagges for the strengthening of the noble parts, as the braine, heart, li∣ver, * 1.185 as also for those lesse noble, as the stomacke, spleene, breast; lastly for discus∣sing flatulen cies in what part soever, as in the collicke, and in a bastard pleurisie pro∣ceeding from flatulencies. The powders must bee strawed upon carded bombast, that they runne not together, and then they must bee sewed up or quilted in a bagge of linnen or taffaty.

Wee often times moisten these bagges in wine or distilled water, and sometimes not with the substance thereof, but by the vapour only of such liquors put into a hot dish: thus oft times the bagges are heated by the vapour onely, and oft times at the fire in a dish by often turning them. These, if intended for the heart, ought to bee of crimson or skarlet silke, because the skarlet berry, called by the Arabians Kermes, is said to refresh and recreate the heart. Certainly they must alwaies be made of some fine thing, whether it be linnen or silke.

CHAP. XL. Of Fumigations.

A Suffitus or fumigation is an evaporation of medicines ha∣ving some viscous and fatty moisture: of fumigations some * 1.186 are dry, othersome moist, the dry have the form of trochisces or pills: their matter ought to be fatty and viscous, so that it * 1.187 may send forth a smoake by being burnt: such are ladanum, myrrhe, masticke, pitch, waxe, rosine, turpentine, castoreum, styrax, frankincense, olibanum, and other gummes, which may bee mixed with convenient powders: for they yeeld them a body and firme consistence; the fumigations that are made of powders only, yeeld neither so strong nor long a fume.

The quantity of the powders must bee from ℥ ss. to ℥ i ss. but the gummes to ℥ ii. as, ℞. sandarachae, mastiches, rosar. an. ʒ i. benioini, galang. an. ʒ iii. terebinthina exci∣piantur, * 1.188 & fiant trochisci, quibus incensis suffumigentur tegumenta capitis. {rum}. marcasitae, ℥ ii. bdellii, myrrhae, styracis, an. ℥ i ss. cerae flavae, & terebinth. quod sufficit, fiant formu∣lae pro suffumigio. {rum}. cinnabaris, ℥ ii. styracis & benzolni, an. ℥ ii. cumterebinth. fiant trochisci pro suffumigio per embotum. * 1.189

Wee use fumigations in great obstructions of the braine, ulcers of the lungs, the asthma, an old cough, paines of the sides, wombe, and the diseases of some other parts; sometimes the whole body is fumigated, as in the cure of the Lues venerea to * 1.190 procure sweat; sometimes onely some one part whereto some reliques of the Lues

adheres; such fumigations are made of cinnabaris, wherein there is much hydrargy∣rum. * 1.191 The fume must be received by a funnell, that so it may not bee dispersed, but may all be carried unto the part affected, as is usually done in the affects of the womb and eares.

In fumigations for the braine and chest, the vapour would be received with open mouth; which thence may passe by the weazon into the chest, by the palate and no∣strils into the braine: but in the interim let the head bee vailed, that none of the va∣pour may flye away. Moist fumigations are made somewhiles of the decoction of herbes, otherwhiles of some one simple medicine boiled in oile, sometimes a hot fire-stone is quencht in vinegar, wine, aqua vitae, or the like liquor, so to raise a hu∣mide vapour. We oft times use this kinde of fumigation in overcomming scirrhous affects, when as we would cut, discusse, penetrate deep, and dry: take this as an ex∣ample thereof.

℞. laterem unum satis crassum, aut marchasitam ponderis lb i. heat it red hot, and then * 1.192 let it bee quencht in sharpe vinegar, powring thereon in the meane while a little aqua vitae, make a fumigation for the grieved part.

Fumes of the decoction of herbes doe very little differ from fomentations pro∣perly so called; for they differ not in the manner of their composure, but onely in the application to the affected parts: therefore let this be an example of a humide fu∣migation.

℞. absinth. salv. rut. origan. an. pi. rad. bryon. & asar. an. ℥ ss. sem. sinap. & cumin. * 1.193 an. ʒ ii. decoquantur in duabus partibus aquae, & una vini pro suffitu auris cum emboto: and oft times such fumigations are made for the whole body, whereof we shall treat hereafter.

CHAP. XLI. Of a particular, or halfe-Bath.

ASemicupium or halfe-bath is a bath for the one halfe of the body, * 1.194 that is, for the parts from the belly downewards; it is called also an insessiv, because the patient sitteth to bathe in the decoction of herbes: in which forme and respect a semicupium differs from a fo∣mentation; for it is composed of the same matter, to wit, a de∣coction * 1.195 of herbes, roots, seedes, fruits, but in this the quan∣tity of the decoction is the greater, as wee shall teach by the following example.

℞. malv. bismalv. cum toto, an. mi ss. beton. saxifrag. pariet. an. m i. sem. melon. mi∣lii * 1.196 solis, alkekengi, an. ʒiii. citer. rub. p ii. rad. apii, graminis, foeniculi, eryngii, an. ʒi. decoquantur insufficienti quantitate aquae pro insessu.

Wee use these halfe-baths in affects of the kidneyes, bladder, wombe, fundament, * 1.197 and lower belly, or otherwise when as the patient by reason of weaknesse and feare of dissipating the spirits, cannot suffer or away with a whole bath. The manner of * 1.198 using it is thus; fill some bagges with the boiled herbes, or other parts of plants, and cause the patient to sit upon them; yet in the interim keepe the vapours from the head, lest they should offend it, by casting over it a linnen cloath, or else let him not enter thereinto untill the vapour be exhaled.

CHAP. XLII. Of Bathes.

BAthes are nothing else than as it were a fomentation of the whole body, both for preserving health, and the cure of diseases: this is a very com∣modious form of medicine, and among other externall medicines much celebrated by the Greeke, Arabian, and Latine Physitians. For a bath, besides that it digests the acrid humors, and sooty excrements lying un∣der * 1.199 the skin, mitigates paines and wearinesse, and corrects all excesse of distemper: moreover, in the cure of feavers, and many other contumacious and inveterate dis∣eases it is the chiefe and last remedy, and as it were the refuge of health, stored with pleasing delight. Bathes are of two sorts, some naturall, others artificiall: naturall, are those which of their owne accord, without the operation or help of art, prevaile * 1.200 or excell in any medicinall quality. For the water which of it selfe is devoide of all quality that is perceivable by the taste, if it chance to be strained through the veines of metals, it furnishes and impregnates it selfe with their qualities and effects: hence it is that all such water excells in a drying faculty, sometimes with cooling and astriction, and otherwhiles with heate and a discussing quality. The bathes whose waters being hot or warm, doe boile up, take their heat from the cavities of the earth and mines filled with fire; which thing is of much admiration whence this fire should arise in subterrene places, what may kindle it, what feed or nourish it for so many yeeres, and keep it from being extinct. Some Philosophers would have it kindled by the beames of the sunne, others by the force of lightnings penetrating the bow∣els of the earth, others by the violence of the aire vehemently or violently agitated, no otherwise than fire is strucke by the collision of a flint and steele. Yet it is better to referre the cause of so great an effect unto God the maker of the Universe, whose providence piercing every way into all parts of the World, enters and governes the secret parts and passages thereof. Notwithstanding they seeme to have come neerest the truth, who referre the cause of heat in waters unto the store of brimstone contei∣ned in certaine places of the earth, because amongst all minerals it hath most fire and matter fittest for the nourishing thereof. Therefore to it they attribute the flames of fire which the Sicilian mountaine Aetna continually sends forth. Hence also it is that the most part of such waters smell of Sulphur, yet others smell of Alom, others of nitre, others of Tarre, and some of Coprosse.

Now you may know from the admixture of what metalline bodies the waters acquire their faculties by their taste, sent, colour, mud, which adheres to the * 1.201 channels through which the water runnes, as also by an artificiall separation of the more terrestriall parts from the more subtle. For the earthy drosse which subsides or remaines by the boiling of such waters, will retaine the faculties and substance of Brimstone, Alume, and the like minerals: besides also, by the effects and the cure of these or these diseases you may also gather of what nature they are. Wherefore wee will describe each of these kinds of waters by their effects, beginning first with the sulphureous.

Sulphureous waters powerfully heat, dry, resolve, open, and draw from the cen∣ter * 1.202 unto the surface of the body; they cleanse the skin troubled with scabs & tettars; they cease the itching of ulcers, and digest & exhaust the causes of the gout, they help paines of the collicke and hardened spleenes. But they are not good to be drunk, not onely by reason of their ungratefull smell and taste, but also by reason of the maliti∣ousnesse of their substance, offensive to the inner parts of the body, but chiefly to the liver.

Aluminous waters taste very astrictively, therefore they dry powerfully, they have no such manifest heat, yet drunke, they loose the belly: I believe by reason of * 1.203 their heat and nitrous quality they cleanse and stay defluxions, and the courses flow∣ing too immoderately; they also are good against the tooth-ache, eating ulcers, and the hidden abscesses of the other parts of the mouth.

Salt and nitrous waters shew themselves sufficiently by their heat: they heat, dry, * 1.204 bind, cleanse, discusse, attenuate, resist putrefaction, take away the blackenesse com∣ming of bruises, heale scabby and maligne ulcers, and helpe all oedematous tumors.

Bituminous waters heate, digest, and by long continuance soften the hardened si∣newes; * 1.205 they are different according to the various conditions of the bitumen that they wash, and partake of the qualities thereof.

Brasen waters, that is, such as retaine the qualities of brasse, heat, dry, cleanse, * 1.206 digest, cut, binde, are good against eating ulcers, fistula's, the hardnesse of the eye-lids, and they waste and eat away the fleshy excrescences of the nose and funda∣ment.

Iron waters coole, dry, and bind powerfully, therefore they helpe abscesses, * 1.207 hardened milts, the weaknesses of the stomacke and ventricle, the unvoluntary shed∣ding of the urine, and the too much flowing termes, as also the hot distemper of the liver and kidneyes. Some such are in the Lucan territory in Italy.

Leaden waters refrigerate, dry, and performe such other operations as lead doth: * 1.208 the like may bee said of those waters that flow by chalke, plaster, and other such mi∣neralls, as which all of them take and performe the qualities of the bodies by which they passe.

Hot waters or bathes helpe cold and moist diseases, as the Palsic, convulsion, the * 1.209 stiffenesse and attraction of the nerves, trembling palpitations, cold distillations upon the joints, the inflation of the members by a dropsie, the jaundise by obstructi∣on of a grosse, tough, and cold humour, the paines of the sides, collick, and kidneies, barrennesse in women, the suppression of their courses, the suffocation of the womb, causelesse wearinesse, those diseases that spoile the skinne, as tettars, the leprosie of both sorts, the scabbe, and other diseases arising from a grosse, cold and obstructing humour, for they provoke sweats.

Yet such must shunne them as are of a cholericke nature, and have a hot liver, for * 1.210 they would cause a cachexia and dropsie by overheating the liver. Cold waters or baths heale the hot distemper of the whole body & each of the parts therof, and they are more frequently taken inwardly than applied outwardly; they help the laxnesse of the bowels, as the resolution of the retentive faculty of the stomacke, entralls, kidneies, bladder, and they also adde strength to them. Wherefore they both tem∣per the heat of the liver, and also strengthen it, they stay the Diarrhaea, Dysentery, Courses, unvoluntary shedding of urine, the Gonnorrhaea, Sweats, and Bleedings. In * 1.211 this kinde are chiefly commendable the waters of the Spaw in the country of Liege, which inwardly and outwardly have almost the same faculty, and bring much bene∣fit without any inconvenience, as those that are commonly used in the drinks and broaths of the inhabitants.

In imitation of naturall baths, there may in want of them be made artificiall ones, * 1.212 by the infusing and mixing the powders of the formerly described mineralls; as, Brimstone, Alume, Nitre, Bitumen: also you may many times quench in common or raine water, iron, brasse, silver and gold heated red hot, and so give them to be drunk by the patient, for such waters doe oft times retain the qualities and faculties of the metals quenched in them, as you may perceive by the happy successe of such as have used them against the Dysentery.

Besides these there are also other bathes made by art of simple water, sometimes * 1.213 without the admixture of any other thing, but otherwhiles with medicinall things mixed therewith, and boiled therein. But after what manner soever these bee made, they ought to be warme, for warm water humects, relaxes, mollifies the solid parts, if at any time they bee too dry, hard, and tense; by the ascititious heat it opens the pores of the skinne, digests, attracts, and discusses fuliginous and acrid excrements remaining betweene the flesh and the skin. It is good against sun-burning and weari∣nesse, whereby the similar parts are dried more than is fit. To conclude, whether we be too hot or cold, or too dry, or be nauseous, we find manifest profit by baths made of sweet or warme water, as those that may supply the defect of frictions and exerci∣ses: for they bring the body to a mediocrity of temper, they encrease and strengthen the native colour, and by procuring sweat discusse flatulencies: therefore they are

very usefull in hecticke feavers, and in the declension of all feavers, and against ra∣ving and talking idely, for they procure sleep. But because water alone cannot long * 1.214 adhere to the body, let oile bee mixed or put in them, which may hold in the water, and keep it longer to the skinne.

These bathes are good against the inflammations of the lungs and sides, for they mitigate pain, and help forward that which is suppurated to exclusion, when as gene∣rall remedies according to art have preceded, for otherwise they will cause a greater defluxion on the afflicted parts: for a bath (in Galens opinion) is profitably used to dis∣eases when as the morbifick matter is concocted. To this purpose is chosen rain wa∣ter, then river water, so that it be not muddy, and then fountaine water; the water of standing lakes and fennes is not approved of, for it is fit that the water which is made choice of for a bath of sweet water, should bee light and of subtle parts, for baths of waters which are more than moderately hot or cold yeeld no such commo∣dity; but verily they hurt in this, that they shut up or close the pores of the body, and keepe in the fuliginous excrements under the skinne; other bathes of sweet or fresh water consist of the same matter as fomentations doe, whence it is that some of them relaxe, others mitigate paine, others cleanse, and othersome procure the courses, that is compounded of a decoction of ingredients or plants having such o∣perations. To these there is sometimes added wine, other whiles oile, sometimes fresh butter or milke, as when the urine is stopped, when nephriticke paines are vio∣lent, when the nerves are contracted, when the habite of the body wastes and wrin∣kles with a hecticke drynesse, for this corrugation is amended by relaxing things, but it is watred, and as it were fatted by humecting things, which may penetrate & trans-fuse the oily or fatty humidity into the body thus rarified and opened by the warm∣nesse of a bath.

Anodine bathes are made of a decoction of medicines of a middle nature, such as are temperate and relaxing things, with which wee may also sometimes mixe resol∣ving things; they are boiled in water and wine, especially in paines of the collicke proceeding from vitreous phlegme, or grosse and thicke flatulencies conteined or shut up in the belly, kidneyes, or wombe. In such bathes it is not fit to sweat, but * 1.215 onely to sit in them so long untill the bitternesse of the paine be asswaged or mitiga∣ted, lest the powers weakened by paine, should bee more resolved by the breaking forth of sweat: emollients are sometimes mixed with gentle detergents, when as the skin is rough and cold, or when the scailes or crust of scabs is more hard than u∣suall, then in conclusion we must come to strong detersives and driers, lastly to dry∣ing and somewhat astrictive medicines, so to strengthen the skinne, that it may not yeeld it selfe so easie and open to receive defluxions. By giving you one example the whole manner of prescribing a bath may apppeare.

℞. rad. lilior. albor. bismalv. an. lb ii. malv. pariet. violar. an. m ss. sem. lini, foenug. * 1.216 bismalv. an. lb i. flor. cham. mclil. aneth. an. p vi. fiat decoctio in sufficienti aquae quanti∣tate, cui permiscito olei liliorum & lini, ana, lb ii. fiat balneum in quo diutius natet aeger.

Bathes though noble remedies approved by use and reason, yet unlesse they bee fitly and discreetly used in time, plenty, and quality, they doe much harme; for they * 1.217 cause shakings and chilnesse, paines, density of the skinne, or too much rarefaction thereof, and oft times a resolution of all the faculties. Wherefore a man must bee mindfull of these cautions before he enter a bath: first, that there be no weaknesse of any noble and principall bowell, for the weak parts easily receive the humors which the bath hath diffused and rarified, the waies lying open which tend from the whole body to the principall parts. Neither must there be any plenty of crude humours in the first region, for so they should be attracted and diffused over all the body: there∣fore it is not onely sit that generall purgations should precede, but also particular by the belly and urine: besides, the patient should bee strong that can fasting endure a bath as long as it is needfull. Lastly, the bath ought to be in a warme and silent place, lest any cold aire by its blowing, or the water by its cold appulse, cause a shivering or shaking of the body, whence a feaver may ensue.

The morning is a fit time for bathing, the stomacke being fasting and empty, or

sixe hours after meat, if it be requisite that the patient should bath twice a day, other-wise * 1.218 the meat yet crude would bee snatched by the heate of the bath out of the sto∣macke into the veines and habite of the body. Many, of all the seasons of the yeere make choice of the spring and end of summer, and in these times they chuse a cleare day, neither troubled with stormy windes, nor too sharpe an aire. As long as the patient is in the bath, it is fit that he take no meate, unlesse peradventure to comfort him hee take a little bread moistened in wine, or the juice of an orange, or some damaske prunes to quench his thirst: his strength will shew how long it is fit that he should stay in, for he must not stay there to the resolution of his powers, for in baths the humide and spirituous substance is much dissipated. Comming forth of the bath, * 1.219 they must presently get them to bed, and be well covered, that by sweating, the ex∣crements, drawne unto the skinne by the heat of the bath, may breake out: the sweat cleansed, let him use gentle frictions, or walking, then let him feede upon meat of good juice and easie digestion, by reason that the stomacke cannot but be weakened in some sort by the bath.

That quantity of meat is judged moderate, the weight whereof shall not oppresse the stomacke: venery after bathing must not bee used, because to the resolution of the spirits by the bath, it addes another new cause of further spending or dissipating them. Some wish those that use the bath by reason of some contraction, paine, or o∣ther affects of the nerves, presently after bathing, to dawbe or besmeare the af∣fected nervous parts with the clay or mudde of the bathe, that by making it up as it were in this paste, the vertue of the bath may worke more effectually, and may more throughly enter into the affected part.

These cautions being diligently observed, there is no doubt but the profit by bathes will be great & wonderfull: the same things are to be observed in the use of Stoves or Hot-houses, for the use and effect of baths and hot-houses is almost the same, which the antients therefore used by turne, so that comming forth of the bath they entred a stove, and called it also by the name of a bath, as you may gather from sundry places of Galen in his Methodus med. wherefore I thinke it fit in the next to speake of them.

CHAP. XLIII. Of Stoves or Hot-houses.

SToves are either dry or moist: Dry, by raising a hot and dry aëry * 1.220 exhalation, so to imprint their faculties in the body, that it thereby waxeth hot, and the pores being opened, runnes down with sweat. There are sundry waies to raise such an exhalation: at Paris, and * 1.221 wheresoever there are stoves or publicke hot-houses, they are rai∣sed by a cleere fire put under a vaulted fornace, whence it being presently diffused, heats the whole roome. Yet every one may make himselfe such a stove as he shall judge best and fittest.

Also you may put red hot cogle stones or bricks into a tubbe, having first laid the bottome thereof with brickes or iron plates, and so set a seat in the midst thereof; wherein the patient sitting, well covered with a canopy drawne over him, may re∣ceive the exhalation arising from the stones that are about him, & so have the benefit sweating: but in this case we must oft looke to and see the patient, for it sometimes happens that some, neglected by their keepers otherwise employed, becomming faint, and their sense failing them by the dissipation of their sptrits by the force of the hot exhalation, have sunke down with all their bodies upon the stones lying un∣der them, and so have beene carried halfe dead and burnt into their beds. Some al∣so take the benefit of sweating in a fornace or oven, as soone as bread is drawne out thereof. But I doe not much approve of this kinde of sweating, because the patient cannot as he will, much lesse as he pleaseth, lye or turne himselfe therein.

Humid stoves or sudatories are those wherein sweat is caused by a vapour or moist heat: this vapour must be raised from a decoction of roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds, * 1.222 which are thought fit for this purpose; the decoction is to be made in water or wine, or both together. Therefore let them all be put into a great vessell well luted, from the top of whose cover iron or tinne pipes may come into the bathing tub standing neere thereto, betweene the two bottomes thereof, by meanes whereof the hot va∣pour may enter thereinto, and diffuse it selfe therein. Now it is fit the bathing tub should bee furnished with a double bottome, the one below and whole, the other somewhat higher and perforated with many holes, whereupon the patient sitting may receive a sudorificke vapour over all his body: now this vapour, if at any time it become too hot, must bee tempered by opening the hole, which must for the same purpose be made in the top of the pipe, that so it may be opened and shut at pleasure. In the interim the tub shall bee closely covered wherein the patient sits, hee putting forth onely his head, that so hee may draw in the coole aire. In defect of such pipes, the herbs shall bee boiled by themselves in a caldron or kettle, and this shall bee set thus hot into the bathing tubbe at the patients feet, and so by casting into it heated stones, a great and sudorificke vapour shall be raised.

[illustration]

The delineation of a bathing Tubbe, having a double bottome, with a vessell neare thereto, with pipes comming therefrom, and entring betweene the two bottomes of the Tubbe.

CHAP. XLIV. Of Fuci, that is, washes, and such things for the smoothing and beautifying of the skinne.

THis following discourse is not intended for those women which ad∣dicted to filthy lust, seek to beautifie their faces, as baits and allurements to filthy pleasures: but it is intended for those onely, which the better to restraine the wandring lusts of their husbands, may endevour by art to take away those spots and deformities which have happened to fall on their faces either by accident or age.

The colour that appeares in the face, either laudible or illaudible, abundantly * 1.223 shewes the temper both of the body, as also of those humours that have the chiefe dominion therein: for every humour dyes the skinne of the whole body, but chief∣ly of the face, with the colour thereof: for choler bearing sway in the body, the face lookes yellowish; phlegme ruling, it lookes whitish or pale; if melancholy exceed, then blackish or swart; but if blood have the dominion, the colour is fresh and red. Yet there are other things happening externally which change the native colour of

the face, as sun burning, cold, pleasure, sorrow, feare, watching, fasting, paine, old diseases, the corruption of meats and drinks: for the flourishing colour of the cheeks is not onely extinguished by the too immoderate use of vinegar, but by the drinking of corrupt waters the face becomes swolne and pale.

On the contrary, laudible meats and drinks make the body to bee well coloured and comely, for that they yeeld good juice, and consequently a good habite. There∣fore if the spots of the face proceed from the plenitude and ill disposition of hu∣mours, the body shall bee evacuated by blood-letting: if from the infirmity of any principall bowell, that must first of all bee strengthened; but the care of all these things belongs to the Physitian: we here onely seek after particular remedies which may smooth the face, and take away the spots, and other defects thereof, and give it a laudible colour.

First the face shall be washed with the water of lilly flowers, of bean flowers, wa∣ter * 1.224 lillies, of distilled milke, or else with the water wherein some barly or starch hath bin steeped. The dryed face shall be anointed with the ointments presently to be described; for such washing cleanseth and prepareth the face to receive the force of the ointments, no otherwise than an alumed lye prepares the haires to drinke up and retaine the colour that wee desire. Therefore the face being thus cleansed and prepared, you may use the following medicines, as those that have a faculty to beautifie, extend, and smooth the skinne: as,

℞. gum. tragacanth. conquass. ʒ ii. distemperentur in vase vitrio cum lb ii. aquae com∣munis, * 1.225 sic gummi dissolventur, inde albescet aqua. Or else, ℞. lithargyri auri, ℥ ii. cerus. & salis com. an. ℥ ss. aceti, aquae plantag. an. ℥ ii. caphur. ʒ ss. macerentur lithargyros & cerusa in aceto seor sim per tres aut quatuor hor as, sal vero & camphora in aqua qua•• insti∣tuto tuo aptam delegeris: then filter them both severall, and mixe them together be∣ing so filtred, when as you would use them.

℞. lactis vaccini, lb ii. aranciorum & limon. an. nu. iv. sacchari albissimi, & alum. roch. an. ℥ i. distillentur omnia simul: let the lemmons and oranges bee cut into slices, and then be infused in milk, adding thereto the sugar and alome; then let the mall be distilled together in balneo Mariae; the water that comes thereof will make the face smooth and lovely. Therefore about bed time it will be good to cover the face with linnen cloaths dipped therein. A water also distilled of snailes gathered in a vine-yard, juice of lemmons, the flowres of white mullaine, mixed together in equall pro∣portion, with a like quantity of the liquor contained in the bladders of elme leaves, is very good for the same purpose. Also this,

℞. mica panis albi, lb iv. flor. fabar. rosar. alb. flor. naenuph. lilior. & ireos, an. lb ii. lactis vaccini, lb vi. ova. nu. viii. aceti opt. lb i. distillentur omnia simul in alembico vi∣treo, & fiat aqua ad faciei & manuum lotionem. Or, ℞. olci de tartaro, ℥ iii. mucag. sem. psilii, ℥ i. cerus. in oleo ros. dissolut. ℥ i ss. borac. sal. gem. an. ʒ i. fiat lintmentum pro fa∣cie. Or. ℞. caponem vivum, & caseum ex lacte caprino recenter confectum, limon. nu. iv. ovor. nu. vi. cerus. lot. in aq. rosar. ℥ ii. boracis, ℥ i ss. camph. ʒ ii. aq. flor. fabar. lb iv. fi∣at omnium infusio per xxiv. horas, postea distillentur in alembico vitreo.

There is a most excellent fucus made of the marrow of sheepes bones, which * 1.226 smooths the roughnesse of the skinne, beautifies the face; now it must be thus extra∣cted. Take the bones, severed from the flesh by boyling, beat them, and so boyle them in water, when they are well boyled, take them from the fire, and when the water is cold, gather the fat that swimmes upon it, and therewith anoint your face when as you goe to bed, and wash it in the morning with the formerly prescribed water.

℞. salis ceruss. ʒ ii. ung. citrin. vel spermat. ceti, ℥ i. malaxentur simul, & fiat lini∣mentum, * 1.227 addendo olci ovor. ʒ ii. The Sal cerussae is thus made, grinde Cerusse into ve∣ry fine powder, and infuse lb i. thereof in a pottle of distilled vinegar for foure or five dayes, then filter it, then set that you have filtred in a glased earthen vessell over a gentle fire untill it concrete into salt, just as you doe the capitellum in making of Cauteries.

℞. excrementi lacert. ossis saepiae, tartari, vini albi, rasur. corn. cerv. farin. oriz. an. partes aequales, fiat pulvis, infundatur in aqua distillata amygdalarum dulcium, limacum

vinealium, flor. nenuph. huic addito mellis albi par pondus: let them be all incorpora∣ted in a marble mortar, and kept in a glasse or silver vessell, and at night anoint the face herewith; it wonderfully prevailes against the rednesse of the face, if after the a••ointing it you shall cover the face with a linnen cloath moistened in the formerly described water.

℞. sublim. ʒ i. argent. viv. saliv. extinct. ʒ ii. margarit. non perforat. ʒ i. caph. ʒ i ss. incorporentur simul in mortario marmoreo, cum pistillo ligneo, per tres horas ducantur & fricentur, reducanturque in tenuissimum pulverem, confectus pulvis abluatur aqua myrti & desiccetur, servetur{que} ad usum, adde foliorum auri & argenti, nu. x. When as you would use this powder, put into the palme of your hand a little oile of mastick, or of sweet almonds, then presently in that oyle dissolve a little of the described pow∣der, and so work it into an ointment, wherewith let the face be anointed at bed-time: but it is fit first to wash the face with the formerly described waters, and againe in the morning when you rise.

When the sace is freed from wrinkles and spots, then may you paint the cheekes * 1.228 with a rosie and flourishing colour; for of the commixture of white and red ariseth a native and beautifull colour: for this purpose take as much as you shall thinke fit of brasill, and alchunet; steep them in alume water, and there with touch the cheeks and lips, and so suffer it to dry in: there is also spanish red made for this purpose; others rub the mentioned parts with a sheeps skinne died red: moreover the friction that is made by the hand onely, a pleasing rednesse in the face, by drawing thither the blood and spirits.

CHAP. XLV. Of the Gutta Rosacea, or a fiery face.

THis treatise of Fuci puts me in minde to say something in this place of hel∣ping the preternaturall rednesse which possesseth the nose and cheekes, and oft times all the face besides, one while with a tumour, other whiles without, sometimes with pustles and scabs, by reason of the admixtion of a nitrous and adust humor. Practitioners have termed it Gutta rosacea. This shewes * 1.229 both more and more ugly in winter than in summer, because the cold closeth the pores of the skinne, so that the matter contained thereunder is pent up for want of transpiration, whence it becomes acrid and biting, so that as it were boiling up, it lifts or raiseth the skinne into pustles and scabs; it is a contumacious disease, and oft times not to be helped by medicine.

For the generall method of curing this disease, it is fit that the patient abstaine from wine, and from all things in generall that by their heat inflame the blood, and * 1.230 diffuse it by their vaporous substance: he shall shunne hot and very cold places, and shall procure that his belly may be soluble, either by nature or art. Let blood first be drawn out of the basilica, then from the vena front is, and lastly from the vein of the nose. Let leaches be applied to sundry places of the face, and cupping glasses with scarification to the shoulders.

For particular or proper remedies, if the disease be inveterate, the hardnesse shall * 1.231 first be softned with emollient things, then assaulted with the following ointments, which shall be used or changed by the Chirurgian as the Physitian shall thinke fit.

℞. succi citri, ℥ iii. cerus. quantum sufficit ad eum inspissandum, argenti vivi cum sali∣va & sulphure vivo extincti, ʒ ss. incorporentur simul, & fiat unguentum. * 1.232

℞. boracis, ʒ ii. farin. cicer. & fabar. an. ʒ i ss. caph. ʒ i. cum melle & succo cepae fiant trochisci: when you would use them, dissolve them in rose and plantaine water, and spread them upon linnen cloaths, and so apply them on the night time to the affected parts, and so let them be oft times renued.

℞. unguenti citrini recenter dispensati, ℥ ii. sulphuris vivi, ℥ ss. cum modico olei scm. cucurb. & succi limonum, fiat unguentum; with this let the face be anointed when you

goe to bed, in the morning let it bee washed away with rose water, being white by reason of bran infused therein: moreover, sharp vinegar boyled with branne and rose water, and applied as before, powerfully takes away the rednesse of the face.

℞. cerus. & litharg. auri, sulphur is vivi pulverisati, an. ℥ ss. ponantur in phiala cum a∣ceto & aquarosarum: linnen cloaths dipped herein shall be applied to the face on the night, and it shall bee washed in the morning with the water of the infusion of bran: this kinde of medicine shall be continued for a moneth.

℞. sanguinis tauri, lb i. butyri recentis, lb ss. fiat distillatio, utatur. The liquor which is distilled for the first daies is troubled and stinking, but these passed, it becommeth cleare and well smelling. Some boile bran in vinegar and the water of water lillies, and in this decoction they dissolve of sulphur and camphire a fit proportion to the quantity of the decoction, and they apply cloaths moistened in this medicine to the face in the evening.

℞. album. ovor. nu. ii. aquae ros. ℥ i ss. succi plantag. & lapath. acut. an. ℥ i ss. subli∣mati, * 1.233 ℈ i. incorporentur in mortario marmoreo. ℞. axung. porcidecies in aceto lota, ℥ iv. argenti vivi, ℥ i. aluminis, sulphuris vivi, an. ʒ i. pistentur omnia diu in mortario plum∣beo, & fiat unguentum; argentum vivum non debet nisi extremo loco affundi. ℞. rad. la∣path. acut. & asphodel. an. ℥ ii. coquantur in aceto scillitico, postea tundantur, & setaceo trajiciantur, addendo auripigmenti, ʒ ii. sulphuris vivi, ʒ x. let them be incorporated and make an ointment to be used to dry up the pustles.

℞. rad. liliorum sub cineribus coctorum, ℥ iv. pistillo tusis, & setaceo trajectis, adde bu∣tyri recentis, & axung. porci, lotae in aceto, an. ℥ i. sulphuris vivi, ʒ iii. camphor. ℈ iii. succi limonum quantum sufficit, malaxentur simul & fiat unguentum. ℞. lactis virgina∣lis, lb ss. aluminis, ℥ ss. sulphuris vivi, ℥ i. succi limonum, ℥ vi. salis com. ʒ ss. let them all be distilled in a glasse alembicke, and the water kept for the forementioned uses.

℞. lapath. acut. plantagin. & asphodel. an. ℥ i ss. olei vitel. ovor. ℥ i. terebinth. venet. ℥ ss. succi limonum, ʒ iii. aluminis combust. ʒ i. argenti vivi extinct. ℥ i. olei liliorum, ℥ ss. tundantur omnia in mortario plumbeo, addendo sub finem argent. viv. ne mortario adhaerescat. The juice of onions beaten with salt, or the yelkes of egges are good for the same purpose.

For staying and killing of Ring-wormes and Tettars, the leaves of hellebore bea∣ten * 1.234 with vinegar are good, the milke of the fig-tree is good of it selfe, as also that of the spurges, or mustard dissolved in strong vinegar with a little sulphur. Or,

℞. sulphuris, calcanthi, & aluminis, an. ʒ i. macerentur in aceto forti, trajician∣tur per linteum, apply the expressed juice. Others macerate an egge in sharpe vine∣gar, with coporose and sulphur vivum beaten into fine powder, then they straine or presse it through a linnen cloath.

But seeing the forementioned medicines are acride, and for the most part eating and corroding, it cannot bee but that they must make the skinne harsh and rough, therefore to smooth and levigate it againe, you shall make use of the following ointment.

℞. tereb. ven. tam diu lotae, ut acrimoniam nullam habeat, butyri salis expertis, an. ℥ i ss. * 1.235 olei vitel. ovor. ℥ i. axung. porci in aqua rosarum lotae, ℥ ss. cerae parum, fiat linimentum ad usum. To the same purpose you may also make use of some of the forementioned medicines.

CHAP. XLVI. To blacke the haire.

AT first the haires, (to take the fucus or tincture, and to retaine it) must be prepared with Lye, wherein a little roche Alome is dissolved. Thus the fatty scales may be washed and taken away, which hinder, and (as it were) keep away the fucus, that it cannot adhere or penetrate into the body of the haire. Then must we come to particular or proper & fitting medicines

for this purpose. These ought to be aromaticke and cephalicke, and somewhat stip∣tick, that by their odoriferous and astringent power they may strengthen the animal * 1.236 faculty: Furthermore, they must be of subtle parts, that they may enter even into the inner rootes of the haires.

℞. Sulphuris, vitrioli, gallarum, calcis vivae, lithargyri, an. ʒii. scoriae ferri, ʒss. in pol∣linem reducantur, & cum aq. communi incorporentur, ut inde fiat massa: with this at bed time let the haires bee rubbed, and in the morning let them bee smoothed with the same.

℞. calcis lotae, ℥ i. lithargyri utrius{que} ℥ ss. cum decocto gallarum, corticum, nucum, fiat massa, addendo olei chamem. ʒ ii. ℞. lytharg. auri, ℥ ii. ciner. clavellat. ℥ i s8. calcis viv. ʒ i. dissolve omnia cum urena hominis donec acquirant consistentiam unguenti pro unctione capillorum. ℞. calcis lotae, ℥ iv. lithargyri utrius{que} an. ℥ ii. cum decoct. salv. & cort. gra∣nat. fiat pasta ad formam pultis satis liquidae: let the haire at bed time bee died herewith, and washed in the morning with wine and water.

Now the manner of washing lime is thus: Infuse in ten or twelve pints of faire water one pound of lime, then poure out the water by stooping the vessell, putting * 1.237 more in the stead thereof; the third time in stead of common water powre thereon the water of the decoction of sage and galls, let the lime lye therein for so many houres, then in like manner powre it off by stooping the vessell; and thus you shall have your lime well washed. There is also found a way how to die or black the haire by only powring of some liquor thereon: as, ℞. argenti purissimi, ʒ ii. reducantur in * 1.238 tenuissimas laminas, ponantur in ampulla vitrea cum ʒii. aquae separationis auri & argen∣ti, & aquae rosar. ʒ vi. The preparing of this water is thus, put into a violl the water of separation and the silver, and set it upon hot coales so to dissolve the silver, which being done then take it from the fire, and when it is cold, adde thereto the rose water. But if you would black it more deeply, adde more silver thereto, if lesse, then a smal∣ler quantity; to use it, you must steepe the combe wherewith you combe your head in this water.

℞. plumbi usti, ℥ ii. gallarum non perforat. cortic. nucum, an. ℥ iii. terrae sigil. ferret. hispan. an. ℥ ii. vitriol. rom. ℥ vi. salis gem. ℥ i ss. caryoph. nucis mosch. an. ℥ i. salis am∣mon. aloes, an. ʒ ss. fiat pulvis subtilissimus: let this powder be macerated in vinegar for three daies space, then distill it all in an alembick, the water that comes therefrom is good for the foresaid use. The following medicine is good to make the haires of a flaxen colour. ℞. flor. genist. staechad. & cardamom. an. ℥ i. lupinor. conquassat. rasur. * 1.239 buxi, corticis citri, rad. gentian. & berber. an. ℥ i ss. cum aqua nitri fiat lenta decoctio: herewith bathe and moisten the haires for many dayes.

CHAP. XLVII. Of Psilothra, or Depilatories: and also of Sweet waters.

MEdicines to fetch off haire, which by the Greeks are termed Psilo∣thra, and Depilatoria in latine vulgarly, are made as you may learn by these following examples. ℞. calcis vivae, ℥ iii. auripigmenti, ℥i. let the lime bee quencht in faire water, and then the orpiment ad∣ded * 1.240 with some aromaticke thing: have a care that the medicine lye not too long upon the part, otherwise it will burne; and this medicine must bee made to the consistence of a pultis and applied warme, first fo∣menting the part with warme water; for then the haire will fall off by gentle rubbing or washing it with warme water: but if there happen any excoriation thereupon, you may helpe it by the use of unguentum rosatum, or some other of the like faculty.

℞. calcis viv. aurip. citrin. an. ℥i. amyl. spumae argent. an. ℥ ss. terantur & incorporen∣tur cum aq. com. & bulliant simul: you shall certainly know that it is sufficiently boi∣led, * 1.241 if putting thereinto a gooses quill, the feathers come presently off: some make into powder equall parts of unquencht lime and orpiment, they tye them up in a cloath, with which being steeped in water they besmear the part, and within a while

after by gently stroaking the head, the haire falls away of it selfe. The following * 1.242 waters are very fitting for to wash the hands, face, and whole body, as also linnen, because they yeeld a gratefull smell: the first is lavander water thus to be made. ℞, * 1.243 flor. lavend. lb iv. aq. rosar. & vini alb. an. lb ii. aq. vitae, ℥ iv. misceantur omnia simul, & fiat distillatio in balneo Mariae: this same water may also bee had without distil∣lation, if you put some lavander flowers in faire water, and so set them to sunne in a glasse, or put them in balneo, adding a little oile of spike and muske. Clove water is thus made: ℞. caryoph. ℥ ii. aq. rosar. lb ii. macerentur spatio xxiv. horarum, & distil∣lentur * 1.244 in balneo Mariae. Sweet water commonly so called, is made of divers odorife∣rous * 1.245 things put together; as thus, ℞. menthae, majoranae, hyssopi, salviae, ro∣rismarini, lavendulae, an. m ii. radicis ireos, ℥ ii. caryophylorum, cina∣momi, nncis moschatae, ana, ℥ ss. limonum, num. iv. macerentur omnia in aqua rosarum, spatio viginti quatuor horarum, distil∣lentur in balneo Mariae, addendo Moschi, ℈ ss.

The End of the Twenty sixt Booke.

[illustration]

Notes

• * 1.1

  The excellen∣cy of Medi∣cines.
• * 1.2

  The earth the mother of ri∣ches and medi∣cines.
• * 1.3

  what medicines taken from li∣ving creatures.
• * 1.4

  What from plants.
• * 1.5

  What from the earth.
• * 1.6

  What from the water.
• * 1.7

  What from the aire.
• * 1.8

  5. ••••••p. & 1. de aliment.
• * 1.9

  Examples' of the degrees of heat.
• * 1.10

  The effects of the first quali∣ties by acci∣dent.
• * 1.11

  The fourth fa∣culty of medi∣cines depends only upon an occult proper∣tie.
• * 1.12

  Lib. 1. simpl.
• * 1.13

  Differences of tastes.
• * 1.14

  The acerbe taste.
• * 1.15

  The austere.
• * 1.16

  The acide taste.
• * 1.17

  The insipide.
• * 1.18

  The oily.
• * 1.19

  The sweet.
• * 1.20

  The salt.
• * 1.21

  The bitter.
• * 1.22

  The acride.
• * 1.23

  Astringents are understood by the name of repellers.
• * 1.24

  The differences of repercussives
• * 1.25

  Why things of subtle parts are oft times mixed with repercus∣sives.
• * 1.26

  Repellers by accident.
• * 1.27

  When, and to what parts re∣percussives must be appli∣ed.
• * 1.28

  What an attra∣ctive medicine is.
• * 1.29

  Attractives by a manifest qua∣lity.
• * 1.30

  By an 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.31

  By accident.
• * 1.32

  Their 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.33

  What a resol∣ving medicine is. The differences thereof.
• * 1.34

  The use of dia∣phoreticks.
• * 1.35

  What a suppu∣rative medicine is.
• * 1.36

  Differences of suppuratives.
• * 1.37

  Suppuratives by accident.
• * 1.38

  Gal. cap. 7. lib. 5. simpl.
• * 1.39

  How suppura∣tives and emol∣lients differ.
• * 1.40

  The differen∣ces of emolli∣ents.
• * 1.41

  Their use.
• * 1.42

  Things obser∣vable in the use of emollients.
• * 1.43

  Detersives,
• * 1.44

  Their use.
• * 1.45

  No medicine truly sarcotick.
• * 1.46

  Simple Sarco∣tickes.
• * 1.47

  Compound Sarcotickes.
• * 1.48

  Three sorts of Epuloticks.
• * 1.49

  Their use.
• * 1.50

  Agglutinative medicines.
• * 1.51

  Glutinatives by accident.
• * 1.52

  Three degrees of Causticks.
• * 1.53

  Cathaereticks.
• * 1.54

  Septicks and Vesicatories.
• * 1.55

  Escharoticks.
• * 1.56

  Their use.
• * 1.57

  What paine is.
• * 1.58

  What properly termed Ano∣dynes are.
• * 1.59

  Narcoticks im∣properly ter∣med anodines.
• * 1.60

  The use of them.
• * 1.61

  T••trab. 1. sem. 3. cap. 35.
• * 1.62

  Purgatives to bee externally applied.
• * 1.63

  The compositi∣on of a purging oile and oint∣ment.
• * 1.64

  Gal. 3. simp. 4. de san••t. t••end.
• * 1.65

  The necessity of compound medicines.
• * 1.66

  A graine the beginning of all weight.
• * 1.67

  What is meant by agraine.
• * 1.68

  Obolus. A scruple. A dramme. An ounce. A pound.
• * 1.69

  What a glyster is.
• * 1.70

  Differences of glysters.
• * 1.71

  The materials of glysters.
• * 1.72

  Their quantity.
• * 1.73

  An emollient glyster.
• * 1.74

  A Glyster to e∣vacuate a cold phlegmaticke humour.
• * 1.75

  An Anodyne Glyster.
• * 1.76

  An astringent Glysters.
• * 1.77

  Nourishing Glysters.
• * 1.78

  Their use.
• * 1.79

  Their Argu∣ment that deny Glysters to nourish. Confuted first by reason.
• * 1.80

  Secondly, by experience.
• * 1.81

  The common use of Glysters.
• * 1.82

  The sicke, ha∣ving received the Glyster, must turne to the side grie∣ved.
• * 1.83

  The differen∣ces.
• * 1.84

  The forme.
• * 1.85

  The use.
• * 1.86

  The forme of a Nodule.
• * 1.87

  Pessaries.
• * 1.88

  Their use.
• * 1.89

  Against the suf∣focation of the Mother.
• * 1.90

  The making olies by infusi∣on.
• * 1.91

  The manner o•• oiles by resolu∣tion.
• * 1.92

  What a lini∣ment is.
• * 1.93

  Oyntments & their differen∣ces.
• * 1.94

  Unguentum ad∣stringens.
• * 1.95

  Unguentum nu∣tritum.
• * 1.96

  Ʋnguentum au∣reum.
• * 1.97

  Ʋng. Tetraph•…•…∣macum, scu Basi∣•…•…m.
• * 1.98

  Ung. Diapom∣pholygos.
• * 1.99

  Ʋng. desiccat∣vum rubrum.
• * 1.100

  Ung. Enulatum.
• * 1.101

  Ʋng. album Rha∣sis.
• * 1.102

  De Althaea.
• * 1.103

  Ʋng. Populeu•…•…
• * 1.104

  Ʋng. Apostolo∣rum.
• * 1.105

  Com•…•…
• * 1.106

  Ung. pto stoma∣cho.
• * 1.107

  Ung. ad morsus rubiosos, ex li. 1. Gal. de comp. sce. genera.
• * 1.108

  3. De comp. med. see. gen.
• * 1.109

  What a Cerat is.
• * 1.110

  The differen∣ces.
• * 1.111

  Emplasters.
• * 1.112

  Signes of a plaster perfect∣ly boyled.
• * 1.113

  The quantity of things to be put into pla∣sters.
• * 1.114

  Empl. de Vigo with Mercury.
• * 1.115

  Ceratum oesipiex Philagrio.
• * 1.116

  Degratia Dei.
• * 1.117

  De janua seu de Betonica.
• * 1.118

  Emplastrum oxy∣croceum.
• * 1.119

  De cerusa.
• * 1.120

  Tripharmacum, seu nigrum.
• * 1.121

  Diapalma, seu diachalciteos.
• * 1.122

  Contraruptu∣ram.
• * 1.123

  De mucaginibus.
• * 1.124

  De minio.
• * 1.125

  Diachylon mag∣num.
• * 1.126

  The use of plasters.
• * 1.127

  The matter of cataplasmes.
• * 1.128

  Their use.
• * 1.129

  Lib. 2. ad glauc∣ubi deschirrho.
• * 1.130

  An anodine ca∣taplasme A ripening ca∣taplasme. A discussing ca∣plasme. How pultisses differ from ca∣plasmes.
• * 1.131

  A ripening ca∣taplasme.
• * 1.132

  Their use.
• * 1.133

  2. De victu i•• ••cutis.
• * 1.134

  What an Em∣brocation is.
• * 1.135

  Their use.
• * 1.136

  What an Epi∣theme is.
• * 1.137

  In the sixth Chapter.
• * 1.138

  A cordiall Epi∣theme.
• * 1.139

  Their use.
• * 1.140

  The use of po∣tentiall caute∣ries.
• * 1.141

  The matter of them.
• * 1.142

  The formes of them.
• * 1.143

  The signe of good Capitel∣lum.
• * 1.144

  The faculty of the silken Cau∣tery.
• * 1.145

  The cause of the name.
• * 1.146

  Their descrip∣tion.
• * 1.147

  The descripti∣on of Mercury, or Angelicall powder.
• * 1.148

  What vesicato∣rie and rubrif••∣ing medicines are.
• * 1.149

  The descripti∣on of a vesica∣tory.
• * 1.150

  Their use.
• * 1.151

  What a collyri∣um is.
• * 1.152

  The difference▪ of them.
• * 1.153

  Their use,
• * 1.154

  Their matter,
• * 1.155

  A repercussive collyrium. An anodine. A detergent.
• * 1.156

  What an er∣rhine is.
• * 1.157

  Their differen∣ces.
• * 1.158

  The forme of one.
• * 1.159

  An errhine pur∣ging phlegme.
• * 1.160

  An errhine with powders.
• * 1.161

  A Rernutatory.
• * 1.162

  The matter of solid errhines.
• * 1.163

  Their use.
• * 1.164

  The manner of using them.
• * 1.165

  To whom they are hurtfull.
• * 1.166

  What an apo∣phlegmatism is.
• * 1.167

  The differences
• * 1.168

  The use of ma∣sticatories.
• * 1.169

  To whom hurt∣full.
• * 1.170

  What a gargle is.
• * 1.171

  The differences thereof.
• * 1.172

  Their matter.
• * 1.173

  An astringent gargle. An anodine gargle.
• * 1.174

  A detersive.
• * 1.175

  What a denti∣frice is.
• * 1.176

  The differences
• * 1.177

  The matter whereof they consist.
• * 1.178

  A powder for a Dentifricc.
• * 1.179

  Their us•…•…
• * 1.180

  Whata bag or quilt is.
• * 1.181

  Their differen∣ces.
• * 1.182

  A quilt for the stomacke.
• * 1.183

  A cap for a cold head.
• * 1.184

  A quilt for the heart.
• * 1.185

  Their use.
• * 1.186

  What a fumiga∣tion is.
• * 1.187

  Their differen¦ces and matter.
• * 1.188

  A cephalicke sume.
• * 1.189

  For the hard∣nesse of the si∣newes.
• * 1.190

  For the relicks of the Lues ve∣nerea.
• * 1.191

  The manner of using them.
• * 1.192

  The manner of a moist fumiga∣tion.
• * 1.193

  A moist fume for the eares.
• * 1.194

  What an ins•…•… is.
• * 1.195

  The matter.
• * 1.196

  A halfe bath for the stone in the kidneies.
• * 1.197

  The use.
• * 1.198

  The manner of using it.
• * 1.199

  The faculties of Bathes.
• * 1.200

  Their differen∣ces. Naturall Baths.
• * 1.201

  How to know whence the Bathes have their efficacy.
• * 1.202

  The condition of naturall sul∣phureous wa∣ters.
• * 1.203

  Of aluminous waters.
• * 1.204

  Of salt and ni∣tious.
• * 1.205

  O•• bituminous.
• * 1.206

  Of brasen.
• * 1.207

  Of iron.
• * 1.208

  Of leaden.
• * 1.209

  Of hot baths.
• * 1.210

  To whom hurt∣full. The faculties of cold baths.
• * 1.211

  The Spaw▪
• * 1.212

  Of artificiall baths.
• * 1.213

  The faculty of a bath of warme water.
• * 1.214

  Why w•• put oile into baths.
• * 1.215

  Why we must not continue in the bath till we sweat.
• * 1.216

  A mollifying & anodine bath.
• * 1.217

  Cautions to be observed in the use of baths.
• * 1.218

  The fittest time for bathing.
• * 1.219

  How to order the patient comming forth of the bath.
• * 1.220

  The differences of Stoves.
• * 1.221

  How made.
• * 1.222

  A vaporous stove or bath.
• * 1.223

  As the colour of the skin is, such is the humour that is thereun∣der.
• * 1.224

  Waters where∣with to wash the face.
• * 1.225

  Compound li∣quors where∣with to wash the face. Virgins 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.226

  The marrow of sheeps bones good to smooth the face.
• * 1.227

  How to mak•• Salcerussae.
• * 1.228

  How to paint the face.
• * 1.229

  Why worse in winter than in summer.
• * 1.230

  Di••••.
• * 1.231

  Remedies.
• * 1.232

  An approved ointment.
• * 1.233

  To dry up the pustles.
• * 1.234

  To kill tettar••.
• * 1.235

  To smooth the skinne.
• * 1.236

  What things are fit to dy the haire.
• * 1.237

  How to wash Lime.
• * 1.238

  A water to black the haire.
• * 1.239

  To make the haire of a flax∣en colour.
• * 1.240

  A depilatory.
• * 1.241

  Another.
• * 1.242

  Sweet waters.
• * 1.243

  Lavander wa∣ter.
• * 1.244

  Clove water
• * 1.245

  Sweet water.