Monro his expedition vvith the vvorthy Scots Regiment (called Mac-Keyes Regiment) levied in August 1626. by Sr. Donald Mac-Key Lord Rhees, colonell for his Majesties service of Denmark, and reduced after the Battaile of Nerling, to one company in September 1634. at Wormes in the Paltz Discharged in severall duties and observations of service; first under the magnanimous King of Denmark, during his warres against the Emperour; afterward, under the invincible King of Sweden, during his Majesties life time; and since, under the Directour Generall, the Rex-chancellor Oxensterne and his generalls. Collected and gathered together at spare-houres, by Colonell Robert Monro ... for the use of all worthie cavaliers favouring the laudable profession of armes. To which is annexed the abridgement of exercise, and divers practicall observations, for the younger officer his consideration; ending with the souldiers meditations going on service.

THE SECOND PART, OF MONRO HIS EXPEDITION VNDER HIS Majestie of SVVEDEN, discharged in severall Duties and Observations.

The first Dutie discharged in the Swedens service of our Expe∣dition by Water from Pillo in Spruce vnto the Coast of Pomerne at Rougenvalde.

THE twelfth of August, 1630. having received his Excellence Orders the Rex Chancellor, for to Ship my Souldiers at the Pillo, and from thence to transport them unto Dutchland, to∣wards Wolgast in Pomerne, in obedience to the orders, having divided the Companies at the Pillo, my owne Company, Captaine Hector Monro's, and Captaine Bullions Company, were put with my selfe in a Ship of his Maje¦sties called the Lilly-Nichol; The other three Companies, (viz.) Major Senotts, Captaine Iohn Monro's and Lermond••, were put on another Ship of his Majesties, called the Hound, our Horses and Baggage being put on a small Skoote or Boat, the winde favouring us, we being victualed for a weeke, we make sayle from the Pillo towards Pomerne, having calme weather for two dayes: The third day with a strong winde, and a great tempest from the West, wee were seve∣red from the Fleet, and our Ship striking a leake, we were driven unto Burne∣hollem Roade in Denmarke, where the tempest being past, wee goe a shore, to victuall our ship anew: the winde favouring us, we weigh Anchor againe, and setting sayle, we take our course towards Wolgast, being ne••re the Coast, the winde contrary, wee were not able to double our Course, and our ship being leake, we durst not adventure farre from land, and putting forty eight Souldiers to pumpe continually by turnes, they were not able to keepe her dry, and being overcharged with much water, though there blew a great winde after us, wee made but a slow Course, our resolution was, being tur∣ned

backe, and before the winde, to make for Dantsick▪ as our best refuge: [ L] But keeping so neere the land, under night, wee bayed within lands, the winde blowing hard with a great tempest on the shore, being a shallow ••andy Coast, all sayles being up, by Eleven a clocke at night, we struck on ground, our Ship old and weake breakes in the middest below, but kept fast above, our Souldiers comming all above hatches, they were pittifully drenched and wet with the waves, and being in danger of out-washing, they tye them∣selves with Ropes to the ship sides; yet two that tooke a pride in their swim∣ming, (a Dane, and a Scot, called Murdo Piper) thinking by swimming to gaine the shore, were both drowned, the Mariners setting out one Boate af∣ter another, were both broken, and they being feeble fellowes they lost cou∣rage; thus under the mercy of the raging Seas and waves, going higher then the Mastes over the ship sides, wee patiently attended the Lords mercy with prayers, till One of the clocke the next day, during which time, I forced the Mariners and Souldiers, that could best worke, having cut the Masts, and the ends of the Crosse yards, with Deales and the Deckes of the ship to make a float••; being made, it was tyed to the ship within with Towes, hanging at it, which the waves could carry ashoare, the floate thus ready, with strength of men was let downe by the Ships side, whereon foure of the most coura∣gious Souldiers did adventure to goe, some Boores a shoare having got hold of the Towes, that were bound to the Floate, with the helpe of the waves, drawe the Float ashoare, and being drawne backe to the ship, wee did conti∣nue in this manner ferrying out our souldiers, till at last the most part were landed, who being landed sought along the Coast, and finding a Boate, did bring it with Horses on a Waggon, whereof wee made use in landing the rest of our souldiers, whereof I remayned the last; till I saw our Armes landed. But our Amunition and Baggage being lost, we were in a pitifull feare, being neere unto our Enemies, and above Twenty Dutch miles from his Majesties Army, b••ing without fixe Armes, and lacking Amunition, wee had nothing to defend us, but Swords, and Pikes, and some wet Muskets, the enemy be∣ing neere, our resolution behoved to be short, where having learned of the Boores, how neere the Enemy was unto us, I suffered none to goe from us, lest we might be discovered to our enemies.

After advisement I sent Captaine Bullion with a Guide, to the Captaine of the Castle of Rougenvalde, belonging to the Duke of Pomerne, offering if hee would furnish us some fixe Muske••s, with some dry Amunition and Bul∣lets, wee would cut off the Enemy that lay in the Town, and defend Town and Castle from the enemy for his Majesty, till such time as his majesty might relieve us, the proposition so pleased the Captaine; that hee gave way to my suite, and withall, hee, for feare of such suspition, goes unto the Countrey, having sent a Gentleman with Amunition to me, to convey me a secret way unto the Castle, where I should receive Fifty muskets, my Captaine retiring to me, with the Gentleman and Amunition, I marched till I came safe to the Castle, and then from the Castle falling on the Towne, with commanded Musketiers, under the command of Captaine Bullion, I stayed my selfe with the reserve, my folkes entering the Towne, the Ene∣my a lost drew to Armes: thus service begun; my partie being strongest, some of the enemy shot, the rest got quarters and mercy, our Watch duely set, the Keyes of the Towne and Castle being delivered unto me, my grea∣test care was then, how to put our selves in safety against our Enemies, being

at Colberge within seven miles of us, I begun to learne from those on the Castle, what p••sses did lye betwixt us and Colberge, I was told of a little Ri∣ver did lye two miles from us, which was not passable but at one Bridge, where I went to Recognosce, and finding it was so, I caused them to breake off the Bridge, where I did appoint a company of Boores, with Armes, and Horses by them to watch the passe, and if in case the enemy should pursue them, they had Orders from me to defend the passe so long as they could, commanding them also at the first sight of the Enemy to advertise me, wher∣by they might be supplyed, and I put on my Guard.

Being retyred from the passe, immediately I did send a Boore on Horse∣backe, in the night, to acquaint his Majesty of Sweden (the Army then ••ying at Statine twenty Dutch miles from us) with the manner of our hard landing, and of our happy successe after landing; as likewise, disiring to know his Ma∣jesties will, how I should behave my selfe in those Quarters, the Enemy being strong, and I very weake, his Majesty returned for resolution unto me, that I should doe my best to fortifie, and beset the passes, that were betwixt me and the Enemy, and to keepe good watch, and good order over the Sol∣diers, and not to suffer them to wrong the Country people, whom I should presse to keepe for my Friends.

This Order being come, I begun with the Country Boores, first, to forti∣fie the Passages without me, and next to make Skonces and Redoubts with∣out the Towne, as also to repaire the Fortifications about the Castle, and in cleansing of the Mote, that it might be deeper of water; the other parts also without me, I brought under Contribution to his Majestie, by sending parties of D••agoniers athwart the Country, in Hinder Pomerne, betwixt me and Dantsicke, being twenty Dutch mile in length, which all in short time I did bring under contribution to his Majesty. As also the Enemy ha∣ving had a Magazin of Corne, at Rougenvalde, and Stolpe, by our landing here, was made good for his Majesties use and his Army.

Being thus busied for a few dayes, another ship of the same Fleet, being long beaten with the tempest at Sea, at last was forced for sc••rc••ty of victu••ls, to Anker on the same Coast, being foure hundred men, of Colonel Fretz Rosse his Regiment of Dutch, his Lieutenant Colonell called Tisme Howsne did come ashore, intreating me to supply him with victuals, which I did. In the meane time he asked my advice, if he might land his Soldiers there, I told ••im I had no counsell to give him, seeing there was no necessity of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 landing, and which was more, his Orders were to land at another part, so that he had to advise whether he should follow his Orders, or for second respects if hee might neglect his Orders, so that on all hasards he l••nded his people also, which were quartered with me in the Towne: Shortly after, he would con∣test with me for command, which bred a coldnesse betwixt us. Whereupon I again advertised his Majestie of our difference, desiring his Majesty might dis∣pose of the Command; his Majesty offended with the other, did send an ab∣solute warrant unto me, to command him, and the whole Garrison at my plea∣sure, for the well of his Majesties service, during our being there, where we remained nine weekes, fighting and skirmishing with the enemie, till Sir Iohn Hepburne with his Regiment was sent by his Excellence the Rex Chancellor from Spruce to relieve us.

The First Observation.

HAving thus by the providence of God happily landed againe on the faire, fertill, and spacious Continent of Dutchland, with a handfull of old experimented Soldiers, able to endure all misery, toile, or travell, being valourous to undertake any perill or danger, they were to be commanded upon, being led by such a Generall as GUSTAVUS the Invin∣cible, their new Master was: (under whose command and conduct, as their supreame Leader, and me, as his Majesties and my Colonels inferiour Officer, they marched from the Coast of Pomerne, out of Rougenvalde, through Dutch∣land, unto the foot of the Alpes in Schawbland.)

This City of Rougenvalde in Pomerne, lyes midway betwixt Dantsicke, and St••tine, b••ing alike dis••ant, twenty Dutch mile from both, and is a pleasant ••e••t••, being one of the Duke of Pomerne his chiefe Residence, not distant a∣bove one English mile from the Sea, it doth abound in Corne, Fruit, and store, Cattell, Horses of good breed, Fishponds, and P••rkes for Deere, and pastorage, whereof it hath enough, where we were n••bly entertained, and kindly w••lcommed of the inhabitants, especially of the C••ptaine and his civill Bed-fellow, to whom, under God, we were beholden for our safeties, the Remembrance whereof we ate bound never to forget.

Here, I did remarke as wonderfull, that in the very moment when our [ M] ship did breake on ground, there was a Sergeants Wife a shipboard, who without the h••lpe of any women was delivered of a Boy, which all th•• time of the tempest she carefully did preserve, and being come ashore, the next day, she marched neere foure English mile, with that in her Armes, which was in her Belly the night before, and was Christened the next Sunday after Sermon▪ being the day of our thankesgiving for our Deliverance, our Prea∣cher Mr. Murdow Mac-kenyee a worthy and Religious yong man, having discharged his part that day, after with much regrate did sever from us, and followed my Lord of Rhee our Colonell unto Britaine.

Being thus escaped from danger of sea, and from our enemies, I did keepe the Soldiers ever exercised in watching, in working, in parties against our enemies, lest that resting from Hostile employment, they should become sedi∣tious, immodest, and turbulent; and to this effect, when they were not em∣ployed in parties against the enemies, I sent them by parties in the Country, on Militarie execution, to bring the possessors under Contribution to his Ma∣jesty, making them hate and renounce the Emperialists, whom formerly they were forced to obey; so that by this meanes, the Country was brought into subjecti••n to the King, and my Soldiers were put under as good discipline and command, as any served his Majesty; which discipline made their con∣ti••u••••ce the longer in the service: where it was rare to finde one Regiment in an A••mie, that did change so many Officers as they did in foure ye••res, as the Observations on their duties will cleare to the world, in despight of their Env••ers whatso••ver. But I hope no worthy spirit or Heroicke minde will think•• an evill thought of the vertuous.

We m••y see here, that in the greatest extremities, both Officers and Sol∣diers have greatest need of Courage, and Resolution: For nothing should seeme hard to daring men, that are of courage, which never doth beget, but the opinion and censure of vertue. For we see at this time, that to dare was

the beginning of victory, being better to hazard to save our selves and others, then to be the instrument to lose us all by flying, as some of our Officers ad∣vised me at our landing, to march backe to Dantsicke, which if we had, the enemy getting intelligence, he could with ease overtake us, and cut us all off, as he did, some yeeres before, cut off in the same Country three Regi∣ments of Dutch who were going to serve his Majesty against the Pole.

Here also, I found by experience, that the stedfast, and invincible vigour of the minde rising against crosses, doth helpe much, especially where neces∣sity req••ireth such resolution. For being in the greatest extremity of dan∣ger, resolving with God, I thought as my safest course to bide Gods ley∣sure, I sate on the Gallerie of the ship, being assured it would be the last part, that would remaine together of the whole, and being so neere land, I was never dejected and cast downe, nor did I doubt of our safe landing, seeing we had victuals and were in hope, the storme would not continue, being in the middest of August.

Here we may see by this Christian advertisement, that no part of our life is exempted or freed from griefe or sorrow: But on the contrary, we are exposed to all kinde of miseries and troubles, so that we see, that chil∣dren [ N] doe sucke with the milke of their Nurses, certaine beginnings of the evill to come, our misery growing as doth our age; and we see it true: for the godly; they sigh and groane under the burthen of their adversities, having no comfort they can enjoy, but out of the written word of God, a fruit whereof the wicked hath no part. Therefore they sayd well, who said, that Philoso∣phicall precepts were not so powerfull to heale the wounds of the soule, as are those of the word of God.

Men of our profession ought ever to be well prepared, having death ever before their Eyes, they ought to be the more familiar with God, that they might be ever ready to embrace it, not caring a rush for it when it came, do∣ing good while they may. For now we flourish, in an instant we wither like Grasse; now we stand, presently we fall, our life carrying with it when we received it, the seed of death, and that which did begin our life, doth open the doore to it, to goe away: For in our birth, our end did hang at our begin∣ning; and, according to the custome of that worthy Emperour, our actions should be ever before our eyes, as if presently we were to appeare in Iudg∣ment, before the Eternall our God, and that cry should never depart out of our eares, cryed unto Philip King of Macedon, Philippe, memento mori, Philip remember, thou must die: For man shall never behave himselfe as he ought in this World, except at all times he have death before his eyes, thinking on the houre and moment of his departure alwayes, contemning the Exte∣riour things of this World, giving himselfe unto the inward cogitations, that doe profit the soule and the life thereof, rejoycing beyond all things in the T••stimony of a good Conscience.

The second Dutie, discharged of our march from Rougenvalde to Colberg, and from thence to Shivel-beane, and of our service there.

SIr Iohn Hepburne being sent with his Regiment (from Spruce) to relieve us, I was ordained with my Folks to march before Colberge, where Generall Major Kniphowsen did command in the Blockering thereof

(which I did) and being come there, a Poaste was assigned for us to watch at. In the meane time, the Generall Major getting intelligence, that the ene∣mies Army (lying at Gartts and Griffinhawgen, on the Oder) had intention to relieve Colberge, and so being in his march, he must needs passe by the Towne and Castle, of Shevelbeane in the Marke, being a passe distant but five miles from Colberge, he thought expedient, to Recognosce the place, by sending of Colonell Hepburne thither, with a Troope of Horsemen for his guard, and convoy; who having seene the place, advised Kniphowsen to beset it with a Garrison, being of consequence to hold up the Enemy, if he should march thereon with the Army, whereupon I was made choise of, with my Folks to beset it, being sent for in the night to breake up, and to march thi∣ther in all haste; I had command to speake with Kniphowsen in my going, for rec••iving further Orders.

The Companies marched by; I following my Orders desired to know what the Generall Major had to command me, who gave me Orders in wri∣ting, I should march thither, and in case the enemy should pursue me, I should fight to the last man, and not to give over the Castle, though I should be for∣ced to quit the Towne: Receiving Orders for some Ammunition, I tooke leave of Kniphowsen, and continued my march to Shevelbean, then layd almost waste with Pestilence, the Inhabitants being fled away, I had slight quar∣ters for my Soldiers, which being quartered, having visited the Towne and Castle, I appointed the manner of our Watch, and did beset the Po••stes, from our Guards, which were kept both in the Towne and on the Castle, and then I sent Orders to the Boores of the Graveshaft, to come in the next day, with Spades, Shovels and Axes, for to repaire the workes, that were almost ruined, being a scurvie hole, for any honest Cavalier to maintaine his cre∣dit by.

Before my comming, two Troopes of Bawtees Horsemen (viz.) Major Roustene, and Long-fretts, were quattered there, who getting intelligence the Army was to march upon me, being Horsemen, quit the Garrison to our selves, and took them to the Fields, to joyne with their Colonels Regiment, being neere hand, so that our Quarters thus enlarged, we were glad to be rid of their trouble, as they were to eschew the Enemies comming, serving bet∣ter in the Fields, then they could doe within Walles: The Horsemen gone, I was evill sped, for being put on such a place with such orders, appointed to fight to the last man, where no Cavalier with credit could hold out twenty foure houres, being pursued by an Army, except the Lord extraordinarily would shew mercy: Neverthelesse, getting three dayes longer continuation before the enemies comming, we did worke all of us night and day, till we had Stacketed the Wall about, the height of a man above the Parapet, having made a breast-worke of earth within the Walles round about, with Traverses within, for cleering out the Enemy, if he had entered at a breach; our Work ended, and our Ports Ranforced with Earth to resist the force of Pittards; we see in the afternoone the Enemies squadrons of Foot and Horse, about eight thousand strong, marching unto us, having Artillery conforme, we finding them marching within reach, I caused to salute them with two small shot, wherewith a Rut-master, and a Lievtenant of horse were killed, which made the rest march out of di••••ance: The Army drawne up in Battell without reach of our Canon, they sent a Trumpeter summoning us to a treatie, he was an∣swered; we had no such Orders, but we had Powder, and Ball at their ser∣vice.

Whereupon they commanded a Captaine with a hundred and fiftie musketiers towards the Porte, directing proportionally to the rest of the Portes: our souldiers in the beginning before the Portes killed of them above thirtie souldiers, and two Livetenants, I not being able to maintaine the Towne, retired with my folke on the Castle: I being retired, the Burgers made up, set open the Portes to the enemie, giving him entrance, who did bring in his whole Artillerie, and Amunition to the market place, and then sent to mee a Drummer to see, if I would render up the Castle upon good conditions, then they were in my power, but if not, I should have no quar∣ters afterwards.

They got their first Answer againe, and then the service beginnes anew on both sides, and they begunne before night to plant their Batteries, within fourtie pace of our walles, which I thought too neere, but the night drawing on, wee resolved with fire workes, to cause them remove their quarters, and their Artillerie.

Having thrown some fiery Granades on the houses, and seeing they wrought no effect, I hired a stout souldier with a Pike to reach a firye Ball I had made (upon the top of the next house that lay to the Castle) which in the end was fired, so that the whole street did burne right alongst betwixt us, and the ene∣my, who was then forced to retire, both his Cannon, and souldiers, and not without great losse done unto him by our souldiers, by meanes of the fire∣light; where other two Officers, and eighteene of their souldiers were killed.

The day cleering up, I fell out after with fourescore Musketiers, and tooke thirteene Crabbats prisoners. The Army leaving us for that time they mar∣ched forwards for the releefe of Colberg, and I retired to the towne to comfort the Burgers, for their losse sustained by the fire, caused through necessitie, ha∣ving no other meanes to escape our enemies fury.

I being retired to the Castle, and the enemy marching to Colberg, having made up eighteene Dragoniers to march after the enemy for bringing me in∣telligence, if his Majesties forces from Statin were come betwixt the enemie and Colberg, my party retiring shewes, that the field Marshall Gustave Horne, and Colonell Mackey, that cōmanded the cōmanded musketiers, were joyned with Kniphousen, Bawtish, and Sir Iohn Hepburne; and were lying over-night, before a passage betwixt the enemy, and Colberg▪

The next morning being darke till nine aclock with a thick mist, the horse∣men charging one another, they came in confusion on both sides, being af∣frighted alike, retired from each others with the losse of fourescore men on both sides: The particulars whereof I will not set downe, having not seene the service, though I was within hearing of their Cannon and Muskets both.

Two horsemen of Bawtish Regiment, that had charged through the ene∣my came, and reported to me openly, in presence of many souldiers, that the Swedens were all beaten, I being offended at the manner of their report, I cau∣sed to imprison both the horsemen, till I knew greater certainty, and calling my souldiers together, I was prepared for the enemies returne. But he passing by a mile from us, I sent Dragoniers to cut off his passage, giving them charge to cut off the Bridges, but his Dragoniers being there before mine, to be quit of their ill; my Dragoniers returned againe in safetie, allowing passage to their enemies: within few dayes after, having escaped this inconvenience, I was re∣called from thence, by his Majesties order, to joyne with the Felt-marshall Horne, then at Griffinberg, with a party of the Armie, where before my

departing, I took an Attestation, from the Amptman of the Castle, of the good order and Discipline, that was kept by vs there; And being glad I was rid with credit of such a place, I marched to Griffenberg to finde the Felt-Marshall.

The second Observation.

[ O] THe fore-sight of a wise Commander availes much, in preventing the intentions of our Enemies; First, in besetting the passages, through which he might come upon us, which doth hinder his march in giving us the longer time to bee prepared for his comming: Next, the farther our wings are spred without us, our Body is the better guarded by good intel∣ligence: Thirdly, by this meanes, wee can the better provide our Army with thinges necessary: Fourthly, the passages without being kept, they be∣ing next the Enemy, wee can have the more timely advertisement of our ene∣mies designes, so soone as they are hatched.

This Cavaliere Kniphowsen, though hee was unfortunate, he had both the Theorie and Practick befitting a Commander; whom once I did heare say, that one Ounce of good Fortune was to be preferred before a Pound weight of Wit; which hee knew well by his owne experience; and to my know∣ledge, though hee was unfortunate himselfe, yet Cavalieres under his com∣mand, could learne by him much good order and discipline.

And though in his life-time, hee loved not our Country-men; Neverthe∣lesse, for the love I carried to his vertues, I would not omit to make mention of his worth. No feare of danger, or death can be an excuse to a man, to serve the Publique in his calling.

Before I was commanded to enter this Towne, the Infection was great; yet none of us did forbeare to converse with the Sicke, though daily exam∣ples of mortality were frequent amongst us; for on our Watches, wee knew not the cleane from the foule; Neverthelesse, it behoved us all to passe on our duties, as wee were commanded; and though I know no reason for it, fewer Souldiers dyed of the infection than Burgers.

[ P] Yet one rare Sparke, being a resolute ••ix Souldier with a Musket, as ever I commanded, dyed here of the Pest, called Andrew Monro, who being but Eighteene yeares of age, though little of stature, no toyle nor travell could o∣verset him; and as hee was stoute, so he was merry, and sociable without of∣fence, such another was his Cozen Iohn Monro, Kilternies grand-child, who dyed of a burning Feaver, being alive without feare before his Enemy, and of a merry and quicke disposition: I made onely mention of their names, because they lived vertuously, and dyed with farre more credit, then if they had dyed at home, where their names had never bin recorded for their worth and vertues.

It is the duty of a Commander, to whom a Frontier Garrison is put in trust, timely to fore-see all wants, and defects about the place hee is trusted with, as to repaire the workes, to provide it with victuals, with powder, with Ball, Match and Armes; for it were not good hee had his materials to seeke, when hee is resolved to begin his worke.

Likewise his workmen, if they bee not sufficiently furnished before-hand, he will be forced to dismisse them, before his worke be credibly ended: his o∣ver-seers must be also good and diligent, otherwise, there may bee too many crevises in their building, and he himselfe must give good example in over∣seeing all, and in fore-seeing of all inconveniences, not trusting unto others, to

discharge those duties, hee is bound to discharge himselfe; and in ••ase of extremity of danger, hee must ever bee the first himselfe to looke unto it, and the last in comming from it, otherwise hee can neither maintaine the place, nor his credit.

Hee must also be very modest, and secret, in not revealing the dangers hee fore-sees, but be amending of them, for feare to discourage others.

Likewise wee see here, that it is alike with a Commander keeping a strength sometimes, as it is with a body, whereof some members are infe∣cted with a Canker, that to preserve the body they must resolve to lose a member, as it was with us at this time, being forced to burne a part of the Towne, to preserve the rest and our selves; otherwise, all must have beene lost.

But God favouring us by the winde, that obeyeth when hee comman∣deth, and the Element of the Fire also, supplying the defect wee had of Wa∣ter in our Graffe (being but dry on that side) wee were guarded with fire in stead of water, and that bravely.

The Enemy being gone, wee preserved the rest of the Towne in quensh∣ing the fire.

Here also, wee may see the benefit we reape, when Frontier Garrisons are [ Q] well beset, if the Enemy fall into our Land, as wee are able to affront him in his comming, so in his going, taking alwayes Prisoners of him; and this is the right use of Strengths; that when wee suffer losses in the Fields, wee have time to draw breath againe, our Garrisons being well beset, as was s••ene in the Peace made betweene the King of Denmarke and the Emperour. For if his Majesty of Denmarke, had not built Luckstad on the Elve, hee had hardly recovered Holsten againe; even so this Garrison being set here, gave time (by the holding up of the Enemy) to his Majesties Forces, that were come from Stati••, to bee before the enemy at Colberge; for if they had fought better, I had observed the more.

The third Dutie discharged of our March to Prymhaussen neere Stargard, and from thence to Statin.

BEeing recalled from Shevelben wee joyned with the Felt-Marshall Horne, at Griffinberg; taking our march towards Prymhaussen, a great Dorpe neere Stargard; his Majesty being then at Colnoe, draw∣ing his Forces together, hee intended to try the Enemy before Winter, ha∣ving met with the most part of his Forces at Prymhaussen, the word was spred, his Majesty had dealt out winter Quarters, to move the enemie to doe the like, that they drawing to Quarters, his Majesties Armie being together, they might take advantage of the Enemy being setled in their Quarters.

Wee having stayed with the Felt-Marshall, till the Colonell went for [ R] Scotland, accompanied with Major Monro, Capraine Francis Sinclaire, Ma∣ster Hugh Mowat, and Lieutenant Barrie; they being gone, his Majesty com∣manded I should march to Statin, and joyne with the Regiment, and to re∣ceive Orders from Generall Major Lesley, beeing Commandant for the time; where, by the way at Colnoe, I did speake with his Majesty,

who told mee, hee was to preferre Captaine Bullion, (being one of my Captaines then) to be Generall quarter Master to Horse; As also shewed to me, that hee had imployed my Colonell for new leavies, and therefore he had recalled mee to remaine with the Regiment in his absence, recommen∣ding unto me diligence, in keeping good Discipline, and in defending of the Post••s, which should bee intrusted to our watching, seeing wee were to watch on Here Tyvell his Poste: Thus his Majesties admonitions received, I was dismissed, to continue our march to Stati••, where wee being no soo∣ner arrived, but Generall Major Lesly appointed me my Quarters and Poste to watch at.

The next day his Majesty directed Captaine Dumaine to mee, with an Order under his Majesties Hand and Seale to place him Captaine over Bulli∣on's Company. The Order I reverently received, and appointed the Cava∣l••ere the next day in the afternoone to come to mee, ••eeing the next mor∣ning I was to ride to his Majesty, being loath his Maiesty should diminish my priviledge, having the freedome by his Majesties capitulation to place the Officers of the Regiment, as they were vacant, and not his Majesty, ha∣ving once disposed of that priviledge.

Being come to Colnoe, I moved Sir Iohn Hepburne to accompany me to∣wa••ds his Majesty to assist me; his Majesty asked whether I had placed the Captaine, or not; I answered, that finding it prejudiciall to his Majesties service, I had resolved to acqu••int his Majesty first therewith, seeing the Ca∣valiere, though otherwise sufficient, hee lacked Language, to command the Company being Dutch, his M••j••sty replyed, hee would soone learne so much Dutch, as to cōmand a Company; and thus sayd, his Majesty asked, on whom would I bestow the Company; I answered, to a Cavaliere that deserved well of his Majesty, called David Monro, then my Lieutenant: his Majesty tur∣ning to Generall Banniere, replyed disdainfully, what ••hall I thinke? Hee would place his own Cozen, and not obey my Orders: whereupon I returned to place Captaine Dumaine in obedience to his Majesties will, for that time.

Major Iohn Monro gone for Britaine with his Colonell, disposed his Company to his Lieutenant William Stewart, who was younger Lieutenant, then David Monro, yet once comming before him, hee was still elder Cap∣taine, and con••equently neerest preferment, under that Regiment, through this change onely.

Likewise, by the death of Major Synnot at Statin, Captaine Iohn Sinclaire, being a worthy Cavaliere, was preferred to bee Sergeant Major, and Synn••••s Company was put by the Lieutenant, and disposed to Captaine Semple••: In like manner Lieutenant Pringle dying at Statin, Henry Lindese•• was advan∣ced to be his brothers Lieutenant.

During this Harvest, 1630. the Pest raged so at Statin, that divers brave Souldiers of the Regiment, were buried there; Neverthelesse, a great deale fewer dyed of them, then either of Dutch, or Swedens, which was seene on our march towards Brandenburg, being stronger then other Regiments, that at their landing were twice stronger then wee; for no extremity of Hunger, Pestilence, or Sword could ever make one of them runne away from their Colours.

[ S] The Colonell being gone for Leavies, ingaged my brother Obstell to bring over a Regiment of Foot for his Majesties service, Major Iohn Monro being preferred to bee his Lieutenant-Colonell, and Captaine Ennis his Major,

being gone for Scotland after the in-taking of Brandenburg.

The Colonell gave another Commission for a Regiment of English to Sir Thomas Conoway, to whom Captaine George Stewart (a brave and a valorous Gentleman) was preferred to bee Lieutenant-Colonell, and Captaine Mon∣gorge Major; but the misfortune happened, that in their over-going, both the Colonell and Lieutenant-Colonell were cast away, being drowned on the Coast of Denmark, and afterwards, the Regiment having lost three Companies by Sea, the overplus were commanded for a time, by the Major, which af∣terwards were disposed by his Majesty to Sir Iohn Cassels to bee made up a∣gaine to a Regiment.

At this time, Colonell Lumsdell having brought over also a Regiment of Scots, Captaine Robert Stewart came over his Lieutenant Colonell, having served at first as Ensigne and Lieutenant to Captaine Mackenyee under this Regiment, and there after came againe unto Spruce, Captaine under Sir Iohn Hamiltons Regiment, in May 1629. And was preferred after the In-taking of Virtzberg, having beene before at the Battaile of Lipsigh: during this time wee lay at Statin, his M••j••••ty did take in both Garts, and Griffen hagan, and af∣ter retyring to Statin, did prepare for his march towards new Brandenburg.

The third Observation.

AS Vicissitude maintaines the world; so all temporall things here be∣low are subj••ct to Changes and alterations: for the world it selfe was never wholly under one long; and in Commandment changes are most frequent; being caused through the manifold accidents occuring in Warres, as by the frequency of our mortalities, in the profession of Armes; And also by the severall intentions of men, according to their capacities and severall wits, which tend some times to good, sometimes to evill, and oft to nothing, or to worse.

Likewise by example, here wee see inferiours must yeeld to their betters [ T] in some things, though without reason, giving way to Princes that are abso∣lute. Yet it is the duty of the inferiour to maintaine his Right, lest he should be thought too simple, in over-passing it; For though perhaps at first wee bee not heard; yet it may happen, that afterwards we be not incroached upon, more in that kinde; For as a Generall commands his Armie; so should a Colonell command his Regiment, that hee may advance the vertuous accor∣ding to merit, and good deserving, more then by favour; If hee would be well esteemed of, hee ought to have the understanding to preferre (for re∣ward) the respective and the obedient, and to hold backe onely those, who doe not well understand either themselves or others.

Here also we ••ee, that sometimes it is easier speaking with Kings by their inferiours, then to proud Generals, that although they beare the title, lacke the discretion, that should ••eason their Commands. For wee find oft times many of them doe command more through absolute authority, then through either love, respect or reason to their Inferiours: and for my part, I had ra∣ther follow with little me••••es a Commander, who would respect me in rea∣son for his love, then to follow a proud Generall, for greedinesse of meanes, that taking the snuffe in his nose would affront me without reason; such Ge∣nerals I did never follow, neither will follow (though I should quit the wars) for my owne contentment.

Wee see oft times, that the faults of the Inferiours are laid on the shoul∣ders of their Colonels, which should make Superiours to make the better choice of their Officers, especially in eschewing those, as pestiferous, who are inclined to factions, or given to sow sedition amongst Camerades, such are circumspectly to be avoided by the sound judgement of the Colonell, desi∣rous to live in peace, with those who ought to be his friends, that hee may be the more able to offend his Enemies. When both love and feare are in the hearts of the inferiours, then the Command is not burthensome, nor the obe∣dience sl••vish; for sometimes, as good obeyeth, as hee that commandeth, the Title onely with the authority being laid aside.

Sundry Cavalieres, that carried charge under this Regiment in Denmarke, wee see in the beginning of this new Warre; for having attained to a little experience under this Regiment, they are now like the Eagles birds, that how soone they can but flee, they take Command on themselves, and that most worthily, knowing, that it is ambition grounded upon vertue, makes the meanest Souldier mount from the lowest centrie, to the top of honour to bee a Generall; as some of our worthy Countrimen have done under the Crowne of Sweden, to their eternall glory.

To conclude this Observation as I begun, seeing all things here are but humaine, unstable, and but waves, and tossing, wherein there is nothing sure, but that, which is tyed to the Anchor of true Pietie: fot our very life, brings many things with it contrary to our expectation. Therefore, wee ought not to aske when, or where, but we should be ever mindfull how wee are pre∣pared; for they live ill, that thinke they shall live ever. Men will com∣mand, and bee commanded so that they may live, but not live so, as they are commanded to live well.

The fourth Duty discharged of our March to New-Brandenburg, and of the In-taking of it.

HIs Majesty after overcomming his Enemies at Garts, and Girffin-Hagan, having retired to Statin, and made preparation for a happie new-yeares march in the beginning of Ianuary, 1631. Wee brake up from Statin, taking our march towards New-Brandenburg, the earth clad over with a great storme of Snow, being hard frost, wee carried along great Ca∣nons of Batterie, and a number of small Canon, being well provided of all thinges belonging to Artillery; our little Army consisting then of eight Thousand Horse, and Foot, having left the rest of the Army under Com∣mand of the Felt-Marshall Horne, before Lund••berg in the Marke: our march the first Night went no further, then beyond the passe of Lackness, where wee quartered over night: breaking up the next morning, wee conti∣nue our march for three dayes towards Brandenburg, where there lay in Gar∣rison as Commandant, Colonell Marizane with Five hundred Horse, and twelve hundred Foot; being as complete to looke on, as you could wish.

His Majesty, being come by Three a clocke in the after-noone, within shot

of Canon to the Towne, drew us in Battaile, and then divided out the Poasts, where the Briggads should lye, commanded out the Horse watch∣es, to lye without the Foot, other Troupes were also commanded forth for battering the Streets, and the rest of the Horsemen, being directed to Quarters, The Foot battaile ordered, Drums beating, Colours advanced, and flying, every Briggad by divisions marched to their Poastes, where be∣ing arrived, their Watches duely set, the rest were setled in their Quarters, being Commanded, both Officers and Souldiers, not to stirre out of Quar∣ters from their Armes, but to attend on Orders.

In our by-going, being within distance of Cannon to the Towne, we were saluted with Cannon, Hagbuts of Crocke, and with Musket; where, with∣in a short time, wee rendered unto them their exchange with the interest; the service continuing so long, as they did (the night bringing silence over all, till day begun to breake againe) and then at our Poast there lay before the Port, a little Tri-Angle, with a Water-graffe about it, and a Draw∣bridge, wee passing through the Graffe, that was not deepe, stormed the Tri-Angle, and made the Enemy retire within the Towne walles, who fearing a generall storme, did presently cause to beate a Drum, desiring a Parlee, which was granted; pledges delivered hinc inde, the Treatie went on, and the Accord was made, and subscribed; they should march out with bagge and baggage, Horse and Foot, with full Armes, which should have a Con∣voy to Hagelberg, and so accordingly they marched out; and then his Maje∣stie to refresh the Armie, caused to make Quarters for the whole Foot with∣in the Towne, where wee lay two nights well entertayned.

His Majesty having a greater enterprise in hand, hee commanded out a Thousand choise Musketiers towards Trepto, two miles from Brandenburg, and the enemy being acquainted with their comming, hee did retyre to Da∣meine, the Leader of the party leaving two Companies in Trepto, marched forwards with the partie to take in a Castle on a passe lying in his way, be∣twixt Trepto, and Dameine; whereon were fifty commanded musketiers; who after a little defence made for their credit, did capitulate for quarters, being afraid of the Armies comming, they gave over both Castle and passe. His Majesty (leaving a few number of commanded men in Brandenburg, with a Commissary, for ingathering of Contribution, and Proviant for the Armie) he did breake up, and marched towards a little Towne, lying on the passe be∣low Dameine, called Letts: where in the Castle there lay above sixe hundred [ X] men of the Imperialists, that might have foughten for good quarters; but be∣ing carelesse of their Watch, our commanded Musketiers, having past the Bridge, were suffered to enter within the Castle, before the Garrison could get to their Armes, and being thus surprized, they got worse quarters, then if they had fought.

The Soldiers and Officers that first entred, made good booty; and having got gold chaines and mony in aboundance, by reason the Emperialists had lyen long there, who though they gathered the whole money of the Country, yet they had not the wit to transport it away, being silly simple Italians, and without courage, the poorest Officers that ever I looked on, and unworthy the name of Souldiers; for though they knew of our march, they suffered themselves pittifully to be surprized.

The Fourth Observation.

NOtwithstanding of the extremitie of cold, we see his Majesties dili∣gence, neglecting no time, making use of Winter, as of Summer, be∣ing an expert Generall, who in his judgement was nothing inferi∣our to the greatest Generall we read of, as doe witnesse his valorous actions. He seeing at our comming to Brand••nburge, what advantage the ground yeel∣ded to the enemy, to have hindered our comming unto it, As also perceiving what hurt the enemy was able to have done us, before our down-lying (ha∣ving known their strength, that were within, both of horse and foot) if hee had beene a resolute, and a couragious Commander, as hee was not, hee had tried our fore-troopes, before our comming so neere, which made his Majesty judge they would not hold out long.

Here at this time, a young Cavaliere desirous of honour, and greedy of good instruction, could have learned frō this King the way to command well; as likewise with order to direct all things fitting, how to pursue any place or strength he came before, as his Majestie did there, being the first part, wherein I did observe his Majesties dexteritie in Command, di••charging the dueties of severall Officers, being but one man, he never doubted to put in [ Y] execution what he once commanded, and it was well done; and no alteration was to be found in his Orders; neither did he like well of an Officer, that was not as capable to understand his directions, as he was ready, in giving them▪ Neverthelesse, hee would not suffer an Officer to part from him, till hee found he was understood, by the receiver of the Order.

Such a Generall would I gladly serve; but such a Generall I shall hardly see: whose custome was; to bee the first and last in danger him∣selfe, gayning his Officers love, in being the companion both of their la∣bours and dangers; for hee knew well how his souldiers should bee taught to behave themselves, according to the circumstances both of time and place, before they were led to fight, and being carefull of their credits, hee would not suffer their weakenesse, or defects to be discerned, being ready to foresee all things, which did belong to the health of his souldiers, and his owne credit. Hee knew also, the devices and Engines of his ene∣mie, their Counsell, their Armies, their art, their discipline: As also the nature and situation of the places they commanded; so that he could not bee neglective in any thing belonging to his charge; and he understood well, that an Army being brickle like glasse, that sometimes a vaine and idle brute was enough to ruine them; and to breake them, like the bricklest glasse that is.

His Majesties further diligence, after the intaking of Brandenburg we see, he giving neither time, nor leasure to the neerest Garrisons that were at hand, to resolve, what they had to doe; for one strength was no sooner ta∣ken, but incontinent, the commanded Musketiers, and horsemen, were presently closing up the passages of the rest, before they could either re∣tire, or send for supply; And so being long, sleeping in a carelesse securitie, some of them were taken, before they could bee prepared for to fight, or to take about their ports or bridges; so farre were they out of use with hunting, and making good cheere, that they were surprized, inter pocula: having regar∣ded their bellies, more then their credits.

Where I did see, the saying of the Prophet cleered, that saith, Men doe an∣noy themselves, in gathering goods, and cannot tell who shall enjoy them; For I thinke the Italians never minded, that the riches which they gathered in Po∣meren, should be suddenly transported from the Sunne unto the Northerne cragges and cliffes of Sweden; being led by the Lyon of the North, the Invin∣cible King of Sweden, of never dying memory.

The fifth Dutie discharged of the Intaking of Dameine by Accord.

GEnerall Major Kniphowsen, being come with a supply of horse and foote to our Army at Letts, and being joyned with us, his Majestie did give him orders to desire from the Colonells of all Regiments of foote and horse (according to a Swedens custome used at such times) the List of their marching men, and of their sicke, the Lists being severally given; our Army did effectivè consist of fifteene thousand men, of foote and horse, able to fight.

The next morning every Regiment of foote, according to custome, was commanded to have a competent number of Cannon baskets ready made, to be transported the next day on Waggons before Dameine, which we were to beleaguer; Therefore this preparation was made before hand for the Batteries, the wood being scarce and farre from thence.

The fourteenth of Februarie, we did breake up, horse and foote, and mar∣ched towards Dameine from Letts, our horsemen were directed to lie without us, on both sides of the Towne alike, so that the Towne could get no supply, without they would first beate our horsemen, and next our foote; His Ma∣jestie remaining with the Infantry, as his choice, we incamped on a hill, and about it within Cannon shot of the Towne, being our best Quarters in the extremitie of the cold, without house or shelter to defend us from the winde.

At our first drawing up in battell, a worthy Gentleman called Robert [ Z] Rosse, one of our Regiment, was kill'd with the Cannon, being blowing of Tobacco before the Regiment; died instantly, and was transported to Letts, where he was honourably buried in the Church, whose last words were worth the noteing, saying, Lord receive my Soule.

His Majestie having first disposed of the Horsemen, in giving them their directions, the foote was standing in battell, under the mercy of the Cannon, behinde this hill for two houres, while his Majestie was in viewing and re∣cognoscing both Towne and Castle: which done, the Guards were com∣manded forth to their severall Posts, to the Artillerie, and to his Majesties baggage, then his Majestie directed Generall Major Kniphowsen, and his Forces, with the thousand commanded Musketiers, to take in the passage that went to the Castle, on which service was commanded Here Tivell his Lievetenant Colonell, called who commanded the partie; under whom was, with the commanded men of our Regiment, Lievetenant George Heatly, the service beginning hot on both sides, striving for the passe, the Lievtenant Colonell was killed. At which time Lievetenant Heatly be∣ing

shot, notwithstanding, behaved himselfe valourously, being the first with his Musk••tiers that cleered the passe from the enemy, in making them give ground, he possessed the mill on the other side of the passe, till the rest of the commanded Musketiers did follow the enemy to the Castle; where Knip-howsen with his Forces did advance, the passe being free.

His Majestie having given Orders where the Batteries should be made, giving Generall Banier charge to attend the Armie, as it begunne to grow darke, his Majestie accompanied by Colonell Tivell, went to appoint the place where the approaches should beginne, where the Guards should be kept that were to guard the workmen, in case of an out-fall: where presently both the Guards, and the men that should worke, were commanded forth, with sufficient Officers to oversee them. Likewise there were men commanded from every Regiment proportionably, for making the Batteries, and a strong Guard was appointed to guard the Cannon against an out-fall; others were commanded from every Regiment, to make more Cannon Baskets, and the Furiers, with Convoyes, were ordained to returne to Letts, for bringing of Proviant to every Regiment.

This all orderly done, he that had meate in his Knapsacke, being free of dutie, could invite his Camerade to supper, and make merry till he were commanded on dutie himselfe, where divers did eate that were not sicke on the morrow.

The enemy perceiving the next morning the Guards by the approaches, saluted them with Cannon and Musket, and were saluted againe, though not so kindly as friends doe one ano••her. The service continued the whole day, his Majestie oft visi••ing the Castle, being hardest prest, as of most conse∣quence; for the Castle once wonne, the Towne could not hold out.

[ Z] Vpon the Castle were seaven Companies of Colonell Holks Regiment, who fearing to be blowne up by a Mine, entred in treatie, and were con∣tent to take service under his Majestie, and to render their Colours, which immediatly was agreed upon, and their Colours brought to be planted and spred on our Batteries, as tokens of his Majesties victory. The Cannon in the meane time from our Batteries, thundring till night on their workes, they begunne to be discouraged, finding the Castle was given over, they were out of hopes to maintaine the Towne longer.

The next morning Captaine Beaton of our Regiment, having the guard in the Trenches, the enemy falling out strong, the Dutch retired and gave ground, while our folke maintained their Poast valiantly in sight of his Ma∣jesty, who commanded Generall Bannier with some Musketiers of Here-Tyvells Regiment and ours (led on by Major Potley an English Cavalier of good worth) to second the Guards, and to beate backe the enemy in plaine champagne, Generall Bannier advanced, the enemy playing hard with can∣non on them, Notwithstanding whereof, entering the skirmish, the ene∣my was beate backe not without great losse on both sides, where I cannot but commend Bannier his carriage, being in sight of his King, as his Maje∣sty did commend our Nation for their good behaviour and charity: for a Captaine of Banniers Regiment being left for dead on the field, his coun∣trimen for feare, refusing to bring him off, he was voluntarily brought off by our countrimen, to their great praise, who after disdaining his Camerades and thanking our countrimen, he died of paine and agony before night.

After this show made of courage, by the besieged, they being discoura∣ged, desired a Parle, where Major Greeneland an English Cavalier then ser∣ving the Emperour, was sent out to make the accord with his Majesty, pledges delivered by both, the accord agreed on was subscribed, where it was co••cluded, the Governour should march out with flying Colours, and Armes, and with two peeces of Ordinance, with bag and baggage, and a convoy to the next Emperiall Garrison, providing the Governour should leave behinde him all cannon, being threescore peeces of Brasse, all store of Amunition and victuall, and all spare Armes, and to march forth pre∣cisely the next day by twelve of the clocke.

But had the Governour the Duke of Savellie bin so valorous, as those he [ A] commanded, he might, in respect of the season & situation of the Towne, have kept the City a moneth longer, so that to our Iudgments he was no good Souldier, knowing his Generall was able to relieve him.

The enemy thus march't away, and his Majesty having beset the Garri∣son, heareing Generall Tylly with a strong Army had taken resolution to visit his Majesty in Maclenburgh, he stood not long on advisement, but out of hand disposed of his Army couragiously, wisely, and circumspectly, as the event did witnesse his Majesties good command an resolution. Damaine, beset with Swedens, Generall Bannier was ordained to stay there, for to command the Garrison, and to keepe correspondence with his Majesties, and with others in case of Tyllies coming: Generall Major Kniphowsen was sent with his owne Regiment, and six companies of my Lord of Rhees comman∣ded by his Lievetenant Colonell Bainshow to lie at new Brandenburg, Major Sinclair with two companies was ordained to lie at Triptowe, the Grave Fon∣ottenburg with his Majesties Regiment of horse, and my squadron of Foote was appointed to lie at Malchene, his Majesty himselfe with the rest of the Army were to lie at Pooswell, being the passe unto Pomeren, and to the Oder, Felt-marshall Horne being recall'd with his forces from Landsberg, was or∣dained to lie at Freedland: all having their instructions and orders in writ, which they durst not passe one jot; to th'end, that where ever Tyllies Ar∣my would settle, the rest of our Army from the severall Garrisons, should come together to relieve the party besieged, if his Majesty thought fitting. So leaving Damaine, having lost three hundred men before it, our march houlds out, according to our severall orders and instructions.

The fifth Observation.

ALL things were atchieved unto here, by the goodnesse of a glorious order, being seconded with skilfull and valorous Officers and Soul∣diers, obedient even unto death, every one by revolution keeping his certaine time and turne, and that with strictnesse, each being greedy of their owne honour and advancement, under this noble King and Generall who liked of no wicked Souldier, living out of compasse and rule; such as were birds of the Divells hatching, all such were banished from this Ar∣my, that was led by Pious and religious Gustavus of never dying memory; who could not abide any that would profaine Gods ordinance, or that refu∣sed to give obedience to good orders.

Here at Letts, before our rising to Dameine, I could not but pitty, though an enemy, the Italian Governour, that commanded in Letts, who suffered

himselfe, the place, and his followers to be surprised, knowing of the Ar∣mies approach: for we see by his example, that goods evill conquest with great paines, are soone lost, going away with wings swifter then the winde; [ S] whereof Histories are full of examples, to which purpose I will inferre one story, I have reade of Hugolene Gerrardesque Depise, as records, Paulus Aemili∣us in the eighth booke of the French story. This Hugolene being a Comman∣der for the Pope over the Guelfes, having chased a part of the Gibelins that were with the Emperour, terrifying the rest, he became so greatly renow∣ned amongst his owne folke, that he commanded what he pleased, and was made Lord and Governour of a City (as this Italian was here) being accoun∣ted noble, rich, magnificent, and learned, he was married, having good issue, he abounded in all riches, more then he could desire or wish, being counted happy, and at his ease according to his owne minde, and the opi∣nion of his friends; he made a feast on his birth day, and having assembled his friends; being merry he fell in commendation of his owne worth and ho∣nour, extolling himselfe above the Clouds so farre, that he begun to aske of one of his neerest friends, if he thought he lacked any thing to make him happy: the other considering the uncertainty of worldly affaires, and the deceitfull vanities thereof that perish in a moment when the Lord pleaseth but to breath, said; certainely the wrath of God cannot be farre from this thy great prosperity. Incontinent the Forces of the Gibelius begining to stirre, unexpected come about the lodging, breake in through the Ports kill his children, and take himselfe, who begging life being refused, was miserably murthered, and all his goods taken by the enemy in Italy, in the yeare 1288. to teach all mortall men not to glory too much in uncertaine riches, that come but slowly and goe away swiftly.

Those men that are meanely risen, may justly be checked here, that when [ C] they have attained unto wealth, riches and honour, presently they will be∣gin to counterfeit the Nobility, pressing to tread in their foote••steps, though not belonging unto them: for wealth attained unto, it may be by unlaw∣full meanes, should not make the owners too proud of it, lest suddenly it may be lost, as chanced to Hugolene. Neverthelesse some fantastick Offi∣cers, that cannot governe themselves nor their wealth, they will hunt and hawke, with traines on Princes bounds (as I have knowne some doe being abroad) thinking themselves equall to Princes▪ whereof they were farre short, and they will have their silver plate, their gold, their silver, their Iewells, their Coaches, their horses, their traines, and Officers of houshold counterfeiting greatnesse and great men, having, it may be, but little worth besides, suffering themselves in their Pompe to be surprized, their good•• ta∣ken from them, and then to be cast in a close dungeon or prison, till they die for want, the reward of their pride; whereas it had beene better, they had lived with greater sobriety and modesty, and then if misfortune should happen unto them, they would be the more respected, and consequently the sooner set at liberty.

I have read of Cavaliers that served long and truely with credit, whose mindes were not set on outward things perishable; but rather their hunting was after a good name, renowne and credit to leave behinde them, when all other things might be stripped from them; which in my opinion were more to be commended then those that would counterfeit worth being without it. But on the contrary, I have knowne some Cavaliers, that hunted af∣ter

credit, did gaine much renowne, and were rich in credit, though poore otherwise, leaving no more houshold stuffe behinde them, but a spit and a pot, being so given to sobriety in their life times, that sometimes they were contented with a morsell of dry bread from a souldier. Not that I would have any Cavalier, that hath merited well, to be carelesse to maintaine him∣selfe [ C] in credit, according to his charge, if by lawfull meanes he can doe it, and if plenty increaseth, I would wish him timely to dispose of it, for his neerest friends or succession in a part, and the overplus I would wish him to bestow for the weale of the publique, and the adorning of his country, that after his death, the monuments of his vertue, and Trophees of his victo∣ries might live, and speake to succeeding ages, that such a one hunted well in attaining unto honour, and perpetuall renowne and credit.

Here also by the example of a worthy Master and Leader, being the [ D] Phoenix of his time, for a Generall, that he who hath seene his variable essaies, and learned to lay up the same in store, if he follow but his Masters precepts, and observe his orders, he cannot but in time merit the title of a judicious Commander; and doubtlesse one day having past his prentiship well under such a Master, he cannot but merit honour and reward, and then may be made choise of for the service of his King and country, before those who had not such experience under such a Leader. In remembrance of whom, I will inferre an accident happened his Majesty of famous me∣mory, the time of his beleaguering.

His Majesty walking alone on a marrish that was frozen, of intention with a prospective glasse, to spie into the enemies workes, the Ice breaking his Majesty falls up to the middle in water, being neere my Guarde, where Captaine Dumaine did command, who seeing his Majesty fall in, went towards him, of intention to helpe him out, which his Majesty perceiving, lest the enemy might take notice of them both, his Majesty wagged his hand that the Captaine might retire, which the enemy perceiving, shot a∣bove a thousand shot of Musket at his Majesty, who at last wrought him∣selfe loose, coming off without hurt, and sat a while by our guarde∣fire.

The Captaine being a bold spoken gentleman, well bred, and of good language, begun very familiarly to finde fault with his Majesty, for his forwardnesse in hazarding his Majesties person in such unnecessary dangers; on whom, at that time, the eyes of all Europe were fixed, expecting their freedome and reliefes (from the tyranny of their enemies) to come from his Majesty, and in case any misfortune or sinister accident (as God forbid) should happen unto his Majesty, what then would become of his Majesties confederates, and which was worst, what would become of many brave Cavaliers of fortune, who had no further hopes then to live, and to be main∣tained under his Majesty their Leader?

His Majesty having heard the Captaine, patiently thanked him for h•••• good counsell, and he could not but confesse his owne fault, which he could not well helpe, seeing his minde was so, that he thought nothing well done which he did not himselfe, and so went to dinner, where before he changed his wet clothes, in a could Tent, he called for meate, and dined grossely, and taking a great draught of wine went and changed his clothes, and immediatly coming forth againe, while as the enemy had fallen out, as was said before in the discharge.

The time of this out-fall, our Souldiers being commanded under Major Potley to beate backe the enemy, going on service, there happened a merry Accident to one of our Country-men (then Ensigne to my Colonells Company) called Iames Lyle, being in sight of his Majestie, going downe a a steepe hill, the enemy playing hard with Cannon, the Ensigne happened to fall forwards, the winde blowing off his Periwigge, which tumbled downe the hill, the Major sware a great oath, the poore Cavaliers head was shot from him, and seeing him rise againe without his false head, sware the Cannon had shot away the skinne, with the haire of his head being bald.

His Majestie at this time also seeing a Dutch Captaines cloake about him going on service, commanded to recall him, and to command out another, which was a disgrace to the Captaine, whom his Majestie openly reproved, saying, If he had intention to have fought well, he would have felt no cold, and consequently the carrying of his Cloake was needlesse.

In this meane time his Majestie looking on, from the enemies Battery a Cannon Bullet came so neare his Majestie, though he was really stout, he was made to stoope, and behinde his Majestie, the thigh was shot from a Swedens Captaine, belonging to the Artillery, who died the same night.

[ E] Here I cannot let passe an oversight unworthily committed by Generall Major Kniphowsen, while as the enemy was marching out, the Guard of the Posts being committed to the Swedens, having got command from his Ma∣jestie to let no Officer nor Souldier come within the Towne, till the enemy was marched out; Kniphowsen pressing in was put backe by the Captaine that commanded: Whereupon Kniphowsen not knowing what direction the Cap∣taine had, or from whom, he lifting a Battoun, brake it on the Captaines head, which was evill thought of by his Majestie and the whole Officers of the Armie. Neverthelesse, we never heard of the Reparation: so that I would never wish my noble friend to lie under an affront, though done by any for∣raigne King, for if I could not be revenged, I would serve against him to be revenged, if not of him, yet at lest of his, for which I crave pardon, having spoken rather like a Souldier than a Divine, for nothing should divert my heart sooner from my Superiour, than disdaine or contempt.

The sixth Dutie discharged of the Intaking of Bran∣denburg, and of Maior Iohn Sinclaire his escape out of Trepto.

GEnerall Major Kniphowsen with his Regiment and six Companies of my Lord of Rhees Regiment, commanded then by Lievetenant Co∣lonell Lindesey, were appointed to lie in new Brandenburg: when as the enemy lay downe before Brandenburg, I was recalled from Malchene with my squadron to joyne with Feltmarshall Horne at Freedland, being com∣manded to leave a Captaine with a hundred Musketiers behinde me of com∣manded men to beset Malchene: at this time also Major Sinclaire with his own Company, and Captaine Semples, were commanded to beset Trepto, which lay but two miles from Brandenburg; his Majestie with the rest of the Ar∣my,

being at Posewall, Tilly with his Army being ingaged in the beleaguering of Brandenburg, consisting then of twenty-two thousand foote and horse, having twenty-six pieces of Ordnance, with all furniture answerable, he be∣leaguered Brandenburg, thinking his Majestie being so neare, might be moved to ingage his Army with disadvantage to relieve it: But his Majestie being more wise, and having had a greater designe in his head, he suffered Tilly to try his Fortune against a place of no such importance, as to ingage a King and a Crowne, a Countrey and an Army, in relieving of it; and his Majestie re∣lying much on the wisedome, discretion, and valour of Generall Major Knip∣howsen, as that of himselfe he was sufficiently able to make an honourable Accord, when better could not be. And in the meane time, to divert the e∣nemy from him, his Majestie did make a Carracole with the halfe of his Ar∣my towards Swede on the River of the Oder, where he built a ship-bridge over the River, and caused to fortifie it with Skonces, that in his option he might come and goe on both sides of the River, till Feltmarshall Horne might joyne with him.

Generall Tilly hearing the King was marched, and fearing some great de∣signe, [ F] he pressed Brandenburg so much the harder, with continuall shooting of Cannon till a Breach was made, and then out of time Kniphowsen did send his Lievetenant Colonell with a Drummer to the breach, to desire a Parle, but being neglected by the enemy, as too late. The Parle refused, Lievete∣nant Colonell was killed, the enemy having given Orders for a generall storme, which going on, Lievetenant Colonell Lindesey and Captaine Mon∣creiffe were both killed, and Lievetenant Keith and Ensigne Haddon, were also cut downe in the fury, with many a brave Souldier besides, who being de∣nied Quarters, fought valiantly to the last man.

The other Scots Officers of the Regiment, being within the Towne, as Captaine Ennis, Captaine Gunne, Captaine Beaton, and Captaine Lermond, with their Officers and Souldiers, were for the most part, taken prisoners, with Lievetenant Lyell, and some other inferiour Officers, Captaine Ennis be∣ing on another Poast without the Port, which was not stormed at all, the e∣nemy having entred on the other side of the Towne, where in the fury they did put the most part to the sword, and coming through the Towne Port, upon Ennis his Poast behinde him, he and Lievetenant Lumsdell did leape in∣to the Graffe, and saved themselves through a marrish from the fury of their enemies, and came to us to Freedland. Brandenburg thus taken in, a partie was sent towards Trepto, where Sinclaire did command, getting orders to take it in also. But Sinclaire did behave himselfe valiantly in falling out upon the ene∣my, who retired againe without great hurt, and maintained the Towne for two nights, till he had received Orders from the Feltmarshall to quit it in the night. And after that he did joyne with us at Freedland.

The Feltmarshall knowing that Brandenburg being taken, the enemies For∣ces would march upon him, and he having Orders and instructions in writing from his Majestie, he retired with his Army over the passe towards Aucklam, the enemy advanced to Freedland, finding us to be gone, they retired in hafte backe to Brandenburg, and from thence they march backe againe to Rapine, suspecting his Majestie had marched before them towards Magdeburg: Tillies Army being marched, we retired to Freedland, from whence Ensigne [ G] Greame, with some Dragoniers, was sent to Brandenburg to take Order for the hurt and sicke, whom Generall Tilly had left behinde him, which were plon∣dered,

and some others killed by the Ensigne and his Souldiers, who had al∣so runne the same hazard by the enemy his Crabatts, had they not retired in time; after whose returne, my Musketiers being come from Malchene, we were readie to march.

The sixth Observation.

THE crueltie and inhumanitie used here by Tillies Armie, giving so ill quarters to our Nation, to Burgers, and to those that served at the Altar, was not long unpunished, at such places, as they least ex∣pected.

[ H] And Generall Major Kniphowsen was not voide of blame, for refusing a Treatie in due time, seeing he had no certaintie of reliefe, and being l••ft to capitulate with the enemy, at his owne discretion (by his instructions he had from his Majestie) he ought to have embraced the opportunitie of time (which once past is not to be recovered) in capitulating with the enemy for honourable Quarters, rather than to have brought himselfe and others to the slaughter, for he who delayes to embrace time when it is offered, must not presse to recover it, and oft-times good occasions in warfare are lost, when Commanders are ignorant of their enemies doings. Therefore while time is, we ought to be diligent and carefull; for it is better to be in safetie through preventing, than basely to suffer under our enemies, occasion being past, which oft-times in warres helpes more than vertue it selfe: for if Knip∣howsen had embraced Tillies offer when he might, our worthy Camerades had not suffered as they did, which sufferance after that made Cavaliers b••ing freed out of prison, to seeke Conditions else-where for their adv••ncements, such as Captaine Ennis, being first made Major to Colonell Monro of Obstell, was afterward Lievetenant Colonell to the Master of Forbesse, after the death of that worthy Cavalier Sir Arthur Forbesse. Likewise Captaine William Gunne, being com•• out of prison, was after advanced by Sir Patrick Ruthven, Generall Major and Governour of Olme, to be his Lievetenant Colonell o∣ver the Dutch in Schwabeland.

Captaine Beaton was made Major, and afterward Lievetenant Colonell to young Colonell Skeutte.

Captaine Lermond also was advanced to be Captaine of Dragoniers, and Iames Lyel, h••ving served long under Sir Iohn Ruthven his Regiment, the Re∣giment reduced, and the Captaine leavying againe for the French service, was pittifully murthered by knaves in Westphalia.

[ I] Henry Lindesey advanced to be Captaine of his Majesties Leeffe Regiment under Grave Neles, after for reward of his vertue and valour, was preferred to be Lievetenant Colonell to Colonell Alexander Lesly the younger: Cap∣taine Brumfield was made Major to Colonell Gunne, and after that Regiment was reduced, being under Sir Iohn Ruthven, was pittifully hurt in Combate, and then resolutely died of his wounds at Bucksteehood, being much lamen∣ted by all that knew him, for as valourous and expert an Officer, as any of his qualitie was under our Armie: so that we see here, that though the Regi∣ment suffered great losse at Brandenburg, neverthelesse the valiant Officers were advanced according to their former good carriage.

Likewise I cannot with silence here passe by the valourous carriage of Ma∣jor Iohn Sinclaire at Trepto, in making a faire shew of a bad game, while as the

enemy came before Trepto with a partie of a thousand Musketiers, he not ha∣ving a hundred Musketiers within the Towne in all, neverthelesse fell out with fiftie amongst a thousand, and skirmished bravely and orderly with the enemy, and retired againe with credit, making the enemy thinke that he was a great deale stronger within walles. I confesse as it was well ventured, so the Cavalier was beholden to Fortune, in coming so safely backe. But I will not advise my friend to make use of the like; for if the enemy had haply got a prisoner of his, who could have shewed his true strength, that might have caused the losse of all. But the Cavalier did hazard faire to gaine credit: for as he was valourous in Conduct, and amongst others, even so being sin∣gled out, he feared no man, as you shall see in the subsequent observations before we end our march.

Here also I did observe the difference betwixt the King our Master and old Tilly; where I did see his Majesty, though younger, out-shoote the elder in experience, who by winning of a Dorpe (which was afterwards slighted) with the losse of two thousand men, over and above the toyle su∣stained by his Army, and the losse of some cannon, he lost Francford on the Oder, where three thousand were put to the sword, in requitall of his cruelty used at Brandenburg.

The seventh Dutie discharged of our march to Swede, and of our reformation there, being made into Brig∣gades.

TIllies Army being marched backe to Rapine, the Felt-marshall with his Army did breake up from Freedland with Horse, Foote, and Ar∣tillery towards Swede to joyne with his Majesty, continuing our march for three dayes to the passe at Lecknetts, where we rested two dayes, sundry Officers having taken Forloffes of his Excellence to goe unto Statine, to provide themselves of cloaths and necessaries, expecting for a long march, where I went also to see my wife and Family; and having stayed but one night, our march continued so farre in prosecuting our victories, that the enemy coming betwixt me and home, I was not suffered in three yeares time to returne, so long as his Majesty lived, which was much to my pre∣judice.

Being arrived at Swede on the Oder, and joyned with his Majesties Army, [ K] after our coming being drawne out to the fields, we were made into Briggades both horse and foote, where Sr. Iohn Hepburne being made Co∣lonell of the Briggad, his Regiment, Colonell Lumsdells, Stargates and ours, made up the Briggad, where Lumsdell & I had the Battaile, Colonell Hepburne his Regiment made up the right wing, and Colonell Stargates the left, which on our march was changed by turnes, and thereafter was still called the Scots Briggad commanded by Hepburne. Sundry other Briggads were made up, as the yellow or leeffe Briggad, commanded by the Baron Tyvell, the blew Briggad, commanded by Colonell Winckle, and the white Briggad

called Dametts, where having lien some few dayes, we were preparing for our march towards Francford on the Oder.

The seventh Observation.

GEnerall Tilly was no sooner marched with his Army, but inconti∣nent, the Felt-marshall did follow his example, to joyne with his Majesty. Where we may see, that these two wise Generalls did soare in the skies with their Armies, casting boards like warre ships, to get advantage one of another.

[ L] We see here that Cavaliers, though tied by Gods ordinance to live with their wives, being once severed and tied to serve, they cannot with credit quit their charge to come to their wives. The King himselfe being once engaged in the Dutch warres, was deprived for two yeares, from the sweete society of his Queene▪ which should teach women, and men of meaner quality, after their examples, to be patient in absence; for more love was never betwixt two, than was betwixt his Majesty and his Queene, no love could goe beyond their love each to others, except the love of Christ, God and man, towards man. For the love of this Queene, to her husband the King, did equall the love of the wife of Hieron, whom we read of in Plutarch his Apophthegmes for her rare continence and respect carried to her husband, shee never felt the breath of anothers kisse, but her husbands. Which in my opinion, this Queene of Sweden could well for her love to her husband have done, if it were possible, as is reported by Plinius of Arria, wife to Cecinna Paetus, who being condemned to die, with liberty to choose the forme of his death, his wife going to visit him, did exhort him to die valiantly with great courage, and taking good night of her husband, she strucke herselfe with a knife in the body, and drawing out the knife againe presented it to Paetus her husband, with these words, Vulnus quod feci Paete, non dole••, sed quod tu facies: as one would say, the wound I gave my selfe hurts me not, but the wound which you shall give grieves me. We read also of Portia, Cato his daughter, and wife to Brutus, who hearing of her husbands death, in despight of all that were about her, filled her mouth with hot burning coales, and was suffocated for griefe. We reade also a memorable story of the wives of the Menyans, recorded by Plu∣tarch in his fourth booke of Illustrious women, their husbands being in prison and condemned to death, for having enterprized against the King of Sparta the Lacedemonian custome being to execute their malefactors in the night, these noble women, under pretence to speake with their husbands, being appointed to die, got license of the Guards to goe within the prison, and having put themselves in place of their husbands, whom they made to put on their Gownes, taught them to cover their faces with vailes, as being extreamely sorry, carrying their heads downward, they escaped out of their hands.

Having inferred this discourse on a Queene, yet wife to the best Soul∣dier in our dayes, lest Souldiers wives should be worse thought of than o∣thers, having seene more love, more indurance, better obedience, and by [ M] appearance more chastity in them to their husbands, than ever I did see in any other profession, I will here yet inferre a rare example of a Souldiers wife, to encourage others to follow and imitate her vertues. The story

we reade written by Barnard Scardeon in his third booke of Padua, that Blanch Rubea of Padua, being retired with her Baptist de la Porte, within the for∣tresse of Bassean, pertaining to the Venetians: Acc••olen ba••••shed out of Padua with all his forces, assailed the said place, being valorously defended, it was impossible to get it, but by Treason; Baptist not losing courage, though surprised, running unto the Port with his Armes in his hand, but sup∣pressed by the multitude of his enemies having gotten entry, he was kil∣led by the hand of Acciolen; his wife Blanch did fight valiantly in the con∣flict, being armed with steele and with courage, farre beyond her sex. The enemy being victorious, she was taken perforce, and brought before the Tyrant, who being ravished with her beauty, at first making much of her, then desireth to ravish and bereave her of her honour, shee defending her selfe by words and prayers of entreaty escaped his hands, and fin∣ding the window open skips downe, where she was found ••ore hurt, and halfe dead, but by the diligence of good Chirurgians, she was made whole as before, and was solicited by the Tyrant againe, which she refu∣sing to yeeld unto, being bound was forced by the Tyrant, shee keeping her griefe within herselfe, gets liberty to goe see the dead body of her hus∣band Baptist; and pretending to doe some ceremonies about his Corps, and having opened the Grave, she crying, streached herselfe in the Grave, and violently with her hands pulls the stone that covered the grave over her, and her head being bruised, she died presently above her husband: in the yeare 1253.

The Ancient Germans did marry their wives, on the condition they should [ N] be their companions in travells and dangers; and as Cornelius Tacitus reports, one husband married but one wife, being but one body and one life. And Theogene the wife of Agathocles said, she was companion of his troubles and adversity, as she was of his prosperity: and being in love my selfe with the vertue of such women, rare to be found, I will yet enrich this observa∣tion with a notable example, that happened in the yeare 1466. betwixt Bon∣ne, Lumbard or Greeson, and Peter Brunore of Parme, as the Italian story re∣cords, which I here represent in favour of vertuous women, to incourage that sex more and more to the like vertue, being so pleasant where ever it is found to be seene. Bonne borne in the Woalkie of Talhine, in the country of Greeson, in which place Peter Brunore Parmesan one day walking alone, a brave Cavalier, and a Knight well experimented in warres, leading his Army, in passing by he sees this young Damsell feeding her sheepe in the fields, being little of stature, of browne colour, not pleasant, or faire to see to, but very merry, playing then with her fellowes; wherein she shewed a c••rtaine quicknesse of spirit, that the Knight Brunore looking on her attentively, observing all her gestures, and hoping of some great good of her, cau∣sed to take her, and leade her away with him against her will; that in time being accustomed with him, he made her divers times change clothes, and clad her at last like a boy, by way of pleasure and recreation of spirit, lea∣ding her oft a hunting, and using her to ride, and spurre horses, and o∣ther exercises, wherein shee shewed her quicknesse and dexterity; and though the Cavalier did keepe her but for pleasure, recreation, and pastime; ne∣verthelesse, she did set her selfe to serve him with a love and diligence in∣credible, in such sort, that willingly she could endure all manner of la∣bour, trouble or toyle of body or of minde, that Brunore could not under∣goe,

and went ever with him, as with her Master, in all his journies, assi∣sting him in all dangers, following him on foote, and on horsebacke, through dales and mountaines, by water and by land, with an intire and faithfull obedience, without over-leaving of him, or without grudging in any sort: she went also with him towards Alphonse King of Naples, for at that time this Cavalier and Knight Peter Brunore, did serve under Francis Sforce which party he after quit; but having afterwards changed his minde, he resolved to quit Alphonse King of Naples, and to retire to serve his former Master, the Count of Sforce, and while as he was making preparation for his flight, the businesse not being so privily carried, but that the King perceiving it, se∣cretly caused to apprehend Brunore, and cast him into prison, where he was kept long without hope of reliefe; Wherefore Bonne being restlesse, till she should see the day when the Knight Brunore were at liberty, she went to all the Princes and Potentates of Italy, and to the King of France, to Philip Duke of Burgoigne, to the Venetians, and to many more, of whom she at∣tained letters in favour of her deare and well beloved master, so that Alphon∣se wonne by such requests and the intreaty of so great men, was as it were constrained to set Brunore at liberty, and gave him unto that valorous warrier that did for him; who having gotten him loose, to doe yet greater service to her Master, did obtaine so much by her meanes at the Venetians hands, that they accepted of Brunore unto their service, and was made Leader to the Army of so great a Republique, and there was a great pension ordained for his entertainment, by which deeds of friendship, the Knight did know the faith, the vertue, and the valour of his Bonne: he esteemed it not honest to keepe her longer as a servant, as he had done till then, but married her, keeping her as his lawfull wife, making still great esteeme and account of [ O] her, following her counsell in all his affaires of weight, and importance, during which time, he attained unto great reputation under the Venetians, his enterprizes still coming fortunatly and happily to passe. This valiant Dame of his was still s••ene in Armes, when occasion was offered to fight, and when it was needefull to leade the Infantry, going before, she appeared like a Magnanimous Leader and warriour, being very capable in warlike mat∣ters, whereof she gave divers times good proofe, especially with the Vene∣tians against Francis Sforce at that time Duke of Millaine, where she made her selfe knowne, while as the Castle of Panon besides Bresse was lost; her courage did appeare so great, that every one did wonder at it, for being armed from head to foote, shewing her selfe more couragiously then any o∣ther at the storme, the Targe on her arme, and the Cutlesse in her hand, she was the meanes the place was recovered. At last the Venetians having great confidence in Brunore, and in the counsell and valour of Bonne his La∣dy, he was sent for the defence, and keeping of Negrepont against the Turkes, where by the Fortifications, they two made while they remained there, the Turkes had never the courage to hurt or impeach them; in end, Brunore dying, and buried with great respect and honour, Bonne his Lady returning towards the Venetians, for to get her husbands pension confirmed to two of her sonnes, and falling sicke, caused to make a Tombe of great charges, [ P] which she desired to be perfected before her death, and being dead, she was buried there, in the yeare 1468. Therefore it was well said, that there were three things seemed pleasant in Gods sight, the love betwixt brethren, the friendship betwixt neighbours, and man and wife continuing in uni∣on

and mutuall loyalty. Who likes to reade a pleasant story to this purpose, let him read Nauclerus treaty of the Emperour Conrade the third, in his warres against Guelly Duke of Baviere, who was forced for his safety, to retire within Rhinesberg, where the Towne being taken by accord, by the perswasion of Ladies, he would grant no other condition, but that the women should transport themselves out of the Towne in safety, with so much as they could carry, and no more, where one taking the Duke on her backe, the rest of the wives their husbands, the accord thus kept, and the Emperour Conrade moved to compassion, beholding their love and vertue, pardoned the Duke, and restored the Towne to their former liberties. And Bodin in the preface of his history reports that Laurence de Medices was healed of a grie∣vous disease, by reading of this story without any other helpe; I wish it may worke the same effect upon all those that made it, especially the Fe∣male sex, in making them follow the vertuous examples of these noble Ladies, in loving their husbands beyond all other things whatsoever, and those that will not be moved thereto, I wish them the death of that Roman Lady, reported of by Quintus Curtius and Titus Livius, called Publia Cor∣netia Annea, who lived twenty yeares without once offending of her hus∣band, [ Q] and seeing him die, contracted such griefe for his death, that she threw herselfe into the grave with her husband, where she died, and lay with him. This wish I hope cannot be taken in ill part by the vertuous La∣dies, that are like Cornelia: but I feare there is none such at all. To con∣clude then this point of my observation; in my judgment, no women are more faithfull, more chast, more loving, more obedient nor more devout, then Souldiers wives, as daily experience doth witnesse, and none have more reason to be so, then some of them, whose husbands doe daily un∣dergoe all dangers of body for their sakes, not fearing death it selfe, to ••elieve and keepe them from dangers. To th'end you may see, that the no∣ble parts and vertues before mentioned, are not proper alone unto the Fe∣minine sex, I will here inferre some notable examples of the good will, love and faithfullnesse of husbands to their wives, especially Souldiers, whereof amongst many, for the present, I will, to content the Reader, mention two or three, that are notable, whereof one happened at this time in our warfare, worthy to be recorded, of that noble, valorous, pious and worthy Cavalier, the Felt-marshall Gustave Horne; the Peste ha∣ving [ R] entred his lodging, and taken away two of his Children, seazed on his vertuous Lady, daughter to the Chancellor of Sweden; the Cavaliers love was so great, that in the extremity of her sicknesse, he never suffered her to be out of his armes till she died, and then caused her to be put in a Silver Coffin, that she might be transported for her country, to be buried amongst her friends; and his love was so great unto her, that after her death, though a young man, he could never be moved to leade his life with any other woman. Another example we reade in the story written by Pli••ie & Valerius Maxi∣mus, that is very notable to this purpose. Sempronius Gracchus, finding two ser∣pents coming out of his bed, enquired of Theologues what might that acci∣dent presage? they answered, that if he killed the she serpent, his wife should die, and if he killed the he serpent, he should die himselfe; he loved his wife Cornelia so dearely that he commanded to kill the he serpent, and shortly after he himselfe died. Also that which we reade of Meleager sonne to Danneus is notable, who would not rise out of his chaire, for the reliefe of the

[ S] Towne he was in, for his father, mother, brethren, or sisters, all crying and calling for his helpe, who nothing cared for their ruine: but how soone Cleo∣patra his wife came to him, desiring his helpe, and telling him, the enemy was alreadie entred the Towne, and was setting the houses on fire; this stony-hearted man, who before could be moved by nothing, at the desire of his wife, went to Armes against the enemy, and repulsing them backe, saved the Towne from wracke and ruine, and the Citizens from death: for this Melea∣ger (as all honest men ought to doe) esteemed his wife and himselfe but one; so that he could deny her nothing. Here it may be, some will alleage, he was Iohn Thomsons man. I answer, it was all one, if shee was good: for all stories esteeme them happie, that can live together man and wife without contention, strife, or jarres, and so doe I. And, in my opinion, no wife can be ill, that wants the gall; for the gall in the body is the seate of choler, from which the love of man and wife should be free, and as of gall, so of despite, of anger and of bitternesse.

The eight Dutie discharged of our March to Francford on the Oder, and the intaking of it, the third of Aprill 1631.

THE twenty-fourth of March 1631. his Majestie having disposed of his Armie, in putting them in good Order of Briggaddes, horse and foote, through he severall occasions and accidents happening in warre, his Majestie before his march, finding the enemy lay strong in the Silesian and at Lansberg, lest he might fall downe unto Pomeren and Marke, to disturbe the new forces that were expected to come from Spruce, and from Scotland, his Majestie directed Feltmarshall Horne, with a part of his Horse that crost the bridge at Swede unto Pomeren, and the Wart, to collect the for∣ces there, for to be fured and led towards the Wart and Lansberg, to give the enemy somewhat to thinke on, while as his Majestie might march with the rest of the Armie (consisting then of ten thousand foote and horse) towards Francford, where under the command of the Feltmarshall Tuffenback, and the Grave Fon-Schonberg Governour of Francford on the Oder, there were drawne together of the Emperialists neere nine thousand foote and horse. Generall Tilly, with this maine Armie then lying at Rapin, after his returne, from Brandenburg with two and twentie thousand foote and horse, his Ma∣jestie then not being sure, neither of his brother in law the Duke of Branden∣burg, nor yet of the Duke of Saxon, though the League was ended with the King of France, his Majesties affaires thus standing doubtfull, we marched towards Francford, with a resolution to prie into the enemies designes, more than any wayes resolved for a beleaguering, having such strong ene∣mies and Armies about us, without assurance of our pretended friends and confederates: yet having continued our march till within a mile of Franc∣ford, our enemies retiring out of all quarters were come into one body at Francford, who having joyned, we did heare the enemy was almost as strong within, as we were without, and he having of us the advantage of the Towne behinde him for his retreate, we expected no other thing, than that

the enemy should come out, and offer us Battell. Wherefore his Majestie himselfe discharging the dutie of a Generall Major (as became him well) having sought the ayd and assistance of Sir Iohn Hepburne, beginneth to put the Armie, horse, foote, and Artillery in order of Battell, the commanded Mus∣ketiers, [ T] as his forlorne hope, advanced before the Army, having placed plot∣tons of them by fifties, to march with his squadrons of horse, all being in even front, the signe given for advancing, Trumpets sounding, Drummes bea∣ting, Colours displayed, advanced and flying, every Commander directed and appointed on his Command and Station; the magnifick and Royall King leads on; this Royall Army marching in battell order for halfe a mile, as comely as one body could doe, with one pace, and one measure, advan∣cing, stopping, moving, and standing alike, till at last coming neere the Towne, and finding no Hostile Ranconter made by the enemy, we hault standing a while in Battell, and then resolved, being the enemy durst not meet us in the fields, we would presse on the sudden to be Masters of Francford, or not at all; knowing of the neerenesse of our enemies, and of the great strength they had together: and seeing we were not sure of the Princes, we resolved the taking of time was the best for us; and incontinent, his Majestie commanded out the most part of his Cavalerie, to make a Carracolle behinde us, betwixt us and Berleine, fearing Generall Tillie with his Armie might come behinde us, whiles we were ingaged with the Towne, keeping onely of all the Cavalerie the Rhinegrave and his Regiment, besides the Infanterie, in case of out-falling, to second us against the horsemen, that were within the Towne.

The Cavalerie thus directed, his Majestie then perceiving the feare of his enemies, having voluntarily fiered their fore-Towne (tooke their feare as a presage of his future victory) commanded a part of the commanded Mus∣ketiers to goe in, through the fore-Towne being on fire, and to lodge them∣selves, being advanced to the very port, till such time as his Majestie should dispose of the rest of the Armie, in directing every Briggade apart to their severall poasts. The yellow and the blew Briggade were directed to lodge in the Vineyards on the side of the Towne next Castrene, being commanded to advance their guards before them, while as the rest of the Briggade should lodge and lie in one body at their Armes, to be still in readinesse in case of an out-fall; the white Briggade, called Damits Briggade, was appointed to lodge in the fore-Towne, to guard the commanded Musketiers that lay betwixt them and the danger, at the Port right under the walles. Hepburne his Briggade was commanded to lie neare unto the other Port, and to advance their guards also; the rest of the commanded men to lie neare vnto the other Port, and to advance their Guards also; the rest of the commanded Mus∣ketiers being commanded by Major Iohn Sinclaire, were commanded to lye on a hight neere a Church-yard, that was direct before the enemies workes, besides which, there was a Battery made, and the Artillery and Amunition of the Armie (as commonly was usuall) was placed behinde our Briggade, and the Rhinegraves horsemen behinde us; all things thus ordered and pla∣ced, commanded folkes out of all Briggads were commanded out propor∣tionally for making of Cannon Baskets, and for casting of Trenches.

Then, according to custome, his Majestie himselfe and Colonell Tyvell [ V] went to Recognos••e neare the wall, where Colonell Tyvell was shot in the left arme, his Majestie then making openly great moane for him, alleaging he

had no helpe then, but of Hepburne; in the same instant my Lievetenant Da∣vid Monro was shot in the legge with a Musket Bullet, and my Major Iohn Sinclaire, commanding the commanded Musketiers neere to his Majestie, where the Battery was making, the enemy hanging out a Goose in derision, they presently fell out above two hundred of them upon our Guard, who re∣ceived them with volees of Musket, and they being too strong for the guard, his Majestie commanded the Major to send an Officer and fiftie Musketiers more to second the Guard. Neverthelesse, the enemy still pushing our guard backwards, making them give ground, incontinent his Majestie commanded the Major with a hundred Musketiers more to fall on, and to resist the ene∣my in relieving the Guard, which the Major suddenly obeyed, making the e∣nemy retire with greater haste than he advanced, where their Lievetenant Colonell and a Captaine were taken prisoners, and after the Major taking in a Church-yard, that lay right before the enemyes workes, and keeping his Guarde there, he did keepe the enemy under awe, so that we were no more troubled with their out-falling, though diverse of our Officers and souldiers were hurt by them from their workes, the Church-yard being no shelter for our Guard, that lay just under their workes. On Sunday in the morning, being Palme-sunday, his Maiestie with his whole Armie in their best appa∣rell served God; his Maiestie after Sermon, encouraging our souldiers, wish∣ed them to take their evill dayes they had then in patience, and that he hoped before long, to give them better dayes, in making them drinke wine insteade of water they were then drinking, and immediately his Maiestie gave orders unto Generall Bannier, to command all the Briggads to be in readinesse, with their Armes, against the next orders: this command given, some of the com∣manded men, that were under Sinclaire, suspecting a storme, provided them∣selves of some ladders.

By five of the clocke in the afternoone, his Majestie comming towards our Briggade, called for a Dutch Captaine under Hepburnes Regiment named Guntier, and desired him to put on a light corselet, with his sword drawne in his hand, and to take a Sergeant and twelve other good fellowes with him, and to wade through the graffe, and then to ascend to the top of the wall, and to see if men could be commodiously lodged, betwixt the mud∣wall of the towne, and the stone-wall, and then to retire so suddenly as they might, which being done, his Majestie getting resolution, that there was roome betwixt the two walles to lodge men, the Briggads being alreadie in battaile, they fall on at a call, the Captaine being retired without hurt; wher∣vpon his Majestie directed Bannier and Hepburne with our Briggad, to passe the graffe, and to storme; And if they repulsed the enemy from the outward wall, to lodge under the stone wall, betwixt both the walles, and if the ene∣my fortuned to retire to presse in with him; the like orders given to the rest of the Briggads, all being in readinesse, his Majestie having a number of Cannon great and small charged on the batteries, caused to give notice at all postes, that when the Cannon had discharged, the first Salve in the midst of the smoake, they should advance to the storme, as they did, where in pas∣sing the graffe, we were over the middle in water and mud, and ascending to storme the walles, there were strong pallessades, so well fastened and fixt in the wall, that if the enemy had not retired from the walles in great feare, we could not, but with great hazard, have entred.

The enemy feebely retiring, our Commanders and Leaders following

their orders received from his Majestie, we presse to follow in after the ene∣my, at a great sallying port, that was betwixt both the walles, that opened with two great leaves, where they entred: after their Retreate, they planted a flake of small shot, that shot a dozen of shot at once; besides which there were set two peeces of small Ordinance, that guarded also the entrie, and musketi••rs besides, which made cruell, and pittifull execution on our muske∣tiers, and pikemen, the valorous Hepburne, leading on the battaile of pikes, of his owne Briggad, being advanced within halfe a pikes length to the doore, at the entry he was shot above the knee, that he was lame o•• before, which dazling his senses with great paine forced him to retire, who said to me, bully Monro, I am shot, whereat I was wondrous sorry, his Major then, a resolute Cavalier, advancing to enter was shot dead before the doore, where∣upon [ W] the Pikes falling backe and standing still, Generall Banier being by, and exhorting a••l Cavaliers to enter, Colonell Lumsdell and I, being both alike on the head of our owne Colours, he having a Partizan in his hand, and I a halfe Pike, with a head-piece, that covered my head, commanding our Pikes to advance we lead on shoulder to shoulder, Colonell Lumsdell and I fortunately without hurt, enter the Port, where at our entry some I know received their rest, and the enemy forced to retire in confusion, being astoni∣shed at our entry, they had neither wit nor courage, as to let downe the Portcullis of the great Port behinde them, so that we entering the streets at their heeles, we made a stand till the body of our Pikes were drawne up or∣derly, and fla••cked with Musketiers, and then wee advanced our Pikes char∣ged, and our Musketiers giving fire on the flancks, till the enemy was put in disorder.

After us entred Generall Banier, with a fresh body of Musketiers, he fol∣lowing [ X] the enemy in one street, and Lumsdell and I in another, having ran∣countred the enemy againe, they being well beaten, our Officers tooke nine Colours of theirs, which were to be presented to his Majestie, and the most part of the Souldiers were cut off, in revenge of their crueltie used at New Brandenburg, but some of their Officers got quarters, such as they had given to ours.

This Regiment defeated, wee directed an Officer with a strong partie to possesse the bridge, and that to hinder their escape: their passage being cut off, they were also cut downe themselves, till the streets were full of dead bodies, and that the most part of our Souldiers and Officers disbanded to make bootie, leaving me and a few number of honest Souldiers to guard my Colours, which disorder, I confesse, stood not in my power to re∣medie. Thus farre for Lumsdells part and mine, which I dare maintaine to be truth.

And as I have spoken truth of our owne Actions, without ostentation, which no man can controlle that is friend to vertue: I will now relate other mens Actions, so farre as I know to be truth by relation of my honest Came∣rades.

Lievetenant Colonell Musten, being appointed to command the Muske∣tiers of Lumsdells Regiment, and of my Colonells, then under my command he seeing us entred did follow after us, and commanded those he led on exe∣cution apart, giving no better Qua••ters than we did. The Dutch also remem∣bring the enemies crueltie used at Brandenburg, they gave but slight Quar∣ters.

[ Y] Major Iohn Sinclaire, as I was credibly informed, being accompanied with Lievenant George Heatly, being both resolute and stout, were the first that came over the walles with ladders, who at their first entry having but a few Musketiers with them, they were charged on the streets by the enemi••s Cu∣rassiers, or best horsemen, where they were forced to stand close, their backs to the wall where they entred, and to give severall Salves of Muskets upon the enemy, till they were made to retire.

Likewise after we were entred, the yellow and the blew Briggads, being esteemed of all the Army both resolute and couragious in all their exploits; they were to enter on the Irish quarter, where they were twice with great losse furiously beaten off, and were cruelly spoyled with fire-workes throwne by the Irish amongst them. But at last they having entred, no••with∣standing the inequality of their strength, the Irish though weake stood to it, and fought with sword, and pikes within workes a long time, till the most part of the Souldiers fell to ground, where ••hey stoode fighting, so that in the end, Lievetenant Colonell Walter Butler, who commanded the Irish, being shot in the arme, and pierced with a pike through the thigh, was ta∣ken prisoner, so that the next day, it was to be seene on the poast where the best service was done: and truely had all the rest stood so well to it, as the Irish did, we had returned with great losse, and without victory.

The fury past, the whole streete being full of Coaches and rusty waggons richly furnished withall sorts of riches, as Plate, Iewells, Gold, Money, Clothes, Mulets and horses for saddle, coach and waggons, whereof all men that were carel••sse of their dueties, were too carefull in making of boo••y, that I did never see Officers lesse obeyed, and respected than here for a time, till the hight of the market was past: and well I know, some Re∣giments had not one man with their Colours, till the fury was past, and some Colours were lost the whole night, till they were restored the next day, such disorder was amongst us, all occasioned through covetousnesse, the roote of all evill and dishonesty.

At last the execution past, his Majesty entred himselfe, being guarded with the Rhine-Grave, and his horsem••n, who immediatly were comman∣ded to crosse the bridge, and to follow the enemy at their heeles, being on slight towards Glogoe, where the Felt-marshall Tuffenbacke, the Count of Schonberg, and Mounte De Cuculé had retired with such as escaped.

His Majesty having but scarce quartered in the Towne, the fire begin∣ning to burne the City accidentally; Orders were given with stroake of Drume with a Bancke beaten in all streetes, that all Officers and Souldiers, under paine of death, should repaire presently to their Colours, on the o∣ther side of the Oder, in the outer workes, where Sr. Iohn Hepburne was ordained to command within the workes, except such as were appointed to guard the Po••••es of the Towne, his Majesties quarter and the Generalls lodging on the market place, where a strong guard was kept to suppresse plundering, and the insolency of Souldiers. Neverthelesse these orders proclaimed and published, many disobeyed remaining in the Towne for plundering.

In this conflict, the enemy lost neere three thousand men, besides the Officers that were killed (viz.) foure Colonells, Herbenstine, Heydo, Wale∣stine and Ioure, and above thirty six Officers were killed.

Likewise there were taken prisoners, Colonell Sparre with five Lievete∣nant

Colonell of Dutch and one Irish Cavalier, that behaved himselfe both honourably and well; Colours also they did lose, as I did see the next day made Counte of before Generall Bannier, forty one, and Cornets of horse nine.

On our side were lost also at least eight hundred men, whereof the blew and yellow, for their parts, lost five hundred.

His Majesty also did get here a great deale of provision for the Army, as Corne, Amunition, and eighteene peeces of Ordinance.

The next day his Majesty appointed Generall Major Lesly as Governor over the Towne, giving him orders to repaire the ruinous workes, and walles, as also orders were given for burying of the dead, which were not buried fully in six dayes, in th'end they were cast by heapes in great dit∣ches, [ Z] above a hundred in every Grave.

The next day we were ordained to assemble our Regiments, and to bring them together in Armes, that they might be provided of what they wan∣ted of Armes, having lost many in their disorder.

The eighth Observation.

HIS Majesty going to rancounter his enemy, before his rising from his Royall Leager at Swede, did wisely dispose of his Army, in making it into Briggads, that coming unto the action, he should not neede to thinke on the Theorie, when it were time to practise, as many young Commanders are forced to doe, beginning to learne of others, that which is defective in themselves, who are to be pittied, that undertake to leade others being ignorant themselves: but this wise Generall, at this time, did not only order his Army, as he would have them to stand in [ &.] Battaile, but also knowing the gifts, and severall parts, his chiefe Offi∣cers of the field were indued with, he disposeth of them, in appointing such places for them, in fighting against their enemies, as did best befit their vertues, which all he knew before hand, partly by his owne experi∣ence, and partly, by enquiring of others, their qualities and vertues.

Secundo, his Majesty doth forecast with himselfe, what the enemy, being strong might intend against him, and accordingly, he fore-saw wisely how to prevent him, in dividing his Army, by sending the Felt-marshall on the one side of the Oder with a part of his Army, going himselfe on the other, leaving the bridge and passage at Swede well fortified and beset with Souldi∣ers, to the end, that which of both Armies might be constrained to retire o∣ver the bridge, being safe might then conveniently joyne with the other.

As his Majesty was wise in fore-seeing what might happen, he was also diligent, in taking time of his enemies on the sudden, before they could come together; so that after this victory obtained, his Majesty did not on∣ly get elbow roome by the enemies removing over the Elve and the Oder; but also he did gaine time to settle his affaires with the Princes; for those who would not before this victory, scarce keepe correspondence with his Majesty, afterwards his Majesty having freed their country from their ene∣mies, they were then content to intreate for his friendship, by their Ambassa∣dours, and he like to a cunning gamster, taking the Ball at the right re∣bound, embraced their friendship, and confederacy, having bound them

up, in a more strict manner then before til•• in th'end, they were forced to dance after his pipe.

Here likewise I did observ••▪ ••hat it 〈…〉〈…〉 good, to trust too much unto [ A] our owne strength, as our 〈◊〉〈◊〉 did 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at their banqueting, and inter po∣cula, before that the sto••me wen•• 〈…〉〈…〉 hearing the noyse of our Can∣non, they fell a laughing, as wond••ing 〈…〉〈…〉 S••••dens meant, thought they to fly over the walles, and granting he could 〈◊〉〈◊〉, were they not so strong as he? Many more idle discourses they h••d▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 themselves in their pride, boasting of their strength and co••rage, not setting God before them, they disdained and contemned their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, but suddenly in an in∣stant they found their owne follies, be••••g brought unto feare and astonish∣ment, so that at last, their wits confo••••ded, and consequently their acti∣ons confused, and their enemies, though weake instruments, by the power of the God of Armies were made strong and couragious, for punishing them in repaying of their former Barbarity, and cruelty used by them at new Bran∣denburg, where we see, the lord repayeth their wickednesse, when they least expected.

Tiffenbacke, the Felt-marshall was much to blame for his command, being so strong within the Towne as we were without, that he did not adventure to fight us in the fields, or at least, to have tried our conduct and valour, with a strong party: his not daring to adventure with us made us the more couragious and resolute to seeke him, though with disadvantage, having once found him to be a timorous enemy, keeping himselfe close within walles, for we know well, the greater his strength was within, if once we entred, his confusion would be the greater: for a multitude within a strength espe∣cially horsemen, many servants and baggage breede ever confusion, for avoiding whereof, the Governour had the more reason to have tried us in the fields, whereby he had encouraged his Garrison, who seeing he durst adven∣ture to meete us without, being retired, they would not be afraid within walles.

So it is never good to resolve to be alwayes the defender, but rather ac∣cording [ B] to the time, and circumstances, sometimes to try Fortune, as well by pursuing, as by defending, that our credit may not be called in question, neither for too much slownesse, nor for too much forwardnesse, but still to presse for the Mediocrity, being the true vertue of Fortitude, without which no Souldier can attaine commendation, if he doe participate of either ex∣treames, as this Felt-marshall did, staying within walles. Yet some, I know will object, that I ought rather to praise the actions of the enemy, to make ours the more glorious, to which I answer, ours at all times, as here, were so splendid, that no Lustre could be added unto them, our Leader Gu∣stavus being Illustrissimus himselfe, and the favourite of Fortune, to whom all things succeeded fortunatly by taking of time, the most pretious of all things, especially in warres, which sometimes helpes as much as vertue it selfe.

The forwardnesse and courage of Major Iohn Sinclaire, and of his Col∣league, Lievetenant Heatlie, is not to be over-past, they being the first gave good example to enter this Towne, in going over the walles with ladders, with a weake party of fifty musketiers, that ventured to follow them, which were hardly received by the enemies horsemen, neverthelesse they valo∣rously defended themselves, and made their enemies to retire with losse, so

that, as my intention here, is not to over-praise my friends vertue, I would not on the other part be silent in giving them their due, answerable to their merits, and no more.

We see also by experience dayly, that at all times, as here, no man e∣ver served God for nought, who rewardeth men, though not through me∣rit in respect of his God-head, of whom we can merit nothing, yet of his in∣finit bounty is ever ready to reward them truely that doe serve him: his Ma∣jesty with his Army having served God in the morning, at night he was made victorious over his enemies.

And that his Majesty in the afternoone on the Sabboth pursued his ene∣mies, [ C] there was a necessity in it: Generall Tillies Army being on their march for the reliefe of the Towne, his Majesty was forced to take the opportu∣nity of time, which once being past doth never returne.

Here we may see the evill, that feare bringeth within a City or Strength causing disorder and confusion, but if all those within this Towne had stood to their defen••e ••as Lievetenant Colonell Butler did and the Irish, Francford had no•• bin ta••en.

Therefore, when resistance is not made, as it ought to be, the victory is easily attained: for nothing encourageth more, then good example, Et contra▪ And I did observe here, that no nation esteemed good Souldiers, are 〈…〉〈…〉 Dutch in maintaining a storme, or in extremity of dan∣ger, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 being otherwise good Souldiers for obedience to command, in watches, marche•• working about workes, and in doing all other dueties befitting 〈◊〉〈◊〉 profession, being in company of others.

Pike-men ••eing resolute men, shall be ever my choyce in going on exe∣cution, as also in retiring honourably with disadvantage from an enemy, especially against horsemen: and we see oftimes, as we found here, that when musketiers doe disbandon, of greedinesse to make booty, the worthy pike-men remaine standing firme with their Officers, guarding them and their Colours, as being worthy the glorious name of brave Souldiers, pre∣ferring vertue before the love of gold, that vanisheth while vertue re∣maineth.

This vice of avarice is alike common to the superiour Officer, and to the [ D] inferiour Souldier, which oftimes makes the superiour to be despised as well by the common Souldier, as by his betters: And therefore publique imployments of command should never be given to such greedy persons; for as sparing in a private person is commendable, being done without hurt to another; even so the vertue of liberality is due to him that is publiquely imployed: as also he ought to have splendor in his carriage, and not to give evill example to others his inferiours, if once he be honoured with command in leading of others. I must then againe condemne this kinde of avarice, that makes men for booty abandon their Colours and their duety, they being the cause oftimes of the overthrow of their worthy Camerades standing to fight, when they were employed in making of booty, for which many time, they are contemned, and their money taken from them by the multitude, with disgrace and danger of their lives: for though sometimes they make booty, they have not the fortune to enjoy it one quarter of an houre, thanking God to be rid of it with their lives, though not with their credits.

It is the duety of valiant Commanders, and of brave Souldiers, when

ever fire entreth into a City, strength or Leager, suddenly with their Armes to repaire to their Colours, lest at such times, the enemy being neere hand should be ready to take advantage: but here the baser sort of Souldiers, neither for obedience to his Majesties command, nor for love of their Officers, nor of their owne credits, would stirre to attend their Colours, though the enemy had shewed himselfe to pursue the City.

Here also, the enemy was to blame, for leaving provision and Amuni∣tion behinde them, whose duety it was rather to destroy it by fire or water, then to leave it to their enemies. But we see, there is no counsell against the Lord invented by man, able to worke, blessed be his name for ever.

The ninth Dutie discharged of the intaking of Laudsberg on the Wert by ac∣cord.

THE fifth of Aprill 1631. his Majesty having left Francford on the Oder well beset, under the command of Generall Major Lesly, who had direction to see the fortifications repaired, as likewise, Generall Bannier was left to command over the Army, his Majesty having taken two and twenty hundred commanded musketiers, eight hundred horsemen, twelve peece of Cannon great and small, with Amunition answerable, with spades, shovels, and axes, where the Colonell of the Artillery called Leonard Richardson, was commanded to goe with them for to attend his charge: As also Colonell Hepburne was commanded to leade the party, and I was sent as Lievetenant Colonell, to second him in this employment. Colonell Hepburne having viewed the party, and taken no∣tice that all things were in good order, commanded the party to march, having had a blacke-smith, that dwel't at Landsberg, for our guide, we continued our march, the first day, being come within foure miles of the Towne, we quartered at a passe on the high way, and the next morning breaking up, we marched forwards, till on the way, our fore-troopes did meete with a Regiment of Crabbats, where, after long skirmish and losse sustained by both the parties, in th'end, the Colonell that led the Crabbats being deadly wounded, retired to the Towne, casting off all bridges be∣hinde them, which hindered us for a day.

The eight of Aprill, we lay downe before a skonce royall, built on a strong passe, betwixt us and the Towne. This skonce well fortified was well provided of Cannon; It had also a wide Graffe of running water, and a draw-bridge, which was taken up at our coming, and then they dischar∣ged their Cannon on us; where at first there were killed some six Souldiers: the night drawing on, our watches set forth, I was appointed by his Ma∣jesty to be Captaine of the watch, being ordained to oversee the making of the Batteries: As also I was commanded to set forwards our workes, both for intrenching, and for running our lines of approach to the skonce, where∣in I was so busied, that the whole night I went never off my feete, but

from one part to another, having had sundry Alarums, though not of con∣tinuance.

His Majestie having taken quarters in the neerest Dorpe, he left two Rut∣ters to attend on me, that if the ••••emy should fall out against us, incontinent one of them might be sent to acquaint his Majestie, who having rested for that night, coming before day to visit the workes, a••d finding them not so farre advanced as he did expect, he falls a chiding of me, notwithstanding of my diligence used the whole night, in keeping the Souldiers still at worke, with the small number of materialls we had to worke with. But no excuse, though true, would mitigate his passion, till he had first considered on the cir∣cumstances, and then he was sorry he had offended me without reason. But his custome was so, that he was worse to be pleased in this kinde, than in any other his Commands; being ever impatient, when workes were not ad∣vanced to his minde, and the truth is, our Country Souldiers cannot endure to worke like the Dutch; neither when they have taken paines, can they worke so formally as others.

Our batteries being readie against the morning, the whole day our Can∣non played on the Skonce so fast, as they could be charged, but to no pur∣pose, the earthen wall being so thicke and so well set together, that they scorned us and our Cannon both.

His Majestie seeing nothing to be effectuated this way, resolved to try a second way, by the advise of the Black-smith, that knew all the passages to∣wards the Towne, notwithstanding that the whole land on that side was co∣vered over with water: This Black-smith advised his Majestie, to cause a Float-bridge to be made, and then setting over the water, he would lead us through shallow passes, where we might come behinde the Skonce, cutting off their passage from the Towne, and then the Skonce wanting reliefe might be ours.

According to this plot, his Majestie commanded Lievetenant Colonell [ E] Dowbatle, with two hundred and fif••ie Dragoniers for foote, and me with two hundred and fiftie Musketiers to follow the Black-smith, and to surprize the enemies Guard, which being done by us, we were commanded to make the place good, till Colonell Hepburne with a thousand Musketiers should be sent after to second us, Dowbatle and I having fortunately surprized the Guard, making them retire to the Towne, leaving the Skonce in our power; Colonell Hepburne being advanced towards the Skonce, tooke it in on accord, and the Souldiers were made to take service, and their Officers made pri∣soners.

In this time Dowbatle his Dragoniers having followed the enemy with hot skirmish within shot of their walles, his powder being spent, desired I should fall on and relieve him and his, as I did, continuing the service till we made the enemy retire over a bridge that was hard by the Towne, so that I was for∣ced, for our owne safeties, having lost divers Souldiers, that were killed with the Cannon, to divide my Souldiers, making the halfe of them to cast ••p a running Trench, while as the rest were hot skirmishing with the enemy, be∣ing in danger of bo••h Cannon and Musket, but my Souldiers once getting in the ground, we fortified our selves against their Cannon, and resolved in case of their out falling, to maintaine the ground we had formerly wonne, with the losse of our bloud, having lo••t in one halfe houre above thirtie Souldiers, whereof six were killed with the Cannon.

The enemy finding the Skonce was lost, and us so farre advanced on the strongest side: Feltmarshall Horne with his Forces marching on the other side that was weakest, they presently did send a Drummer on our side to parlé for quarters, whom I received, and being hood-wink't, he was sent with a Convoy to his Majestie, who condescended to the Treatie, and pledges being delivered, the Treatie went on; the Accord subscribed, his Majestie came and thanked Dowbatle and us, for our good service, where large promises were made unto us of reward, and to Colonell Hepburne also, for taki••g in of the Skonce.

The enemy being strong in the Towne, and above twice our strength, his Majestie resolved to send to Francford for more Forces, both of horse and foote, to come to him before the enemy was suffered to march out of the Towne, to whom conditions were granted to transport foure pieces of Ord∣nance, and the Souldiers to march out with full Armes, bagge and baggage, with Drummes beating, and flying Colours, and a Convoy of Horsemen to∣wards Glogoe.

His Majestie having beset the Garrison, as soone as they marched out, ha∣ving seene their strength, we were ashamed of their carriage, being the eldest Troopes, and the choice, by report, of the whole Imperia'l Armie, who cowardly did give over such a strong Towne, being without necessitie, and in hope of reliefe.

[ F] One of my Captaines called Dumaine, having contracted a feaver here be∣fore Lansberg, being r••moved to Francford died there, and being buried, my Lievetenant David Monro was preferred to be Captaine of his Company, and Ensigne Burton was made Lievetenant, and Bullion his brother having ta∣ken his passe, my Sergeant Andrew Rosse was made Ensigne to Captaine Da∣vid, and William Bruntfield was preferred to be my Lievetenant, and Mongo Gray Ensigne.

This Towne being taken, both Pomeren and the Markes of Brandenburg were cleered of the Emperialists, being sent up unto Silesia.

The next Sabbath, his Majestie, that was ever ready to reward good ser∣vants for vertue, he caused to make our guide the Black-smith (being a stout fellow and a craftie) Burgo-master of the Towne, who did get from his Ma∣jestie two hundred Duckets besides.

His Majestie on the Sabbath day in the afternoone suffered the principall Officers of his Armie (such as Generall Banier, and Lievetenant Generall Bawtis, and divers others) to make merry, though his Majestie did drinke none himselfe; for his custome was never to drinke much, but very seldome, and upon very rare considerations, where sure he had some other plot to ef∣fectuate, that concerned his advancement, and the weale of his State.

The ninth Observation.

THis Towne of Lansberg being a Frontier Garrison lying neare the borders of Pole on the Wert, the having of it made Pomeren sure, and the Marke, giving unto his Majestie the freer passage unto Silesia; and therefore it was that his Majestie did use the greater diligence and celeritie in obtaining of it, with as great honour and reputation, as could be imagined, in respect of the inequalitie of strength betwixt us and our enemies: As also in consideration of the situation of the place, being on the one side fortified

by nature, yet beyond nature and probabilitie of reason. This strong Garri∣son was forced to yeeld to Gustavus, who was Mars his Minion, and Fortunes [ G] Favourite, or rather their Master, as we see by his frequent Victories obtai∣ned against his enemies, who, though strongest, are made to submit to the weakest partie, where we may see, that as industry is fruitfull, so there is a kinde of a good Angell, as it were waiting ever upon diligence, carrying a Lawrell in his hand, to crowne her. And therefore it was, that they said of old, that Fortune should not be prayd unto, but with hands in motion, which made this valiant King love ever to be busied in vertues exercise, be∣fitting a Generall, that carried a minde as this Invincible King did, while he lived, still rising to blessednesse and contentation.

It is commonly seene, that those who feare least are commonly overcome, as became of Francford on the Oder, and this Towne also: and though victo∣ry we see be from God, yet to overcome an enemy, the courage and skill of Commanders is very requisit and necessary. And where good military dis∣cipline [ H] is observed, as was done here; there confidence doth arise, perswa∣ding us, we can doe what we please. Of this opi••ion was our Leader, and our Armie never doubted of their owne valour, nor of their Leaders good Conduct, which made our Victories the easier to be gotten.

Here also we see the goodnesse of intelligence; for had his Majestie not gotten the Black-smith, or some other like unto him, to have beene intelli∣gencer and guide to winne through the shallow Trinkets he led us, to the Damme upon the head of their Watch, who were surprized; hardly could we have overcome this Towne, on such a sudden, for without this good of intelligence, which is so necessary, and of so great a moment in warres, no∣thing, or very little can be effectuated in unknowne places. For good Intelli∣gencers are so requisit in an Armie, that no meanes ought to be spared on them, providing they be trustie: for one designe or secret of our enemies well knowne, may bring all the rest we desire to a wished end, or at least, pre∣serve us and ours from danger. This Black-smith, that was our guide in lea∣ding us towards our enemy, at our first on-going on service, the enemy play∣ing hard with Muskets, neverthelesse he went on without feare, under-ta∣king alike danger with our selves, but finding in time of hot service some fal∣ling besides him, our powder being a little wet, and not giving so good re∣port as the enemies did, he then said, he would returne to his Majestie, and send us better powder, yet I thinke, though here there did appeare some lacke of constant resolution in him, that time, exercise, and frequency of danger would make him a brave fellow, being of a strong and a good able body, but in my opinion, the stoutest of men, till they be a little acquainted with the furious noise of the Cannon, will naturally feare and stoope at the first.

Likewise his Majestie was to be commended for his diligence by night and by day, in setting forwards his workes; for he was ever out of patience, till once they were done, that he might see his Souldiers secured and guarded from their enemies; for when he was weakest, he digged most in the ground; for in one yeare what at Swede, Francford, Landsberg, Brandenburg, Verb••m, Tannermonde, Wittenberg, and Wirtzburg, he caused his Souldiers to worke more for nothing, than the States of Holland could get wrought in three yeares, though they should bestow every yeare a Tunne of gold: and this he did, not onely to secure his Souldiers from the enemy, but also to keepe them from idlenesse. When they were not employed on service, they were

kept by good discipline in awe and obedience, and that with as great mode∣ration, love and discretion as could be.

[ I] And his Majestie knew well, that our Nation was of that nature, that they could take to heart the austere carriage of their Commanders, were they ne∣ver so good. For while as sometimes, through his Majesties impatiencie, he would cause to imprison some of our Country-men, without solicitation, his Majestie was ever the first did minde their liberties; for he knew their stomacks were so great, that they would burst or starve in prison, before they would acknowledge an errour committed against their Master, except it were of negligence.

Moreover, nothing can more discourage a Citie, Fort, or Strength, that is beleaguered, than when they see their secrets discovered, and their passages from reliefe cut off; as it was seene of those that yeelded up the Skonce to Sir Iohn Hepburne, being contented to come in the Colonells mercy, seeing themselves barred from all reliefe.

[ K] Likewise the dutie of Leaders, that lead men on service, ought to be limi∣ted with discretion, and not to advance further than with conveniency they may retire againe, if need be, left by too farre advancing, they not onely in∣danger themselves, but also ingage others, for their reliefes, to indanger all: and a fault committed in this kinde, through too much forwardnesse, merits a harder censure, than remissenesse with discretion, seeing in the latter, a man is but censured alone, but committing the former errour, he loseth himselfe and others.

Here also we found by experience, that the spade and the shovell are ever good companions in danger, without which, we had lost the greatest part of our followers. Therefore in all occasions of service, a little advantage of ground is ever profitable against horse, foote, or Cannon. And for this it was, that the best Commanders made ever most use of the spade and the shovell, and that in such ground as was found most commodious for their safeties.

We see also here his Majesties disposition in entertaining his Officers kindly after victory, esteeming them not as servants, but as companions in his mirth, as a wise Master ought and should doe to those he findes obedient to his Commandements, incouraging them another time to undergoe any service or danger for his sake, that was so kinde and familiar with them, joyning their hearts as well with his love, as with his bountie; for he knew well nothing was more able to bring victory next under God, than good Commanders: As also his Majestie knew, that to be courteous unto his Of∣ficers was the way to triumph over his enemies.

The tenth Dutie discharged of our March to Berlin, and from thence to Spandaw, and backe to Botsaw.

THE eighteenth of Aprill 1631. the enemy being marched out of Landsburg towards Glogo, his Majestie having beset Landsburg with a Garrison, we marched backe to Francford on the Oder, where we

did rest us with the Armie till the twenty-ninth of Aprill, during which time, there were Ambassadours going mutually betwixt his Majestie and the Duke of Brandenburg: at last having condescended on some points, his Ma∣jestie brake up with the Armie, and marched towards Berlin, and were quar∣tered by the way at a passe called Panco, being one of the Duke of Branden∣burgs hunting houses, and from thence we marched to Berlin, where his Ma∣jestie [ L] was Royally entertained by the Duke, and that his Majestie might thinke he was welcome, after the feast the Castle of Spandaw was delivered in his Majestie custodie, where incontinent Colonell Axellilly, with foure hun∣dred Swedes were left in Garrison, being a strength one of the fastest in Germanie, fortified well with Fossées and Countersharpes of free stone, and an earthen wall above, having one hundred and fiftie pieces of Cannon on it, and Armes for twentie thousand foote and horse, with Amunition an∣swerable; Provided also sufficiently with store of victualls for an Armie of ten thousand men for a long space: and though the Garrison were Swedes, they were sworne to obey the Duke; and his Majestie was obliged by his Royall word past to the Duke, to restore it againe when ever the Duke de∣sired to have it, if the Duke of Saxony should not joyne with his Majestie a∣gainst the Emperour.

The third day after the agreement, the whole Armie brake up, and marched to another passe, three miles from Spandaw, called Spotsdamme, where we lay not intrencht the space of ten dayes, till his Majesties Ambassadours were returned from the Duke of Saxon, with an answer, that the Duke would not assist his Majestie for the reliefe of Madeburg, neither yet would the Duke grant to his Majestie free passage through his Country, which was the losse of many poore soules within Madeburg, being cut off by the crueltie of Gene∣rall Tillies Armie, having surprized the Towne that was never taken before, sparing neither man, woman nor childe, but putting all alike cruelly to death, and in the end, the Towne was burnt downe, which was occasioned by the breach of the Dukes promise, in not assisting his Majestie of Sweden, being on his march to relieve it.

His Majestie not assured of the Duke of Brandenburg behinde him, our Armie turning faces about, we marched backe to Spandaw, and lay downe in the Fields in order of Ba••taile, where we remained certaine dayes, till such time as it behoved his Majestie, for keeping of his Royall word, to restore backe to the Duke the Castle of Spandaw, and his Majesties Garrison being brought out, it was manned againe by the Dukes Forces.

The castle restored, his Majesty was so incensed against the Duke, though [ M] his owne brother in law, that he sware to take in Berlin, which was the Dukes residence; as also he was resolved to take the Duke prisoner, except he would joyne in confederacy with him, without the Duke of Saxon; whereupon our Army did breake up, and marched towards Berlin in hostile manner, and lying downe before it, the Duke not able to resist, entred in a Treaty with his Majesty, and to move his Majesty the more, the Dut∣chesse and her mother with a traine of Great Ladies, came to the fields to entertaine his Majesty, with offering in the Dukes name all due respect to his Majesty, and promising all things should be done by the Duke, what his Majesty would desire. To which his Majesty answered merrily, that if the Duke would not end with him friendly before night, he would send the Dut∣chesse and all the Ladies prisoners to Sweden, and the Duke should follow.

Incontinent the treaty begun; the Duke getting short time to resolve, was forced to end with his Majesty, and to joyne in confederacie with him, offensive and defensive, against the Emperour, and that without the Sax∣ons consent: and in the treaty it was concluded, the Duke should give a great supply of men, monies and Artillery to his Majesty, for the advance∣ing of the warres, besides the ordinary inquartering of his Majesties Ar∣my; and the paiments of the monethly contribution, out of the Dukes lands was also agreed upon, and Commissioners were appointed, for the ingathering of the first tearmes contribution: during which collection, his Majesties Army was laid in quarters to refresh them, till his Majesty should retire from Statin, being gone thither to give presence to the Russian Am∣bassadour, and his Majesty being returned from Statin the twenty ninth of Iune he quartered in my quarters in Barnow, where we had orders given us to be in readinesse to march to old Brandenburg on the first of Iuly.

The tenth Observation.

HIS Majesty could never be assured of the Princes friendship, till first he had forced their enemies to give ground, being made to leave behind them Pomeren Maclenburg, and the three markes of Brandenburg, without any Emperiall Garrison, except one was left in Grip∣swald, but so soone as the Duke of Brandenburg did see the enemy retiring, and his Majesty prevailing, he then begun to enter in treaty, and to give his Majesty assurance of his loyall friendship, by subscribing of certaine Articles condescended upon betwixt them, at Barleene in Iune 1631.

On this march, though short, we had many variable resolutions and changes, which were caused by the changable accidents happening in the course of this warre, which made his Majesties resolutions to vary, as the time changed, sometimes through feare of his strong enemy, sometimes by suspecting the Princes, who were also affrighted and feared, being asto∣nished in their mindes, they were not able to discerne what was most pro∣fitable for them, so that their doubting and feare suffered them not to ha∣zard any notable thing, in assisting his Majesty against their common enemy; but still lingred to joyne with his Majesty, expecting the enemy would prevaile, and then they would joyne with the Master of the fields, as ordi∣narily is done over all Dutchland in all degrees, from the highest to the low∣est, they wagge as the bush doth resolving ever to quit their best friends in adversity.

Here we see the inconstancy of the Dukes friendship, that will not be friends as well in adversity, as in prosperity: for when fortune favours us; [ N] all the world would seme to laugh on us; but when we are but once kik't in the heele with any malignant chance of misfortune, then our supposed friends fly from us, at a farre distance, while they see us like to be tossed by the Tempest of adversity. But as soone as they see the Tempest over-past, and fortune beginning to smile on us againe, then begin they (as the Princes did) to returne, and to desire to be made partakers of our good fortunes, though they had no minde to taste of the bitter cup of his Majesties adversity; but once seeing the sweete commodity of the peace, which they, their country and subjects did reape by his Majesties valour (with the hazard of his per∣son, and the lives of many Cavaliers who followed him) then their ene∣mies

being farre removed from them, they desire his Majesty for their Admirall, to attend when he makes saile, having seene he did valiantly ride out the storme, promising againe when his sailes were full, to bide by him; and to follow him till death should sunder them. But if they had bin gene∣rously minded, they had imbraced the danger, and taken part with his Ma∣jesty when honour was to be got, in the middest of greatest danger; since common danger doth conjoyne the coldest friends, to goe together against their common enemies. Likewise here we may see and observe a Royall King most loyall in keeping his Princely Parole and promise to the Duke his brother, in rendring backe Spandaw, though to his disadvantage, keeping his covenant, albeit he should lose thereby, teaching, by his owne example, all Cavaliers to keepe their word, though given to their enemies. For his Majesty knew well, that nothing was to be thought more unworthy in a Prince or common-weale, then to breake word or promise; for of all ver∣tues in a Prince truth is the chiefest, which once being lost returnes not againe.

His Majesty taking to heart, that the Duke had so peremptorily sought [ O] the restitution of this strength, his Majesty being free of his word, and his Garrison march't forth, he incontinent marched to Berlin, and got both the Duke and the City into his power, in interchange of the Castle of Spandaw, which then his Majesty knew how to get againe, as he did shortly after. Where we may see, there is no Oratory of such force to gaine both men and women, as a strong well conducted Army, as this was.

Here also we may see, what evill oftimes doth happen by cunctation, or delayes, as doth witnesse the overthrow and ruine of Madeburg, the Citizens whereof, in their prosperity, would ••ot suffer a Souldier to enter [ P] into their houses, but made them build Huts and Tents along the wall; which wall, for their pride, was alike brought low with the ground, where before their death for their pride they were punished with fire and sword, so that they having disdained Souldiers, they were by the enemies Souldiers justly rewarded, being denied of mercy in their greatest extremity, and the houses, they so much esteemed of, cannot this day be seene, what for houses they were, and his Majesty his wisdome is commendable, who se∣ing Madeburg lost, the enemy strong, the Dukes wavering, contrary to his minde and custome, his Majesty retired with his Army backe to Span∣daw, and from thence to Berlin, making himselfe sure of the one, though not of the other, leaping the Dike where he found it weakest, and missing to catch a goose, he thought it sure to catch the goselings, though he was his good brother, he did looke to his owne standing, fearing Generall Tillie and the Saxon might joyne together, not being farre different in con∣ditions, to make his retreat sure, his Majesty did beset Spandaw againe with a Swedens Garrison.

At this time a great number of Hamburgh marchants, amongst which were some English, going by the Army with great packes, were seized up∣on, and their goods taken from them, whereof his Majesty being made foreseene, orders were given, that the whole packs, under paine of death, should be brought to his Majesty, as they were, our Army being very hungry, and almost brought to discontent, for lacke of monies, his Ma∣jesty in a faire way, was content to restore the Hamburgers goods, provi∣ding the marchants amongst them would advance upon Band and surety, to

his Majesty two hundred thousand Dolers, to give some contentment to his hungry Army which the Marchants condescended unto & advanced the mo∣ny, wherof the English advanced no part: Neverthelesse they had favor shewed unto thē, in the restitution of their goods, by the request of the Cavaliers (who interceeded for them to his Majesty) their country-men both Scots & English.

This kinde of favour showne to Marchants by Souldiers occurres not of∣ten: for sometimes the Souldiers (the worst sort of them) measured the packes belonging to the Marchants with the long ell, and if this sort of dealing should but only happen to the churlish Marchant, it were the lesse [ Q] to be regarded; but honest Souldiers should be ever honest in their dealings towards the rancke Merchants, that have worth and discretion to respect Cavaliers being in neede, and common Souldiers also, as I have knowne by experience some worthy English Marchants to have done worthily, in relie∣ving the necessities of the common Souldiers of their country-men, and therefore in my esteeme, of all Nations, for their charity, they doe best merit the name of gentlemen Marchants.

We see also here, that notwithstanding of the termes his Majesty did stand unto with the Duke of Saxon, and with Tillie, who might have come to have made a visit in Brandenburg his lands, where our Army were laid in quarters: Neverthelesse, his Majesty was not afraid to leave his Ar∣my, and to returne to Statin to give presence to the Russian Ambassadour, and to dispatch him; being alike ready to Governe the affaires of the state, as he was to fight against his enemies, he staied not long, but having re∣collected his forces, that were come from Sweden, Spruce and Scotland; giving them orders to march to old Brandenburg, his Majesty getting intel∣ligence Tillie was gone from Hessen, he then begun to make the best use of the time.

The eleventh Duty discharged of our March to old Brandenburg.

THE first of Iuly, the Swedens of Axellily his Regiment, that lay in Barnoe, and we did breake up, having got orders to march to old Brandenburg, being appointed then for the Generall Randevouz of our Army to come together at. This Barnoe is a Towne in the Marke of Brandenburg, renowned of old, for brewing of good beere, which du∣ring our residence there with the Swedes, we did merrily try, till that we had both quarrelling and swaggering amongst our selves, who before our departure againe were made good friends, reserving our enmity, till we saw our common enemy, and so we marched together following our or∣ders towards old Brandenburg, taking but easie marches, being without feare of an enemy, and being tied to no particular diet, we tooke quarters, where we found the best entertainment to be, either in Dorpe or Towne.

Notwithstanding our easie march and good quarters, there were some under both the Regiments unworthy the name of good Souldiers, who in

their march leaving their Colours, and staying behinde did plunder, and oppresse the Boores, for remedy whereof, the Souldiers being complained on, accused and convicted, they were made, for punishment to suffer Gat∣lop, where they were well whip't for their insolency.

Likewise on this march, some of our Souldiers in their rancks, their [ R] Colours flying, did beate one another, for which over-sight I did cashiere a Sergeant, after I had cut him over the head, for suffering such abuse to have beene done in his presence, where such insurrection, amongst Soul∣diers being in their armes, might have brought the whole Regiment into factions, where I alone was too weake, for all my authority, to command them asunder. And therefore such faults ought ever to be suppressed at first, and to be stilled by any Officer, that chanceth to be neerest him, who did give the first evill example.

Having marched three dayes, the fourth we arrived at Brandenburg, the Pest raging in extremity of the heate in the City, we were commanded to quarter without in the fields, and presently there was a certaine quantity of the workes about the Leaguer appointed for us, within foure dayes to com∣plete and make ready: during which time, Robert Monro Furer to Cap∣taine Hector his Colours, died of the Pest, and was much regrated, being a youth of good hopes.

Here also did dye of the plague, Segeant Robert Monro, Cull••crags sonne, [ S] and Andrew Monro was executed at Statin, for having, contrary to his Ma∣jesties Articles and discipline of warre, beaten a Burger in the night with∣in his owne house, for whose life there was much solicitation made by the Dutchesse of Pomeren, and sundry noble Ladies, but all in vaine, yet to be lamented, since divers times before he had given proofe of his valour, espe∣cially at the siege of Trailesound in his Majesties service of Denmarke, where he was made lame of the left arme, who being young was well bred by his Parents at home, and abroad in France, though it was his misfortune to have suffered an examplary death, for such an over-sight committed through sudden passion, being Summum jus, in respect that the party had forgiven the fault, but the Governour, being a churlish Swede, would not remit the satisfaction due to his Majesty and justice.

The eleventh Observation.

THIS Regiment in nine yeeres time, under his Majesty of Den∣marke, [ T] and in Dutch-land, had ever good lucke to get good quarters, where they did get much good wine, and great quantity of good beere, beginning first with Hamburg beere in Holsten, and after that in Den∣marke they had plenty of Rustocke beere, and now at Barnoe, and thereafter they tasted the good Calvinists beere at Serbest, and our march continuing out of low Germany, towards the upper Circles of the Empire, as in Franconia, Swabland, Elsas and the Pultz, they were oft merry with the fruits and juice of the best berries that grew in those Circles, for to my knowledge, they never suffered either penury or want, I being the Leader, but oftimes I did complaine and grieve at their plenty, seeing they were better to be commanded, when they dranke water, then when they got too much beere or wine. But my choice of all beeres is Serbester beere, being the wholsomost for the body, and cleerest from all filth or barme, as their Re∣ligion

is best for the soule, and cleerest from the dregs of superstition.

Being once at dinner with the Rex Chancellor of Sweden, having drunke good Seebester beere, he asked me what I thought of that beere; I answered it pleased my taste well, he replied merrily, no wonder it taste well to your palat, being it is the good beere of your ill religion. I asked his Excellence how the good wine on the Rhine would taste at Mentz, being the good wine of a worse religion; he answered, he liked the wine and the beere bet∣ter than both the Religions. But I said, to be his Excellence neighbour, neare Mentz in the Paltz, at Crewtsenach, I would be content to keepe mine owne Religion, and to drinke good Rhinish wine for my life time.

[ V] Nothing is more necessary on a march, then to keepe good discipline, without which there is no order, nor feare of God amongst Officers, that will suffer their Souldiers to grinde the faces of the poore by oppression, from whence oftimes doth come the unfortunat, and unhappy events of warlike enterprises and expeditions: for where the feare of God is taken away, there the common-weale must needes decay, and then the ruine of the people doth follow.

Likewise we see here, that all that come to the warres, (as many foo∣lish men doe thinke) are not killed, but some die, through one kinde of death, and some by another; so that we ought ever be prepared and ready, not knowing how, when, or where to die. Happy then is that man, that is prepared to die, as if he should die to morrow; for many have I seene rise well in the morning (the time of these warres) who went not to bed at night. Our care then should be still, to meditate on the end, that it may be good, and then doubtlesse we shall die well.

The infection being great at this time, in Brandenburg I contracted a so∣daine fit of sicknesse, that was vehement, and therefore did not continue above forty eight houres: It was so vehement, that if I had not suddenly overcome it, doubtlesse it had overcome me, but praised be God, then I banished death by imagination, as I did divers times before, yet at last, I know he will have about with me, but my confidence is, that by the helpe of the Conqueror I will overcome him in th'end, as my Captaine and Lea∣der hath done, who is gone before me, and opened a Dore to me to enter at, where I may sing Triumphing over my enemies, with those that follow the Lambe in the Communion of the Saints blessed for ever.

The twelfth Duty discharged of our March from Bran∣denburg over the Elve at Tangermound and from thence to Werben.

IN the middest of Iuly our Army did breake up from Brandenburg, and marched towards Ratenough, the Emperialists having left it, being mar∣ched towards Tangermound, his Majesty advanced with the commanded Musketiers, and a strong party of horse, who having set through the Ri∣ver of the Elve, they surprized the enemy at Werben, where a Lievetenant

Colonell was taken prisoner, and then after Colonell Dowbatle with his [ W] Dragoniers did take in by surprize also Tangermound, before his Majesty was come with the party, and being come, immediatly he caused to set over the River a ship-bridge, which was fortified before the entry; over which our foote Army did passe, and our horse with the Cannon, A∣munition and baggage, did wade through the River, where never one was seene to passe with Cannon before, so that without impediment our Can∣non and baggage for the most part, came safely through, but those wag∣gons that were lightest, being loaden with Boores trash, as it came lightly, so it went lightly with the streame. Et meritò.

The Emperialists at Carleben, hearing we had crossed the Elve, tooke them to their flight, to provide betimes for their winter quarters; Wolmerstat also was taken by a weake party of our horsemen; having heard our Army had crossed the River of the Elve, such a feare came among them, that they never looked behinde them, but still fled, directing Poast upon Poast to Generall Tillie to retire backe from During, being minded unto Hessen, who recei∣ving newes of his Majesties crossing the Elve, he turning faces about, with his whole Army continued his expedition backward to finde us at Werben, before we could be intrenched, as he thought.

But where he did but march with his Army in the day time, we with spad••s and shovells, wrought our selves night and day in the ground, so that, before his coming, we had put our selves out of danger of his Cannon.

Generall Bannier, with the rest of our Army coming after us, tooke in Hagleberg in his way, and beset it with a strong Garrison, where Generall Major Kagg did command, to whom was conjoyned my cozen Fowles his Regiment, after he had taken the Castle of Bloe in Macleburgh in his march, [ X] with his owne Regiment alone, where they made good booty, but their Souldiers got but sleight quarters, as Bannier did give at the intaking of this Towne and Castle of Hagleberg.

The twelfth Observation.

AT this time I did remarke the great, wonderfull, rare and extraordi∣nary mercy of God towards our Leader the Kings Majesty, and his Royall little Army, which, before our removing from old Branden∣burg, was much infected with the plague of Pestilence, so that we knew not the sicke from the whole: for of our Regiment alone, there died in one [ Y] weeke, above thirty Souldiers, and being but removed six dayes, at our downe-lying at Werben, we scarce knew there was any infection amongst us, so that in a moneths time, we were miraculously rid of it, and for mine owne part, I neither know, nor can conjecture any reason for it (cheifely being in the dogge dayes, and in a Leaguor) but the Lords mercy towards his Maje∣sty and his Army, being at this time, farre inferiour in strength to our enemies.

Many examples and testimonies of Gods favour towards his Majesty I did observe on this march: for such ter••or was put in their hearts, by his Majesties victory obtained at Francford and Lansberg, that they fled, where once they did heare of our coming, being perswaded and informed by their consciences, that, if his Majesty were victorious, they should get no better

quarters, th••n were given by them at Madeburg, which made them quit strong G••rrisons, before they would attend or abide the danger.

Wherefore we may pl••inly conclude, that they doe not merit the name of Souldiers, nor yet the title of couragious Cōmanders, that did succumbe before they saw or felt the dinte of their enemies valour. Fie then on such Commanders! If they were of my friends, I would allow them a Pinne higher on the Gallowes, then is allowed for common offences: for such Cullions that quit places for feare, not seeing their enemies, are unworthy the name of Souldiers; but I thinke they were too rich, and consequently, they grew too fe••ble.

Likewise here I did rejoyce, and was glad, when I did observe that it is not, nor was not peculiar to any still to have overcome, or to be victorious: the Emperialists, I know by experience, and so did the Regiment I com∣manded, had their time of the victory against the King of Denmarke (where I did learne to make a retreate) but now being come under another Leader, there Fortune began to change and to retire from us, we learning under the invincible Gustavus, to advance orderly, never falling off, but ever keeping faces to our enemy, a brave lesson learned from a brave Commander. So that we see here, victory keepes no constant dwelling, being now here, now there, yet we see, that it is best kept with counsell and vertue, neither can I thinke, but fortune, and chance hath a great hand in it, for it is a greater matter to use victory well, then to overcome, and all victors have an in∣satiable desire of their prosperous fortune, never appointing an end to their desires; And nothing brings victory more, next unto God, then good Commanders, whereof King Gustavus the invincible had many.

Here also at the intaking of Hagleberg, Generall Bannier did well in giving the Souldiers some liberty of booty: to the end they might prove the more resolute another time, for Souldiers will not refuse to undergoe any hazard, when they see their Officers willing to reward them with ho∣nour and profit.

The thirteenth Duty discharged at our Roy∣all Leaguer of Werben on the Elve against Generall Tillio his Army.

ABout the middest of Iuly 1631 his Majesties forces being come to∣gether of Horse and Foote, he did resolve to set downe his Leaguer at Werben on the Elve, where the River of the Haggle enters into it, and spying a parcell of ground, the most commodious that could be had, for situation, and aire, having first the commodity of transportation by water, on the Riv••r of the Haggle running into the Elve at the Leaguer, whereon all provisions could be brought for maintaining of his Army; He had also the whole country on the other side of the Elve, behinde him as his friends.

This Leaguer lay along the side of the River on a plaine meadow, being

guarded by the River on one side, and the foreside was guarded by a long ear∣then Dike, which of old was made to hold off the River from the Land, which Dike his Majestie made use of, dividing it by Skonces and Redoubts, which defended one another with Flanckering, having Batteries and Cannon set within them, alongst the whole Leaguer: he did also set over the River a Ship-bridge, for his Retreate in neede, as also for bringing commodiously of provision and succours, from the Country, and Garrisons on the other side, as Hagleberg, Rateno, Perleberg, and others.

In like manner his Majestie did fortifie the Towne of Werben for his Ma∣gazin, being close to the Leaguer, with workes about it, which defended the Leaguer, and the Leaguer-workes were made to defend the Towne also, so that they could relieve one another being in most distresse, and both the Towne-wall and Leaguer-wall, were so thicke and firme o•• old earth, faced up with new, that no Cartow could enter into it. The Bulwarkes on which the Batteries were made for the Cannon, were also very strong and formally built, and they flanckered one another, so that none could finde but folly in pressing to enter by storme; And betwixt the flanckerens were left voides, for letting Troopes of horse in and out, with slawght Bommes before them, where strong guards were kept for defending the passage.

A••d on the one side of this Leaguer were planted above one hundred and [ &.] fiftie pieces of Cannon, great and small, besides those that were planted on the Towne workes, and our whole Horsemen were quartered within the Leaguer.

The manner we were ordained to watch this Leaguer, every Briggad of foote had such a portion of the Leaguer appointed for them to watch and maintaine by fight, in case of a storme, which part they had fortified them∣selves, and Briggads of horse were ordained to attend particularly on a foote Briggad, to second them, if that the enemy, at a storme, should beate the foot backe from their Poasts, then the horse Briggad was ready to charge, till the foote might be recollected by the diligence and valour of their Officers: for besides the watch ordinary on the Poasts, the whole Briggads of foote stood in readinesse at all Alarums behinde the guard, and the horse Briggads did stand in Battaile behinde them. Likewise without the Leaguer, there were squadrons of our horsemen to stand in readinesse at one end, that while as the enemies foote should march on to the storme, our horsemen might charge through to the end of the Leaguer, where they were to be received againe within the Leaguer, being hardly followed, so that the judicious Rea∣der can easily judge, what a difficultie it was to storme such a Leaguer.

Being thus provided to welcome our enemy, his Majestie hearing of his enemies neere approach with a strong Armie, his Majestie did resolve like a wise Generall to try his enemies courage in the Field, before they should come neare to discourage his little Armie. And therefore his Majestie com∣manded out a strong partie of two thousand Musketiers, and a thousand horse, which partie he did lead himselfe, and finding by his intelligence Tillies Armie were advanced so farre,* 1.1 as to Wolmerstat, his Majestie Ante omnia, called in unto the Leaguer all the Garrisons, which were without on that side of the River, whereon the e••emy did march, and getting good in∣telligence of the enemies fore-Troopes, being foure Regiments of horse, the best of Tillies Armie (viz.) Colonell Harmesteans his Regiment of Cu∣rassiers, Mounte Cuculies Regiment, Holks Regiment of Curassiers, and Cor∣ramino

his Regiment, which were all about fortie two Cornets of Curassiers, being quartered beside Tangermonde, not knowing how neere they were come unto the valiant Gustavus, that, though a King, would not stand on a Cere∣mony, to make the first visit unto such valourous Cavaliers of their worths, and to make his Majesties visit the more gracefull (though lesse acceptable well I wot) he did send the Rhine-grave and Colonell Collenbagh, with five hundred Dragoniers, and their owne two Regiments of horse, to salute them at their quarter in his Majesties name, honouring them first with a Salve of Muskets, ••est they should thinke it discourtesie, to have come unto them without sending before, which being mis-taken by the enemy, the skirmish went on, Colonell Harmestean was killed, Holke and Coronell Corramino fled, so that the enemies fore-Troopes were driven to confusion, having lost twenty-nine Cornets, the Troopes whereof were defeated and ruined, so that our horsemen did make good bootie, having gotten horses, and a great deale of riches. The enemy in this Conflict did lose above a thousand men, and his Majesties losse was great also, having lost his owne sisters sonne, the young Rhinegrave, being killed on his first exployt, being the seventeenth of Iuly; the Cavaliers death was much regrated by his Majestie and the whole Armie, but the exployt ended, his Majestie did retire towards the Leaguer, having left some Officers and Horsemen, that had followed in the flight Gen••rall Tilly, and Colonell Holke, dogging them to their Quarters, where both hardly escaped untaken. The Swedens disappointed of their on∣slaught, retired af••er his Majestie to their Leaguer, and having put a terror in the enemies Armie, by this defeat; he did get foure dayes longer continua∣tion, to put all things in good Order against their coming; during which time, the enemy was busied in recollecting of his scattered Troopes, and in putting his Armie in good Order, forgetting of his revenge.

[ B] His Majestie as soone as he came backe, did send incontinent Orders to all the chiefe Officers of the Armie, to come instantly to his Tent, where being come, he asked their advice, whether it were best, the enemy being strong, timely to retire over the Elve, or that he should bide their coming before the Leaguer, and finding no man to answer him, all turning it over upon him∣selfe, being wise, knowing that Counsell would be allowed of by a King, but according to event; But his Majestie perceiving their intentions, he resolved to abid•• the enemies coming, what ever might follow, and instantly he gave all Officers and Commanders of Briggads charge to see their workes accom∣plished, and finished, for if the enemy would stay but three dayes, he would be no more afraid of him, than if he were in the strongest Island could be imagined, being he was assured, GOD would fight for him, and with him, and besides, he knew he had as good Commanders and Souldiers of horse and foote, as Tilly was able to bring against him, and which was more, he could get his Armie longer and better entertained than Tilly could get, seeing he had the Country to enemy, which was his Majesties friend.

[ C] This resolution being taken, his Majestie went to visit the Leaguer, being accompanied with the Marquesse of Hamilton, come then from Britaine, with an Armie of six thousand foote, as complete as could be desired to be seene for personages of men, in complete Armes, being well araide, and furnished of Artillery, and of all things fitting for the adorning of an Ar∣mie, his Majestie being exceeding glad of such a timely supply, he did most heartily welcome the Marquesse, by entertaining him with gracefull counte∣nance

and respect, in giving him such entertainement as the time could af∣foord, and in the interim, his Majestie went along with his Exc••llence, to let him see the fortifications and preparations he had made against Tillies com∣ming, which being so neare, made his Majestie after some considerable dis∣courses had with the Marquesse concerning his Armie, wherein his Majestie declared he was sorry the Marquesse with his Armie were arrived in such parts of the Country, that was ruined, and not able to entertaine his Excellence, and his Armie with bread, much lesse to be furnished with necessaries conve∣nient for them, or with such as his Majestie would willingly bestow on them, if the Country, or his power were able to furnish it. Other private discourses they had together, concerning the service, that the Marquesse with his Armie was to be imployed on: And his Excellence having received his Majesties instructions, being both pressed by shortnesse of time, his Excellence was graciously dismissed, to returne to his Armie, then being come upon the Oder, being then the most ruined part within the Empire, by reason both the Armies had laine there above a yeare before; which caused that Summer both famine and plague, the smart whereof his Excellence Armie suffered at their first coming, where they died of the plague above two hundreth a weeke, so that it was impossible for them to subsist long; and the plague was so rife, that his Excellence servants and family, were not free. Neverthelesse, [ D] none can say, but for the well and furtherance of the good cause, they did ar∣rive in a good time, having diverted from his Majestie a great part of the e∣nemies forces towards Silesia, being more afraid of their coming, than of an Armie twice stronger, and the diversion thus made, was a great furtherance to the joyning of his Majestie with the Duke of Saxon, and consequently of his Majesties advancement in Dutchland, and of his victory obtained against his enemies at Leipsigh; for nothing doth more crosse the designes of a migh∣tie enemy, than to heare a forraigne supply of valiant men to come to his e∣nemy, which no doubt, would force to alter his former Designes, which once altered unadvisedly in haste, might marre the happie event of his for∣mer Conclusions.

Likewise, his Excellence being dismissed, the Landgrave of Hessen, and Duke Barnard of Wymar, did come unto his Majestie, with the offer of their service, (knowing his Majestie had gotten a supply to his Armie out of Britaine, which did encourage them, and the most part of the Townes of the foure up∣per Circles of the Empire, to offer to joyne with his Majestie in confederacy, having seene the appearance of the strong partie his Majestie could make, being assured of the friendship and concurrence of great Britaine) they were both graciously accepted of, and so much the more, that they were the first did hazard with a private Convoy to come to his Majestie through their ene∣mies; for which his Majestie did thanke them, who the next day were dis∣patched to returne, for advanceing of the cause in doing his Majestie good service, by collecting of more forces, as they did soone after.

They being gone, the twenty-two of Iuly Generall Tilly, with his mightie [ E] Armie, did present himselfe before our Leaguer, about two of the clocke in the after-noone, and begun to salute us with thirty-two pieces of great Ord∣nance of their carriage, discharging through and through our Leaguer, till he made us to draw to our Armes, and stand in Battaile, horse and foote, under the walles, which did shelter us from his Cannon, where we stood till night, looking for his on-falling, requiting and honouring him now and 〈2 pages missing〉〈2 pages missing〉

The thirteenth Observation.

HIS Majestie wisely made choice of a fit place for his Leaguer, be∣ing commodious for transportation of victualls unto his Armie, without being in danger of his enemies. In like manner we see his Majesties wisedome in making his friends sure behinde him (viz.) the Duke of Brandenburg, the Dukes of Pomeren and Machlenburg, from whence his victualls and his supplies must needs come, and as his Leaguer was com∣modious for furnishing the Armie, so it was commodiously situated for de∣fence against the enemy, the one halfe, or backe, being naturally defen∣ded by the course of the water running by; and on the other side, it was de∣fended by the Towne, and by the helpe of the old Dike, which easily was fortified.

His Majesties wisedome also was seene, by keeping of his Souldiers still in Action, never suffering them to be idle (as a wise Generall ought to doe) for either they were imployed on marches, or lying still, in working, or in fighting by parties, or in grosse, as occasion offered: For this Generall knew well, that he was but the carrion of a man, and not a man, that did live idle, having in a living body but a dead minde.

[ H] Here also I did remarke and observe, Homo homini quid interest: for we finde a great difference betwixt his Majesties welcoming of Tilly to Werben, and the Felt-marshall Twifenbacke his welcome made to his Majestie before Francford on the Oder; who never did present himselfe in the Fields, though almost as strong as we were: but here we finde the contrary, that notwith∣standing of Tillies strength, being twenty-six thousand men, Gustavus was not afraid to have invaded his fore-Troopes with a weake partie, and did defeate them; shewing unto us the difference betwixt Commanders, by his owne valourous example, incouraging his little Armie before the ••nemies coming; he would not first meete his enemy with an Army, but having strengthened his Leaguer with Baniers Forces, and called in his weake Garrisons from danger, and then taking all victualls out of his enemies way, bringing it within his Leaguer, he then armed with courage and resolution, adventures to Rancounter his enemy with a partie, and having tryed them to their losse, he retired againe with credit, preparing his Leaguer, being strongly beset with men, Amunition and victualls, he was not afraid to be taken unawares, as the French were within Philipsburg, not being provided to oppose their enemies, for their sloath they were cruelly murthered. Teaching others, by their examples, not to trust too much in securitie, be the place never so strong, if they be left unto themselves, and grow carelesse, they must needs suffer under the Tyranny of their enemies.

Likewise his Majestie, not trusting to hi•• owne wisedome, he did call his chiefe Officers to Counsell, asking them, what was to be done (as wise Commanders ought to doe) and finding them all by silence to relie on his Majesties will, giving Orders for all things that were to be done before their coming, he resolved to stand to it, being truely couragious, as he did not ad∣venture rashly, without asking his Officers advice, knowing once their reso∣lution agreeable to his owne, he was not inconsiderately afraid of his ene∣mies strength, though mightie and strong, neither was he unprovided against their coming.

His Majesties dexteritie of Command is seene here, by the order of his discipline, in giving good orders for watching: First he divided the Postes, and appointed what footmen or Briggad should watch on the severall Posts, as they were severally fortified by themselves, to the end, no man might blame their owne worke, for insufficiency to hold out the enemy. As also he appointed severall Briggads of horse to second the Postes severally, every one knowing where to repaire in time of service: As also he did instruct them of the manner they were to fight, in resisting the enemies entry: As also in case of their entry, he did instruct both foote and horse, how and in what manner they should be repulsed againe, promising, according to his wonted Custome, to be a Companion both of their travells and dangers, and that he should never leave them, till first they should quit him, and that he would promise as he was a Royall King.

A worthy saying of a worthy King and Generall, whose prudence and wisedome in Command, was ever answerable to the dignitie of his maje∣sticke [ I] person, that ought and should be endued with infinite vertues, since in∣finite were those things he had to foresee, and which are needfull for a man of his place. Infinite chances, and altogether divers, every moment were set before him, in so much, that Argos Eyes were too few for him, not onely in re∣spect of the weight of his Command, but also in respect of the wit and pru∣dence which was requisit for him.

All other commands belonging to a Souldier are so inferiour to this of a Generall, that almost they are nothing in respect of this, who amongst o∣thers his great gifts, he must know severly to command, and softly to beare with others. As also, he must learne patiently to give place to others con∣tumacy, and he must not onely be powerfull to strengthen for his owne af∣faires, but also he must weaken his enemies, and chiefely, he must make warre by policy, without giving battell, or travell (as this wise Generall did deale twice with old Tillie) who was forced after a long march, having but visited him, and seene his orders, to retire againe, with the losse of many men, without any detriment or hurt at all to his Majesties owne litle Army, which he kept ever to the best, by preserving them from their enemies, and by supplying of them, as they became weake, so that their weaknesse could never be truly discerned. Who would not then admire the wisdome and fore∣sight of this Generall, in preserving this little Army, at this time, for a se∣cond fitter occasion? Who ever then was so worthy of the honourable title of a Generall as he? For though he had bin no King, he was a brave war∣riour, and which is more, a good man, magnificent, wise, just, meeke, indu∣ed with learning, and the gift of tongues, and as he had strength of body, and a manlike stature; he had also the ornaments of the minde, fitting a brave Commander: he knew how to dally, and weary an Army led by such an old Generall as Tillie was: for though he did vaunt, he had beaten two Kings before, in an open field, the third King made him, for all his expe∣rience and old yeares, to be thought but a child againe, having made him traverse with his Army, before in the winter, from Rapin to new Branden∣burg, and backe againe to Madeburg, finding the King did lie in suerty at Swede, till he was gone, and then tooke in both Francford and Lanseberg: and againe, he made him retire from During to Verben, for a visit, and then forced him to returne againe to Saxonie, with the losse of six thousand men, without effecting any thing for his coming, not the least advantage; undo∣ing

himselfe and his Army by the seasons, sometimes with the extremity of cold, in the midd••st of winter, and at this time, he made him march in the middest of the dogge dayes, for lacke of victualls, and his Majesty ha∣ving discouraged this old Generall and his Army, he thought then, it was fit time to follow, and to search him out, till he was made to fight.

This resolute King did not sleepe long, in suffering Tillies bravade made before Verben to be unrepayed, having the next morning hunted, and cha∣sed his co••rrasiers with a few number of Haggapells, to the middest of their Army, having with honour retired againe, he thought Tillie was ingaged to storme his Leaguer, in reveng, but all could not winde or draw him to it: But was forced through hunger to retire, all provisions being taken out of his way, for his Majesty knew well, when they should be oppressed with hunger at their coming, they could thinke on no generous exploit: for oftimes an Army is lost sooner by hunger then by fighting, and hunger it selfe is crueller a great deale, then the sword; For to hunger, and to fight valiantly, doth not agree with nature, and in an Army hunger is more intolerable then the thundering of Cannon and Musket: Armes doe resist Armes, but to resist hunger, no Fort, no Strength, no Moate or Foffie is able to doe it.

[ K] To conclude then this my observation, when God is with us, all things succeede well unto us, as did with this fortunate King Gustavus, who I knew did feare God; and I perswade my selfe, by his example, and after him, by the example of another Gustavus, Felt-marshall Hor••e (who truly feared God in his calling without pride or ostentation) many others under them following their examples (though Souldiers) did the like. Therefore no wonder, that they and those who followed them, were happy in their en∣terprises, having had such Leaders: for that is most sure and infallible, where most feare of God is, and true piety, there is most happinesse; and this piety is enough to save Princes. And on the contrary, without her, Armies can doe nothing, Horse or strength of man, gold or money can doe nothing. Let us then following the example of this King, who was Godly, seek to the King of Kings for his Kingdome, & the righteousnesse thereof, & then surely all other things will goe well with us, as it did with our Master and Leader.

The fourteenth Duty discharged of our March from Wirben to our Leaguer at Wittenberg.

THE certainty of Generall Tillies march with the Army unto Saxo∣nie being come unto his Majesty, and that he was to joyne at Leip∣sigh, with the forces were come to him from the upper Circles of Germany, as also out of Italy; which being joyned together, his resolu∣tion was to spoile the Dukes country, or to force him to turne Emperialist: which being understood by his Majesty, his Majesty very wisely resolved to prevent him in this, as he had done in his former intentions: And there∣fore

wi••h di••gence, bringing together the whole strength of his horses, wi••h two thousand Dragoniers, he marched towards Rattino, where Felt-marshall Horne did lie, with a part of the Army, to whom he gave orders to be in readinesse, on his first advertisment, as also, he appointed Generall Banner, to recollect and bring up such forces as were levied in the Markes of Brandenburg, and to be in readinesse at his Majesties appointment for a march.

In like manner his Majesty did leave the care of commanding the Leaguer at Werben to Generall Lievetenant Bautis, so farre as concerned the com∣mand of the Cavalerie, and Sr. Iohn Hepburne was ordained to command, and to care for the foote, which being done, his Majesty continued his march towards the passe of Wittenberg, for to meete Felt-marshall Arnham, who was appointed by the Duke of Saxon to treate with his Majesty, for confir∣ming of the Aliance and confederacy formerly treated betwixt his Majesty and ••he Duke, in time of the Treaty, his Majesty being in hopes, of a hap∣py conclusion, he did direct orders to the Felt-marshall Horne, and to Generall Lievetenant Bawtis, to breake up with both their forces of horse and foo••e, and to march towards Wittenberg. Likewise order was sent to Colonell Cagge to breake up from Haggleberg, with his Regiment, and with Colonell Monro of Fowles his Regiment, for to joyne both with the Army, on their march (which continued orderly to the Randezvouz ap∣po••nted to meete with the Felt-marshall being within foure miles of Witten∣berg, where we did come together, and immediatly the Felt-marshall did put the Army in good order of Battell, horse foote and Artillery; The baggage also was placed and directed to march a part from the Army.

On Sunday the twenty eight of August 1631. we continue our march towards Wittenberg, where a mile from the Towne we rejoyced at the sight of our Master and Leader, Gustavus the invincible, who with the party did joyne with us, and immediatly he tooke the paines to bring that Royall Army in order of Battaile, where on the sudden, his Majesties dexterity in command did appeare to the great contentment of the whole Army, and marching a while in Battell order, having halted neere the part, where our Leaguer was appointed to be, we were commanded to incampe for that night on the field, as we stood in Battell. The next morning, the Leaguer being divided in severall quarters, and our Quarter-masters, and Furriers, having made their right designation of every Regiments quarter, and having divided their quarters proportionally amongst the companies, they being ready, every Briggad whose quarters were first design'd, marched un••o the Leaguer, possessing themselves with their Quarters, they begun orderly to place their Colours and their watch; then every particular Cameradship did strive, who could best provide themselves of convenient lodgings, where we were to rest for a weeke.

Lievetenant Colonell Iohn Monro, being come before his Colonell from Scotland with a company, he was made to march from Statin to Wer∣ben, and from thence to Wittenberg, being then ordained to march with our Regiment, with whom did come from Scotland, Robert Monro, Kilternes [ L] sonne, out of love, to see his friends, who contracting a feaver at Witten∣berg, died there, and was honourably buried.

The fourteenth Observation.

HIS Majesty, like a wise and prudent Generall, we see would not sturre from his Leaguer at Werben, till first he was made certaine [ M] by good intelligence, of his enemies designe, counsell and reso∣lution, which being well knowne, his Majesty then resolved, by preven∣ting of them, to make them unprofitable: and truly the discoverer of such, plots and counsells ought to be well rewarded, seeing by the discovery of our enemies designes, we were made to resist dis intended evill against us. Happy therefore are those intelligences that come in time, and there ought to be no delay used, in taking that counsell that cannot be praised, till the turne be done, and things once deliberated should be quickly done, and though he be a brave fellow, who doubts in advising, yet in action he ought to be confident, as Gustavus was, getting intelligence of the enemies de∣signe with celerity, he tooke his horses and Dragoniers with him, and lea∣ving his foote and Cannon, he advanced to the passe of Wittenberg, for to prevent Tillie, who was striving to make the Duke turne Emperialist; but Gustavus wisely taking the ball at the right rebound, he did turne the Duke, by Gods providence, both soule and body good Swede. Where cleerely we may see the Lords powerfull hand and providence in this, as in all humane affaires, suffering things sometimes to take delayes. Notwithstanding of mans instant urging, the Lord deferres to his appointed time, that the glo∣ry may be given unto himselfe alone, and not to mans wit or policy. For as the Rudder in a ship doth with a little motion governe all the ship: even so, God the director and governour of the world, doth move the whole, himselfe not sturring. And as there is one God in the heavens, that governes all the frame of the earth: so the Lord hath his Substitutes on earth, whom he hath made above their fellowes in judgment, and heroike vertues, yet he himselfe keepes the Prerogative above them all in commanding them, to let [ N] us see, that all the event, and conclusions of Kings projects and intentions, be they never so powerfull, availe nothing to the furtherance of their inten∣tions, till they first acknowledge them to come from the fountaine God, that distributes them againe on his servants, when he pleaseth, that they may learne to glorify him, and not their owne wit or policy, which is so much as nothing, till he consent. This God then, the author and doer of all things (and of this union and confederacy) that eternall (I say) and provident God-head, that governes the motions of the Heavens, the starres variable cour∣ses, the Elementary changes, all things above, and beneath the earth, ruling and governing, spreading, where he pleaseth his light beames from his eter∣nity, and with a winke, piercing into the Bowells of heaven, earth and sea, he doth not only goe before them, but in them, seeing and knowing all, and governing them all, his will is so, that he converts our noisomnesse unto health, and our sinnes being ill, he turnes them unto our good: that eternall Governour triumphs in the Chariot of his providence, and if willingly we follow him, then freely, as his Souldiers, if unwillingly, we must follow him, as captives and servants. We see then here by Gods providence, the Duke was contented to joyne his Army with the Kings Majesties Army be∣ing come to Wittenberg, to goe Conjunctis viribus against their common ene∣my the house of Austria, and the Catholique league.

It had beene good for Madeburg this union had beene sooner concluded, but the Lord would not have it, seeing their punishments, by Generall Tillies Army (their scourge) was decreed long before. But now the Duke of Saxon terrified by their example, thinkes it better to prevent such ano∣ther wound, by joyning with his Majesty, being made warie by others fall: for it is better late to thrive then never, and it is better to prevent evill, then to suffer; and it was better for the Duke of Saxon, to blush in time, then out of time to grow pale; for now being taken at the rebound, Tillies Army being at Lipsigh, seing his own house on fire to be relieved, he offers his service to his Majesty, damning himselfe, soule and body, if ever he will forsake his Ma∣jesty and his Crowne, if then he would but helpe him to beate the enemy out of his country againe: So that he, which could not be tied with one knot before, is now hard tied by foure great points, which he was made to condescend unto, on his honour and credit, to have bin kept unviolable. And his Majesty getting him once thus bound, the way to make him sure, was to make him fight, that having dipped his hands once in the bloud of his ene¦mies, he was not suddenly to be clensed, and this was the manner to tye him harder, then the custome was of old amongst the Germans, who were wont (when they entred in confederacy) to draw bloud in a Goblet of both their browes, and drinke of it mutually, for the more strict observance of their fidelities to each others. But shortly after this confederacy was made, much German bloud was drawne, and of other strangers bloud, to make the tie so much the harder, and before the tie was broke, his Majesties bloud was shed, to the perpetuall disgrace of him, that after his Majesties death, forgetting his honour and credit, did violate his confederacy made with the crowne, as with the King our Master, of never dying memory.

The fifteenth Dutie discharged of our March over the Elve at Wittenberg to Diben.

THE Conjunction agreed upon betwixt his Majestie and the Duke of Saxon, all things sealed and subscribed, his Majestie gave Orders to breake up with the Armie, and to crosse the Elve, over the bridge at Wittenberg, for to joyne with the Dukes Armie; the orders were obeyed with great contentment, and entering into Saxonie, we quartered the first night not farre from Diben, the place appointed for our Randez-vouz; the next morning we marched thither, and were drawne up in battaile on the Fields, where in the after-noone the Dukes Armie arrived, being drawne up in bat∣taile within Cannon shot of us, the whole Officers of our Armie, were com∣manded to be in readinesse on horse-backe, to convey his Majestie for to welcome the Duke and his Armie, which for pleasing the eye, was the most [ F] complete little Armie, for personages of men, comely statures, well armed, and well arraide, that ever mine eyes did looke on, whose Officers did all looke, as if they were going in their best Apparell and Armes to be painted; where nothing was defective the eye could behold.

This shew seene by his Majestie and his Officers; his Majestie returning; the Duke with his followers did convey his Majestie to the sight of our Ar∣mie, which being called to their Armes, having lyen over-night on a parcell of plowd ground, they were so dusty, they looked out like Kitchin-servants, with their uncleanely Rags, within which were hidden couragious hearts, being old experimented blades, which for the most part, had overcome by custome the toyle of warres; yet these Saxons gentry, in their bravery, did judge of us and ours, according to our out-sides; thinking but little of us; neverthelesse, we thought not the worse of our selves. The ceremony past, we were all remitted to take rest for that night in our former quarters: the next morning, by breake of day, we were called up to march, where both our Armies were ordained to march on severall streets; one Randezvouz being appointed for us at night, within a mile and a halfe of the enemies Armie; where being come to our Randezvouz by foure a clocke in the after-noone, and drawne up in battaile; our guards drawne out to watch, were directed to their Postes, and then we resting by our Armes, as we were in battaile, we slept lying where we stood, that in case of a Alarum, we were not to be found in disorder, being ready to fight where we stood.

Immediately after the Armie was setled in Quarters, newes was come to his Majestie in poste, that the Castle of Leipsigh was given over by accord to the enemy: As also that Generall Tilly with a mightie and strong Armie, was come a mile from Leipsigh, and was preparing for a Fight: which newes did no wayes alter his Majesties countenance, being resolved before for the like, to have sought him to Fight. So that being both willing, and so neare, it was easie bringi••g them together; our baggage was appointed to goe backe to Diben, our horse and foote watches were strengthened, and we were in readinesse, and refreshing first our bodies with victualls, we slept till the n••x•• morning.

The fifteenth Observation.

[ Q] NOthing earthly is more pleasant to be seene, than to see brethren in Christ co••joyned against Gods enemies, for advancing of the glory of God, in promoting of his Gospell, and for setting at libertie those poore soules (our brethren in Christ) that were kept long under the yoke and tyranny of the house of Austria, and the Catholique League their mor∣tall enemies. Who would not then, for their liberties that were banished, (that they might one day retire to their possessions) who would not, I say, be willing, yea more, who would not rejoyce (having such a Leader as Gu∣stavus was) to hazard their lives for the weale of the publique; yea more, for the promoting of Christs Gospell? Surely for mine owne part▪ I was most willing and wished long to have seene a day, wherein I might hazard my life in this quarrell, in being one of the number of Fighters, before I did come at it; for many reasons, but especially for the libertie of the daughter of our dread Soveraigne, the distressed Queene of Bohemia, and her Princely Issue; next, for the libertie of our distressed brethren in Christ; and thirdly, for my better instruction, in the profession of Armes, which is my calling; for having before seene many occurrences that did belong to our Calling, I longed to have seene a Battaile fought in the Fields in such a quarrell, being led by such a magnanimous King, of Heroick spirit, that had much more on

hazard that day than I had, who had onely to hazard but my life and credit; while as he a King was to hazard his life, his Crowne, his reputation, and all for strangers.

Having thus the night before meditated, I found a motion rejoycing my heart, in making mee resolute, to sight in this Cause; being tied in dutie, not onely for my person, but also tied to give Counsaile and direction, as the Lord did enable mee, by giving instruction, good heartning, and good ex∣ample to others, who were bound to follow mee, as I was bound to follow my Master the King; seeing the Lord by his providence, had brought mee thither, with a number of my friends to follow, and obey him, as they were bound by oath to obey mee. And then I thought with my selfe, after I had awaked from sleepe, going on to march, that my life was much like a tale, and that we should not care how long this life of ours should last, but that wee should bee carefull, how well our life should bee acted: for it is no matter, where wee end, if wee end well; and we should not aske, when, or where, but we ought to bee ever mindfull, how wee are prepared going to fight. Nature did beget us miserable, we live over-burthened with cares, and like a flower, wee vanish soone away, and dye. Our hunting then here, and our care should bee onely for a perpetuall good name to leave behind us, that so being absent wee are present, and being dead, wee live.

The sixteenth Duty discharged on our Fight at Leipsigh.

AS the Larke begunne to peepe, the seventh of September 1631. ha∣ving stood all night in battaile a mile from Tillies Armie, in the mor∣ning, the Trumpets sound to horse, the Drummes calling to March, being at our Armes, and in readinesse, having before meditated in the ••ight, and resolved with our Consciences; we begunne the morning with offering our soules and bodies, as living Sacrifices unto God, with Confession of our sinnes, lifting up our hearts and hands to Heaven, we begged for recon∣ciliation in Christ, by our publique prayers, and secret sighes, and groanes; recommending our selves, the successe, and event of the day unto God, our Father in Christ; which done by us all, we marched forwards in Gods name a little, and then halted againe, till the whole Armie, both the Dukes, and Ours, were put in good Order: our Armie marching on the right hand, and the Dukes on the left, our commanded Musketeres marching in the Van-Guarde, being in one bodie before the Armie consisting of three Regiments, [ R] whereof two of Scotts, and one Dutch, all Musketieres, led by three Scotts Co∣lonels, men of valour and courage, fit for the Commaund concredited unto them, being made choice of, as men, that could fight Exemplarie to others: (viz.) Sir Iames Ramsey, called the Blacke, Sir Iohn Hamilton, and Robert Monro Baron of Fowles; we marched thus, both the Armies in Battaile, Horse, foote, and Artillerie, till about nine of the Clocke in the morning, wee halted halfe a mile distant from the Emperiall Armie; that were attending us in Battaile; consisting of fortie foure thousand men, horse, and foote, our Armie, consi∣sting of thirtie thousand men, whereof, to my judgement, His Majesties Ar∣mie;

were eight thousand foote, and seven thousand horse; The Duke also, would be eleven thousand foote, and foure thousand horse; having refreshed ourselves with victuals, leaving our Coaches behind us. The whole Armie did get greene Branches on their heads; and the word was given, God with us: a little short speech made by His Majestie, being in order of Battaile, we marched towards the enemie, who had taken the advantage of the ground, having placed his Armie on a place called Gods Acre; where their Generall did make choice of the ground most advantagious for his foote, Artillerie, and horses; he also did beset the Dorpes, that invironed the ground, which was left for us, with Dragoniers and Crabbats: to incomber our wings by their evill Neighbourhood: yet, notwithstanding of all the advantages hee had of Ground, Wind, and Sunne; our magnanimous King and Leader; under God, inferiour to no Generall we ever reade of, for wisedome, cou∣rage, dexteritie, and good Conduct, he was not dejected; but with magna∣nimitie, [ S] and Christian resolution, having recommended himselfe, his Armie, and successe to God, the Director of men and Angells; able to give victory with few against many; He ordered his Armie, and directed every supreame Officer of the Field, on their particular charge and stations committed unto them, for that day: As also he acquainted them severally, of the forme he was to fight unto, and he appointed Plottons of Musketiers, by fifties, which were commanded by sufficient Officers to attend on severall Regiments of horse; and he instructed the Officers how to behave themselves in dischar∣ging their duties on service. Likewise he directed the Officers belonging to the Artillery, how to carry themselves; which orderly done, the comman∣ded Musketiers were directed to their stand where to fight; his Majestie then led up the foure Briggads of foote, which were appointed to be the Battaile of the Armie, with a distance betwixt every Briggad, that a Regiment of horse might march out in grosse betwixt the Briggads, all foure being in one front, having their Ordnance planted before every Briggad, being foure pieces of great Cannon, and eight small; whereof, foure stood before the Colours, that were the Battaile of the Briggad, with Amunition and Con∣stables to attend them; on the right hand Pikes, before the Colours were the other foure pieces of Cannon, with Amunition and Constables conforme; and on the left wing of Pikes and Colours were placed the other foure pieces of Cannon, as we said before.

Behinde these foure Briggads were drawne up the three Briggads of Re∣serve, with their Artillery before them, standing at a proportionable distance behinde the other foure Briggads, with the like distance betwixt them, as was betwixt the Briggads of the Battaile.

The Briggads of horse which had Plottons of Musketiers to attend them, were placed on the right and left wings of the foote, and some were placed betwixt the Battaile of foote and the Reserve, to second the foote as neede were; other Briggads of horse were drawne up behinde the Reserve of the foote Briggads.

The Felt-marshall Horne, Generall Banier, and Lievetenant Generall Baw∣tish were commanded to over-see the Horsemen, his Majestie, the Baron Tyvell, and Grave Neles, were to command the Battaile of foote; Sir Iames Ramsey, as eldest Colonell, had the command of the fore-Troopes, or com∣manded Musketiers; and Sir Iohn Hepburne, as eldest Colonell, commanded the three Briggads of Reserve: Our Armie thus ordered, the Duke of Saxon

and his Feltmarshall Arnhem, having ordered their Armie (whereof I was not partic••larly inquisitive of the manner) they were ordained to draw up on our left hand, and being both in one front thus ordered, we marched in Battaile a little, and then halted againe, till his Majestie had commanded out some commanded Horsemen, on the wings of the Armie, a large distance from the body, to scoure the fields of the Crabbats; we marched againe in order of Battaile, with Trumpets sounding, Drummes beating, and Co∣lours advanced and flying, till we came within reach of Cannon to our ene∣mies Armie, then the magnifick and magnanimous Gustavus the Invincible, leads up the Briggads of horse one after another to their ground, with their Plottons of shot to attend them: As also he led up the Briggads of foote one after another to their ground, during which time we were drawne up accor∣ding to our former plot, the enemy was thundering amongst us, with the noise, and roaring whisling and flying of Cannon-Bullets; where you may imagine the hurt was great; the sound of such musick being scarce worth the hearing, though martiall I confesse, yet, if you can have so much patience, with farre lesse danger, to reade this dutie to an end, you shall finde the mu∣sicke well paide; but with such Coyne, that the players would not stay for a world to receive the last of it, being over-joyed in their flying.

By twelve of the Clock on wednesday the seventh of September, in de∣spight [ T] of the fury of the enemies Cannon, and of his advantages taken, they were drawne up in even front with the enemy, and then our Cannon begun to roare, great and small, paying the enemy with the like coyne, which thundering continued alike on both sides for two houres and an halfe, during which time, our Battailes of horse and foote stood firme like a wall, the Cannon now and then making great breaches amongst us, which was diligently looked unto, on all hands, by the diligence of Officers in filling up the voide parts, and in setting aside of the wounded towards Chirurgians, every Officer standing firme, over-seeing their Commands in their owne sta∣tions, succeeding one another as occasion offered.

By halfe three, our Cannon a little ceasing, the Horsemen on both wings charged furiously one another, our Horsemen with a resolution, abiding un∣loosing a Pistoll, till the enemy had discharged first, and then at a neere di∣stance our Musketiers meeting them with a Salve; then our horsemen dis∣charged their Pistolls, and then charged through them with swords; and at their returne the Musketiers were ready againe to give the second Salve of Musket amongst them; the enemy thus valiantly resisted by our Horsemen, and cruelly plagued by our Plottons of Musketiers; you may imagine, how soone he would be discouraged after charging twice in this manner, and repulsed.

Our Horsemen of the right wing of Finnes and Haggapells, led by the valourous Feltmarshall Horne, finding the enemies Horsemen out of Order, with resolution he charged the enemies left wing, forcing them to retire dis∣orderly on their battailes of foote, which caused disorder among the foote, who were forced then to fall to the right hand; our Horsemen retiring, his Majestie seeing the enemy in disorder, played with Ordnance amongst them, during which time, the force of the enemies Battailes falls on the Duke of Saxon, charging with Horse first in the middest of the Battailes, and then the foote giving two Salves of Musket amongst them, they were put to the Rout, horse and foote, and the enemy following them cryed Victoria, as if the

day had beene wonne, triumphing before the victory; But our Horsemen charging the remnant of their horse and foote, where their Generall stood, they were made to retire in disorder to the other hand towards Leipsigh; our Armie of foote standing firme, not having loosed one Musket; the smoake being great, by the rising of the dust, for a long time we were not able to see about us; but being cleared up, we did see on the left hand of our reserve two great Battailes of foote, which we imagined to have beene Saxons, that were forced to give ground; having heard the service, though not seene it, we found they were enemies, being a great deale neerer than the Saxons were: [ V] His Majestie having sent Baron Tyvell to know the certaintie, coming before our Briggad, I certified him they were enemies, and he returning towards his Majestie, was shot dead; his Majestie coming by, gave direction to Co∣lonell Hepburne, to cause the Briggads on his right and left wing to wheele, and then to charge the enemy, the Orders given, his Majestie retired, pro∣mising to bring succours unto us.

The enemies Battaile standing firme, looking on us at a neere distance, and seeing the other Briggads and ours wheeleing about, making front unto them, they were prepared with a firme resolution to receive us with a salve of Cannon and Muskets; but our small Ordinance being twice discharged amongst them, and before we stirred, we charged them with a salve of mus∣kets, which was repaied, and incontinent our Briggad advancing unto them with push of pike, putting one of their battailes in disorder, fell on the exe∣cution, so that they were put to the route.

I having commanded the right wing of our musketiers, being my Lord of Rhees and Lumsdells, we advanced on the other body of the enemies, which defended their Cannon, and beating them from their Cannon, we were masters of their Cannon, and consequently of the field, but the smoake be∣ing great, the dust being raised, we were as in a darke cloude, not seeing the halfe of our actions, much lesse discerning, either the way of our enemies, or yet the rest of our Briggads: whereupon, having a drummer by me, I caused him beate the Scots march, till it cleered up, which recollected our friends unto us, and dispersed our enemies being overcome; so that the Briggad coming together, such as were alive missed their dead and hurt Camerades.

Colonell Lumsdell was hurt at the first, and Lievetenant Colonell Musten [ W] also, with divers o••her Ensignes were hurt and killed, and sundry Colours were missing for that night, which were found the next day; The enemy thus fled, our horsemen were pursuing hard, till it was darke, and the blew Briggad, and the commanded musketiers were sent by his Majesty to helpe us, but before their coming, the victory and the credit of the day, as being last ingaged, was ascribed to our Briggad, being the reserve, were thanked by his Majesty for their service, in publique audience, and in view of the whole Army, we were promised to be rewarded.

The Battaile thus happily wonne, his Majesty did principally under God ascribe the glory of the victory to the Sweds, and Fynnes horsemen, who were led by the valorous Felt-marshall Gustavus Horne; For though the Dutch horsemen did behave themselves valorously divers times that day; yet it was not their fortune to have done the charge, which did put the ene∣my to flight, and though there were brave Briggads of Sweds and Dutch in the field, yet it was the Scots Briggads fortune to have gotten the praise for

the foote service: and not without cause, having behaved themselves well, being led and conducted by an expert Cavalier and fortunat, the valiant Hep∣burne, being followed by Colonell Lumsdell, Lievetenant Colonell Musten, Major Monypenney, Major Sinclaire, and Lievetenant Colonell Iohn Monro, with divers others Cavaliers of valour, experience and of conduct, who thereafter were suddainely advanced unto higher charges. The victory be∣ing ours, we incamped over night on the place of Battaile, the living merry and rejoycing, though without drinke at the night-wake of their dead Camerades and friends, lying then on the ground in the bed of honour, being glad the Lord had prolonged their dayes for to discharge the last honourable duty, in burying of their Camerades.

Our bone-fiers were made of the enemies Amunition waggons, and Pikes left, for want of good fellowes to use them; and all this night our brave Camerades, the Saxons were making use of their heeles in flying, thinking all was lost, they made booty of our waggons and goods, too good a recom∣pence for Cullions that had left their Duke, betrayed their country and the good cause, when as strangers were hazarding their lives for their free∣domes.

Our losse this day with the Saxons, did not exceede three thousand [ X] men, which for the most part were killed by the enemies Cannon: of princi∣pall Officers we lost a number, and chiefely our horsemen; as Colonell Collenbagh, Colonell Hall and Addergest; and of the foote Colonells, the Bar∣ron Tivell, being all of them brave and valorous gentlemen, we lost also foure Lievetenant Colonells, together with a number of Rutmasters, Cap∣taines, Lievetenants and Ensignes.

Of the Saxons were lost five Colonells, three Lievetenant Colonells, with divers Rut-masters and Captaines, and of inferiours Officers many.

To the enemy were lost on the field neere eight thousand, besides Officers of note, such as the Felt-marshall Fustenberg: the Duke of Holsten, the Count of Shomeberg: old Generall Tillie hurt and almost taken; a number of other Officers of the Field were killed, and taken prisoners. They lost also thirty two peeces of Cannon, with three score waggons of Amunition, and their Generall, and Papingham were chased towards Hall, and from thence were forced with a small convoy to take their flight for re∣fuge to Hamell on the Waser.

The sixteenth Observation.

FIrst then we see here the goodnesse that followes on that laudable and Christian custome, used by those, that doe first begin the workes of their calling with their true humiliation to God by prayers, in acknow∣ledging their sinnes and unworthinesse, and in renouncing trust or confidence in any thing but in God alone, knowing their owne wisdome, strength and valour to be of no moment, without the speciall aide and assistance of the Almighty and powerfull God; who alone can teach our fingers to fight, giving victory with few as with many.

And therefore it was that this Magnanimous and religious warriour, with his whole Army, publiquely did call on the Lord, praying for his assistance against his enemies, and for a happy event of the day, before he begun to set his Army to worke against their enemies, the enemies of God and the

true Catholique and Apostolique faith; which they had endeavoured to subvert with the professors of the truth, to hold up and maintaine the man of sinne and his erronious doctrine, by the power of the house of Austria, and of the Catholique League. We see then, this duty being religiously and piously discharged by his Majesty and his Army, the fruite was answera∣ble to their desire: having obtained victory over our enemies by the good command of his Majesty, and the ready obedience, dexterity and valour of his Majesties supreme Officers of the field; who in all charges did direct those under them to the ready discharge of their duties, every one of the whole united body of the Army following the example of their head and [ Y] Leader, the magnifick and Magnanimous King, for to abate and lay downe the pride of the house of Austria; and for to teare and strip naked that old proud and Ambitious Generall Tillie of his former glory and honour; for having bragged and vainely gloried, he had conquered two Kings before: here now the Captaine of Kings, and King of Captaines doth victoriously Triumph, having robbed him of glory, and clipped the wings of the Em∣pire with his little Royall Army.

Likewise, next unto God, a second helpe unto this glorious victory, was the great execution made by his Majesties Cannon; and though ever be∣fore, Tillie did pride himselfe all his life time in the course of the warres, in his dexterity of his great Cannon; here from a Master he was turned againe unto a prentice, being cunningly over shot with Cannon, so that his Can∣non, and three score waggons belonging thereto, were taken from him by Gustavus the first, and most valiant Captaine of the world, with the helpe of the nation which was never conquered by any forraine enemy, the invin∣cible Scots; whose prayers to God were more effectuall through Christ, then theirs through the intercession of Saints.

The third cause of this glorious victory, was his Majesties good disci∣pline houlden over the Army, horse and foote, not suffering them without great and extraordinary punishment, to oppresse the poore, which made them cry for a blessing to his Majesty and his Army.

The enemy on the contrary provoked the wrath of God against them∣selves and their Army, for their cruelty used in torturing the poore, and force∣ing their monies from them did further their punishment, and his Majesties glorious victory.

The fourth helpe to this victory, was the plottons of Musketiers, his Majesty had very wisely ordained to attend the horsemen, being a great safety for them, and a great prejudice to the enemy, the Musket ball carrying and piercing farther then the Pistolet: As also the great celerity used in charging and discharging of our small cannon brought the enemies battai••e in disorder, to the furtherance of this victory: As also the extraordina•••• care and diligence, that was used by his Majesty, and his Officers, in seeing and foreseeing of the defects and disorders amongst our selves; which be∣ing suddenly remedied, was also a helpe to this victory: And last of all, the invincible courage and resolution both of Officers and souldiers in standing firme, Notwithstanding of the fury of their enemies; and which was more, they were no wayes dismayed or discouraged at the flight of the Saxons, but thought it their greatest glory to be victorious without them; standing re∣solutly till they saw the backe of their enemies, the undoubted tokens of their glorious victory.

His Majesties Army on this service as at all times, might be called truely valorous, for those are called valorous Captaines, and holden for such; that when their Camerades are flying, they notably with hands, voice and wounds (if wounded) sustaine the fight, doing at once the duty of Soul∣diers and of Captaines, by those meanes, bringing backe, and restoring the suspected losse unto victory, for their credits. For as ignorance doth easily precipitate men into danger, even so to a generous heart nothing can seeme difficult or fearefull, being once resolved to fall on, though towards the [ Z] mouth of the cannon; but before resolution flesh and blood have their owne disturbances, even in the most valorous: and valorous men, as they feare nothing after resolution; so they disdaine nothing entering upon danger.

Here also the resolution of our horsemen on this service was praise worthy▪ seeing they never loosed a pistoll at the enemy, till first they had discharged theirs: for the enemy being fierce and furious; while as ours were stout and slow, the enemy was made weary when ours were fresh, which made the enemy being weary, and charged with a fresh succour, being once set on going, they followed hard their victory, not giving them time to breath, or recollect their forces againe, till they were utterly defeated; that the night and darkenesse was their best safety. For I did observe here, that the duty of valiant Commanders is to know not onely the nature of their enemies, but also their spirit, and wherein they pride them most: we ought to make our best use for to deceive and out-shoote them in those same things wherein they delight and trust most unto. Likewise this day I did observe, that as the in∣ticement [ &] to great travell and paines is glory and honour, even so courage and constant valour may be attained unto by exercise in warre, and frequent∣ing of dangers, wherein Souldiers, Companies or Briggads are used with, and made once familiar with that cruell and vehement, horrible and terrible fellow, death, having seene many dead bodies before; and being inured to bloud, such Souldiers will stand to it and desire to fight, when ignorant Novices (as the Saxons were) are afraid of death; who seeking their safety in flying, they were miserably cut downe by their enemies.

I did likewise observe this day, that it is not the multitude doth the turne, but under God it is good command, good conduct, art, and skill in hand∣ling the weapons of our warfare, and in taking the occasions in time that beget victory.

Therefore he that would labour an Army as Gustavus did, he will finde [ A] fruite, yea even the best that groweth under the Empire, good Rhenish and Necker wine, not onely for himselfe, but for the meanest Souldier, and that unto excesse, which hath made me sometimes complaine more of the plenty our Souldiers had after this victory, through the abuse of it, then ever I did before for any penury. He is therefore in my opinion farre deceived that thinkes that it is the time or number of yeares that makes a good Soul∣dier; no, no, it is rather the continuall meditation of exercise and practise; for Souldiers should be in running, not in running away, as horsemen ordi∣narily doe. But on the contrary, that with the greater force they may be able to invade their enemies, as our Briggad did here, who seeing the ene∣my in confusion with their Pikes charged ranne fiercely upon them till they were beaten. And surely I doe thinke no man so ignorant, but knowes that more come to be good Souldiers by exercise and frequency of danger and use, then by nature: and he is not a man that will not sweat, nor couragi∣ous,

that eschewes danger, when hee should fight, as our Camerades did the painted Souldiers the Saxons, with their plumed Officers; which feathers served them I thinke in their flight, for tokens rather to cut them downe by, than for their safeties.

Courage should growe by frequencie of danger, the onely way, in my opinion, to feare nothing, and then he may be called stout, before the ma∣ker of a qu••rrell at home, who once drawing a sworde, when he knowes of twentie Part••rs, or Redders, is there called stout; but when he comes abroade [ B] to the warres, at first, the thundering of the Cannon and Musket roaring in his eares makes him sicke, before he come neere danger, as I have known some: but where vertue and honour doth growe, there labour, exercise and danger is needfull: Nam ardua & difficilis virtutis est via, tamen, nil tam diffi∣cile est, quod non solertia vincat; And death it selfe is never bitter, when it leaves an immortall, and glorious name behind it; Vivit enim post funera virtus: & animus moderatis laboribus adjuvatur, immoderatis autem abluitur.

To conclude then this observation, we see that as courage in warres is much worth, for obtaining of victory: so is the wisedome of a Generall or Leader in warres, as Gustavus was, of so much worth, even in the obtaining of this victory, that the spirit of him alone, and skill in direction, was better than thousands of armed men. The enemy being in this Battaile neere twelve thousand men, at least, stronger than we; yet Gustavus alone on our side was better, and of more worth to us, then that multitude to our enemies.

[ C] Wee see then here, that no greater joy or pleasure can come to mortall man, than to overcome his enemy by Armes: and we see also, that ••he event of Battaile doth not consist in number of Fighters, but, under God, in the order and courage used in Battaile.

Here also we see, that a good cause and a good quarrell is ever to be had, if thou wouldest have victory over thine enemies; and who would wish a better quarrell then we fought for, this day being for the reliefe of our di∣stressed friends, and for the libertie and promotion of Christs Gospell; or who would not hazard, in such a quarrell, especially against such enemies, that had banished the daughter of our dread Soveraigne, and her royall Issue, from her Kingdome and Dignities?

O would to GOD I had once such a Leader againe to fight such an other day; in this old quarrell! And though I died standing, I should be perswa∣ded, I died well; and I wish, that as wee have received the light of truth hap∣pily, that fought in that quarrell: even so we may happen to restore that light againe pleasantly; that as wee did overcome that day our carnall enemies; even so we may overcome in our last fight our spirituall enemies; that after death we may be crowned with immortall Glorie.

The seventeenth Dutie discharged of our March from the place of Battaile towards Leipsigh▪

HAving merrily past the night on the place of Battaile, with varietie of pleasant discourses of our severall observations of the day; ha∣ving [ D] hunted a Foxe, that was both old and craftie; though hee had

escaped with his life, he had a torne skinne, and a brused bodie; and being long chased, in end he got a hole to hide him in: for sure he did thinke, there was no long safetie for him, if oft hee did but meete with such cunning hun∣ters; that had laid all passes for him, to keepe him in: for though, at this time, hee had stripped away his taile, yet his traine (for the most part) were either taken or killed.

Other Discourses wee had of plentie, and of want, being some of us ex∣treamely hungrie, others pined with extraordinary thirst, having no water neere unto us, nor vessels to bring it from a farre, our servants being left farre behind us, who were plundred by those cowards that had fled from us, who also furnished a great part of our nights Discourse, having wondered at their carriage, that had such externall showes, with so few inward giftes of the minde.

The night thus past, the day peeping, every one, that missed a loving friend, or a Camerade, went neere to the ground, on which they sundered, making diligent search to finde them, either dead or alive; sundries of both were found, the dead were put under ground, being honourably buried like souldiers, that had given their lives for the weale of the publique, the woun∣ded were convoyed unto Dorpes, where Chirurgians were appointed to at∣tend their cure.

By nine of the Clocke, the Armie was drawne up in Battaile, where the difference was great, betwixt our show then, and the sight of the day before; His Majestie having overviewed the Armie, he tooke the most part of the Horsemen with him, and commanded to march towards Leipsigh with the rest of the Armie, to be rested there till further Orders; and His Majestie with the Horsemen advanced after the enemie; prosecuting the victorie, in taking Order with those they had left behind, for making their Retreate sure, whereof there were left at Leipsigh three thousand men, whom His Ma∣jestie in his by-going gave Orders to pursue, and advanced to a Castle called Morshberg, where there were a great many of the enemie, who rendred them∣selves, and tooke service.

Our March continuing to Leipsigh, at our comming there, we found a [ E] well provided Leaguer for our hungrie stomackes, of all sort of good vi∣ctuals, where about the Leaguer, there were feeding, Kine, Sheepe, Calves, Geese, Hennes: they left also Corne in abundance, and flower in readinesse; which was the more acceptable, being found at hand, without travelling for it; and to avoide strife and disorder, before we entered the Leaguer, it was divided proportionally amongst the Regiments, as we would part quar∣ters, where no man was suffered to take any thing out of an others quarter, but it behoved him to be content with his lot, whither good or bad; so that being quartered, they were happie to their meate, having come, as they say, to a peeld egge; where we laie two nights refreshing our selves, till our ba∣gage was come after us from Di••en: during which time, the Saxons were comming together, their feare being past at Leipsigh, where Felt Marshall Harnam was appointed, with the Dukes forces, to take in both the Towne and Castle, which immediatly were given over on accord.

The seventeenth Observation.

[ F] HEre we found the Proverbe verified, that they never had an evill day, who got a merry night after: and the long expectation of this our happinesse made our joye the more welcome; for wee helped with great labour, toyle, and travell to have brought this dayes worke to a good end: we rejoyced that the labour and danger being vanished, the good of it remained with us: and though our Commons were but short, our mirth was never the lesse; for we ought not to care how laborious or painefull our actions are, if the fruite be honest and good; for though the paines be first [ G] tedious, yet betime they will yeeld content. What matter is it then of our toyle, and travell; or what care should we take of trouble or danger, so our joyes may be enlarged? Iob was not so miserable in his affliction, as he was happy in his patience. Which should teach all men of our Profession to beare their disturbances and troubles patiently; that in end they may come to their wished for credit and honour. For he is not worthy the sweete, that cannot suffer the sower; neither is he worthy to be made participant of such mirth, as we enjoyed this night, that ranne away in time of danger.

[ H] Here also we see, that it is the dutie of the longest livers, to see to the ho∣nour and credit of their dead friends, in taking care of their burialls, as the last dutie: as also, to shew their compassion to their hurt Camerades alive, who perhaps received their wounds in rescuing of others, whose skinnes were kept sound, though theirs torne.

Here also we see, that death is fatall unto all, both to feeble and couragious, but a glorious death is onely proper unto the valiant; who oftest doth es∣chew death, when the fearefull perisheth in an instant; and therefore it is that the valiant man doth choose rather to die honourab••y, than to live in ig∣nominy, as the feeble doth; but these died here valiantly; the brightnesse of their Actions, done in their life time, remaines firme in the minds of men unto all ages; And to their posterities in writing, never suffering their me∣mories to rotte with the time; whose burialls, though meane, on this place of Battaile, yet they are commemorations of their vertuous lives to poste∣ritie; whose killing was no punishment (say the world what they list) but rather the beginning of their glory: And therefore, how ever a man dies, he dies well that dies in Christ, ending his dayes with honour.

At this dayes service I was rich in friends, that helped to the obtaining of this victory with credit; but soone after we found the fruits of mortalitie, death having seased more on our kindred, than on any other Family of our Nation, that were employed in this warre; and the unthankfulnesse of those we served hath beene such, that those who suffered most, were least rewarded; as we may justly say, having lost our Master and King, who did see our acti∣ons, and had rewarded them, had he lived. And though I will not vaunt, neither of my friends, nor of our travells, none can blame me to say, as the Puppie said, wee Dogges kill'd the Hare, since we were with the rest at Leip∣sigh, the center of Germanie, which was, and is, and shall be ••edes Belli, till the cause be wonne, and those we fought for be restored; and then I would bee content to lay up my sworde, and live a retired life, serving God and the Publique at home, as we did abroade.

The eighteenth Duty discharged of the intaking of Hall and of the Castle, and of our March from Leipsigh to Hall.

HIS Majesty having left Felt-marshall Harnam with the Dukes for∣ces, to accord with Leipsigh and the Castle, the eleventh of Sep∣tember, we continued our march towards Hall; and coming at the appointed Randezvouz, we halted in the fields, where we were to quarter over night; his Majesty accompanied with a great and honourable traine of Cavaliers, lighted from his horse on the head of our Briggad; the [ K] Officers whereof coming together about his Majesty in a Ring, his Majesty made a speech in commendation of the Briggad, thanking them for their good service, and exhorting them for the continuance thereof, promi∣sing, as he was a Royall King, he would not forget to reward them; and turning him towards the supreme Officers, they in all humility did kisse his Majesties hand, in confirmation of their loyalty in time to come, the whole inferiour Officers and Souldiers cried aloud, they hoped to doe his Majesty better service then ever they had done.

His Majesty taking horse againe with his Royall traine, he directed Gene∣rall Bannier to goe and distribute the three thousand foote prisoners that were willing to take service, under the Dutch Regiments: Whereupon, I ap∣proached unto his Majesty, intreating his Majesty to consider the great losse our Regiment had sustained on all the former occasions of service, that seeing we were become weake like to other Regiments; Therefore his Ma∣jesty might be gratiously pleased to give order to Generall Bannier, that I might have all the Britaines and Irish that were amongst the prisoners, to strengthen our Regiment, which his Majesty granting, directed a Cava∣lier with me unto the Generall, commanding I should have them: I was overjoyed, thinking to get a recreut of old Souldiers; and the Cavalier having declared his Majesties will unto the Generall, the Generall said, with all his heart I should have them, and when I had made tryall to finde out the number; there were but three Irish amongst them all, and being dis∣appointed of a strong Recreut, I did over-see those, to follow their Camerades; and being returned, his Majesty asked me how I sped; I told his Majesty, Britaines were so farre addicted to his Majesty and the cause, that few of them served the Emperour, whereupon I intreated his Majesty for some Dutch; but his Majesty refusing, promised to put me and the Re∣giment alone upon an occasion, where I should get, not onely the prisoners, but good booty also.

The next morning continuing our march towards Hall, the most part of my folkes were commanded for the intaking of the Castle of Hall, the par∣ty being commanded by the Colonell of the Artillery, Captaine William Stewart, Clare his brother, then Captaine under our Regiment, was commanded with the commanded men, the Castle being taken by accord, we did get fifty old Souldiers that tooke service under our Regiment.

His Majesty on the Sabboth day in the morning went to Church, to give thankes to God for his by-past victories, this church being the Bishops

Cathedrall seate, I did heare there sung the sweetest melodious musicke that could be heard, where I did also see the most beautifull women Dutchland could affoord.

[ L] The next day the Duke of Saxon, with a princely traine, came unto Hall, to congratulate his Majesties victory, and was invited to sup with his Ma∣jesty, where they made merry, and the next day held counsell how to maintaine the warres, and how they should prosecute their victory, where it was concluded, that his Majesty with his Army should advance towards Erford, and, then over Duringer Valt unto Franconia; and that the Dukes Army should march unto Silezia, and towards the Crantzis, or Fron••iers of Bohemia. After this conclusion, his Majesty sent post unto Spruce to call the Chancellor of Sweden from thence, to he at Hall as Legate for his Ma∣jesty, to disburden him of the politicke affaires, having burthen enough of the military employment, and of the receiving and dispatching of forraine Ambassadors; and till the Chancellors coming he did leave Colonell Winckle with a strong Garrison in Hall, having wisely fore-seene both the way, how to prosecute his victory, as also to maintaine his Con∣quest.

The eighteenth Observation.

THIS great Army of Generall Tillies being defeated, did seperate themselves in great Troopes and bands, especially the foote; who ought ever to stand well, and fight with courage bouldly in field, and not to suffer themselves to be rent; though the horsemen should runne [ M] away, and being they cannot runne so fast for their safeties; my counsell then shall be ever to them, to fight well for victory, and though they should lose all hope of victory, I would not have them to disbandon or scatter; but rather to stand together, till at last they might get honourable quarters for themselves, rather then shamefully to be cut off in flying away.

Here we see, that the foote Souldiers suffer ever the greatest losse in ex∣tremity, and they have ever least gaines, though most credit: but we see his Majesty with clemency doth follow the example of the ancient Romans, who, of all victories, thought that victory best, which least was stained with bloud, having given quarters and service to three thousand Emperiall Souldiers, without drawing one drop of bloud.

Likewise we see here the continuance of his Majesties industry and dili∣gence, aswell in prosecuting his victory, as he was valiant in obtaining of it, in the one as in the other vindicating his owne honour, and the honour of his noble friends, shewing, after the fury was past, his clemency and meeke∣nesse towards his enemies; yet who ever was more valiant than he, being ever in all his on-sets a Leader? And as we see his Majesties valour and di∣ligence, in prosecuting his victory: so we see also his care, in supplying the weakenesse of his Army, as a wise Generall should doe, in not letting his enemies see the weakenesse of his Army, which ought never to be knowne to those, who would rejoyce at the same.

Likewise here I did observe a great thankefulnesse in a King, in acknow∣ledging openly in view of an Army, the good service done by his servants: wherein I did especially see his love to our Nation beyond all others, that did

serve him, to make other Nations emulous of their glory, in following of their vertues; and though his Majesty used them here, rather like unto [ N] friends then to servants, it should not make them the more sawcy, but ra∣ther the more humble, as both Officers and Souldiers did verifie, in pro∣mising the continuance of their faithfull obedience, and of better service, as the Lord would enable them, on the next occasions.

Likewise we did see here, how few of our Nation are induced to serve those Catholique Potentates: and for my part, I finde the reason good: for if we have any enemies in Europe, it must be those, that would not onely overthrow our estates at home (if they could) but also would force us (if it lay in their powers) to make shipwracke of our consciences, by leading us unto Idolatry.

Moreover we see here, that his Majesty and the Duke of Saxon having once beene companions of danger together, they were then entertaining one anothers familiarity, in renewing of their friendship, confirmed againe with the German custome, in making their League the firmer, by drinking brother-ship together, where I having entred the Hall, and being seene by his Majesty, I was presently kindely embraced by houlding his Arme over my shoulder: wishing I could beare as much drinke, as old Generall Major Ruthven, that I might helpe his Majesty to make his Guests merry, and holding me fast by the hand, calling to the Duke of Saxon, declared unto him, what service our Nation had done his Father and him, and the best last, at Leipsigh: commending in particular to the Duke, Colonell Hepburne, and Lumsdell, and having called Colonell Hepburne unto him, he did reiterate the former discourse, and much more, in commendation of the Scots.

In the continuance of this warre in Germany (as the sequell of the Story will prove) from the Balticke coast unto the Alpes and Tyroll; where Colo∣nell Hepburne was sent out as Colonell, to command a party, I was sent with him, as his second, being ever much obliged unto him, not onely for his love on those occasions, but also for his good counsell, he being long before me in the Swedens service. And as we were oft Camerades of danger together; so being long acquainted, we were Camerades in love: first at Colledge, next in our travells in France, at Paris and Poictiers, Anno 1615. till we met againe in Spruce at Elben in August 1630. Nothing therefore in [ O] my opinion, more worthy to be kept next unto Faith, then this kinde of friendship, growne up with education, confirmed by familiarity, in frequen∣ting the dangers of warre; and who is more worthy to be chosen for a friend, then one who hath showne himselfe both valiant and constant against his e∣nemies, as the worthy Hepburne hath done, who is generally so well knowne in Armies, that he needes no testimony of a friend, having credit and reputation enough amongst his enemies.

To conclude then this observation as I begunne it, I cannot but com∣mend his Majesties wisdome and fore-sight, in bringing the Rex-chan∣cellor Oxensterne on the Dutch bottome, to be second to his Majesty, and to free him of a part of his buthens, by placeing him at Hall (as Legate) being Centrum Germani••.

The ninteenth Duty discharged of our March from Hall towards Erfort in During∣land.

HIS Majesty having left Colonell Winckle at Hall as Governour, with a strong Garrison to command the Towne, he ordained and [ P] left the Duke of Anhalt as Stat-houlder, not only over the Towne, but also over the whole Stifft of Madeburg: having taken leave of the Duke of Saxon, after many protestations and promises of mutuall friendship; our march did continue towards Erfort; and before our up-breaking, the Castle of Leipsigh was given over by accord unto the Duke of Saxon: and the Dukes Army was also marching towards Silesia and Bohemia.

The seventeenth of September, our first nights quarter was taken at a Dorpe, two miles from Hall; where those of Erfort being so displeased at our coming, as unwilling to entertaine such Guests (they being all Catho∣liques, Iesuits and Monkes) being mightily afraid, they did send their Commissioners before them, to treate with his Majesty, but his Majesty did give them their answers, by Duke William of Wymar, that they should quit the Catholique faction, and give their oath of fidelity to his Majesty of Sweden, and that they should take in his Garrisons within their Towne, and render up to his Majesty the Castle of Eryackburg, with the Colleges to come in his Majesties will; who should suffer them to be untroubled in their Re∣ligion, paying their contribution to the warres, like the other Burgers and country.

The Commissioners thinking their conditions to be hard, they tooke leave of his Majesty, promising to referre the businesse to the Towne and Clergie: and they being departed, the Duke of Wymar with a Regiment of horse was directed after them; having charge to ride as hard as they could, and entering the Portes with a few horse at the first, commanded the Guard to lay downe their Armes, which hardly they could refuse, the rest being so neere; they entred the Towne and marched peaceably unto the market place, which caused an extraordinary feare amongst the Burgers, and yet a greater terrour amongst the Clergy.

The Councell being called to come on the market place, they were com∣manded to render the Towne keyes unto the Duke; who getting the keyes, the Towne was taken without bloud.

The twenty two of September, his Majesty having quartered the greatest part of the Army without the Towne, he entred the Towne with eight thousand men foote and horse, which were all quartered within the Towne, and Cloisters; having all free entertainment, in abundance; some of the Clergy removed themselves, those who pleased to stay, were not troubled but in their meanes, and his Majesty promised unto the Towne and Coun∣cell the free enjoyment of their former liberties.

His Majesty having rested the Army some few dayes, Duke William of [ Q] Wymar was made Stat-houlder, who had absolute command over three thousand horse and foote, getting also full power to take in the contribution, and to give out Patents, for leavying of horse and foote Regiments for his Majesties service.

My cozen, the Baron of Fowles, with his Regiment of foote, being left there in Garrison, tooke afterwards Patent of the Duke of Wymar for leavy∣ing a Regiment of horse, which he after brought to passe.

His Majesty giving direction for repairing the fortifications of the Towne, there were Orders given to the Armie to be in readinesse, for to march over Durengerwalt unto Franconia, and the Regiment had orders to provide their Souldiers sufficiently of Pikes and Muskets, being desired to send unto Er∣fort for such as they stood in need of.

The nineteenth Observation.

HIs Majestie as he was valourous and diligent in conquering; so hee was carefull to maintaine his Conquest: the one being as necessarie as the other. Likewise we see his Majesties wisedome, in appointing the Duke of Anhalt (in respect of his power in those quarters) to be Stat-holder at Hall, and over the Stifft of Madeburg, till the Chancellor of Swedens com∣ming, where we see, that His Majestie, for his owne Aimes, did make no dif∣ference [ R] betwixt Protestants and Lutherans, but made a like use of them both. For though the Duke of Anhalt was a Protestant, he being powerfull in those Quarters, to doe His Majestie service (being Father in law to Duke William of Wymar) this Commaund was imposed upon him.

Here also at Erfort, being the first part in Dutchland belonging unto the Catholique League, as appertaining to the Bishopricke of Mentz, notwith∣standing, we see His Majestie clemencie towards the Papists, in using no vio∣lence against them, save onely, Iure Belli, as those who were conquer'd by the sword; His Majestie did exacte of them contribution to the warres, and their fidelitie in giving their Oathes to be true unto His Majestie, in doing no harme unto his person or Armie; by entertaining correspondence with his enemies, and on those termes, His Majestie was pleased, to let them remaine untroubled in their consciences, and those that were scrupulous to give this Oath, were suffered to depart in peace, and those who were contented to give it, could not say, they were injured.

Here then we see, that Princes Charters are no others over their conque∣red [ S] lands, than their sworde, and the Oath of fidelitie.

It is reported of Peter Coun•• of Savoy••▪ that he coming to give his Oath of fidelitie to the Emperour Otto the fourth, he came presenting himselfe before the Emperour, the one halfe of his body clad over with cloth of gold, and his left side clad over with glittering Armour; the one, to testifie the honour and respect he carryed to the Emperour; the other, how ready he was to fight against his enemies, or those that durst speake evill of His Majestie: and being asked for his Charters, which he had of lands given him in time of warres, he drew his sworde, saying; here they are, signifying thereby, that brave war∣riours, Kings or Princes had no better right than their swordes.

Here also we see, that nothing is more powerfull, to bring our enemies to an accord, than a strong Armie, while as they want strength to oppose them; for the Conquest will render and give such conditions to the Conquerour, as he pleaseth to further, good or bad.

We see also here as formerly, His Majestie in respect of the Duke of Wi∣mar his power in those Quarters (which in effect is great) appointed him Stat-houlder, and supreame Commissioner in His Majesties absence, in gover∣ning

the Countrie, and in strengthening the Armie, by leavying of forces, of horse and foote, being a fit man for such employment, that part of the Coun∣try being the most populous part in Germanie, and cheapest to entertaine them, through the fertilitie of ground in those parts, rendering increase be∣yond any part of lower Germanie.

The twentieth Dutie discharged of our March towards Wurtzburg in Franconia.

[ T] THE twenty-six of September, his Majestie divided the Armie in two Deales or parts, considering the difficultie he had to march over During-vault with a strong Armie. And therefore being minded to march unto Franconia, to visit the Bishops of Bamberg and Wurtzburg, he tooke the one halfe of the Armie with himselfe, crossing over the Vault to∣wards Konickhoffen and Swinfort; and directed Lievetenant Generall Bawtish, and Sir Iohn Hepburne, with the other halfe of the Armie, to march over the Vault unto Franconia, upon Smalka and Newstat, the Randezvouz appointed for the Army to meet at was Wurtzburg on the Maine, being the Bishop his chiefe residence, where there was a great Citie and a strong Citadell or Ca∣stle, wherein lay a strong Garrison, and the most part of the riches of the Country, being esteemed by them as impregnable, in respect of the Situati∣on, being seated on a high hill unaccessible, save onely from the Towne, so that it was hard to doe it any hurt by Cannon, being so strong by nature, and fortified with divers out-workes, on the accessible side that lay to the Citie.

The Army thus divided, and marching alike to one centre or Randezvouz, his Majestie was provided to take in the strengths that lay in his way, and Bawtizen and Hepburne had Orders to bring under Contribution such Cities, as they marched on, as they did.

His Majestie tooke in his way Konickhoffen by accord, being strong, and having beset it with a Garrison, he marched from thence to Swinfort, and tooke it in also, and having beset it with a Garrison, the Burgers being made to give their Oath of fidelitie; Duke Ernest of Wymar was appointed Stat∣holder over Franconia.

In this time we marched over the Vault to Smalka, and from thence to New∣stat, Milerstad, Gemond, and Carlestat on the Maine. The first night we quar∣tered on the side of the Vault next unto Franconia, in a Citie called Smalka, where we were well quartered; and the next morning we marched to Maini∣gen, from thence to Mellerstat, and then to Newstat on the Salt, from thence to Hamelburg, from thence to Gemond, and from Gemond to Carlstat; and these six Cities we tooke in by accord; and having gotten a Composition of mo∣neys of them, they being sworne to give their obedience unto his Majestie, having quartered in them as we past, they were free, paying the moneys they had promised, and the monethly Contribution. In this march, though the Generall Lievetenant commanded in chiefe, and made the Accord most to his owne advantage; having got of these Townes above fiftie thousand Dollers, whereof he made neither accompt to his Majestie, nor yet was he

any wayes beneficiall to the Colonells, who did the service; but put all in his owne purse; neither yet did he acknowledge Sir Iohn Hepburne with the least token of his bountie, whose merit, at this time, was not inferiour to his owne.

His Majesty having taken in Swinsort, and beset it, he continued his march [ V] to Wurtzburg, and coming before the Towne, he summoned them to render, whereupon they did send Father Ogleby, Abbot of the Scots Cloyster at Wurtz∣burg, to capitulate with his Majestie, in the behalfe of the Burgers, who got granted unto them the like accord, as was made with Erfort, in all degrees; the accord subscribed, his Majestie entered the Towne the same day that our forces arrived at Carlstat, being within two miles of them that night.

The Citie given over, the Castle refusing to heare of any Treatie, they be∣gunne from the Castle-workes to plague his Majesties Armie with Cannon; where ever they could lie or stand, within or without the Citie, on either side of the Maine, they were cruelly tormented by the enemies Cannon; so that at last it went on in earnest on both sides, for his Majestie having had intelli∣gence, that Generall Tilly with a strong Armie of fiftie thousand men, being joyned with the Duke of Loraine, were coming for the reliefe of the Castle; his Majestie resolved, that taking of time was best, and that it behooved him on the sudden to have it, or not at all.

This Castle being a strong Strength, sequestred on a height from the Towne; and the Souldiers as they retired from the Towne, they did breake off one Arch of the Bridge, to hinder his Majesties passage over the Bridge unto the Castle; being the onely way he could get to it; and the Castle∣workes did so command the Bridge, that a single man could not passe over without great danger of life, being the whole Bridge did lie open just under the Castle; where there was one long plancke laid over the broken Arch, being distant in height from the water, neere eight fathom, so that it seemed a hazard or torment to any man, to passe over alongst the plancke; where some valourous Officers and Souldiers would rather adventure to goe be∣fore the mouth of the Cannon, than to crosse over the plancke, though there were no danger of the enemies Cannon or Musket, which still played furi∣ously on that passe of the Bridge, to hinder his Majesties Souldiers in setting over; where at first, two valourous Gentlemen of our Nation, being bre∣thren, were killed on the Bridge (viz.) Sir Iames Ramsey his Major, called Bothwell and his brother.

Neverthelesse, before our coming from Carlstat, being within two miles; [ W] his Majestie had ingaged the rest of our Country-men that were with him, on this piece of service, being the most desperate, and of the greatest impor∣tance, that was ever done in Dutchland▪ during the continuance of the warres; And therefore Sir Iames Ramsey and Sir Iohn Hamilton were made choice of, with their Regiments by his Majestie, who knew both their worth and va∣lour, being perswaded, if they refused it, none would undertake the service after them; the passage being so dangerous, and of such hazard, that without great difficultie, there was no probabilitie to gaine much credit there; and his Majestie resolved, except those Cavaliers with their followers, would make way to others, the wished event could not be hoped for at that time, seeing the enemy was within three dayes march to relieve it; and to the end, they might shew good example to others, they were commanded, with their fellowes, being all Musketiers, to crosse the Bridge, and to beate the

enemy from the water side, and then to force a passage for the rest of the Ar∣mie towards the Castle; the orders were as hard, as the passage was difficult, yet Cavaliers of courage, being daring men, and once resolved, nothing could seeme difficult unto them, to gaine honour and credit to themselves and Country; especially being made choice of by a King, out of his Armie, to give testimony publikely, in view of the whole Armie, of their valour and resolution exemplary, forcing their enemies to give ground for them and theirs, having had not one foote of ground on that side of the water, till they should gaine it at their landing: for I was none of the actors, nor yet of the spectators, till I had viewed it the next day, being informed particularly by my Camerades of the manner of their on-falling.

[ X] The bridge lay over the Maine, with six Arches in length, being a very faire and spatious bridge (over which sixtie men could well march in front) lying open unto the Castle batteries and workes; the middle Arch whereof being broke, a plancke was set over, where with difficultie strong-headed Souldiers might crosse one after another, under mercy of Cannon and Mus∣ket; and while as they could but file over, the enemy could receive them with full bodies of pikes and muskets, which was a great disadvantage; and the distance, betwixt the water and the plancke, would terrifie any to venter over, for feare of drowning, though he were in no feare of an enemy; so that many, who went with resolution to passe over, returned againe, choosing ra∣ther to crosse alongst the water, in small boates; Notwithstanding, the ene∣my would emptie Salves of muskets on them before their landing; Never∣thelesse, Sir Iames Ramsey and Sir Iohn Hamilton, in obedience to his Majesties commands, with a few Souldiers adventured to crosse the River with small Boates; their Souldiers giving fire before their landing, and in their landing, against their enemies: and being happily once landed, and beginning to skir∣mish, their Souldiers they left behinde them, who before durst not adventure to crosse alongst the plancke, seeing their Officers and Camerades ingaged with the enemy, to helpe them, they ranne over the plancke one after another so fast as they could runne; till at last they past all and made a strong head against the enemy; till, by the valourous Conduct of their Leaders, and their following, they forced the enemy to give ground, retiring unto their workes.

Their Leaders, desirous to gaine further honour and reputation, pursued the enemy so hard, till they had beaten them out of a Torne, they had fled un∣to. At which time, Sir Iames Ramsey was shot lame in the left arme, and then his Camerade Sir Iohn Hamilton succeeding him both in command and cou∣rage; notwithstanding of the enemies strength and great fury used against them, having disputed with long service for the ground; at last it was made good by Sir Iohn and his followers; till such time his Majestie had set over after them the most part of the Armie, so that they were blocked up on all quarters, and forced to remaine within their workes; till that against night, the service being ceased, we with the rest of the Armie were come from Carl∣stat, and quartered that night without the Towne on the other side of the Maine.

[ Y] His Majestie before day, gave Orders to the Swedes, and some Dutch Re∣giments, to storme the enemies workes, who having kept slight watch, were unawares surprized by some Swedes, that had entered with ladders over the wall, so that a panick feare having possessed them, they retired in dis∣order

from their Poste; and the Swedes and Dutch followed so hard, that they had not time to draw up their draw-bridge, neither yet to let downe the Portcullis of their inward Ports; being so amazed, our people flocking in after them, cut them downe as they were found, giving no quarters at all, so that they that entred first made the best boo••••e, though least service. Here fortune favoured his Majestie miraculously at this time, beyond mens expectation, as formerly; having got here a great deale of riches; as also ma∣ny Cannon, and great store of Amunition; and of all sort of victualls abun∣dance. The fury past, his Majestie set a Governour on the Castle, and a Gar∣rison, which was strong, and he gave Orders presently to beginne to repaire the workes, seeing Generall Tilly, with his Armie, were drawing neere; and his Majestie having got intelligence, that they were quartered within two miles off Wurtzburg, according to his accustomed manner, his Majestie with a partie of Horse and Dragoniers fell upon their neerest quarters in the night, and defeated foure Regiments of their Horse, and retired the next night unto Wurtzburg, attending when the enemy would seeke for his revenge.

The twentieth Observation.

HIs Majestie at this time, as formerly, used great expedition in mar∣ching unto Franconia, knowing it was one of the Circles of the whole Empire, that was of most importance for the enemy; being a straite and a strong Country, by reason of the strengths within it: And therefore it was, that he divided his Armie in crossing the Vault, at divers places; that his Artillery might passe the sooner through. For he knew, who ever was Master of Wurtzburg, he commanded the whole River of the Maine, and consequently, whole Franconia, which fortunately happened, according to his Majesties deliberation.

Here also we see the evill that comes of greedinesse, in making generall Commanders to be hated by those that follow them; for Bawtizen having got a great summe of money of these Townes, by the helpe and service of the foote, it became him, according to right and discretion, to have shared with the Colonells, who commanded the Briggads and Regiments; but seeing his want of discretion in not acknowledging them, they being once joyned againe to his Majesties Army, would never consent to be commanded by him a foot-step afterwards, for ought his Majestie could doe, having dealt so niggardly with Cavaliers of their worth, so that his Majestie was forced to direct him to command elsewhere.

This greedinesse is the most pestiferous roote, that ever grew in a generall Commander; for on this march, Souldiers were usually commanded to lie in the Fields, and not suffered to quarter in the Townes, which they had ta∣ken, [ Z] for feare to hinder the payment of the moneys imposed on them; so that publique employment is ill bestowed upon a greedy person; and this greedinesse in a man of warre, to gather riches, may los•• him all his fortunes; and avarice hath beene the losse of many Armies, and of many Kingdomes also; for no vice is more pestiferous in the extraordinary use, than this, to bring a man to be disdained of others, especially of those would follow him.

Here also we see, that of old, our Nation was much esteemed of abroad, especially the Clergie, who in all Kingdomes, as in Germanie, had their

Cloisters, as here, and at Erfort; and he was a Scots man, that brought the Christian Religion first into Franconia, but was evill rewarded, being there afterwards murthered.

It was the custome observed ordinarily by his Majesty of Sweden, to make use of our countrimen on service, wherein he desired they should shew them∣selves examplary to others, as at this time, he made choice of Sr. Iames Ramsey and Sr. Iohn Hamilton, to be the first should adventure, of the whole Army, to force the enemy to give way to his Majesty to set his Army over the Maine; where, on that bridge Major Bodwell and his brother being killed, were buried in Wurtzburg Church, leaving the Trophie of their va∣lour amongst strangers, in honour of the Nation, that was ever glorious abroad.

Sr. Iohn Hamilton disdaining the orders his Majesty did give, for storming the Castle, having employed the Sweds and Dutch on the storme, neglecting him and the Scots, who had made the way to the rest, in the extremity of the [ Z] danger, the Cavalier, I say, therefore disdaining the service, seeing his countrimen neglected, he desired of his Majesty his honourable passe, which his Majesty delayed, promising to give content another time, which he ut∣terly refused, but tooke his passe, seeing he thought the Nation was wronged; for which in my opinion he merits praise: for if many such Cavaliers thus served strangers, that would not care for them nor their service, when once they begin to neglect them, others that were but Cavaliers of Fortune of the Nation, would be the better respected and used. Which should teach all Cavaliers that serve truely abroad to take their time with credit of those they serve, seeing they doe not respect Cavaliers, but when they have most use of them,

Here then we see that no strength, be it never so strong, is able to hould out, when as God doth not watch the Fort, the watch-man watches in vaine, and we see by the submission of Franconie after this victory, that the vi∣ctorious Ensignes are ever followed: for where Fortune doth favour, there the Commons doe follow, and their study also with their favour followes the victorious.

[ A] Here also we see Generall Tillie, though beaten at Leipsigh, in lesse then five weekes time, he drawes together againe a strong Army, with Fifty thousand men, and lies downes within three miles of his Majesties Army, but his Majesty having wisely beset the passes on the Maine, before his com∣ming, winter drawing neere, and the country being a streite country by nature, for woods, hills and water; As also, furrage and provision for horses being taken out of his way, his horsemen in that country were made unprofitable for him to stay there, for lacke of entertainment, which was defective for his foote also, so that it was impossible for him to stay long; so seeing his Majesty had resolved in that country, and for that season to make a defensive warre, having divided his Army, both horse and foote within Townes and strengthes, he suffered Tillie to ruine his young Novices with marches in cold weather, who being for the most part French and Italians, could not endure the cold ayre of that country being hilly: His Maje∣sty having beset all the Garrisons on the Maine streame, he suffered Tillie, as he did the yeare before, in Pomeren and Madeburg and the Markes, to tra∣verse with his Army in the cold, while as he lay still with his Souldiers with∣in

the warme stove; and when he found the storme over-past, he was ready to neglect no time.

The twenty one Duty discharged at Oxenford on the the Maine in Franconia.

HIS Majesty having intelligence, that Generall Tillie had intention to have fallen on Oxenford, to patronize the passe over the Maine, where his Majesty had sent but one hundred and fifty musketiers, whom he judged to be too weake for defending of the Towne, and considering with himselfe, the enemy might likewise pursue Wurtzburg, having made but a faint at Oxenford; and perhaps his intention might be to pursue both alike, his Majesty under night coming alone on horsebacke from the Castle, to∣wards my quarter, being then in the remotest part of the whole Towne, I being at supper, his Majesties foote-man tould me, the King was below, and desired I should come unto him; being come to his Majesty, he commanded me in all haste to bring our Briggad in Armes, and to draw them up on that part against his returne; and to command Sr. Iohn Hepburne in his name to [ B] meete him there, which immediatly being obeyed accordingly, his Majesty being returned commanded Hepburne to leade off the Musketiers of the whole Briggad, being then eight hundred, and to follow his Majesty whe∣ther so ever he went, who commanded me to bring up the Reare, leaving our Colours and pike-men behinde us there, till further orders: we marched on in the night halfe a mile without the Towne, before we knew whether we were going, or what the exploite could be that we were going on, having left both our horses and servants behinde us: at last, his Majesty acquain∣ting Colonell Hepburne with his designe, he marched towards Oxenford, be∣ing convoyed with foure score horses alongst the side of the Maine, and we followed with our foote, marching in seven houres those foure miles, and before two of the clocke in the morning, we arrived there, without halt or drawing of breath by the way. At our coming we were let in alongst the bridge, unto the market place, where our Souldiers, after this wearisome march, were commanded to stay by their Armes all night in readinesse, and houses were appointed for the Officers to remaine in all night.

The next morning by day light his Majesty did send for Colonell Hep∣burne and me, and tells he was going to visit the walles without, and he com∣manded to send two hundred musketiers of our Regiment towards the Port before him, which being done, his Majesty accompanied with some Ca∣valiers walked out: and the night before, at his Majesties coming to Towne he had directed fifty horse to watch halfe a mile without the Towne, betwixt [ C] him and the enemy. At his Majesties out-going, we heare the enemies Dra∣goniers, with some horsemen making service against the watch, who were forced to retire: whereupon his Majesty commanded me to send forth fifty musketiers with a Lievetenant to skirmish with the enemy, till the horse∣men might retire; the musketiers being advanced, they skirmished with the enemy in view of his Majesty, houlding up the enemy till the horsemen were 〈2 pages missing〉〈2 pages missing〉

Horne towards Bambridge, as also having weakened his Armie, by beseting the Garrisons on the Maine, not keeping above eight thousand foote and horse by himselfe at Wurtzburg, while as Generall Tillie, Altringer, Feucker, and the Duke of Loraine had joyned their forces together, making up fiftie thousand men, of intention to force a passe over the Maine, to come at His Majestie; His Majestie being sure, Tillie would not harme the Countrie being Papists, he resolved by cunctation, and delaies to wearie him with a defensive warre, keeping the maine strength of his Army, within Wurtzburg, being well provided of all furniture for horse and man; he begunne to strengthen the Towne with the spade and the shovell, in making of redoutes and skonces without it, in manner of a Winter Leaguer: he also caused Scaf∣fold the walles round about within the Towne; and fearing his coming on Oxenford, he did the like, discharging all duties himselfe, from one place to an other, as became a wise Generall, that did foresee the designes of his ••ne∣mie, by a timely prevention, according to the accidents, circumstances, and situation of places, seeing his enemies strong, and himselfe weake, he tooke the first advantage.

[ G] This charge of a Generall to an Armie is a place of such weight and importance, that few ought to long to intrude themselves in this kinde of Ge∣nerall command, being subject to infinite chances, and altogether divers, al∣most every houre set before him. Truly though this King had a rare judge∣ment, wit and dexteritie, with great experience in his Command: Never∣thelesse, to speake truth, all the time I did follow his Majestie on occasions, being neere three yeeres, I did never see His Majestie so much troubled in minde and resolution, as at this time in Oxenford, not knowing well himselfe what to resolve, the enemie being behind him and before him; able to pur∣sue Wurtzburg, and Oxenford alike; and to my minde if he had, he might have carried both at that time; for our Armie was not only scattered and di••per∣sed▪ but also we were weake, and, which was worse, we were all of us dis∣contented; being too much toyled with marching, working and watching, without any pay or gaines for honest men.

At this time, his Majestie stood in neede of assistance and good Coun∣sell, having enemies on all hands, and a strong enemy; the Country also unsure, being unfriends and Papists, and he being wise, resolved without giving Battaile, his best was, to presse to overcome them with the season, with hunger and cold, with marches and delayes, keeping himselfe within walles, he knew well twelve Souldiers with a good Officer to direct them, were better, being willing to attend, than a hundred naked and hungry Soul∣diers without, whereby his enemies Armie were undone, without hurt or [ H] detriment of his owne, being well commanded, and well foreseene and pro∣vided of all necessaries, having given them besides, as reward of their former services, a little money, knowing well how hungry men could be contented with little, in time of neede: for he resolved, if the enemy pursued him hard within Wurtzburg, he could not suffer himselfe to be beleaguered with a strong Armie, in a straite place; and to goe to the Fields with a discontented weake Armie (which it behooved him to doe) was not good. The consideration of this forced him to give some moneys in hand, to content them, and hand-writ, and assignations for more moneys to be payd unto them out of Newrenberg, within six moneths afterwards.

As also his Majestie knew well the enemies Armie neere hand, hearing

there was money given out by his Majestie, that it was the onely way to weaken and dissolve the enemies Armie, in making their Souldiers runne a∣way, and to take service under his Majestie, which in effect accordingly fell out: for it being neere Winter, and their Armie marched away, their strag∣ling Souldiers did strengthen our Garrisons, having taken service under us; having but heard of the brute of money, that was given ou•• amongst us. Where we see, how necessary it was, at this time, in such a dangerous ex∣tremitie, for this little Armie to have beene commanded by a wise Generall, that steered his course aright in middest of the greatest tempest, like to a skil∣full marriner, where an arrogant fellow, without skill, that had comman∣ded, had made shipwracke of all.

As his Majestie was wise and moderate in his Command; so those who [ I] obeyed were faithfull and intire to their Superiour. Here inferiours whom Fortune favoureth, though weakest, were subject in all things to him, who was Fortunes Minion, and Mars his equall, Gustavus the Invincible; that by his wisedome, and foresight, forced old Tillie to retire to Nurenberg, ha∣ving gained nothing but losse, which retreate was the presage of his future ruine, at the Leacke, where it enters into the Danow.

Here also we are instructed, as well by his Majesties politique government, as by his military; He being alike expert in both, discharging the dutie of a King, and a Generall, Tam Arte, quam Marte: for the enemy was no sooner gone, but incontinent his Majestie caused serve his publique Edicts, for bring∣ing in the Country-men, to give their oaths of fidelitie; moving them there∣to partly by compulsion, and partly by promises of dutie and of libertie to their Consciences, two strong Arguments to move those to obedience, who had seene their friends forced to turne backes upon them, from whom, under God, they did expect Reliefe to come.

Moreover we see here, that those who are honoured by God, are also wor∣thy [ K] of honour from their equalls: other Kings, Princes, and Confederates sending their Ambassadours unto them, to congratulate their good Fortunes and successe; as also to Treate with them in matters belonging to their mu∣tuall States and standing: at this time also, there were Commissioners sent from Vlme, Strasburg, Nurenberg, and Francford, treating with His Maje∣stie for themselves apart, as free from the bodie of the Empire: And such feathers his Majestie was glad to get out of the Emperours wings, knowing the more he wanted of such feathers, the worse he could flie: and some of them were light, changing as the winde. To conclude then, whom fortune favoures, the world laughs on, as may be seene here, by the example of Lieve∣tenant Colonell Howbalt, after the intaking of Hanow by meere fortune being surprized; which was the occasion, this Cavalier was so suddenly made up, in getting Command over horse and foote, from Livetenant Colonell; who, foure yeeres before, was Sergeant under the blew Regiment. Yet notwith∣standing the good he had received under his Majestie and his Crowne, he af∣terwards quit them and their service; in their greatest extreamitie, which was unthankfully done of him, being more unkindly, then friendly.

The twenty second Duty discharged of our March from Wurtzburg to Franc∣ford on the Maine.

HIS Majesty having beset Wurtzburg Castle with a strong Swedens Garrison, under command of Colonell Axellille, preparation being made for the march, the Colonell of the Artillery, Leonard Richard∣son a Swede, was directed downe the Maine, with the great Cannon, and three hundred commanded musketiers of Scots, of Sr. Iames Ramsey his Regi∣ment comanded by Alexander Hanan, being a discreete Cavalier, of good command and conduct, and valorous also: they had abundance of Cannon, fire-workes, Amunition, and all other furniture belonging to Artillery, with them by water, having got orders to take in all strengths on the Maine, which lay in their way, where they and he who commanded them, made good booty, having taken in severall Castles, and Miltenburg also, and from thence continued their course downe the water towards Ashaffenburg, a City and a Castle on the Maine belonging to the Bishop of Mentz, where they had orders to remaine till his Majesties coming with the Army.

This march continued for five dayes, where we had nightly good quar∣ters by the way, being in feare of no enemy we kept the whole march, the Maine on our right hand, & our horsemen upon the left, having had the Felt∣marshall with his Army lying at Bambridge, betwixt us and the enemy, so that this march, though in winter, was not so troublesome unto us, as their travelling is to them, who journey in forraine countries, for to see strange fa∣ces, where they must needs lay out monies for their entertainment, some of us on this march were well entertained, and did get mony besides to spend at Francford.

[ L] Likewise when it behoved travellers to hire guides, and sometimes to hire convoies for their safeties, we had Gustavus a King under God, our Lea∣der, and a powerfull Army to convoy us, and at night, the sweete, and so∣ciable society of our countrimen and strangers, the one to season the other, which made our march pleasant, alongst the pleasant and fruitfull River of the Maine, that runnes through faire Franconia into the Rhine at Mentz.

Having come with the Army, the length of Hanow, leaving Ashaffenburg behinde us, we marched to Steinhem, which presently we tooke in by accord, where the most part of the Souldiers did take service, which being done, his Majesty did send unto the Lords of Francford, desiring them for the well of the professours of the Evangell, to take in a Garrison, with a protesta∣tion, if they refused to doe it willingly, it behoved him otherwise to deale with them, which was not his desire.

They having taken the proposition, for two dayes, in advisement, his Ma∣jesty the sixteenth of November, did let quarter the Army before their Ports in Offenback, Ober and Nider Rode; the next day they consented, his Majesties Army should march through, leaving six hundred men in Garri∣son in Saxenhowsen, the Lords giving their Oath to secure the Garrison of Saxenhowsen of all dangers, and on the seventeenth of November his Maje∣sty

with the whole Army in comely order marched alongst the bridge, from Saxenhowsen through the Towne of Francford towards Hechst, where there lay two miles off the Towne a Garrison of the enemies. In this march through Francford, such order was kept without any disorder, as if it were the solemne procession of a King and his nobles in parliament, every one admiring of his Majesties good order and discipline kept over his Army.

The nineteenth of November, Hechst was taken in by his Majesty with [ M] accord, where the Souldiers for the most part tooke service. The next day the Army lying still in Dorpes, his Majesty returned to Francford, and met with the Landgrave of Hessen, the Landgrave of Darmstat and with the Earles of the Vet••o, where it was agreed amongst them, for the defence of the Land, to joyne in one confederacy, where the Castle of Russelshem was given un∣to his Majesty by the Landgrave of Darmstat, whereon two hundred Scots of Colonell Lodowick Lesly his Regiment were set, under command of Cap∣taine Macdowgall.

The n••xt day being the two and twentith of November, his Majesty re∣turned to Hechst againe, and having put forth the Papists, placing his owne Preachers, on Sunday his Majesty thanked God, that he had gotten in Franc∣fort without bloud or stroake of sword. His Majesty caused to set over a ship-bridge at Hechst, and sent ships before Mentz, to blocke it by water, till his Majesty with the Army crossed the Maine, and marched by Darm∣stat in the Bergstrasse, of intention to have gone for Heidelberg, but retiring downe neere the Rhine, having quartered the Army, his Majesty with a party did visit the Skonce of Openham, and thereafter resolved to take it in.

The twenty second Observation.

THIS march being profitable as it was pleasant to the eye, we see that [ N] Souldiers have not alwayes so hard a life, as the common opinion is; for sometimes as they have abundance, so they have variety of plea∣sure in marching softly, without feare or danger, through fertill soyles and pleasant countries, their marches being more like to a Kingly progresse, then to warres, being in a fat land, as this was, abounding in all things, except peace: they had plenty of corne, wine, fruite, gold, silver, Iewells, and of all sort of riches could be thought of, on this River of the Maine, where the Townes and pleasant Flects lie by the water, not distant, in many places, halfe an English mile from one another; being one of the pleasan∣test parts, and wholesomest for ayre that I did see in all Germany, having a great Traffique by water from thence unto the west sea, by the Rhine run∣ning northward unto Holland. This Towne of Francford is so pleasant for ayre, situation, buildings, traffique, commerce withall Nations, by water [ O] and by land, that it is and may be thought the Garden of Germany, and con∣sequently of Europe; seeing no continent in Europe is comparable unto Ger∣many, for fertility, riches, corne, wine, traffique by land, pleasant Cities, faire buildings, rare orchards, woods, and planting, civility, as well in the country as in the cities; their Dorpes and Flects walled about; The Boores inhabitants having their wines in Sellers set in great, rife or plentifull as wa∣ter,

to entertaine their friends, in a bountifull manner, especially alongst this pleasant River of the Maine.

Here at Francford is the Mart, called the Francforter Masse, whether the Mar∣chants resort from all partes of Europe for the mutuall interchange of money and wares: Hether also are brought twice in the yeare from all par••s of Eu∣rope, the travells and bookes written by the learned of all sciences, and of all controversies of Religion, to be transported againe from thence, for the use of other Kingdomes.

The inhabitants of Francford, we see here are content to take in his Ma∣jesties Garrison in Saxonhousen, without compulsion or losing of bloud: and this kinde of conquest is the best conquest, when we conquer more by love then by force; where they, by their timely yeelding, preserved their Towne, their buildings, their orchards, their houses of pleasure undestroied, when o∣thers through their pride stoode out, till they were punished by the ruine of their Townes, the losing of their moveables, as their gold, their silver, their rich cupboords, their Iewells, their ornaments, their orchards, their gardens, in regard of their pride in time of their plenty.

[ P] But this City of Francford was made wise, by the ruine of other Cities, whose intemperate troubles made them moderate. Thus concord is the mo∣ther of all happinesse in the Common-weale; for she debarres enemies, aug∣ments wealth, makes the Cities sure without a guard, and oftimes we see that those who contemne Peace, seeking glory, they lose both peace and glory.

Therefore the Lords of Francford did well, in preferring good conditions of peace before an uncertaine war, especially against such a Heroick King as Gustavus was, then the Patriot & Protectour of their faith and Religion, and consequently of their freedome, and their countries freedome, and for their rewards, to my knowledge, they were inriched three yeares together (by the hant of the Army) with the substance of the foure upper Circles of Ger∣many; which in th'end they rewarded with unthankefulnesse, and doubt∣lesse will be punished for it sometime.

[ Q] Here also we have the power of example; for the Towne of Francford having taken his Majesty of Sweden for their Protector, following their exam∣ples, the two Landgraves Hessen and Darmstat, with the Earles of the Vete∣raw desire also to be in the confederacy, and were most gladly accepted of. Vlme, Nurenberg and Strasburg ended also their confederacy with his Maje∣sty after the example of Francford, promising supply of men, money and victualls for the Army, Amunition and horses for the Artillery, with a∣bundance of Armes for horse and foote, with powder, ball, match, waggons, spades, shovells, Pikes, mattockes, axes and all other things fitting for the advancement of the warres. Here was a greate conquest without stroake of sword, shewing unto us the number of friends we get, when fortune smiles on us: but how soone this Heroicke Person is but once gone, and that for∣tune beginneth to frowne, then these variable friends quit their confederacy againe, following the strongest, for which one day the sword of their ene∣mies will come amongst them, with hunger and pestilence. At this time the Queenes Majesty of Sweden was come to Stati••, and from thence on her journey towards Francford▪ Here also the Kings Majesty of Bohemia was [ R] come to visit his Majesty of Sweden, and was Royally received by his Ma∣jesty, as likewise by the Lords of Francford, and was wonderfully well liked

of by the whole Communalty of the Cities and Countries, where ever his Majesty did come.

Here also the Marquesse of Hamilton did come unto his Majesty againe, being followed like a Prince, and well respected by both the Kings. The Ambassadors of Britaine and of France were there also, and the Rex-chan∣cellor of Sweden being come with the Queenes Majesty and Sir Patricke Ruthvene come from Spruce, were all made welcome to this Court then at Francford, which was not inferiour to the Emperours owne Court, in re∣spect of great confluence of people, that came from all parts to congratulate the Lyon of the north his victories, and to admire his fortunes, being so in∣creased in two yeares time, that all things succeeded happily unto his Ma∣jesty according to his owne hearts desire.

The twenty third Duty discharged of the intaking of the Skonce at Oppenham, and his Maiesties crossing the Rhine.

HIS Majesty having viewed and well recognosced the Skonce on the Rhine, over against Oppenham, the River being interjected betwixt it and the Towne, his Majesty did leade Colonell Hepburnes Brig∣gad, and Colonell Winckles being the blew; with some cannon, great and small before it, where his Majesty did stay till the Batteries were made, and the approaches begun, then leaving the command on Colonell Hepburne, with tempestuous cold weather, with hard frosts and snow, we lay downe on the fields, having no shelter, but some bushes by the side of the Rhine.

The Skonce was really fortified with Fossees, that were broad, deepe, and full of water, with a draw-bridge over the Moate, and the Skonce was well beset with a thousand men, and well provided of victualls, fire and A∣munition, having free passage at their pleasure without danger, from the Towne unto the Skonce, and backe againe: The Castle and the hill on the other side of the Rhine, being mounted high, their cannon from their batteries did cleanse and scowre the fields about the Skonce, being a razed Champange, and plaine without any shelter of their batteries; on the other side they plagued us still with cannon, especially in the night time, while it behooved us to have fire, which was their marke, so that sundry were lost, and one night sitting at supper, a Bullet of thirty two pound weight, shot right out betwixt Colonell Hepburnes shoulder and mine, going through the Colonells Coach; the next shot kill'd a Sergeant of mine, by the fire, drink∣ing a pipe of Tobacco. This night the enemy made an out-fall, to try his [ S] valour, thinking to beate us from our cannon, but he was bravely repulsed by push of Pike, slightly esteeming of their muskets, and scorning to use ours, with sharpe points of pikes conveied them home to their Craffe.

The next day in the morning, knowing his Majesty had crossed the Rhine, they did capitulate with Colonell Hepburne, who did give them, being Itali∣ans, more honourable quarters then in truth their carriage did deserve, having got licence to march out, Bag and Baggage, with full Armes, with a convoy to the next Garrison, they being marched, his Majesty having crossed the Rhine in the night, where the Spaniard made some resistance, but in vaine, his Majesty having got over, the next morning he marched towards Open∣ham in the Paltz, on the one side of the Towne, and we setting over also, we pursued the Towne and the Castle on the other side, but Sr. Iames Ramsey his musketiers being led by their Major, finding a privy passage about the Castle, they stormed over the walles, coming betwixt the outward Skonce and the castle, and finding the draw-bridge downe, on a sudden they entered the Castle, and put all to the sword: the rest of the enemy finding the Castle to be in, they runne all to storme the Skonce, on which were nine Companies [ T] of Italians, with their colours; their Officers finding the castle surprized be∣hinde them, and the storme going on before them, they threw downe their Armes calling for quarters, which was granted: but their colours taken from them, they willing to take service were all disposed by his Majesty to Sr. Iohn Hepburne, who was not only a Colonell unto them, but a kinde Patron, putting them in good Quarters till they were armed and clad againe. But their unthankfulnesse was such, that they stayed not, but disbandoned all, in Bireland; for having once got the warme ayre of the Summer, they were all gone before Winter.

The twenty-third Observation.

[ V] HERE then we see, that it is the dutie of all wise Generals, of intention to beleaguer Citie, Fort, or Strength, first to recognosce, and having once recognosced, then to proceed, as they finde most advantagious for the Beleaguerer, and disadvantagious for the assailed: the pursuer must know, what number of men are requisite for the pursute, as well offensive as defensive.

In this point of recognoscing his Majesties judgement was wonderfull, as in all other practicall duties fitting a great Commander, and as his Majesties judgement was great and good, so he was of that minde, nothing in this kinde could be well done, which he did not himselfe, neither could his Majestie a∣bide, at such times, as he went to recognosce, any other to accompany him in the danger, other reasons doubtlesse His Majestie had, which were onely privie unto himselfe. This point how necessarie it is, for a great Comman∣der to be judicious of▪ no Souldier will doubt.

Here also we see, His Majestie made no difference of season, or weather, in prosecuting his enemie, whenever he found any advantage. And there∣fore it was His Majesties wise resolution, to crosse the Rhine, while Generall Tillies Armie, in the Winter time, was farthest from him, and making but a faint here before Oppenham, his ayme and designe was to crosse the Rhine at an other part by shipping, that while the enemie was busied in defence of the Skonce, His Majestie might crosse at an other part: for the Armie once cros∣sed, the Skonce was lost, for want of supplie; and His Majestie once over, the whole Paltz and Mentz were in feare.

[ W] Nothing is more powerfull to resist resolution, than resolution: for it is

said of the Oake, being hard timber, for to cleave it a sunder, there must be wedges made of it selfe, that hardnesse may overcome hardnesse. My advise then to all brave fellowes watching in trenches, or guarding Cannon, while as the enemie would try their valour by out-falling, in assailing them, at such times, let the defender doe as was done here, leaving the use of the Musket, as being more unreadie, let them make use of their pikes, meeting their ene∣mies in the teeth, with a strong firme bodie of Pikes, (after the old Scots fashi∣on, used by our Predecessours, that fought pell mell; with two-hand swordes, till one of the parties did quit the field) for though they suffer losse, sure they must winne credit, that repulse their enemie, rather than disgracefully suffer their Cannon to be nayled, or their braines knockt out in trenches, while as they take them to the uncertaintie of the musket. Therefore let resolution be ever present, repulsing force with force; for if thou wouldest be esteemed amongst the number of brave fellowes, thou must resolve to shew thy selfe resolute, couragious, and valiant, going before others in good example, choo∣sing rather to dye with credit standing, serving the publique, than ignomini∣ously to live in shame, disgracing both thy selfe and Countrie. Who would not then at such times choose vertue before vice; glorie, honour, and im∣mortall fame, before an ignominious, shamefull, and detestable life? Let [ X] then my deere Camerades of the Brittish Nation, where ever they serve, em∣brace this my exhortation, and lay it up in the secret corners of their heart and minde, that they may be ever mindefull of their credits, preferring credit to life, for the honour of the invincible Nation, doing ever, as was done here by their Countrie men, in one night thrice, at three severall partes, whereof twice▪ in sight of their King and Master.

His Majestie crossing the Rhine, did take with him the Scots, which were there, of Sir Iames Ramseys Regiment, of old Spense his Regiment, and of My Lord Rhees; being landed, the Spanish horsemen having furiously charged, the Scots, with a little advantage of a hedge, stood by His Majestie against the Spanish horsemen, and with a strong body of pikes, and salves of musket, resisted valiantly the horsemen, till the rest were landed, to relieve them. As also the next day, the Musketieres of Ramseys Regiment, that on all occa∣sions were wont to shew their valour, were the first stormed the walles, at Oppenham; as they were the first, with their Camerades, that accompanied His Majestie, at his landing in the Paltz, testifying how willing they were to oppose danger, in sight of their King and Master, revenging themselves on the Spaniard (a cruell enemy to the Daughter of our King, and Sister to our Dread Soveraigne, the Queene of Bohemia) whom before they had re∣moved, by force of Armes, from the sweete land of the Paltz, where at this time, they were fighting, to invest againe His Majestie of Bohemia her Hus∣band, and his Royall issue, being under the Conduct of the Lyon of the [ Y] North, the invincible King of Swede••, their Leader; who was carelesse (as he said himselfe that night) to incurre the feude, or the enmity and anger, both of the House of Austria, and King of Spaine, to doe service to his Deere Sister, the Queene of Bohemia. Who would not then, my deere Camerades, Companions, not of want, but of valour and courage, at such a time, being the time we all of us longed to see, who would not (I say) presse to discharge the dutie of valourous Souldiers and Captaines, in sight of their Master and King, having crossed the Rhine, fighting for the Queene of Souldiers, being led by the King of Captaines, and Captaine of Kings; who would not then,

as true valourous Scots, with heart and hand sustaine the Fight, discharging at once the dutie of Souldiers, and valourous Captaines, by that meanes so farre as in them lay, restoring the Paltz, contemning death, striving to get victory over their enemies, and freedome of Conscience to their distressed brethren long kept in bondage, and under tyranny of their enemies, the space of ten yeares, till the coming of this magnanimous King, and great Cap∣taine; who in six moneths time after, did free the Paltz of all Spanish Forces, setting them at libertie; having brought the Keyes of all Goales with him, and opened the doores, not onely of all prisons, but also of all houses and Churches in the Paltz, that had beene closed ten yeares before, through the banishment of the owners, bringing them backe to their houses againe, and having removed the Idolatrous worship of Papists out of their Churches, suffered them againe to serve God peaceably in their former true, undoubted and onely pure profession of the Faith of Christs Gospell.

The twenty-fourth Dutie discharged of our March to Mentz, and of the intaking of it.

HIS Majestie having laien here at Oppenham some three dayes, till the rest of the Armie were come over at Oppenham, and at Stockstat, the Armie being come over, the Spaniards were afraid to stay in any place, that was not wondrous strong; and their feare being so great, they quit Stagne setting it on fire; as also the Lotterings Garrison did quit Wormes, having first abused the Towne with plundering, and other intolerable damage and hurt, they retired all unto Frankendall, being strong by fortification, they made it strong of men, having retired above eight thousand Spaniards within it, who being blocked up, had never the resolution or courage once to have falne forth on the Swedens Forces, but kept themselves close within walles.

His Majestie taking his march towards Mentz, which before was blockt up, on the other side of the Rhine next to Francford, with Shippes, and with the Landgrave of Hessens Forces, his Majestie about the middest of Decem∣ber, in cruell tempestuous weather for frost and snow, coming before it on a Sunday in the afternoone, and having himselfe rode about the Towne, on the Paltz side, and recognosced both workes and walles, the Armie standing in Battaile, his Majestie having first commanded the Horsemen, some to quarters, and some on dutie: The foote Briggads were commanded to∣wards their severall Postes, where Colonell Hepburnes Briggad (according to use) was directed to the most dangerous Poste, next the enemy; and the rest to theirs. The night coming on, we begunne our approaches, and pre∣pared for making readie of our Battailes, where, according to custome, men were ordained to make Cannon Baskets, some to provide materialls, some to watch, some to worke, some to guard the Artillery, and some to guard the work-men, and some to guard the Colours before the Briggad: the day ap∣proaching, having made ready the Batteries in the night; as also having wrought in the approaching by day: the service on both sides beginneth with Cannon and Musket, so that our Cannon off the water, and from the other side, did shoot blancke within the Towne, which made great terrour

amongst the Inhabitants, the Bishop being removed towards Cowblance, he did leave two thousand Spaniards within the Towne, who were in doubt of the Burgers fidelitie, neither yet did they expect any reliefe, and the Towne being wide of circumference, more than they were able to beset, they begun betimes to thinke on Accord; yet, they resolved, to make it the more ho∣nourable, their best was to prolong time.

Colonell Axallilly, a Swede, being come to visit his Majestie, having had [ Z] no employment in the beleaguering, being at supper with Colonell Hepburne and me, on our Poste, by our Guard-fire, being merrily discoursing, that if a mis-fortune should happen unto him there, what should be thought of it, having had no charge, he having foretold a mishap unto himselfe, the next day after dinner hard by me, the legge was shot from him with a Cannon Bullet, who after that was carried by my folkes unto his lodging, and being cured, served after with a treene or woodden legge.

At this Siege our Briggad did sustaine more hurt than the rest of the Ar∣mie, being most employed on all commands, bo••h in respect of their valour, and of the good conduct and fortune followed them, and their Leaders.

The third day, the Skonce without the Towne being hard pressed, and we having on our quarter approached to the walles, and the Towne, from the wa••er, and from the Landgrave side, having sustained great losse by their Cannon. The enemy finding there was no hope of reliefe, he entered in a Treatie, and gave up the Towne on accord; being suffered to march out without Armes, they were conveyed to Cowblance: they being gone, Quarters were made for the whole foote within the Towne, where three dayes before Christmasse we were quartered, and remained there, being lod∣ged in the extremitie of the cold with the Hopstaffe, to the fifth of March 1632.

The twenty-fourth Observation.

HIS Majestie of Sweden having crost the Rhine, the Prisoners that were long banished, being ten yeares out of the Paltz, were then incouraged by their libertie attained unto, through the valour and wisedome of [ &.] his Majestie of Sweden, who did bring the keyes of the prison, and of their houses, and the passe once opened, they begunne to returne home, and the strangers removed, they rejoyced at their home coming, in the entertaining of their friends, that fought, for them, and they did perceive the terrour and feare of their enemies, that drew all unto Franckendale, as unto the strongest corner of their feeble hearts, where it was evident to see, their removing from all was drawing neere. Franckendale being blocked up, and victualls de∣barred from them, it was impossible for them to subsist long.

I did observe here, at the in-taking of Mentz, that toyle, travell, danger and resolution were our best meanes, in getting this Towne in three dayes time; our Cannon having from the Hessen side so spoyled the Burgers on the streets, and within their houses, finding their owne hurt, being stronger than the Garrison, forced the Garrison to Accord, by that meanes preventing their owne ruine, and the losse of their goods, if the Towne had beene taken by storme of hand. And therefore, for sparing of their Citie, they promised his Majestie, for keeping good order, threescore thousand Dollers.

Likewise I did observe,* 1.2 by Axallillies losse of his legge, that many times

hurt comes to men in that kinde, as a presage of worldly lucke, in getting, as they say, something to the sore foote; for he, before this, being but meane in estate and employment, was afterwards made rich by governe∣ments. Divers others I could instance under our Armie, were advanced to riches, after receiving of meane hurts, and on meane occasions of service, as this was, being but a looker on. But for me, let me have health, and glad po∣vertie with credit, for riches I desire not, if that I may have more of credit than oth••rs; and that shall be my prayer, to keepe my minde in an invincible place, that externall things move me not: neither would I suffer fortune to be able with her threatnings to pierce me, having tryed sharper that could not dare. Let us then be content with our lot, and though the meanes we should live on, be detained from us, yet let us wrong no body by oppression, in con∣quering by unlawfull meanes, and doubtlesse the Lord will conserve our healths, and sustaine our bodies with sufficiency, and so being honest, we neede never be ashamed to be thought poore in mens esteeme, being rich in Christ.

[ B] Here also I did observe, that oftentimes those, that durst not lift up their heads in time of danger, doe often better speed and thrive in worldly things, than those that merit the best: as was seene on those Briggads entred first in∣to Mentz, that did get both Prisoners and spoyle with the best Quarters, when others, that deserved better, were worse quartered in emptie houses, while as other Colonells and Souldiers, of farre lesse deserving, were making up of estates for their posteritie, in better Quarters, within the Paltz and Franckonie.

But on the contrary; valourous men their labours and travells ought to be rewarded, with honour and profit, by those they did truely serve. For if great undertakings in this kinde, before Townes, in extremitie of danger, were nobly recompenced with great rewards; that would incourage men a∣gaine to refuse nothing to be undertaken, that was honourable: and on the contrary; nothing discontents worthy men more, than to be rewarded like Cowards; and those that stood out the danger, like those that durst not lift head when the storme blew; and when the hope of reward is the com∣fort of mens labours, than all toyle seemes to be easie: and it is a hard thing, when the diligent and industrious is disappointed of his hyre, and when he is rewarded with injury, who did merit well; this of all evills, is most un∣sufferable, when he must suffer losse that expected helpe: for on the contra∣ry, it were more just, that notable vertues should be notably rewarded, with badges of honour, to make all others treade in the glorious path of vertue, and well-doing.

The twenty-fifth Dutie discharged of my March with a partie to the Mosell.

WHile we lay at Mentz, his Majestie having heard that the Spaniard had set over a strong Armie at Spier, of intention to fall on the Rhinegrave his Regiment of horse, lying in the hinder Paltz, be∣twixt Bachrach and the Mosell, who having no foote forces with him, his

Majestie made choice of me, to be sent unto him with a partie of five hundred commanded Musketiers, for to assist him in maintaining the Garrisons in those parts, from the incursion of the Spaniard, and his Majestie hearing of the Queenes coming towards Francford, leaving orders with Duke Barnard of Wymar (then Governour of Mentz, and commander over the Armie in his Majesties absence) to direct me away with the partie to the Rhinegrave, his Majestie being gone, I was sent for by the Duke to receive my Orders, which were, I should receive five hundred commanded Musketiers, with suf∣ficient victualls and Amunition, and then to ship them at Mentz, and to goe downe the Rhine towards Bachrach, and there to send to the Rhinegrave for further orders, but before my departing, I took orders in writ from the Duke, how to carry my selfe in obeying of the Rhinegrave his commands, and im∣mediately I went and received the partie, being in readinesse on the market-place, with Proviant and Amunition for the voyage, and being shipt we went downe the Rhine towards Bingen on the Noe, that runs by Creutznach through the Paltz into the Rhine at Bingen, where Sir Iames Ramseys Regiment did lie in Garrison, out of which there went with me of that Regiment a Captaine with a hundred Musketiers; being shipped, we continued our course towards Ba∣chrach, where being landed, I desired from the Governour (being a Captaine under the Red Regiment) Quarters for my Souldiers, till I got orders whe∣ther [ C] to march, but the Captaine being discourteous, closed the Ports, using us unfriendly, whereupon I desired to be let in to speake with him, which be∣ing granted for me alone, I entered, and having spoke with the Captaine, was refused of Quarters, and of Proviant for my Souldiers, whereupon I retired forth, & the Ports being closed againe, I made our Souldiers make good fires of the driest wood without the Towne, whereof there was no scarcitie; and being darke, the Towne lying alongst the River, we getting intelligence there was a water-gate, where there stood a Centry, I tooke a small Boat and two Officers with me, and entering the sallying Port, the Centry suspecting no e∣nemy, we tooke him off, swearing if he cryed, we would kill him, and bring∣ing him to our Guard, left him to their keeping, and immediately I went in at the sallying Port, accompanied with my Officers and some Musketiers, and having set a Guard at the Port, we went to the Captaines quarter, and tooke in his lodging, where we made good cheare, jeering the Captaine, till he was contented to send forth abundance of victuals for the whole party; & to make good quarters for our whole Officers within the Towne, where they did get both meat & money; and beside, I made all the Dorpes that were without the Towne belonging to it, to pay a contribution of money to me & my Officers, for keeping good order, w^ch we did to repay the Captaines unthankfulnesse.

The next day leaving the partie to make good cheare, I went to the Rhine∣grave to receive his Commands, who directed me to march to a Dorpe with∣in two miles of Coblentz, and to quarter there till further Orders; I retired to the partie, and forcing the Captaine to send fiftie Musketiers with me; wee followed our Orders, and quartered within two miles of Coblentz.

The Rhinegrave having gotten intelligence where some of the Spaniards did lie in quarters, with his Regiment falling into their quarters, he did defeat two Regiments of them, that were come over the Mosell before the Armie.

The next day, he advertised me, he was to advance with his Regiment to∣wards Spier, neere the Mosell, to attend the enemies coming, and if he were di∣stressed, he would advertise me, whereby I might timely beset the Strengths.

The Spaniard having set over his Army at Spier, being ten thousand strong, getting intelligence of the Rhinegraves Quarter, they marched on it, where he lay in open Dorpes, in a manner trusting and reposing too much unto him∣selfe [ D] and his strength, mis-regarding his enemies, being a Cavalier who was both couragious and resolute, who had also resolute and valourous Officers and Souldiers under him, a sudden alarum had no power to fright him or his, being his watch was commanded by Rutmaster Hume of Carrelside, who was a Cavalier of courage and of good experience, finding by intelligence the e∣nemy was approaching on his Guard, he advertised his Colonell timely to draw out on horse-backe, and to expect his enemy in the field, who did take no notice of the first advertisement, till the Rutmaster rode to him, and adver∣tised him to draw to the fields, he commanded him againe to retire unto his watch, he knew his owne time, the Rutmaster scarce returned, when he with his watch were charged by three Troopes, which charge he received, and charged them againe, and then retired on the Colonels quarter, being so hard followed, that by the Colonell was on horse-back, he was invironed by three Regimēts of the enemies whom he bravely charged home, with foure troops of his, and making them to retire, he did caracolle about from the enemy, having suffered losse on the charge. The young Grave of Nassaw, then a Rut∣master, being hurt and taken, and divers more inferiours being retired, he commanded Rutmaster Hume with the other foure Troopes, to make a stand before the enemy; to hold them off till such time he were retired.

The Rutmaster seeing the enemies strong, coming up in full squadrons one after another, he drew up very wisely his foure troops in the entry of a wood, making a large and broad front, whereby the enemy might judge, he was stronger than he was; as also, that they might thinke he had Musketiers be∣hinde him in Ambuscade for a reserve or hinderhalt, which made the enemy give them the longer time, and the better opportunitie to his Colonell to re∣tire with ease. The Rutmaster finding the enemy to fall off a little, he retired his troopes at an easie trot, till he overtooke the Colonell, who thought be∣fore their coming▪ they had beene all cut off.

Immediatly the Rhinegrave sent to me to beset the Garrisons (as I did) and then he sent Poste unto his Majestie, acquainting his Majestie how all had past, and of the enemies strength; which his Majestie having knowne, he drew his Armie together at Mentz, with a resolution to fight with the Spaniard, be∣fore he were suffered to relieve Franckendale, but the enemy hearing of his Majesties preparation, they retired over the Mosell againe, and they being re∣tired, I was recall'd with the partie unto Mentz, where having left a Captaine and a hundred Musketiers with the Rhinegrave to be disposed on, having got orders to that effect from his Majestie, which afterwards were all cut off by the enemy; the rest of the partie dismist, I retired to my Commands.

The twenty five Observation.

[ E] THE duty of an Officer leading a party is almost alike to the duty of a Generall leading an Army, in fight, in march, in quartering, in command; and those he commands ought to give the like obe∣dience unto him, though strangers, as if absolutly they were of his owne Regiment; and his care for them should be as for himselfe. He ought also at the undertaking of the command or charge over them, to foresee to be

sufficiently provided of all things necessary for such service, as he is comman∣ded on, of Amunition, spades, shovels, materialls for his Cannon and Pet∣tards, with his Guides to convey him from one place to another, till he come to the end of his intended march, doing all things by wise and deliberate stedfast∣nesse, in Command without wavering, not altering his Orders, as he must an∣swer to his Generall, to whom he is to give account: and his best is, to have his Orders in writing, that in case of variance betwixt Commanders, Writing may beare him thorough, when Orders by mouth will be denied: neither ought he in his command to be timorous or rash, but rather resolute and remisse, as oc∣casion offers, and on occasions apart, when his Command must be relative to anothers direction, that is but subordinate to a Generall, he must deliberat wise∣ly what to doe, and he must foresee the best and worst of things; but having once deliberated, let him be as resolute in the execution as he can.

Likewise here we see in the Rhinegrave a rare example, both of remisnesse and [ F] courage in one person. For first being made forescene of the enemies com∣ming, he shewed his remisnesse, having refused to give eare to the severall ad∣vertisments till in th'end he was pursued unawares, and then he did testifie his inward courage and resolution in charging the enemy, being three Regiments, with foure troopes putting them to a retreat.

Neverthelesse, we see him alike beholden to the Rut-master for his advertis∣ment, as for his safe retreat, having first and last suffered the dint of the enemies Armes on him, and houlding it off his Commander. A brave example to be imitated and followed of all Cavaliers, that would gaine honour and reputation.

The twenty sixth Duty discharged of the accidents occurred in our warres during our lying in Mentz.

THIS following discourse, being no direct part of the discharge of duty intended of the Regiment: neverthelesse for lacke of emploiment in my calling, at that time being idle in Garrison, I remarked, so farre as I could by report, the actions of others, as they occurred then, being out of acti∣on my selfe; yet I can affirme, what I relate will be found true; if not, let me be no more blamed than those that gave the intelligence.

His Majesty having gone to meete the Queene being come from Leipsigh to [ G] Hanow, the twenty second of Ianuary 1632. his Majesty conveyed the Queene to Francfurt, where all the Cannons went off, after their entries. At this time also, the Rex-chancellour Oxensterne came from Spruce, conveyed by our coun∣triman Sr. Patrick Ruthven, then eldest Colonell of Scots under his Majesty, be∣ing then Governour of Mariburg, and Colonell of a Dutch Regiment lay there, with whom did come frō Spruce Lievetenant Colonel Hugh Hamilton, who was Lievetenant Colonell then to Sr. George Cuningham his Regiment of Scots that lay in Spruce. Captaine Mongomery came also with them, who soone after was made Lievetenant Colonell to a free Squadron of foote, and after that was kil∣led in combat on horsbacke by the Generall Quarter-master Bullion, at first Cap∣taine under me. At this time also came with him Quarter-master Sandelence, who afterwards was Captaine Major and Lievetenant Colonell, having ascen∣ded by degrees, according to worth and deserving.

The Chancellor being come, his Majesty and he sat ordinarily all day in coun∣sell, [ H] treating on weighty matters; At which time, the Cullens Ambassadour was treating apart with his Majesty for neutrality, affirming he had given no as∣sistance to the last League, neither yet was he of the League; As also he affir∣med that at the last Westphalia convention he refused assistance to the rest of the League: his Majesty replied to the Cullens Ambassadour, how hardly and un∣christianly they had dealt with the Evangelists Stends, worse th••n if they had bin Iewes or Turkes, in taking their Churches from them, and in banishing them∣selves. Neverthelesse there were some Articles proposed unto them concerning the Neutrality (viz.) First of all, molesting the Evangelists, under whatsoever pretence, to be abolished and put away. Secondly the free liberty of the Religi∣on to be granted and suffered, and that the Students of the Religion should be taken aswel•• in the Colleges as the Papists Thirdly, in all Cities, the Evange∣lists to be as free to traffique as the Papists. Fourthly, they should give no assi∣st••nce unto the Kings Majesties enemies, nor no contribution, nor Bills to an∣swer monies on exchange. Fifthly, to give free passage through their land aswell to his Majesties Army, as to his enemies, not to hi••der them of it, both alike. Sixthly, that his Majesty of Swedens servants should have the Passes op••n, when they pleased to passe and repasse. Seaventhly, that his Majesties Agents might lie at Cullen to see the Neutrality were justly observed. Eigthly, that his Majesty of Sweden his friends and confederats, should have free traffique in their Townes and Territori••s.

The Cullens Ambassadour returned from Francfurt with these sleight points to be granted by their Bishop. The Swedens were come so neere Cullen that the [ I] Superiours were reprehended for it by the Clergy out of the Pulpits; for giving such liberty to Hereticks to come againe so neere unto their jurisdictions.

By this time the Landgrave of Hessen with his Army, being neere ten thousand strong of horse and foote, for our assistance did lie on the other side of the Rhine over against us, and from thence they fell strong on the Spaniards which were in Rin••koe, making them also quit those parts, and the inhabitants for feare, forsa∣king their houses, his Majesty promised them his gracious protection to stay and remaine in their hou••es, they paying their weekely contribution, which they payed before to the Bishop of Mentz.

Being here also at Mentz, the French Ambassadour I did see get audience. The reason of his coming being to shew his Majesty of Sweden, that the Kings Maje∣sty of France was offended, his Majesty of Sweden had crost the Rhine against his paction, and confederacy made with the King of France, and therefore desired [ K] he should retire againe with his Army. His Majesty answered he did but prose∣cute his enemy, and if his M••jesty of France was offended, he could not helpe it, and those that would make him retire over the Rhine againe, it behooved them to doe it with the sword in their hand, for otherwise he was not minded to leave it but to a stronger; & if his Majesty of France should anger him much, he knew the way to Paris, and he had hungry Souldiers would drinke wine, and eate with as good a will in France as in Germany. Therefore he hoped his Majesty would be better advised in sending the next Ambassage in milder termes. This inter∣change of message went betwix•• them, till at last, they were setled on secondary conditions of a new League offensive and defensive.

[ L] At this time the F••lt-marshal•• Gustavus Horne tooke in Mergenhem on the Sawler streame, Hailburne, on the Necker, Wmpviniphen, and Necker Olin.

Likewise Kunickstene in the Vetro, was taken in by accord after Mentz, as also

the Spaniard left Vieitzler, and Geylhousen, leaving them both unto the Sweden, without shot of Musket or Cannon.

His Majesty at this time, caused publish an Edict, where all Marchants of whatsoever Religion, or Nation they were of▪ should be free to passe and repasse with their goods to the Francforder Masse, and that none of his Majesties Army of whatsoever condition they were, either of horse or foote, should trouble them, under paine of death, where the concealer of the wrong being got notice of should be punished to death, as the Actor.

Likewise the twelfth of Ianuary, Babenhousen was taken in by accord, by his Majesties order and direction, and in the end of December, Manhem was taken in by Duke Barnard of Wymar, having surprized their guards, where about two hundred and fifty were cut off, of the strangers, and quarters and service given to the Dutch; where a Captaine and his Ensigne were taken prisoners, and let loose againe, for the paiment of their Ransome, and being come to Heidelberg they were executed by the Governours direction there, for over-seeing their du∣ties, and these of the League, lying at Heidelberg were mightily troubled with the neerenesse of the Swedens neighbour-hood, having gotten Manh••m, their pas∣sage unto the Rhine was altogether cut off from them. Likewise the Spaniard did quit Garmarsham, and retiring to Franckendale they had no more in the Paltz but that and Heidelberg, His Majesty wonderfully having gotten in Creutznach, and the Castle.

Where the valorous courage of my Lord Craven, a Noble and worthily re∣nowned English Lord, was, to his great commendation, taken notice of by both the Kings. For he, out of affection and desire to advance the cause, following his Majesty of Bohemia of worthy memory, at the storming of the workes at Creutznach (in sight of his Majesty of Sweden) leading up his Company of Vo∣luntiers, to the good example of others, gave outward testimony of his inward courage; in so much that his Majesty of Sweden and all the beholders openly extolled his Lordships noble & praise-worthy carriage; for having endeavoured so farre as lay in him, on this exploit, to make his memory out-live himselfe. As afterward his Lordship did shew his prowesse & Heroicke spirit at the intaking of Donavert. Where he did merit so much, that I having reason to have said more, could say no lesse. His worth being knowne, his affection to the cause, & his respects to his Majesty of Bohemia whom he followed, merits a well deser∣ving reward from his Majesties Royall Issue.

Before Creutznach Lievetenant Colonell Talbot was killed: and the worthy Captaine Dowglas was shot in the arme.

Colonell Alexander Ramsey was placed Governour of Creutznach by his Maje∣sty of Swedē, as a beginning of reward for his old service & attendance, who loved nothing better than nobly and kindly to entertaine his friends and strangers, be∣ing the common receptacle and refuge of all his Country-men, that liked to honour him with their company: As also he was most willing to entertaine and respect strangers of the best quality, and most of all he was peremptory in maintaining his Countries credit, obliging all Cavaliers to his power: but most unwilling to be beholden to others, carrying still a noble minde.

At this time, his Majesty being in Mentz, Bingen, Bagh••rach on the Rhine, and Shaule, were taken in by Scalade, with a surprise by the Scots of Sir Iames Ramseys Regiment, where those within were thrice stronger than those pursued them, but being once entred the Towne, the Inhabitants assisting the Scots, they put all to the sword, except the Officers that were taken Prisoners

by Major Hanan, a Gentleman of much worth, valour, and discretion in Command, whose losse was much lamented, he, having died soone after of a Consumption, was much regrated of all his acquaintance, and of my selfe in particular, being my old Camerade.

At this time also the Towne of Spier came under his Majesties protection and devotion, and leavied three Companies for his Majesties service; Lan∣daw also and Crownewe••senburg did become good Swedens. Landstall was taken in also by storme, through the helpe of the Country Boores; shortly after was Elwangen, Oberwesell, Papart, and Lovensteene taken in by accord. Also the Castle of Erenfells, and the Towle-house over against Bingen was taken in by the Landgrave of Hessens folke.

[ N] By this time was Damets in Maclenburg given over by Accord, unto Gene∣rall Major Lowhowsen; as also Wesmer on the Baltick Coast was taken in by Accord the tenth of Ianuary 1632. And the Garrison marched out three thousand strong, being commanded by Colonell Grame, who having buried some Cannon, robbed the shippes, and tooke away against Accord a number of Armes. Likewise on his march unto Silesia, he killed a Swedens Lievete∣nant; but being followed, the Swedens (at the command of Generall Tott) Generall Major Lowhowsen having ov••rtaken them, five hundred were kil∣led, and two thousand taken prisoners that tooke service; and Colonell Grame was sent prisoner to Gripswald, to remaine there till further try∣all.

[ O] By this time also, Generall Tott his Army marched over the Elve to∣wards Luneburg, being neere foureteene thousand strong of foote and horse, under whom were severall Scots Regiments come from Scotland the Harvest before (viz.) Sir Iames Lumsdells Regiment, to whom Robert Stewart was Lievetenant Colonell. The Master of Forbesse his Regiment, to whom Sir Arthur Forbesse was Lievetenant Colonell; Sir Frederick Hamiltons Regi∣ment, to whom Alexander Cunningham was Lievetenant Colonell; Colo∣nell Astins English Regiment, to whem Vavezer was Lievetenant Colonell; Colonell Monro of Obstell his Regiment, to whom Iohn Monro was Lieve∣tenant Colonell; and a Squadron of English, commanded by Lievetenant Colonell Mon-Gorge, being the Remainder of Sir Thomas Conwayes Regi∣ment; and Colonell Robert Lesly, his old Regiment of Scots. Generall Tott his Army being over the Elve; Colonell Ryneaker, and Curmago did gather all the Emperialists, and those of the League out of all other Garrisons, towards Stoade, and Bukstihoode, to defend themselves; where leaving them to some other penne to write of, I returne to the Rhine. His Majesty being making preparation towards the Danube, to visit the Byerforst, and Tillie: where I minde to follow out my march, our idle time being almost spent.

His Majestie did write unto the States of Holland, to draw sooner unto the fields, than their custome was, to hinder the Spaniards from sending forces unto Dutchland, which letters mooved the States to give out Edicts, that all Regiments and Companies should be complete, under paine of cashier∣ing, to draw to the fields against the first of March. By this time, his Majesty of France having a strong Army together on the borders of Dutch∣land, the Catholique League did what they could, to put his Majestie of France by the eares w••••h the King of Sweden, alledging his Majesty of Swe∣dens intention was fully to roote out the Catholique Religion; and that he had already banished a number of them from their Cloysters, which was an

untruth; for his Majestie of Sweden banished none, but those who through feare did banish themselves. But on the contrary, his Majestie in all plac•••• he had taken in, suffered them the free libertie and use of their Religion un∣troubled, without troubling of any mans Conscience in matters of Religion. But his Majestie of France, being better informed, refused any assistance to the Catholique League, against his Majestie of Sweden; but 〈…〉〈…〉 the Catholique League to remaine neutrall; and that he would interpose with his Majestie of Sweden for obtaining the Neutralitie; whereupon in∣stantly they begunne to treate of the Neutralitie; and Monsieur Seharnasse [ P] was sent Ambassadour to his Majestie of Sweden to that effect, and his Ma∣jestie proposed, and set downe the points he desired of them, if he should yeeld unto the Neutralitie.

First, they should give his Majestie and his Armie free passage through their Lands, especially over the Danube.

Secondly, they should take all their Forces from the Emperialists, and be bound hereafter to give them no more helpe.

Thirdly, they should restore the Palatinate unto the former estate, and all others they had taken beside.

Fourthly, they should contribute to the maintaining of the Swedens Ar∣mie.

The French Ambassadour having promised within foureteene dayes to get the foresaid Articles confirmed, his Majestie granted a fort'nights Still∣stand, providing the Ambassadour would make Papenham retire his Forces out of Westphalia, and Stifft-madeburg; As also that those Forces the Duke of Bavaria and the League had in Bohemia, should also retire; and that such parts as his Majesties Armie had beleaguered or blockered, they should goe on notwithstanding of the Still-stand, till they came to an Accord, or for∣ced to quit them. The time of this Treatie, the Catholique League found many doubts.

First, that it was hard for them being so much obliged to the house of Austria, to forsake them in their greatest neede.

Secondly, the Catholike Religion, in that case, did lacke a strong Pro∣tectour; whose like they could not soone finde againe.

Thirdly, the King of France had his owne pretentions in this Treatie, to wit, to weaken the house of Austria; which his Majestie of France could easily doe, by separating the League from the house of Austria. It was easie then unto him to transferre the Empire unto another Family: and the League embracing the Neutralitie, the Crown of France had wonne their point against the house of Austria; and if the Neutralitie were not granted or accepted by the League, the Kings Majestie of France would not quit the Swedens faction; but rather favourize all their enterprizes; whereby, in times com∣ming, he should have the lesse cause to feare the house of Austria; but in [ Q] the end, the seeking of this Neutralitie was but for meere policie, to hinder his Majestie of Swedens progresse, till such time, as that Generall Tilly could make a strong head againe, and to winne time of his Majestie to prepare themselves for warre.

This Treatie turning to nought without any fruit; neither were the Spa∣niards still this time, but having drawne to strong head, they came over the Mosell againe unto the Paltz, and were beaten backe with great losse, and the whole Paltz made free of them.

In which conflict Master Home in presence of the Rex-chancellor Oxensterne, before the face of the whole Army, with his owne troope, and two other troopes of horse, charged a strong body of the Spanish horsmen, & tooke nine Corne••s from them, having hunted and chased them, to their great shame, and to the perpetuall credits of the pursuers, especially of the Leader, whose acti∣ons are worthy to be recorded to Posterity.

[ R] After this victory obtained over the Spaniard, his Majesty of Sweden did propose certaine propositions and Articles unto the Duke of Bavier, and the Catholique Stends that were confederat with him. First, to breake the Emperiall Edict that was published over the Empire. Secondly, both the Evangelists Religion to be let free and untroubled by the Papists. Third∣ly, Bohemia, Nerlin and Silezia to be restored in the old manner, and the banished freely to returne to their lands and country. Fourthly, to set his Majesty of Bohemia free againe in the Paltz. Fifthly, the Dukedome of Ba∣vier to be transferred on him againe. Sixthly, the Towne of Ausburg to be put in the former estate againe, and the exercise of the Evangelists Reli∣gion to be free againe unto it as before. Seventhly, all Iesuits to be put a∣way and banished out of the Empire, as the Pest of the Common-weale. Eighthly, all Evangelists Cloisters to be restored againe, as well as the Catholique Cloisters. Ninthly, all Cloisters in Wartenburgland, to be resto∣red againe. Tenthly, to choose his Majesty of Sweden, as King of the Ro∣mans.

[ S] About the end of Ianuary Papinham gathered the whole Garrisons toge∣ther that were in Brunswicke lands, and west Falia, and relieved Madeburg; forcing Banier to retire on Calbe; alleadging he had a mandat of his Majestie of Sweden not to fight; Papenham, who having relieved the Towne, and gotten intelligence the Duke of Luneburg with a strong Army, was to come on him from Wolfenbetle, he having left Madeburg, and taken out the Garrison having nailed the cannon, and destroyed all he could, in casting it into the▪ Elve, which he could not take with him on waggons; having spoiled their best cannon, leaving the bare walles to the Swedens; which they immediat∣ly beset againe with three Companies: Papenham marched towards Wolfen∣betle to meete the Duke of Luneburg.

Likewise Palsgrave Wolfegan William, did also by his brothers intercession, Palsgrave Augustus, hould on with his Majesty of Sweden for a Neutrality, but in vaine. The fourteene dayes of still-stand being out, they fell to worke againe, every one for himselfe.

[ T] Bamberg also taken by Gustavus Horne Felt-marshall, and shortly after was Tillie come thither with a strong Army from Nerlin, unlooked for, set on Gustavus Hornes forces, the Towne being almost made fast by the Swe∣dens, Tilly with his Army falls on: and the Felt-marshall having put his cannon away by water on the Maine, retired in haste with losse upon Hars∣ford, after a long skirmish had with the Emperialists, and having gotten intelligence of foure Regiments of Tillies, that had past by Halstad, he did breake up with the Cavalerie, and in their quarter in Oberbyde, being but halfe a mile from Bamberg, falls on them two houres before day, and de∣feats two Regiments, to wit, Planck, Hartish and Meradish the youngers Regiment by fire and sword, where he got but two Cornets, the rest be∣ing burnt in the fire, with their goods: The Crabbats were forced to swimme the Maine, the rest betooke themselves for refuge unto the Dragoniers

quarters that l••y at Stafflebach, and retiring to the Church-yard, the Felt-marshall having no musketiers with him, pressed to fire them out, but in vaine, so that he retired againe with his Officers on Hasford and Swineford. These newes coming unto his Majesty, he prepared for a march unto Franconia, bringing the rest of his Majesties forces together, that were with the Felt-marshall; and he did send unto During, to the Duke of Wymar, and to Generall Banier to bring their forces together, to meete betwixt Nu∣renberg and Donavert, to search out Generall Tilly, and about the middest of March 1632. we brake up from Mentz, having left the Rex-chancellor Oxensterne, and Duke Bernard of Wymar, with eight thousand men in the Paltz, to attend the Spaniards further intentions on the Rhine.

The twenty-sixth Observation.

THE Catholique League, seeing the Spaniard terrified in the Paltz, and almost beaten away, they begun being members of that head, to quake and tremble for feare of the Swedens neighbourhood, and therefore the Bishops of Mentz, Triere, Cullen, Wurtzburg and of Bambrick presently resolved, out of their policy, to treat for a neutrality, pressing, so farre as lay in them, to bring the King of France and his Majesty of Sweden to pull at each others beards; alleadging the Swedens intentions were only to subvert the Catholique Religion, and the professours of Popery, as he [ V] had already (as they alleadged) persecuted and banished the Churchmen out of Erford, Wurtzburg, Francford, Hickst, and out of all other parts where they were: whereupon his Majesty of France notwithstanding of his con∣federacy with the King of Sweden was commoved at his crossing the Rhine, fearing he might bring the Catholique League on his side, and then turn•• his Armes against France, which suspitions wrought an Ambassage from his Majesty of France, towards his Majesty of Sweden, for treaty of neutrality betwixt the King of Sweden and the Catholique League, which in th'end turned to nothing. Where we see, that all Potentates and great Kings, doe keepe no Confederacy nor League, but only so farre as they are helpfull for their owne aimes and designes; preferring their benefit before the keeping of their covenants; where we see, that Kings hand-writings or seales, in pactions making, tye them no more then as nothing, when they finde them prejudiciall to their owne greatnesse, and cannot be made to keepe their covenants, but with stronger power. Then we see here, his Majesty of Swe∣den was nothing moved with the King of France his threatning (except he would retire over the Rhine againe) seeing he knew his owne ability at that time, that being once over the Rhine, he could march unto France. The consideration whereof made them agree better on secondary conditions, having past from the first covenant; so that we see there is no dealing with Kings but on equall termes, and then are they most reasonable; but the ex∣ample of Kings, in this point of their covenants, is not to be imitated by any other inferiours; for in respect of them, though not in respect of God, they are privileged persons; who cannot be punished for their faults but by God alone. And therefore, amongst inferiours, nothing is to be kept more strict next unto faith unviolated, then mens word and promise, especially promises betwixt old friends. But alas! no friendship is permanent, seeing

many things come betwixt, turning it unto hatred and hostility; for where love doth not grow, the friendship is not durable.

Likewise here we see, his Majesty of France made haste to interpose his re∣quest for the weale of the Catholique League, shewing himselfe disconten∣ted with their usage, to make them the more ready to thinke on him, before they should any wayes leane in their necessity to the King of Sweden. As also we see the policy of the League, though in their necessity they seemed to make use of the King of France his friendship, yet they would not cast off the house of Austria, and King of Spaine their ould friends, for the hope they had in their new friend the King of France, lest their new friend might disappoint them of their expectations, as he did in th'end, missing his owne aimes.

We see also here the Frenches policy, in making haste to intercede for the Leagueistes, lest the danger might come on himselfe; for the King of France h••aring the King of Sweden had crossed the Rhine, he did not stay to bring [ W] his Army together, till the League should call for his helpe, lest it should be too late, but incontinent brought his Army to the Mosell, and then sent his Ambassador to Ment•• to his Majesty of Sweden to treat, having his Army at hand, which was the only sure way then to get the better condi∣tions, knowing the King of Sweden had already too many Irons in the fire.

Those we see are the best friends, that in necessity keepe their paction, as the Catholique League did at all times unto the Emperour, who otherwise had bin no Emperour, neither yet had he bin Emperour, had the Evange∣lists kept together and hazarded their meanes and bloud, in defence of the publique cause, as the Catholiques did in their greatest necessity, once eve∣ry yeere setting up ever new Armies, as one was beaten unto them: their wisdome and constancy were so great, that presently the next Spring, through their power and diligence, they had ever another new Army afoote, which in th'end made their enemies the Evangelists weary, sparing their [ X] meanes, they suffered in a manner the cause and the publique to be neere lost; being since beaten by their owne Armes and meanes, seeing they neg∣lected time, while as they might employ their meanes to the finall over∣throw of their enemies: and yet to my knowledge, in Germany, if they would conjoyne their strengths together constantly against the Papists, they are powerfull enough to free all Germany of Popery, banishing them over the Alpes, from whence they came. And I perswade my selfe, none that knowes Germany, but in his conscience he must confesse this to be truth. But when our fellowes in friendship faile us, as the Evangelists one after another, for a skurvy losse, quit the Crowne of Sweden, the great Duke [ Y] of Saxon having left them first, breaking his oath and promise, in prejudice of the publique peace, excluding the Protestants impiously for his owne aimes, he did prejudice the Gospell, his country, and confederates, and by his evill example: for plaine necessity, while a storme should blow over the townes of the upper Circles of the Empire, as Strasburg, Vlme, Nu∣renberg & Francford did accept of an unsetled peace, contrary to their mindes, in prejudice of the publique, losing themselves and the publique, for the losse of one day, being without their head, which first brought them together.

[ Z] Here then we see the great difference of friendship in prosperity and in

adversity: for his Majesty of Sweden being at Francford, as a victorious King, he had then, in his prosperity, the conflux of friendship, some seeking his protection, others his friendship and confederacy, others for feare of the dint of his Armes, seeking to be Neutrall, who before were enemies; o∣ther Kings and Potentats, Republiques and Cities sending their Ambassa∣dours congratulating his successe; yea, and which was more and rare to be seene, his Majesty of Bohemia in person came unto him, to offer him assistance Royall, in leavying of an Army for himselfe, and was refused, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 am wil∣ling other Armies should be in Dutchland, to be participant of his glory, but his owne. Where we see Fortunes Favourit laught on by the world, but how soone againe Fortune begun to frowne on his successour, who ha∣ving got but one Buffet, all men would kill him, his friends (nomine tenus) aswell as his enemies. Where we see cleerely that there is no friend in ad∣versity, except it be a friend in Christ, who will never forsake or leave us. This then is the friendship we should make to league and confederate with, our brethren in Christ, with whom we have unity in Faith, if that we would have our friendship durable and constant: others will change as the winde blowes plenty or penury upon us; being but temporary friends (as many of the Dutch are) but our brethren in Christ will never totally leave us, no [ Z] not in our greatest wants and extremity of Fortune. Which should make us choose such, and to live and dye with such, fighting for them and their li∣berties, who will never leave us, though death sever us, but after death, they will prove constant friends to our successours (as the Germans did not to the Chancellor of Sweden) if they succeede unto us in the true and undoub∣ted Faith. And to verifie this, I can beare witnesse, that though the enemy did keepe our brethren in Christ, that were in the Pultz, under ten yeares bondage; Neverthelesse that bondage, nor the tyranny used unto them by their enemies, made them never forget their fidelity and love to their King and Prince; neither yet could their tyranny make them forsake or renounce their faith in Christ, but as they continued true ••o God, so were they faith∣full in their love to their King and Master; not only to his Majesty, but also shewed their love and kindnesse unto us, being his Majesties friends, whom they knew to be one in faith with themselves. And therefore they were ever ready and willing to undergoe alike danger with us against our common enemies; as doth witnesse their assistance given to the Scots of Sir Iames Ramseys Regiment, having Conjunct is viribus beaten their enemies on divers occasions.

The Kings Majesty of Sweden, though before this time none of the grea∣test [ A] Kings, yet in this warre, having begun with a little Army of ten thou∣sand strong, in three yeares time he grew so great; that he was carelesse of the threatning of the great King of France, having entertained then in rea∣dinesse foure Armies at once, his owne which he led himselfe, under which I was still; The Felt-marshall Gustavus Hornes Armie, Generall Totts Ar∣my on the Wazer, and the Marquesse of Hamiltons Army, with whom Ba∣nier was joyned on the Elve. These foure Armies his Majesty commanded alike, and at one time, having the Emperour, the King of Sp••ne, the Catholique League, and the Duke of Bavier his enemies. And though the Duke of Saxon had an Army apart, yet his Majestie would not suffer the King of Bohemia, the Duke of Lunenburg the Land grave of Hessen, nor the Dukes of W••mar to lead Armies in Dutch∣land,

but as Subalternes to his Command. And I thinke he had reason: for if his Majestie of Bohemia had had an Armie in the fields, it behooved the Swedens to have beene subalterne to the Dutch and Scots, who were then strong in the fields, in commanding strangers, as they did their owne Country-men. Notwithstanding of all these forces led and commanded by his Majestie of Sweden, we see that the Empire is like a depth without a bot∣tome, that cannot be sounded. For though they lost severall Battailes, their power was so great, that incontinent they made up Armies againe, one after another, for the space of twentie yeares together; so that, with difficultie, they made the body of the Empire to stand, though the wings were very neere clipped by his Majestie of Sweden; who, in three yeares time, subdued the most part of the Empire, and with his owne little Armie, [ B] in one Winter, freed the Paltz of the Spanish Forces (except Heidelberg a∣lone) on which occasions those of our Nation that followed his Majestie, shewed both their valour and their love, especially those of my Lord Spence his Regiment, seconded well by those of my Lord Rhees Regiment, and Sir Iames Ramseys worthy Regiment, were well seconded by Colonell Lodowicke Les••yes Regiment, which formerly were Sir Iohn Hamiltons. These foure Regiments of foote having followed his Majesties owne person in all occa∣sions, were worthy their deeds should be Registred to all posteritie. O∣ther six Regiments of Scots, under Generall Tott, and two of English, being yonger in the service than the former foure, were also shorter of continuance; whose actions I cannot relate, but by Information. Therefore I will be spa∣ring, lest I should derogate from their worth, or oversee my selfe.

At this time also there were a great many worthy Cavaliers of our Nati∣on under his Majestie, who, for their long experience and valour, had attai∣ned to the honour, not onely to be trusted before others with Governments, but also were honoured in commanding of strangers, both Dutch and Swe∣dens, whereof some were employed in Dutchland, some in Sweden, some in Liffeland, and some in Spruce; all alike serving their Master to his minde, where he liked best to make use of them for the weale and advancement of his service.

Sir Patricke Ruthven, Generall Major and Governour of Vlme, Colonell over Dutch to foote and to horse; Sir Alexander Lesly, Generall Major and Governour over the whole Cities, alongst ••he Balticke Coast; Sir David Drummond, Generall Major and Governour of Statin, over a Regiment of Swedens; Sir Iohn Hepburne, Colonell over the Scots Briggad; Generall Ma∣jor King, Colonell to horse and foote of Dutch; Colonell Carr••, Colonell to foote of Scots; Sir Iohn Ruth••••••, Generall Major, Colonell of Dutch; Colonell Robert Monro of Fowles, Colonell to foote and to horse over Dutch; The Earle of Crawford, Colonell to foote o••er Dutch; Colonell Baily, Co∣lonell to foote over Dutch; Colonell Ramsey, Governour of Cre••••snough, and Commander of Dutch; Colonell Alexander Hamilton, Colonell of Scots; Sir Iames Ramsey, Colonell of foote over Scots; Sir William Ballentine, Co∣lonell over English; Colonell Dowglas, Colonell of Dutch horsemen; Co∣lonell H••me, Colonell of Dutch horsemen; Colonell Alexander L••sly the younger, Colonell to foote over Dutch; Colonell Iohn Lesly, Colonell to foote over Scots; Colonell William Gunne, Colonell to foote over Dutch; Colonell Ki••••i••mond, Colonell of Swedens; Colonell Hugh Hamilton, Co∣lonell to foote over Dutch; Colonell 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Forbesse, and his brother,

both Colonells to foote over strangers; Colonell Iohn Forbesse, Colonell to foote over Dutch; Colonell Alexander Forbesse, called the bald, Colo∣nell to foote over Dutch; which all, with the former twelve Regiments, were employed severally, upon the Dutch bottome, during his Majesties time; and since, to the great credit of their Nation; as likewise other Cava∣liers of them were employed in Sweden; such as Colonell Scot, Colonell Seaton, and Colonell Thomson, others also, were employed in his Majesties service in Spruce; as Sir George Fleetwood, Colonell to foote over English; Francis Ruthven, Colonell to foote over Scots, and William Kunningham, Co∣lonell to foote over Scots, Alexander Gordon, Colonell to foote over Dutch; which Officers, with their Regiments, after conclusion of the peace made with the Kings Majestie of Polle, were also brought into Dutchland, against the Saxon, and the Emperour. Thus farre, en passant, I was bold to inferre, to satisfie the curious Reader, and his Highnesse, to whom we all vowed faith and obedience, being formerly led by such a Generall, as the Lyon of the North, the invincible King of Sweden, who did instruct us all, to doe his Highnesse service, in all respects, to the sacrificing of our lives, untill his Highnesse be avenged of his enemies, and most honourably restored to his Country, credit, honours, and former losses. For we know Germany so well, that without guides, we can enter their Cities where we know them weakest; having helped to subdue many of them before; as shall be evi∣dent, before our expedition come to an end. Where we would wish such a Leader as his Highnesse, or one of the race, come of the Iewell of Europe, his Royall Mother, for whom and her royall Issue, we are obliged and resol∣ved yet to fight, till her Throne be established in despight of her enemies.

Here also we see God will not suffer those Christians unpunished, that [ C] violate their promise, as was seene on Colonell Grame, whose fault is too common amongst their faction, that hold for a maxime, they are not bound to keepe promise or accord unto us; as was seene on Colonell Monro of Fowles his Regiment marching out of St••bing; the conditions of their ac∣cord being broken unto them, the Souldiers were forced to serve, and the Officers were made prisoners. If my fortune were once againe to command the Guards in Memmungen in Bavier (the Dukes chiefe residence) though I would not breake my word, I would hazard to breake my sword, to be avenged on those who keepe no promise or oath, being enemies to God and to his truth, as they did witnesse by their cruelty used at Bamberg; where the Felt-marshall being set on unawares, was forced to retire, having sent away his cannon before him, choosing the least of two inconvenien∣ces, having thought better to endanger a few men in skirmish, than by stand∣ing to hazard the losse of all, and of his cannon. Where we see that it is hard for a brave Commander to make a good retreat without cannon, where on the contrary having a little time, with some advantage of ground, it is easie retiring from the fiercest enemy, who may lose himselfe and his Army with pressing too farre forwards against cannon.

Likewise there is nothing more able for to make a partie of horsmen for∣tunate, than a reasonable supply of musketiers ever to attend them, for they are ever best together: Moreover, we have here a laudable custome of a brave Commander, as his Majesty was, being as carefull in maintaining his conquest, as he was fortunat in conquering: for before his Majesty would march from the Rhine towards the Danow, he first established the Rex-chancellor

of Sweden at Mentz, leaving unto his care the direction of the Army left in the Palatinat to attend the Spaniard, which Army was to be led by Palsgrave Christian Brickafield, being at least eight thousand strong.

The twenty seventh Duty discharged of our March from Mentz unto Fran∣cony and to Shawbach.

HIS Majesty having got intelligence of the Ruffle, Generall Tilly had given at Bamberg to Felt-marshall Horne, and hearing the Felt-marshall was retired on Swinford, incontinent his Majesties Army was brought together at Mentz, and leaving the Rex-chancellor Oxensterne in the Paltz at Mentz, as director, and to attend on the Spanish forces, till the Paltz were cleered of the enemie.

The sixth of March, his Majesty did breake up from Francford, where in the fields before Aschaffenburg, the Army made a shew in presence of his Majesty of Bohemia, Marquesse of Hamilton, and divers others, men of quality, and having passed the bridge, we quartered over night in the fields on the backe side of the hill, and the next day continued our march towards Lore, and having sent before to make provision for the Army in all parts, where he resolved to quarter, through Franconia being free of our enemies. The next night we quartered at Erinfield, and our Briggad passing by Gemond we marched on Carlestat, where we quartered over night: the next day continuing our march, we joyned at night with the army at Tettelbach, where before our upbreaking the next morning, a fire being entred in the Sub∣burbs, as his Majesty was marching out of quarter, those of Spences Regi∣ment were blamed for this accident, though innocent: Neverthelesse his Majesties rage continued the whole day, and we being separated, his Majesty marched on Kitchen, on the Maine to joyne with the Felt-marshall; and we were commanded to march on Oxenford on the Maine, and from thence to Vinchen, where we againe were to joyne with the Army, having ever our cannon and Amunition waggons along with us.

[ D] On Sunday in the afternoone, his Majesty againe over-viewed the Ar∣my, being set in order of Battaile, the Felt-marshalls forces, and some new forces having joyned with us, being pleasant to behould, where in time of the show, his Majesty of Bohemia did come and salute our Briggad, being resaluted with all due respect of the whole body of the Briggad, where his Majesty was pleased to shew us, how glad he was of the good re∣port and commendation, his Majesty of Sweden had given of our good ser∣vice, the continuance whereof he hartily wished.

Our Army this day was above twenty thousand men, horse and foote, besides those did belong to the Artillery, being all in good order, Gene∣rall Tilly having understood of his Majesties coming, and of the strength of his Army, he thought, as best for the safety of his Army, not to stay our coming, and besetting Bamberg and Forcham with new levied men, taking the ould Souldiers with him, he marched towards Newmarke in the upper

Palatinat, having taken all the best things he could finde within the Bishop∣ricke of Bamberg with him on waggons: And having sent his Generall Quartermaster before him towards Loaffe, he was met by some of the Swe∣dens party, and being kill'd, all his letters were brought unto his Majesty, and before his Majesty brake up with the Army, he caused to publish an Edict over all Franconia, that all sort of people which had before bin fugi∣tives [ E] for feare of Religion, they were all free to returne unto their houses againe, not being molested or troubled in the peaceable labouring of the ground.

Likewise on this march, a strong party of our Army, led by Colonell Sparereutter, Rancountring with the enemies party by S. hawbbishhall, after a long skirmish the Emperialists were made to retire with los••e towards the Castle of Da••berg, where Lievetenant Colonell Buckoy, that had the com∣mand of the Emperialists, was sore wounded, a Rut-master of the C••ab∣bats and a Lievetenant was kill'd; and aboue twenty six Souldiers, besides a hundred and thirty were taken prisoners. The newes came to his Majesty on our march, which we continued from Wins••n on Wolmersdo••ffe; and from thence, the next day being the twentith of March to Furt, a passe on the River of Pegn••ts, a mile from Nurenberg; where the Army lay but one night, so long as his Majesty did visit Nurenberg; and the next day our march continued towards a little Towne called Schawbach, where his Maje∣sty rested the Army two dayes, till that the Duke of Wymars forces, with Generall Banier coming from During, were come within one dayes march of us; his Majesties intentions being towards Donavert on the Danube; where my Cozen F••••les with both his Regiments joyned with us. His Majesty of Sweden accompanied with the King of Bohemia and Palsgrave Augustus, and divers Princes more, before their coming to Nurenberg, they were [ F] met by the Lords of the Towne, with a great convoy on horsbacke, and were most nobly welcomed, where the whole inhabitants were overjoyed at the sight of his Majesty of Sweden, but chiefely their affections most a∣bundantly did extend towards his Majesty of Bohemia, which is impossible for any tongue to expresse. But well I know, my eyes did see their eyes shedding teares of joy, being overjoyed with the sight of two Kings at once, as they thought, sent by the King of Kings for their reliefes; and to make their welcome the more respected, the whole City, Burgers and Souldiers were in their brightest Armes; and being conveyed unto the City, they were sumptuously banqueted; and in testimony of their love, they gifted unto his Majesty of Sweden foure halfe Cartowes, with all furniture belong∣ing to them, together with two silver Globes, one Coelestiall, the other Terrestiall: there were also presented unto him drinking Credence many, with some Antiquities that were rare, and with all testifying their affection in way of complement, they assure his Majesty that not only with words but with their whole estate, they were ready to serve the common cause, to, die and live with his Majesty, in the defence of the publique. His Majesty thus taking leave of Nurenberg, promises to continue their friend, and shewes them he was to goe with his Army towards the Danow streame, to see how to get a passe over the Danow for to visit the Duke of Bavier, and he hoped he would make Tilly with his Army to retire thence. But Tilly finding his Majesties Army growing still stronger and stronger, he retired backe unto the upper Palatinat, and from thence, he crossed the Danow to

joyne with the Duke of Bavaria, to hinder our coming unto Bavaria; being then, of his owne forces, neere eighteene thousand men, foote and horse: But many of them were new leavied folkes; and the Duke of Bavaria had also a strong Armie together; but for the most part, they were such as could not indure the noise or whisling of the Cannon Bullets.

[ G] By this time, Grave Henry William Fonselins, being shot in the leg before Bamberg, was departed at Swineford of a burning f••aver, contracted through the paine of the shot; whose death his Majestie of Sweden did much la∣ment.

The twenty-seventh Observation.

THE fifth of March, 1632. his Majestie having left sure footing in the Paltz, with a bridge over the Rhine, and the Mayne, where it en∣ters [ H] into the Rhine; where also was begunne, as the Trophee of his victorie, the foundation of a Citie and strength called Gustavus-Burg. Then in the beginning of the Spring, we sprung forth from the Rhine, towards the Danow streame, being on this march royally accompanyed by his Majestie of Bohemia, whom his Majestie esteemed of, as of himselfe, in all quartering ordaining his quarters before his owne; continuing the march, through Franconia in suretie, having the yeere before freed that whole circle from the enemie, so that the I••habitants had given their Oa••h of fealtie unto His Ma∣jestie.

This March was pleasant, through a plentifull Countrie at this time, be∣ing a pr••gresse befitting two Kings, with a Royall Armie, and forces from o∣ther partes joyning with us; as we drew neere our enemies; we made all sure behinde us, both for our Retreates in case of neede, as also for the safetie of those were to come after us; and thirdly, for the furnishing our Armie in Amunition and victuals, to be brought unto us in case of want.

His Majestie here being of intention to get a passe over the Danow (having before made the Towne of Vlme sure) for his retreate; for the more abun∣dance, his Majestie resolved to have the passe of Donavert, being the right passe betwixt Nurenberg and Ausburg.

Before Tillyes Armie could joyne with the Duke of Baviere, his Majestie [ I] resolved it was not best to give them time, but with celeritie concluded to march towards them, knowing it was but follie and madnesse, to stay till they were joyned; and the Duke of Baviere being assured of his Majesty com∣ming to visit his Countrie, he closed the passes the best ••e could; both Dona∣vert, Rhine, and Ratisbone. And as he did beset well the frontier Garrisons, before his Majesties comming, he also very circumspectly betimes tooke all victuals out of his Majesties way, towards Engolstat, as a wise Commander ought to doe, where he made his Magazin, being the onely part, he was assu∣red of for his retreate; and such a parte, as he knew well, we were not able to get without treason; and then being assured he had time to provide an Armie to oppose his Majesty, himselfe not being taken unawares.

It is the dutie of all good Commanders, at their downe lying and uprising from quarters, to be very carefull to prevent fire; seeing thereby the whole Armie may be endangered by the losse of men, Amunition, Armes and Ar∣tillery; and since such losse is irrecoverable, our care should be the greater to avoyde the hurt. And therefore Order should be given to all Guardes, to

make diligent roundes over the Quarters, to prevent the like accidents, and to give Orders to the Gavilliger and his servants, to oversee all fires, and to see them quencht, at all upbreakings, and dislodging: otherwise, the enemy being neere, great inconvenience might happen, and if any enemy, at such times, trusting to our disorder, should offer to invade us, finding the con∣trary, it were easie to beate them backe; as also, it were a fit time to try their valour, they being more than halfe afraid. But I will advise all you, that desire to gaine credit, to seeke out your enemy, rather than to stay his com∣ming unto you, and by this meanes, haply you may set up your Trophees in his owne Country, to speake to posteritie, as doth Gustavus-Burg betwixt the Maine and the Rhine.

The twenty-eight Dutie discharged of our March to Donavert, for the In-taking of it.

THE twenty-fourth of March, his Majestie with the Armie continued the march, from Schwabach towards Donavert upon Ottengen & Plein∣felt, and went before the Castle of Mansfield on the hill, being the strongest of any one in Dutchland, and finding he could get nothing done, [ K] young Papenham being Commandant there, was advertised by his Majestie, if that he would not give over the Castle, his Fathers Earledome therea∣bouts should be ruind (which he, though unwilling, behooved to suffer) but the Cavalier regardlesse of his Majesties threats, did keepe out the Ca∣stle, so that his Majestie, for that time, was forced to leave it.

His Majestie leaving a strong Garrison in the Towne next to it, he conti∣nued his march towards Donavert, and quartered the Armie on the Hill a∣bove the Towne: by this time his Majestie of Pole died, as also then Duke Barnard of Wymar had put a thousand Finnes on the other side of the Rhine, in Bissen, and beset Spier, at which time the Spaniard againe did set over the Mosell, of intention to relieve Franckendale, but was sent backe with shame over the Mosell by the Dukes Armie then left in the Paltz: at which time the Chancellor Oxensterne being there in person, and Palsgrave Christian Birkafield, his Excellence the Rex-chancellor caused the Dutch Regiments marching towards the enemy, to beate the Scots march, thinking thereby to [ L] affright the enemy; but it fell out contrary; the Dutch that marched in the Van with the Scots march, being charged by the enemy, made a base retreate, till they were holden up againe by the valour of the Scots, that were there (viz.) Sir Iohn Ruthven, and his Regiment, having had all his Officers of valiant Scots, as Lievetenant Colonell Iohn Lesly, Major Lyell, Captaine David King, and divers others, resolute Cavaliers, that stood to it, with the assistance of Colonell Lodowicke Lesly, and his Regiment and Officers: being all old beaten Souldiers, formerly called Sir Iohn Hamiltons Regiment; by their valour, resisting the enemy, and encouraging their Camerades, who were flying; the victory, that before was doubtfull, is restored againe to the Swedens; so that Palsgrave Christian did sweare, in audience of the whole Ar∣mie, to his Excellence the Rex-chancellor, that had it not beene for the

valour of the Scots Briggad, they had all beene lost and defeated by the Spaniard.

Here also was evidently seene, as was formerly mentioned, the valour of Rutmaster Hume, in view of his Excellence, in defeating the Spanish horse∣men, being farre inferiour in number unto them, where the Dutch Cavalerie, led by him, repaired the over-sight of their Infanterie, that had the Vanguard. To returne to the beleaguering of Donavert, wherein did lie Hertz••g Randolph, Maximilian of Saxonlawenburgh, with fifteene hundred Souldiers, and five hundred Boores of foote, wherein were also five hundred horsemen, who finding his Majestie was come to visit him, resolved to defend the Towne so long as he could, and to that effect, begunne with Cannon and Musket to play amongst us, who seeing his Majestie had caused to plant some Can∣non before the Port, to play alongst the Bridge, he sallied out bravely, and did beate the Swedens▪ that guarded the Cannon, from their Cannon, which they nay••ed, and a Scots Captaine called Semple, that commanded the Swe∣dens, was blamed, for the Swedens fault, that did leave him alone; who un∣wis••ly, fearing to be taken prisoner, came off after his fellowes, and we ha∣ving b••aten backe the enemy; the Captaine was put in arrest, till he were heard before a Councell of warres.

Incontinent after that, his Majestie planted Batteries on the hill, for to play with Cannon on a long stone-hou••e, that lay on the other side of the River; wherein were a number of foote and horse, come from Bavaria, to strengthen the Garrison, but their entry was hi••dered by our timely com∣ming; on which our Cannon played so hard, till the house was crevised, so that they were forced to quit it, with the losse of many men, and they be∣ing gone, our Cannon then played hard on the Towne-Ports and walles, doing the enemy great hurt.

The night drawing on, his Majestie commanded Colonell Hepburne, with his Briggad, to march to a Bridge a mile above Donavert, and to crosse over for to beset the other side of the Towne, whereon his Majestie thought the enemy would presse to escape: before mid-night the Colonell arriving there, did place our Musketiers in strong Plottons, by hundreds, in the most advantagious parts, for offending the enemy; our Pikes and Colours were drawne up in three strong bodies, or squadrons, and were comman∣ded to stand by their Armes, to be in readinesse, in case of Alarum: And having placed our Centries, Perdues, and others, by breake of day the ene∣my fell forth eight hundred strong of Musketiers on our Quarter; the ser∣vice begunne by our Musketiers, we came up with full squadrons of Pikes amongst them, and entred on the execution, till we made them throw downe their Armes, and cry for Quarters; some for safetie retired backe to the [ M] Towne, and were followed in by us, and cut off within the Towne; while others made way for his Majesties Forces to enter from the other side; so that the enemy were pittifully cut downe the most part of them in the fury. The Towne also was spoyled and quite plundered: but some of the Souldiers, with the Iesuites and Monkes, that had escaped alongst the Bridge, being sent after were overtaken, and the most part cut off: the rest above three hundred were brought backe prisoners: within the Garrison were found dead above five hundred, and some were drowned in the streame, and a thousand that had gotte their lives, were forced to take service under the Regiments; but being Papists of Bavaria, as soone as they

smelt the smell of their Fathers houses, in lesse than ten dayes they were all gone.

The in-taking of this passe on such a sudden, wrought a terrible feare a∣mongst all the Papists in Bavaria; in like manner, his Majestie did send Palsgrave Augustus, with some Forces to Hechstat, a passe on the Danube, which he immediatly tooke in, and by this time was Generall Tilly with his Armie come on the Leacke towards Rhine on the River: and having beset it strong, he beset also all other parts betwixt that and Ausburg, and the Duke himselfe caused to take their Armes from all the professors of the reformed Religion in Ausburg, and having beset it with two thousand Souldiers, he retired himselfe to Engolstat.

His Majestie after the in-taking of Donavert, commanded Generall Ban∣nier, with a partie of foure thousand strong, of horse, foote, and Artillery, towards Newburg on the Danube; but it was beset before their comming, and they retiring againe to Donavert, where our whole Armie being joy∣ned, we marched towards the River of the Leacke, of intention to force a passe unto Bavaria, being then thirtie two thousand strong, of horse and foote.

The twenty-eight Observation.

GEnerall Tilly knowing his Majestie was so neere with a strong Armi•• ••o be revenged on him, for the Ruffle he had given to Gustavus Horne at Bambricke: he never rested his Armie, but continually kept them on foote, attending still our comming; and we, to verifie the desire we had to be revenged on him, did neglect no time, till at last, we found him out, where we intended to try Fortune againe, which never smiles alwayes on one, but is ever variable, keeping no constant course, being whiles here, now there; and commonly we see, that those who have beene most fortunate in their time (as this old Generall was) they have an insatiable desire of vi∣ctory, and prosperous fortune, till neere their end, that they are overcome themselves.

Here we see his Majesties diligence alike, in following of his enemy, as he [ N] fled before him; as in his pursute at Donavert, being the passe, we were hol∣den up at, which his Majestie with diligence did get in his power, being so hard pursued, that the enemy got no time to relieve it, though the Cavalier that defended it, shewed himselfe resolute in defending of it, as in out-fal∣ling on our Guards, which were Swedens, who having neglected their du∣tie, were blame-worthy, as their Captaine that commanded them, who ought to have preferred death before life, ere he had quite his Poste; seeing his standing could have moved others to helpe him, though the Swedens left him. But his Majestie having got the victory over the Towne, by the valour of the Captaines Country-men▪ their intercession then procured his pardon▪ though not his admission to his former Command.

Likewise here we see that stone houses are vaine defenses against cannon: [ O] where the walles once pierc't, those within are in worse case then if they stood on plaine fields. Therefore at such times, it is better to adventure forth unto the fields out of reach, then to be smothered within walles, as were many within this house both of horse and foote.

Here also as in the continuance of the Story, we see the valour of Hep∣burne and of his Briggad praise worthy, being first and last instruments of the enemies overthrow in grosse or by parties, being commanded men: where often we were well seconded by Ramseys men, seeing those were ever commanded on desperat exploits, being still appointed the fore-troopes of the Army, well led and conducted by Major Sidserffe, who was a Cavalier both diligent and valorous, being also trusted on good occasions for his judgment in command.

As his Majesty was diligent in the taking of this passe, so he was carefull to repaire it, by helping of the ruins, and in besetting it againe with a strong Garrison, establishing good order and discipline, having left Colonell Worbrane, an Osterriker Freher, as Governour, being a man expert in ma∣king of cannon, and in devising of fire-workes; As also he understood well how best to fortifie irregular workes as these were. And therefore his Majesty most wisely did concredit, according to his gifts, the maintai∣ning of this passe to his care and diligence, which both he did shew in for∣tifying the Towne, even so farre as Art could be helpefull to na∣ture.

The twenty ninth Duty discharged of his Maiesties forcing the passage over the Leacke, and of the intaking of Ausburg.

[ P] DONAVERT being taken, and beset againe with a Swedens Gar∣rison, caused a great feare and astonishment to seaze upon all the Papists in Bavaria, which made the Iesuits and Monkes flie unto Tilligen, Mynckine, Neuburg, and Engolstat: where above twenty thousand of the Clergy were unwilling to fight with the Duke against his Majesties forces, and seeing Vindligan, the Castle of Oberdorffe; and divers other pla∣ces taken in by his Majesty, those of Neighburg desired his Majesties safe∣guardes, in respect the Swedens were making great booty over all, where e∣ver they came hanging the Papists by their purse, no•• sparing to torment their shinnes, as they did in Pomeren and in the Markes of B••andenburg to the Pro∣testants, in exacting their monies, which they were made to repay againe, Lege talionis.

Generall Tilly by this time had intrenched his Army about the Rhine, by [ Q] the side of the Leacke, to hinder his Majesties passage unto Bavaria, with a strong Army, which lay on the other side of the River, right against Til∣lies Army, where his Majesty did set over a bridge made with boates and plankes, having planted seventy two peeces of cannon, great and small, on the borders of the River, which did play continually into the middest of Til∣lies Army, who were drawne up in Battaile, on the other side, to hinder his Majesties passage, but our messengers were so swift and diligent, that through importunity, they obtained a grant of the passage, where many

were made to lie dead by our cannon; for those that were not hurt by the Bullets, they were lamed by branches and trees, cut by the cannon, being they stood in a thickewood, which shooting continued a whole day, being on the fifth of Aprill 1632; a day ominous to Generall Tilly, who was shot in the knee with a cannon bullet; a cruell blow for an ould man of seventy two yeeres, who, being carried from thence to Engolstat, died within three dayes, being cruelly tormented with the smart of his wound.

Tilly being gone, the Army discouraged for their great losse sustained; The Duke remarking his Majesty would force the passage, he thought best in time to retire, taking his flight confusedly upon Engolstat and Nuburg: after that Altringer, then a Colonell was shot in the head, and above a thou∣sand did lie dead on the place they stood on.

His Majesty having crost over with the Army, he incontinent comman∣ded certaine Troopes to follow the fugitives, getting orders to cut them off as they were found.

This victory happily attained unto by his Majesty, incontinent the Towne of Rhine, being the first frontier Garrison in Bavaria, rendered up, and his Majesty having beset Rhine with a Garrison, he marched with the Ar∣my alongst the Leacke side on Ausburg; where by the way a Commissary from Nuburg came to his Majesty, making their excuse for receiving of [ F] Tillies forces, and withall they declared, that the enemy had quit their Towne againe; and therefore they interposed with his Majesty for neutrali∣ty, which being refused unto them, a Garrison was sent to keepe them in awe, to bring their landes in contribution, and to repaire the bridge which was broken by the Dukes command.

His Majesty having continued his march towards Ausburg, the eigth of Aprill we lay downe before it, and immediatly we set over a bridge over the Leacke, during which time the Commandant spared not his Amunition, but continually Cannonaded amongst us; but our batteries being once ready, they received their interchange, and his Majesty offered the Garrison free passage, and to retire in safety with his folkes, whether he pleased, other∣wise there should no quarter be granted unto them, if they pressed to hould out longer, whereupon the Governour resolved to accept of his Majesties offer, and having made his Accord, on the tenth of Aprill he marched out, and was conveyed towards Engolstat.

Incontinent thereafter, his Majesty did beset the Towne with a strong Garrison, and the next day before his Majesty entred the Towne, all Pa∣pists were ordained to assemble and meete at L••ckhousen, where they were set off the Towne Councell, that were knowne to be Papists, and Protestants were placed; So that the fourteenth of Aprill his Majesty entred the Towne, going first unto the Church called St. Annes Church, and there in presence of his Majesty of Bohemia, Palsgrave Augustus, and Duke William of Wymar, Duke Hannes of Howlsten, Markgrave Christopher Fontarlach and Bawden, and other Potentats and Ambassadours, did heare a Sermon, and praised God for the victory obtained against their enemies; The Text being taken out of the twelfth Psalme and fifth verse. For the oppression of the needy, and for the sighes of the poore, I will now up saith the LORD, and will set at liberty him, whom the wicked had snared.

After Sermon his Majesty went to the market place, where some Swedens [ S] Regiments were brought, and where the Burgers were also injoyned to

come to present their service unto his Majesty, and a table being set openly and covered, a present was sent to his Majesty from the new set Protestant Councell, of Corne, Fish and Wine, and the next day being the fifteenth of Aprill, his Majesty with the whole Army, was ready to march unto Bavaria.

The twenty ninth Observation.

GENERALL Tillie being neere unto his end, behooved to make a march unto Bambricke, to shew the Swedens by his retreat the right passe unto Bavaria, with his owne death. Wherin we have a notable example of an old expert Generall, who being seventy two yeeres of age, was ready to die in defence of his Religion and Country, and in defence of those whom he served, being then Generall for the Catholique League: which end of his should encourage all brave Cavaliers, following the lau∣dable profession of Armes, to follow his example in life and death, as va∣lorous Souldiers: where we see, that though death be fatall unto all, yet such a death, as happened unto this old Generall, is only proper unto the vali∣ant, who though often contemned death and eschewed death, during the warfare, yet at last he is overtaken by Gods Almighty hand and power, though formerly in his life-time he had escaped, by the same providence, many dangers. And sometimes we see in the very entrance of warres, some suddenly taken away, to teach us alwayes to trust more unto God then unto the arme of man, which is but a vaine strength.

Likewise, though this worthy Generall did fight often, and obtained ma∣ny notable victories till this time, against Kings, yet at last he is overcome by a King, and a more skilfull Generall then he was, and though before the battaile of Leipsigh, he did give no higher title to his Majesty then to a Cavalier: Neverthelesse his Majesty hearing of his death, called him Ho∣nourable old Tilly, whose Acts were so Heroicke in his life time, that after his death, they were his everlasting monuments, making his memory e∣ternall, suffering his name never to ro••with the time. And my wish were, I might prove as valiant in advancing Christs Kingdome (though I should die in the quarrell) as he was forward in hindering of it; my death then should not be bitter unto my friends, I leaving an immortall name behinde me.

Also here we see the great force of Artillery, either in forcing of passes against our enemies, or in maintaining of passes with a little advantage of ground, for seventy two peeces of Ordinance, with such continuance, were of mighty force to make passage to an Army: for this victory was obtai∣ned by the force of our Cannon alone, which made the enemy runne away, before we could come at them to fight, and the discouragment given unto them, by the losse of their Leaders caused their disorder, and consequently safety to us in our passage. Where we see, that as victorie is from God, so the helpe, judgment and dexterity of good Commanders is furthersome to the victo∣ry, as the lawfull meanes ordained by God.

Moreover we see here, how easie it is for a victorious Armie, that is once master of the Field, to take in Frontier Garrisons, while as they are possessed instantly with a Panicke feare, especially being taken at the Stot or rebound, before they have time to disgest their feare. But had Generall Tilly drawne up

his Army out of reach of his Majesties Cannon, and resolved to suffer his [ V] Majesty to have set over his Army, the passe being so narrow, that ••carce three men could march in Front, Tillies advantage had bin the greater to receive them as they came, who might have cut them off by divisions, which had bin more to his credit: yet we see as the Prophet saies, Exc••pt the LORD watch, the watch-man watcheth in vaine. And we see, God would have these people punished for their former cruelties; and therefore he tooke away their judgment, and confounded their Counsell, making them erre, till they ranne to their owne ruine.

As his Majesties Iudgment in command was great, so his Example was good and commendable, in giving God thankes in his Church, for his victories and for the preservation of his life from danger; wherein his Ma∣jesty chiefely shewed the example of his Piety and religious exercise, for he knew well that Religion and Iustice were the fundaments of all good so∣ciety, and being much inclined unto both, he would winne the people by his owne example: since of all men it becomes Kings and Princes worst to be irreligious and ungodly: for on earth we have nothing more worthy than Religion to be respected and honoured, it being unto Heaven our guide, on earth the fountaine of our Iustice, whereby we governe our af∣faires well or ill, expelling and putting away unjustice or unrighteousnesse: for where there is most Religion or piety; there also is most happinesse: and without her no Crowne can be established; and as his Majesty was religi∣ous himselfe, so he maintained good lawes and good discipline, grounded on religion and holinesse of life, which made the happy events and fortu∣nate end of his warlike expeditions to follow. Blessed therefore shall they be, who follow his Majesties example in this, as in all other his warlike enterprizes; for I dare affirme on my conscience, never man served this Master truly (whom his Majesty our Master did serve with his heart) with∣out a reward.

The thirtieth Duty discharged of our expedition toward En∣golstat.

THE sixteenth of Aprill his Majesty did breake up with the Army from Ausburg, taking his march towards Engolstat, of intention to start the Duke of Bavier from thence, having left so many of our Army behinde us as tooke in Launceberg, Mindelhaim, Fussen, Showngow and divers other parts in Schwabland by accord, where Generall Major Ruthven then Governour of Vlme, had brought with his Forces that were al∣so [ X] behinde us, all the Papists Townes that were betwixt Vlme and Lindaw under his Majesty of Swedens contribution, and most part of Schwabland also, for which service his Majesty gifted unto him, under his hand and seale, the Graveshaft or Earldome of Kirkberg, lying next adjacent to the City of Vlme, which belonged to the Fuckers of Ausburg, that were made Earles by the Em∣perour, from Marchants having turn'd Souldiers, to serve his Emperiall

Majestie: which Graveshaft or Earledome could pay yearely, beside Con∣tribution to the warres, ten thousand Rex-Dollers, being a good augmen∣tation of pay for an old servant, who had served long and valourously, without the least blot of discredit, and retired bravely with meanes and credit to his Country, carrying the markes of his valour in his body, being above the waste full of tokens of valour, credibly gotten in his Masters ser∣vice; for as he was couragious before his enemy, he was also fortunate in his Conduct, in obtaining victory beyond his fellowes; and being often singled out, man to man, to make his courage the more undoubted, he al∣wayes gave testimony in this kinde of his valour, answerable to the externall shew and hansome frame of his body, being in personage inferiour to no man, for strength and comely stature.

His Majesty continuing his March towards Engolstat, coming within sight of the Towne, he drew his Armie in Battaile, horse, foote, and Artillery, where we stood the whole night at Armes. The next day drawing neerer to the enemies Armie being incamped before us, Ex opposito, on the other side of the Danube, ready to second the Towne on all occasions, which his Majestie considering, gave order to draw out our Leaguer, and to set men to worke after we were quartered; where, for our welcome, the enemy from the Towne did salute us furiously with Cannon; so that at first, the head was shot from the young Markgrave of Baden, and his Majestie recognosce∣ing, the legge was shot from his Horse; divers others were also here lamed by the Cannon.

[ Y] The night drawing on, his Majestie expecting a strong out-fall from the Towne, their Armie being so neere, our Briggad, according to custome, was commanded to march, and to stand the whole night in Armes, on a ra∣zed Champaigne, under mercie of Cannon and musket, being ordained in case of the enemies out-fall, by fighting to hold them up, till our Armie might be in readinesse to relieve us; being in Aprill, though the aire was cold, the service being hot, sundrie were taken away in full rancks with the Cannon, being in no action our selves, but standing ready to maintaine our ground, in case the enemie should pursue us, which to my minde, was the longest night in the yeare, though in Aprill; for at one shot I lost twelve men of my owne Companie, not knowing what became of them, being all taken alike with the Cannon; and he that was not this night, in this stand afraid of a Cannon bullet, might in my opinion, the next night, be made gunpowder of without paine, and who would sweare he was not afrighted for a shot, I would not trust him againe, though he spake truth.

His Majestie, in the beginning of the night, commanded a thousand Swe∣dens, being Musketiers, led by sufficient Officers in his Majesties owne pre∣sence, to fall on the Skonce, before the bridge, which was beset with fifteene hundred foote, and five hundred horse, lying open on the side, that lay next the Towne, that if the enemie should storme and enter, he might be clensed out againe with Cannon and musket, from the Towne wall; notwithstan∣ding whereof, the Swedens bravely advanced, even to the graffe, being ready to storme they were plagued with the musket, and with fire-workes, that leaving three hundred men killed about the Skonce, they were forced to re∣tire; [ Z] the enemy continuing a thunder-clap of Muskets for one halfe houre, till they were fully retired. His Majestie finding nothing could be effectuate in this manner; retired with the Musketiers, leaving us and our Briggad in

the former stand, to attend the enemies out-coming, to make us acquainted with the thundering of Cannon; where no man, were he never so stout, could be blamed to stoope, seeing the Cannon in the night fireing in a right line before him, he that would not shift his body, to eschew the grase∣ing of a Bullet, was not to be pittied, if killed through ostentation.

Here death, that cruell fellow, courted all alike, yet none was so ena∣moured, as ••••llingly to embrace him, though well I know, many brave fel∣lowes were resolved to meet him, for to give him the foyle before he came neere.

This night a Souldier though not stout, might passe prentise in our Calling in one night, for resolution; where having stayed till it was day, we retired to the Leaguer, with great losse of men, that were killed and hurt, where they that had escaped the Malheur, were glad to discourse at large of their nights watch.

His Majestie finding this Towne strong by nature, situation, and art, lying on the Danube, really fortified with a bridge over the River, fortified also before the entry, and the Towne being well provided of all furniture, having a strong Garrison, and in neede an Armie to supply it, which made his Ma∣jestie, for that time, rise from it, having gotten intelligence, that the Duke of Baviers Forces by sleight had taken in Rhinsberg, where the most part of the Armie was sent thither to beset the passe, who immediatly after their en∣try, disarmed the Citizens, being all Protestants, having quartered above twentie Souldiers in every house, where also the Duke himselfe did march with the rest of his Armie, knowing his Majestie was not able to gaine cre∣dit before Engolstat, he went away, suffering his Majestie to stay behinde, to try his fortune against the Towne, who also did breake up, and marching [ Z] away, the enemy with a strong partie of Horsemen, and of Dragoniers, charged our Reare-guard; Generall Banier being commanded to make the retreate, where the enemy having charged, he behaved himselfe well by good Command, charging the enemy with small Troopes, forcing them to re∣tire, while as the body of the Armie was retiring, the Generall com∣manding still fresh Troopes, one after another, to receive the enemies charge, till at last all were safely retired, and the enemy retired also, not daring to shew himselfe without the passes on the field, being well beaten at an out-fall by the Swedens the day before.

The Retreate honourably made, his Majestie continued his march on Mos∣burg, having lyne that night on the Hill at Gysenfelt, having in the after∣noone before drawne the whole Armie in one Front, Horse, Foote, and Cannon, for doing the funerall Rites of the Markgrave of Bawden, whose corps being appointed to be sent away with a Convoy to be buried; before their departure, the whole Cannon was twice discharged, and then the whole Musketiers of the Army from the right hand to the left, did give two salves of Musket, and after them, the whole Armie of horse did give two salves of Pistoll. This day also, old Captaine David Ramsey was buried, having di∣ed of a consuming Feaver.

The next day our march continuing towards Mosburg, where we did lie five dayes, his Majestie having sent Felt-marshall Horne, with a strong par∣tie of horse, foote, and Cannon, towards Landshut; where Hepburne with his Briggad was also employed. The Towne not being strong, the enemy, after a little skirmish made with horse in the Feilds, retired over the water,

casting off the Bridge behinde them, they escaped, having left a weake Gar∣rison of foote in the Towne and Castle, to make an Accord, for keeping the Towne unplundered, which was suddenly agreed on, so that before night, we were quartered in the Towne, the enemy being retired, where divers of our Briggad made bootie worth their paines.

[ A] The next day his Majestie hearing we had taken in the Towne, did breake up with the Armie towards Memmungen, leaving Orders for fo••••••e Felt-mar∣shall to joyne with the Armie at Freisingen, having got moneyes for his Ma∣jestie, both from Landshut, and the Bishopricke of Freisingen, for keeping them unplundered.

Hohnwart, Pfafenhowen, being two walled Townes, with the Abbacie of St. Morris, and the Abbacie of St. George, were also brought under Con∣tribution; where the Boores on the march cruelly used our Souldiers (that went aside to plunder) in cutting off their noses and eares, hands and feete, pulling out their eyes, with sundry other cruelties which they used, being justly repayed by the Souldiers, in burning of many Dorpes on the march, leaving also the Boores dead, where they were found.

A strong partie of the Dukes Souldiers, thinking to have surprized the Swedens in their quarters, they fell themselves in the ditch that they pre∣pared for others, so that very few of them escaped with life out of the Swe∣dens hands.

[ B] By this time also Weysenburg not farre from Nurenberg, was taken in by the Dukes Forces, having got some Cannon from the Castle of Weiltzburg: Neverthelesse, the Swedens Garrison behaved themselves valourously, in ma∣king an honourable Accord, though those Papists unworthily brake their promise, for those that would not willingly serve, were cut downe, and the Towne by condescending was also plundered, their wives and children were abused, and the Burgomasters and Preachers were taken prisoners unto En∣golstat, and the Ports of the Towne they razed and burnt.

The thirtieth Observation.

IN this Expedition, as in all the former, his Majesties wisedome and dili∣gence, is praise-worthy; for prosecuting his victories so orderly on the hot sent, as the cunning Hunter doth his prey, in giving one sweat af∣ter another, till he kill or derne, in putting the Fox in the earth, and then hooke him out, or starve him.

Likewise, His Majestie also very wisely advancing within his enemies Country; First made the passes sure behinde him, in case of Retreate, or of scarcitie of Amunition or victualls, most prudently he left Generall Ruthven at Vlme, as Governour, being his Magazin-place, and surest retreate; being also made certaine of the Duke of Wittenbergs friendship, who in necessitie was able to furnish him with a great supply of men, moneys, victualls, and Amunition for his Armie; being then one of the most powerfull Princes within Germany. As also, his Majestie having got Ausburg under subjecti∣on, ••e very wisely left a part of his Armie to subdue the adjacent Cities in [ C] Schwabland, to helpe his Contribution, as Memmungen, Pibrach, Brandenburg on the River El••e, as also Midaleham, Ka••ffbire, and Kempten on the Leacke, and Elve; and that by the industry and diligence of Generall Major Ruth∣ven, with the rest of the young Cavaliers of the Scots Nation, that followed

him; such as Colonell Hugh Hamilton, Colonell Iohn Forbesse, Lievetenant Colonell Gunne, Lievetenant Colonell Mongomerie, Major Ruthven, Ma∣jor Brumfield, and divers other Scots Captaines, such as Captaine Dumbarre, that was killed by the Boores neere Vlme; who all were obliged to Generall Ruthven, not onely for their advancements, but also for their meanes, which they made in short time, beyond their fellowes, who had served longer; by reason their lot was to have fallen in a fat soyle, that abounded in riches, and as their service to his Majestie was faithfull and loyall, so his Majestie was liberall and bountifull, in advancing them to titles of honour; As also in bestowing on them Cadoucks and casualties, to inrich them more than o∣thers, whose fortunes were not to be so rewarded, though their deservings were no lesse; so that being rich in credit, they care not for the want of abun∣dance of externall things, being inwardly contented through their vertue.

Here also we see, that as his Majestie was circumspect for his retreate▪ even so he was fore-seeing for the safetie of his Armie, in not hazarding to ingage it too farre with disadvantage against the Dukes Armie, and the strong Citie of Eng••lstat; being the best Strength for one within the Empire. Neverthelesse, having once recognosced the Citie, he would not leave it, till he had showne his resolution, and left his intrenchment, as the tokens of his worth, in hazarding to beleaguer it, having an Armie to second them; and while as his Majesties horse was shot under him, he said, it did put him [ D] in minde, he was but mortall and subject to mischances, as others; and there∣fore he knew no better remedie, but to resigne himselfe and all his to the providence of the Almightie: and that he was perswaded, that though God should call him out of the world, yet the Lord would not abandon his owne Cause, being so just, but he was assured, God would stirre up some other worthier than he, to put a period to those warres, for the libertie of Gods service in Dutchland; and withall, he tooke God to witnesse, he had no other intention in prosecuting those warres, but onely to pull downe the tyranny of the house of Austria; and to obtaine a solid and a setled peace unto all men, that were interessed in the quarrell.

Where, by this his speech, we see, that as he was a brave and a valou∣rous King; so he was wise at this time in preserving himselfe and his Armie from losing them before such a strong Citie. As also we see, that the Con∣ditions of mortall men have their changes common unto them, that oft∣times they are crossed by contrary fortunes, as formerly they did prosper; and the Lord doth hide the causes of both from us, to spurre us ever to seeke to his Majestie, in doing good; and those good of themselves, as this just King was, who notwithstanding had need of Gods direction in all his wayes and enterprises: which should make us all earnest in seeking the Lord, to di∣rect us in all our wayes; seeing of our selves we are not able to doe any thing that is good; neither ought we to ascribe any thing of our prosperous successe or fortune unto our selves, being but the Lords servants, and in∣struments he useth, as weake meanes of his glory, and the well-fare of his Church on earth. Our daily delight should be then to learne wisedome out of the actions of others; and like the Bee that makes the honey, to converse [ E] amongst good company, that we may savour at least of their goodnesse, following the footsteps of this Heroick and godly King, fructifying ever during our life times, unto all sort of well-doing, till such time as we may end with glory, living after death.

Moreover, here we see his Majestie, though on a march, not neglective to discharge that last and honourable dutie to the corps of that noble and wor∣thy Cavalier, the Markgrave of Turlagh and Bawden, by making the whole Armie to give two Salves of Cannon, Musket, and Pistoll in comely order, as the Custome is at such times; where it is to be regr••ted, how oft-times death doth prevent the expected goodnesse of many a brave fellow, as this young Cavalier was, the worthy sonne of a worthy Father, who carried di∣vers times the title of a Generall.

Here also I would exhort by the way all worthy Souldiers, who aime at [ F] credit, never to give themselves to mouze or plunder aside from the Armie, lest they be punished, in dying ignominiously by the hands of cruell tyrants, as the ignorant Papist-Boores, that have no more knowledge of God, than to tell over their Beads, being taught, as their best devotion and knowledge of the mysteries of God tending to salvation, to glory in their ignorance, which makes many of them to commit any wickednesse whatsoever, to winne dam∣nation to themselves; being once commanded by a Priest, that can make the poore ignorant beleeve, that to doe wickedly is the way to heaven. Who cannot then see, how detestable this Doctrine is, that gives people libertie to commit all villany, and then to assure them of pardon for it?

The use then we should make of this, who professe another truth, is to ab∣horre their examples of life, as we doe their doctrine; seeing wee should know, that no crime before God is so abominable, as to glory in sinne; for where sinne groweth, there groweth also the punishment: And he that sinnes openly with an out-stretched necke, as these villaines did in Wisenburg, in sight of God and before the Sunne and the world, they offended double, teaching others by their example to sinne.

Happie therefore is the man, who delights not in sinne, but happier is he, that glories not in sinne, yea happiest of all, that continues not in sinne, but repenteth of the evill done, and ceaseth to doe so any more.

The thirty one Duty discharged of our Ex∣pedition unto Munchen, and of our abode there.

BEing retired from Landshut, a pretty little Towne and Castle in Bava∣ria, lying on the Eiser, we continued our march after his Majesty, and marched towards Frising, where we joyned with his Majesty, and incamped over night in the fields, where his Majesty had intelligence, that Wallestine with a strong Army, was on his march towards the upper Paltz, which made his Majesty make the greater haste to visit Munchen, the Duke of Bavaria his chiefe Towne of residence, having made the Bishop of Frising pay fifty thousand Dollers, and promise contribution beside, out of the whole Bishopricke, and continuing our march the sixth of May, to∣wards Munchen; on our way, the Commissioners from Munchen did come and salute his Majesty, offering all kinde of submission, for to spare from plundering of their City, and from ruinating of their houses and policy.

His Majesty lying over night in the fields, within halfe a mile of the City, his Majesty commanded Colonell Hepburne with our Briggad to march away [ G] and to make the Circuit of the Towne, & to lie over-night at the bridge that went over the Eiser, with his Briggad to guard the bridge, that none should passe or repasse till his Maiesties coming to the Towne, which according∣ly we obyed, and guarded the bridge till the next morning: his Maiesty en∣camped the whole Army without the Towne, marching in with our Brig∣gad alone, where Colonell Hepburnes Regiment had the watch on the mar∣ket place, and the guarding of the Ports; his Maiesty of Sweden and the King of Bohemia being lodged on the Castle, I was commanded with our Regiment, and my Lord Spences Regiment, led by Lievetenant Colonell Musten, and ordained to lie in the great Courte of the Palace, night and day at our Armes, to guard both the Kings persons, and to set out all Guards about the Palace, where I was commanded with our whole Offi∣cers, not to stirre off our watch, having allowance of Table and diet for us and our Officers within his Maiesties house, to the end we might the better looke to our watch: and the command of all directions under stayers was put upon me, being then Commander of the Guards; where I had power over the whole offices belonging to the house, and might have com∣manded to give out any thing to pleasure Cavaliers; having stayed in this charge three weekes nobly entertained.

Here in Munchen the Boarish-Boares alleadged the dead were risen, since before his Maiesties coming, by the Dukes command, the great cannon were buried, side by side in the Magazin house; whereof his Maiesty being made acquainted, they were digged up out of the ground, and carried a∣way to Ausburg, above one hundred and fourty peeces of Cannon great and small, whereof there were twelve Apostles, and other Cannon which for∣merly were taken from the Elector Palatine, and the Duke of Brunswicke, with their names and Armes on them, of which one was found, wherein there were thirty thousand Duckets of gold, being a present for a King.

Likewise in this Magazin house there were found clothes and Armes ready to cloth an Army of ten thousand foote, which helped our Army much; many other rarieties were gotten in this house worth much mony, which were transported away by both the Kings. As also all the Dukes servants of his whole houshold were there, that bare offices about the house, and the house it selfe was as well replenished and furnished, as any Kings Palace needed to be, of all magnificent furniture, for bed, board and hangings, which were sumptuous and costly.

Here also about this Palace were pleasant gardens, fish-ponds, water-workes, and all things yeelding pleasure in the most splendid grandure, that can be imagined, with a pleasant Tennis-court for recreation, where both the Kings sometimes did recreat themselves.

Moreover this house was so magnificently situated, that for three miles [ H] about it there was such pleasant Hare hunting, that sometimes we could see the Hares flocking together in troopes above twenty; As also for the Prin∣ces pleasure there could be brought together in prospect of the Palace, heards of Deare, sometimes above five hundred at once, and sometimes s••t pleasure, a thousand to be brought together.

His Maiesty having remained here above a fort'night, and getting intelli∣gence

of some turbulent uproares made by the Papists Boores in Schwabland, his Maiesty leaving Generall Banier to command over the Army at Monchen; his Maiesty with a strong party of horse, and two Briggads of foote, mar∣ched towards Memmungen in Schwabland, and having presently stilled the up∣ro••re, he retired upon Ausburg, and from thence to Munchen againe, where his Majesty on a sudden taxed the Towne in a hundred thousand Rex Do∣lours, which the Burgers and Clergy were willing to give his Majesty, to keepe the City unplundered, for which summe there were fif••y of the speciall Burgers and Clergy given as pledges unto his Majesty, till paiment were made of the monies against a certaine day; and to that effect, the pledges were sent with a Convoy unto Ausburg, to be kept there till the monies were paied.

His Majesty then fearing that Walestine lately made Generalissimus to the Emperours whole Army, was coming with a strong Army out of Bohemia, and his Majesty thinking he was to fall with those Forces into the Duke of Saxons country, and seeing the Duke of Bavier had his Army ready at Rhins∣berg, and the passe open, he might joyne with Walestine when he pleased, and therefore his Majesty resolved suddenly to breake up with his Army from Munchen, giving orders all should be in readinesse against the twenty sixth of May, to march towards Donavert, and from thence in haste to Nurenberg.

The thirty-one Observation.

WISE Generalls must resolve in time to rule their affaires ac∣cording to the occurrences happening in the course of warres: for the Duke of Bavier finding himselfe, after Tillies death and his losse sustained at Rhine on the Leacke, not bastant to rancounter his Ma∣jesties Army in the fields, he very wisely resolved to make a defensive warre, betaking himselfe with his Army within his Strengths and Passes, col∣lecting his Forces together at those two places of Engolstat and Rhinsberg, which his Majesty perceiving, thought againe, it was not time for him to enter in beleaguering of such strengths being so strongly beset, and so well provided, especially seeing his enemies were drawing strong to the fields from all parts.

[ I] The Spaniard forcing his troopes on the Rhine within the Palatinat, Ge∣nerall Major Ossa coming behinde him with an Army in Schwabland, the Duke of Bavier lying strong with his Army betwixt him and Nurenburg, on the passes of Engolstat and Rhinsberg, Walestine also drawing neere to the Duke of Saxon, with a strong Army to fall into his country, betwixt his Majesty and home; and Papenhaim then dominiering in the nether Saxon Creit∣ches: in consideration whereof, his Majesty very wisely resolved to hang the little Townes, Cloisters and Abbacies belonging to the Papists in Bava∣ria by the Purse: taking of them on the sudden all the monies they were able to give him, and pledges for the rest, promising unto them, unlesse they would duely pay their promised contribution unto his Commissaries, the next time he would burne their Dorpes and houses, and put all to the sword; whereas then he had used clemency, in hope they would give the like obedience unto him as unto the Duke their Master. For his Majesty did see, the enemy forced him by a diversion; And therefore he used his time

while he was in Bavaria; that they might not forget he had bin there: but rather tooke tokens with him; as men, mony, Armes, rare monuments of antiquity, and rich Iewells, and which was worse (wherein his Majesty had neither hand nor direction) many of their houses, Dorpes and Castles were burnt to the ground by evill and wicked instruments, that repaied burning with burning, using the Papists at home, as they used Protestants abroade, being neere the Baltique coast, they never dreamed that the Protestants would come so farre up as to repay them under the foote of the Alpes. And had Gustavus lived, we had gone neere to warme them within Rome, for their by-past cruelties, where we see, that God the righteous judge punisheth sinne with sinne, and man by his owne iniquity.

His Majesty leaving no Garrison in Bavaria, to keepe the country the better in awe and obedience, he tooke Hostages and pledges of speciall men from them along with him, to make them the readier to pay the summes they had promised; As also their contribution: and to make them the loa∣ther to rise againe in Armes against his Majesties Garrisons, which lay ad∣jacen•• unto them.

The Duke of Baviers forces being retired within their strengths & passes, finding themselves not Bastant to offend his Majesties Army, they fall out on the other side of the Danube, towards the upper Paltz, making their in∣cursions there, and take in Wisenburg, where they used both Burgers and Souldiers more unhumanly, then became Christians to doe.

In like manner we see here the diligence and celerity used by his Majesty, according to the occasions that happened, in going so suddenly towards Ossa, and in returning againe at the Poast, with a convoy of Dragoniers towards Munchen, to breake up with his Army, having left Duke Barnard of Wy∣mar with Generall Major Ruthven to attend on Ossa his Army, on the bor∣ders of Tyroll, towards Landaw and the Boden sea, till businesse were pacified.

Here then we see, that his Majesties diligence and experience in warlike actions was so great, that his enemies never plotted that enterprize, but [ K] how soone it came once to his knowledge, he presently with celerity and quicknesse of judgment could finde out the contrary remedy, ever to make himselfe appeare in effect the most fortunate Commander that ever we read of. For his great experience in warlike actions did confirme his judgment and his courage; for he was not affraid to doe what he did learne and practise before; and like a wise Generall, he did ever watch against all unlooked for stroakes: for nothing could come wrong unto him, because he was alike for all, having had the whole compend of wit in his braines, he could well and wisely governe the Common-wealth, to fight battailes was his delight; in the m••king of Leaguers he excelled all other Generalls (as Tilly did know) Engines to devise, to passe over Rivers or Fossies or walles, was his master-peece (as Tillies death can witnesse at the Leacke) to plante batteries or to change, therein he was profound; witnesse also his crossing the Leacke; if lines or approaches were to be altered, his judgment then behooved to be used; in a word he was the Master of Military discipline, being risen from a prentise, to the great professor of Arts, in this eminent and high calling of a Souldier: where it is requisit, that as a man is valorous and judicious, so he ought to be constant in keeping his word and truth inviolable, as this King did to all his confederats, and to his enemies also. And therefore as a

most pretious Iewell, his remarkable example of vertue is to be followed by those, who would prove Heroicke and Magnificent as he was.

And therefore I was serious to prie so deepe into his actions, as that those, whom I wish to succeede him in his vertues, may follow his practises used in the conquest of a great part of Germany: for his spirit alone and skill in warres was better then thousands of Armed men. The like gifts I heartily wish to my Noble Patron his Highnesse, the Prince Elector Palatine, whom I wish to succeede him, not only in his vertues but in his conquest also.

Seing then the greatest part of humane happinesse doth consist in vertue, who ever then would be wise, let him fix his eyes and his minde to judge o∣ther mens actions, thereby to correct his owne, looking unto all that was and is, to th'end that through their example he may learne to better himselfe; for so long he shall florish, as wisdome and counsell are his guides, which both I wish we may follow.

The thirty-two Duty discharged of our March to Donavert, and from thence to Furt on the Peignets.

THE first of Iune our Army did breake up from Munchen in Bavaria, towards Donavert, having left an Army behinde us in Schwabland of eight thousand strong, led by Duke Barnard of Wymar, and Ge∣nerall Major Ruthven to attend on Ossa; having crossed the Leacke againe at Rhine, we continued our march towards our Randez-vouz at Donavert, where we were appointed to joyne with the rest of our Army; and from thence we continued our march upon Weisenburg, being the passe betwixt Donavert and Nurenberg, where on our march we had certainty, that Duke Barnard had defeated a Regiment of horse, and taken eight Cornets from Ossa, and that Hanniball Count of Hohemems was immediatly sent prisoner to Vlme; and Banier was left for a time at Ausburg, for to settle the Garrison, where the pledges were left in custody. His Majesty very wisely before this march confirmed his confederacy with the Duke of Wirtenberg being of great force to advance his Majesties affaires and the cause, with men, meate and mony, being the next neighbour to Vlme.

His Majesty also at this time did give Patents to Hugh Hamilton and to Iohn Forbesse, as Colonells to leavie two Regiments of foote on the borders [ L] of Sweetzerland, at which time his Majesty did write a favourable Letter unto the Protestant Cantons in Sweetzerland, to give no passe through their country unto the Spaniard from Italy, and that for weighty reasons; chiefly calling them to memory, that the house of Austria and Spaine were ever great croslers of the liberties of their Common-wealth, and most of all, of the liberty of their consciences: which Letter was gratiously accepted by the Sweetzers, and the passage after that was closed up.

Our march continuing to to Furt, on our way the Bishopricks of Aichstat [ M] and Tilligen were brought under his Majesties contribution, as also Papen∣haim Castle was taken in, being the second marshall house belonging to the Empire, not distant above two miles from Wysenburg, where before our coming to Wysenburg, the Duke of Bavier his Forces were retired againe, for their safeties unto Engolstat, being led by Crats, so that without impedi∣ment, our march continued to Furt on the Pegnets, besides Nurenberg: where we incamped againe on the fields, the seventh of Iune, and remai∣ned there till the Lords of Nurenberg invited his Majesty to their City, where his Majesty was Royally entertained, and bountifully offered what in their powers lay, to be given unto his Majesty, either for his Army or his Ma∣jesties contentment otherwise: and in this meane time, the Duke of Bava∣ria his forces were ioyned with Valestine his Army at Egger; having used all the diligence he could in helping his foote forwards on horse-backe and wag∣gons: and in their by-going the seventh of Iune, they tooke in Schultzbach in the over Paltz, having no Garrison in it but Burgers, who defended them∣selves till they made an Accord, which was not kept unto them.

The thirty-two Observation.

HEre we see againe his Majesties wonderfull diligence, wherein doth ever consist the best part of warre; for hearing in Bavaria, that Wa∣lestine was marched with a strong Armie out of Bohemia towards the over Paltz; and knowing the Duke of Baviere had the passe of Rhinesberg free unto the upper Paltz, he was not able to hinder their Conjunction, if Wa∣lestine his designe were on Nurenberg, as it was; his Majestie knew then dili∣gence was to be used for the reliefe of Nurenberg; and therefore, though a∣bout, [ N] he hasted his march thither; for his Majestie knew well, that the ta∣king of time in warres was of much importance, especially, knowing the enemies designe being on Nurenberg, which to have, the enemy he knew, would not spare either money or travell; for if they could cut off his Maje∣stie from the helpe and assistance of this Towne, it was the best way to de∣fend Baviere, Schwabland, and Ostreigh.

Likewise, it was the onely meanes to recover againe the Bishopricke of Wurtzburg, and the Dukedome of Franconia, and by that meanes (if not al∣together) yet farre they might, drive backe againe his Majestie of Sweden and his Forces, keeping him out of Bavaria; as also out of the Emperours hereditarie lands. This was their cunning enterprise on Nurenberg, and the reasons of it, which his Majestie of Sweden, that Heroicke and magnanimous King tooke betimes unto his consideration; having had a wake-rise or vigi∣lant eye over the safetie and preservation of this Citie; seeing it stood of so much importance unto his Majestie, and unto the whole Evangelists Confe∣derates, that the enemy should not be Master of it. And therefore to pre∣vent the hurt thereof, his Majestie used the greater haste out of Bavaria. For his Majesty knew well, that the opportunitie of time was like a swift Ea∣gle, which being at ones foote may be taken, but when once he mounts in the ayre, he laughs at those would catch him, not meaning to returne unto them: which moved his Majestie, not to suffer the Eagle to mount so high,

as to be laughed at, but imbracing opportunitie, while he had it, he pre∣vented the enemies designe by taking of time, that augments our experience in warfare; which experience gives us confidence in our behaviours, in the greatest extremitie, giving us resolution and courage against our enemies; as also graces our behaviour towards our friends and confederates.

Here then we see the enemies designes prevented by the diligence, labour, and danger of the most valiant, the Lyon of the North, the invincible King of Sweden; who was so diligent or wake-rife, that his delight was to try the Conclusions of Fortune against his enemies; forcing Fortune to make him [ O] her Favourite, and sometimes her Master, as he was on this expedition, in coming betwixt the enemy and the Citie of Nurenberg, as a good Shepheard goeth betwixt the Flocke and the Corne.

Moreover, here we see also the great wisedome of his Majestie, in making his league and confederacy sure with the Duke of Wirtenberg, before he could perceive the enemies strength that were coming against him, taking a catch of time, which being over-seene, could never have beene had againe; and therefore it was, that his Majestie used the greater celeritie in binding up that confederacy, having then his Armie under the Duke of Wirtenbergs nose, to force him to Conditions, if he had not willingly yeelded: where we see, that the power of an Armie, led by a King, much availeth to bring inferiours to Conditions, not being able againe to resist a Kings power with Force. And as his Majestie was wise in making his confederacy with the Duke, so he was diligent in fore-seeing to write to the Republique of Swit∣zerland, to get the passage closed on his enemies behinde him; As also we see here his Majesties care to supply his Armie, by giving Patents to our Country-men, whose fortunes were much to be lamented; for having brought their Regiments suddenly together, they were as suddenly scatte∣red: for both the Colonells being taken prisoners, they were kept pittifully in bondage for the space of three yeares, being neglected of their Superi∣ours, till they were forced to ransome themselves, and Colonell Iohn For∣besse having afterwards taken service under the King of France, being of short continuance, was much regrated, he being a young Cavalier, free and li∣berall, and of good hope.

To conclude then this observation, it was necessitie, that vehement fel∣low, [ P] did bring his Majestie and his Armie so soone out of Bavaria, being the enemy pressed strong against our friends, he was diverted. Where we see, that necessitie in warres admits of no reason, more than in other things▪ for seldome it suffers to make choice of times. And therefore it is holden as the best teacher, that teacheth all most diligently, even Kings as well as meane men, and Armies as well as parties, and parties as private men: for it brings ever great celerity and quicknesse with it, as it did on this our march, for the safetie of Nurenberg.

The thirty-three Dutie discharged of our Expedition from Furt unto the vpper Palatinate.

THE Towne of Nurenberg having accommodated and submitted themselves in all things unto his Majesties will, for the furtherance of the good cause, they furnished victualls, Armes, and Amunition, with Artillery for his Majesties Armie; and then his Majestie did breake up with his Armie from F••••t, and marched by Nurenberg towards the upper Paltz, of intention to get betwixt the enemy and Nurenberg, that where ever the enemy could march, his Majestie might be provided to follow him, or to prevent his Designes.

The first night our Armie lay in the fields at Lawffe, and the next day our march continued beyond Harshbrooke, where wee incamped over-night, till his Majesties Troopes sent out to Sultzbach, were returned wi••h true Conshaft or intelligence; which being got, we continued our march towards Fort∣manshowen, and taking it in by Accord, the enemy retired to Amberg.

The Country being destroyed thereabout, having camped two nights in the fields, Colonell Hepburne and I were commanded with two thousand Musketiers, to second the Horsemen in case of neede. But his Majestie ha∣ving got sudden intelligence of Walest••••es marching towards him, he retired betime to Harshbrooke againe, and we with the Horsemen retired also, having [ Q] the Reare-guard, with much rainie we••ther, which spoyled both our Armes and Cloaths for a whole fortnight together, being incamped at Harshbrooke; where his Majestie hearing of the enemies approaching, having had then but a weake and a discontented Armie, according to his acoustomed manner, he thought it was then fit time to make a reckoning with the Armie, for their by-past lendings, and to cast some thing in their teeth, being much discon∣tented. To satisfie our hunger a little, we did get of by-past lendings three paid us in hand, and Bills of Exchange given us for one and twentie lendings more, which should have beene payed at Ausburg, of the Munchen moneys; which we accepted of for payment, but were never paid: and being thus a little content, we retired on Nurenberg, making all the haste we could to in∣close our selves in a close Leaguer about Nurenberg, before the enemies com∣ming.

During this time, Walenstine being on his march to us ward, he did take in Egra and Soultzbatch, and approaching still with his Armie towards Nuren∣berg, where his Majestie being come before him the sixteenth of Iune, we re∣solved, being but weake, to expect his coming, and in the meane time, his Ma∣jestie directed for Forces from During, and Schwabland, and the Feltmarshall Horne was sent away towards the Palatinate, and from thence to Elsasse; and his Majestie engaged to defend Nurenberg, we wrought hard, till we were in suretie; and by this time, being the twenty-sixth of Iune, Walenstine being joyned with the Duke of Baviere his Armie, they marched towards Nurenberg, where they met with Colonell Dowbattle his Dragoniers, and with foure Troopes of spare Rutters horsemen, which being defeated, Colonell Dow∣battle was taken prisoner, who being a valourous Cavalier, of much worth, [ R] that had behaved himselfe well on many occasions, as on this last. The re∣port

whereof moved Walenstine, out of his clemency, to set him free within three dayes, without ransome; and after that they approaching to Nuren∣berg, divers hot skirmishes past betwixt our horsemen and theirs; where there was good service done of both parties; for their credits, in making their first acquaintance, they interchanged a number of Bullets, welcoming one ano∣ther unto Nurenberg. And on the twenty-eight of Iune, they appointed their chiefe Magazine for their Armie, to be at Fryenstat in the upper Paltz: and on the thirtieth of Iune, they came to Schawbach, being then fiftie thousand strong, of horse and foote, we not exceeding sixteene thousand; and on the fourth of Iuly, they lay downe with their Armie betwixt the River Peg∣nets, and the River Rednets; being betwixt our Armie and Franconia, from whence our Forces, supply, and victualls were to come; and his Majestie for their welcome, the fifth of Iuly did cut off three Troopes of Horse of theirs, having got their three Cornets, as Bonum omen unto us.

The thirty-three Observation.

HIS Majestie having concluded for to stand to the defence of Nu∣renberg against the strong and mightie Emperiall Armie, led by Walenstine, and the Duke of Baviere; where we have first set be∣fore [ S] us the reasons of his Majesties Conjunction and Confederacy with Nu∣renberg against their common enemy.

First being both of one religion, their consciences tied them, not to see one anothers hurt or detriment.

Secondly, they saw and considered, that the good arising of the union re∣dounded alike to both their wealls. Thirdly, the feare they had conceived of their owne weakenesse, by reason of the enemies strength, made them joyne the faster together. Fourthly, their hatred they bare to the enemies of the Gospell, who fought nothing more then their overthrow and ruine, made them looke the better unto themselves. Fifthly, his Majesty stood in neede of the Nurenbergers assistance, of men, meate and moneyes; and they stood in neede of his Majesties concurrence, to keepe the overplus of their meanes, and the freedome of their consciences to themselves, and their posterity, by keeping the enemies fury off them.

All these considered, they joyned hand in hand, and with one courage they [ T] resolved to be enemies to those that were come to be their enemies, finding it was lawfull for them, before God and the whole world, to defend them∣selves: And therefore they prepared for it, where at first the Towne of Nurenberg made up twenty foure strong Companies of foote, that carried in their Colours the twenty foure letters of the Alphabet, which they or∣dained for a supply for his Majesties Army, that their City might be the better watched, for they resolved, their best remedy against feare was not to feare at all, since they had Gustavus and his Fortunes under God for their Leader: And therefore they were assured of deliverance from their e∣nemies, with the losse of a little mony, and the spending of a little provision, which they had long kept in store to sustaine them in their necessities, ha∣ving had within their walls to sustaine dayly besides the Army, eight hun∣dred thousand soules, being no small burthen to a Land-towne.

Here also we see his Majesties fore-sight in giving a kinde of content unto his Army, according to his custome at such times, the enemy drawing

neere unto him, to tie the Souldiers and their Officers to the greater obedi∣ence unto his Majesties commandements, to undergoe whatsoever he was to command them, and for to grieve the enemies by the rumour of monies, which then was given out to his Majesties Souldiers; the enemies Army might be disbandoned, and monies being so rife amongst them, to for∣sake their owne Colours and runne away unto his Majesties Army.

It must needs have bin an extraordinary great provision, that sustained so many soules a day within the City, whereunto a great part of the country people, Gentry and Boores had runne together for refuge, being a great number of people besides the Army, which was sustained for three moneths together by the providence of God, the Rector and Governour of the world, and the Fountaine of all goodnesse; this Omnipotent, Omniscient, and In∣vincible GOD governing all and over-seeing all by his providence, at this time did so direct this people in middest of their troubles, that they having recommended themselves, and the event of their affaires to this great God, they concluded that it was better to prevent, then to suffer under the Ty∣ranny of their enemies; And therefore they fell to worke in earnest, for their owne safeties and the safety of his Majesties Army, being under God resolved to protect them.

The thirty-fourth Duty discharged at Nurenberg, and of the occur∣rences there.

HIS Majesty having Recognosced the City and situation thereof, finding his Forces weake in respect of the enemies, he resolved to take all the advantage he could in setting downe his Leaguer, for the preservation of his Army, and the safety of the City, and therefore he caused to draw the draught of the Leaguer to goe in a circular Orbe, round [ V] the whole City, the water running through the middest of it; The Lea∣guer begun at the East, without the Suburbes called in Dutch Marke, were towards the South, to the part called Lightenhooffe; where his Majesties quarter was, and from thence towards the west, to the Townes new workes, crossing over the water; This Leaguer being accomplished in ten dayes, and in full defence, with strong Skonces, Redoutes, Fossies, batte∣ries, and being well fortified round with Stakkets, without the Fossio; and at all sorting Ports, being well foreseene with slaught-bomes and triangles; well fastened and close; His Majesty then upon the North side of the City, made the retrenchment goe likewise round the City, being also well fortified with strong Skonces and Fossies, from the East unto the West, beginning at the Marke Flect Were, and going round the I••den boole, even to St. Iohn, and the water closed: Above the water on the hight, was made a great Skonce, and another great Skonce was made in the corner at Gostenhooffe, with deepe water graffes, having workes without it againe, and halfe moones: also before Stee••ehoole, over against Schwennaw there was another Skonce, fast and strong: Likewise at the backe of the Dorpe Steene∣hoole,

towards the Leaguer, there was another strong Skonce made: likewise towards the wood at the South, on the street called Rottenbacherstreete there was made an extraordinary strong Skonce, set about with foure cros∣sed Stakkets, of strong timber, so that there was no meanes to storme it; the like was made on the streete called Altoffer streete. These workes, Skon∣ces and Redoutes being accomplished, a great number of Cannon great and small, were brought on the workes; the Batteries all ready, there could be reckoned in the Leaguer about this Towne, without the walls, of Cannon on their Carriages, above three hundred, great and small.

Our Leaguer thus fortified, the Emperiall Army led by the Duke of Fridland Walestine joyned with the Duke of Bavaria his Forces, consisting both of fifty thousand men, having the first of Iuly taken in Schawbach; the second day after they drew towards the Dorpe called Steyne over against Nurenberg, which doth lie about a Dutch mile from the Towne; there they begun to pitch a Leaguer, and from Steyne towards the Fleckt called Zern∣dorfe, the Leaguer being well fortified, on the seventh of Iuly, the Duke [ W] of Fridland made his Leaguer also towards Zerndorfe on the top of the hill called Altberg; wherein he tooke, for an advantage, an old ruinous and waste Castle, neere which there lay a hunting house in the wood, on the top of the hill over against the Fleckt-Fort, which was called the old strength in Dutch, This Fort he caused strongly to pallisade without the workes, with Fossies and Stakkets without the fossie, other great and strong Skon∣ces; he caused to make, and divers other strong Skonces on the old hill, the Fossies and brest workes were all fortified with great and strong Trees, and within the workes, were severall barrells or hogsheads filled with sand and stones for throwing, placed on the Batteries, and by this strong and great Leaguer Valestine did cut off from his Majesties Army and the Towne of Nurenberg all kinde of victualls or provision, could come unto them by the Axile, thinking thereby to blocke up his Majesties Army, force∣ing him to take another resolution, and then he thought to compell the Kings Majesty to a peace, according to his minde.

These two Armies thus incamped and set downe opposite one against ano∣ther, they begun all of them, as they went forth in the country about, to steale, to rob, to plunder and to spoile the whole country, for to supply with victualls and other furniture these two great new-founded Cities of short continuance, though it is certaine, many of them did get life-rent-lea∣ses of their new built houses.

Thus having set downe the manner of both the Armies incamping, we lay still one against another a long time, neither giving nor offering offence one to another, except it were by meere accident in the country, amongst stragling troopes. Neverthelesse though we looked on each others, we had our watches night and day, before one anothers noses, without loosing of one Pistoll, or without one Alarum in two moneths time, as if in effect there were a Stil-stand of Peace.

During this time we were thus looking one to another, the Spaniard find∣ing [ X] his Majesty with the maine Army farre off, he resolved to take his time in the Paltz, and crossing the Mosel againe towards Alzie; his Excellence the Rex-chancellour Oxensterne having intelligence of their coming, he did bring his horsemen over the Rhine and suffered the Spaniard to draw neere

Mentz, and then marched unto them; in the meane time the Spanish Gene∣rall Comissary Lookas Cagro did breake up with twelve Companies of horse, giving orders to the rest to follow him, of intention to fall unlooked for on the Rhine-graves quarter; But he did count without his Hoste, the Rhinegraves folke being betimes acquainted of their coming, and to their helpe, ha∣ving got a supply timely sent unto them by his Excellence the Rex-chancel∣lour, the enemy was so welcomed by them, that he was put in confusion, and then chased so hard, that there were a hundred and twenty killed unto him, many taken prisoners, and seven Standards of theirs were taken, as Trophees of the Rhine-graves victory over them.

In revenge whereof shortly after, the Grave ••o•• Ridb••rg with a strong party of horse and foo••e did fall upon that part of the Paltz, called H••ndsrucke betwixt the Mosell and the Noe, and coming on Spier, where the Swedens Colonell called Hornegt without any resistance gave over Spier, notwith∣standing of a succourse was sent unto him from Mentz that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at ••ad: whereupon the Colonell was afterwards brought prisoner to Mentz, to be adjudged there for his evill carriage.

The Spaniard taking out of Spier Cannon, Amunition and Armes▪ with all that could be found, together with a great deale of mony exacted from the Burgers, he had also an intention on Wormes, but in vaine, being strong∣ly beset with the Swedens forces, so that the Spaniards at this time, as many times before, were forced to quit the Paltz, and to draw backe againe into Holland; and the States Army being come to lie before Mastricht, were for∣ced to breake up from Spier with their Army, and whole baggage and Can∣non: [ Y] The Swedens getting notice of their upbreaking, desirous to convey them, the Rex-chancellor and Palsgrave Christian breakes up from Mentz towards Altson, and the next day they came to Belohin, two miles from the part the Spaniard had broken up from, and following them hard till they got fight of the Spanish Army, which the Spaniard perceiving directs his baggage before, and drew up in battaile on a plaine neere a wood, where in∣continent they were brought in disorde•• by the Swedens, that they were forced with the losse of three Cornets and some foo••••, to retire into the wood, and finding the whole Swedens Army following up, they resolved with one consent by flying to save themselves were their best, and taking the night to their helpe, they marched so hard as they could. But yet the Swedens continued their march after them, till the Spaniard coming to a passe in the hills, threw off the brid∣ges behinde them; Neverthelesse the Swedens repaired the bridges and followed hard after, and by La••tericke came in sight of them againe, that neither day nor night were they suffered to rest, so that the Spaniard was forced to burne some of his baggage on his march, and some he left to the Swedens, that they might, the lighter they were, come the easter off: in the end a part of them by Lante∣rick was attrapped by the Rhine-graves Horsmen, where some were cut downe and their baggage taken. The Spaniard thus in great feare, and confounded by the hastinesse of his march, and the Swedens wearied with long following, were content at last, the Spaniards should goe their way with so little reputati∣on out of the Paltz, at their last good night, having lost above two thousand men and their whole Baggage.

By this time also the Boores in Schwa••la••d againe began to be tumultuous [ Z] and unquiet, so that by Kempten, they drew together very strong, of full intention to chase the Swedens out of their lands. But this uproare continued

but short; for when the Swedens Forces drew out of the Garrisons, they killed the most part, and drove the rest unto woods, to seeke their food with the Swine, in burning a number of their Dorpes, to give them worke to thinke on against the winter, to build new houses, or to dwell in woods: but repenting their Rebellion, they turned their Armes against their owne Masters, that moved them to rise against the Swedens: and cutting off a num∣ber of them, they possessed their houses, turning good Swedens againe, being beaten with the rod of Correction in their bodies and meanes.

By this time Duke Barnard of Wymar, with his Troopes did cut off above five hundred men of Leopoldus folke by Fussen on the Leacke, where he caused to demolish sundry Skonces made up by the Country-Boores, in time of their uproare, and divers of their skinnes were pierced by Musket and Pi∣stoll, till they were taught to be more sober and quiet, on their owne char∣ges; and after this uproare was setled, the Leopoldish Boores againe out of Tyroll recollected stronger Forces, and marched towards the Leacke againe on Fussen, and Lansberg, both strong passes, and got them in; yet in the end all turned to a slight conclusion: for Duke Barnard of Wymar againe, having come upon them with his Forces; First he tooke in Lansberg, and then on the sixteenth of Iuly, he cut off two Companies of Leopoldish Dragoniers, and a Troope of Horsemen, by a Towne called Rosshaupten, where few or none did escape, and in the end, marching on Fussen, having stormed the Towne, they cut off above three hundred of the Garrison, and tooke prisoners ele∣ven hundred with their Officers; and a number of the Country Gentlemen, that were Papists, and sought to save themselves in that strength, were de∣ceived, their Colours being taken from them, and above a thousand of their Souldiers were forced to take service.

[ &.] By this time also a little Flecke, Freidberg in Schwabland neere to Ausburg, treacherously having called some Crabbats of the enemies to their assistance, they murthered all the Swedens safeguards that lay thereabout; whereupon the Swedens Forces, to be revenged on them, did fall upon the Flecke, or little Towne, and killed all the male-kinde they could finde, and taking their wives and children out of the Towne to the fields, they set the Towne on fire; so that there is no memory left of this Towne, for their perfidiousnesse to those they got to save them from the injuries of others.

I hope the Reader will excuse this extravagancie of discourse, seeing all this time we lay idle at Nurenberg, being sometimes without imployment in our calling, I thought better to collect at this time somewhat of the actions of others, than to be altogether idle. Therefore I crave pardon againe, to tell as yet somewhat that happened about this time in the neather Saxon Creitzis, which I set downe in paper, as his Majestie was informed of it, we being then at Nurenberg without hostile employment.

[ A] By this time the Earle of Papenhaim, a worthy brave fellow, though he was our enemy, his valour and resolution I esteemed so much of, that it doth me good to call his vertuous actions somewhat to memory, and the successe he had at this time in warlike and martiall exployts, in the neather Saxon Creitzis. First then he had not onely offended the Hessen and Lunenburg, but also by skirmish he made them feele the dint of the valour, which accompa∣nied him unto his death; and as they felt his skill in the fields by fighting disbanded in skirmish, so also they were made to understand his experience in beleaguering of Townes, having taken in before their noses, their Armie

being neere unto him, Eynbeck and divers places more, and then having re∣creued his Armie againe out of Westfalia, he then marched on Stoade, and re∣lieved it before Generall Tott his nose, that lay before it, and about it; and all things succeeding still well with him, he not alone relieved the Towne in making the Swedens to quit it, but also cut off unto them fifteene hundred men, which were but Novices, being new levied; and he did get divers colours of theirs, as Trophees of his victorie; amongst others he did get three co∣lours of Colonell Monro of Obstell his Regiment, which were then led by Captaine Francis Sinclaire, who after a little skirmish had with the enemie, their powder being spent, and they environed by the horsemen, knowing of no reliefe, tooke quarters for the Souldiers, and the Officers were prisoners, being long kept unrelieved at Minden, above a yeare and a halfe; but the Captaine having ransom'd himselfe came loose soone after he was taken; but two Lievetenants Monro, and Ensigne Monro remained eighteen moneths lon∣ger in prison.

Papenhaim after relieving of Stoade, having gotten intelligence, that Duke Francis Carolus of Saxon Lovanburg had come to the Swedens, with two strong Regiments, of intention to blocke up Stoade againe, the Swedens growing still stronger and stronger, so that it was thought Papenhaim was inclosed as in a snare or grinne, and which was worse, that he was scarce of victuals in the Towne, and the Towne not strong enough to hold out, he then resolved to quit it, taking out with him the Emperiall Garrison that was therein, and taking his march againe towards the Weser streame; so that he leaving it, the Swedens patronizing the Towne they did beset it againe with a Garrison.

Shortly after this brave fellow rencountring againe with some Hessen [ B] troopes, he did sore beate them also backe and side. By this time Generall Lievetenant Bawtishen had got the Command of the Swedens Army, after Generall Tott had quit it; who incontinent after followed Papenhaim towards the Weser; But this brave fellow Papenhaim not for feare of Bawtish comming, but being called by the Infanta for ayde, crossed the Weser; and comming on the River of Rhine, continued his march towards Mastricht to assist the Spaniard in their need. This brave Commander, as he was full of action, so he was still employed, and I was sorry he was not of my minde in serving the good cause.

Papenhaim gone to Mastricht, Lunenburg, and Generall Bawtish (under whom was my brother Colonell Monro of Obstell) they returned towards Da∣derstat, which Papenhaim had strongly beset before his going away, and they neverthelesse got it in with little paines, by reason the Souldiers, that were therein, being fifteene hundred begunne to mutine, and to give themselves o∣ver unto the Swedens service; after this they commanded some forces to blockquer Wolfembittle, wherein the Duke of Lunenburg in person was em∣ployed; And Generall Major King, being with some forces employed on a Poste apart, the Duke hearing the enemie was marching strong, for the reliefe of the Towne, he did breake up, and marched away for his owne safetie, without advertizing Generall Major King of the danger he was left unto, by the enemies approaching so strong, till in the end they came so neere to the Generall Majors Poste, having no conshaft of them, till they had strongly invironed him with their horsemen, so that the Generall Major finding no passage open, he being pursued did valourously with a few men defend themselves, till in end being weakest, they were made to yeeld, where

after divers wounds honourably received, the Generall Major was taken prisoner, and kept long under cure, till that after he ransomed himselfe, and being come loose againe, he levied more Forces of horse and foote for the Swedens service, to be the better revenged of his enemies, and after that fortunately and valourously behaved himselfe, with the generall applause as well of strangers as of his Country-men; being also well reported of by his very enemies, so that since his vertues and noble carriage have still ad∣vanced his credit, which for my part, I wish to continue, he being now Lievetenant Generall.

Having thus farre spoken of the passages, which occurred by this time in the neather Saxon Creitzis, I returne againe to shew the rest of our intelligence at Nurenberg, come from the Bishopricke of Tryer on the Rhine; where also on divers occasions did passe some rare accidents.

This Bishop having concluded a Neutralitie with his Majestie of France, as also with his Majestie of Sweden, but seeing the Spanish not to remove, neither yet that the principalls of the Gentry of the Land were willing to embrace the Neutralitie: Neverthelesse, the Bishop remained in his former resolution, and the Strength called vulgarly Hermensteyne, he gives it to the French, so that they being so neere, in neighbour-hood to the Spaniard in Coblentz, they did agree together as Catts and Ratts: in the end the French seeing the Spanish Garrison growing weake day by day, the Swedens by ver∣tue of their confederacie with the French, they came in for their owne hand, [ C] as third men, and drawing before Coblentz, after a short beleaguering, they make the Spaniard quit it, and getting of the Citie a summe of money, they remove, giving the Citie over unto the French: the Spaniard after lo∣sing of Coblentz, Mountebowre, Engers, and other places thereabouts belong∣ing to the Bishopricke of Tryer, they goe their wayes.

The Feltmarshall Gustavus Horne, being by this time sent by his Majestie from Nurenberg towards the Rhine streame, to make resistance to the Em∣perialists beginnings there; comming towards Trarbach on the Mosell: with his Forces, being the passe the Spaniard was wont to crosse at, to come unto the Paltz; after a short beleaguering, he got in the Towne and Castle by Accord, and then retired unto the Maine to draw more Forces together, and from thence continued his march towards Manheim••, of intention to joyne with the Duke of Wirtenberg, for to make resistance to Ossa and the Em∣perialists, which were recollecting themselves strongly in Elsas againe, ha∣ving understood Ossa was joyned with three Regiments of the Catholique League, the Grave Fon Brunckhurst his Regiment of horse; as also the free Here Fo•• Rollingen his Regiment, and Colonell Metternight his Regiment of foote, which were levied for the defence of Coblentz; but shortly after; through the alteration that happened in those quarters, were brought unto Elsas; and being joyned to twenty-five Companies of Horse, and some Re∣giments more of foote, they crossed the Rhine unto Turloch, and further unto Brittenie, where they compell'd the Swedens Garrison there, being two hun∣dred, to take service of them, and then plundered out the Towne, burnt the Ports, and demolished a part of the walles, being in Wirtenberg-land.

The Grave Fon Mountecucule was Generall over these folkes, who per∣ceiving that the Duke of Wirtenberg with some new levied Forces had passed over Kinbis, he retired upon Kintlingen, and s••aling the Towne, puts three hundred to the sword, plundered all out, and burnt all the Towne to three houses.

By this time the Garrison of Heidelberg coming towards Wisloch, where∣in did lie a Company of Dragoniers, and a Troope of Horse of the Mark∣grave Fon Tourlochs folke beleaguers it, and by casting fire in the Towne sets three houses on fire, whereof the Felt-marshall Gustavus Horne being made fore-seene, he with all his Forces did breake up, and marched; the Heidelbergish Garrison being acquainted with this advancement of the Felt∣marshalls, they incontinent retired in great haste on Heidelberg, and having before their up-breaking from Heidelberg desired succours from Ossa and Mountecucule, their Corporall and six Horsemen at their backe coming be∣ing taken prisoners by the Swedens, the Feltmarshall did finde by their Let∣ters, that on the sixt of August, their whole Horsemen had appointed Ran∣dezvouz at Metternigh, to goe for Wisloch, whereupon his Excellence did draw neere to their Randezvouz place, and attended their coming, being unlooked for by them, in the meane time the Emperialists were advertised, that those of Heidelberg had got in Wisloch, and were againe blocked up by some Swe∣dens Forces, whereupon Ossa, Mountecucule, the Colonell Mountelabam, and Witzone, with the fore-Troopes of Horse, being a thousand Horse, march on for the Reliefe, and unlooked for were pursued by the Swedens, whereof two hundred, among whom was the Colonell Mountelaban and other Officers, were killed, many taken, and the rest all scattered. Whereupon Ossa and Mountecucule, with the rest of the folke, that were lying at Oberhawsen and [ D] Rhinehawsen, in all haste did set over the Rhine at Philipsburg. The Feltmar∣shall followed hard, and finding he could get no more of them, he returned over the Rhine againe, and getting the Strasburg passe Rhinebroucke, he held on his march further unto Elsas with the Horsemen, during which time his foote Forces with the Wirtenbergers beleaguered the passe Stolhossen, and getting it in by Accord, they marched five thousand strong over at Strasburg unto up∣per Elsas, whereat the Emperialists were mightily afraid, and without night or dayes rest they marched towards Colmarschletstad, Brisach, in the upper El∣sas in all haste, by taking them to those parts for their Retreate, but the Swe∣dens following them hot-foote, they tooke in divers places, and made good bootie on their march, and at last, after in-taking of Of••enburg by Accord, they marched then towards Bentfield, the Bishop his chiefe Strength, and be∣leaguered it.

By this time also, Feltmarshall Arnheim leading the Saxons Armie, did fall in strong into Silesia, taking in Groseglogaw, and other parts thereabouts, and all the Emperialists marched towards him with a strong and mightie Armie. There were incontinent certaine Swedish and Brandeburgh forces joyned with Arnheim, who did set on the Emperialists by Steinove, beate them in the fields, and followed them unto Brisloe; and then after the Emperialists intrenched themselves betwixt Bresloe and the Oder. Neverthelesse, they were hunted up againe by the Swedens and Saxons, who followed them from place to place, and did get the Thumbe at Bresloe, where they did get great bootie from the Emperialists, and not contented with this, the Swedens and Saxons followed them over the River at Ollawe, and did set on the Emperialists againe, not farre from Wi••••sloe, obtaining a great victory over them againe, where many brave fellowes were taken prisoners, many also were killed, and the rest scat∣tered; so that the Swedens and Saxons were Masters of the greatest part of Silesia, and they made the Towne of Bresloe to accommodate themselves in confederacy, on certaine Conditions, with the Swedens and Saxons, while as

we at Nurenberg for six weekes together used no great hostilitie, but lay se∣cure within our Leaguers, as within walled Townes, but at such times as we were commanded forth, as Convoyes for our Horsemen, that went for for∣rage, and then sometimes we lighted on one another, striving alwayes for el∣bowroome, whereof at length the Emperialists made us very crimpe or scarce, having but one quarter of our Leaguer free, to bring in our forrage, being onely from the Southwest.

The thirty-fourth Observation.

WEE reade in Dion, that after Caesar had wonne the Battaile of Pharsalia, amongst the honours the Senate had ordai∣ned to be given unto him, they commanded to dresse for him a Triumphing Chariot, which was set opposite to Iupiter within the Capi∣toll, and that he should stand on a Globe, representing the world, with the inscription, Semi-Deus est: Even so the Lords of Nurenberg in conside∣ration of the great respect they carried unto his Majesty of Sweden, at the first entering their City, after the Battaile of Leipsigh, they presented two Globes unto his Majesty, a Terrestiall and a Coelestiall, in signe of their love and obedience unto his Majesty, and his Majesty againe by his Royall word; promised, under God to defend and protect them against all mortalls; and being thus engaged unto them, their enemies menacing their ruine, with a mighty and a strong Army, being minded to overcome them with the sword, or to make them starve by hunger, having closed up as they thought all passes, where through succours could come unto them, by planting of a wonderfull strong Leaguer about them, of intention to blocke them, and his Majesties Army both within them, being then but weake within their Trenches and walles.

His Majesty againe like a wise Generall, pondering and considering how weighty his enemies enterprizes were, in seeking to overcome Nuren∣berg, and knowing, if that once they did get Nurenberg on their side, the rest of the great Cities would follow, in regard whereof his Majesty resol∣ved, the safest course for him and the Towne both was, to set downe his Leaguer strongly betwixt the Towne and the enemy, aswell to hin∣der their correspondence, in case of their unconstancy, as for their defence, in case of their loyalty. For his Majesty knew well there was as great vertue in keeping of a conquest, as in getting of it: And therefore at this time, as formerly at Statin, Werben and at Wertzburg against Tilly, he resolved to take him to a defensive warre, with the spade and the shovell, putting his Army within workes, having the supply of such a back-friend as Nuren∣berg was, to assist him with men, meate and Amunition, untill such time as he might weary his enemy, as formerly he had done, or that succours might come to him, that he were bastant for them in the fields▪ and having thus happily resolved, both the Armies strongly intrenched before others, they did bring the eyes of all the Potentates in Europe upon their actions, and [ E] designes, to see how the end would prove, and who should be thought wisest of both. But you shall see that he that was at this time the terrour of the world, the subduer of Sweden, the daunter of Pole and Denmark, and

the hope of Britaine, Holland and Germany, was able even unto his death to suppresse the pride and Tyranny of the house of Austria, and of his Ministers and Servants, being all but Novices in warres, in comparison to the Lyon of the North, the invincible Gustavus, who in glory and dignity did farre surpasse all his enemies, as is cleered by his former wisdome, in Govern∣ing his victories, and hereby his great care and diligence in preserving his friends from the fury of their enemies, exercising his Army within a close Lea∣guer, to handle their Armes well, after his owne new discipline, being taught to keepe their faces to their enemies in retiring as in advancing, never turning backs on their enemies as of old.

It is also to be admired the great provision this City was provided with, being no Sea-towne, as of victualls and Amunition, where it was reported that they had oates, which was distributed to the Army, that had bin kept a∣bove a hundred yeares, and this City was ever from the beginning re∣nowned for their wisdome and policy in counsell, more then for their force in Armes, from whence did come the Dutch Proverbe, that he who had the wit of Nurenberg, the money of Vlme, the pride of Ausburg, with the power of Venice, might doe much in this world.

Here then at Nurenberg, as at a safe bay, his Majesty like unto a wise [ F] Master of a ship perceiving the storme coming on, casts out his best Anc∣kers, riding out the storme till it blowes over, and then finding the Gale to favour him, he lanches forth to looke for his enemies. For his Majesty knew well when it was time to give a blow, as he did know the surest way to ward and hold off a blow: and we see here his Majesties counsell was of much worth to the good of the City, as his power in Armes; so that his very enemies did not only praise his wisdome, but oftimes did admire it, and as the enemy did strive to starve us, his Majesty knew well, that such a strong Army as they were in the dogge-dayes, lying in the Leaguer in time of so great infection, betime would become neere as weake as we were. As also his Majesty knowing the evill that is incident to all Armies through idlenesse, he pressed to keepe us still in handling and exercising our Armes; for he knew well, mans nature was like Iron, that did rust when it was not used, and on the contrary, he knew that well exercised Souldiers, as he had, would desire to fight, when Novices (as his enemies had) would be afraid to stirre out of their Leaguers: for oftimes it is not the multitude doth the turne, but it is Art begets victory.

Having spoken in the discharge of this duty of the actions of some wor∣thy personages, I minde here to observe somewhat in commemoration of the persons worths that did leade them.

First then we see, that the Spaniard divers times was forced with little credit to retire out of the Paltz, and that in respect he never 〈◊〉〈◊〉 faces about in making use of ground, Cannon, Pike or Musket▪ which proves his re∣treates to have bin dishonourable, and the Leaders to have bin no Souldiers. For we presuppose, in foure dayes retreat the defender could once have made choise of ground, where making use of his Cannon, his enemies would be glad they had not advanced so 〈◊〉〈◊〉; but rather that they had suffered them to passe: but an enemy once feared never fights well, except extre∣mity make him desperate, and then it is not safe to deale with him.

Likewise we see here, as they were not all Spaniards, that ••••ed, so they [ G] were not all Swedens, that followed; so that we finde there are some good of

all Nations: but it is certaine that at such times the worth and valour of a Leader is best knowne, not only in fighting examplary to others, but spe∣cially in directing others.

We see here, that the turbulent insurrection of the Boores in Schwabland is soone stilled, when they want a head to leade them, where we see, the giddy-headed multitude doth ever wagge like the bush: for though some∣times they grow pale for feare, they are so impudent, that they never blush at their faults, though oftimes they are well corrected for their errors.

Here also we see, the valour and policy of Duke Barnard much to be commended, as a prudent Commander in all his enterprizes, overcoming more by wit and policy, then by dint of Armes. For though resolution ne∣ver failes, yet by stratagems he overcomes more, then by killing; and be∣ing victorious he did shew his clemency, that another time his enemies might yeeld the sooner unto him, seeing he had used these well, whom formerly he had subdued: and this Cavalier being noble, according to his birth, he knew that the strength of victory consisteth in the using of it well, which made hime ever give the better quarters; for as he was noble, to make him the more noble, he was indued with reason; so that he conjoined Nobili∣ty with Vertue, which made his worth much esteemed of, and though he was descended of noble Progenitors, yet his minde raised him above his con∣dition, he being fit to command Armies, and his birth did beget the grea∣test obedience next unto his Majesty over the whole Army, being resolute, noble, and prudent withall.

In the former discourse had of the acts of that noble and worthy Cavalier, [ H] though our enemy Papenhaim, his name merits to be inregistred, for his va∣lorous courage, extraordinary diligence in his expeditions, and the fortunate successe, that did accompany his valorous conduct at divers times, even unto his death. This noble Cavalier was so generous, that nothing seemed difficult unto him, fearing nothing, not death it selfe, once resolved, and as he was valiant, so he was most diligent in all his expeditions; for while he lived, those Armies next unto him were never suffered to sleepe sound, which made his Majesty of Sweden esteeme more of him alone, then of all the Generalls that served the Emperour, wishing one day he might rancoun∣ter with him, to try his valour, whom he honoured so much, though his enemy.

This valorous Captaine after the Battaile of Leipsigh, was the first that adventured, with a single Convoy, to passe through his Majes••ies Armies, unto the neather Saxon Creitz to put life in the cause, being come againe be∣twixt his Majesty of Sweden and home, desirous to gaine credit, he delaied no time, but on the contrary used all diligence, till he got an Army of old Souldiers together out of the Garrisons, and then began to take advantage of his enemies, catching them unawares, like a valiant Captaine and Chief∣taine, he suffered no grasse to grow where his Army did tread, but traversed from one place to another, adding and augmenting still to his owne credit, but diminishing and substracting from the reputation of other Generalls, till he obtained the name and fame of the most valiant, and most vigilant Gene∣rall that served the Emperour, being in effect more furious sometimes in his conduct then requisit for a Generall, fearing nothing but the indignation of his Superiour, whom he served valianty and truely. This kinde of bould∣nesse, though haply it doth prosper for a time, yet sometimes in others, it

may overwhelme all the good fortune that formerly they attained unto. For nothing is lesse to be allowed of in a Commander, then bouldnesse without reason, though sometimes things happen to succeed well, being pregnable for such daring men, as the King of Sweden and Papenhaim was, being both truely couragious. Neverthelesse, this daring is not to be made a custome of; so being oftimes the example is as faulty, as the deede in an Army.

This Papenhaim in his attempts, so farre as I could learne, was unblame∣able in his carriage, as a Leader, except at Mastreicht, where he was blamed for too much forwardnesse with disadvantage, having lost more men then the attempt proved credible.

As this valiant Cavalier strived to doe notable service unto the Emperour, [ I] even so Felt-marshall Gustavus Horne, being a valiant Cavalier, without either gall or bitternesse (as they say) but on the contrary he was wise, valiant, sober, modest, vigilant and diligent, striving in all his actions to please God, and his Master the King of Sweden.

And as Papenhaim was thought bould, and heady in his resolutions; The other Gustavus Horne was remisse in advising, but very resolute and couragi∣ous in the execution; partes most worthy praise in a Commander, being Subalterne to anothers command, as he was unto his Majesty of Sweden, who could never enterprize of himselfe, more th••n was allowed unto him by his instructions had in writing, so as he attempted nothing rashly, he feared no danger, once being entred, and he was so meeke in his command, that with love he obliged the Cavaliers that followed him, to obedience, more then an∣other could doe by austerity: being the best meanes to conquer with, and the safest way to maintaine reputation and credit; Thus beloved of all men, he was very wise, and silent, keeping a Dec••rum in his actions and gestures, be∣ing to my judgment powerfull to command himselfe, as he did command others.

Here also we have occasion to praise the wise and valorous conduct of the [ K] Felt-marshall Arnheim in Silesia, where he obtained great victory over his ene∣mies, being indued with a singular gift befitting a great Commander, in giving every man that was under his command, his due meanes allowed to him by his Superiour, a rare quality in a great Commander, being one of the speciall points that is powerfull to oblige the love of Officers, and Souldiers unto their Superiours, making them refuse nothing against their enemies they are com∣manded unto: in the greatest extremity Souldiers can feare no danger, be∣ing well paied by their Superiours.

This vertue Iustitia Distributiva includes many other vertues under it, pro∣per to a great Commander, as his actions in Silesia doe witnesse, having ob∣tained severall victories there over the Emperialists.

As for the vices of men of this quality, making profession of Armes, being my Superiours, duty will not permit me to speake, but reverently of them; And therefore what faults they have (as none lives without some) they shall be better divulged by some other tongue then mine: Nam quod tibi fieri non vis, alteri nefeceris

The thirty-fifth Duty discharged of the Accidents that occurred at Nurenberg before the suc∣course was come.

HAving lyen long still as in a sleepe, without feare of our enemies, being within a fast Leaguer, in th'end his Majesty begun to stirre first, causing parties to present themselves before Walestines Leaguer, as if they went to borrow a Beare, or rather to provoke their enemy to try their valour, but the Emperialists having no great desire to fight, but at∣tempted only in the night to fall over the Pegnets, giving us Alarums to little purpose, being soone repulsed, finding us alwayes ready on our Guards attending their nightly comming, our outward watches being a mile from us, so farre as Furt on the side of the River, having also Perdues a foote without the Leaguer, our Centries on the walles at Batteries, Colours and Corp-du-guards; so that it was hard to surprize us. But the greatest hurt they [ L] did us, was by their Crabbats, while as our servants and horses went forth to forrage, for in one day for my part I lost three of my servants, and five of my best horses; But in th'end our forrage grew so scarce, that many did quit their horses for want of entertainment; Neverthelesse, twice every weeke strong parties of horse, with strong Convoyes of Musketiers were sent forth to bring in forrage, where it was my fortune to have bin oft commanded with the foote; little skirmishes we had without great hurt, being alwayes in hope of reliefe in neede; Neverthelesse, whatsoever streete we went out on, their Garrisons were still ready to snap some or other a∣mongst us on our wings, and then away they went unto their Strengths; sometimes they came from Forchem, sometimes from Buche, and sometimes from Rottenburg, so that alwayes some Devilish Garrison or other snatched at us aside, though they durst not draw neere our bodies; neither could the enemy know on what quarter we went forth on, and if they knew, sure that quarter we went out on was beset by Ambuscades of our people, to attend them, in case they should fall in betwixt us.

[ M] On the twenty-eight of Iuly, his Majestie had commanded out Colonell Dowbattle, with some Troopes of Horse, and some Dragoniers, towards Furstat in the upper Paltz, which lay but two miles from Newmarck, where the Emperiall Army had their Magazin-house for their Victualls, and Amu∣nition; which was beset with five hundred Souldiers; Dowbattle the thir∣tieth of Iuly coming before it ere it was day, he divided incontinent his folkes in two Deales, putting the one halfe to the over doore or Port, and the other halfe to the other Port; the over Port made up with a Pittard, the Swedens entring, they gave fire; and at their entry they killed the Lievetenant Co∣lonell Revenheller, being one of their owne, thinking he was an enemy, being shot in the shoulder he died shortly after at Nurenberg. All the Emperiall Garrison was almost cut off; the Proviant waggons were plundered, and the Towne was burnt, having brought foure hundred Oxen, that were both great and fat, unto Nurenberg.

His Majestie immediatly after Colonell Dowbattle was marched, followed with a partie of a thousand Musketiers, and some eight hundred Horse to∣wards Bergtha••e on the Dorpes; thinking, if the enemy got intelligence of Dowbattles march, they would set after him; And therefore to make his Re∣treate good, his Majestie went towards Bos••owre. At the same time Generall [ N] Major Sparre, with eight hundred horse, twenty Cornets of Crabats, and five hundred Musketiers commanded by Lievetenant Colonell Gordon, and Major Lesly, which partie of the enemy had an enterprise on Lawffe, to take it in, for hindring us from Forrage, having no doore open to goe out on, but that onely; and having met with his Majestie in the fields, his Majestie most Heroickly charged them, and killed many with the first charge: Generall Major Sparre kept himselfe by Colleredo his Horsemen, and the foote were commanded by Gordon and Lesly, two Scots Cavaliers, who then serving the Emperour did behave themselves valiantly for a time, as I did heare his Majestie of Sweden give testimony of their valour, alleaging if the Empe∣rours Horsemen had behaved themselves like the foote, his Majestie had not returned victorious; for Sparre intending to have broken through his Maje∣sties Horses, the Crabats having runne away, the rest of the Emperiall horse∣men were overcome, and then most part of their foote were cut downe▪ Generall Major Sparre was taken prisoner, with Gordo•• and Lesly, and were brought all three unto Nurenberg, with three Cornets.

In obtaining this victory Colonell Ree was kill'd, his Majestie after his death being forced to light from his Horse, and command the Musketiers, having skirmished well for an houre on both sides, the praise whereof his Ma∣jestie did give to the Scots Caval••ers, that commanded the Emperialists, to whom he promised before they were taken, within-three dayes to let them loose againe Ransome-free. Neverthelesse, they were kept for five weekes with us their Country-men, where we made merry as friends. Here also in this Conflict was killed his Majesties Camerjounker, called Boyen; and an other Chamberman, called Cratzistene, that attended his Majestie.

About the ninth of August, the Emperialists catched a great number of our Horses at forrage, and waited on us so well, that there was no more hopes to bring forrage unto the Leaguer; so that many of our Horsem••••, for want of Horses, were put to their feete, till our succours were come unto us.

The thirty-fift Observation.

HEre we have two mightie Armies waiting to take advantages one of another, being resolved for to gaine credit to endure all toyle [ O] and misery, and they contemned all hazard and danger, to winne glory to themselves, being armed with courage and military vertue, con∣temning spoyle and riches, leaning to their vertue they delight in the warre, being taught by discipline heartily to embrace povertie for their Mistresse; and here the Souldier wearied, is content to make the ground his bed to lie on, as also making the first morsell, that chances to his hand, to satisfie his appetite, and in stead of sleeping out the whole night, he is contented with a nod, nothing seeming impossible or impregnable unto his couragious and resolute minde, glorying more in his contented povertie, than others doe in

their greatest riches; for he thinkes he hath not to doe with gold, being able to command his owne desires: as the bravest Leaders▪ and most valiant Captaines of Armies have ever made greater esteeme of honour and re∣nowne, than deceivable riches, or of the spoyle of their enemies; reserving glory and honour unto themselves, they allowed the spoyle for the com∣mon Souldier, hunting after an immortall name to leave behinde them after death, rather than with the spoyle of others to be thought rich, robbing themselves of a good name, and their soule and conscience of eternall rest.

We see then, that it is much better to contest with honest men for vertue and a good name, than with the avaritious or niggard, that hath come to an estate with the spoyle of his enemies, or perhaps with the spoyle of his friends, or worst of all, by detaining their meanes from them, who did serve valiantly for it, with the losse of their bloud. Such Conquests unlawfully made by some Officers, are rather to be pittied than envied; and I am of the minde, he hath provided well for his wife, children, and friends, that leaves an immortall name behinde him for himselfe and his after death, rather than to leave them rich in the Devills name by unlawfull Conquest.

His Majestie of Sweden having had here but a weake Armie (though ex∣pert in military vertue) he resolved to weary the enemy having a strong and mightie Armie, to be entertained with all sort of provision, which must needs be brought from a farre, out of Bavaria, upon the Axell or Waggons, being a labour of infinit paine and toyle, to transport entertainment for fiftie thou∣sand men daily, and Corne for Horses such a farre way; and having ap∣pointed their Magazin-house in the upper Paltz, to weary them the sooner, his Majestie very wisely, as we see, plotted the ruine of it, to be effectuated by Colonell Dowbattle, being knowne for a Cavalier of much worth, that for∣merly had done his Majestie divers notable good services, as at this time, which made his Majestie to be the more carefull of his safe retreate, in com∣ming himselfe with a partie betwixt the enemy and him, to be his second; being no small honour, where in the first Rancounter Colonell Ree was kil∣led, and then a little Captaine of the Leeffe Regiment, throwing off his Dou∣blet did valourously command, supplying the place of the Colonell, till such time as his Majestie tooke notice of his noble carriage, and then lighted from his Horse, taking the Command to himselfe: Neverthelesse, at his Maje∣sties returne to Quarters, he did give his own Pourtraict, with a gold chaine to the Captaine, and advanced him to a Lievetenant Colonells place, for reward of his vertuous carriage in ••ight of his Master.

[ P] Colonell Ree being kill'd, I being then the eldest Lievetenant Colonell, under his Majesties Armie of foote, having served three yeares before as Lievetenant Co••onell, I sought of his Majestie, as my due, according to the custome then used, that I might be made Colonell to Rees Regiment, which his Majestie confessed openly to have been my due; Neverthelesse, on other considerations shewed by his Majestie unto me, I was contented to give way to his Majesties will; whereupon his Majestie urged me to be Colonell to the Regiment I had commanded so long, in absence of my Lord of Rhees, seeing his Lordship had advertised his Majestie, he was not to returne to his Charge: As also, he had sent his Warrant under his hand unto me, to deale with his Majestie to get the Regiment being weake to be made up for my selfe; but I being desirous to have commanded strangers, the other Regi∣ment being strong, and ours very weake, my intention was to have joyned

them both in one, seeing at that time his Majestie would not admit me to re∣crue the Regiment from Scotland; but having given me Patent as Colonell, his Majestie assigned a Muster-place for me in Schwabland, from whence I was to receive moneys to strengthen my Regiment (being then but seven Companies) to twelve; and before the next Summer, I made them up to ten Companies; His Majestie having the eighteenth of August 1632, placed me Colonell over the Regiment, at which time Major Iohn Sinclaire was placed my Lievetenant Colonell, and Captaine William Stewart was made Ma∣jor.

The thirty-sixt Dutie discharged of the joyning of our Armie with the Succours, and of our service at Nurenberg.

THE sixteenth of August the succours being come from Saxon, Hessen, and During, brought up by the Rex-chancellor Oxensterne, and Duke William of Wymar, being come together at Ventzhame, the eighteenth at Aiorach and Prugg, and the twenty-one at Furt, by foure of the Clocke in the morning they presented themselves in Battaile before Furt, where did lie above a thousand Emperialists, which were presently chased away, taking [ Q] their Retreate unto Walestines Leaguer; which done, Duke Barnard of Wy∣••ar, and Generall Banier continued the Armies march, being thirtie thou∣sand strong, through the fields towards a Dorpe called Gross••roote, and draws up in Battaile in plaine Champaigne, halfe a mile from the enemies Leaguer; his Majestie then marching out of his Leaguer with the Armie from Swyno towards Clyneroote; incontinent presented himselfe in Battaile before the enemies Leaguer; but the Emperialists unwilling to be seene in the fields, they kept themselves close within their Leaguer, playing on us with their Cannon, having done no more hurt, than the killing of one Constable and a few Souldiers, and we attending their resolution and out-coming, enter∣prized nothing all day, but stood ready in Battaile till night, that the foote Briggads had orders to advance within Cannon reach of their Leaguer, where our Batteries were ordained to be made all in Front, as our Armie stood, alongst the face of the enemies Leaguer, where we had cast up a run∣ning trench before the front of our Armie, from the right hand to the left, going from one Battery to another; on which Batteries were planted seven∣ty-two pieces of Cannon, great and small, well guarded with strong guards of Musketiers and Pikemen; the Briggads lying ready at hand to relieve them in time of need, and our horse-Briggads being appointed without them, to stand in readinesse for to second the foote.

The day peeping, the Emperiall Generalls were saluted with a salve of Cannon, which untimely stirred some from their rest, making them retire unto their Strengths, not having the courage to shew their faces in the fields.

[ R] This service of Cannon having continued the whole day, in the night the Emperialists retired their Forces towards their workes on the old hill, being mighty strong on that quarter, so that there was no possibility to harme them any more with Cannon.

His Majestie thinking, if it were possible to get in the hill, he was then a∣ble to beate the enemy out of his Leaguer, and therefore in the night gave Orders to draw off the Cannon from the Batteries, and having the Armie in readinesse, we marched in the night through Furt, towards the other side of the enemies Leaguer, of intention to take in the hill, and then to beate them out of their Leaguer, and his Majestie having got intelligence, the enemy had marched away and left but a Reare-guard on the Hill, to make his Re∣treate good, we marched neere the Hill, and drew up in Battaile alongst the side of it, horse, foote and Cannon, by seven of the Clocke in the morning, where incontinent, on slight information, his Majestie resolved, in earnest to pursue the Hill.

Duke William of Wymar then Lievetenant Generall next unto his Majestie had the command of the Armie, Generall Banier had the Command of the foote, and Duke Barnard of Wymar Commanded the Horse, Colonell Leo∣nard Richardson had the Command of the Artillery; divers other Cavaliers of note were ordained to attend his Majestie, for giving assistance in Com∣mand, to be directed by his Majestie, as occasion offered; such as Grave Neeles a Sweden, then Generall Major of foote, Generall Major Boetius a Dutch, Sir Iohn Hepburne then having left command of the Briggad, being out of employment he attended his Majestie, Generall Major Rusteine being then Stallemaster to his Majestie attended also, Generall Major Striffe com∣manded the Horse next to Duke Barnard.

[ S] The Armie thus in Battaile, and the whole Officers of the field attending his Majestie, and their severall Charges, the service being but begunne, Generall Banier was shot in the Arme, and so retired; Generall Major Ru∣steine being also shot did retire incontinent, his Majestie commanded strong parties of commanded Musketiers out of all Briggads, led by a Colonell, a Lievetenant Colonell, and a competent number of other inferiour Offi∣cers, to leade on the partie towards the Hill, to force a passage or entry un∣to the enemies workes; which being hardly resisted, the service went on cruell hot on both sides, so that the parties were no sooner entered on ser∣vice, but it behooved the reliefes to be incontinent ready to second them, death being so frequent amongst Officers and Souldiers, that those who were hurt rejoyced, having escaped with their lives, seeing in effect the service desperate on our side, losing still our men without gaining any advantage o∣ver our enemies, being alwayes within their close workes, while as we, both Officers and Souldiers, stood bare and naked before them, as markes to shoot at, without any shelter whatsoever, but the shadow of some great trees, being in a wood, so that we lost still our best Officers and Souldiers, while as the basest sort durst not lift head in the storme.

The service continued in this manner the whole day, so that the Hill was nothing els but fire and smoke, like to the thundering Echo of a Thunder∣clap, with the noise of Cannon and Musket, so that the noise▪ was enough to terrifie Novices; we losing still our best Souldiers, grew so weake in the end, that the Briggads of foote had scarce bodies of Pikemen to Guard their Colours, the Musketiers being almost vanished and spent by the continu∣ance

of hot service, where the service was not alone amongst the foote in pursuing of the hill, but also about the hill without the wood, on the wings, the horse men furiously charged one another, being also well se∣conded by Dragoniers and Musketiers, that did come on fresh with the re∣liefes.

By one a clocke in the afternoone, Duke William of Wymar commanded me (being the first service I was on as Colonell) for my credit, to goe to∣wards the Poste on the hill, where the Grave ••on Torne was shot, and to command those five hundred Musketiers, I taking leave of my Camerades went to the Poste, and finding the place warme at my coming, divers Offi∣cers and Souldiers lying bloudy on the ground, I went first and ordered the Souldiers on the Poste, to my judgment, as most to our advantage for our safeties and the harming of our enemies, and perceiving the enemy some∣times to fall out with small Plottons of Musketiers to give fire on us, and to spie our actions, returning againe, as their powder was spent, to trap them the next time, I advanced a Sergeant with twenty foure Musketiers, to lie in Ambush to attend on their next out-coming, which they percei∣ving came out no more, but one single man to spie; I retiring againe to my maine reserve to direct others, sometimes standing, sometimes walking, and being taken notice of, as a chiefe Officer, the enemy commanded out a single man, with a long peece, who from a tree aiming at me, shot me right above the Hanch-bone, on the left side, which lighted fortunatly for me on the Iron clicket of my hanger, which cut close the Iron away, ta∣king the force from the Bullet, which being battered flat with the Iron en∣tred not above two inches in my side, where I found, a little Armes of proofe being well put on most commodious, in preserving my life, by Gods providence for that time.

Notwithstanding of this my hurt, finding my selfe in strength, though I lost much bloud, I remained on my Poste till neere night; my Lievete∣nant Colonell Iohn Sinclair was sent with five hundred Musketiers to relieve me, where I did bring off but the least number of my men, having lost neere two hundred, besides those Officers and Souldiers that were hurt, and my Lievetenant Colonell brought off the next morning fewer than I did: for those who were not kill'd or hurt, being in the night, through plaine feare they left him, so that at last he brought not off of his whole number above thirty, Officers and all.

On this occasion a valorous young Gentleman, being one of my Captaines, called Patrike Ennis, who having behaved himselfe well the whole time that [ T] he was on service, being commanded amongst strangers on another Poste than mine, a reliefe being come to releeve him, he went to shew the Poste he was on to his Camerade, and shewing him where his Centries stoode, then after, out of resolution to shew more courage than was needfull in open view of his enemy, florishing his sword, and crying aloud, Vive Gustavus, he was shot through the head, being much regrated by all his Camerades. Likewise with him a young man Hector Monro Catvalls Sonne, uncommanded voluntarily having taken a Musket, and gone on service, he was shot alongst the braines, and lived a fortnight after, which shot was wonderfull; for the side of his head that the Bullet lighted on, the skull was whole▪ nev••r∣thelesse, through his great torment, the Chirurgian having made inci••ion on the other side of his head, to see if the skull was whole, but being found splent

on that side, so that his braines could be seene, his wound was un∣curable.

Likewise on this dayes service were killed on our side, Generall Major Bo∣etins, Lievetenant Colonell Septer, Lievetenant Colonell Macken, Rut∣master Morrits, Lievetenant Colonell Welsten, and divers inferiour Officers, and above twelve hundered Souldiers, the Grave Fon Erbach was also killed, and divers Officers were hurt, as the Grave Fon Ebersteene, the Grave Fon Torne, Colonell Porte, and of our country-men under Spence his Regiment, Captaine Traile was shot through the throate; As also Captaine Vausse, un∣der Colonell Monro of Fowles his Regiment, was shot in the shoulder, and the Colonell of the Artillery, Leonard Richardson, with Colonell Erich Handson, being both Swedens with two Lievetenant Colonells were taken Prisoners.

Likewise on this service there were hurt of our Souldiers above two thou∣sand, which were put under cure in Nurenberg.

[ V] The Officers killed of the Emperialists were, Colonell Iacob Fugger, Co∣lonell Obdo Brandine, Colonell Fon Maria de Caras, and above forty infe∣riour Officers, with twelve hundred Souldiers, which they lost.

Likewise Walestine his horse, and Duke Barnard of Wymars were both shot under them. The day thus past, in the night for the most part, they lay quiet, and the day being come, I was commanded notwitstanding of my hurt, by Duke William of Wymar having attended on him the whole last night, to goe and receive five hundred Musketiers, for to bring off those had bin all night on the Poste, being ordained to come off with them, and to make the retreate good; I being gone to receive the party come together, his Majesty coming by, and knowing I was hurt, commanded me to re∣tire backe with the party, and went himselfe to make the retreate wonder∣fully, bringing them off from all Poasts without one shot of Musket or Pistoll, till we drew up the Army againe, within reach of Cannon, so that there were killed to me of my owne Company three Souldiers, and having removed a little further off, his Majesty drawing up the whole Ar∣my in Battaile, Horse, Foote and Artillery, there was presently order given for drawing out of a new Leaguer, the draught whereof being finished, every Briggads quarter being knowne, we begun to worke againe, in ••ight of the enemy, till that in spight of him we were closed in ten dayes time within a fast Leaguer againe, which was strongly pallisaded without the Graffe, where we did lie without invasion in quietnesse to the sixt of Sep∣tember, that his Majesty perceiving the scarcity of victualls growing great from day to day, and the scarcity of forrage; Therefore his Majesty re∣solved to take the start of his enemy, in being the first up-breaker, knowing assuredly he was not able to lie long after him.

The thirty-sixt Observation.

HERE we see, that nothing is more forcible to suppresse the van∣ting of an enemy, than a timely succours, as came here unto our Army in despight of the enemy, who, before their coming, did mightily vaunt they would cut off our succours, before they could joyne

with us really; and then they would with hunger, starve both the City and our Leaguer, which hardly they could doe, we being provided of good men to fight, as also of good entertainment to sustaine our number. But the enemy feebly remaining within his workes, though beyond us in number, we thundered on them with Cannon, repaying their cannona∣ding spent before Verbine, the yeare before, on the Elve. And it is thought, [ W] that the invention of Cannon was found first at Nurenberg, for the ruine of man, being at first a long time used for battering downe of walles and Cities, and for counter-batteries; till at last they were used in the fields, to breake the Squadrons and battailes of foote and horse, some carrying peeces called Spingards, of f••ure foote and a halfe long, that shot many bullets at once, no greater then Walnuts, which were carried in the fields on little Chariots behinde the troopes, and how soone the Trumpet did sound the enemy was thundred on, first with those, as with shoures of haile-stone, so that the enemies were cruelly affrighted with them, men of valour being suddenly taken away, who before were wont to fight valiantly and long with the Sword and Launce, more for the honour of victory, then for any desire of shedding of bloud: but now men are martery zed and cut downe, at more than halfe a mile of distance, by those furious and thundring Engines of great Cannon, that sometimes shoote fiery bullets able to burne whole Cities, Castles, houses or bridges, where they chance to light; and if they hap∣pen to light within walles, or amongst a Briggad of foote or horse, as they did at Leipsigh on the Grave fon Torne his Briggad, spoiling a number at once, as doubtlesse this Devilish invention did within Walestine his Leaguer at this time.

Likewise here we have set before us the revolution of humane affaires, [ X] being ever inconstant, shewing us that good Fortune, Lucke, or chance, as they call it, is never still in one side: for his Majesty that formerly was alike fortunate with few, as with many, here though having a mighty strong Army, he is crossed, being frustrate of his expectation, arising by the neglect of a small point of recognos••ing, his Majesty having trusted too much to others wrong relation, that did not satisfie themselves; which made his Majesty contrary to his custome ingage his Army, and once being inga∣ged upon slight intelligence, the reliefes went on so fast, the service being so hot for a time, that it was long before the losse was perceived, where it is to be pittied, that the errour and fault of another should be made to po∣sterity, as his Majesties over-sight, by those that know no better: for though a King leading an Army had Argos eyes, yet it is impossible he should looke unto all things himselfe. The fault of one here we see with the losse of many was irrecoverable, and he that before this day was the terrour of the Empire, by his former successe, being deceived with false intelligence, is thought to have overseene himselfe, the errour of another being imputed un∣to his Majesty in losing so many brave fellowes; which shou'd teach others to be the more circumspect in recognoscing, before they should ingage men in bringing them upon the shamble bankes.

Here also we see, that his Majesty was was ever en••my to idlenesse: for he had no sooner brought off his Army from pursuing his enemies, but in∣continent he sets them againe to worke, for their owne safeties, and that within reach of his enemies Cannon, to the end it might not be said, but he attended their out-comming, lest his Army might be discouraged at a present

Retreate, after such a great losse, for if the service had continued, the whole Armie had beene indangered; yet a valourous Captaine, as our Leader was, as he feares nothing entering on service, so he ought to set light by nothing, he sees tending to his prejudice, but ought timely to retire, with as little losse as he may: for it were a grosse errour to despise our enemies through too much confidence in our selves; for some times by despising our enemies (as here) we make them the more valiant, and if they be ambitious, the more respect we [ Y] give them, the lesse we neede to feare them. And it is necessarie, when an Ar∣mie doth get a clappe, as we did here, then incontinent and with all dili∣gence we should presse to trie our enemie againe; wheresoever we can have any advantage, lest our enemy might judge us altogether to have yeelded and given over, which were very dangerous.

The bouldnesse of one bould fellow at first, being a Leader may ingage a whole Armie for want of judgement, as was done here going before this hill of Nurenberg, where as many were brought in danger, as did tread in the first Lea∣ders paths, through lacke of judgement, having beene all of them more heady than wise; yet to dare being annexed unto vertue is the beginning of victory: ne∣verthelesse, a hasty man in an Armie, without judgement and discretion, is to be disallowed of, aswell as a coward.

On my Poste under the Hill, after I was shot, a sudden feare came amongst the Souldiers, some thirtie horse having suddenly come through the wood, as if they had beene chased, the most part both Officers and Souldiers ranne away, leaving mee with a few number on the Poste, so that if the enemie had fallen out, I could not have escaped from being kill'd or taken; but as soone as they per∣ceived, that I with the Souldiers remained by me, had unhorsed and taken some of the horsemen, who were found to bee friends, they being ashamed of their miscarriage retired, having accidentally rencountred with Hepburs Captaine Lievetenant, who brought them up againe, whom I threatned to shew his Maje∣stie of their behaviours: neverthelesse being loath to incurre the hatred of a brave Nation, for the misbehaviour of some unworthy fellowes, their blemishes I pressed to cover: notwithstanding afterwards some of the Officers amongst them∣selves came to a publique hearing, having blamed one another, till the question and disgrace was taken away; by shewing their particular courage in fighting one against another, whereof I kept my self free, suffering them to deale amongst them, being Country-men.

[ Z] This kinde of Panicke feare without cause doth betray many brave men, and divers good enterprizes. And therfore all good Commanders ought most care∣fully to looke unto it, to avoyde the inconveniences incident unto the like, while as they leade either partie or Armie. Wee once marching through a woode towards Franckfurt on the Oder, the white Regiment marching in the Van, having a naturall foole, that marched alwayes before them, going within a bush, throwing off his clothes returning naked, and crying, he had seene the enemie, the whole Souldiers of that Briggad throwing downe their Armes, they ranne backe on the next Briggad being Swedens, and they running also away, till they were holden up with pikes by our Briggad, being the third, who having stood, and as∣ked the reason of their running away; in end, being found a false, and a foolish Alarum, the poore foole was pittifully cut and carved by the Officers, for the Souldiers phantasticke feare, being a poore revenge for their cowardize, so that we see by the example of the third Briggad, that the best remedie against such Panicke feares is not to feare at all; and none should leade Armies, but those that are both wise and stout.

The thirty-seventh Duty discharged of our up-breaking, from Nurenberg towards Newstat.

AFTER this last dayes service, his Majestie having intrenched his Armie before the Emperiall Leaguer, and finding them unwilling to hazard the Combate, as also the scarcitie of victuals growing so great on both sides; his Majestie resolved to beset Nurenberg with foure Regi∣ments, Fowles his Regiment being one, Generall Major K••iphowsen had the Command over the Swedens, and Generall Major Salammers-dorf••e had Com∣mand [ &.] over the Burgers; and the Rex-chancellor Oxesterne was appointed by his Majestie to have the direction of all.

His Majestie leaving Nurenberg in this manner, in the night he sent away his great Cannon with a Convoy towards Newstat▪ and before day the whole Drummes had orders to beate, first afore troope gathering, and then a march, so that we were in readinesse standing in Battaile before the enemies Leaguer by day; where we stood till mid-day, and then the whole Armie was com∣manded to make a quarter Toure to the right hand, making our front be∣fore, to be our left Flancke, whereon our Coulours and small Ordinance did march, and our right wing being our Van, we marched off, in view of the enemie, Duke Bernard of Wymare with a thousand horse, and five hundred musketiers, commanded by my Lievenant Colonell Iohn Sinclaire, who was appointed to march in the Reare, for making our Retreate good, which in a manner was needlesse, seeing our enemie lacked courage to follow us, but suffered us to depart in peace.

At night we drew up in Battaile a mile from the enemies Leaguer, where we incamped setting forth strong watches of horse, and musketiers on the passes betwixt us and the enemie, and our Reare-Guarde betwixt us and them, and our owne Guardes, without our Briggads, so having quietly past over the night, the next morning we marched to Newstad, being the fifteenth of Sep∣tember, where we resolved to stay a few dayes, attending what the Emperiall Armie would undertake, having still an eye in our necke-pole.

We got intelligence, that the Duke of Fridland Walestine, and the Duke of [ A] Bavere did breake up with their Armies, taking their march through Furt, towards Boocke, and then to Forcham, burning off all the dorpes, that lay nea∣rest Nurenberg; being all the valiant deedes, they had done the whole Sum∣mer: and the fourteenth of September, being quite gone, divers Burgers and Souldiers of the Nurenbergers with the Countrie Boores in all haste ranne unto their Leaguer, where they found a thousand waggons, besides those were burnt, which they transported to Nurenberg, together with a great quantitie of Iron, above tenne thousand Centeurs of waight, and a great quantitie of meale, corne and flesh, which all in foureteene dayes was not brought unto the Towne after their going, whereat many did wonder.

The enemie also left behind them many sicke and wond••d Souldiers un∣cured; amongst whom all that time death was very frequent, aswell of men, as of beasts, for thousands of horse and cattell were lost. Likewise, in the Swe∣dens Leaguer, about the Citie were fallen above foure thousand horse and cat∣tell, and within the Citie were also many dead.

[ B] As Walestine was come to Forcham, he directed Generall Major Galasse with some horse and foote, unto the Woigkeland, who in his march by Nurenberg, did deale very slightly with Lawffe, Griffenberg, Welden, and Harchbrook, which he tooke in; and Griffenberg he burnt, and in the rest he caused to cut off divers Burgers and Souldiers, making many poore men with plundering, and cruell exactions of mony, and from thence, in Woiteland, towards Egger, and further, till he joyned with Holke, being both as Simeon and Levi, continuing their march towards the Elve, taking in Kemnets, Friberg, Meissen, and divers other partes, exacting great contribution, and borneshets, or compositions, pressing an infinite deale of money out of the Duke of Saxons hereditary lands; using great and extraordinary enormities over the whole lands belon∣ging to the Saxon, by reason the Dukes Armie lay then farre off in Silesia, not being possible for him to releeve his owne Countrey; Walestine also, from For∣cham marched towards Saxonie; and the Duke of Bavaria, to quench the fire, that was already kindled there by the Swedens; marched to Bavere.

The Emperiall Armie thus separated, his Majestie laie still at Newstad, till such time, as he saw their severall intentions, and then disposing of his Ar∣mie accordingly.

[ C] First, the Marquesse of Hamilton was gratiously dismissed by his Majestie, taking his journey from thence towards France unto Brittaine and having ta∣ken leave of his Majestie at Newstad, his Excellence was most honourably conveyed by the whole Officers his Country-men, that served the Swedens, who having taken leave of his Excellence, a mile from the Leaguer, they re∣turned, and his Excellence, accompanied with Sir Iames Hamilton of Priest∣field, Colonell Sir Iames Ramsey, called the Faire Colonell, and Sir Iohn Hep∣burne Colonell, having taken good night of all their Noble Camerades they continued their journey unto Brittaine; and we returned to prepare our selves for a march, and a separation; which immediatly the next day did follow; his Maiestie having given orders to call in all Safe-guardes, and the next morning to be in readinesse to march.

The thirty-seventh Observation.

[ D] THE separation of these two mightie Armies was wonderfull, with∣out shot of Cannon, Musket, or Pistoll, the like we can hardly finde in any Historie.

We see then here, that when the foundation of mans actions is laid sure by vertue, the building hardly can faile, especially when we lay our chiefe dependance on God, and our cause being good, the lawfull meanes used (as was done here by the Lyon of the North, the Invincible King of Sweden) in de∣fence of Nurenberg▪ the libertie of Dutch-land, and freedome of Christs Go∣spell, then I say, the event must needs be answerable to the ground laid, to wit, the freedome of this Citie, and the preservation of his Majesties Armie, both which we see by this separation, where the enemy had not the heart to pursue us, having Gustavus and his Fortunes with us; Notwith∣standing of their powerfull and mightie Armie; which the Papists themselves did set and est••••me to be threescore thousand men, being then of opinion, that that Summer they were able to over-swimme the whole Empire, and

all their enemies; yet, with all their bragging, they durst never present themselves in the Fields, with one Cornet, Colour, or Regiment before Gustavus, being terrified at his presence, which did prove their valour was not correspondent to their power in Armes, otherwise they had given us greater reason to have esteemed better of their Conduct, so that wee see, there is neither wisedome, force, or power of counsell, that can prevaile a∣gainst that cause the Lord defends; and who can thinke those could prosper better, who formerly pressed by their crueltie to have subverted the truth of Religion; by banishing the Gospell, and Ministers of it, forcing Commons against Conscience, either to forsake their Country and possessions, or to renounce the truth they professed, persecuting those that would not conforme themselves to their Devilish Traditions; what wonder then, those Generalls could not prosper against the truth, or against him that tooke the defence, both of truth and people, against the Tyranny of the house of Austria, and their cruell Generalls, that were not onely cruell to their enemies, but also to their servants and Souldiers, whom they left bleeding behinde them in their Leaguer, destitute of all comfort; not so much as once to cause to dresse their wounds, that they received honourably for their safeties? Truly I dare be bold to say, the Lord will not suffer the negligence and inhumane crueltie of such Commanders to be unpunished, that left unchristianly those poore Souldiers, which were bould to open their brests to receive wounds, for the safetie of those that had no compassion on them in their extremities. O cru∣eltie of all cruelties! when we see a valiant Souldier naked, hungry, or pined, with his wounds bleeding for our sakes, and then to leave them destitute of helpe, to the mercy of their enemies, especially, when we are not compelled to leave them! This fault of all faults in a Commander or Souldier, in my minde, is most unpardonable, which is too common. Therefore, I conclude, [ E] such persons to be unworthy Command, that preferre any thing before the health of those, who were willing to give their lives for the safetie of their Commanders.

Sith then we see, that the greatest part of humane happinesse doth consist in vertue, let him that would prove wise, fix his eyes and minde to judge other mens actions, to the end he may grow the more circumspect and pru∣dent, pressing to doe good by continuance of time, if he but observe the va∣rieties of chances incident unto all estates, from the Crowne to the lowest Cottage, in the end, through their examples, he may learne to better him∣selfe, and become wise in his profession: for a diligent servant to such a Ma∣ster as Gustavus was, might in a few yeares time observe many things belon∣ging to the knowledge of a Commander, though I grant, never attaine unto the perfection of his Calling; for the accidents of warres being infinite, the knowledge of them can never be limited. But we must alwayes be lear∣ning of new things, till we become more prudent, though not perfectly wise in our calling, being infinite; and though many thinke a man may be wise, and not couragious, seeing the wise fore-sees all dangers; truely I will thinke, he that is circumspect and wise in this kinde, may be called a stout Commander: for to a wise man, we say, nothing comes wrong; and he that cannot be surprized in this kinde, must needs be both wise and stout.

To conclude then this Observation, out of the separation of the Marquesse [ F] and his Country-men, at our leave-takings, and at the parting of Colonell Lodowicke Lesly, and his Regiment from Spence his Regiment, going with

Duke Barnard unto Saxonie from us; which separation was like to the separa∣tion death makes betwixt friends and the soule of man, being sorry that those who had lived so long together in amitie and friendship, as also in mutuall dangers, in weale & in woe, & fearing we should not meet againe; the splen∣dour of our former mirth was obnubilated with a cloud of griefe & sorrow; which vanished and dissolved in mutuall teares of love, severing from others, as our Saviour did from his Disciples, in love and amitie; wishing one ano∣ther the mutuall enterchange of our affections, as Souldiers and not as Com∣plementing Courtiers, in the way of love and courtesie, we wished againe and againe, being loath to depart from others, the accomplishment of all happinesse here, and of eternall glory else-where.

The thirty-eight Dutie discharged of our March from Newstade towards Winchene.

HAving come unto the fields, the Armie being drawne up and divi∣ded, Duke Barnard of Wymar was directed to march on Kitchen on the Maine, and the rest of the Armie on Vinzeine, and his Majestie with a strong partie marched backe unto Nurenberg, to see the enemies Lea∣guer, and the unhappie Castle on the old hill, where so many brave fellowes were lost. From thence his Majestie returned on Outzbach, at which time on the march some new levied men, that were come from Switzerland, joy∣ned with the Armie at Winchene, where we rested two dayes, I being cruel∣ly tormented with a burning Ague, contracted with neglecting of my wound received at Nurenberg.

Walestine his Feltmarshall Holke at this time with his little Armie did do∣minier [ G] in Saxonie, using barbarous crueltie in burning, scalding, and plundering of Townes, Flecks, and Dorpes; murthering and cutting downe the Inha∣bitants, that it was pittie to heare of such barbari••ic in a civill land to be used by one of their owne profession; making no conscience of Religion, he shewed lesse compassion then the Papists did: for their villany, whom he led, was so great, that after abusing the women, in satisfying their filthy lusts, they did burne them and their families, their hearts thus hardned, that it was evident, that the judgements of the Lord were not farre from them, and those he commanded, having suffered such tyranny to have been used to Christians, before a moneth was past, he died raging of the plague, and those who fol∣lowed him were also rewarded of God for their crueltie.

The eighteenth of August, Holke tooke in Zinck•• by accord, promising un∣to the Burgers the freedome of their Religion and liberties, providing they would take in a Garrison of two hundred Emperialists; then Gallas and Halke being joyned, soone after Walestine himselfe, after the in-taking of Coburg, continued his march towards Leipsigh; after spoyling the land of Coburg and Culnebush, he marched through the Voigland towards O••lsenburg; and from thence to Leipsigh, which he got in on Accord the twenty-second of October, and on the twenty-third he got in the Castle of Pleisenburg, putting out the

Dukes Garrison, and putting in his owne. And after he tooke in Weysenfelse, Morsburg, Nawmburg, and divers Townes more in Saxonie, spoyling and ruining all that side of the Elve: Hall also he tooke in, but the Castle of Mors∣burg, being well beset by the Swedens, by that time could not be brought to heare of any Accord.

Papenhaim now retired from Mastricht, having in vaine attempted then the [ H] reliefe of it; at his backe-coming he relieved the City of Patterburne from the beleaguering, and skirmished with the Lievetenant Generall Bawtish, he al∣so dissolved the blockquering of Volfenbittle, an did get some Cornets and Colours from the Brunswicker forces, and from thence he did come before Heldishem; alleaging, he had beaten the Duke of Lunenbeug and Bawtishen, by which stratagem he did get Heldishem in his power, and beset it with a Gar∣rison, as the principall Strength on the Wezer streame, appointing the Grave Fon Gronsfield to command there, and then he marched towards Eichfield, and tooke in Milhousen, getting a great composition of money from them, he marched on Saltz and plundered it out, wherein he did get much hidden riches, and his Souldiers making rich boo'y, they did cast in the water, that which they could not carry; he proceeded also in the same manner with Theanestade, from whence he carried with him the Burger-masters in pledge of their Cities Ransome, and finding by the way they were not able to pay, what they had promised, he caused to take all three and hang them up, till they were halfe dead, and then caused suddenly to cut them downe: Cretzburg also he used little better, from Erfort he desired twenty thousand Dollers, and threatned if the monies were not tould downe, he would not faile to doe them all the mischiefe he could, whereupon with much adoe they did get him two thousand Dollers, and hearing his Majesty of Sweden was drawing neere, he staied not on the rest; but marched to Morsburg at Hall.

The thirty-eighth Observation.

MEmory and forgetfulnesse are both necessary in friendship. Shall I then forget here to speake of our separation, being so long compa∣nions of one danger together? No, this love of Camerades ••o each others is most worthy remembrance, seeing we were divers times willing to give our lives for one anothers safeties: shall we then be oblivious of this mutuall love and dangers? No, though distance of place separate ••••r bo∣dies, we shall still be conjoyned in minde, and power against our common enemy, that desireth the hurt of us all alike. Let us then though severed, [ I] maintaine one anothers credit in absence, ever honouring the worth and ver∣tues of our deare Camerades, for the kindnesse past, let us learne to be e∣ver thankfull to their friends alive, and after their death, let our love increase to their successours; for if there be any Nectar in this life, it is in sorrowes we endure for the goodnesse and love of our absent friends, especially of those that were our dearest Camerades; for if we sorrow for them, amend∣ing our lives, knowing we must passe shortly through the same passage, they did passe before us, truely one day our sorrow shall turne to joy, and our teares shall turne to smiles, our weeping unto a streame of pleasures, and our

labour unto eternall rest, that as we followed the Lyon of the North, the in∣vincible King of Sweden, in fighting the Lords Battailes here, even so we shall follow the Lambe unto the Heavenly Ierusalem hereafter.

The cruelty and Tyranny used by the Emperiall Officers in Saxony, who neither spared man nor woman, is rather to be pittied by Christians, then any wayes to be imitated, which cruelty did presage their ruine to come; for no∣thing vehement in that kinde did ever remaine long unpunished, and though for a time the Devills rage, at last they are cast into perpetuall darke∣nesse.

[ K] Papenhaim returning from Mastricht, we see was immoderate in his victo∣ries, and forbearing to shew mercy at all, he domineered in his Tyranny, running so long as he had feete, some he did hang by their purses, and some by their necks by halfes, for not paying the Ransome of others. Such injustice the God of mercy and goodnesse did not suffer long unpunished: and it is to be pittied, that such exorbitant pride had bin cohabitant in so valorous a Captaine, for it is certaine, when a man of warre groweth too proud of his victories, refusing mercy, then commonly approach punishments woe, for a proud warriour as this was (viz.) errour in counsell, and unhappy successe in his best actions; for how soone a man beginneth to grow proud and to be secure, then cometh punishment; and as pride groweth, so ver∣tue decaieth, and though the punishment of pride and cruelty sometimes comes late, yet sure it never comes light, and it is most certaine, there is ever some fatality incident unto those, who are desirous of vaine glory through pride. Our desire then should be, to be humble, that we be not rejected with disdaine, as those proud Cavaliers rejected the poore Suppli∣cants, who though begging mercy, were not heard: whose exorbitant wicked∣nesse should teach us, not to imitate their examples, but rather through grace, presse to eschew their punishment both temporall and eternall.

The thirty-ninth Duty discharged of our March to Dunkelspill, and from thence unto Bavier.

HIS Majesty returning from Rottenburg with the Queenes Majesty, they marched with the Army towards Dunkelspill, where they did, lie three dayes; during which time I was glad, looking for no life, to have bin eased by the helpe of good and learned Physitians. There I was left, the Army continuing their march upon Nerling, making all the expe∣dition and haste was possible, to relieve Rhine on the Leacke being beleagured by the Duke of Bavier his forces, and his Majesty coming to the Leacke, he received newes, the Towne was given over, and the Bridge being cast off, his Majesty was hindered the passage, whereupon his Majesty directed ba••ke the Queene to Donavert, and incontinent begunne to prepare for the belea∣guering of Rhine againe, the Bridge being repared, he set over his Army, the thirtith of September, and incontinent begun his aproaches, the Empe∣rialists

at first plaied hard with Cannon and Musket till night, that his Ma∣jesties Batteries were ready.

The first of October early in the morning the mist was so thicke, that his Majesty approached very neere the walles, and that orderly the Batteries be∣ing ready, the Cannon planted in the mist, by nine of the clocke his Ma∣jesty saluted the Towne with a Salve of Musket and Cannon, where incon∣tinent the feeble, Bearish Commanders entred in accord, which was gran∣ted unto them, so that his Majesty, by the assistance of God, got this Towne againe in two houres time, after the Batteries were ready, and that contrary to his Majesties expectation, who did not expect the getting of it in lesse then six dayes.

The Dukes foote Souldiers were suffered to march out without Armes, and [ L] the horsmen without their horses, and his Majesty being offended with the Dutch Colonell called Metzfell, notwitstanding of the recovery of the Towne, he was brought before a Counsell of warres at Newburg on the Danow, being accused, he had given over the Towne without any necessity, making his Accord contrary to his Officers wills, which they having testi∣fied against him, by a sentence of the Counsell of warre he was beheaded the eighth of October; and those Officers of his Regiment, which subscribed the Accord, were ordained to carry no charge under his Majesties Army; and the Officers, which withstoode the Accord, were assoiled from the sentence, as faithfull servants to their Master.

The said day, after the execution, his Majesty returned with the Army, towards Rhine from Newburg, where againe his Majesty divided the Army, and having beset A••sburg, Rhine and Donavert well, he tooke the yellow and blew Briggad with himselfe, leaving our Briggad after long advisement, and the rest of the Army under the Command of Palsgrave Christian, Fon Brick∣feld, [ M] and Generall Major Ruthven to attend on the Dukes forces, and to maintaine Schwabland with the passes, which we had already in Bavaria. His Majesty then taking leave of our Briggad, in view of the whole Army thank∣ed us for our former service, and in particular he expressed his affection unto me, and to Lievetenant Colonell Mustein: shewing he was greeved to leave us behinde, yet, in respect of the long march he had unto Saxony, and considering the weakenesse of both our Regiments, that were weakned by the toyle of warre, and the dint of the enemies Armies, and there∣fore in consideration of their former good service, he had ordained Muster∣places for us, the best in Schwabland, for to strengthen our Regiments, a∣gainst his returne, and withall, commanded us to see it done, as we would expect his favour: and then calling on Palsgrave Christian, to whom he had given command over us and the Army, recommending us particularly unto him, desired him to give us contentment of the monies were then resting unto us, and that out of the first money was to be received at Ausburg.

Having after that taken leave of the whole Army, his Majesty returned to Donavert, where the Queene did attend his coming, being making rea∣dy for the march unto Saxon. As soone as his Majesty had dined at Donavert with the Queene, going to his Coach, I tooke leave of his Majesty and the Queene, in presence of Generall Banier, Palsgrave Christian, Sir Pa••rike Ruthven and divers other worthy Cavaliers, being the most dolefull▪ parting I ever suffered, having bin still both I and our Regiment with his Majesty, on all service of importance, since his Majesties upbreaking from Sta••in in

Pomeren, till this parting at Donavert on the Danube, the eleventh of Octo∣ber. 1632.

His Majesty having that night lien at Nerlin, from thence the next day he directed the Queenes Majesty with the foote Briggads to march on Dunkel∣spill, and from thence to Rottenberg, his Majesty then with a party went for Nurenberg, and before his coming, Kniphowsen with some forces was mar∣ched to take in Lawffe from the enemy, who at first defended themselves well; But in the end they were compelled to come forth and be at his pleasure, and were all made prisoners. By midday his Majesty hearing there were not farre from Nurenberg some Emperialists seene, so soone as his Majesty had gotten sure intelligence of them, he brake up with seventeene Troopes of horse and some foote, and marched on Enschbrooke, whence the Emperialists had gone [ N] but a little before, his Majesty lying there that night, getting intelligence againe of some Crabbats that did ly on the Castle Richell, shewing there were some six hundred Emperialists coming to releeve Lawffe, hearing of his Maje∣sties being there, they retired towards Bavaria, yet his Majesty following them in the night falls on them, and cuts off three hundred, where fifty were prisoners and two Cornets taken from them, with a great deale of booty; his Majesty then turning backe continued his march towards Saxony, having left all behinde him in Franconia and Schwabland in good order, his Majesty in all haste to releeve the Duke of Saxon and his country, went from Nuren∣berg to Swinefort, and from thence over During Vault, where he joyned his forces with Duke Barnard of Wymar, and then continued the march towards Arnestat, where they lay still two dayes, to refresh the Army wearied with hard marching; and from Arnestat he marched to the generall Randez-vouz, being then appointed at Erfort, the Army being then eighteene thousand strong, under whom there was no other Scots Regiment, but Colonell Lo∣dowicke Lesly his Regiment.

His Majesty having made a speech to the Counsell of Erfort, he left the [ O] Queenes Majesty there and blessed her, and then marched from thence on Boodestawde, from whence Papenhaim with the Leguisticall Army had but passed a few dayes before, and his Majesty having quartered the Army in the Ampt Freeburg, he commanded Duke Barnard of Wymar, with fifteene hun∣dred horse to fall on the enemies reare or hinder Troopes: But Papenhaim ha∣ving in haste past over the Sale towards Morsburg, the Duke could have no advantage of him, but retired againe to his Maiesties Army.

His Maiesty understanding the Emperialists had sent thirty musketiers to∣wards Nawmburg, to get in the rest of the money, they had promised unto Til∣ly the yeere before; his Majesty incontinent commanded some forces with Colonell Brandesten to see if they could get in Nawmburg, who having come before it, the twenty ninth of October before day, desired to make up the Portes in his Majesties name of Sweden, those who had the watch at the Port answered it behooved them first to shew their Commanders of it, other∣wise they could not answer for it, which they understanding, unwilling to stay so long, taking a short resolution, with axes and hammers they cut downe the Port and entred perforce, finding at another Port a wicket open, they enter also, and incontinent they bring the Towne in subjection, the Empe∣rialists then in the Towne were in danger, if the inhabitants had not interceeded for them to spare them, who did get quarters; soone after six hundred Em∣perialists horsmen came before the Towne, led by Colonell Breda, who de∣sired

to make quarters in the Towne, but beyond their expectation ha∣ving perceived the Swedens horse-watch before the Ports, altering their re∣solution, incontinent they retired backe towards Visenfelts.

The thirtieth of October, betimes in the morning his Majestie sets over the [ P] Sale, with the Horsemen at the Dorpe Altenburg, directing the Infantrie to passe at the Bridge, where before mid-day the whole Armie were come to Nawmburg, and marching by on this side of it, they lay that day, and two dayes after that in the fields before Iacobs Port, on the streete that goeth to Leipsigh.

After this his Majestie being advertised, that Walestine with his Armie was marching on Visenfelts, shewing himselfe as if he meant to stand and fight; incontinent his Majestie intrenched his Armie about Nawmburg with Skon∣ces and Redoubts, and set two Bridges over the Sale, where on all occa∣sions he could transport the Infantrie over such a water, and being readie, then he threw off all Bridges from thence over the Vustrout till Freeberg, wh••reby they should not be helpfull unto the enemy. Whereupon the Duke of Freedland Walestine changing resolution, the Towne and Castle of Visen∣felts being in his power to use them for his advantage, he plundering both Towne and Castle the fourth of November, marched with his Armie towards Leitzen, two miles from Leipsigh, and incamped there.

The thirty-ninth Observation.

IN the discharge of the former dutie we see his Majestie was troubled [ Q] with a double care; the one for his Queene, the other for his Armie; being diligent in bringing both forwards, as also carefull to put them both in assurance; for having left the Queene at Donavert, he marched on Rhine to subdue his enemies. Where we see, that it behooved him first to put his Impedimenta in assurance, teaching thereby Cavaliers, that followed him in time of service, to quit their wives, whereby their care might be the better employed in discharging the points of their Calling; which shews us, that such impediments at such times were better away than present: for our nature is ever to grieve much for the losse of things we love. Therefore our care that are Souldiers having wives should be to settle them, where they should not be Impedimenta unto us, in discharging of our duties before our Enemy, to the end we might the better be freed of this double care, his Ma∣jestie was subject unto at this time, which no question troubled his Majesties resolutions more than any thing else.

The tragicall end of this Dutch Colonell Metzlaffe, should teach all Cava∣liers, to whom Strengths are concredited, not to give over without great ne∣cessitie; especially being made fore-seene of a Reliefe to come. And the grea∣test blame, that was imputed unto him, was his too much neglect of the duties of his Calling, being too carefull to entertaine Cameradeship night and day, the fruit whereof in the end was ignominie, with the losse of life and credit. Which should teach all men to avoide such a beastly life, dishonouring the noble profession of Armes.

We see then no law or justice is more strict or more summary, than the [ R] Discipline military; where the Articles we are sworne unto, are our lawes,

which being transgressed, we are subject to the punishment: and if our lawes were not strict, and our punishment sharpe, it were impossible to keepe us in o∣bedience. But I am sorry, that for the most part we abstaine more for feare of punishment, than for obedience to God and the law. This censure though hard from me, the truth is still the same, though man were silent.

On this march towards Saxonie, all things succeeded to his Majesties de∣sire, as presages of his ensuing victorie; seeing Fortune smiled on him, du∣ring his life time, being Fortunes fellow, he was still incouraged to the Com∣bat, though weakest: for magnanimitie and the vertue of true humilitie were both cohabitant in him. For as he had courage with a weake Armie to rancounter a stronger; Even so he humbled himselfe before God, acknowled∣ging before the people, he was but dust and ashes, like unto other men. And therfore he wished the people they should not trust or repose any thing in him, but to put their trust and confidence in God, saying, he was but a servant: and though the Lord would be pleased to take him away from amongst them, yet, he doubted not, but the Lord would raise up others more powerfull than he, to defend the good Cause he had begunne, till at last it were brought to a good end.

[ S] These speeches, and much more to this purpose, his Majestie out of hu∣militie uttered on this march; and as his Majestie was humble, so his cour∣tesie to all men that loved him, was the gemme of his Crowne, especially honouring and respecting ever His Queene, as the glory of her sex, his Royall Majestie being truely indued with such true splendour of noble worth, that he ever seemed like unto the Sunne, that shineth alike on the Paisant in the field, as it doth on the Emperour in his Throne. And when his Majestie de∣parted from us at Rhine on the Leacke, then our Sunne on earth went away unto another Horizon, leaving us eclipsed, through the want of our Leader; so that in the rest of our warfare we had none to depend on, but on God alone, the onely sure Anchor for a troubled soule to rest on.

To conclude then this Observation, having followed the Lyon of the North thus farre unto the Battaile of Leitzen, though I was not at the Battaile, yet for my love to my Master, and to discharge the dutie I owe unto my Coun∣trie, I will relate the true manner of this Battaile in short, being the end of the second part of my expedition, under his Majestie of Sweden, of never dy∣ing memory, leaving the third part of the expedition to a fitter opportunitie; except so farre as we marched before we were sworne to the Evangelist Stends, under the Conduct of Palsgrave Christian Brickerfeild in Baviere, and afterward under the Feltmarshall Gustavus Horne in Schwabland.

The fortieth Dutie discharged of the Battaile of Leitzen.

THE Kings Majestie of Sweden knowing that the Duke of Freedland had quit the Towne and Castle of Visenfelts, and had the fourth of November marched with his Armie towards Leitzen, two miles from Leipsigh, his Majestie on the fift of November, with the whole Armie, two

houres before day brake up from Nawmburg, setting after the enemy, coming the same day after noone-tide in sight of them; He presented himselfe with his Armie in order of Battaile, so that incontinently the skirmish went on a∣pace by the Troopes, which were commanded out from both Armies, whereupon the Swedens made still good use with their small Cannon, till the night did put them asunder. In which skirmish the Swedens had gotten one of the Crabats Standards, whereon was drawne the Fortune, and the Eagle, which on our side was holden for a good beginning.

The Swedens Armie this whole night standing in Battaile, his Majestie was of intention to have fallen on the Emperiall Armie two houres before day: but by reason of a thicke mist which had fallen, it behooved his Majestie to attend the rising and clearing up of the day. But the enemy perceiving the Swedens coming so neere unto him, it could not goe off without fighting: he did in the meane time see well to his owne advantage, giving out orders they should incontinent make the Graffe or Ditch, they had before their Front, deeper than it was first made, and to lodge Musketiers within it, which they might have before them, equall to any breast-worke or Parapet for their better safeties.

His Majestie then having ended the morning prayers, and that the mist was vanishing away, by the rising of the Sunne, giving out, by all appea∣rance, the tokens of a cleare day. His Majestie then with comfortable ex∣hortation exhorted every man, foote, and horse, to fight bravely, especially directing his speech unto the Swedens and Finnes: You true and valiant [ T] brethren, see that you doe valiantly carry your selves this day, fighting bravely for Gods Word, and your King; which if you doe, so will you have mercy of God, and honour before the world; and I will truely reward you; but if you doe not, I sweare unto you, that your bones shall never come in Sweden againe.

The Dutch also his Majesty exhorted after this manner: You true and wor∣thy Dutch brethren, Officers and common Souldiers, I exhort you all, carry your selves manly, and fight truely with me; runne not away, and I shall ha∣zard my body and bloud with you for your best, if you stand with me, so I hope in God to obtaine victory, the profit whereof will redownd to you and your successours: and if otherwise you doe, so are you and your liberties lost. His Majestie having ended this speech saith, now let us to it, and let us cry unto God with one voice, Iesu, Iesu, Iesu helpe me this day to fight, for the glory of thy Name: He advanced then in full Battaile fasting▪ having nei∣ther tasted meate nor drinke, right forwards towards the Towne of Leitzen, where on both sides the Duke of Freedland his Horsemen did present them∣selves, untill such time as their Generall had brought their Infantrie in Bat∣taile, beside the Winde-mill, and then to a side, by the Ditch that was before their Front, they retired backe a little, and set themselves in Battaile, on the right hand of the Towne of Leitzen, and then putting the Towne on fire, to the end the Swedens on that quarter could doe them no harme.

Notwithstanding whereof, with full resolution the Swedens Armie, in full Battaile marched by the side of the Towne on the ditch, where their Muske∣tiers were lodged, and presented themselves in good order, against the mighty and strong Emperiall Armie, whereupon, the Emperialists great Ca••non, that were planted by the winde-mill, began to give fire in the middest of the Swedens Armie, and were incontinent repayed and answered with the like

noyse; so that the Cannon played two long houres on both sides, the fight going bravely on, betwixt nine and tenne of the clocke, that his Majestie him∣selfe advanced towards the enemie, with the Van-guarde of his Armie, even to their Graffe, where their Musketiers were set much to his Majestie dis∣advantage, so that sundries of his Majestie forces fell therein; Neverthe∣lesse, they chased the enemie a little out of the ditch, and tooke seven of [ V] the Emperialists Cannon, that were planted alongst the Graffe. After this, the other Swedens Briggad, or yellow Regiment of the Guard is come after, and not esteeming of the Graffe in their way, or of the three squadrons, or Bat∣tailes of the enemies foote, being foure times stronger than they, which they manfully did beate, making them to give ground, till they were ruin'd, and then on the second time, scattering them also even untill the third advancing, and being growne weake, and wearie with so many brave Charges, being re∣sisted by the enemies third Battaile, which were seconded well with two squadrons of horsemen, at last, with the blew Regiments comming up to relieve them, driven backe, and almost so scattered, that they were ruined, and the seven Cannon which formerly they had wonne, were taken from them againe. In the meane time, the Swedens small Cannon, that were planted be∣fore the Briggads, being righted on the enemies Cannon at the winde-mill, whereon also Duke Barnards Cannon, which were before his Briggad, played on the enemies Cannon towards the wind-mill, doing great hurt to the ene∣mie, so that they were forced to retire their Cannon a little behinde the Mil∣lars house; in this meane time, his Majestie with some squadrons of horse charged the enemie, that was thrice stronger than they, charging with their right wing, his left wing falling on them with such furie, that their Reare∣guard, or reserve were astonished, being so furious, that they went through their enemies, putting them to the flight. But especially his Majestie himselfe having charged too farre with foure Cornets in the midd'st of the enemies troopes being deadly wonded gave up the Ghost, fighting for God and for the [ W] defence of the true Religion, he departed valiantly and happily for him, in Christ our Saviour.

Neverthelesse two great bodies of Crabbats of the enemies left wing stood firme, and falling on the right wing of the Swedens horsemen, with such a crie and furie, advanced so farre, that they were Masters of the Swedens Amunition waggons, bringing also some of the Swedens horsemen in disorder: whereupon incontinent did fall on three squadrons of the Swedens horsemen, under whom Lievetenant Colonell Rolingen was one, that did second the rest bravely, who was shot in the Arme. Neverthelesse the Crabbats were beaten backe againe with losse, during which time, Duke Barnard of Wymar was not idle, with the left wing of the Swedens horsemen, but with the commanded musketiers being of Leslies Regiment, and with the small Cannon, charged the enemies right wing, making them retire on their Cannon by the wind-mill and Gallowes, and after long fighting, they were made at last to give ground, quitting to the Swedens fourteene peeces of great Ordinance.

As the Duke of Wymar did charge the enemie, their Amunition waggons tooke fire, which did indammage the enemie much, but thereafter, Papen∣haim [ X] comming from Hall with a fresh supplie unlo••ked for, the service was begunne againe more sharpe and violent, than before, which continued for a while very vehement, he having recollected the scattered Troopes, the Or∣der whereof can scarce bee well set downe, by reason it was so neere night,

before Papenhaims comming; yet the service continued hot and cruell so long as he lived, till it was past eight a Clocke at night, that in end Papenhaim being kill'd, the Emperialists losing courage, through the assistance of God, and the manly, and valiant courage of Duke Barnard of Wymar, the victorie was come on the Swedens side, the enemie having quit the field, and burnt off his Leaguer with his whole Baggage, and three peeces of Cannon, which he could not get carryed away with him; hee tooke his retreate againe on Leip∣sigh.

There were killed of the Emperialists the Abbot of Fulda, the Grave Fon Pa∣penhaim, Colonell Lane, Colonell Vestrum, Lievetenant Colonell Lord••, Live∣tenant Colonell Taphim, Lievetenant Colonell Camerhooffe, Colone•••• S••ves with many other inferiour Officers and Souldiers.

On the Swedens side were lost with his Majestie Generall Major Isler, Co∣lonell Gerst••rf••, Generall Major Grave Neeles a Sweden, Colonell Vildesten, and divers more were hurt, and of our Nation was hurt with the Cannon, and musket twice Captaine Henry Lindesey brother to Bainshow who for a time did lie almost dead in the field, divers Officers of Colonell Lodowicke Leslie his Regiment were also hurt, having behaved themselves well, being, for the most part, old, expert Officers, and old beaten blades of Souldiers.

In this Battaile as was thought, were killed nine thousand men, besides, those were hurt, whereof many thereafter dyed of their woundes, such as on the Emperours side Grave Berhertbold, Fon Walestine, Colonell Comargo, Co∣lonell Browner, the old Colonell Viltzleben, and others. On the Swedens side also dyed of his wounds after the Battaile, Generall Major Grave Neeles.

After his Majesties death, there was great and extraordinary griefe and sor∣row [ Y] over the whole Armie; yet they never suffered the same to be seene out∣wardly, but prosecuted still the enemie more vehemently, and more cruelly than before. For the Duke of Wymar, and the rest of the Cavalieres of the Ar∣mie understanding the great misfortune of his Majestie death, resolved all alike, it was better to dye on the place with his Majestie, than to retire one foote of ground: which resolution was the cause, that in the end they did crowne the la∣mentable death of the Kings Majestie with a stately and heroicall Victorie, so that his Majestie in the highest degree of glorie, may be imagined before any King, or Emperour to have dyed, and his life doth eternize alike both his prayse and glorie, being victorious before death, in his death, and after death.

The Duke of Fridland Walestine, after the losing of this Battaile, retired with [ Z] his scattered Armie towards Leipsigh, and having had no time to continue there, he was forced to take his retreate further unto the Hill's of Bohemia, and thereafter Leipsigh was freed from the enemies forces, by the Duke of Lunenburg, and the Saxons, that were comming with succours unto his Majestie before the Battaile, whose march was too slow, their succours being come but after the stroaks were given.

The Castle of Leipsigh called Plassenburg having holden out long, was taken againe, together with which all other partes in Saxon, that the Emperialists had taken, were freed againe, by the Swedens the second time, as Camnits, Fryburg, &c. For which service the Swedens were evill recompensed by the ungratefull Saxon, whose unthankfulnesse to the Crowne of Sweden will never be forgotten.

In all this time the Swedens Felt-Marshall Gustavus Horne did prosper very fortunately in Alsas, not onely in taking in the strong and fast Episcopall Strength Benn••nfeld, in spight of the Emperialists, who had pressed to relieve it, 〈2 pages missing〉〈2 pages missing〉

all Maiesty to fall. But we may say with Salomon in the twenty-eight of the Proverbs and twenty-one verse. It was for the sinnes of the Land, and our sinnes, that he was taken from amongst us, and from those poore Cavaliers, that did follow him, for his Maiesties love, and the love of the cause. He was shot with three Bullets, dead with the last, for our sinnes and the sinnes of the Land. And what he did before his death, for the liberty of Dutch-land, and free∣dome of the Gospell none but knowes it: he left his owne Kingdome, to bring strangers to freedome in theirs, he set light by his owne life for Dutch-land, that they might keepe theirs, he waked and cared day and night for them, as a father for his children, that at last he might bring peace for them to sleepe sound; he brought the keyes and opened their Church doores that were closed up by the Antichristian Idolaters, that the Devills doctrine was banished againe out of the Paltz, and Christs Gospell preached, and the Sacraments duely administred, which I saw, and was partaker of, singing thankes unto God for their deliverance.

[ B] He it was and none other under God, who helped them to their liberties, He it was and none other releeved Israell. Notwithstanding whereof, the un∣thankfulnesse of the people was so great, that with my eares, divers times I did heare some of them say, he might as wel have stayed in his own country, till they had sent for him, so great was their unthankfulnesse! Likewise they said, if he had had much at home, he had not come unto them over seas such a farre Iourney. Was not this to recompence good with evill? Was not this right the chiefe Butlers part, that did not remember Ioseph, but forgot him? Was not this Ioas his part to Iehoida his Father? O then this was the poisonable bullet of ingratitude of the people, for which our King and Master was taken away! Oh would to God the people had never bin so unthankfull, that our King, Captaine and Master had yet lived!

Moreover as these people were unthankfull, so they were Godlesse many of them in the time of their troubles, as I did behould oftimes with mine eyes a carelesse security amongst them, thinking their victories were so frequent, and their owne power so great, they needed not the assistance of the Swedens nor of strangers, and their pride was so great, that disestee∣ming of strangers in their pride, they led a life very insolent and deboist, being given to the workes of the flesh, adultery, fornication, uncleannesse, lasciviousnesse, idolatry &c. In a word, it was even amongst them, as it was in the dayes before the flood, as if the Lord had forgotten them, or could not see their villany, so it behooved God to have punished them by his Ma∣jesties death. For in their hearts they said there was no God; so that their mischiefe came on them unawares; and this the peoples carriage caused his Majesties untimely death, being shot the second time. O would to God they had done otherwise, and served God more truely, that we might have had the presence and conduct of our Magnanimous King longer, till the pride of Austria had bin more humbled, and the whore of Babylon brought unto repentance of her Idolatries! O would to God I could enough lament his death! As also lament my owne sinnes, and the wickednesse of the people, that was the cause of this untimely death, through their sinnes! And his Majesties selfe also being a sinner, as he himselfe oftimes confessed, wishing [ C] that God would not lay to his charge the greate respect and reverence the best sort of the people did give unto him, being but a sinfull man, as they were; for which he feared the Lord was angry with him; shewing by his cōfession he

did glory in nothing but in the Lord, ascribing ever all his victories unto God, and nothing presuming of himselfe. For I dare be bould to say he was a man according to Gods minde, if there was one on earth. Such was our Master, Captaine and King. As was Abraham the Father of many, so was our Master, Captaine and King. Was Noah in his time unreproveable? So was our Master, Captaine and King. Was Iob in his sufferings patient? So was our Master, Captaine and King. Was Ionathan true and upright in kee∣ping his word? So was our Master, Captaine and King. Was Iehosaphat in his warres penitent, and busie craving the helpe of the Lord? So was our Master, Captaine and King. Was Simeon good and full of the spirit? So was our Master, Captaine and King. Was young Tobias mindfull all his dayes of the Lord, in his heart, and his will not set to sinne? So was our Master, Captaine and King, like unto a stone most precious, even like a Iasper, cleere as Christall ever and ever. And truely if Apelles with his skill in [ D] painting, and Cicero with his tongue in speaking, were both alive, and pressed to adde any thing to the perfection of our Master, Captaine and King; truely the ones best Colours, and the others best Words were not able to adde one shaddow to the brightnesse of his Royall Minde and Spirit; So that while the world stands, our King, Captaine and Master cannot be e∣nough praised. Alas then! it was our sinnes, and the sinnes of the Army, and the Land, was the cause of our punishment in losing of him, with that unhappy last bullet of the three shot through his head, who was the head of us all under God our Father in Christ, that did undoe us, it was we, I say, that sinned against the Lord and his Anointed. It was our misdeedes did thus grow over our heads that made us lose our Head and Leader. Woe, woe then to us that left the Lord, till we made the Lord take him from us, that was our guard and comforter under God in all our troubles! What then ought we to doe that one day we may raigne with him in glory? While it is to day we must cast off the workes of darknesse, and embrace the light in newnesse of life, repenting of the evill, and turning away from our wickednesse by re∣pentance, not like unto Cain, not like unto Saul, not like unto Achitophell, not like to Iudas Iscariot, who all doubted; but like those of Nineve in dust and ashes, to fast and pray beleeving in the Lord; and with David to say, We have sinned against thee, and against the Heavens, be mercifull unto us o Lord: like unto Peter, let us, ô Lord, Weepe bitterly; let us then repent, and beleeve the Gospell, beleeve, yea and turne to the Lord with all our hearts, with fasting and praying, and mourning with Saul, that said, Thou art more righ∣teous then I, in shewing me good for evill: much more ought we to lift up our voices, and with teares of repentance mourne for the losse of our Master, Captaine and King, through our sinnes and unthankfulnesse. Therefore to day while we have time, let us acknowledge our sinnes before the Lord, and repent, lest a worse come unto us, and that then we be cast into prison, till that we pay the last farthing; for if the Lord spared not his owne Sonne who was [ E] blamelesse and without sinne, while he tooke on him our sinnes, what shall then become of us? No otherwise, but except we turne from our sinnes, we must also die the death. Let us not then close our eares, as at Meriba and at Massa in the wildernesse; but with the forlorne Child cry, Father we have sinned against thee, and against heaven, and are not more worthy to be called thy Sonnes. Lord therefore be mercifull unto us, and enter not into judgment with us. Then let us all weare mourning, and lament the death of the valiant

King Gustavus Adolphus, while we breath. Yet what helpe? Res est irrevoca∣bilis, et quod factum est infectum fieri nequit, what is done cannot be recalled, and should we mourne like unto those who have no hope? Farre be it from us, [ F] seing it cannot helpe us in this life, or in the life to come. Let us then say with Micha, let it be with us as it pleaseth God, and let us say with David, It is good for us o Lord, that thou hast chastened us with thy Rod; thou canst also helpe us, and bring us to an happy end of all our miseries, the Lord will not suffer us nor our seede to lacke bread, and the Lord our God did ever give unto the people of Israell at all times Rulers, Iudges and Kings, and Iael, though a woman de••pised, was strong enough to drive a naile in the right cause. Shall not then the Lord on our repentance, sturre up one, yet to take his cause in hand, who are also Israels, and the Lords people and inheritance, be∣ing also christened in the Lords name? And as a Mother doth not forget her Child, so will not the Lord forget us, but in place of our Master, Captaine and King, will yet give unto us a valiant Leader, come, I hope, of the valiant [ G] Bruce, & of the first King of the Stewarts, of the Issue of Elizabeth the Queene of Bohemia, and Iewell of her sex, the most splendid in brightnesse of minde, for a woman, that the Earth doth affoord. From her I wish the Leader to come into the field, to fight with goodlucke & victory, with strength & power, with wisdome and understanding &c. against her enemies and our enemies, alwayes well furnished and prepared, the Lord will give him an Horne of I∣ron and feete of Brasse to beate his enemies in peeces, the Lord will lift up his hand upon his adversaries, and cut off all his enemies; and to conclude, he will make him treade the Devill under his feete. The Lord of his infi∣nite mercy grant unto us such a Leader in place of our valiant Master, Cap∣taine and King of never dying memory, the Lyon of the North, the invinci∣ble King of Sweden! so shall we not neede in any manner of way to doubt of a wished happy end, both to the warre and to our selves, being victorious over all our enemies temporall and spirituall. Amen.

The fourty-one Duty discharged at the intaking of Landsberg on the Leake, and the reliefe of Rhine.

PALSGRAVE Christian being left by his Majesty to command the Army in Bavier, having left Rhine with foure Companies of Swedens commanded by Colonell Worbran his Major, he brake up with the Army towards Aichstade in Bavier, and having taken it by Accord he con∣tinued his march towards Landsberg on the Leake. Where having arrived within halfe a mile of the Towne, we quartered for a night, till preparation were made of victualls and furniture convenient for the beleaguering, which being made, the next day we marched towards the Towne in Battaile, draw∣ing up within reach of Cannon to the walles in the safest part: they thunder∣ing with cannon amongst us, our foote Army was divided in Briggads, and directed to severall Posts, our horsmen were also divided. Some were com∣manded

out to scoure the fields on that side the enemy was to come, others were appointed to remaine beside the Infantry, to second us against the out-falling; or otherwise to second us against the reliefe, that might come to the Towne. The rest of our Horsemen were directed to Quarters, having left Ordonance Rutters to bring them intelligence.

The Towne being beleaguered on all Quarters, a Bridge was made over the River, where a strong Guard of horse and foote were sent to hinder both their supply and escape on that side. Likewise the approaches were begun, and orders were given in haste for making the Batteries. And the Guards being set both to the Cannon, and to those that wrought in the Trenches, the Colonells were Recognosceing about the walls before their severall Postes. Where at the first, Colonell Fowle was shot through the thigh with a Musket, [ H] who immediatly was sent to Ausburg to be cured.

Before night a second partie of Horse were sent forth for Intelligence, lest any mis-fortune might befall the first partie; whereby we might not be surprized by the Enemy being strong together at Minchen. Spence his Regi∣ment and mine were appointed to attend on the Generall at his Quarter, my Lievetenant Colonell commanded the Guards on the Battery and the Trenches on our Quarter. And the Generall Major Ruthven his Briggad be∣ing on the other Quarter next the water, there grew a contestation of vertue betwixt the Officers of both Briggads, who should first with their approa∣ches come to the wall; but those of Ruthvens Briggad were forced, notwith∣standing of their diligence, to yeeld the precedency unto us being older blades than themselves: for in effect we were their Schoolemasters in Disci∣pline, as they could not but acknowledge. So being they were trained up by us from Souldiers to be inferiour Officers, and then for their preferments and advancement they went from us with our favours towards the Generall Major, such as Captaine Gunne, Lievetenant Brumfield, Lievetenant Dum∣barre, Lievetenant Macboy, Lievetenant Southerland, Ensigne Denune, and di∣vers more, which were preferred under Ruthvens Regiment, till in the end they did strive in vertue to goe beyond their former Leaders. Neverthelesse we kept ever that due correspondence together, that where ever we did meet we were but one, not without the envie of others.

This strife amongst us furthered so the victory, that before the next mor∣ning, from our Battery, where Sinclaire did command, there was a breach shot in the Skonce without the Towne, as also from the Generall Major his Quarter, there were two Officers of the enemies killed on the wall, their Cannon dismounted, and a great breach made in the wall. So that the ene∣my perceiving he had two breaches to defend, he tuck't a Drumme, desiring to parlé. Which being granted; the Accord went on, and they were suffered to march out with their Armes, seeing the Generall had intelligence their Armie was comming to releeve them, he was glad to grant them any Con∣ditions, before he were forced to rise from the Towne by the Enemy, being so neare for reliefe of it.

The enemy being marched out and convoyed away, the Generall directed Generall Major Ruthven into the Towne with a strong partie of foote to be∣set all the Posts, and then to take notice of all provision and goods that were in the Towne; such as Corne, Wine, Artillery, Amunition, Horses, and all other goods or cadducks in generall, to be used at their pleasure. Which being done, the foote Armie were directed to their former Quarters, to rest

till further Orders. The Horsemen were directed also to Quarters, and then there were Quarters made in the Towne for the Generall and the Hoofstaffe, as also for the Colonells of horse and foote, during the Generall his further pleasure.

Diverse of our foote Souldiers were hurt on the Batteries and Trenches, which got Quarters in the Towne, being allowed to have Chirurgians to cure them And the Towne was incontinent beset againe with foure Com∣panies of Colonell Hugh Hamilton his Regiment, being new levied men out of Switzerland, and his Major being an Irish-man, commanded the men. But another Dutch Major called Mountague was left to Command the Garrison. Where those that entred first the Towne, did make good bootie of horses and other goods. But the most part was seazed upon by the Generall Per∣sons, taking the benefit unto themselves, though not the paine. Where we did first finde missing of our former Leader the invincible Gustavus, who not one∣ly respected Cavaliers of merit, at such times, but also was ready to reward them by his bountie, allowing Cadducks unto them, as he did unto Lievetenant Co∣lonell Gunne.

The next day a partie of a thousand Horse, with eight hundred Musketiers, were commanded out toward Minchen, to get intelligence of the Enemies de∣signes, getting Orders to fall into their Quarters, if conveniently they could. But beside their expectation the Enemy being together and in readinesse in a Wood, unawares our partie was ingaged amongst them, so that with difficul∣tie having lost prisoners, they were forced to retire, and the Enemy getting intelligence that the Towne was given over, to prevent us they continued their march towards Rhine on the Leacke, to take it in, in compensation of the losse of Lansberg.

The partie being retired, and the Generall understanding the Dukes Army had marched on Rhine, he brake up with our Armie, and marched on the o∣ther side of the Leacke towards Ausburg. And fearing the Skonce at Rhine and the bridge might be taken by the Enemy, he did direct Captaine Iames Lyell with two hundred Musketiers as a supply to the Skonce, being ordained at his comming thither to take the Command of the Skonce on him. Who being come, finding Colonell Wornbran there, shewing his Orders, he was made welcome by the Colonell, being hard pressed by the Enemy, and migh∣tily afraid: so that the Captaine had no difficultie in getting the command, which he gladly accepted, being more ambitious of credit than of gaines, di∣rectly opposit to the Colonels humour.

The Armie having come in time for the reliefe, our Horsemen were left on the side of the River next to Donavert, except my Cosen Fowles his Regi∣ment, which marched over the Bridge with the Infantry, being ordained the first nights watch to second the foot. And immediatly after our over-going there were five hundred Musketiers of supply sent unto the Towne, in despite of the Dukes Armie. And then we begun to make up our Batteries, and to run our lines of approach towards the Towne, advancing our Redoubts and Batteries, as our approaches were advanced.

The second night our Batteries being readie, there were mutuall interchan∣ges [ I] of Cannonading amongst us, where Ensigne Murray was shot dead with the Cannon, his thigh bone being broken, who was much lamented, being a daintie Souldier and expert, full of courage to his very end.

On Sunday in the afternoone the Enemy having heard certaintie of his

Maiesties death, they drew up their whole Armie, Horse, Foote and Cannon before the Towne; and rejoycing at the Newes, they gave three salves of Cannon, Musket, and Pistoll. Which we not understanding, made us admire the more. Neverthelesse, the Generall resolved to get some prisoners of them, to cause to make an out-fall the next morning: and to that effect, five hundred Commanded Musketiers were sent under the Command of Lievete∣nant Colonell Lesly, who had Orders to fall out before day upon the Enemy. Which he did; and beating them from their Posts, there were above three∣score killed, and thirtie taken prisoners; which revealed the reason of their salve. As also by them it was found, the Armie had been broken up at mid∣night, and crossed the Danube, having made over a Ship-bridge, thinking with expedition to haste unto Saxonie, to supply the Imperialists, that were reti∣ring after their defeat at Leitzen unto Boheme.

Notwithstanding of the advantage we had to prosecute the Enemy, being [ K] divided by the River, our Generall would not suffer to pursue them, though Generall Major Ruthven with the whole Officers offered to doe good service. The Generall fearing they might be brought to fight through despaire, he would not permit to follow them, but choosed rather to lose a golden oppor∣tunitie.

Within three dayes afterwards we marched towards Ausburg, where we lay two moneths in open Feilds, in the extremitie of cold, without houses or buildings, which undid the Army being idle without hostile imployment, our Generalls giving time to our Enemies to gather strenth to beat us againe out of the Country, which formerly we had subdued by his Majesties valou•• and good Conduct.

During this time I remained on my Muster place at Webling Cloister, gi∣ving out patents to my Officers, and money to recrue and strengthen their Companies. But the enemy having taken-in the Passe and Towne of Lands∣berg, which was given over upon accord by Colonell Hugh Hamilton, who was prisoner, and kept almost three yeares; so the enemie getting the Passe un∣to Schwabland, they marched towards Menning, and from thence to Branden∣burg on the Eler, and chased mee over the Danube. Being forced to quit a good Muster place, we retired unto Ausburg, having set the Danube betwixt us and the enemie; where, on our march unfortunately my horse fell on my leg, and being six weekes under cure I continued still with the Armie, on all occasions commanding on horse-back, being unable to travell a foote.

The next day after our comming to Ausburg, Generall Bannier did breake up with the Armie to march towards Vlme on the Danube, there to joyne with the Felt-marshall Gustavus Horne, who was to come with a strong partie of horse, foot, and Artillerie from Elsas, with whom was come Major Sidserfe, and the whole Musketiers of Sir Iames Ramsey his Regiment; who being valou∣rous and expert old Soldiers, they were commanded on all exploits of impor∣tance, being conducted and led by a discret Cavalier their Major.

The enemie, before our joyning with the Felt-marshall, had taken in Landsberg, Kaufbeyre, Kempten and Menning where their Armie did lie, while as we joyned with the Felt-marshall at Vlme. Palsgrave Christian being dire∣cted to command the Armie on the Rhine, Generall Bawtishen having left them voluntarily to goe for his wedding unto Denmark.

Generall Bannier being also sickly, not yet fully cured of his hurt, that he did get at Nurenberg, he was directed to the Steif••t Madeburg to collect new

Forces there to joyne with the Duke of Lunenburg and the Saxon, who all this time, after his Majesties death, were pursuing hard the Imperialists conjunctis vi∣ribus, assisting the Duke of Wymar and the Swedens Armie. At which time the Rex-chancellour Oxestern made offer, after his Majesties death, to the Duke of Saxon, to be made and chosen Directour of the Armies; who was neither willing to accept it himselfe, nor yet willingly would condescend to be dire∣cted by any other; so that their division did by time fully ruine the Armie, and almost lost the good cause, few or none looking to the weale of the pub∣lique, but all pleasing their owne fancies, suffering the enemie to take ad∣vantage, every one looking to their particular commodities, which did oc∣casion the meeting at Hailbrun.

The fourty-one Observation.

AFter his Majesties departure unto Saxony, our Briggad, which for∣merly on all occasions followed his Majestie, being often the Guard of his person, as at his crossing the Rhine and at Miniken, were left be∣hind; which then we thought very hard, as if thereby we had beene lost, which may be was the meanes of our safetie; for as some flying from danger [ M] meet with death, others doe finde protection in the very jawes of mischiefe, and some others in their sleepe are cast into fortunes lap, while as others, for all their industrie, cannot purchase one smile from her. Wee see then, that man is but meerely the ball of time, being tost too and fro is governed by a power that must be obeyed: and we know there is a providence ordering all things, as it pleaseth him, for which no man is able to finde or give a reason: we must therefore beleeve S^t. Ierome, saying, Providentiâ Dei omnia gubernan∣tur, & quae putatur poena, medicina est.

In vaine then we murmur at the things that must be, and in vaine we mourne for what we cannot remedie. Therefore let this be our chiefe comfort, that we are alwayes in the hands of a Royall Protectour: what ever then befalls us, we must be contented, not strugling against power.

[ N] We see also there is nothing more dangerous for Commanders in warres, then to be thought once by their fellowes, Officers and Souldiers to be greedy of the evill of gaine: which opinion once received by inferiours, may mightily crosse the fortunes of their Leaders: for when Officers and Souldiers conceive an evill opinion of their Leaders, no eloquence is able to make them thinke well of them thereafter; for, a supreme Officer being once remarked to keepe the meanes of those that served them, they are without doubt thereafter despi∣sed by their followers. And therefore he is never worthy the name of a glorious Commander, that doth not preferre the vertue of liberalitie before the love of perishing gold; otherwise in his teeth he will be aswell despised by the com∣mon Soldiers, as by his betters; for a brave Commander ought never to make an Idol of the moneys which should satisfie Souldiers, but he should rather looke unto that which may follow, to wit, his overthrow, or at least his con∣tempt. Therefore I would advise Cavaliers, that command and leade others, to entertaine the affection of those that have served bravely and truly, lest being unjustly disdained, they might turne their Armes the contrary way.

[ O] Wee see also the emulation of vertue betwixt friends commendable, in stri∣ving who should force the enemy first unto a parlé; where the diligence and valour of Major Sinclaire is praise-worthy, who feared nothing but discredit;

where we see, that the enticement to great travell and paines is glory and ho∣nour. And we see, all Arts and sciences are attained unto with diligent ex∣ercise; So that it is not time, or number of yeares that makes a brave Soul∣dier, but the continuall meditation of exercise and practise; For Souldiers should be frequented in running, not to runne away, as some doe, but on the contrary, that with the greatest celerity they may prosecute their enemies, taking time in overtaking their flying enemies, and that they may the better releeve their friends, for more come to be good Souldiers by use then by nature. Here also I did see our Generall following Guischardin his counsell, that wished to make a silver bridge to let passe our enemies, but if the enemy on his retreat would grow carelesse and amuse himselfe once on booty, then it were a fit time to medle with him being loaden with booty.

After his Majesties death we see the alteration of time did give greater advantage unto our enemies; for while as our Army lay idle the whole winter at Ausburg, the enemy was gathering his forces, and we losing time neglected our duty, having lost our Head and Leader, when we ought rather to have followed our enemies with fire, sword, spoile and slaug••ter till we had subdued them, than to have suffered the enemy before our noses to have ta∣ken from us that, which we by his Majesties good conduct had conquered before, So that we see it is vicissitude that maintaines the world: and as one scale is not alwayes in depression, nor the other lifted ever higher; even so, like unto the alternate wave of the Beame, we were at this time with both our Armies kept ever in the play of motion.

The fourty-two Duty of our March through Schwabland under the Alpes to our Leaguer at Donavert, being the end of my Expedition with the Regiment.

HAving joyned with the Felt-marshall at Vlme, we crossed the Da∣nube, and quartered over-night in the Earldome of Kirkberg, being Generall Major Ruthven his lands, disposed unto him by his Maje∣sty for good service▪ and hearing the enemies Army were at Memming with∣in six miles of us, we advanced the next morning towards them, with a re∣solution to beate them backe unto Bavi••••, being almost equall with them in Strength, we continued our march with extreme cold, till the second night that we quartered in a great Dorpe, a mile from the enemy, so that in the night fire entring in our quarter, with difficulty we saved our Amunition and [ P] Artillery, having lost many Horses, and the most part of the Armies Bag∣gage. Notwistanding whereof, we marched the next day towards Memming, and before our coming the enemy having strongly beset the Towne, he marched away two miles from the Towne, thinking to ingage us with the Towne, that he might returne againe with advantage to releeve it, seeing we had not time to intrench our selves, he being then so neere.

But we finde at our coming the enemy was gone, we drew up in battaile within reach of Cannon to the Towne, where they saluted us with Cannon till it drew neere night, and then leaving strong watches before the Towne, for feare of out-falling, laying our watches to keepe them in, we quartred over-night in Dorps, attending the up coming of our Baggage, being scarce of victualls and without forrage, but such as we brought with us. The next morning our baggage being come, and hearing the enemy was within two miles of us, leaving a strong hinder-halt to keepe in the Garrison, we mar∣ched with the rest of the Army after the enemy, where before night our fore-troopes did skirmish together, and we having the best of it, the ene∣my was forced to leave a strong Reare-guard of Horse and Dragoniers, ma∣king the rest of his Army to march away unto a passe beside Kempten, being a strong streight Passe, the country being streight and hilly, full of woods, very commodious for Ambuscadoes, so that we could not march to them, but in order of Battaile; our fore-troopes of horse and Dragoniers advancing softly on the enemy, being forced to recognize still before them, till at last they charged their horse-watches, which being beaten by ours, we did get three Cornets from them, where incontinent Major Sidserf••e with Ram∣seys [ Q] Musketiers fell on their Dragoniers and skirmished with them, till they were forced to retire, and being darke, our Army having set out their horse and foote watches before them, they stoode the whole night in battaile, till it was day, and the enemy being gone in the night, the way thwart and deepe, some of his Cannon being left behinde, were buried, burning their Carriages with their waggons as they did breake, making them unpro∣fitable for us.

We continued our march in the morning, minding to attrap them, so that by midday they having turned their Cannon on the Passe towards us, they forced our Army to stand without reach of their Cannon, trying on both hands of the Passe to win through, but in vaine, seeing there was no pas∣sage neere hand, but at that one place, where we did cannonade one against an∣other for two dayes, till the enemy retired their Cannon within Kempten, and the rest of their Army unto Bavier, having crost both the Leake and the Eler againe.

The enemy being gone, we retired for want of victualls and forrage, the country being spoyled, we were forced to over-see the beleaguering of Mem∣ming, for that time passing by it towards Mendelheim, where we rested two dayes, and then marched on Kauffbier, where in two dayes we forced the Garrison to a composition, being content to march away without Armes, getting a Convoy to Landsberg on the Leake.

The weather being extremely cold under the snowy Alpes, we refreshed our Army three dayes at Kauffbier, and the fourth day marched towards the [ R] Eler, where the water being small, we made a bridge of our small Cannon with their Carrage, being placed two and two alongst the River at an equall distance of eight foote asunder, where we layd over Deales betwixt the Can∣non, passing over our whole Infantry alongst the bridge; which being past and the Deales taken off, the horses spanned before the Cannon, led them away after the Army. And quartering that night in the fields, the next morning we beleaguered Kempten; Having battered hard for three dayes to¦gether with Cannon, at last the breach being made and the Towne almost brought to an Accord, having lost divers Souldiers and Officers before it,

hearing the Duke of Bavier his Army was crost the Leake againe at Landsberg, having gotten a strong supply, and being made certaine, they were to march unto the Duke of Vertenbergs Land, the Felt-marshall▪ after great paines ta∣ken, was forced to quit Kempten, and to march with the Army to be be∣fore them in Vertenberg.

The Dukes Army on their march by the way, tooke in a Castle besides Koffbier, where Captaine Bruntfield and Quarter-master Sandelens were ta∣ken Prisoners, and were sent to be kept at Lindaw. As also in their by-go∣ing, they tooke in Koffbier, and continued their march alongst the Eler, till they crossed with their Army at Brandenburg, we lying that night with our Army within a mile of them; The next day we strived who might passe the Danube first for going to Vertenberg, where it was our Fortune to get betwixt them and the passe, having line at Monderkine, while as they had crossed a mile below us on the River. Which when we understood by our intelligence of their being so neere, incontinent the Felt-marshall caused our Artillery and foote to march over in the night, so that before day our Army advan∣ced towards the Passe, leaving Dragoniers behinde us, to burne and to cast off the Bridge; But the Bridge was no sooner set on fire, but the ene∣mies fore troopes did drive our Dragoniers after us, they coming up full Squadrons of horse and foote driving up our Reare, consisting of three Re∣giments of horse, Colonell Daggenfield, Colonell Cratzstein and Colonell [ S] Monro of Fowles, being three valorous Barons, who resolved amongst themselves, Daggenfield should charge the enemy first, which he manfully did, and then retired, who immediatly was rescued by Colonell Monro, having charged the enemy, retired, being shot through the right foote with a Musket Bullet, and Colonell Cratzstein rescuing him againe, char∣ged the enemy the last time, keeping them up till the rest were safely re∣tired, and then retiring himselfe at the Spurres, being last, was pittifully cut over the head with a Poles-shable, the enemy following them still, till they were repulsed by our Dragoniers. Neverthelesse they did get the most part of our baggage, and a great number of the horsmens led horses, servants and Coaches.

The Passe being narrow, and we having the advantage of them, being able to receive them with our whole army, horse and foote, while as they could not advance unto us but by divisions, at most thirty in Front against a steepe hill, where our Army was standing ready in battaile, to receive them horse, foote and Artillery. Which they considering the great disad∣vantage they had to pursue us, drawing their Army also in battaile, they planted their ordinance against us, where once begun, we continued the [ T] whole day Cannonading one against another, where neither foote nor horse could joyne to skirmish. But the night comming on, the Felt-mar∣shall directed his great Cannon away before, and leaving a strong Reare∣guard of Horse and Dragoniers at the Passe, getting orders to remaine there till midnight, wee retired the rest of our Army unto Vertenberg land, ha∣ving five miles to march, before day, our retreate being in the night, though safe, was confusedly made.

The Enemy finding at mid-night that we were gone, followed up our Rere-guard, skirmishing a little, in the end retired. And the whole Armie crossed the Danube againe, of intention to ruine all our Muster-places in

Schwabland: and in their way they tooke a French Marquesse prisoner on his Muster-place, and Colonell Iohn Forbesse, being both carelesse they were sur∣prized in their Quarters, and were kept prisoners for three yeares.

The Army quartered themselves in Schwabland and Tyroll alongst the Bo∣den Sea, setting Garrisons in Townes, as in Costance, Pybrach, Vberling, and divers more. During this time our Armie was well entertained and refreshed in good quarters in Vertenbergland, having secured them for that time from their Enemies, we attended the Rhinegrave his comming with a supply from Elsas: as also we did get a strong supply of Country Souldiers from the Duke of Vertenberg, with a great deale of Amunition, and a supply of Horse and Cannon. The Rhinegrave being come, finding our selves strong againe, we resolved to search the Enemy, for to make him retire unto Baviere againe, which we effectuated within ten dayes. After our up-breaking having cros∣sed the Danube againe, the Enemy being retired, our Armie did settle them∣selves [ V] in a close Leaguer at Donavert for three moneths together, attending the conclusion of the meeting at Hailbron, resolving to enterprise no exployt or hostility against the Enemy, till such time as they should know, who should content them for their by-past service, as also whom they should serve in times coming.

During which time I went to Hailbron to solicite my Regiments affaires with the Rex-chancellor, and being there my Cosen Colonell Monro of Fowles dyed of his wounds at Vlme, where he was buried, and there after my bro∣ther was killed by the insolency of some Dutch Souldiers, which were of another Regiment, not his owne, who was also buried at Bachrach on the Rhine, and his Lievetenant Colonell Iohn Monro discharging himselfe of the Regiment, they were reduced at Heidelberg on the Neckar to two Companies under Captaine Adam Gordon, and Captaine Nicholas Rosse: which two Companies by the Chancellor his Orders I tooke from Palsgrave Christian his Armie, and marched with them to Donavert, where in Iuly 1633. I joy∣ned them to my Regiment, of whom I tooke leave, leaving them under Command of my Lievetenant Colonell Iohn Sinclaire, who immediatly af∣terward was killed at Newmark in the upper Palatinate, and was transported to be buried at Donavert. My Major William Stewart succeeded to the Lieve∣tenant Colonell's place, I being gone for a Recreut to my Regiment unto Britaine. From that time to the Battaile of Nerling, being a yeare, they were led by Lievtenant Colonell Stewart, brother to Claire. And since I did not see the service, I continue to speake of the last yeares Expedition, till I be informed of those who did see the service, as I did the rest.

The forty-two Observation; being the last.

IN warres wisedome is of such worth, that the spirit and skill of one Com∣mander [ W] is sometimes better than thousands of armed men. And nothing encourages an Enemy more than the foolishnesse and ignorance of their Enemies in warlike businesse: But on the contrary, he sleepes not sound that hath a wise enemy. For a wise Leader doth all things wisely, and it becomes not a Leader to use himselfe to vanitie, or to intemperate appetites, for, how

can he command others, that never pressed to command his owne inordinate desires? and brave Leaders of Armies and valourous Captaines should ever looke to their honour and renowne, more than unto riches or pleasure, spoyle or gaine, quitting the spoyle of their Enemies to their Souldiers, they ought to reserve the honour and fame for themselves: for, he wants not meanes but inriches his family, that hath wonne credit, and leaves it to his poste∣ritie. Our contestation then should be for honour and credit, and not for un∣lawfull spoyle or gaine, esteeming more of magnanimitie, where ever it is found, than of riches attained unto; it may be, through feeblenesse and cowardice, lying in a Garrison, having never seen an enemy, or a man killed in the Fields; when other Cavaliers did shew their valour before their ene∣mies, gaining more credit, though lesse wealth, which is of shortest con∣tinuance. For we are not worthy the name of Souldiers, if we glory (as many doe) more in gathering riches (that perish faster than they come) than we doe to get an immortall good name: for we must thinke still, that true honour doth consist onely in vertuous actions, which should make us more ambitious of credit, than of unlawfull gaine attained unto by avarice.

Here also we see great difference betwixt Leaders; For after we had gotten [ X] Feltmarshall Horne to leade us, we began by his valourous good Conduct to recover againe, what others had suffered the Enemy to possesse: and before he advanced, he made his friends sure behind him, as Vlme, and the Duke of Vertenberg, that alwayes in necessitie he might make a safe retreate, as a wise Generall ought to doe, looking what might happen. So then we see, that as Resolution is needfull, Counsell is not to be despised coming from a sted∣fast minde; for it is better to save our selves and others, than to be the In∣struments to lose both. But when we have no time to resolve long in mat∣ters deplorable, then resolution should have place before long advise∣ment.

Here also I did observe, that Generalls are forced to be ruled according to the occurrences in warre. For the Feltmarshall thinking to get advantage of the enemies Armie, he left the Garrison of Memming behinde him; For he knew well, if once he did beate or remove the enemies Armie, he could deale the easier with the Garrison in subduing of it. Moreover, we see here, how necessary Cannon are to a Generall to make a safe Retreate, getting any advantage of ground.

Likewise we see here the goodnesse of Intelligence, which is ever most ne∣cessary [ Y] to an Armie, without which no good can be done or effectuated. Which made the Feltmarshall quit the gaining of Kempten, to save the Coun∣try of Vertenberg by his diligence and celeritie, in marching to gaine the passe before the Imperialists.

On the other part, sloath and neglective watch is to be condemned, while as through securitie Cavaliers suffer themselves to be surprised, as became of the French Marquesse and Colonell Iohn Forbesse, being both taken in their beds, who ought rather, through good Intelligence, to have been on Horse∣backe in the Fields before the Enemies comming.

Also the valour of those Cavaliers that made the Retreate good, is wor∣thy praise, they having carried the tokens of their valour in their bodies, for the safetie of their Camerades.

My Cosen Fowles being shot in the foot, retired to Vlme to be cured, who through the smart of his wound fell into a languishing Feaver: and as the wound was painfull to the body, so the sinfull body was painfull to the soule, the body being endangered except the wound were cured, and the soule was not sound till the bodies sinne were healed, and both for six weekes did much smart the patient, while as his wounds were dressed. But though his bodily wound was incurable, yet his soule was cured by the punishment of his bo∣dy. For, all the time, he like to a good Christian, made himselfe night and day familiar by prayers unto God, till he found reconciliation through Christ. So that his end was glorious, having long smarted under correction, though his life was painfull.

[ Z] O happie wounds that killed the body, being they were the meanes to save the soule by bringing him to repentance! Let no friend then bedew their eyes for him that lived honourable as a Souldier, and dyed so happie as a good Christian. My brother Colonell Monro of Obstell being untimely and inno∣cently taken out of this life, being a true Christian and a right Traveller. His life was his walke, Christ his way, and Heaven his home. And though during his life time his pilgrimage was painfull, yet the world knowes, his way did lead to perfection: for he leaned still on Christ, in whom he was made perfect. And therefore let no man doubt, that though his end was sud∣den, but his home was pleasing, being by his brethren after death made wel∣come to Heaven: and though he travelled hard, yet I perswade my selfe he walked right, and therefore was rewarded and made welcome through Christ his Redeemer.

[ &.] Shortly after him, my deare Cosen and Lievetenant Colonell Iohn Sinclaire being killed at Newmark, he did leave me and all his acquaintance sorrowfull, especially those brave Heroicks (Duke Barnard of Wymar and Feltmarshall Horne) whom he truely followed and valourously obeyed till his last houre, having much worth he was much lamented, as being without gall or bitter∣nesse.

Likewise at this time Lievetenant Hector Monro, being also a stout and a valourous Gentleman, died of a languishing Ague in Vertenberg, being much lamented by his Camerades and friends.

We reade in the Roman Story; That the memory of the dead was ever honourable and precious, so that the Romans wore mourning for their dead friends above a yeare. And the Athenians had an Order amongst them, that all those who dyed bravely in warres, their names should be inregistred and set in Chronicle: as also frequent mention was ordained to be made of their names, and of the exploits done by them, in the publique meetings. More∣over, it was ordained by them to celebrate dayes in their remembrance, wherein the youth should be exercised in divers exercises of body, called Se∣pulchres, whereby the people might be incouraged to follow Armes, for to gaine honour to themselves, to the end that disdaining death they might be encouraged to fight for the weale of the publique. And Polemarche the Lea∣der for those youths, in time of their Exercise, was wont to sing Verses and Songs made in praise of those that dyed valourously serving the publique, and to incite others to the like magnanimitie. The youths did sing them also before the people.

To conclude then this Observation; since GOD hath made me poore by the want of my Friends, I finde no other remedie, but to inrich my selfe in being content with his will; being perswaded, as they have gone the way before me, I must needs follow, and then others by my example must learne to be contented to want me: And though I leave them poore, they can be rich in God being content; For, we are neither rich nor poore by what we possesse, but by what we desire.

Notes

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• * 1.2

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