The surgions directorie, for young practitioners, in anatomie, wounds, and cures, &c. shewing, the excellencie of divers secrets belonging to that noble art and mysterie. Very usefull in these times upon any sodaine accidents. And may well serve, as a noble exercise for gentle-women, and others; who desire science in medicine and surgery, for a generall good. Divided into X. parts. (Whose contents follow in the next page.) / Written by T. Vicary, Esquire, chyrurgion to Hen 8. Edw. 6. Q. Mary. Q. Eliz.

PART. I. Containing the Anatomie of mans Body, compiled by T. V. Esquire, for the use and be∣nefit of all unlearned Practitioners in the Art and Mystery of Chyrurgerie. (Book 1)

CHAP. I.

• 1. To kn••w what Chyrurgerie is.
• 2. How a•• hyrurgion should be•• chosen.
• 3. With what Properties hee should be indued.

FOr the first, which is to know what Chyrurgerie is. Herein J doe note the saying of Lanfranke, whereas hee saith; All things that man would know, may be knowne by one of these three things: That is to say, by his Name, or by his

Working; or else by his very being and shewing of his owne Properties. So then it followeth, that in the same manner we may know what Chyrurgery is, by three things. First, by his Name, as thus: the Interpreters write, that Chirurgerie is derived out of these words.

Apo tes chiros, cai tou ergou▪

That is to be understood: A hand-working, and so it may be taken for all handy Arts: But Noble Hypocrates saith, that Chirurgerie is hand∣working in Mans body, for the very end and profit of Chirurgerie is hand-working.

Now the second manner of knowing what thing Chyrurgerie it, it is the saying of Avicen; To be knowne by his Being, for it is verily a Medicinall Science. And as Galen saith, He that will know the certainty of a thing, let him not busie himselfe to know onely the name of that thing, but also the working and the effect of the same thing.

Now the third way to know what thing Chirurgerie is, it is also to be knowne by his be∣ing or declaring of his own Properties, the which teacheth us to worke in mans Body with hands, as thus: In cutting and opening those parts that be whole, and in healing those parts that be broken or cut, and in taking away that that is superfluous, as Warts, Wennes, Skurfulas, and other of like effect.

But further, to declare what Galen saith Chirurgery is, it is the last Instrument of Medi∣cine: that is to say, Dyet, Potion, and Chirur∣gery: of the which three saith he, Dyet is the no∣blest, and the most vertuous: and thus he saith. Whereas a man may be cured with Diet onely, let there be given no manner of Medicine. The second Instrument, is Potion: for and if a man may be cured with Diet and Potion, let there not be ministred any Chirurgery, through whose vertue and goodnesse, is removed and put away many grievous Infirmities and Diseases, which might not have beene removed nor yet put away, neither with Diet nor with Potion. And by these three meanes, it is knowne what thing Chirurgery is. And this sufficeth us for that point.

Now it is knowne what thing Chirurgerie is, there must also be chosen a Man apt and meete to minister Chirurgery▪ or to be a Chirurgion. And in this point all Authors doe agree, that a Chirurgion should be chosen by his Complexion, and that his complexion bee very temperate, and all his members well proportioned. For Rasis saith: Whose face is not seemely, it is vnpossible for him to have good manners. And Aristotle the great Philospher, writeth in his Epistles to the Noble King Alexander) as in those Epistles

more plainly doth appeare) how he should choose all such persons as should serve him, by the forme and shape of the face, and all other members of the body. And furthermore they say, hee that is of an evill Complexion, there must needs follow like Conditions.

Wherefore it agreeth, that he that will take upon him to practice as a Chyrurgion, must be both of a good and temperate Complexion•• as is afore rehearsed: and principally, that he be a good liver, and a keeper of the holy Com∣mandements of God, of whom commeth all cunning and grace, and that his body be not quaking, and his hands stedfast, his fingers long and small▪ and not trembling: and that his left hand be as ready as his right, with all his limmes, able to fulfill the good work••s of the soule. Now as here is a man meete to be made a Chirurgion: (and though he have all those good qualities before rehearsed) yet is he no good Chirurgion, but a man very fit and meete for the practice.

Now then to know what Properties and conditions this man must have before he be a perfect Chirurgion. J doe note foure things most specially, that every Chirurgion ought for to have: The first, that he be Learned: The second, that he be Expert: The third, that he be Ingeni∣ous:

The fourth, that he be well mannered.

The first (J said) he ought to be learned, and that he know his principles, not onely in Chirur∣gery, but also in Physicke, that he may the bet∣ter defend his Chirurgery; also hee ought to be seene in naturall Philosophy, and in Grammar, that he speake congruity in Logicke, that tea∣cheth him to prove his proportions with good rea∣son: In Rhetoricke, that teacheth him to speake seemely and eloquently: also in Theoricke, that teacheth him to know things naturall, and not naturall, and things against Nature. Also he must know the Anatomie: for all Authors write against those Chirurgions that worke in mans body, not knowing the Anatomy: For they be likened to a blind man, that cutteth in a Vine tree, for he taketh more or lesse then he ought to doe. And here note well the sayings of Galen, the Prince of Philosophers, in his Estoris, That it is as possible for a Chyrurgion (not knowing the Anatomy) to worke in mans body without error, as it is for a blind man to carve an Jmage and make it perfect. The second, J said, he must be expert: For Rasus saith: He ought to know and to see other men worke, and after to have use and exercise. The third, that he be ingenious and witty: for all things belonging to Chirurgery may not be written▪ nor with let∣ters

set forth. The fourth, J said, that he must be well mannered, and that he have all these good conditions here following.

First, that he be no Spouse-breaker, nor no Drunkard. For the Philosophers say, amongst all other things, beware of those persons that follow Drunkennesse, for they be accounted for no men, because they live a life bestiall: where∣fore amongst all other sorts of people, they ought to bee sequestred from the ministring of Medi∣cine. Likewise, a Chirurgion must take heed that he deceive no man with his vaine promises, for to make of a small matter a great▪ because he would be accounted the more famous. And amongst other things, they may neither be Flatterers nor Mockers, nor privie Back-biters of other men. Likewise, they must not be Proud, nor pre∣sumptuous: nor detracters of other men. Like∣wise, they ought not to be Covetous, nor no niggard, and namely amongst their friends, or men of Worship, but let them be honest, courte∣ous, and free both in word and deed. Likewise, they shall give no counsell except they be asked, and then give their advice by good deliberation, and that they be well advised before they speake, chiefly in the presence of wise men. Likewise, they must be as privie and as secret as any Con∣fessor, of all things that they shall either heare or

see in the house of their Patient. They shall not ta ke into their Cure any manner of person, except hee will be obedient vnto their precepts: for he cannot be called a Patient, unlesse he be a suf∣ferer. Also that they doe their diligence as well to the poore as to the rich. They shall never dis∣comfort their Patient, and shall command all that be about him that they doe the same, but to his friends speake truth as the case standeth. They must also be bold in those things whereof they be certaine, and as dreadfull in all perils. They may not chide with the Sicke, but be al∣wayes pleasant and merry. They must not covet any W oman by way of villany, and specially in the house of their Patient. They shall not for covetousnesse of money, taken in hand those Cures that be uncurable, nor never set any cer∣taine day of the sicke mans health, for it lyeth not in their power: following the distinct conu∣sell of Galen, in the Aphorisme of Hypocrat••s▪ saying:

Oporter seipsum non solum.

By this Galen meaneth, that to the Cure of every sore, there belongeth foure things: of which, the first and principall belongeth to God: the second, to the Surgion: the third, to the Medicine: and the fourth, to the Patient. Of the which foure, if any one doe faile, the

Pa••ient cannot be healed: then they to whom belongeth but the fou••th part, shall not promise the whole but be first well advised. They must al••o be gracious and good to the Poore, and of the rich take liberally for both. And see they never praise themselves, for that redoundeth more to their shame and discredit, then to their fame and worship. For a cunning and skilfull Chirur∣gion, need not vaunt of his doings, for his works will ever get credit enough. Likewise, that they dispi••e no other Chirurgion without a great cause: for it is meete, that one Chirurgion should love another, as Christ loveth vs all.

And in thus doing, they shall increase both in vertue and cunning, to the honor of God, and worldly fame.

Thus farre for his Parts.

Of the Anatomie. CHAP. II. The Anatomie of the simple Members.

ANd if it bee asked you how many simple Members there be, it is to be answered, Eleven, and two that be but superfluities of Members: and these be they, Bones, Cartil∣ages, Nerves, Pannicles, Ligaments, Cordes, Arteirs, Veynes, Fatnesse, Flesh and Skinne: and the superfluities bee the Haires and Nailes. J shall begin at the Bone, because it is the Foundation and the hardest Member of all th•• Body. The Bone is a consimile Member, simple and spermaticke, and cold and dry of Com∣plexion, insensible, and inflexible: and hath divers formes in Mans body, for the diversity of helpings. The cause why there be many Bones in mans body, is this: Sometime it is needfull that one member or one limbe should move with∣out another: another cause is, that some defend the principall Members, as both the Bone of the Brest▪ and of the Head: and some to bee the Foundation of divers parts of the Body, as the

Bones of the ridge and of the Legges: and some to fulfill the hollow places, as in the Hands and Feet, &c.

The Gristle is a member simple and Sper∣maticke, next in hardnesse to the Bone▪ and is of complexion cold and dry, and insensible. The Gristle was ordained for sixe causes or profits that J find in it: The first is, that the continuall moving of the hard Bone might not be done in a juncture, but that the Gristle should be a meane betweene the Ligament and him. The second is, that in the time of concussion or op∣pression, the soft members or limbes should not be hurt of the hard. The third is, that the extre∣mity of Bones and Joynts that be grisly, might the easier be foulded and moved together, with∣out hurt. The fourth is, for that it is necessary in some meane places, to put a Gristle, as in the throat-bowle for the sound. The fifth is, for that it is needfull that some members be holden up with a Gristle, as the lids of the Eyes. The sixt is, that some Limbes have a sustaining and a drawing abroad, as in the Nose and the Eares, &c.

The Ligament is a member consimple, simple, and spermaticke, next in hardnesse to the Gristle, and of complexion cold and dry, and is flexible and insensible, and bindeth the Bones together.

The cause why hee is flexible and insensible, is this: If it had beene sensible, he might not have suffered the labour and moving of the joynts: and if it had not beene flexible of his bowing, one Limme should not have moved without another. The second profit is that he be joyned with sinewes, for to make Cordes and Brawnes. The third helpe is, that he be a resting place to some sinewes. The fourth profit is, that by him the members that be within the Bone be sustained, as the Matrix and Kidneys, and divers other, &c.

The Sinew, is a consimilier member, simple and spermatick, a meane betweene hard and soft, and in complexion cold and dry, and he is both flexible and sensible, strong and tough, having his beginning from the Braine, or from Mynuca, which is the Marrow of the backe. And from the braine commeth seaven paire of Nerves sensative, and from Mynuca commeth thirty paire of Nerves motive, and one that is by himselfe, that springeth of the last spondell. All these sinewes have both feeling and moving, in some more, and in some lesse, &c.

A Corde or Tendon, is a consimple or officiall member compound and spermaticke, sinewie, strong and tough, meanely betweene hardnesse and softnesse, and meanly sensible and flexible

and in complexion cold and dry. And the Corde or Tendon is thus made: The sinewes that come from the braine and from Mynuca, and goe to move the members, is intermingled with the Lygaments, and when the sinewes and Lyga∣ments are intermingled together, then is made a Corde. And for three causes J perceive why the Cordes were made.

The first is, that the Sinew alone is so sensible, that hee may not suffer the great labour and travell of moving, without the fellowship and strength of the Ligament that is insensible, and that letteth his great feeling, and bringeth him to a perfit temperance. And so the Cordes move the limbes to the will of the soule. And this Corde is associated with a simple flesh, and so thereof is made a Brawne or a Muskle, on whom he might rest after his travell: and this Brawne is called a Muskle. Then when this Corde is entred into this Brawne, he is departed into many small threeds, the which be called Will: and this Will hath three properties: The first, is in length, by whose vertue that draweth it hath might. The second in breadth, by whom the ver∣tue that casteth out hath might. The third, in thwartnes, in whom the vertue that holdeth hath might: and at the end of the Brawne those threeds be gathered together to make another Muskle, &c.

Now J will begin at the Arteir. This Arteir is a member consimile, ••imple and spermaticke, hollow and sinowie, having his springing from the Heart, bringing from the heart to every mem∣ber, blood and spirit of life. It is of complexion cold and dry. And all these Arteirs have two coates, except one that goeth to the Lungs, and he hath but one coate that spreadeth abroad in the Lungs, and bringeth with him to the Lungs, blood with the spirit of life to nourish the Lungs withall: And also that Arteir bringeth with him from the Lungs ayre to temper the fumous heate that is in the heart. And this Arteir is he that is called Arteria Venalis, because he hath but one coate as a veyne, and is more obedient to be delated abroad through all the Lungs, be∣cause that the blood might the sooner sweat through him: whereas all other Arteirs have two coates, because one coate may not with∣stand the might and power of the spirit of life. Divers other causes there be, which shall be de∣clared in the Anatomie of the breast, &c.

The Veyne is a simple member, in complexion cold and dry, and spermaticke, like to the Arteir▪ having his beginning from the Liver, and bring∣eth from the Liver nutritiue blood, to nourish every member of the body with. And it is so to be understood, that there is no more difference

betweene these two vessels of blood, but that the Arteir is a vessell of blood spirituall or vitall. And the Veyne is a vessell of blood nutrimen∣tall, of the which Veynes, there is noted two most principall, of the which, one is called Vena Porta: the other is called Vena celis, of whom it is too much to treat of now, untill we come to the Anatomy of the Wombe, &c.

The Flesh, is a consimile member, simple, not spermaticke, and is ingendred of blood congealed by heat, and is in complexion hot and moyst. Of the which is noted three kinds of Fleshes: that is to say, one is soft and pure flesh: the second is Musculus, or hard and brawny flesh: the third is Glandulus, knotty, or kurnelly flesh. Also the commodities of the flesh, be indifferent, or ••ome be common to every kinde of flesh, and some be proper to one manner of flesh alone. The profits of the flesh be many, for some defend the body from cold as doth cloathes: also it defendeth the body from hard things comming against it: so through his moysture he recti∣fyeth the Body in Summer, in time of great heate.

Wherefore it is to be considered, what profit∣ablenesse is in every kind of flesh by himselfe. And first of simple and pure flesh, which fulfil∣leth the concavities of voyd places, and causeth

good forme and shape: and this flesh is found betweene the teeth, and on the end of the yard. The profits of the Brawny flesh or Musculus flesh, shall be spoken of in the Anatomy of the Armes. The profits of the Glandulus flesh are these. First, that it turneth the blood into a co∣lour like to himselfe, as doth the flesh of a womans pappes turne the menstruall Blood in∣to milke. Secondly, the Glandulus flesh of the Testikles, turneth the blood into Sparme. Third∣ly, the Glandulus flesh of the cheekes, that en∣gendreth the spettle, &c.

The next is of Fatnesse, of the which J find three kinds. The first is Pinguedo, and it is a consimiler member, not spermaticke, and it is made of a subtill portion of Blood congealed by colde: and it is of complexion cold and moyst, insensible, and is intermingled amongst the parts of the flesh. The second, is Adeppes, and is of the same kind as is Pinguedo, but it is departed from the flesh besides the Skin and it is as an Oyle hea∣ting and moystning the Skin. The third is Auxingia, and it is of kind as the others be, but he is departed from the flesh within foorth about the Kidneyes, and in the Intrailes, and it helpeth both the Kidneyes and the Intrailes, from drying by his unctiosity, &c.

Then come wee to the Skin. The Skin is a

consimile member or officiall, partly sperma∣tick, strong and tough, flexible and sensible, thin and temperate: whereof there be two kinds: One is the Skin that covereth the outward mem∣bers: and the other the inner members, which is called a Pannicle, the profitablenesse of whom, was ••poken in the last lesson: but the Skin is properly woven of Threeds, Nerves. Veynes, and Arteirs. And he is made temperate, because he should be a good redeemer of heate from cold, and of moystnesse from drynesse, that there should nothing annoy or hurt the Body, but it giveth warning to the common wits thereof, &c.

The haires of every part of mans Body, are but superfluity of members, made of the grosse ••ume or smoake passing out of the viscous matter, thickned to the forme of haire. The profitablenesse of him is declared in the Anatomy of the head, &c.

The Nayles likewise, are a superfluity of mem∣bers▪ engendred of great earthly smoke or fume resolved through the naturall heate of humors, and is softer then the Bone, and harder then the Flesh. In complexion they be cold and dry▪ and are alwayes waxing in the extremity of the fingers and toes. The utility of them are, that by them a man shall take the better hold: also

they helpe to claw the body when it needeth. Lastly, they helpe to divide things for lacke of other tooles, &c.

CHAP. III. The Anatomie of the compound Members, and first of the Head.

BEcause the Head of man is the habitation or dw••lling place of the reasonable soule of man, therefore with the grace of God, J shall first speake of the Anatomie of the head.

Galen saith in the second Chapter De juva∣mentes, and Avicen rehearseth the same in his first Proposition and third Chapter, proving that the Head of man was made neither for wits, nor yet for the Braines, but onely for the Eyes. For beasts that have no heads, have the organs or in∣struments of wits in their breasts. Therefore God and Nature have reared up the head of man one∣ly for the eyes, for it is the highest member of man: and as a Beholder or Watchman stand∣eth in a high Tower to give warning of the Enemies, so doth the Eye of man give warning vnto the common Wittes, for the defence of all other members of the body.

Now to our purpose. If the question be asked▪ how many things be there contained on the Head,

and how many things contained within the head? As it is rehearsed by Guydo, there be five containing, and as many contained, as thus: The haire, the skin, the flesh, the Pannicles, and the Bone; neither rehearsing Veine nor Artier. The which Anatomy cannot be truly without them both, as thou shalt well perceive both in this but especially in the next. And now in this Lesson J shall speake but of Haire, Skin, Flesh, Veynes, Pannicles, and Bones, what profit they doe to man, every of them in his kind. Of the haire of the Head, (whose creation is knowne in the Anatomy of the simple Members) J doe note foure utilities why it was ordained. The first is, that it defendeth the braine from too much heat, and too much cold, and many other outward noyances.

The second is, it maketh the forme or shape of the Head to seeme more seemelyer or beauti∣fuller. For if the Head were not haired, the Face and the Head should seeme but one thing, and therefore the haire formeth and shapeth the Head from the Face.

The third is, that by colour of the haire, is witnessed and knowne the complexion of the Braine.

The fourth is, that the fumosities of the Braine might ascend and passe lightlyer out by them.

For if there were a sad thing, as the skinne, or other of the same nature, as the Haire is, the fumosities of the Braine might not have passed through it so lightly, as it doth by the Haire.

The Skin of the head is more Lazartus, thicker, and more Porrus, then any other Skinne of any other member of the body. And two causes J note why; One is, that it keepeth or defendeth the Braine from too much heat and cold as doth the Haire. The other, that it discusseth to the common wits of all things that noyet h outward∣ly, for the haire is insensible. The third cause why the skinne of the head is more thicker then any other skinne of the body, is this; that it keepeth the braine the more warme, and is the better fence for the Braine, and it bindeth and keepeth the Bones of the head the faster toge∣ther.

Next followeth the Flesh, the which is all Musculus or Lazartus flesh, lying upon Peri∣cranium without meane. And it is made of sub∣till Will, and of simple flesh, Sinewes, Veynes and Arteirs. And why the flesh that is all Mus∣culus or Lazartus in every member of a mans body was made, is for three causes. The first is, that by his thicknesse▪ he should comfort the digestion of other members that lye by him. The second is, that through him every member is

made is the formelier, and taketh the better shape. The third is, that by his meanes every member of the Body, drawing to him nourishing, the which others with-hold to put forth from them, as it shall be more plainlyer spoken of in the Anatomy of the Wombe.

Next followeth Pericranium, or the cover∣ing of the Bones of the Head. But here it is to be noted of a Veyne and an Arteir that commeth betweene the Flesh and this Pericranium, that nourisheth the utter part of the head, and so en∣treth privily thorow the Commissaries of the Skull bearing to the Braine and to his Pannicles nourishing: Of whose substance, is made both Duramater, and also Pericranium, as shall be declared in the parts contayned in the Head. Here it is to be noted of this Pannicle Peri∣cranium, that it bindeth or compasseth all the Bones of the Head, vnto whom is adjoyned Duramater, and is also a part of his substance, howbeit they be separated, for Duramater is neerer the Braine, and is vnder the Skull▪

This Pericranium was made principally for two causes: one is, that for his strong binding together, hee should make firme and stable the feeble Commissaries or seames of the Bones of the Head. The other cause is, that it should be a meane betweene the hard bone and the soft. flesh.

Next, is the Bone of the Pot of the head, keep∣ing in the Braines, of which it were too long to declare their names after all Authors, as they number them and their names, for some name them after the Greeke tongue, and some after the Arabian: but in conclusion all this to our purpose. And they be numbred seven bones in the pan or Skull of the head. The first is called the Coronall bone, in which is the Orbits or holes of the Eyes, and it reacheth from the browes unto the midst of the head, and there it meeteth with the second bone called Occipissiall, a bone of the hinder part of the head called the Noddle of the head, which two bones Coronall and Occipissiall, be divided by the Com∣missaries, in the middest of the Head. The third and fourth Bones be called Parietales, and they be the Bones of the sideling parts of the head, and they be divided by the Commissaries, both from the foresaid Coronall and Occipissiall. The fift and sixt bones be called, Pet rosa or Medosa: and these two bones lye over the bones called, Parietales, on every side of the head one, like Skales, in whom be the holes of the Eares. The seventh and last of the head is called Paxillarie or Bazillarie, the which Bone is as it were a wedge vnto all the other seaven Bones of the head, and doth fasten them together. And thus

be all numbred. The first is, the Coronall Bone: the second, is the Occipissiall: the third and the fourth, is Parietales: the fifth and the sixth is Petrosa, or Mendosa. And the seventh is Paxillarie, or Bazillarie. And this sufficeth for the seven bones containing the Head.

CHAP. IIII. In this Chapter is decl••red the sive things contayned within the Head.

NExt under the Bones of the Head within forth, the first thing that appeareth is Dura∣mater, then is Piamater, then the substance of the Braine, and then Vermi formes and Lete∣mirabile. But first we are to speake of Dura∣mater, whereof, and how it is sprung and made: First, it is to be noted of the Veyne and Arteire that was spoken of in the last Chapter before, how privily they entered through the Commis∣saries, or seames of the Head, and there by their Union together, they doe not onely bring and give the spirit of Life and nutriment, but also doe weave themselves so together, that they make this Pannicle Duramater. It is holden up by certaine threeds of himselfe, comming through the said Commissaries, running into Pericranium or Pannicle that covereth the Bones of the Head.

And with the foresaid Veine and Artier, and these threeds, comming from Duramater, is woven and made this Pericranium.

And why this Pannicle Duramater is set from the Skull, J note two causes. The first is, that if the Duramater should have touched the Skull, it should lightly have beene hurt with the hardnesse of the Bone. The second cause is, that the matter that commeth of wounds made in the Head piercing the Skull, should by it the better be defended and kept from Piamater, and hurt∣ing of the Braine. And next unto this Pannicle, there is another Pannicle called Piamater, or Meek-mother, because it is soft and tender unto the Braine. Of whose creation, it is to be noted as of Duramater: For the originall of their first creation is of one kind, both from the Heart and the Liver, and is Mother of the very substance of the Braine. Why it is called Piamater, is for because it is soft and tender to the Braine, that it nourisheth the Braine and feedeth it, as doth a loving Mother, unto her tender Childe or Babe, for it is not so tough and hard as is Duramater.

In this Pannicle Piamater is much to be noted of the great number of Veines and Arteirs that are planted, ramefying throughout all his sub∣stance, giving to the Braine both spirit and life. And this Pannicle doth circumvolue or lay all

the substance of the Braine: and in some plaec of the Braine▪ the Veynes and the Artiers goe forth of him, and enter into the divisions of the Braine, and there drinketh of the Braines substance into them, asking of the Heart, to them the spirit of life or breath, and of the Liver nutriment. And the aforesaid spirit or breath taketh a further disgestion, and there it is made animall by the elaboration of the spirit vitall, and is turned and made animall. Further∣more, why there be no more Pannicles over the Braine then one, is this: If there had beene but one Pannicle onely, either it must have beene hard or soft, or meane, betweene both: If it had beene hard, it should have hurt the Braine by his hardnesse. If it had beene soft, it should have beene hurt of the hard Bone. And if it had beene but meanly, neyther hard nor soft, it should have hurt the Braine by his roughnesse, and also have beene hurt of the hard Bone. Therefore God and Nature hath ordained two Pannicles, the one hard, and the other soft, the harder to be a meane betweene the soft and the Bone: and the softer to be a meane betweene the harder and the Braine it selfe. Also these Pannicles be cold and dry of complexion, and ••permaticke.

Next is the Braine, of which it is marvel∣lously

to be considered and noted, how this Piamater divideth the substance of the Braine, and lappeth it into certaine selles or divisions, as thus: The substance of the Braine is divided into three parts or ventricles, of which the foremost part is the most. The second or middlemost is lesse: the third or hindermost is the least. And from each one to another be issues or passages that are called Meates, through whom passeth the spirit of life to and fro. But here ye shall note, that every Ventricle is divided into two parts, and in every part God hath or∣dained and set singular and severall vertues, as thus; First, in the foremost Ventricle, God hath founded and set the common wittes, otherwise, called the five Wits, as Hearing, Seeing, Feeling, Smelling, and Tasting. And also there is one part of this Ventricle, the vertue that is called Fantasie, and he taketh all the formes or ordinan∣ces that be disposed of the five Wittes, after the meaning of sensible things. In the other part of the same Ventricle, is ordained and founded the Imaginative vertue, the which receiveth of the common Wittes the forme or shape of sensitive things, as they were received of the common Wittes without-forth, representing their owne shape and ordinances unto the memorative vertue. In the middle Sell or Ventricle, there is

founded and ordained the Cogitative or estima∣tive vertue: for he rehearseth, sheweth, de∣clareth, and deemeth those things that be offered vnto him, by the other that were spoken of be∣fore. In the third Ventricle and last, there is founded and ordained the vertue Memorative: in this place is registred and kept those things that are done and spoken with the sences and keepe them in his treasury vnto the putting forth of the five or common Wittes, or Organes, or In∣struments of animall workes, out of whose ex∣tremities or lower parts springeth Mynuca, or Marrow of the Spondels: of whom it shall be spoken of in the Anatomy of the Neck and back.

Furthermore, it is to be noted, that from the foremost Ventricle of the Braine, springeth seven paire of sentative or feeling Sinewes, the which ••e produced to the Eyes, the Eares, the Nose, the Tongue, and to the Stomacke, and to divers other parts of the Body: as it shall be declared in their Anatomies. Also it is to be noted, that about the middle Ventricle is the place of Vermi∣formis, with kurnelly flesh that filleth, and Retemirabile, a wonderfull Cau••e vnder the Pannicles, is set or bounded with Arteirs onely which come from the Heart, in the which the vitall spirit by his great labour, is turned and made animall. And yee shll understand, that

these two be the best kept parts of all the Body: for a man shall rather dye, than any of these should suffer any manner of griefes from with∣out forth, and therefore God hath set them farre from the Heart.

Heere J note the saying of Haly Abba, of the comming of small Artiers from the Heart, of whom (saith he) is made a marvellous Net or Caule, in the which Caule is inclosed the Braine, and in that place is laid the spirit of Feeling, from that place hath the spirit of Feeling his first creation, and from thence passeth other members, &c. Furthermore yee shall understand, that the Brain is a member cold and moist of complexion, thin, and meanly viscous, and •• principal member, and an officiall member and spermaticke. And first, why he is a principall member, is, because he is the governour or the treasury of the five Wittes: And why he is an officiall member, is, because he hath the effect of feeling and stirring: And why he is cold and moyst, is, that he should by his coldnesse and moystnesse, abate and tem∣per the exceeding heate and drought that com∣meth from the Heart. And why it is moyst, is, that it should be the more indifferenter and abler to every thing that should be reserved or gotten into him. And why it is soft, is, that it should give place and favour to the vertue of stirring.

And why it is meanly viscous, is, that his sinewes should not be letted in their working, through his overmuch hardnesse.

Heere Galen demandeth a question, which is this: Whether that Feeling and moving be brought to Nerves by one or by divers? Or whether the aforesaid thing be brought sub∣stantially or rather judicially? The matter (saith he) is so hard to search and to be under∣stood, that it were much better to let it alone and passe over it.

Aristotle intreating of the Braine, saith: The Braine is a member continually moving and ruling all other members of the body, giving un∣to them both Feeling and moving: for if the Braine be let, all other members be let: and if the Braine be well, then all other members of the body be the better disposed.

Also, the Braine hath this property, that it moveth and followeth the moving of the Moone: For in the waxing of the Moone, the Braine followeth upwards, and in the wane of the Moone, the Braine discendeth downewards, and vanisheth in substance of vertue: for then the Braine shrinketh together in it selfe, and is not so fully obedient to the spirit of Feeling. And this is proved in men that be Lunaticke and Mad, and also in men that be Epulenticke or having

the Falling sicknesse, that be most grieved in the beginning of the new Moone and in the latter quarter of the Moone. Wherefore (saith Aristotle) when it happeneth that the Braine is either too dry or too moyst, then can it not worke his kind, for then is the Body made cold: then are the spirits of Life melted and resolved away: and then followeth feeblenesse of the Wittes, and of all other members of the Body, and last Death.

CHAP. V. The Anatomy of the Face.

THe Front or the Forehead, containeth no∣thing but the Skin and Musculus flesh, for the Pannicle underneath, it is of Pericranium, and the Bone is of the Coronall bone. Howbeit there it is made broad as if there were a double bone, which maketh the forme of the browes. It is called the Forehead or Front, from one eare to the other, and from the rootes of the eares of the head▪ before unto the Browes. But the cause why the browes were set and reared up, was, that they should defend the eyes from noyance with∣out-foorth: and they be ordained with haire, to put by the humor or sweat that commeth from the head. Also the browes doe helpe the

eye-liddes, and doe beautifie and make faire the face, for he that hath not his browes haired, is not seemely.

And Aristotle sayth, that over-measurable Browes betokeneth an envious man. Also high browes and thicke, betokeneth cowardise: and meanly, signifieth gentlenesse of heart. Incisions about this part, ought to be done according to the length of the body, for there the Muscle goeth from one Eare to the other. And there if any incision should be made with the length of the Muscle, it might happen the brow to hang over the eye without remedy▪ as it is many times seene, the more pitty. The Browes are called Supercilium in Latine, and under is the eye-lids, which is called Cilium, and is garnished with haires. Two causes J find why the eye-lids were ordained. The first is, that they should keepe and defend the Eye from Dust and other outward noyances. The second is, when the eye is weary or heavie, then they should be covered and take rest nnderneath them. Why the haires were ordained in them is, that by them is ad∣dressed the formes or similitudes of visible things vnto the Apple of the Eye. The Eare is a mem∣ber seemely and gristly, able to be holden with∣out, and is the Organ or Instrument of Hearing: It is of complexion cold and dry. But why the

Eare was set up out of the head, is this, that the sounds that be very fugitive, should lurke and abide under his shadow, till it were taken of the Instruments of Hearing. Another cause is, that it should keepe the hole that it stand∣eth over, from things falling in that might hinder the Hearing. The Sinewes that are the Organs or Instruments of Hearing, spring each from the Braine, from whence the seven paire of Sinewes doe spring, and when they come to the hole of the Eare, there they writhe like a Winepresse: and at the ends of them, they be like the head of a Worme, or like a little teate, in which is received the sound, and so carryed to the common wits. The Eyes be next of nature unto the Soule: for in the Eye is seene and knowne the disturb∣ances and griefes, gladnesse and joyes of the Soule; as Love, Wrath, and other passions. The Eyes be the Instruments of sight. And they be compound and made of ten things: that is to say▪ of seven Tunicles or Coates, and of three humours. Of the which (sayth Galen) the Braine and the Head were made for the Eye, that they might be in the highest as a Beholder in a Tower, as it was rehearsed in the Anatomy of the Head. But divers men hold divers opinions of the Anatomy of the

Eyes: for some men account but three Tunicles, and some sixe. But in conclusion, they meane all one thing. For the very truth is, that there be counted and reckoned seven Tunicles, that is to say, Selirotica, Secondina, Retyna, Ʋnia, Cornua, Araniae, and Con∣junctiva: and these three humours. That is, to say, Humor, Virtus, Humor Albigynus, and Humor Chrystallinus.

It is to bee knowne how and after what manner they spring: You shall understand, that there springeth of the Braine substance of his foremost Ventricles, two Sinewes, the one from the right ••ide, and the other from the left, and they bee called the first paire; for in the Anatomie, they be the first paire of Si∣newes that appeare of all seven. And it is shewed by Galen, that these Sinewes be hol∣low as a Reede▪ for two causes. The first is, that the visible spirit might passe freely to the Eyes. The second is, that the forme of visible things might freely be presented to the com∣mon wittes.

Now marke the going forth of these sinewes. When these sinewes goe out from the sub∣stance of the Braine, he commeth through the Piamater, of whose substance he taketh a Pannicle or a Coate: and the cause why he

taketh that Pannicle▪ is to keepe him from anoying, and before they enter into the Skull, they meete and are united into one sinew the length of halfe an inch: and then they de∣part againe into two, and each goeth into one Eye, entring through the Braine-panne, and these sinewes be called Nervi optici. And three causes J finde why these Nerves are joyned in one before they passe into the Eye. First, if it happen any diseases in one Eye, the other should receive all the visible spirit that before came to both.

The second is, that all things that we see should not seeme two: for if they had not beene joyned together, every thing should have seemed two, as it doth to a Worme, and to other Beasts.

The third is, that the sinew might stay and helpe the other. But hereupon Lanfranke ac∣cordeth much: saying, that these two sinewes came together to the Eyes, and take a Pan∣nicle both of Piamater and of Duramater, and when they enter into the Orbit of the Eye, there the extremities are spread abroad, the which are made of three substances: that is to say, of Duramater, of Piamater, and of Nervi optici. There be engendred three Tu∣nicles or Coates, as thus: Of the substance

that is taken from Duramater, is engendred the first Coate that is called Secondina: and of Nervi optici, is engendred the third Coate, that is called Retina: and each of them is more subtiller then other, and goeth about the humours without meane. And it to be under∣stood, that each of these three Tunicles be divided, and so they make sixe: that is to say▪ three of the parts of the braine, and three of the parts outwards, and one of Pericranium, that covereth the Bones of the head, which is called Conjunctiva.

And thus you may perceive the springing of them, as thus: Of Duramater springeth Cli∣rotica and Cornua. Of Piamater, springeth Secondina and Vnia. And of Nervi Optici, springeth Conjunctiva. Now to speake of the Humours which be three, and their places are the middle of the Eyes; of the which, the first is Humor Vltrus, because he is like glasse, in colour very cleere, red, liquid, or thin, and hee is in the inward side next unto the Braine; and it is thin, because the nutritive blood of the Christaline might passe, as water through a spunge should bee clensed and made pure, and also that the visible spirit might the light∣lier passe through him from the Braine. And he goeth about the Christaline humour, untill he

meet with Albuginus humour, which is set in the ••ttermost part of the Eye. And in the middest of these humours, Vltrus and Albi∣ginus, is set the Chrystaline humour, in which is set principally the sight of the Eye. And these Humours be separated and involved with the Pannicles as aforesaid, betweene every hu∣mour a Pannicle; and thus is the Eye com∣pound and made. But to speake of every Hu∣mour and every Pannicle in his due order and course, it would aske a long progresse, and a long Chapter; but this is sufficient for a Chy∣rurgion, at present.

Now to begin at the Nose; You shall un∣derstand, that from the Braine there commeth two Sinewes to the holes of the Braine-pan, where beginneth the concavity of the Nose, and these two be not properly Sinewes, but Organs or Instruments of smelling, and have heads like teats or paps, in which is received the vertue of Smelling, and representing it to the common wits: Over these two, is set Co∣latorium t hat which wee call the Nosthrils; and is set betweene the Eyes, under the upper part of the Nose. And it is to bee noted, that this concavity or ditch was made for two cau∣ses; The first is, that the ayre that bringeth forth the spirit of Smelling might rest in it, till

it were taken of the Organs or Instrument of smelling. The second cause is, that the super∣fluities of the Braine might be hidden under it, untill it were clensed: and from this concavi∣ty there goeth two holes down into themouth, of which there is to be noted three benefits.

The first is, that when a mans mouth is close, or when he eateth or sleepeth, that then the ayre might come through them to the Lungs, or else a mans mouth should alwayes bee open. The second cause is, that they helpe to the relation of the forme of the Nose; for it is said, a man speaketh in his Nose, when any of these holes be stopped. The third cause is, that the concavity might bee clensed by them, when a man snuffeth the Nose, or draw∣eth into his mouth inwardly. The Nose is a member consimple or official, appearing with∣out the face, somewhat plyable, because it should the better be clensed. And it is to bee perceived▪ that it is compound and made of Skin and Lazartus flesh, and of two Bones standing in manner tryangle-wise, whose ex∣tremities bee joyned in one part of the Nose with the Coronall bone, and the nether extre∣mities are joyned with two Gristles, and ano∣ther that divideth the Nosthrils within, and holdeth up the Nose.

Also there be two concavities or holes, that if one were stopped the other should serve; Also there is in the Nose two Muscles to help the working of his office.

And Gal••n saith, that the Nose shapeth the Face most; for where the Nose lacketh (saith he) all the rest of the face is the more unseem∣ly. The Nose should be of a meane bignesse, and not to exceed in length or bredth, nor in highnesse. For Aristotle saith, If the Nostrils be too thin or too wide, by great drawing in of ayre, it betokeneth great straitnesse of heart, and indignation of thought. And therefore it is to be noted, that the shape of the Members of the body, betokeneth and judgeth the af∣fections and will of the Soule of man, as the Philosopher saith, the Temples are called the members of the Head, and they have that name because of continuall moving. And as the Science of the Anatomie meaneth, the spirit vitall is sent from the heart to the braine by Arteirs, and by Veynes and nutrimentall blood, where the vessels Pulsatives in the Tem∣ples be lightly hurt. Also, the Temples have dents or holes inwardly, wherein he taketh the humour that commeth from the Braine, and bringeth the Eyes a sleepe; and if the said holes or dents bee pressed and wrung, then by

trapping of the humour that continueth, hee maketh the teares to fall from the Eye.

The Cheekes are the sideling parts of the Face, and they containe in them Musculus flesh, with Veynes and Arteirs, and about these parts be many Muscles. Guido maketh mention of seaven about the Cheekes and over-lip.

And Haly-Abbas saith, there be twelue Muscles that move the neither Jaw, some of them in opening, and other some in closing or shutting, passing under the Bones of the Tem∣ples: and they be called Temporales: And they be the right noble and sensatiue, of whose hurt is much perill.

Also, there bee other Muscles for to grinde and to chew. And to all these Muscles com∣meth Nerves from the Braine, to give them feeling and moving. And also there commeth to them, many Arteirs and Veynes, and chiefly about the Temples, and the angles or corners of the Eyes and the Lips. And as the Philosophers say, the chiefe beauty in man is in the Cheekes, and there the complexion of man is most knowne, as thus: If they be full, ruddy, and medled with temperate whitenesse, and not fat in substance, but meanely fleshie▪ it betokeneth hot and moyst

of complexion: that is, Sanguine and tem∣perate in colour. And if they be white co∣loured, without medling of rednesse, and in substance fat and soft, quavering▪ it betoken∣eth, excesse and superfluity of cold and moyst: that is Flegmaticke. And if they be browne in colour or cytron, yellow, redde and thinne, and leane in substance, it betokeneth great drying and heate: that is cholericke. And if they be as it were blowne in colour, and of little flesh in substance, it betokeneth excesse and superfluity of drynesse and cold : that is Melancholy. And as Avicen saith, the Cheekes doe not onely shew the diversities of complexions, but also the affection and will of the Heart: for by the affection of the heart, by suddaine joy or dread, he waxeth either pale or red.

The bones or bony parts, first of the Cheekes be two: of the Nose outwardly two: of the upper Mandible, two: within the Nose three, as thus: One deviding the Nosthrils within, and in each Nosthrill one, and they seeme to be rowled like a wafer, and have a hollow∣nesse in them, by which th•• ayre is respired and drawne to the Lungs, and the superfluity of the Braine is purged into the mouth∣wards, as is before rehearsed. But Guido and

Galen saith, that there be in the face nine bones, yet J cannot find that the nether Mandible should be of the number of those nine: for the nether Mandible accounted there, pro∣veth them to be Ten in number: Of which thing J will hold no argument, but remit it to the sight of your Eyes. The parts of the mouth are five, that is to say, the Lippes, the Teeth▪ the Tongue, the Uvila, and the Pallet of the mouth. And first to speake of the Lips, they are members consimile or officiall, full of Musculus flesh, as is aforesaid, and they were ordained for two causes, one is; that they should be to the mouth as a doore to a house, and to keepe the mouth close till the meat were kindly chewed. The other cause is, that they should be helpers to the pronoun∣cing of the speech. The Teeth are members consimile or officiall, spermaticke, and har∣dest of any other members, and are fastned in the Cheeke bones, and were ordained for three causes. First, that they should chew a mans meate, ere it should passe downe▪ that it might be the sooner digested.

The second, that they should be a helpe to the speech: for they that lacke their teeth, doe not perfectly pronounce their words.

The third is, that they should serve to beasts

as weapons. The number of them is uncer∣taine: for some men haue more, and some lesse: they that have the whole number, have two and thirty: that is to say, ••ixteene above, and as many beneath, as thus: two Dwallies, two Quadripulles, two Canniens, eight Morales, two Causales, the Tongue is a car∣nous member, compound and made of many Nerves. Ligaments, Veynes and Artiers, or∣dained principally for three causes.

The first is, that when a man eateth, the Tongue might helpe to turne the meat till it were well chewed. The second cause is, that by him is received the tast of sweete and sowre, and presented by him to the common Wittes. The third is, that by him is pro∣nounced every speech. The fleshie part of the Tongue is white, and hath in him nine Muscles, and about the roote of him, is Glandulus, in the which be two welles, and they be ever full of spettle to temper and keepe moyst the Tongue, or else it would waxe dry by reason of his labour, &c. The Uvila is a member made of spongeous flesh, hanging downe from the end of the Pallet over the gullet of the throat, and is a mem∣ber in complexion cold and dry, and often∣times when there falleth rawnesse or much

moystnesse into it from the Head, then it hang∣eth downe in the throate, and letteth a man to swallow, and it is broad at the upper end, and small at the nether. It was ordained for di∣vers causes. One is▪ that by him is holpen the sound of speech: for where the Uvila is want∣ing, there lacketh the perfect sound of speech. Another is, that it might helpe the prolation of vomits. Another is, that by him is tem∣pered and abated the distemperance of the ayre that passeth to the Lungs. Another is, that by him is guided the superfluities of the Braine, that commeth from the coletures of the Nose, or the superfluities would fall downe sudden∣ly into the mouth, the which were a displea∣sure. The Pallet of the mouth containeth no∣thing else but a carnous Pannicle, and the Bones that bee underneath it hath two divisi∣ons, one along the Pallet from the division of the Nose, and from the opening of the other Mandible under the nether end of the Pallet, lacking halfe an inch, and there it divideth overthwart, and the first division is of the Mandible: and the second, is of the Bone called Pixillary or Bazillary, that sustaineth and bindeth all other Bones of the head toge∣ther. The Skinne of the Pallet of the mouth is, of the inner part of the ••tomacke and of

Myre, and of Isofagus, that is the way of the meate into the Stomacke. The way how to know that such a Pannicle is of that part of the stomack, may be knowne when that a man is touched within the mouth, anon he beginneth to tickle in the stomacke, and the neerer that he shall couch unto the throat, the more it abhorreth the stomacke, and often∣times it caufeth the stomacke to yeeld from him that is within him, as when a man doth vomit.

Also, in the mouth is ended the uppermost extremity of the Wesand, which is called Myre, or Isofagus: And with him is con∣tayned Trachia arteria: that is, the way of the ayre, whose holes be covered with a lap like a tongue, and is griftly, that the meat and drinke might slide ov er him into Isofagus: the which gristle when a man speaketh is reared up, and covereth the way of the meate, and when a man swalloweth the meate, then it covereth the way of the ayre, so that when the one is covered, the other is uncovered. For if a man open the way of the ayre, when he swalloweth, if there fall a crum into it, hee shall never cease coughing untill it be up againe. And this sufficeth for the Face.

CHAP. VI. The Anatomie of the Necke.

THE Necke followeth next to be spoken of. Galen proveth, that the Necke was made for no other cause but for the Lungs, for all things that have no Lungs, have ney∣ther Necke nor voyce, except Fish. And you shall understand, that the necke is all that is contayned betweene the head and the shoul∣ders, and betweene the chin and the breast. It is compound and made of foure things, that is to say, of Spondillis, of Servicibus, of Gula, and of Gutture, the which shall be declared more plainly hereafter: and through these passe the way of the meate and of the ayre, but they be not the substance of the Necke.

The Spondels of the Necke be seaven: The first is joyned unto the lower part of the head called Paxillary, or Bazillary, and in the same wise are joyned every Spondell with other, and the last of the seaven, with the first of the Backe or Ridge: and the Lygaments that keepe these Spondels together, are not so hard and tough as those of the backe: for why? those of the necke bee more feebler and subtiller. The cause is this, for it is ne∣cessary

other while that the Head move wtthout the necke, and the Necke without the Head, the which might not well▪ have beene done if they had beene strong and boyst∣rous. Of these aforesaid seaven Spondels of the Necke, there springeth seaven paire of Sinewes, the which be divided into the head and into the visage, to the Shoulders and to the Armes. From the hole of the first Spon∣dell springeth the first paire of Sinewes, be∣tween the first Spondell and the second, and so forth of all the rest in like manner as of these. Also these Sinewes receive subtill will of the sinewes of the braine: of which the Will, and Sinewes, and Flesh, with a Pan∣nicle, make the composition of Muscles La∣zartes, and Brawnes, the which three things are all one, and be the Instruments of voluntary moving every member. The Muscles of the Necke after Galen, are numbred to be twenty, moving the Head and the Necke. Likewise it is to be noted, that there bee three manner of fleshes in the Necke: the first is Pixwex, or Servisis, and it is called of Children, Gold∣haire, or yeallow haire, the which are cer∣taine Longitudinals, lying on the ••ides of the Spondels, from the head downe to the latter Spondell. And they are ordained for this

cause, that when the Sinewes be weary of overmuch labour with moving and travell, that they might rest upon them as upon a Bed.

The second Flesh is Musculus, from whom springeth the Tendons and Cords that move the Head and the Necke, which be numbred twenty, as is before declared. The third Flesh replenisheth the void places, &c. The third part of the Necke, is called Gutture, and it is standing out of the throat boll. The fourth part is called Gula, and the hinder part Cervix and hath that name of the Philosophers, be∣cause of the Marrow comming to the Ridge∣bones. It is so called, because it is as it were a servant to the Braine: For the Necke re∣ceiveth and taketh of the braine, influence of vertue of moving, and sendeth it by sinewes to the other parts of the body downewards, and to all members of the body.

Here you shall understand, that the way of the Meat, Mire, or Isofagus, is all one thing: and it is to be noted, that it stretcheth from the Mouth to the Stomacke, by the hinder part of the necke inwardly fastned to the Spondels of the Neck, untill he come to the first Spondell, and there hee leaveth the Spondell and stretch∣eth till he come to the foremost part of the

Breast, and passeth through Diafragma, till hee come to the mouth of the stomacke, and there he is ended. Furthermore, it is to be no∣ted that this Weasand is compound, and made of two Tunicles or Coates (that is to say) of the inner and of the outer. The outer Tu∣nicle is but simple, for he needeth no Reten∣tion but onely for his owne nourishing: but the inner Tunicle is compound, and made of Musculus Longitudinall Will, by which he may draw the meate from the mouth into the stomack, as it shall be more plainly declared in the Anatomy of the stomacke. Further∣more, Cana Pulmonis, via, trachia, Arteria, all these be one thing (that is to say) the Throat-boll, and it is set within the Neck, be∣sides the Wesand, towards Gula, and is com∣pound of the Gristle, knit each with other▪ And the Pannicle that is meane betweene the Wesand, and the Throat-boll, is called I••mon.

Also yee shall understand, that the great Veynes which ramefie by the sides of the Necke, to the upper part of the head, is of some men called Gwidege, and of others, Venae organices: the incision of whom is perillous. And thus it is to be considered, that the neck of man is compound▪ and made of skinny Flesh, Ligaments, and bones: and this susficeth for the Neck and the Throat.

CHAP. VII. The Anatomie of the Shoulders and Armes.

ANd first to speake of the Bones: It is to bee noted, that in the Shoulder there be two Bones, (that is to say) the Shoul∣der-bone, and the Kannell-bone, and also the Adjutor bone of the Arme, are joyned with the Shoulder-bones, but they are numbred amongst them, but they are not numbred a∣mongst the Bones of the Armes. In the com∣position of the Shoulder, the first Bone is; Os Spatula, or Shoulder-blade, whose hinder part is declined towards the Chine, and in that end it is broad and thin, and in the upper part it is round, in whose roundnesse is a Concavi∣ty which is called the Box or coope of the shoulder, and which entreth the Adjutor bones, and they have a binding together with strong flexible Sinewes, and are contained fast with each Bone called Clavicula, or the Cannel∣bone. And this Cannell bone stretcheth to both the shoulders; one end to the one shoul∣der, and another to the other▪ and there they make the composition of the shoulders. The bones of the great Arme (that is to say) from the shoulders to the fingers ends, bee Thirty;

the first is, the Adjutor bone, whose upper end entreth into the concavitie or Box of the shoul∣der bone: It is but one Bone (having no fel∣low) and it is hollow and full of Marrow, and it is also crooked, because it should be the more able to gripe things; and it is hollow, because it should be lighter and more obedient to the stirring or moving of the Brawnes.

Furthermore, this Bone hath two eminen∣cies, or two knobs in his nether extremity, or in the juncture of the Elbow (of the which, the one is more rising then the other) and are made like unto a Pulley to draw water with, and the ends of these Bones enter into a Con∣cavitie proportioned in the uppermost ends of thetwo Focklebones, of which two bones, the lesse goeth from the Elbow to the Thumbe, by the uppermost part of the arme, and the greater is the nether bone from the Elbow to the little Finger. And these two bones be con∣tained with the Adjutor bone, and be bound with strong Ligaments, and in like manner with the bones of the Hand. The which bones be numbred Eight, the foure uppermost bee joyned with the foure nethermost towards the Hands: and in the third ward of Bones be five, and they are called Ossa Patinis, and they are in the Palme of the hand. And to

them be joyned the bones of the Fingers and the Thumbes, as thus; in every finger three bones, and in the Thumbe two bones, (that is to say) the Fingers and Thumb of every hand fourteen, called Ossa digitorum: In the Palme of the hand five, called Patinis; and between the Hand and the Wrist eight, called Rasete: and from the Wrist to the Shoulder, three bones: all which being accounted together, yee shall find Thirty bones in each Hand and Arme. To speake of Sinewes, Ligaments, Cords, and Brawnes: here first ye shall un∣derstand, that there commeth from Mynuea, through the Spondels of the Necke, foure sinewes, which most plainly doe appeare in sight, as thus: one commeth into the upper part of the Arme, another into the nether part, and one into the inner side, and another into the outer side of the Arme, and they bring from the Braine, and from Mynuca, both feeling and moving into the Armes, as thus: The sinewes that come from the Braine and from the Marrow of the Backe that is called Mynuca, when they come to the juncture of the shoulder, there they are mixed with the Ligaments of the same shoulder, and there the Ligaments receive both Feeling and mov∣ing of them, and also in their mingling toge∣ther,

they are made a Cord or a Tendon.

Three causes J find why the finewes were mingled with the Lygaments. The first cause is, that the littlenesse of the Sinewes, which many wayes bee made weary by their con∣tinuall moving, should bee repressed by the insensiblenesse of the Ligaments: The second is, that the littlenesse of the Sinewes should bee through the quality of the Ligaments: The third is, the feeblenesse of the Sinew, that is in sufficient, and too feeble to use his Office, but by the strength and hardnesse of the Liga∣ments.

Now to declare what a Cord is, what a Ligament, and what a Muscle, or a Brawne, it is enough rehearsed in the Chapter of the simple Members: but if you will through the commandement of the Will or the Soule, draw the Arme to the hinder parts of the body, then the outer Brawne is drawne toge∣ther and the inner inlarged, and likewise in∣wards, when the one Brawne doth draw in∣wards, the other doth stretch: and when the Arme is stretched in length, then the Cords be lengthened: but when they passe the juncture of the Shoulder and of the Elbow, by three fingers breadth or thereabout▪ then it is divided by subtill Will, and mingled with the simple

flesh, and that which is made of it is called a Brawne. And three causes J finde, why that the simple flesh is mingled with the Chord in the composition of the Brawne.

The first is, that the aforesaid Will might draw in quiet through the temperance of the flesh.

The second is, that they temper and abate the drought of the Chord with his moystnesse, the which drought he getteth thorow his manifold moving. The third is, that the forme of the Brawne members should be the more faire, and of better shape: wherefore God and Nature hath cloathed it with a Pannicle, that it might the better bee kept: And it is called of the Philosophers, Musculus, because it hath a forme like unto a Mouse. And when these Brawnes come neere a Joynt, then the Chordes spring forth of them, and are mingled with the Ligaments againe, and so moveth that Joynt. And so yee shall understand, that alwayes betweene every two Joynts, is engendred a Brawne, proportion••d to the same member and place, unto the last extremity of the fingers, so that as well the least juncture hath a proper feeling and mov∣ing when it needeth, as hath the greatest. And after Guido, there be numbred thirteene in the

Arme and Hand, as thus; foure in the Adju∣tor, moving the upper part of the Arme; and foure in the Fockles moving the fingers.

Now to speake somewhat of the Veynes and Artiers of the arme: It is to be understood that from Venakelis there commeth two bran∣ches, the one commeth to the one Arme-pit, and the other commeth to the other. And now marke their spreading, for as it is of the one, so it is of the other, as thus; when the branch is in the Arme-pit, there it is divided into two branches: The one branch goeth along in the inner-side of the arme, untill it come to the bough of the arme, and there it is called Ba∣zilica, or Epatica, and so goeth downe the arme till it come to the Wrist, and there it is turned to the back of the Hand, and it is found betweene the little finger and the next, and there it is called Salvatella. Now to the o∣ther branch that is in the Arme-hole, which spreadeth to the outer side of the shoulder, and there he divideth into two, the one goeth sprea∣ding up into the carnous part of the Head, and after descendeth through the bone into the Braine, as it is declared in the Anatomie of the Head. The other branch goeth on the outward side of the Arme, and there hee is divided into two also, the one part is ended at the hand,

and the other part is folded about the arme, till it appeare in the bought of the arme, and there is called Sephalica, from thence it goeth to the backe of the hand, and appeareth be∣tweene the Tumbe and the foremost finger, and there it is called Sephalica Ocularis.

The two Branches that J speake of, which be divided in the hinder part of the shoulders, from each of these two (J say springeth one) and those two meete together and make one Veyne which appeareth in the bough of the Arme, and there it is called Mediana, or Cordialis, or Commine. And thus it is to be understood, that of Vena Sephalica, springeth Ʋena Ocularis, and of Vena Bazilica, spring∣eth Vena Mediana, and in ramefying from these five principall Veynes springeth in∣numerable, of the which a Chyrurgion hath no great charge: for it sufficeth us to know the principals.

To speake of Arteirs, you shall understand, that wheresoever there is found a Veyne, there is an Arteir under him: and if there be found a great Veyne, there is found a great Artier, and whereas is a little Veyne, there is a little Artier: for wheresoever there goeth a Veyne to give nutriment, there goeth an Ar∣tier to bring the spirit of life. Wherefore it is

to bee noted, that the Artiers lye more deeper in the flesh then the Veynes doe: for they carry and keepe in them more precious blood then doth the Veyne, and therefore hee hath need to bee further from dangers outwardly: and therefore, God and Nature have ordained for him to be closed in two Coates, where the Veyne hath but one.

The Breast or Thorax, is the Arke or Chest of the spirituall members of man, as saith the Philosopher: where it is to bee noted, that there be foure things containing, and eight contained, as thus. The foure containing, are, the Skinne, Musculus flesh, the Pappes and the Bones. The parts contained, are, the Heart, the Lungs, Pannicles, Ligaments, Nerves Veynes, Artiers, Myre, or Isofagus. Now the Skin and the flesh are knowne in their Anato∣mie. It is to be noted, that the flesh of the Pappes differeth from the other flesh of the body; for it is white, glandulus, and sponge∣ous, and there is in them both Nerves, Veynes and Artiers, and by them▪ they have Coli∣ganes with the Heart, the Liver, the Braine, and the Generative members. Also, there is in the Breast (as old Authors make mention) Lxxx, or XC. Muscles; for some of them be common to the Neck, some to the Shoulders,

and to the Spades; some to Diafragma or the Midriffe; some to the Ribs, some to the Back, and some to the Breast it selfe. But J find a certaine profitablenesse in the creation of the Pappes, aswell in man as in woman; for in Man it defendeth the spirituals from annoy∣ance outwardly, and another by their thick∣nesse they comfort the naturall heate in defi∣ance of the spirits. And in Women, there is the generation of Milke; for in women there commeth from the Matrix into their breasts many Veynes which bring into them menstru∣all blood, the which is turned through the di∣gestive vertue, from red colour into white, like the colour of the Paps even as Chilley com∣ming from the stomack to the Liver is turned into the colour of the Liver.

Now to speake of the Bones of the brest: they be said to be triple or three-fold, and they be numbred to the seaven in the Brest before, and their length is according to the bredth of the Brest, and their extremities or ends be grist∣ly as the Ribbes be. And in the upper end of Thorax is a hole or a concavity in which is set the foot of the Fockle-bone or Cannel-bone, and in the nether end of Thorax, against the mouth of the stomack, hangeth a Gristle called Ensiforme, and this Gristle was ordained for

two causes. One is, that it should defend the Stomack from hurt outwardly. The second is, that in time of fulnesse it should give place to the stomack in time of need when it de∣sireth, &c.

Now to speake of the parts of the Backe here following; there bee twelve Spondels through whom passeth Mynuca, of whom springeth twelve paire of Nerves, that bring∣eth both feeling and moving to the Muscles of the Brest aforesaid. And here it is to be noted, that in every side there bee twelve Ribs, that is to say, seaven true and five falfe, because these five be not so long as the other seaven be: and therefore called false Ribs, as it may be perceived by the sight of the Eye. Likewise, of the parts that bee inwardly, and first of the Heart, because hee is the principall of all other members and the beginning of Life: hee is set in the middest of the Brest severally by him∣selfe, as Lord and King of all members. And as a Lord or a King ought to bee served of his subjects that have their living of him; so are all other members of the Body subjects to the Heart: for they receive their living of him, and they all doe service many wayes unto him againe. The substance of the Heart is as it were Lazartus flesh, but it is spermatick,

and an officiall member, and the beginning of life, and hee giveth to every member of the Body, both blood of life, and spirit of breath, and heate: for if the Heart were of Lazartus flesh, his moving and stirring should be vo∣luntary and not naturall, but the contrary is true: for it were impossible that the Heart should be ruled by Will onely, and not by Nature. The Heart hath the shape and forme of a Pine-apple, and the broad end thereof is upwards, and the sharpe end is downewards: depending a little towards the left side.

And heere it is to be noted, that the Heart hath blood in his substance, whereas all other members have it but in their Veynes and Ar∣teries: Also the Heart is bound with certaine Ligaments to the backe part of the Breast, but these Lygaments touch not the substance of the Heart, but in the over-part they spring forth of him, and is fastened as is aforesaid. Furthermore, the Heart hath two Ventricles, or Concavities, and the left is higher then the right, and the cause of his hollownesse, is this: For to keepe the blood for his nourishing, and the ayre to abate and temper the great heate that hee is in, the which is kept in Con∣cavities. Now heere it is to be noted, that to the right Ventrickle of the Heart, commeth a

Veyne from the great Veyne called Venakelis, that receiveth all the substance of the blood from the Liver. And this Veyne that com∣meth from Venakelis, entreth into the heart of the right Ventricle, as J said before, and in him is brought a great portion of the thickest blood to nourish the heart with, and the resi∣due that is left of this, is made subtill through the vertue of the Heart, and then this Blood is sent into a Concavity or pit in the midst of the Heart, betweene the two Ventricles, and therein it is made hot and purified, and then it passeth into the left Ventricle, and there is in∣gendred in it, a Spirit, that is cleerer, brighter, and subtiller, then any Corporall or Bodily thing, that is engendred of the foure Ele∣ments: For it is a thing, that is a meane be∣tweene the Body and the Soule. Wherefore it is likened of the Philosophers to be more liker heavenly things, then earthly things.

Also it is to be noted, that from the left Ventricle of the heart springeth two Arteirs: the one having but one Coate, and therefore is called Arteria Venalis: And this Arteir carryeth Blood from the Heart to the Lungs, the which Blood is vaporous, that is tryed and and left of the Heart, and is brought by this Artery to the Lungs, to give him Nutriment,

and there he receiveth of the Lungs ayre, and bringeth it to the heart to refresh him with.

Wherefore Galen saith, that hee findeth that mans Heart is naturall and friendly to the Lungs: For hee giveth him of his owne Nutrimentall to nourish him with, and the Lungs rewards him with ayre to refresh him with againe, &c.

The other Artier that hath two Coats, is called Vena Arterialis, or the great Artery, that ascendeth and descendeth, and of him springeth all the other Artiers that spread to every member of the Body; for by him is u∣nited and quickned all the members of the bo∣dy. For the Spirit that is retained in them, is the instrument or treasure of all the vertue of the Soule. And thus it passeth untill it come to the Braine, and there hee is turned into a further digestion, and there he taketh another Spirit and so is made animall; and at the Liver nutrimentall, and at the Testicles generative: and thus it is made a spirit of every kind, so that hee being the meane of all manner of ope∣rations and workings, taketh effect. Two cau∣ses J find, why these Artiers have two coates. One is, that one coat is not sufficient nor able to withstand the violent moving and stirring of the spirit of Life, that is carried in them.

The second cause is, that the thing that is carried about from place to place, is of so pre∣cious a Treasure that it had the more need of good keeping. And of some Doctors, this Artier is called the Pulsative veyne, or the beating Veyne; for by him is perceived the pow••r and might of the Heart, &c. Where∣fore God and Nature have ordained, that the Artiers have two coates. Also, there is in the Heart three Pellikles, opening and closing the going in of the Heart blood and spirit in con∣venient time. Also, the Heart hath two little Eares, by whom commeth in and passeth out the ayre that is prepared for the Lungs. There is also found in the heart a Cartilaginous au∣ditament to helpe and strengthen the same Heart. The Heart is covered with a strong Pannicle, which is called of some Capsula Cordes, or Pericordium, the which is a strong case, unto whom commeth Nerves as to other inward members. And this Pannicle Pericor∣dium, springeth of the upper Pannicle of the Midriffe. And of him springeth another Pan∣nicle called Mediastinum, the which separa∣teth the Brest in the midst, and keepeth it that the Lungs fall not over the Heart. There is al∣so another Pannicle that covereth the Ribbes inwardly, that is called Plura, of whom the

Midriffe taketh his beginning. And it is said of many Doctors, that Duramater is the Ori∣ginall of all the Pannicles within the body, and thus one taketh of another.

CHAP. VIII. The Anatomie of the Lungs.

THe Lungs is a member Spermatick of the first creation, and his naturall Complexi∣on is cold and dry, and in his accidentall com∣plexion hee is cold and moyst, wrapped in a nervous Pannicle, because it should gather to∣gether the softer substance of the Lungs, and that the Lungs might feele by the meanes of the Pannicle, that which hee might not feele in himselfe. Now to prove the Lungs to bee cold and dry of kind, it appeareth by his swift stirring, for hee lyeth ever waving over the Heart, and about the heart. And that hee is cold and moyst in operation, it appeareth in that hee receiveth of the Braine many cold matters, as Catarres and Rheumes▪ whose sub∣stance is thin. Also, J find in the Lungs three kinds of substance. One is a Veyne comming from the Liver, bringing with him the crude or raw part of the Chylle to feed the Lungs. Another is, Arteria venealis comming from

the Heart, bringing with him the spirit of Life to nourish him with. The third is, Trachia Arteria, that bringeth in ayre to the Lungs, and it passeth through all the left part of them to doe his office.

The Lungs is divided into five Lobbes or Pellikles, or five portions, (that is to say) three in the right side, and two in the left side. And this was done for this cause, that if there fell any hurt in the one part, the others should serve and doe their office. And three causes J find, why the Lungs were principally ordai∣ned. First, that they should draw cold wind and refresh the heart. The second, that they should change and alter, and purifie the ayre before it come to the Heart, lest the heart should be hurt and annoyed with the quanti∣ty of the ayre. The third cause is, that they should receive from the Heart the fumous su∣perfluities that hee putteth forth with his brea∣thing &c.

Behind the Lungs towards the Spondels, passeth Myre or Isofagus, of whom it is spo∣ken of in the Anatomic of the Neck. And al∣so there passeth both Veynes and Artiers, and all these with Trachia Arteria, doe make a Stoke, replete unto the Gullet with the Pan∣nicles, and strong Ligaments, and Glandulus

flesh to fulfill the voyd places. And last of all, is the Midriffe, and it is an officiall mem∣ber made of two Pannicles and Lazartus flesh, and his place is in the midst of the body over∣thwart, or in bredth under the region of the Spirituall members, separating them from the Matrix.

And three causes J find, why the Midriffe was ordained. First, that it should divide the Spirituals from the Nutrates. The second, that it should keepe the vitall colour or heat to de∣scend downe to the Nutrates. The last is, that the malicious fumes reared up from the Nu∣trates, should not annoy the Spirituals or vi∣tals, &c.

The Wombe is the region or the City of all the Intrailes, the which reacheth from the Mid∣riffe downe unto the Share inwardly, and out∣wardly from the Reines or Kidnies, downe to the bone Peeten about the privie parts. And this Wombe is compound and made of two things (that is to say) of Syfac, and Myrac; Syfac is a Pannicle and a member spermatick, officiall, sensible, Sinewie, compound of subtill Will, and in complexion cold and dry, having his beginning in the inner Pannicle of the Midriffe. And it was ordained, because it should containe and bind together all the In∣trailes,

and that he defend the Musculus, so that he oppresse not the Naturall members. And that he is strong and tough, it is because he should not be lightly broken, and not those things that are contained goe not forth, as it happeneth to them that are broken, &c. Myrac is compound, and made of foure things (that is to say) of Skinne outward∣ly, of Fatnesse, of a Carnous Pannicle, and of Musculus Flesh. And that it is to bee under∣stood, that all the whole from Syfac out∣ward, is called Myrac, it appeareth well (by the words of Galen) where hee commandeth, that in all wounds of the Wombe, to sewe the Syfac, with the Mirac, and by that it proveth, that there is nothing without the Syfac but Mirac. And in this Mirac, or outer part of the Wombe, there is noted eight Muscles; two Longitudinals, proceeding from the shield of the stomacke, unto Os Pecten: two Latitudinals comming from the back-wards to the Wombe: and foure Trans∣verse, of the which, two of them spring from the Ribbes on the right side, and goe to the left side, to the Bones of the Hanches, or of Pecten: and the other two spring from the Ribs on the left, and come over the wombe to the right parts, as the other before doth.

Heere is to be noted, that by the vertue of the subtill will that is in the Musculus Lon∣gitudinall, is made perfect the vertue at∣tractiue: and by the Musculus Transverse, is made the vertue retentive: and by the Musculus Latitudinall, is made the vertue expulsive. It is thus to be understood, that by the vertue attractive, is drawne downe into the Intrailes, all superfluities, both water, winde, and dyet. By the vertue retentive, all things are with-holden and kept, untill Na∣ture have wrought his kind. And by the vertue expulsive is put forth all things, when Nature provoketh any thing to be done. Galen saith, that Wounds or Incisions be more perilous in the midst of the wombe, then about the sides; for there the parts be more tractable then any other parts bee. Also he saith, that in wounds piercing the wombe, there shall not bee made good incarnation, except Sifac be sewed with Mirac. Now to come to the parts contained within: First, that which appeareth next under the Sifac is Omentum, or Zirbus, the which is a Pannicle covering the stomacke and the Intrailes, im∣planted with many Veynes and Arteirs, and not a little fatnesse ordained to keepe moyst the inward parts.

This Zirbus is an osficiall member, and is compound of a Veyne and an Arteir, the which entreth and maketh a line of the outer Tunicle of the stomacke, unto which Tunicle hangeth the Zirbus, and covereth all the Guts downe to the share.

Two causes J find, why they were ordai∣ned. One is, that they should defend the Nu∣tratives outwardly. The second is, that through his owne power and vertue, he should strengthen and comfort the digestion of all the Nutrates, because they are more feebler then other members bee, because they have but a thinne wombe or Skin, &c. Next Zirbus appeareth the Intrails or guts, of which Galen saith, that the Guts were or∣dained in the first Creation to convey the drosse of the meate and drinke▪ and to clense the body of superfluities. And here it is to be noted, that there be fixe portions of one whole Gutte, which both in man and Beast beginneth at the nether mouth of the sto∣macke, and so containeth forth to the end of the Fundament. Neverthelesse hee hath divers shapes and formes, and divers operations in the Body, and therefore he hath divers names. And hereupon the Philosophers say, that the lower wombe of a man, is like unto the

wombe of a Swine. And like as the sto∣macke hath two Tunicles, in like manner have all the Guts two Tunicles. The first portion of the Guts is called Duodenum; for he is 12. Inches of length, and covereth the nether part of the Stomacke, and re∣ceiveth all the drosse of the stomacke: The second portion of the Guts is called Iejunium, for he is evermore empty, for to him lyeth evermore the Chest of the Gall, beating him sore, and draweth forth of him all the drosse, and clenseth him cleane: the third portion or Gut, is called Yleon, or small Gut, and is in length fifteene or sixteene Cubits. In this Gut oftentimes falleth a disease called Yleaea Passio. The fourth Gut is called Monoculus, or blind Gut, and it seemeth to have but one hole or mouth, but it hath two, one neere unto the other, for by the one all things goe in, and by the other they goe out againe. The fift is called Colon, and receiveth all the drosse deprived from all profitablenesse, and there∣fore there commeth not to him any Veynes Miseraices, as to the other. The sixt and last, is called Rectum or Longaon, and he is ended in the Fundament, and hath in his nether end foure Muscles, to hold, to open, to shut, and to put out, &c. Next is to be noted of

senterium, the which is nothing else but a tex∣ture of innumerable Veynes Miseraices, ramefied of one Veyne called Porta Epates, covered and defended of Pannicles nnd Ly∣gaments comming to the Intrails, with the back full of fatnesse and Glandulus flesh, &c.

The Stomacke is a member compound and Spermaticke, sinnowy and sensible, and there∣in is made perfect the first digestion of Chile. This is a necessary member to all the Body, for if it faile in his working, all the members of the Body shall corrupt.

Wherefore Galen sayth, that the Stomacke was ordained principally for two causes. The first, that it should be to all the members of the Body, as the earth is to all that are in∣gendred of the earth, that is, that it should desire sufficient meate for all the whole Body. The second is, that the stomacke should bee a sacke or Chest to all the Body for the meate, and as a Cooke to all the members of the Body. The stomacke is made of two Pan∣nicles, of which the inner is Nerveous, and the outer Carneous. This inner Pannicle hath Musculus Longitudinals, that stretcheth along from the stomacke to the mouth, by the which he draweth to him meate and drinke, as it were hands. And hee hath Transverse

will, for to with-hold or make retention. And also the outer Pannicle hath Latitudinall will▪ to expulse and put out: and that by his heate he should keepe the digestive vertue of the stomacke, and by other heates given by his Neighbours, as thus. It hath the Liver on the right side, chasing and beating him with his lobes or figures: and the Splene on the left side, with his fatnesse and Veynes, sending to him Melancholy, to exercise his appetites: and about him is the heart, quick∣ning him with his Artiers: Also the Braine sending to him a Branch of Nerves to give him feeling. And he hath on the hinder part, descending from the parts of the backe many Lygaments, with the Artiers joyned to the Spondels of the Backe. The forme or figure of this Stomack is long, in likenesse of a Goord, crooked: and that both holes bee in the upper part of the body of it, because there should be no going out of it unadvised∣ly of those things which are received into it. The quantity of the stomack commonly hold∣eth two Pitchers of water, and it may suffer many passions, and the nether mouth of the stomacke is narrower then the upper, and that for three causes. The first cause is, that the upper receiveth meate great and boysterous in

substance, that there being made subtill, it might passe into the nether. The second is, for by him passeth all the meates, with their chilosity from the stomacke to the Liver. The third is, for that through him passeth all the drosse of the stomack to the guts. And this sufficeth for the Stomacke, &c.

The Liver is a principal member, and official, and of his first creation spermatick, complete in quantity of blood, of himself insensible, but by accidence he is insensible, & in him is made the second digestion, & is lapped in a sinowie Pan∣nicle. And that he is a principal member, it ap∣peareth onely by the Philosophers, by Avicen and Galen. And it is officiall as is the Sto∣macke, and it is of spermatick matter, and sinowie of the which is ingendred his Veines. And because it was like in quantity, Nature hath added to it cruded blood, to the accom∣plishment of sufficient quantity, and is lapped in a sinowie Pannicle. And why the Liver is crudded, is because the Chile which com∣meth from the Stomacke to the Liver, should should be turned into the colour of blood.

And why the Liver was ordained, was be∣cause that all the nutrimentall blood be en∣gendred in him. The proper place of the Liver is under the false Ribbes in the right

side. The forme of the Liver is gibbous or bunchie on the backe side, and it is somewhat hollow like the inside of an hand. And why it is so shapen, is, that it should bee plyable to the stomacke (like as a hand doth to an Apple) to comfort her digestion, for his heate is to the stomacke, as the heate of the fire is to the Pot or Cauldron that hangeth over it.

Also the Lungs is bound with his Pellikles to the Diafragma, and with strong Liga∣ments. And also hee hath Coliganes with the stomacke and the Intrailes, and with the Heart and the Reynes, the Testikles and other members. And there are in him five Pellikles, like five fingers. Galen calleth the Liver Messa Sanguinaria, containing in it selfe foure sub∣stances, Naturall and Nutrimentall. The Naturals is sent with the blood to all parts of the body, to be engendred and nourished. And the Nutrimentals be sequestrate and sent to places ordained for some helpings. These are the places of the Humours, the blood in the Liver, Choller in the Chest or Gall, Me∣lancholy to the Splene, Flegme to the Lungs and the Junctures▪ the watery superfluities to the Reynes and Vesike. And they goe with the Blood, and sometime they putrifie and make Fevers, and some bee put out to the

Skinne, and be resolved by sweat, or by Scabs, by Pushes, or by Impostumes.

And these foure naturall Humours (that is to say) Sanguine, Choler, Melancholy, and Flegme, be engendred and distributed in this manner: First, yee shall understand, that from the Spermaticke matter of the Liver in∣wardly, there is engendred two great Veynes, of the which, the first and the greatest is called Porta, and commeth from the concavity of the Liver, of whom springeth all the small Veynes Miseraices: and these Miseraices, be to Vena Porta, as the branches of a Tree bee to the stocke of a Tree. For some of them bee contained with the bottome of the sto∣macke: some with Duodenum, some with Jejunium, some with Yleon, and some with Monoculus, or Saccus. And from all these Guts they bring to Vena Porta, the succosity of Chiley, going from the stomacke, and dist∣ribute it into the substance of the Liver. And these Veynes Miseraices, be innumerable. And in these Veynes begins the second Di∣gestion and endeth in the Liver, like as it doth in the stomacke the first Digestion.

So it proveth that Vena Porta, and Vena Miseraices, serve to bring all the succosity of all the meat and drinke that passeth the Sto∣macke

to the Liver, and they spread them∣selves thorough the substance of the Liver in∣wardly, and all they stretch towards the gib∣ous (or bowing part of the Liver,) and there they meete, and goe all into one Unity, and make the second great Veyne, called Vena Ʋlis, or Concava, or Vena Ramosa: all is one, and hee with his Roots draweth out all the bloud engendred from the Liver, and with his branches Ramefying upwards and downe∣wards, carryeth and conveyeth it to all other Members of the Body to bee nourished with, where is made perfect the third digestion. And also there goeth from the Liver Veynes, bear∣ing the superfluites of the third Digestion to their proper places, as it shall be declared here∣after.

Now to speake of the Gall, or of the Chest of the Gall: It is an osficiall member, and it is supermaticke and sinowie, and hath in it a subtill Will, and it is a purse or a Panniculer Vesikle in the hollownesse of the Liver, about the middle Pericle or Lobe, or∣dained to receive the Cholericke superfluities which are engendred in the Liver: The which purse or bagge hath three holes or Neckes; By the first he draweth to him from the Liver the Choller, that the Blood be not

hurt by the Choler. By the second Necke hee sendeth to the bottome of the stomacke Cho∣ler, to further the Digestion of the stomacke. And by the third Necke hee sendeth the Cho∣ler regularly from one Gut to another, to clense them of their superfluities and Drosse: and the quantity of the purse, may containe in it halfe a pinte, &c.

And next is the Splene, or the Milte, the which is a spermaticke member, as are other members: and osficiall, and is the receptory of the Melancholious superfluities that are engendred in the Liver: and his place is on the left side, transversly linked to the sto∣macke, and his substance is thinne. And two causes J▪ find, why hee was ordained there. The first is, that by the Melancholious super∣fluities which are engendred of the Liver which hee draweth to him, hee is nourished with. The second cause is, that the nutritive Blood should by him be made the more purer, and cleane, from the Drosse and thickning of the Melancholy, &c.

And next of the Reynes and Kidneyes: It is to be understood, that within the Region of the Nutrites backwards, are ordained the Kid∣neyes to clense the Blood from the watry su∣perfluities, and they have each of them two

passages or holes, or neckes; by the one is drawne the water from Venakelis, by two Veynes which are called Vencae Aemulg••ntes, the length of the ••inger of a man, and issueth from the Liver: and by the other is sent the same water to the Bladder, and is called P••ros Vrithides.

The substance of the Kidneyes is Lazartus flesh, having Longitudinall will, and their place is behind on each side of the Spondels, and they are two in number, and the right Kid∣ney lyeth somewhat higher then the left, and is bound fast to the back with Lygaments▪ The Philosopher saith, that mans Kidneyes are like the Kidneyes of a Cow, full of hard con∣cavities; and therefore the Sores of them are hard to cure. Also, they are more harder in substance, then any other fleshly member, and that for two causes. One is, that hee be not much hurt of the sharpnesse of the Urine. The other is, that the same Urine that passeth from him, might the better bee altered and clensed through the same. Also, there commeth from the Heart to each of the Kidneyes, an Artier that bringeth with him Blood, heat, spirit, Life. And in the same manner there commeth a Veyne from the Liver, that bringeth blood to nourish the Kidneyes, called Blood nutri∣mentall.

The grease of the Kidneyes or Fatnesse, is as of other members, but it is an officiall mem∣ber, made of thin Blood, congealed and cru∣ded through cold, and there is ordained the greater quantity in his place; because it should receive and temper the heat of the Kid∣neyes, which they have of the byting sharp∣nesse of the water.

Now by the Kidneyes upon the Spondels passeth Venakelis, or Venacua, which is a Veyne of great substance; for hee receiveth all the Nutrimentall blood from the Liver, and from him passeth many small Pipes on every side, and at the Spondell betweene the shoul∣ders, hee divideth himselfe whole in two great branches, the one goeth into the one arme, and the other into the other, and there they devide themselves into many Veynes and branches, as is declared in the Armes.

CHAP. IX. The Anatomie of the Haunches and their parts.

THe Haunches are the lower part of the Wombe, joyning to the Thighes and the secret members. And three things there are to be noted thereof. The first is, of the parts con∣taining:

the second is of the parts contained, and the third is of the parts proceeding out∣wards. The parts containing outwardly, be Myrac and Syfac, the Zirbus and the bones. The part contained outwardly, are the Vezike, or Bladder: the Spermaticke vessels, the Matrix in women, Longaon, Nerves, Veynes, and Artiers, descending downewards; The parts proceeding outwards, are the But∣tocks and the Muscles, descending to the Thighes, of which it is to bee spoken of in order. And first of the parts containing: as of Myrac, Syfac, and Zirbus, there is enough spoken of in the Anatomy of the Wombe. But as for the Bones of the Hanches, there bee in the parts of the back three Spondels of Ossa sacri, or of the Hanches: and three Cartali∣ginis Spondels of Ossa Cande, called the Taile-bone.

And thus it is proved, that there is in every man thirty Spondels, and thus they are to be numbred: in the Necke seaven, in the Ridge twelue▪ in the Reynes five: and in the Han∣ches sixe: And it is to be noted, that every Spondell is hollow in the middest: through which hollownesse passeth Nuca from the Braine, or the Marrow of the Backe. And some Authors say, that Mynuca is of the sub∣stance

that the Braine is of: For it is like in substance, and in it self giveth to the Nerves both the vertue of Moving and Feeling.

And also every Spondell is holden on every side, through the which holes, both Artiers and Veynes doe bring from the Heart and the Li∣ver both Life and nourishment, like as they doe to the Braine; and from the Pannicle of Mynuca, or the Marrow of the back, through the holes of the sides of the Spondels, spring∣eth forth Nerves motives, and there they in∣termingle themselves with the strong Lyga∣ments that be insensible, and so the Lygaments receive that feeling of the Nerves, which the Nerves taketh of Mynuca. And by this rea∣son many Authors prove, that Mynuca is of the same substance that the Braine is of, and the Pannicles of the Nuca is of the same substance of the Pannicles of the Braine, &c. And each of these Spondels bee bound fall one with another, so that one of them may not well bee named without another. And so all these Spondels together, contained one by an∣other are called the Ridge-bone, which is the foundation of all the shape of the Body. They with the la••t Spondell be contained or joyned to the Bones of the Haunches, and they be the upholders of all the Spondels. And these

Bones bee small towards the Taile-bone, and broad towards the Hanches, and before they joyne and make Os Pectinis. And so they bee broad in the parts of the Jles, and there∣fore some Authors calleth it Ylea. And each of these two Bones towards the Liver hath a great round hole, into which is received the Bone called Vertebra, or the Whorlebone. Also besides that place there is a great hole or way, thorow the which passeth from above Musculus Veynes and Artiers, and goe into the Thighes. And thus it is to bee noted, that of this Bone Pecten, and the Bone Vertebra, is made the juncture of the Thigh.

Now to speake of the parts contained, the first thing that commeth to sight is the Bladder, the which is an officiall member, compound of two Nervous Pannicles, in complexion cold and dry, whose Necke is carnous, and hath Muscles to with-hold, and to let goe: and in man it is long, and is contained with the yard, passing through Peritoneum, but in women it is shorter, and is contained with the Vulva. The place of the Bladder, is betweene the bone of the Share and the Tayle-gut, called Longaon, and in women, it is betweene the aforesaid bone and the Matrix.

And in it is implanted two long vessels

comming from the Kidneyes, who••e names be Porri Vrikcides, bringing with them the Urine or water from the Kidneys to the Blad∣der, which privily entreth into the holes of the Pannicles of the Bladder, by a naturall moving betweene Tunicle and Tunicle, and there the Urine findeth the hole of the nether Tunicle, and there it entreth privily into the concavity of the bladder, and the more that the Bladder is filled with Urine, the straiter bee the two Pannicles comprised together; for the holes of the Tunicles, be not even one a∣gainst another; and therefore if the bladder be never so full, there may none goe backe a∣gaine. The forme of it is round, the quantity of it is a Pitcher full, in some more, in some lesse, &c.

Also there is found two other vessels, called Vaza Seminaria, or the Spermaticke Vessels. And they come from Venakelis, bringing blood to the Testikles, as well in Man, as in Woman, the which by his further digestion it is made sperme or nature in men: they be put outward for the Testikles be without▪ but in women it abideth within, for their. Testikles stand within: as it shall be declared here∣after.

Next followeth the Matrix in women: the

Matrix in women is an officiall member, com∣pound and Nerveous, and in complexion cold and dry: and it is the field of mans generation, and it is an instrument susceptive, that is to say, a thing receiving or taking: and her proper place is betweene the Bladder and the Gut Longaon, the likenesse of it, is as it were a yard reversed and turned inward, having Testikles likewise, as aforesaid. Also the Matrix hath two Concavities or Selles, and no more, but all Beasts have as many Selles as they have Pappes-heads. Also it hath a long Necke like an Urinall, and in every Necke it hath a mouth, that is to say, one within, and another without. The inner in the time of conception is shut, and the outer part is open as it was before: and it hath in the middest a Lazartus Pannicle, which is called in Latine Tengit••: And in the creation of this Pannicle, is found two utilities. The first is, that by it goeth forth the Urine, or else it should bee shed throughout all the Vulva: The second is, that when a woman doth set her Thighs abroad▪ it altereth the ayre that commeth▪ to the Matrix for to temper the heate.

Furthermore, the Necke that is betweene these two aforesaid mouthes, in her concavity

hath many involusions and pleates, joyned together in the manner of Rose-leaves before they be fully spread or ripe, and so they be shut together as a purse mouth, so that no∣thing may passe forth but urine, untill the time of Childing. Also about the middle of this necke be certaine Veynes in Maydens, the which in time of deflowring, be corrupted and broken. Furthermore, in the sides of the outer mouth, are two Testicles or Stones, and also two vessels of Sperme, shorter then mans vessels, and in time of Coyt the Womans sperme is shead downe in the bottome of the Matrix. Also from the Liver there commeth to the Matrix many Veynes, bringing to the Child nourishing at the time of a womans be∣ing with Child: and those Veynes, at such time as the Matrix is voyd, bring thereto super∣fluities from certaine members of the Body, whereof are engendred womans Flowers, &c.

And forasmuch, as it hath pleased Almighty God to give the knowledge of these his Mi∣steries and Workes unto his Creatures in this present World. Heere J suppose to declare what thing Embreon is, and his Creation. The noble Philosophers, as Galen, Avicen, Bartholmeus▪ and divers others, writing upon this matter, say: That Embreon is a thing en∣gendred

in the Mothers wombe, the origin all whereof is, the Sperme of the Man and of the Woman, of the which is made by the might and power of GOD, in the mothers wombe a Child: as hereafter more at large shall bee declared. First, the field of Generation called the Matrix, or the Mother, is knowne in the Anatomy, whose place is properly (betwixt the Bladder and Longaon) in the Woman, in which place is sowne by the Tillage of man, a covenable matter of kindly heate: For kindly heate is cause efficient both of do∣ing and working, and Spirit that giveth vertue to the Body, and governeth and ruleth that vertue: the which Seed of generation com∣meth from all the parts of the Body, both of the Man and Woman, with consent and will of all Members, and is shead in the place of Conceiving, where thorow the vertue of Na∣ture, it is gathered together in the Celles of the Matrix or the Mother, in whom by the way of the working of mans Seede, and by the way of suffering of the Womans Seed mixt together, so that each of them worketh in other, and suffereth in other, there is en∣gendred Embreon. And further it is to bee noted, that this Sperme that commeth both to man and woman, is made and gathered of the

most best and purest drops of Blood in all the body, and by the labour and chafing of the Testikles or Stones, this Blood is turned into another kind, and is made Sperme. And in man it is hot, white, and thicke: wherefore it may not spread nor runne abroad of it selfe, but runneth and taketh temperance of the Womans sperme which hath contrary qua∣lities: For the womans sperme is thinner, colder, and feebler.

And as some Authors hold opinion, when this matter is gathered into the right side of the Matrix, then it happeneth a Male-kind, and likewise on the left the Female, and where the vertue is most, there it favoureth most. And further it is to bee noted, that like as the Renet of the Cheese hath by himselfe the way or vertue of working, so hath the Milke by way of suffering: and as the Renet and milke make the Cheese, so doth the sperme of Man and Woman make the generation of Embreon, of the which thing springeth (by the vertue of kindly heate) a certaine Skin or Caule, into the which it lappeth it selfe in, wherewith afterwards it is tyed to the Mo∣thers wombe, the which covering commeth forth with the byrth of the Childe: and if it happen that any of the Skinne remaine after

the byrth of the Child, then is the Woman in perill of her life.

Furthermore, (it is said) that of this Em∣breon is ingendred the Heart, the Liver, the Braynes, Nerves, Veynes, Arteirs, Chords, Lygaments, Skins, Gristles, and Bones, re∣ceiving to them by kindly vertue the men∣struall blood, of which is engendred both flesh and fatnesse. And as Writers say, the first thing that is shapen, be the principals: as is the Heart, Liver, and Braine. For of the Heart springeth the Artiers: of the Liver, the Veines: and of the Brain, the Nerves: and when these are made, Nature maketh and shapeth both Bones and Gristles to keepe and save them, as the bones of the head for the Brain: the Breast Bones, and the Ribbes, for the Heart and the Liver. And after these springeth all other members one after ano∣ther: and thus is the Child bred forth in foure degrees, as thus. The first is, when the said Sperme or Seed is at the first as it were Milke. The second is, when it is turned from that kind into another kind, is yet but as a lumpe of Blood, and this is called of Hypocrates, Fettus. The third degree is, when the principals be shapen, as the Heart, Liver, and Braine. The fourth and last, as when all the other members

bee perfectly shapen, then it receiveth the Soule, with Life and Breath, and then it be∣ginneth to move it selfe alone. Now in these foure degrees aforesaid, in the first as Milke, it continueth seven dayes▪ in the second as Fettus, nine dayes: in the third, as a lumpe of Flesh engendring the principals, the space of nine dayes: and in the fourth, unto the time of full perfection of all the whole members, is the space of eighteene dayes: So is there fixe and forty dayes from the day of Conception, unto the day of full perfection and receiving of the Soule, as God best knoweth.

Now to come againe to the Anatomy of the Haunches: Then come wee to Longaon, otherwise called the Taile-gut, whose sub∣stance is Pannicular, as of all the other Bowels: the length of it is of a span long stretching nigh to the Reynes, his nether part is called Annis, (that is to say) the Towell: and about him is found two Muscles, the one to open▪ the other to shut. Also there is found in him five Ve••nes or Branches of Veynes, called Venae Emoraidales, and they have Colliganes with the Bladder: whereof they are partners in their grieves.

And when this Longaon is raised up, then ye may see the Veynes and Artiers, and Si∣newes,

how they bee branched and bound down to the nether parts: the parts proceed∣ing outwardly, are Didimus Peritoneum, the Yard, the Testikles, and Buttocks. And first, it shall be spoken of the Yard, or of mans generative members, the which dureth unto that part that is called Peritoneum, the which place is from the Coddes, unto the Funda∣ment, whereupon is a seame. Wherefore saith the Philosopher, mans Yard is in the end and terme of the share.

The Yard is an officiall member, and the Tiller of mans generation, compound, and made of Skin, Brawnes, Tendons, Veynes, Arteirs, Sinewes, and great Lygaments: and it hath in it two passages, or principall issues, one for the Sperme, and another for the Urine. And as the Philosophers say, the quantity of a common yard, is eight or nine Inches, with measurable bignesse proportioned to the quan∣tity of the Matrix.

This member hath (as Avicen saith) three holes, through one passeth insensible polisions and wind, that causeth the Yard to rise: the other two holes is declared before. Also the yard hath a Skinne, and about the head there∣of, it is double, and that men call Praeputium; and this Skinne is moveable, for through his

consecration the Spermaticke matter is the bet∣ter, and sooner gathered together, and sooner cast forth from the Testikles; for by him, is had the most delectation in the doing. And the foremost part of the head of the Yard be∣fore, is made of a brawny flesh, the which if it bee once lost, it is never restored againe, but it may be well skinned, &c.

The Coddes is a compound member, and an officiall, and though it bee counted a∣mongst the generative members, yet it is cal∣led a principall member, because of gene∣ration. This Purse was ordained for the custody and comfort of the Testikles and o∣ther Spermaticke vessels: and it is also made of two parts, of inner and of the outer.

The outer is compound and made of Skinne, and Lazartus. Longitudinall and Trans∣versall, in like manner as the Myrac. The inner part of the Cods is of the substance of the Sifac, and are in similitude as two pockets drawne together by themselves, and they differ not from the Syfac: and there bee two, because if there fall any hurt to the one, the other should serve. The Testikles or stones bee two, made of Glandulus flesh, or Cur∣nelly flesh. And furthermore, through the Didimus, commeth the Testikles from the

Braine, Sinewes, and from the Heart Artiers, and from the Liver Veynes, bringing unto them both feeling and stirring, Life, and Spirit, and Nutrimentall blood, and the most purest blood of all other members of the Body, whereof is made the Sperme by the labour of the Testikles, the which is put forth in due time, as is before rehearsed.

The Groynes bee knowne: they bee the empty Junctures, or purging place unto the Liver, and they have curnelly flesh in the ply∣ing or bowing of the Thighes. The Hippes have great brawny flesh on them, and from thence descend downwards, Brawns, Chords, and Lygaments, moving and binding together the Thighes, with the Haunches themselues.

CHAP. X. The Anatomie of the Thighes, Legges, and Feet.

THE Legge reacheth from the Joynt of the Thigh unto the extremity of the Toes, and J will divide it in parts, as the Armes were divided. One part is called Coxa, or Thigh, and that is all that is contained from the joynt of the Haunch unto the Knee. The second part is called Tibia, and that reacheth

from the Knee to the Ankle. The third is the little foot, and that is from the Anckle, unto the end of the Toes. And heere it is to bee noted, that the Thigh, Legge, and foot, are compound, and made as the great Arme or hand, with Skin, Flesh, Veynes, Artiers, Si∣newes, Brawnes, Tendons, and Bones where∣of they are to be spoken of in order.

Of the Skinne and Flesh there is enough spoken of before. And as of Veynes and Arteirs in their descending downwards, at the last Spondels they bee divided into two parts, whereof the one part goeth into the right Thigh, and the other into the Left: And when they come to the Thigh, they be divided in other two great Branches: the one of them spreadeth into the inner side of the Legge, and the other spreadeth into the outer side, and so branching, descend downe to the Legge, to the Anckles, and Feet, and bee brought into foure Veynes, which be commonly used in letting Blood, as hereafter followeth.

One of them is under the inner Ankle to∣ward the heel, called Soffena, and another under the outer Ankle, called Siarica, and another under the Hamme, called Poplitica, the fourth, betweene the little Toe, and the next, called Renalis. And it is to be noted of these foure

great Veynes in the Legges, of the manifold dangers that might fall of them as oft it happe∣neth. There bee many other branches which a Chirurgion needeth not much to passe upon. The Sinewes spring of the last Spondell, and of Os Sacrum, and passeth through the hole of the bone of the Hippe, and descendeth to the Brawnes, and moveth the Knee and the Hamme, and these descend downe to the Ankle, and move the Foot, and the brawnes of the Feet move the Toes in like manner, as is declared in the bones of the Hand. The first is called Coxa, that is the Thigh-bone, and he is without a fellow, and he is full of Marrow, and is round at either end. The roundnesse that is at the upper end, is called Vertebrum, or Whyrlebone, and boweth inwards, and is received into the Concavities of the bone of the Legge at the Knee, called the great Fossels. There is also at the Knee a round bone, called the Knee-panne. Then followes the Legge, wherein is two bones, called Focile Major, and Focile Minor, the bigger of them passeth before making the shape of the shinne, and it is called the Shin-bone, and passeth downe, making the inner ankle. The lesse passeth from the Knee backwards, descending downe to the outer Anckle, and there formeth that

Ankle, &c. The bones of the Feet are sixe and twenty: as thus. First, next the Ankle bone, is one called in Latine Orabalistus: Next under that, towards the Heele is one, called Galeani: and betweene them is ano∣ther bone, called Os Nauculare. In the se∣cond ward there be foure bones called Raceti, as be in the hands. In the third and fourth wards be foureteene, called Digitori: and five called Pectens, at the extremities of the Toes, next to the Nailes. And thus be there in the Foot, sixe and twenty bones, with the Legge from the Ankle to the Knee, two in the knee, and one round and flat bone, and in the Thigh, one. And thus you shall find in the whole Leg and Foot thirty bones. And this may serve for young Practitioners in the Anatomie.

Veynes	in Mans body perfect, is—	365.
Bones	217.
Teeth	32.

For that in us all things may vaine appeare, A Veyne wee have for each day in the Yeare.