The surgions directorie, for young practitioners, in anatomie, wounds, and cures, &c. shewing, the excellencie of divers secrets belonging to that noble art and mysterie. Very usefull in these times upon any sodaine accidents. And may well serve, as a noble exercise for gentle-women, and others; who desire science in medicine and surgery, for a generall good. Divided into X. parts. (Whose contents follow in the next page.) / Written by T. Vicary, Esquire, chyrurgion to Hen 8. Edw. 6. Q. Mary. Q. Eliz.

Of the Anatomie. CHAP. II. The Anatomie of the simple Members.

ANd if it bee asked you how many simple Members there be, it is to be answered, Eleven, and two that be but superfluities of Members: and these be they, Bones, Cartil∣ages, Nerves, Pannicles, Ligaments, Cordes, Arteirs, Veynes, Fatnesse, Flesh and Skinne: and the superfluities bee the Haires and Nailes. J shall begin at the Bone, because it is the Foundation and the hardest Member of all th•• Body. The Bone is a consimile Member, simple and spermaticke, and cold and dry of Com∣plexion, insensible, and inflexible: and hath divers formes in Mans body, for the diversity of helpings. The cause why there be many Bones in mans body, is this: Sometime it is needfull that one member or one limbe should move with∣out another: another cause is, that some defend the principall Members, as both the Bone of the Brest▪ and of the Head: and some to bee the Foundation of divers parts of the Body, as the

Bones of the ridge and of the Legges: and some to fulfill the hollow places, as in the Hands and Feet, &c.

The Gristle is a member simple and Sper∣maticke, next in hardnesse to the Bone▪ and is of complexion cold and dry, and insensible. The Gristle was ordained for sixe causes or profits that J find in it: The first is, that the continuall moving of the hard Bone might not be done in a juncture, but that the Gristle should be a meane betweene the Ligament and him. The second is, that in the time of concussion or op∣pression, the soft members or limbes should not be hurt of the hard. The third is, that the extre∣mity of Bones and Joynts that be grisly, might the easier be foulded and moved together, with∣out hurt. The fourth is, for that it is necessary in some meane places, to put a Gristle, as in the throat-bowle for the sound. The fifth is, for that it is needfull that some members be holden up with a Gristle, as the lids of the Eyes. The sixt is, that some Limbes have a sustaining and a drawing abroad, as in the Nose and the Eares, &c.

The Ligament is a member consimple, simple, and spermaticke, next in hardnesse to the Gristle, and of complexion cold and dry, and is flexible and insensible, and bindeth the Bones together.

The cause why hee is flexible and insensible, is this: If it had beene sensible, he might not have suffered the labour and moving of the joynts: and if it had not beene flexible of his bowing, one Limme should not have moved without another. The second profit is that he be joyned with sinewes, for to make Cordes and Brawnes. The third helpe is, that he be a resting place to some sinewes. The fourth profit is, that by him the members that be within the Bone be sustained, as the Matrix and Kidneys, and divers other, &c.

The Sinew, is a consimilier member, simple and spermatick, a meane betweene hard and soft, and in complexion cold and dry, and he is both flexible and sensible, strong and tough, having his beginning from the Braine, or from Mynuca, which is the Marrow of the backe. And from the braine commeth seaven paire of Nerves sensative, and from Mynuca commeth thirty paire of Nerves motive, and one that is by himselfe, that springeth of the last spondell. All these sinewes have both feeling and moving, in some more, and in some lesse, &c.

A Corde or Tendon, is a consimple or officiall member compound and spermaticke, sinewie, strong and tough, meanely betweene hardnesse and softnesse, and meanly sensible and flexible

and in complexion cold and dry. And the Corde or Tendon is thus made: The sinewes that come from the braine and from Mynuca, and goe to move the members, is intermingled with the Lygaments, and when the sinewes and Lyga∣ments are intermingled together, then is made a Corde. And for three causes J perceive why the Cordes were made.

The first is, that the Sinew alone is so sensible, that hee may not suffer the great labour and travell of moving, without the fellowship and strength of the Ligament that is insensible, and that letteth his great feeling, and bringeth him to a perfit temperance. And so the Cordes move the limbes to the will of the soule. And this Corde is associated with a simple flesh, and so thereof is made a Brawne or a Muskle, on whom he might rest after his travell: and this Brawne is called a Muskle. Then when this Corde is entred into this Brawne, he is departed into many small threeds, the which be called Will: and this Will hath three properties: The first, is in length, by whose vertue that draweth it hath might. The second in breadth, by whom the ver∣tue that casteth out hath might. The third, in thwartnes, in whom the vertue that holdeth hath might: and at the end of the Brawne those threeds be gathered together to make another Muskle, &c.

Now J will begin at the Arteir. This Arteir is a member consimile, ••imple and spermaticke, hollow and sinowie, having his springing from the Heart, bringing from the heart to every mem∣ber, blood and spirit of life. It is of complexion cold and dry. And all these Arteirs have two coates, except one that goeth to the Lungs, and he hath but one coate that spreadeth abroad in the Lungs, and bringeth with him to the Lungs, blood with the spirit of life to nourish the Lungs withall: And also that Arteir bringeth with him from the Lungs ayre to temper the fumous heate that is in the heart. And this Arteir is he that is called Arteria Venalis, because he hath but one coate as a veyne, and is more obedient to be delated abroad through all the Lungs, be∣cause that the blood might the sooner sweat through him: whereas all other Arteirs have two coates, because one coate may not with∣stand the might and power of the spirit of life. Divers other causes there be, which shall be de∣clared in the Anatomie of the breast, &c.

The Veyne is a simple member, in complexion cold and dry, and spermaticke, like to the Arteir▪ having his beginning from the Liver, and bring∣eth from the Liver nutritiue blood, to nourish every member of the body with. And it is so to be understood, that there is no more difference

betweene these two vessels of blood, but that the Arteir is a vessell of blood spirituall or vitall. And the Veyne is a vessell of blood nutrimen∣tall, of the which Veynes, there is noted two most principall, of the which, one is called Vena Porta: the other is called Vena celis, of whom it is too much to treat of now, untill we come to the Anatomy of the Wombe, &c.

The Flesh, is a consimile member, simple, not spermaticke, and is ingendred of blood congealed by heat, and is in complexion hot and moyst. Of the which is noted three kinds of Fleshes: that is to say, one is soft and pure flesh: the second is Musculus, or hard and brawny flesh: the third is Glandulus, knotty, or kurnelly flesh. Also the commodities of the flesh, be indifferent, or ••ome be common to every kinde of flesh, and some be proper to one manner of flesh alone. The profits of the flesh be many, for some defend the body from cold as doth cloathes: also it defendeth the body from hard things comming against it: so through his moysture he recti∣fyeth the Body in Summer, in time of great heate.

Wherefore it is to be considered, what profit∣ablenesse is in every kind of flesh by himselfe. And first of simple and pure flesh, which fulfil∣leth the concavities of voyd places, and causeth

good forme and shape: and this flesh is found betweene the teeth, and on the end of the yard. The profits of the Brawny flesh or Musculus flesh, shall be spoken of in the Anatomy of the Armes. The profits of the Glandulus flesh are these. First, that it turneth the blood into a co∣lour like to himselfe, as doth the flesh of a womans pappes turne the menstruall Blood in∣to milke. Secondly, the Glandulus flesh of the Testikles, turneth the blood into Sparme. Third∣ly, the Glandulus flesh of the cheekes, that en∣gendreth the spettle, &c.

The next is of Fatnesse, of the which J find three kinds. The first is Pinguedo, and it is a consimiler member, not spermaticke, and it is made of a subtill portion of Blood congealed by colde: and it is of complexion cold and moyst, insensible, and is intermingled amongst the parts of the flesh. The second, is Adeppes, and is of the same kind as is Pinguedo, but it is departed from the flesh besides the Skin and it is as an Oyle hea∣ting and moystning the Skin. The third is Auxingia, and it is of kind as the others be, but he is departed from the flesh within foorth about the Kidneyes, and in the Intrailes, and it helpeth both the Kidneyes and the Intrailes, from drying by his unctiosity, &c.

Then come wee to the Skin. The Skin is a

consimile member or officiall, partly sperma∣tick, strong and tough, flexible and sensible, thin and temperate: whereof there be two kinds: One is the Skin that covereth the outward mem∣bers: and the other the inner members, which is called a Pannicle, the profitablenesse of whom, was ••poken in the last lesson: but the Skin is properly woven of Threeds, Nerves. Veynes, and Arteirs. And he is made temperate, because he should be a good redeemer of heate from cold, and of moystnesse from drynesse, that there should nothing annoy or hurt the Body, but it giveth warning to the common wits thereof, &c.

The haires of every part of mans Body, are but superfluity of members, made of the grosse ••ume or smoake passing out of the viscous matter, thickned to the forme of haire. The profitablenesse of him is declared in the Anatomy of the head, &c.

The Nayles likewise, are a superfluity of mem∣bers▪ engendred of great earthly smoke or fume resolved through the naturall heate of humors, and is softer then the Bone, and harder then the Flesh. In complexion they be cold and dry▪ and are alwayes waxing in the extremity of the fingers and toes. The utility of them are, that by them a man shall take the better hold: also

they helpe to claw the body when it needeth. Lastly, they helpe to divide things for lacke of other tooles, &c.