Healths improvement: or, Rules comprizing and discovering the nature, method, and manner of preparing all sorts of food used in this nation. Written by that ever famous Thomas Muffett, Doctor in Physick: corrected and enlarged by Christopher Bennet, Doctor in Physick, and fellow of the Colledg of Physitians in London.

CHAP. XI. (Book 11)

Of the flesh of wild fowl, ahiding and feeding chiefly upon the Land. (Book 11)

THere is no small difference of Land fowl, according to the meat they feed on, and the place they live in; for the purer their meat, the better meat they are them∣selves; they that feed upon flesh or garbage, are not so wholesome as they that feed upon good corn, bents, or wholesome seeds; less wholesome are they which feed upon worms and fish on the Sea shore, or rivers banks; but worst of all other, they that feed upon Serpents, Spi∣ders and Venemous beasts: which no doubt may prove very medicinable to cure diseases, but they cannot prove nourishing (keeping their natural diet) to restore flesh.

Concerning the place wherein they live and feed, it is certain that high and dry Countries have the wholesom∣est Birds: for they which sit in low and moist places, are of no sweet nor wholesome complexion.

Furthermore, their manner of taking alters their flesh; for a Partridge taken in flight, or a Larke dared with a Hawke, is worth ten taken with nets, springes, and tram∣mels; the reason whereof is already set down in my Chapter of Preparation.

Finally look what Bird is whitest flesht, that Bird is ea∣siest to be digested: what Bird is reddest of flesh, is strong∣est of nourishment: whatsoever is black of flesh, is hea∣vy to be digested and of slow nourishment; yea so much the heavier and slower, by how much his skin and flesh appeareth blacker. This shall suffice to be general∣ly spoken of land fowl, yea of all fowl: now let us de∣scend

to their particulars, beginning with birds of greater volume.

Tardae.

Bistards or Bustards (so called for their slow pace and heavy flying) or as the Scots term them, Gusestards, that * 1.1is to say, Slow Geese, feed upon flesh, Livers, and young Lambs out of sowing-time, and in harvest time, then they feed upon pure corn: In the Summer towards the ripening of corn, I have seen half a dozen of them lie in a Wheat-field fatting themselves (as a Deer will doe) with ease and eating; whereupon they grow sometimes to such a bigness, that one of them weigheth almost * 1.2fourteen pounds. Now as they are of an extraordinary bulk, so likewise are they of rare nourishment to indiffe∣rent strong stomacks, rellishing finely, restoring bloud and seed, offending no part of the body, but strengthen∣ing all. Chuse the youngest and fattest about Allhalon∣tide (for then are they best) and diet him a day or two with a little white bread, or rather keep him altogether fasting that he may scour away his ordure; then let him bleed to death in the neck-veins, and having hanged three or four daies in a cool place our of the Moon-shine, either rost it or bake it as you do a Turkie, and it will prove both a dainty and wholsome meat.

Grues. * 1.3

Cranes breed (as old Dr. Turner writ unto Gesner) not only in the Northern Countrys amongst the Nation of Dwarfs, but also in our English Fens. Pliny saith, that in Italy they feed much upon Grapes; but with us they feed chiefly upon corn, and fenny seeds, or bents, Theo∣dosius esteemeth them of a cold temperature; but all the Arabians judge them to be hot and dry: Certain it is that they are of themselves hard, tough, gross, sinewy, and engendring melancholique bloud, unfit for sound

mens tables (usually to be eaten of) and much more un∣meet for them that be sick; yet being young, killed with a goshawk, and hanged two or three daies by the heels, eaten with hot galentine, and drowned in Sack, it is permitted unto indifferent stomacks. In Plutarch's time Cranes were counted a dainty and good meat, fat∣ted * 1.4after this manner: First, they stitched up their eyes, and fed them in the dark with wholsom mixtures of corn, milk, and seeds to make them white, tender, and plea∣sant of taste: A day before they were killed, they tem∣pered their meat with the juice of that herb, or with a good quantity of that seed whereof they would have their flesh especially to relish; were it Mints, Basil, Time, Rosemary, Commin, Coriander, Fennel-seed, or Annis-seed: Which course if we likewise observed in the cramming of Capons, and fatning of our houshold birds, without question they would taste far more deli∣cately.

Ciconiae, Asteriae, Ardeolae.

Storks, Bittors, and Herons, neither do breed, nor can breed any good nourishment, feeding chiefly upon little fishes, frogs, and worms: yea the Stork delighteth in newts, water-snakes, adders, and sloeworms; but (ex∣cept it be almost famished) it will not venture upon a * 1.5Toad, as Casparus Heldelinus writeth.

It was my chance in my first travel into Germany, to meet one Godfrey Achtius (chief Physitian of Aquis∣grane) at Francfort Mart, whose Triacle was there sold, and esteemed better then the Triacle of Venice, where∣into he put not the flesh nor the salt of Adders; but * 1.6the flesh of a Heronshaw, fed a long time with nothing but such Adders as Galen wisheth us to chuse. Verily his conceit was not ill; and if we practised the like in England, it cannot be amiss, considering that the subtilest

part of the Adder is (no doubt) as it were sublimed and imbibed into the Storks body and flesh: Wherefore howsoever we use such birds for Physick, yet let us not feed upon them as upon meats, lest we take poyson in∣stead of nourishment. Nay even all the Heronshaws, (namely the black, white, criel-Heronshaw, and the mire∣dromble) though feeding somewhat better then the Byt∣tor or Stork, are but of a fishy and strong savour, un∣less they be very young, and scarce able to fly; yea they are not dangerless being green rosted, but procure the * 1.7piles and smarting hemerrhoids; of all of them, chuse the youngest and fatest, for they may be eaten, so with much spice, salt, or onions, and being throughly steept in a draught of old Wine. Furthermore, if they be drest without their skins, they rellish far better, accor∣ding to the French and the best fashion, who also stuff them full of sweet herbs, and draw them with fine and small lard.

Phasiana.

Phesants are of so excellent a constitution, as well for substance as temperature, that from them as from a centre, Physicians do judge the complexion of every foul, being of a middle constitution betwixt a brown * 1.8Hen and a Partridg (or as Pisanellus will have it, betwixt a Capon and a Partridg) neither so moist as the first, nor so dry as the second, but exceeding both in taste, tem∣perature and goodness. Galen, Rhasis, Avicen, Aver∣rhois, * 1.9Arnaldus de Villa nova, Trallian, and all Writers do prefer a Phesant for the soundest and best meat of all other; and the Frenchmen think a Phesant to be called Fai-san, because it maketh a sound man. Nevertheless Savanarola willeth men not to eat them often in health, that when sickness cometh they may do them the more good. They are best in Winter, and the young ones

are fittest for weak stomacks; the old ones are to hang three or four daies by the heels, and then being drest, they will eat tender. In Hectick Fevers, and upon re∣coveries from a long or violent sickness, no meat so wholsom as Phesant-pouts; but to strong stomacks it is inconvenientest, especially to Ploughmen and sabourers▪ who eating of Phesants, fall suddenly into sickness, and * 1.10shortness of breath, as Pisanellus hath wittily (and per∣haps truely) noted.

Attagenes Myricae.

Heath-Cocks whilst they are young, are little inferi∣or to a Phesant, very well relishing, and being of good digestion; when they wax old, all their flesh proves black, saving the brawn next their brest-bone, which is ever white, tender, firm, and wholsome.

Perdices.

Partridges have a temperate heat; but encline to dri∣ness in the second degree; they feed upon Snails, Chick∣weed, tops of Leeks, and all manner of good and whol∣some corn; they are never subject to pips, nor any rhu∣matick diseases, which maketh them to live till they be * 1.11almost twenty years old: But beware of old Partridges, for they are as dangerous as old Beef; being young and tender, they agree exceeding well with cold, weak, wa∣trish, and pale bodies, drying up a moist stomack, streng∣thening the retentive power, easily turning into pure bloud, fatning the body, and encreasing lust. They must not be eaten (saith Galen) being newly killed, but hang * 1.12a while in the cold aire: And the wings and brest of a Partridg (as also of all birds, save a Woodcock, trusting to their flight) are better then the legs and thighs: Nay the legs and thighs of Partridges are thought by Sethi, to have an extraordinary weakness in them, causing them to go as if their back or ridg-bone were parted in sunder,

whereupon perhaps they had their name, and were cal∣led Part-ridges. Chuse them that are young and fat, killed with the Hawk at sowce, or else at foot after a long flight. Their broath is good for a weak stomack, for the jaundies, and a tainted liver. If you seeth them in Capon-broth with marrow, eggs, and bread, a Pana∣do made of that broth is exceeding nourishing, being eaten next ones heart. But if you would have a streng∣thening broth indeed, then seeth them in broth where∣in chines of Mutton have first boiled: Rosted Partridg is best for most stomacks, if it be not too dry rosted; for then it is rather Physick to stay a loosness, then fit meat to nourish or restore flesh. They are best at the end of Harvest, before they have either troad or laid.

Rallae terrestres.

Railes of the land (for there is also a water-Rail, which the Venetians esteem so highly) deserve to be placed next the Partridg, for their flesh is as sweet as their feed∣ing good, and they are not without cause preferred to Noble mens Tables.

Gallinagines & Rusticulae.

Woodcocks and Snites are so light of digestion, and so good in temperature, that they agree with most mens stomacks, especially at their first coming in, or rather a moneth after when they have rested themselves after their long flight from beyond the Seas, and are fat through ease and good feeding upon fat worms, and snails, lying in trees. Avicen and Albertus dreamed that Woodcocks and Snites fed upon seeds; whereas indeed no bird with a long piked, crooked, and narrow bill can pick them up: but where they perceive a worms hole (as I have seen Snites to do) there they thrust in their Bill as far as they can, and if the worm lie deep, they blow in such a breath or blast of wind, that the

worms come out for fear as in an Earthquake. If worms fail, then they pick snails out of their shels, and likewise devour them.

Towards their going out, either of them wax drier and worse rellishing. Woodcocks require the stronger stomack, Snites the weaker; both are of laudable nou∣rishment, but chiefly the Snite. There is a kind of Wood-Snite in Devonshire, greater then the common Snite, which never comes into shallows nor springs of water: And in Holland I remember Snites never living out of springs, as great almost as our Woodcocks, cal∣led Herren-Schnepfs, because they are in comparison the Lords or chief of Snites, or that they are onely fit for Lords Tables, which Gesner therefore also termeth by the name of Rusticula regalis.

• ...Columbae
  • Petricolae
  • Liviae
  • Palumbes
  • Turtures.

Wild-Doves be especially four in number, Rock-Doves, Stock-Doves, Ring-Doves, and Turtledoves. Rock-doves breed upon Rocks by the Sea-side, but never far from Corny Downs, whether in Seed and Harvest∣time they fly for meat, living all the year besides upon Mast and Ivy-berries. The other three sorts of Doves feed also upon Corn, Mast, Hawes, Juniper-berries, Ivy-berries, Hurtle-berries, and Holly-berries when they are ripe. Marcus Cato fatted young Ring-doves with * 1.13Bean-meal made into paste with new milk; and Didy∣nius, Turtledoves with bread steept in Wine; which way they are made of excellent taste and nourishment, though also undieted they are good, being under half a years age. Avicen (contrary almost to the opinions of

all other Writers) commendeth the flesh of Turtles a∣bove * 1.14all other, as being of a good nourishment, easily digested, quickning wit and memory, encreasing seed, and strengthening both stomack and guts exceeding well. But Isaac reproveth that opinion, unless it be * 1.15understood only of young Turtles, or such as have been fed and fatted in the house by art, with moist and cool∣ing nourishments: For otherwise (as he truly avoucheth) all manner of Wild-doves are so hot, hard, and dry, that they cannot prove of any indifferent nourishment.

Coturnices.

Quails have gotten an ill name ever since Pliny accus∣ed them for eating of Hemlocks and Bear-foot; by rea∣son * 1.16whereof they breed cramps, trembling of the heart and sinews; yea though Hercules loved them above all other meats, in so much that Iolaus fetcht him out of a * 1.17swound when he was cruelly wounded by Typhon, with the smell of a Quail; yet with much eating of them he fell into the falling-evil, which ever since hath been termed Hercules's sickness. Avicen thinketh that they * 1.18bring cramps not onely by feeding on Helleborus and Hemlocks, but also from a natural inborn property. * 1.19Monardus writeth thus of them; I allow not the flesh of Quails neither in the Spring nor Winter, not because the ancient Fathers of Physick do condemn them; but because reason is against them. For in the Spring and Summer time they are too dry, engendring rather me∣lancholy then bloud: In Autumn and Winter they are too moist; yea though they be fat, yet are they of small nourishment, causing loathing of stomack, and corrupti∣on of meat. Baptista Fiera, Amatus Lusitanus, yea Avicen, Rhasis, Isaac and Galen are of the same judge∣ment; only Arnoldus de Villa nova in his Commentary upon the Salern School, affirmeth them in some Coun∣tries

to be of fine substance, good juice, and easie dige∣stion: Nay, Kiranides saith that their broth clenseth the kidneys, and their flesh nourisheth indifferently well. Were I here to give my censure, I would be of either side, and yet defend the truth likewise; for I nothing doubt but Quails flesh is bad (as Ducks flesh is) of its own nature, and heavy to be digested; nevertheless be∣ing taken young before they have eaten of unwholsome weeds, and fatted with pure Wheat, Hemp-seed, Cori∣ander▪seed and Milk (or Chalk-water instead of Milk) I make no question that their flesh is laudable, and may be counted a good and dainty meat.

And here by the way let us marvel at one thing, That Qualis are generally forbidden because their flesh engen∣dreth the falling evil, and yet Galen commendeth their * 1.20brains (the principal seat of that great evil) as an Antidote against the same. What need I write that when the Is∣raelites * 1.21loathed Manna, Quails were sent them as the best and daintiest meat of all other? And if some curi∣ous Paraphrast would therefore say it was the worst, be∣cause whilst the flesh was in their mouthes, many thou∣sands of them fell in the Wilderness! We answer, That it was not through the badness of the food, but the naughtiness of their lusting and tempting God.

Pluviales.

Plovers feed upon no solid meat, and therefore being new, have no need of drawing; their meat is chiefly the scom or excrements of worms lying about their holes, or of worms themselves; yet are they of a very sweet, delicate, and fine flesh, being taken when they are fat in Winter-time; and the gray Plover is so highly esteem∣ed, that this Proverb is raised of a curious and malecon∣tented stomack; A gray Plover cannot please him. Yet to some the green Plover seemeth more nourishing, and

to others the Lapwing, which indeed is savory and light of digestion, but nothing comparable to Plovers.

Cuculi.

Cuckoes flesh, whilst it is a nestler, is by Perot highly * 1.22extolled; but when once it comes to feed it self, it is ill rellishing, hot, and leprous. Gesner asketh, How any * 1.23man dare be so foolish or venturous as to eat of a Cuckoe, whose much spitting argueth a corrupt and ex∣cremental flesh; yet by experience we find the young ones to be good meat, yea Pliny and Aristotle preferre them for sweetness above most birds: And albeit the old ones feed filthily upon Dorrs, Beetels, and veno∣mous spiders, yet the young one are fed by the Titling, (their foster-dam) with gnats, flies, and red-worms, ha∣ving no venomous nor bad quality.

Fedoae.

Godwits are known to be a fenny fowl, living with worms about Rivers banks, and nothing sweet or whol∣som, till they have been fatted at home with pure corn; but a fat Godwit is so fine and light a meat, that Noble∣men (yea and Merchants too by your leave) stick not to buy them at four nobles a dozen. Lincolnshire afford∣eth great plenty of them, elsewhere they are rare in Eng∣land wheresoever I have travailed.

Erythopodes & Glottides.

Redshanks also and Gluts feed in the Fens upon red∣seeds, bents, and worms, and are of no bad taste, nor e∣vil nourishment.

Ochropodes.

Smirings live in watrish Copses with worms, and are a fine and delicate meat.

Pici.

Pyes or Haggisses feed upon flesh, eggs, worms and ants; their flesh is very hard and loathsome, unless they

be very young, and then are they only the meat of po∣verty.

Graculi.

Jayes feed upon akorns, beech-mast and worms, and never came into the number of good nourishments, be∣cause they have themselves, and procure unto others the falling-evil.

Pici Martii.

* 1.24 Wood-Peckers are suspected of the like malignity, though they feed upon timber-worms, the most dainty dish, and most highly esteemed amongst the Romans and Phrygians.

Orioli.

Witwols are of excellent good nourishment, feeding upon bees, flies, snails, cherries, plums, and all manner of good fruit.

Arquatulae terrestres.

Stonechatters feed as they do, and are of a very good taste and juice.

Ispida.

The Kings-fisher feedeth most upon water-worms, and little fishes, and is of a bad rellish, and worse nou∣rishment.

Coccothraustes.

The Clotbird (called sometimes a Smatch, or an Ar∣ling) is as big almost as a Thrush, feeding chiefly upon cherries, and cherry-kernels.

Nucifraga.

The Nope feedeth upon mast, nuts, and cherreis.

Sitta.

So also doth the little Pyot, which we call a Nutjob∣ber.

Upupa.

* 1.25 Houpes were not thought by Dr. Torner to be found

in England, yet I saw Mr. Serjeant Goodrons kill of them in Charingdon Park, when he did very skilfully and hap∣pily cure my Lord of Pembroke at Ivychurch; they feed upon hurtle-berries, and worms, but delight to feed most upon graves, and mans dung, and stinking soile; wherefore they deserve to be counted very unwholsom.

Turdi & Turdelae Anglicanae.

* 1.26 Thrushes and Navisses feed most upon hawes, sloes, misle-berries, and privot-berries; which being lean, deserve (as Quintus Curtius used them at Caesars Table) to be flung out at the windows; but being young, fat, and in season, and by cunning drawing rid of their gall, * 1.27they deserve the nourishing in Lucullus Cages, and to be commended by Physicians to Pompey's Table for a most wholsom meat.

Turdi Exotici.

Feldefares are of the like feed, and give (almost) as good nourishment, yea better, when Juniper-berries be ripe, for then all their flesh is perfumed with the scent thereof.

Merulae.

* 1.28 Blackbirds are preferred by Baptist Fiera farre before Thrushes, Throstels or Feldefares, as being nothing so strong, hot, nor bitter; Trallianus commendeth all alike. Their feed is on little grashoppers, worms, hurtle-ber∣ries, juniper-berries, ivy-berries, bay-berries, and hawes; they are suspected to be a melancholick meat, because they be never found but alone and solitary, whereupon the Latines call them Merulas, that is to say, Solitarians.

Sturni.

* 1.29 Stares-flesh is dry and sanery, and good against all poyson, if Kiranides be not mistaken. Galen in one place compares them for goodness, with Partridg, Thrush and Blackbirds; in another place he dispraiseth them as

much for their ill juce, hard digestion, and bad nourish∣ment; which nevertheless are both true, that being un∣derstood of young Stares, fed with wholesom meat, this of old stares, who delight to feed of unwholesom meat as well as wholesome, namely hemlocks, dwale, and such llke. Amongst this treatise of the greater sort of Land∣birds, I had almost forgotten Owles, Rookes, Crowes, and Cadesses.

Noctuae.

Concerning Owles, when they be once old, they feed upon Mice, Frogs, Grashoppers and all kind of flesh. Rabbi Moses in his Aphorisms saith, that the flesh of young Owles is dainty and good, strengthening the mind and diverting melancholie and madness: yea I have heard certain noble men and gentlemen avouch, that no young Cuckoe or Partridge is a finer meat.

Corvi Leguminales.

Rooks cannot be ill meat when they are young, for they feed chiefly upon pure corn; but their skin is tough, black, and bitter.

Corvus.

The carrion Crow is generally condemned, and wor∣thily * 1.30despised of all men: As also the Cadesse or Jac∣daw, which is not more unhappy in conditions, then bad of nourishment.

Now we are come to treat of small Birds of the land, which we will divide according to the order of the Al∣phabet: having first admonished you, that no small Birds must be overmuch sodden, or dry roasted: for then their nourishing moisture is soon taken out; neither are they to be given to strong stomacks, lest they be con∣verted into choler, whenelse they would wholly turn into good blood. Finally, young Birds must not hang long before they be dressed; for they are of an airy sub∣stance

which will soon be evapourated. But let us consider every one particularly in his place.

Montifringillae.

Bramblings are a kind of small Birds, feeding chiefly upon seeds, sloes, and hawthorne kernels.

Rubetrae.

Buntings feed chiefly upon little worms.

Pyrrhacia.

Bulfinches feed not onely upon little worms, but also upon hempseed, and the blossoms of peare-plums and apple-trees.

Citrinellae.

Citrinels or straw-coloured Finges, be very small Birds, feeding chiefly of white and black poppy seed, but especially of the wild-poppy called Red-weed.

Certhiae.

Creepers seem to be a kind of Titmise, living upon the worms which engender in and betwixt the barks of Trees.

Fringillae.

Finches for the most part live upon seeds, especially the Goldfinch, which refuseth to eat of any thing else. * 1.31

Acanthis Atlantica.

So also doth the Canarie Finch or siskin; yet the Bullfinch in hunger feeds upon small worms; and the Greenfinch upon horsedung, and nuts in frosty weather. * 1.32

Alandae.

Larkes are of three sorts: Field Larks, Wood Larks, and Heath Larks. The first sort feeds upon corn seeds and worms. The second chiefly upon worms. The third upon worms and heath seed. Some of each sort are high crested like a lapwing, others uncrested which are counted the more wholesom. Their temperament is hot and dry in the second degree, unless they be young

and fat, and then they scarce exceed the first degree. Ga∣len and Rhasis write, that as their broth looseneth, so their flesh bindeth the belly.

Linariae.

Linnets feed chiefly upon flax seed: but for a need they eat also the seed of hemp and thistles.

Apodes.

Martinets are either smooth or hairy legg'd: for nei∣ther of them have perfect feet, but stumps instead of feet. Baptista Fiera in his treatise of Birds exclaimeth against them, and calleth them beggers meat: engendring most hot and feverous blood, fitter to be eaten as a medicin to quicken eyesight and memory, then as a wholesome or nourishing meat; but being taken when they are new fledg'd, experience warranteth them a dainty and good meat, except they be over roasted.

Luseiniae.

Nightingales as Martial said, are nothing worth when their breath is departed; for as they feed filthily in the fields upon spiders and ants, so their flesh is unwhole∣some at the table.

Pari majores.

Oxeys or great Titmise, feed (as ordinary Titmise do) upon caterpillers, blossoms of Trees, bark worms and flies; but their flesh is unwholesome.

Rubeculae.

Robin-red-brests feed upon bees, flies, gnats, walnuts, nuts, and crums of bread; and are esteemed a light and good meat.

Passeres.

Sparrows of the house, feed commonly on the best Corn. They are hot and dry almost in the third degree: engendring hot and aguish blood. The best are the youngest, fattest, and wildest. Trallianus commends

leane Sparrows only to such as are sick of the Tympanie: and young Cock-sparrows flesh (as well as their stones and brains) to such as be cold of nature, and unable to Venus sports. Haly abbas willeth such men to mince young cock-sparrows * 1.33with egs and onions, and to eat them in a gally∣mawfry: which perhaps you may find a better medicin, then Dr. Iulius his bottle, that is said to have cost twenty * 1.34pound a pint; but the red and hedg Sparrows feed ill, and are both unwholesome.

Hirundines.

Swallows (be they either house Swallows or banck Swallows) are of the nature and operation of Martlets, but that they are esteemed the hotter of both.

Curruca.

The Titling, Cucknel, or unfortunate Nurse (for the Cuckoe ever lays his egg in the Titlings nest) feeds upon gnats, flies, and worms; it is a very hot bird, coming in and going out with the Nightingale, but of a delicate taste

Pari.

Titmise are of divers shapes with us in England; some be long, others▪ be very short taild: some have black heads, some blew, some green, some plain, and some copped: all of them feed but ill, and nourish worse.

Motacillae.

Wagtailes live upon flies, worms, and fat earth, being no bad meat whilst they are young, unless some because their tail is ever trembling, shall therefore divine that they are ill for the shaking Palsey.

Reguli.

Wrens feed finely, & sometimes fill themselvs so full of little flies, that their bellies are like to burst. Their flesh being salted cureth Strangullions and the stone not con∣firmed; but no man ever wrote that they give good nourishment.

Galguli.

Yellow Hammers feed (as the most part of Titmise) of seeds and grain; namely the seeds of white and red roses, poppy, burs, thistles, succory and endiff, &c. In the winter time being fat, they are counted wholesome: at other times they are lean and also bitter.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Albertus in hort. san.
• * 1.2

  Gesn. 3. de avib.
• * 1.3

  Gesn. 3. de avib.
• * 1.4

  Plut. lib. de es. carn.
• * 1.5

  Epist. ad Gesn.
• * 1.6

  L de ••h eriac. ad Pison:
• * 1.7

  Arnald. de Vil. nov.
• * 1.8

  De es. & pot:
• * 1.9

  Gal. 5 de alim. fac. Rhas: 4: Aph:
• * 1.10

  De esc. & po∣tul.
• * 1.11

  Gal 3. de alim. fac.
• * 1.12

  De vict. atten.
• * 1.13

  L: r••i rustic: 1: c: 90:
• * 1.14

  Fen. 3 doct. 14 tract. 21.
• * 1.15

  De diaet partic
• * 1.16

  Plin l. 10. c. 22 Avicen Fen. 14 tr. 3. c. 21.
• * 1.17

  Athen. l. 9. c. 15.
• * 1.18

  Loco citato.
• * 1.19

  L. 1. Epist. 8.
• * 1.20

  3: Euporist:
• * 1.21

  Nam: 11: v: 31:
• * 1.22

  Tract: de avib:
• * 1.23

  Lib: 3 de avib:
• * 1.24

  Cael. l. 28. c. 2. antiq. lect.
• * 1.25

  Epist ad Ge••n▪
• * 1.26

  Cael. l. 6. antiq. lect.
• * 1.27

  Plut. in Lucul∣lo.
• * 1.28

  Lib. de avib.
• * 1.29

  L. 6. de tu. san. L. 3. de alim. sac.
• * 1.30

  Monedula.
• * 1.31

  Acanthis.
• * 1.32

  Chloris.
• * 1.33

  5. Theor. c. 22:
• * 1.34

  Troglodytae▪