Hydriotaphia, urne-buriall, or, a discourse of the sepulchrall urnes lately found in Norfolk. Together with the garden of Cyrus, or the quincunciall, lozenge, or net-work plantations of the ancients, artificially, naturally, mystically considered. With sundry observations. / By Thomas Browne D. of Physick.

HYDRIOTAPHIA Ʋrne-Buriall. OR, A Brief Discourse of the Se∣pulchrall Urnes lately foundin NORFOLK.

CHAPTER I.

IN the deep discovery of the Subterranean world, a shal∣low part would satisfie some enquirers; who, if two or three yards were open about the surface, would not care to rake the bowels of Po∣tosi a 1.1, and regions towards the Centre.

Nature hath furnished one part of the Earth, and man another. The treasures of time lie high, in Urnes, Coynes, and Monuments, scarce below the roots of some vegetables. Time hath endlesse ra∣rities, and shows of all varieties; which reveals old things in heaven, makes new discoveries in earth, and even earth it self a discovery. That great Antiquity America lay buried for a thousand years; and a large part of the earth is still in the Urne unto us.

Though if Adam were made out of an extract of the Earth, all parts might challenge a restitution, yet few have returned their bones farre lower then they might receive them; not af∣fecting the graves of Giants, under hilly and heavy coverings, but content with lesse then their owne depth, have wished their bones might lie soft, and the earth be light upon them; Even such as hope to rise again, would not be contenr with centrall interrment, or so desperately to place their reliques as to lie beyond dis∣covery, and in no way to be seen a∣gain; which happy contrivance hath made communication with our forefa∣thers,

and left unto our view some parts, which they never beheld them∣selves.

Though earth hath engrossed the name yet water hath proved the smartest grave; which in forty dayes swallowed al∣most mankinde, and the living creation; Fishes not wholly escaping, except the Salt Ocean were handsomely contem∣pered by a mixture of the fresh Ele∣ment.

Many have taken voluminous pains to determine the state of the soul upon dis∣union; but men have been most phanta∣sticall in the singular contrivancss of their corporall dissolution: whilest the sobrest Nations have rested in two wayes, of sim∣ple inhumation and burning.

That carnall interment or burying, was of the elder date, the old examples of Abraham and the Patriarchs are suffici∣ent to illustrate; And were without com∣petition, if it could be made out, that A∣dam was buried near Damascus, or Mount Calvary, according to some Tradition. God himfelf, that buried but one, was pleased to make choice of this way, colle∣ctible from Scripture-expression, and the

hot contest between Satan and the Arch-Angel, about discovering the body of Moses. But the practice of Burning was also of great Antiquity, and of no slender extent. For (not to derive the same from Hercules) noble descriptions there are hereof in the Grecian Funerals of Ho∣mer, In the formall Obsequies of Patro∣clus, and Achilles; and somewhat elder in the Theban warre, and solemn combusti∣on of Meneceus, and Archemorus, contem∣porary unto Jair and Eighth Judge of Is∣rael. Consirmable also among the Tro∣jans, from the Funerall Pyre of Hector, burnt before the gates of Troy, And the b 1.2 burning of Penthisilea the Amazonean Queen: and long continuance of that practice, in the inward Countries of Asia; while as low as the Reign of Julian, we finde that the King of Chionia c 1.3 burnt the body of his Son, and interred the ashes in a silver Urne.

The same practice extended also farre West * 1.4, and besides Herulians, Getes, and Thracians, was in use with most of the Celtae, Sarmatians, Germans, Gauls, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians; not to omit some use thereof among Carthaginians and Ame∣ricans:

Of greater Antiquity among the Romans then most opinion, or Pliny seems to allow. For (beside the old Table Laws of burning d 1.5 or burying within the City, of making the Funerall fire with plained wood, or quenching the fire with wine.) Manlius the Consul burnt the body of his Son: Numa by speciall clause of his Will, was not burnt but buried; And R••mus was solemnly buried, according to the de∣soription of Ovid e 1.6.

Cornelius Sylla was not the first whose body was burned in Rome, but of the Cornelian Family, which being indiffe∣rently, not frequently used before; from that time spread, and became the preva∣lent practice. Not totally pursued in the highest runne of Cremation; For when even Crows were funerally burnt, Poppaea the Wife of Nero found a peculi∣ar grave enterment. Now as all customes were founded upon some bottome of Reason, so there wanted not grounds for this; according to feverall apprehensions of the most rationall dissolution. Some

being of the opinion of Thales, that water was the originall of all things, thought it most equall to submit unto the principle of putrefaction, and conclude in a moist relentment. Others conceived it most na∣tural to end in fire, as due unto the master principle in the composition, according to the doctrine of Heraclitus. And there∣fore heaped up large piles, more actively to waft them toward that Element, whereby they also declined a visible de∣generation into worms, and left a lasting parcell of their composition.

Some apprehended a purifying virtue in fire, refining the grosser commixture, and firing out the Aethereall particles so deeply immersed in it. And such as by tradition or rationall conjecture held any hint of the finall pyre of all things; or that this Element at last must be too hard for all the rest; might conceive most na∣naturally of the fiery dissolution. Others pretending no natural grounds, politick∣ly declined the malice of enemies upon their buried bodies. Which considera∣tion led Sylla unto this practise; who having thus served the body of Marius, could not but fear a retaliation upon

his own; entertained after in the Civill wars, and revengeful contentions of Rome.

But as many Nations embraced, and many left it indifferent, so others too much affected, or strictly declined this practice. The Indian Brachmans seemed too great friends unto fire, who burnt themselves alive, and thought it the no∣blest way to end their dayes in fire; ac∣cording to the expression of the Indian, burning himself at Athens f 1.7, in his last words upon the pyre unto the amazed spectators, Thus I make my selfe Im∣mortall.

But the Chaldeans the great Idolaters of fire, abhorred the burning of their carcasses, as a pollution of that Deity. The Persian Magi declined it upon the like scruple, and being only sollicitous a∣bout their bones, exposed their flesh to the prey of Birds and Dogges. And the Persees now in India, which expose their bodies unto Vultures, and endure not so much as feretra or Beers of Wood, the proper Fuell of fire, are led on with such niceties. But whether the ancient Germans who burned their dead, held any such fear to pollute their Deity of Herthus, or

the earth, we have no Authentick conje∣cture.

The Aegyptians were afraid of fire, not as a Deity, but a devouring Element, mercilesly consuming their bodies, and leaving too little of them; and therefore by precious Embalments, depositure in dry earths, or handsome inclosure in glasses, contrived the notablest wayes of integrall conservation. And from such Aegyptian scruples imbibed by Pythago∣ras, it may be conjectured that Numa and the Pythagoricall Sect first waved the fi∣ery solution.

The Scythians who swore by winde and sword, that is, by life and death, were so farre from burning their bodies, that they declined all interrment, and made their graves in the ayr: And the Ichthy∣ophagi or fish-eating Nations about Ae∣gypt, affected the Sea for their grave: Thereby declining visible corruption, and restoring the debt of their bodies. Whereas the old Heroes in Homer, drea∣ded nothing more than water or drown∣ing; probably upon the old opinion of the fiery substance of the soul, only ex∣tinguishable by that Element; And

therefore the Poet emphatically impli∣eth the totall destruction in this kinde of death, which happened to Ajax Oileus g 1.8.

The old * 1.9 Balearians had a peculiar mode, for they used great Urnes and much wood, but no fire in their burials, while they bruised the flesh and bones of the dead, crowded them into Urnes, and laid heapes of wood upon them. And the * 1.10 Chinois without cremation or urnall interrment of their bodies, make use of trees and much burning, while they plant a Pine-tree by their grave, and burn great numbers of printed draughts of slaves and horses over it, civilly con∣tent with their companies in effigie, which barbarous Nations exact unto re∣ality.

Christians abhorred this way of obse∣quies, and though they stickt not to give their bodies to be burnt in their lives, detested that mode after death; affecting rather a depositure than absum∣ption, and properly submitting unto the sentence of God, to return not unto a∣shes but unto dust againe, conformable unto the practice of the Patriarchs, the interr∣ment

of our Saviour, of Peter, Paul, and the ancient Martyrs. And so farre at last declining promiscuous enterrment with Pagans, that some have sussered Ec∣clesiastical censures, for making no scru∣ple * 1.11 thereof.

The Musselman beleevers will never admit this fiery resolution. For they hold a present trial from their black and white Angels in the grave; which they must have made so hollow, that they may rise upon their knees.

The Jewish Nation, though they en∣tertained the old way of inhumation, yet sometimes admitted this practice. For the men of Jabesh burnt the body of Saul. And by no prohibited practice to avoid contagion or pollution, in time of pesti∣lence, burnt the bodies of their friends h 1.12. And when they burnt not their dead bo∣dies, yet sometimes used great burnings neare and about them, deducible from the expressions concerning Jehoram, Se∣dechias, and the sumptuous pyre of Asa: And were so little averse from i 1.13 Pagan burning, that the Jews lamenting the death of Caesar their friend, and revenger on Pompey, frequented the place where

his body was burnt for many nights to∣gether. And as they raised noble Monu∣ments and Mausolaeums for their own Na∣tion k 1.14, so they were not scrupulous in e∣recting some for others, according to the practice of Daniel, who left that last∣ing sepulchrall pyle in Echbatana, for the Medean and Persian Kings l 1.15.

But even in times of subjection and hottest use, they conformed not unto the Romane practice of burning; whereby the Prophecy was secured concerning the body of Christ, that it should not see corruption, or a bone should not be bro∣ken; which we beleeve was also provi∣dentially prevented, from the Souldiers spear and nails that past by the little bones both in his hands and feet: Not of ordinary contrivance, that it should not corrupt on the Crosse, according to the Laws of Romane Crucifixion, or an hair of his head perish, though observa∣ble in Jewish customes, to cut the hairs of Malefactors.

Nor in their long co-habitation with Aegyptians, crept into a custome of their exact embalming, wherein deeply slash∣ing the muscles, and taking out the

brains and entrails, they had broken the subject of so entire a Resurrection, nor fully answered the types of Enoch, Eliah, or Jonah, which yet to prevent or restore, was of equall facility unto that rising power, able to break the fas∣ciations and bands of death, to get clear out of the Cere-cloth, and an hundred pounds of oyntment, and out of the Sepulchre before the stone was rolled from it.

But though they embraced not this practice of burning, yet entertained they many ceremonies agreeable unto Greeke and Romane obsequies. And he that ob∣serveth their funerall Feasts, their La∣mentations at the grave, their musick, and weeping mourners; how they clo∣sed the eyes of their friends, how they washed, anointed, and kissed the dead; may easily conclude these were not meere Pagan-Civilities. But whether that mournfull burthen, and treble cal∣ling out after Absalom, had any refe∣rence unto the last conclamation, and triple valediction, used by other Na∣tions, we hold but a wavering conje∣cture.

Civilians make sepulture but of the Law of Nations, others doe naturally found it and discover it also in animals. They that are so thick skinned as still to credit the story of the Phoenix, may say something for animall burning: More serious conjectures finde some examples of sepulture in Elephants, Cranes, the Sepulchrall Cells of Pismires and pra∣ctice of Bees; which civill society carrieth out their dead, and hath exequies, if not interrments.

CHAP. II.

THE Solemnities, Ceremonies, Rites of their Cremation or enterrment, so solemnly delivered by Authours, we shall not disparage our Reader to repeat. On∣ly the last and lasting part in their Urns, collected bones and Ashes, we cannot wholly omit, or decline that Subject, which occasion lately presented, in some discovered among us.

In a Field of old Walsingham, not ma∣ny moneths past, were digged up be∣tween fourty and fifty Vrnes, deposited in a dry and sandy soile, not a yard deep, nor farre from one another: Not all strictly of one figure, but most answer∣ing these described: Some containing two pounds of bones, distinguishable in skulls, ribs, jawes, thigh-bones, and teeth, with fresh impressions of their combustion. Besides the extraneous substances, like peeces of small boxes, or combes handsomely wrought, handles of small brasse instruments, brazen nip∣pers, and in one some kinde of Opale * 1.16.

Near the same plot of ground, for a∣bout six yards compasse were digged up coals and incinerated substances, which begat conjecture that this was the Ʋstrina or place of burning their bodies, or some sacrificing place unto the Manes, which was properly below the surface of the ground, as the Arae and Altars unto the gods and Heroes above it.

That these were the Vrnes of Romanes from the common custome and place where they were found, is no obscure conjecture, not farre from a Romane Garrison, and but five Miles from Bran∣caster, set down by ancient Record un∣der the name of Brannodunum▪ And where the adjoyning Towne, contain∣ing seven Parishes, in no very different sound, but Saxon Termination, still re∣tains the Name of Burnham, which being an early station, it is not improbable the neighbour parts were filled with habi∣tations, either of Romanes themselves, or Britains Romanised, which observed the Romane customes.

Nor is it improbable that the Romanes early possessed this Countrey; for though we meet not with such strict particulars

of these parts, before the new Instituti∣on of Constantine, and military charge of the Count of the Saxon shore, and that about the Saxon Invasions, the Dalmatian Horsemen were in the Garrison of Bran∣caster: Yet in the time of Claudius, Ve∣spasian, and Severus, we finde no lesse then three Legions dispersed through the Province of Brittain. And as high as the Reign of Claudius a great overthrow was given unto the Iceni, by the Romane Lieutenant Ostorius. Not long after the Countrey was so molested, that in hope of a better state, Prastaagus bequeathed his Kingdome unto Nero and his Daugh∣ters; and Boadicea his Queen fought the last decisive Battle with Paulinus. Af∣ter which time and Conquest of Agricola the Lieutenant of Vespasian, probable it is they wholly possessed this Countrey, or∣dering it into Garrisons or Habitations, best suitable with their securities. And so some Romane Habitations, not impro∣bable in these parts, as high as the time of Vespasian, where the Saxons after seat∣ed, in whose thin-fill'd Mappes we yet finde the Name of Walsingham. Now if the Iceni were but Gammadims, Anco∣nians,

or men that lived in an Angle wedge or Elbow of Brittain, according to the Originall Etymologie, this coun∣trey will challenge the Emphaticall ap∣pellation, as most properly making the Elbow or Iken of Icenia.

That Britain was notably populous is undeniable, from that expression of Cae∣sar m 1.17. That the Romans themselves were early in no small Numbers, Seventy Thousand with their associats slain by Boadicea, affords a sure account. And though many Roman habitations are now knowne, yet some by old works, Ram∣piers, Coynes, and Urnes doe testifie their Possessions. Some Urnes have been found at Castor, some also about Southcreake, and not many years past, no lesse then ten in a Field at Buxton n 1.18, not near any recorded Garison. Nor is it strange to finde Romane Coynes of Copper and Silver among us; of Vespa∣sian, Trajan, Adrian, Commodus, Anto∣ninus, Severus, &c. But the greater number of Dioclesian, Constantine, Con∣stans, Valens, with many of Victorinus Posthumius, Tetricus, and the thirty Ty∣rants in the Reigne of Galliėnus; and

some as high as Adrianus have been found about Thetford, or Sitomagus, men∣tioned in the itinerary of Antoninus, as the way from Venta or Castor unto Lon∣don o 1.19. But the most frequent discovery is made at the two Casters by Norwich and Yarmouth p 1.20, at Burghcastle and Bran∣caster q 1.21.

Besides, the Norman, Saxon and Danish peeces of Cuthred, Canutus, William Ma∣tilda a 1.22, and others, som Brittish Coynes of gold have been dispersedly found; And no small number of silver peeces near b 1.23 Norwich; with a rude head upon the obverse, and an ill formed horse on the reverse, with Inscriptions Ic. Duro. T. whether implying Iceni, Durotriges, Tas∣cia, or Trinobantes, we leave to higher conjecture. Vulgar Chronology will have Norwich Castle as old as Julius Cae∣sar;

but his distance from these parts, and its Gothick form of structure, abrid∣geth such Antiquity. The British Coyns afford conjecture of early habitation in these parts, though the City of Norwich arose from the ruines of Venta, and though perhaps not without some ha∣bitation before, was enlarged, builded, and nominated by the Saxons. In what bulk or populosity it stood in the old East-angle Monarchy, tradition and hi∣story are silent. Considerable it was in the Danish Eruptions, when Sueno burnt Thetford and Norwich c 1.24, and Ʋlfketel the Governour thereof, was able to make some resistance, and after endeavoured to burn the Danish Navy.

How the Romanes left so many Coynes in Countreys of their Conquests, seems of hard resolution, except we consider how they buried them under ground, when upon barbarous invasions they were fain to desert their habitations in most part of their Empire, and the strictnesse of their laws forbidding to transfer them to any other uses; Wherein the d 1.25 Spartans were singular, who to make their Copper money uselesse, contempered it with vi∣negar.

That the Brittains left any, some wonder; since their money was iron, and Iron rings before Caesar; and those of after stamp by permission, and but small in bulk and bignesse; that so few of the Saxons remain, because overcome by succeeding Conquerours upon the place, their Coynes by degrees passed into other stamps, and the marks of af∣ter ages.

Then the time of these Urnes deposi∣ted, or precise Antiquity of these Re∣liques, nothing of more uncertainty. For since the Lieutenant of Claudius seems to have made the first progresse into these parts, since Boadicea was overthrown by the Forces of Nero, and Agricola put a full end to these Conquests; it is not pro∣bable the Countrey was fully garrison'd or planted before; and therefore howe∣ver these Urnes might be of later date, not likely of higher Antiquity.

And the succeeding Emperours desist∣ed not from their Conquests in these and other parts▪ as testified by history and medall inscription yet extant. The Province of Brittain in so divided a di∣stance from Rome, beholding the faces of

many Imperiall persons, and in large account no fewer then Caesar, Claudius, Britanni••us, Vespasian, Titus, Adrian, Seve∣rus, Commodus, Geta, and Caracalla.

A great obscurity herein, because no medall or Emperours Coyne enclosed, which might denote the date of their en∣terrments. observable in many Urnes, and found in those of Spittle Fields by * 1.26 London, which contained the Coynes of Claudius, Vespasian, Commodus, Antoninus, attended with Lacrymatories, Lamps, Bottles of Liquor, and other appurte∣nances of affectionate superstition, which in these rurall interrements were wan∣ting.

Some uncertainty there is from the pe∣riod or term of burning, or the cestati∣on of that practise. Macrobius affirmeth it was disused in his dayes. But most agree, though without authentick re∣cord, that it ceased with the Antonini. Most safely to be understood after the Reigne of those Emperours, which as∣sumed the name of Antoninus, extending unto Heliogabalus. Not strictly after Marcus; For about fifty years later we finde the magnificent burning, and con∣secration

of Severus; and if we so fix this period or cessation, these Urnes will chal∣lenge above thirteen hundred years.

But whether this practise was onely then left by Emperours and great per∣sons, or generally about Rome, and not in other Provinces, we hold no authen∣tick account. For after Tertullian, in the dayes of Minucius it was obviously obje∣cted upon Christians, that they condem∣ned the practise of burning e 1.27. And we finde a passage in Sidonius f 1.28, which as∣serteth that practise in France unto a lower account. And perhaps not fully disused till Christianity fully established, which gave the finall extinction to these sepulchrall Bonefires.

Whether they were the bones of men or women or children, no authentick de∣cision from ancient custome in distinct places of buriall. Although not impro∣bably conjectured, that the double Se∣pulture or burying place of Abraham, had in it such intension. But from exi∣lity of bones, thinnesse of skulls, small∣nesse of teeth, ribbes, and thigh-bones; not improbable that many thereof were persons of minor age, or women. Con∣firmable

also from things contained in them: In most were found substances re∣sembling Combes, Plates like Boxes, fastened with Iron pins, and handsome∣ly overwrought like the necks or Brid∣ges of Musicall Instruments, long brasse plates overwrought like the handles of neat implements, brazen nippers to pull away hair, and in one a kinde of Opale yet maintaining a blewish colour.

Now that they accustomed to burn or bury with them, things wherein they excelled, delighted, or which were dear unto them, either as farewells unto all pleasure, or vain apprehension that they might use them in the other world, is te∣stified by all Antiquity. Observable from the Gemme or Berill Ring upon the finger of Cynthia, the Mistresse of Propertius, when after her Funerall Pyre her Ghost appeared unto him. And no∣tably illustrated from the Contents of that Romane Urne preserved by Cardi∣nall Farnese g 1.29, wherein besides great number of Gemmes with heads of Gods and Goddesses, were found an Ape of Agath, a Grashopper, an Elephant of Ambre, a Crystall Ball, three glasses,

two Spoones, and six Nuts of Crystall. And beyond the content of Urnes, in the Monument of Childerick the first h 1.30, and fourth King from Pharamond, casu∣ally discovered three years past at Tour∣nay, restoring unto the world much gold richly adorning his Sword, two hundred Rubies, many hundred Imperial Coyns, three hundred golden Bees, the bones and horseshoe of his horse enterred with him, according to the barbarous magni∣ficence of those dayes in their sepulchral Obsequies. Although if we steer by the conjecture of many and Septuagint ex∣pression; some trace thereof may be found even with the ancient Hebrews, not only from the Sepulcrall treasure of David, but the circumcision knives which Josuah also buried.

Some men considering the contents of these Vrnes, lasting peeces and toyes in∣cluded in them, and the custome of burn∣ing with many other Nations, might somewhat doubt whether all Vrnes found among us, were properly Romane Re∣liques, or some not belonging unto our Brittish, Saxon, or Danish Forefathers.

In the form of Buriall among the an∣cient

Brittains, the large Discourses of Caesar, Tacitus, and Strabo are silent: For the discovery whereof, with other parti∣culars, we much deplore the losse of that Letter which Cicero expected or received from his Brother Quintus, as a resoluti∣on of Brittish customes; or the account which might have been made by Scribo∣nius Largus the Physician, accompany∣ing the Emperour Claudius, who might have also discovered that frugall Bit i 1.31 of the Old Brittains, which in the bignesse of a Bean could satisfie their thirst and hunger.

But that the Druids and ruling Priests used to burn and bury, is expressed by Pomponius; That Bellinus the Brother of Brennus, and King of Brittains was burnt, is acknowledged by Polydorus, as also by Amandus Zierexensis in Historia, and Pineda in his Ʋniversa historia. Spanish. That they held that practise in Galiia, Caesar expresly delivereth. Whether the Brittains (probably descended from them, of like Religion, Language and Manners) did not sometimes make use of burning; or whether at least such as were after civilized unto the Romane life

and manners, conformed not unto this practise, we have no historicall assertion or deniall. But since from the account of Tacitus the Romanes early wrought so much civility upon the Brittish stock, that they brought them to build Tem∣ples, to wear the Gowne, and study the Romane Laws and language, that they conformed also unto their religious rites and customes in burials, seems no im∣probable conjecture.

That burning the dead was used in Sarmatia, is affirmed by Gaguinus, that the Sueons and Gothlanders used to burne their Princes and great persons, is deli∣vered by Saxo and Olans; that this was the old Germane practise, is also asserted by Tacitus. And though we are bare in historicall particulars of such obsequies in this Island, or that the Saxons, Jutes, and Angles burnt their dead, yet came they from parts where 'twas of ancient practise; the Germanes using it, from whom they were descended. And even in Jutland and Sleswick in Anglia Cym∣brica, Vrnes with bones were found not many years before us.

But the Danish and Northern Nations * 1.32

have raised an Aera or point of compute from their Custome of burning their dead: Some deriving it from Ʋnguinus, some from Frotho the great; who or∣dained by Law, that Princes and Chief Commanders should be committed unto the fire, though the common sort had the common grave enterrment. So Star∣katterus that old Heroe was burnt, and Ringo royally burnt the body of Harald the King slain by him.

What time this custome generally ex∣pired in that Nation, we discern no assu∣red period; whether it ceased before Christianity, or upon their Conversion, by Ausgurius the Gaul in the time of Lu∣dovicus Pius the Sonne of Charles the great, according to good computes; or whether it might not be used by some persons, while for a hundred and eighty years Paganisme and Christianity were promiscuously embraced among them, there is no assured conclusion. About which times the Danes were busie in Eng∣land, and particularly infested this Coun∣trey: Where many Castles and strong holds, were built by them, or against rhem, and great number of names and

Families still derived from them. But since this custome was probably disused before their Invasion or Conquest, and the Romanes confessedly practised the same, since their possession of this Island, the most assured account will fall upon the Romanes, or Brittains Romanized.

However certain it is, that Vrnes con∣ceived of no Romane Originall, are often digged up both in Norway, and Denmark, handsomely described, and graphically represented by the Learned Physician Wormius l 1.33, And in some parts of Den∣mark in no ordinary number, as stands delivered by Authours exactly describing those Countreys m 1.34. And they contain∣ed not only bones, but many other sub∣stances in them, as Knives, peeces of I∣ron, Brasse and Wood, and one of Nor∣waye a brasse guilded Jewes-harp.

Nor were they confused or carelesse in disposing the noblest sort, while they placed large stones in circle about the Vrnes, or bodies which they interred: Somewhat answerable unto the Moun∣ment of Rollrich stones in England n 1.35, or se∣pulcrall Monument probaby erected by Rollo, who after conquered Normandy.

Where 'tis not improbable somewhat might be discovered. Mean while to what Nation or person belonged that large Vrne found at Ashburie o 1.36, contain∣ing mighty bones, and a Buckler; What those large Vrnes found at little Massing∣ham p 1.37, or why the Anglesea Urnes are placed with their mouths downward, remains yet undiscovered.

CHAP. III.

PLaystered and whited Sepulchres, were anciently affected in cadaverous, and corruptive Burials; And the rigid Jews were wont to garnish the Sepulchres of the a 1.38 righteous; Ʋlysses in Hecuba b 1.39 cared not how meanly he lived, so he might finde a noble Tomb after death. Great Princes affected great Monuments, And the fair and larger Urnes contained no vulgar ashes, which makes that dis∣parity in those which time discovereth among us. The present Urnes were not of one capacity, the largest contain∣ing above a gallon, Some not much above half that measure; nor all of one figure, wherein there is no strict conformity, in the same or different Countreys; Obser∣vable from those represented by Casa∣lius, Bosio, and others, though all found in Italy: While many have handles, ears, and long necks, but most imitate a cir∣cular figure, in a sphericall and round

composure; whether from any myste∣ry, best duration or capacity, were but a conjecture. But the common form with necks was a proper figure, making our Iast bed like our first; nor much un∣like the Urnes of our Nativity, while we lay in the nether part of the Earth c 1.40, and inward vault of our Microcosme. Many Urnes are red, these but of a black colour, somewhat smooth, and dully sounding, which begat some doubt, whether they were burnt, or only baked in Oven or Sunne: According to the ancient way, in many bricks, tiles, pots, and testaceous works; and as the word testa is properly to be taken, when oc∣curring without addition: And chiefly intended by Pliny, when he commend∣eth bricks and tiles of two years old, and to make them in the spring. Nor only these concealed peeces, but the open magnificence of Antiquity, ran much in the Artifice of Clay. Hereof the house of Mausolus was built, thus old Jupiter stood in the Capitoll, and the Statua of Hercules made in the Reign of Tarquinius Priscus, was extant in Plinies dayes. And

such as declined burning or Funerall Urnes, affected Coffins of Clay, accor∣ding to the mode of Pythagoras, a way preferred by Varro. But the spirit of great ones was above these circumscriptions, affecting copper, silver, gold, and Por∣phyrie Urnes, wherein Severus lay, after a serious view and sentence on that which should contain him d 1.41. Some of these Urnes were thought to have been silvered over, from sparklings in several pots, with small Tinsell parcels; uncer∣tain whether from the earth, or the first mixture in them.

Among these Urnes we could obtain no good account of their coverings; On∣ly one seemed arched over with some kinde of brickwork. Of those found at Buxton some were covered with flints, some in other parts with tiles, those at Yarmouth Caster, were closed with Romane bricks. And some have proper earthen covers adapted and fitted to them. But in the Homericall Urne of Patroclus, what∣ever was the solid Tegument, we finde the immediate covering to be a purple peece of silk: And such as had no co∣vers

might have the earth closely pressed into them, after which disposure were probably some of these, wherein we found the bones and ashes half mortered unto the sand and sides of the Urne; and some long roots of Quich, or Dogs-grass wreathed about the bones.

No Lamps, included Liquors, Lachry∣matories, or Tear-bottles attended these rurall Urnes, either as sacred unto the Manes, or passionate expressions of their surviving friends. While with rich flames, and hired tears they solemnized their Obsequies, and in the most lament∣ed Monuments made one part of their Inscriptions c 1.42. Some finde sepulchrall Vessels containing liquors, which time hath incrassated into gellies. For beside these Lachrymatories, notable Lamps, with Vessels of Oyles and Aromaticall Liquors attended noble Ossuaries. And some yet retaining a * 1.43 Vinosity and spirit in them, which if any have tasted they have farre exceeded the Palats of Antiquity. Liquors not to be computed by years of annuall Magistrates, but by great conjunctions and the fatall periods

of Kingdomes f 1.44. The draughts of Consu∣lary date, were but crude unto these, and Opimian g 1.45 Wine but in the must unto them.

In sundry Graves and Sepulchres, we meet with Rings, Coynes, and Chali∣ces; Ancient frugality was so severe, that they allowed no gold to attend the Corps, but only that which served to fasten their teeth h 1.46. Whether the Opa∣line stone in this Urne were burnt upon the finger of the dead, or cast into the fire by some affectionate friend, it will consist with either custome. But other incinerable substances were found so fresh, that they could feel no sindge from fire. These upon view were judged to be wood, but sinking in water and tried by the fire, we found them to be bone or Ivory. In their hardnesse and yel∣low colour they most resembled Box, which in old expressions found the Epi∣there i 1.47 of Eternall, and perhaps in such conservatories might have passed uncor∣rupted.

That Bay-leaves were found green in the Tomb of S. Humbert k 1.48, after an hun∣dred and fifty years, was looked upon

as miraculous. Remarkable it was unto old Spectators, that the Cypresse of the Temple of Diana, lasted so many hundred years: The wood of the Ark and Olive Rod of Aaron were older at the Capti∣vity. But the Cypresse of the Ark of Noah, was the greatest vegetable Anti∣quity, if Josephus were not deceived, by some fragments of it in his dayes. To omit the Moore-logs, and Firre-trees found under-ground in many parts of England; the undated ruines of windes, flouds or earthquakes; and which in Flanders still shew from what quarter they fell, as generally lying in a North-East position l 1.49.

But though we found not these peeces to be Wood, according to first appre∣hension, yet we missed not altogether of some woody substance; For the bones were not so clearly pickt, but some coals were found amongst them; A way to make wood perpetuall, and a fit asso∣ciat for metall, whereon was laid the foundation of the great Ephesian Temple, and which were made the lasting tests of old boundaries and Landmarks; Whilest we look on these, we admire

not Observations of Coals found fresh, after four hundred years m 1.50. In a long deserted habitation n 1.51, even Egge-shels have been found fresh, not tending to corruption.

In the Monument of King Childerick, the Iron Reliques were found all rusty and crumbling into peecees. But our little Iron pins which fastened the Ivory works, held well together, and lost not their Magneticall quality, though want∣ing a tenacious moisture for the firmer union of parts, although it be hardly drawn into fusion, yet that metall soon submitteth unto rest and dissolution. In the brazen peeces we admired not the duration but the freedome from rust, and ill savour; upon the hardest attriti∣on, but now exposed unto the piercing Atomes of ayre; in the space of a few moneths, they begin to spot and betray their green entrals. We conceive not these Urnes to have descended thus naked as they appear, or to have entred their graves without the old habit of flowers. The Urne of Philopaemen was so laden with flowers and ribbons, that it afford∣ed no sight of it self. The rigid Lycur∣gus

allowed Olive and Myrtle. The A∣thenians might fairly except against the practise of Democritus to be buried up in honey; as fearing to embezzle a great commodity of their Countrey, and the best of that kinde in Europe. But Plato seemed too frugally politick, who al∣lowed no larger Monument then would contain for Heroick Verses, and design∣ed the most barren ground for sepulture: Though we cannot commend the good∣nesse of that sepulchrall ground, which was set at no higher rate then the mean salary of Judas. Though the earth had confounded the ashes of these Ossu∣aries, yet the bones were so smartly burnt, that some thin plates of brasse were found half melted among them: whereby we apprehend they were not of the meanest carcasses, perfunctorily fi∣red as sometimes in military, and com∣monly in pestilence, burnings; or after the manner of abject corps, hudled forth and carelesly burnt, without the Esquiline Port at Rome; which was an affront continued upon Tiberius, while they but half burnt his body * 1.52, and in the Amphitheatre, according to the cu∣stome

in notable Malefactore; whereas Nero seemed not so much to feare his death, as that his head should be cut off, and his body not burnt entire.

Some finding many fragments of sculs in these Urnes, suspected a mixture of bones; In none we searched was there cause of such conjecture, though some∣times they declined not that practise; The ashes of b 1.53 Domitian were mingled with those of Julia, of Achilles with those of Patroclus: All Urnes contain∣ed not single ashes; Without confused burnings they affectionately compound∣ed their bones; passionately endeavour∣ing to continue their living Unions. And when distance of death denied such con∣junctions, unsatisfied affections, concei∣ved some satisfaction to be neighbours in the grave, to lye Urne by Urne, and touch but in their names. And many were so curious to continue their living relations, that they contrived large, and family Urnes, wherein the Ashes of their nearest friends and kindred might suc∣cessively be received c 1.54, at least some par∣cels thereof, while their collaterall me∣morials lay in minor vessels about them.

Antiquity held too light thoughts from Objects of mortality, while some drew provocatives of mirth from Ana∣tomies d 1.55, and Juglers shewed tricks with Skeletons. When Fidlers made not so pleasant mirth as Fencers, and men could sit with quiet stomacks while hanging was plaied e 1.56 before them. Old conside∣rations made few memento's by sculs and bones upon their monuments. In the Aegyptian Obelisks and Hieroglyphicall figures, it is not easie to meet with bones. The sepulchrall Lamps speak nothing lesse then sepulture; and in their literall draughts prove often obscene and antick peeces: Where we finde D. M. f 1.57 it is ob∣vious to meet with sacrificing patera's, and vessels of libation, upon old sepul∣chrall Monuments. In the Jewish Hy∣pogaeum g 1.58 and subterranean Cell at Rome, was little observable beside the variety of Lamps, and frequent draughts of the holy Candlestick. In authentick draughts of Anthony and Jerome, we meet with

thigh-bones and deaths heads; but the cemiteriall Cels of ancient Christians and Martyrs, were filled with draughts of Scripture Stories; not declining the flourishes of Cypresse, Palmes, and O∣live; and the mysticall Figures of Pea∣cocks, Doves and Cocks. But iterately affecting the pourtraits of Enoch, Lazarus, Jonas, and the Vision of Ezechiel, as hope∣full draughts, and hinting imagery of the Resurrection; which is the life of the grave, and sweetens our habitations in the Land of Moles and Pismires.

Gentile Inscriptions precisely deliver∣ed the extent of mens lives, seldome the manner of their deaths, which history it self so often leaves obscure in the records of memorable persons. There is scarce any Philosopher but dies twice or thrice in Laertius; Nor almost any life without two or three deaths in Plutarch; which makes the tragicall ends of noble per∣sons more favourably resented by com∣passionate Readers, who finde some re∣lief in the Election of such diffe∣rences.

The certainty of death is attended with uncertainties, in time, manner,

places. The variety of Monuments hath often obscured true graves: and Cenotaphs confounded Sepulchres. For beside their reall Tombs, many have found honora∣ry and empty Sepulchres. The variety of Homers Monuments made him of va∣rious Countreys. Euripides h 1.59 had his Tomb in Africa, but his sepulture in Ma∣cedonia. And Severus i 1.60 found his real Se∣pulchre in Rome, but his empty grave in Gallia.

He that lay in a golden Urne k 1.61 emi∣nently above the Earth, was not like to finde the quiet of these bones. Many of these Urnes were broke by a vulgar dis∣coverer in hope of inclosed treasure. The ashes of Marcellus l 1.62 were lost above ground, upon the like account. Where profit hath prompted, no age hath want∣ed such miners. For which the most barbarous Expilators found the most ci∣vill Rhetorick. Gold once out of the * 1.63 earth is no more due unto it; What was unreasonably committed to the ground is reasonably resumed from it: Let Monuments and rich Fabricks, not Riches adorn mens ashes. The com∣merce of the living is not to be trrnsfer∣red

unto the dead: It is not injustice to take that which none complains to lose, and no man is wronged where no man is possessor.

What virtue yet sleeps in this terra damnata and aged cinders, were petty magick to experiment; These crumb∣ling reliques and long-fired particles su∣perannate such expectations: Bones, a 1.64 hairs, nails, and teeth of the dead, were the treasures of old Sorcerers. In vain we revive such practices; Present super∣stition too visibly perpetuates the folly of our Fore-fathers, wherein unto old Observation this Island was so com∣pleat, that it might have instructed Persia.

Plato's historian of the other world, lies twelve dayes incorrupted, while his soul was viewing the large stations of the dead. How to keep the corps seven dayes from corruption by anointing and washing, without exenteration, were an hazardable peece of art, in our choi∣sest practise. How they made distinct separation of bones and ashes from fiery admixture, hath found no historicall so∣lution. Though they seemed to make a

distinct collection, and overlooked not Pyrrhus his toe. Some provision they might make by fictile Vessels, Coverings, Tiles, or flat stones, upon and about the body. And in the same Field, not farre from these Urnes, many stones were found under ground, as also by carefull separation of extraneous matter, com∣posing and raking up the burnt bones with forks, observable in that notable lump of Galuanus Martianus b 1.65, who had the sight of the Vas Ʋstrinum, or vessell wherein they burnt the dead, found in the Esquiline Field at Rome, might have afforded clearer solution. But their in∣satisfaction herein begat that remarkable invention in the Funerall Pyres of some Princes, by incombustible sheets made with a texture of Asbestos, incremable flax, or Salamanders wool, which preserved their bones and ashes c 1.66 incom∣mixed.

How the bulk of a man should sink into so few pounds of bones and ashes, may seem strange unto any who consi∣ders not its constitution, and how slen∣der a masse will remain upon an open and urging fire of the carnall compositi∣on.

Even bones themselves reduced in∣to ashes, do abate a notable proportion. And consisting much of a volatile salt, when that is fired out, make a light kind of cinders. Although their bulk be dis∣proportionable to their weight, when the heavy principle of Salt is fired out, and the Earth almost only remaineth; Observable in sallow, which makes more Ashes then Oake; and discovers the com∣mon fraud of selling Ashes by measure, and not by ponderation.

Some bones make best Skeletons a 1.67, some bodies quick and speediest ashes: Who would expect a quick flame from Hydropicall Heraclitus? The poysoned Souldier when his Belly brake, put out two pyres in Plutarch b 1.68. But in the plague of Athens c 1.69, one private pyre served two or three Intruders; and the Sara∣cens burnt in large heaps, by the King of Castile d 1.70, shewed how little Fuell suf∣ficeth. Though the Funerall pyre of Patroclus took up an hundred foot e 1.71, a peece of an old boat burnt Pompey; And if the burthen of Isaac were sufficient for an holocaust, a man may carry his owne pyre.

From animals are drawn good burn∣ing lights, and good medicines f 1.72 against burning; Though the seminall humour seems of a contrary nature to fire, yet the body compleated proves a combu∣stible lump, wherein fire findes flame even from bones, and some fuell almost from all parts. Though the g 1.73 Metropo∣lis of humidity seems least disposed unto it, which might render the sculls of these Urnes lesse burned then other bones. But all flies or sinks before fire almost in all bodies: When the com∣mon ligament is dissolved, the attenua∣ble parts ascend, the rest subside in coal, calx or ashes.

To burn the bones of the King of e 1.74E∣dom for Lyme, seems no irrationall fe∣rity; But to drink of the ashes of dead relations e 1.75, a passionate prodigality. He that hath the ashes of his friend, hath an everlasting treasure: where fire taketh leave, corruption slowly enters; In bones well burnt, fire makes a wall a∣gainst it self; experimented in copels, and tests of metals, which consist of such ingredients. What the Sun compound∣eth, fire analyseth, not transmuteth.

That devouring agent leaves almost all∣wayes a morsell for the Earth, whereof all things are but a colonie; and which, if time permits, the mother Element will have in their primitive masse a∣gain.

He that looks for Urnes and old sepul∣chrall reliques, must not seek them in the ruines of Temples: where no Reli∣gion anciently placed them. These were found in a Field, according to ancient custome, in noble or private buriall; the old practise of the Canaanites, the Family of Abraham, and the burying place of Josua, in the borders of his pos∣sessions; and also agreeable unto Roman practice to bury by high-wayes, where∣by their Monuments were under eye: Memorials of themselves, and memento's of mortality into living passengers; whom the Epitaphs of great ones were fain to beg to stay and look upon them. A language though sometimes used, not so proper in Church-Inscriptions a 1.76. The sensible Rhetorick of the dead, to exem∣plarity of good life, first admitted the bones of pious men, and Martyrs within Church-wals; which in succeeding ages

crept into promiscuous practise. While Constantine was peculiarly favoured to be admitted unto the Church Porch; and the first thus buried in England was in the dayes of Cuthred.

Christians dispute how their bodies * 1.77 should lye in the grave. In urnall en∣terrment they clearly escaped this Con∣troversie: Though we decline the Re∣ligious consideration, yet in cemiteriall and narrower burying places, to avoid confusion and crosse position, a certain posture were to be admitted; Which e∣ven Pagan civility observed, The Persi∣ans lay North and South, The Megari∣ans and Phoenicians placed their heads to the East: The Athenians, some think, towards the West, which Christians still retain. And Beda will have it to be the posture of our Saviour. That he was crucified with his face towards the West, we will not contend with tradition and probable account; But we applaud not the hand of the Painter, in exalting his Crosse so high above those on either side; since hereof we finde no authen∣tick account in history, and even the crosses found by Helena pretend no such

distinction from longitude or dimen∣sion.

To be knav'd out of our graves, to have our sculs made drinking-bowls, and our bones turned into Pipes, to delight and sport our Enemies, are Tragicall a∣bominations, escaped in burning Bu∣rials.

Urnall enterrments, and burnt Re∣liques lye not in fear of worms, or to be an heritage for Serpents; In carnall se∣pulture, corruptions seem peculiar unto parts, and some speak of snakes out of the spinall marrow. But while we sup∣pose common wormes in graves, 'tis not easie to finde any there; few in Church∣yards above a foot deep, fewer or none in Churches, though in fresh decayed bodies. Teeth, bones, and hair, give the most lasting defiance to corruption. In au Hydropicall body ten years bu∣ried in a Church-yard, we met with a fat concretion, where the nitre of the Earth, and the salt and lixivious liquor of the body, had coagulated large lumps of fat, into the consistence of the hard∣est castle-soap; whereof part remaineth with us. After a battle with the Per∣sians

the Roman Corps decayed in few dayes, while the Persian bodies remain∣ed dry and uncorrupted. Bodies in the same ground do not uniformly dissolve, nor bones equally moulder; whereof in the opprobrious disease we expect no long duration. The body of the Mar∣quesse of Dorset seemed sound and hand∣somely cereclothed, that after seventy eight years was found uncorrupted c 1.78. Common Tombs preserve not beyond powder: A firmer consistence and com∣page of parts might be expected from A∣refaction, deep buriall or charcoal. The greatest Antiquities of mortall bodies may remain in putrified bones, where∣of, though we take not in the pillar of Lots wife, or Metamorphosis of Orteli∣us d 1.79, some may be older then Pyramids, in the putrified Reliques of the generall inundation. When Alexander opened the Tomb of Cyrus, the remaining bones discovered his proportion, whereof ur∣nall fragments afford but a bad conje∣cture, and have this disadvantage of

grave ••nterrments, that they leave us ig∣norant of most personall discoveries. For since bones afford not only recti∣tude and stability, but figure unto the body; It is no impossible Physiog∣nomy to conjecture at fleshy appen∣dencies; and after what shape the muscles and carnous parts might hang in their full consistences. A full-spread Cariola shews a well-shaped horse be∣hinde, handsome formed sculls, give some analogie of fleshy resemblance. A criticall view of bones makes a good distinction of sexes. Even colour is not beyond conjecture; since it is hard to be deceived in the distinction of Ne∣gro's sculls. e 1.80 Dantes Characters are to be found in sculls as well as faces. Hercules is not onely known by his foot. Other parts make out their compro∣portious, and inferences upon whole or parts. And since the dimensions of the head measure the whole body, and the

sigure thereof gives conjecture of the principall faculties; Physiognomy out∣lives our selves, and ends not in our graves.

Severe contemplators observing these lasting reliques, may think them good monuments of persons past, little advan∣tage to future beings. And considering that power which subdueth all things un∣to it self, that can resume the scattered Atomes, or identifie out of any thing, conceive it superfluous to expect a re∣surrection out of Reliques. But the soul subsisting, other matter clothed with due accidents, may salve the individuality: Yet the Saints we observe arose from graves and monuments, about the holy City. Some think the ancient Patriarchs so earnestly desired to lay their bones in Canaan, as hoping to make a part of that Resurrection, and though thirty miles from Mount Calvary, at least to lie in that Region, which should produce the first-fruits of the dead. And if accord∣ing to learned conjecture, the bodies of men shall rise where their greatest Re∣liques remain, many are not like to erre in the Topography of their Resurrecti∣on * 1.81

though their bones or bodies be after translated by Angels into the field of E∣zechiels vision, or as some will order it, in∣to the Valley of Judgement, or Jehosa∣phat.

CHAP. IV.

CHristians have handsomely glossed the deformity of death, by careful consideration of the body, and civil rites which take of brutall terminations. And though they conceived all reparable by a resurrection, cast not off all care of enterrment. And since the ashes of Sacrifices burnt upon the Altar of God, were carefully carried out by the Priests, and deposed in a clean field; since they acknowledged their bodies to be the lod∣ging of Christ, and temples of the holy Ghost, they devolved not all upon the sufficiency of soul existence; and there∣fore with long services and full solemni∣ties concluded their last Exequies, wherein a 1.82 to all distinctions the Greek devotion seems most pathetically cere∣monious.

Christian invention hath chiefly dri∣ven at Rites, which speak hopes of an∣other

life, and hints of a Resurrection. And if the ancient Gentiles held not the immortality of their better part, and some subsistence after death; in severall rites, customes, actions and expressions, they contradicted their own opinions: wherein Democritus went high, even to the thought of a resurrection b 1.83, as scof∣fingly recorded by Pliny. What can be more expresse than the expression of Phocyllides c 1.84? Or who would expect from Lucretius d 1.85 a sentence of Ecclesiastes? Before Plato could speak, the soul had wings in Homer, which fell not, but flew out of the body into the mansions of the dead; who also observed that handsome distinction of Demas and Soma, for the body conjoyned to the soul and body separated from it. Lucian spoke much truth in jest, when he said, that part of Hercules which proceeded from Alchme∣na perished, that from Jupiter remained immortall. Thus e 1.86 Socrates was con∣tent that his friends should bury his bo∣dy, so they would not think they buri∣ed

Socrates, and regarding only his im∣mortall part, was indifferent to be burnt or buried. From such Considerations Diogenes might contemn Sepulture. And being satisfied that the soul could not perish, grow carelesse of corporall enterrment. The Stoicks who thought the souls of wise men had their habitation a∣bout the moon, might make slight account of subterraneous deposition; whereas the Pythagorians and transcorporating Phi∣losophers, who were to be often buri∣ed, held great care of their enterrment. And the Platonicks rejected not a due care of the grave, though they put their ashes to unreasonable expectations, in their tedious term of return and long set revolution.

Men have lost their reason in nothing so much as their religion, wherein stones and clouts make Martyrs; and since the religion of one seems madnesse unto an∣other, to afford an account or rationall of old Rites, requires no rigid Reader; That they kindled the pyre aversly, or turning their face from it, was an handsome Symbole of unwilling mini∣stration; That they washed their bones

with wine and milk, that the mother wrapt them in Linnen, and dryed them in her bosome, the first fostering part, and place of their nourishment; That they opened their eyes towards heaven, before they kindled the fire, as the place of their hopes or originall, were no im∣proper Ceremonies. Their last vale∣diction f 1.87 thrice uttered by the attendants was also very solemn, and somewhat an∣swered by Christians, who thought it too little, if they threw not the earth thrice upon the enterred body. That in strewing their Tombs the Romans af∣fected the Rose, the Greeks Amaranthus and myrtle; that the Funerall pyre con∣sisted of sweet fuell, Cypresse, Firre, Larix, Yewe, and Trees perpetually verdant, lay silent expressions of their surviving hopes: Wherein Christians which deck their Coffins with Bays have found a more elegant Embleme. For that he seeming dead, will restore it self from the root, and its dry and exuccous leaves resume their verdure again; which if we mistake not, we have also observed in fures. Whether the planting of yewe in Churchyards, hold not its originall

from ancient Funerall rites, or as an Em∣bleme of Resurrection from its perpe∣tual verdure, may also admit conje∣cture.

They made use of Musick to excite or quiet the affections of their friends, ac∣cording to different harmonies. But the secret and symbolicall hint was the har∣monical nature of the soul; which de∣livered from the body, went again to enjoy the primitive harmony of heaven, from whence it first descended; which according to its progresse traced by anti∣quity, came down by Cancer, and ascend∣ed by Capricornus.

They burnt not children before their teeth appeared, as apprehending their bodies too tender a morsell for fire, and that their gristly bones would scarce leave separable reliques after the py∣rall combustion. That they kindled not fire in their houses for some dayes after, was a strict memoriall of the late afflict∣ing fire. And mourning without hope, they had an happy fraud against exces∣sive lamentation, by a common opinion that deep forrows disturbed their ghosts a 1.88.

That they buried their dead on their backs, or in a supine position, seems a∣greeable unto profound sleep, and com∣mon posture of dying; contrary to the most naturall way of birth; Nor unlike our pendulous posture, in the doubtfull state of the womb. Diogenes was sin∣gular, who preferred a prone situation in the grave, and some Christians b 1.89 like neither, who decline the figure of rest, and make choice of an erect po∣sture.

That they carried them out of the world with their feet forward, not in∣consonant unto reason: As contrary un∣to the native posture of man, and his production first into it. And also a∣greeable unto their opinions, while they bid adieu unto the world, not to look again upon it; whereas Mahometans who think to return to a delightfull life again, are carried forth with their heads for∣ward, and looking toward their houses.

They closed their eyes as parts which first die or first discover the sad effects of death. But their iterated clamations to excitate their dying or dead friends,

or revoke them unto life again, was a vanity of affection; as not presumably ignorant of the criticall tests of death, by apposition of feathers, glasses, and reflexion of figures, which dead eyes re∣present not; which however not strict∣ly verifiable in fresh and warm cadavers, could hardly elude the test, in corps of four or five dayes.

That they suck'd in the last breath of their expiring friends, was surely a pra∣ctice of no medicall institution, but a loose opinion that the soul passed out that way, and a fondnesse of affection from some * 1.90 Pythagoricall foundation, that the spirit of one body passed into another; which they wished might be their own.

That they powred oyle upon the pyre, was a tolerable practise, while the inten∣tion rested in facilitating the accension; But to place good Omens in the quick and speedy burning, to sacrifice unto the windes for a dispatch in this office, was a low form of superstition.

The Archimime▪ or Jester attending the Funerall train, and imitating the speeches, gesture, and manners of the

deceased, was too light for such solem∣nities, contradicting their Funerall Orations, and dolefull rites of the grave.

That they buried a peece of money with them as a Fee of the Elysian Ferri∣man, was a practise full of folly. But the ancient custome of placing coynes in considerable Urnes, and the present practise of burying medals in the Noble Foundations of Europe, are laudable wayes of historicall discoveries, in acti∣ons, persons, Chronologies; and po∣sterity will applaud them.

We examine not the old Laws of Se∣pulture, exempting certain persons from buriall or burning. But hereby we ap∣prehend that these were not the bones of persons Planet-struck or burnt with fire from Heaven: No Reliques of Trai∣tors to their Countrey, Self-killers, or Sacrilegious Malefactors; Persons in old apprehension unworthy of the earth; condemned unto the Tartara's of Hell, and bottomlesse pit of Plato, from whence there was no redemption.

Nor were only many customes que∣stionable in order to their Obsequies, but

also sundry practises, fictions, and con∣ceptions, discordant or obscure, of their state and future beings; whether unto eight or ten bodies of men to adde one of a woman, as being more inflamma∣ble, and unctuously constituted for the better pyrall combustion, were any ra∣tionall practise: Or whether the com∣plaint of Perianders Wife be tolerable, that wanting her Funerall burning she suffered intolerable cold in Hell, accor∣ding to the constitution of the infernall house of Plato, wherein cold makes a great part of their tortures; it cannot passe without some question.

Why the Female Ghosts appear unto Ʋlysses, before the Heroes and masculine spirits? Why the Psyche or soul of Ti∣resias is of the masculine gender; who being blinde on earth sees more then all the rest in hell; Why the Funerall Suppers consisted of Egges, Beans, Smal∣lage, and Lettuce, since the dead are made to eat Asphodels about the Elyzian medows? Why since there is no Sacri∣fice acceptable, nor any propitiation for the Covenant of the grave; men set up the Deity of Morta, and fruitlesly ado∣red

Divinities without ears? it cannot escape some doubt.

The dead seem all alive in the hu∣mane Hades of Homer, yet cannot well speak, prophesie, or know the living, ex∣cept they drink bloud, wherein is the life of man. And therefore the souls of Penelope's Paramours conducted by Mer∣cury chirped like bats, and those which followed Hercules made a noise but like a flock of birds.

The departed spirits know things past and to come, yet are ignorant of things present, Agamemnon foretels what should happen unto Ʋlysses, yet ignorantly en∣quires what is become of his own Son. The Ghosts are afraid of swords in Ho∣mer, yet Sybilla tels Aeneas in Virgil, the thin habit of spirits was beyond the force of weapons. The spirits put off their malice with their bodies, and Caesar and Pompey accord in Latine Hell, yet Ajax in Homer endures not a conference with Ʋlysses: And Deiphobus appears all man∣gled in Virgils Ghosts, yet we meet with perfect shadows among the wounded ghosts of Homer.

Since Charon in Lucian applauds his

condition among the dead, whether it be handsomely said of Achilles, that li∣ving contemner of death, that he had rather be a Plowmans servant then Em∣perour of the dead? How Hercules his soul is in hell, and yet in heaven, and Julius his soul in a Starre, yet seen by Aeneas in hell, except the Ghosts were but Images and shadows of the soul, re∣ceived in higher mansions, according to the ancient division of body, soul, and image or simulachrum of them both. The particulars of future beings must needs be dark unto ancient Theories, which Christian Philosophy yet determines but in a Cloud of opinions. A Dialogue be∣tween two Infants in the womb concer∣ning the state of this world, might hand∣somely illustrate our ignorance of the next, whereof methinks we yet discourse in Platoes denne, and are but Embryon Philosophers.

Pythagoras escapes in the fabulous hell of Dante a 1.91, among that swarm of Philo∣sophers, wherein whilest we meet with Plato and Socrates, Cato is to be found in no lower place then Purgatory. Among all the set, Epicurus is most considerable,

whom men make honest without an Ely∣zium, who contemned life without en∣couragement of immortality, and making nothing after death, yet made nothing of the King of terrours.

Were the happinesse of the next world as closely apprehended as the felicities of this, it were a martyrdome to live; and unto such as consider none hereafter, it must be more then death to dye, which makes us amazed at those audacities, that durst be nothing, and return into their Chaos again. Certainly such spirits as could contemn death, when they ex∣pected no better being after, would have scorned to live had they known any. And therefore we applaud not the judg∣ment of Machiavel, that Christianity makes men cowards, or that with the confidence of but half dying, the despi∣sed virtues of patience and humility, have abased the spirits of men, which Pagan principles exalted, but rather re∣gulated the wildenesse of audacities, in the attempts, grounds, and eternall se∣quels of death; wherein men of the boldest spirits are often prodigiously te∣metarious. Nor can we extenuate the

valour of ancient Martyrs, who con∣temned death in the uncomfortable scene of their lives, and in their decrepit Martyrdomes did probably lose not ma∣ny moneths of their dayes, or parted with life when it was scarce worth the living. For (beside that long time past holds no consideration unto a slender time to come) they had no small dis∣advantage from the constitution of old age, which naturally makes men fear∣full; And complexionally superannua∣ated from the bold and couragious thoughts of youth and fervent years. But the contempt of death from corpo∣rall animosity, promoteth not our fe∣licity. They may set in the Orche∣stra, and noblest Seats of Heaven, who have held up shaking hands in the fire, and humanely contended for glory.

Mean while Epicuras lyes deep in Dante's hell, wherein we meet with Tombs enclosing souls which denied their immortalities. But whether the virtuous heathen, who lived better then he spake, or erring in the principles of

himself, yet lived above Philosophers of more specious Maximes, lye so deep as he is placed; at least so low as not to rise against Christians, who belee∣ving or knowing that truth, have last∣ingly denied it in their practise and conversation, were a quaery too sad to in∣sist on,

But all or most apprehensions rest∣ed in Opinions of some future be∣ing, which ignorantly or coldly be∣leeved, begat those perverted concep∣tions, Ceremonies, Sayings, which Christians pity or laugh at. Happy are they, which live not in that disad∣vantage of time, when men could say little for futurity, but from rea∣son. Whereby the noblest mindes fell often upon doubtfull deaths, and melancholly Dissolutions; With these hopes Socrates warmed his doubt∣full spirits, against that cold potion, and Cato before he durst give the fa∣tall stroak spent part of the night in reading the immortality of Plato, there∣by confirming his wavering hand unto the animosity of that attempt.

It is the heaviest stone that melan∣choly can throw at a man, to tell him he is at the end of his nature; or that there is no further state to come, un∣to which this seemes progressionall, and otherwise made in vaine; With∣out this accomplishment the naturall expectation and desire of such a state, were but a fallacy in nature, unsatis∣fied Considerators; would quarrell the justice of their constitutions, and rest content that Adam had fallen lower, whereby by knowing no other Origi∣nall, and deeper ignorance of them∣selves, they might have enjoyed the happinesse of inferionr Creatures; who in tranquility possesse their Con∣stitutions, as having not the appre∣hension to deplore their own natures. And being framed below the circum∣ference of these hopes, or cognition of better being, the wisedom of God hath necessitated their Contentment: But the superiour ingredient and ob∣scured part of our selves, whereto all present felicities afford no resting contentment, will be able at last to

tell us we are more then our present selves; and evacuate such hopes in the fruition of their own accomplish∣ments.

CHAP. V.

NOw since these dead bones have already out-lasted the living ones of Methuselah, and in a yard under ground, and thin walls of clay, out-worn all the strong and specious buildings above it; and quietly rested under the drums and tramplings of three conquests; What Prince can promise such diuturnity un∣to his Reliques, or might not glad∣ly say,

* 1.92Sic ego componi versus in ossa velim.

Time which antiquates Antiquities, and hath an art to make dust of all things, hath yet spared these minor Monuments. In vain we hope to be known by o∣pen and visible conservatories, when to be unknown was the means of their con∣tinuation and obscurity their protection: If they dyed by violent hands, and were thrust into their Urnes, these bone•• be∣come considerable, and some old Phi∣losophers would honour a 1.93 them, whose

souls they conceived most pure, which were thus snatched from their bodies; and to retain a stranger propension unto them: whereas they weariedly left a languishing corps, and with faint de∣sires of re-union. If they fell by long and aged decay, yet wrapt up in the bundle of time, they fall into indistincti∣on, and make but one blot with Infants. If we begin to die when we live, and long life be but a prolongation of death; our life is a sad composition; We live with death, and die not in a moment. How many pulses made up the life of Methuselah, were work for Archimedes: Common Counters summe up the life of Moses his man b 1.94. Our dayes become considerable like petty sums by minute accumulations; where numerous fracti∣ons make up but small round numbers; and our dayes of a span long make not one little finger c 1.95.

If the nearnesse of our last necessity, brought a nearer conformity unto it, there were a happinesse in hoary hairs, and no calamity in half senses. But the long habit of living indisposeth us for

dying; When Avarice makes us the sport of death; When even David grew politickly cruell; and Solomon could hardly be said to be the wisest of men. But many are too early old, and before the date of age. Adversity stretcheth our dayes, misery makes * 1.96 Alcmenas nights, and time hath no wings unto it. But the most tedious being is that which can unwish it self, content to be nothing, or never to have been, which was be∣yond the male-content of J••b, who cur∣sed not the day of his life, but his Na∣tivity: Content to have so farre been, as to have a Title to future being; Although he had lived here but in an hidden state of life, and as it were an abortion.

What Song the Syrens sang, or what name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among women, though puzling * 1.97 Questions are not beyond all conjecture. What time the persons of these Ossua∣ries entred the famous Nations of the dead, and slept with Princes and Coun∣sellours, might admit a wide solution. But who were the proprietaries of these bones, or what bodies these ashes made

up, were a question above Antiquarism. Not to be resolved by man, nor easily perhaps by spirits, except we consult the Provinciall Guardians, or tutellary Observators. Had they made as good provision for their names, as they have done for their Reliques, they had not so grosly erred in the art of perpetuati∣on. But to subsist in bones, and be but Pyramidally extant, is a fallacy in du∣ration. Vain ashes, which in the obli∣vion of names, persons, times, and sex∣es, have found unto themselves, a fruit∣lesse continuation, and only arise unto late posterity, as Emblemes of mortall vanities; Antidotes against pride, vain-glory, and madding vices. Pagan vain-glories which thought the world might last for ever, had encouragement for ambition, and finding no Atropos unto the immortality of their Names, were never dampt with the necessity of oblivi∣on. Even old ambitions had the advan∣tage of ours, in the attempts of their vain-glories, who acting early, and be∣fore the probable Meridian of time, have by this time found great accom∣plishment

of their ddsignes, whereby the ancient Heroes have already out-last∣ed their Monuments, and Mechanicall preservations. But in this latter Scene of time we cannot expect such Mum∣mies unto our memories, when ambiti∣on may fear the Prophecy of Elias e 1.98, and Charles the fifth can never hope to live within two Methusela's of Hector f 1.99.

And therefore restlesse inquietude for the diuturnity of our memories unto pre∣sent considerations, seems a vanity almost out of date, and superanuated peece of folly. We cannot hope to live so long in our names, as some have done in their persons, one face of Janus holds no pro∣portion unto the other. 'Tis too late to be ambitious. The great mutations of the world are acted, or time may be too short for our designes. To extend our memories by Monuments, whose death we dayly pray for, and whose duration we cannot hope, without injury to our expectations, in the advent of the last day, were a contradiction to our be∣liefs. We whose generations are or∣dained in this setting part of time, are

providentially taken off from such i∣maginations. bAnd eing necessitated to eye the remaining particle of futurity, are naturally constituted unto thoughts of the next world, and cannot excusa∣bly decline the consideration of that du∣ration, which maketh Pyramids pil∣lars of snow, and all that's past a mo∣ment.

Circles and right lines limit and close all bodies, and the mortall right-lined circle g 1.100, must conclude and shut up all. There is no antidote against the Opium of time, which temporally considereth all things; Our Fathers finde their graves in our short memories, and sadly tell us how we may be buried in our Survi∣vors. Grave-stones tell truth scarce fourty years h 1.101: Generations passe while some trees stand, and old Families last not three Oaks. To be read by bare Inscriptions like many in Gruter i 1.102, to hope for Eternity by Aenigmaticall E∣pithetes, or first letters of our names, to be studied by Antiquaries, who we were, and have new Names given us like many of the Mummies, are cold

consolations unto the Students of per∣petuity, even by everlasting Lan∣guages.

To be content that times to come should only know there was such a man, not caring whether they knew more of him, was a frigid ambition in Cardan k 1.103: disparaging his horoscopal inclination and judgement of himself, who cares to subsist like Hippocrates Patients, or Achilles horses in Homer, under na∣ked nominations, without deserts and noble acts, which are the balsame of our memories, the Entelechia and soul of our subsistences. To be namelesse in worthy deeds exceeds an infamous hi∣story. The Canaanitish woman lives more happily without a name, then He∣rodias with one. And who had not ra∣ther have been the good theef, then Pi∣late?

But the iniquity of oblivion blindely scattereth her poppy, and deals with the memory of men without distinction to merit of perpetuity, Who can but pity the founder of the Pyramids? Herostra∣tus lives that burnt the Temple of Dia∣na,

he is almost lost that built it; Time hath spared the Epitaph of Adrians horse, confounded that of himself. In vain we compute our felicities by the advantage of our good names, since bad have equall durations; and Thersites is like to live as long as Agamemnon, without ••he favour of the everlasting Register: Who knows whether the best of men be known? or whether there be not more remarkable persons forgot, then any that stand remembred in the known ac∣count of time? the first man had been as unknown as the last, and Methuselahs long life had been his only Chronicle.

Oblivion is not to be hired: The greater part must be content to be as though they had not been, to be found in the Register of God, not in the record of man. Twenty seven Names make up the first story, and the recorded names ever since contain not one living Century. The number of the dead long exceedeth all that shall live. The night of time far surpasseth the day, and who knows when was the Aequi••ox? Euery houre addes unto that current Arithmetique, which scarce stands one moment. And

since death must be the Lucina of lise, and even Pagans could doubt whether thus to live, were to dye. Since our longest Sunne sets at right descensions, and makes but winter arches, and there∣fore it cannot be long before we lie down in darknesse, and have our light in ashes. Since the brother of death daily haunts us with dying memento's, and time that grows old it self, bids us hope no long duration: Diuturnity is a drean and fol∣ly of expectation.

Darknesse and light divide the course of time, and oblivion shares with me∣mory, a great part even of our living beings; we slightly remember our feli∣cities, and the smartest stroaks of affli∣ction leave but short smart upon us. Sense endureth no extremities, and sor∣rows destroy us or themselves. To weep into stones are fables. Afflictions induce callosities, miseries are slippery, or fall like snow upon us, which notwithstand∣ing is no unhappy stupidity. To be ig∣norant of evils to come, and forgetfull of evils past, is a mercifull provision in nature, whereby we digest the mixture

of our few and evil dayes, and our de∣livered senses not relapsing into cutting remembrances, our sorrows are not kept raw by the edge of repetitions. A great part of Antiquity contented their hopes of subsistency with a transmigra∣tion of their souls. A good way to con∣tinue their memories, while having the advantage of plurall successions, they could not but act something remarkable in such variety of beings, and enjoying the fame of their passed selves, make accumulation of glory unto their last du∣rations. Others rather then be lost in the uncomfortable night of nothing, were content to recede into the common being, and make one particle of the pub∣lick soul of all things, which was no more then to return into their unknown and divine Originall again. Aegyptian inge∣nuity was more unsatisfied, contriving their bodies in sweet consistences, to at∣tend the return of their souls. But all was vanity, feeding * 1.104 the winde, and fol∣ly. The Aegyptian Mummies, which Cambyses or time hath spared, avarice now consumeth. Mummie is become

Merchandise, Mizraim cures wounds, and Pharaoh is sold for balsoms.

In vain do individuals hope for Im∣mortality, or any patent from oblivion, in preservations below the Moon: Men have been deceived even in their flatteries above the Sun, and studied conceits to perpetuate their names in heaven. The various Cosmography of that part hath already varied the names of contrived constellations; Nimrod is lost in Orion, and Osyris in the Dogge-starre. While we look for incorruption in the heavens, we finde they are but like the Earth; Durable in their main bodies, alterable in their parts: whereof beside Comets and new Stars, perspectives begin to tell tales. And the spots that wander about the Sun, with Phaetons favour, would make clear conviction.

There is nothing strictly immortall, but immortality; whatever hath no be∣ginning may be confident of no end. All others have a dependent being, and within the reach of destruction, which is the peculiar of that necessary essence that cannot destroy it self; And the

highest strain of omnipotency to be so powerfully constituted, as not to suffer even from the power of it self. But the sufficiency of Christian Immortality fru∣strates all earthly glory, and the quality of either state after death, makes a folly of posthumous memory. God who can only destroy our souls, and hath assured our resurrection, either of our bodies or names hath directly promised no duration. Wherein there is so much of chance that the boldest Expectants have found unhappy frustration; and to hold long subsistence, seems but a scape in oblivion. But man is a Noble Ani∣mal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave, solemnizing Nativities and Deaths with equall lustre, nor omitting Ceremonies of bravery, in the infamy of his nature.

Life is a pure flame, and we live by an invisible Sun within us. A small fire sufficeth for life, great flames seemed too little after death, while men vainly affected precious pyres, and to burn like Sardanapalus, but the wisedom of fune∣rall Laws found the folly of prodigall

blazes, and reduced undoing fires, unto the rule of sober obsequies, wherein few could be so mean as not to provide wood, pitch, a mourner, and an Urne.

Five Languages secured not the Epi∣taph of Gordianus; The man of God lives longer without a Tomb then any by one, invisibly interred by Angels, and adjudged to obscurity, though not without some marks directing humane discovery. Enoch and Elias without either tomb or buriall, in an anoma∣lous state of being, are the great Ex∣amples of perpetuity, in their long and living memory, in strict account being still on this side death, and having a late part yet to act upon this staye of earth. If in the decretory term of the world we shall not all dye but be changed, according to received translation; the last day will make but few graves; at least quick Resurre∣ctions will anticipate lasting Sepultures; Some Graves will be opened before they be quite closed, and Lazarus be no wonder. When many that feared to dye shall groane that they can dye

but once, the dismall state is the second and living death, when life puts despair on the damned; when men shall wish the coverings of Mountaines, not of Monuments, and annihilation shall be courted.

While some have studied Monuments, others have studiously declined them: and some have been so vainly boiste∣rous, that they durst not acknowledge their Graves; wherein * 1.105 Alaricus seems most subtle, who had a River turned to hide his bones at the bottome. E∣ven Sylla that thought himself safe in his Urne, could not prevent revenging tongues, and stones thrown at his Mo∣nument. Happy are they whom pri∣vacy makes innocent, who deal so with men in this world, that they are not a∣fraid to meet them in the next, who when they dye, make no commotion among the dead, and are not toucht with that po∣eticall taunt of Isaiah c 1.106.

Pyramids, Arches, Obelisks, were but the irregularities of vain-glory, and wilde enormities of ancient magnanimity. But the most magnanimous resolution rests

in the Christian Religion, which tram∣pleth upon pride, and sets on the neck of ambition, humbly pursuing that infalli∣ble perpetuity, unto which all others must diminish their diameters, and be poorly seen in Angles of contingency d 1.107.

Pious spirits who passed their dayes in raptures of futurity, made little more of this world, then the world that was be∣fore it, while they lay obscure in the Chaos of pre-ordination, and night of their fore-beings. And if any have been so happy as truly to understand Christi∣an annihilation, extasis, exolution, lique∣faction, transformation, the kisse of the Spouse, gustation of God, and ingression into the divine shadow, they have alrea∣dy had an handsome anticipation of hea∣ven; the glory of the world is surely o∣ver, and the earth in ashes unto them.

To subsist in lasting Monuments, to live in their productions, to exist in their names, and praedicament of Chymera's, was large satisfaction unto old expectati∣ons, and made one part of their Elyzi∣ums. But all this is nothing in the Meta∣physicks of true belief. To live indeed

is to be again our selves, which being not only an hope but an evidence in noble beleevers; 'Tis all one to lye in S^t Inno∣cents e 1.108 Church-yard, as in the Sands of Aegypt: Ready to be any thing, in the extasie of being ever, and as content with six foot as the Moles of Adri∣anus f 1.109.

Lucan

—Tabesne cadaverasolvats An rogus hand refert.—

Notes

• a 1.1

  The rich Mountain of Per••.
• b 1.2

  Q. Cala∣ber. lib. 1.
• c 1.3

  Ammia∣nus, Marel∣linus, Gum∣brates King of Chionia a Countrey near Persia.
• * 1.4

  Arnoldis Montanis not in Caes. Commetar. L. L. Gvral∣dus. Kirk∣mannus.
• d 1.5

  12. Tabul. part. 1. de jure s••cro. Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito, neve urito. tom 2. Rogum asciâ ne polito. to. 4. Item vigeneri Annotat. in Livium. & Alex. ab Alex. cum Ti∣raquello. Roscinus cum dempstero.
• e 1.6

  Ultima prolato subdita flam∣ma ••ogo. De Fast. lib. 4. cum Car. Neapol. anaptyxi.
• f 1.7

  And therefore the Inscri∣ption of his Tomb w••s made ac∣cordingly. Nic. Damasc.
• g 1.8

  Which Magius reades 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.9

  Diodorus Siculus.
• * 1.10

  Ramusius in Navigat.
• * 1.11

  Martialis the Bishop. Cyprian.
• h 1.12

  Amos 6. 10.
• i 1.13

  Sueton. in vita. Jul. Caes.
• k 1.14

  As that magnifi∣cent sepul∣chral Mo∣nument e∣rected by Simon. Mach. 1. 13.
• l 1.15

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whereof a Jewish Priest had alwayes the custody unto Jose∣phus his dayes. Jos. Lib. 10. Antiq.
• * 1.16

  In one sent me by my worthy friend D^r Thomas Witherley of Walsingham.
• m 1.17

  Hominum ivfinita mul∣titudo est, creber' ima∣que aedisicia ferè Galli∣cis consimi∣lia. Caes. de bello Gal. l. 5.
• n 1.18

  In the ground of my worthy Friend Rob Jegon Esq. where∣in some things con∣tained were preserved by the most worthy Sir William Pa∣st••n B^t.
• o 1.19

  From Ca∣stor to Thet∣ford the Romanes accounted thirty two miles, and from thence observed not our common road to London, but passed by Combretonium ad Ansam, Canonium, Caesaromagus, &c. by Breten∣ham, Coggesh all, Chelmesord, Burntwood, &c.
• p 1.20

  Most at Caster by Yarmouth, found in a place called East-bloudy-burgh furlong, belong∣ing to M^r Thomas Wood, a person of civility, industry and knowledge in this way, who hath made observation of remarkable things about him, and from whom we have received divers Silver and Copper Coynes.
• q 1.21

  Belonging to that Noble Gentleman, and true exam∣ple of worth Sir Ralph Hare Baronet, my honoured Friend.
• a 1.22

  A peece of Maud the Empresse said to be found in Buckenham Castle with this Inscri∣ption, Elle n'a elle.
• b 1.23

  At Thorpe.
• c 1.24

  Brampron Abbas Jour∣nallensis,
• d 1.25

  Plut. in vita Lycur••.
• * 1.26

  Stowes Sur∣vey of Lon∣don.
• e 1.27

  Execrantur rogos, & damnant ig∣nium sepul∣turam. Min. in Oct.
• f 1.28

  Sidon. A∣pollinaris.
• g 1.29

  Vigeneri Annot, in 4. Liv.
• h 1.30

  Chisslet in Anast. Childer.
• i 1.31

  Dionis ex∣cerpta per Xiphilin. in Sever••.
• * 1.32

  Roisold; Brendetiide. Ild tyde.
• l 1.33

  Olai Wor∣mii monu∣menta & Antiquitat. Dan.
• m 1.34

  Adolphus Cyprius in Annal. Sles∣wic. urnis adeo abun∣dabat collis; &c.
• n 1.35

  In Ox∣fordshire; Cambden.
• o 1.36

  In Che∣shire, Twi∣nus de rebus Albionicis.
• p 1.37

  In Nor∣folk, Hol∣lingshead.
• a 1.38

  Mat. 23.
• b 1.39

  Eurspides.
• c 1.40

  Psa. 63.
• d 1.41

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Dion.
• c 1.42

  Cum la∣crymis po∣suere.
• * 1.43

  Laziu••.
• f 1.44

  About five hundred years. Plato.
• g 1.45

  Vinum O∣pimi•• ian••m annorum centum. Petron.
• h 1.46

  12. Tabul. l. xi. de Ju∣re sacro. Neve aurum addito, ast quoi curo dentes vin∣cti e••unt, im cum illo sepelire & urer••, se frau••e esto.
• i 1.47

  Plin. l. xvi. In••er 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 nu∣mera•• Theo∣phras••us.
• k 1.48

  Su••ius.
• l 1.49

  Gorop. Be∣canus in Ni∣loscopio.
• m 1.50

  Of Berin∣guccio nella pyrotechnia.
• n 1.51

  At Elme∣ham.
• * 1.52

  Sueton. in vitâ Tib. & in Amphi∣theatro se∣miustu••an∣dum, not. Casaub.
• b 1.53

  Sueton. in vitâ Domi∣tian.
• c 1.54

  S. the most learn∣ed and worthy M^r M. Ca∣saubon upon Antoninus.
• d 1.55

  Sic erimus cuncti. &c. Ergo dum vivimus vi∣vamus.
• e 1.56

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. A barbarous pastime at Feasts, when men stood upon a rolling Globe, with their necks in a Rope, and a knife in their hands, ready to cut it when the stone was rolled away, wherein if they failed, they lost their lives to the laughter of their specators▪ Athenaeus.
• f 1.57

  Diis mani∣bus.
• g 1.58

  Bosio.
• h 1.59

  Pausan. in A••••icis.
• i 1.60

  Lamprid. in vit. Alex∣and. Severi.
• k 1.61

  Trajanus. Dion.
• l 1.62

  Plut. in vit. Marcelli
• * 1.63

  The Com∣mission of the Gothish King Theo∣doric for finding out sepulchrall treasure. Cassiodor. Var. l. 4.
• a 1.64

  Britannia hodie eam attonitè ce∣lebrat tantis ceremoniis, ut dedisse Persis vide∣ri possit. Plin. l. 29.
• b 1.65

  Topygra∣phiae Roma ex Martia∣ano. Erat & vas ustrinum appellatum quod in eo cadavera combureren∣tur. Cap. de Campo Es. quilino.
• c 1.66

  To be seen in Li∣cet. de re∣conditis veterum lucernis.
• a 1.67

  Old bones according to Lyserus. Those of young persons not tal•• nor fat according to Columbus
• b 1.68

  In vita. Gracc.
• c 1.69

  Thucydides.
• d 1.70

  Laurent. Valla.
• e 1.71

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• f 1.72

  Speran. Alb. Ovot.
• g 1.73

  The brain. Hippocrates.
• e 1.74

  Amos 2. 1.
• e 1.75

  As Arte∣misia of her Hus∣band Man∣solus.
• a 1.76

  Siste via∣tor.
• * 1.77

  Kirck∣man nus de funer.
• c 1.78

  Of Thomas Marquesse of Dorset, whose bo∣dy being buried 1530. was 1608 up on the cutting o∣pen of the Cerecloth found per∣fect and nothing corrupted, the flesh not har∣dened. but in colour, proporti∣on, and solmesse like an ordinary corps newly to be interred. Burtons descript. of Leicestershire.
• d 1.79

  In his Map of Russia.
• e 1.80

  The Poet Dante in his view of Purgatory, sound glut∣tons so meagre, and exte∣nuated, that he concei∣ted them to have been in the Siege of Jerusalem, and that it was easie to have discovered Homo or Omo in their faces: M being made by the two lines of their cheeks, archlng over the Eye brows to the nose, and their sunk eyes making O O which makes up Omo. Parean l'occhiaie anella senza gemme che nel viso de gli hu••mini legge huomo Ben'hauria quiui conosciu••o l' ••mme.
• * 1.81

  Tirin. in Ezek.
• a 1.82

  Rituale Graecum o∣pera J. Goar in officio exequiarum.
• b 1.83

  Similis reviviscendi promissa De∣mocrito va∣nitas, qui non revixit ipse. Quae, malùm, ista dimentia est; iterari vitam mor∣te. Plin. l. 7. c. 55.
• c 1.84

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. & deincepsi
• d 1.85

  Cedit enim retro de terrâ quod fui•• ante In terr••m, &c. Lucrer.
• e 1.86

  Plato in Phaed.
• f 1.87

  Vale, vale, nos te ordi∣quo natura permittet sequemur.
• a 1.88

  Tu manes ne laede meos.
• b 1.89

  Russia∣ns, &c.
• * 1.90

  Fran••••sco Perucei. Pompe fu∣nebri.
• a 1.91

  Del inser∣no. c••nt. 4.
• * 1.92

  Tibul∣lus.
• a 1.93

  Oracula Chaldaica cum scholiis Pselii & ••h••••honis. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Vi corpus reli••quen∣tium animae purissimae.
• b 1.94

  In the Psalme of Moses.
• c 1.95

  Accord∣ing to the ancient A∣rithmetick of the hand wherein the little finger of the right hand con∣tracted, sig∣nified an hundred. Pierius in Hieroglyph.
• * 1.96

  One night as long as three.
• * 1.97

  The puz∣ling questi∣ons of Ti∣berius unto Gramma∣rians. Mar∣cel. Donatus in Suet. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Hom. Job.
• e 1.98

  That the world may last but fix thousand years.
• f 1.99

  Hectors fame last∣ing above two lives of Methuselah, before that famous Prince was extant.
• g 1.100

  ▪ The character of death.
• h 1.101

  Old ones being ta∣ken up, and other bo∣dies laid under them
• i 1.102

  Gruteri In∣scriptiones Antiquae.
• k 1.103

  Cuperem notum esse quod sim, non opto ut sciatur qua∣lis fim. Card. in vita propria.
• * 1.104

  Omnia va∣nitas & pa∣stio venti, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ut olim Aquila & Symmachus. V. Drus. Eccles.
• * 1.105

  Jornandes de rebus Ge∣ticis.
• c 1.106

  Isa. 14.
• d 1.107

  Angulus contingen∣tiae, the least of Angles.
• e 1.108

  In Paris where bo∣dies soon consume.
• f 1.109

  A stately Mausoleum or sepul∣chral pyle built by A∣drianus in Rome, where now standeth the Castle of S^t Angelo