Purchas his pilgrimes. part 2 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.

§. III.

Collections of things most remarkable in IOHN LEO his third Booke of the Historie of Africa.

[illustration] map of the kingdom of Fez

The Map of the Kingdome of of Fez.

THe kingdome of Fez beginneth Westward at the famous riuer Ommirabih, and exten∣deth * 1.1 eastward to the riuer Muluia; Northward it is enclosed partly with the Ocean, and partly with the Mediterran sea. The said Kingdome of Fez is diuided into seuen [ 60] Prouinces; to wit, Temesna, the Territory of Fez, Azgar, * 1.2 Elhabet, Erna, Garet, and * 1.3 Elchauz: euery of which Prouinces had in old time a seuerall Gouernour: neither indeed hath the City of Fez alwayes beene the Kings Royall Seate, but being built by a certaine Mahumetan Apostata, was gouerned by his posteritie almost an hundred and fiftie yeeres. After which time

the familie of Marin got the vpper hand, who here setling their aboad, were the first that euer called Fez by the name of a Kingdome.

Westward it beginneth at the Riuer Ommirabih, and stretcheth to the Riuer Buragrag East∣ward; * 1.4 the South Frontire thereof bordereth vpon Atlas, and the North vpon the Ocean Sea. It is all ouer a plaine Countrey, contayning in length from the West to East almost fourescore miles, and in breadth from Ailas to the Ocean Sea about threescore. This Prouince hath euer almost beene the principall of the seuen before named: for it contained to the number of forty great Townes, besides three hundred Castles, all which were inhabited by Barbarian Africans. In the three hundred three & twentieth yeer of the Hegeira, this Prouince was by a certaine he∣retike against the Mahumetan Religion, called Chemim the sonne of Mennall, freed from paying [ 10] * 1.5 of tribute. This bad fellow perswaded the people of Fez to yeeld no tribute nor honour vnto their Prince, and himselfe he professed to be a Prophet: but a while after he dealt not onely in matters of Religion, but in common-wealth affaires also. At length waging warre against the King of Fez (who was himselfe then warring with the people of Zenete) it so befell, that a league was concluded betweene them, conditionally that Chemin should enioy Temesne, and that the King should containe himselfe within his Signiorie of Fez, so that from thencefoorth neither should molest other. The said Chemim gouerned the Prouince of Temesne about fiue and thirtie yeeres: and his successours enioyed it almost an hundred yeeres after his decease. But King Ioseph hauing built Maroco, went about to bring this Prouince vnder his subiection. Wher∣upon he sent sundry Mahumetan Doctors, and Priests to reclaime the gouernour thereof from his [ 20] * 1.6 heresie, and to perswade him, if it were possible, to yeeld vnto the King by faire meanes. Whereof the inhabitants being aduertised, they consulted with a certaine kinsman of the fore∣said Gouernour, in the Citie called Anfa, to murther the King of Maroco his Ambassadours: and so they did. Soone after leuying an army of fifty thousand men, he marched towards Ma∣roco, intending to expell thence the family of Luntuna, and Ioseph their King. King Ioseph hea∣ring of this newes, was driuen into wonderfull perplexity of mind. Wherefore preparing an huge and mighty army, he stayed not the comming of his enemies: but on the sudden within three dayes, hauing conducted his forces ouer the Riuer of Ommirabih, he entred Temesne, when as the foresaid fifty thousand men were so dismayed at the Kings army, that they all passed the Riuer Buragrag, and so fled into Fez. But the King so dispeopled and wasted Temesne, that [ 30] without all remorse he put both man, woman, and child to the sword. This army remayned in the Region eight dayes, in which space they so razed and demolished all the Townes and Cities * 1.7 thereof, that there scarce remaine any fragments of them at this time. But the King of Fez on the other side hearing that the people of Temesne were come into his Dominions, made a truce with the Tribe of Zenete, and bent his great army against the said Temesnites. And at length hauing found them halfe famished neere vnto the Riuer of Buragrag, he so stopped their passa∣ges on all sides, that they were constrained to run vp the craggie mountaines and thickets. At last being enuironed with the Kings forces, some of them were drowned in the Riuer, others were throwne downe headlong from the rockes, and the residue were miserably slaine by their enemies. And for the space of ten moneths there was such hauocke made among the Temesnites, [ 40] that a silly remnant of them was left aliue. But King Ioseph Prince of the Luntunes returned foorthwith to Maroco for the repayring of his forces, to the end he might bid the King of Fez a battell. Howbeit Temesne being bereft of her people, was left to be inhabited of wilde beasts. Neither had that Prouince any new Colony, or supply of inhabitants, till that about one hun∣dreth and fifty yeeres after, King Mansor returning from Tunis, brought thence certaine Ara∣bians with him, vnto whom he gaue the possession of Temesne. And these Arabians enioyed the said Prouince for fifty yeeres, till such time as King Mansor himselfe was expelled out of his Kingdom: & then were they also expelled by the Luntunes, & were brought into extreme mise∣rie. Afterward the Kings of the family of Marin bestowed the said Prouince vpon the people of Zenete and Haoara. Hence it came to passe that the said people of Zentete & Haoara, were al∣wayes [ 50] great friends vnto the Marin family, and were thought to haue defended them from the fury of the King of Maroco. From which time they haue peaceably enioyed Maroco, and now they are grown in lesse then an hundred yeers so mighty, that they stand not in feare of the King of Fez. For they are able to bring threescore thousand horsemen into the field, & haue two hun∣dred Castles at their commaund. My selfe had great familiarity and acquaintance with them, and therefore I will not sticke to record all memorable things which I saw among them.

This famous Towne was built by the Romanes vpon the Ocean Sea shoare, Northward of Atlas sixtie, Eastward of Azamur sixty, and Westward Rebat forty miles. The Citizens there∣of * 1.8 were most ciuill and wealthy people: the fields thereto adioyning are exceeding fruitfull for all kind of graine: neither doe I thinke, that any Towne in all Africa is for pleasant situation comparable thereto. The plaine round about it (except it be to the Sea Northward) is almost [ 60] fourescore miles ouer. In old time it was fraught with stately Temples, rich ware-houses and shops, and beautifull palaces: which the monuments as yet remayning doe sufficiently testifie. They had also most large and faire gardens, out of which they gather great abundance of fruit,

especially of Melons, & Pome-citrons euen at this day: all which are perfectly ripe by mid-A∣prill. So that the inhabitants vsually carry their fruits vnto Fez, by reason that the fruits of Fez are not so soone ripe. Their attire is trim and decent, and they haue alwayes had great traffique with the Portugals and the English. Likewise they haue many learned men among them. But * 1.9 is now desolate and destroyed by Portugals.

This great and famous Towne was built not many yeers ago by Mansor the King & Mahu∣metan Patriak of Maroco, vpon the Ocean Sea shoare. By the East part therof runneth the Riuer Buragrag before-named, and there dischargeth it selfe into the maine Sea. The rocke whereon this Towne is founded, standeth neere the mouth of the said Riuer, hauing the Riuer on the one side thereof, and the Sea on the other. In building it much resembleth Maroco, which Mansor [ 10] willed to be a patterne thereof: sauing that it is a great deale lesse then Maroco. Some say that the reason why it was built in this place was, for that King Mansor possessing the Kingdome * 1.10 of Granada, and a great part of Spaine besides, and considering that Maroco was so farre distant, that if any warres should happen, he could not in due time send new forces against the Christi∣ans, determined to built some Towne vpon the Sea shoare, where he and his army might re∣maine all summer time. Some perswaded him to lie with his army at Ceuta a Towne vpon the streights of Giblaltar: but Mansor seeing that by reason of the barrennes of the soile he could not maintain an army Royall for three or foure moneths in the Town of Ceuta, he caused this Town of Rebat in short space to be erected, & to be exceedingly beautified with Temples, Colledges, Palaces, Shops, Stoues, Hospitals, and other such buildings. Moreouer, on the South side without the wals he caused a certaine high Tower like the Tower of Maroco to be built, sauing that the [ 20] winding staires were somewhat larger, insomuch that three horses a-breast might well ascend vp: from the top whereof they might escry ships an huge way into the Sea. So exceeding is the height thereof, that I thinke there is no where the like building to be found. And to the end that greater store of Artificers and Merchants might hither from all places make resort, he appointed, that euery man according to his trade and occupation should be allowed a yeerely stipend, whereupon it came to passe that within few moneths, this Towne was better stored with all kind of Artificers and Merchants, then in any Towne in all Africa besides, and that because they reaped a double gaine. Heere vsed Mansor with his Troupes to remaine from the beginning of Aprill, till the month of September. And whereas there was no water about the * 1.11 Town meet to be drunke (for the Sea runneth ten miles vp into the Riuer, and the wels likewise yeeld salt-water) Mansor caused fresh water to be conueied to the Towne by certaine Pipes [ 30] and Channels, from a fountaine twelue miles distant. And the Conduits hee made arch-wise, like vnto the Conduits of Italy in many places, and specially at Rome. So soone as the said wa∣ter-conduit was deriued vnto the Towne, he caused it to be diuided and sent into sundry pla∣ces, as namely, some pipes thereof to the Temples, some to the Colledges, others to the Kings Palace, and the rest into the common Cisternes, throughout all the City. Howbeit after King Mansors death this Towne grew into such decay, that scarce the tenth part thereof now remai∣neth. The said notable water-conduit was vtterly fordone in the warre betweene the Marin familie and the successors of Mansor.

Also King Mansor caused Sella to be walled round about, and built therein a faire Hospitall, * 1.12 & a stately Palace, into which his souldiers might at their pleasure retire themselues. Here like∣wise he erected a most beautifull Temple, wherein he caused a goodly Hall or Chappell to be set * 1.13 [ 40] vp, which was curiously carued, and had many faire windows about it: and in this Hall (when he perceiued death to seaze vpon him) he commanded his subiects to burie his corps. Which be∣ing done, they laid one Marble-stone ouer his head, and another ouer his feete, whereon sundry Epitaphes were engrauen. After him likewise all the honourable personages of his family and blood, choose to be interred in the same Hall. And so did the Kings of the Marin family, so long as their Common-wealth prospered. My selfe on a time entring the same Hall, beheld there thirty Monuments of noble and great personages, and diligently wrote out all their Epitaphes: this I did in the yeere of the Hegeira nine hundred and fifteene.

In Thagia is visited the Sepulchre of one accounted for a most holy man, who is reported in [ 50] the time of Habdulmumen, to haue wrought many miracles against the furie of Lions: where∣upon * 1.14 he was reputed by many as a great Prophet. I remember that I read in a certaine writer of that Nation commonly called Etdedle, a whole Catalogue of the said holy mans miracles: which whether he wrought by Arte-magicke, or by some wonderfull secret of nature, it is altogether vncertaine. Howbeit his great fame and honourable reputation is the cause why this Towne is so well fraught with inhabitants. The people of Fez hauing solemnized their Easter, do yeere∣ly * 1.15 frequent this Towne to visite the said Sepulchre, and that in such huge numbers, that you would esteeme them to be an whole armie; for euery principall man carries his Tent and other necessaries with him: and so you shall see sometime an hundred Tents, and sometimes more in [ 60] that company. Fifteene dayes they are in performing of that Pilgrimage; for Thagia standeth from Fez almost an hundred and twenty miles. My selfe being a child, went thither on Pilgri∣mage oftentimes with my Father; as likewise being growen vp to mans estate, I repai∣red

thither as often, making supplication to bee deliuered from the danger of Lions.

Westward it beginneth at the Riuer of Buragrag, and stretcheth Eastward to the riuer called * 1.16 Inauen: which two Riuers are almost a hundred miles distant asunder. Northward it bordereth vpon the Riuer * 1.17 Subu, and Southward vpon the foote of Atlas. The soile both for abundance of Corne, Fruits, and Cattell seemeth to be inferiour to none other.

The buildings of Sella carry a shew of Antiquity on them, being Artificially carued and state∣ly supported with Marble pillars. Their Temples are most beautifull, and their are shops built * 1.18 vnder large Porches. And at the end of euery row of shops is an Arch, which (as they say) is to diuide one occupation from another. And (to say all in a word) here is nothing wanting, which may be required either in a most honourable City, or a flourishing Common-wealth. Moreouer [ 10] hither resort all kind of Merchants, both Christians and others. Heere the Genowayes, Ueneti∣ans, * 1.19 English and low Dutch vsed to traffique. The grounds adioyning vpon this Towne are san∣dy: neither are they fit for Corne, but for Cotten-wooll in diuers places very profitable. The inhabitants, diuers of them doe weaue most excellent Cotten. Heere likewise are made very fine Combes, which are sold in all the Kingdome of Fez, for the Region thereabout yeeldeth great plenty of Boxe, & of other wood fit for the same purpose. Their gouernment is very order∣ly and discreet euen vntill this day: for they haue most learned Iudges, Vmpires, and deciders of * 1.20 doubtfull cases in Law. This Towne is frequented by many rich Merchants of Genoa, whom the King hath alwayes had in great regard; because he gaineth much yeerely by their traffique.

In the time of Abusaid the last King of the Marin family, his Cousin, called Sahid, was taken by [ 20] Habdilla the King of Granada; whereupon by letters he requested his Cousin the King of Fez to * 1.21 send him a certaine summe of money, required by the King of Granada for his ransome. Which when the Fessan King refused to yeeld vnto, Habdilla restored his prisoner to libertie, and sent him towards Fez to destroy both the City and the King. Afterward Sahid, with the helpe of * 1.22 certaine wilde Arabians besieged Fez for seuen yeeres together; in which space most of the Townes, Villages, and Hamlets throughout the whole Kingdome were destroyed. But at length such a Pestilence inuaded Sahids forces, that himselfe, with a great part of his army, in the * 1.23 nine hundred and eighteenth yeere of the Hegeira, died therof. Howbeit those desolate Towns neuer receiued from thenceforth any new inhabitants, especially Fanzara, which was giuen to certaine Arabian Captaines, that came to assist Sahid. Whatsoeuer commodity ariseth out of Banibasil redoundeth to the Priests of the principall Mahumetan Temple in Fez, and it amounteth almost [ 30] yeerely to twenty thousand Dukats. Heere also in times past were most large, pleasant, and fruitfull Gardens, as appeareth by the Monuments and reliques thereof, howbeit, they were like other places, laid waste by the warre of Sahid. The Towne it selfe remaineth destitute of inha∣bitants an hundred and ten yeeres; but as the King of Fez returned home from Duccala, he com∣manded part of his people to inhabite the same: albeit their inciuilitie made them loth so to doe.

Fez was built in the time of one Aron a Mahumetan Patriarke, in the yeere of the Hegei∣ra * 1.24 one hundreth eighty and fiue, and in the yeere of our Lord seuen hundred eightie sixe, by a certaine hereticke against the Religion of Mahumet. But why it should so be called, some are of opinion, because when the first foundations thereof were digged, there was found some quanti∣ty [ 40] of Gold, with mettall in the Arabian language is called Fez.

The Founder of this City was one Idris, being the foresaid Aron his neere kinsman. This I∣dris ought rather to haue beene an Mahumetan Patriarke, because he was nephew vnto Hali the * 1.25 Cousin-german of Mahumet, who married Falerna, Mahumets owne daughter, so that Idris both by Father and Mother was of Mahumets Linage: but Aron being nephew vnto one Habbus the Vncle of Mahumet, was of kinred onely by the Fathers side. Howbeit both of them were ex∣cluded from the said Patriarkship for certaine causes mentioned in the African Chronicles, al∣though Aron vsurped the same by deceit. For Arons Vncle being a most cunning and crafty man, and faining himselfe to beare greatest fauour vnto the family of Hali, and to be most desi∣rous, that the Patriarkship should light thereon, sent his Ambassadours almost throughout the [ 50] whole world. Whereupon the dignity was translated from Vmeue to Habdulla Seffec the first Patriarke. Which, Umeue being informed of, waged warre against the family of Hali, and so preuailed, that some of them he chased into Asia, and some into India. Howbeit, an ancient Religious man of the same family remained still aliue at Elmadina, who being very old, no whit regarded the dignity. But this ancient fire left behind him two sonnes, who when they were come to mans estate, grew into so great fauour with the people of Elmadin, that they were cha∣sed thence by their enemies; the one being taken and hanged; and the other (whose name was Idris) escaping into Mauritania. This Idris dwelling vpon Mount Zaron, about thirtie miles from Fez, gouernud not onely the Common-wealth, but matters of Religion also: and all the [ 60] Region adiacent paid him tribute. At length Idris deceasing without lawfull issue, left one of his maydes big with child, which had beene turned from the Gothes Religion to the Moores. Being deliuered of her sonne, they called him after his Fathers name, Idris. This child the inha∣bitants chusing for their Prince, caused him to be most carefully brought vp: and as he grew in

yeeres, to the end they might trayne him vp in feates of Chiualrie, they appointed one Rasid a most valiant and skilfull Captaine to instruct him. Insomuch, that while hee was but fifteene yeeres of age, he grew famous for his valiant Acts and Stratagems, and beganne wonderfully to * 1.26 inlarge his Dominions. Wherefore his Troupes and Family increasing euery day more and more, he set his minde vpon building of a Citie, and changing of his habitation. And so hee sent for cunning builders into all Nations, who hauing diligently perused all places in the Region, at last made choise of that where the Citie of Fez now standeth. For heere they found great store of Fountaines, and a faire Riuer, which springing forth of a plaine not farre off, runneth plea∣santly almost eight miles amidst the little Hils, till at length it casteth it selfe vpon another plaine. Southward of the place they found a wood, which they knew would be right commo∣dious [ 10] for the Towne. Here therefore vpon the East banke of the said Riuer, they built a Towne contayning three thousand Families: neither omitted they ought at all which might bee requi∣red in a flourishing Common-wealth. After the decease of Idris, his Sonne erected another Towne directly ouer against the foresaid, on the other side of the Riuer. But in processe of time either Towne so increased, that there was but a small distance betweene them: for the Gouer∣nours of each laboured might and mayne to augment their owne Iurisdictions. An hundred and fourescore yeeres after, there fell out great dissention and Ciuill warre betweene these two Cities, which by report continued an hundred yeeres together.

At length Ioseph King of Maroco of the Luntune Family, conducting an huge Armie against both these Princes, tooke them Prisoners, carryed them home vnto his Dominions, and put [ 20] them to a most cruell death. And he so vanquished the Citizens, that there were slaine of them thirtie thousand. Then determined King Ioseph to reduce those two Townes into firme vnitie and concord: for which cause, making a bridge ouer the Riuer, and beating downe the wals of either Towne right against it, he vnited both into one, which afterward he diuided into twelue Regions or Wards. Now let vs make report of all such memorable things as are there to bee seene * 1.27 at this day.

A World it is to see, how large, how populous, how well fortified and walled this Citie is * 1.28 The most part thereof standeth vpon great and little Hils: neither is there any plaine ground but onely in the midst of the Citie. The Riuer entreth the Towne in two places, for it is diui∣ded into a double branch, one whereof runneth by new Fez, that is, by the South-side of the [ 30] Towne, and another commeth in at the West-side. And so almost infinitely dispersing it selfe into the Citie, it is deriued by certaine conduits and chanels vnto euery Temple, Colledge, Inne, Hospitall, and almost to euery priuate house. Vnto the Temples are certaine square con∣duits adioyned, hauing Cels and Receptacles round about them; each one of which hath a Cock, whereby water is conueyed through the wall into a Trough of Marble. From whence flowing into the Sinkes and Gutters, it carryeth away all the filth of the Citie into the Riuer. In the midst of each square conduit standeth a low Cisterne, beeing three Cubits in depth, foure in breadth, and twelue in length: and the water is conueyed by certaine Pipes into the foresaid square conduits, which are almost an hundred and fiftie in number. The most part of the hou∣ses are built of fine brickes and stones curiously painted. Likewise their bay-windowes and por∣tals [ 40] are made of partie-coloured bricke, like vnto the stones of Maiorica. The Roofes of their Houses they adorne with Gold, Azure, and other excellent Colours, which Roofes are made of wood, and plaine on the top, to the end that in Summer-time Carpets may be spred vpon them, for here they vse to lodge by reason of the exceeding heate of that Countrey. Some houses are of two and some of three Stories high, whereunto they make fine staires, by which they passe from one roome to another vnder the same roofe: for the middle part of the house is alwayes o∣pen or vncouered, hauing some Chambers built on the one side, and some on the other. The Chamber doores are very high and wide: which in rich mens houses are framed of excellent and carued wood. Each Chamber hath a Presse curiously painted and varnished belonging thereun∣to, being as long as the Chamber it selfe is broad: some will haue it very high, and others but sixe handfuls in height, that they may set it on the Tester of a Bed. All the portals of their [ 50] houses are supported with bricke Pillars finely playstered ouer, except some which stand vpon Pillars of Marble. The Beames and Transomes vpholding their Chambers are most curiously painted and carued. To some houses likewise belong certaine square Cisternes, contayning in breadth sixe or seuen Cubits, in length ten or twelue, and in height but sixe or seuen handfuls, being all vncouered, and built of brickes trimly playstered ouer. Along the sides of these Ci∣sternes are certaine Cockes, which conuay the water into Marble Troughs, as I haue seene in many places of Europe. When the foresaid Conduits are full of water, that which floweth o∣uer, runneth by certaine secret pipes and conueyances into the Cisternes: and that which ouer∣floweth the Cisternes, is carryed likewise by other passages into the common Sinkes and Gut∣ters, and so into the Riuer. The said Cisternes are alwayes kept sweete and cleane, neyther are [ 60] they couered but onely in Summer-time, when Men, Women, and Children bathe themselues therein.

Moreouer, on the tops of their houses they vsually build a Turret with many pleasant roomes

therein, whither the women for recreations sake, when they are wearie of working, retyre them∣selues; from whence they may see wel-nigh all the Citie ouer.

Of Mahumetan Temples and Oratories there are almost seuen hundred in this Towne, fiftie whereof are most stately and sumptuously built, hauing their Conducts made of Marble and o∣ther * 1.29 excellent stones vnknowne to the Italians; and the Chapiters of their Pillars be artificial∣ly adorned with painting and caruing. The tops of these Temples, after the fashion of Christian Churches in Europe, are made of Ioyses and Plankes: but the pauement is couered with Mats which are so cunningly sowed together that a man cannot see the breadth of a finger vncouered. The wals likewise on the inner side are lined a mans height with such Mats. More∣ouer, each Temple hath a Turret or Steeple, from whence certaine are appointed with a lowd [ 10] voice to call the people at their set-time of Prayer. Euery Temple hath one onely Priest to say Seruice therein; who hath the bestowing of all Reuenues belonging to his owne Temple, as oc∣casion requireth: for thereby are maintayned Lampes to burne in the night, and Porters to k••epe the doores are paid their wages cut of it, and so likewise are they that call the people to ordina∣rie Prayers in the night season: for those which cry from the said Towres in the day time haue no wages, but are onely released from all Tributes and Exactions.

The chiefe Mahumetan Temple in this Towne is called Caru••en, beeing of so incredible a * 1.30 bignesse, that the circuit thereof and of the buildings longing vnto it, is a good mile and a halfe about. This Temple hath one and thirtie gates or portals of a wonderfull greatnesse and height. The Roofe of this Temple is in length one hundred and fiftie, and in breadth about fourescore Florentine Cubits. The Turret or Steeple, from whence they cry amayne to assemble the people [ 20] together, is exceedingly high: the breadth whereof is supported with twentie, and the length with thirtie Pillars. On the East, West, and North-sides, it hath certaine Walkes or Galleries, fortie Cubits in length, and thirtie in breadth. Vnder which Galleries there is a Cell or Store∣house, wherein Oyle, Candles, Mats, and other such necessaries for the Temple are layd vp. E∣uery night in this Temple are burnt nine hundred Lights; for euery arch hath a seuerall Lampe, especially those which extend through the mid-quire. Some Arches there are that haue one hundred and twentie Candles a piece: there are likewise certaine Brasse Candlestickes so great and with so many Sockets, as they will hold each one fifteene hundred Candles: and these Can∣dlestickes are reported to haue beene made of Bels, which the King of Fez in times past tooke from Christians. [ 30]

About the wals of the said Temple are diuers Pulpits, out of which those that are learned in * 1.31 the Mahumetan Law instruct the people. Their Winter Lectures beginne presently after Sun∣rise, and continue the space of an houre. But their Summer Lectures hold on from the Sunne going downe, till an houre and a halfe within night. And here they teach as well Morall Phi∣losophie as the Law of Mahumet. The Summer Lectures are performed by certaine priuate and obscure persons; but in Winter such onely are admitted to read, as bee reputed their greatest Clerkes. All which Readers and Professours are yearely allowed most liberall Stipends. The Priest of this great Temple is enioyned onely to read Prayers, and faithfully to di〈…〉〈…〉bute almes among the poore. Euery Festiuall day he bestoweth all such Corne and Money as he hath in his custodie, to all poore people according to their need. [ 40]

The Treasuror or Collector of the Reuenues of this Church hath euery day a Duckat for his pay. Likewise he hath eight Notaries or Clerkes vnder him; euery one of which gayneth sixe Duckats a moneth: and other sixe Clerkes who receiue the rent of houses, shops, and other such places as belong to the Temple, hauing for their wages the twentieth part of all such Rents and Duties as they gather.

Moreouer, there belong to this Temple twentie Factors or Baylies of Husbandry, that without the Citie wals haue an eye to the Labourers, Ploughmen, Vine-planters, and Garde∣ners, and that prouide them things necessarie: there gaine is three Duckats a moneth. Not farre from the Citie are about twentie Lime-kils, and as many Bricke-kils, seruing for the reparati∣on of their Temple, and of all houses thereto belonging. [ 50]

The Reuenues of the said Temple daily receiued, are two hundred Duckats a day; the better * 1.32 halfe whereof is layd out vpon the particulars aforesaid. Also if there bee any Temples in the Citie destitute of liuing, they must all be mayntayned at the charges of this great, Temple: and then that which remayneth after all expenses, is bestowed for the behoofe of the Common∣wealth: for the people receiue no Reuenues at all. In our time the King commanded the Priest of the said Temple to lend him an huge summe of money, which he neuer repayed againe.

Moreouer, in the Citie of Fez are two most stately Colledges, of which diuers roomes are adorned with curious painting; all their beames are carued, their wals consisting both of Mar∣ble * 1.33 and Freestone. Some Colledges heere are which contayne an hundred studies, some more, [ 60] and some fewer, all which were built by diuers Kings of the Marin Family. One there is a∣mong the rest most beautifull and admirable to behold, which was erected by a certaine King called Habu Henon. Here is to be seene an excellent Fountaine of Marble, the C〈…〉〈…〉 where∣of contayneth two Pipes. Through this Colledge runneth a little streame in a most cleere and

pleasant chanell, the brimmes and edges whereof are workmanly framed of Marble, and stones of Maiorica. Likewise heere are three Cloysters to walke in, most curiously and artificial∣ly made, with certaine eight square Pillars of diuers colours to support them. And betweene Pillar and Pillar the arches are beautifully ouer-cast with Gold, Azure, and diuers other Co∣lours; and the Roofe is very artificially built of wood. The sides of these Cloysters are so close, that they which are without cannot see such as walke within. The wals round about as high as a man can reach, are adorned with Playder-worke of Maiorica. In many places you may find certaine Verses, which declare what yeare the Colledge was built in, together with many E∣pigrams in the Founders commendation. The Letters of which Verses are very great and black, so that they may be read a farre off. This Colledge gates are of Brasse most curiously carued, and [ 10] so are the doores artificially made of wood. In the Chappell of this Colledge standeth a cer∣taine Pulpit mounted nine stayres high, which staires are of Iuorie and Ebonie. Some affirme, that the King hauing built this Colledge, was desirous to know how much money hee had spent in building it; but after he had perused a leafe or two of his Account-booke, finding the summe of fortie thousand Duckats, he rent it asunder, and threw it into the foresaid little Riuer, ad∣ding this Sentence out of a certaine Arabian Writer: Each precious and amiable thing, though it * 1.34 costeth deare, yet if it be beautifull, it cannot choose but bee good cheape: neither is any thing of too high a price, which pleaseth a mans affection. Howbeit a certaine Treasurer of the Kings, making a particular account of all the said expenses, found that this excellent building stood his Master in foure hundred and eightie thousand Duckats. The other Colledges of Fez are somewhat like vnto this, hauing euery one Readers and Professors, some of which read in the forenoone, and some in the afternoone. [ 20]

In times past the Students of these Colledges had their apparell and victuals allowed them for seuen yeares, but now they haue nothing gratis but their Chamber.

For the warre of Sahid destroyed many possessions, whereby Learning was maintayned; so that now the greatest Colledge of all hath yeerely but two hundred, and the second but an * 1.35 hundred Duckats for the maintenance of their Professors. And this perhaps may bee one rea∣son, among many, why the gouernment not onely of Fez, but of all the Cities in Africa, is so base.

Now these Colledges are furnished with no Schollers but such as are strangers, and liue of the Citie Almes: and if any Citizens dwell there, they are not aboue two or three at the most. The Professor being readie for his Lecture, some of his Auditors readeth a Text, whereupon the said [ 30] Professor dilateth, and explayneth obscure and difficult places. Sometimes also the Schollers dispute before their Professor.

Many Hospitals there are in Fez, no whit inferiour, either for building or beautie, vnto the * 1.36 foresaid Colledges. For in them whatsoeuer strangers came to the Citie were entertayned at the common charge for three dayes together. There are likewise as faire and as stately Hospi∣tals in the Suburbes. In times past their wealth was maruellous great; but in the time of Sahids warre, the King standing in need of a great summe of money, was counselled by some of his greedie Courtiers to sell the Liuings of the said Hospitals. Which when the people would in * 1.37 no case yeeld vnto, the Kings Oratour or Speaker, perswaded them that all those Liuings were giuen by his Maiesties Predecessours, and therefore (because when the warres were ended, they should soone recouer all againe) that it were farre better for them by that meanes to pleasure [ 40] their Soueraigne, then to let his Kingly Estate fall into so great danger. Whereupon all the said Liuings being sold, the King was preuented by vntimely and sudden death before he could bring his purpose to effect: and so these famous Hospitals were depriued of all their mainte∣nance.

The poore indeed and impotent people of the Citie are at this day relieued; but no strangers are entertayned, saue only learned men or Gentlemen. Howbeit there is another Hospitall for the reliefe of sicke and diseased strangers, who haue their dyet onely allowed them, but no Physician or Medicine: certaine women there are which attend vpon them, till they recouer their former health, or dye. In this Hospitall likewise there is a place for frantike or distracted [ 50] persons, where they are bound in strong Iron Chaines; whereof the part next vnto their walkes is strengthened with mightie beames of Wood and Iron. The Gouernour of these distracted persons, when he bringeth them any sustenance, hath a Whip of purpose to chastise those that offer to bite, strike, or play any mad part.

Likewise this Hospitall hath many Roomes for the Purueyors, Notaries, Cookes, and other Officers belonging to the sicke persons; who each of them haue some small yeerely stipend. * 1.38 Being a young man, I my selfe was Notarie heere for two yeeres, which Office is worth three Duckats a moneth.

In this Citie are moe then an hundred Bath-stoues very artificially and stately built; which [ 60] though they bee not of equall bignesse, yet are they all of one fashion. Each Stoue hath foure Halls, without which are certaine Galleries in an higher place, with fiue or sixe staires to ascend vnto them: here men put off their apparell, and hence they goe naked into the Bath. In the

midst they alwaies keepe a Cisterne full of water. First therefore, they that meane to bathe themselues, must passe through a cold Hall, where they vse to temper hot water and cold toge∣ther, then they goe into a roome somewhat hotter, where the seruants clense and wash them; and last of all, they proceede into a third Hot-house, where they sweate as much as they thinke good. The fire that heateth their water is made of nought else but beasts dung: for which pur∣pose many boyes are set on worke to run vp and downe to Stables, and thence to carrie all the dung, and to lay it on heapes without the Towne-walles; which being parched in the Sunne for two or three moneths together, they vse for fuell. Likewise, the women haue their Stoues * 1.39 apart from the men. And yet some Hot-houses serue both for men and women, but at sundrie times, namely, for men from the third to the fourteenth houre of the day, and the residue for [ 10] women. While women are bathing themselues, they hang out a rope at the first entrance of the house, which is a signe for men, that they may then proceede no farther. Neither may husbands here be permitted to speake with their owne wiues; so great a regard they haue of their hone∣stie. Here men and women both, after they haue done bathing, vse to banquet and make merrie with pleasant Musicke and singing. Young Striplings enter the Bath starke naked without any shame, but men couer their priuities with a linnen cloth. The richer sort will not enter the com∣mon Bath, but that which is adorned and finely set forth, and which serueth for Noble-men and Gentle-men. When any one is to be bathed, they lay him along vpon the ground, anointing him with a certaine oyntment, and with certaine instruments doing away his filth. The richer sort haue a Carpet to lie on, their head lying on a woodden Cushion, couered with the same [ 20] Carpet. Likewise, here are many Barbers and Chyrurgions which attend to doe their office. The most part of these Baths pertaine to the Temples and Colledges, yeelding vnto them a great * 1.40 summe of money for yearely rent: for some giue an hundred, some an hundred and fiftie Duckats a yeare. Neither must I here omit the Festiuall-day which the Seruants and Officers of the Bathes celebrate; who with Trumpets and Pipes calling their friends together, goe forth of the Towne, and there gather a wild Onion, putting it in a certaine brazen vessell, and couering the same with a linnen cloth wet in Lee: afterward with a great noise of Trumpets and Pipes, they solemnely bring the said Onion vnto the Hot-house doore, and there they hang it vp in the lit∣tle brazen vessell or Lauer, saying, That this is a most happy boading, or signe of good luck vnto their Stoue. Howbeit, I suppose it to be some such Sacrifice, as the ancient Moores were wont [ 30] in times past, when they were destitute of Lawes and ciuilitie, to offer, and that the same custom hath remained till this very day. The like is to be seene euen among Christians, who celebrate many Feasts, wherof they can yeeld no reason. Likewise, euery African towne had their peculiar Feast, which, when the Christians once enioyed Africa, were vtterly abolished and done away.

In this Citie are almost two hundred Innes, the greatest whereof are in the principall part of the Citie neere vnto the chiefe Temple. Euery of these Innes are three stories high, and con∣taine * 1.41 an hundred and twenty, or moe Chambers apiece. Likewise, each one hath a Fountaine, together with Sinks and Water-pipes, which make auoidance of all the filth. Neuer, to my re∣membrāce, did I see greater building, except it were the Spanish Colledge at Bologna, or the Pal∣lace of the Cardinall di San Giorgio at Rome; of which Innes all the Chamber-doores haue [ 40] Walkes or Galleries before them. And albeit the Innes of this Citie are very faire and large, yet they affoord most beggerly entertainement to strangers; for there are neither Beds nor Couches for a man to lie vpon, vnlesse it be a course Blanket and a Mat. And if you will haue any victuals, you must goe to the Shambles your selfe, and buy such meate for your Host to dresse, as your stomack stands-to. In these Innes certaine poore Widdowes of Fez, which haue neither wealth nor friends to succour them, are relieued: sometimes one, and sometimes two of them together are allowed a Chamber; for which courtesie they play both the Chamberlaines and Cookes of the Inne. The Inne-keepers of Fez being all of one Family, called Elcheua, goe apparelled like Women, and shaue their Beards, and are so delighted to immitate Wo∣men, that they will not onely counterfeite their speech, but will sometimes also sit downe and spin. Each one of these hath his Concubine, whom hee accompanieth as if she were [ 50] his owne lawfull Wife; albeit the said Concubines are not onely ill-fauoured in counte∣tenance, but notorious for their bad life and behauior. They buy and sell wine so freely, that no man controles them for it. None resort hither but most lewd and wicked people, to the end they may more boldly commit vilany. The very company of these Inne-keepers is so odious, and detestable in the sight of all honest men, learned men, and Merchants, that they will in no wise vouchsafe to speake vnto them. And they are firmely enioyned not to enter into the Temple, into the Burse, nor into any Bath. Neither yet are they permitted to resort vnto those Innes * 1.42 which are next vnto the great Temple, and wherein Merchants are vsually entertained.

In this Citie are Mills in foure hundred places at least. And euery of these places containeth fiue or sixe Mills; so that there are some thousands of Mills in the whole City. Euery Mill stan∣deth [ 60] in a large roome vpon some strong piller or post, whereunto many Country-people vse to resort. All the said Mills pertaine either to the Temples or Colledges.

Each trade or occupation hath a peculiar place allotted thereto, the principall whereof are

next vnto the great Temple: for there first you may behold to the number of f••urescore Nota∣ries or Scriueners shops, whereof some ioyne vpon the Temple, and the residue stand ouer against * 1.43 them: euery of which Shops hath alwaies two Notaries. Then Westward there are about thir∣tie Stationers or Booke-sellers. The Shoo-merchants which buy Shooes and Buskins of the Shoo-makers, and sell them againe to the Citizens, inhabite on the Southside of the Temple: and * 1.44 ext vnto them, such as make Shooes for children onely, their Shops being about fiftie. On the East-side dwell those that sell vessels, and other commodities made of brasse. Ouer against the great Gate of the said Temple stands the Fruit-market, containing fiftie Shops, where no kind of fruit is wanting. Next vnto them stand the Waxe-merchants, very ingenious and cunning workmen, and much to be admired. Here are Merchants factors likewise, though they bee but [ 10] few. Then followes the Herbe-market, wherein the Pome-citrons, and diuers kinds of greene Boughes and Herbes doe represent the sweete and flourishing Spring, and in this Market are a∣bout * 1.45 twenty Tauernes: for they which drinke Wine, will shrowd themselues vnder the sha∣die * 1.46 and pleasant Boughes: Next vnto them stand the Milke-sellers: I thinke there passeth scarce one day ouer their heads, wherein they vtter not fiue and twentie tunnes of Milke. Next vnto these are such as sell Cotton, and they haue about thirtie shops: then follow those that sell * 1.47 Hempe, Ropes, Halters, and such other hempen commodities. Then come you to the Girdlers, and such as make Pantofles, and Leather-bridles embrodered with silke: next their shops ad∣ioyne that make Sword-scabberds and Caparisons for Horses. Immediately after dwell those that sell Salt and Lime; and vpon them border an hundred Shops of Potters, who frame al kind [ 20] of earthen vessels adorned with diuers colours. Then come you to the Sadlers Shops: and next of all to the streete of Porters, who (as I suppose) are aboue three hundred: these Porters haue a Consull or Gouernour, who euery weeke allotteth vnto part of them some set businesse. The gaine which redoundeth thereof, they put into a Coffer, diuiding it at the weekes end among them, which haue wrought the same weeke. Strange it is to consider how exceedingly these Porters loue one another: for when any of them deceaseth, the whole company maintaineth his widow and fatherlesse children at their common charge, till either she die, or marrieth a new Husband. The children they carefully bring vp, till they haue attained to some good Art or oc∣cupation. Next vnto the Porters companie dwell the chiefe Cookes and Victuallers. Here also * 1.48 stands a certaine square house couered with Reed, wherein Pease and Turnep-rootes are to bee [ 30] sold, which are so greatly esteemed of in Fez, that none may buy them of the country people at the first hand, but such as are appointed, who are bound to pay tole & tribute vnto the Custo∣mers: and scarcely one day passeth, wherein moe then fiue hundred sacks of Pease and Turneps * 1.49 are not sold. On the North-side of the Temple is a place whither all kind of Hearbs are brought to make Sallets withall: for which purpose there is fortie Shops appointed. Next whereunto is the place of Smoke, so called, by reason of continuall smoke: here are certaine Fritters or * 1.50 Cakes fried in Oyle, like vnto such as are called at Rome, Pan Melato. They roste their flesh not vpon a spit, but in an Ouen: for making two Ouens one ouer another for the same purpose, in * 1.51 the lower they kindle a fire, putting the flesh into the vpper Ouen when it is well het; you would not beleeue how finely their meat is thus rosted; for it cannot be spoiled either by smoke [ 40] or too much heate: for they are all night rosting it by a gentle fire, and in the morning they set it to sale. The foresaid Steakes and Fritters they sell vnto the Citizens in so great abundance, that they daily take for them moe then two hundred Ducats; for there are fifteene Shops which sell nothing else. Likewise, here are sold certaine Fishes and flesh fried, and a kind of excellent sa∣uorie bread, tasting somewhat like a Fritter; which being baked with Butter, they neuer eate but with Butter and Honie. Here also are the feete of certaine beasts sodden, wherewith the * 1.52 Husbandmen betimes in the morning breake their fast, and then hie them to their labour. Next vnto these are such as sell Oyle, Salt, Butter, Cheese, Oliues, Pome-citrons and Capers: their * 1.53 shops are full of fine earthen vessels, which are of much greater value then the things contained in them. Then follow the Shambles, consisting of about forty Shops, wherein the Butchers cut * 1.54 [ 50] their flesh a pieces, and sell it by weight. They kill no beasts within the Shambles, for there is a place allotted for this purpose neere vnto the Riuer, where hauing once dressed their flesh, they send it to the Shambles by certaine seruants appointed for that end. But before any Butcher dare sell his flesh vnto the Citizens, he must carrie it to the Gouernour of the Shambles, who so soone * 1.55 as he seeth the flesh, he sets downe in a piece of paper the price thereof, which they shew toge∣ther with their meate vnto the people; neither may they in any case exceed the said price. Next vnto the Shambles standeth the Market where course cloathes are sold, which containeth at least an hundred Shops: the said cloth is deliuered vnto certaine Criers (which are about threescore in number) who carrying the cloth from Shop to Shop, tell the price thereof. Then follow their Shops that scowre and sell Armour, Swords, Iauelings, and such like warlike instru∣ments. [ 60] * 1.56 Next vnto them stand the Fishmongers, who sell most excellent and great Fish. Next vnto the Fishmongers dwel such as make of a certaine hard Reed, Coopes and Cages for Fowles; their Shops being about fortie in number: for each of the Citizens vseth to bring vp great store of Hennes and Capons. And that their houses may not be defiled with Hennes-dung, they keepe * 1.57

them continually in Coopes and Cages. Then follow their Shops that sell liquide Sope. Next * 1.58 of all are certaine of their Shops that sell Meale, albeit they are diuersly dispersed throughout the whole Citie. Next vnto them are such as sell Seede-graine and Seede-pulse. Then are there tenne Shops of them that sell Straw. Next them is the Market where Thread and Hempe is to be sold, and where Hempe vseth to bee kempt: which place is built after the fashion of great Houses, with foure Galleries, or spare-roomes round about it: in the first whereof they sell Lin∣nen-cloth, and weigh Hempe: in two other sit a great many women, hauing abundance of sale∣thread, which is there sold by the Criers.

Let vs now come to the West part, which stretcheth from the Temple to that Gate that lea∣deth to Mecnase. Next vnto the Smokie place before mentioned, their habitations directly [ 10] stand, that make Leather-tankards to draw water out of Wells, of whom there are some foure∣teene * 1.59 Shops. Vnto these adioyne such as make Wicker-vessels, and other, to lay vp Meale and Corne in: and these enioy about thirty Shops. Next them are one hundred and fifty Shops of Taylors. And next the Taylors are those that make Leather-shields, such as I haue often seene * 1.60 brought into Europe. Then follow twenty Shops of Landresses or Washers, being people of a * 1.61 base condition; to whom the Citizens that haue not Maids of their owne, carry their Shirts and other foule linnen, which after few dayes are restored vnto them so cleane and white, as it is wonderfull. These Landresses haue diuers Shops adioyning together in the same place: but here and there throughout the Citie are aboue two hundred Families of such persons. Next vn∣to the Landresses are those that make Trees for Saddles; who dwell likewise in great numbers Eastward right in the way to the Colledge founded by King Abuhinan. Vpon these adioyne [ 20] about fortie shops of such as worke Stirrops, Spurres, and Bridles, so artificially, as I thinke the * 1.62 like are not to be seene in Europe. Next standeth their streete, that first rudely make the said Stirrops, Bridles and Spurres. From thence you may goe into the streete of Sadlers, which co∣uer the Saddles before mentioned threefold with most excellent Leather: the best Leather they lay vppermost, and the worst beneath, and that with notable Workmanship, as may bee seene in most places of Italy: and of them there are moe then an hundred Shops. Then follow their long Shops that make Pikes and Launces. Next standeth a Rocke or Mount, hauing two Walkes thereupon; the one whereof leadeth to the East-gate, and the other to one of the Kings Palaces, where the Kings Sisters, or some other of his Kindred are vsually kept. But this is by [ 30] the way to be noted, that all the foresaid Shops, or Market, begin at the great Temple.

The Burse you may well call a Citie, which being walled round about, hath twelue Gates, and * 1.63 before euery Gate an Iron-chaine, to keepe Horses and Carts from comming in. The said Burse is diuided into twelue seuerall Wards or parts: two whereof are allotted vnto such Shooma∣kers as make Shooes onely for Noblemen and Gentlemen, and two also to Silke-merchants, or Haberdashers, that sell Ribands, Garters, Scarfes, and such other like ornaments; and of these there are about fiftie Shops. Others there are that sell Silke onely for the embrodering of Shirts, Cushions, and other such furniture made of Cloth, possessing almost as many Shops as the former. Then follow those that make Womens Girdles of course Wooll (which some make of Silke) but very grossely, for I thinke they are moe then two fingers thicke, so that they may serue almost for Cables to a Ship. Next vnto these Girdlers are such as sell Woollen and Linnen-cloth [ 40] brought out of Europe: which haue also Silke-stuffes, Caps, and other like commodities to sell. Hauing passed these, you come to them that sell Mats, Mattrasses, Cushions, and other things made of Leather. Next adioyneth the Customers Office; for their Cloth is sent about by cer∣taine Criers to be sold, who before they can passe, must goe to the Customers to haue the said Cloth sealed, and to pay Toll vnto the Customers. Criers here are to the number of sixtie, which for the crying of euery Cloth haue one * 1.64 Liardo allowed them. Next of all dwell the Taylors, and that in three seuerall streetes. Then come you to the Linnen-drapers, which sell Smocks and other apparell for women: and these are accounted the richest Merchants in all Fez, for their wares are the most gainefull of all others. Next vnto these are certaine Woollen garments to be sold, made of such Cloth as is brought thither out of Europe. Euery after-noone Cloth is sold in [ 50] this place by the Criers, which is lawfull for any man to doe, when necessary occasion vrgeth him. Last of all is that place where they vse to sell wrought Shirts, Towels, and other embro∣dered works; as also where Carpets, Beds, and Blankets are to be sold.

Next vnto the said Burse, on the Northside, in a streight lane, stand an hundred and fifty Gro∣cers * 1.65 and Apothecaries Shops, which are fortified on both sides with two strong Gates. These Shops are garded in the night-season by certaine hired and armed Watchmen, which keep their station with Lanthornes and Mastiues. The said Apothecaries can make neither Sirrups, Oynt∣ments, nor Electuaries: but such things are made at home by the Physicians, and are of them to be bought. The Physitians houses adioyne for the most part vnto the Apothecaries: howbeit, [ 60] very few of the people know either the Physician, or the vse of his Physick. The Shops here are so artificially built and adorned, that the like (I thinke) are no where else to be found. Being in Tauris, a Citie of Persia, I remember that I saw diuers stately Shops curiously built vnder certaine * 1.66 Galleries, but very darke, so that (in my iudgement) they be far inferiour vnto the Shops of Fez.

Next the Apothecaries are certaine Artificers that makes Combes of Boxe and other wood. * 1.67 Eastward of the Apothecaries dwell the Needle-makers, possessing to the number of fifty shops. Then follow those that turne Iuory, and such other matter, who (because their craft is practised * 1.68 by some other Artizans) are but few in number. Vnto the Turners adioyne certaine that sell Meale, Sope, and Broomes: who dwelling next vnto the Thread-market before mentioned, are scarce twenty shops in all: for the residue are dispersed in other places of the City, as we will * 1.69 hereafter declare. Amongst the Cotten-merchants are certaine that sell ornaments for Tents and Beds. Next of all stand the Fowlers, who, though they be but few, yet are they stored with * 1.70 all kind of choice and dainty Fowles: whereupon the place is called the Fowlers market. Then come you to their shops that sell Cords and Ropes of Hempe: and then to such as make high Coorke-slippers for Noblemen and Gentlemen to walk the streets in, when it is foule weather: * 1.71 [ 10] these Corke-slippers are finely trimmed with much silke, and most excellent vpper leathers, so that the cheapest will cost a Ducat, yea some there are of ten Ducats, & some of fiue and twenty Ducats price. Such slippers as are accounted most fine and costly are made of blacke and white Mulberie-tree, of blacke Walnut-tree, and of the Iujuba tree, albeit the Corke-slippers are the most durable and strong. Vnto these adioyne ten shops of Spanish Moores, which make Crosse-bowes: * 1.72 as also those that make Broomes of a certaine wilde Palme-tree, such as are dayly brought out of Sicilie to Rome. These Broomes they carry about the City in a great basket, ei∣ther * 1.73 selling them, or exchanging them for Bran, Ashes, or old Shooes: the Bran they sell againe to Shepheards, the Ashes to such as white Thread, and old Shooes to Coblers. Next vnto them are Smithes that make Nailes; & Coopers which make certain great vessels in forme of a bucket, * 1.74 [ 20] hauing Corne-measures to sell also: which measures, when the Officer, appointed for the same purpose, hath made triall of, he is to receiue a farthing a-peece for his fee. Then follow the Wooll-chapmen, who hauing bought wooll of the Butchers, put it foorth vnto others to * 1.75 be scowred and washed: the Sheepe-skinnes they themselues dresse: but as for Oxe-hides they belong to another occupation, and are tanned in another place. Vnto these adioyne such as make certaine Langols or Withs, which the Africans put vpon their horses feet. Next of all are the Brasiers: then such as make Weights and Measures; and those likewise that make in∣struments * 1.76 to carde Wooll or Flaxe. At length you descend into a long street, where men of di∣uers occupations dwell together, some of which doe polish and enamell Stirops, Spurres, and [ 30] other such commodities, as they receiue from the Smithes roughly and rudely hammered. Next * 1.77 whom dwell certaine Cart-wrights, Plow-wrights, Mill-wrights, and of other like occu∣pations. Diers haue their aboad by the Riuers side, and haue each of them a most cleere Foun∣taine * 1.78 or Cisterne to wash their Silke-stuffes in. Ouer against the Diers dwell makers of Bul∣warkes or Trenches, in a very large place, which being planted with shady Mulberrie-trees is * 1.79 exceeding pleasant in the Summer time. Next them are a company of Farriers, that shooe Mules and Horses: and then those that make the Iron-worke of Crosse-bowes. Then follow Smithes that make Horse-shooes; and last of all, those that white Linnen-cloth: and here the west part * 1.80 of the City endeth, which in times past (as is aforesaid) was a City by it selfe, and was built af∣ter the City on the East side of the Riuer. [ 40]

The second part of Fez situate Eastward, is beautified with most stately Palaces, Temples, * 1.81 Houses, and Colledges; albeit there are not so many trades and occupations as in the part before described. For here are neither Merchants, Taylors, Shoo makers, &c. but of the meaner sort. Heere are notwithstanding thirty shops of Grocers. Neere vnto the walles dwell certaine Bricke-burners and Potters: and not farre from thence is a great Market of white Earthen Ves∣sels, * 1.82 Platters, Cups, and D••shes. Next of all stands the Corne-market, wherein are diuers Gra∣naries to lay vp Corne. Ouer against the great Temple there is a broad street paued with Brick, round about which diuers handi-crafts and occupations are exercised. There are l••kewise many other trades diuersly dispersed ouer this East part of the City. The Drapers and Grocers haue * 1.83 certaine peculiar places allotted vnto them. In the East part of Fez likewise there are fiue hun∣dred and twenty Weauers houses, very stately and sumptuously built: hauing in each of them * 1.84 [ 50] many worke-houses and Loomes, which yeeld great rent vnto the owners. Weauers there are (by report) in this City twenty thousand, and as many Millers. Moreouer, in this part of Fez * 1.85 are an hundred shops for the whiting of thread; the principall whereof being situate vpon the Riuer, are exceedingly well furnished with Kettles, Cauldrons, and other such vessels: here are likewise many great houses to sawe wood in, which worke is performed by Christian captiues, * 1.86 and whatsoeuer wages they earne, redoundeth vnto their Lords and Masters. These Christian captiues are not suffered to rest from their labours, but onely vpon Fridayes, and vpon eight seue∣rall * 1.87 dayes of the yeere besides, wheron the Moores feasts are solemnized. Heere also are the common shewes for Harlots, which are fauoured by great men, and sometime by the chiefe Go∣uernours [ 60] of the City. Likewise there are certaine Vintners, who are freely permitted to keepe Harlots, and to take filthie hire for them. Heere are also moe then sixe hundred cleere Foun∣taines * 1.88 walled round about and most charily kept, euery one of which is seuerally conueyed by certaine pipes vnto each House, Temple, Colledge, and Hospitall: and this Fountaine water is

accounted the best: for that which commeth out of the Riuer is in Summer oftentimes dried vp: * 1.89 as likewise when the Conduits are to be clensed, the course of the Riuer must of necessitie bee turned out of the City. Wherefore euery family vseth to fetch water out of the said Fountaines, and albeit in Summer-time the chiefe Gentlemen vse Riuer-water, yet they will often call for Fountaine-water, because it is more coole and pleasant in taste. But in the Spring-time it is no∣thing so. These Fountaines haue their Originall for the most part from the West and South, for the North part is all full of Mountaines and Marble Rockes, containing certaine Caues or Cels, wherein Corne may be kept for many yeeres; of which Caues some are so large, that they will hold two hundred bushels of Corne. The Citizens dwelling neere those Caues, and such as pos∣sesse them, do sufficiently maintaine themselues in taking yeerely euery hundred bushell for rent. The South part of East Fez is almost halfe destitute of Inhabitants; howbeit the gardens abound [ 10] with Fruits and Flowres of all sorts. Euery Garden hath an house belonging thereunto, and a * 1.90 Christall-fountaine enuironed with Roses and other odoriferous Flowres and Herbes; so that in the Spring-time a man may both satisfie his eyes, and solace his mind in visiting this part of the City: and well it may be called a Paradise, sithence the Noblemen doe here reside from the moneth of Aprill till the end of September. Westward, that is, toward the Kings Palace, stan∣deth * 1.91 a Castle built by a King of the Luntune Familie, resembling in bignesse an whole towne: wherein the Kings of Fez, before the said Palace was built, kept their Royall residence. But af∣ter new Fez began to be built by the Marin Kings, the said Castle was left onely to the Gouer∣nor of the City. Within this Castle stands a stately Temple built (as aforesaid) what time it was inhabited by Princes and Nobles, many places being afterward defaced and turned into Gar∣dens: [ 20] howbeit certaine houses were left vnto the Gouernour, partly to dwell in, and partly for the deciding of controuersies. Heere is likewise a certaine Prison for captiues supported with many pillars, and being so large, that it will hold (as diuers are of opinion) three thousand men. * 1.92 Neither are there any seuerall roomes in this prison: for at Fez one prison serueth for all. By this Castle runneth a certaine Riuer very commodious for the Gouernour.

In the City of Fez are certaine particular Iudges and Magistrates: and there is a Gouernour * 1.93 that defineth ciuill controuersies, and giueth sentence against Malefactors. Likewise there is a Iudge of the Canon Law, who hath to doe with all matters concerning the Mahumetan Reli∣gion. A third Iudge there is also, that dealeth about marriages and diuorcements, whose au∣thoritie is to heare all witnesses, and to giue sentence accordingly. Next vnto them is the high [ 30] Aduocate, vnto whom they appeale from the sentence of the said Iudges, when as they doe ei∣ther mistake themselues, or doe ground their sentence vpon the authoritie of some inferiour Doctor. The Gouernour gaineth a great summe of money by condemning of parties at seue∣rall times. Their manner of proceeding against a Malefactor is this: hauing giuen him * 1.94 an hundred or two hundred stripes before the Gouernour, the Executioner putteth an Iron∣chaine about his necke, and so leadeth him starke-naked (his priuities onely excepted) through all parts of the City: after the Executioner followes a Serieant, declaring vnto all the people what fact the guilty person hath committed, till at length hauing put on his apparell againe, they carry him backe to prison. Sometimes it falleth out that many offenders chained to∣gether are led about the Citie: and the Gouernour for each Malefactor thus punished, receiueth [ 40] one Ducat and one fourth part; and likewise at their first entrance into the Gaole, he demands of each one a certaine duety, which is paid particularly vnto him by diuers Merchants and Ar∣tificers appointed of purpose. And amongst his other liuings, he gathered out of a certaine Mountaine seuen thousand Ducats of yeerely Reuenue: so that when occasion serueth, he is at his proper costes to finde the King of Fez three hundred horses, and to giue them their pay.

Those which follow the Canon law haue neither stipend nor reward allowed them: for it is forbidden by the Law of Mahumet, that the Iudges of his Religion should reape any com∣moditie or Fees by their Office; but that they should liue onely by reading of Lectures, and by * 1.95 their Priesthood. In this faculty are many Aduocates and Proctors, which are extreme idiots, [ 50] and vtterly voyd of all good learning. There is a place also in Fez whereinto the Iudges vse to cast the Citizens for debt, or for some light offence. In all this City are foure Officers or Ser∣ieants onely; who from midnight till two a clocke in the morning doe walke about all parts of the Citie; neither haue they any stipend, but a certaine Fee of such Malefactors as they lead about in chaines, according to the qualitie of euery mans crime; moreouer, they are freely permitted to sell Wine, and to keepe Harlots. The said Gouernour hath neither Scribes nor Notaries, but pronounceth all sentences by word of mouth. One onely there is that gathereth * 1.96 Customes and Tributes ouer all the City, who daily payeth to the Kings vse thirty Ducats. This man appointeth certaine substitutes to watch at euery Gate, where nothing, be it of neuer so [ 60] * 1.97 small value, can passe before some Tribute be paid. Yea, sometime they goe foorth of the City to meet with the Carriers & Muliters vpon the high wayes, to the end they may not conceale nor closely conuey any merchandize into the City. And if they be taken in any deceit, they pay double. The set order or proportion of their Custome is this, namely, to pay two Ducats for the * 1.98

worth of an hundred: for Onix-stones, which are brought hither in great plentie, they pay one fourth part: but for Wood, Corne, Oxen, & Hens, they giue nothing at all. The said Gouernor of the Shambles hath alwaies twelue men wayting vpon him, and oftentimes hee rideth about the Citie to examine the weight of bread, and finding any bread to faile of the ••uewaight, he cau∣seth the Baker to be beaten with cudgels, and to bee led in contempt vp and downe the Citie.

The Citizens of Fez goe very ciuilly and decently attyred, in the Spring time wearing Gar∣ments made of out-landish cloth: ouer their Shirts they weare a Iacket or Cassock beeing nar∣row * 1.99 and halfe-sleeued, whereupon they weare a certayne wide Garment, close before on the brest. Their Caps are thinne and single, like vnto the Night-caps vsed in Italie, sauing that they couer not their eares: these Caps are couered with a certaine Skarfe, which beeing twice wrea∣thed [ 10] about their head and beard, hangeth by a knot. They weare neither Hose nor Breeches, but in the Spring time when they ride a Iourney, they put on Boots: mary, the poorer sort haue one∣ly their Cas〈…〉〈…〉ocke, and a Mantle ouer that called, * 1.100 Barnussi, and a most course Cap. The Doctors and ancient Gentlemen weare a certayne Garment with wide sleeues, somewhat like to the Gentlemen of Venice. The common sort of people are for the most part clad in a kind of course white cloth. The women are not altogether vnseemely apparelled, but in Sum∣mer time they weare nothing saue their Smockes onely. In Winter they weare such a wide sleeued Garment, being close at the brest, as that of the men before mentioned. When they goe abroad, they put on certaine long Breeches, wherewith their legges are all couered, hauing al∣so, after the fashion of Syria, a Veile hanging downe from their heads, which couereth their [ 20] whole bodies. On their faces likewise they weare a Maske with two little holes, onely for their eyes to peepe out at. Their eares they adorne with golden Eare-rings, and with most precious Iewels: the meaner sort weare Eare-rings of Siluer and gilt only. Vpon their armes the Ladies and Gentlewomen were golden Bracelets, and the residue Siluer, as likewise Gold or Siluer∣rings vpon their legs, according to each ones estate and abilitie.

Let vs now speake somewhat of their victuals and manner of eating. The common sort set on the pot with fresh meate twice euery weeke: but the Gentlemen and richer sort euery day, * 1.101 and as often as they list. They take three meales a day: their Break-fast consisteth of certaine Fruits and Bread, or else of a kind of liquid Pap made like vnto Frumentie: in Winter they sup off the Broth of salt flesh thickned with course meale. To dinner they haue Flesh, Sallets, [ 30] Cheese, and Oliues: but in Summer they haue greater cheere. Their Supper is easie of digesti∣on, consisting of Bread, Melons, Grapes, or Milke: but in Winter they haue sodden flesh, toge∣ther with a kind of meate called Cuscusu, which being made of a lumpe of Dow is set first vpon * 1.102 the fire in certaine Vessels full of holes, and afterward is tempered with Butter and Pottage. Some also vse often to haue Roste-meat. And thus you see after what sort both the Gentlemen and common people lead their liues: albeit the Noblemen fare somewhat more daintily: but if you compare them with the Noblemen and Gentlemen of Europe, they may seeme to be mise∣rable and base fellowes; not for any want or scarcitie of victuals, but for want of good manners and cleanlinesse. The Table whereat they sit is low, vncouered, and filthy: seates they haue none but the bare ground, neyther Kniues or Spoones but only their ten Talons. The said Cus∣cusu [ 40] is set before them all in one only Platter, whereout as well Gentlemen as others take it not with Spoones, but with their Clawes fiue. The meate and pottage is put all in one Dish; out of which euery one raketh with his greasie fists what hee thinkes good: you shall neuer see Knife vpon the Table, but they teare and greedily deuoure their meate like hungry Dogges. Neyther doth any of them desire to drinke before he hath well stuffed his panch; and then will he sup off a cup of cold water as bigge as a Milke-bowle. The Doctors indeed are somewhat more orderly at meales: but, to tell you the very truth, in all Italie there is no Gentleman so meane, which for fine Dyet and stately Furniture excelleth not the greatest Potentates and Lords of all Africa.

As touching their Marriages, they obserue these courses following. So soone as the Maydes * 1.103 Father hath espoused her vnto her Louer, they goe forth-with like Bride and Bridegroome to [ 50] Church, accompanyed with their Parents and Kinsfolkes, and call likewise two Notaries with them to make record before all that are present of the Couenants and Dowrie. The meaner sort of people vsually giue for their Daughters Dowrie thirtie Duckats and a woman-slaue of fifteen Duckats price; as likewise a parti-coloured Garment embroydered with Silke and certaine o∣ther Silke Skarfes, or Iags, to were vpon her head in stead of a Hood or Veile; then a paire * 1.104 of fine Shooes, and two excellent paire of Startups; and lastly, many prettie Knackes curious∣ly made of Siluer and other Metals, as namely, Combes, Perfuming-pans, Bellowes, and such o∣ther Trinkets as Women haue in estimation. Which beeing done, all the Ghests present are inuited to a Banquet, whereunto for great Dainties is brought a kind of Bread fryed [ 60] and tempered with Honey, which we haue before described; then they bring Rost-meat to the boord, all this being at the Bridegroomes cost: afterward the Brides Father maketh a Banquet in like s••rt. Who if he bestow on his Daughter some apparell besides her Dowrie, it is accoun∣ted a point of liberalitie. And albeit the Father promiseth but thirtie Duckats onely for a Dowrie, yet will he sometimes bestow, in apparell and other Ornaments belonging to Wo∣men,

two hundred, yea sometimes three hundred Duckats besides. But they s••ldome giue an House, a Vineyard, or a field for a Dowrie. Moreouer vpon the Bride they bestow three Gownes made of costly cloth; and three others of Silke Chamlet, or of some other excellent Stuffe. They giue her Smockes likewise curiously wrought, with fine Veiles, and other embroydered Ve∣stures; as also Pillowes and Cushions of the best sort. And besides all the former gifts, they bestow eight Carpets or Couerlets on the Bride, foure whereof are onely for seemelinesse to spread vpon their Presses and Cupboords: two of the courser they vse for their Beds; and the o∣ther two of Leather to lay vpon the floore of their Bed-chambers. Also they haue certaine Rugs of about twentie els compasse or length; as likewise three Quilts beeing made of Linnen and Woollen on the one side, and stuffed with flocks on the other side, which they vse in the night [ 10] in manner following. With the one halfe they couer themselues, and the other halfe they lay vnder them: which they may easily doe, wher as they are both waies about ten ells long. Vnto the former they adde as many Couerlets of Silke very curiously embroydered on the vpper-side, and beneath lined double with Linnen and Cotton. They bestow likewise white Couerlets to vse in Summer-time onely: and lastly, they bestow a Woollen hanging diuided into many parts, and finely wrought, as namely, with certaine pieces of gilt Leather; whereupon they sowe Iags of partie-coloured Silke, and vpon euery Iagge a little Ball or Button of Silke, whereby the said hanging may for Ornaments sake bee fastened vnto a wall.

Here you see what be the Appurtenances of their Dowries; wherein some doe striue so much to excell others, that oftentimes many Gentlemen haue brought themselues vnto Pouerty [ 20] * 1.105 thereby. Some Italians thinke that the Husband bestowes a Dowrie vpon his Wife; but they altogether mistake the matter.

The Bridegroome being readie to carry home his Bride, causeth her to be placed in a woodden Cage or Cabinet eight square couered with Silke, in which shee is carryed by Porters, her Pa∣rents and Kinsfolkes following, with a great noyse of Trumpets, Pipes, and Drummes, and with a number of Torches; the Bridegroomes Kinsmen goe before with Torches, and the Brides Kinsfolkes follow after: and so they goe vnto the great Market place, and hauing passed by the Temple, the Bridegroome takes his leaue of his Father-in-law and the rest, hying him home with all speed, and in his Chamber expecting the presence of his Spouse. The Father, Brother, and Vncle of the Bride leade her vnto the Chamber-doore, and there deliuer her with [ 30] one consent vnto the Mother of the Bridegroome: who, as soone as she is entred, toucheth her foot with his, and forth-with they depart into a seuerall roome by themselues. In the meane season the Banquet is comming forth: and a certaine woman standeth before the Bride-cham∣ber doore, expecting till the Bridegroome hauing defloured his Bride, reacheth her a Napkin stayned with bloud, which Napkin she carryeth incontinent and sheweth to the Ghests, pro∣clayming with a lowd voyce, that the Bride was euer til that time an vnspotted & pure Virgine. This woman, together with other women her Companions, first the Parents of the Bridegroom, and then of the Bride, doe honourably entertayne. But if the Bride be found not to be a Virgine, the Marriage is made frustrate, and shee with great disgrace is turned home to her Parents.

But so soone as the new marryed man goeth forth of the house (which is for the most part on the seuenth day after the Marriage) hee buyeth great plenty of fishes, which hee causeth [ 40] his Mother or some other woman to cast vpon his Wiues feet; and this they, from an ancient Superstitious custome take for a good boding.

The morrow after a company of women goe to dresse the Bride, to combe her Lockes, and * 1.106 to paint her Cheekes with Vermillion; her hands and her feet they dye blacke, but all this Painting presently loseth the fresh liue; and this day they haue another Banquet. The Bride * 1.107 they place in the highest Roome that she may be seene of all. The same night, which was spent in dancing, there are present at the Bridal-house certayne Minstrels and Singers, which by turnes sometimes vse their Instruments and sometimes Voyce-musick: they dance alwayes one by one, and at the end of each Galliard they bestow a Largesse vpon the Musicians. If any one will honour the Dancer, he bids him kneele downe before him, and hauing fastened pieces of money [ 50] * 1.108 all ouer his face, the Musicians presently take it off for their fee. The women dance alone with∣out any men, at the noyse of their owne Musicians. All these things vse to bee performed when the Bride is a Mayde. But the Marriages of Widowes are concluded with lesse adoe. Their cheere is boyled Beefe and Mutton, and stewed Hens, with diuers iuncating Dishes among. In stead of Trenchers, the Ghests being ten or twelue in number, haue so many great round Plat∣ters of wood set before them. And this is the common custom of Gentlemen and Merchants. The meaner sort present their Ghests with certaine sops or bruesle of Bread like vnto a Pancake, which being dipped in flesh-pottage, they eat out of a great Platter not with Spoones but with their fingers onely: and round about each great Platter stand to the number of ten ort welue persons. [ 60]

Likewise they make a solemne Feast at the Circumcision of their male children, which is vpon the seuenth day after their birth; and at this Feast the Circumcisor, together with all * 1.109 their Friends and Kinsfolkes is present: which being done, each one, according to his abilitie, bestoweth a Gift vpon the Circumcisor in manner following. Euery man layes his money vpon a Lads face which the Circumcisor brought with him. Whereupon the Lad calling euery one

by his name, giueth them thankes in particular: and then the Infant beeing circumcised, they spend that day with as great iollity as a day of Marriage. But at the birth of a Daughter they shew not so much alacritie.

Among the people of Fez there haue remayned certaine Relikes of Festiuall Dayes instituted * 1.110 of old by the Ch••istians, whereupon they vse certaine ceremonies which themselues vnder∣stand not. Vpon Christmas euen they eate a Sallet made of diuers Hearbs: they seeth likewise that night all kind of Pulse, which they feede vpon for great dainties. Vpon New-yeeres day the children goe with Maskes and Vizards on their faces to the houses of Gentlemen and Mer∣chants, and haue Fruites giuen them for singing certaine Carols or Songs. When as the Feast of Saint Iohn Baptist is hallowed among Christians, you shall here see all about great store of [ 10] fires made with Straw. And when their childrens teeth begin to grow, they make another feast called, according to the Latines, Dentilla. They haue also many other Rites and Customes of Di∣uining, or Southsaying, the like whereof I haue seene at Rome, and in other Cities of Italy: As touching their Feasts prescribed by the Mahumetan Law, they are at large set downe in that briefe Treatise which we haue written concerning the same Law.

The women hauing by death lost their husbands, fathers, or any other of their deare friends, assemble forth-with a great multitude of their owne Sexe together, who stripping themselues out of their owne attire, put on most vile sack-cloth, and defile their faces with much durt: then call they certaine men clad in womens attire, bringing great foure-square Drums with them, at the noyse of which Drums the women-mourners sing a Funerall-song, tending as much as may [ 20] be, to the commendation of the partie deceased; and at the end of euery Verse, the said women vtter most hideous shrikes and out-cries, tearing their haire, and with much lamentation beating their cheekes and brests, till they be all-imbrued with bloud: and so these Heathenish superstiti∣ons continue for seuen whole dayes together. At which seuen daies end they surcease their mour∣ning for the space of forty daies, and then they begin anew to torment themselues for three daies together in manner aforesaid: howbeit, these kinds of Obsequies are obserued only by the baser people, but the Gentlemen and better sort behaue themselues more modestly. At this time all the widowes friends come about her to comfort her, and send diuers kinds of meats vnto her: for in the mourning-house they may dresse no meate at all, till the dead corps bee carried forth. The woman her selfe that looseth her husband, father, or brother, neuer goeth forth with the fu∣nerall. [ 30] But how they wash and burie the dead corps, and what superstitions they vse there∣about, you shall find recorded in my little Treatise aboue mentioned.

The Citizens vse most of all to play at Chesse, and that from ancient times. Other Games * 1.111 there are also, but very rude, and vsed onely by the common people.

In Fez there are diuers most excellent Poets, which make Verses in their owne Mother∣tongue: most of their Poems and Songs intreate of Loue. Euery yeare they pen certaine Ver∣ses in the commendation of Mahumet, especially vpon his Birth-day: for then betimes in the morning they resort vnto the Palace of the chiefe Iudge or Gouernour, ascending his Tribunall seate, and from thence reading their Verses to a great audience of people: and he whose Verses are most elegant and pithy, is that yeare proclaimed Prince of the Poets. But when as the Kings [ 40] of the Marin Family prospered, they vsed to inuite all the learned men of the Citie vnto their Palace; and honourably entertaining them, they commanded each man in their hearing to recite their Verses to the commendation of Mahumet: and hee that was in all mens opinions esteemed the best Poet, was rewarded by the King with an hundred Duckats, with an excellent Horse, with a Woman-slaue, and with the Kings owne Robes wherewith hee was then apparel∣led: all the rest had fifty Duckats a piece giuen them, so that none departed without the Kings liberalitie: but an hundred and thirtie yeares are expired since this custome, together with the Maiestie of the Fezzan Kingdome decayed.

Of Schooles in Fez for the instructing of Children, there are almost two hundred, euery one * 1.112 of which is in fashion like a great Hall. The Schoole-masters teach their Children to write, and reade not out of a Booke, but out of a certaine great Table. Euery day they expound one sentence [ 50] of the Alcoran: and hauing read quite through, they begin it againe, repeating it so often, till they haue most firmely committed the same to memorie: which they doe right well in the space of seuen yeeres. Then reade they vnto their Scholers some part of Orthography: how∣beit, both this and the other parts of Grammar are farre more exactly taught in the Colledges, then in these triuiall Schooles. The said Schoole-masters are allowed a very small stipend; but when their Boyes haue learned some part of the Alcoran, they present certaine gifts vnto their Master, according to each ones abilitie. Afterward so soone as any Boy hath per∣fectly learned the whole Alcoran, his Father inuiteth all his sonnes Schoole-fellowes vn∣to a great Banquet: and his sonne in costly apparell rides through the streete vpon a gal∣lant [ 60] Horse, which Horse and apparell the Gouernour of the Royall Citadell is bound to lend him. The rest of his Schoole-fellowes beeing mounted likewise on Horse-backe ac∣company him to the Banqueting-house, singing diuers Songs to the praise of God, and of Ma∣humet. Then are they brought to a most sumptuous Banquet, whereat all the Kinsfolks of the

foresaid Boyes Father are vsually present: euery one of whom bestoweth on the Schoole-ma∣ster some small gift, and the Boyes Father giues him a new suite of apparell. The said Scholers likewise vse to celebrate a Feast vpon the birth-day of Mahumet, and then their Fathers are bound to send each man a Torch vnto the Schoole: whereupon euery Boy carrieth a Torch in his hand, some of which weigh thirtie pound. These Torches are most curiously made, being * 1.113 adorned round about with diuers fruits of Waxe, which being lighted betimes in the morning, doe burne till Sun-rise; in the meane while certaine Singers resound the prayses of Mahumet; and so soone as the Sunne is vp, all their solemnitie ceaseth: this day vseth to be very gainefull vnto the Schoole-masters, for they sell the remnant of the Waxe vpon the Torches for an hun∣dred Duckats, and sometimes for more. None of them payes any rent for his Schoole: for all their Schooles were built many yeeres agoe, and were freely bestowed for the training vp of [ 10] youth. Both in these common Schooles, and also in the Colledges they haue two dayes of re∣creation euery weeke, wherein they neither teach nor studie.

Now let vs speake of the Fortune-tellers and Diuiners, of whom there is a great number, and * 1.114 three kinds. For one sort vseth certaine Geomanticall figures. Others powring a drop of Oyle into a viall or glasse of water, make the said water to be transparent and bright, wherein, as it were in a mirror, they affirme that they see huge swarmes of Deuils that resemble an whole Ar∣mie, some whereof are trauelling, some are passing ouer a Riuer, and others fighting a Land-bat∣tell, whom when the Diuiner seeth in quiet, he demandeth such questions of them as he is desi∣rous to be resolued of; and the Deuils giue them answere with beckning, or with some gesture [ 20] of their hands or eyes; so inconsiderate and damnable is their credulitie in this behalfe. The fore∣said Glasse-viall they will deliuer into childrens hands scarce of eight yeeres old, of whom they will aske whether they see this or that Deuill. Many of the Citie are so besotted with these va∣nities, that they spend great sums vpon them. The third kind of Diuiners are Women-witches, * 1.115 which are affirmed to haue familiaritie with Deuils: some Deuils they call red, some white, and some blacke Deuils: and when they will tell any mans fortune, they perfume themselues with certaine Odours, saying, That then they possesse themselues with that Deuill which they called for: afterward changing their voyce, they faine the Deu••ll to speake within them: then they which come to enquire, ought with great feare and trembling aske these vild and abominable Witches such questions as they meane to propound; and lastly, offering some fee vnto the De∣uill, they depart. But the wiser and honester sort of people call these women Sahacat, which in [ 30] Latin signifieth Fricatrices, because they haue a damnable custome to commit vnlawfull Venerie * 1.116 among themselues, which I cannot expresse in any modester termes. If faire women come vnto them at any time, these abominable Witches will ••urne in lust towards them, no otherwise then lustie Younkers doe towards young Maides, and will in the Deuils behalfe demand for a reward, that they may lie with them: and so by this meanes it often falleth out, that thinking thereby to fulfill the Deuils command they lie with the Witches. Yea, some there are, which being al∣lured with the delight of this abominable vice, will desire the company of these Wiches, and fai∣ning themselues to be sicke, will either call one of the Witches home to them, or wil send their husbands for the same purpose: and so the Witches perceiuing how the matter stands, will say, That the Woman〈…〉〈…〉s possessed with a Deuil, and that she can no way be cured, vnles she be admit∣ted [ 40] into their society. With these words her silly husband being perswaded, doth not only per∣mit her so to do, but makes also a sumptuous banquet vnto the damned crew of Witches: which being done, they vse to dance very strangely at the noyse of Drums: and so the poore man com∣mits his false wife to their filthy disposition. Howbeit, some there are that will soone coniure the Deuill with a good cudgell out of their wiues: others faining themselues to be possessed with * 1.117 a Deuill, will deceiue the said Witches, as their wiues haue been deceiued by them.

In Fez likewise there are a kind of Iuglers, or Coniurers called Muhazzimin, who of all others are reported to be most speedie casters out of Diuels. And because their Negromancie some∣times taketh effect, it is a wonder to see into what reputation they grow thereby: but when they cannot cast forth a Deuill, they say, It is an Airie Spirit. Their manner of adiuring Deuils, [ 50] is this: First, they draw certaine Characters and Circles vpon an ash-heape, or some other place; then describe they certaine signes vpon the hands and fore-head of the partie possessed, and per∣fume him after a strange kind of manner. Afterward they make their Inchantment or Coniura∣tion, enquiring of the Deuill, which way, or by what meanes he entred the party, as likewise what he is, and by what name he is called; and lastly, charging him to come forth. Others there are that worke by a certaine Cabalisticall rule, called Zairagia: this rule is contained in many * 1.118 Writings, for it is thought to be Naturall Magique: neither are there any other Negromancers in all Fez, that will more certainely and truly resolue a doubtfull question: howbeit, their Art is exceeding difficult, for the Students thereof must haue as great skill in Astrologie, as in Cabala. [ 60] My selfe in times past hauing attained to some knowledge in this facultie, continued (I remem∣ber) an whole day in describing one figure onely: which kind of figures are described in manner following. First, they draw many circles within the compasse of a great circle: in the first cir∣cle they make a crosse, at the foure extremities whereof, they set downe the foure quarters of the

World, to wit, East, West, North and South: at each end of one of the said crosse lines they note either Pole: likewise about the circumference of the first circle, they paint the foure Elements: then diuide they the same circle and the circle following into foure parts, and euery fourth part they diuide into other seuen, each one being distinguished with certaine great Ara∣bian Characters, so that euery Element containeth eight and twenty Characters. In the third circle they set downe the seuen Planets: in the fourth, the twelue Signes of the Zodiack: in the fifth, the twelue Latine names of the moneths: in the sixth, the eight and twentie Houses of the Moone: in the seuenth, the three hundred sixty fiue dayes of the yeare; and about the conuexitie thereof, the foure Cardinall or principall Windes. Then take they one onely letter of the question propounded, multiplying the same by all the particulars [ 10] aforenamed, and the product or summe totall they diuide after a certaine manner, placing it in some roome, according to the quality of the character, and as the Element requireth wherein the said Character is found without a figure. All which being done, they marke that figure which seemeth to agree with the foresaid number, or summe produced, wherewith they proceed as they did with the former, til they haue found eight and twenty Characters, whereof they make one word, and of this word the speech is made that resolueth the question demanded: this speech is alwaies turned into a verse of the first kind, which the Arabians call Ethauil, con∣sisting of eight Stipites, and twelue Chordi, according to the Meeter of the Arabian Tongue, whereof we haue intreated in the last part of our Arabian Grammer. And the Verse consisting * 1.119 of those Characters, comprehendeth alwaies a true and infallible answer vnto the question pro∣pounded, resoluing first that which is demanded, and then expounding the sense of the question [ 20] it selfe. These Practitioners are neuer found to erre, which causeth their Art of Cabala to bee had in great admiration: which although it bee accounted Naturall, yet neuer saw I any thing that hath more affinitie with supernaturall and Diuine knowledge. I remember that I saw in a certaine open place of King Abulunan his Colledge in Fez, vpon a floore paued with excellent smoothe Marble, the description of a figure. Each side of this floore or court was fifty ells long, and yet two third parts thereof were occupied about the figure, and about the things pertaining thereto: three there were that made the description, euery one attending his appointed place, and they were an whole day in setting it downe. Another such figure I saw at Tunis, drawne by one that was maruelous cunning in the Art, whose father had written two volumes of Com∣mentaries or expositions vpon the precepts of the same Art, wherin whosoeuer hath exact skill, is most highly esteemed of by all men. I my selfe neuer saw but three of this Profession, namely, [ 30] one at Tunis, and two other at Fez: likewise I haue seene two Expositions vpon the precepts * 1.120 of the said Arte, together with a Commentarie of one Margian, father vnto the foresaid Cabalist which I saw at Tunis: and another written by Ibnu Caldim the Historigrapher. And if any were desirous to see the Precepts and Commentaries of that Art, he might doe it with the ex∣pence of fiftie Duckats: for sayling to Tunis, a Towne neere vnto Italy, hee might haue a sight of all the particulars aforesaid. I my selfe had fit oportunitie of time, and a Teacher that offered * 1.121 to instruct me gratis in the same Art: howbeit, I thought good not to accept his offer, because the said Art is forbidden and accounted hereticall by the Law of Mahumet: for Mahumets Law affirmeth all kind of Diuinations to be vaine, and that God onely knoweth secrets, and things to come: wherefore sometimes the said Cabalists are imprisoned by the Mahumetan Inquisitors, who cease not to persecute the Professors of that Art. [ 40]

Here also you may find certaine learned men, which will haue themselues called Wizards, and * 1.122 Morall Philosophers. They obserue certaine Rules which Mahumet neuer prescribed. By some they are accounted Catholique, or true Mahumetans, and by others they are holden for here∣tiks: howbeit, the greatest part of the common people reuerence them as if they were Gods, not∣withstanding they commit many things vnlawfull and forbidden by the Mahumetan Law; as namely, whereas the said Law forbiddeth any loue-matters to be expressed in any musicall Dit∣ties, or Songs, these Moralists affirme the contrary. In the foresaid Mahumetan Religion are a great number of Rules or Sects, euery of which hath most learned Patrons and Protectors. The foresaid Sect sprang vp fourescore yeares after Mahumet, the first Author thereof being called [ 50] Elhesen Ibnu Abilhasen, and being borne in the Towne of Basora: this man taught his Disciples and followers certaine Precepts, but Writings hee left none behind him. About an hundred yeares after there came another notable Doctor of that Sect from Bagaded, called Elharit Ibnu Esed, who left volumes of Writings vnto his Disciples. Afterward those that were found to be his followers, were all condemned by the Mahumetan Patriarkes and Lawyers. Howbeit, fourescore yeares after, that Sect began to reuiue againe vnder a certaine famous Professor, who drew after him many Disciples, vnto whom he published his Doctrine. This man at length, and all his followers, were by the Patriarke and Lawyers condemned to die. Which he vnderstan∣ding, wrote forthwith vnto the Patriarke, requesting that he might be licenced to dispute with [ 60] the Lawyers, as touching his Doctrine, of whom if he were conuinced, he would most willingly suffer death; otherwise that it would be against al equity, that so many innocents should perish vpon an vniust accusation. The Patriarke thinking his demand to be reasonable, condescended

wholly thereunto. But when the matter came to disputation, the partie condemned, soone put all the Lawyers to silence. Which when the Patriarke perceiued, he reuoked the sentence as vniust, and caused many Colledges and Monasteries to be erected for the said partie and his fol∣lowers. After which time this Sect continued about an hundred yeeres, till the Emperour Ma∣licsach of the Turkish race came thither out of Asia the greater, and destroyed all the maintainers thereof. Whereupon some of them fled vnto Cairo, and the rest into Arabia, being dispersed here and there for the space of twenty yeares, till the reigne of Caselsah, Nephew vnto Malicsach, Nidam Elmule, one of his Counsellers, and a man of an high spirit, being addicted vnto the said Sect, so restored, erected, and confirmed the same, that by the helpe of one Elgazzuli, a most lear∣ned man (who had written of the same argument a notable Worke, diuided into seuen parts) he reconciled the Lawyers with the Disciples of this Sect, conditionally, that the Lawyers should [ 10] be called Conseruers of the Prophet Mahumet his Lawes, and the Sectaries Reformers of the same. This concord lasted betweene them, till Bagaded was sacked by the Tartars; which be∣fell * 1.123 in the yeare of the Hegeira 756. at what time those Sectaries so increased, that they swar∣med almost ouer all Africa and Asia. Neither would they admit any into their societie, but such as were very learned, and trained vp in all kind of liberall Sciences; to the end they might the better defend their owne opinions, and confute their aduersaries: but now adayes they ad∣mit all kind of rude and ignorant persons, affirming all sorts of learning to be needlesse; for the holy spirit (say they) reuealeth the knowledge of the truth vnto such as are of a cleane heart; and they alleage many reasons for the confirmation of this their opinion, though not very forci∣ble. Wherefore despising their ancestors Rites, and the strict obseruations of the Law, they ad∣dict [ 20] themselues to nought else but delights and pleasures, feasting often, and singing lasciuious Songs. Sometimes they will rend their garments, either alluding thereby to the Verses that they sing, or being mooued thereunto by their corrupt and vile disposition, saying falsely, That they are then rauished with a fit of diuine loue: but rather impute it to their abundance of meat, and gluttony. For each one of them will deuoure as much meate, as may well suffice three. Or (which is more likely) they vtter those passionate clamours and out-cries, because they are infla∣med with vnlawfull and filthy lust. For sometimes it happeneth that some one of the principal of them, with all his Scholers and Disciples, is inuited to the marriage of some Gentleman, and at the beginning of the banket they will rehearse their deuout Orizons and Songs, but so soone as they are risen from the Table, the elder of the companie being about to dance, teare their gar∣ments: [ 30] and if any one in the middest of their dancing, that hath drunke immoderately, chanceth to fall downe, he is taken vp forthwith by one of the Scholers, and too too lasciuiously kissed. Whereupon this Prouerbe grew among the people of Fez, The Hermits banquet. Which they vse in reproch of those Masters, that make their Scholers their Minions.

Amongst these Sects there are some, that haue not onely a diuers Law, but also a dif∣ferent * 1.124 beliefe from the residue; whereupon by some others they are called Heretikes. Some there are also which hold, that a man by good Works, by Fasting, and Abstinence, may attaine vnto the nature of an Angell, which good Works, Fastings, &c. doe (say they) so purge and free the mind from all contagion of euill, that by no meanes it can sinne any more, though it would neuer so faine. Howbeit, they thinke themselues not capable of this felicitie, before they ascended [ 40] thereunto by the degrees of fiftie Disciplines or Sciences: and although they fall into sinne before they be come to the fiftieth degree, yet they say that God wil not impute that sinne vnto them. These fellowes indeed in the beginning led a most strict life, and do euen macerate and consume themselues with fasting: but afterward they giue themselues to all licentiousnesse and pleasure. They haue also a most seuere forme of liuing set down in foure Bookes, by a certaine learned man of their faction, called Essehrauar de Sehrauard, and borne in the Citie of Corasan. Likewise there was another Authour called Ibnul Farid, that described all their Religion in witty Verses, which being fraught with Allegories, seemed to intreate of nought but Loue: wherefore one Elfargani expounded the said Verses with a Commentarie, and thereout gathered the Canons and Orders of the Sect, and shewed the degrees to the attainement of felicitie. Moreouer, the [ 50] said Verses are so sweet and elegant, that the maintainers of this Sect will sing and repeate none other in their Banquets: for these three hundred yeeres no Author hath so adorned their lan∣guage as the said Ibnul. These Sectaries take the Heauens, the Elements, the Planets, and the fixed Starres to be one God, and that no Law nor Religion is erronious: for euery man (say they) may lawfully worship that which his mind is most addicted to worship. They thinke that all the knowledge of God was infused into one man, whom they call in the language Elcorb; this man, they say, was elect by God, and was made equall in knowledge to him. Forty there are a∣mong them called all by the name of Elauted, which signifieth in our language, a block, or stock of a tree: out of this number, when their Elcoth deceaseth, they create another in his roome, [ 60] namely, seuenty persons that haue the authority of election committed vnto them. There are likewise seuen hundred sixty fiue others (whose names I doe not well remember) who are chosen into the said electors roomes, when any of them decease. These seuen hundred sixtie fiue be∣ing bound thereunto by a certaine Canon or Rule of their Order, are constrained alwaies to goe

vnknowne, and they range almost all the world ouer in a most vile and beggerly habite, so that a man would take them for mad men, and estranged from all sense of humanitie: for these lewde miscreants vnder pretence of their religion, run like rogues naked and sauage throughout all A∣frica, hauing so little regard of honestie or shame, that they will like brute beasts rauish women in publike places; and yet forsooth the grosse common people reuerence them as men of wonder∣full holinesse. Great swarmes of these filthie Vagabonds you may see in Tunis, but many more in Egypt, and especially at Alcair, where as in the Market called Bain Elcasrain, I saw one of these * 1.125 Villaines with mine owne eyes, in the presence of much people, defloure a most beautifull wo∣man as she was comming forth of the Bath: which being done, the fond people came flocking about the said woman, striuing to touch her garment as a most holy thing, saying, That the Adul∣terer [ 10] was a man of great sanctitie, and that he did not commit the sin, but onely seemed to com∣mit it: which when the silly cuckold her husband vnderstood, he shewed himselfe thankefull to his false God with a solemne Banquet, and with liberall giuing of Almes. The Magistrates of the Citie would haue punished the Adulterer, but they were in hazard to be slaine of the people for their labours, who (as is before said) adore these Varlets for Saints, and men of singular holi∣nesse. Other more vilanous acts I saw committed by them, which I am ashamed to report.

Likewise there is another sort of men, which wee may fitly call Cabalists. These fast most * 1.126 strictly, neither doe they eate the flesh of any liuing creature, but haue certaine meates and gar∣ments allotted vnto them: they rehearse likewise certaine set-prayers appointed for euery houre of the day and for the night, according to the varietie of dayes and moneths, and they vse to car∣rie [ 20] about certaine square Tables with characters and numbers engrauen therein. They faine themselues to haue daily conference with the Angels, of whom they learne (they say) the know∣ledge of all things. They had once a famous Doctor of their Sect, called Boni, who was Author * 1.127 of their Canons, Prayers, and square Tables. Which when I saw, mee thought their Profession had more aff••nitie with Magique then with Cabala. Their Art was diuided into eight parts, whereof the first was called Elumha Enormita, that is, the demonstration of light, the which con∣tained Prayers and Fastings. The second called Semsul Meharif, that is, the Sunne of Sciences, contained the foresaid square Tables, together with their vse and profit. The third part they call Sirru Lasmei Elchusne; this part contained a catalogue of those ninetie nine Vertues, which (they say) are contained in the names of God, which I remember I saw at Rome in the custodie [ 30] of a certaine Venetian Iew. They haue also a certaine other Rule, called Suvach, that is, the Rule of Hermites: the Professors and followers whereof inhabit Woods, and solitarie places; neither haue they any other food, but such as those wild Desarts will affoord: the conuersation of these Heremites no man is able exactly to describe, because they are estranged from all humane socie∣tie. But if I should take vpon me to describe the varietie of Mahumetan Sects, I should digresse too farre from my present purpose. He that desireth to know more of this matter, let him reade ouer the booke of Elefacni, who discourseth at large of the Sects belonging to the Mahumetan * 1.128 Religion, the principall whereof are seuentie two, euery one of which defend their opinions to be true and good, and such as a man may attaine saluation by. At this day you shall find but two principall Sects onely, the one of Leshari being dispersed ouer all Africa, Egypt, Syria, Arabia, and [ 40] Turkie: the other of Imamia, which is authorized throughout the whole Kingdome of Persia, and in certaine Townes of Corasan; and this Sect the great Sophi of Persia maintaineth, insomuch that all Asia had like to been destroyed thereabout. For whereas before they followed the sect of Leshari, the great Sophi by force of Armes established his owne of Imamia: and yet one onely Sect stretcheth ouer all the Mahunetans Dominions.

Moreouer, in the Citie of Fez there are certaine men called Elcanesin, who supposin gto finde * 1.129 treasure vnder the foundations of old houses, doe perpetually search and delue. These grosse fel∣lowes vse to resort vnto certaine dennes and caues without the Citie-walles, certainely per∣swading themselues, that when the Romans were chased out of Africa, and driuen into Baetica or Granada in Spaine, they hid great abundance of treasure in the bowels of the earth, which they could not carry with them, and so enchanted the same by Art-Magique, that it can by no meanes [ 50] be attained vnto but by the same Art; wherefore they seeke vnto Inchanters to teach them the Art of digging vp the said treasures. Some of them there are that will stedfastly affirme, that they saw Gold in this or that Caue: others, that they saw Siluer, but could not digge it out, by reason that they were destitute of Perfumes and Enchantments fit for the purpose; so that be∣ing seduced with this vaine opinion, and deeply deluing into the earth, they turne vpside-downe the foundations of Houses and Sepulchers, and sometimes they proceede in this manner tenne or twelue dayes iourney from Fez: yea, so fond they are, and so besotted, that they esteeme those Bookes that professe the Art of digging of Gold, as diuine Oracles. Before my departure from Fez, these fantasticall people had chosen them a Consull and getting licence of certaine owners to digge their grounds, when they had digged as much as they thought good, they paid the said [ 60] owners for all dammages committed.

In this Citie likewise there are great store of Alchymists, which are mightily addicted to that * 1.130 vaine practice: they are most base fellowes, and contaminate themselues with the steame of

Sulphur, & other stinking smels. In the euening they vse to assemble themselues at the great Tem∣ple, where they dispute of their false opinions. They haue of their Arte of Alchymie many Bookes written by learned men, amongst which one Geber is of principall account, who liued an hundred yeeres after Mahumet, and being a Greeke borne, is said to haue renounced his owne Re∣ligion. * 1.131 This Geber his workes and all his precepts are full of Allegories or darke borrowed spee∣ches. Likewise they haue another Author, that wrote an huge Volume of the same Arte, inti∣tuled by the name of Attogrehi: this man was secretary vnto the Soldan of Bagaded, of whom we haue written in the liues of the Arabian Philosophers. Also the Songs or Articles of the said * 1.132 Science were written by one Mugairibi of Granada, whereupon a most learned Mamuluch of Damasco wrote a Commentary: yet so, that a man may much more easily vnderstand the Text [ 10] then the exposition thereof. Of Alchymists here are two sorts; whereof the one seeke for the Elissir, that is, the matter which coloureth brasse and other Metals; and the other are conuer∣sant about multiplication of the quantities of Metals, whereby they may conueniently temper the same. But their chiefest drift is to coine counterfeit money: for which cause you shall see most of them in Fez with their hands cut off.

In this City likewise the••e is a great swarme of base people, such as there Italians commonly * 1.133 call Ciurmatori: these sing foolish Songs & Rimes in all the streets of the City, & broching meere trifles with the Musicke of Drums, Harpes, and Citterns, they sell vnto the rude people cer∣taine scrowles or briefe Charmes in stead of preseruatiues. Vnto these you may adde another kinde of reffuse people of one Family and disposition with the former, who carry dauncing Apes vp and downe, and haue their Neckes and Armes all entwined with crawling Snakes. [ 20] These also professe Geomancy, and perswade women that they can foretell them their fortune. Likewise they carry stone-horses about with them, which for a certaine Fee, they will let others haue to couer their Mares. Their Gentlemen are very stately and high minded, and will haue little or no familiarity at all with the Citizens: so likewise the Doctors and Iudges of princi∣pall account will admit but few vnto their acquaintance. This City it selfe is most beautiful and right commodiously situate; where albeit in winter time the streets are so mirie, that you cannot walke in them without startups, yet they let passe such abundance of water out of their Con∣duits, that all the filth is washed cleane away. Where Conduits are wanting, they carry all the durt in Carts vnto the next part of the Riuer. [ 30]

Without the wals of this City Westward standeth a Suburbe containing almost fiue hun∣dreth * 1.134 Families, the houses whereof are but meane, and the Inhabitants base, as namely, diuers of Camels, Water-bearers, and Cleauers of Wood for the Kings Palace. Yet heere you may finde diuers shops, and all kinds of Artificers. Heere likewise dwell all the Charmers and Roguish Minstrels before named; as also great swarmes of sluttish and filthie harlots. In the principall street of this Suburbe, you shall find certaine Caues most Artificially hewen out of excellent Marble, wherein the Noble men of Fez were wont to lay vp their Corne: for the least of them will containe more then a thousand Measures of Corne, there being aboue an hundreth and fifty of them in all, but now they lie waste and open, insomuch that diuers fall into them at vna∣wares, for which cause their brims are inuironed with wals. Heere euery one may play the Vintner and the Bawd; so that this Suburbe may iustly be called the sinke of Fez. From the [ 40] twentieth houre you shall see none at all in their shops: for then euery man runs to the Tauerne to disport, to spend riotously, and to be drunken. Another Suburbe there is allotted vnto the Le∣pers, * 1.135 of whom there are two hundreth Families: these leprous persons haue a Gouernour, which gathereth certaine yeerely Reuenues from the Noble men, and taketh such care of the said Le∣pers, that they want no necessary thing. He is bound by his Office to discharge the City of all leprous persons, and to compell all such as hee vnderstands to be infected with that disease, to depart into the foresaid Suburbs. If any Leper chanceth to die without issue, part of his goods are imployed to the common benefite of the Lepers, and part fall to the Gouernours share: but if he hath children, they inioy his goods.

Many fields there are without the City, which haue beene giuen by certaine Noblemen for [ 50] the buriall of the dead. Vpon their Sepulchers for the most part they lay along three-square * 1.136 stone. When any Noble man or any principall Citizen deceaseth, they lay one stone ouer his head, and another ouer his feet, whereon vsed to be engrauen some Epitaph, with the day and yeere when the party deceased. I my selfe bestowed much labour in gathering of Epitaphs, which I saw both about Fez and in other places of Barbary; all which being set downe in a Booke, I gaue vnto the Kings Brother. The manner of their Epitaphs in diuers, some tending to consolation, and others to sorrow.

Northward of the City vpon a certaine high Hill stands a Palace, wherein are the Monu∣ments * 1.137 of diuers Marin Kings, being most Artificially hewen out of Marble with Epitaphs vp∣on [ 60] them, so that I cannot condignely expresse the Maiestie and Beauty thereof.

King Iacob the Founder diuided New Fez into three parts, whereof the first contained his * 1.138 Royall Palace, and diuers Noblemens houses, vnto euery one of which he allotted a most plea∣sant Garden. Not farre from his Palace he built a most stately and sumptuous Temple. In ano∣ther

part of this Citie hee built a large and faire Stable for the Kings Horses to stand in. Then also he caused other Palaces to be erected for his Captaines and principall Courtiers. From the West gate to the East he appointed the Market place, the distance betweene which Gates is a mile and an halfe, and on both sides he placed Artificers and Merchants shops.

In Fez, neither Ring nor any other Iewell or Commoditie can bee made of Siluer or Gold, * 1.139 before the Metall be sealed, for the Offenders are most seuerely punished. And the Mettall be∣ing sealed, whatsoeuer is made thereof is weighed as if it were money. The greatest part of Gold-smiths dwelling in new Fez are Iewes, who carry their Vessels of Gold and Siluer vnto a certaine place of old Fez, neere vnto the Grocers shops, and there sell them. For in olde Fez neither Gold nor Siluer is coyned, nor any Mahumetans are suffered to bee Gold-smiths, because [ 10] they haue Vsurers among them, which will sell any piece of wrought Siluer or Gold dearer then the waight requireth; albeit the same priuiledge is by the Gouernours of the Citie granted vnto the Iewes. Some there are also that onely make Plate for the Citizens, who are payed hire * 1.140 onely for their worke. That part of the Citie which the Kings Attendants or Guard once pos∣sessed, is now inhabited by Iewes: for now a dayes the Kings vse no such Guard.

The Iewes indeed first dwelt in old Fez, but vpon the death of a certaine King they were all robbed by the Moores: whereupon King Abusabid caused them to remooue into new Fez, and * 1.141 by that meanes doubled their yearely Tribute. They therefore euen till this day doe occupie a long street in the said new Citie, wherein they haue their Shoppes and Synagogues, and their number is maruellously increased euer since they were driuen out of Spaine. These Iewes are had [ 20] in great contempt by all men, neyther are any of them permitted to weare shooes, but they make them certaine Sookes of Sea-rushes. On their heads they weare a blacke * 1.142 Dulipan, and if any will goe in a Cap, he must fasten a Red cloth thereunto. They pay vnto the King of Fez monethly foure hundred Duckats.

At length, within the space of an hundred and forty yeares this new Citie was enuironed with most impregnable wals, and adorned with Temples, Colledges, Palaces, and other such building as serue to beautifie a Citie, so that I thinke there was more bestowed in garnishing of * 1.143 the Citie, then in building of the wals. Without the Citie-wals are built many huge Wheeles or Engins, for the conuaying of Riuer-water ouer the said wals into Cisternes, from whence it is conuayed in certayne Channels and Pipes vnto the Temples, Gardens, and Palaces. The [ 30] said Wheeles were built not fully an hundred yeares past, before which time water was brought vnto the Citie by a certayne Conduit, from a Fountayne ten miles distant. Of which artificiall Conduit a certaine Genouese, being then in great fauour with the King, is reported to haue beene the Author: but the Wheeles (they say) were inuented by a Spaniard: and in them there is maruellous cunning Workmanship: for to the conuayance of so huge a quantitie of water, each Wheele is turned about but foure and twentie times onely in a day and a night. To conclude, here are but few Gentlemen in this Citie, except such as attend vpon the Court, for the residue are base and Mechanicall people: but such as carry any shew of honestie, doe so hate and dis∣dayne the Kings Courtiers and Gentlemen, that they will by no meanes vouchsafe to marrie their Daughters vnto them. [ 40]

Amongst all the Princes of Africa, I neuer read of any that was created by the common suf∣frages * 1.144 and consent of the people vnto his Kingdome or Princedome, or that was called from a∣ny strange Prouince or Citie to beare rule. Also by the Law of Mahumet no man may beare any Secular Authoritie, which may be called lawfull, saue onely the Mahumetan Patriarkes and Prelates: howbeit the said Patriarkes Authoritie decreasing daily more and more, the Ring∣leaders of such people as ranged vp and downe the Desarts, began to inuade places inhabited and ciuilized, and by force of Armes, against Mahumets Law, and maugre his Prelates, to or∣dayne sundry Princes: As for example in the East, whereas the Turkes, Cordians, and Tartars, haue vsurped dominion ouer such as were not able to repell them. So likewise in West parts first the Families of Zeneta and Luntuna, then the seditious Mahumetan Preachers, and after∣ward the Family of Marin got the vpper hand. Howbeit, the Family of Luntuna is reported [ 50] to haue ayded the Westerne Regions, and to haue released them from the furie of the seditious Heretikes, wherein they shewed themselues Friends and not Enemies: but afterward their ty∣ranny began to shew it selfe. And this is the reason why they doe not now a dayes attayne vnto Gouernment by Hereditarie Succession or by Election of the people, or of the Nobilitie.

But the Prince himselfe when he feeles death seazing vpon him, calleth about him all his Peeres and Nobles, and bindeth them by Oath, to establish his Sonne, Brother, or any other whom he most fauoureth, in his Kingdome. But they after the Princes decease neglecting their Oath, will choose any other whom they list. And this is ordinarily the Election of the King of * 1.145 Fez who, so soone as he is proclaymed King, chooseth forth-with some one of his Nobles to be his Chiefe Counsellour, and on him he bestoweth the third part of all his Kingly Reuenues. Then [ 60] chooseth another to be his Secretarie, Treasuror, and High Steward of his Houshold. Then is created the Captaine of the Horsemen appointed for the Kings Guard, and these Horsemen with their Horses liue most commonly in the fields.

Lastly, he appointeth a new Gouernour ouer euery Citie, vnto whom all the Tributes and Re∣uenues of the same place redound, with condition that as often as any warres betyde, hee shall maintayne a certayne company of Horses to the Kings seruice. After a while also hee placeth ce••••ay••e Deputies and Commissioners ouer his people inhabiting the Mountaynes, and ouer the Arabians subiect vnto him. The Gouernours of Cities diuersly administer Iustice, according to th•• cu••••ome of the place. Some there are also appointed by the King to collect all the Tributes and Reuenues of his Kingdome, and duly to pay the same vnto him. Likewise there are others chosen, whom they call in their Language, Keepers or Guardians, and vnto euery one of these the King giueth some Castle or Village, whereby hee may procure his owne mayntenance, and bee abl•• to s••rue the King in time of warre. [ 10]

Moreouer, the King of Fez mayntayneth a Troupe of Light Horsemen, who so long as they serue the King in his Campe, haue their Dyet allowed them out of the Kings Prouision: but in ti•••• of peace, he findeth them Corne, Butter, and pouldered flesh for the whole yeare, but mo∣ney they haue very seldome. Once a yeare they are apparelled at the Kings cost; neither doe they prouide for their Horses either within the Citie or without, for the King furnisheth them with all necessaries. Those that giue attendance to their Horses are Christian Captiues, which go shackled in great Chaines and Fetters. But when the Armie remooueth any whither, the said Christians are carryed vpon Camels backes. Another Officer there is that giueth attendance onely to the Camels, assigning certaine Pastures vnto the Heardsmen, and diuiding fields among them, and making such prouision for the Kings Camels, as himselfe shall thinke expedient. Each [ 20] Camel-driuer hath two Camels, which are laden with the Kings Furniture, according to the ap∣pointment of the Gouernour. Likewise the King hath a certaine Purueyor or Steward, whose of∣fice is to prouide, keepe, and distribute Corne both to the Kings Houshold and to his Army. This man in time of warre hath ten or twelue Tents to lay vp Corne in, and euery day with change of Camels he sendeth for new Corne, least the Army should be vnprouided of victuals: he hath also Cookes at his command.

Moreouer, there is a Gouernour, or Master Groome of the Stables, who prouideth for the Kings Horses, Mules, and Camels, and is furnished with all necessaries by the Steward. There is another also appointed, Ouer-seer of the Corne, whose dutie it is to prouide Barley and other Prouender for the beasts: and this man hath his Scribes and Notaries about him, who diligently [ 30] set downe all particular expenses, for they must giue vp a perfect account vnto the chiefe Ste∣ward. They haue also a certaine Captaine ouer fiftie Horsemen, which Horsemen may well bee called Pursuiuants, for they are sent by the Secretarie in the Kings name to doe his businesse. Likewise the Fezzan King hath another Captaine of great name, being as it were, Gouernour of his Guard, who in the Kings name, may compell the Iudges to doe Iustice, and to put their sen∣tences in execution. This mans authoritie is so great, that sometimes he may commit principall Noblemen to Ward, and may seuerely punish them, according to the Kings commandement.

Moreouer, the said King hath a most trusty Chancelor, who keepeth the great Seale, and wri∣teth and signeth the Kings Letters. He hath also a great number of Footmen, the Gouernour of whom accepteth and dismisseth whom hee thinkes good, and giueth to euery one wages accor∣ding [ 40] to his agilitie and desert. And whensoeuer the King commeth in place of Iudgement, the said Gouernour alwayes attendeth vpon him, and is in a manner his High Chamberlaine. Also there is another that taketh charge of the Carriages and Baggage of the Armie, and causeth the Tents of the Light Horsemen to be carryed vp and downe on Mules, and the Tents of the other Souldiers on Camels. There are likewise a Company of Ensigne-bearers, who in mar∣ching on a Iourney carry their Colours wrapped vp: but he that goeth before the Armie hath his Banner displayed, and of a great height. And euery one of the said Standard-bearers know∣eth most exactly alwayes, fords of Riuers, and passages thorow Woods, wherefore they are for the most part appointed to guide the Army.

The Drummers (of whom there are great store in the Kings Host) play vpon certayne Drums [ 50] of Brasse as bigge as a great Kettle, the lower part whereof is narrow, and the vpper broad, be∣ing couered with a skinne. These Drummers ride on Horseback, hauing alwayes on the one side of their Horses a great waight hanging downe, to counterpoize the heauinesse of their Drums on the other side. They are allowed most swift Horses, because the Moores account it a great dis∣grace to loose a Drumme. The said Drummes make such a loude and horrible noyse, that they are not onely heard a farre off, but also strike exceeding terrour both vpon men and Horses, and they are beaten onely with a Buls-pizzle. The Musicians are not maintayned at the Kings charge, for the Cities are bound at their costs to send a certaine number of them to the warres, who, according to their demeanour in the warres, are admitted or not admitted vnto the Kings Table. This King hath also a certaine Master of Ceremonies, who sitteth at his feet in the Se∣nate House, and commandeth each man to sit downe, and to speake according to his dignitie. [ 60]

All the Mayde seruants in the Kings Family are Negro-slaues, which are partly Chamber∣laines, and partly Wayting Maydes. And yet his Queene is alwayes of a white skinne. Like∣wise

in the King of Fez his Court are certaine Christian Captiues, being partly Spanish, and partly Portugall women, who are most circumspectly kept by certaine Eunuches, that are Ne∣gro slaues.

The King of Fez hath very large Dominions, but his Reuenues are small, to wit, scarce three * 1.146 hundreth thousand Duckats, the fift part whereof redoundeth not to the King: for the remain∣der is diuided into sundry portions, as wee haue before signified. Yea, the greater part of the said Reuenues is payd in Corne, Cattle, Oyle and Butter, all which yeeld but small store of money. In some place they pay a Duckat and one fourth part, Tribute for euery Acre, but in other places a whole Family payeth but so much. In some other Regions each man aboue fif∣teene yeares of age payeth as much Tribute also. Neither are the people of this great Citie [ 10] more vexed with any thing then with paying of their Tributes and Impositions. Heere also is to be noted, that the Mahumetan Gouernours (the Priests onely excepted) may not exact grea∣ter * 1.147 Reuenues then those that Mahumet hath allotted vnto them, namely, of euery of their sub∣iects which possesseth an hundred Duckats in ready money, they are to haue two Duckats and an halfe for yeerely Tribute.

Euery husbandman likewise is bound to pay for Tribute the tenth part of all his Corne. And * 1.148 all the said Tributes he appointed to be paid vnto the Patriarke, who should bestow that which was superfluous for the Prince to haue, vpon common vses; namely, for the releeuing of poore impotent people and widowes, and for maintaining of warres against the enemie. But since the Patriarkes began to decay, the Princes (as we haue before-said) exercised tyranny. For it was not sufficient for them to exact all the forenamed Tributes, and riotously to consume the [ 20] same, but also to vrge people vnto greater contributions; so that all the Inhabitants of Africa are so oppressed with daily exactions, that they haue scarcely wherewithall to feed and appa∣rell themselues: for which cause there is almost no man of learning or honesty, that will seeke any ac∣quaintance * 1.149 with Courtiers, or will inuite them to his Table, or accept any gifts (bee they neuer so preti∣ous) at their hands: thinking that whatsoeuer goods they haue, are gotten by theft and bribery.

The King of Fez continually maintaineth sixe thousand Horsemen, fiue hundreth Crosse-bowes, * 1.150 and as many Harquebusiers, being at all assayes prepared for the warres, who in time of peace, when the King goeth on Progresse, lie within a mile of his person: for being at home in Fez, he needeth not so strong a Guard. When he wageth warre against the Arabians that bee * 1.151 his enemies, because the fore-named Garison is not sufficient, hereq••ireth ayde of the Arabians his Subiects, who at their owne costs find him a great army of men better trained to the wars, [ 30] then his owne Souldiers before-mentioned. The pompe and Ceremonies of this King are but meane, neither doth he willingly vse them, but onely vpon Festiuall dayes, and when meere necessitit requireth. When the King is to ride foorth, the master of Ceremonies signifi∣eth so much vnto certaine Herbengers or Postes, whereupon the Herbengers giue notice there∣of vnto the Kings * 1.152 Parents, vnto his Nobilitie, his Senators, Captaines, Guardians, and Gentlemen, who presently arrange themselues before the Palace gate. At the Kings comming foorth of the Palace, the Herbengers appoint vnto each man his place and order of riding. First and fore-most go the Standard-bearers, next the Drummers, then followeth the chiefe Groome of the Stable with his seruants and family; after him comes the Kings pensioners, his Guard, his master of Ceremonies, his Secretaries, his Treasurer, and last of all his chiefe Iudge and his [ 40] Captaine Generall, at length comes the King accompanied with his principall Counseller, or with some other great Peere. Before the King also ride certaine Officers belonging to his per∣son, whereof one carries his Sword-royall, another his Shield, and the third his Crosse-bow. On each side of him march his Foot-men, one carrying a payre of Stirups, another the Kings Partizan, the third a couering for his Saddle, and the fourth a halter for his horse. And so soone as the King is dismounted, they foorth with couer the Saddle, and put the foresaid halter vpon his Horse-head. Likewise there is another footman that carrieth the Kings Pantofles most Ar∣tificially wrought. After the King followeth the Captaine of the footmen, then the Eunuches, the Kings Family, the light Horsemen, and last of all the Crosse-bowes and Harquebusiers. The apparell of the King is then very moderate and plaine: insomuch that a man knew him not, he [ 50] would thinke him to be absent: for the attendants be farre more sumptuously attired. Moreo∣uer * 1.153 no Mahumetan King or Prince may weare a Crowne, Diademne, or any such like ornament vpon his head, for that is forbidden by the law of Mahumet. When the King lyeth with his army in the fields, first his owne great tent is pitched in a foure-square forme like vnto a Castle, each side of the said square being fifty elles in length. At euery of the foure corners standeth a little sharpe Turret made of Cloth, and a gallant Spheare on the top which glistereth like gold. This Royall Pauilion hath foure gates, euery one of which is kept by Eunuches. Within the said Pauilion are contained diuers other tents, among which is the Kings lodging, being framed in such wise, that it may easily bee remooued from place to place. Next vnto it stand the Tents [ 60] of the Noblemen, and of such as are most in the Kings fauour; then the lodgings of the principall Guard being made of Goats-skinnes, after the Arabian fashion; and in the midst of all stands the Kings Kitchin and his Pantry. Not farre from hence the light Horsemen haue their

abode, who all of them are victualled out of the Kings Store-house, notwithstanding their at∣tire be very base. Next of all are the Stables, wherein their Horses are maruelous well tended. Without this circuit keepe such as carry the Tents and the Kings Furniture from place to place. Here are also Butchers, Victualers, and such like, All Merchants and Artificers that resort hi∣ther, take vp their abode next vnto the Tent-carriers: so that the Kings Pauillion is pitched like a strong City, for it is so enuironed with the lodgings of the Guard, and with other Tents adioy∣ning, that there is very difficult passage to the King. Round about the said Royall Pauillion, there are certaine appointed to watch and ward all night long, howbeit, they are base and vnarmed people. In like sort there is a watch kept about the Stables, but sometime so negligently, that not onely some Horses haue beene stolne, but there haue beene found enemies in the Kings owne [ 10] Pauillion, that came to murther him. The King liueth the greatest part of the yeere in the fields, both for the safegard of his Kingdome, and also that he may keepe his Arabian subiects in obe∣dience, and sometimes he recreateth himselfe with hunting, and sometime with playing at * 1.154 Chesse. I know right well how tedious I haue beene in the description of this Citie: but be∣cause it is the Metropolitan not onely of Barbarie, but of Africa, I thought good most particu∣larly to decypher euery parcell and member thereof.

This Mountaine beginneth from the Plaine of Esais lying ten miles distant from the Citie of Fez; Westward it extendeth thirty miles, and is almost ten miles broad. This Mountaine is all couered with waste and Desart woods, being otherwise still stored with Oliues. In this Mountaine there are of Sheepe-folds and Castles, to the number of fiftie, and the Inhabi∣tants [ 20] are very wealthy, for it standeth betweene two flourishing Cities, that is to say, Fez on the East, and Mecnase on the West. The women weaue Woollen cloth, according to the cu∣stome of that place, and are adorned with many siluer Rings and Bracelets. The men of this Mountaine are most valiant, and are much giuen to pursue and take Lyons, whereof they send great store vnto the King of Fez. And the King hunteth the said Lyons in manner following: * 1.155 In a large field, there are certaine little Cels made, being so high, that a man may stand vpright in them: each one of these Cells is shut fast with a little doore; and containe within euery of them an armed man, who opening the doore presents himselfe to the view of the Ly∣on: then the Lyon seeing the doores open, comes running toward them with great furie, but the doores being shut againe, he waxeth more furious then before: then bring they foorth a Bull [ 30] to combate with the Lyon, who enter a fierce and bloody conflict, wherein if the Bull kill the * 1.156 Lyon, that dayes sport is at an end; but if the Lyon get the victory, then all the armed men, being ordinarily twelue, leape foorth of their Cels, and inuade the Lyon: each one of them ha∣uing a Iauelin with a pike of a cubite and a halfe long. And if these armed men seeme to be too hard for the Lyon, the King causeth their number to be diminished: but perceiuing them too weake, the King with his company from a certaine high place, where he standeth to behold the sport, kill the Lyon with their Crosse-bowes. And oftentimes it falleth out, that before the Lyon be slaine, some one of the men dies for it, the residue being sore wounded. The reward of those that encounter the Lyon is ten Ducats apeece, and a new garment: neither are any ad∣mitted vnto this combat but men of redoubted valour, and such as come from Mount Zelagi: but [ 40] those that take the Lyons first are inhabitants of Mount Zarhon. * 1.157

This Towne when the Scismatike Idris came into this Region, he began to repaire Gualili, and to replant it so with Inhabitants, that within short time it grew very populous: howbeit after his decease it was neglected by his sonne, being wholy addicted (as is before said) vnto the building of Fez. And yet Idris lieth buried in this Towne, whose Sepulchre is visited with great reuerence almost by all the people of Barbary, for he is as highly esteemed as if he had been some Patriarke, because he was of the linage of Mahumet.

Pietra Rossa, is a small Towne built by the Romanes vpon the side of the foresaid Mountaine, * 1.158 beeing so neere the Forrest, that the Lyons will come daily into the Towne and gather vp bones in the streets, yea, they are so tame and familiar, that neither women nor children are a∣fraid [ 50] of them.

Shame is an ancient Castle built at the foot of the said Mountaine neere vnto the high way from Fez to Mecnase: and it was called by this name, because the Inhabitants are most shame∣fully addicted to couetise, like vnto all the people thereabouts. In old time it is reported that a certaine King passed by, whom the Inhabitants of the Castle inuited to dinner, requesting him to change the ignominious name of the place: which when the King had condescended vnto, they caused, according to their custome, a company of Rams to be slaine, and certaine bladders and vessels to be filled with milke, to serue for the Kings breakfast the morrow after. But be∣cause the said vessels were very large, they consulted together to put in halfe milke and halfe wa∣ter, hoping that the King should neuer perceiue it. The day following, albeit the King was not very hasty of his breakfast, yet, his seruants vrging him thereunto, he perceiued the milke to be [ 60] * 1.159 halfe water; whereat smiling, he said: Friends, that which nature hath giuen, no man can take away.

About Agla keepe great store of Lyons, but they are by nature so fearefull, that they will flee at the voyce of a child: hence commeth the Prouerbe so rife in Fez, A Lyon of Agla, which * 1.160

they apply vnto such a one as maketh great bragges, and is but a meere Dastard.

The great Citie of Arzilla called by the Africans Azella, was built by the Romanes vpon * 1.161 the Ocean Sea shoare, about seuentie miles from the Streights of Gibraltar, and an hundred and fortie miles from Fez. It was in times past subiect vnto the Prince of Septa or Ceuta, who was tributary to the Romanes, and was afterward taken by the Gothes, who established the said Prince in his former Gouernment: but the Mahumetans wanne it in the yeere of the Hegeira 94. and held the same for two hundred and twenty yeeres, till such time as the English at the perswasion of the Gothes besieged it with an huge Armie; and albeit the Gothes were Enemies to the English, because themselues were Christians, and the English worshippers of Idols, yet the Gothes perswaded them to this attempt, hoping by that meanes to draw the Mahumetans [ 10] out of Europe. The English hauing good successe tooke the Citie, and so wasted it with fire and * 1.162 sword, that scarce one Citizen escaped, so that it remayned almost thirtie yeeres void of Inha∣bitants.

But afterward when the Mahumetan Patriarkes of Cordoua were Lords of Mauritania, it was againe re-edified, and by all meanes augmented, enriched and fortified. The Inhabitants were rich, learned, and valiant. The fields adiacent yeeld Graine and Pulse of all sorts in great abundance, but because the Towne standeth almost ten miles from the Mountaynes, it sustay∣neth great want of wood; howbeit, they haue coles brought them from Harais, as is aforesaid. In the yeere of the Hegeira 882. this Citie was suddenly surprized and taken by the Portugals, and all the Inhabitants carried prisoners into Portugall, amongst whom was Mahumet the King [ 20] of Fez that now is, who together with his Sister being both children of seuen yeeres old, were taken and led captiue. For the Father of this Mahumet seeing the Prouince of Habat reuolt from him, went and dwelt at Arzilla, the very same time, when Esserif a great Citizen of Fez, hauing slaine Habdulac the last King of the Marin Family, was by the fauour of the people ad∣uanced vnto the Fezzan Kingdom. Afterward, one Saic Abra being pricked forward with ambi∣tion, went about to conquer the Citie of Fez, and to make himselfe King; howbeit, Esserif by the aduise of a certaine Counsellor of his, being Cousin vnto Saic, vanquished and put to flight the said Saic to his great disgrace.

Moreouer, while Esserif had sent his said Counsellor to Temesna, to pacifie the people of that Prouince being about to rebell, Saic returned, and hauing for one whole yeere besieged new Fez [ 30] with eight thousand men, at length by Treason of the Townesmen hee easily wanne it, and compelled Esserif with all his Family, to flye vnto the Kingdome of Tunis. The same time therefore that Saic besieged Fez, the King of Portugall (as is aforesaid) sending a Fleet into A∣frica, took Arzilla, and then was the King of Fez that now is with his yong Sister, carryed cap∣tiue into Portugall, where he remayned seuen yeeres, in which space hee learned the Portugall Language most exactly. At length, with a great summe of money his Father ransomed him out of Portugall, who afterward being aduanced to the Kingdome, was by reason of his long con∣tinuance in Portugall, called King Mahumet the Portugall. This King afterward attempted very often to be auenged of the Portugals, and to recouer Arzilla. Wherefore suddenly encountring the said Citie, he beate downe a great part of the wall, and entring the breach, set all the cap∣tiue [ 40] Moores at libertie. The Christians retyred into the Castle, promising within two dayes to * 1.163 yeeld vnto the King. But Pedro de Nauarro comming in the mean season with a great Fleet, they compelled the King wth continuall discharging of their Ordnance, not onely to relinquish the Citie, but also to depart quite away with his whole Armie: afterward it was so fortified on all sides by the Portugals, that the said King attempting often the recouerie thereof, had alwayes the repulse. I my selfe seruing the King in the foresaid expedition, could find but fiue hundred * 1.164 of our company slaine. But the warre against Arzilla continued from the yeere of the Hegeira 914. to the yeere 921.

The great and ancient Citie of Tangia, called by the Portugals, Tangiara, according to the fond opinion of some Historiographers, was founded by one Sedded the sonne of Had, who (as they * 1.165 [ 50] say) was Emperour ouer the whole World. This man (say they) determined to build a Citie, which for beautie might match the Earthly Paradise. Wherefore, hee compassed the same with wals of Brasse, and the Roofe of the Houses hee couered with Gold and Siluer, for the bulding whereof he exacted great Tributes of all the Cities in the World. But the Classical and approued Authours affirme, that it was built by the Romanes vpon the Ocean Sea shoare, at the same time when they subdued the Kingdome of * 1.166 Granada.

Septa, called by the Latines, Ciuitas, and by the Portugals, Seupta, was (according to our most approoued Authors) built by the Romanes vpon the Streights of Gibraltar, beeing in olde time the head Citie of all Mauritania; wherefore the Romanes made great account thereof, insomuch that it became very ciuill, and was throughly inhabited. Afterward it was wonne by the [ 60] Gothes, who appointed a Gouernour there, and it continued in their possession, till the Mahu∣metans inuading Mauritania surprized it also. The occasion whereof was one Iulian Earle of Septa; who being greatly in••uried by Roderigo King of the Gothes and of Spaine, ioyned with * 1.167 the Infidels, conducted them into Granada, and caused Roderigo to lose both his life and his King∣dome.

The Mahumetans therefore hauing taken Septa, kept possession thereof on the behalfe of one Elgualid, Sonne of Habdulmalic their Patriarke, who then was resident at Damasco, in the yeere of the Hegeira 92. From thence-forth till within these few yeeres, this Citie grew so ciuill and so well stored with Inhabitants, that it proued the most worthy and famous Citie of all Mauritania. It contayned many Temples & Colledges of Students, with great numbers of Arti∣zans, and men of Learning and of high spirit. Their Artizens excelled especially in Workes of Brasse, as namely, in making of Candlestickes, Basons, Standishes, and such like Commodities, which were as pleasant to the eye, as if they had beene made of Siluer or Gold. The Italians haue great cunning in making of the like, but their Workemanship is nothing comparable to theirs of * 1.168 Septa.

Without the Citie are diuers faire Villages and Granges, especially in that place which for [ 10] the abundance of Vines is called, The Vineyards: howbeit, the fields are very barren and fruitles, for which cause their Corne is exceeding deere. Both without and within the Citie there is a pleasant and beautifull prospect to the shoare of Granada vpon the Streights of Gibraltar, from * 1.169 whence you may discerne liuing creatures, the distance being but twelue miles. Howbeit, this famous Citie not many yeeres since was greatly afflicted by Habdulmumen the King and Patri∣arke: who hauing surprized it, razed the buildings, and banished the principall Inhabitants thereof. And not long after it sustayned as great damage by the King of Granada, who (be∣sides the foresaid harmes) carryed the Nobles & chiefe Citizens Captiues into Granada. And last∣ly, in the yeere of Mahumet his Hegeira 818. being taken by a Portugall Armada, all the Citizens [ 20] did abandon it. Abu Sahid being then King of Fez, and a man of no valour, neglected the re∣couerie * 1.170 thereof: but in the midst of his dancing and disport being aduertised that it was lost, he would not so much as interrupt his vaine pastime: wherefore by Gods iust iudgement, both himselfe and his sixe Sonne were all slaine in one night by his Secretarie, in whom hee reposed singular trust, because he would haue defloured the said Secretaries Wife. These things came to passe in the yeere of the Hegeira 824.

Afterward, the Kingdome of Fez being eight yeeres destitute of a King, a Sonne of the mur∣thered King whom he begot of a Christian woman, and who the same night that his Father was slaine fled vnto Tunis, succeeded in the Gouernment: this was Habdulac, the last King of the Marin Family, who likewise (as is aforesaid) was slaine by the people.

Vpon the Mountaine Quadres, was borne one called by them Hellul: this Hellul atchieued [ 30] * 1.171 many worthy exploits against the Spaniards; the History whereof is set dow••e partly in verse and partly in prose, and is as rife in Africa and Granada, as is the Storie of Orlando in Italie. But at length in the Spanish warre (wherein Ioseph Enesir King and Patriarke of Maroco was van∣quished) this Hellul was slaine in a Castle of Catalonia, called by the Moores, The Castle of the * 1.172 Eagle. In the same battell were slaine threescore thousand Moores, so that none of them esca∣ped saue the King and a few of his Nobles. This was done in the yeere of the Hegeira 609. which was in the yeere of our Lord 1160. From thenceforth the Spaniards had alwayes good successe in their warres, so that they recouered all those Cities which the Moores had before ta∣ken from them.

This ancient Towne built vpon the Mediterran Sea shoare, and called by the Spaniards, Velles [ 40] de Gumera, contayneth about sixe hundred Families. Heere is also a very stately Temple to bee * 1.173 seene. Water for drinke is exceeding scarce among them, for they are all constrayned to resort vnto one Pit or Well, being in the Suburbes, neere vnto the Sepulchre of a certayne man, that was in times past very famous among them. Howbeit in the night it is dangerous to fetch wa∣ter from thence, because it is so full of Bloud-suckers or Horse-leeches. They haue such abun∣dance of fish, that one man alone is not able to draw vp a Net; wherefore whosoeuer will assist the Fishermen in that businesse, are rewarded with good store of fishes for their labour: yea, sometimes they will freely bestow fishes vpon such as passe by. They salt the foresaid Sardell••, and send them to the Mountaines to be sold. In this Towne there is a long street inhabited with Iewes, wherein dwell sundry Vintners that sell excellent Wines. So that in calme eue∣nings [ 50] the Citizens vse to carry Wine aboord their Barkes in the Sea, and to spend their time in drinking and singing.

Ferdinando King of Spaine taking a certaine Iland within a mile of the Towne, built a Fort thereon, and so planted it with Ordnance and Souldiers, that neyther their Temples nor them∣selues walking in the streets were free there from, but were daily slaine. Wherefore the Gouer∣nour of the Towne was constrayned to craue aide from the King of Fez, who sent out a great Armie against the Christians; but they were partly taken, and partly slaine, so that very few escaped backe vnto Fez. The Christians kept this Ile almost two yeeres and then it was be∣trayed by a false trecherous Spaniard (who slue the Gouernour of the Ile, because hee had taken [ 60] his Wife from him) into the Moores possession, and all the Christians were slaine: not a man of them escaped, saue onely the Spanish Traytor, who in regard of his Treason was greatly rewar∣ded, both by the Gouernour of Bedis, and also by the King of Fez. Being at Naples I heard the whole relation of this matter from a certaine man that was present at all the former

Exploits, who said, that they were done about the yeere of our Lord 1520.

In Mount Beniguazeual, there is a certaine Towne indifferently well peopled, and furnished with all kind of Artificers; whereunto the fields belonging maruellously abound with Grapes, * 1.174 Quinces, and Pome-citrons, all which are sold at Fez: heere are likewise great store of Linnen Weauers, and many Iudges and Lawyers. They haue also a good Market, whereunto the Inha∣bitants of the Neighbour Mountaynes resort. Vpon the top of this Mountayne there is a cer∣taine Caue or hole that perpetually casteth vp fire. Some wondring greatly at the matter, haue cast in wood, which was suddenly consumed to ashes: I my selfe neuer saw the like Miracle in any other place, so that a great many thinke it to be hel-mouth.

In Mount Beni Mesgalda are many Doctors of the Mahumetan Law, and diuers inferiour [ 10] Students: who put the Inhabitants to great damage. Themselues forsooth, will drinke wine, and yet they perswade the people that it is vnlawfull for them to drinke it, albeit some doe giue them little credit. The Inhabitants of this Mountayne pay in respect of others no great Tri∣bute, and that perhaps, because they maintayne the foresaid Doctors and Students.

In my time the King of Spaine sent a great Armie against Melela in Garet: before the arriuall whereof, the Townesmen sent vnto the King of Fez for ayde, who making warre as then a∣gainst the people of Temesna, could send but small forces to succour them. Which the Townes∣men being aduertised of, and fearing least their small forces would proue too weake for the Spa∣niards great Armada, they tooke all the bagge and baggage that they could carrie, and fled vnto the Mountaynes of Buthoia. Howbeit, the Captaine of the Fessan Souldiers, both to bee reuen∣ged vpon the Townesmens cowardize, and also to leaue nothing for the Spaniards to enioy, [ 20] burnt downe all the Houses, Temples, and Buildings. This was done in the yeere of the He∣geira 896. which was in the yeere of our Lord 1487. But the Spaniards, for all they found the Citie so wasted, would not depart thereupon, but first built a strong Castle, and afterward by * 1.175 little and little repayred the Towne wals, and by that meanes haue kept possession thereof euen till this day. They tooke also Chasasa.

The Prouince of Garet is diuided into three parts: the first whereof contayneth the Cities and Townes, the second the foresaid Mountaynes, (the Inhabitants whereof are called Bottoia) and the third comprehendeth the Desarts, which beginning Northward at the Mediterran Sea, and extending South to the Desart of Chauz, are bounded Westward with the foresaid Moun∣taynes, and Eastward with the Riuer of Muluia. The length of these Desarts is sixtie miles, and the breadth thirtie. They are vnpleasant and dry, hauing no water but that of the Riuer [ 30] Muluia. There are many kinds of beasts in this Desart, such as are in the Lybian Desart next vnto Numidia. In Summer time many Arabians take vp their abode neere vnto the Riuer Mul∣uia; and so doe another kind of fierce people called Batalisa, who possesse great abundance of Horses, Camels, and other Cattell, and maintayne continuall warre against the Arabians that border vpon them.

The Towne of Dubdu was in possession of one Mahumet who beautified it exceedingly with store of faire houses and buildings: likewise, he greatly al••ered and reformed the gouernment of this Towne; and shewed such extraordinary courtesie vnto all Strangers, that hee grew very famous.

Moreouer, the said Mahumet consulted how to get Tezza from the King of Fez, and offered * 1.176 [ 40] great matters to the performance of his intent: and that he might the easilier attayne his pur∣pose, he determined to goe to the Market of Tezza in a simple habite, and so to make an assault vpon the Captaine of the Towne: for he hoped that a great part of the Townesmen, whom hee knew to bee his friends, would assist him in that enterprize. Howbeit this practice was at length discouered vnto the King of Fez (which King was called Saich, and was the first of the Family of Quattas, and Father vnto the King that * 1.177 now reigneth) who presently assembled an huge Armie, and marched of purpose against Dubdu, vtterly to destroy it: and so comming vnto the foot of the Mountayne hee there encamped. The people of the Mountayne hauing gathered an Armie of sixe thousand men, hid themselues craftily behind the Rockes, suffering their Enemies to ascend by certayne difficult and strait passages, from whence they were sure [ 50] they could hardly escape, and so at length they brake forth on the sodaine and encountred their said Enemies being weary of ascending; and because the way was very troublesome and narrow, the King of Fez his Souldiers could not endure their assaults, but beeing constrayned to giue backe, were moe then a thousand of them throwne downe head-long and slaine. In this skir∣mish were slaine in all to the number of three thousand Fessan Souldiers: and yet the King not being dismayed with so great an ouer ••hrow, prepared forth-with a band of fiue hundred Crosse∣bowes, and three hundred Harquebuziers, and determined to make a new assault vpon the Towne. But Mahumet seeing that he could no longer withstand the King, resolued to go himselfe vnto him, that he might, if it were possible, obtaine peace, & to release his Country from the fury [ 60] of the Enemy. Wherefore putting on the habit of an Ambassador, he went & deliuered a Letter with h••s own hand vnto the King. Which the King hauing perused, asked him what he thought concerning the Gouernor of Dubdu? Mary I think (quoth Mahumet) he is not well in his wits, in

that he goeth about to resist your Maiestie. Then said the King, if I had conquered him, (as I hope to do within these few daies) I would cause him to be dismembred and torne in peeces. But what if he should come hither (saith Mahumet) to submit himselfe, and to acknowledge his offence; might it then please the King to admit him into fauour? Then the King answered: I sweare vnto thee by this my head, that if he will come and acknowledge his fault in manner as thou hast said, I will not onely receiue him into fauour, but will espouse my daughters vnto his sonnes, and will bestow most ample and Princely dowries vpon them. But I am sure, being di∣stracted of his wits (as thou hast said) that he will by no meanes come and submit himselfe. Then said Mahumet: he would soone come (I assure you) if it pleased the King to protest this for a certaintie vnto the Nobles. I thinke (said the King) it hath beene sufficiently protested [ 10] and affirmed, sithence I haue bound it with a solemne oath in the presence of these foure; for here stand my chiefe Secretary, the Generall of my Forces, my Father in-law, and the chiefe Iudge and Patriarke of Fez; the testimony of which foure may well satisfie you. Whereupon Ma∣humet humbly falling at the Kings feete: loe, heere the man (quoth he) that submissely ac∣knowledgeth his fault, and craueth the King gracious pardon. With that the King himselfe lif∣ted him from the ground, embraced him, and saluted him with friendly speeches. Then caused he both his daughters to be called, which he bestowed vpon Mahumets sonnes: all which being done, he remooued his armie from that Mountaine, and returned conquerour vnto Fez. This was done in the yeere of the Hegeira 904. which was in the yeere of our Lord 1495. And in the yeere of the Hegeira 921. I my selfe was at the City of Dubdu, where I was most curteously [ 20] entertained by the foresaid Mahumet.

Tezza was built by the Africans, fiue miles from Mount Atlas, being distant from Fez fiftie, * 1.178 from the Ocean an hundred and thirty, and from the Mediterran Sea seuen miles, and standing in the way from Garet to Chasasan. It contained in times past about fiue thousand families: the buildings of this Towne are not very stately, except Noblemens Palaces, Colledges, and Tem∣ples, which are somewhat beautifull. Out of Atlas springeth a little Riuer which runneth through the chiefe Temple of this Citie: and sometimes it falleth out, that certaine people bordering vpon the Citie: vpon some quarrel with the Citizens will cut off this Riuer from the Citie, and turne the course thereof some other way, which breedeth great inconueniences vnto the Citizens: for then they can neither build houses, nor get any water to drinke, but onely [ 30] corrupt water which they take out of certaine Cisternes, for which cause they are often con∣strained to make a league with those borderers. This Citie both for wealth, ciuilitie, and abun∣dance of people, is the third Citie of all the Kingdome, and hath a greater Temple then that of * 1.179 Fez: heere are likewise three Colledges, with diuers Bath-stoues, and a great number of Hos∣pitals. Each trade and occupation hath a seuerall place in this Citie, like as they haue in Fez: the Inhabitants are of a more valiant and liberall disposition, then they of Fez: here are also great store of learned and rich men: and the fields adiacent are exceeding fruitfull. Without the Ci∣tie walls are very large Plaines, and many pleasant streames, that serue to water their Gardens which are replenished with all kind of fruits: here are abundance of Vines also yeelding very sweet Grapes, whereof the Iewes (being fiue hundreth Families) make excellent wine, such as [ 40] I thinke all Africa scarce affoordeth better. I my selfe was acquainted in this Citie with a cer∣taine aged sire, whom the Townesmen adored as if he had beene a god: he was merueilousrich * 1.180 both in Fruits, Grounds, and other Commodities, which the people bestowed vpon him in great abundance. The Citizens of Fez vsed to come fiftie miles (for so farre is Fez distant) onely to visite the said old man. My selfe conceiued some great opinion of this aged sire: but after I had seene him, I could find no such superexcellency in him, saue onely that he deluded the fond people with strange deuises.

The Mountaine of Beni Iessenten is subiect vnto the Gouernour of Dubdu, being inhabited * 1.181 with most base and beggerly people. Their houses are made of Sea-rushes, and so likewise are their shooes made of such rushes when they trauell any Iourney, where by a man may conie∣cture [ 50] the miserable estate of this people. The Mountaine yeedeth nought but panicke, where∣of they make bread and other victuals: but at the foot thereof are certaine Gardens replenished with Grapes, Dates, and Peaches. Their Peaches they cut into foure quarters, and casting away the Nuts or Stones, they dry them in the Sunne, and keepe them an whole yeere, which they esteeme for great dainties. Vpon this Mountaine are Iron-mines: and they frame their Iron * 1.182 in manner of horse-shooes, which serueth them sometimes in stead of money, whereof they haue great want in this Mountaine; vnlesse the Smithes by their Arte keepe this money in store: who, besides horse-shooes, make certaine daggers with blunt points. Their women weare Iron-rings vpon their fingers and eares for a great brauery, but they are more basely apparelled then the men, and remaine continually in the woods, both to keepe Goats, and to gather fewell. They haue neither ciuilitie nor learning, but liue after a brutish manner without all discretion [ 60] and humanitie.

This woodie Mountaine is full of Pine-trees and Fountaines. Their houses are not made of stone, but of Sea-rushes, so that they may easily be remooued from place to place, which is very * 1.183

commodious to the Inhabitants, for euery spring they leaue the Mountaine and descend into the Vallies, from whence about the end of May they are expelled by the Arabians, which in∣habite the Desarts: who by reason of their abundance of Goats and other Cattell, forsaking the said Desarts, seeke vnto the Fountaines and moist places: but in winter, because their Camels are so impatient of cold, they resort vnto the woods, and warme Regions. In this Mountaine are great store of Lyons, Leopards, and Apes. And from the said Mountaine runneth a certaine * 1.184 streame of water with such violence, that I haue seene a stone of an hundred pound weight car∣ried with the force thereof: and here Subu taketh his beginning, which is the greatest Riuer of all Mauritania.

The Inhabitants of Mount Beni Iasga are rich, and ciuill people: it standeth so neere the [ 10] Mountaine Selelgo, that they are onely separated with the foresaid Riuer: and to the end they * 1.185 may easilier passe from one Mountaine to another, they haue made a certaine strange bridge in the midst, and that in manner following: on either side stand certaine Posts, through the which runneth a rope vpon a truckle or pulley, vnto which rope is fastened a great basket, that will containe ten persons, and that in such sort, that so often as they will passe ouer to the op∣posite Mountaine, they enter into the basket, and drawing the rope whereon it hangeth, they are easily carried aloft in the aire ouer the Riuer by the helpe of the foresaid pulleyes, but some∣times with great hazard of their liues, especially if the basket or the rope be worne in any place: yea, and the distance of place is often an occasion of great terrour. In this Mountaine there is great store of cattell, but little wood. It aboundeth likewise with most excellent fine wooll, [ 20] whereof their women make cloth comparable vnto silke, which is sold at Fez for a great price. Here also is great plenty of oyle.

There is no memorable thing in all Sofroi Towne, saue onely a certaine Temple, through the midst whereof runneth a large Riuer; and at the doores standeth a Fountaine of most pure water.

In the Forrests about this Towne, as also about Mezdaga, are marueilous store of Lyons, being * 1.186 not very hurtfull, for any man may driue them away with a little sticke.

At the same time while the Africans were as yet Idolaters, they had a Temple standing * 1.187 neere vnto Ham Lisnan, whither at certaine times of the yeere, resorted in the night great mul∣titudes of people both men and women: where hauing ended their sacrifices, they vsed to put [ 30] out their lights, and euery man to commit adultery with that woman which he first touched. * 1.188 But the women which were present at this abominable sport, were forbidden to lie with any man for a yeere after: and the children begotten in the said adultery, were kept and brought vp by the Priest of the Temple, as being dedicated to sacred vses.

Vpon Mount Centopozzi are great store of most ancient buildings, neere vnto the which there * 1.189 is a hole or drie pit of so great a depth, that the bottome thereof can in no wise be seene. Into this pit some mad fellowes will haue themselues let downe by ropes, carrying a Candle or Torch in their hands: and beneath, they say, it is diuided into many roomes, and as it were, chambers; and last of all, they come to a most large place hewen out of the Rocke with Instruments, and compassed about as it were with a wall, in which wall are foure doores, which lead to other more [ 40] narrow places, where, they say, that Fountaines of Springing water are. And sometimes it falleth out that some miserably end their liues here: for if their lights chance to be blowen out with any sudden blast of wind, they can by no meanes find the place where the rope hangeth, but are there constrained to die for extreame famine. It was told me by a certaine Nobleman of Fez, that there were ten persons, who being desirous to see the wonders of this pit, and being pre∣pared for the same purpose, went first three of them downe, who when they were come to the foresaid foure doors, two of them went one way, & the third went alone another way. And be∣ing thus diuided, after they had proceeded almost a quarter of a mile, there came great swarmes, of Bats flying about their lights, insomuch that one light was put out; at length being come to the springing fountaines, they found there certaine white bones of men, and fiue or sixe Can∣dles, whereof some were new, and others were old and worne with long lying there: but ha∣uing [ 50] found nothing but water in the said Fountaines, they returned backe againe the same way that they came: and they had scarce gone halfe way, but their owne light also was blowen out with a sudden blast. Afterward seeking earnestly vp and downe, and being weary of many falles that they caught among the Rockes, they found that there was no hope of returne: wherefore in this desperate case committing themselues with teares into the hands of God, they vowed, if they once escaped this danger, neuer to aduenture any more. They that stood at the Caues mouth being ignorant of their companions mishap, expected their returne, and ha∣uing staid ouer long, at length they let downe themselues by the rope, and began with lights to seeke their fellowes, making a great noise, and at length found them heauy and sad. But the third, who was wandring vp and downe those darke places, they could by no meanes finde, [ 60] wherefore leauing him, they returned foorth of the Caue. And he that was left behind heard at length a noyse like the barking of little dogges, and shaping his course toward them, he found immediatly foure strange, and (as it should seeme) new-borne beasts, after which followed the

* 1.190 Damme, being not much vnlike to a shee-wolfe, sauing that she was bigger: wherefore hee be∣gan exceedingly to feare; howbeit, there was no danger, for being about to flee, the beast came towards him, fawning gently vpon him with her taile. And so at length, after long seeking, he found the holes mouth with great ioy, and escaped the danger: for within a while he said, that he began to see some glimmering of light, as they doe which haue long been in the darke. But after a certaine time this Caue was filled with water vp to the top.

Cunaigel Gherben, standeth very neere the former, and is full of Woods and Lions. Here is no * 1.191 Citie, nor any other place of habitation, perhaps by reason of the extreme coldnesse of the place. From this Mountaine runneth a certaine little Riuer: and here is a Rocke of an exceeding height, whereupon keepe infinite swarmes of Crowes and Rauens, which some thinke to haue [ 10] been the occasion of the name of this Mountaine. Sometime the terrible Northerly winds bring such abundance of Snow vpon this Mountaine, that such as trauell from Numidia towards Fez loose their liues thereby, as hath been signified in the first Booke. Euery Summer, the Arabians next inhabiting, being called Beni Essen, vsually resort vnto this Mountaine, in regard of the coole water and pleasant shadowes, notwithstanding they know it to bee haunted with great store of Lions and Leopards.

There lyeth a way neere the towne of Vmen Giunaibe, which a man may not passe without dancing and leaping, vnlesse he will fall into an Ague: the certainty whereof I haue heard many auouch. * 1.192

The Inhabitants are a most Iewde and villanous generation, being wholly addicted to theft * 1.193 and robberie. They are at continuall dissension with the Arabians, and practise daily mischiefes [ 20] and inconueniences against them, and to the end they may prouoke them to greater furie, they will sometimes throw their Camels downe headlong from the top of some high Mountaine. In * 1.194 these Mountaines there happeneth a certain strange and incredible matter, for there are Serpents so familiar with men, that at dinner-time they wil come like Dogs and Cats, and gather vp the crums vnder the Table, neither will they hurt any body, vnlesse they bee offered some iniurie.

Notes

• * 1.1

  A most exact description of the Kingdome of Fez.
• * 1.2

  Habat.
• * 1.3

  Chauzor. Cheuz.
• * 1.4

  Of Temesne one of the Prouinces of Fez.
• * 1.5

  A dangerous seducer.
• * 1.6

  Differences in Religion and the effects.
• * 1.7

  The horrible desolation of Temesne.
• * 1.8

  Anfa a Towne in Temesne.
• * 1.9

  English traf∣fique. Anfa destroyed by the Portu∣gals. A description of Rebat.
• * 1.10

  Why King Mansor built the Towne of Rebat vpon the Sea shoare.
• * 1.11

  Conduits of fresh water 12. miles.
• * 1.12

  Sella.
• * 1.13

  Where King Mansor was buried.
• * 1.14

  Sepulchre vi∣sited for feare of Lions.
• * 1.15

  Pilgrimage farre and fre∣quent.
• * 1.16

  The Territory of Fez.
• * 1.17

  Or Cebu.
• * 1.18

  Sella.
• * 1.19

  English traf∣fique.
• * 1.20

  1526.
• * 1.21

  The oc••sion of the bloody warres moued by Sahid.
• * 1.22

  The City of Fez besieged for seuen yeers together.
• * 1.23

  This number (as I take it) should rather be 819.
• * 1.24

  Fez the prin∣cipall City of all Barbarie, and of the founders thereof.
• * 1.25

  Idris the first founder of Fez.
• * 1.26

  Idris his great valour at fif∣teene yeares of age.
• * 1.27

  1526.
• * 1.28

  A most exact description of the Citie of Fez.
• * 1.29

  The number and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Temples in Fez.
• * 1.30

  The principall Temple of Fez called Car••••en.
• * 1.31

  Pulpits and preaching.
• * 1.32

  The Reuenues of the great Temple, and how they are bestowed.
• * 1.33

  Colledges of Fez.
• * 1.34

  A Colledge cost 480000. Duckats the building.
• * 1.35

  The suppressi∣on of Lear∣ning and lear∣ned men, a principal cause of disorderly and base go∣uernment.
• * 1.36

  A description of the Hospi∣tals and Bathes in the Citie of Fez.
• * 1.37

  Liuings be∣longing to Hospitals.
• * 1.38

  Iohn Leo in his youth a Nota∣ry of an Hospi∣tall for two yeeres toge∣ther. Their Bathes and bathing.
• * 1.39

  Womens Bathes.
• * 1.40

  Reuenues to the Temple.
• * 1.41

  The Innes of Fez.
• * 1.42

  The Mills of Fez. Like vnto our Horse-mills. A description of the Occu∣pations, the Shops, and the Market.
• * 1.43

  Scriueners.
• * 1.44

  Booksellers. Shoo-mer∣chants. Brasiers. Fruiterers.
• * 1.45

  Herb-women.
• * 1.46

  Tauerns. Milk-seller.
• * 1.47

  Cotton∣sellers. Rope-sellers. Girdler. Salters. Potters. Sadlers. The Porters of Fez.
• * 1.48

  Cookes.
• * 1.49

  Pease and Turneps. Saller-shops.
• * 1.50

  Fritterers.
• * 1.51

  Rosting in Ouens.
• * 1.52

  Tripe-wiues.
• * 1.53

  Victualers.
• * 1.54

  Shambles.
• * 1.55

  The Gouernor of the Sham∣bles in Fez. Course cloth.
• * 1.56

  Armo••ers. Fishmongers.
• * 1.57

  Cage-makers.
• * 1.58

  Sopers. Mealemen.
• * 1.59

  Tankarters.
• * 1.60

  Taylors.
• * 1.61

  Landerers.
• * 1.62

  Spurres, &c.
• * 1.63

  Of the Station or Burse of Merchants in Fez.
• * 1.64

  Or Bai••co.
• * 1.65

  Of the Gro∣cers, Apothe∣caries, and other Trades∣men and Ar∣tizans of Fez.
• * 1.66

  Iohn Leo was at Tauris in Persia.
• * 1.67

  Comb makers
• * 1.68

  Turners.
• * 1.69

  Vpholsters.
• * 1.70

  Poulters.
• * 1.71

  Corkslippers.
• * 1.72

  Crosse-bowes.
• * 1.73

  Broome-men.
• * 1.74

  Smithes. Coopers.
• * 1.75

  Woolmen.
• * 1.76

  Weights and Measures. Enamellers.
• * 1.77

  Fabri.
• * 1.78

  Diers.
• * 1.79

  Farriers.
• * 1.80

  Whitsters.
• * 1.81

  A Description of the second, part of Fez.
• * 1.82

  Grocers. Earthen ves∣sels. Corn-market.
• * 1.83

  Drapers.
• * 1.84

  Weauers.
• * 1.85

  Millers.
• * 1.86

  Sawyers.
• * 1.87

  Christian cap∣tiues slau••••y.
• * 1.88

  S••ewes. Vintners. Fountaine. 600.
• * 1.89

  Riu••rs dried vp in Summer.
• * 1.90

  Gardens.
• * 1.91

  Kings Palaces.
• * 1.92

  Prison.
• * 1.93

  Of the Magi∣strates, the ad∣ministration of Iustice, and of the apparell vsed in Fez.
• * 1.94

  The punish∣ment of male∣factors in Fez.
• * 1.95

  No Officer by Mahumets Law to haue Fees. Vnlearned Lawyers. But foure Ser∣ieants in Fez: and those bau∣dy Knaues.
• * 1.96

  No Notaries.
• * 1.97

  Tribute, Sear∣chers & excise.
• * 1.98

  Two per cento Custom••.
• * 1.99

  Their apparel.
• * 1.100

  Or Ilbernus
• * 1.101

  Their manner of eating and drinking.
• * 1.102

  A kind of meat called Cuscusu.
• * 1.103

  The manner of solemnizing Marriages.
• * 1.104

  Portion and housholdstuffe.
• * 1.105

  Italians mista∣ken. Fetching home the Bride.
• * 1.106

  Custome of fishes.
• * 1.107

  Minstrelsie and dancing.
• * 1.108

  The Marriage of Widdowes.
• * 1.109

  The Circum∣cision o•• their Children.
• * 1.110

  Of their Rites obserued vpon Festiuall daies, and their man∣ner of mour∣ning for the dead. Reliques of Christians Ce∣remonies ob∣serued among the Moores: some of which seeme also to haue remained from the Hea∣then. S. Nicholas. Bon-fires. A booke lost. Their funerals.
• * 1.111

  Their manner of gaming at Fez. Chesse-play. Of the African Poets. Mahumets Birth-day. Rewards for Poets in Fez. Honor a〈…〉〈…〉t artes omnesque in cenduntur ad studio gloriâ.
• * 1.112

  A description of the Gram∣mar schooles in Fez. Two hundred Schooles. The Alcoran learned by heart.
• * 1.113

  Torches on Mahumets birth-day.
• * 1.114

  The For∣tune tellers: Three sorts of Diuiners in Fez.
• * 1.115

  Witches.
• * 1.116

  Fricatrices.
• * 1.117

  Among many bad, some good Coniu∣rers. Of the Coniu∣rers, Inchan∣ters, and Iug∣lers in Fez.
• * 1.118

  Cabalists.
• * 1.119

  An Arabian Grammer writ∣ten by Iohn Leo.
• * 1.120

  Bookes of that Art.
• * 1.121

  Diuination and Southsay∣ing forbidden by the Law of Mahomet.
• * 1.122

  Of certaine Rules and su∣perstitions ob∣serued in the Mahumetan Law. Diuers Mahu∣metan Sects.
• * 1.123

  Bagdet sacked by the Tartars.
• * 1.124

  Of diuers other Rules and Sects, and of the supersti∣tious credulity of many.
• * 1.125

  Horrible vil∣lany, and more horrible blind∣nesse.
• * 1.126

  Of the Cabal∣lists, and cer∣taine other Sects. Pythagereans, or Banians.
• * 1.127

  Boni.
• * 1.128

  Seuenty two principall Sects in the religion of Mahumet.
• * 1.129

  Of such as search for treasures in Fez.
• * 1.130

  Of the Alchy∣mists of Fez.
• * 1.131

  Giber an Al∣chymic writer.
• * 1.132

  A Booke writ∣ten by Iohn Leo of the liues of the Arabian Philosophers.
• * 1.133

  Charmers and Inchanters of Snakes.
• * 1.134

  A Description of the Suburbs without the foresaid City of Fez.
• * 1.135

  The habitati∣on of Lepers in Fez and their Gouer∣nour.
• * 1.136

  A Descrip on of the com mon place of buriall without the City.
• * 1.137

  The Sepul∣chers of the Kings of Fez.
• * 1.138

  New Fez.
• * 1.139

  Gold-smiths.
• * 1.140

  Iewes.
• * 1.141

  Their con∣tempt.
• * 1.142

  Or Turbant.
• * 1.143

  Engins for the conuayance of water.
• * 1.144

  The fashions and customes vsed in the Kings Court. No Electiue Princes in A∣frica; chosen by the people. No Rulers Ma∣••••metan but Prelates.
• * 1.145

  This was be∣fore the X〈…〉〈…〉e Family pre∣uayled. The manner of choosing Offi∣cers in the Court of Fez.
• * 1.146

  The King of Fez his Reue∣nues then smal
• * 1.147

  Tribute how much.
• * 1.148

  Tithes paid to Mahumetan Princes, be∣cause they were Priests, and by his law none other.
• * 1.149

  Note.
• * 1.150

  The King of Fez his Guard.
• * 1.151

  How the King of ••ez rideth on Progresse.
• * 1.152

  Or kins-folk:
• * 1.153

  No Mahumetan crowned. The King of Fez his manner of warfare.
• * 1.154

  Then began Xeriffe to peep forth, which after obtained Fez and Maro∣co, &c. and M••roco the principall Ci∣tie. Mount Zarhon.
• * 1.155

  Hunting of Lyons vsed by the King of Fez.
• * 1.156

  Fight betwixt a Lyon and a Bull.
• * 1.157

  Gualili a Town of Mount Zar∣hon.
• * 1.158

  The Towne called Pietra Rossa, or the Red Sea. Tame Lyons. The Castle of Shame.
• * 1.159

  Naturam expel∣las furca licet &c.
• * 1.160

  The occasion of a prouerbe.
• * 1.161

  A description of the Citie of Arzilla.
• * 1.162

  The taking of Arzilla by the English. These seeme Danes which infested Eng∣land, Germanie, France and Ita∣lie in those times: and comming from England about that time bea∣ten by Alfred, &c. were called English. Arzilla taken by the Portu∣gals. Habdulac the last King of the Marin Family.
• * 1.163

  Reade Osorius lib. 5. derebus gestis, Eman.
• * 1.164

  Iohn Leo serued the King of Fez in his warres a∣gainst Arzilla.
• * 1.165

  The Citie of Ta••••ia.
• * 1.166

  Or B〈…〉〈…〉. The great Ci∣tie of S〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.167

  The entrance of the Moo••••▪ into 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.168

  Or Ceuta.
• * 1.169

  The Streights of Gibraltar from Septa, but twelue miles broad.
• * 1.170

  Septu taken by the Portugals. Abu Sahid King of Fez and his sixe Sonnes slaine all in one night.
• * 1.171

  Quadres.
• * 1.172

  Threescore thousand Moores slaine.
• * 1.173

  Bedis, other∣wise called Vel∣les de Gumera.
• * 1.174

  A caue or hole that perpetual∣ly casteth vp fire.
• * 1.175

  Mellela enioied and re-edified by the Spani∣ards. The extreme part of the Desart of Ga∣ret.
• * 1.176

  The great courtesie of Mahumet to∣ward strangers.
• * 1.177

  1526.
• * 1.178

  The Citie of Teza or Tezza.
• * 1.179

  Huge Temple.
• * 1.180

  Veneration of an old man.
• * 1.181

  Mount Beni Iesseten.
• * 1.182

  Iron-mines.
• * 1.183

  Mount Selelgo.
• * 1.184

  Lyons Leo∣pards, and Apes.
• * 1.185

  Mount Beni Iasga. A wonderfull bridge.
• * 1.186

  Tame Lyons.
• * 1.187

  The Towne called Ham Lisnan.
• * 1.188

  Sacerrima sacra.
• * 1.189

  Mount Cento∣pozzi.
• * 1.190

  The beast cal••ed Dabah.
• * 1.191

  The Moun∣taine of Rauens called Gunai∣gell Gherben.
• * 1.192

  Dancing way.
• * 1.193

  Of Mount Ziz.
• * 1.194

  Domesticall and tame Serpents. The like is re∣ported of Lapland.