Purchas his pilgrimes. part 2 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.

§. I.

Collections out of the first Booke of IOHN LEO, touching the People, Tribes, Languages, Seasons, Vertues, Vices, and other more [ 40] generall considerations of Africa.

AFRICA is called in the Arabian Tongue Iphrichia, of the * 1.1 word Faraca, which signifieth in the said Language, to diuide: but why it should be so called, there are two opinions; the first is this: namely, because this part of the World is diuided from Europa by the Mediterran Sea, and from Asia * 1.2 by the Riuer of Nilus. Others are of opinion, that this name of Africa was deriued from one Ifricus the King of Arabia Foelix, who is said to haue beene the first that euer inhabited these parts. This Ifricus waging war against the King of Assyria, & being [ 50] at length by him driuen out of his Kingdome, passed with his whole Armie ouer Nilus, and so conducting his troupes west∣ward, made no delay till he was come vnto the Region lying about Carthage. Hence it is that the Arabians doe imagine the Countrey about Carthage onely, and the Regions lying Westward thereof, to comprehend all Africa.

Africa (if we may giue credit vnto the Writers of that Nation, being men of Learning, and most skilfull Cosmographers) beginneth Southward at certaine Riuers issuing forth of a Lake in the Desart of Gaoga. East-ward it bordereth vpon the Riuer Nilus. It extendeth North∣ward to that part of Egypt, where Nilus at seuen mouthes dischargeth his streames into the Mediterran Sea: from whence it stretcheth Westward as farre as the Straights of Gibralter, [ 60] and is bounded on that part with the vtmost Sea-towne of all Libya, called * 1.3 Nun. Like∣wise the South part thereof abutteth vpon the Ocean Sea, which compasseth Africa almost as farre as the Desarts of Gaoga.

Our Authours affirme, that Africa is dicided into foure parts, that is to say, Barbaria, Numi∣dia, Libya, and the Land of Negros. Barbaria taketh beginning from the Hill called Meies, * 1.4 which is the extreme part of all the Mountaines of Atlas, beeing distant from Alexandria al∣most three hundred miles, It is bounded on the North-side with the Mediterran Sea, stretching thence to Mount-Meies aforesaid, and from Mount-Meies extending it selfe to the Streights of Gibralter. West-ward it is limited with the said Streights, from whence winding it selse out of the Mediterran Sea into the mayn Ocean, it is inclosed with the most Westerly point of At∣las: namely, at that Westerne Cape which is next vnto the Towne called Messa. And South-ward it is bounded with that side of Atlas which lyeth towards the Mediterran Sea. This is the most noble and worthy Region of all Africa, the Inhabitants whereof are of a browne or [ 10] tawny colour, being a ciuill people, and prescribe wholsome Lawes and Constitutions vnto themselues.

The second part of Africa is called of the Latines Numidia, but of the Arabians Biledulgerid: this Region bringeth forth Dates in great abundance. It beginneth East-ward at the Citie of Eloacat, which is an hundred miles distant from Egypt, and extendeth West as far as the Towne of * 1.5 Nun, standing vpon the Ocean Sea. North-ward it is inclosed with the South-side of Atlas. And the South part thereof bordereth vpon the sandy Desarts of Libya. All the Ara∣bians doe vsually call it the Land of Dates: because this onely Region of Africa beareth Dates.

The third part called of the Latines Libya, and of the Arabians Sarra, (which word signifieth a Desart) beginneth Eastward at that part of Nilus which is next vnto the Citie of Eloacat, and from thence runneth West-ward as farre as the Ocean Sea. North-ward it is bounded with [ 20] Numidia, South-ward it abutteth vpon the Land of Negros, East-ward it taketh beginning at the Kingdome of Gaoga, and stretcheth West-ward euen to the Land of Gualata, which borde∣reth vpon the Ocean Sea.

The fourth part of Africa which is called the Land of Negros, beginneth East-ward at the Kingdome of Gaoga, from whence it extendeth West as fa••re as Gualata. The North part there∣of is inclosed with the Desart of Libya, and the South part, which is vnknowne vnto vs, with the Ocean Sea: howbeit the Merchants which daily come from thence to the Kingdome of Tombuto, haue sufficiently described the situation of that Countrey vnto vs. This Land of Ne∣gros hath a mightie Riuer, which taking his name of the Region, is called Niger: this Riuer ta∣keth * 1.6 [ 30] his originall from the East out of a certaine Desart called by the fore-said Negros, Seu. O∣thers will haue this Riuer to spring out of a certaine Lake, and so to runne Westward till it ex∣onerateth it selfe into the Ocean Sea. Our Cosmographers affirme, that the said Riuer of Ni∣ger is deriued out of Nilus, which they imagine for some certaine space to bee swallowed vp of the Earth, and yet at last to burst forth into such a Lake as is before mentioned. Some others are of opinion, that this Riuer beginneth West-ward to spring out of a certaine Mountaine, and so running East, to make at length a huge Lake: which verily is not like to be true; for they vsual∣ly saile West-ward from Tombuto to the Kingdome of Ginea, yea, and to the Land of Melli also; both which in respect of Tombuto are situate to the West: neither hath the said Land of Negros any Kingdomes comparable, for beautifull and pleasant soyle, vnto those which adioyne vnto the bankes of Niger. And here it is to be noted, that (according to the opinion of our Cosmogra∣phers) * 1.7 [ 40] that Land of Negros by which Nilus is said to runne (namely, that part of the World which stretcheth East-ward euen to the Indian Sea, some Northerly parcell whereof abutteth vpon the Red Sea, to wit, the Countrey which lyeth without the Gulfe of Arabia) is not to bee called any member or portion of Africa; and that for many reasons, which are to bee found in the processe of this Historie set downe more at large: The said Countrey is called by the Latines Aethiopia. From thence come certaine religious Friers seared or branded on the face with an not Iron, who are to be seene almost ouer all Europe, and specially at Rome. These peo∣ple haue an Emperour, which they call Prete Gianni, the greater part of that Land being inha∣bited with Christians. Howbeit, there is also a certaine Mahumetane among them, which is said to possesse a great Dominion. [ 50]

Barbarie is distinguished into foure Kingdomes: the first whereof is the Kingdome of Maro∣co; * 1.8 which is likewise diuided into seuen Regions or Prouinces; namely, Hea, Sus, Guzula, the territorre of Maroco, Ducoala, Hazcora, and Tedles. The second Kingdome of Barbarie called Fez, comprehendeth in like sort seuen Regions within the bounds thereof; to wit, Tem••sne, the Territory of Fez, Azgara, * 1.9 Elabat, ••rrif, Garet, and * 1.10 Elcauz. The third Kingdome is cal∣led * 1.11 Telensin, and hath three Regions vnder it, namely, the Mountaines, Tenez, and Algezer. The fourth Kingdom of Barbarie is named Tunis; vnder which are comprized foure Regions, that is to say, Bugia, Constantina, Tripolis in Barbarie, and Ezzaba, which is a good part of Numidia. Burgia hath alwayes beene turmoyled with continuall warres; because sometimes it was subiect [ 60] vnto the King of Tunis, and sometimes againe vnto the King of Tremizen. Certaine it is that euen vntill these our dayes, this Bugia was a Kingdome of it selfe, and so continued, till the principall Citie of that Region was at the commandement of Ferdinando the King of Castile, taken by one Peter of Nauarre.

This is the basest part of all Africa; neither will our Cosmographers vouchsafe it the name * 1.12 of a Kingdome, by reason that the Inhabitants thereof are so farre distant a sunder; which you may easily coniecture by that which followeth. Tesset a City of Numidia, containeth about * 1.13 foure hundred families, and is in regard of the Libyan Desart, seuered from all places of habita∣tion almost three hundred miles; wherefore this second part is thought by diuers not to bee worthy the name of a Kingdome. Howbeit we will make some relation of the habitable parts of Numidia; some whereof may not vnfitly bee compared with other Regions of Africa, as for example, that of Segelmess, which territorie of Numidia lyeth ouer against Barbarie; like∣wise Zeb, which is situate against Bugia, and the signiorie of Biledulgerid, which extendeth vn∣to the Kingdome of Tunis. Reseruing therefore many particulars for the second part of this [ 10] Historie, we will make our entrie and beginning at those places, which lie vpon the West of Numidia: the names whereof be these; Tesset, Guaden, Ifren, Hacca, Dare, Tabelbelt, Todga, Fercale, Segelmess, Benigumi, Fighig, Tegua, Tsabit, Tegorarin, Mesab, Tegort and Guarghela. The Region of Zeb containeth fiue townes, to wit, Pescara, Elborh, Nesta, Taolac and Deusin: so many Cities likewise hath the territories of Biledulgerid; namely, Teozar, Caphesa, Nefreoa, Elchamid and Chalbis: and from hence Eastward are found the Isles of Gerbe, Garion, Mesel∣lata, Mestra••••, Teoirraga, Gademis, Fizza, Augela, Birdeoa and Eloacat. These are the names of the most famous places of all Numidia, being bounded (as is said before) Westward vpon the Ocean Sea, and Eastward with the Riuer of Nilus.

These Desarts haue not as yet any certaine name amongst vs, albeit they be diuided into fiue * 1.14 parts, and receiue all their denomination from the inhabitants which dwell vpon them, that is [ 20] to say, from the Numidians, who are in like sort themselues diuided into fiue parts also, to wit, the People or Tribes called Za••ega, Ganziga, Terga, Leuta and Berde••a. There bee likewise certaine places, which take some proper and particular name from the goodnesse and badnesse of the soile; as namely, the Desart of Azaohad, so called for the drought and vnfruitfulnesse of that place: likewise Hair, albeit a Desart, yet so called for the goodnesse and temperature of the ayre.

Moreouer, the land of Negros is diuided into many Kingdomes: whereof albeit a great part * 1.15 be vnknowne vnto vs, and remooued farre out of our trade; wee will notwithstanding make relation of those places, where wee our selues haue aboad, and which by long experience are growne very familiar vnto vs: as likewise of some other places, from whence Merchants vsed to trauell vnto the same Cities wherein my selfe was then resident; from whom I learned right [ 30] well the state of their Countries. I * 1.16 my selfe saw fifteene Kingdomes of the Negros: how∣beit there are many more, which although I saw not with mine owne eies, yet are they by the Negros sufficiently knowne and frequented. Their names therefore (beginning from the West, and so proceeding Eastward and Southward) are these following: Gualata, Ghinea, Melli, Tom∣buto, Gago, Guber, Agadez, Cano, Casena, Zegzeg, Zanfara, Guangara, Burno, Gaoga, Nube. These fifteene Kingdomes are for the most part situate vpon the Riuer Niger, through the which Merchants vsually trauell from Gualata to the City of * 1.17 Alcair in Aegypt. The iourney in∣deede is very long, but yet secure and voyd of danger. All the said Kingdomes adioyne one vpon another; ten whereof are separated either by the Riuer Niger, or by some sandie desart: and in times past each one of the fifteene had a seuerall King, but now * 1.18 at this present, they are all in a manner subiect vnto three Kings onely: namely, to the King of Tombuto, who is [ 40] Lord of the greatest part; to the King of Borno, who gouerneth the least part, and the residue is in subiection vnto the King of Gaoga: howbeit, he that possesseth the Kingdome of Ducala hath a very small traine attending vpon him. Likewise these Kingdomes haue many other Kingdomes bordering vpon the South frontiers of them: to wit, Bito, Temiam, Dauma Medra, and Gorhan; the Gouernors and Inhabitants whereof, are most rich and industrious people, great louers of Iustice and equitie, albeit some leade a brutish kind of life.

Our Cosmographers and Historiographers affirme, that in times past Africa was altogether * 1.19 disinhabited, except that part which is now called the Land of Negros: and most certaine it is, that Barbarie and Numidia were for many ages destitute of Inhabitants. The tawnie people [ 50] of the said Region were called by the name of Barbar, being deriued of the Verbe Barbara, which in their tongue signifieth to murmure: because the African tongue soundeth in the eares of the Arabians, no otherwise then the voyce of Beasts, which vtter their sounds without any accents. Others will haue Barbar to be one word twice repeated, for somuch as Bar in the Ara∣bian tongue signifieth a Desart. For (say they) when King Iphricus being by the Assyrians or Aethiopians driuen out of his owne Kingdome, trauelled towards Aegypt, and seeing himselfe so oppressed with his enemies, that he knew not what should become of him and his followers, he asked his people how or which way it was possible to escape, who answered him Bar-Bar, that is, to the Desart, to the Desart: giuing him to vnderstand by this speech, that he could haue [ 60] no safer refuge, then to crosse ouer Nilus, and to flee vnto the Desart of Africa. And this reason seemeth to agree with them, which affirme the Africans to bee descended from the people of Arabia foelix.

The ta〈…〉〈…〉e Moores are diuided into fiue seuerall People or Tribes: to wit, the Tribes called * 1.20 Zanhagi, Musmudi, Zoneti, Hacari and Gumeri. The Tribe of Musmudi inhabit the Westerne part of Mount Atlas, from the Prouince of Hea, to the Riuer of * 1.21 Seruan. Likewise they dwell vpon the South part of the said Mountaine, and vpon all the inward plaines of that Re∣gion. These Musmud•• haue foure Prouinces vnder them: namely, Hea, Sus, Guzula, and the Territorie of Mor••cco. The Tribe of Gumeri possesse certaine Mountaines of Barbarie, dwel∣ling on the sides of those Mountaines which lie ••u••r against the Mediterran Sea: as likewise they are Lords of all the Riuer called in their language Rif. This Riuer hath his Fountaine neere vnto the streights of Gibraltar, and thence runneth Eastwards to the Kingdome of Tremizen, called by the Latines Caesaria. These two tribes or people haue seuerall habitations by them∣selues: * 1.22 the other three are dispersed confusi••••ly ouer all Africa: howbeit, they are like stran∣gers, [ 10] discerned one from another by certaine properties or tokens, maintaining continuall warre among themselues especially they of Numidia. Out of all which it is euident, that in times pa•••• all the foresaid people had their habitations and tents in the plaine fields: euery one of which fauoured their owne saction, and exercised all labours necessary for mans life, as common among them. The Gouernours of the Countrey attended their droues and flocks; and the Ci∣tizens applyed themselues vnto some manuall Art, or to husbandry. The said people are diuided into fiue hundred seuerall families, as appeareth by the Genealogies of the Africans, Author whereof is one Ibnu Rachu, whom I haue oftentimes read and perused. Some writers are of opi∣nion, * 1.23 that the King of Tombuto, the King of Melli, and the King of Agadez fetch their origi∣nall [ 20] from the people of Zanaga, to wit, from them which inhabite the Desart.

The foresaid fiue families or people, being diuided into hundreds of progenies, and hauing * 1.24 innumerable habitations, doe notwithstanding vse all one kind of language, called by them A∣quel Amar••g, that is, the noble tongue: the Arabians which inhabit Africa, call it a barbarous tongue; and this is the true and naturall language of the Africans. Howbeit it is altogether different from other languages, although it hath diuers words common with the Arabian tongue. Yea, all the Gumeri in a manner and most of the Hacari speake Arabian, though cor∣ruptly; which (I suppose) came first hereupon to passe, for that the said people haue had long acquaintance and conuersation with the Arabians. The Negros haue diuers languages among themselues, among which they call one Sungai, and the same is current in many Regions; as * 1.25 namely, in Gualata, Tombuto, Ghinea, Melli and Gago. Another language there is among the [ 30] Negros, which they call Guber; and this is rife among the people of Guber, of Cano, of Casena, * 1.26 of Perzegreg, and of Guangra. Likewise the Kingdome of Borno hath a peculiar kind of speech, * 1.27 altogether like vnto that, which is vsed in Gaoga. And the Kingdome of Nube hath a language * 1.28 of great affinitie with the Caldean, Arabian and Aegyptian tongues. But all the Sea-townes of Africa, from the Mediterran Sea to the Mountaines of Atlas, speake broken Arabian. Ex∣cept * 1.29 the Kingdome and Towne of Maroco, and the in-land Numidians bordering vpon Maro∣co, Fez and Tremizen; all which, vse the Barbarian tongue. Howbeit, they which dwell ouer * 1.30 against Tunis and Tripoli, speake indeede the Arabian language; albeit most corruptly.

Of that Army which was sent by Califa * 1.31 Otmen the third, in the foure hundred yeere of the Hegeira, there came into Africa fourescore thousand Gentlemen and others, who hauing [ 40] * 1.32 subdued sundry Prouinces, at length arriued in Africa: and there the Generall of the whole Army called * 1.33 Hucha Hib•••• Nafich remained. This man built that great City which is called of vs * 1.34 Alcair. For he stood in feare of the people of Tunis, lest they should betray him, mis∣doubting also that they would procure aide out of Sicily, and so giue him the incounter. Where∣fore with all his treasure which he had got, he trauelled to the Desart and firme ground, distant from Carthage about one hundred and twenty miles, and there is he said to haue built the City * 1.35 of * 1.36 Alcair. The remnant of his Souldiers he commanded to keepe those places, which were most secure and fit for their defence, and willed them to build where no rocke not fortification was. Which being done, the Arabians began to inhabit Africa, and to disperse themselues a∣mong the Africans, who, because they had beene for certaine yeeres subiect vnto the Romans or [ 50] Italians, vsed to speake their language: and hence it is, that the naturall and mother-tongue of * 1.37 the Arabians, which hath great affinitie with the African tongue, grew by little and little to be corrupted: and so they report that these two Nations at length conioyned themselues in one. Howbeit the Arabians vsually doe blaze their Pedigree in daily and triuiall Songs, which custome as yet is common both to * 1.38 vs, and to the people of Barbarie also. For no man there is, be he neuer so base, which will not to his owne name, adde the name of his Nation, as for ex∣ample, Arabian, Barbarian, or such like.

The Mahumetan Priests alwayes forbad the Arabians to passe ouer Nilus with their Armies and Tents. Howbeit in the foure hundred yeere of the Hegeira we reade, that they were per∣mitted [ 60] so to doe by a certaine factious and s〈…〉〈…〉smaticall * 1.39 Califa: because one of his Nobles had rebelled against him, vsurping the City of Cairaoan, and the greatest part of Barbarie. After the death of which Rebell, that Kingdome remained for some yeeres vnto his posteritie and fa∣mily; whose iurisdiction (as the African Chronicles report) grew so large and strong in the

time of Elcain (the Mahumetan Califa and Patriarch of Arabia) that hee sent vnto them one Gehoar, whom of a slaue he had made his Counsellor, with an huge Armie. This Gehoar condu∣cting * 1.40 me his Armie Westward, recouered all Numidia and Barbarie. Insomuch that hee pierced vnto the Region of Sus, and there claymed most ample Tribute: all which being done, he retur∣ned backe vnto his Califa, and most faithfully surrendred vnto him whatsoeuer hee had gained from the Enemy. The Califa seeing his prosperous successe, beganne to aspire vnto greater Ex∣ploits. And Gehoar most firmely promised, that as hee had recouered the Westerne Dominion vnto his Lord, so would he likewise by force of Warre most certainly restore vnto him the Countries of the East, to wit, Egypt, Syria, and all Arabia; and protested moreouer that with the greatest hazard of his life, he would bee auenged of all the iniuries offered by the Family of [ 10] Labhus vnto his Lords Predecessors, and would reuest him in the Royall Seate of his most fa∣mous Grand-fathers, great-grand-fathers, and Progenitors. The Califa liking well his audaci∣ous promise, caused an Armie of fourescore thousand Souldiers, with an infinite summe of mo∣ney * 1.41 and other things necessary for the Warres, to bee deliuered vnto him. And so this valiant and stout Chieftaine being prouided for warfare, conducted his Troupes through the Desarts of Egypt and Barbarie; and hauing first put to flight the Vice-Califa of Egypt (who fled vnto El∣uir the Califa of Bagdet) in short time he subdued very easily all the Prouinces of Egypt and Sy∣ria. Howbeit he could not as yet hold himselfe secure; fearing least the Califa of Bagdet would assayle him with an Army out of Asia, and least the Garrisons which he had left to keepe Bar∣barie, should be constrayned to forsake those conquered Prouinces. Wherefore he built a Citie, and caused it to be walled round about. In which Citie he left one of his most trustie Captaines, with a great part of the Army: and this Citie hee called by the name of Alchair, which after∣ward [ 20] by others was named Cairo. This Alchair is said daily so to haue increased, that no Citie of the World for buildings and Inhabitants was any way comparable thereunto.

Moreouer, Califa Elcain arriuing at Alchair, and beeing most honourably entertayned by his Seruant Gehoar, (who had written for him to come) began to thinke vpon great affaires, and ha∣uing gathered an huge Armie, resolued to wage battell against the Califa of Bagdet. In the meane season he that was appointed Vice-Roy of Barbarie, compacting with the Califa of Bag∣det, yeelded himselfe and all Barbarie into his hands. Which the Califa most kindly accepted, and ordayned him King ouer all Africa. But Califa Elcain hearing this newes at Alchair was wonderfully afflicted in minde. Howbeit there was one of his secret Counsellors a very lear∣ned and wittie man, who seeing his Lord so sad and pensiue; I assure you, said he, if you please [ 30] to take mine aduise, that I will forth-with procure you such an Armie, as shall giue you great store of money, and yet notwithstanding shall doe you good seruice also. The Califa beeing some-what emboldened at these speeches, asked his Counsellour how this might possibly bee brought to effect: My Lord (sayth his Counsellor) certaine it is, that the Arabians are now growne so populous, and to so great a number, that all Arabia cannot contayne them, scarcely will the yeerely increase of the ground suffice to feed their Droues, and you see with what great famine they are afflicted, and how they are destitute not onely of habitations, but euen of vic∣tuals and sustenance. Wherefore if you had heretofore giuen them leaue, they would long ere this haue inuaded Africa. And if you will now licence them so to do, doubt you not, but that you shall receiue of them an huge Masse of Gold. This counsell could not altogether satisfie the Califa his minde: for he knew right well that the Arabians would so waste all Africa, as it [ 40] should neither be profitable for himselfe, nor for his Enemies. Notwithstanding, seeing that his Kingdome was altogether endangered, he thought it better to accept those summes of mo∣ney which his Counsellour promised, and so to be reuenged of his Enemie, then to lose both his Kingdome and Gold all at once. Wherefore he permitted all Arabians, which would pay him Duckats apiece, freely to enter Africa; conditionally that they would shew themselues most deadly Enemies vnto the treacherous King of Barbarie. Which libertie being granted vn∣to them, it is reported that ten Tribes or Families of Arabians, being halfe the people of Ara∣bia Deserta, came immediately into Africa; vnto whom certaine Inhabitants of Arabia Foelix ioyned themselues, insomuch that there were found amongst them about fiftie thousand persons [ 50] able to beare Armes: their women, children, and cattell were almost innumerable▪ the Storie whereof Ibnu Rachu, the most diligent Chronicler of African Affaires (whom wee haue before mentioned) setteth downe at large.

These Arabians hauing trauersed the Desart betweene Aegypt and Barbarie, first laid siege vnto Tripolis a Citie of Barbarie, which being ouercome, they slue a great part of the Citizens, the residue escaping by flight. Next of all they encountred the Towne of Capes, which was by them taken and vanquished. At length they besieged Cairaoan also; howbeit the Citizens being sufficiently prouided of victuals, are said to haue indured the siege for eight monethes: which * 1.42 being expired, they were constrayned to yeeld: at what time there was nothing in Cairaoan [ 60] but wofull slaughters, hideous out-cryes, and present death. This Land the Arabians diuided among themselues, and began to people and inhabit the same; requiring in the meane space large Tributes of the Townes and Prouinces subiect vnto them. And so they possessed all Afri∣ca,

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vntill such time as one Ioseph the sonne of Ieffin attayned to the Kingdome of Marocco.

This Ioseph was the first King of Marocco, who endeauoured by all meanes to aduance the * 1.43 friends and kindred of the late deceased King of Africa vnto the Kingdome; neither did hee cease vntill he had expelled all the Arabians out of Cairaoan. Howbeit the Arabians possessed the Regions thereabout, giuing themselues wholy to spoiles and robberies: and the friends of the said deceased King could beare rule but in certaine places only. Afterward succeeded in the Kingdome of Marocco one Mansor, who was the fourth King and Prelate of that Mahumetan * 1.44 Sect which was called Muachedim. This man, albeit his Grand-fathers and great Grand-fathers had alwayes fauoured the Posteritie and friends of the foresaid deceased African King, and had restored them to their ancient dignitie; deuised altogether how to oppose himselfe against them, [ 10] and to vsurpe all their authoritie. Wherefore making a fayned league with them, wee reade, that he prouoked the Arabians against them, and so very easily ouercame them. Afterward Mansor brought the greatest part of the Arabians into the Westerne Dominions of Africa; vnto the better sort of whom he gaue the Habitation of Duccala and Azgara, and vnto the ba∣ser remnant he bequeathed the possession of Numidia. But in processe of time hee commanded the Numidian slaues to be set at libertie, and so in despight of the Arabians, hee caused them to inhabit that part of Numidia which he had allotted vnto them. But as for the Arabians of Azga∣ra and of certaine other places in Barbarie, hee brought them all vnder his subiecton. For the * 1.45 Arabians out of Desarts are like fishes without water: they had indeed often attempted to get in∣to the Desarts; but the Mountaines of Atlas, which were then possessed by the Barbarians, hin∣dred their passage. Neither had they libertie to passe ouer the Plaines, for the residue of the [ 20] Barbarians were there planted. Wherefore their pride being abated, they applyed themselues vnto Husbandry, hauing no where to repose themselues, but onely in Villages, Cottages, and Tents. And their miserie was so much the greater, in that they were constrayned yeerely to disburse vnto the King of Marocco most ample Tribute. Those which inhabited Duccala, be∣cause they were an huge multitude, easily freed themselues from all Tribute and Imposition.

A great part of the Arabians remayned still at Tunis, for that Mansor had refused to carrie them along with him: who, after the death of the said Mansor, grew to bee Lords of Tunis, and so continued, till they resigned their Gouernment vnto the people called Abu-Haf; vpon condition that they should pay them halfe the Reuenues thereof: and this condition hath re∣mayned firme euen vntill our dayes. Howbeit, because the Arabians are increased to such innu∣merable [ 30] swarmes, that the whole Reuenues are not sufficient for them, the King of Tunis most * 1.46 iustly alloweth some of them their duties, to the end they may make secure passage for Mer∣chants, which indeed they performe without molestation or hurt of any. But the residue which are depriued of their pay, betake themselues wholy to robberies, thefts, slaughters, and such o∣ther monstrous outrages. For these, lurking alwayes in the Woods, no sooner see any Merchant approching, but sud••enly they breake forth, depriuing him of his goods and life also: insomuch that now Merchants dare not passe that way but with a Garrison of safe-conduct. And so they passe sometimes to their great inconuenience. For they are notwithstanding constrayned to giue vnto the foresaid Arabians, which are in pay with the King of Tunis, great summes of money▪: and are likewise oftentimes so in danger of Robbers, that they lose both their goods [ 40] and liues.

The Arabians which inhabit Africa, are diuided into three parts: one part whereof are cal∣led Cachin, the second Hilel, and the third Machil. The Cachin are diuided into three Nations or Tribes; to wit, the Tribes of Etheg, Sumait, and Sahid. Moreouer, Etheg is diuided into three Families; that is to say, the Family of Delleg▪ Elmuntesig, and Subair: and these are dispersed into many Regions. Hilel are deriued into foure Generations; to wit, the people of Be∣nibemir, of Rieh, of Susien, and of Chusain. The Family of Benihemir, is diuided into the Linages of Huroam, Huc••en, Habrum and Mussim. The Tribe of Rieh, are distributed into the Kindreds called Deuead, Suaid, Asgeg, Elchyrith, Enedri, and Garfam; which Kindreds possesse many Dominions. Machil haue three Tribes vnder them: to wit, Mastar, Hutmen, and Hassan. [ 50] Mastar are diuided into Ruchen, and Selim; Hutmen into Elhasi and Chinan; and Hassan into De∣uihessen, Deuimansor, and Deuihubaidulla. Deuihessen is distinguished into the Kindreds called Dulein, Berbun, Vodein, Racmen and Hamram; Deuimansor into Hemrun, Menebbe, Husein, and Albuhus••in; and lastly, Deuihubaidulla, into Garag, Hedeg, Teleb, and Geoan. All these doe in a manner possesse innumerable Regions; insomuch that to reckon them vp at large, were a mat∣ter not onely difficult, but almost impossible.

The most noble and famous, Arabians were they of the Family of Etheg, vnto whom Alman∣so•• * 1.47 gaue the Regions of Duccala and of Tedles to inhabit. These Arabians euen till our times haue beene put to great distresse and hazard, partly by the Portugall King, and partly by the King [ 60] of Fez. They haue at all oportunities, if need should require, a hundred thousand Souldiers fit to * 1.48 beare Armes, a great part whereof are Horsemen. The Arabians called Sumait, enioy that part of the Libyan Desart which lyeth ouer against the Desart of Tripoly. Th••se make often inuasions into Barbarie, for they haue no places allotted them therein, but they and their Camels doe per∣petually

remaine in the Desarts. They are able to leuie fourescore thousand souldiers, the grea∣test part being footmen. Likewise the Tribe of Sahid doe inhabite the Desart of Libya: and * 1.49 these haue had alwaies great league and familiaritie with the King of Guargala. They haue such abundance of cattell, that they doe plentifully supply all the Cities of that region with flesh, and that especially in Summer-time, for all the Winter they stir not out of the Desarts. Their num∣ber is increased to about a hundred and fiftie thousand hauing not many Horsmen among them. The Tribe of Delleg possesse diuers habitations; howbeit, Caesarti containeth the greatest part * 1.50 of them. Some also inhabit vpon the frontiers of the Kingdom of Bugia, who are said to receiue a yearely stipend from their next neighbours. But the least part of them dwell vpon the field∣countrey of Acdes, vpon the borders of Mauritania, and vpon some part of mount Atlas, being [ 10] subiect vnto the King of Fez. The people of Elmuntefig are seated in the Prouince of Azgar, * 1.51 and are called by the later writers Elcaluth. These also pay certaine yearely tribute vnto the King of F••z, being able to furnish about eight thousand Horsemen to the warres. The Kindred of Sobair doe inhabit not farre from the Kingdome of Gezeir, being many of them vnder the pay * 1.52 of the King of Tremizen, and are said to enioy a great part of Numidia. They haue more or lesse, three thousand most warlike Horsemen. They possesse likewise great abundance of Camels; for which cause they abide all Winter in the Desarts. The remnant of them occupieth the Plaine which lieth betweene Sala and Meenes. These haue huge droues of Cattell, and exercise them∣selues in Husbandrie, being constrained to pay some yearely tribute vnto the King of Fez. They haue Horsemen, who, as a man may say, are naturally framed to the warres, about foure thousand in number. [ 20]

Hillel, which are also called Benihamir, dwel vpon the frontiers of the Kingdome of Tremizen * 1.53 and Oran. These range vp and downe the Desart of Tegorarin, being in pay vnder the King of Tremizen, and of great riches and power; insomuch that they haue at all times in a readinesse for the warres sixe thousand Horsemen. The Tribe of Hurua possesse onely the borders of Mustu∣ganim. These are sauage people, giuing themselues wholly to spoyles and robberies, and aliena∣ting their minds from the warres. They neuer come forth of the Desarts; for the people of Bar∣barie will neither allow them any places of habitation, nor yet any stipend at all: Horsemen they haue to the number of two thousand. The Kindred of Hucban are next neighbours vnto the re∣gion of Melian, who receiue certaine pay from the King of Tunis. They are rude and wild peo∣ple, * 1.54 and in very deed estranged from all humanitie: they haue (as it is reported) about fifteene hundred Horsemen. The Tribe of Habru inhabit the region lying betweene Oran and Mustu∣ganim: [ 30] * 1.55 these exercise Husbandrie, paying yearely tribute vnto the King of Tremizen, and being scarce able to make one hundred Horsemen.

The people called Mussim, possesse those Desarts of Masila, which extend vnto the Kingdome * 1.56 of Bugia. These likewise are giuen onely to theft and robberie; they take tribute both of their owne people, and of other regions adioyning vnto them. The Tribe of Rieeb inhabit those desarts * 1.57 of Libya, which border vpon Constantina. These haue most ample Dominions in Numidia, being now diuided into sixe parts. This right famous and warlike Nation receiueth stipend from the King of Tunis, hauing fiue thousand Horsemen at command. The people of Suaid enioy that De∣sart, * 1.58 which is extended vnto the Signiorie of Tenez. These haue very large possessions, receiuing stipend from the King of Tromizen, being men of notable dexteritie, as well in the warres, as in all other conuersation of life. The Kindred of Azgeg dwell not altogether in one place: for part * 1.59 [ 40] of them inhabit the region of Garet, among the people called Hemram; and the residue possesse that part of Duccala, which lieth neere vnto Azaphi. The Tribe of Elcherit dwell vpon that * 1.60 portion of Helin which is situate in the Plaine of Sahidim, hauing the people of Heah tributarie vnto them, and being a very vnciuill and barbarous people. The people called Enedri are seated in * 1.61 the Plaine of Heah: but the whole region of Heah maintaineth almost foure thousand Horse∣men, which notwithstanding are vnfit for the warres. The people of Garfa haue sundry Mansi∣ons: * 1.62 neither haue they any King or Gouernour. They are dispersed among other Generations, and especially among the Kindreds of Manebbi and Hemram. These conuay Dates from Segel∣messa to the Kingdome of Fez, and carry backe againe from thence such things as are nec••ssarie [ 50] for Segelmess.

The people called Ruche, who are thought to be descended from Mastar, doe possesse that de∣sart, * 1.63 which lieth next vnto Dedes and Farcala. They haue very small dominions, for which cause they are accounted no whit rich; howbeit, they are most valiant souldiers, and exceeding swift of foote; insomuch that they esteeme it a great disgrace, if one of their footemen be vanquished by two horsemen. And you shall find fearce any one man among them, which will not outgoe a * 1.64 very swift horse, be the iourney neuer so long. They haue about fiue hundred Horsemen, but most warlike Footemen, to the number of eight thousand. Selim inhabite vpon the Riuer of * 1.65 Dara, from whence they range vp and downe the Desarts. They are endowed with great riches, [ 60] carrying euery yeare merchandize vnto the Kingdome of Tombuto, and are thought to be in high * 1.66 fauour with the King himselfe. A large iurisdiction they haue in Darha, and great plentie of Ca∣mels: and for all opportunities of warre they haue euer in a readinesse three thousand Horsemen.

The Tribe of Elhasis dwelleth vpon the sea-coast, neere vnto Messa. They doe arme about fiue * 1.67 hundred Horsemen, and are a Nation altogether rude, and vnacquainted in the warres. Some part of them inhabiteth Azgara. Those which dwell about Messa, are free from the yoke of su∣perioritie; but the others which remaine in Azgar, are subiect to the King of Fez. The Kindred of Chinan are dispersed among them, which before were called Elcaluth, and these also are subiect * 1.68 vnto the King of Fez. Very warlike people they are, and are able to set forth two thousand Horsemen. The people of Deuihessen are diuided into the Kindreds of Duleim, Burbun, Vode, De∣uimansor, and Deuihubaidulla. Duleim are conuersant in the Desarts of Libya with the African * 1.69 people, called Zanhaga. They haue neither dominion, nor yet any stipend; wherefore they are very poore, and giuen to robberie: they trauell vnto Dara, and exchange Cattell for Dates with [ 10] the inhabitants there. All brauerie and comlinesse of apparrell they vtterly neglect; and their number of fighting men is ten thousand, foure thousand being Horsemen, and the residue Foote∣men. The people called Burbun, possesse that part of the Libyan Desart which adioyneth vnto * 1.70 Sus: They are a huge multitude, neither haue they any riches besides Camels. Vnto them is sub∣iect the Citie of Tesset, which scarce sufficeth them for the maintenance of their Horses, being but a few. The people of Vode enioyeth that Desart, which is situate betweene Guaden and Gualata. * 1.71 They beare rule ouer the Guadenites, and of the Duke of Gualata they receiue yearely tribute, and their number is growne almost infinite: for by report, they are of abilitie to bring into the field almost threescore thousand most skilfull souldiers; notwithstanding, they haue great want of Horses. The Tribe of Racmen occupie that Desart which is next vnto Hacha: they haue verie [ 20] * 1.72 large possessions, and doe in the Spring-time vsually trauell vnto Tesset; for then alwaies they haue somwhat to do with the inhabitants there. Their people fit for Armes are to the number of twelue thousand, albeit they haue very few Horsemen. The Nation of Hamrum inhabit the De∣sarts * 1.73 of Tagauost, exacting some tribute of the inhabitants there, and with daily incursions like∣wise molesting the people of Nun. Their number of souldiers is almost eight thousand.

The Generation of Dehemrum, which are said to deriue their pedigree from Deuimansor, in∣habit * 1.74 the Desart ouer against Segelmess, who continually wander by the Libyan Desarts as farre as Ighid. They haue tributarie vnto them the people of Segelmesse, of Todgatan, of Tebelbelt, and of Dara. Their soile yeeldeth such abundance of Dates, that the yearely increase thereof is suf∣ficient to maintaine them, although they had nothing else to liue on. They are of great fame in [ 30] other Nations, being able to furnish for the warres about three thousand Horsemen. There dwell likewise among these certaine other Arabians of more base condition, called in their language Garfa Esgeb; which notwithstanding haue great abundance of Horses, and of all other Cat∣tell. The people of Menebbe doe almost inhabite the very same Desart, hauing two Prouinces of Numidia vnder them; to wit, Matgara, and Retebbe. These also are a most valiant Nation, * 1.75 being in pay vnder the Prouince of Segelmess, and being able to make about two thousand Hors∣men. The Kindred of Husein, which are thought to be descended of Deuimansor, are seated vpon * 1.76 the Mountaines of Atlas. They haue in the said Mountaines a large iurisdiction, namely, diuers Castles euery where, and many most rich and flourishing Cities; all which, they thinke, were gi∣uen them in old time by the Vice-royes of the Marini: for as soone as they had wonne that [ 40] Kingdome, the Kindred of Husein affoorded them great aide and seruice. Their dominion is now subiect vnto the Kings of Fez and of Segelmess. They haue a Captaine, which for the most part resideth at the Citie, commonly called Garseluin. Likewise they are alwaies in a manner, tra∣uersing of that Desart, which in their language is called Eddara. They are taken to be a most rich and honest people, being of abilitie to furnish for the warres about sixe thousand Horsemen. A∣mong these, you shall oftentimes find many Arabians of another sort, whom they vse onely to be their seruants. The Tribe of Abulhusein doe inhabit part of the foresaid Desart of Eddara, * 1.77 howbeit a very small part; the greatest number of whom are brought vnto such extreme misery, that they haue not in those their wild tents sufficient sustenance to liue vpon.

One Generation of the people of Deuihubaidulla are those which are named Gharrag: these [ 50] * 1.78 enioy the Desarts of Benigomi and Fighig, hauing very large possessions in Numidia. They are stipendaries vnto the King of Tremizen, who diligently endeuoureth to bring them to peace and tranquillitie of life; for they are wholly giuen to theft and robberie. In Summer-time they vsu∣ally repaire vnto Tremizen, where they are thought for that season of the yeare to settle their abode: their Horsemen are to the number of foure thousand, all which are most noble warri∣ours. The Kindred of Hedeg possesse a certaine Desart neere vnto Tremizen, called in their owne * 1.79 language Hangad. These haue no stipend from any Prince, nor yet any iurisdiction at all, rapine and stealth is onely delightfull vnto them; they prouide onely for their family and themselues, and are able to set forth about fiue hundred Horsemen. The Tribe of Theleb inhabite the Plaine of * 1.80 Algezer; these haue often vagaries ouer the Desarts vnto the Prouince of Tedgear. Vnto [ 60] them were subiect in times past, the most famous Cities of Algezer and Tedelles: howbeit in these our dayes they were recouered againe from them by Barbarossa the Turke; which losse could not but greatly grieue and molest their King. It is reported moreouer, that at the same time, the principall of the said people of Theleb were cut off. For strength and cunning in chi∣ualrie

they were inferiour to no other Nation; their Horsemen were about three thousand. The Tribe of Gehoan inhabite not all in one place: for part of them you may find among the people of Guarag, and the residue amongst the people of Hedeg; and they are vnto them no other∣wise * 1.81 then their seruants, which condition they notwithstanding most patiently and willingly submit themselues vnto. And here one thing is to bee noted by the way; to wit, that the two forenamed people called Schachin and Hilel, are originally Arabians of Arabia Desarta, and think * 1.82 themselues to be descended from Ismael, the sonne of Abraham. And those which we called Ma∣chil, came first forth of Arabia Foelix, and deriue their pedigree from Saba. Before whom the Mahumetans preferre the former, which of Ismael are called Ismaelitet. And because there hath alwaies been great controuersie among them, which part should bee of greater Nobilitie, they [ 10] haue written on both sides many Dialogues and Epigrams, whereby each man is wont to blaze the Renowne, the Vertues, Manners, and laudable Customes of his owne Nation. The ancient Arabians, which were before the times of the Ismaelites, were called by the African Historiogra∣phers Arabi-Araba; as if a ma•• should say, Arabians of Arabia. But those which came of Ismael, they call Arabi Mus-Araba; as if they should say, Arabians ingrafted into the land of Arabia, or Arabians accidentally, because they were not originally bred and borne in Arabia. And them which afterward came into Africa, they name in their language Mustehgeme, that is, Barbarous Arabians; and that because they ioyned them selues vnto strangers, insomuch that not onely their speech, but their manners also are most corrupt and barbarous. These are (friend∣ly Reader) the particulars, which for these ten yeeres my memorie could reserue, as touching the [ 20] originals and diuersities of the Africans and Arabians; in all which time I remember not, that euer I read, or saw any Historie of that Nation. He that will know more, let him haue recourse vnto Hib••u Rachu the Historiographer before named.

Those fiue kinds of people before rehearsed, to wit, the people of Zenega, of Gansiga, of Terga, * 1.83 of Leuta, and of Bardeoa, are called of the La••ins, Numidae: and they liue all after one manner, that is to say, without all law and ciuilitie. Their garment is a narrow and base piece of cloth, where∣with scarce halfe their body is couered. Some of them wrap their heads in a kind of black cloth, as it were with a scarfe, such as the Turkes vse, which is commonly called a Turbant. Such as will be discerned from the common sort, for Gentlemen weare a Iacket made of blew Cotton with wide sleeues. And Cotton-cloth is brought vnto them by certaine Merchants from the land of [ 30] Negros. They haue no beasts fit to ride vpon, except their Camels; vnto whom Nature, be∣tweene * 1.84 the bunch standing vpon the hinder part of their backes and their necks, hath allotted a place, which may fitly serue to ride vpon, in stead of a saddle. Their manner of riding is most ri∣diculous. For sometimes they lay their leggs acrosse vpon the Camels necke; and sometimes againe (hauing no knowledge nor regard of stirrops) they rest their feete vpon a rope, which is * 1.85 cast ouer his shoulders. Instead of spurres, they vse a truncheon of a cubites length, hauing at the one end thereof a Goade, wherewith they pricke onely the shoulders of their Camels. Those Camels which they vse to ride vpon, haue a hole bored through the gristles of their nose, in the which a ring of leather is fastened, whereby as with a bit, they are more easily curbed and ma∣stred; after which manner I haue seene bufflles vsed in Italie. For beds, they lie vpon mats [ 40] made of sedge and bulrushes. Their tents are couered for the most part with course chamlet, or * 1.86 with a harsh kind of Wooll, which commonly groweth vpon the boughes of their Date∣trees.

As for their manner of liuing, it would seeme to any man incredible what hunger and scarci∣tie * 1.87 this Nation will indure. Bread they haue none at all, neither vse they any seething or ro∣sting; their foode is Camels milke onely, and they desire no other dainties. For their break-fast they drinke off a great cup of Camels milke: for supper they haue certaine dried flesh steeped in butter and milke, whereof each man taking his share, eateth it out of his fist. And that this their meate may not stay long vndigested in their stomacks, they sup off the foresaid broth wherein their flesh was steeped: for which purpose they vse the palmes of their hands as a most fit in∣strument framed by nature to the same end. After that, each one drinks his cup of milke, and so * 1.88 [ 50] their supper hath an end. These Numidians, while they haue any store of milke, regard water nothing at all, which for the most part hapneth in the Spring of the yeare, all which time you shall find some among them that will neither wash their hands nor their faces. Which seemeth not altogether to be vnlikely; for (as we said before) while their milke lasteth, they frequent * 1.89 not those places where water is common: yea, and their Camels, so long as they may feede vp∣on grasse, will drinke no water at all. They spend their whole dayes in hunting and theeuing: * 1.90 for all their indeauour and exercise is to driue away the Camels of their enemies; neither will they remaine aboue three dayes in one place, by reason that they haue not pasture any longer for the sustenance of their Camels. And albeit (as is aforesaid) they haue no ciuilitie at all, nor * 1.91 any Lawes prescribed vnto them; yet haue they a certaine Gouernour or Prince placed ouer [ 60] them, vnto whom they render obedience and due honour, as vnto their King. They are not only ignorant of all good learning and liberall Sciences; but are likewise altogether carelesse and de∣stitute of vertue: insomuch that you shall find scarce one amongst them all, which is a man of

iudgement or counsell. And if any iniuried partie will goe to the Law with his aduersarie, hee must ride continually fiue or sixe daies before he can come to the speech of any iudge. This Na∣tion * 1.92 hath all learning and good disciplines in such contempt, that they will not once vouch••are to goe out of their deserts for the study and attaining thereof: neither, if any learned man shall * 1.93 chance to come among them, can they loue his company and conuersation, in regard of their most rude and detestable behauiour. Howbeit, if they can find any iudge, which can frame himselfe to liue and continue among them, to him they giue most large yearely allowance. Some allow their Iudge a thousand ducates yearely, some more, and some lesse, according as themselues thinke good. They that will seeme to be accounted of the better sort, cou••r their heads (as I said be∣fore) with a piece of blacke cloth, part whereof▪ like a vizard or maske, reacheth downe ouer their [ 10] faces, couering all their countenance except their eyes; and this is their daily kind of attire. And so often as they put meate into their mouthes, they remoue the said maske; which being * 1.94 done, they forthwith couer their mouthes againe, alleaging this fond reason: for (say they) as it is vnseemely for a man, after he hath receiued meate into his stomacke, to vomit it out of his mouth againe, and to cast it vpon the earth; euen so it is an vndecent part to eate meate with a mans mouth vncouered.

The women of this Nation be grosse, corpulent, and of a swart complexion. They are fattest * 1.95 vpon their brest and paps, but slender about the girdle-stead. Very ciuill they are, after their manner, both in speech and gestures: sometimes they will accept of a kisse; but who so temp∣teth them farther, putteth his owne life in hazard. For by reason of iealousie, you may see them * 1.96 daily one to be the death and destruction of another, and that in such sauage and brutish manner, [ 20] that in this case they will shew no compassion at all. And they seeme to bee more wise in this behalfe then diuers of our people, for they will by no meanes match themselues vnto an harlot. The liberalitie of this people hath at all times been exceeding great. And when any trauellers may passe through their drie and desart Territories, they will neuer repaire vnto their tents, nei∣ther will they themselues trauell vpon the common high way. And if any Carauan, or multitude of Merchants will passe those Desarts, they are bound to pay certaine Custome vnto the Prince * 1.97 of the said people, namely, for euery Camels load, a piece of cloth worth a Ducat.

Vpon a time I remember, that trauelling in the companie of certaine Merchants ouer the De∣sart, * 1.98 called by them Araoan, it was our chance there to meete with the Prince of Zanaga; who, [ 30] after he had receiued his due custome, inuited the said companie of Merchants, for their recreati∣on, to goe and abide with him in his tents foure or fiue dayes. Howbeit, because his tents were too farre out of our way, and for that wee should haue wandred farther then we thought good, esteeming it more conuenient for vs to hold on our direct course, we refused his gentle offer, and for his courtesie gaue him great thankes. But not being satisfied therewith, he commanded that our Camels should proceede on forward, but the Merchants he carried along with him, and gaue them very sumptuous entertainement at his place of abode. Where we were no sooner arriued, * 1.99 but this good Prince caused Camels of all kinds and Ostriches, which he had hunted and taken by the way, to bee killed for his houshold prouision. Howbeit, wee requested him not to make such daily slaughters of his Camels; affirming moreouer, that we neuer vsed to eate the flesh of a gelt Camell, but when all other victuals failed vs. Whereunto hee answered, that he should [ 40] * 1.100 deale vnciuilly, if he welcommend so worthy and so seldome-seene ghests with the killing of smal Cattell onely. Wherefore hee wished vs to fall to such prouision as was set before vs. Heere might you haue seene great plenty of rosted and sodden flesh: their rosted Ostriches were brought to the Table in wicker platters, being seasoned with sundry kinds of Herbes and Spices. Their bread made of Mill and Panicke was of a most sauorie and pleasant taste: and alwaies at the end of dinner or supper we had plentie of Dates, and great store of Milke serued in. Yea, this * 1.101 bountifull and noble Prince, that he might sufficiently shew how welcome wee were vnto him, would together with his Nobilitie alwaies beare vs company: howbeit, we euer dined and sup∣ped apart by our selues. Moreouer, hee caused certaine religious and most learned men to come vnto our banquet; who, all the time wee remained with the said Prince, vsed not to e••te any [ 50] * 1.102 bread at all, but fed onely vpon flesh and milke. Whereat we being somewhat amazed, the good Prince gently told vs, that they all were borne in such places, whereas no kind of graine would grow: howbeit, that himselfe for the entertainement of strangers, had great plentie of Corne laid vp in store. Wherefore he bade vs to be of good cheere, saying, That he would eate onely of such things as his owne natiue soyle affoorded: affirming moreouer, that bread was yet in vse * 1.103 among them at their feast of Passeouer, and at other feasts also, whereupon they vsed to offer sa∣crifice. And thus we remained with him for the space of two dayes; all which time, what wonder••ull and magnificent cheare we had made vs, would seeme incredible to report. But the third day, being desirous to take our leaue, the Prince accompanied vs to that place where wee ouertooke our Camels and companoe sent before. And this I dare most deepely take mine cath [ 60] * 1.104 on, that we spent the said Prince ten times more, then our Custome which he receiued came to. We thought it not amisse here to set downe this Historie, to declare in some sort the courtesie and liberalitie of the said Nation. Neither could the Prince aforesaid vnderstand our language,

nor we his; but all our speech to and fro was made by an interpreter. And this which we haue here recorded as touching this nation, is likewise to bee vnderstood of the other foure Nations aboue mentioned, which are dispersed ouer the residue of the Numidian Desarts.

The Arab••ans, as they haue sundrie mansions and places of abode, so doe they liue after a di∣uers * 1.105 and sundry manner. These which inhabite betweene Numidia and Libya leade a most mise∣rable and distressed life 〈…〉〈…〉ring much in this regard from those Africans, whom we affirmed to dwell in Libya. Howbeit, they are farre more valiant then the said Africans, and vse common∣ly to exchange Camels in the land of Negros: they haue likewise great store of Horses, which in Europe they call Horses of Barbarie. They take wonderfull delight in hunting and pursuing of Deare, of wild As••es of Ostriches, and such like. Neither is here to be omitted, that the greater [ 10] part of Arabians which inhabite Numidia, are very witty and concerted in penning of verses; wherein each man will decypher his loue, his hunting, his combates, and other his worthy acts: and this is done for the most part in rime, after the Italian manner. And albeit they are most li∣berally minded, yet dare they not by bountifull giuing make any shew of wealth; for they are daily oppressed with manifold inconueniences. They are apparelled after the Numidians fashi∣on, * 1.106 sauing that their women differ somewhat from the women of Numidia. Those Desarts which they doe now enioy, were wont to be possessed by Africans: but the Arabians with their Armie inuading that part of Africa, draue out the naturall Numidians, and reserued the Desarts adioyning vpon the Land of Dates, vnto themselues: but the Numidians began to in∣habite * 1.107 those Desarts which border vpon the land of Negros. The Arabians which dwell be∣tweene [ 20] Mount Atlas and the Mediterran sea, are farre wealthier then these which wee now speake of, both for costlinesse of apparrell, for good horse-meate, and for the statelinesse and beau∣tie of their tents. Their Horses also are of better shape, and more corpulent, but not so swift as the Horses of the Numidian Desart. They exercise Husbandry, and haue great increase of corne. Their droues and flockes of Cattell be innumerable, insomuch that they cannot inhabit one by another for want of pasture. They are somewhat more vile and barbarous then those which in∣habit the Desarts, and yet they are not altogether destitute of liberalitie: part of them which dwel in the territory of Fez, are subiect vnto the King of Fez. Those which remaine in Marocco and Duccala haue continued this long time free from all exaction and tribute: but so soone as the King of Portugall began to beare rule ouer Azafi and Azamor, there began also among them * 1.108 [ 30] strife and ciuill warre. Wherefore being assailed by the King of Portugall on the one side, and by the King of Fez on the other, and being oppressed also with extreme famine and scarcitie of that yeere, they were brought vnto such misery, that they freely offered themselues as slaues vnto the Portugals, submitting themselues to any man, that was willing to relieue their intolerable hunger: and by this meanes scarce one of them was left in all Duccala.

Moreouer, those which possesse the Desarts bordering vpon the Kingdomes of Tremizen and Tunis, may all of them (in regard of the rest) be called Noblemen, and Gentlemen: For their Go∣uernours receiuing euery yeare great reuenues from the King of Tunis, diuide the same afterward among their people, to the end they may auoide all discord: and by this meanes all dissention is eschewed, and peace is kept firme and inuiolable among them. They haue notable dexteritie [ 40] and cunning, both in making of Tents, and in bringing vp and keeping of Horses. In Summer∣time they vsually come neere vnto Tunis, to the end that each man may prouide himself of bread, armour, and other necessaries; all which they carrie with them into the Desarts, remaining there the whole Winter. In the Spring of the yeare they apply themselues vnto hunting, inso∣much that no beast can escape their pursuite. My selfe (I remember) was once at their tents, to * 1.109 my no little danger and inconuenience, where I saw greater quantitie of Cloth, Brasse, ••ron, and Copper, then a man shall oftentimes find in the most rich ware-houses of some Cities. Howbeit no trust is to be giuen vnto them; for if occasion serue, they will play the thieues most slily and cunningly; notwithstanding, they seeme to carrie some shew of ciuilitie. They take great de∣light * 1.110 in Poetrie, and will pen most excellent verses, their language being very pure and elegant. If any worthy Poet be found among them, be is accepted by their Gouernours with great honor [ 50] and liberalitie; neither would any man easily belieue what wit and decencie is in their ver∣ses.

Their women (according to the guise of that countrie) goe very gorgeously attired: they * 1.111 weare linnen Gownes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 blacke, with exceeding wide sleeues, ouer which sometimes they cast a Ma〈…〉〈…〉e of the same colour, or of blew, the corners of whic•• Mantle are very artificially faste∣ned about their shoulders with a fine s••luer ••l••••pe. Likewise they haue rings hanging at their eares, which for the most part are made of sil••••r: they weare many rings also vpon their fingers. Moreouer, they vsually w••are about their thighes and ankles certaine scarfes and rings, after the fashion of the Africans. T••••y couer their faces with certaine maskes, hauing onely two 〈…〉〈…〉s for their eyes to peepe out at. If any man chance to meete with them, they prese〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 [ 60] their face••, pa〈…〉〈…〉ng 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wi〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉, ex••••pt it be some o•• their Allies or Kin〈…〉〈…〉; for vnto them 〈…〉〈…〉, neither is there any vse of the said maske ••o long as they be〈…〉〈…〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉. These 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 t••ey trauell any iourney (as they oftentim••s 〈◊〉〈◊〉) th••••

s••t their women vpon certaine saddles made handsomely of wicker for the same purpose, and fa••••ned to their Camels backes, neither be they any thing too wide, but fit onely for a woman to ••it in. When they goe to the wars, each man carries his wife with him, to the end that she may cheare vp her good man, and giue him encouragement. Their Damsels which are vnmarried, do vsually paint their faces, brests, armes, hands, and fingers with a kind of counterfeit colour: which is accounted a most decent custome amongst them. But this fashion was first brought in by those Arabians, which before we called Africans, what time they began first of all to inhabite that region; for before then, they neuer vsed any false or glozing colours. The women of Bar∣barie vse not this fond kind of painting, but contenting themselues onely with their naturall hiew, they regard not such fained ornaments: howbeit sometimes they will temper a certaine colour with hens-dung and safron, wherewithall they paint a little round spot on the bals of [ 10] their cheekes about the bredth of a French Crowne. Likewise betweene their eye-browes they make a triangle, and paint vpon their chinnes a patch like vnto an oliue leafe. Some of them al∣so doe paint their eye-browes: and this custome is very highly esteemed of by the Arabian Poets, and by the Gentlemen of that countrie. Howbeit, they will not vse these fantasticall or∣naments aboue two or three dayes together: all which time they will not bee seene to any of their friends, except it be to their husbands and children: for these paintings seeme to be great allurements vnto lust, whereby the said women thinke themselues more trim and beauti∣full.

The life of the Arabians in the Desarts betweene Barbarie and Egypt is full of miserie and ca∣lamitie: * 1.112 for the places where they inhabite, are barren and vnpleasant. They haue some [ 20] store of Camels and other Cattell: howbeit, their fodder is so scarce, that they cannot well sustaine them. Neither shall you find ouer all the whole region any place fit to beare corne. And if in that Desart there be any villages at all, which vse to husband and manure their ground; yet reape they small commoditie thereby, except it bee for plentifull increase of Dates. Their Camels and other of their Cattell, they exchange for Dates and Corne; and so the poore Hus∣bandmen of the foresaid villages haue some small recompence for their labours: notwithstan∣ding, how can all this satisfie the hunger of such a multitude? For you shall daily see in Sicilia great numbers of their sonnes laid to pawne; because when they haue not wherewithall to pay * 1.113 for the Corne which they there buy, they are constrained to leaue their sonnes behind them, as pledges of future payment. But the Sicilians, if their money bee not paid them at the time ap∣pointed, [ 30] will chalenge the Arabians sonnes to be their slaues. Which day being once past, if any father will redeeme his child, hee must disburse thrice or foure times so much as the due debt amounteth vnto: for which cause they are the most notable thieues in the whole world. If any * 1.114 stranger fall into their hands, depriuing him of all that he hath, they presently carry him to Si∣cily, and there either sell or exchange him for Corne. And I think, that no Merchants durst at any time within these hundred yeares arriue for traff••cks sake vpon any p••r•• of their coast. For when they are to passe by with merchandize, or about any other weightie affaires, they eschew that region fiue hundred miles at the least. Once I remember, that I my selfe, for my better securitie, and to a〈…〉〈…〉e the danger of those mischieuous people, went in companie with certaine Mer∣chants, who in three ships sailed along their coast. Wee were no sooner espied of them, but [ 40] forthwith they came running to the shore, making signes that they would traffiq••e with vs to our great aduantage. Howbeit, because we durst not repose any trust in them, none of our com∣panie would depart the ship, before they had deliuered certaine pledges vnto vs. Which being done, we bought certaine Eunuchs, or gelded men and good ••••ore of butter of them. And so im∣mediately weighing our ankers, we betooke vs to flight, fearing lest wee should haue been met withall by the Sicilian and Rhodian Pirates, and been spoiled not onely of our goods, but of our li∣berties also. To be short, the said Arabians are very rude, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, beggerly, leane, and hunger∣starued * 1.115 people hauing God (no doubt) alwaies displeased against them, by whose vengeance they daily s••staine such grieuous calamities.

You shall find many among the Africans which liue altogether a shepheards or drouers life, [ 50] inhabiting vpon the beginning of mount Atlas, and being ••••spe••sed here and there o••er the same Mountaine. They are constrained alwaies to pay tribute ei〈…〉〈…〉er to the King of the same region where they dwell, or else to the Arabians, except those onely which inhabite Temesna, who are free from all forren superioritie, and are of great power. They speake the same kind of lan∣guage that other Africans doe, except some few of them which conuerse with the inha∣bitants of the Citie called Vrbs (which is neere vnto Tunis) who speake the Arabian tongue. Moreouer, there is a certaine people inhabiting that region, which diuideth Nu∣midia from Tunis. These oftentimes wage warre against the King of Tunis himselfe. which they put in practice not many yeares since, when as the said King his sonne 〈…〉〈…〉arching towards [ 60] them from Constantina with an Armie, for the demanding of such tribute as was due vnto him, * 1.116 fought a verie vnfortunate battell. For no sooner were they adu〈…〉〈…〉tised of the Kings sonne his approach, but forthwith they went to meete him with two thousand Horsemen, and at length vanquished and slew him at vnawares, carrying home with them all the furniture, bag,

and baggage, which he had brought forth. And this was done in the yeere of Mahumets He∣geira 915. From that time their Fame hath beene spred abroad in all places. Yea, many of the King of Tunis his Subiects reuolted from their King vnto them; insomuch that the Prince of this People is growne so p〈…〉〈…〉ssant, that scarcely is his equall to be found in all Africa.

The ancient Africans were much addicted to Idolatrie, euen as certaine of the Persians are at * 1.117 this day; some of whom worship the Sunne, and others the Fire, for their gods. For the said Africans had in times past magnificent and most stately Temples built, and dedicated as well to the honour of the Sunne as of the Fire. In these Temples day and night they kept Fire kind∣led, giuing diligent heed that it might not at any time be extinguished, euen as we reade of the Roman Vestall Virgins: all which you may reade more fully and at large in the Persian and Afri∣can [ 10] Chronicles. Those Africans which inhabited Libya and Numidia, would each of them wor∣ship some certaine Planet, vnto whom likewise they offered Sacrifices and Prayers. Some o∣thers of the Land of Negros worship Guighimo, that is to say, The Lord of Heauen. And this sound point of Religion was not deliuered vnto them by any Prophet or Teacher, but was in∣spired, as it were, from God himselfe. After that, they embraced the Iewish Law, wherein they are said to haue continued many yeeres. Afterward they professed the Christian Religion, and continued Christians, vntill such time as the Mahumetan Superstition preuailed; which came to passe in the yeere of the Hegeira 208. About which time certaine of Mahumets disci∣ples so bewitched them with eloquent and deceiuable speeches, that they allured their weake minds to consent vnto their opinion; insomuch that all the Kingdomes of the Negroes adioy∣ning [ 20] vnto Libya receiued the Mahumetan Law. Neither is there any Region in all the Negros * 1.118 Land, which hath in it at this day any Christians at all. At the same time such as were found to be Iewes, Christians, or of the African Religion, were slaine euery man of them. Howbeit those which dwell neere vnto the Ocean Sea, are all of them very grosse Idolaters. Howbeit af∣terward, ciuill dissensions arising among them, neglecting the Law of Mahumet, they slew all the Priests and Gouernours of that Region. Which tumult when it came to the eares of the Mahumetan Cal••fas, they sent an huge Armie against the said Rebels of Barbarie, to wit, those which were reuolted from the Califa of Bagdet, and seuerely punished their misde∣meanour.

Those Writers which record the Histories of the Arabians doings are all ioyntly of opinion, [ 30] that the Africans were wont to vse onely the Latine letters. The Arabians haue no Historie * 1.119 of African matters, which was not first written in Latine. They haue certaine ancient Authors, who writ partly in the times of the Arrians, and partly before their times, the names of all which are cleane forgotten. But when as those which rebelled against the Califa of Bagdet (as is aforesaid) got the vpper hand in Africa, they burnt all the Africans bookes. For they were of opinion, that the Africans, so long as they had any knowledge of Naturall Philosophie, or of other good Arts and Sciences, would euery day more and more arrogantly contemne the Law of Mahumet. Contrariwise, some Historiographers there are which affirme, that the Afri∣cans had a kind of letters peculiar vnto themselues; which notwithstanding, from the time wherein the Italians began first to inhabite Barbarie, and wherein the Christians fleeing out of [ 40] Italie from the Gothes, began to subdue those Prouinces of Africa, were vtterly abolished and taken away. For it is likely that a People vanquished should follow the customes and the let∣ters also of their Conquerours. And did not the same thing happen to the Persians, while the Arabians Empire stood? For certaine it is, that the Persians at the same time lost those letters which were peculiar vnto their Nation; and that all their bookes, by the commandement of the Mahumetan Prelates, were burnt; least their knowledge in naturall Philosophie, or their or their idolatrous Religion might mooue them to contemne the precepts of Mahumet. The like also (as we shewed before) befell the Barbarians, when as the Italians and the Gothes vsur∣ped their Dominions in Barbarie; which may here (I hope) suffice the gentle Reader. Howbe∣it this is out of doubt, that all the Sea-Cities and Inland-Cities of Barbarie doe vse Latine let∣ters onely, whensoeu••r they will commit any Epitaphs, or any other Verses or Prose vnto po∣steritie. [ 50] The consideration of all which former particulars hath made me to be of opinion, that the Africans in times past had their owne proper and peculiar letters, wherein they described their doings and exploits. For it is likely that the Romans, when they first subdued those Pro∣uinces as C〈…〉〈…〉querours vsually doe) vtterly spoiled and tooke away all their letters and memo∣rie, and established their owne letters in the stead thereof; to the end that the fame and h••∣n••ur of the Roman P••ople might there onely be continued. And who knoweth not that the very same attempt was practised by the Gothes vpon the stately building of the Romans, and by the Arabians a••a••n•• the Monuments of the Persians. Concerning those nine hundred ye••rs, wherein the Afric••n vsed the letters of the Arabians, Ibnu Rachich, a mo•••• diligent Writ••r of Africa, oth in his Chronicle most largely dispute; whether the Africans euer had any p〈…〉〈…〉 [ 60] kind or writing or no. And at last he concludeth the aff••rmatiue part; that th••y had: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (sayt•• he) who〈…〉〈…〉er 〈…〉〈…〉yeth this, may as well d••nye, that they had a Language•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto themselues. For it cannot be that any People should haue a proper kind of Spe〈…〉〈…〉, and

yet should vse letters borrowed from other Nations, and being altogether vnfit for their Mother∣language.

All the Region of Barbarie, and the Mountaines contained therein, are subiect more to cold * 1.120 then to heat. For seldome commeth any gale of wind which bringeth not some Snow therwith. In all the said Mountaines there grow abundance of Fruits, but not so great plentie of Corne. The Inhabitants of these Mountaines liue for the greatest part of the yeere vpon Barley Bread. The Springs and Riuers issuing forth of the said Mountaines, representing the qualitie and taste of their natiue soyle, are somewhat muddie and impure, especially vpon the confines of Mau∣ritania. These Mountaines likewise are replenished with Woods and loftie Trees, and are great∣ly stored with Beasts of all kinds. But the little Hills and Valleys lying betweene the foresaid [ 10] Mountaines and Mount Atlas are farre more commodious, and abounding with Corne. For they are moistened with Riuers springing out of Atlas, and from thence holding on their course to the Mediterran Sea. And albeit Woods are somewhat more scarce vpon these Plaines, yet are they much more fruitfull, then be the plaine Countreys situate betweene Atlas and the O∣cean Sea, as namely, the Regions of Maroco, of Duccala, of Tedles, of Temesna, of Azgara, and the Countrey lying towards the Straights of Gibraltar. The Mountaines of Atlas are excee∣ding * 1.121 cold and barren, and bring forth but small store of Corne, being woody on all sides, and en∣gendring almost all the Riuers of Africa. The Fountaines of Atlas are euen in the midst of Summer extremely cold; so that if a man dippeth his hand therein for any long space, he is in great danger of losing the same. Howbeit the said Mountaines are not so cold in all places: for some parts thereof are of such milde temperature, that they may be right commodiously in∣habited: [ 20] yea, and sundry places thereof are well stored with inhabitants; as in the second part of this present discourse we will declare more at large. Those places which are destitute of Inhabitants be either extremely cold, as namely, the same which lie ouer against Maurita∣nia: or very rough and vnpleasant, to wit, those which are directly opposite to the Region of Temesna. Where notwithstanding in Summer time they may feed their great and small Cattell, but not in Winter by any meanes. For then the North wind so furiously rageth, bringing with it such abundance of Snow; that all the Cattell which till then remaine vpon the said Moun∣taines and a great part of the People also are forced to lose their liues in regard thereof: where∣fore whosoeuer hath any occasion to trauaile that way in Winter time, chuseth rather to take his Iourney betweene Mauritania and Numidia. Those Merchants which bring Dates out of [ 30] Numidia for the vse and seruice of other Nations, set forth vsually vpon their Iourney about the * 1.122 end of October: and yet they are oftentimes so oppressed and ouertaken with a sodaine fall of Snow, that scarcely one man among them all escapeth the danger of the tempest. For when it beginneth to snow ouer night, before the next morning not onely Carts and Men, but euen the very Trees are so drowned and ouerwhelmed therein, that it is not possible to finde any men∣tion of them. Howbeit the dead Carkasses are then found, when the Sunne hath melted the Snow.

I my selfe also, by the goodnesse of Almightie GOD, twice escaped the most dreadfull dan∣ger of the foresaid Snow; whereof, if it may not be tedious to the Reader, I will here in few * 1.123 words make relation. Vpon a certaine day of the foresaid moneth of October, trauelling with a [ 40] great companie of Merchants towards Atlas, wee were there about the Sunne going downe weather-beaten with a most cold and snowy kind of Hayle. Here we found eleuen or twelue Horse-men (Arabians to our thinking) who perswading vs to leaue our Carts and to goe with them, promised vs a good and secure place to lodge in. For mine owne part, that I might not seeme altogether vnciuill, I thought it not meet to refuse their good offer; albeit I stood in doubt lest they went about to practise some mischiefe. Wherefore I bethought my selfe to hide vp a certaine summe of gold which I had as then about me. But all being readie to ride, I had no leasure to hide away my Coyne from them; whereupon I fained that I would goe ease my selfe. And so departing a while their companie, and getting me vnder a certaine Tree, whereof I tooke diligent notice, I buried my money betweene certaine stones and the roote of the said [ 50] Tree. And then we rode on quietly till about mid-night. What time one of them thinking that he had stayed long enough for his Prey, began to vtter that in words which secretly he had conceiued in his mind. For he asked whether I had any money about me or no? To whom I answered, that I had left my money behind with one of them which attended the Carts, and that I had then none at all about me. Howbeit they being no whit satisfied with this answer, commanded me, for all the cold weather, to strip my selfe out of mine apparell. At length when they could find no money at all, they said in iesting and scoffing wife, that they did this for no other purpose, but onely to see how strong and hardy I was, and how I could endure the cold and tempestuous season. Well, on we rode, seeking our way as well as wee could that darke [ 60] and dismall night; and anone we heard the bleating of Sheepe, coniecturing thereby, that wee were not faire distant from some habitation of people. Wherefore out of hand we directed our course thitherwards: being constrained to leade our Horses thorow thicke Woods, and ouer steepe and craggie Rockes, to the great hazard and perill of our liues. And at length after many

labours, wee found Shepheards in a certaine Caue: who, hauing with much paines brought their Cattell in there, had kindled a lustie fire for themselues, which they were constrained, by rea∣son of the extreme cold, daily to sit by. Who vnderstanding our companie to be Arabians, fea∣red at the first that we would doe them some mischiefe: but afterward being perswaded that we were driuen thither by extremitie of cold, and being more secure of vs, they gaue vs most friendly entertainment. For they set bread, flesh, and cheese before vs, wherewith hauing ended our Suppers, we laid vs along each man to sleep before the fire. All of vs were as yet exceeding cold, but especially my selfe, who before with great horrour and trembling was stripped starke naked. And so we continued with the said shepheards for the space of two dayes: all which time we could not set forth, by reason of continuall Snow. But the third day, so soone as they [ 10] saw it leaue snowing, with great labour they began to remooue that Snow which lay before * 1.124 the doore of their Caue. Which done, they brought vs to our Horses, which wee found well prouided of Hay in another Caue. Being all mounted, the shepheards accompanied vs some part of our way, shewing vs where the Snow was of least depth, and yet euen there it touched our Horse bellies. This day was so cleere, that the Sunne tooke away all the cold of the two dayes going before.

At length entring into a certaine Village neere vnto Fez, wee vnderstood, that our Carts which passed by, were ouer-whelmed with the Snow. Then the Arabians seeing no hope of re∣compence for all the paines they had taken (for they had defended our Carts from Theeues) * 1.125 carryed a certaine Iew of our Companie with them as their Captiue, (who had lost a great quantitie of Dates, by reason of the Snow aforesaid) to the end that he might remayne as their [ 20] Prisoner, till he had satisfied for all the residue. From my selfe they tooke my Horse, and com∣mitted me vnto the wide World and to Fortune. From whence, riding vpon a Mule, within three daies I arriued at Fez, where I heard dolefull newes of our Merchants and Wares, that they were cast away in the Snow. Yea, they thought that I had beene destroyed with the rest; but it seemed that God would haue it otherwise.

Now, hauing finished the Historie of mine owne misfortunes, let vs returne vnto that Dis∣course where we left. Beyond Atlas there are certaine hot and dry places moystened with very few Riuers, but those which flow out of Atlas it selfe: some of which Riuers running into the Libyan Desarts are dryed vp with the Sands, but others do ingender Lakes. Neither shall you find * 1.126 in these Countreyes any places apt to bring forth Corne, notwithstanding they haue Dates in abundance. [ 30]

There are also certaine other Trees bearing fruit, but in so small quantitie, that no increase nor gaine is to be reaped by them. You may see likewise in those parts of Numidia which bor∣der vpon Libya, certaine barren hils destitute of Trees, vpon the lower parts whereof grow no∣thing but vnprofitable thornes and shrubs. Amongst these Mountaines you shall find no Riuers nor Springs, nor yet any waters at all, except it be in certaine Pits and Wels almost vnknowne vnto the Inhabitants of that Region. Moreouer, in sixe or seuen dayes iourney they haue not one drop of water, but such as is brought vnto them by certaine Merchants vpon Camels backs. And that especially in those places which lye vpon the mayne Road from Fez to Tombuto or from Tremizen to * 1.127 Agad. That iourney likewise is very dangerous which is of late found out by the Merchants of our dayes from Fez to Alcair ouer the Desarts of Libya, were it not for an huge Lake in the way, vpon the bankes whereof the Sinites and the Goranites doe inhabit. [ 40] But in the way which leadeth from Fez to Tombuto are certaine Pits enuironed either with the hides or bones of Camels. Neither doe the Merchants in Sommer time passe that way without * 1.128 great danger of their liues: for oftentimes it falleth out, when the South-wind bloweth, that all those Pits are stopped vp with sand. And so the Merchants when they can find neither those Pits, nor any mention thereof, must needs perish for extreame thirst: whose carkasses are after∣ward found lying scattered here and there, and scorched with the heat of the Sunne. One re∣medie they haue in this case, which is very strange: for when they are so grieuously oppressed * 1.129 with thirst, they kill forth-with some one of their Camels, out of whose bowels they wring and expresse some quantitie of water, which water they drinke and carrie about with them, till [ 50] they haue either found some Pit of water, or till they pine away for thirst. In the Desart which they call Azaoad, there are as yet extant two Monuments built of Marble, vpon which Mar∣ble is an Epitaph engrauen, signifying that one of the said Monuments represented a most ri••h Merchant, and the other a Carrier or transporter of Wares. Which wealthfull Mer∣chant bought of the Carri••r a cup of water for ten thousand Ducats, and yet this precious * 1.130 water could suffice neither of them; for both were consumed with thirst. This Desart likewise contayneth sundry kinds of beasts, which in the fourth part of this Discourse concerning Libya, and in our Treatise of the b••asts of Africa, we will discourse of more at large.

The Land of Negros is extreame hot, hauing some store of moysture also, by reason of the Ri∣uer, [ 60] of Niger running through the midst thereof. All places adioyning vpon Niger doe mighti∣ly abound both with Cattell and Corne. No Trees I saw there but only certaine great ones, bearing a kind of bitter fruit like vnto a Chestnut, which in their Language is called Goron.

Likewise in the same Regions grow Cocos, Cucumbers, Onions, and such kinde of herbs and fruits in great abundance. * 1.131

There are no Mountaines at all either in Libya or in the Land of Negros: howbeit diuers Fennes and Lakes there are; which (as men report) the inundation of Niger hath left behind it. Neither are the woods of the said Regions altogether destitute of Elephants and other strange beasts; whereof we will make relation in their due place.

Throughout the greatest part of Barbarie stormie and cold weather begin commonly about * 1.132 the midst of October. But in December and Ianuary the cold groweth some-what more sharpe in all places: howeit this happeneth in the morning onely, but so gently and remissely, that no man careth greatly to warme himselfe by the fire. February some-what mitigateth the cold of [ 10] Winter, but that so inconstantly, that the weather changeth sometime fiue and sometime sixe times in one day. In March the North and West winds vsually blow, which cause the Trees to be adorned with blossomes. In April all fruits attaine to their proper forme and shape, insomuch that Cherries are commonly ripe about the end of of Aprill and the beginning of May. In the midst of May they gather their figs: and in mid-Iune their Grapes are ripe in many places. Likewise their Peares, their sweete Quinces, and their Damascens attayne vnto sufficient ripenesse in the monethes of Iune and Iuly. Their Figs of Autumne may be gathered in August; howbeit they neuer haue so great plentie of Figs and Peaches, as in September. By the midst of August they vsually begin to dry their Grapes in the Sunne, whereof they make Rasins. Which if they can∣not finish in September, by reason of vnseasonable weather, of their Grapes as then vngathered [ 20] they vse to make Wine and Must, especially in the Prouince of Rifa, as wee will in due place signifie more at large. In the midst of October they take in their Honey, and gather their Pom∣granates * 1.133 and Q••inces. In Nouember they gather their Oliues, not climing vp with L〈…〉〈…〉ders nor plucking them with their hands, according to the custome of Europe; for the Trees of Mau∣ritania and Caesarea are so tall, that no Ladder is long enough to reach vnto the fruit. And there∣fore their Oliues being full ripe, they climbe the Trees, beating them off the boughes with cer∣taine long Poles, albert they know this kind of beating to be most hurtfull vnto the said Trees. Sometimes they haue great plentie of Ol••ues in Africa, and sometimes as great s••arcicie. Cer∣taine great Oliue-trees there are, the Oliues whereof are eaten ripe by the Inhabitants because they are not so fit for Oyle. No yeare f••ls out to be so vnseasonal le, but that they haue three [ 30] * 1.134 monethes in the spring alwayes temperate.

They begin their spring vpon the fifteenth day of February, accounting the eighteenth of * 1.135 May, for the end thereof: all which time they haue most pleasant weather. But if from the fiue and twentieth of Aprill, to the fifth of May they haue no raine fall, they take it as a signe of ill lucke. And the raine-water which falleth all the time aforesaid they call Naisan, that is, wa∣ter blessed of God. Some store it vp in Vessels, most religiously keeping it, as an holy thing. Their Summer lasteth till the sixteenth of August; all which time they haue most hot and cleere wea∣ther. Except perhaps some showres of raine fall in Iuly and August, which doe so infect the Aire, that great plague and most pestilent Feuers ensue thereupon; with which plague whoso euer is infected, most hardly escapeth death. Their Autumne they reckon from the seuenteenth [ 40] of August to the sixteenth of Nouember; hauing commonly in the monethes of August and September not such extreme heate as before. Howbeit all the time betweene the fifteenth of August and the fifteenth of September is called by them the furnace of the whole yeare, for that it bringeth Figs. Quinces, and such kind of fruits to their full maturitie. From the fifteenth of Nouember they beginne their winter-season, continuing the same till the fourteenth day of February. So soone as Winter commeth they begin to till their ground which lyeth in the Plaines: but vpon the Mountaines they goe to plough in October. The Africans are most cer∣tainly * 1.136 perswaded that euery yeare contayneth fortie extreme hot dayes, beginning vpon the twelfth of Iune; and againe so many dayes extreme cold, beginning from the twelfth of De∣cember. Their Aequinoctia are vpon the sixteenth of March, and the sixteenth of September [ 50] For their Solstitia they account the sixteenth of Iune and the sixteenth of December. These rules they doe most strictly obs••rue, as well Husbandrie and Nauigation, as in searching out the houses and true places of the Planets: and these instructions, with other such like they teach their young children first of all.

Many Countrey-people and Husbandmen there be in Africa, who knowing (as they say) ne∣uer * 1.137 a Letter of the Booke, will notwithstanding most learnedly dispute of Astrologie, and al∣leage most profound reasons and arguments for themselues. But whatsoeuer skill they haue in the Art of Astrologie, they first learned the same of the Latines: yea, they giue those very names vnto their Moneths which the Lati••es doe.

Moreouer, they haue extant among them a certaine great Booke diuided into three Volumes, [ 60] which they call. The Treasurie or Store-house of Husbandry. This Booke was then translated out of Latine into their Tongue, when Mansor was Lord of Granada. In the said Treasurie are all things contayned which may seeme in any wise to concerne Husbandry; as namely, the

changes and varietie of times, the manner of sowing, with a number of such like particulars, which (I thinke) at this day the Latine Tongue it selfe, whereout these things were first transla∣ted, doth not contayne. Whatsoe••er either the Africans or the Mahumetans haue, which see∣meth to appertaine in any wise to their Law or Religion, they make their computation thereof altogether according to the course of the Moone.

Their yeare is diuided into three hundred fiftie foure dayes: for vnto sixe Monethes they al∣lot thirtie dayes, and vnto the other sixe but nine and twentie, all which beeing added into one * 1.138 samme doe produce the number aforesaid: wherefore their yeare differeth eleuen daies from the yeare of the Latines. They haue at diuers times Festiuall Dayes and Faits.

About the end of Autumne, for all Winter, and a great part of the Spring they are troubled * 1.139 [ 10] with boysterous winds, with Haile, with terrible Thunder and Lightening: yea then it snow∣eth much in some places of Barbarie. The Easterne, Southerne, and South-easterne winds blow∣ing in May and Iune, doe very much hurt there: for they spoyle the Corne, and hinder the fruit from comming to ripenesse. Their Corne I kewise is greatly appayred by Snow, especial∣ly * 1.140 such as falleth in the day time, when it beginneth to flowre. Vpon the Mountaynes of At∣las they diuide the yeare into two parts onely: for their Winter continueth from October to Aprill; and from Aprill to October they account it Summer: neither is there any day through∣out the whole yeare, wherein the tops of those Mountaines are not couered with Snow. In Nu∣midia, the yeare runneth away very swiftly: for they reape their Corne in May, and in Octo∣ber they gather their Dates: but from the midst of September, they haue Winter till the be∣ginning [ 20] of Ianuarie. But if September falleth out to be raynie, they are like to lose most part of their Dates.

All the fields of Numidia require watering from the Riuers; but if the Mountaynes of At∣las haue no raine fall vpon them, the Numidian Riuers waxe dry, and so the fields are de••••itute of wat••ring. October being destitute of raine, the Husbandman hath no hope to cast his seed into the ground: and he despayreth likewise, if it raine not in Aprill. But their Dates prosper more without raine, whereof the Numidians haue greater plentie then of Corne. For albeit they haue some store of Corne, yet can it scarcely suffice them for halfe the yeere. Howbeit, if they haue good increase of Dates, they cannot want abundance of Corne, which is sold vnto them by the Arabians for Dates. If in the Libyan Desarts there fall out change of weather about the [ 30] midst of October; and if it continue rayning there all December, Ianuary, and some part of Fe∣bruary, it is wonderfull what abundance of grasse and milke, it bringeth forth. Then may you find diuers Lakes in all places, and many Fennes throughout Libya; wherefore this is the mee∣test time for the Barbarie Merchants to trauell to the Land of Negros. Heere all kind of fruits grow sooner ripe, if they haue moderate showers about the end of Iuly. Moreouer, the Land of Negros receiueth by raine neither any benefit, nor yet any dammage at all. For the Riuer Niger together with the water which falleth from certaine Mountaynes doth so moysten their grounds, that no places can be deuised to be more fruitfull: for that which Nilus is to Egypt, the same is Niger to the Land of Negros: for it increaseth like Nilus from the fifteenth of ••une the * 1.141 space of fortie dayes after, and for so many againe it decreaseth. And so at the increase of Ni∣ger [ 40] when all places are ouer-flowne with water, a man may in a Barke passe ouer all the Land of Negros, albeit not without great perill of drowning; as in the fift part of this Treatise we will declare more at large.

All the people of Barbarie by vs before mentioned liue vnto sixtie ••••ue or seuentie yeares of * 1.142 age, and few or none exceed that number. Howbeit in the foresaid Mountaynes I saw some which had li••ed an hundred yeares, and others which affirmed themselues to bee older, whose age was most healthfull and l••stie. Yea, some you shall find heere of foures••••re yeares of age, who are sufficiently strong and able to exercise Husbandy, to dresse Vines, and to serue in the Warres; insomuch that yong men are oftentimes inferiour vnto them. In Numidia, that is to * 1.143 say, in the Land of Dates, they liue a long time: howbeit they lose their Teeth very soone, and their Eyes waxe wonderfull dimme. Which infirmities are likely to be incident vnto them, first [ 50] because they continually feed vpon Dates, the sweetnesse and naturall qualitie whereof doth by little and little pull out their Teeth: and secondly, the dust and sand, which is tossed vp and downe the Ayre with Easterne windes entring into their Eyes, doth at last miserably weaken and spoile their eye-sight. The Inhabitants of Libya are of a shorter life; but those which are most strong and healthfull among them liue oftentimes till they come to three••••ore yeares; albeit they are slender and leane of bodie.

The Negros commonly liue the shortest time of all the rest: howbeit they are alwayes strong * 1.144 and lustie, hauing their Teeth sound euen till their dying day: yet is there no Nation vnder Hea∣uen more prone to Venery; vnto which vice also the Libyans and Numidians are too too much ad∣dicted. To be short, t••e Barbarians are the weakest people of them all. [ 60]

The children, and sometimes the ancient women of this Region are subiect vnto ••aldnesse or vnnaturall shedding of haire; which disease they can hardly be cured of. They are likewise of∣tentimes troubled with the head-ache, which vsually afflicteth them without any ague ioyned

therewith. Many of them are tormented with the tooth-ache, which (as some thinke) they are the more subiect vnto, because immediately after hot pottage they drinke cold water. They are oftentimes vexed with extreame paine of the stomacke, which ignorantly they call, the paine of the heart. They are likewise daily molested with inward gripings and infirmities ouer their whole bodie, which is thought to proceed of continuall drinking of water. Yea, they are much subiect vnto bone-aches and gowts, by reason that they sit commonly vpon the bare ground, and neuer weare any shooes vpon their feet. Their chiefe Gentlemen and Noblemen proue gowtie oftentimes with immoderate drinking of Wine and eating of daintie meates. Some with eating of Oliues, Nuts, and such course fare, are for the most part infected with the Scuruies.

Those which are of a sanguine complexion are greatly troubled with the cough, because that [ 10] in the Sprin-season they sit too much vpon the ground. And vpon Fridayes I had no small sport and recreation to goe and see them. For vpon this day the people flocke to Church in great numbers to heare their Mahumetan Sermons. Now if any one in the Sermon-time f••ls a nee∣zing, all the whole multitude will neeze with him for company, and so they make such a noise, * 1.145 that they neuer leaue, till the Sermon be quite done; so that a man shall reape but little know∣ledge by any of their Sermons.

If any of Barbarie be infected with the Disease commonly called the French Poxe, they dye thereof for the most part, and are seldome cured. This Disease beginneth with a kinde of an∣guish and swelling, and at length breaketh out into Sores. Ouer the Mountaines of Atlas, and * 1.146 throughout all Numidia and Libya they scarcely know this Disease. Insomuch that oftentimes [ 20] the parties infected trauell forth-with into Numidia or the land of Negros, in which places the Aire is so temperate, that onely by remayning there they recouer their perfect health, and re∣turne home sound into their owne Countrey: which I saw many doe with mine owne eyes; who, without the helpe of any Physician or Medicine, except the foresaid holsome aire, were re∣stored to their former health. Not so much as the name of this malady was euer known vnto the Africans, before Ferdinand the King of Castile expelled all Iewes out of Spaine; after the returne of which Iewes into Africa, certaine vnhappie and lewd people lay with their Wiues; and so at * 1.147 length the Disease spread from one to another, ouer the whole Region: insomuch that scarce a∣ny one Family was free from the same. Howbeit, this they were most certainly perswaded of, that the same Disease came first from Spaine; wherefore they (for want of a better name) doe [ 30] call it, The Spanish Poxe. Notwithstanding at Tunis and ouer all Italy, it is called the French Disease. It is so called likewise in Aegypt and Syria: for there it is vsed as a common Prouerbe * 1.148 of Cursing; The French Poxe take you. Amongst the Barbarians the Disease called in Latine Hernia is not so common; but in Aegypt the people are much troubled therewith. For some of the Aegyptians haue their Cods oftentimes so swollen, as it is incredible to report. Which in∣firmitie is thought to be so common among them, because they eate so much Gumme, and Salt Cheese. Some of their children are subiect vnto the falling sicknesse; but when they grow to any stature, they are free from that Disease. This falling sicknesse likewise possesseth the women of Barbarie, and of the Land of Negros; who, to excuse it, say that they are taken with a Spirit. In Barbarie the Plague is rife euery tenth, fifteenth, or twentieth yeare, whereby great numbers [ 40] of people are consumed; for they haue no cure for the same, but onely to rub the Plague-sore with certaine Ointments made of Armenian Earth.

In Numidia they are infected with the Plague scarce once in an hundred yeares. And in the * 1.149 Land of Negros they k••••w not the name of this Disease: because they neuer were subiect thereunto.

Those Arabians which inhabit in Barbarie or vpon the Coast of the Mediterran Sea, are greatly addicted vnto the studie of good Arts and Sciences: and those things which concerne their Law and Religion are esteemed by them in the first place. Moreouer, they haue beene heretofore most studious of the Mathematikes, of Philosophie, and of Astrologie: but these Arts (as it is aforesaid) were foure hundred yeares agoe, vtterly destroyed and taken away by [ 50] the chiefe Professors of their Law. The Inhabitants of Cities doe most religiously obserue and reuerence those things which appertaine vnto their Religion: yea, they honour those Doctors and Priests, of whom they learne their Law, as if they were pettie gods. Their Churches they frequent very diligently, to the end they may repeat certaine prescript and formall Praiers; most superstitiously perswading themselues that the same day wherein they make their praiers, it is not lawfull for them to wash certaine of their members, when as at other times they will wash their whole bodies.

Moreouer those which inhabit Barbarie, are of great cunning and dexteritie for building and for Mathematicall Inuentions, which a man may easily coniecture by their artificiall Workes. [ 60] Most honest people they are, and destitute of all fraud and guile; not onely imbracing all im∣plicitie and truth, but also practising the same throughout the whole course of their liues: albeit certaine Latine Authors, which haue written of the same Regions, are farre otherwise of opini∣on. Likewise they are most strong and valiant people, especially those which dwell vpon the

Mountaines. They keepe their couenant most faithfully; insomuch that they had rather dye then * 1.150 breake promise.

No Nation in the World is so subiect vnto Iealousie; for they will rather lose their liues, then put vp any disgrace in the behalfe of their women. So desirous they are of Riches and Honour, that therein no other people can go beyond them. They trauel in a manner ouer the whole World to exercise Traffike. For they are continually to be seene in Aegypt, in Aethiopia, in Arabia, Persia, India, and Turkie: and whithersoeuer they goe, they are most honourably esteemed of: for none of them will professe any Art, vnlesse hee hath attained vnto great exactnesse and perfection therein. They haue alwayes beene much delighted with all kind of ciuilitie and modest behaui∣our: and it is accounted hainous among them for any man to vtter in companie, any Bawdie or * 1.151 [ 10] vnseemely word. They haue alwayes in mind this sentence of a graue Author; Giue place to thy Su∣periour. If any youth in presence of his Father, his Vncle, or any other of his Kindred, doth sing or talke ought of loue matters, he is deemed to be worthy of grieuous punishment. Whatsoe∣uer Lad or Youth there lighteth by chance into any companie which discourseth of Loue, no sooner heareth nor vnderstandeth what their talke tendeth vnto, but immediately he withdraw∣eth himselfe from among them.

Those Arabians which dwell in Tents, that is to say, which bring vp Cattell, are of a more * 1.152 liberall and ciuill disposition: to wit, they are in their kind as deuout, valiant, patient, courte∣ous, hospitall, and as honest in life and conuersation as any other people. They be most faithfull obseruers of their word and promise: insomuch that the people, which before we said to dwell in the Mountaines, are greatly stirred vp with emulation of their Vertues. Howbeit the said [ 20] Mountainers, both for Learning, for Vertue, and for Religion, are thought much inf••riour to the Numidians; albeit they haue little or no knowledge at all in naturall Philosophie. They are reported likewise to be most skilfull Warriours, to be valiant, and exceeding louers and practi∣sers of all humanitie. Also, the Moores and Arabians inhabiting Libya are somewhat ciuill of behauiour, being plaine dealers, void of dissimulation, fauourable to Strangers, and louers of Simplicitie.

Those which we before named white, or tawnie Moores, are most stedfast in friendship: as likewise they indifferently and fauourably esteeme of other Nations: and wholy indeauour themselues in this one thing, namely, that they may leade a most pleasant and iocund life. More∣ouer, they maintaine most learned Professors of liberall Arts, and such men as are most deuout in their Religion. Neither is there any people in all Africa that lead a more happie and honou∣rable [ 30] life.

Neuer was there any people or Nation so perfectly endued with vertue, but that they had * 1.153 their contrary faults and blemishes: now therefore let vs consider, whether the vices of the A∣fricans doe surpasse their vertues and good parts. Those which we named the Inhabitants of the Cities of Barbarie, are somewhat needie and couetous being also very proud and high-minded, and wonderfully addicted vnto wrath; insomuch that (according to the Prouerbe) they will deeply engraue in Marble any iniurie be it neuer so small, and will in no wise blot it out of their membrance. So rasticall they are and void of good manners, that scarcely can any stranger ob∣taine * 1.154 their familiaritie and friendship. Their wits are but meane, and they are so credulous, that they will beleeue matters impossible, which are told them. So ignorant are they of natu∣rall [ 40] Philosophie, that they imagine all the effects and operations of nature to be extraordinarie and diuine.

They obserue no certaine order of liuing nor of Lawes. Abounding exceedingly with cho∣ler, they speake alwayes with an angry and lowd voice. Neither shall you walke in the day∣time * 1.155 in any of their streets, but you shall see commonly two or three of them together by the eares. By nature they are a vile and base people, being no better accounted of by their Gouer∣nours then if they were Dogges. They haue neither Iudges nor Lawyers, by whose wisdome and counsell they ought to be directed. They are vtterly vnskilfull in Trades of Merchandize, being destitute of Bankers Money-changers: wherefore a Merchant can doe nothing among them in his absence, but is himselfe constrayned to goe in person, whithersoeuer his Wares are [ 50] carryed. No people vnder Heauen are more addicted vnto couetise then this Nation: neither is there (I thinke) to be found among them one of an hundred, who for courtesie, humanitie, or * 1.156 deuotions sake, will vouchsafe any entertainment vpon a stranger. Mindfull they haue alwayes beene of iniuries, but most forgetfull of benefits. Their mindes are perpetually possessed with * 1.157 vexation and strife, so that they will seldome or neuer shew themselues tractable to any man; the cause whereof is supposed to be; for that they are so greedily addicted vnto their filthy lu∣cre, that they neuer could attayne vnto any kind of ciuilitie or good behauiour.

The Shepheards of that Region liue a miserable, t••yls••me, wretched and beggerly life: they * 1.158 [ 60] are a rude people, and (as a man may say) borne and b••ed to heft, deceit, and brutish manners. Their young men may goe a wooing to diuers M••••des, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 s••••h time as they haue sped of a wife. Yea, the father of the Maide most friendly welcommeth her Suiter; so that I thinke scarce any * 1.159 Noble or Gentleman among them can chuse a Virgine for his Spouse: albeit, so soone as any

woman is married, she is quite forsaken of all her Suiters; who then seeke out other new Para∣mours for their liking. Concerning their Religion, the greater part of these people are neither * 1.160 Mahumetans, Iewes, nor Christians; and hardly shall you find so much as a sparke of Pietie in any of them. They haue no Churches at all, nor any kind of Prayers, but being vtterly estranged from all godly deuotion, they leade a sauage and beastly life: and if any man chanceth to bee of a bet∣ter disposition (because they haue no Law-giuers nor Teachers among them) hee is constrained to follow the example of other mens liues and manners.

All the Numidians being most ignorant of Naturall, Domesticall, and Common-wealth * 1.161 matters, are principally addicted vnto Treason, Trecherie, Murther, Theft and Robberie. This Nation, because it is most slauish, will right gladly accept of any seruice among the Barbarians, [ 10] be it neuer so vile or contemptible. For some will take vpon them to be Dung-farmers, others to be Scullions, some others to be Ostlers, and such like seruile Occupations. Likewise the In∣habitants of Libya liue a brutish kind of life; who neglecting all kinds of good Arts and Scien∣ces, doe wholy apply their minds vnto theft and violence. Neuer as yet had they any Religi∣on, any Lawes, or any good forme of liuing; but alwaies had, and euer will haue a most misera∣ble and distressed life. There cannot any trechery or villanie be inuented so damnable, which for lu••res sake they dare not attempt. They spend all their dayes either in most lewd practices, or in hunting, or else in warfare; neither we are they any shooes nor garments. The Negros like∣wise leade a beasily kind of life, being vtterly destitute of the vse of reason, of dexteritie of wit, and of all Arts. Yea, they so behaue themselues, as if they had continually liued in a For∣rest [ 20] among wild beasts. They haue great swarmes of Harlots among them; whereupon a man may easily coniecture their manner of liuing; except their conuersation perhaps bee somewhat more tolerable, who dwell in the principall Townes and Cities: for it is like that they are some∣what more addicted to Ciuilitie.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Why this part of the World was so named Africa. Iohn Leo, lib. ••.
• * 1.2

  Others di∣uide it from Asia by the Red Sea. As there was Asia proprie di∣cta. so likewise Africa was the name of the whole and of a special part; and that both amongst the Ancients, so (but in larger latent) with the African Authors and Iohn Leo. The borders of Africa.
• * 1.3

  Non,
• * 1.4

  The diuision of Africa. We 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cal all Africa which lyeth betweene the Red, Indian, Atlantike, and Mediterran Seas; ioyned with a necke of Land to A∣rabia.
• * 1.5

  Non.
• * 1.6

  The Riuer of Niger.
• * 1.7

  Aethiopia.
• * 1.8

  A diuision of the foure fore∣named parts of Africa.
• * 1.9

  Habat.
• * 1.10

  〈…〉〈…〉suz.
• * 1.11

  Tremizen.
• * 1.12

  The diuision of Numidia.
• * 1.13

  Tesset.
• * 1.14

  A discription of the Libyan Desarts, which lie betweene Numidia and the Land of Negros.
• * 1.15

  A diuision of the land of Ne∣gros into seue∣rall Kingdoms.
• * 1.16

  Iohn Leo tra∣uelled ouer fifteene King∣domes of the land of Negros.
• * 1.17

  Cairo.
• * 1.18

  About the yeere 2526.
• * 1.19

  Of the habita∣tions of Africa, and of the sig∣nification of this word Barbar.
• * 1.20

  A 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 Tribes 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉
• * 1.21

  〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉.
• * 1.22

  Tremizen cal∣led by 〈…〉〈…〉∣cient Cosmo grapher ••••••a∣ria, or 〈…〉〈…〉a∣••••a C〈…〉〈…〉is.
• * 1.23

  Ibnu Rach•• ••n African Histo∣rian.
• * 1.24

  The agreemēt o•• v〈…〉〈…〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 A〈…〉〈…〉n language. Aq•••••• ••marig. African lan∣guage A••••bike.
• * 1.25

  Sungai.
• * 1.26

  Guber.
• * 1.27

  Burno language.
• * 1.28

  Nub••an.
• * 1.29

  Arabike bro∣ken.
• * 1.30

  Barbarian.
• * 1.31

  Hutmen.
• * 1.32

  Of the Arabi∣ans inhabiting the Citie of Africa.
• * 1.33

  Hucha.
• * 1.34

  Cairaoan.
• * 1.35

  Tunis.
• * 1.36

  Cairaoan.
• * 1.37

  Corruption of Language.
• * 1.38

  The Moores of Granada. O•• the Arabi∣ans which dwel 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and their cōming into Africa.
• * 1.39

  A Mahume∣tan•• Patriarch. O•• th〈…〉〈…〉 C••••l••∣••a••s, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 my 〈◊〉〈◊〉, lib 3.
• * 1.40

  Gehoar a slaue by condition conquered all Barbarie, Nu∣midia, Egypt, and Syria.
• * 1.41

  Cayro built, cal∣led Alchair. Gehoar the first ••ounder of Ca••ro: all is the Arabeck Arti∣cle, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Ex∣oticke termi∣nation.
• * 1.42

  Ten Tribes of Arabians in∣uad•• Africa. Ibnu Rach〈…〉〈…〉 a famous Histo∣riographer.
• * 1.43

  King Ioseph.
• * 1.44

  Manso••.
• * 1.45

  A Prouerbe.
• * 1.46

  1526.
• * 1.47

  The Tribe Cachin.
• * 1.48

  ••••••eg. Sumait.
• * 1.49

  Sahid.
• * 1.50

  Delleg. Tremizen.
• * 1.51

  Elmuntefig.
• * 1.52

  Sebair.
• * 1.53

  Of the people of Hillel, and of their habi∣tations. Hurua.
• * 1.54

  Hucba••.
• * 1.55

  Habru.
• * 1.56

  Mussim.
• * 1.57

  Rieeb.
• * 1.58

  Suaid.
• * 1.59

  Azgeg.
• * 1.60

  Elcherit.
• * 1.61

  Enedr••▪
• * 1.62

  Garfa.
• * 1.63

  Of the Tribe of Machil. Rache.
• * 1.64

  Swift people.
• * 1.65

  Selim.
• * 1.66

  Traffick to Tombuto.
• * 1.67

  El••asis.
• * 1.68

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.69

  Deuihessen. Duleim.
• * 1.70

  Burbun.
• * 1.71

  Vode.
• * 1.72

  Racmen.
• * 1.73

  Hamrum.
• * 1.74

  The people descended of Deuimansor. Dehemrum.
• * 1.75

  Menebbe.
• * 1.76

  Husein,
• * 1.77

  Abulhusein.
• * 1.78

  The of-spring of Deuihubai∣dulla. Gh••rrag.
• * 1.79

  Hedeg. Thelob.
• * 1.80

  Alger. Algere, the nest of Sea-Hornets, a cage of vn∣cleane Birds, and place of Pirats.
• * 1.81

  G••••oan.
• * 1.82

  The A〈…〉〈…〉s called 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Hilel ••••∣sc••nded from Isma••••, the base sonne of Abraham. The Arabians called Mac••••••, descended of Saba.
• * 1.83

  The manners and customes of the African people. The people of Numidia. Their attire.
• * 1.84

  Camels.
• * 1.85

  Riding.
• * 1.86

  Beds and tents.
• * 1.87

  Wooll grow∣ing vpon the Palme-tree. Miserable diet.
• * 1.88

  Naturall dish.
• * 1.89

  Slouens.
• * 1.90

  Occupation.
• * 1.91

  Pollicy.
• * 1.92

  Iudg••s.
• * 1.93

  Learning.
• * 1.94

  Manner of eating.
• * 1.95

  Their women.
• * 1.96

  Iealousie.
• * 1.97

  Merchants.
• * 1.98

  The Authours trauels.
• * 1.99

  Camels and Ostriches vsed for victuals.
• * 1.100

  Princely fare.
• * 1.101

  Bread of Millet.
• * 1.102

  Religious men.
• * 1.103

  Places without graine.
• * 1.104

  Bountifull hospitalitie.
• * 1.105

  The manners and ••ustomes o•• the Arabians which inhabit A〈…〉〈…〉a. Ar〈…〉〈…〉 valour. Where the Barbarie Hor∣ses ar•• br••d. Arabian Poem•• and Verses.
• * 1.106

  Apparell.
• * 1.107

  Biledulgerid.
• * 1.108

  Portugals acts in Africa: see O••orius, &c. The Ar••bians offer them∣s••lues slaues to any that would rel••eue th••••r extreme hunger.
• * 1.109

  Their hun∣ting. Ri••hes.
• * 1.110

  Honesty. Poe••••y.
• * 1.111

  W〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.112

  The Arabians in the Desarts neere Egypt. Their pouerty.
• * 1.113

  The Arabians of Barca lay their sonnes to pawne vnto the Sicilians for corne.
• * 1.114

  Cruell famine.
• * 1.115

  Miserable people.
• * 1.116

  The ouer∣throw and death of the King of Tunis his sonne.
• * 1.117

  The Faith and Religion of the ancient Afri∣cans or Moores. Sunne and Fire worship∣ped.
• * 1.118

  No Christians among the Ne∣groes. Wee may hold it a pu∣nishment of God for their many giddie heresies, of which Mon∣sters Africa was fertile as well as of the naturall Dona∣tists, Circumcel∣lians and o∣thers (which had this good to yeeld vs the learned labors of S. Aug.) The A••rians af∣ter preuailed, the Vandals making way to Mahumet. The letters and characters of the Africans. The Africans vsed in times past none o∣ther kind of letters but the Roman letters.
• * 1.119

  Perhaps he meaneth the histories of Salust, T••••us 〈…〉〈…〉∣uius, and o∣th〈…〉〈…〉. Science guide to Conference. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cau∣s••d all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 b〈…〉〈…〉ed.
• * 1.120

  The vnplea∣sant and ••nowy places in Africa
• * 1.121

  The Moun∣taines of Atlas exceeding cold.
• * 1.122

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 wonder∣fu•••• and 〈…〉〈…〉∣ble S〈…〉〈…〉es a∣bout October and Nouemb.
• * 1.123

  The extreme danger of Snow which Iohn Leo him∣selfe escaped.
• * 1.124

  Continuali Snow.
• * 1.125

  Vnkind kind∣nesse.
• * 1.126

  Riuers dryed vp by sands.
• * 1.127

  Agadez,
• * 1.128

  Danger by thirst.
• * 1.129

  A strange re∣medie vsed by the African Merchants to quench their thirst.
• * 1.130

  A Merchant constrayned by extreme thirst gaue t•••• thousand Du∣cates for a cup of water. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 c••l∣led 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.131

  Cocos Cu∣cumbers, Onions.
• * 1.132

  Wh•••• 〈…〉〈…〉rall impressions & motions the Ai••e of Afri••a i〈…〉〈…〉ubiect vnto; and what ef∣fects ensue the••••upon. The seasons of the yeare. Cheries ripe in Aprill.
• * 1.133

  The Oliues of Africa.
• * 1.134

  Pleasant spring
• * 1.135

  Raine signify∣ing plentie or scarcitie.
• * 1.136

  Forty dayes of extreme heate and forty of cold.
• * 1.137

  The Peasants and vn〈…〉〈…〉rned people of Afri∣ca tunning in Astrologie. Note.
• * 1.138

  The yeare of the A〈…〉〈…〉s & A••ricans.
• * 1.139

  Windes.
• * 1.140

  The yeares di∣uided into two seasons onely, vpon the Mountaines of Atlas.
• * 1.141

  The increase of the Riuer of Niger and Nilus.
• * 1.142

  The length and shortnesse of the Africans liues.
• * 1.143

  Teeth soone lost and Hyes decayed,
• * 1.144

  What ki••ds of 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 Af〈…〉〈…〉ns are subiect vnto.
• * 1.145

  Neesing at Sermons.
• * 1.146

  The French Disease.
• * 1.147

  When and by what meanes the French Pox was brought into Africa.
• * 1.148

  Hernia, or the Disease called bursting or the rupture.
• * 1.149

  Earth of Ar∣menia. Plague rare in Numidia. The commen∣dable actions and vertues of the Africans. Mathematikes studied. Priests honou∣red. Superstitions.
• * 1.150

  The Moores are a people of great fidelitie, Iealousie.
• * 1.151

  Grauitie. Modestie.
• * 1.152

  The Arabians and their ver∣tues.
• * 1.153

  What vices the foresaid Afri∣cans are sub∣iect vnto.
• * 1.154

  Vindicatiue. Rude. Credulous.
• * 1.155

  Cholericke & quarrelsome.
• * 1.156

  Couetous.
• * 1.157

  Ingratefull.
• * 1.158

  Shepheards.
• * 1.159

  Mariages.
• * 1.160

  Irreligion.
• * 1.161

  Robberie.